\ *> v* "V %^^x7 ' - ;7?V' xO °* ** v v:t~^V> 7J 7- - ^:__- ; ..<=■% = :• ' • " v^-7. \ v #'^ V>^ <. y o * x ■ ^ ^ HISTORY OF ENGLAND, In %txn, FROM THE INVASION OF JULIUS C^SAR TO THE PRESENT TIME. ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES, CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND, TABLES OF CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS, A TABLE, DESCRIPTIVE OF THE PRESENT CONDITION OE GREAT BRITAIN. BY HANNAH TOWNSEND. PHILADELPHIA: LINDSAY & BLAKISTON. 1852. T Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1 852, by LIXDSAY & BLAKISTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. STEREOTYPED BY J. FAG AX. C. SHERMAN, PBXKTKR. |THE LIBRARY] | OF CONGRESS) J WASHINGTON PREFACE. This little work has been written under the impression that verse is generally more readily learned, and longer retained in the memory, than prose, and that, if the incidents in the History of England could be thus clearly, but briefly enumerated, the student would have in his mind a consecutive history, the minuter details of which he could supply by farther study. Abstaining from mere kingly gossip, I have endeavoured to select those facts which are of actual importance — which have affected the nation, the people — which have indicated their progress in civilization, religion, commerce, lite- rature, science, and art — to place cause and effect together, thus helping the student to think, and to condense as much as possible, that (in) iv PREFACE. the memory may not be burdened with useless words. I hope the difficulty of this condensa- tion, with the continual introduction of names, dates, and unrhythmical words and phrases, will serve as an apology to the reader, when his ear is annoyed by inharmonious verse ; but, above all, I trust that nothing will be found which can poison the mind, that no seed will be implanted which may hereafter grow to bear bitter fruit. I have endeavoured to remove the gloss from war — to speak against it when I could — and to distinguish between those conflicts which were aggressive, and productive of only military glory, and those which were an expression, though an unchristian one, of insulted man- hood, for a maintenance of just rights. Philadelphia, 1852. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Divisions of England in the Roman Period 7 Rulers of Britain during the Roman Period 8 Introduction 13 Egbert 20 Ethelwolf , 20 Ethelb ald. Ethelbert 21 Ethelred 1 21 Alfred 21 Edward the Elder 24 Athelstan. Edmund 1 25 Edred. Edwy 26 Edgar the Peaceable 26 Edward the Martyr 27 Ethelred II. Sweyn 28 Edmund II 29 Canute 29 Harold I. Hardi-Canute 30 Edward the Confessor 30 Harold II 32 William the Conqueror 33 William II 37 Crusades , 38 Henry 1 39 Stephen 41 , Henry II 43 Richard I 48 John 50 (▼) ti TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Henry HI 53 Edward 1 56 Edward II 58 Edward III 60 Richard II. 63 Henry IV 65 Henry V 67 Henry VI 68 Edward IV 71 Edward V , 74 Richard III 74 Henry VII 76 Henry VIII 79 Edward VI 83 Mary 85 Elizabeth 87 James I 91 Charles 1 95 The Commonwealth 99 Charles II 102 James II 105 William III. and Mary 106 Anne 108 George I Ill George II 113 George III 116 George IV 123 William IV 126 Victoria 128 Reigning Sovereigns of Europe 133 Sovereigns of England 136 Statistical Tables 142 DIVISION OF ENGLAND, AT THE TIME OF THE ROMAN INVASION. England, including Wales, was, at the invasion of the Romans, divided into the following seventeen states : — Called by the Romans, Consisting of 1. The Dammonii Cornwall and Devon. 2. Durotriges Dorsetshire. 3. Belg^e Somersetshire, Wilts, and part of Hants. 4. Attrebatti Berkshire. 5. Regni Surrey, Sussex, and remaining part of Hants. 6. Cantii Kent. 7« Dobuni Gloucester and Oxfordshire. 8. Catticuchlani.... Bucks, Bedford, and Herts. 9. Trinobantes Essex and Middlesex. 10. Iceni Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. 11. Coritant Northampton, Leicester, Rutland, Lin- coln, Nottingham, and Derby. 12. Cornari Warwick, Worcester, Stafford, Chester, and Shropshire. 13. The Silures Radnor, Brecon, Glamorgan, Mon- mouth, and Hereford. 14. Demetjb Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermathon. 15. Ordo vices Montgomery, Merioneth, Caernarvon, Flint, and Denbigh. 16. The Brigantes... York, Durham, Lancashire, Westmore- land, and Cumberland. 17. Ottadini Northumberland to the Sweecl. ( vii ) RULERS OF BRITAIN, FROM THE INVASION OF JULIUS C^ISAR TO THE DEPARTURE OF THE ROMANS. B. C. 1. Cassivelaunus 83 2. Theomantius 50 3. Cymbeline 24 A. D. 4. G-uiderius 45 5. Arniagus 73 6. Marius 125 7. Coilus 179 8. Lucius 207 9. Severus (Emperor) 211 10. Bassianus 218 11. Carausius 225 12. Alectus 232 13. Asclepiodorus 262 14. Coilus II 289 15. Constantius (Emperor) 310 16. Constantine (Emperor) 329 FROM THE DEPARTURE OF THE ROMANS TILL THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SAXONS BY YORTIGERN. A. D. 1. Octavius 383 2. Maximiniamus 391 3. Gratian 431 4. Constantine 1 446 5. Constantius 446 6. Vortigern 450 ( viii ) HISTORY OF ENGLAND, In Inst FROM THE ROMAN INVASION TO THE END OF THE SAXON HEPTARCHY. B. C. 55— A. D. 827. 882 YEARS. From Tan, a country, and Brett, tin, The name of Britain came,* And only as the Land of Tin, Was it first known to fame.f 'Twas peopled by the Celts and Gaelsf In time to us unknown, Its history preserved in song Of Cambrian bards alone. § * Pictorial History of England. f The Phoenicians traded very early with the inhabitants of Corn - wall for copper and tin ; but they were unacquainted with the inte- rior of the country. \ A colony from Gaul, (the ancient France.) Their descendants are chiefly in Wales, the highlands of Scotland, and the north of Ireland. They are still a distinct race, speaking the language of their remote ancestors. — McCulloch. § Pliny. — The earliest authentic history commences with the invasion by Julius Cassar, B. C. 55. 2 (13) 14 B. c. 55. Caesar, before Christ fifty-five, Anchored upon its strand, And found a people clad in skins* Inhabiting the land. Bravely by Cassibe'lan led,f Did they resist his will ; But their rude warfare could not cope With Roman arms and skill. B. C. 43. Rome from the conquest little gained Until, in forty-three, OstoriusJ went, and o'er the kings Obtained a victory. Caractacus, the chieftain brave, Who last in arms remained, * Their arms and legs were uncovered, and were usually painted blue. Their long hair flowed over their shoulders ; but their beards, excepting on the upper lip, were closely cut. Plutarch says they were so habitually regular and temperate, that they only began to grow old at a hundred and twenty years. f Mentioned by the early historians as the first British general who opposed the Romans. The name is variously written. Cassi- bealau'nus, Cassivelau'nas, and Cassibe'lan. " Caesar relates that Cassivelau'nus, after dismissing all his other forces, retained no fewer than 4000 war-chariots about his person. These chariots had short Bcythes attached to the axle-trees, which inflicted terrible wounds." — Haydn. \ In the reign of the emperor Claudius. INVERSE. 15 Was sent to Rome, and, with his wife, Walked through the city, chained.* But still the Britons, unsubdued, Arose, the foe to meet ; 'Till Nero sent Suetonius The conquest to complete. The Druidsf o'er the people held An undisputed sway ; Priests, poets, and historians, And magistrates, were they. In caves they lived, on berries fed, Were strict in faith and life ; They urged the Britons to revolt, And led them in the strife. * It is related of Caractacus, that, looking around upon the costly splendour of the city, he exclaimed, "How is it possible that men possessed of such magnificence at home, should envy Caractacus an humble cottage in Britain !" f A celebrated order among the ancient Germans, Gauls, and Britons, who were so called from their veneration for the oak (Drys). In England, they were chosen from the best families, that the dig- nity of their birth, added to that of their station, might procure them the greater respect. Rowland's Mona Antiqua. — They worshipped in the open air ; and there remain in England circles of stone laid upon the ground, which it is supposed enclosed their sanctuaries. The mistletoe, a parasitic plant, was used in their rites, and vene- rated as a symbol of their faith. Mrs. Markham. — They sacrificed human victims, which they burned in large wicker idols. 16 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Sue'tonius doomed them unto death, Wherever they were seen, And conquered Boadi'cea, Ice'ni's hero queen. Upon that bloody field of war His slaughtered thousands lay ; Then Britain, broken-hearted, bowed Beneath the Roman sway. Agric'ola next went, and taught The useful arts of life; But with the Caledonians waged* A fierce and deadly strife. He built a chain of forts across, From Solway Frith to Clyde, To keep the bold, free-hearted chiefs Upon the northern side. The Emperor Ad'rian raised a wall Composed of turf alone; And afterward Antonius Made one of earth and stone. * Caledonia — Scotland. The name is supposed to be derived from Gael or Gaelmen, or Gadel-doine, corrupted by the Romans. — Haydn. INVERSE. 17 At length Seve'rus, who resolved The enemy should yield, Went thither in two hundred seven, But could not gain the field : His army built another wall From Solway Frith to Tyne ; But still the Caledonians waged Fierce war beyond the line. The Romans left the British Isles Four hundred and fourteen, But still remains of roads and walls, And villas, can be seen. Next came the Scots and Picts,* and spread Rapine and ruin far ; The Britons called the Saxon chiefs To aid them in the war : 448-460. They came, and fought the Scots and Picts, But conquered Britain, too ; From Angle, a famed Saxon tribe, The name of England grew.f * The name by which the inhabitants of Scotland were at that time distinguished. The Picts, so called from Pictich, a plunderer, and the Scots, from Scuite, a wanderer, in the Celtic tongue, were only different tribes of Caledonians. — Dr. Henry. | The national appellation of Britons in time gave place to that of Anglo-Saxons, the latter signifying Saxons born in England. A 2* 18 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Each Saxon chief kept for himself The land torn from his foes ; And thus the Saxon Heptarchy On Britain's ruins rose. The Romans first the Druids killed, And brought the Christian faith, And now the Saxons persecute The Christians unto death. Some of the Britons fled to "Wales, And hid in mountains lone, And others to the north of France, As Brittany now known. Arthur, the prince of the Silures, Opposed the Saxon might — His knights of the Bound Table fought Full many a desperate fight. Among the Saxons were five ranks — First Kings, and second Earls, Freemen the third, each to some lord Attached, and named the Ceorls. The fourth, ignoble Ceorls, were sold, Or given with the land ; history of the Anglo-Saxons, relates to the people who inhabited England from the Saxon to the Norman invasion. — Mrs. Markham. IN VERSE. 19 The fifth were theowes, or full slaves, Sold at the market stand.* Gildas, of Wales, surnamed " The Wise," The oldest writer known, Among the British people lived, Five hundred sixtj-one. The " Venerable Bede" was born Six hundred seventy-three, And unto him the English owe Their first church history. Adhelm, renowned as the first bard Who English ballads wrote, Lived in six hundred ninety-eight, A linguist he of note. Then Caedmonf lived, and Aleuin,J Who Saxon poets were ; And Nennius, an historian, Who died eight hundred four. I # Even little children were carried to Rome and exposed in the public markets for sale, and this led to the first Christian mission upon record.^ A. D. 598, Gregory, observing- the extreme beauty of some of these children, observed, " They would have been angels, had they been Christians." And when he afterwards became . Pope, he sent St. Augustine, with forty monks, to redeem Britain from paganism. f Died 600. t Died 600. Also wrote on history and theology. 20 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, SAXON KINGS.— 17. EGBERT - FIRST SOLE MONARCH OF ENGLAND. 827—838. 11 YEARS. 827. Eight hundred twenty-seven saw The Heptarchy* o'erthrown, And Egbert, the first sovereign Of England, reigned alone. Then from the north came forth the Danes, And overran the land; But they were driven out with loss, Twice by King Egbert's hand. ETH'ELWOLF. 838—857. 19 YEARS. King Eth'elwolf repulsed the Danes ; He granted tythes to priests, And gave them from all services And imposts, a release. * Heptarchy — seven kingdoms. IN VERSE. 21 ETH'ELBALD. ETH'ELBERT. ETH'ELRED I. 857—872. 15 YEARS. Next Eth'elbald and Eth'elbert Ruled jointly, and their reigns Lasted nine years. Then Eth'elred, Who died fighting the Danes. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Gregory IV 823 Sergius II 844 Leo IV 847 Benedict III 855 Nicholas I.. 858 John VIII 872 Emperors of the East. A. D. Michael II 821 Theophilus I. . . . 829 Michael III 842 Emperors op the West and Kings of France. Lewis 1 814 Lotharius 840 Lewis II 855 Kings of Scotland. a. D. Congallus III 824 Dongallus 829 Alpinus S34 Kennethus II 849 Donaidus 859 Constantius 865 ALFRED THE GREAT. 872—900. 28 YEARS. 'Twas in eight hundred seventy-two Great Alfred gained the throne, 22 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Lenient, yet just, learned,* wise, and good, His people's cause his own.f He fought the Danes, and conquered them, Then changed the foe to friend ; He gave them land, and all the aid His kingly power could lend. The English navy he commenced ; But what was better far, He taught his people they should live For peace, and not for war. So for the Saxon, who required, To pass the weary time, The fight, the hunt, the game of chess, Or wandering gleeman's rhyme, * The following extract from the Lord's Prayer, translated by Alfred, will give an idea of the language then spoken in England : Faeder ure thu the earth on heafenum, si thin nama gehalgod, to becume thin rice, Gevvurthe hin willa on earthen swa swa on heafe- num urne ge daegwanlican hlaf syle us to daeg, and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgivath urum gyltendum, and ne geladde thu us on consenung ac alyse us of yfle. (Si it swa.) f King Alfred endeavoured to impress this principle upon the mind of his son and successor. Calling him to his side when he felt his last moments approaching, he said, " My son, be thou the children's father and the widow's friend. Comfort thou the poor, shelter the weak, and, with all thy might, right that which is wrong." INVERSE. 23 He built the University Of Oxford, pledging then Places in Church and Government Only to learned men. He framed a code of laws,* enforced The jury trial, too,f And founded schools, where landed men Must send, or pay the due. The kingdom into counties was Divided in this reign ;{ Markets and fairs were introduced, As readier means of gain.§ Houses of wood alone were seen, Stone but in churches found, But the first Christian church was built Of wattles, interwound. * This code is lost ; but it is supposed to have been the origin of the common law. f The introduction of the jury trial is usually attributed to Alfred ; but Phillips says that there is evidence of a case having- been tried at Ha warden nearly a hundred years before his reign. The list of the twelve jurors is preserved. X It was divided into counties, hundreds, and tithings. County courts were held monthly, and became the great safeguard of the civil rights of Englishmen. I Coined money was not used ; everything was bought and sold by barter. 24 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Few were the learned men ; but first Were Eth'elwald* and Asser,f J. Scotus Erigina,{ too, The famed philosopher. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. John VIII 872 Martin II 8S2 Adrian III 884 Stephen VI 885 Formosus 891 Emperors of the East. Basilius 1 867 Leo VI. 886 Emperors of the West and Kings of France. Lewis II. . Charles I.. Charles II. Arnold Lewis III. . 855 . 873 Kings of Scotland. a. D Constantine II. . . 863 Ethus 878 Gregory SSO Donaldson VI.... 898 EDWARD THE ELDER. 900—925. 25 YEARS. Edward the Elder wisely ruled; He oft repulsed the Dane ; The Cambridge University Was founded in his reign. * Died 900. Wrote " History of Great Britain." f Died 909. Wrote " History of England," and " Life of Alfred." I Died 883. Wrote a philosophical work, entitled " Of the Nature of Things." His theological views are said to have been similar to Luther's. IN YERSE. 25 ATH'ELSTAN. EDMUND I. 925—948. 23 YEARS. An able king was Ath'elstan, And popular his reign ; He fought and conquered Irish, Welsh, Northumbrian, Scot and Dane. The Scriptures "were translated then Into the Saxon tongue ; And, as a title, was conferred The name of gentleman — On every merchant who had been Twice to the midland sea.* Next Edmund First was crowned the king ; But a short reign had he; For Leolf in the monarch's blood His robber hands imbrued. In this, and the succeeding reign, The Danes the war renewed. * The Mediterranean — at that time called Midland Sea. 3 26 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. EDRED. EDWY. 948—959. 11 YEARS. Edred was bigoted and weak, The dupe of Dunstan's art. Dunstan and Odo killed the queen, Dear unto Edwy's heart. And when, excited by these priests, His brother Edgar tried To seize upon his throne, he drooped, And, broken-hearted, died. EDGAR THE PEACEABLE. 959—975. 16 YEARS. King Edgar, by wise government, Subdued the robber bands ; No wars he made, but killed the wolves* Infesting all the lands. * Their heads were demanded as a tribute (particularly three hun- dred yearly from Wales) by King Edgar, a. d. 9G1, by which step they were totally destroyed. — Carte. IN TERSE. 27 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Benedict IV 900 Leo V 904 Sergius III 905 Anastasius III. . . 910 Lando 912 John X 913 Leo VI 928 Stephen VIII. ... 929 John XI 931 Leo VII 936 Stephen IX 939 Martin II 943 Agapet II 950 John XII 956 Benedict V 964 John XIII . 965 Benedict VI. . 972 . 972 Emperors of the East. Leo VI . 886 Constantine Por phyrogenitus . . 910 Romanus the Younger . 959 Nicephorus .... . 963 Zimisces . 970 Emperors of the West. Lewis IV . 899 Conrade I. .... . 912 A. D Henry I. 919 Otho 1 936 Otho II 973 Kings of France. Charles III 899 Lewis IV 936 Lothaire 1 954 Kings of Scotland. Constantine III.. . 909 Malcolm 1 943 Indulphus 958 Duffus 967 Culenus 972 EDWARD THE MARTYR. 975—978. 3 YEARS. Edward, surnamed the Martyr, was Gentle and kind to each; And yet his wicked step-mother Met him with courteous speech, And proffered wine ; and as he drank, Unconscious of her art, A servant, by her orders, thrust A dagger to his heart. 28 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, ETH'ELRED II., THE UNREADY. SWEYN (DANE). 978—1016. 38 YEARS. The second Ethelred was ne'er Prepared to meet the Danes ; He gave them bribes to leave the land, Again and yet again ; And to procure this fund, imposed A tax which was abhorred, Called Danegelt, which remained until The Saxon line restored. He wed a Norman* princess, thus Securing Norman aid ; But in revenge of former wrongs, A massacre was made Of all the Danes throughout the land : And when the act was known, Sweyn, who was king of Norway, f came And seized upon the throne. * Normandy (situated in the north of France) was anciently called Neustria. It was granted by the king of France to duke Rollo and his Normans (Northmen) ; hence Normandy. — Putnam. \ The Norwegians were also called Danes. INVERSE. 29 Ethelred fled to Normandy; But King Sweyn dying soon, He came back, fought the Danes, and left The kingdom to his son. EDMUND IL, IRONSIDE. 1016—1017. 1 YEAR. Edmund the Second (Ironside) Oft battled with the Dane ; Then with Canute parted the crown, But was soon after slain. DANISH KINGS. — 3. CANUTE THE GREAT. 1017—1036. 19 YEARS. Canute the Great was crowned ; and thus, After two centuries passed In fighting with and conquering Danes, A Dane was king at last. 3* 30 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, And he was thought the greatest king Reigning in Europe then ; Wise laws he made, and patronized Letters and learned men. He sent his fleet and army back, To make it clearly known, He felt himself secure with them, And safe upon their throne. HAROLD L. HAREFOOT. HARDI-CANUTE. 1036—1041. 5 YEARS. Harold his son succeeded him ; His chief joy was the chase ; Hardi-Canute, his brother, next, Last of the Danish race. SAXON LINE RESTORED. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 1041— 1066. 25 YEARS. Weary at length of Danish kings, The greatest joy was shown INVERSE. 31 When Edward, " the Confessor" styled, Received the proffered throne. He was the son of Eth'elred, And of his Norman wife, And in a Norman monastery Thus far had passed his life. He introduced the Norman dress, And spoke the Norman tongue ;* The Norman baron's haughty tread Throughout his palace rung. He exiled Godwin and his sons, Because they frowned on this, And gave their broad and fertile lands To Norman favourites. But with a fleet they soon returned, Demanding lands and right; They conquered, and the Normans fled The country in affright. The people thought that Edward's touch The scrofula would cure ; And the kings touched for this disease Six hundred years and more. * The language used by the Saxons in England was the Norman- Saxon. The Normans introduced the Norman-French ; and the Latin, previously introduced by the Romans, was used in the churches. The pre.-:ent English is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon, Nor- man-French, and Latin. 32 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, HAROLD II. 1066—1066. When Edward died, Earl Godwin's son, Harold, usurped the throne; He was the last of Saxon blood That ever sat thereon — Nor reigned he very long, before The Norman William came, In right, he said, of Edward's will, The English crown to claim: And in ten hundred sixty-six, October, fourteenth day, They fought at Hastings ; and the land Passed to the Norman sway.* * At the time of the Norman invasion, nearly a third of the land is said to have belonged to monasteries, nunneries, and the clergy ; and this is supposed to have been one great cause of the duke of Normandy's easy victory." — Mrs. Markham. There is still preserved in the town-house of Rouen, a curious monument of antiquity, called the Bayeux Tapestry, embroidered by Matilda, queen of William the First. It represents all the facts of the conquest, commencing with the visit of Harold at the Nor- man court, and ending with the crowning of William, 1066. It is divided into compartments, and is 214 feet long and 19 inches wide. Popes. IN VERSE. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 33 Benedict VII. John XIV John XV Gregory V. . . . Silvester II. . . John XVI John XVII. . . Sergius IV.. . . Benedict VIII. John XVIII... Benedict IX. . Gregory VI. . . Clement II. . . Damascus II. . Leo IX Victor II Stephen X Nicholas II 1059 Alexander II.... 1061 975 984 9S5 996 999 1003 1004 1009 1012 1024 1033 1044 1046 1048 1049 1055 1057 Emperors of the East. Basilius II Constantine X.. . Romanus III. . . . Michael IV Michael V Constantine XI.. Theodore (emp.j Michael VI Isaac Comnenus Constantine XII. 975 1025 1028 1034 1041 1042 1054 1056 1059 1059 Emperors of the West. Otho II. . . . OthoIII... Henry II. . Conrad II. Henry III. , Henry IV. 973 983 1002 1024 1039 1056 Kings of France. Lothaire .... Louis V Hugh Capet. Robert II Henry I Philip I , 954 , 986 987 997 1031 1060 Kings of Scotland. Culenus 972 Kenneth III 977 Constantine IV. 1002 Gremius 1005 Malcolm II. .... 1054 Duncan 1 1031 Macbeth 1043 Malcolm III. . . . 1057 NORMAN FAMILY. — 3. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, 1066—1087. 21 YEARS. Though William, styled " the Conqueror,' : Had gained the English throne, 34 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The people still were resolute Saxons should rule alone. They saw the Normans growing rich On lands which they had tilled, And offices in church and state By Normans only filled. In every court and school did they The Norman language hear ; And in the service of the church It grated on their ear. The surname then was introduced By Normans who had come, Adding unto their Christian name That of their early home. William permitted game to be Killed only by his hand; And thirty villages he burned, For the "New Forest" land.* And any one who killed a beast That in that Forest ran, Suffered a heavier penalty Than he who slew a man. • * He dispeopled the country for thirty miles round. — Stowe. IN VERSE. 35 He introduced the feudal laws,* * Compiled the " Doomsday-book, "f And France invaded, burning all The villages he took. * Feudal, from the modern Latin word feodum ox feud] in English, fief ox fee. — Brande. Under the feudal system, the land was held by military tenure — that is, military service was the compensation, or rent, paid for it. It was divided by the king among the barons, who were to be prepared to follow him to battle whenever he should require it. By the barons it was again divided among the peasantry, the vassals, or retainers, as they were called, who were expected to attend them upon all their warlike excursions ; which in those days, when each feudal chieftain was a sort of petty king, when each was jealous of the other, and when war was the great business of life, were very frequent. * The chiefs lived not in pleasant houses, built for comfort and convenience, but in great gloomy castles, contrived only for warlike defence. The vassals were required to build these castles, and garrison them ; to build the churches, and to attend their lords, not only in war, but in their visits to neighbouring castles, acting as their body-guards, and forming what was called their retinue. When men began to pay more attention to letters, to learn to till the ground, to study the art of clothing their neighbours rather than the art of killing them, the feudal system began to disappear ; but it was not annihilated until the common men began to be re- spected, until they were considered not as mere appendages to their lords, but as independent, responsible beings, who had rights, inalien- able rights, which ought to be respected and maintained. With the cultivation of the gentle arts of peace, the elevation of the masses, and the consequent restricted power of the aristocracy, the feudal system disappeared. f It- contains a description of every landed estate throughout Eng- land, (excepting in the counties of Northumberland and Durham); the character of its soil, its productions, the cattle with which it was 36 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The jury trial lie exchanged For that of single fight ;* * At eight was rung the curfew-bell, To put out fire and light. The ignorant and poor he scorned ; To letters gave his aid; Ingulphusf honoured, and the learned LanfrancJ archbishop made. Popes. Alexander II 1061 Gregory VII 1073 Victor III 10S6 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. King of France. Philip 1 1C Emperors of the East. Constantine XII. 1059 Romanus IV. , Michael VII. . Nicephorus I.. Alexis I 1063 1071 1078 1081 Emperor of the West. Henry IV. 1056 Kings of Scotland. Malcolm III 1059 Donald VIII 1068 stocked, the name of its proprietor, and its monied value. "This domes-day book was the tax book of Kinge William." — Camden. It is still preserved in the Exchequer, and may be consulted by those who are anxious to learn to whom their lands belonged at the time of the Conquest. * In the trial by single combat, the victor was always considered the innocent person. f Secretary to William the First, and his historian. \ Archbishop of Canterbury. IN YERSE. WILLIAM II., RUFUS. 37 1087—1100. 13 YEARS. King Rufus built Westminster Hall, The London bridge and Tower, And banished Anselm,* who maintained The Pope supreme in power. The Norway king made a descent On England in this reign, Ten hundred ninety-eight, the last Invasion of the Dane. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. a. D. Victor III 1086 Urban II LOSS Pascal II 1099 Emperor of the East. D.I King of France. Alexis 1 1081 Philip 1 1060 Emperor of : Henry IV. . : West. King of Scotland. . . 1056! Donald VIII 106S • Archbishop of Canterbury. HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CKUSADES.* 1096—1291. 195 YEARS. The year ten hundred ninety-six Witnessed the first Crusade; Pope Gregory planned it, and besought Peter the Hermit's aid. And that his tomb, who was the Prince Of Peace, might not remain With those who trusted not in him, Six million men were slain ! Two million men from Europe went To join the holy war ;f And for two hundred fifty years Blood flowed on Syria's shore. * These wars were called Crusades, because a figure of the cross was the badge of the warrior. It surmounted the staff upon which he leaned; was painted upon his banner; engraved upon his shield, and embroidered upon his garments. He carried with him a scrip, or bag for food, and a scallop-shell, attached to the front of his cap, which served him for a drinking-cup. These warriors were called Crusaders, Pilgrims, or Palmers. The last name originated from the practice usual amongst them, of bringing with them on their return branches of palm. The palm is an emblem of victory; and being a tree peculiar to the country, it was an additional proof of their having been there. f It seemed as though all Europe had emptied itself upon Asia. — Anna Comnena. INVERSE. 39 HENRY L, BEAUCLERC* Began to reign August 5th, 1100. Reigned 85 years. Henry the First, in those dark days For varied learning known, Upon King William Rufus' death, Usurped the vacant throne. He promised to redress the wrongs His ancestors had wrought ; And first expelled from out the court The Normans Rufus brought. He then restored the Saxon laws, And chose a Saxon bride, — Matilda, great-grand-daughter of King Edward Ironside. And he recalled from banishment Anselm of Canterbury; (The first archbishop who decreed That clergy should not marry.) * Fine scholar. He had heard his father say, that illiterate kings were about like crowned asses, and he was resolved not to be con- sidered as one of these. 40 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Then Robert, England's rightful heir, Came from the first crusade ; He strove, by force, to gain the crown, But fruitless efforts made. Far into Normandy he fled; But there King Henry hied, And conquered it, and Robert threw In prison, where he died. Then Robert's son he captured, that His own might wear the crown ; But blasted was his lofty hope, When the "White Ship"* went down. Then the first stone-arched bridge was built, By Queen Matilda's aid ; Then, in eleven thirty-four, The first canal was made.f ~ x ~ The name of the vessel in which the prince was drowned. f Queen Matilda built two bridges at Stratford, in Essex (thence called De Arcubus or Le Bow). — Goldsmith. The first canal made in England, was by Henry the First, when the river Trent was joined to the Witham, a.d. 1134. — Williams. IN VERSE. 41 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Pascal II 1099 Gelastius II 1118 Calixtus II 1119 HonoriusII 1124 Innocent II 1130 Emperors of the East, a. D. Alexis 1 1081 John Comnenus 1118 Emperors of the West. Henry IV 1056 Henry V 1106 Lotharius 1125 Kings of France. a. D. Philip 1 1060 Louis VI 1108 Kings of Scotland. Donald VIII 106S Edgar 1108 Alexander 1117 David 1124 STEPHEN OF BLOIS * 1135—1154. 19 YEARS. Stephen, a nephew of the king, Usurped the vacant throne ; And passed his reign in contests with Matilda, and her son. All England swarmed with fortresses ; Large villages were found Without an inmate, others lay In ruins on the ground. Eleven hundred castles rose, By feudal chieftains built, Whose swords, in rival chieftain's blood, Were dripping to the hilt.f * A city of France. f Each chief sided with one or the other party. Those who took J.* 42 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, About this time was chivalry* In England introduced; And with it came the Tournament, f The Romance, J and the Joust. § the oath of fealty to Stephen, required, as the price of submission, the right of fortifying their castles. * This was an institution common to Europe from the 10th to the 15th century (the period of the middle or dark ages). It owed its origin to feudalism, and it expired with it. It was designed to cor- rect some of the evils incident to that state of society. The feudal lord exercised an almost unlimited power over his vassals. The knight of chivalry swore to fulfil his duty as the champion of God and the ladies. He devoted himself to speak the truth, to maintain the right, to protect the distressed, to practise courtesy, to fulfil obli- gations, and to vindicate his honour and character in every perilous adventure. f Tournaments were martial sports, or exercises, performed by two parties of cavaliers, with inoffensive weapons. The word is de- rived from lourner, to turn round ; because great dexterity of both man and horse were required. The arrangements were magnificent and costly, especially when they were designed to celebrate coro- nations, the marriages of princes, or military victories. Wealth, fashion, and beauty, thronged to these exhibitions; and the success- ful knight received the reward of his prowess from the hand of some chosen fair one. No knight could tourney who had violated any of the rules of chivalry. I Romances were books which described extravagant chivalric feats; with stories of magicians, dragons, and giants; invulnerable men, winged horses, enchanted armour, and enchanted castles. Among those most celebrated, were " The Seven Champions of Christendom," "Sir Launcelot," "Charlemagne and his Twelve Peers," and " King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table." § The joust was not so favourite an amusement as the tournament, IN VERSE. 43 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Celestine II.. Lucius II. . . . Eugenius III. Anastasius IV, Adrian IV, 1143 1144 1145 1153 1154 Emperors of tiie East, a. D. John Comnenus 1118 Man. Comnenus 1143 Emperors of the West. Lothaire II 1125 Conrad III 1138 Frederick 1 1152 Kings of France. Louis VI. . Louis VII. 1108 , 1137 King of Scotland. David 1 1124 HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET .*— 11 KINGS. HENRY II. Reigned from Dec. 8th, 1154, to July 6th, 1189. 34| Years. Henry dismissed the foreign troops Called during Stephen's reign, Destroyed the castles, and restored Order and peace again. for baronial pomp was not necessary to its display. It often followed the tournament. The victor knight would ride about the lists, and call on the surrounding- cavaliers, by their valiancy, and for their love of the ladies, to encounter him in their strokes of the lance. — Royal Robbins. # Antiquaries are at a loss to account for the origin of this appel- lation. Some say that Fulk, the first earl of Anjou, of that name, being stung with remorse for some wicked action, went on a nil- 44 HISTOET OF ENGLAND, Charters he gave to towns, by which A citizen could claim From none, inferior to himself, The freeman's honoured name.* And "circuit judges" were compelled Throughout the land to ride,f That, in the place of feudal chiefs, They might disputes decide. Next were the " Constitutions framed Of Clarendon, "J becaus The clergy were amenable Not to the " common laws." Thus were the people recognized; And never, from that hour, grimage to Jerusalem as a work of atonement, where, being* scourged with broom-twigs growing on the spot, he took the surname of Plantagenet, or Broom-stalk, which was retained by his posterity. Putnam William, of Malmsbury, says " that the name originated from Geoffry Martel, the young count of Anjou, wearing in his helmet a bunch of flowering broom (plante-de-genet), instead of a plume." * It has been previously mentioned that, in the early days of feudalism, the feudal chief had unlimited power over his retainers. Some of these, who had been freed by the chiefs, had now gone into towns, and engaged in arts and commerce ; others had settled upon small estates as independent owners. f He divided the kingdom into circuits. | Named from the place where they were enacted. IN TERSE. 45 Did king, nor priest, nor feudal chief, Kegain the former power. Becket,* the favourite of the king, Had regal pomp assumed ; High Chancellor then, Archbishop now, Upon his rank presumed, And steadily opposed the plan The people's rights to save ; But he was murdered, — and the king Did penance at his grave. * Thomas a Becket was the son of a private soldier, and was' the first man of English extraction who had arrived at any eminence in political life since the time of the Norman conquest.. As one evi- dence of his luxurious habits while High Chancellor, his secretary, Fitz-Stephen, tells us " that in winter his apartments were every day covered with clean hay and straw, and in summer, with green rushes, or boughs, that the gentlemen who paid court to him, and who could not by reason of their numbers find a place at table, might not soil their fine clothes by sitting on a dirty floor." This does not seem to us to accord very well with the scarlet coat lined with ermine, which he is described as wearing. After he became Arch- bishop of Canterbury, he assumed the greatest austerity, — ate only bread, drank water, in which fennel had been steeped to make it nauseous, and wore sackcloth next his skin, which he would not change until it became filled with vermin. He was killed at a suggestion of the king, who afterward repented of the act. Becket was canonized ; and it is said that, within the space of one year, 150,000 pilgrims resorted to his tomb. 46 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The third of France to Henry came, As Eleanora's dower ; No king in Christendom was found Possessing so much power. And by Earl Pembroke's (Strongbow's) aid, He gained all Ireland, too, And unto England 'twas annexed, Eleven seventy-two. In early days had Ireland been A refuge for the learned, 'Till the incursions of the Danes, When ruder times returned. From darkness slowly it emerged, Though not until the reign Of Edward First, did England's laws Throughout the realm obtain. The sons of Henry strove to wrest The sceptre from his hand, Joined by the French and Scottish kings, And barons of the land. Transient advances learning made In this and Stephen's reign, For both the monarchs patronized Letters and learned men. INVERSE. 47 Henry of Huntingdon* we find, William of Malinsbury,f Cambrensis,J and de Hovedon,§ And John of Salisbury; || And Simeon of Durham, T with Pulleyn,** Glanville,tt St. Victor,fl And Layamon,§§ Nigellus,|[[| and Joseph of Exeter. IfT Few of the laity could read; Authors were priests alone ; But books were multiplied, for now Had paper become known.*** * Chronicles of England. f Died 1143. History of Britain. I (Gerald us) Conquest of Ireland, &c. | (Roger) Chronicles of England. || Died 1181. Life of Becket, &c. IT Chronicles of England. ** (Robert) died 1150. Theology. ft (Ralph) collection of laws. |J (Richard) died 1173. Theology. §§ Ten Saxon poems. Illl Speculum stultorum. 1PI" Trojan War, War of Antioch, Epics. *** In every monastery was a room called the writing-room, where the younger monks employed themselves in writing manuscripts, for the art of printing was not yet invented. 48 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. A. I). Adrian IV . 1154 Alexander III.. . 1159 Lucius III . 1181 Urban III . 1185 Gregory VIII.. . . 1187 Clement III . 1188 Alexis II 11S0 Andronicus I.... 1 1S3 Isaac Angelus . . 11S5 Emperor of the West. Frederick 1 1152 Kings of France. Louis VII 1137 Emperors of the East. Man. Comnenus 1143 Philip Augustus. 1180 Kings of Portugal. a. D. Alphonso 1102 Sancho 1 1185 King of Denmark. Waldemar 1157 Kings of Scotland. David 1 1124 Malcolm IV. ... 1153 William 1165 RICHARD L, CCEUR-DE-LION* 1189—129 King Richard sold the royal lands, And every effort made Gold to procure, that he might go Upon the third Crusade. At Acre, Joppa, Ascalon, With Saladin he fought ; Small was the gain, yet terrible The carnage that was wrought, f * Lion-hearted. J- At Acre alone, upwards of 300,000 of the Crusaders were killed. INVERSE. 49 The truce of three years and three months, Of three days and three hours,* Left the sea-ports of Palestine Alone with Christian powers. Richard, brave, generous, might have won A high and lofty fame, Yet childhood's cheek but blanched with fear At mention of his name. Returning in disguise, he was By Henry captive made ; One hundred fifty thousand marks Were for his ransom paid. During his absence, England was A prey to force and strife; No law defended property, And none protected life. And numerous were the robber hordes ; And then were Robin Hoodf And his companion, Little John, The terror of the wood. * I have mentioned the length of this truce, because it was so curious. The number three is considered by some Christians to have a peculiar significance. f Robin Hood, with Little John, his second in command, were the celebrated captains of a notorious band of robbers, who infested the forest of Sherwood, in Nottinghamshire, and from thence made ex- cursions to many parts of England, in search of booty, from 1189 to 5 50 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Clement III 1188 Celestiue III 1191 Innocent III. ... 1198 EiirERORS OF THE E-A.ST. Isaac II 1186 Alexis III 1195 Emperors of the West. King of Portugal. a. D. A. D. Frederick 1 1152 Sancho 1 1180 Henry VI 1190 Philip 1 1197 King of Denmark. Canute V 1182 King of France. King of Scotland. Philip II 1180 J William 1165 JOHN LACKLAND * Reigned from April 6th, 1199, to October 7th, 1216. 17J Years. Philip of France upheld the claim Of Arthur to the throne, f And seized upon that half of France Which England called her own. John made the pope his enemj,J Who used his power to lay 1247. Some historians say that this was only a name assumed by the then earl of Hunting-don, who was disgraced and banished the court by Richard I. at his accession. — Stowe's Chron. * Named from the loss of his French possessions. f Arthur of Brittany — his nephew. % Innocent III. He offended him by refusing- to receive Stephen Lang-ton as Archbishop of Canterbury because the pope had elected him. INVERSE. 51 1208. The kingdom 'neath an interdict,* And give his crown away. He excommunicated him;f And then did John agree To hold the throne in vassalage Unto the Holy See. But by the barons he was forced To sign, at Runnimede, The "Magna Charta,"J which to all Important rights did cede. * When a country is laid under an interdict by the pope, the doors of the churches are closed, the statues of the saints are laid upon the ground, diversions of all kinds are forbidden, marriages are performed in the church-yards, and the dead are denied funeral service, and buried in ditches and holes by the way-side. The whole kingdom was under an interdict for six years. j When a king is excommunicated, his subjects are absolved from allegiance to him, and he is denounced as unholy and polluted. When Henry IV. of Germany was excommunicated, 1077, his body was five years above ground, no one presuming to bury it. J The Magna Charta (Great Charter) contained sixty-three clauses; an enumeration of some of which may afford an idea of the previous condition of the people. "It was decreed that the goods of every free man shall be disposed of, after his death, accord- ing to his will ; that if he die without a will, his children shall suc- ceed to his property ; that no officer of the crown shall take horses, carts, or wood, without the consent of the owner; that no free man shall be imprisoned, outlawed, or banished, unless by the judgment of his peers, or the laws of the land ; that even a rustic shall not, by any fine, be deprived of his carts, ploughs, and implements of hus- bandry. This last was the only article in that great charter for the protection of the labouring people." — Mrs. Markham. 52 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, A " Charter of the Forest,"* too, He gave ; — but in his ire Called foreign aid, and wasted wide His realm with sword and fire. Degree of Doctor was conferred Twelve hundred and sixteen ; In London, many houses still With thatch of straw were seen, j" CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Innocent III. ... 1198 Honorius III. ... 1215 Emperors of the East. Alexis III 1195 Alexis IV 1203 Alexis V 1204 Theodore 1 1205 Emperors of the West. a. D. Philip 1197 Otho IV 1208 Frederick II 1211 King of France. Philip II 1189 Kings of Portugal. A. D. Saneho 1 1185 Adolphus II. ... 1212 King of Denmark. Walderaar II... . 1202 Kings of Scotland. William 1165 Alexander II.... 1214 * This charter allowed the proprietors of forests to enclose them for their own private purposes, and it abolished the royal privilege of killing- game all over the kingdom. f The houses of the city of London were till this period mostly thatched with straw ; for it appears that an order was issued that all houses therein should be covered with tiles or slate, instead of straw, more especially such as stood in the best streets. — Haydn. The common language of kings is we, which plural style was begun with King John, a. d. 1199. — Coke's Instil. Before this time, sovereigns used the singular in all their edicts. — Haydn. INVERSE. 53 HENRY III. 1216—1272. 56 YEARS. Henry on foreigners bestowed Each office of command, And by his vain expenditures, Impoverished the land. The barons, to resistance roused, By the Earl Leicester led, Forced from the feeble king a grant That they should rule instead. But seeking in the parliaments* The nobles' good alone, The people looked for means whereby To make their grievance known. They formed a new assembly, where Twelve from each borough sate, 1253. And from this time we find the House Of Commons takes its date. * The word parliament is derived from parler-la-ment, which, in the Norman law style, signifies to speak one's mind. — Barton. This name was adopted about the time of the Norman conquest- That which the Saxons gave to an assembly of the wise men of the nation, was ivitena-mot, or witena-gemot 5* 54 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The king and prince had captive been, But now the prince set free, At Evesham o'er the barons gained A signal victory. The fire and water ordeals* were Abolished in this reign ; Then was the chimney sometimes seen, And the glass window-pane. Then first the table of the rich The cup and saucer graced; Then by the tallow-candle was The torch of wood replaced. * The fire and water ordeals were introduced into England, with other superstitions, taken from the codes of the Germans, about the time of Edward the Confessor. That by fire, was confined to the upper classes of the people ; that by water, to the bondsmen and rustics. Hence the expression of going through fire and water to serve another. A prisoner who pleaded "not guilty," might choose whether he would put himself for trial upon God and his country, by twelve men, as at this day, or upon God only ; and then it was called the judgment of God, presuming he would deliver the inno- cent. The accused were to pass barefooted and blindfolded over nine red-hot ploughshares, or were to carry burning irons in their hands; and accordingly as they escaped, they were judged innocent or guilty, acquitted or condemned. The water ordeal was performed in either hot or cold water: in cold water, the parties suspected were adjudged innocent, if their bodies were borne up by the water, contrary to the course of nature ; in hot water, they were to put their bare arms or legs into scalding water, which if brought out un- hurt, they were adjudged innocent of the crime. — Haydn. INVERSE. 55 1234. And then Ave find coal first was used,* And linen then was wrought ; Then the first poet laureate ;.f Astronomy then taught. J Paris, a Benedictine monk, The papal power withstood ; Historian, poet, orator, Learned, and wise, and good. In this reign Roger Bacon lived, — To him our thanks are clue For telescopes, for spectacles, And for glass-mirrors, too. Then Roger, of Wendover, wrote ; Grosseteste, Holes and ISfeckhara, Robert of Gloucester, Holywood, And Kishanger and Peckham. # The first charter for digging coal was granted in 1239. — Haydn. f He was styled "The King's Versifier," and a hundred shillings a year were his annual stipend. — Maddox. \ Bat so late as the reign of Edward VL, 1552, books of astronomy and geometry were burned as being infested with magic. 56 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. llonorius III. .. . 1216 Gregory IX 1227 CelestinelV. ... 1241 InnocentlY 1243 Alexander IV.. . 1254 Urban IV 1261 Clement IV 1225 Gregory X 1271 Emperors of the East. Theodore 1 1204 John III 1922 Theodore II. ... 1225 John IV 1259 Michael VIII. .. 1259 Emperor of the West. Frederick II 1211 Kings of France. Philip II 11S0 Louis VIII 1223 St. Louis IX. ... 1226 Philip III 1270 Kings of Portugal. Alphonso III 1202 Sancho II 1233 Alphonsus V 1247 Kings of Denmark. a. D. Waldemar 1202 Eric VI 1240 Abel 1 1 250 Christopher I. . . 1252 Eric VIII 1259 King of Sweden. Waldemar 1 250 Kings of Scotland. Alexander II. .. 1214 Alexander III... 1249 EDWARD I., LONGSHANKS. 127 -1307. YEARS. Edward invaded Wales, and in Twelve hundred eighty-three Attached the conquered nation to The English monarchy. The queen of Scotland dying now, Bruce and Baliol claimed The vacant throne, — and umpire there Edward the latter named. IN VERSE. 57 But Edward strove to rule the land, Weakened by civil war; And entering Scotland, he subdued Baliol at Dunbar. Then Wallace, Scotia's hero, sought His country's chains to burst, At Falkirk he was captured, though Victorious at the first. Escaped from prison, Bruce arose, His native land to free ; And Edward died while planning schemes For its captivity. In England, liberty progressed ; A signal point was gained; For funds could be, but by consent Of parliament, obtained. The Magna Charta was confirmed, 1289. And the last tribute paid Unto the pope ; and then the first 1272. Treaty of commerce made.* * The first ever made with a foreign nation is said by some to have been with Norway, but by Anderson to have been with the Flemmings (natives of Flanders). 58 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Gregory X 1271 Innocent V 1276 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1276 Nicholas III. ... 1277 Martin 1281 Honorius IV 1285 Nicholas IV 1288 Celestine V 1294 Boniface VIII. .. 1294 Benedict IX. ... 1303 Clement V 1305 Emperors of the East, a. D. Michael VIII. .. 1259 Andronicus II.. . 1283 Emperors of the West. Frederick II. ... 1212 Rudolphus I 1273 Adolphus of Nassau 1291 Albert 129S Kings of France. Philip III 1270 Philip IV 1285 Kings of Portugal. a. d. Alphonso III... . 1247 Dyonisius 1275 Kings of Denmark. Eric VII 1259 Eric VIII. 1286 Kings of Sweden. Magnus II 1279 Berger II 1299 Kings of Scotland. Alexander III.. . 1246 John Baliol 1293 Robert Bruce ... 1306 EDWARD II., CAERNARVON * Reigned from July 7th, 1307, to Sept. 21st, 1327. 20 Years. Edward was weak, and wholly ruled By favourites, vicious, mean, Hence strife and civil wars ensued, Led by the earls and queen. Determined to preserve his crown, Again The Bruce arose, At Bannockburn he met the king, And triumphed o'er his foes. * So called from the place of his birth. He had been crowned by the Scots just before the death of Edward I. IN VERSE. 59 And thus was he securely placed Upon the Scottish throne, But since the Conquest, such defeat Had England never known. Edward deposed, imprisoned, was Killed by his queen's command ; The courts were closed, disorder reigned Uncurbed throughout the land.* CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Clement V. . John XXII. . 1305 1316 Emperors of the East. Andronicus II.. . 1283 Andronicus III.. 1320 Emperors of the West. Albert 1 1298 A. D. Kings of Denmark. Henry VIII 1304 A. D. Lewis IV 1314 Eric VIII 1286 Kings of Fran CE. Christopher II... 1319 Philip IV 1289 Lewis X 1314 Kings of Sweden. Philip V 1316 Berger II 1290 Charles IV. ... 1322 Magnus III 1320 Kings of Portugal. Dyonisius 1272 Alphonso IV... 1325 King of Scotland. Robert Bruce . . . 1306 * In consequence of war, agriculture was neglected; and because of this, the labouring classes suffered for want of food. The nobles lived wastefully, and Edward strove to check their extravagance by a royal proclamation, which is interesting, as it shows the control the king exercised over the private affairs of his subjects. They were forbidden to have more than two courses at dinner, for, "by the outrageous and excessive multitude of meats and dishes which the great men of our kingdom have used, and still use in their castles, many great evils have come upon our kingdom, the health of our 60 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, EDWARD III. "Heroic" has this reign been called, Its conquests "brilliant," "great," Its wars were most unjust^ and brought But evil to the state. With wisdom Edward might have ruled, — He was accomplished, learned ; But with his son, the famed Black Prince, His thoughts on conquest turned. Twice did they triumph o'er the Scotch,* And with the Frenchf they waged subjects has been injured, their goods consumed," &c. There were at that time very few culinary vegetables in general use, excepting carrots, parsnips, and cabbages. Potatoes were not introduced until the reign of Elizabeth. Richard II. entertained every day two thousand persons at his table. The Normans were in ancient times distinguished from the Saxons by their abstemiousness, but now they were guilty of the greatest extravagance. At the marriage banquet of Richard, earl of Cornwall, in 1243, thirty thousand dishes were served up. Al- though there were but two meals in the day, the greater part of it was occupied in eating them. * Under Robert Bruce, and afterwards under his son David. f Edward's mother had three brothers, who were successively kings of France, but who all died leaving only daughters. The Salic law prevailed in France, excluding women from inheriting the crown, and Edward claimed that it belonged to him. INVERSE. 61 A war, which more than twenty years With blinding fury raged. At Qressy, Poictiers, and Calais,* Though victories were gained, E'er Edward's death, Calais was all That unto him remained. "Weaving of cloth was introduced f In thirteen thirty-one ; Then first to patents was affixed The broad seal of the crown. The Windsor Castle was rebuilt,! Each county sent its men ; The laws had been in French before, § They were in English then. * These victories were chiefly won by archers. — Northrop's His~ tory of London. f By two weavers from Brabant, who settled at York. % Edward's method of conducting- the work may serve as a speci- men of the condition of the people in that age. No contracts were made with workmen, as in the present times, but every county in England was assessed to send the king a certain number of masons, tilers, and carpenters, who were to perform their quota of labour. — R. Robbins. I Since the period of the Conquest. 6 62 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Then jester,* fool,f and juggler,! gave To king and court delight, And chivalry about that time Attained its greatest height. Then the first English traveller Of any note we find, The learned Sir John Mandeville, Accomplished and refined. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. John XXII. . . . 1316 Benedict XI.. . . 1334 Clement VI.. . . 1342 Innocent VI. . . 1352 Urban V 1362 Gregory XI. . . . 1370 Emperors of the East. Andronicus III. 1320 John V 1341 John VI 1355 Emperors of the West. a. D. Louis IV 1314 Charles IV 1347 Kings of France. Charles IV 1322 Philip VI 1328 John 1 1353 Charles V 1364 Kings of Portugal. Alphonsus IV.. . 1325 Pedro 1 1357 Ferdinand I 1367 Kings of Denmark. A. D. Christopher II... 1319 Waldemar III. . . 1340 Olaus III 1375 Kings of Sweden. Magnus III 1320 Albert 1363 Kings of Scotland. Robert Bruce . . . 1306 David II 1330 Edward Baliol.. 1332 David II. (restor.) 1342 Robert (Stuart) . 1370 * In some ancient works a jester is described as a witty and jocose person, kept by princes to inform them of their faults, and of those of other men, under the disguise of a waggish story. Many of the English kings kept jesters and fools. There was a jester at court in the reign of James I., but we hear of no licensed jester afterwards. f The dress of the fool was of many colours, and ornamented with little sheep-bells, which, like bells of the old women in the nursery- song, made music wherever he went. % Jugglers were a class of itinerant players, who played and per- INVERSE. 63 RICHARD II. 1377—1399. 22 YEARS. The duke of Gloucester,* duke of York, And the famed John of Gaunt, With private feuds and public wars Reduced the land to want. A "poll-tax," levied on each one O'er fifteen years of age, Was brutally enforced, and then Burst forth the people's rage. By long oppression goaded on, They rose in arms to claim, (Led by Wat Tyler and Jack Shaw,) The freeman's rights and name.f Charters were given, but annulled When quiet was restored, And each returned to villanagej Under his feudal lord. formed ridiculous feats in the king's palace and noblemen's hall, for the entertainment of their guests. They were sometimes elevated upon carts in the public streets, that the poorer people might have the benefit of their exhibitions. * Pronounced Glossier. f When asked by the king what they wanted, they replied, "The freedom of ourselves and our children." X The slaves held under the feudal system were called "villains." 64 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, King Richard seized on lands to which Hereford* was rightful heir; But while away in Ireland, Quelling disturbance there, Hereford returned from banishment, Gathered his friends around, And Richard was deposed, and he As ' Henry Fourth" was crowned. Chaucer and Gower, often styled "Fathers of English song," And Wickliffe, the reformer bold,f Unto this time belong. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Kings of France. Queen of Sweden. Gregory XI. . . . . 1370 Charles V 1364 A. D. Margaret held Urban VI . 1378 Charles VI 1380 Sweden with Boniface IX.. . . . 1389 Kings of Portugal. Denmark 1397 Emperors of the East. Ferdinand 1367 John VI . 1355 John 1 1385 Kings of Scotland. Emanuel II. . . . . 1391 Robert II 1370 King and Queen of Robert III 1390 Emperors of the West. Denmark. Charles IV. . . . . 1347 Olaus III 1375 Winceslaus . . . . 1378 Margaret 13S5 * Henry, earl of Hereford, was the oldest son and heir of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. f Professor of divinity in the University of Oxford. He was called the morning star of the Reformation. He was the first who opposed the authority of the pope, the jurisdiction of the bishops, and the temporalities of the church. — Mortimer. INVERSE. 65 BRANCH OF LANCASTER. — 3 KINGS. 1399—1461. 60 YEAES. HENRY IV., BOLINGBROKE. -1413. 14 YEARS. When Henry gained the throne, to which He had no rightful claim,* Scarce one conspiracy was crushed Before another came. Northumberland the English led; The Scotch and Welsh arose ; At Shrewsbury they met the king, Who triumphed o'er his foes. There Douglas fought and Percy fell — Heroes renowned in story — But round their heads a halo rests, Simply of martial glory. The people still resolved to place The crown on Edward's head, # After the deposition of Richard, Edmund Mortimer was the true heir. 6* G6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 1405. And Henry quelled another force, By York's Archbishop led.* Victor at length, he strove to please The people more and more, And to the House of Commons gave A power unknown before. Then first the persecution of The Wickliffites began; He was the first of England's kings Who gave his brother man To scaffold or to flame, if found To hold another creed From that which he thought right, or deemed Sufficient for his need. And he detained the Scottish prince, (James First,) a captive long, But the dark prison hours he soothed With musicf and with song. These songs have come to us, and place James First of Scotland's name Among the lyrists of the time, High on the scroll of fame. * Scroop. He was beheaded, and this was the first time in Eng- land that the penalty of death was inflicted upon a bishop. f He is said to have been the first who reduced the wild, sweet melody of Scotland to the rules of composition. IN VERSE. 67 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Boniface IX 1389 Innocent VII 1404 Gregory XII. , . . 1406 Alexander V 1409 John XXIII 1410 EMPEROR OF THE EAST. Emanuel II 1391 Emperors of the West, a. D. Winceslaus 1378 Robert Le Pet . . 1400 Sigisrhund 1410 King of France. Charles VI 1380 King of Portugal. John 1 1385 King and Queen of Denmark and Sweden. Margaret . Eric XIII. 1385 , 1411 King of Scotland. Robert III. .... . 1390 HENRY V. 1413—1422. YEARS. Henry maintained the claim to France By bold and desperate war, And gained a bloody victory on The field of Agineourt : Look Normandy and part of France, Married its princess there, Was regent of the realm proclaimed, And to its throne the heir.* * About this time, to the dark, grim stone castle of the feudal days, succeeded the brighter and more hospitable-looking mansion, built of timber, plastered without, and richly carved within. On 68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, John XXIII 1410 Martin V 1417 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS, Emperor of the West. a. D. Sigismund 1410 Emperor of the East. Emanuel II. ... . 1394 King of France. Charles VI. .... 1380 King of Portugal. John I 1385 King of Denmark and Sweden. Eric XIII 1411 King of Scotland. Robert III 1390 HENRY VI. 1422—1461. 39 YEARS. Henry, of England and of France The monarch was proclaimed, And Gloucester's duke and Bedford's duke His guardians were named. an elevated portion, (called the dais,) in the large and scantily-fur- nished hall, the host feasted his numerous guests. The dancers danced, the minstrel played, the jester told his story, and the juggler performed his feats for their entertainment. Above them perched the hawks ; below them, the dogs quarrelled for the bones which were thrown them ; the servants shouted and screamed in their boisterous merriment, and after devouring their portion of the feast, carried the remainder to the poor, who, in eager expectation, crowded around the gates to receive it. IN VERSE. 69 Had England conquered Orleans, then All France had been her own, But she was forced to raise the siege By the intrepid Joan. Thus "Joan of Arc"* her country saved.; And at no distant day, England lost all she owned in France, Save Guienne and Calais. Joan crowned the king at Rheims ; but when The chance of battle turned, She fell among the English, and For witchcraft she was burned. f Now Richard, duke of York, arose To claim the English throne ; The "wars of York and Lancaster" j Sprang from this cause alone. * Joan of Arc was a servant in Neufchatel, in Lorraine. She imagined herself delegated by God to raise the siege of Orleans, and to restore to Charles the kingdom of his ancestors. She was taken at the siege of Compigne by the English, and burnt for a witch, in the 29th year of her age. f Charles, whom she had just crowned, made no effort to save her. The French soldiers were jealous of her; and when a party which she headed were repulsed, near Compigne, and retreated into the town, the governor shut her out, and she fell into the hands of the English. | These wars were also styled " The Wars of the Two Roses." The white rose was the symbol of the house of York ; the red, of 70 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, From Lionel, the second son Of Edward Third, he came ; From the third son of Edward Third Was the sixth Henry's claim. In fourteen hundred fifty-five Was the first battle fought ; 'Twas at St. Albans, and the duke Of York the conquest wrought. The king was captured, but his queen The bloody strife maintained; At WaJcefield, o'er the duke of York, The victory she gained. He died ; but Edward, his young son, Was the next victor named ; Then entering London, amid shouts He was the king proclaimed. The house of Lancaster, to keep Possession of the throne, Conferred on parliament a power Before that time unknown. that of Lancaster. It seems like desecrating- these beautiful flowers to connect them, even in thought, with anything so sanguinary and God-defying as war! IN VEKSE. 71 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. a. D. Martin V 1417 Eugemus IV 1431 Nicholas V 1447 Calixtus III 1455 Pius II 1458 ExMPERORS OF THE WEST. Sigismund 1410 Albert II 1438 Frederick III. . . 1440 Emperors of the East. Emanuel II 1391 John VII 1429 Constantine III., and last Chris- tian emperor, succeeded by bis conqueror, Mahomet II., who took Con- stantinople by storm, May 29, 1453 Kings of France. Charles VII 1452 Louis XI 1461 Kings of Portugal. A. D. John 1 1385 Edward 1433 Alphonsus V. ... 1438 Kings of Scotland. Robert III 1390 James 1 1424 James II 1437 James III 1460 Kings of Denmark and Sweden. Eric IX 14 LI Christopher III. . 1439 Christian 1 1448 HOUSE OF YORK.— 3 KINGS. EDWAED IV. Reigned from March 5th, 1461, to April 9th, 1483. 22 Years. Yet still was Edward insecure Upon the English throne ; The Towton battle he had gained In fourteen sixtj-one. 72 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, And more than forty thousand men Fell on the field that day, And they were husbands, fathers, sons, That dead and dying lay. The war of the twin roses still Raged wildly in this reign — The Lancasterians would now, And now the Yorkists gain. But Margaret, for the infant prince, Urged the fierce battles on, Until at Tewkesbury subdued, In fourteen seventy-one. Henry was murdered, the young prince Slain by the noble's lance, The captive Margaret ransomed by Louis, the king of France. And thus the bloody contest closed, Which had for sixteen years Deluged the land with human blood, And watered it with tears. But an achievement worthier note In seventy-one was wrought, For Caxton into England then The art of printing brought.* * To the west of the sanctuary in Westminster Abbey stood the Eleemosynary or Almonry, where the first printing-press in England IN VERSE. 73 About this time the fisheries First into notice came ; Commerce extended, opening thus The surest road to fame.* CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Pius II 1458 Paul II 1464 Sextus IV 1471 Emperor of Germany . Frederick III. . . 1440 Emperors of the Turks, a. D. Mahomet II 1453 Bajazetll 1481 King of France. Louis XI ... 1461 Kings of Portugal. Alphonsus V.. . . 1438 John II 1481 Kings of Denmark and Sweden. a. D. Christian 1 1448 John 1 1481 King of Scotland. James III 1460 was erected, in 1471, by William Caxton, encouraged by the learned Thomas Milling, then abbot. He published "The Game and Play of the Chesse," the first book ever printed in Great Britain. The title was, "The Game and Play of the Chesse. Translated out of the Frenche, and emprynted by me, William Caxton, Fynysshire, the last day of Marche, the yer of our Lord God a thousand four hundred and Ixxiiij." — Leigh. * From 1462 until the present reign, a ridiculous fashion for dress- ing the feet prevailed among the people. The points of the shoes were so long, that, when walking, the wearers were obliged to tie them to their knees. Some were tied with laces, but the most wealthy gentlemen used silver chains. 7 74 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, EDWARD Y. 1483—1483. 3 MONTHS. Young Edward and his brother were Both smothered in their bed By Richard, Gloucester's duke, who aimed To fill the throne instead. Pope. A. D. SextusIV 1471 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS Emperor of the Turks. a. D. Bajazet II 1481 Emperor of Germany. Frederick III.... 1440 King of Denmark and Sweden. King of France. Charles VIII.... 1483 King of Portugal. John II 1481 John 14S1 King of Scotland. James III 14G0 RICHARD III. 1483—1485. 2 YEARS. When Gloucester's duke, as Richard Third, Was king of England known, Then Henry Tudor, Richmond's earl, Strove to obtain the throne. INVERSE. 75 The Welsh around the Tudor thronged, And upon Bosworth field, In fourteen hundred eighty-five, The king was forced to yield. Unhonoured and unloved, he fell Amid the desperate fray: The wars of York and Lancaster - Were ended from that day. He was the last Plantagenet Who sat upon the throne, Which, for three hundred thirty years, Was filled by them alone. For thirty years these civil wars Had ravaged wide the land, Producing, as war alivays must, Crime upon every hand. One hundred eighty thousand men Had fallen in the strife — One hundred eighty thousand men By men deprived of life. And for the trade of killing men, All else had been resigned; Commerce and letters, and the arts, Had everywhere declined. 76 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Sextus IV 1471 Innocent VIII. . . 1484 Emperor of Germany. Frederick II 1440 Emperor of the Turks, a. D. Bajazet II 1481 King of France. Charles VIII.... 1483 King of Portugal. John II 1481 King of Denmark and Sweden. John . King of Scotland. James III 1460 HOUSE OF TUDOR. — 5 KINGS. HENRY VII. 1485—1509. 24 YEARS. In Henry Seventh's marriage, were The houses both combined;* But hatred unto that of York Was rooted in his mind. And from the mass two men arose In kingly rivalry : A Perkin Warbeck,f who professed The duke of York to be; * He married a princess of the house of York. f Said to be the son of a converted Jew. He was elegant in his manners, and strongly resembled the Plantagenets. James IV. of Scotland married him to Lady Catherine Douglas, one of the most accomplished women of Scotland. INVERSE. 77 And Lambert Simnel,* who assumed The earl of Warwick's name. Some of the nobles urged the one, And some the other claim. "YYarbeck, surrounded by a force The Scottish king supplied, Met Henry's troops, but was subdued, And, for his treason, died. Yet still cabals were multiplied ; Still insurrections rose ; But Henry, at the last, obtained A triumph o'er his foes. Although his fault was avarice, f His reign with good was rife ; He to a warlike people taught The useful arts of life; Commerce and industry sustained — Varied improvements planned ; * The son of a baker. He was pardoned, and made a scullion in the king's kitchen. f Avarice prompted him to oppressive exactions. He is said to have left, at his death, a sum of money, which would be equal, at the present time, to £10,000,000. Still he taught the people fru- gality, and, by precept and example, the equitable payment of debts. 7* 78 HISTORY OP ENGLAND, And John Cabot* equipped, who then Discovered Newfoundland. f And he curtailed the nobles' claim — He raised the mass of men — And feudalism, tottering long, Received its death-blow then. J * A merchant of Venice. Henry furnished him with a fleet of ships. f He named it Prima vista (first seen). % Every town had been built in the neighbourhood of some great castle; partly that the soldiers, always kept there ready armed, might protect the inhabitants from the robbers who lurked in the woods by day, and haunted the open country by night ; and partly because there dwelt the wealthiest of the land — the largest con- sumers of their produce. Henry restored law and order, and en- couraged the people to build in situations which presented greater opportunities for commerce, to which he endeavoured to direct their attention. He lessened the strictness of entail ; and this enabled the nobles to sell their estates, many of which were purchased by wealthy commoners. Others received rent for their lands and cottages, in place of military service, and thus from villains the people became tenants, — from being merely followers of their lords to battle, idle dependents upon them in time of peace, they became independent, industrious citizens, and useful subjects. The army was now paid by the government. Thus, by various means, were the privileges of the nobles restricted, the people elevated, and feudalism abolished. IN VERSE. 79 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. 1484 1492 1503 Popes. Innocent VIII. Alexander VI. Pius III Julius III 1503 Emperors of Germany. Frederick II. . . . 1440 Maximilian I. . . 1493 Emperor of the Turks. A. D. Bajazet II 1481 Kings of France. Charles VIII. ... 1483 Louis XII 1498 King and Queen of Spain. Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella 1475 Kings of Portugal. A. D. John II 1481 Emanuel 1495 John . Kings of Scotland. James III 1460 James IV 1489 HENRY VIII. 1509—1547. Henry unto his father's throne With fairest prospects came; The land at peace, the treasury full, And none to doubt his claim. But quickly he invaded France, And soon, on " Flodden field" His general, earl of Surrey, forced The Scottish James to yield. He took part in the frequent wars Of Germany and France, 80 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, And wasted treasure in the show Of tournament and lance.* Capricious and tyrannical, His minister or wifef One moment high in favour was, The next, deprived of life. The pope opposing a divorce, He claimed himself to be Head of the Church, and set at naught The pope's supremacy. Defending now the ancient faith, Upholding now the new, He burned those who, on either side, Pronounced his faith untrue. * A celebrated meeting occurred between Henry VIII. and Francis I. of France near Calais, June, 1520. The nobility of both kingdoms displayed their magnificence with such emulation and profuse expense, as procured for the place of interview (an open plain) the name of " The Field of the Cloth of Gold." Twenty- eight hundred tents were pitched, mostly covered. with silk or cloth of gold. "Many of the nobility involved themselves in heavy debts, and were unable, by the penury of the rest of their lives, to repair the vain splendor of a few days." — Haydn. Upon this occasion, Francis addressed Henry as " Your Majesty," which was the first time the title was applied to an English sovereign. It originated among the Romans. James I. coupled it with "Sacred" and "Most Excellent." f This tyrant had six wives. He divorced two, caused two to be executed, one died, and the last survived him. • INVERSE. 81 The monasteries lie dissolved — Their revenues he seized — And he beheaded those who dared Deny his right to these. Because of this, Sir Thomas More, And Earl of Surrey died ; Though, famed in letters, they had long Been England's joy and pride. Wolsey, the minister and priest, Eor arts and letters known, Opposing Henry's will, was from His lofty station thrown. Henry, unawed by parliament, Imposed a grievous tax ; But the roused nation summoned him To answer for his acts. The art of painting, at this time, He into notice brought ; Holbein he patronised, and called Titian unto his court. In this reign Hampton Court* was built ; The spinning-wheel first used; * Hampton Court was built by Cardinal Wolsey, and presented by him, in 1526, to King- Henry. 82 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, And the first map of England drawn ; And hats first introduced.* Then was the first compulsory law,f The suffering poor to aid, And first in fifteen forty-six Was legal interest paid. J And then, suspended from the waist, The looking-glass was seen;§ Then were pins introduced, || and used By Catherine, the queen. * Hats were first manufactured in England by the Spaniards, in 1510; before that time, both men and women wore close, knit, woollen caps. — Stowe. f When the monasteries were dissolved, vast numbers of poor, who had been in the practice of receiving their daily food at the gates, were thrown abroad upon the world, unfed and uncared for, and this produced the immediate necessity for a tax for their maintenance. X It was fixed at 10 per cent, per annum. | These were at first very small, and either carried in the pockets of the ladies, or suspended from their girdles. j| They were made of brass wire, and were brought from France in 1540. They were first used in England, it is said, by Catherine Howard, queen of Henry VIII. Before the invention of pins, both sexes used ribands, loop-holes, laces, with points and tags, clasps, hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, silver, and gold. They were made in England in 1543. — Stowe. IN VERSE. 83 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. a. D. Julius IT 1503 Leo X 1513 Adrian VI 1522 Clement VII 1523 Paul III 1534 Emper.ors of Germany. Maximilian I. . . 1493 Charles V 1516 Emperors of the Turks. Bajazet II 1481 SelimI 1512 Soliman II 1520 Kings of France. A. D. Louis XII 1498 Francis 1 1515 Kings and Queen of Spain. Philip 1 1504 Joan 1506 Charles 1 1516 Kings of Portugal. Emanuel 1495 John III 1521 Kings of Denmark and Sweden. John 1481 Christian II 1513 Kings of Denmark. {Alone.) A. D. Frederick 1 1524 Christian III 1534 King of Sweden. {Alone.) GustavusVasa. . 1522 Kings and Queen of Scotland. James IV 1489 James V 1514 Mary 1542 EDWARD VI. 1547—1553. In the short reign of Edward Sixth The new religion gained Many adherents in the land, Though blood its garments stained. It was advanced by Somerset's, But most by Cranmer's aid; 84 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Cranmer prepared the creed from which The present creed is made.* The dwellings of that day had floors Composed of clay alone, But in the mansions of the rich They were with rushes strown. And in those halls of luxury Were chimneys also found, While the more common people built Their fires upon the ground. Edward, despite his sister's claims, Had signed his crown away, Urged by Northumberland's bold duke, To Jane, the Lady Grey.f Jane, simple, truthful, learned, and wise, Sought not an earthly throne ; Her higher aim had been to wear The Christian's crown alone. * He drew up forty-two articles, from which, with some altera- tions, the present Thirty-nine Articles which form the Liturgy of the Episcopal church were formed. They were approved and con- firmed by parliament, 1547-8. f Grand-daughter to a sister of Henry VIII. She was versed in Latin, Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, French, and Italian. Fuller says, " She had the innocency of childhood, the beauty of youth, the solidity of middle, the gravity of old age, and all at eighteen!" IN TERSE. 85 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Paul III 1534 Julius III 1550 Emperor of Germany and King of Spain. Charles V .. 1516 Emperor of the Turks. a. D. Solimanll 1520 King of France. Henry II 1547 King of Portugal. John III 1521 King of Denmark. A. D. Christian III ... 1534 King of Sweden. Gustavus Vasa. . 1522 Queen of Scotland. Mary 1542 MARY. 1553—1558. 5 YEARS. Lady Jane Grey, by wily men Forced to ascend the throne, Filled it ten days, when Mary came And claimed it as her own. Jane and her youthful husband died By Mary's stern command, Who, maddened with a bigot zeal, Ruled tyrant in the land. She brought the English church again Within the papal see; More than three hundred protestants She burned for heresy. 86 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Cranmer and Latimer were burned, Ridley and Rogers, too ; But the spirit of the rising faith No power could e'er subdue.* Forced by her husband, king of Spain, Into a foreign war, She lost Calais, held by the crown Two hundred years and more. Then drinking-cups of glass were made ; Then neediest brought from Spain ; But little did the arts advance In Mary's troubled reign. * It has been estimated that, in addition to those who suffered from imprisonment, fines, and confiscation, two hundred and seventy- seven persons were burned to death. Among these, were forty-five women and four children. f They were considered of more value than silver. " The first that were made in England were fabricated in Cheapside, London, in the time of Mary, by a negro from Spain ; but, as he would not impart the secret, it was lost at his death, and not recovered again till 1566, in the reign of Elizabeth, when Elias Growse, a German, taught the art to the English, who have since brought it to the highest degree of perfection." — Stowe. IN VERSE. 87 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Julius III 1550 MarcellusIIL... 1555 Paul IV 1555 Emperor of Germany. Charles V 1519 Emperor of the Turks. Soliman II 1520 King of France. A. D. Henry II 1547 King of Spain. King of Denmark. A. D. Frederick II 1549 King of Sweden. Philip II 1555 Gustavus Vasa. . 152 King of Portugal. John III 1521 Queen of Scotland. Mary 1542 ELIZABETH. 1558—1603. 45 YEARS. "Our good Queen Bess," the English say, Hers was a glorious age ! In England's annals never yet Had been so bright a page. There Shakspeare, the great dramatist, Spenser, the poet, shine; And Bacon, the philosopher, And Hooker, the divine ; There Hawkins,* Drake,* and Frobisher,* There Walsinghamf and Burleigh, f * Distinguished navigators. • Distinguished statesmen. 88 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Ben Jonson,* Fletcher,* and Beaumont,* Sidneyf and Walter Raleigh.J Then agriculture, commerce, arts, And legislation, gained Greater importance in the land Than they had yet attained. Then first in India were formed Establishments for trade ; Of the East India Company These the foundation laid. At this time England's exports were Confined to wool alone ; Then knives were made ;§ brick buildings then Replaced the wood and stone. || Then clocks and watches first were seen ;** Post-offices first used ; First paper-mill and first coach built ;ff Potatoes introduced. * Poets and dramatists. f An accomplished officer and author. X A man illustrious in arms and literature. He was called " the soldier, the sailor, the scholar, the philosopher, the poet, the orator, the historian, the courtier." § 1560. || 1598. Elizabeth decreed that the city should not go beyond three miles of the city gates, and that there should be no more than one family in a house. ** Introduced from Germany. ff They were first called Whirlicotes. A bill was introduced into parliament to prevent men from riding in coaches, because it was considered too effeminate. INVERSE. 89 Then choc'late, and tobacco, too, Fans and false hair, were bought ; The coin reduced to standard weight, And spoons of silver wrought. Elizabeth the villains* freed In all the western land, Speeding the day when no white slave On England's soil should stand. But at this very time their trade In negro slaves began; From Africa they stole and sold Their helpless fellow man.f The Protestant religion was Established in this reign; The " Church of England" took the form That it doth still retain.J The " Invincible Armada," though It caused alarm at first, * Slaves. f Captain, afterwards Sir John Hawkins, has the unenviable fame of being the first Englishman, after the discovery of America, who made a traffic of the human species. — Haydn. \ 1562. There were forty-two articles in the creed prepared in the reign of Edward VI. ; they were now reduced to the present thirty-nine. A further revision took place in 1571, but no important alterations were made. 90 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, By England's admirals was met, And conquered and dispersed.* It was the largest armament That Europe yet had seen; 'Twas sent by Spain to crush the church, And to subdue the queen. Elizabeth has fixed a stain Eternal on her name: Jealous of Mary, queen of Scots, Her beauty and her fame, And fearful that unto the throne Her rival might succeed, For years she kept her prisoner, And then her death decreed. The Irish conquest, which commenced Four hundred years before, By Mountjoy was completed, when This reign was nearly o'er. The peace of England was preserved, With all around at war, And, as a nation, it became Respected near and far. * A storm, which drove many of the Spanish ships on the coast of Zealand, completed the discomfiture. IN VERSE. 91 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. a. D. Paul IV 1555 Pius IV 1559 Pius V 1565 Gregory XIII. .. . 1572 Sextus V 1585 Urban VII 1590 Gregory XIV... 1590 Innocent IX 1591 Clement VIII. .. 1592 EjirERORs of Germany. Ferdinand I. . . . 1558 Maximilian II.. . 1564 Rodolphus II.... 1576 Emperors of the Tdrks. Soliman II 1520 Selim II 1566 Amurathlll. ... 1574 Mahomet III 1595 Kings of France. Henry II 1547 Francis II 1559 Charles IX 1560 Henry III 1574 Henry IV 1589 King of Spain. Philip II 1555 Kings of Portugal. Sebastian ...... 1557 Henry 1579 Union of Spain and Portugal. A. D. Philip II 1580 Philip III 1597 Kings of Denmark. Christian IV 1558 Frederick II.... 1559 Kings of Sweden. EricX 1556 John III 1569 Sigismund 1592 Queen and King of Scotland. Mary 1542 James VI 1567 STUAET FAMILY. — 6 KINGS. JAMES I. 1603—1625. 22 YEARS. James Sixth of Scotland, Mary's son, Elizabeth had named To fill the throne of England, too, And he was king proclaimed. 92 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Raleigh, suspected of a plan Upon the hrone to place Young Arabella Stuart,* who Was of the royal race, Was long imprisoned, then reprieved, And after years passed by, On insufficient evidence, He was condemned to die. James and his parliament were found Supporting the new faith, And the " Gunpowder Plot" was formed For putting them to death. For then 'twas hoped the church of Rome Again might bear the rule ; Catesby and Percy formed the plot, And Guy Fawkes was their tool. In Mary's reign the Puritans First into notice grew; In the old world oppressed, they sought A refuge in the new. Their wrongs, the controversies, too, In which they bore a part, Sowed the rich seeds of liberty Deep in the nation's heart. * Great-grand-daughter of Henry VII., and. after Mary, queen of Scots, the nearest heir to the throne. INVERSE. 93 The people had awakened now, And questioned if there be A Right Divine* in kings to claim Undoubted sovereignty. The king sought funds from parliament, His favourites to please ; For every sum bestowed, it claimed Redress of grievances. As wars were few, taxes were few, Soldiers were idle men, And farmers richer than the earls Of Henry Seventh's reign. The Bible was translated then, As 'tis at present used; Then first the Roman characters In printing introduced. Newspapers were established first In sixteen sixty-two ;f * The divine right of kings to rule, and the passive obedience of subjects, was a favourite and warmly-contested doctrine of the Stuarts. f Mr. Watts, of the British Museum, (1850,) says that the first English paper was the " Weekley Newes," published by Nathaniel Butler in 1662. A paper was circulated in the reign of Elizabeth ; but it was merely to convey the intelligence of the defeat of the Spanish 94 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, A school to teach anatomy From Hunt's exertions grew. The circulation of the blood Was then by Harvey shown; The power of electricity By Gilbert was made known. The art of dyeing woollen cloth From Holland introduced; Thermometers* and compassf made, And table-fork first used. James greater good for Ireland wrought, In the short time he reigned, Than England had accomplished, since The country was obtained. Armada. The full title was, — "No. 50. The English Mercurie, published by authoritie, for the prevention of false reports, imprinted by Christopher Barker, her Highness' printer, No. 50. . A journall of what passed since the 21st of this month between her Majestie's fleet and that of Spayne, transmitted by the Lord Highe Admirale to the Lordes of Council." — World's Progress. * Invented, 1608, by William Barlowe. f Invented, 1620, by Drebel. IN YEESE. 95 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Clement VIII. . . 1592 Leo XI 1605 Paul V 1605 Gregory XV. ... 1621 Urban VIII 1623 Emperors of Germany. Rodolphus II.... 1576 Matthias 1 1612 Ferdinand II. . . 1619 Emperors of the Tdrks. a. D. Achmetl 1603 Mustapha 1 1617 Osman 1618 Mustapha I. res. 1622 Amurath IV 1623 Kings of France. Henry IV 1589 Louis XIII 1610 Kings of Spain and Portugal. a. D. Philip III 1597 Philip IV 1621 King of Denmark. Christian IV 1588 Kings of Sweden. Sigismund 1592 Charles IX 1600 Gustavus II 1611 CHARLES I. 1625—1649. 24 YEARS. The troubled reign of Charles the First Was but a ceaseless strife 'Twixt royalty and parliament, Each struggling for its life. The parliament refused supplies For wars that Charles had made, And he dissolved it, threatening To act without its aid. A tax, "tonnage and poundage" called, And "ship-money," he raised, And then the fire of discontent Throughout the country blazed. 96 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Hampden, refusing the demand, In prison was confined, But the more fully did his wrongs Arouse the public mind. The church of England, verging now Unto a faith more pure, By Laud* was loaded with such forms As it could ill endure. And on the Scottish church he forced The English Liturgy; But everywhere the people rose, Determined to be free. A " solemn league and covenant"f Was signed by high and low; To arms they rushed, and Charles implored Aid to repel the blow. But parliament confined itself Unto its wrongs alone ; At first it would but limit him, Now would upset the throne. Cromwell and Hampden, Pym and Vane, Were foremost in the strife; * Archbishop of Canterbury. f Those who signed it were called Covenanters ; they were of both sexes, and of all ages. IN VERSE. 97 Laud and Earl Strafford were impeached, And both deprived of life.* In sixteen hundred forty-two Commenced a civil war, And in five years the royalists Succumbed on Marston Moor. A parliament, which Cromwell "purged,"f Then sentenced Charles to die, And through the nation's heart there ran A thrill of sympathy. The Quakers then arose amid The turmoil and the strife, Calling the people from the world Unto a holy life. For the unfaltering maintenance Of their religious faith, They suffered contumely and stripes, Imprisonment and death. J * The supporters of the king- were called Cavaliers ; those of the parliament, Roundheads — a name given in derision by their oppo- nents, from the fact that the hair of many of their prominent mem- bers was closely cropped, in contradistinction to the fashion of the day. A bowl was put on the head, and the hair cut along the brim of it. f He expelled the Presbyterians, and called this " Purging the 'parliament.''' 1 After this, it was called the " Rump parliament " % It is calculated that forty thousand of this sect died during their 9 98 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Fox was the founder of the sect, And preached its simple creed — A teacher, fearless in the truth, And pure in thought and deed. In this reign, Donne* and Drayton* lived ; Quarles,* Fuller, f Barrow, f Taylor, f SeldonJ and Coke,§ and Walton, too, The philosophic angler. Then was the first post-mail ; || it took Letters one day in seven ; Then the Star-Chamber court^f dissolved, Which great offence had given. imprisonment, in consequence of the filth and malaria of the jails, added to cruel treatment. — Lord's Modern History. * Poets. f Theologians. X Antiquarian, historian, jurist. \ Distinguished jurist. || Established by Charles the First. It ran between London and Edinburgh. % The " Court of the Star-Chamber and High Commission" was instituted for trials by a committee of the privy council, during the reign of Henry VII., in the year 1487. In the reign of Charles I., its arbitrary exactions rendered it odious to the people, and it was abolished by Cromwell's parliament. Coke says, "It probably re- ceived its name from its roof being garnished with stars." Gold- smith tells us, "It was so called from the starra, or Jewish covenants, deposited there by order of Richard I. No star was admitted as valid, unless found in this depository, and here they remained until the banishment of -the Jews by Edward I." INT VERSE. 99 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Urban VIII 1623 Innocent X 1644 Emperors of Germany. Ferdinand II.... 1619 Ferdinand III. .. 1637 Emperors of the Turks, a. D. Amurath IV... 1623 Ibrahim 1649 Mahomet IV. .. . 1649 Kings of France. Louis XIII 1610 Louis XIV 1643 King of Spain and Portugal. a. D. Philip IV 1621 King of Portugal. {Alone.) John IV 1640 THE COMMONWEALTH. 1649—1660. 11 YEARS. The Presbyterians had fought, Determined to be free, But now the Independents claimed The right of sovereignty. The power which the parliament Had wrested from the throne, At length, by Cromwell's management, The army -held alone. The Scottish Presbyterians Proclaimed Charles Second then, And rallied round his standard, with Full fourteen thousand men. 100 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, But Cromwell marched his army there, Subdued them at Dunbar, At Worcester fully conquered them, And the prince fled afar. The famous "Navigation Act" A war with Holland brought ; And England conquered, — Penn and Blake Against De Ruyter fought. When the "Long Parliament"* designed The army to reduce, Cromwell dissolved it, deeming it As of no further use. And then the reins of government He seized, and held alone ; Wisely he ruled, but regally, As though upon a throne. He called a parliament, though not Elected, as of yore, And "Praise-God Barebones' Parliament,"! Was the strange name it bore. It was dissolved, and Cromwell next "Protector" claimed to be; No monarch was in Europe found More powerful than he. * It was in session twelve years — hence its name. f Named from one of its chief actors. IN VERSE. 101 At Tunis, Algiers, everywhere, He did the victory gain ; Jamaica island, and the town Of Dunkirk, took from Spain. But foes were upon every side, E'en in that triumph hour ; Republican and royalist Rebelled against his power. Richard, his son, succeeded him — Was inefficient found; And next came anarchy, and next Was Charles the Second crowned. In sixteen hundred fifty-five Engines by steam were moved; By Worcester's marquis they were made, By Yfatt they were improved. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Innocent X 1644 Alexander VII... 1655 Emperors of Germany. Ferdinand III... 1637 Leopold 1658 Emperor of the Turks. Mahomet IV. . . . 1649 9* King of France. a. D. Louis XIV 1643 King of Spain. Philip IV 1621 Kings of Portugal. John IV 1640 Alphonso IV... 1656 King of Denmark. a. D. Frederick III.... 1648 King and Queen of Sweden. Christina 1633 Charles X 1653 102 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. RESTOKATION OF THE STUAETS. CHARLES II. 1660—1685. 25 YEARS. Charles, irreligious, profligate, And prodigal and vain, The monarch's character impressed Itself upon his reign. "Weary of puritanic gloom, Weary of martial rule, "High church" or "Tory* principles" Was the prevailing school. Episcopacy was restored Throughout the English land, And uniformity in faith A statute did command. Charles sold Dunkirk,")" and squandered all The money thus obtained; Warred long and fiercely with the Dutch, But no advantage gained. * The epithets, Whig and Tory, originated in this reign ; the Tories favoured the claims of the crown, the Whigs, those of the people. f He received for it four hundred thousand pounds. IN VERSE. 103 Dissolved two parliaments, where Whigs Had gained the upper hand: Plots, intrigues, and conspiracies, Were rife throughout the land. The people, fearing Catholic Would be the ruling faith, For a pretended " Popish Plot," Stafford was put to death. And of the " Rye-House Plot," a feigned Reform conspiracy, Sidney and Russell were accused, And were condemned to die. In sixty-five, a plague* and firef A frightful havoc made : Of London city, full three-fourths In utter ruin laid. But Wren, j the famous architect, Rebuilt the town again ; # 68,596 persons died of this pestilence. f Within the space of four days, eighty-nine churches, (including St. Paul's,) the city gates, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, Guildhall, Sion College, and many other public buildings, were de- stroyed, besides 13,200 houses, laying waste 400 streets. — Hume, Rapin, Carte. X Sir Christopher Wren. 104 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, St. Paul's Cathedral,* too, he built In this and the next reign. The famous Habeas Corpus act Was at this time produced; Turnpikes were first established then, And tea was introduced. Then Waller, f Cowley, f BunyanJ lived, And Baxter § wrote his " Call," And Milton his great work composed, Of the first sin and fall. Popes. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Kings of Portugal. Alexander VII. . 1655 Clement IX 1667 Clement X 1670 Innocent XI 1676 Emperor of Germany. Leopold 1658 Emperor of the Turks. A. D. Mahomet IV 1649 Kings of Spain. Philip IV 1621 Charles II 1665 King of France. Louis XIV 1643 Alphonso IV 1656 Pedro II 1688 Kings of Denmark. Frederick III. . . 1648 Christian V 1670 King of Sweden. Charles XI 1660 * This cathedral was commenced in 1675, and concluded in thirty- five years; the year that it was finished the architect died, aged ninety-one. James's adherents were called Jacobites. f Poets. % Author of " Pilgrims' Progress." § Theologian. IN VERSE. 105 JAMES II. 1685—1689. 4 YEARS. The reign of James the Second passed In weak attempts, and vain, To crush the English church, and bring The popish faith again : And when these inroads on their faith Had made his object known, Was Mary importuned to come And fill her father's throne. At h*er approach, James fled to France ; The people flocked around, And William, prince of Orange, and Mary, were sovereigns crowned. The duke of Monmouth, Charles's son, Aspiring to the throne, Was killed, with all who aided him, Wherever they were known. The Pennsylvania Colony Was first established then; It was composed of Quakers, led By the good William Penn. 106 HISTOEY OF ENGLAND, The poet Dryden, who ne'er told Unwelcome truths in rhyme, And Boyle, the chemist and the sage, Were authors of this time. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pope. a. D. Innocent XI. ... 1676 Emperor of Germany. Leopold 1658 Emperors of the Turks. Mahomet IV 1649 Solyman III. . . . 1687 King of France. a. D. Louis XIV 1643 King of Spain. Charles II 1665 King of Portugal. Pedro II 1668 King of Denmark. a. D. Christian V 1670 King of Sweden. Charles XI 1660 WILLIAM III. AND MARY. 1689—1702. 13 YEARS. "The Revolution," this is called, " Of sixteen eighty-eight ;" The Protestant succession it Secured unto the state ; The rights of parliament secured, Religious freedom, too ; IN VERSE. 107 The king's prerogative confined Within the limits due. Ireland still adhered to James, But France his claim maintained, Till William, at the river Boyne, A victory o'er them gained. And Scotland did her ancient crown At William's footstool lay ; The Highlanders alone rebelled, Then yielded to his sway. But from the vale of fair Glencoe Bang out a fearful cry, For slight default, Argyle had doomed The whole to butchery. The "allied army"* fought with France — He took the chief command; At length the " Peace of Byswick" brought Bepose unto the land. Thirty-six million sterling for This single warf was paid, And of the nation's heavy debt This the foundation laid. * England, Germany, Holland, and Spain, were leagued together. f This is called "King William's War," or the "Glorious Revolu- tion of Sixteen Eighty-eight." Its cost to England was £36,000,000. 108 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, A Bank* in England first was known In sixteen ninety-four, The goldsmiths had retained the gold Of monied men before. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Alexander VII. . 1655 Clement IX 1667 Clement X 1670 Innocent XI. ... 1676 Emperor of Germany. Leopold 1658 Emperor of the Tdrks. a. D. Mahomet IV.... 1649 King of France. Louis XIV 1643 Kings of Spain. Philip IV. . Charles II. 1621 1665 Kings of Portugal, a. d Alphonso IV.... 1656 Pedro II 166S Kings of Denmark. Frederick III.... 1648 Christian V 1670 King of Sweden. Charles XI 1660 ANNE I. 1702—1714. 12 YEARS. Again we note, conspicuous by The triumphs of the mind, The truly great ones of the earth,- Newton and Locke we find. * The name is derived from Banco, a bench which was erected in the market-places for the exchange of money. The mint, in the Tower of London, was anciently the depository for the merchants' cash, until Charles the First seized the money, and destroyed the IN VERSE. 109 And in such royalty doth lie A nation's pride and hope ; In this reign^ too, lived Addison,* Rowe,f Steel 5 { and Swift§ and Pope.|| De Foe, Guy, Prior, Arbuthnot, Charmers of child and sage ; By some historians, this has been Called the " Augustan Age." The women from embroidery turned, And learned to study more, Translating Latin, Spanish, French, And Greek and Hebrew lore. If credit of the mint, 1640. The tradesmen were then driven to some other place of security for their gold, which, when kept at home, their apprentices frequently absconded with to the army. In 1645, they consented to lodge it with the goldsmiths, who were provided with strong iron chests for their own valuable wares, and this was the origin of banking in England. — Haydn. * Essayist — author of the Spectator, the first literary periodical published in England. f Poet and dramatist. \ Essayist and dramatist. \ Satirist. || Poet. \ So Harrison, a writer of that day, assures us, giving many names of ladies thus distinguished. The queen was a proficient in all these languages. After describing the various ways in which the ladies employ themselves for recreation from study, "some in exercising their fingers with the needle, divers in spinning of silk, the youngest with their lutes, citterns, pricksong, and all kinds of music, the eldest with skill in surgery and distillation of waters," he adds, " but there are none of them, but, when they be at home, can help to supply the 10 110 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, A Constitutional Union now England and Scotland bound, And from this time its monarchs were Kings of Great Britain crowned. Great Britain joined with Germany And Holland in a war Against the king of France, who strove To spread his conquests far. Marlborough led the British force, — The German, Prince Eugene ; At length the peace of "Utrecht" came In seventeen thirteen. France was subdued ; and England gained Gibraltar, Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, — and She holds them at this day. Near three and sixty million pounds This war had cost the land; Oh, for its suffering poor, how much Might such a sum command ! The strife of Whig and Tory ran Higher than e'er was known ; Doctor Sacheverell then preached Obedience to the throne. ordinary wants of the kitchen with a number of delicate dishes of their own devising." IN YEESE. Ill The Whigs had ruled the parliament, And filled the ministry ; The Tories, e'er the reign had closed, Gained the ascendency. CONTEMPOKABY SOVEREIGNS. Pope. a. D. Clement XI 1700 Emperors of Germany. Leopold 165S Joseph 1 1705 Charles VI 1711 Emperors of the Turks. Mustapha II 1695 Achmet III 1703 King of France. a. D. Louis XIV 1643 King of Spain. Philip V 1700 Kings of Portugal. Pedro II 1683 John V 1707 King of Denmark. Frederick IV.... 1699 King of Sweden. Charles XII 1697 King of Prussia. Frederick 1 1701 HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. GEORGE I. 1714—1727. 13 YEARS. Without apparent discontent, King George the First was crowned, But soon, in James the Second's son, Was a "Pretender" found. 112 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The English Tories and the Scotch Boldly maintained his right; Some were imprisoned, some were killed, But he escaped by flight. In past reigns war had drained the land, And funds had been obtained From companies of merchants, who But small per centage gained. Blount, of the " South Sea Company," Imposed a golden dream, Then bought the debts, and thousands fell By this the " South Sea Scheme." The streets of London being still "Without sufficient lights, Each house was ordered to hang out A lamp on moonless nights. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. A. D. Clement XI 1700 Innocent XIII... 1721 Benedict XIII... 1724 Emperor of Germany. Charles VI 1711 Emperor of the Tores, a. D. Achmet III 1703 Emperor of Russia. Peter the Great, first emperor . 1702 Empress of Russia. a. D. Catherine 1 1725 Kings of France. Louis XIV 1643 Louis XV 1715 King of Spain. Philip V 1700 IN VERSE. 113 GEORGE II. 1727—1760. 83 YEARS. For ten years after George was crowned Did peace triumphant reign, When, with scarce shadow for excuse, A war was broached with Spain. Then, to support the Austrian queen, Another war* was waged, And in this contest greater part Of Europe was engaged. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Settled Theresa's claim ; But while King George made war abroad, The young "Pretender" came: And, aided by the king of France, Twice did he gain the field, But at Oulloden, in the fight, He was compelled to yield. He fled, and wandered through the land, Unsheltered and alone ; The Stuarts made no more attempts To gain the English throne. * This war was called the " War of the Austrian Succession;' it cost England £54,000,000. 10* 114 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, In North America did France On Britain's soil intrude, And, seventeen hundred fifty-five, A war* with her ensued. At first the French were conquerors, But at its close did they Surrender all of Canada Unto the British sway. In India the British had Extended wide their trade, And their "East India Company" Frequent encroachments made. The natives rose resistingly, But vain their efforts all ; They lost Bahar, Orissa, and The kingdom of Bengal. In seventeen hundred fifty-two New style was introduced; In England first in twenty-one Inoculation used.f * This war closed with the "Peace of Paris," Feb. 10th, 1763, the third year of the reign of George III. f Introduced from Turkey in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Mon- tague. She had her own son inoculated, and was afterwards allowed to have it tried upon seven condemned criminals. IN VERSE. 115 In twenty-nine, the Methodists* First into notice came, — Wesley and Whitfield preached their faith, Warmed by a holy flame. Watts, f Thompson,f Young, f Goldsmith, f and Gray,J In this reign lived and wrote ; Hume,§ Collins, || Akenside,|| and Sterne, With many more of note. First Horace Walpole exercised The ministerial sway, And Pitt, the earl of Chatham, last Great statesman of his day. Then Rysback,lf Reynolds,** Wilson, ft lived, DoddridgeJJ and Dodsley,J| too, Halley,§§ Hogarth,|||| Howard, 1ft and The Lady Montague.*** * The name was suggested by the Latin appellation Methodistee, given to a college of physicians in ancient Rome, in consequence of the strict regimen under which they placed their patients. f Poets and miscellaneous writers. % Poet. I Historian. || Popular poets. \ (John Michael) sculptor. ** (Sir Joshua) painter. Died 1792. ff (Richard) landscape painter. Died 1782. %% Poets. H Astronomer. IHI (William) painter. Died 1764. \\ (John) celebrated philanthropist. Died 1790. *** (Mary Wortley) distinguished writer. 116 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Benedict XIII. . . 1724 Clement XII 1738 Benedict XIV. . . 1740 Clement XIII. . . 1758 Emperors of Germany. Charles VI 1711 Charles VII 1740 Francis Stephen 1745 Emperors and Empresses of Russia. Peter II 1727 Anne 1730 John 1740 Elizabeth 1741 King of France. Louis XV 1715 Kings of Spain. Philip V. (res.).. 1724 Ferdinand VI. . . 1745 Emperors of the Turks. Achmet III 1703 Mahomet V 1730 OsmanlL. 1754 Mustapha III. . . 1757 Kings of Portugal. A. D John V 1707 Joseph 1750 Kings of Denmark. Frederick IV.... 1699 Christian VI 1730 Frederick V 1746 Kings of Sweden. Frederick 1720 Adolphus 1750 Kings of Prussia. Frederick II 1713 Frederick III.... 1740 GEORGE III. 1760—1820. 60 YEARS. The ministry of George the Third A policy pursued, • Unto America unjust, And thence a war ensued. Her Independence she declared, Resolved to do and dare, — The shackles of a foreign king No lonsrer would she wear. IN VERSE. 117 No longer be controlled by laws She had not helped to frame ; No longer taxed by parliament, Where she had not a name. In seventy-five, a war commenced, And, seventeen eighty-three, She was victorious, and the king Yielded his sovereignty. Her victory thrilled the heart of France, And its crushed masses rose In war upon the church and state, Their unrelenting foes. From slumber long and deep, the kings Of Europe roused to know That from the people, scorned so long, Might spring the deadliest foe. They hastened to the field, and stood An army close "allied," And goaded France to desperate deeds, Till blood flowed far and wide. Then, like a tempest, Bonaparte Rushing through Europe came, Ambitious, as a conqueror, To build himself a name : 118 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, He crushed the crowns beneath his feet, And rocked the empires round, Till listening Europe recognised But war's terrific sound. England against Republic France Had constant battle made, And now against Imperial France Her forces were arrayed. She joined the nations, or she fought The desperate fight alone, Resolved nor blood nor gold to spare, 'Till victory was won. Her Nelson conquered on the seas, With France and Spain at war — First, in the "Battle of the Nile," And last at Trafalgar. Talavera, Salamanca, Vittoria, Waterloo, Were battles where Lord Wellington Made her triumphant, too. On Waterloo the contest closed, Which had for twenty years Made Europe one great battle-field, And drenched her soil with tears. IN VERSE. 119 For war, since sixteen eighty-eight,* Has England paid, 'tis found, Two billion, twenty million, and Five hundred thousand pound. In India, Great Britain fought, Extending wide her sway, O'er Hyder Ally conquering, But carnage marked her way. Against her power had Ireland, In ninety-two, rebelled; France aided, but Cornwallis soon The insurrection quelled. A union at length was formed In eighteen hundred one, And England, Scotland, Ireland, were Then as " Great Britain" known. America, in eighteen twelve, War upon England made ; England her seamen had impressed, And had disturbed her trade. * The period of the revolution which seated William and Mary upon the throne. 120 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, For this, the horrors of three years Of warfare she endured ; She partly conquered on the seas, And then was peace procured. The Algerines, as pirates, were Notorious near and far, And their inhuman law made slaves Of prisoners of war. An English fleet assailed their coast, And only granted peace Upon the terms that slavery should In their dominion cease. And she abolished, in the year Of eighteen hundred seven, Her foreign slave-trade,* — piracy, None baser under Heaven ! Though poets wrote to gain this end, And politicians, too, To Clarkson, Sharpe, and Wilberforce, Is the great merit due. * It was shown by authentic documents, produced by government, that from 1792 to 1807, a period of fifteen years, upwards of three millions, five hundred thousand Africans had been taken from their country, and had either miserably perished on the passage, or been sold in the West Indies. — Butler. IN TERSE. 121 This reign was marked by vigorous thought — By rapid progress made In navigation, letters, arts, In wealth, in power and trade. There we find Gibbon,* Robertson,* Fox,f Sheridan, f and Tooke,J Johnson, § Burke,f Blackstone,|| Adam Smith, If Cowper,** Bruce, ft Burns,** and Cook.Jt Priestley,§§ Home, |||| Paley,TT Reynolds,*** Reid,ftt Stewart, Jtt Brown, §§§ More, |||||| and Blair,«m Herschell,**** Bell,fttt Davy,Btt Byron,** White,** Shelley,** and Keats,** were there. * Historian. f Statesman and orator. X (Home) philosopher. $ Lexicographer. || Eminent lawyer. ^ Political economist. ** Poet. ft Traveller. %X Navigator. g$ Philosopher and writer. HI] Theologian. f^[ Metaphysician. *** Painter. Iff Metaphysician, poet, essayist, and moralist. XXX Philosopher. \H Philosophical writer. HUH (Hannah) essayist and moralist, flffl Theologian and rhetorician. **** Astronomer. ffff Surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist. XXXX Chemist. 11 122 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, The Spinning Jenny* first was used In seventeen sixty-nine ; In eighty-five, the stages first Carried the written line. In seventeen hundred ninety-eight Was vaccination used ;f In eighteen hundred and fourteen Was gas first introduced. A locomotive-engine first In eighteen four was seen ; The first steamboat, in England, built In eighteen and fifteen. In sixteen, Davy's Safety Lamp The venturous miner saved; In eighteen, pictures upon steel By Perkins were engraved. * The first spinning jenny was made by Hargreaves, of Lan- cashire, 1767; it was improved by Sir Richard Arkwright, and a patent taken out, in 1769. Cotton was formerly spun by the hand. f Discovered by Dr. Jenner. IN YEESE. 123 CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. Clement XIV. . . 1769 Pius VI 1775 Pius VII 1800 Emperors of Germany. Joseph II 1765 Leopold II 1790 Francis II 1792 Assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. Emperors of the Tcrks. a. D. Mustapha III 1757 Achmet IV 1774 Selim III 17S9 Mahmoud VI. . . 1808 Emperors and Empresses of Russia. Peter III 1762 Catherine II. . . . 1763 Paul 1 1797 Alexander 1801 Sovereigns of France. a. D. Louis XVI 1774 Republic 1793 Napoleon, Consul 1799 " Emperor 1804 Louis XVIII. ... IS 14 Kings of Spain. Charles III. . „ . . 1759 Charles IV 1788 Ferdinand VII. . 1808 GEORGE IV. 1820—1830. 10 YEARS. George Fourth arraigned his queen for crimes, But proof he could not find, And to deprive her of her rights, The House of Lords declined. Hostilities had ceased, but wars' Encumbrances remained, And various speculative schemes Unwonted credence gained. 124 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, In twenty-five, the "bubbles"* burst, And vanished into air, — Four hundred thousand sterling pounds Were represented there. England refused her aid to France To tyrannize in Spain, But she assisted Greece, who strove Her freedom to regain. With Russia and with France allied, She fought the Turkish fleet, — In Navarino harbour gained A victory complete. For years had Greece been suffering Beneath the Turkish yoke, But now she rose exultingly — Her galling fetters broke. In Africa and India Were insurrections quelled, For still against their conquerors The colonists rebelled. A Bill, providing that the laws No longer should remain To Roman Catholics opposed, Distinguished this reign. * This has been styled "the year of the disastrous speculation in hubbies." IN VERSE. 125 Macadamizing London streets In twenty-four began, And carriages, propelled by steam, In twenty-nine first ran. Then Coleridge,* Crabbe,* and Southey,f lived, Hemans,J Hogg,§ Hall,|| and Scott, If Lander** and Lamb, ft with more whose names Will long be unforgot. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pope. a. D. Leo XII 1823 Emperor of Austria. Francis 1804 King of Bavaria. Louis Charles Augustus 1825 King of the Netherlands. William 1 1813 King and Electorate of Bohemia. Francis II 1792 King of Denmark. Frederick VI. . . 1808 King of France. Charles X 1824 King of Prussia. a. D. Frederick III. . . 1797 King of Hanover. George IV. king of Great Britain .1820 Kings of Naples and Sicily. Ferdinand IV. (restored).... 1824 Francis Janvier Joseph 1825 King of Spain. Ferdinand VII. . 1S0S King of Poland. Nicholas I., see Russia 1825 Queen of Portugal. A. D. Donna Maria da Gloria 1831 Emperor of Russia. Nicholas 1 1825 King of Sardinia. Charles Felix. .. 1821 King of Saxony. Anthony Clement 1827 King of Sweden and Norway. Charles XIV 1818 Grand Seignior of Turkey. Mahmoud VI. . . 1808 King of Wirtemberg. Frederick Wil- liam 1816 * Poets. f Poet, historian, and biographer. J Poetess. § (Ettrick Shepherd) poet. |j Eminent divine. IT Novelist, poet, historian, and biographer. ** African traveller. ft Essayist. 11* 126 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, WILLIAM IV. 1830—1837. 7 YEARS. When William, brother to the king, Succeeded to the throne, The people had resolved to make Their heavy grievance known. War had increased the nation's debt Beyond its power to pay, And 'neath the taxes, quadrupled, The groaning people lay. They urged upon the parliament That members should be sent More from the counties and the towns, Their rights to represent. The duke of Wellington resigned, Grey fought the battle through, And the "Reform Bill" passed at length In eighteen thirty-two. Reform was gained for Ireland, too, Where great distress prevailed ; She sought to be relieved from tithes, — But here her efforts failed. IN Y ERSE. 127 To use the surplus of this fund To aid the public good The Commons moved, but in the House Of Lords it was withstood. O'Connell preached throughout the land The Union repeal, And urged it as the only means The nation's wounds to heal. But the great fact in William's reign On which the Christian smiles, Is that eight hundred thousand slaves, In the West India isles, Were loosed in eighteen thirty-four By parliament's decree, And twenty millions sterling paid To set the bondman free. In England's annals, this is found To be the only reign In which no foreign war was waged, No man for treason slain. 128 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA. Began to reign June 20th, 1837. Shouts rent the air, and far and near Were joyful faces seen, When to the English throne advanced A fair and youthful queen. Ere long, disturbances arose In Canada, and war Has since been waged with Syria, With China and Lahore. In the wide question of " Repeal," All Ireland has engaged; Frightfully famine and disease, And civil war, have raged. The reformation long required In Corn laws has been made, And England has adopted now The system of Eree trade.* * It is thought correct to say she has adopted the system of free trade. She has no "protective tax" — no tax to protect her own manufactures; but an "income tax" and a tax on goods imported, (such as she does not grow,) to produce a revenue. This tax averages 10 per cent., excepting on tobacco, which pays 300 per cent. IN VERSE. 129 The working classes have combined, Their wrongs have been revealed, Five millions of the " Chartists"* have To parliament appealed. The tax on window-panes has been Abolished in this reign; The "Penny Postage system" doth Throughout the realm obtain. f Vessels propelled by steam have first An ocean passage made, And the Electric Telegraph J The message has conveyed* England has mourned the great and good, Passed from the earth away, — * So called from the Charter which they presented to parliament. Their chief demands are, Universal suffrage, Vote by ballot, No pro- perty qualification for voting, Annual parliaments, Payment of mem- bers, and Equal Electoral districts. | Established in 1840. | England and France are now connected by electric telegraph wires cased in gutta percha, which were sunk in the channel, from Dover to Cape Geisnez, Aug. 28th, 1850. The sea here is from 30 to 160 feet deep. The number of miles of telegraphic lines in Great Britain in 1849, all on railway tracks, was 2000. The cost, $750 per mile. 130 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, Philanthropists, philosophers, Poets, and statesmen, they.* But those yet live, whose minds and hearts Would honour any age, — Whose names, in days that are to come, Will brighten history's page. Efforts are making to diffuse Learning amongst the poor, And to repeal the olden "Law Of Primogeniture."! * Among the distinguished individuals who have died since the commencement of this reign, are: — Letitia McClean (L. E.Lan- don), Poet 1838 Costley Paxton Cooper, M. D., Medical Writer 1S40 Robert Southey, Poet, Histo- rian, and Biographer .... 1S43 Thomas Campbell, Poet . . . 1844 Thomas Henderson, Astro- nomer 1844 Thomas Hood, Poet 1845 Elizabeth Fry, Philanthro- pist 1845 R. B. Haydon, Painter 1846 Thomas Chalmers, D. D., Theologian and Political Economist 1846 Daniel 0"Connell 1847 D'Israeli, Literateur 1848 Thomas Dick, Astronomer . 1849 Maria Edgeworth, Novelist 1849 Cooke Taylor, Historian . . . 1849 Horace Smith, Literateur . . 1849 Lord Eldon 1849 W. L. Bowles, Poet . 1849 Sir William Allen, Painter. 1849 W. Prout, Chemist 1849 Jane Porter, Novelist 1849 W. Kirby, Entomologist 1849 William Wordsworth, Poet 1850 R. Westall, Painter 1850 R. J. Wyatt, Sculptor 1850 Sir M. A. Shee, Painter 1850 P. F. Tyler, Historian 1850 Joanna Baillie, Poet and No- velist 1851 Ebenezer Elliot, Author of " Corn Law Rhymes" . . . 1851 Sir Robert Peel, Prime Mi- nister of England, July, 1851 Thomas Moore, Poet 1852 f This law was introduced by Will am the Conqueror. IN VERSE. 131 The right of Franchise to extend, — The Jews to free from all The legal disabilities Which hold them now in thrall. And for the delver in the mine, The toiler at the loom, The convict in the prison-cell, Light breaketh through the gloom. Great Britain challenges the world, And worketh what she will; In commerce, all unrivalled she, And in industrial skill. In science, literature, and arts, She has a glorious fame; Unto the sea's wide sovereignty, Europe accords her claim. For bridges, roads, canals, no land Can with her own compare ; In unsurpassed magnificence Arise her buildings fair. On every sea her sail is spread, In every port 'tis furled, — The " Land of Tin" has now become The wonder of the world ! CHRONOLOGICAL CHART, TABLES, &o. (132) REIGNING SOVEREIGNS. 133 12 5 : a a^ s' I s "n s 2 a> 5 ■N0ISS30 o « o o a oo « o i Tt» CI CO r-l CO TJ< • CO co CO~ rt < O CO - 5 ^ CO v ) 00 CO c ) O © H O) 93 t* "0 < — i oi co co a tt o ) oo go co go go co go . O O 1> — < I> CO CJ OJ '-' (N ^fi^^H ) O > ( > t-H ^ C ) 00 00 I r- I> Ci CO GO GO O CO CO t- CO CO o OMOhoOhO 1> t> GO GO t> CO CO < qo Tf c: o CJ ,-H ^H ,_| r-< C J M CD CD 0^=3© 3 ' {.flOKnft I? CO CO 2 § *" "° £ 2 m ^ fi J* *S — S rt £d£ 9 ! 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IN ^ eg 2 ^h * Eo 1 M o*~ o 5 £ -H >> Ph e « *H H-s ^ -d 5 r, s « t3 r»g i> £ T "^ - it P> S-i "" "" "» ■S &£ « M P m h | ?J js < Swh <; 10 ^ 1 1$ K O jh : : : oil . 1 • ^ z. o -5 ' s- » £ h '3 <_ rn = « O rf Ch «1 | 8 a o N | g © ri J J I- i 3 «§ * < <3 <5 1 1 1 ! 1 o % || O 'JO O C- CO 00 o tt o o S'M CO o O CM __, O LO O O so o HH IB » ^ la 1 • a i-5 • a • S ~U- o 9 tl » ft, » S *s j s Sjo§ s W cj2^ * a K W§W ^ u ii i i .1 1 1 b J 't~ bzr o _ o o •fi.in}u tt VJ9I o CO SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 141 2 *-" J? a r ^3 to 2 No g 3 _ — ' O w g o £ Ok SB O ^^ ^ 5 &£ :S gi&fi-SS CO o o a> CJ m co a) CO o CO CO CO CO r- tH -H ,-H 1-1 1-1 * S s 02 J 2 ^ P3 § ^ •- S. 9 8 ^ CD J^ 32-1 W O GO Jz; p S fe-S pq s^ ; » ^ s C SI. P O 2 «3 -i M o „ £ § „ ■g 5 f*i | en « § * 2 o 13 ^ o is o o fcf .2 '3 S£ . c . - OS ) O — i 5"' U 'si 5 cs » & OS SIM n< !> o o o o i-i c-. a CO !> ^ CO CO S5 30 P S) cv ,^* >* .** °^ " &% W - r ^ *