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5, 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
 
 BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
 
 HUGH M. SMITH, Commissioner 
 
 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 
 
 By JOHN N. COBB 
 
 APPENDIX I TO THE REPORT OF THE U. S. COMMISSIONER 
 OF FISHERIES FOR 1921 
 
 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 902 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 PRICE, 35 CENTS 
 
 Sold only by the Sup>erintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office 
 Washington. D. C. 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1921 
 

 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 DOCUMtNTS LriViSION 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES.' 
 
 By John N. Cobb. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 6 
 
 The species of salmon and the runs 6 
 
 Chinook, quinnat, or king salmon 7 
 
 Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon 8 
 
 Silver or coho salmon 10 
 
 Humpback or pink salmon 10 
 
 Dog or chum salmon 11 
 
 Steelhead trout 11 
 
 Age of salmon at maturity 12 
 
 Marking salmon 13 
 
 Ocean home of the salmon 16 
 
 Fishing grounds and history of the fisheries 18 
 
 Washington 18 
 
 Columbia River 25 
 
 Oregon 31 
 
 California 34 
 
 Alaska 37 
 
 Southeast Alaska 37 
 
 Prince William Sound and Copper River 49 
 
 Cook Inlet 50 
 
 Afognak Island 51 
 
 Kodiak Island 52 
 
 Chignik Bay 55 
 
 Alaska Peninsula, south side 57 
 
 Shumagin and Sannak Islands 57 
 
 Bering Sea 58 
 
 Nushagak River and Bay 58 
 
 Kvichak River and Bay 61 
 
 Naknek River 62 
 
 Ugaguk River 63 
 
 Ugashik River 63 
 
 Alaska Peninsula, Bering Sea side 65 
 
 Kuskokwim River 66 
 
 Yukon River 66 
 
 Miscellaneous places 67 
 
 Arctic Ocean 67 
 
 British Columbia 67 
 
 Salmon fishing in the headwaters 74 
 
 Apparatus and methods of the fisheries 75 
 
 Gill nets 75 
 
 Haul seines 76 
 
 Diver nets 77 
 
 o Appendix I to the Report of the U. S. Comniissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. No. 902. 
 
 8 
 
4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Apparatus and methods of the fisheries — Continued. Page. 
 
 Dip nets 77 
 
 Squaw nets 77 
 
 Purse seines 78 
 
 Traps or pound nets 79 
 
 Indian traps 82 
 
 Wheels 83 
 
 Reef nets 84 
 
 Trolling 86 
 
 Bow and arrow 89 
 
 Spear and gaff 90 
 
 Sport fishing for salmon 90 
 
 Dangers to the industry 91 
 
 Fishing season in Alaska 95 
 
 Fishermen and other employees 96 
 
 Fishermen... 96 
 
 Cannery labor. ."*. ". 97 
 
 Nationalities 97 
 
 Chinese contract system 98 
 
 Fisheries of boundary waters 100 
 
 Washington and Oregon 100 
 
 Washington and British Columbia 103 
 
 Decrease in sockeye salmon run 104 
 
 American-Canadian Fisheries Conference 106 
 
 Decrease in humpback salmon catch 110 
 
 Packs by Canadian and American canners Ill 
 
 Methods of preparing salmon Ill 
 
 Canning Ill 
 
 Early days of the industry Ill 
 
 Handling the salmon 114 
 
 Dressing 115 
 
 Cutting 115 
 
 Salting 116 
 
 Filling the cans 118 
 
 Cooking 118 
 
 Repairing cans 119 
 
 Lacquering 119 
 
 Labeling 121 
 
 Brands 121 
 
 Boxing or casing 123 
 
 Can making 123 
 
 Canning smoked salmon 124 
 
 Home canning 124 
 
 Inspection of plants packing canned salmon 125 
 
 Investigation of canned salmon industry 126 
 
 Mild curing 129 
 
 Pickling 133 
 
 Dry salting 134 
 
 Smoking 134 
 
 Freezing 136 
 
 Utilizing salmon eggs and melt 139 
 
 Miscellaneous products - 1 40 
 
 Meal, fertilizer, and oil 141 
 
 Shipping fresh salmon direct to consumer 142 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 6 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Nutritive qualities of salmon 143 
 
 Analyees of canned and fresh Pacific salmon 143 
 
 Analyses of canned salmon by South Dakota authorities 144 
 
 Analysis of salted salmon 146 
 
 Statistics of the salmon output 146 
 
 Salmon catch in 1918 146 
 
 Bristol Bay waters salmon catch, 1913 to 1917 149 
 
 Pack of canned salmon in 1919 150 
 
 Canning industry, 1864 to 1919 152 
 
 Summary of canning industry 152 
 
 Canning industry, by species and waters 153 
 
 Market prices for canned salmon 1 75 
 
 American opening prices 176 
 
 British Columbia opening prices 179 
 
 Pickling industry «. 180 
 
 Mild-curing industry 182 
 
 Yukon Territory, Canada 183 
 
 Trade with outlying possessions 183 
 
 Hawaii 184 
 
 Porto Rico 184 
 
 Philippine Islands 184 
 
 Alaska 185 
 
 Guam 185 
 
 Tutuila, Samoa 185 
 
 Foreign trade in salmon 185 
 
 Exports of domestic canned salmon 186 
 
 Exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon 195 
 
 Imports of fresh salmon 201 
 
 Imports of cured salmon 202 
 
 Exports of Canadian canned salmon 203 
 
 Salmon culture 203 
 
 . Obtaining the spawning fish 203 
 
 Taking the eggs 204 
 
 Fertilizing the eggs 205 
 
 Hatching apparatus and methods 206 
 
 Handling eggs in hatchery 207 
 
 Removal of dead eggs l)y the use of salt solution 208 
 
 Feeding and planting the fry 211 
 
 Packing eggs for shipment 211 
 
 Rearing salmon fry 211 
 
 Food 212 
 
 Salmon sold after stripping 213 
 
 Salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast 213 
 
 General statistics 214 
 
 Acclimatizing Pacific salmon in other waters 218 
 
 California 220 
 
 History 220 
 
 Output 222 
 
 Distribution 224 
 
 Oregon 228 
 
 Hatcheries on coastal streams 228 
 
 Distribution 229 
 
6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Salmon culture — Continued. Page. 
 
 Columbia River and tributaries 233 
 
 Washington 237 
 
 British Columbia 244 
 
 Alaska 247 
 
 The salmon fisheries of Siberia 253 
 
 Species of salmon 254 
 
 Fishing districts 254 
 
 Fishery rights and regulations 255 
 
 Apparatus employed 257 
 
 Abundance of salmon 258 
 
 Freezing salmon 259 
 
 Canning salmon 260 
 
 Salting salmon 263 
 
 The salmon fisheries of Japan 265 
 
 Canning industry 266 
 
 Fishery methods 267 
 
 Fish culture 268 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting 
 only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the salm- 
 ons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries 
 of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, 
 Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess 
 industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions 
 of output annually. In Siberia the fishery is increasing in impor- 
 tance annually as means of transportation become better, while Japan 
 is also becoming a large factor in the salmon markets of the world 
 through her investments in the salmon fisheries of Siberia and, to a 
 lesser extent, through fisheries prosecuted in her own waters. 
 
 In this third edition of the report*^ considerable new material has 
 been added, while some chapters have been entirely remodeled and 
 materially enlarged. The statistical data have been brought up to 
 January 1, 1920. The author is indebted to the Pacific Fisherman, 
 of Seattle, Wash., for certain illustrations and to George C. Teal for 
 permission to use his copyrighted picture shown as figure 11. Most 
 of the illustrations are from pictures taken by the author. 
 
 THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS. 
 
 The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus Oncorhyn- 
 chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, 
 which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. 
 
 As long ago as 1731 the species of Oncorhynchus were first made 
 known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikov, 
 another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy 
 under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted 
 these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. 
 
 a First edition : The Salmon Fisheries of the Pacific Coast. By John N. Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries 
 Document No. 7.51, 180 pp. Washington, 1911. 
 
 Second edition: l^acific Salmon Fisheries. By John N.Cobb. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document 
 No. 839, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916/255 pp., 29 pis. Washington, 1917. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 2.— CHINOOK SALMON. BREEDING MALE. 
 
 FIG. 3.— SOCKEYE SALMON. ADULT MALE. 
 
 FIG. 4.— COHO SALMON. BREEDING MALE. 
 
U. S. B. F. — Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 5.— CHUM SALMON. BREEDING MALE. 
 
 ^\ 
 
 FIG. 6.— HUMPBACK SALMON. ADULT MALE. 
 
 FIG. 7.— STEELHEAD TROUT. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 7 
 
 Five species of salmon (Oncorhynchus) are found in the waters 
 of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Bay on 
 the American coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern 
 distribution of certain of the species liaving not yet been accurately 
 determined. The five species are: (1) Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, 
 quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) Oncorhynchus 
 nerlca, blueback, red, sukke^h, or sockeye salmon; (3) Oncorhynchus 
 Icisutch, silver, colio, or white salmon; (4) Oncorhynchus keta, dog, 
 keta, or chum salmon; and (5) Oncorhynchus gorhuscha, humpback or 
 pink salmon. 
 
 CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON. 
 
 The largest, best known, and most valuable of these is the chinook 
 or king salmon {0. tschawytscha) . It is found throughout the region 
 from the Ventura River, Calif., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the 
 Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge extends, 
 it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. 
 
 In the spring the body is silvery, tlie back, dorsal fin, and caudal 
 fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the 
 head havmg a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the 
 color is, in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average 
 weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 
 pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, 
 Alaska, in 1909, which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The 
 Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although 
 this supposition is not based on very reliable observations. The 
 southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain sea- 
 sons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia 
 River and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. 
 
 In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain 
 
 g laces, notably southeast Alaska, Bristol Bay, Puget Sound, and 
 British Columbia, many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes 
 as much as one-third of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples 
 have been taken with one side of the body red and the other white, 
 while some are found with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation 
 of this phenomenon has yet been given. 
 
 In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in 
 sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of 
 April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of 
 herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two 
 runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or "spring run" 
 beginning in April and continuing throughout May and June, these 
 fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such 
 as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or "fall run" occurs 
 in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the 
 riffles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering 
 the tributaries in that vicinitj. The two runs merge into each other. 
 It is also claimed that there is a third run which comes in December. 
 
 In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather 
 Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- 
 cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation 
 projects have practically depleted them. 
 
 The Eel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late 
 or fall run, while the Klamath River has both a spring and a fall 
 
8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in 
 Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several 
 other coast streams of Oregon have small early runs. 
 
 The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering during 
 January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- 
 amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run, 
 enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the 
 headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- 
 tember, and part of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the 
 lower Columbia. 
 
 In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year, 
 although it is only during the spawning season that they are very 
 abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run 
 occurs from March to August. 
 
 In the vSkeena River^ British Columbia, the run occurs from May 
 to July, the same being approximately true of the Nass also. 
 
 In southeast Alaska they are found aU months of the year. From 
 March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the 
 numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish 
 enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers 
 in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. 
 In August, September, and October they are again to be found in 
 large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the 
 winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, 
 showing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. 
 
 In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- 
 posed wholly of red-meated fish; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run 
 comes in June and July, principally in the first-named month, and 
 the same is true of the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, the 
 late appearance of the fish in the upper courses of the Yukon being 
 due to the immense distance the fish have to cover. 
 
 SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON. 
 
 The red or blueback salmon {0. nerJca), which forms the greatest 
 part of the canned salmon of the world, when it first comes in 
 from the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon 
 after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the 
 head changes to a rich olive, the back: and sides to crimson, and finally 
 to a dark blood red, and the beUy to a dirty white. The maximum 
 weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight 
 about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different localities. 
 Observations of Chamberlain ° in Alaska show that the average 
 weight of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, 
 while the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 
 pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough * report as a result of the 
 weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places 
 in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds; 
 for the females, 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 
 6.57 pounds. A run of smaO, or dwarf, males accompanies certain 
 of the main runs, being especially noticeable in the Chignik Lagoon 
 
 a Some Observations on Salmon and Trout in Alaska. By F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist, U.S. Fisheries 
 steamer Albatross. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 627, p. 80, Washington, 1907. 
 
 ''The Fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of 
 Fisheries, 1906, Vol. XXVI, p. 257. Washington, 1907. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 9 
 
 (Alaska) run. This species usually enters streams with accessible 
 lakes in their courses. 
 
 These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, 
 especially in the State of Washiiigton, and are always much smaller 
 in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, 
 Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound 
 in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers 
 consider them very gamey. They take bait, the fly, and the trolling 
 spoon. Large numbers are hatched and distributed by the Washing- 
 ton Fish and Game Commission under the name of "silver trout." 
 
 A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as 
 the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Calif., small runs are 
 said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers, while 20 sockeyes are reported 
 as having been taken in the Klamath River in the autumn of 1915. 
 Only an occasional specimen appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. 
 The Columbia is the most southern river in which this species is 
 known to run in any considerable numbers, entering the river with 
 the spring run of chinooks. From here south the species is called 
 blueback exclusively. A considerable run enters the Quinault River, 
 Wash., and there is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of 
 Cape Flattery. 
 
 In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the 'sockeye, 
 this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, 
 although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of 
 lakes and, possibly, in the Snohomish, StiUaguamish, and Nooksack 
 Rivers. 
 
 At one time the greatest of all the sockeye streams was the Fraser 
 River, British Columbia, a stream famous from very early days for 
 its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of which is that 
 there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. The maximum 
 run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum on the year 
 following that. The greater part of the catch of the Puget wSound 
 fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through Washington 
 waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in during July and 
 August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, apparently coming 
 from the open sea to the northwest. They pass through the Straits 
 of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending considerable time 
 in the passage and about the moutli of the river. Small numbers 
 run as early as May and as late as October, but the main body enters 
 about the first week in August. 
 
 The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British 
 Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The principal 
 streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe Inlet, 
 Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, 
 and Alberni Canal. 
 
 In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, 
 it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, 
 of which the following are the most important: In southeast Alaska, 
 Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, 
 Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Kedfish Bay, 
 Stikiue, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, etc.; in 
 central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, ^\iognak, Karluk, 
 Alitak, Chignik; and in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, 
 Naknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. It is also supposed to 
 
10 tJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 occur in small numbers in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon 
 Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and possibly occurs in the 
 Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually 
 early in June and extends usually to the middle of August, the bulk 
 of the run occurring in the first three weeks of July. It begins earlier 
 in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into Sep- 
 tember in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about 
 the same in each section. 
 
 SILVER OR COHO SALMON. 
 
 The silver or coho salmon {0. kisutch) is silvery in spring, greenish 
 on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the 
 fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is 
 of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence 
 less valued for canning purposes. The maximum weight is about 30 
 pounds, with ageneral average of about 6 pounds. 
 
 The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where 
 it appears during the month of July, and is taken by the troUers. 
 From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the 
 coastal streams. It usually appears in July, and runs as late as 
 November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- 
 what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- 
 tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed 
 by the canneries, niost of which shut down in August and September. 
 This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream 
 it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable 
 to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. 
 
 HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. 
 
 The humpback or pink salmon {0. gorhuscha), the smallest of 
 American species, weighs from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being 
 about 4 pounds. Its color is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior 
 and upper parts with many round ])iack spots, the caudal fin always 
 having a few large black spots oblong in shape. The males in fall 
 are dirty red and are very much distorted in sliape, a decided hump 
 appearing on the back, from which deformity tlie species acquires 
 its name. The flesh is pale, hence its canned name, "pink" salmon. 
 
 The southern limit of the fish is the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz 
 County, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the 
 rivers to the northward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large 
 run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such 
 is the case. 
 
 The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of 
 British Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it 
 appears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this 
 region and some of those operating in central Alaska depend mainly 
 upon the humpback for their season's pack, and the canned product 
 now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. 
 The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. 
 
 In western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback 
 is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able 
 to fill their cans with the more valuable species. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 11 
 
 In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until 
 September. In western Alaska the period is somewhat shorter. In 
 Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall, although but few are 
 taken after September 15. 
 
 DOG OR CHUM SALMON. 
 
 The dog or chum salmon {0. heta) reaches a maximum weight of 
 16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears 
 alonw the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with 
 small black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of 
 
 fridironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or 
 lackish, and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its llesh is light yellow, 
 especially w^hen canned, it is especially good for freezing, salting, 
 and smoking. 
 
 This species has a wnde distribution. It is found as far south as 
 San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, Calif., but is not utilized 
 commercially in California except on Eel River. It is found in most 
 of the coastal streams from here north, bein^ especially abundant 
 from Puget vSound northward to southeast Alaska, both inclusive. 
 In this region it is being utlized in greater abundance each year, as 
 the market for it widens. 
 
 In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying 
 abundance, but it is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with 
 whom it is the favorite species dried for winter food for their dogs. 
 
 The run of dog salmon comes later than that of any other species 
 except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the 
 season docs not occur until late in August or early in September, and 
 fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from 
 about the middle of August till late in November, and practically 
 the same is true in the Columbia River. 
 
 STEELHEAD TROUT. 
 
 The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdniri) is commonly classed as one 
 of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been 
 included in this report on this account. It is said to have received 
 its common name from the hardness of the skull, several blow^s of 
 the club being rec{uired to kill the salmon when taken into the boat. 
 In different localities the average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 
 pounds, while extreme sizes reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality 
 of its flesh causes it to be highly prized for the fresh and frozen 
 markets, but owing to its pale color only limited quantities are canned. 
 
 The principal c( nter of abundance of this species is the Columbia 
 River. It is found fromCarmel River, Calif., north to central Alaska, 
 and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. As a result of 
 extensive plants made during the last five or six years the range has 
 been much extended on the Pacific coast as w^ell as elsewhere in this 
 country. It seems to be found in the rivers during the greater part 
 of the year. In the Columbia River the spawning season is from 
 February to May, in Puget Sound in the spring, and in southeast 
 Alaska in May and June. The best commercial fishing is in January, 
 February, and March. In California the catching of this species is 
 restricted to hook and line fishing. 
 
12 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY. 
 
 As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but 
 once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of 
 great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. 
 Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye 
 and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, 
 by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping 
 one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this 
 report, but with unsatisfactory results. 
 
 Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Calif., 
 and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not 
 frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults 
 noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on 
 the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, 
 as no run w^as reported until the fourth year. 
 
 A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been 
 developed in recent years through the adaptation by American 
 scientists of the discovery by European investigators that the ridges 
 observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth 
 of the animal itself. 
 
 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, 
 applied this method to the determination of the age of the various 
 species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon 
 and the general method followed, Dr. Gilbert has the following to say: 
 
 While the method is new as regards Pacific sahnon, it has been experimentally 
 tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case oi the Atlantic 
 salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and 
 many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable 
 also to various species of trout, and its value has been demonstrated in fishes as widely 
 divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of 
 this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, 
 both scientific and popular. It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general 
 persists throughout life, and grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally 
 by additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge 
 a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being 
 concentric and subcircular in contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a 
 certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of 
 a year's growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during 
 successive years in the history of the same individual that number alone can not be 
 depended on to determine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish 
 grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer 
 being a period of rapid growth and fall-winter a season when growth is gi'eatly retarded 
 or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely 
 separated, while during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded 
 closely together, forming a dense band. Thus it comes that the surface of the scale 
 is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always 
 followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single 
 year's growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is natural, 
 inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. 
 Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct interpretation in many 
 cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has always remained. This element 
 is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly 
 eliminate the doubtful cases altogether." 
 
 a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert 
 Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XXXII, pp. 1, 5. Washington, 1913. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 13 
 
 As a result of his investigations up to this point, Dr. Gilbert pre- 
 sented the following conclusions drawn from tue data collected: 
 
 1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon 
 in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponder- 
 atingly 4-year fish. 
 
 2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after 
 hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type 
 grow more rapidly than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop 
 proportionately fewer adults. 
 
 3. Coho salmon spawn normally only in their third year. The young migrate either as 
 fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which migrate 
 as yearlings. 
 
 4. Dog salmon mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the 
 humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon 
 as they are free swimming. 
 
 5. The term "grilse," as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously undersized 
 fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed 
 in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the grilse 
 of the king salmon, coho, and dog salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost 
 exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally 
 represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those individuals 
 which mature one year later at the normal period. 
 
 6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second 
 or third year, of the coho and the dog salmon in their second year. 
 
 7. The great differences in size among indi\iduals of a species observed in the 
 spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging constantly 
 smaller than those one year older, though the ciu-ves of the two may overlap." 
 
 Since 1910 Dr. Gilbert has devoted much of his time to investiga- 
 tions* along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting 
 and valuable results. 
 
 His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate 
 that they consist principally of four and five year fish and thai these 
 two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- 
 portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the 
 progeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye 
 fry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which 
 they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid 
 growth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, 
 an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively 
 little effect. 
 
 MARKING SALMON. 
 
 A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has 
 -been the marking of salmon fry in order to find out the age at which 
 they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through 
 the reports of the various State fish commissions, and occasionally 
 in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found 
 detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable 
 
 a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. 
 Bulletin, I'. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XXXII, pp. 21, 22. Washington, 1913. 
 
 b Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 1.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report of 
 British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31 , 1913, with Appendices, pp. K53-78. 
 Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 2.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British 
 Columbia Commissioner oi Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1914, with Appendices, pp. N4.5-7.5. Con- 
 tributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 3.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British 
 Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Pec. 31, 191.5, with Appendices, pp. S27-<;4, (i pis. 
 Contributions to the Life History of tlie Sockeye Salmon. (No. 4.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British 
 Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1917, with Appendices, pp. Q33-S(i, 14 pis. 
 Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. .5.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report Britisn 
 Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1918, with Apcpndices, pp. X26-52, 24 pis. 
 Contributions to the Life Historj' of the Sockeyi' Salmon. (No. 6.) By C. U. Giltert. Report, British 
 Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1919, vnth Appeneices, pp. U3o-68, pis. 
 Victoria, British Columbia. 
 
14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 results attained, apparently at varying periods subsequent to the 
 marking. 
 
 All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal 
 of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the opinion 
 that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire 
 or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or 
 other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a V or a U was 
 punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances 
 a tag was employed. 
 
 In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so 
 imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that 
 frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked 
 specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a 
 result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even 
 had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate their value. 
 
 Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they 
 feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in 
 the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast 
 the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen 
 thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of 
 the fish and represented an M or W, depending upon the angle from 
 which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- 
 men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing 
 on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive 
 when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mai'k did not occur to 
 them. 
 
 Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey 
 have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. This scar 
 resembles very closely a date stamp on a canceled letter. 
 
 One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one 
 which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from 
 such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, 
 then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the 
 Naha Stream in Alaska, 
 
 In August, 1903, 1,600 red salmon fry, reared for the purpose from 
 the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers 
 Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain 
 by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were 
 released in the Naha River as soon as marked, at which time they 
 were about three months old. 
 
 In 1906 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing 
 were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Bay, 
 which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Naha being on 
 the southern side) and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the 
 mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, 
 this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- 
 mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were 
 obtained in 1906. 
 
 From then on until 1912, a period of 9^ years, the return of a 
 number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the 
 two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the latter year 
 being larger than in some of the intervening years. In 1912 Mr. 
 Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these aU being 
 from the fry he had marked and no further attention was paid to them. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 15 
 
 The principal thinii; that this and some of the other many experi- 
 ments m salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon 
 which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their 
 many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much 
 larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken 
 annually in commercial and fish cultural operations it is not surprising 
 that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy 
 and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were 
 particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only 
 occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the 
 same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by 
 particular inquir}'. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, 
 after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such 
 marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska 
 during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told 
 by fishermen that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry 
 developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- 
 lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that 
 when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line 
 many deformed fish would be found. 
 
 The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments 
 carried on by different people shows the absolute necessity of some 
 central authorit}' regulating them if an}^ real results are to be achieved 
 from this line of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under 
 authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed 
 that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first 
 consult with and secure the WTitten consent of the Commissioner of 
 Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would 
 be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised 
 over these operations in the coastal ^^tates. 
 
 During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- 
 sit}', assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- 
 ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment 
 of 100,000 eggs of the red salmon Avas forwarded to Seattle, Wash., 
 from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay, Alaska, of 
 which 50,000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the 
 British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of 
 Vancouver Island. The remaining 50,000 were sent to the Bureau 
 of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, near the coast of Washington. 
 The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had 
 developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking 
 and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object of 
 
 E roving that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they 
 ad passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were taken. 
 This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young 
 fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not strong 
 enough to survive the experiment. They were t'lerefore liberated 
 without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, 
 however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Dr. Gilbert has 
 strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important 
 data relating to the life history of the species will be obtained. 
 
 During February, March, and April, 191G, some 50,000 yearling 
 sockeyes, which had been reared at the Bonneville hatchery of the 
 Oregon Fish and Game Commission from eggs obtained from the Yes 
 
16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, were 
 marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins, and the 
 fish then liberated in Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia. The 
 fish were in an apparently healthy condition when liberated. In 
 order to make sure that they suffered no ill effects from the marking 
 a few were held until the wounds had healed perfectly, and these 
 were not affected adversely. 
 
 During the summer of 1918 a number of marked fish were reported 
 to have returned and been caught. 
 
 During the same period close watch was kept on the Quinault 
 River for the return of marked sockeyes from that marking experi- 
 ment but none were observed so far as known. 
 
 OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON. 
 
 All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of 
 the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- 
 parently from tne ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of the 
 vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles 
 seeking for some suitable river m which to spawn, explaining in this 
 wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others 
 think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there 
 hide from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the 
 coast and thence to the stream in which they were born or planted. 
 
 Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and 
 we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon 
 are comparatively near our coast line, while others stay in the bay?, 
 straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. 
 
 Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the 
 hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were 
 interested in this fact, but as the demand for king salmon for mild 
 curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by 
 the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish dur- 
 ing the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized 
 branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale 
 in southeast Alaska in 1905. <» As the demand for the-fish increased, 
 the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska 
 waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also 
 increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them 
 from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up dur- 
 ing the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are still 
 on the ground. 
 
 The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British 
 Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been 
 disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. 
 
 It has been known for s6me years that the silver, or coho, salmon 
 would also take the hook under practically the same conditions as the 
 king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for 
 to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large 
 enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a 
 much lesser demand for it. 
 
 oReport on the Fisheries of Alaska. By John N. Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 618, pp. 
 19-21. Washington, 1907- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 17 
 
 It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in 
 coastal waters, but Marsh and Cohh " state quite differently: 
 
 Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trollinp hook. 
 For several weeks in July troUers in Union Bay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number 
 of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The humpbacks were caught 
 mainly with a spoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feeding 
 on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few red 
 salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating 
 for king salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several 
 tishermen report haNing in previous years frequently taken dog salmon on a hook in 
 the bays along Chatham Strait. 
 
 In 1909, Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known 
 cannery man, told the \\'Titer that, while he was trying to install a 
 floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales 
 Island, soutlieast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon 
 feeding on what ho called a red shrimp. 
 
 This was also observed in 1912, when Dr. Gilbert reported, in con- 
 nection with his observations of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, ofT 
 the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that "during the past summer it 
 was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on 
 the Bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimp-like crustacean 
 {Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers 
 on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species as well as 
 for the sockeye." ^ He also found all the other species feeding vora- 
 ciously in this neighborhood. 
 
 The experience of the fishermen operating in and off Port Moller, 
 in Bering Sea, also affords confirmatory evidence along this line. A 
 cannery was established on Port Moller in 1913, the avowed purpose 
 of the owners being to catch what they claimed would be the enor- 
 mous schools which annually resort to the great rivers of Bristol Bay, 
 some 210 miles to the eastward from Port Moller. This cannery made 
 a fairly large pack for a season or two, using purse seines in Bering 
 Sea and traps along the shore. Misled by this, tliree other canneries 
 were built in 1916 and 1917. In a season or two the catches of the 
 combined plants had dropped to much less than the catch of the one 
 cannery when operating alone, thus showing that the fishermen were 
 operating on a run which was local to that neighborhood. This is 
 borne out by the fact that the Bristol Bay runs showed no appreciable 
 diminution when the catch was lowest at Port Moller. The pack of 
 
 the Port Moller canneries follows. 
 
 * 
 
 Pack of the Port Moller Canneries. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Number 
 of can- 
 neries. 
 
 Cases 
 packed. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Number 
 of can- 
 neries. 
 
 Cases 
 packed. 
 
 1913 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 
 44,150 
 87,175 
 105,674 
 132,367 
 
 1917 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 39 688 
 
 1914 
 
 1918 
 
 124,884 
 29 849 
 
 1915 
 
 1919 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 
 a The Fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millar C. Marsh and J(?hn N. Cobb. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 
 Document No. 730, p. 26. Washington, 191it. 
 
 b The Salmon on Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British ColumbiaCommissioner 
 of Fisheries for Year ending Dec. 31, 1912, and Appendix, p. 1 lb. Victoria, British Columbia. 
 
 11312°— 21 2 
 
18 XJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 These observations would tend to confirm the behef which has been 
 steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend 
 the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in 
 regions adjacent to the coast line. 
 
 The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- 
 less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the 
 weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can 
 not be carried on along the open coast, while in summer the fishermen 
 are all busy on the spa%vning runs and have no time to devote to fish 
 not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the 
 coast as usual. 
 
 FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES.^ 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Puget Sound. — Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be 
 restricted to tha"t long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait 
 of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common 
 among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area 
 in the State of Washington comprismg Puget Sound proper, Strait 
 of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, 
 and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this 
 practice, for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. 
 
 This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and 
 many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion 
 of Washington and has been specially favorable to the prosecution 
 of the salmon and other fisheries. Numerous rivers and creeks enter 
 the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore 
 and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, 
 Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western 
 shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important 
 being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. 
 
 As on other bodies of water on the Pacific coast frequented by 
 salmon, the Indians were fishing for them when the first whites 
 visited the country. The natives at this time, and for many years 
 after, used reef nets and hooks and lines in the salt water, and spears, 
 dip nets, and weirs in the rivers. Traders first reached the head- 
 waters of the Fraser River and gradually worked down the same 
 until they reached the sea. 
 
 For many years this region was comparatively isolated from the 
 rest of the world, and the completion of transcontinental railroads 
 has not completely changed this, owing to its distance from large 
 consuming centers. As a result of this isolation, it was necessary 
 for many years to resort to methods of preparation which would 
 insure the preservation of the product for indefinite periods. Salting 
 naturally came first, followed by canning, while the shipping of 
 fresh salmon has been steadily growing in importance as transporta- 
 tion facilities increased. 
 
 The Northwest Co., a large fur- trading organization, about the 
 beginning of last century first introduced the salting process and 
 
 a For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than 
 historical notes. It is hoped that some one will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers 
 have passed away. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 19 
 
 this was continuerl by the Hudson Bay Co. Both companies carried 
 on the business primarily for the purpose of providing a winter stock 
 for the use of tneir employees and for local sale. As shipping de- 
 veloped on the Pacific, a considera})le export trade in saltecl salmon 
 was developed with the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, China, and 
 Japan, and with the eastern United States. Quinnat, or spring, 
 and sockeye salmon were the principal species employed in the 
 earlier years. 
 
 After the boundary line between Canada and the United States 
 had been established in 1846, and what is now the State of Wash- 
 ington was acknowledged as part of the latter, a number of small 
 traders and fish packers succeeded the Hudson Bay Co. In the early 
 sixties several men were engaged in the business at Point Ro])erts, 
 according to the Olympia Columbian of September 10, 1853. In 1873, 
 V. T. Tull, of Olympia, established a salmon fishery at Mukilteo, 
 principally for putting up fish in barrels. The first year 500 oarrels 
 were packed at Mukilteo, after which the tisliery was moved tem- 
 porarily to Seattle to take the late run up the Duwamish River, 
 which is usually large. Fifteen hundred good large salmon have 
 been taken at one haul of the seine in the Puyallup. 
 
 Bancroft's "History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana" con- 
 tains among others the following references" to the earl}^ fishermen of 
 the Sound: 
 
 In 1874 Corbette & Macleay, of Portland, founded a fishery at Tacoma. Sixty 
 barrels were packed in five days, only three men beino; employed. — New Tacoma 
 Tribune, November 14, 1874. In 1876, John Bryggot, a Norwegian, founded another 
 fishery at Salmon Bay, 6 miles north of Olympia. In 1878 a company of I'uget 
 Sound men established a fourth at Clallam Bay. They put up the first season (;00 
 casks of salmon and 700 of halibut. — Morse's Wash. Terr., MS., xviii, 17-18. In the 
 follo\ving season D. D. Hume established a fishery near Steilacoom for the purpose of 
 salting salmon. In 1880 H. Levy, of Seattle, went to London wdth 100 barrels to 
 introduce Puget Sound salted salmon to that market. In 1882 a salmon packing 
 
 establishment was opened at Old Tacoma by Williams. Salmon ran m great 
 
 numbers this year. One boat brought in a thousand fish. 
 
 The extension of the railroad to Puget wSound, thus furnishing an 
 outlet to the rapidly growing population in the Middle West, did 
 much to aid the industry. This also gave opportunity to begin the 
 shipping of fresh halibut and salmon to eastern points, Ainsworth 
 & Dunn, of Seattle, operating later under the name of the Seattle 
 Fish Co., were the first successful pioneers in this branch of the 
 industry, beginning about 1889, and carrying it on until they sold 
 out in 1901, as noted later. 
 
 In 1903 the San Juan Fishing 6c Packing Co., which had begun the 
 fresh-fish business in 1899. bought this business from the Pacific 
 Packing & Navigation Co., to which it had been sold in 1901 
 
 In 1893 A. E. Wadhams, who had operated on the Columbia River 
 for some years, established a sockeye plant at Point Roberts. 
 
 In 1894 both canneries were sold to tneir present owner, the Alaska 
 Packers Association, an organization formed not long before this by 
 a combination of a number of Alaska plants. 
 
 About 1894 A. E. Devlin came up from the Columbia River and 
 established a plant at Friday Harbor, which is now operated by the 
 Friday Harbor Packing Co. 
 
 a History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, pp. 345-349. By 
 Hubert Howe Bancroft. 
 
20 U. S. BUKEAU OF FISHEEIES. 
 
 In 1895 three new canneries were built at Anacortes — one by Philip 
 S. Cook (later owned by the Porter Fish Co. and now by the Anacortes 
 Fisheries Co.), one by the Anacortes Packing Co. (now owned by the 
 Alaska Packers Association), and the other by the Fidalgo Island 
 Canning Co. In the same year a cannery was built at Port Angeles 
 by the National Packing Co. In 1902 this plant was sold to the 
 Manhattan Packing Co., which company was absorbed by the 
 Gorman interests in 1906. 
 
 In 1896 J. R. Young and B. L. Williams built a small cannery at 
 Blaine. They failed in 1900 through the failure of their trap fisheries 
 and J. W. & V. Cook Packing Co., of Portland, bought their plant 
 and put J. L. Smiley in charge of it. In 1909 Mr. Smiley purchased 
 this plant from the company and operated it until 1916, when he 
 disposed of it to Lee Wakefield and E. Schoenwald, who sold it the 
 following year to the Wilson Fisheries Co. 
 
 As Ains worth & Dunn found that they were receiving more salmon 
 than they could dispose of in a fresh condition (they were first, in 
 1889, to ship fresh salmon from here to eastern points), the firm 
 built a cannery on the Seattle water front, at what is now Pier 8, 
 about 1895 or 1896, and about 1897 built another at Blaine. 
 
 In 1900 the Blaine Packing Co. built a cannery at Blaine and 
 operated it nearly every season until 1916, when it was sold to the 
 Blaine Cannery Co. 
 
 In 1901 Ainsworth & Dunn sold all its fresh fish and canned salmon 
 holdings to the newly organized Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. 
 When the latter company failed and its assets were sold in 1904, the 
 firm bought back its former Blaine plant and has operated it ever 
 since. Mr. Ainsworth, the senior member of the firm, died in 1914, 
 but the business is still operated under the name of Ainsworth & 
 Dunn. 
 
 The Pacific American Fisheries Co. was incorporated in 1899. The 
 company purchased at the time of its organization the cannery and 
 trap properties of the Island Packing Co., San Juan Island, and the 
 cannery of the Franco-American North Pacific Packing Co., at Fair- 
 haven. The last-named cannery had been built the previous year. 
 
 By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of 
 Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 
 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws 
 of the State of New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring a number of 
 salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by 
 unlimited eastern capital, and its authorizea capitalization was as 
 follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- 
 ferred stock, $12,500,000; and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It 
 actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, 
 and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected 
 an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- 
 mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about 
 $1,650,000. 
 
 The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also 
 the following Puget vSound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.'s 
 canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor, the 
 Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- 
 haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ' 21 
 
 The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- 
 ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affairs were wound up the 
 stockholders received nothino^, wMe the bondholders got but an 
 exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. 
 
 Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by 
 their former owners or by new people. 
 
 The Apex Fish Co. was incorporated in 1904 and built a cannery 
 at Anacortes which has been operated continuously since. 
 
 B. A. Seaborg, a well-known Columbia River packer, early in the 
 century established a cannery in South Bellingham and operated it 
 under the name of the Washington Packing Co. In 1905 it was pur- 
 chased by R. A. Welsh, then of Vancouver, British Columbia, and 
 Loggie Bros., of Bellingham, and has been operated since under the 
 name of the Bellingham Canning Co. 
 
 The Hillside Canning Co.'s plant was l)uilt and operated for the 
 first time at Port Townsend in 1905 by Andrew We'her, H. Ellerbeck, 
 William McKee, and E. C. Seeley. 
 
 In 1906 T. J. Gorman, since deceased, purchased the cannery of the 
 Rosario Straits Packing Co. at Anacortes. 
 
 In 1006 E. A. Sims leased the cannery at Port Townsend which 
 had been built some years earlier by Mr. Cook and operated under the 
 name of the Port Townsend Packing Co. 
 
 A one-line cannery was erected in the spring of 1906 by the 
 Wadham-Curtis Canning Co. at Blaine, but it burned down the 
 same year. 
 
 In 1897 the Chlopeck Fish Co. (now the Booth Fisheries Co.), 
 which had been operating in Portland for several years, started a 
 fresh fish and freezing business at Seattle. 
 
 The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, 
 Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- 
 bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning 
 on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed 
 wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were ynit up 
 the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of 
 purchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much 
 lighter in color than the grades then known to the consuming puf)]ic, 
 the company printed on its label the legend, "Warranted not to turn 
 red in the can." Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side 
 of the consuming public the demand for humpbacK, or pink, salm.on 
 developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a 
 factor in the markets. 
 
 Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another 
 was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. 
 
 In 1880 the Myers's cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. 
 It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it 
 was destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new 
 cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then 
 came back to Seattle and built a cannery about where Ainsworth l'v: 
 Dunn's dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after 
 which he moved to where the Pacilic Coal Co.'s bunkers are now. 
 Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- 
 pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they 
 continued operations for two or three years and then quit. 
 
22 * tr. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1889 a man named Morse established a cannery at Seattle and 
 operated it for only one year. 
 
 The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, 
 near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about the year 1891. 
 It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- 
 ward rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. 
 Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps 
 had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth & 
 Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the lighthouse 
 at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been a 
 trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been 
 profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and 
 abundance of salmon, haul seines being cheaper and more profitable 
 to operate. A man named H. B. Kirby, who came originally from 
 Nova Scotia, and another named Goodfellow (now living at Point 
 Roberts) put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. 
 
 From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably, 41 can- 
 neries, an increase of 10 over 1914, being operated in 1915, while 35 
 were operated in 1919. 
 
 During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to 
 the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, 
 for which there had been an established market for some years. 
 
 H. Bell-Irving & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia, were the 
 
 Eioneers in the labeUng of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 1894-95. 
 (ike all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a hard fight 
 for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, and 
 it was not until the Spanish- American War in 1898 caused a heavy 
 demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. 
 
 Sohduck River. — This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, 
 which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and 
 empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation 
 is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed 
 them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this 
 river, in 1912, furnished a market for the catch up to the end of 1915, 
 when it was abandoned. 
 
 Hoh River. — This is a comparatively small river, which is wholly 
 within Jefferson County, and debouches into the ocean in the north- 
 western part of the county. It passes through the Hoh Indian 
 Reservation in its lower reaches. A cannery was built here in 1917 
 by Fletcher Bros., and has been operated each season since. In 
 the spring of 1919 it was moved to a more convenient location about 
 a mile from the original site. 
 
 Queets River. — This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in the 
 northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean 
 in the northwestern part of Grays Harbor County, within the bounds 
 of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was 
 built at Queets, in Jeft'erson County, in 1905, and has been operated 
 every season since. 
 
 Quinault River. — This river, which enters the ocean in the north- 
 western part of Gravs Harbor County, has a length from the ocean 
 to Quinault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries 
 of the Quinault Indian Reservation. 
 
 This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run 
 of Quinault salmon (0. nerka). These fish, which are noted for 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 23 
 
 their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in 
 December, when the Indians generally catch th(>ni for their own use, 
 as they fear that, if the whites got hold of the lish, they might throw 
 awav the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or 
 chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come. In January, 
 when the fish begin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have 
 passed, for the Indians then usually have a considera])lo number for 
 sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh 
 condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moclips 
 most of the fish are disposed of at that ]ilace. The run continues up 
 to July 1. May and June are the best fishing months. 
 
 There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives 
 in August and ends about October 15. 
 
 The silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally 
 over by November 15; the dog salmon appear about Novem})er 1 
 and the run is usually over by the middle of the same montli, while 
 the steelhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of 
 the latter are canned. 
 
 Moclips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the 
 river, and the fish are all taken by team to this place. Twenty fish, 
 weighing approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these 
 are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. The 
 team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the loaded ones to Moclips 
 and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. 
 
 In 1915 the records of the Indian a^ent show that the Indians 
 fishing on the north side of the river caugrit 219,654 Quinault salmon, 
 valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 
 of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, 
 valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results 
 of the fishing for the other species of salmon and steelhead trout, 
 which quite materially swell the total. 
 
 Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own 
 fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian 
 Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- 
 vation. Under the regulations now in force, a clear channel of one- 
 third the width must be left in the middle of the stream, which is 
 from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fisliing location 
 has to fish it in person; provided, however, that w^idows, orphans, 
 minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or have gainful 
 occupations other than fisliing, are allowed to lease their locations or 
 hire some one to fisli them, and then only with the approval of the 
 officer in charge. 
 
 During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the rest of 
 the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the 
 eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. 
 A line of stakes is run out for about one-third tlie width at right 
 angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. 
 From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curv- 
 ing inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place 
 by three stakes. 
 
 The stake nets are 40 to 60 meslies deep, with 51-inch stretch mesh, 
 and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms 
 one fishing location. 
 
24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The chinook gill nets are usually 8f to 9 inches stretch mesh and 
 24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, dogs, and steelheads 
 are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. 
 
 For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought 
 to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of 
 the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the 
 purpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was 
 followed by Frank Shafer. Mr. Kurtz still operates his plant, but 
 the other is now owned by the Pacific Fisheries & Packing Co. 
 
 Grays Harbor. — This is the first important indentation on the coast 
 of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long 
 from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The 
 principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of 
 small streams which debouch into the harbor. 
 
 In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia 
 River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city 
 of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. 
 
 In 1902 the North American Fisheries Co. built a plant at Aber- 
 deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor 
 Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was 
 rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold 
 to S. Elmore & Co., who still own it. 
 
 The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 
 and have operated it ever since. 
 
 In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, 
 respectively; in 1915 there were three at the former place and 
 one at the latter, while in 1919 there were six in operation. 
 
 WiUapa Harbor. — The entrance to this harbor, which also includes 
 Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- 
 bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay 
 extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- 
 tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- 
 ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width 
 from three-fom-ths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the 
 main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor 
 are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap 
 nets are located. 
 
 In 1884 B. A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a plant 
 on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of WiUapa Harbor was then known. 
 
 About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, ( n the 
 Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so small 
 that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. 
 Barnes's cannery at South Bend. 
 
 In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a 
 cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over SO years 
 of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia 
 River canning interest over to his sons, but finding idleness not to 
 his likmg, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy 
 his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the 
 project. 
 
 In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co. established a cannery at 
 Chetio Harbor, but operated it only that year and m 1914. 
 
 In 1919 only two canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated 
 on Willapa Harbor. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 25 
 
 COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 Tlie Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises 
 in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- 
 ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of tlic State's eastern 
 boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between 
 Oregcm and Washington, its general course being westerly. It 
 empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal 
 tributaries are the Spokane, Yakima, Snake, John Day, Deschutes, 
 and Willamette Rivers, and through these the main river drains an 
 enormous extent of territory. 
 
 This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river 
 in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before 
 the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during 
 the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter's sup])ly 
 of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles 
 were notable lisheries where various bands, who lived south and 
 north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others 
 were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching 
 the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter 
 use. This dip, or basket, net was fastened to a pole about 30 feet 
 long and slid on a hoop. The Indian filled it by slinging it as far as 
 possible up the stream and then hauling it up, the weight of the 
 fish closing the net by drawing it on the hoop. 
 
 A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river 
 was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the 
 bones, pounded l^) tine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home 
 manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds 
 and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. 
 
 Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N., has the following to say with respect to 
 salmon fishing by natives at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River near 
 the present city of Colville, Wash., at the time of his visit there in 
 1841: 
 
 There is an Indian villaf!;e on the banks of the great falls, inhabited by a few families, 
 who are called "Quiarlpi" (basket people), from the circumstance of their usinsi; 
 baskets to catch their fish (salmon). The season for the salmon fishery had not yet 
 (in June ?) arrived, so that our gentlemen did not see the manner of taking the fish; 
 but, as described to them, the fishing ap])aratr,s consists of a large wicker basket 
 supported by long poles inserte.l into it and fixed in the rocks. The lower ])art, which 
 is of the basket form, is joined to a broad frame spreading above, against whicli the 
 fish in attempting to jump the falls strike and are thrown back into the basket. 
 This basket during the fishing season is raised three times in the day (24 hours), and 
 at each haul ntt unfrequently contains 300 fine fish. A division of these takes place 
 at sunset each day under the direction of one of the chief men of the village, and to each 
 family is allotted the number it may be entitled to; not only the resident Indiana, 
 but all who may be there fishing, or by accident, are equally iDcluded in the dis- 
 tribution." 
 
 The first American to engage in fisliing on the Columbia River was 
 Capt. Nathaniel J, Wyeth, of Massachusetts, who in 1832 crossed 
 overland to Oregon w^th the purpose of establishing salmon fisheries 
 in connection with prosecuting the Indian and fur trade. He dis- 
 
 gatched a vessel via Cape Horn to the Columbia with trading goods, 
 ut she was never heard from after sailing. In the meantime Wyeth 
 
 a Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838,1839,1840, 1841, and 
 1842. By Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy, commander ofthe expedition. In 5 volumes. Vol. IV, pp. 444, 
 145. Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 1845. 
 
26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 had cstablislicd a station at Fort Hall, on the Lewis River, a branch 
 of the Columbia. 
 
 In 1833 Capt. Wyeth returned overland to Boston, while the rest of 
 his party dispersed throughout the Columbia Valley. Far from dis- 
 heartened by the disaster to his vessel, Capt. Wj^eth dispatched the 
 brig May Dacre, Capt. Lambert, laden with trading goods and sup- 
 plies, to the Columbia River via Cape Horn, while he crossed overland 
 with 200 men. He established a salmon fishery and fort at the lower 
 end of Wappatoo (now Sauvies) Island, at the mouth of the Wil- 
 lamette River. 
 
 The salmon fishery did not prove successful and the brig sailed in 
 1835 with only a half cargo of hsh and did not come back. The same 
 year Capt. Wyeth broke up both the establishment here and on the 
 Lewis River and, disheartened, returned to Massachusetts, having 
 found the competition of the Hudson Bay Co. too powerful for him. 
 
 In August, 1840, Capt. John H. Couch, in command of the brig 
 Maryland, which belonged to Cushiiig & Co., of Newburyport, Mass., 
 arrived in the Columbia River. After taking a few salmon the vessel 
 left in the autumn never to return. On April 2, 1842, Capt. Couch 
 reappeared in the river with a new vessel, the Chenamus, named after 
 the chief of the Chinooks. With his cargo of goods he established 
 himself at the present site of Oregon City, the first American trading 
 house to be established in the Willamette Valley. He also estab- 
 lished a small fishery on the Columbia River. The vessel returned 
 to Newburyport in the autumn. 
 
 The next American vessel to come in established a far from enviable 
 record. There is no record of her name, but she was commanded by 
 a man named Chapman and entered the river April 10, 1842. She 
 came for the purpose of trading and fishing and remained till autumn. 
 During her presence in the river it is charged she sold liquor to the 
 Clatsop and other savages, as a result of which much bloodshed and 
 discord ri^sulted. 
 
 About 1857 John West began salting salmon in barrels at Westport, 
 on the lower Columbia. 
 
 In February, 1859, the Washington Legislature passed an act pro- 
 hibiting nonresidents from taking fish on the beach of the Columbia 
 between Point Ellis and Cape Hancock. 
 
 Bancroft ^ states: 
 
 On the 26th of January, 1861, J. T. Lovelace and W. H. Dillon were granted the 
 exclusive right to fish in the Columbia for a distance of 1 mile along its banks and 
 extending from low-water mark half a mile toward the middle of the stream. 
 
 In 1861, H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon 
 in ])arrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season's 
 pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable 
 and was soon participated in by others. 
 
 In the spring of 1866 William Hume, who had assisted in starting 
 the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento 
 River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- 
 appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the 
 Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. 
 
 a History of the Pacific Stales, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, lti45-1889, vol. 26, p. 349. By Hubert 
 Howe Bancroft. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 27 
 
 The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were 
 operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill 
 net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the 
 shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. 
 Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery), in 
 conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at 
 Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his 
 sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warrendale, 
 Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and Hap- 
 good, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms in length 
 and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much smaller than 
 these. At this period the river literally swarmed with salmon, and 
 the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, which it increased 
 to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. 
 
 In 1867 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, 
 a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin 
 on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which 
 he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he 
 rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular 
 jack-of-all- trades, as he did everything from catching the fisli to 
 canning and cooking them ready for the market. 
 
 In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, 
 while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He 
 operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams 
 & Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 
 1878. George W. Hume took it then and a few years later sold it 
 to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the 
 plant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, 
 later a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was 
 unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation offered it to 
 W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, "for S600. Mr. Fulton closed 
 with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for 
 the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could 
 be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timl)er 
 on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property 
 sold for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and land 
 were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He 
 sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It 
 was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by 
 B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has 
 been idle. 
 
 George W. Plume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. 
 This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers 
 in the canneries were recruited from the riffraff and criminal element 
 of Portland. He had a Cliinese working for I'iin and through this 
 man secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor proved so 
 satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other canneries. It 
 was not found that the Chinese could do the work any better or 
 quicker than the white laborer, but they proved more relial)le in 
 tneir work and gave less trouble. 
 
 Donald and Kenneth Macleay, of Portland, and William Corbitt, 
 of San Francisco, who were in business in Portland, were the first 
 to make a direct shipment of canned salmon to Liverpool. This 
 
28 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 was in 1871, and the shipment abroad that year amounted to 30,000 
 cases. 
 
 Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that 
 about one-half had been established bv the Hume brothers. G. W. 
 and WiHiam Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & 
 Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on 
 the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, 
 one at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, 
 a third brother, in the same year had a canhery in operation on the 
 Rogue River, and estabhshed three others, one at Eagle Cliff (then 
 owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson 
 & Myers), and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to 
 the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the 
 river. 
 
 One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, 
 operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery at 
 Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating 
 the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, 
 Oreg., and it also is still operated by this company. Mr. Warren was 
 the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, which was in use 
 by the principal canneries on the coast lor a number of years. 
 
 John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry 
 Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- 
 port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor 
 of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. 
 
 In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett estaMished a cannery on the 
 present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- 
 ler's birthplace. North Brookfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was 
 greatly enlarged and J. S. Megler bought out his partners and took 
 in Mr. Macleay, of Corbitt-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland 
 and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J. S. Megler & Co., 
 under which title it still operates. In 1879 Mr. Megler bought out 
 this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when 
 it has been operated by his widow. 
 
 The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in 
 this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first 
 put in use on the river in this plant. 
 
 In 1874 the Adair brothers, S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery 
 at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, 
 A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the 
 present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, 
 which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the 
 manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River 
 and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. 
 S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on 
 the Colur '^ia and operated it under the firm name of S. D. Adair 
 & Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., S. D. Adair 
 formed a partnership with Wm. B. Adair under the style of S. D. 
 Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for 
 a number of years. 
 
 J. O. Han thorn, under the firm name of J. O. Han thorn & Co., 
 established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 
 1876. He invented a rotary can washer for washing cans after they 
 were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were put on. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 29 
 
 In the same year Marshall J. Kinney ho^an his long and interesting 
 career in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. 
 
 One of the most noted men 'the Columbia River produced was 
 Mathias Jensen, a Dane, who fished there for some years. He 
 achieved especial fame from his important inventions in canning 
 machinery. His first invention, however, was a machine for filling 
 needles for knitting salmon nets. He next invented a can-filling 
 machine, which is in common use to-day. He also invented tbe 
 first topping machine, which was a marked success. The patent 
 rights of both these machines were sold to the Alaska Packers 
 Association. The machines were all made at the plant of the Astoria 
 Iron Works, at Astoria, of which Mr. John Fox was the founder. 
 
 The first fish trap or pound on the river was constructed by Mr. 
 Graham, in Baker Bay. on the Washington shore, in 1879. In 1881 
 Mr. P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps 
 were very successful at times. 
 
 The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham 
 & Co. in 1906. 
 
 Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia 
 River in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in 
 question: 
 
 J. Williams (Oregon side) 9. 000 
 
 Astoria Packing Co 30, 000 
 
 Elmore Packing Co 7. 890 
 
 Astoria Fishery (M. J. Kinney). 20, 000 
 
 Wm. Hume- . .' '- - - 20. 000 
 
 Geo. W. Hume ]8, 000 
 
 Deylin & Co 20, 000 
 
 Occident Packing Co 15, 000 
 
 West Coast 15,000 
 
 Badollet&Co 25,000 
 
 Booth & Co 23,000 
 
 Eagle Cannery 17, 300 
 
 Timmins & Co 8, 000 
 
 Fishermen's Packing Co 19, 000 
 
 S. D. Adair & Co 10, 000 
 
 Anglo-American Packing Co. . . . 10, 300 
 
 Hanthorn & Co 19. 000 
 
 Scandinayian Co 20, 000 
 
 J. W. & V. Cook 30,000 
 
 An interesting compilation prepared by the Portland Board of 
 Trade « shows the total product in cases, the price per case of 48 
 pounds, and the price for each fish paid by the canneries to the 
 fishermen from 1866 to 1881: 
 
 F. M. Warren 12.000 
 
 J. West 12,000 
 
 Jackson & Myers (2 canneries) . . 13, 000 
 Aberdeen Packing Co. (Wash- 
 ington Territory side) 17, 000 
 
 Jos. Hume, Knappton 20, 225 
 
 Pillar Rock Co 15, 000 
 
 J. G. Megler&Co 25,000 
 
 Columbia Canning Co 8, 000 
 
 R. D.Hume & Co 8,300 
 
 Cathlamet Cannery 8, 000 
 
 Jas. Quinn 5. 000 
 
 Cutting & Co 20, 000 
 
 Eureka Packing Co 20.000 
 
 Hapgood & Co 13, 000 
 
 Eagle Cliff Cannery 10, 000 
 
 Total 549, 115 
 
 Year. 
 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 Total 
 product. 
 
 4,000 
 18,000 
 28,000 
 100, 000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 2.50, 000 
 250,000 
 
 Price. 
 
 S16.00 
 13.00 
 12.00 
 10. 00 
 9.00 
 9.50 
 8.00 
 7.00 
 
 Cost of 
 fish. 
 
 Cents. 
 15 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 22j. 
 25 
 25 
 
 Year. 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 187S 
 1879 
 1881 
 1881 
 
 Total 
 product. 
 
 350,000 
 375,000 
 450,000 
 460, 000 
 460,000 
 480,000 
 530,000 
 550,000 
 
 Price. 
 
 $6.50 
 5.60 
 4.50 
 5.20 
 5.00 
 4.60 
 4.80 
 5.00 
 
 Cost of 
 fish. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 a The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America, pp. 372, 373. By John S. Hit- 
 teU. San Francisco, 1882. 
 
30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 
 cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were 
 so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard 
 by the fishermen because the canneries were unal)le to handle them. 
 
 As in other sections, there came a time when the market began to 
 be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found 
 necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more 
 cheaply and also to reduce the output. 
 
 In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- 
 nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & 
 Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery oi the Port Adams Packing 
 Co., then 2 years old. 
 
 Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka & 
 Epicure Packing Co. had been formed and comprised the following 
 plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing 
 Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This 
 combination got into financial difficulties, and the reorganizers per- 
 suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge. 
 
 In 1887 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel 
 Elmore, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Seaborg, all of Astoria; J. O. Han- 
 thorn & Co., Astoria ; Fishermen's Packing Co., Astoria ; Scandinavian 
 Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., and J. W. & V. Cook, 
 Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River 
 Packers Association. In 1889 the association built a new cannery 
 at Rooster Rock. Mr. George was with the association until his 
 death, but Mr. Barker left it to become general manager of the 
 British Columbia Packers Association, where he is at present, the 
 dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. 
 
 Early in the eighties the California Can Co. was engaged in the 
 business of making cans in San Francisco. Later the Pacific Sheet 
 Metal Works absorbed the company. A factory was started at Asto- 
 ria, with Mr. F. P. Kendall in charge. The latter, who is one of the 
 deans of the industry, has had a long and interesting connection with 
 all branches of the industry and in most sections. The American 
 Can Co. later on bought the Pacific Sheet Metal Works, and the 
 Astoria plant was moved to Portland. 
 
 The American Can Co. was the first to install sanitary can-packing 
 machinery in the salmon industry, the venture being made in 1911, 
 at the Sanborn-Cutting plant in Astoria. 
 
 At the present time (1919) there are 21 canneries in operation on 
 the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild cured, 
 pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. 
 
 Conmiercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the 
 Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- 
 lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, within 
 about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington or 
 north side, and just within the river's mouth, is the favorite ground 
 for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting ground is from 
 the river's mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, but drifting is 
 done wherever convenient reaches are found much farther up the 
 river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy bars in the 
 river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. Wheels are 
 operated in the upper river above the junction of the Willamette 
 with the main river. 
 
PACIFIC SAI,MON FISHERIES. 31 
 
 Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the. industry, but 
 more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria at 
 which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle ClilT, Altoona, Brook- 
 field, Pillar Rock, Cathlamet, on the Washington shore, and at 
 Warrendale, Rooster Rock, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Necanicum Creelc. — This short stream is in Clatsop County and 
 enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. 
 Its fisheries are of small importance. 
 
 Nehalem Rwer. — The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises 
 in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into 
 the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As early 
 as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has been 
 followed ever since. In 1911 an additional plant was built and both 
 have operated each year since, except in 1913, when one was shut 
 down. 
 
 Tillamook Bay and River. — Tillamook River is a very short stream 
 which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter being in Tillamook County 
 and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. 
 
 Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we 
 have of canneries on this bay is of 1886, wdien two were in operation. 
 From 1891 to 1910 but one was operated, but in 1911 another plant 
 was started. In 1915 a third cannery was built, and all three oper- 
 ated until 1918, when only one was in operation. In 1919, two 
 operated. 
 
 Nestugga River. — This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern 
 part of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the 
 business has been carried on each season with but one intermission 
 since 1905. 
 
 i Siletz River. — This river has its source in the mountains of Polk 
 iCounty and enters the ocean in the northern part of lincoln County. 
 The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for many 
 lyears owing to the fact that the river was within the boundaries of 
 what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. Tlie first cannery 
 was established here in 1896. An additional one was built in 1918. 
 
 Yaquina Bay and River. — The Yaquina ("crooked") River is 
 jabout 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the 
 county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part 
 of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenl}" broadens out 
 jinto an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide, which 
 lis commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 
 jlOO miles south of the Columbia. 
 
 ! Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small 
 Icanneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was 
 {erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and 
 there is now but one cannery, which has not been operated since 1911. 
 jln 1917 this plant was consolidated with the one at Waldport. 
 ■ The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of the 
 river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they have 
 railroad communication with the outside world. 
 
 j Alsea Bay and River. ^AlsesL River rises in the southwestern part 
 iof Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to 
 
32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the 
 "bay" is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth. 
 
 The first cannery was estabUshed in 1886 and by 1888 there were 
 three in operation. For many years but one was operated. In 1911 
 and each season since two canneries have been operated. 
 
 The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 
 5 miles inland. 
 
 Siuslaw River. — -This river has its source in the mountains of Lane 
 County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction and to 
 the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part of its 
 course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas Counties. 
 In 1915 a railroad line from Eugene to the mouth of the Siuslaw 
 River, at which point it connected with a line to the CoquiUe River, 
 was opened for traffic. 
 
 As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, 
 but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the extent 
 of the fisheries. In 1888 the Florence Canning Co., the Lone Star 
 Packing Co., and the Elhiore Packing Co. each operated a cannery. 
 In 1896 A. W. Hurd built a cannery which was destroyed by fire in 
 1908. At present there are two canneries, but of recent years only 
 one has been operated. The opening of a railroad line from Eugene 
 to here, thus furnishing an outlet for fresh salmon shipments, will 
 doubtless greatly help in developing its fisheries. 
 
 The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the; 
 river to about 20 miles upstream. 
 
 Umpqua River. — With the exception of the Columbia this is the 
 largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and 
 south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and 
 the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Prac- 
 tically all of this river is within the boundaries of Douglas County, 
 one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad has recently been 
 built along this river and in time there will doubtless be a large de- 
 velopment of the fisheries of this region owing to the opportunities 
 which will be offered for shipping fresh fish. 
 
 With the exception of Rogue River, this is the only river in Oregon 
 south of the Columbia River in which a spring run of chinook salmon 
 occurs. 
 
 As early as 1878 there were two canneries located on the Umpqua, 
 one of which was built by George W. Hume. The number has never 
 been larger than this, and -usually there has been but one operating. 
 In 1912 there was but one at Gardiner. In 1919 one was operated. 
 
 In 1918 the Reedsport Fish Co., of Reedsport, purchased the can- 
 nery of the Umpqua Cooperative Co., at Gardiner. 
 
 Coos Bay and River. — Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet 
 of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much 
 marshy ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, 
 which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an 
 unimportant: stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend, Marsh- 
 field, and Empire are the principal towns on the bay. A branch 
 railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- 
 ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing in- 
 dustry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has de- 
 pended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and 
 ban Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 33 
 
 this slow and infrequent means of shipment has verT- seriously handi- 
 capped the fisheries. 
 
 Salmon canning began here in 1887, when two canneries opened for 
 business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of 
 the time but one cannery being operated; none was operated in 1919. 
 
 Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. A few set nets are operated 
 in the river. 
 
 Coquille River. — This river is formed by three branches, called the 
 North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- 
 tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 
 miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- 
 gish river, with no natural obstructions to hinder the free passage of 
 fish. Its fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- 
 road communication, but this has recently been remedied, as the rail- 
 road to Coos Bay connects with a short line now in existence between 
 the Coquille River and Coos Bay, and thence on to the Siuslaw and 
 from there to Eugene. 
 
 The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, 
 Coquille, ancl Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. 
 
 Pickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, 
 the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being m 1877, 
 when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. The salt 
 shipments were important until within recent years. The first salmon 
 cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another was 
 built at the same place, and the following year still another was 
 erected close by. This wa^- the largest number ever in operation in 
 any one year. Since 1909 two canneries have been operated, both at 
 Prosper. In 1916 the Macleay estate took over the Coquille River 
 Fishermen's Cooperative Co.'s cannery near Bandon. 
 
 The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 
 miles inland. 
 
 Sixes River. — This small river is located in the norther part of 
 Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, cnterin?; t e Pacific 
 a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here 
 are either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille 
 River. 
 
 ElJc River. — This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, 
 which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes 
 River, the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on 
 the Coquille River. 
 
 Rogue River. — This river has as its source Crater Lake in the Cas- 
 cade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- 
 ing a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at 
 Wedderburn. Its principal tributaries are the Illinois, Applegate, 
 and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the mam river 
 between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter 
 near Hogan Creek which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- 
 tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth 
 of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- 
 hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and 
 from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. 
 
 Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fall run of 
 [Salmon in this river, the fisheries early became of importance, 
 
 11312°— 21 3 
 
34 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 although sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend 
 wholly on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles 
 away. In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to 
 San Francisco. Strong, Baldwin & Co. started in the busmess as 
 early as 1859. In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon 
 on the Colmnbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established 
 near the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 
 1894, when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 
 1908, after which date it was operated by his heirs. Mr. Hume also 
 operated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several years. 
 
 The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was 
 very much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired 
 and maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the river 
 for 12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken frontage on 
 the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth of the river. 
 As a result of this, independent fishermen could find no convenient 
 places for landing, which was necessary in order to cure, handle, and 
 ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume's death the property has been 
 sold to the Macleay estate, but the people of Oregon, upon an initia- 
 tive and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to close Rogue River to 
 all commercial fishing, and it was so closed in 1911 and 1912 but re- 
 opened in 1913. A second cannery was built here in 1915 by the 
 Seaborg Canning Co. 
 
 In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged in 
 fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being sold 
 fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this fishery has 
 become fairly important. 
 
 Chetco and Windcliuck Rivers. — These two unimportant streams 
 empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far 
 from the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the latter 
 about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and small fish- 
 eries have been maintained for some years, the catch being either 
 pickled or sold to the California canneries. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Smith River. — This river, which is the most northerly one in the 
 State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly 
 direction to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 _ The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded 
 history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon was 
 the main business at first and has been important ever since, as the 
 cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregularly, 
 and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. Canning began agaiii 
 in 1914 by H. E. Westbrook and has been prosecuted each year 
 since. 
 
 Klamath River. — This is the most important river in California 
 north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake 
 in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou 
 County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte County, 
 keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where it forms 
 a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is directed 
 to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has 
 both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 35 
 
 lished at Eeqiia. at the month, and this has been operated occasion- 
 ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a 
 number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped 
 fresh to the cannery on Smith River or to the Rogue River (Oreg.) 
 cannery. Since 1908 the cannery has been operated continuously by 
 the Klamath River Packers Association. 
 
 Humboldt Bay and tributaries. — The shore line of Humboldt County 
 is bold and high, except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, where it 
 is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the coimty shore, 
 and it is nuite difhcult of access, owing to the bar at the entrance 
 upon wliicn the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is about 12 miles 
 long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has its rise in the 
 lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwcstly direction, then 
 makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north side. Eel 
 River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the southeast, runs in 
 a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its southern extrem- 
 ity. Small railroads running south from Eureka traverse the shores 
 of both rivers for some miles. A railroad now runs from the north 
 side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka, and it has aided very materially 
 in extending the market "for salmon caught in these rivers. 
 
 Mattole Kiver. — This is a small and unimportant river in the south- 
 ern part of Humboldt County, and is said to have a good run of 
 salmon each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been carried 
 on here. 
 
 Noyo River.- — In 1915 salmon fishing be^an at Fort Bragg, in 
 Mendocino County, where the Noyo River debouches into the ocean. 
 The building of a branch railroad to this point made the shipping 
 of salmon a possibility. In 1915 and 1916 considerable salmon 
 were caught and shipped fresh. In 1917 the Tillamook Ice & Cold 
 Storage Co., built and operated a cannery here, while the Columbia & 
 Northern Fishing & Packing Co., in the same year built and operated 
 a cold-storage and mild-curing plant. 
 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. — ^These two rivers are the 
 most important rivers in California. The Sacramento is quite crooked, 
 the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco being about 
 375 miles, while the distance by rail betv/een these two places is only 
 225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in the mountains 
 about 20 miles west of Sisson, in Siskiyou County, and for nearly 
 half its length flows through a narrow canyon. The upper portion 
 is a typical mountain stream, vnth. innumerable pools and rapids. A 
 little above Redding the river emerges from the canyon and widens 
 into a broad shallow stream. Below Sacramento it runs tlu-ough a 
 level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are numerous in this 
 stretch, some connecting it with the San Joaquin. The Sacramento 
 and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty into Suisun Ba3\ 
 
 The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented 
 by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At one 
 time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but min- 
 ing and irrigation operations along these streams either kiileel them 
 off or elrove them away. 
 
 The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
 tains. Flowing westerly and forming the boundary between Fresno 
 and Maelera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns 
 abruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which 
 
36 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly i 
 until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter's mouth. The '< 
 Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the - 
 San Joaquin. 
 
 The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, thel 
 lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as 
 high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost 
 exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is j 
 considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. 
 
 Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- 
 eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been 
 handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in 
 finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- 
 continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern 
 points began, and it has been an important feature of the industry 
 ever since. j 
 
 The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river^ 
 is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its'- 
 inception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event 
 and its consummation are interestingly told by R. D. Hume in the 
 following words : 
 
 The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, Yolo 
 County, Calif. A part of the building was originally a cabin situated on the river 
 bank outside of the levee just opposite the foot of K Street, Sacramento City. It was 
 built in 1852 and occupied by James Booker, Percy Woodsom, and William Hume. 
 William Hume came to California in the spring of 1852, bringing vnth him a salmon 
 gill net which he had made before leaving his home at Augusta, Me. In company 
 with James Booker and Percy Woodsom, Mr. Hume began fishing for salmon in the 
 Sacramento River just in front of the city of Sacramento. William Hume had been 
 salmon fishing in the Kennebec River in the State of !Maine with his father, where his 
 father and grandfather had been engaged in the sam^e business since 1780, and their 
 ancestors in Scotland had for pleasure pursued the sportive salmon on the Tweed and 
 Tay for centuries before. In 1856 William Hume went back to Maine, and on hia 
 return to California the same year was accompanied by his brothers, John and 
 G. W. Hume, who also engaged in salmon fishing in the Sacramento River. Among the 
 schoolmates of G. W. Hume was one Andrew S. Hapgood, who had learned the tin- 
 smith's trade, and who a short time after G. W. Hume left for California went to Bos- 
 ton and entered the employ of J. B. Hamblen, a pioneer in the canning business, 
 and was sent by him to Fox Island on the coast of Maine to engage in canning lobsters. 
 The canning of lobster was a new and gro^nang industry, and Mr. Hamblen, to increase 
 his business, a short time after sent Mr. Hapgood to the Bay of Chaleur, an arm of the 
 sea which divides the Province of Quebec from that of New Brunswick, where, in 
 addition to the canning of lobster, they also canned a few salmon. I believe this was ■ 
 the first salmon canned on the American Continent, and I am informed that the busi- 
 ness in a small way is still carried on in that section of the country. In 1863 G. W. 
 Hume went back to Maine, and while there visited Mr. Hapgood at Fox Island, to 
 which place he had been again sent by J. B. Hamblen to take charge of the works at 
 that place. During the visit of G. W. Hume to his friend Hapgood a talk about salmon 
 was had, and it was agreed that if salmon on the Pacific coast were as plentiful as 
 represented by Mr. Hume muc^ money could be made in a salmon-cannery business. 
 The plan decided on was that G. W. Hume, on his return to California, should try and 
 induce bis brother William to engage in the business with them, and, if he succeeded ■ 
 in so doing, Mr. Hapgood should purchase the necessary machinery and come out to > 
 California in time for the spring season of 1864. William Hume being agreeable to 
 take part in the enterprise, Mr. Hapgood set out on the journey and arrived at San 
 Francisco on March 23, 1864, and a few days later at the location where the operations 
 were afterwards conducted. o 
 
 a The description of the machinery used and the methods of canning have been quoted in full under 
 ' Canning ' ' elsewhere in this report. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 37 
 
 For a considerable time after the salmou-cannina; business was inaugurated the pack- 
 ers suspended operations in the early part of July of each year as at that time the 
 market ■would take only goods which showed a rich oil and the best food values.^ 
 
 The l)usiness languished after the firm estabUshed its cannery on 
 'the Colunil)ia River, but in 1874 was renewed again by others and 
 continued witli varying success until 1905, when it ceased tempo- 
 rarily, owing to the smaller quantity of fish available and the diffi- 
 culty of competing with the mild-cure packers and the fresh-fish deal- 
 ers. Several times since small packs have been made when, for 
 some reason, mild-curing was unprofitable. 
 
 Monterey Bay. — -The rirst harbor south of San Francisco is Mon- 
 terey Bay, a large indentation cutting into Santa Cruz and Monterey 
 Counties. Only a portion of it is well sheltered, however. For a 
 number of years it had been known that salmon frequented the 
 waters of this bay for the purpose of feeding on the young fishes 
 which swarmed there. Sportsmen frequently caught them with rod 
 and reel, but it was not until the early eighties that the industry 
 was established on a commercial basis. It has since grown very 
 rapidly. The catch has either been mild cured at Monterey or 
 shipped fresh. A few have been canned in recent years. 
 
 ALASKA. & 
 
 Alaska is the most favored salmon-fishing region. Many rivers, 
 some of great length and draining enormous areas, intersect the dis- 
 trict in every direction, while the number of small creeks is countless. 
 Almost every one of these have runs of salmon of varying abundance. 
 The principal streams entering Bering Sea are the Yukon, Kus- 
 kokwim, Togiak, Nushagak, Kvichak, Naknek, Ugaguk, and 
 Ugashik; in central Alaska the Chignik, Karluk, Alitak, Susitna, and 
 Copper Rivers are the main streams, while in southeast Alaska are 
 found, among many others, the Anklow, Situk, Alsek, Chilkat, Cliil- 
 koot, Taku, Stikine, and Unuk Rivers. Most of the fishing in Alaska 
 is carried on in the bays into which these rivers debouch. In south- 
 east Alaska, which is composed largely of islands, the fishing is carried 
 on mainly in the bays, sounds, and straits among these. 
 
 Even before the purchase of the district from Russia in 1867 our 
 fishermen occasionally resorted to southeast Alaska and prepared 
 salted salmon. The salmon fisheries did not become important, how- 
 ever, until canning was begun. 
 
 SOUTHEAST ALASKA, 
 
 One of the most favorable sections for carrying on fishing 
 operations is southeast Alaska. Here a narrow strip of main- 
 land, about 30 miles wide, separates British Columbia from salt 
 water and forms the ''panhandle " of Alaska. Outside this is a fringe 
 of numerous islands, large and small, close to the coast line, conform- 
 
 a The First Salmon Cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. II, No. 1, 
 January, 1904, pj). 19-21. 
 
 b Tlic material for the history of the salmon fisheries of Alaska for the period from the inception ofsalmon 
 canning to 1900 was obtained almost wholly from the following excellent and vahialle reports by Capt. 
 Jefferson V. Moser, to whom I am deeply indebted for this and other valuable data: 
 
 The Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska. Report of the Operations of the United States Fish Com- 
 mission Steamer A Ibalross for the Year ended June 30, 1898. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin, U. S. Fish 
 Commission, ISGS, Vol. XVni. pp. 1-178. Washington, 1S99. 
 
 Alaska Salmon Investigations in 1900 and 1901. I5v Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commis- 
 sion, 1901, Vol. XXI, pp. 173-398. Washipgtou, 1902. 
 
38 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 ing to its irregularities and separated from it and from each other 
 by deep straits and channels. These islands, about 1,100 in number, 
 extend from the coast an average distance of about 75 miles and along 
 the general contour for about 250 miles. Some of these islands are 
 very large, indented with deep bays and sounds, and they in turn 
 fringed with smaller islands. 
 
 The largest streams in this region are the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, and 
 Chilkat, all of which take their source in the interior and drain con- 
 siderable areas. The other rivers are usually streams, and the greater 
 number are simply outlets to a lake or system of lakes. 
 
 All species of salmon are to be found in this region, but the hump- 
 back is by far the most abundant. 
 
 This region has been the favorite fishing ground for the smaller 
 operators, although a few of the largest canneries in Alaska are 
 located here. Of receht years transportation facilities have been 
 exceedingly good and fairly cheap, while the nearness to the State? 
 and the considerable resident population which could be drawn upon 
 for labor have been big factors in its development. 
 
 The Russians did considerable salting of salmon. Petroff, in his 
 report in the Tenth Census on the "Population, industries, and re- 
 sources of Alaska," writes as follows of the Redoubt near wSitka: 
 "The once famous Redoubt or deep-lake salmon fishery on Baranof 
 Island, which at one time during the Russian rule supplied this 
 whole region, and whence 2,000 barrels of salmon were shipped in 
 1868, now lies idle." 
 
 Bancroft" in speaking of the king salmon of Alaska says: "So 
 choice is its flavor, that during the regime of the Russian American 
 Co. several barrels of the salted fish were shipped each season to St. 
 Petersburg for the use of the friends of the company's officials." 
 
 One of the earliest operators in southeast Alaska was a Greek, or 
 Slav, named Baronovich, who married the daughter of Skowl, one 
 of the old-time chiefs of the Kasaans, and received from him the 
 fishery on Karta Bay, a part of Kasaan Bay, and one of the best red 
 salmon streams south of Wrangell Narrows. Baronovich built a 
 saltery here, kept a store and traded with the Indians. He died some 
 years ago, and for some time after his death his sons operated it. 
 It finally collapsed a couple of years ago. 
 
 For a number of years a saltery was operated at Klawak, on the 
 west coast of Prince of Wales Island. In 1878 the North Pacific 
 Trading & Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected the first 
 cannery in Alaska here. A pack was made the same year, and the 
 plant has operated every year since. In 1899 the cannery burned 
 down, but it was immediately rebuilt on the opposite side of the bay. 
 For some years this plant was operated almost exclusively with 
 native labor, and at present the majority employed are natives. 
 
 The same year that the above cannery was established the Cutting 
 Packing Co. built a cannery at old Sitka, and operated it in 1878 and 
 1879, then it was closed down. In 1882 the machinery was taken 
 by another company to Cook Inlet. 
 
 In 1882 M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, under the name of the Chilkat 
 Packing Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of Chilkat inlet and 
 made a pack the same year. The cannery changed hands several times 
 
 o History of Alaska, Vol. XXXHI, p. OGl. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. San Francisco, 1886. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 3d 
 
 and finally was burned in 1892, and not rebuilt. The cannery packed 
 every year from 1883 to 1891, both inclusive, except in 1888, when 
 it was closed. 
 
 In 1883 the Northwest Trading Co. built a cannery on Pyramid 
 Harbor, a httle bay on the western side of Chilkat Inlet. It was 
 operated by this company in 1883 and 1884, was idle in 1885, and in 
 1888 was sold to D. L. Beck & Sons, of San Francisco, and operated 
 by that firm. In the spring of 1889 it was burned, but was rebuilt at 
 once and a pack made that year. In 1893 it joined the Alaska 
 Packers Association, which operated it, except in 1905, until the end 
 of the season of 1908, when it was finally abandoned. 
 
 On the north shore of Boca de Quadra, about 8 miles from the 
 entrance, a cannery was built in 1883 by M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, and 
 operated under the name of the Cape Fox Packing Co. from 1883 to 
 1886. Late in the last-named year it was sold and moved to Ketchi- 
 kan, operating there under the name of the Tongass Packing Co. 
 during 1887, 1888, and until August, 1889, when it was burned and 
 not rebuilt. 
 
 In 1886 Rhode & Johnson erected a saltery at Yes Bay. The fol- 
 lowing year the firm became Ford, Rhode & Johnson. In 1887 work 
 was begun on a cannery which was finished in 1888. Packing was 
 begun in 1889 under the name of the Boston Fishing & Trading Co. 
 In 1901 it was included in the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. con- 
 solidation, and when that concern failed was purchased in 1905 by 
 the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the cannery was purchased 
 by C. A. Burckhardt & Co., who have operated it each year to date, 
 either under that name or subsequent mcorporations known as the 
 Yes Bay Canning Co. and the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. 
 
 In 1887 the Aberdeen Packing Co. of Astoria, Oreg,, built a can- 
 aery on the Stikine River, about 8 miles above the mouth. In 1889 
 the cannery was moved to Point Highfield, on the northern end of- 
 Wrangell Island, and operations commenced under the name of the 
 Grlacier Packing Co. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Associa- 
 tion, who have operated it continuously, except in 1905. 
 
 The Loring cannery of the Alaska Packers Association was built in 
 1888 by the Alaska Salmon Packing & Fur Co., of San Francisco, and 
 operated by the Cutting Packing Co. The company was incorporated 
 11 1 883 and operated a saltery until the cannery was built. When the 
 Alaska Packers Association was formed in 1893 it joined that organi- 
 sation. The cannery has operated every year since it was built, and 
 n some seasons has made the largest pack of any in the Territory. 
 
 Shortly after William Duncan ana his community of Tsimpsean 
 
 Indians had settled, in 1887, on Annette Island, which island had 
 
 )een set aside by the Federal Government as a reserve for them, 
 
 )lans were under way for a salmon cannery, but funds came in so 
 
 ilowly that it was not until 1890 that any pack was attempted. In 
 
 1 891 it was in full operation, and operated from then continuously 
 
 mtil 1913, when the plant was shut down for that and the two suc- 
 
 ■ needing years. Much dissatisfaction had been expressed by the 
 
 tiatives over the operation of this and other industrial plants on the 
 
 ■sland, and finally the Federal authorities took possession of prac- 
 
 ically everything, as guardian of the natives, and early in 1916 
 
 eased the cannery to P. E. Harris & Co., of Seattle, the understand- 
 
 ng being that they were to employ natives when available. Un- 
 
40 tr. s. BUREAU or fisheries. 
 
 fortunately the plant burned down on May 17, just before the fishing 
 season began, in 1918 the Annette Island Packing Co. built and 
 operated a cannery here. 
 
 For the piu'pose of assisting the natives of Annette Island in 
 operating this cannery the President in 1916 issued a proclamation 
 making a fishery reserve of the island and among other things pro- 
 vided that — 
 
 the waters within 3,000 feet from the shore lines at mean low tide of Annette Island, 
 Ham Island, Walker Island, Lewis Island, Spire Island, Hemlock Island, and adja- 
 cent rocks and islets, located within the area segregated by the broken line upon the 
 diagram hereto attached, and made a part of the proclamation, also the bays of said 
 islands, rocks,' and islets, are hereby reserved for the benefit of the Metlakahtlans 
 and such other Alaskan natives as have joined them or may join them in residence 
 on these islands, to be used by them under the general fisheries laws and regulations 
 of the United States as administered by the Secretary of Commerce. 
 
 One white trap net owner refused to remove his trap from the 
 waters in question, and when decision was rendered against him in 
 the lower court', carried the case to the United States Supreme Court, 
 which, in December, 1918, upheld the right of the President to grant 
 exclusive fishing rights in public waters. 
 
 James Miller operated a saltery on Burroughs Bay, on Behm 
 Canal, in 1886 and 1887. In 1888 Andrew and Benjamin Young, 
 of Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery here and operated it under the 
 name of the Cape Lees Packing Co. in 1888, 1889, and 1890. It 
 was closed in 1891 and 1892. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska 
 Packers Association, and was dismantled the following year. 
 
 About 1888 a saltery was established on Thome Bay, Prince of 
 Wales Island. The following year it was sold to the Lormg cannery. 
 In 1892 it was sold to Robert Bell, who moved it to the upper end of 
 the northwest arm, on the western shore. Salting was not carried 
 on each season, as it was sometimes found to be more profitable to 
 sell the fish fresh to the canneries. The plant was finally abandoned. 
 
 In 1889 Messrs. Sanborn and Ellmore, of Astoria, built a cannery 
 in Pavlof Harbor, Freshwater Bay, on the eastern side of Chichagof 
 Island, and operated it under the name of the Astoria & Alaska 
 Packing Co. It made a pack that year and in the spring of 1890 
 was moved to Point Ellis, on the eastern side of Kuiu Island, pack- 
 ing that year and also in 1891. It was burned in May, 1892. Only 
 one building was left standing, and it and the site were purchased by 
 John H. Mantle, of Wrangell, who operated a saltery on each arm of 
 the bay. Mr. Mantle began operations here in 1893. 
 
 In 1889 the Baranof Packing Co. built and first operated a can- 
 nery at the Redoubt, about 12 miles below Sitka. It was also oper- 
 ated in 1890 and then moved to Redfish Bay, on the western coast 
 of Baranof Island. It made its first pack here in 1891 and was then 
 operated every year until 1898, when it was sold to the Alaska 
 Packers Association and dismantled. 
 
 In 1889 the Thlinket Packing Co., organized at Portland, Oreg., 
 built a cannery at Point Gerard, on the mainland opposite Point 
 Highfield, at the -head of Wrangell Island. It was operated that 
 and the subsequent year. 
 
 In 1901 this company built another cannery at Santa Anna, on 
 the north side of Cleveland Peninsula, and made a pack the same 
 year. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 41 
 
 In 1901 both plants hecame part of the Pacific Packing & Navi- 
 gation Co. Tn 1902 the Gerard Point plant was closed and was not 
 opened again. In 1903, 1904, and 1905 the Santa Anna plant was 
 closed also. Early in 1905 these plants were purchased by the 
 Northwestern Fisheries Co. at the assignee's sale of the old corpora- 
 tion's properties. The Santa Anna plant was operated in 1906 and 
 has been operated each year since. 
 
 The Chilkat Canning Co. put up a plant at Chilkat village, on 
 Chilkat Inlet, in 1889. It was operated from 1889 to 1893, and 
 then sold to the Alaska Packers Association. It was held in reserve 
 for some j^ears but was finally dismantled. 
 
 In 1889 D. Blauw, of Tacoma, Wash., built a saltery on Grouse 
 Island, Boca de Quadra, and dry-salted dog salmon. He operated 
 only one season. 
 
 In 1890 a cannery was built by the Bartlett Bay Packing Co. on 
 Bartlett Bay, Icy Straits, and operated by Williams, Brown & Co., 
 of San Francisco. A saltery was constructed here prior to that date, 
 and in 1889 a pack of 4,300 cases was made in a crude way. In 
 1891 the ice piled up in Glacier Bay to such an extent that the cannery 
 could do almost nothing. It was not operated after this date. In 
 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association and was 
 dismantled in 1894. 
 
 About 1890 a saltery was established on the north shore of the 
 mouth of Quadra Stream, on Boca de Quadra, by Clark & Martin. 
 It was operated intermittently until about 1898, when it was aban- 
 doned. The same parties also established a saltery at Ketchikan 
 shortly after the one on Quadra vStream was built, and operated this 
 until about 1898, when the plant was turned into a steamer wharf 
 and warehouse for the new town of Ketchikan which was building 
 up around it. 
 
 In 1896 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery on the 
 northern side of Hunter Bay, near the southern end of Prince of 
 Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. Miller & Co. had a 
 saltery at this place and it was purchased by the company and re- 
 moved to make room for the cannery. Miller & Co. also had a saltery 
 on Nutqua Inlet, which was built in 1896, and this also was sold to 
 the canning company. In 1901 the cannery became a part of the 
 Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. Upon the 
 dissolution of the company in 1905 this plant was purchased by the 
 Northwestern Fisheries Co., which company, after keeping it closed 
 in 1905 and 1906, has operated it each season since. 
 
 The Quadra Packing Co. built a cannery on Mink Arm, in Boca 
 de Quadra, in the spring of 1896 and made its first pack that year. 
 In 1901 the plant was purchased by the Pacific Packing & Naviga- 
 tion Co. It was closed in 1904, 1905, and 1906. Upon the dissolu- 
 tion of the company in 1905 the plant was purchased by the North- 
 western Fisheries Co. It was reopened in 1907 and has been oper- 
 ated each season since. 
 
 In 1897 a saltery was built on Taku Point, near the head of Taku 
 Inlet. In 1898 and 1899 it was operated by the Quadra Packing Co. 
 In 1900 the Icy Straits Pacldng Co. operated it. 
 
 In 1897 a small saltery was in operation by Cyrus Orr at Point 
 Barrie, Kupreanof Island. In the same year Walter Kosmikoff 
 
42 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 operated a small saltery at Shipley Bay, on Prince of Wales Island. 
 In 1900 he sold it to the Icy Straits Packing Co. 
 
 Fred Brockman in 1897 built and operated a small saltery on 
 Sarkar Stream, Prince of Wales Island. Mr. Brockman operated 
 this saltery intermittently until his death in 1915. 
 
 In 1897 Banter & West were operating a saltery at Sukkwan, on 
 Sukkwan Island. In the same year Miller & Co. started another 
 saltery on Kassook Inlet, on Sukkwan Island, while Thomas Mc- 
 Cauley was operating a saltery on Whale Passage. 
 
 In 1899 the Icy Straits Packing Co., consisting of stockholders of 
 the Quadra Packing Co., built a cannery and sawmill at a point on 
 the southeastern shore of Wrangell Narrows, about a mile south of the 
 northern entrance to same, and named the town site Petersburg. The 
 cannery was ready and operated in 1900. In 1901 it became a part 
 of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1903, 1904, 
 and 1905. In 1905 it was purchased at the sale of the company's 
 properties by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the Pacific 
 Coast & Norway Packing Co., which had been operating a cannery 
 at Tonka, on Wrangell Narrows, purchased this plant and transferred 
 its activities to the latter. In 1915 the plant was leased to the 
 Petersburg Packing Co., composed of stockholders of the old company. 
 
 In 1900 the Western Fisheries Co., of Portland, built a cannery at 
 the head of Dmidas Bay, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 
 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co, It was 
 closed in 1904. At the assignee's sale of the company's properties in 
 1905 this plant was purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and 
 operated m 1905 and each subsequent year. 
 
 In 1900 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. built a cannery on the 
 southern side of Ketchikan Creek. A pack was made the same year. 
 The plant was closed in 1903, only a little salting bemg done that year, 
 was reopened in 1904, was closed again in 1905, and was reopened in 
 1906, since when it has been operated each season to date, except in 
 1909. 
 
 In 1900 the Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co. operated a floating 
 saltery while prospecting for a cannery location. In 1901 the com- 
 pany built a cannery at Tonka, about midway of Wrangell Narrows, 
 on the western side, and made a pack in that and subsequent years 
 until 1906. In that year the company purchased the Petersburg 
 cannery and thenceforth operated from there. The Tonka plant was 
 dismantled a few years later. 
 
 In 1900 the Royer-Warnock Packing Co., of San Francisco, built 
 a small cannery on Beecher Pass, which connects Duncan Canal with 
 Wrangell Narrows, using the old Buck saltery for the cannery proper. 
 It operated only the one season. It was a hand-pack plant. 
 
 The Taku Fishing Co. in' 1900 built a cannery on the southern side 
 of the entrance to Port Snettisham, and made a pack in that year. In 
 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The 
 plant was closed in 1902 and not reopened again. 
 
 In 1900 the Taku Packing Co., organized in Astoria, Oreg., built a 
 cannery on the western shore of Taku Inlet and made a pack the 
 same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & 
 Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. 
 In 1905 it became the property of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 43 
 
 In 1900 the Chilkoot Packing Co., organized at Aberdeen, Wash., 
 built a cannery at the head of Chilkoot Inlet, and operated the same 
 year. In 190i it became a part of the Pacific Packmg & Navigation 
 Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. 
 
 In 1900 the Great Northern Fish Co. operated a floating saltery. 
 Its principal business was salting dog salm.on for the Japanese 
 trade, and it operated only one season. J. E. Rice, of Whatcom, 
 Wash., in the same year packed dog salmon on Karta Bay for the 
 same trade. 
 
 The Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. (an account of whose incep- 
 tion, operation, and failure appears under Puget Sound) was organ- 
 ized in 1901 and acquired the following canneries in Alaska: Can- 
 neries of Pacific Steam Whaling Co. at Nushagak, Bristol Bay; Chig- 
 nik, Alaska Peninsula; Uyak, Kodiak Island; Kenai, Cook Inlet; 
 Orca, Prince William Sound; Hunter Bay, southeast Alaska. Also 
 the Hume Bros. & Hume canneries at Chignik and Uyak; the Thlinket 
 Packing Co. with canneries at Gerard Point and Santa Anna; the 
 Western Fisheries Co. cannery at Dmidas Bay, Icy Straits; Chilkoot 
 Packing Co. cannery at Chilkoot Inlet; the Taku Packing Co. can- 
 nery at Taku Inlet; the Taku Fishing Co. cannery at Port Snet- 
 tisham; the Boston Fishiiig & Trading Co. cannery at Yes Bay; the 
 Chatham Straits Packing Co. cannery on Sitkoh Bay; the Icy Straits 
 Packing Co. cannery at Petersburg, Wrangell Narrows; and the 
 Quadra Packing Co. cannery at Mink Arm, Boca de Quadra. 
 
 The company met with financial disaster in 1904, and at the 
 resulting sale most of its properties were bought by the North- 
 western Fisheries Co., a corporation formed for the purpose. Of the 
 Alaska canneries the Sitkoh Bay plant was sold to George T. Myers & 
 Co., while the Orca plant was leased to Capt. Omar J. Humphreys, 
 from whom the Northwestern Fisheries Co. later on secured it. 
 
 The San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., of Seattle, established a 
 cannery and cold-storage plant in 1901 at Taku Harbor, a small bay 
 on the mainland a short distance south of Taku Inlet, and made a 
 pack the same year. This plant was purchased in 1903 by the 
 Pacific Cold Storage Co. and operated by it in 1903, 1904, and 1905. 
 In 1906 it was leased and operated by the Taku- Alaska Packing Co. 
 From 1907 to 1911 the plant was leased and operated by John L. 
 Carlson & Co. In 1911 the plant was purchased by Mr. Carlson and 
 the name changed to the Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co., mider 
 which name it has been operated each year since. In 1918 it was 
 purchased by Libby, McNeill & Libby. 
 
 In 1901 the Chatham Straits Packing Co. built a cannery on Sitkoh 
 Bay, Chichagof Island. The same year this cannery l)ecame apartof 
 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. Upon the dissolution of the 
 latter, early in 1905, this plant was purchased by George T. Myers & 
 Co., which company has operated it to date without a break. 
 
 Li 1901 F. C. Barnes, of Portland, Oreg., built a cannery at Lake 
 Bay, on the east side of Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack that 
 season. This cannery was operated in 1902, but was closed in 1903. 
 It was reopened in 1904, and operated each season after that. In 
 1910 it was incorporated under the name of F. C. Barnes Co. 
 
 In 1901 the Union Packing Co., organized in Tacoma. Wash., built 
 & cannery on Kell Bay, an arm of Afileck Canal, on the southern side 
 
44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 of Kuiu Island. In 1904 this plant was moved to the Kvichal 
 River in Bering Sea. 
 
 Buhring & Heckman operated a small saltery in Union Bay, on th; 
 north side of Cleveland Peninsula, in 1901. Packing was carried on 
 aboard a barge. 
 
 In 1901 the Muir Glacier Packing Co. put up a saltery on Ideal 
 Cove, Dry Pass, near Wrangell. It has operated mainly as a mild- 
 cure station. It was closed down in 1903 but was opened in 1904. 
 It was then closed in 1905, 1906, and 1907. It was opened in 1908 by 
 K. J. Johansen and operated in 1908 and 1909. 
 
 In 1902 the Kasaan Bay Co. built a cannery on the north side of 
 Kasaan Ba,y, Prince of Wales Island, and made a j)ack the same year. 
 It was shut down in 1904 and 1905, but reopened in 1906 by Gorman 
 & Co., of Seattle, who had purchased control of the company. Shortly 
 after the closing of the packing season the plant burned down, but it 
 was rebuilt in time to operate the following season. In 1909 the plant 
 was closed, butrwas reopened in 1910. On September 12 of that year 
 the plant was again destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to operate 
 the following season. On October 29, 1911, the plant was once 
 more destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to operate in 1912. 
 In 1915 the plant w^as purchased and operated by the Anacortes 
 Fisheries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. 
 
 In 1902 the Alaska Fish & Lumber Co. built a cannery at Shakan, 
 on Kosciusko Island, near the head of Prince of Wales Island, and 
 made a pack the same year. It was shut down in 1904. In 1905 the 
 property was taken over by the vShakan Salmon Co., a new company 
 composed largely of members of the old corporation, who operated il 
 that season. In 1906 Gorman & Co., of Seattle, obtained control oi' 
 this cannerj^ and operated it each season under the name of the Sha- 
 kan Salmon Co. until 1915, when it was sold to the Anacortes Fish- 
 eries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. 
 
 In 1902 the Columbia Canning Co. built a cannery on the southern 
 side of Chilkoot Inlet, and made a pack that year. In 1910 C. A. 
 Burckhardt & Co., under the name of the Chilkoot Fisheries Co., pur- 
 chased and operated this plant. In 1911 the name was changed to 
 the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. Early in 1919 the plant was totally 
 destroyed by fire. 
 
 The only cannery in this section lost to Alaska by action of the 
 Federal Government was that of the Wales Island Packing Co., which 
 was built on Wales Island, near Dixon Entrance, in 1902. When 
 the Alaska Boundary Arbitration Commission declared Wales Island 
 a part of Canada in 1903, tliis cannery automatically ceased to be an 
 American one. After the change of government it lay idle for some 
 time, but is now in use once more by Canadian parties. 
 
 In 1902 the Thlinket Packing Co. built a cannery on Funter Bay, 
 on the west side of Admiralty Island, and made a pack that year and 
 every subsequent year to date. 
 
 The same year the Pillar Bay Packing Co. built and operated a 
 cannery near Point Ellis, on Kuiu Island, and operated it until 1918, 
 when it was sold to the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. 
 
 In 1902 the Alaska Fisheries Union, organized in Seattle, built a 
 cannery on the east side of Chilkat Inlet, and made a pack that year. 
 After operating to 1905, the plant was in that year leased to and 
 operated by the Lynn Canal Packing Co. The plant was purchased 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 45 
 
 in 1906 by the Pacific American Fisheries. In 1908 it was moved to 
 Excursion Inlet and has l)een operated each season to date. 
 
 The Tacoma Fishing Co. in 1902 established a saltery and halibut 
 station at Tee Harbor, on Lynn Canal, and made a pack that year. 
 Later it became the property of the International Fisheries Co. In 
 1910 the plant was purchased by the Tee Harbor Packing Co., which 
 established a cannery and operated first in 191 1. It has been operated 
 each season since, being sold to the Alaska Pacific Fisheries Co. in 
 1920. 
 
 The Seattle-Scandinavian Fish Co. built a saltery on Snug Harbor, 
 Tenakee Fnlet, Chichagof Island, in 1902, and made a pack. It packed 
 in 1903 also, but shut down in 1904. The plant was leased in 1905, 
 and then shut down for good. 
 
 The Alaska Fish & Mining Co. built and operated a saltery at 
 Revilla, on Tongass Narrows, during the single season of 1902, while 
 the Rice Fisheries Co., in the same year, built and operated a saltery 
 on Boca de Quadra. 
 
 The United Fish Co., of Seattle, salted at Tolstoi Bay, east side 
 of Prince of Wales Island, 1903 and 1904. 
 
 In 1907 the Alsek Fisheries Co. did some salting on the Alsek River. 
 Malcolm Campbell was interested in the above company and in sub- 
 sequent years operated under his own name. In 1910 the St. Elias 
 Packing Co. established a cannery near the saltery and made a pack 
 the same year, and in 1911 and 1912. Since then the plant has been 
 closed and was sold in 1916 to Libby, McNeill & Libby. 
 
 The Astoria & Puget Sound Packing Co., in 1908, built and operated 
 a cannery on Excursion Inlet. It was closed the following year, but 
 has been operated each year since. It was burned in 1917, but was 
 rebuilt in time to operate the following season. 
 
 The year 1911 witnessed a considerable increase in the number of 
 canneries. Among the new plants built and operated were the follow- 
 ing: Hidden Inlet Canning Co., Hidden Inlet, Portland Canal; Hawk 
 Fish Co. Qater changed to P. E. Harris & Co.) , Hawk Inlet, Admiralty 
 Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Roe Point, Behm Canal; Deep 
 Sea Salmon Co., Cape Edwards, Chichagof Island; L. Gustave & Co., 
 Skowl Arm, Prince of Wales Island (changed in 1912 to Skowl Arm 
 Packing Co.), and M. E. Lane (a small hand-pack plant), Myers 
 Chuck, Cleveland Peninsula. 
 
 An innovation in Alaska salmon canning this year was when the 
 old ship Glory of the Seas was fitted out as a floating cannery by the 
 Alaska Fish Co., and operated in Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island, and 
 at Ketchikan. Quarters for the crew were built over the cabins on 
 the quarter deck, the latter being reserved for officials. The remain- 
 der of the upper deck was used for receiving, dressing, and cleaning 
 the fish, which were brought on board by means of a portable elevator 
 attached to the side of the ship. The "iron chink" and the sliming 
 and cleaning tanks were also on this deck. Tlie fish were carried in 
 chutes to the second deck, where a line of sanitar}^ machinery had 
 been installed. The retorts were placed on the forward part of the 
 second deck. The third deck was used for cooling and storing the 
 pack. No lacquering or labeling was carried on aboard the vessel. 
 
 In 1912 this plant and the ship William H. Smith, the latter by the 
 Welding &, Independent Fisheries Co., of Seattle, were operated. 
 The William H. Smith also did some freezins: of salmon. 
 
46 U' S. BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1913 the Glory of the Seas was sold to the Glacier Fisheries Co., 
 which operated it as a cold-storage plant. The floating cannery and 
 cold-storage ship William H. Smim was not operated in Alaska during 
 this season. 
 
 In 1912 still more canneries were built, among these being the fol- 
 lowing: Admiralty Trading Co., Gambler Bay, Admiralty Island; 
 Alaska Sanitary Packing Co., Wrangell; Canoe Pass Packing Co., 
 Canoe Pass ; Herbert Hume Packing Co., Nakat Inlet, Portland Canal ; 
 Hoonah Packing Co., Hoonah, Icy Straits; Irving Packing Co., 
 Karheen; Kake Packing Co., Kake; Kuiu Island Packing Co., Point 
 Beauclaire, Kuiu Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Craig, Fish Egg 
 Island; Oceanic Packing Co., Waterfall; Point Warde Packing Co., 
 Point Warde, Bradfield Canal; Pure Food Fish Co., Ketchikan; 
 Revilla Fish Products Co., Ketchikan; Sanborn-Cram Co., Burnett 
 Inlet; Starr-Collinson Packing Co., Moira Sound; Sunny Point Pack- 
 ing Co., Cholmondeley Sound; Swift, Arthur & Co., Heceta Island; 
 Walsh-Moore Canning Co., Ward Cove, and Wiese Packing Co., Rose 
 Inlet. 
 
 In 1913 the plant of Swift, Arthur & Co. was used as a mild-cure 
 station alone, while the name was changed to the Swift-Arthur- 
 Crosb}^ Co. The Alaska Fish Co. absorbed the Oceanic Packing Co. 
 and transferred its activities to the former company's cannery at 
 Waterfall. The following other plants were shut down: Canoe Pass 
 Packing Co., Herbert Hume Packing Co., Point Warde Packing Co., 
 and the Revilla Fish Products Co. 
 
 In 1914 one new cannery was built. This was erected on George 
 Inlet, Revillagigedo Island, by the George Inlet Packing Co. The 
 canneries of the Point Warde Packing Co., located at Point Warde, 
 and the G. W. Hume Packing Co. (formerly the Herbert Hume 
 Packing Co.), at Nakat Inlet, which were not operated in 1913, were 
 reopened in 1914. The cannery of the Swift-Arthur-Crosby Co. was 
 also reopened. The Walsh-Moore Canning Co. changed its name to 
 the Ward Cove Packing Co., while the Sanborn-Cutting Co. took over 
 the cannery operated by the Kake Packing Co. The canneries of the 
 Admiralty Trading Co. and the Skowl Arm Packing Co. were closed in 
 1914. The plant of the Kuiu Island Packing Co. burned down in the 
 fall. 
 
 In 1915 the Admiralty Trading Co. did not operate. Late in the 
 summer it was sold to the Hoonah Packing Co., which company 
 operated it in 1916 and succeeding years. The new canneries in 
 1915 were the Doyhof Fish Products Co., at Doyhof, on Wrangell 
 Narrows, and Edward Verney & Son (a hand plant), at Metlakahtla. 
 The name of the Irving Packing Co. was changed to the Karheen 
 Packing Co. The Straits Packing Co. purchased the Skowl Arm 
 cannery of the Skowl Arm Packing Co. and operated it. 
 
 In 1916 the following new canneries were constructed and put into 
 operation: Auk Bay Salmon Canning Co., Auk Bay; Beegle Packing 
 Co., Northland Packing Co., and J. L. Smiley & Co., all at Ketchikan; 
 Sanitary Packing Co., George Arm; Seattle Packing Co., floating 
 plant in Idaho Inlet; Tenakee Fisheries Co., Tenakee; and Union 
 Bay Fisheries Co., Union Bay. 
 
 The George W. Hume Co. 's plant at Nakat Inlet, formerly operated 
 by the Herbert Hume Packing Co., burned down shortly alter the 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. • 47 
 
 season's operations had begun. It was rebuilt in time to operate in 
 1917. 
 
 Late in 1916 the Lindenberger Packing Co. sold its Roe Point 
 plant to the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and its Craig plant to the 
 Columbia Salmon Co. About the same time the Seattle racking Co. 
 disposed of its floating cannery Amelia to the Northland Fish Co., 
 which operated it at Metlakahtla in 1917. The Sanitary Packing 
 Co. changed to the Ketchikan Packing Co., while the Sunny Point 
 Packing Co. took over all the interests of the Northland Packing Co., 
 and in 1917 operated the cannery also located at Ketchikan. 
 
 In 1917 the heavy demand throughout the world for foodstuffs 
 caused a considerable increase in the number of new canneries in 
 Alaska. In the southeast Alaska section, nine were built and 
 operated as follows: Alaska Herring & Sardine Co., Port Walter; 
 Alaska Pacific Herring Co., Big Port Walter; Baranof Packing Co., 
 Red Bluff Bay; R. L. Cole 6i: Co., Tokeen; Haines Packing Co., 
 Letinkof Cove; Lane & Williams, Moira Sound; Northland Fish Co. 
 (floating plant Amelia), Metlakahtla; Sitka Packing Co., Sitka; 
 and Robert Scott, a floating caimery at Craig. The two first named 
 were built in 1916 but were not then engaged in canning salmon. 
 
 On September 13, 1917, the cannery of the Sunny Point Packing 
 Co., at Sunny Point, was totally destroyed bj^ fire, while on October 2 
 the same fate befell the cannery of the Astoria & Puget Sound 
 Canning Co. at Excursion Inlet. Wilson Fisheries Co., of Chicago, 
 took over the J. L. Smiley & Co. plant at Ketchikan. 
 
 In 1918 the following new canneries were put into operation: 
 Alaska Clam Canning Co., Petersburg; Alaska Packing & Navigation 
 Co., Pavlof Harbor; Columbia Salmon Co., Tenakee Inlet; Hidden 
 Inlet Canning Co., Hood Ba}'; Hunter & Dickinson, Washington 
 Bay; T. E. P. Keegan, Douglas; J. H. Long Packing Co. and North- 
 ern Packing Co., fluneau; Noyes Island Packing Co., Noyes Island; 
 Pybus Bay Fish & Packing Co., Pybus Bay; Pyramid Packing Co. 
 and Sitka Packing Co., Sitka; Southern Alaska Canning Co., Quadra; 
 Todd Packing Co., Peril Strait; and H. Van Vlack & Co., Petersburg. 
 
 The name of the Sanborn-Cram Co. was changed to Burnett Inlet 
 Packing Co. The Deep Sea Salmon Co. established a new plant at 
 Port Althorp and used part of the equipment of its former Knik Arm 
 cannery in equipping it. G. W. Hume Co. purchased the Doyhof 
 Packing Co. cannery at Scow Bay. The Marathon Fishing and Pack- 
 ing Co. operated the barge Amelia at Petersburg. The Southern 
 Alaska Canning Co. took over the Rose Inlet plant of the Wiese 
 Packing Co. 
 
 The tollowing new plants were constructed and operated in 1919: 
 Alaska Salmon & Herring Co., Tyee; Alaska Sanitary Packing Co., 
 an additional plant at Cape Fanshaw; Beauclaire Packing Co., Port 
 Beauclaire; Cape Fanshaw Fishing & Packing Co., Cape Fanshaw; 
 J. L. Carlson & Co., Auk Harbor; Douglas Island Packing Co., 
 Douglas; Hood Bay Packing Co., Hood Bay; Olympic Fisheries Co., 
 floating barge at Ketchikan, etc.; Petersburg Packing Corporation, 
 Washington Bay. 
 
 The Southern Alaska Canning Co. took over the Alaska Pacific 
 Herring Co., while the Alaska Clam Canning Co. changed its name to 
 the Mountain Point Packing Co. The American Packing Co. took 
 over the J. H. Long Packing Co. 
 
48 • U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1919 the Northwestern Fisheries Co. did not operate its Santa 
 Ana, Hunter Bay, and Roe Point canneries, while the Anacortes 
 Fisheries Co. shut down its Shakan cannery. Other canneries which 
 did not operate were the following: Craig cannery, of Columbia 
 .Salmon Co.; T, E. P. Keegan, Douglas. 
 
 At one time salteries were of considerable importance in this sec- 
 tion, but the establishment of canneries, with the consequent heavy 
 demand for fresh salmon, induced most of the salteries to sell their 
 high-grade fish to the canneries and pack only the cheaper grades. 
 Many of them quit the business as a result of the competition, while 
 others were forced out by the low prices prevailing at times for salted 
 salmon. As many of the salters moved from place to place, and fre- 
 quently changed their operating name, it has been difficult to keep 
 track of them, and in this review only those are listed who attained to 
 some prominence either through longevity or largeness of pack. 
 
 James Millar, one of the earliest whites to take up his residence here 
 after the purchase of Alaska, and his sons were very active in starting 
 and operating salteries, and it was an unusual thing during the period 
 previous to 1910 when one of the family was not operating such a 
 plant. 
 
 Jacob liouth established a saltery on the south arm of Moira Sound 
 about 1900 and operated it for some years. 
 
 John C. Frey established a saltery on Etoline Island in the nineties 
 and ran it until his death in 1904, when John H. Mantle purchased 
 and operated it until about 1910. 
 
 Anderson & King built a saltery on Cholmondeley Sound, Prince of 
 Wales Island, in the nineties. In 1904 it was operated under the 
 name of A. E. King. After Mr. King's death his widow operated it 
 from 1906 to 1909. In 1910 the saltery was purchased by C. A. 
 Burckhardt & Co., who built a cannery on the site and began opera- 
 tions in 1911. In 1912 the name was changed to the Alaska Pacific 
 Fisheries. 
 
 The Alaska Fish & Development Co. built a saltery on Pleasant 
 Bay, Admiralty Island, in 1903, and operated it from 1903 to 1905. 
 In 1907 it was operated by the Alaska-American Fish Co., but has 
 been closed since. 
 
 Yakutat Bay is the only harbor available for vessels from Cape 
 Spencer to Prince WiUiam Sound. In 1902 C. A. Fredericks & Co., of 
 Seattle; Mulvey & Wilson, of Yakutat; eJewell Fish Co.; and Ankow 
 Fish Co. all established salteries here. While their primary purpose 
 was the salting of herring, considerable salmon was also salted. 
 These plants operated only the one season. 
 
 In 1904 the Yakutat & Southern Railway Co. built a cannery here. 
 This plant is noted for being the only one that hauls its fish by railway 
 from the fishing streams to the cannery. The railroad is a little over 
 9 miles in length, and for some years an engine which had seen service 
 on the elevated railroads of New York City and was discarded when 
 the latter were electrified was used. A more modern engine is now in 
 use. The fish are carried in open freight cars. Later this company 
 was purchased by Gorman & Co., and now is the property of Libby, 
 McNeill & Libbey, although operated under the original name. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 49 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND COPPER RIVER. 
 
 The great indentation known as Prince William Sound, and the 
 Copper River delta, a short distance south of the sound, were not 
 exploited as much as many other portions of Alaska until about 1915, 
 due largely to the limited means oi transportation and the consequent 
 heavy expense of operation. 
 
 The prmcipal source of salmon supply is the Copper River, a glacial 
 stream about 300 miles long, which empties into the Gulf of Alaska 
 through a delta nearly 40 miles in width and extending upstream 
 about 25 miles. 
 
 0^^^ng to the constantly shifting shoals in the delta, special knowl- 
 edge is needed in navigating them, while special flat-bottomed vessels 
 are required as run boats. The gill net and dip net are the only 
 important apparatus in use in the river. In Prince William Sound 
 traps and purse seines catch most of the salmon. 
 
 In 1889 a company known as the Central Alaska Co. built a can- 
 nery on Wingham, or Little Kayak Island, about 15 miles west from 
 Cape Suckling. It made a pack that year, and the following spring 
 was moved to Thin Point, on the southern side of the Alaska Penin- 
 sula. 
 
 The Peninsula Trading & Fishing Co. built a cannery on the same 
 island in 1889. In 1891 it was moved to one of the sloughs of the 
 Copper River delta, known as Coquenhena, and operated in 1891. It 
 was closed in 1892 and 1893. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. oper- 
 ated it until 1897, when it was abandoned. 
 
 In 1916 the Hoonah Packing Co. built and operated a cannery on 
 Bering River. 
 
 Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, built a cannery under the title 
 of Pacific Packing Co. in 1889 at the extreme eastern end of the 
 sound, close by the present site of Cordova, and called it Odiak. The 
 cannerj^ was closed in 1892. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers 
 Association and was operated each season until 1905. In 1906 the 
 buildings and site were sold to the Copper River & Northwestern 
 Railroad Co., which was preparing to build a railroad from Odiak to 
 the headwaters of the Copper River. 
 
 In 1889 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery close by 
 the Odiak plant, but in the spring of 1895 it was moved to the spot 
 now known as Orca, about 3 miles north of Cordova. It was closed 
 in 1892, and has been operated ever since except in 1919 and 1920. 
 In 1901 it was taken into the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. com- 
 bination. When the latter's assets were sold in 1904, this cannery 
 was not ijicluded in the sale, as at the time the plant was under lease 
 to Capt. Omar J. Humphrey. In 1 905 it was sold to the Northwestern 
 Fisheries Co., which had purchased most of the Alaska plants of the 
 defunct company, and they have operated it since. 
 
 In 1915 the Copper River Packing Co. built a cannery on the Cop- 
 per River at Mile 55, and made a pack the same year. The cannery 
 uses no run boats, but has an arrangement mth the Copper River & 
 Northwestern Railroad Co. to haul the fish from the fishing stations 
 to the cannery, and bring the finished product to Cordova for ship- 
 ment by steamer. In 1918 the name was changed to the Abercrom- 
 bie Packing Co. 
 
 11312°— 21 4 
 
50 U- S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The Canoe Pass Packing Co., which had built a cannery at Canoe 
 Pass, southeast Ah^ska, in 1912, and had not operated it subse 
 quently, in 1915 moved the machinery to Cordova and installed it in 
 a rented building and made a pack. It built its own cannery afe 
 Shepard Point, near Cordova, in 1917. _ I 
 
 In 1916 the Carlisle Packing Co. built a cannery at Cordova, while;' 
 the Clark-Graham Co. built one at Eyak, a few miles away. 1 
 
 In 1917 the following new canneries were operated: Valdez Pack-i 
 ing Co., Valdez; Copper River Packing Co., Port Nellie Juan; Light4| 
 house Canning Co. and Moore Packing Co., Cordova; and San JuaiMl 
 Fishing & Packing Co., Seward. The latter plant was also equippedii 
 for freezing salmon and other fishes. The Lighthouse Canning Co. h 
 was canning clams in 1916, the first year of its operation. The Alaska j 
 Sea Food Co. took over the Turner cannery, which had been built inj j 
 1916 and used in packing clams. The plant was destroyed by fire on ■ 
 April 4, but was rebuilt the same year, although not operated with 
 salmon until 1918. 
 
 A number of salmon salteries were started in Prince William Sound ! 
 after 1915. Charles Matthews in 1916 operated a salmon saltery at 
 Seward; The Kenai Fishing & Trading Co. in 1916 acquired the J. 
 Bettles saltery on Eshamy Bay. In 191 8 the company expanded into 
 a canning plant. A. C. Hoodenpyle operated a saltery at Port Wells 
 in 1918. 
 
 In 1919 the following new canneries were started: Franklin Pack- 
 ing Co., Port Ashton; and Pioneer Packing Co., Cordova (this plant 
 had been operating on clams for a couple of seasons). The Eyak 
 River Packing Co. took over the Clark-Graham Co., while the Hillery- 
 Scott Co. succeeded the Lighthouse Canning Co. 
 
 COOK INLET. I 
 
 While this great inlet has an abundant supply of salmon, it is one' 
 of the most difficult sections in aU Alaska in which to fish successfully. 
 The tides and currents in the inlet are strong and treacherous, increas- 
 ing in height and force as its head is approached, where the tide 
 comes in with a bore which is extremely dangerous to small craft. | 
 Shoals make out a long distance from shore and are continually' 
 changing. ... I 
 
 The first cannery to be built on the inlet was in 1882, when the; 
 Alaska Packing Co., of San Francisco, built one at Kasilof, on the right! 
 bank ol the Kasilof River at the mouth, utilizing the available machin- . 
 ery from the cannery built by the Cutting Packing Co. at old Sitka; 
 in 1878. In 1885 this cannery was sold to the Arctic Fishing Co. . 
 In 1890 the loss of its cannery ship forced it to close that season. ! 
 In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. At the height of i 
 the season of 1905 the plant was burned. It was rebuilt the next j 
 spring and has been operated each year since. 
 
 The cannery of the Northern Packing Co. was built in 1888 on the 
 eastern side of Cook Inlet, at Kenai, at the mouth of the Kaknu 
 River. It was operated up to and including 1891. In 1893 it joined 
 the Alaska Packers Association, but has not been operated since 1 891 . 
 
 In 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery at Kenai, 
 but did not install the machinery and operate it until the next year. 
 In 1901 this cannery was taken over by the Pacific Packing & Navi- 
 gation Co. In 1903 the plant burned down. Upon the sale of it 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 51 
 
 assets in 1905 the site passed to the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 
 1910 the company put up a new plant here and has operated it con- 
 tinuously since. During the period when the site was unused a mild- 
 curing establishment was operated here by the San Juan Fishing & 
 Packing Co. in 1907 and 1908. This plant burned down just before 
 the fishing season of 1916 began, but was rebuilt in time to operate 
 in 1917. 
 
 In 1890 George W. Hume, ot San Francisco, built a cannery at 
 Kasilof, on the right bank of the river, about half a mile above its 
 mouth. It was operated in 1890, 1891, and 1892. In 1893 it joined 
 the Alaska Packei-s Association and was consolidated with the plant 
 of the Arctic Fishing Co. 
 
 C. D. Ladd operated a saltery- on the left bank and at the mouth of 
 the Chulitna River, about 6 miles above Tyonek. This saltery was 
 piu-chased by the Alaska Salmon Association in 1899. The follow- 
 ing spring it erected a cannery here and made a small pack. It was 
 operated also in 1901 and 1902, and then abandoned. 
 
 In 1907 J. A. Herbert & Co. established a saltery at English Bay 
 and operated it until 1910. 
 
 In 1911 the Seldovia Salmon Co. built a cannery at Seldovia and 
 operated it until late in 1915, when the company went into the hands 
 of a receiver. In 1916 it was reopened by the Columbia Salmon Co. 
 In 1917 it was bought by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and oper- 
 ated in this and the succeeding year, but was closed in 1919. 
 
 In 1912 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co., which already operated a 
 cannery at Ketchikan, in southeast Alaska, built a cannery at Port 
 Graham, at the lower end of the Kenai Peninsula. A pack was made 
 that year and each year since. 
 
 The same year Libby, McNeill & Libby built a cannery at Kenai 
 and operated that year and each subsequent year. 
 
 In 1915 the Deep Sea Salmon Co., which operates a cannery in 
 southeast Alaska, built a plant near Knik, on the west side of Cook 
 Inlet, and made a small pack. This plant was abandoned at the end 
 of 1917 and part of the equipment sold to a new plant in southeast 
 Alaska. 
 
 Of recent years considerable salting of salmon has been carried on 
 in Cook Inlet. In 1916 Dr. Knut A. Kyvig, of Anchorage, did some 
 salting at Swanson Creek, Turnagin Arm, under the name of the 
 ;Kyvig Packing Co. In 1917 the Beluga Whaling Co. salted salmon at 
 Beluga. In 1918 Dr. Kyvig disposed of his interest in the Kachemak 
 Bay plant to the Kachemak Canning Co. 
 
 AFOGNAK ISLAND. 
 
 Afognak Island lies to the northwest of Kodiak, and it is separated 
 [from it by a narrow strait. 
 
 I In 1889 the Royal Packing Co. built a cannery at the head of 
 Afognak Bay and operated it in 1889 and 1890. It became a mem- 
 iber of the Alaska Packers Association in 1893. It has not been 
 operated since 1892. 
 
 The Russian-American Packing Co. in 1889 built a cannery imme- 
 diately above that of the Royal. It was operated in 1889 and 1890. 
 ;In 1893 it became a member of the Alaska Packers Association. It 
 jhas not been operated since 1890. 
 
52 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In accordance with an act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, the 
 President, by proclamation of December 24, 1892, set aside the whole 
 island and within 1 mile from the shores thereof as a fish-cultural 
 reserve for the use of the United States Commission of Fish and Fish- 
 eries. As a result of this action both canneries were forced to move 
 from the island entirely. 
 
 KODIAK ISLAND. 
 
 This island has been the scene of some of the best fishing in Alaska. 
 The Russians early settled here, one of the most fertile spots in the 
 usually sterile soil of Alaska, and undoubtedly they must have 
 prosecuted the fisheries from an early date, although but little data 
 are extant showing their operations in this line. 
 
 Karluk River and Lagoon. — One of the greatest salmon streams ini 
 the world is the Karluk River, and although its importance is much! 
 diminished now through long continued and heavy fishing, it still! 
 produces annually a large pack of canned-salmon, and has the dis- 
 tinction of having produced more salmon than any other river ini 
 Alaska. I 
 
 It will doubtless surprise most readers to hear that the rivefr 
 which has yielded so many countless thousands of salmon is only 
 16 2 miles in length. It has its source in two lakes, the larger off; 
 which is about 8, the smaller, 3 miles long. The mouth of the rivern 
 is about 2 miles above the canneries, and spreads out here into a 
 lagoon. This lagoon has at the head a width of about 300 yards, and : 
 gradually widens until it is nearly half a mile across as it approaches 
 the spit. The lagoon has a general east and west direction, is about , 
 2 miles in length, and, except for the shingle spit which is thrown i 
 across its mouth by the action of the sea, its shores are bluff, rising 
 from about 50 to 100 feet. The spit is three-fourths of a mile long 
 with an average width of about 200 feet. The outlet of the lagoon 
 is only 90 feet wide at its mouth. The western side of the mouth of ' 
 the lagoon is Karluk Head, a precipitous mountain mass about 1,600 
 feet high. 
 
 The outer side of the spit is where the fishing is carried on. Haul 
 seines are used exclusively. As bowlders used to be common here 
 it was necessary to remove a number of them in the early days when 
 a seine shore was to be prepared. The red salmon run here is an 
 exceptionally long one, the season extending from about the middle 
 of June to about the middle of September. The other species of 
 salmon also run here; sometimes humpbacks appear in large numbers. 
 As the beach is open to Shelikof Strait, in which storms are frequent, 
 seining is often interrupted. 
 
 As early as 1867 the s.alting of salmon was carried on at Karluk. 
 In 1870 the Alaska Fur Trading Co. and the Alaska Commercial 
 Co. began to salt salmon and continued this on a gradually expanding^ 
 scale. 
 
 In 1882 Smith & Hirsch, who had been engaged in salting ont 
 Karluk Spit, built the fu'st cannery on Kodiak Island. After opera- 
 ting it until 1884 it was organized under the title of the Karluk. 
 Packing Co., and packed under that name every year until 1911, 
 when canning operations were transferred to the new cannery in 
 Larsen Bay. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 53 
 
 The Kodiak Packing Co. in 1888 built a cannery on the eastern 
 side of the spit and operated it in 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1893. 
 It joined the Alaska rackers Association in 1893, but has not been 
 operated since that season. 
 
 The Hume Packing Co. built a cannery on the spit about 400 yards 
 westward of Kodiak cannery in 1889. In 1892 it was consolidated 
 with the Aleutian Islands Fishing & Mining Co., which had built a 
 cannery about 100 yards westward of the Hume cannery in 1888. 
 In 1898 the consolidation became a member of the Alaska Packers 
 Association. This plant was not operated in 1900. 
 
 In 1888 the Alaska Improvement Co. built a cannery on the left 
 bank of the outlet, opposite the point of the spit and facing the 
 Shelikof Strait. It was ready to pack in 1888, but was not operated 
 on account of the loss of its cannery ship, the Julin Ford. In the 
 spring of 1897 it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and has 
 since been operated by that company. 
 
 In 1893 the Hume Canning & Trading Co. built a cannery on the 
 beach under Karluk Head, about three-fourths of a mile northward 
 of the Alaska Improvement Co., in what is known locally as Tangle- 
 foot Bay. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and in 1895 it was sold 
 to the Alaska Packers Association and operated by that company. 
 It has been closed since. 
 
 The great increase in the number of canneries in Alaska in 1888 
 and 1889 caused such an enlargement of the pack that the markets 
 became glutted, and it was soon apparent that steps would have to 
 be taken to reduce the output if the operators were to avoid bank- 
 ruptcy. 
 
 Capt. Moser in ''Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska "« thus 
 describes the attempts of the canners to find a working solution of 
 this important problem and the final result of their endeavors: 
 
 In 1890 the three canneries at Chignik combined under an operating agreement 
 known as the Chignik Bay Combination, under which the plant of the Chignik Bay Co. 
 was operated, the three canneries sharing the expense and dividing the output equally. 
 This arrangement remained in force during the seasons of 1890 and 1891. Its evident 
 success in 1890 probably led to the local combinations on Kodiak Island in 1891, and 
 then to the association which now exists. 
 
 The large packs during this period and the glutted market caused the cannery inter- 
 ests to devise some scheme to meet the conditions. The combination at Chignik in 
 1890 permitted the pack to be made there at a lower rate and, as previously stated, 
 it was continued in 1891. The same year (1891) the canneries at Karluk, Uyak, and 
 Afognak entered a combination, under the name of the Karluk River Fisheries, under 
 which it was agreed that each cannery should have a quota of fish from the several 
 localities, based upon the average packs of each cannery in 1889 and 1890. The 
 estimated pack for the canneries interested was placed at 250,000 cases, and upon this 
 estimate the apportionment of the work at each cannery was made. Under this 
 agreement four of the eight canneries were closed, their quota being packed in the other 
 four canneries as follows, viz, that of the Royal at the Karluk, of the Arctic at the 
 Kodiak, of the Aleutian Islands at the Hume, and of the Russian-American at the 
 Alaska Improvement. 
 
 In the summer of 1891 the Kodiak Packing Co. and the Arctic Packing Co., both 
 at Alitak Bay, also had a mutual agreement under which only one cannery, the Arctic, 
 was operated, the quota of fish of the Kodiak being packed in the Arctic cannery. 
 By these combinations the full pack of the Karluk district was made in half the number 
 of canneries and the expense of packing very considerably reduced. 
 
 In September, 1891, the Alaska Packers Association was formed to dispose of the 
 unsold salmon of that season's pack (some 363,000 cases) and 'five trustees were ap- 
 
 ( aThe Salmon and Salmon Fisheriesof Alaska. Report of the Operations of theU.S. Fish Commission 
 f Steamer Albatrosg for the Year ended June 30, 1898. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Com- 
 I mission, 1898 Vol. XVUI, pp. 18-21. Wa«hington, 1899. 
 
54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 pointed to mana9;e the business. This association was not incorporated and expired 
 after the salmon were sold. 
 
 The successful operation of these arrangements led, in 1892, to an arrangement in 
 which nearly all (31) of the canneries joined, entering under the name of the Alaska 
 Packing (not Packers) Association, for the purpose of leasing and operating and 
 therefore controlling the canneries and reducing the Alaska pack for that year, it 
 being found too great for the market's demands. All the canneries in operating 
 condition in 1892 were members of this association except the following: Metlakahtla 
 Industrial Co., at Metlakahtla; Boston Fishing & Trading Co., at Yes Bay; Baranoff 
 Packing Co., at Redfish Bay; Chilkat Canning Co., at Pyramid Harbor; Alaska 
 Improvement Co., at Karluk; and the Bering Sea Packing Co., at Ugashik. 
 
 The association was regularly incorporated on January 13, 1892, and shares were 
 distributed on the basis of 1 for each 2,000 cases packed in 1891, and the profits were 
 divided equally on all shares, regardless of the amount of profits derived at the differ- 
 ent points. Of the 31 canneries, 9 were operated by the association, while the others 
 were closed, the Alaska pack being reduced one-half. 
 
 The year 1893 found the Alaska Packers Association organized and incorporated 
 February 9. This association was formed from the canneries that had joined the 
 Alaska Packing Association of 1892, except the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., at Prince 
 William Soimd, and the Peninsula Trading & Fishing Co., the latter's cannery 
 having been moved from Little Kayak Island to the Copper River delta in 1891. 
 
 The agreement of 1893 was similar to that of 1892, except that the amount of profit 
 was taken into consideration in addition to the probable average quantity which 
 could be packed at the different points. This was subject to adjustment for each 
 district, and no arlaitrary rule was followed. Each cannery entering the association 
 was obliged to purchase an additional amount of stock, equaling two-thirds of the 
 number of shares received by it for its plant; that is, a company which received 1,500 
 shares for its plant was required to purchase 1,000 shares additional. The money 
 received from this sale of extra stock was used as working capital. No shares were 
 sold to the general public, the owners of canneries subscribing for the full amount. 
 
 This association was then and is now (1920) the largest operator 
 in Alaska, and, with its three canneries on Puget Sound, is also a 
 factor in that region. 
 
 At a number of its canneries the association has always main- 
 tained physicians, whose services and supplies have been free to its 
 own employees and to all natives applymg for medical advice and 
 medicines. This service has been of incalculable benefit to the latter, 
 a large proportion of whom suffer from disease in some form or other. 
 
 No canning has been done at Karluk since 1911, when a new can- 
 nery was built at Larsen Bay, a branch of Uyak Bay, and the equip- 
 ment remaining in the plants on the spit removed to it. This was 
 done because frequent storms had caused havoc to vessels anchored 
 in the open straits opposite the mouth of the lagoon. Since then 
 fishing has been carried on as usual, the fish being carried to the 
 canneries on Uyak Bay. The Alaska Packers Association and 
 Northwestern Fisheries Co., the only operators now, have an agree- 
 ment to divide the fish on the basis of seven to the former for every 
 three given to the latter. 
 
 Alitak Bay. — Alitak Bay, or the ''South End," as it is termed 
 locally, is a deep indentation, with several arms, on the south- 
 western end of Kodiak Island, about 65 miles from Karluk. The 
 seine is the principal apparatus used here. 
 
 In 1889 the Arctic Packing Co. built a cannery in the southwest 
 bight of Olga Bay, which is a branch of Mitak Bay and is connected 
 with it by a long, narrow passage. In 1893 it entered the Alaska 
 Packers Association. 
 
 In 1889 the Kodiak Packing Co. built a cannery at Snug Harbor, 
 a cove in the passage connecting Olga Bay with Alitak Bay, and op- 
 erated it in 1889 and 1890. Its quota of fish was packed by the 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 55 
 
 Arctic Packing Co. in 1891. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers 
 Association and the same year was dismantled. 
 
 In 1918 the Alitak Packing Co. built a cannery on Alitak Bay. 
 
 Vyalc Bay.—Vjstk Bay is on the northwestern side about the 
 middle of Kodiak Island and is a considerable body of water with 
 ramifying arms. On the western shore, near the entrance and about 
 18 miles from Karluk, is Uyak xinchorage. The harbor is formed by 
 the main shore of the island and Bear and Harvester Islands, and is 
 'requently used as un anchorage by canner}^ 3hips and the steamers 
 "rom Karluk during bad weather. As there are no red salmon 
 jtreams in Uyak, fishing is carried on elsewhere. Most of it is at 
 Karluk Spit. 
 
 In the spring of 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. and Hume 
 Bros. & Hume built canneries on the main shores at Uyak Anchorage, 
 [n 1901 both plants became a part of the Pacific Packing & Naviga- 
 ;ion Co. and were operated by it. In 1905 the Uyak plants were 
 purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., and the same year one 
 )f the plants was destroyed by fire and was not rebuilt. The remain- 
 ng plant has been operated each year since. 
 
 Five miles southeast from Uyak Anchorage is a narrow arm called 
 Larsen Bay. It is 4 miles long. Immediately within the entrance 
 )n the northern shore is the site of the cannery of the Arctic Pack- 
 ng Co., which was built in 1888, and operated in that year and 1889 
 md 1890, since which date it has been closed. In 1893 it became a 
 r)art of the Alaska Packers Association and in 1896 it was dismantled. 
 
 As the association had lost several ships while loading at Karluk, 
 t finally decided to move its plants from that place, and in 1911 a 
 ?annery was built at the old site on Larsen Bay, and from that time 
 jll cannery operations formerly carried on at Karluk have been per- 
 lormed at this plant. 
 
 IJganuk Bay. — This bay is next to the eastward of Uyak. For 
 leveral years a saltery was operated here by Oliver Smith, who sold 
 t to the Alaska Packers Association in 1896. The same year the 
 atter built a cannery on the bay. It made a pack in 1896 and a 
 partial pack in 1897. This cannery was abandoned in 1900. 
 I Koi/iaJc. — Salting operations have been carried on at this old 
 ilussian settlement for a number of years. 
 
 In order to furnish work for the natives, the Alaska Commercial 
 o. and Blodgett & Blinn salted the catches made by them in 1906 
 md subsequent years until 1912, when the Kodiak Fisheries built a 
 tannery and has operated it each year since. 
 
 The Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society had 
 arried on a home and school tor native children on Wood Island, 
 lose to Kodiak, for some years. In 1902 the society established a 
 almon saltery here in order to furnish employment for the natives, 
 ^o data are recorded in the official reports of further activities on 
 he part of this plant. 
 
 CHIGNIK BAY. 
 
 Chignik Bay is on the southern side of the Alaska Peninsuhi and 
 3 the first important indentation after leaving Cook Inlet on the way 
 o the westward. The bay is about 150 miles southwest of Kurluk. 
 )n the westward side of the bay is a small deep bay known as Anchor- 
 ge Bay. Several of the canneries are located here, and the trans- 
 
56 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 porting vessels of all the canneries make their anchorage at this 
 point. In the extreme southwest corner of Chignik Bay is the 
 entrance to Chignik Lagoon. At the head of this lagoon, from 
 which all the canneries draw their supplies of red salmon, is the 
 mouth of the stream up which go the schools. 
 
 Chignik River is about 6 miles long, with an average width of 100 
 yards, and its depth is such that a boat can ascend only at high 
 water. It has its rise in two lakes, each about 10 miles long 
 
 Red salmon predominate in the runs, although all five species are 
 to be found. A run of very small red salmon, weighing about 2 
 pounds, and known as Arctic salmon, appears here every year. 
 
 Practically all of the fishing here is with traps, although gill nets 
 and seines have also been used at times. 
 
 This bay, next to Karluk Spit, has been the scene of more bitter 
 fights for supremacy in canning than any other place in Alaska. 
 
 In 1888 the Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, Oreg., sent a party 
 to Chignik Bay to prospect for fish, and they returned in the fall with 
 2,160 barrels of salt salmon. 
 
 The next year, this company, operating imder the name of the 
 Chignik Bay Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of the Lagoon, 
 2^ miles from the entrance. 
 
 The same year the Shumagin Packing Co., composed of capitalists 
 from Portland, Oreg., and the Chignik Bay Packing Co., of San 
 Francisco, built and operated canneries close to that of the Chignik 
 Bay Co. All three oi these companies soon arrived at a working 
 agreement and fuially combined into one organization. All were 
 operated in 1889, 1890, and 1891. In 1892 they all joined the pool 
 01 the Alaska Packing Association, and the cannery of the Chignik 
 Bay Co. alone operated. In 1893 they all became members of the 
 Alaska Packers Association. 
 
 Since 1891 only the cannery of the Chignik Bay Co. has been oper- 
 ated. The Shumagin building has been moved alongside the former 
 and the machinery consolidated, so as to form practically one large 
 cannery. 
 
 In the spring of 1896 Hume Bros. & Hume built a cannery on the 
 eastern side of Anchorage Bay and made a pack that year and m 
 1897. 
 
 The same spring the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery 
 one-fourth of a mile south of the Hume cannery, and made a pack 
 that year and in 1897. In 1901 this plant, also that of Hume Bros. 
 & Hume, became part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The 
 failure of this company in 1904 threw its properties onto the market 
 and most of them, including the two Chignik canneries, were pm- 
 chased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which in 1905 shut down 
 the Hume Bros. & Hume. plant for good and has operated the other 
 plant ever since. 
 
 In 1910 the Columbia River Packers Association built and operated 
 a cannery on Anchorage Bay, and has operated it everv year since. 
 
 The three companies operating here have an amicable agreement 
 under which they each operate the same number of traps and divide 
 equally the salmon caught. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 57 
 
 ALASKA PENINSULA, SOUTH SIDE. 
 
 Ozemoy. — In 1889 a cannery, under the title of the Western 
 Alaska Packing Co., was built at Ozernoy, on the western side of 
 Stepovak Bay, south side of the Alaska Peninsula. It packed that 
 year and in 1890, but the fish were so scarce that the cannery was 
 dismantled in 1891 and the site abandoned. 
 
 Nothing was done with it for some years, but about 1905 Bostrop 
 Omundsen. located there and established a saltery. In the winter of 
 1912-13 August Lindquist purchased a half mterest in the plant and 
 it was operated under theu* joint names mitil the death oi the sen- 
 ior partner in the fall of 1915; since then it has been operated by 
 Lindquist alone. 
 
 Thin Point. — Thin Point is on the southern side of the Alaska 
 Penhisula, near its extreme western end. A saltery was operated 
 here for several years, until the Thin Point Packing Co. was organized 
 by Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, and the cannery was built 
 in 1889. It was operated m 1889, 1890, and 1891, and was closed 
 after that date. In 1890 the cannery ship Oneida, en route for this 
 place, struck on the Sannaks in April and nearly all of the 77 Chinese 
 on board were lost. In 1893 the plant became a member of the 
 Alaska Packers Association. In 1894 the cannery was moved to 
 the Naknek River, m Bering Sea, and became a part of the cannery 
 of the Arctic Packing Co. 
 
 The Alaska Packers Association operated a saltery at Thin Point 
 in 1894, 1895, and 1896, and then al)andoned the place. 
 
 The cannery of the Central Alaska Co. was moved in 1890 from 
 Little Kayak Island, near Katalla, to Thin Point. It operated 
 durhig 1890 and 1891, was closed in 1892, and in 1893 jouied the 
 Alaska Packers Association, but was no longer operated. In 1895 
 the available machmery was moved to Koggiung, on the Kvichak 
 River, in Bering Sea. 
 
 In 1908 Osmund & Andersen established a saltery at Thin Point 
 and operated it in 1908, 1909, and 1910. 
 
 In 1911 the Pacific American Fisheries built a cannery at King 
 Cove, on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, a few miles cast of 
 Thin Point, and in the fall purchased the saltery. The cannery was 
 operated in 1911 and each year smce. 
 
 In 1917 the Pacific American Fisheries built and operated a new 
 cannery at Ikatan, on Isanotski Strait, at the eastern end of Unimak 
 Island. The Sockeye Salmon Co. built and operated in the same 
 year a new cannery on Morzhovia Bay, a few miles from the strait, 
 and on the Alaska Penmsula. In 1920 the latter was moved to the 
 Unimak Island side of the strait. 
 
 SHUMAGIN AND SANNAK ISLANDS. 
 
 Small salteries have been operated at different places on the vShu- 
 magin and Sannak groups. The plants have usually been rude and 
 primitive affairs and were operated whenever the price of salted 
 salmon was high enough to justif}^ same. As the ownership, and the 
 location in many instances changed frequently, no attempt has been 
 made even to fist them. 
 
 In 1920 the Shumagin Packing Co. installed the necessary machin- 
 ery in its saltery and put up a pack of canned salmon. 
 
58 tJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 BERING SEA. 
 
 Bristol Bay. — The great redfish producino: section of the world is 
 in the Bristol Bay portion of Bering Sea. This bay lies in the eastern 
 section of Bering Sea, inside of a line drawn from Port Moller to Cape 
 Newenham, and a number of important rivers debouch into it, in all 
 of which the annual runs of salmon, especially reds, are important. 
 
 Bristol Bay is considerably off the line of steamship travel, and as 
 a result the companies operating here are compelled to have ships in 
 which to bring up their employees and supplies in the spring and to 
 take back the men and prepared products in the late summer or 
 early fall when the season has ended. 
 
 Cannery ships belonging to the Nushagak plants are taken into the 
 bay and anchored as near the canneries as possible. Owing to shoals 
 this can not be done on Kvichak Bay and the Naknek and Ugaguk 
 Rivers. In the early days of the fisheries the ships running to the 
 latter canneries were brought as close to the plants as possible, un- 
 loaded by means of scows, and then taken to the Nushagak for shelter. 
 When their numbers were too great to permit of this they were 
 moored in the open about 5 miles off the point separating Kvichak 
 Bay and Naknek River, where the anchorage is good and the vessels 
 have very little trouble in riding out storms. Usually the captain 
 and a boy are left aboard the ship. 
 
 NUSHAGAK RIVER AND BAY. 
 
 The Nushagak River, sometimes called the Tahlekuk, with its 
 tributaries, and the Wood River, which enters the head of Nushagak . 
 Bay close by the mouth of the Nushagak, form a favorite resort of 
 the red salmon, while all other species also ascend them. 
 
 But little is known of the upper courses of the Nushagak River, 
 except that they drain the region between Lakes Clark and Iliamna 
 on the east and the Kuskokwim on the west. 
 
 The river is said to be 200 miles long to the first lake, a large one. 
 Beyond this lake there are three other smaller lakes, all connected 
 by short stretches of river. The largest tributary of the river is the 
 Malchatna, which enters it about 100 miles from the mouth. There 
 are also several small tributaries, two of these being Tikchik River 
 and Portage Creek. There are three or four Indian villages on the 
 Nushagak, Kaknak being the largest. A launch drawing 3 to 3i feet 
 of water can navigate about 120 miles from the mouth. It is neces- 
 sary to use a "bidarka" to go into the upper reaches. There are four 
 rapids, around which a portage must be made in each case. 
 
 The river on its lower course is large, and flows a great quantity of 
 water into the head of Nushagak Bay. 
 
 Wood River is about 24 miles long from its mouth to the first lake. 
 Shoals and bars are frequent in the river, the depth on these at low 
 water being 2\ feet and at high water 4 feet. 
 
 Aleknagik Lake, the first of the chain of three, is about 24 miles 
 long, and has an average width of about 2 miles. 
 
 Wood River is noted especially for the interesting counting exper- 
 iment the Bureau of Fisheries is carrying on here. This very im- 
 portant work was first taken up in 1908, as an indirect result of the 
 order closing Wood and Nushagak Rivers to the commercial fisher- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 69 
 
 men, as noted below, and has been continued, with the exception of 
 1914, to the pr.osont time. This work is made possible by the gen- 
 erosity of the Alaska Packers Association of San Francisco and the 
 Alaska-Portland Packers Association of Portland, Oreg., who furnish 
 the material and erect the barricade, also the labor needed throughout 
 the season, while the Bureau of Fisheries furnishes the personnel 
 required to carry on the direct work of counting the fish and making 
 other observations. 
 
 A rack or trap is constructed across the foot of Lake Aleknagik, at 
 a constriction in the lake contour something more than 200 yards 
 wide, for the purpose of intercepting all salmon entering the lake and 
 passing them through gates or tunnels at such a rate and in such a 
 manner that an accurate estimate of their numbers can be obtained. 
 The pot of tlio trap is located near the left bank, and this has three 
 gates by which the salmon can be passed from the pot into the lake 
 Each gate is 2 feet in width, and its bottom rests on a wooden plat- 
 form covered with white oilcloth, so that the fish can readily be seen 
 as they pass over it when the gate is raised. When fish are passing 
 through a gate a small wooden frame with a glass center is arranged 
 so it will float on the water, and in order to hold it in position it is 
 fastened to the framework of the gate. This is for the purpose of 
 making the water smooth so the fish can readily be seen even though 
 the surface be disturbed by ripples, etc. 
 
 When the fish are coming rather slowly, every one is counted by 
 means of a tally register as it passes out through the gates. When the 
 large run comes the folloMong method is employed: An actual tally 
 of every salmon passing through is made for one minute, and this is 
 repeated 15 minutes later, the number passing through for 1 minute 
 being regarded as the average for 15 minutes. A sheet with the whole 
 day divided into quarter hours is kept ready at the gate and the 
 number for one minute as taken from the tally register is immediately 
 entered thereon ])y the attendant who made the tally. From these 
 figures the total for the day is obtained. During only a small part 
 of the season has it been found necessary to resort to this method of 
 estimating the r mi. 
 
 The following table shows for each year since 1908 the commercial 
 catch of salmon made in Nushagak Bay, the number of fish passing 
 from Wood River into Lake Aleknagik, the total of both and the per- 
 centage of salmon that escaped the fishermen: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Nushagak 
 Bay catch. 
 
 Wood 
 River tally. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per cent 
 of escape. 
 
 1908 
 
 6,140,031 
 4,687,635 
 4,384,755 
 2,813,637 
 3, 866, 950 
 6,236,008 
 6,174,097 
 6,676,457 
 3,592,574 
 6,6/9,818 
 6,078,965 
 1,462,981 
 
 2,603,655 
 893,244 
 670, 104 
 354,299 
 325,264 
 753,109 
 (a) 
 
 269,341 
 551,959 
 
 1,081,508 
 943,202 
 145,114 
 
 8,740,686 
 5,580,879 
 5,054,859 
 3, 167, 936 
 4,192,214 
 5,989,117 
 
 30 
 
 1909 
 
 16 
 
 1910 
 
 13 3 
 
 1911 
 
 11.1 
 
 1912 
 
 7 7 
 
 1913 
 
 12.5 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1915 
 
 5,935,798 
 4,144,533 
 6,761,326 
 7,022,167 
 1,598,045 
 
 4 3 
 
 1916 
 
 13 3 
 
 1917 
 
 15 9 
 
 1918 
 
 13 4 
 
 1919 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 » Work not carried on this year. 
 
60 U- S. BUEEAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 Snake Kiver, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, is about 30 miles in 
 length, very crooked, and has its rise in a single lake close by Alekna- 
 gik Lake. There is an Indian village on the river just Below the lake. 
 Red salmon are abundant in this stream. 
 
 Igushik River is about 50 miles in length and enters Nushagak Bay 
 about 4 miles above Nichols Hills. So far as known it has its source 
 in two lakes — -Amanka and Ualik. A short distance below the first 
 lake there are rapids and a small falls. The quite large Indian village 
 of Yacherk is located here, and the natives do most of their fishing m 
 the rapids. Peter M. Nelson established a saltery about 10 or 12 
 miles above its mouth in 1902, and operated it until he sold it to the 
 Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., who have operated it since. There 
 is a small Indian village close by the saltery. 
 
 Nushagak Bay, in which practically all the fishing is carried on, 
 is about 35 miles long and from 5 to 15 miles in width. Sand bars 
 and mud flats, which are visible at low water, occupy the greater 
 part of its area. 
 
 The drift gill net is the favorite apparatus in this bay, although a 
 few traps are also used. The fish begin to run very early here. 
 Kings usually appear about June 5, reds about June 5 to 8, cohos 
 either late in June or early in July, do^ salmon about the middle of 
 June, and humpbacks about the same time. The reds do not run in 
 large numbers until late in June. 
 
 Considerable fishing was carried on in both the Nushagak and 
 Wood Rivers until in 1908, when, as a result of a hearing held by 
 the Secretary of Commerce and Labor on December 16 and 17, 1907, 
 it was decreed that beginning January 1, 1908, "it is hereby ordered 
 that until further notice Wood River, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, 
 in the district of Alaska, and the region within 500 yards of the 
 mouth of said Wood River be closed to all commercial fishing, and 
 that all commercial fishing be prohibited in Nushagak River proper." 
 
 The earliest fishing by whites in the Bristol Bay section was for 
 salting purposes by the trading companies, more particularly the 
 Alaska Commercial Co., which had an important station at Fort 
 Alexander on Nushagak Bay. Petroff, in the census report of 1880, 
 refers to exports from this section of "from 800 to 1,200 barrels of 
 salted salmon per annum from the Nushagak River." 
 
 In 1883 the schooner Neptune visited the Nushagak on a salting 
 trip. The next year the Arctic Packing Co. erected a cannery here 
 and made a trial pack of 400 cases. This was the first canner}'' to 
 operate in Bering Sea. It was located close to. the Moravian mission. 
 This cannery eventually became a member of the Alaska Packers 
 Association, and has not been operated for several years. 
 
 The second cannery to be built was by an Astoria company, the 
 Alaska Packing Co., and it was erected on the western side near the 
 head of the bay and about 1^ miles below the junction of the Wood 
 and Nushagak Rivers. It has been operated every year to date, 
 being since 1893 a member of the Alaska Packers Association. It is 
 popularly known as the "Scandinavian" cannery. 
 
 In 1886 the Bristol Bay Canning Co. was organized by San Fran- 
 cisco parties, and built a cannery on the western shore of Nushagak 
 Bay in a bend about 2 miles below the cannery of the Alaska Packmg 
 Co., at a place called Dillingham. It became a member of the Alaska 
 Packers Association in 1893 and was operated each year until 1907. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 61 
 
 A couple of years later it was dismantled. This plant was popu- 
 larly known as the "Bradford" cannery. 
 
 The Nusha^ak Canning Co. built a cannery on the eastern shore 
 of Nushagak Bay in 1888, at a place known as Clark Point, 5^ miles 
 below Fort Alexander. This cannery also became a member of the 
 Alaska Packers Association in 1893, but from 1891 to 1901 was not 
 operated, but held in reserve. In the last-named year a large double 
 cannery was built here and put into operation and has been operated 
 each year since. 
 
 This company also built and operated a saltery on the Igusliik 
 River in ,1886. Three years later it was moved to the mouth of the 
 Nushagak. In 1893 C. E. Whitney & Co. purchased an interest in 
 it and by 1899 owned it all. In 1902 the saltery was sold to the 
 Alaska Packers Association, which closed it down. 
 
 In 1899 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery and com- 
 menced canning on the eastern shore of Nushagak Bay at Fort Alex- 
 ander, or Nushagak village. This cannery was purchased by the 
 Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. in 1901, and upon the sale of its 
 properties in 1904 became a part of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. 
 It has been operated each year since the latter company acquired it. 
 
 The same year the Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, 
 built a cannery immediately below that of the Pacific Steam Whaling 
 Co., and operated it every year to date, control of the company 
 passing to Libby, McNeill & Libby in 1913. 
 
 In 1901 the Columbia River Packers Association, the Alaska- 
 Portland Packers Association, and the Alaska Salmon Co. all built 
 canneries on the Nushagak and have operated them to date, except 
 the last named in 1909, when its supply ship was wrecked. The 
 Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co. also built a saltery here. The 
 latter plant was abandoned in 1904. 
 
 In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. operated a new cannery on 
 the Nushagak, a few miles below Clark Point. 
 
 In 1910, on August 10, shortly after the packing season had ended, 
 the plant of the Alaska-Portland Packers Association was completely 
 destroyed by fire. The plant was rebuilt in time to operate the next 
 season. 
 
 KVICHAK RIVER AND BAT. 
 
 The Kvichak River is about 80 miles in length, varies from 100 
 yards to a mile in width, and discharges a vast quantity of water 
 The influence of the tide is felt 30 miles from the mouth. The cur- 
 rent is very swift, running in places as much as 7 miles an hour. 
 The upper half of the river is filled with low, grassy islands, the 
 channels in many places being quite narrow. A launch drawing 3 
 feet of water can reach Lake Iliamna with very little difficulty. In 
 most sections there are over 2 fathoms of water in the channels. The 
 river drains Iliamna Lake, the largest lake in Alaska, which is about 
 90 miles long and about 30 miles wide, and Lake Clark. There are a 
 number of Indian villages along the shores of the river and lakes. 
 
 Practically all of the fishing here is carried on in Kvichak Bay, 
 gill nets being the only form of apparatus in use. As it is not con- 
 venient for the fishermen to take the catch to the canneries, large 
 house lighters and scows are moored in convenient places and the 
 fishermen live aboard the- former, while the fish are put aboard the 
 
62 U. S, BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 latter and taken to the canneries by the run boats. The numerous 
 shoals in the bay seriously impede both fishing and navigation. 
 
 The first fishing operations on the Kvichak were in 1894, when the 
 Prosper Fishing & Trading Co. and the Alaska Packers Association 
 each established a saltery and operated that year and in 1895; in 
 1896 the latter purchased the plant of the former and consolidated 
 the two. 
 
 In 1895 the Point Roberts Packing Co., which was owned by the 
 Alaska Packers Association, built a cannery at Koggiung, the site of 
 the former saltery, and operated it the next year. 
 
 In 1900 there was a considerable development in this region. The 
 Kvichak Packing Co., owned by the i^laska Packers Association, 
 built a cannery on the northern point of entrance to Bear Slough, 
 while the North Alaska Salmon Co. built two canneries about 1,000 
 feet apart on the left bank of the Kvichak, about 6 miles above 
 Koggiung. 
 
 The latter company built a cannery at Hallerville on the Lockenuck 
 River, a tributary of the Kvichak, in 1904. In 1913 a large new can- 
 nery to take the place of the Hallerville plant was built on the lower 
 side of Pedersen Point, lower down on Kvichak Bay. In 1916 all 
 the plants of this company were purchased by Libby, McNeill .& 
 Libby and have been operated by that company since. 
 
 The second plant of the Alaska Packers Association, known as the 
 Coffee Creek plant, was burned down in 1906. It was rebuilt in 1908 
 and operated again in 1909, and has been operated continuously 
 ever since. 
 
 In 1904 the Union Packing Co. established a cannery on the left 
 bank a little distance above the canneries of the North Alaska Salmon 
 Co., having moved this plant from its original location on KellBay, 
 in southeast Alaska. It was operated until 1907, when it was aban- 
 doned. 
 
 About 1905 the Northwestern Packing Co. built a saltery on the east 
 side of the bay. In 1908 it was sold to and operated by Nelson, 
 Olsen & Co., who in 1910 sold it to the Alaska Fishermen's Packing 
 Co., which the following year turned it into a cannery. In 1913 
 Libby, McNeill & Libby bought this and the Nushagak plant, and 
 continued to operate them under the old name. This cannery was 
 destroyed by fire in the spring of 1915. It was rebuilt and operated 
 in 1916. 
 
 NAKNEK RIVER. 
 
 But little is known of the Naknek River for more than 10 or 15 
 miles from its mouth. It is said that the river is about 60 miles 
 long, and has its rise in a lake which is of considerable size. With 
 the exception of a short series of rapids, up which it is possible to 
 haul a boat with a rope from the shore, the river is navigable for 
 small craft. Shoals and banks, many of which uncover at low water, 
 are abundant in the lower courses of the river. 
 
 Red salmon is the principal species entering this river, although 
 all the other species are to be found here in lesser abundance. They 
 appear here a little later than in the Nushagak Bay. Only gill nets 
 are used in fishing. 
 
 The first commercial fishing on the Naknek River was in 1890, when 
 the Arctic Packing Co. built and operated a saltery on the east bank 
 about 4 miles from the mouth. This plant was sold to the Alaska 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHliRIES. 63 
 
 Packers Association in 1893. The next year the latter huilt a 
 cannery here, made the first pack in 1895, and has operated the can- 
 nery every year since. Ultimately the saltery was merged with the 
 cannery. 
 
 In 1901 the association built another cannery about a mile nearer 
 the mouth, and in 191 1 still another was built close to the mouth. 
 
 In 1890 L. A. Pedersen built and operated a small saltery on the 
 right bank about 3 miles from the mouth. In 1894 the Naknek 
 Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected a cannery a short 
 distance above. Tliis saltery and another built on the shore of 
 Kvichak Bay in 1897 were operated for some years. In 1907 the 
 latter was turned into a cannery and operated by Mr. Pedersen under 
 the name of the Bristol Bay Packing Co. The Nalmek Packing Co. 
 cannery has been operated to date. 
 
 In 1916 the Red Salmon Canning Co. built and operated a can- 
 nery on the river about 2 miles above the plant of the Naknek Packing 
 Co. 
 
 In 1918 the Northwestern Fisheries Co. operated a new cannery 
 on the river about 2 miles below the plant of the Naknek Packing Co. 
 
 In 1919 the Alaska-Portland Packers Association operated a 
 new cannery on the river several miles above the upper cannery of 
 the Alaska Packers Association. 
 
 UGAGUK RIVER. 
 
 According to the natives this river, which is frequently called the 
 Egegak, or Igagik, is about 80 miles long from the mouth to Lake 
 Becharof, at the head. The lake itself is about 45 miles long and 15 
 miles wide. The river is navigable for small boats to within 10 miles 
 of the lake, whence there is a succession of rapids, around which it 
 is necessary to portage. The lower part of the river has numerous 
 shoals, some of which are exposed at low water. King Salmon River, 
 the principal tributary, enters about 7^ miles from the mouth. 
 
 The red salmon is the principal species, although all the other 
 species are found in much lesser abundance. Gill nets alone are 
 used here. 
 
 In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association established a fishing sta- 
 tion on the right bank about 5 miles from the mouth and operated 
 as a saltery until 1900, when the apparatus was moved to the cannery 
 site. 
 
 In 1899 the Alaska Packers Association, under the name of the 
 Egegak Packing Co., commenced building a cannery on the left bank 
 opposite and a little above the salting station. This plant was finished 
 in 1900 and packs were made that year and each succeeding year 
 except 1905 and 1906. 
 
 In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. built and operated a can- 
 nery on the opposite shore from the Alaska Packers Association, and 
 has operated it each year to date, of late yeai*s under the name of its 
 new owners, Libby, McNeill & Libby. 
 
 UGASHIK RIVER. 
 
 This river has its rise in a chain of two lakes, but with the excep- 
 tion of that portion below the upper cannery, about 25 miles, it is 
 very little known to the whites. The river is very tortuous in its 
 
64 XJ. S. BUREAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 course. It has two known tributaries — King Salmon River, wliich 
 enters through the left bank about 17 miles from the bar at the mouth, 
 and Dog Salmon River, which enters through the left bank about 37 
 miles from the bar. From Smoky Point to the capes at the mouth 
 the river widens very greatly, being about 20 miles across at the 
 mouth. Shoals are numerous, but there is a channel with about 9 
 feet at low water. Gill nets exclusively are used here. 
 
 This river is essentially a red salmon stream, but the other species 
 are also taken in small numberS; although the humpback is very 
 scarce. This river is noted for the great falling off in the run of red 
 salmon of recent years, 769,002 red salmon being taken in 1901, 
 1,640,973 in 1902, 1,703,536 in 1903, 564,492 in 1904, 432,779 in 1905, 
 and 152,140 in 1906. About 1916 the run showed signs of improve- 
 ment and during 1917 and 1918 was excellent, but the run of 1919 
 was small, the same as elsewhere in Bristol Bay. 
 
 C. A. Johnson was the first man to operate commercially on this 
 river, having erected a saltery on the left bank, about 23 miles above 
 Smoky Point, in 1889, and operated it continuously from 1889 to 
 1898, both inclusive. This saltery was merged in the cannery of the 
 Bering Sea Packing Co. In 1894 Mr. Johnson established and oper- 
 ated another saltery on the right bank of the river, about 12 miles 
 from the bar, which he sold in 1899 to the Alaska Packers Association, 
 who absorbed it in their cannery plant. 
 
 The Bering Sea Packing Co., a branch of the Alaska Improvement 
 Association, in 1890 built the first cannery on the river, this being 
 located on the left bank near the first Johnson saltery. A small pack 
 was first made in 1891. The plant was closed in 1892 and 1893, 
 and as the location had proven far from suitable, it was, in 1894, 
 moved to a point on the left bank, about 15 miles above Smoky 
 Point, where it was operated until 1896. The next year it was sold 
 to the Alaska Packers Association. The machinery and equipment 
 were utilized in the latter company's cannery, and the old location 
 abandoned. 
 
 In 1893 Charles Nelson established a saltery on the left bank of 
 the Ugashik, immediately above the last site of the Bering Sea Pack- 
 ing Co. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and then sold to the 
 Alaska Packers Association, who closed it down. 
 
 In 1893 the Alaska Packers Association also built a saltery on the 
 left bank of the river about a mile below the last site of the Bering 
 Sea Packing Co. It was operated each year until 1895, when it was 
 merged into the association's cannery. 
 
 In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association built a cannery^ known as 
 the Ugashik Fishing Station, on the right bank of the river imme- 
 diately above the pilot station, which is about 12 miles from the bar. 
 It made the first pack in 1896 and packed every year until 1907, 
 when it was closed. In 1906 its outfit was destroyed in the San 
 Francisco fire, a;nd it was decided to operate it as a saltery, but the 
 burning down of the Coffee Creek cannery of the association on the 
 Kvichak changed the plans, and a part of the saved outfit of the latter 
 was sent to the Ugashik and the plant operated as a cannery. 
 
 The Bristol Packing Co. built a cannery on the left bank of the 
 river about 25 miles from Smoky Point in 1900. A pack was made 
 the same year and the plant operated continuously until 1906, when 
 it was shut down, and a small salting crew operated a portion of the 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 65 
 
 plant. Eventually the plant was dismantled without operating 
 again as a cannery. 
 
 In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association built and put into opera- 
 tion another cannery about 15 miles up the river from the other one. 
 In 1906 this plant was shut down and eventually it was dismantled. 
 
 In 1901 the Red Salmon Canning Co. also built and operated a 
 cannery still farther up the river and has operated it continuously 
 to date. 
 
 ALASKA PENINSULA, BERING SEA SIDE. 
 
 Of recent years canneries have been located on the Bering Sea 
 side of the Alaska Pcnhisula, outside of Bristol Bay proper, but it is 
 probable that their numbers will not be large in the future, as the 
 fisheries tril)utary to them are not very extensive, and are also very 
 much scattered, making transportation expensive. 
 
 Port Heiden. — This important hi dentation on the Bering Sea side 
 of the Alaska Peninsula, about midway between the ITgashik River 
 and Port Moller, has never figured to any considerable extent in fish- 
 irig operations. In 1912 and 1913 Gorman & Co. had the schooner 
 Hamet G. located here throughout the season, engaged in salting 
 salmon. The Illnik Packing Co. operated a saltery here in 1918. 
 
 Port Moller. — This great indentation in the Alaska Penhisula, be- 
 tween Port Heiden and Nelson Lagoon, was neglected for many years 
 for the more profitable Bristol Bay region. 
 
 About 1902 the Bering Sea Packing & TradhigCo. (there seems to 
 be some confusion between this name and that of the Peninsular 
 Packing Co., the latter being the lame the company was known by 
 after the first year or two in the official records), established a saltery 
 on Bear River, w^hich debouches a little east of Port Moller, and 
 operated it until 1006, after which operations were suspended and 
 but little is now left of the plant. 
 
 In 1912 the Pacific American Fisheries erected a cannery on Port 
 Moller, but it was not operated until 1913. This concern has been 
 successful mainly because of its introduction of purse seines in fishuig. 
 
 In 1916 the Bering Sea Pacldng Co. built and operated a cannery 
 on Herendeen Bay, a branch of Port Moller. In 1917 two new can- 
 neries were built and operated here, that is, the Fidalgo Island Pack- 
 ing Co. and the Phoenix Packin.g Co. In 1918 the Bermg Sea Pack- 
 ing Co. was taken over by the Everett Packing Co. In 1919 all three 
 Herendeen Bay canneries, as a result of the exceedingly slight runs 
 of the two previous seasons, combined forces for the season and put 
 up all the fish caught at the plant of the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. 
 
 Nelson Lagoon. — Nelson Lagoon is on the Beruig Sea side of the 
 Alaska Peninsula, is about 6 miles in length and about 2 miles in 
 width. At its western end debouches the Nelson River, which is 
 about a mile wide at its mouth. About 18 miles from the mouth the 
 river divides, both branches havhig their rise in lakes. There is an 
 easy portage from the lakes to Pavlof Bay, on the Pacific side of the 
 
 feninsula, and this route is used frequently by both white men and 
 ndians. The run is mainly of red salmon, and gill nets and traps are 
 utilized. Duruig the last lew years purse seines have been used in 
 this region, with coi siderable success. 
 
 11312°— 21 5 
 
66 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1902 Charles Johnson, who had operated on the Ugashik River, 
 established a saltery here and operated it under the name of the 
 Lagoon Salmon Co., and made a pack that and the succeeding year. 
 In 1904 and 1905 it was shut down. It was reopened in 1906 and con- 
 tmued to operate until it was sold in 1914. In 1915 the new owners, 
 the Nelson Lagoon Packing Co., built a cannery here which was 
 oparated until 1920, when it was shut down. 
 
 TJnalaska Island. — In 1916 the Pacific American Fisheries, having 
 obtained a permit from the Department of Commerce, built a can- 
 nery at Unalaska, on Unalaska Island. This cannery is located 
 inside of the Aleutian Islands reserve, and permit was given for its 
 building and operation so that it might be possible for the Indians of 
 Unalaska and Dutch Harbor to obtain work at home and save them 
 the long trip to the Bristol Bay plants. It ceased operations at the 
 end of the 1917 season. 
 
 KUSKOKWIM RIVER. 
 
 This, one of the great rivers of Alaska, has been but little exploited 
 as yet. Very little accurate data have been obtainable about the 
 river until within the last couple of years, and this relates mainly to 
 the bay and a few miles of the adjacent river, which the United 
 States Coast and Geodetic Survey has charted. 
 
 We know that the river has considerable runs of salmon, but 
 usually ice conditions have been such in the spring that a cannery 
 crew frequently could not get in in time to prepare for the run. In 
 1906 a salting outfit was sent here by Seattle dealers, but arrived tooi 
 late for the run of fish. The outfit was cached at Bethel. 
 
 During the last seven years some mild curing of king salmon has 
 been carried on here, but the lack of cold storage, both ashore and on 
 the vessels operating to and from the river, has prevented any con- 
 siderable development of this industry. 
 
 YUKON RIVER. 
 
 The 1918 report of the Alaska agent of the United States Bureau of 
 Fisheries " contains the following account of the development of the 
 salmon fisheries of the Yukon River: 
 
 The development of the Yukon salmon fisheries began in 1918 with the establish- • 
 ment of a floating cannery at Andreafski. The season's operations resulted in a pack • 
 of 13,463 cases of salmon, divided as follows: Cohos 2,661, chums 6,471, humpbacks- 
 107, and kings 4,224 cases . In addition to tliis, 10,400 pounds of cohos and chums were ' 
 dry-salted. The total catch of salmon for the cannery was 115,531, of which 26,14-1 
 were cohos, 73,921 cbum-s, 3,227 humpbacks, and 12,239 Idngs. Fishing was carried i 
 on from the mouth of the Yukon to a point above the junction of Clear River, chiefly 
 in that part of the Yukon delta known as Kwikluak Pass. The fishing seasons were; 
 as follows: Kings, June 26 to August 17; chums, June 28 to September 8; humpbacks, , 
 July 7 to July 29; and cohos, August 3 to September 8 Some of the cannerymen and 1 
 others frequently refer to salmon of one kind by the name "Yukons" or " Yukon i 
 salmon." In so doing they mean bright or fresh-run chums. 
 
 An investment of $48,000 was made in the plant One stern- wheeler, the Martha i 
 Clmv (65 tons net), one gas boat, the Allhea (17 tons net^ and three smaller power boats 
 were operated in connection with the cannery. Salmon were taken -udth 124 gill nets 
 aggregating 9,869 fathoms, and 6 wheels of the two-scoop pattern. Employment waa 
 given to 169 men, 55 being fishermen. 102 slioresmen, and 12 transporters. Of these 
 36 were natives, 13 of whom were listed as fishermen. 
 
 a Alaska Fisheries and Fiir Industries in 1918. By Ward T. Bower. Appendix VII, Report, U. S. Com- 
 missioner of Fisheries, 1918, pp. 29-30. Washington, 1919. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. G7 
 
 Stokes A Stokes operated a small saltery on the lower Yukon, parking 15 barrels of 
 chum salmon. Their plant wa? valued at $1,500. Equipment consisted of one 
 power boat and 300 fathomfs of gill nets. They report having located too far up the 
 river, but before another season will move to a point lower down. 
 
 Warden (\ F. Townsend reported tiiat one Sepella operated a saltery on the Yukon 
 about 12 miles from salt water and that a pack of 110 barrels of chums and cohos was 
 made. Salmon were taken mtli gill nets and one wheel. Mr. Townsend also advised 
 that the Delta Fishing Co. was in the field in a small way. 
 
 Statistics compiled at the close oi' tlie season of 191S indicate that exclusive of gear 
 operated by the cannery and salteries near the mouth of the river, the whites and 
 natives on the Yukon and tributary waters used 393 fish wheels, valued at ?19.f)50, and 
 130 gill nets aggregating 3,250 fathoms, valued at $6,500. The astimated catch for 
 local requirements w;is 1,400,000 salmon, wliich when dried represented approximately 
 700 tons of fish, valued at $140,000. 
 
 The total population of the Yukon region of Alaska, dependent in some measure on 
 the fisheries, was estimated late in 1918 a,s being 10,907, of wliich number (),(i;]8 were 
 whites and 4,269 were natives. The number of dogs in the region was estimated at 
 6,18.3. 
 
 Prior to the season of 1918 the size of the run of salmon in the Yukon was an almost 
 unknown quantity. The belief was expressed in some quarters that a comparatively 
 small run ascended its waters, but others who were interested in the commercial 
 exploitation of its fisheries held the opinion that a run aggregating many millions of 
 salmon annually ascended the river. The necessity of raaintaining the lisheries is 
 paramount at all times, and if it is reasonable to suppose that a serious depletion o'' the 
 sujjply by unrestricted fishing seems imminent, limitations must necessarily be 
 imposed. This was done on Decemlier 11, 1918, by the promulgation of regulations 
 affecting commercial fishing for salmon in the Yukon River. The closing order which 
 is published in full on page 11 in tliis report became effective January 1, 1919. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PLACES. 
 
 At times small quantities of salted salmon have been packed in 
 Bering Sea in the neighborhood of Nome and St. Michael. In 1917 
 the Arctic Fish Co. operated on a large scow on Golovm Bay, near 
 Nome. 
 
 ARCTIC OCEAN. 
 
 Although it is known that there are good runs of salmon in some 
 of the rivers debouching into the Arctic, the ice and other conditions 
 have deterred people from attempting to extend their operations 
 into this region. In 1912, however, the Midnight Sun Packing Co. 
 built and operated a small cannery on Kotzebue Sound, in the Arctic 
 Ocean. A small pack, mostlv of Dolly Varden trout, was made in 
 that and subsequent years, "the plant was not operated in 1919. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA.^ 
 
 Fraser River. — This, the largest river in British Columbia (over 
 1,000 miles in length), has been important from a fishery standpoint 
 ever since salmon canning was taken up commercially. 
 
 The Hudson Bay Co., the first to prepare salmon for commercial 
 
 Eurposes, bought the fish from the Indians and pickled them in 
 arrels for export, mainly to the Hawaiian Islands and Asia. 
 Howay,'' in his work on "British Columbia," after describing 
 briefly the fishing operations carried on by the Hudson Bay Co. in 
 the Fraser River, has the following to say with respect to the develop- 
 
 o The author is indebted to Henry Doyle, of Vancouver, British Cohimbia, for practically all of the 
 historical data relating to the canning industry of British Columbia, and hereby expresses his deep appreci- 
 ation for tliis and many other courtesies. 
 
 b British Columbia, from the earliest Times to the Present. By F. W. Howay. 4 vols.,illus. Van- 
 couver, 1914. . 
 
68 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 ment of the commercial salmon fisheries and the preparation of the 
 catch by salting and canning on the part of the mdependents who 
 succeeded the company: 
 
 SALMON CANNING INTUUKTRY. 
 
 No sketch of our history could be called complete without containing some reference 
 to the origin and development, during the early stages, at any rate, of the industry of 
 salmon canning. 
 
 By its charter tlie Hudson Bay Co. was granted "the fishing of all sorts of fish, whales, 
 sturgeons, and all other royal fishes in the seas, bays, inlets, and rivers, within the 
 premises (that is witliin the undefined area surrounding Hudson Bay), and the fish 
 taken therein." Though no similar grant was contained in the exclusive license of 
 trade witli the Indians west of the Rocky Mountains, which was the only title the 
 company had in this region, yet it claimed and exercised a monopoly of the salmon 
 fishing on the Fraser River. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the salmon fishery carried on by the company 
 at San Juan Island. In August, 1829, at Fort Langley (the name ofthis place has since 
 been changed to Derby) 7,544 salmon v^^ere obtained from the natives at a cost of £13 
 17s. 2d. in goods. The trade increased; in 1835 and for many years thereafter 3,000 
 or 4,000 barrels of salt salmon were exported, principally to the Hawaiian Islands. 
 With the re^•ocation of the license in 1858 this claim of monopoly fell. 
 
 Capt. William Spring, in 1863, began salting and curing salmon at Beechy Bay. 
 In the following year Mr Annandale, with whom Mr. Alexander Ewen was associated, 
 opened a salmon saltery on Fraser River. This venture was almost a complete failure 
 owing to the attempt to use the Scotch trap nets instead of drift nets. The former 
 were found utterly unsuited to the conditions on Fraser River. When this enter- 
 prise failed, Mr. Ewen introduced drift nets and carried on an extensive business in 
 salted salmon ^\ith the Hav-^aiian Islands and Australia. 
 
 The first attempt, on the Fraser River, to preserve salmon in hermetically sealed 
 cans was made in 1867 by James Symes. This was not a commercial effort, but a mere 
 experimental test to ascertain the possibility. A few cases were prepared, filled, and 
 cooked by boiling on an ordinary kitchen stove. The result was most encouraging. 
 The product was shown at the agricultural exhibition held in New Westminster in 
 October, 1867, and wa.s pronounced excellent, the directors making special mention 
 of it. 
 
 About the same year Donald McLean established another salmon-curing establish- 
 ment at New Westminster. Besides salted salmon, he put up pickled salmon, salmon 
 boiled and preserved in vinegar, and smoked and kippered salmon. 
 
 The canning of salmon as a business was first undertaken on the Fraser by Alexander 
 I>oggie & Co. The persons interested were Alexander Loggie, Alexander Ewen. 
 James Wise, and David S. Hennessy. Mr. Wise was an experienced fisherrnan; 
 Messrs. Loggie and Hennessy had had experience in the canneries of New Brunswick. 
 In June, 1870, these persons built, in connection with a salmon saltery, the first salmon 
 cannery in British Columbia. It was located at Annieville, about 3 miles below New 
 Westminister. The cannery was a very primitive affair; the cylinders upon which 
 the cans were shaped were of wood covered with sheet iron ; the trays were small wooden 
 contrivances holding about three dozen one-pound cans. There was pra,ctically no 
 machinery ; the operations were almost entirely by hand . The fish after being put into 
 the cans was preserved by boiling in large wooden vats. Great difficulty was experien- 
 ced in thoroughly cooking the iish, the boiling point of ordinary water not proving 
 sufficient; to overcome this, salt was added to the water, and by this means the tempera- 
 ture was raised to 230°. The roominwhich the cooking was performed was, in tempera- 
 ture like a Turkish bathroom; no windows or doors were allowed to be opened, except 
 of necessity, under the mistaken idea that the cold currents of air would injure the 
 product. 
 
 Capt. Stamp, who has been frequently mentioned in the foregoing pages, also 
 entered the business at the same time. His cannery was located at Sapperton, New 
 Westminster. He did not attempt to manufacture his cans, but obtained his supply 
 from Mr. Deas, a tinsmith of Victoria. 
 
 About 1873, Loggie & Co. removed their cannery to New Westminster, where in the 
 meantime Messrs. Lane, Pike, and Nelson had established themselves in the same 
 business. These latter persons conceived the plan of canning the salmon whole; the 
 sockeyes, being of an almost uniform size, lent themselves readily to this attempt. It 
 was, however, a failure, as owing to the great vacuum in the cans, they became much 
 distorted. 
 
PACIFIC SA1,M0N FISHERIES. 69 
 
 In 1872 Holbrook & Co. purchased a small cannery which had been 
 started at Sapporton by Capt. Stamj) some tune before, and operated 
 it for a few years. 
 
 In 187(5 there were three canneries running, consisting of Holbrook 
 & Co., Ewen & Co., and the British Columbia Canning Co. (Deas 
 Islnnd). 
 
 The following year this was increased by English & Co, and Fin- 
 layson & Lane, the latter ((uitting after one season, being succeeded 
 in 1878 by Lane, Pike & Nelson. King & Co., the British Columbia 
 cannery (Annieville), and the Delta cannery also commenced opera- 
 tions the latter year. 
 
 In 1879 Holbrook & Co., and Lane, Pike & Nelson dropped out, 
 and Haigh & Sons (succeeded in 1884 by the Bon Accord Packing 
 Co.) commenced operations. 
 
 King & Co. were burned out in 1880, and Adair & Co., afterwards 
 known as the Wellington Packing Co., commenced. A year later 
 Laidlaw & Co. commenced operations. 
 
 In 1882 the British Union Packing Co., afterwards known as the 
 Harlock Packing Co., commenced packing salmon. The British- 
 American cannery and J. H. Todd & Sons (Richmond cannery) also 
 began operations. 
 
 Joseph Spratt started a floating cannery, known as "Spratt's Ark," 
 in 1883; he retired at the end of two years. E. A. Wadhams also 
 began operations in 1883. In 1887 the Holly cannery was built on 
 Lulu Island opposite Deas Island. The high water of June, 1894, 
 partially destroyed it and the site was abandoned. 
 
 No more additi( nal plants were built imtil Hobsc n & Co. started in 
 1889. The Canoe Pa^s Canning Co. also started the same year, as 
 did J. H. Todd & Sons with their Beaver cannery. 
 
 The Anglo British Columbia Packing Co, was fonned in 1891, tak- 
 ing over the canneries formerly operated by the British Columbia 
 Packing Co. (old Annieville plant), E. A. Wadhams, British-American 
 Packing Co., Canje Pass Cannng (3o., Dm an & Batchelor (Britannia 
 cannery), and English & Co. (Plu cnix cannory). 
 
 In 1892 the Terra Nova Canning Co. began operatic n>, and the 
 next year the Lulu Island Canning Co., Steveston Cannmg Co., 
 Pacific Coast Packing C'o., Canadian Pacific Pacldng Co., Short & 
 Squair, and Butimar & Dawson (at Steveston) all commenced oper- 
 aticn. 
 
 In 1894 the Gulf of Georgia Canning Co,, Dinsmore Island Canning 
 Co., Sea Island Packing Co., and the Fishermen's Packing Co. all 
 built and began to operate canneries. 
 
 The AlHance Canning Co., Atlas Canning Co., Boutiliar & Co., and 
 the Star Canning Co. commenced operations in 1895. 
 
 There was considerable development in 1896, when the Anglo- 
 American Canning Co., Eraser River Industrial Co., Hume & Co., 
 Provincial Canning Co., Westham Island Packing Co., Westminster 
 Packing Co., and the Vancouver Packing Co. all started canning. 
 
 In 1897 the Premier Canning Co., Sinclair Canning Co., Western 
 Fisheries, Cleve Canning Co., Welsh Bros., Currie, McWilliams & 
 Fowler, Butimar & Dawson (at Canoe Pass), Colonial Canning Co., 
 and the Eraser Canning Co, all began operating. 
 
 The English Bay cannery was added to the list in 1898, but the 
 Sinclair Canning Co. and Western Fisheries plants were both de- 
 
70 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 stroyed by fire at New Westminster and not rebuilt. The plant of 
 the Steveston Canning Co. was absorbed that year by the Federation 
 Brand vSalmon Canning Co. and the cannery renamed the ''Light- 
 house" cannery. 
 
 In 1899 the Greenwood Canning Co., Scottish Canadian Canning Co., 
 St. Mungo Canning Co., Wurzburg & Co., and Acme Canning Co. all 
 began active operations, while in 1900 the Great Northern Canning 
 Co. was the only addition to the list. Tn 1900 the United Canneries 
 (Ltd.) was formed to take over the Gulf of Georgia, EngHsh Bay, and 
 Scottish Canadian plants, and the Canadian Canning Co. this year 
 also absorbed the Star, Fraser, and Vancouver canneries. In 1901 
 the National Packing Co. built at Ea^le Harbor. 
 
 Like the other canning sections, British Columbia suffered in 1901 
 from an oversupply of canned salmon, due to the large number of 
 plants which had been erected and which were producing more 
 salmon than market could be found for. At this juncture the British 
 Columbia Packers Association was formed. It embraced 29 out of 
 the 48 plants on the Fraser River and 12 of those situated in Northern 
 British Columbia waters, including the following plants: Ewen & Co., 
 Delta, Ilarlock, Wellington, Lulu Island, Terra Nova, Pacific Coast, 
 Canadian Pacific, Short & Squair (Imperial cannery) , Brunswick can- 
 neries at Steveston and Canoe Pass, Dinsmore Island, Sea Island, 
 Fisherman's Packing Co., Reliance cannery. Atlas cannery, Boutiliar 
 & Co., Hume & Co., Anglo-American, Provincial, Westham Island, 
 Westminster Packing Co., Premier, Cleve, Welsh Bros., Currie, Mc Wil- 
 liams & Fowder, Colonial, Greenwood, Wurzburg & Co., and the Acme 
 Canning Co. In 1914 the corporation style was changed to the 
 British Columbia Fishincr St Packing Co. (I.td.). 
 
 In 1902 the Fraser River Industrial cannery was sold to C. S. 
 Windsor; in 1905 this plant was sold by Mr. Windsor to Peter 
 Birrell. 
 
 In 1905 the Burrard Canning Co., Steveston Canning Co., Butimar 
 & Dawson, Unique cannery, and the Vancouver Fish & Canning Co. 
 were all built and operated. The latter was burned in the middle of 
 the season. The same year the Great Northern cannery was pur- 
 chased by McPherson & Wilkinson. 
 
 In 1906 the Great West Packing Co. cannery was built at vSteves- 
 ton; the Nye Canning Co. operated for part of the season on False 
 Creek in Vancouver, and the Capital City Canning Co. built a plant 
 at Victoria. The same year the Lighthouse cannery was leased for 
 the season by the Royal Packing Co.; while in the following year the 
 L^uique cannery was dismantled. 
 
 In 1909 the Gulf of Georgia cannery was sold to M. Desbrisay & 
 Co.; Peter Birrell sold the Industrial cannery to the Glen Rosa 
 Canning Co., who have since operated it; the Lighthouse cannery was 
 leased for the season by Kildala Packing Co.; the Gosse-Millerd 
 Packing Co. purchased the Steveston Canning Co.'s plant; while the 
 following year the Lighthouse cannery was leased for the season by 
 Ijee Coy. 
 
 In 1912 the Lighthouse cannery was sold to C. S. Windsor and asso- 
 ciates. The Scottish-Canadian cannery was also sold to C. S. Windsor 
 and associates, by whom it was operated under the name of the 
 Scottish-Canadian Canning Co. until 1914. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 71 
 
 In 1913 the Great Northern cannery was leased for the season to the 
 English Fisheries (Ltd.), while in the foUowini^ year the Gosse- 
 Millerd Packing Co. bought the Vancouver and Fruser canneries 
 from the receiver of the Canadian Canning Co. The Jervis Inlet 
 Canning Co. acquired the Lighthouse cannery the same year. 
 
 The Scottish-Canadian cannery was acquired in 1915 by the 
 Graham Co., while the Great Northern cannery was sold to the 
 Defiance Packing Co. 
 
 In 1916 a new cannery was built at Liverpool, South Westminster, 
 by the Liverpool Canning Co. 
 
 In 1917 the Gosse-Millerd Packing Co. purchased the Star cannery 
 which hud been lying idle since 1913; the Booth Fisheries Co. leased 
 the Scottish-Canadian cannery for the season. They held an option 
 to purchase same, but did not exercise it, and the plant has since been 
 closed down. The ClifT-Lowman Packing Co. acquired the Light- 
 house cannery from the Jervis Inlet Canning Co. 
 
 In 1918 the Canadian Fishing Co. built at Vancouver, and while 
 their plant is not on the Fraser River it is classed in that area, as 
 its pack will be largely secured from Fraser River fish. 
 
 Earlv in the spring of 1919 fire destroyed the Star, Steveston, and 
 Lighthouse canneries, none of which have been rebuilt. 
 
 Skeena River. — The first cannery to be built on the Skeena River 
 was in 1877, when a man named Neill built one at Inverness. In 
 1878 the Windsor Canning Co., consisting of Henry Saunders, W. H. 
 Dempster, and John Wilson, of Victoria, established u cannery at 
 Aberdeen. / 
 
 There were no additions until in 1883, when the Balmoral cannery 
 the British-American, and Robert Cunningham canneries were started. 
 
 In 1889 the North Pacific was started and in 1890 the Standard. 
 In 1891 the Anglo-British Columbia Packing Co. bought the British- 
 American cannery and the North Pacific Canning Co. cannery. In 
 1892 the Claxton, and in 1895 the Carlisle, canneries were built. In 
 1899 the Claxton cannery was purchased by the Wallace Bros. 
 Packing Co. The Peter Herman (afterwards the Skeena River Com- 
 mercial Co.) and Turnbull canneries were built in 1900. The last 
 named operated only four seasons. 
 
 In 1902 the British Columbia Packers Association acquired the 
 Balmoral, Cimningham, and Standard canneries. 
 
 In 1903 the Cassiar cannery was built. The next year the Alex- 
 andria Packing Co. was started. It was later acquired by the 
 British Columbia Packers Association, as was also the Dominion can- 
 nery, which was built in 1906. 
 
 The Carlisle cannery was sold in 1906 to the Kildala Packing Co. 
 
 In 1911 the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.) purchased the Claxton can- 
 nery from the Wallace Bros. Packing Co., while in 1913 the Canadian 
 Fisn & Cold vStorage Co. built a cannery at Tucks Inlet, where their 
 supply of salmon is obtained from the Skeena fishermen. 
 
 In 1916 the Gosse-Millerd Packing Co. built their Sunnyside plant. 
 In 1918 the Northern British Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.) purchased 
 the Skeena River Commercial Co.'s plant at Port Essington, and also 
 erected a new cannery at Port Edward. 
 
 Rivers Inlet. — The first cannery to be built and operated on Rivers 
 Inlet was in 1881 by Shotbolt & Draney, afterwards the British 
 
72 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Columbia Canning Co. The Wannuck cannery was built in 1884, 
 the Good Plope in 1895, the Brunswick in 1896, the Wadhams and 
 the Vancouver in 1897. 
 
 There were no changes until 1902, when the British Columbia 
 Packers Association acquired the Wadhams, Brunswick, Wannuck, 
 and Vancouver, the two latter being dismantled and the two former 
 enlarged correspondingly. 
 
 In 1906 the Beaver cannery was built by J. H. Todd & Sons, the 
 Kildalla cannery by the Kildalla Packing Co., and the Strathcona 
 cannery by Bain & Wilson, the latter afterwards being acquired by 
 the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.). 
 
 In 1911 the Strathcona Packing Co.'s plant was purchased by 
 Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.). In 1917 the Provincial Canning Co. built 
 a plant, and in 1918 the McTavish Canning Co. also built one. 
 
 Nass River. — The first cannery to be built on the Nass River was 
 by Henry Croasdale in 1881, and it operated for four years. The 
 Douglas Packing Co. built a cannery here in 1882 and operated it for 
 two years. Both were then shut down owing to the fact that the 
 locations were too far up the river for steamers to move the packs. 
 In 1888 the plants were dismantled and removed to Nass Harbor and 
 Mill Bay, respectively. In 1889 the Cascade Packing Co. commenced 
 operations, but the plant was dismantled in 1893. 
 
 In 1903 the Pacific Northern cannery was built near the mouth of 
 Observatory Inlet, and in 1905 it was purchased by John Wallace, 
 who moved it to Arrandale. In the latter year the Port Nelson 
 Canning & Salting Co. started. In 1908 the Mill Bay cannery was 
 purchased by the Kincolith Packing Co. In 1911 the Arrandale and 
 Port Nelson canneries were bought by the Anglo British Columbia 
 Packing Co., and in the following year the Nass Harbor cannery was 
 bought ])y the British Columbia Packers Association. 
 
 The Wales Island cannery, which became Canadian property under 
 the Alaska boundary award, was in 1911 purchased by M. Desbrisay 
 & Co., by whom it has since been continuously operated. 
 
 In 1916 the Kincolith Packing Co.'s Mill Bay plant was purchased 
 by the Kincolith Fisheries (Ltd.), while in 1918 the Northern British 
 Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.) purchased the Mill Bay cannery from the 
 Kincolith Fisheries (Ltd.) and built a new plant at Kumeon. The 
 Western Salmon Packing Co. also built a new plant at Summerville 
 the same year. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands. — In 1912 the British Columbia Fisheries 
 (Ltd.), a concern promoted by Sir George Doughty, M. P., of Grimsby, 
 England, built a cannery at Aliford Bay, Skidegate Inlet, and operated 
 same for two seasons. The British Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.) then 
 went into insolvency, and the plant remained idle mitil 1916, when 
 it operated mider lease to the Western Salmon Packing Co. In 1917 
 the cannery was purchased by the Maritime Fisheries (Ltd.), the 
 present owners. 
 
 The Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.), built at Naden Harbor in 1912, 
 and operated that and the following seasons. The cannery was not 
 in commission during 1914 or 1915, but ran in the years 1916 to 1918, 
 inclusive. It was found that Masset Inlet would be a more suitable 
 location, and in 1919 the plant removed from Naden Harbor to a 
 new site on the shores of the Inlet. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 73 
 
 A cannery was built at Lockoport in 1918 by the Lockeport Can- 
 ning Co. The same year the Western Sahnon Packing Co. (Ltd.) 
 built a plant at Lagoon Bay. 
 
 Miscellaneous places. — A cannery was built at Metlakatla in 1882 
 by Rev. John Duncan for the Metlakatla Indians, fish being obtained 
 from Skeena River. The plant was dismantled in 1886. 
 
 John Rood built the first cannery on Smiths Inlet, in Quachela 
 Lagoon, in 1883. It was closed hi 1884, and the plant moved to 
 Wannuck, Rivers Inlet, to which place also the Smiths Inlet fish were 
 subsequently transported for packing purposes. In 1902 the Wm. 
 Hickey Canning Co. built a new plant on Smiths Inlet, selling same 
 in 1912 to the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.). The Western Packers (Ltd.) 
 also built at Marguerite Bay m 1917. 
 
 A cannery was built at Lowe Inlet in 1890 by the Lowe Inlet 
 Canning Co. It was sold to the British Columbia Packers Association 
 in 1902. 
 
 In 1890 a cannery was built at Gardiner Canal by a man named 
 Price and his associates. It ran until 1893, when it was dismantled 
 and closed. 
 
 Robert Draney built at Namu in 1893, selhng out in 1912 to the 
 Draney Fisheries (Ltd.), who in turn sold out to the Northern British 
 Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.) in 1918. 
 
 Robert Draney built the Kimsquit cannery m 1901, and in 1907 
 the Kildalla Packing Co. built the Manitou cannery. The latter is 
 still operating, but in 1912 the Draney Fisheries (Ltd.) purchased 
 the Kimsquit caimery, and in 1918 sold it again to the Northern 
 British Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.). 
 
 In 1900 the Bella Coola cannery was built by John Clayton and 
 sold by him in 1902 to the British Columbia Packers Association, who 
 have operated it ever since. In 1917 a new cannery was built by 
 the Tallheo Fisheries (Ltd.) and sold by them in 1918 to the Northern 
 British Columbia Fisheries (Ltd.). 
 
 Toms, Morris & Fraser built at China Hat in 1900 and sold to the 
 British Columbia Packers Association in 1902. The latter dis- 
 mantled and closed the plant m the fall of that year. 
 
 A cannery was built at Warke Island in 1911 by John Wallace, 
 principally for packing Gardiner Canal fish. Plant was purchased 
 in 1917 by the Western Packers (Ltd.), who have since operated it. 
 
 A cannery was built at Bella Bella in 1912 by the East Bella Bella 
 Canning Co. It was sold in 1915 to the Gosse-MiUerd Packing Co., 
 who have since operated it. 
 
 The cannery built at Alert Bay in 1881 by S. A. Spencer was pur- 
 chased in 1902 by the British Columbia Packers Association, who 
 have since operated same. 
 
 Cannery was built at Clayoquot in 1895 by Earle & Magneson. 
 It was purchased by the Clayoquot Sound Canning Co. in 1902, by 
 whom it has since been operated. 
 
 A caimery was erected at Bute Inlet in 1890 by C. S. Windsor and 
 George Hobson, but only operated the one season. 
 
 The West Coast Packing Co. was built and operated at Nootka 
 Sound in 1896, but only secured 112 cases. The plant was dis- 
 mantled and abandoned. In 1917 a new plant was erected by the 
 Nootka Packing Co., who have since operated steadily. 
 
74 U. S. BUKEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Dawson & Buttimer built at Alberni Canal in 1903. They sold 
 out to the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.) in 1911, and the latter have 
 operated steadily ever since. 
 
 Pidcock Bros, built a small cannery at Quathiaski Cove in 1904. 
 They operated it that and the following year and then sold to T. E. 
 Atkins in 1907. This plant was destroyed by fire in 1909, and the 
 following year the Quatliiaski Canning Co. built a new plant, which 
 has operated steadily since. 
 
 A small cannery was built at Pender Harbor in 1906 by P. H. 
 Alder. It operated for two seasons and was then closed down and 
 dismantled. 
 
 J. H. Todd & Sons and the Capital City Canning Co. both built at 
 Victoria in 1905 (the former at Esquimalt). Messrs. Todd & Son 
 still operate, but the Capital City Canning Co. plant was closed and 
 dismantled in 1914. 
 
 Capt. R. E. Gosse built at Knight Inlet in 1907 at Sargeants 
 Passage, but moved the plant to Glendale Cove in 1910, and at the 
 close of that season sold the cannery to the Anglo British Columbia 
 Packing Co., who have since operated it. 
 
 The Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.) built a cannery at Quatsino Sound 
 in 1911, but dismantled it in 1914. 
 
 The Goletas Fish Co. built at Shushartis Bay in 1914, and after 
 operating for three seasons sold the plant in 1917 to the Western 
 Packers (Ltd.), the present owners. 
 
 The Gilford Fish Co. built a cannery at Kingcombe Inlet in 1914. 
 After operating it that season they sold to the Preston Packing Co., 
 the present owners. 
 
 The Jervis Inlet Canning Co. built a cannery at Jervis Inlet in 1912, 
 operating it that and the following season. In the faU of 1913 it 
 was destroyed by fire. In 1917 the C. L. Packing Co. erected a new 
 plant at Green Bay, Jervis Inlet. 
 
 The Nanaimo Canning Co. started at Nanaimo in 1913 and operated 
 until 1916, in which year the plant was acquired by the Nanaimo 
 Canners & Packers (Ltd.). 
 
 The Quathiaski Canning Co. was built at Blind Cove in 1916 ; the 
 Gulf Island Fish Co., at Lasqueti Island, in 1916; and the Sidney 
 Canning Co., at Sidney, in 1916. 
 
 The Redonda Island Canning & Cold Storage Co. built a cannery 
 at Redonda Island m 1917, while the Lummi Bay Packing Co. built 
 a cannery at Nitnat in 1917. 
 
 In 1918 the Defiance Packing Co. built a cannery at Port Renfrew, 
 while in 1919 the Gosse-Millerd Packing Co. built one at San Mateo. 
 
 SALMON FISHING IN THE HEADWATERS. 
 
 Considerable sahnon fishing is carried on in the headwaters of cer- 
 tain of the larger rivers of the coast, of which no account appears in 
 the data of the commercial fisheries. This is due to the fact that the 
 fishing is usually of a desultory character, the fisheries are few in 
 number and scattered widely, and while the catch in the aggregate is 
 considerable it does not amount to much in any one spot. 
 
 The Colmnbia River is a typical example of such a stream. Com- 
 mercial fishing is usually considered as ending at Celilo, about 150 
 nules from the mouth. As a matter of fact, salmon fishing for market 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 75 
 
 or for home use is carried on to a considerable extent along the main 
 river and also on the Snake and the Yakima, tributaries of the 
 Columbia. In nearly all cases hook and Une and spears are used 
 alone, but on the Snake River, near Lewiston, in Idaho, are several 
 rather important haul-seine fisheries. Fishing is carried on at these 
 places in the spring for steelhead trout and in the fall for chinook and 
 silver salmon and steelhead trout. As many as 25 salmon have been 
 taken at one time. While this may seem a small number to one 
 habituated to the large catches farther down the river, in the aggre- 
 gate it amomits to a considerable quantity. 
 
 Considerable local fishing is carried on along the various Oregon 
 streams above the sections usually fished by commercial fishermen. 
 Most of this is done by ranchers living along the streams, and while 
 by far the greater part is for home consumption a small proportion 
 is sold. 
 
 On the Yukon River and its tributaries considerable salmon fishing 
 is prosecuted. Much of this is done by natives for the use of them- 
 selves and their dogs, but at places white fishermen operate for a 
 portion of the year and sell their catches in near-by settlements or at 
 the mining camps. No effort has eVer been made to secure statistics 
 of the extent of this fishery. 
 
 APPARATUS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. 
 
 GILL NETS. 
 
 The gill net is the oldest and most popular form of apparatus in 
 use in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. There are two kinds, 
 drift and set, these names clearly expressing the difference between 
 them. Fine flax or linen twine is generally used in their manufac- 
 ture, although in some places cotton twine is employed, and it has 
 usually 12 threads and is laid slack. They are hung in the ordinary 
 manner — to a rope with cork floats to support the upper portion of the 
 gear, and to a line with lead sinkers attached, which keeps the net 
 vertical in the water and all its meshes properly distended. The 
 nets are tanned, usually several times each season. 
 
 Drift nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the 
 width of the fishing channels, the depth of water, etc. On the Sac- 
 ramento River they average about 300 fathoms in length, are 45 
 meshes deep, and have a stretch mesh of from 7\ to 9 1 inches. On 
 the coastal rivers of Oregon these nets average about 125 fathoms in 
 length, and are about 36 meshes in depth, the mesli varying with 
 the species of salmon sought. On the Columbia River the nets aver- 
 age about 250 fathoms in length and have a stretch mesh for 
 chinooks of 9 to 9 ^ inches. On the Willamette River, the principal 
 tributary of the Columbia, they average about 75 fathoms in length, 
 with meshes of 8 and 9§ inches. On Willapa Harbor di'ift gill nets 
 run from 100 to 250 fathoms in length, are 30 meshes deep, with 
 stretch meshes of 7 and 8§ inches. On Grays Harbor they average 
 100 fathoms in length, the chinook nets run from 24 to 45 meshes m 
 depth, with a stretch mesh of 9 inches, while the silver or coho nets 
 are 35 meshes in depth, with a stretch mesh of 7 inches. In northern 
 British Columbia the nets average 150 fathoms in length with a 
 stretch mesh of 5| inches. In the Puget Sound region the nets 
 
76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 average 300 fathoms in length, with meshes suitable for the particular 
 species sought. In Alaskan waters the nets vary greatly in length 
 and depth, depending upon the places where fished. 
 
 Drift gill netting is prosecuted chiefly in the estuaries of the 
 rivers in and near the channels. If the water is clear the nets are 
 set only at ni^ht, but should the water be muddy or discolored with 
 glacial silt, fishing can be carried on either night or day. Night fish- 
 ing is most common in the States, while day fishing is most common 
 in Alaska. When fishing in rivers, it is necessary to work in a straight 
 stretch of water of fairly uniform depth and free from snags or sharp 
 ledges, these being called "reaches." 
 
 In setting the net the boat puller rows slowly across the stream 
 while the otlier man pays out the apparatus, to the first end of which 
 a buoy has been attached. Wlien about two-thirds of the gear is 
 out, the boat is turned downstream at nearly right angles to her 
 former course, so that the net, when set, approximates the shape of 
 the letter L. The net is laid out at nearly right angles or diagonally 
 to the river's course, so that it will intercept the salmon that are 
 running in, and is usually put out about an hour before hi^h-water 
 slack and taken in about an hour after the turn of the tide. In 
 Alaska the fishermen usually fish on both the high and low slack. 
 The nets are allowed to driift for the time specified, the fishermen 
 drifting along at one end, then the net is hauled into the boat over 
 a wooden roller fixed in the stern, and the fish, which have become 
 
 filled in the meshes, are removed, stunned or killed by a blow on the 
 ead, and thrown into the bottom of the boat. 
 
 Set gill nets are made in the same way as drift nets, in many in- 
 stances being fragments of the latter, and are usually operated in the 
 upper reaches of the rivers. They vary in length from 10 to 100 
 fathoms, from 35 to 65 meshes in depth, and have the same sizes of 
 meshes as the drift nets, the size varying, of course, with the species 
 sought for. Sometimes these nets are staked, sometimes anchored, 
 while occasionally only one end is tied to the shore or a stake set in 
 the water. 
 
 On the flats off the mouth of the Stikine River, in southeast Alaska, 
 a combination of the drift and set method is followed. A double set 
 of stakes, about 6 feet apart, are set out from the shore for a distance 
 of several hundred yards. An hour or two before slack water the 
 fishermen pay out the net parallel to the line of stakes and about 50 
 feet from them. The tide drifts the net down until it is caught 
 against the stakes, which retain it until slack water, when the fisher- 
 man takes it up and repeats from the opposite direction on the next 
 turn of the tide. 
 
 HADX SEINES. 
 
 On the Columbia River, where this form of apparatus plays a 
 prominent part in the fisheries, the nets vary in length from 100 to 
 400 fathoms; the shallowest end is from 35 to 40 meshes deep, but it 
 rapidly increases in width and is from 120 to 140 meshes deep at the 
 otlier wing.. The "bunt," or bag. in the central part of the net is 
 about 50 fathoms long. These nets are usually hauled on the numer- 
 ous sand bars which are a very noticeable feature of the river at low 
 tide. Buildings are erected on piles on these sand flats, in which the 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. R.— COLUMBIA RIVER POWER GILL NET BOAT. 
 
 FIG. 9.— REMOVING THE SALMON FROM A GILL NET. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 11.— DIPPING SALMON FROM THE COPPER RIVER, ALASKA. 
 
 FIG. 12.— FISH WHEEL, YUKON RIVER, ALASKA. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 13.— A SCOW LOAD OF SALMON. 
 
 FIG. 14.— PURSE SEINE CREW DELIVERING FISH TO CANNERY TENDER. 
 
PACIFIC SALIMON FTSHEKIES. 77 
 
 men and horses take rcfuo;e at I'l^j^h tide, when the hars are covered 
 
 with water. Operations hegin as soon as tlie l^each or har uncovers, 
 
 so that the men can wade ahoiit. The net is placed in a lar^e seine 
 
 hoat. vnth the shore end attached to a dory. At the sic^nal the seine 
 
 boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar._ As the 
 
 seine boat circles around against the cm-rent tlie net is paid out in 
 
 the shape of a semicircle. The dory men hurry to the bar with the 
 
 shore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon aspossible 
 
 in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As 
 
 soon as this has been accomplished, tlie outer shore line is brouglit to 
 
 the bar, when several horses are liitched to the line and begin to haul 
 
 in the net, care l^eing taken by the men to work it against the current 
 
 as much as practicable, and to get it in as speedily as they can in 
 
 order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the 
 
 cork Hne or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. 
 
 Tlie only other place on the coast where haul seines are important 
 
 is at Kariuk, on Kodiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are 
 
 hauled upon the narrow gi-avel spit dividing the lagoon from the strait, 
 
 and practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia 
 
 River. 
 
 DIVER NETS. 
 
 These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the 
 middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 
 fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. 
 In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are 
 attached together side by side. The outer one, or the one toward the 
 oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish 
 manages to pass tlirough the first, it will be caught in the smaller 
 meshes of the second. 
 
 DIP NETS. 
 
 These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole 
 with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally used 
 at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon 
 which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used them 
 to a large extent, but, owing to the steady decline in the number of 
 Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the whites for 
 other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. 
 
 SQUAW NETS. 
 
 This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of 
 gill netting, about 12 feet long and 8 feet deep, its lower edge weighted 
 to keep it down, and its upper edge attached to a pole that floats at 
 the surface, and is held by a line or lines to another projecting pole 
 which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not sv/ing around 
 with the strain of the swift current on the net. A single block is 
 attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, thus making a 
 tackle for the more convenient manipulation of the net. The dip-net 
 fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, which derives its name 
 from the fact that it used to be commonly operated by Indian squaws 
 for taking salmon. But few are now in use, for the same reasons as 
 given for the decline in the use of dip nets. 
 
78 U. S. BUEEAU OF FISHEKIES. 
 
 PURSE SEINES. 
 
 This form of apparatus is in quite general use in Puget Sound and 
 southeast Alaska, and has proved highly effective in these deep, swift 
 waters. These seines are about 200 fathoms long, 25 fathoms in the 
 bunt, and 20 fathoms in the wings, all with a 3f-inch stretch mesh. 
 The foot line is heavily leaded and the bridles are about 10 feet long. 
 The purse line is made of l§-inch hemp. The rings through which 
 the purse line is rove measure about 5 inches in diameter and are 
 made of galvanized iron. 
 
 Purse seining for salmon in Puget Sound and waters north of same 
 is one of the most important methods in use in the fisheries. In the 
 type of vessel used in this fishery there has probably been greater 
 improvement than in any other branch of the fisheries of the coast. 
 In the early days row scows were in use, but now vessels with power 
 are used. 
 
 In 1903 the first gasoline-powered purse seine boat appeared on the 
 Pacific coast salmon fishing grounds in Puget Sound. The vessel was 
 named the Pioneer and she was equipped with a 5-horsepower engine. 
 The first season she easily demonstrated her vast superiority over 
 the other purse seiners m the quickness with which she could reach 
 a school 01 fish after it was sighted and in surrounding it with her 
 seine. The next year there were a few more built or equipped, and 
 the number has steadily increased until at the present time practi- 
 cally all except a few in southeast Alaska are equipped with motor 
 engines. 
 
 The first power seine boats were only about 30 feet in length and 
 had small power. As they were few in numbers, there was virtually 
 no competition, and high power and speed were not a necessity. As 
 the boats increased in numbers, however, competition became keener, 
 and the first types of boats with their small power were quickly 
 thi'own into the shade by the newer types, whicii averaged between 
 45 and 55 feet in length, with 45 to 75 horsepower engines. 
 
 When motive power was introduced in the vessels, it was natural 
 that the fishermen should soon introduce winches for the purpose 
 of hauling in the nets, as the whole work could then be done by the 
 one engine. 
 
 The purse seine vessels are built with rounded sterns. On an 
 elevated section of the stern is set a movable platform on a pivot. 
 The after end of this platform has a long roller. The purse seine 
 is stowed on this platform, the head rope with corks on one side 
 and the foot line on the other, so that there will be no tangling when 
 the seine is paid out. 
 
 When the lookout sights a school of fish, the seiner is run down 
 close to it and a rowboat launched. One man takes his place in 
 this with the rope from one end of the seine and acts as a pivot, 
 while the seiner circles around the school, the crew paying out the 
 seine as she moves along. When it is all out, the vessel runs along- 
 side the rowboat and takes aboard the other rope. Attaching this 
 and the rope from the other end to the power winch, the circle around 
 the fish is rapidly narrowed, and the slack of the seine as it comes in 
 is stowed back on the platform. Around the bottom of the seine 
 and through galvanized-iron rings about 5 inches in diameter runs 
 the purse line. As this is hauled into the boat, the open space at 
 
U. S. B. F. — Doc. 902. 
 
 -"y 
 
 ^x AX. 
 
 / 
 
 A ■^-T, 
 
 J'-rs -viV ^^' 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ " >v 
 
 
 FIG. 15.— FLOATING TRAP. 
 
 FIG. 16.— PURSE SEINER HAULING IN NET. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 17.— DIPPING SALMON FROM A PURSE SEINE. 
 
 FIG. 18.— BRAILING SALMON FROM A TRAP. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 79 
 
 the bottom is rapirlly closed up just as a handbag would be through 
 the drawing together of the pursing string at the top. During this 
 operation the nonpower purse seiners have a man standing alongside 
 the rail who throws a pole into the center in order to drive the fish 
 away from the open section. He is so skillful in this work that 
 almost invariably the pole comes back to his hand as the pressure 
 of the waters forces it up again. When the bottom has been pursed 
 up the fishermen hauling by hand can move more leisurely, but with 
 the power winches in use the hauling in of the net is a comparatively 
 easy matter, and the pole thrower is dispensed with. 
 
 When all the fish are in the bunt and the latter alongside, the fish 
 are generally dipped out by means of a dip net balanced on the end 
 of a tackle. A fisherman lowers it into the seine, scoops up a load 
 of salmon, and as the net is hauled up guides it over the vessel, and 
 then trips it and dumps the fish into the hold. 
 
 The ruget Sound purse seiners meet the salmon oflf the entrance 
 to the Strait of San Juan de Fuca and follow the sockeyes till they 
 have passed out of American waters, what are known as the Salmon 
 Banks, off the lower end of San Juan Island, being the principal 
 rendezvous during the run of sockeyes. After this run is over they 
 
 to up the Sound and fish for dogs and cohos, and later go to the 
 ead of the Sound and fish for dogs, cohos, chinooks, and steel- 
 head trout. In southeast Alaska they follow the fish all over the 
 bays, straits, and sounds of that section. Purse seines are used in 
 a few other places, but the fishery is secondary to those with other 
 forms of apparatus. 
 
 This style of fishing is said to have been introduced on Puget 
 Sound by the Chinese m 1886. 
 
 TRAPS OR POUND NETS. 
 
 A trap is stationary and consists of webbing, or part webbing and 
 part wire netting, held in place and position by diiven piles. Tliis 
 piling usually is held together above water by a contmuous line 
 of wood stringers, also used to fasten webbing to or to walk on if 
 necessary. 
 
 In building, the "lead" is first constructed. This runs at right 
 angles, or very nearly so, to the shore, and consists of a straight 
 line of stakes, to which wire or net webbing is hung from top of 
 high water, or a little higher, to the bottom, making a straight, 
 solid wall. 
 
 At a little distance inshore of the outer end of the lead begin what 
 are called the "hearts." These are V-shaped and turned toward the 
 lead, beginning at a distance of 30 to 40 leet on either side of same 
 and running in the same general direction, the "big heart" or outer 
 heart first, the inner heart, supplementing the first, being smaller, 
 and the end of the outer heart leading into it. Some traps have 
 only one heart. The narrow end of the inner heart leads into the 
 "pot" and forms what is known as the "tunnel." The tunnel ends 
 in a long and narrow opening, running up and down the long way, 
 and is held in position by ropes and rods. Below this is what is 
 known as the "apron," a sheet of web stretched from the bottom of 
 the heart upward to the pot, in order to lead the fish into the tunnel 
 when swimming low in the water, and to obviate the necessity of 
 
so U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 building the pot clear to the bottom, which would be expensive, as 
 the pots of the traps are usually in quite deep water. If the trap ia 
 intended to catch the fish coming from only one direction, the lead 
 generally runs to and is attached to one side of the entrance to tho 
 outer heart on the side opposite to that from which the fish are 
 expected. 
 
 Some traps have "jiggers" (a hook-shaped extension of the outer 
 heart) on each side, and sometimes on only one side, which help 
 to turn the fish in the required direction. 
 
 The "pot" is built out beyond the inner heart and immediately 
 adjoining same. It is a square compartment, with web walls and 
 bottom connected in the shape of a large square sack, fastened to 
 piUng on all sides. This pot is hauled up and down by means of 
 ropes and tackles, either by hand or, as is most popular, by steam. 
 
 The "spiller" is another square compartment adjoining either end' 
 of the pot (sometimes there are two spillers, one at each end), and is 
 simply a container for fish. A small tunnel leads the fisl from the 
 pot into the spiller, whence the fishermen lift them out. This is 
 accomplished by closing the tunnel from the pot, after which the 
 ropes holding the front of the spiller are loosened and the net wall 
 allowed to drop almost to the level of the water. A steam or gasoline 
 tug then pushes a scow alongside the spiller and takes position on the 
 outside of this scow. From the deck of the tug a derrick is rigged ' 
 with a running line from the steam capstan through the bl^ck at the 
 top of the derrick. This line is attached to the far end of a net apron, 
 called a "brailer," which is heavily weighted by having chains along 
 each side and leaded crossways at several places. A small boat is 
 run inside the spiller, and the men in this draw the brailer across the 
 barge and let it sink in the spiller. The fish soon gather over it, 
 when the steam capstan quickly reels it in, the net foldir ^ ^'^♦^^ ''° 
 
 drawn in from its far side and spilling the fish out on the s- ^ ^ 
 
 on the scow pick out and throw overboard the undesirabL j^7^'^ ^p~l . 
 apron is then drawn back across the pot and the opera!' 'J^^Tf!^ 
 so long as any fish remain. In this manner a trap with x.'li.y'l'J'^L^ 
 of salmon in it is quickly emptied. 
 
 Traps, like nearly all other fixed fishing appliances, aii i>uilt on 
 the theory that salmon, like most other fishes, have a te 'lency to 
 follow a given course in the water, whether a natural she i line or 
 an artificial obstruction resembling one ; also that the fish vv y seldom 
 turns in its own wake. The trap has taken advantage of tb*^ -e natural 
 tendencies of the fish, and is arranged so that, although iae salmon 
 may turn, he will continually be led by the wall of net toward and 
 into the trap. 
 
 If a trap is located in a place where fish play and where an eddy 
 exists, and the fish run , one way with the incoming tid^ and the 
 opposite with the outgoing, it vnW fish from both directions ; if located 
 where the fish simply pass by, as for instance, on a point or reef, it 
 will fish from one side only. 
 
 A variation of the trap, to be used in places where piles can not be 
 driven, is the floating trap. An experimental trap of this variety 
 was used at Uganuk, on Kodiak Island, Alaska, as early as 1896. 
 Its use was abandoned in 1897, not to be resumed until some years 
 later. A number of floating traps (of the type invented by J. R. 
 Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska) have been and are being used in 
 
U. S. B. F. — Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 19.— R\CKS AND RUNWAYS FROM WHICH INDIANS GAFF SALMON, CHILKOOT 
 
 RIVER, ALASKA. 
 
 FIG. 20.— THE POT AND SPILLER OF A SALMON TRAP. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 21.— TROLLING FOR SALMON ON PUGET SOUND WITH POWER BOATS. 
 
 FIG. 22.— PUGET SOUND PURSE SEINE BOATS AT .RICHARDSON, WASH. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 81 
 
 southoast Alaska, the first having been installed in 1907. The design 
 of this trap follows the shape of an ordinary Puget Sound driven trap. 
 It is constructed of logs, 20 to 26 inches at the butt, bolted and 
 braced together in one solid frame. Suspended from this frame 
 through the logs are 2i-inch pipes extending down in the water 30 
 feet. Halfway down these pipes and also on the extr.^me lower ends 
 are eyebolts, to which the web is dra^wTi down and fastened. Thus 
 the web is kept in place as well as if the pipes were driven piles. The 
 lead is also a continuation of large piles or logs bolted firmly together 
 with similarly suspended pipes and webbing. 
 
 The so-called wooden traps on the Columbia Riv«r are essentially 
 weirs, being a modification of the brush weirs or traps used by the 
 Indians for the capture of salmon long before the advent of the wliite 
 men. They are built on shore, of piling and planks, the latter 
 arranged like slats with spaces between. The bowl, or pot, is pro- 
 vided wdth a movable trapdoor that can be opened during the closed 
 season and on Sundays, so that the fish can pass through and run 
 upstream. These weirs, after being built, are launched into the 
 river, placed in proper position near the shore, and then ballasted 
 so that they sink to the bottom. 
 
 According to Collins," "pound nets were introduced on the Colum- 
 bia River in 1879. In May of that year O. P. Graham, formerly of 
 Green Bay, Wis., built a pound net on the river similai' to those used 
 on the Great Lakes. The success of this venture led to the employ- 
 ment of more apparatus of this kind, and many fishermen went 
 West to participate in the fishery." 
 
 The first trap on Puget Sound, it is said, was built by John 
 Waller, about 1880, off Cannery Point, at the southeastern corner of 
 Point Roberts. 
 
 According to Collins,^ H. B. Klrby, who had previously fished on 
 the Great Lakes, set a pound net in Puget Sound about 1883, but it was 
 a complete failure. This was set off Point Roberts, near where the 
 Waller trap was set. On March 15, 1888, he again set a pound net, 
 which he had designed to meet the new conditions, at Birch Bay 
 Head, in the Gulf of Georgia. It proved a complete success, and 
 was the forermmer of the present large number which are set annually 
 in these waters. 
 
 In Alaska the first trap was set in Cook Inlet about 1885. British 
 Columbia refused to permit the use of pound nets in its waters until 
 1904, when their use was allowed within certain limited regions. 
 
 Some of these traps, especially on Puget Sound, have proved 
 extremely valuable. The years 1898 and 1899 covered practically 
 the high-water mark, as several desirable locations changed hands in 
 those years at prices ranging from $20,000 to S90,000 for single 
 traps, the original expense of which did not exceed S5,000. But 
 few have brought such high prices since, however, owing to the decline 
 in the run of salmon, and at the present time but few of them would 
 fetch much at a sale. 
 
 The location of sites for these nets is regulated by law in Oregon, 
 Washington, and British Columbia, but ui Alaska the procedure is 
 
 a Report on the Fisheries of the Pacific Coasl of tlie United States. By J. W. Collins. Keport, U. S. 
 Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1888-S9, p. 210. Washington, 1892. 
 6 Collins: Op. cit., p. 257. 
 
 11312°— 21 6 
 
82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 not well defined and has proved rather confusing to strangers. 
 Some acquh'c the shore line by mineral location or by the use of scrip, 
 while still others have merely a squatter's ri^ht. 
 
 Under the existing fish<-trap laws applicable to Alaska, a fish trap 
 m.ay be operated anywhere along the coast of Alaska, 3(0 yards 
 from the mouth of any salmon stream, and along the shoie of all 
 rivers — excepting those emptying into Cook Inlet, the streams on 
 Afognak Island, and in Wood River — where the same are at least 500 
 feet wide. 
 
 A clear water distance of 600 yards laterally and 100 yards end- 
 wise must be maintained between all traps. At the present time 
 there is no law regulating the length of leads, the maximum depth 
 of water in which the pot may be driven, or the use or occupancy of 
 the trap sites. 
 
 It has been decided by the highest courts within the past year that 
 title to the upland conveys no title to the trap owner who may be in 
 front. The tidelands oi Alaska are not of sufficient commercial 
 importance as yet to enter into this controversy. At the present 
 time there is no tideland law applicable to Alaska affecting the 
 upland owners or the trap-site locators. 
 
 At the present time the canner who is on the ground first with 
 piles and a driver can assert his right to any unoccupied trap site 
 regardless of who fished it the previous season. This, however, is the 
 exception rather than the rule. As a general proposition the can- 
 ners respect the rights of rivals in the same fishing region, and a 
 trap location once recognized as that of a certain individual or com- 
 pany is rarely jumped so long as the original locator cares to main- 
 tain a trap on it. 
 
 Within the bounds of the forest reserve no land can be acquired 
 except by lease, which may be secured from the United States for- 
 estry agent, Ketchikan, Alaska. 
 
 INDIAN TRAPS. 
 
 The natives, especially in Alaska, have various ingenious methods 
 of catching salmon. In the Bering Sea rivers they catch them by 
 means of wickerwork traps, made somewhat after the general style 
 of a fyke net. These are composed of a series of cylindrical and 
 conical baskets, fitting into each other, with a small opening in the 
 end connecting one with the other and the series terminating in a 
 tube with a removable bottom, through which the captive fish are 
 extracted. Some of the baskets are from 15 to 25 feet in length 
 and are secured with stakes driven into the river bottom, while the 
 leader, composed of square sections of wickerwork, is held in place 
 by stakes. 
 
 During the summer of 1910 the author found and destroyed an 
 mgenious native trap set in Tamgas stream, Annette Island, south- 
 east Alaska. This stream is a short and narrow one, draining a 
 lake, about midway of which are a succession of cascades. In the 
 narrowest part of the latter, and in the part up which the fish swim, 
 a rack had been constructed of poles driven into the bottom and cov- 
 ered with wire netting, so as almost wholly to prevent salmon from 
 passing up. Just below, and running parallel to the rack and at 
 right angles to the shore, was placed a box flume with a flaring 
 mouth at the outer end. At the shore end the flume turned sharply 
 
 11 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 23.— A COLUMBIA RIVER SCOW FISH WHEEL. 
 
 FIG. 24.— PUGET SOUND SALMON TRAP. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 25.— A COLUMBIA RIVER STATIONARY FISH WHEEL. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 83 
 
 at right angles and discharged into a square box with slat bottom 
 and covered over with boughs. The fish in ascending the stream 
 would be stopped by the rack and in swimming around many of them 
 would be carried by the current into and down the flume, eventually 
 landhig in the receiving box alongside the shore. 
 
 WHEELS. 
 
 Fish wheels are of two kinds, the floating or scow wheel, which 
 can be moved from point to point if need be, and the shore wheel, 
 which is a fixed apparatus. They operate in exactly the same man- 
 ner, however. The stationary wneel is located along the shore in a 
 place where experience has shown that the salmon pass. Here an 
 abutment is built of wood and stone, high enough to protect it from 
 an ordinary rise in the river. To this is attached the necessary 
 framework for holding the wheel. The latter is composed of three 
 large scoop-shaped dip nets made of galvanized-iron wire netting 
 with a mesh of 3^ to 4 inches. These nets are the buckets of the 
 wheel and they are so arranged on a horizontal axis that the wheel 
 is kept in constant motion by the current, and thus picks up any 
 fish which come within its sweep. The nets are fixed at such an 
 angle that as they revolve their contents fall into a box chute through 
 which the fish slide into a large bin on the shore. The wheels range 
 in size from 9 to 32 feet in diameter and from 5 to 15 feet in width, 
 and cost from $1,500 to $8,000, the average being about $4,000. A 
 number of them have long leaders of piling running out into the 
 river, which aid in leading the salmon into the range of the wheel. 
 
 The scow wheel consists of a largo square-ended scow that is 
 usually decked at one end and open at the other. Several stanchions, 
 some 8 to 10 feet high, support a framework upon which an awning 
 is spread to protect the fish from the sun's rays and the crew from 
 the elements. To one end of the scow are fastened two upright posts, 
 which are guyed by wooden supports, while projecting from the same 
 end is the framework which supports the wheel, the latter being con- 
 structed in the same way as the stationary wheel, but on a smaller 
 scale. In operation the scow is anchored with the wheel end pointing 
 downstream, and as the wheel is revolved by the current, the fish 
 caught fall from the net into a box chute, through which they slide 
 into the scow. As stationary wheels can be used only at certain 
 stages of water, the scow wheel is a necessary substitute to be used 
 at such times as the former can not be operated, or in places where 
 it is not feasible to build a stationary wheel. 
 
 The above forms of wheels are used exclusively on the Columbia 
 River. 
 
 An ingenious device is used by some of the wheel operators on the 
 Columbia River in getting their catch to the canneries, a few miles 
 farther down the river. The salmon are tied together in bunches, 
 which are attached to air-tight casks and sent down the stream. At 
 the canneries small balconies have been constructed at the water end 
 of the building. A man armed with a pair of field glasses is stationed 
 here, and as soon as ho sights one of these casks he notifies a boatman 
 who goes out and tows in the cask and salmon. About 800 pounds of 
 salmon are attached to a keg, and a tag showing the wheel from 
 which shipped, is tied to the fish. 
 
84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1908 the first fish wheel to be located in the coastal waters of 
 Alaska was operated in the Takii River, in southeast Alaska. The 
 wheel was set between two 4-foot scows, stationed parallel to each 
 other, and each 40 feet in length. The wheel had two dips, each 22 
 feet in width and hung with netting. It could be moved from place to 
 place, the same as the scow wheels on the Columbia River. It was 
 operated throughout the king and red salmon runs, but caught almost 
 no salmon, and was not set in the succeeding years. 
 
 For many years the natives of the interior of Alaska have been 
 resorting to the banks of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers and their 
 tributaries in order to secure a sufficient supply of salmon to sustain 
 them through the succeeding winter. The favorite apparatus of these 
 natives at present is a type of fish wheel introduced by the whites 
 about 1.905. An oblong framework of timbers is constructed in the 
 water and moored to the bank by ropes. A wheel, composed of two 
 or three dips, is placed in this, the axle resting upon the framework. 
 The current catches each dip in turn, thus causing the wheel to 
 revolve, and the dip is of such shape that the salmon caught roll off 
 it into a trough, down which they slide into a boat moored between 
 the wheel and the shore or into a box fixed to the supporting frame- 
 work on the side. Although crude in construction, these wheels are 
 very effective and a large number of them are set each season. 
 
 The Columbia River fish wheel is a patented device. It was first 
 used by the patentees, S. W. Williams & Bro., in 1879, and for 
 several years they retained a monopoly in its use. A number are 
 now operating on the river. The device was not new even when 
 patented, as a similar "fishing machine," as it is called, had been in 
 use prior to this time and is still used by white fishermen on the 
 Roanoke River in North Carolina, 
 
 REEF NETS. 
 
 When the whites first visited the Northwest they found the natives 
 employing a number of ingenious devices for catching salmon, and 
 one of the most effective of these was the reof net. J. A. Kerr, Esq.,'' 
 who has been engaged in the salmon fisheries of Puget Sound for a 
 number of years, has written the following very interesting account 
 of this native fishery: 
 
 The aborigines the world over have developed ingenuity solely along the lines of 
 their necessities. The coast Indians of Alaska evolved the bidarky and the ingenious 
 implements for taking the seal, the walrus, and the whale. The Siwash of Puget 
 Sound developed a seaworthy dugout and appliances for taking salmon that marks 
 the acme of Indian invention. 
 
 When Vancouver explored the waters of the Sound he found over 500 Indians en- 
 camped at Chiltenum, now Point Roberts. He relates in his log of the voyage that 
 these Indians were engaged ' ' in fishing for salmon with crude nets made of the bark of 
 young willow." He described the racks upon the contiguous upland used by the 
 Indians in curing the fish. 
 
 When Gov. Stevens negotiated the treaty with the Indians of the lower Sound at 
 Point Elliott, now MukHteo, in 1855, I was informed by Col. Shaw, the interpreter, 
 that over 7,000 Indians attended, the session lasting for five days. 
 
 The Government sought to have the Indians confined to reservations, and the dis- 
 position of their ancient fisheries was a matter of great solicitude on their part. 
 Salmon was the principal article of their diet. 
 
 After protracted discussion the sixth clause of the treaty was made to provide 
 that "the right to take fish at their usual and accustomed fishing grounds, together 
 with the right to erect and maintain racks upon the contiguous upland for curing and 
 drying the same, is hereby forever guaranteed to said Indians. " 
 
 o The Siwash Reef Net. By J. A. Kerr. Pacific Fisherman Yearbook, 1917, p. 60. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 85 
 
 There were two of those ancient fisheries on the lower Sound — Point Roberts Reef 
 and Village Point. 
 
 The original reef net of the Indians, as described by the first white settlers and by 
 the Indians themselves, was constructed as follows: 
 
 The natives peeled the bark from the willow and with it spun a twine and tied a net 
 about 25 feet in width and 40 feet in length, with a mesh substantially of the dimen- 
 sions and shape of that used in the now familiar pound net. 
 
 They then went into the swamps and cut cedar withes. After heating rocks and 
 placing them in pools of water thej' steamed these withes, after which they twisted 
 them into substantial ropes. 
 
 Their reef net operations were confined to the shoal waters over the reefs. The reef 
 net locations were of great value to the Indians, and were considered as property and 
 handed down from father to son. As a rule the Indian families controlling these loca- 
 tions owned an inner and outer location. The reef at Point Roberts is over 1 mile in 
 length . 
 
 Reef net fishing was confined to the flood tide. At the beginning of the flood the 
 outer location was used, after the middle of the flood the nets were shifted to the inner 
 locations. 
 
 The Indians assembled at the reefs in advance of the salmon run and prepared their 
 appliances. 
 
 They first secured heavy boulders or blocks of sandstone from Chuckanut to be used 
 as anchors. They then procured for each net two logs about the length of their canoes. 
 To each end of these logs they tied one of their ropes, about 100 feet in length, the 
 other end of which was fastened to the stone anchor. These logs were anchored over 
 the top of the reef and about 20 feet apart. From the forward end of these logs there 
 was run out at an angle of 45° other ropes to a distance of 50 feet, the outward end 
 fastened to a buoy. To these ropes were fastened stalks of kelp, the ends weighted 
 to the bottom with stones. Thus was constructed a lead operating to concentrate the 
 approaching school of fish between the logs. Then from the front end of these logs 
 there was dropped forward and to the bottom two ropes, from one of these ropes to the 
 other, at intervals of 2 or 3 feet, were fastened cords of willow twine. This appliance 
 was called by the Indians a ladder. 
 
 Now in operating the net itself two canoes were lashed on the inside of the logs. 
 Three Indians occupied one canoe and four the other. The net was then suspended 
 between the canoes. The Indians in the forward end of the canoes held the ropes 
 fastened to the bottom of the net, those in the back end held the ropes fastened to the 
 top of the net. The tide running against the net caused it to bag, or piurse. The 
 fourth Indian in one of the canoes was generally an elderly man and was called the 
 watcher. He discovered the school of salmon as they were carried into the net and 
 at his signal the Indians at the front of the canoes pulled the lower edge of the net, 
 which was kept within 4 feet of the surface, above the water. The Indians at the 
 middle of the canoe reached down and caught the sides of the net, lifting the sides 
 above the sxirface. These Indians pulled against each other, the long ropes by which 
 the logs were moored giving enough to allow the canoes to be pulled alongside each 
 other. The fish were then dumped into one of the canoes, after which the net was 
 loosened and lowered, and the boats fell back to their original position again. With 
 these appliances the Indians would take up to 3,000 salmon on a single run of the tide. 
 
 This Indian appliance affords not only an interesting illustration of native ingenuity, 
 but as a matter of fact was the forerunner of the pound net. John Waller, a Welshman, 
 was one of the earliest settlers at Point Roberts. He observed the operations of the 
 reef net and in the early 60's constructed at Point Roberts the first pound net ever 
 driven on the Pacific coast. The leads duplicated that of the Indians, while he 
 impounded the salmon by means of the tunnel leading into a web pot, instead of 
 lifting them as impounded. 
 
 The reef net marks the humble Siwash as an inventor of some skill, and as a bene- 
 factor of some importance, and the apparatus would be in use to-day were it not for 
 the large number of people required to operate it. 
 
 At one time this was a favorite device of the Puget Sound natives 
 for catching sockeye salmon. Owing to the large number of men 
 required to work them, and the fact that they can be worked only 
 at certain stages of tide and in favorable weather, these nets gradually 
 have been supplanted by other devices. In 1909 but five were used, 
 and these were operated off the shores of San Juan, Henry, Steuart, 
 and Lummi Islands, and in the vicinity of Point Roberts. Practically 
 none are uaed at present. 
 
86 IT. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 TROLLING. 
 
 Each year the catching of sahnon by trolling becomes of increasing 
 importance commercially. Although begun a number of years ago 
 the industry never attained prominence until the mild curers created 
 such a persistent and profitable demand for king, or chinook, salmon 
 that the fishermen, who had previously restricted their operations 
 mainly to the use of nets durmg the annual spawning runs, which 
 last but a small portion of the year, began to follow up the fish both 
 before and after the spawning run and soon discovered that they 
 were to be found in certain regions throughout nearly every month 
 in the year. 
 
 Trolling has several advantages from the fisherman's point of view 
 over seine, gill net, and trap fishing. To engage in it, one does not 
 need any very expensive gear, a boat, hooks, and lines being all that 
 are required. Then, there are no licenses to pay and no seasons to 
 observe in many sections, as the fishing is done in many instances be- 
 yond the jurisdiction cf State waters. 
 
 The fishermen comprise all nationalities. While the majority of 
 them are professionals, men of all walks of life are to be found en- 
 gaging in the business, some on account of their health, others because 
 of reverses in business or lack of work, while still others engage in it 
 from pure love of the outdoor life. 
 
 The Monterey Bay (Calif.) trollers use 48 cotton line generally. A 
 few inches below the main lead an additional line is added, with a 
 small sinker on it. This gives two lines and hooks, and as the main 
 line has but the one lead, and that above the junction with the branch 
 line, it floats somewhat above the latter, which is weighted down 
 with a sinker. The main stem is about 20 fathoms in length, while 
 the bra,nch lines are about 5 fathoms each. These lines cost about 
 $3.50 each. No spoon is used, but bait almost invariably. A few 
 fishermen use a spread of stout steel wire, 4 feet long, with 5 or 6 feet 
 of line on each end of the spread, two lines and hooks. 
 
 On the upper Sacramento River (mainl}^ at Redding and Keswick) 
 some fishing is done with hand lines. A small catch was made here 
 m 1908, but none were so caught in 1909. 
 
 Even as early as 1895 trolling was carried on in the Siuslaw River, 
 Oreg., for chinook and silver salmon. 
 
 About 1912 the fishermen living along the lower Columbia River 
 discovered that salmon could be taken by trolling ofl' the bar. A 
 number of them went into the business regularly, while their numbers 
 were greatly swelled by the addition of many of the net fishermen 
 during the regular closed seasons on the river, these not applving to 
 trollers. Some idea of the growth of this fishery off the Columbia 
 River bar may be gained when it is stated that in September, 1915, 
 about 500 boats were engaged in it. It is reported that in 1919 over 
 1,000 boats were engaged m trolling here. 
 
 At Oregon City and other places on the Willamette River a num- 
 ber of chinook salmon are caught by means of trolling each year, 
 mainly by sportsmen. A spoon is quite generally employed in place 
 of bait. The fishermen claim that the salmon are not feeding at 
 this time, as their stomachs are shriveled up. 
 
 For a number of years the Indians living at the reservation on 
 Neah Bay, Wash., have annually caught large numbers of silver and 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 87 
 
 chinook salmon in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. A large number of 
 white fishermen also en^rage in this fishery at the present time in the 
 same waters, while others troll for the same species, hut more par- 
 ticularly silvers, in parts of Puget Sound proper. The ordinary 
 trolling line, with a spoon instead of bait, is used. 
 
 Many of the trollers use power boats, and in this event four and 
 sometimes six lines are used. One and sometimes two short poles 
 are run out from each side of the boat (when two are used on a side, 
 one is shorter than the other), the butt being dropped into a chock. 
 Two lines are generally trailed from the stern. At the end of each 
 
 Eole is a very short line with a small tin can attached. A few peb- 
 les are in the can, and as the launch moves slowly through the 
 water with all her lines set, the troller knows when he has a bite by 
 the rattling of the pebbles in the can. Each of the lines attached 
 to a pole is also connected with the boat by a short line from the 
 side to a point on the line about 20 feet from the tip of the latter. 
 When a fish is hooked, the fisherman merely pulls in the line by 
 means of the short piece and then can haul the fish in hand over 
 [hand. 
 
 The most remarka1)le trolling region is in southeast Alaska. For 
 some years the Indians here nad been catching king salmon for 
 their own use during the spring months, and about the middle of 
 January, 1905, king salmon were noticed in large numbers in the 
 vicinity of Ketchikan. Observing the Indians catching these, sev- 
 eral white fishermen decided to engage in the pursuit, shipping 
 the product fresh to Puget Sound ports. They met with such 
 success that 271,644 pounds, valued at $15,600, were shipped. The 
 next year several oi the mild-cure dealers established plants in 
 this region, thus furnishing a convenient and profitable market for 
 the catch, and as a result the fishery has grown until in 1915 
 2,170,400 pounds of king salmon and 54,400 pounds of coho salmon 
 were caught and marketed. The length of the fishing season has 
 also lengthened until now the business is prosecuted vigorously 
 during about seven months in the year, and m a desultory manner 
 for two or three months more, ojily the severe winter weather pre- 
 venting operations the rest of the year. 
 
 In soutneast Alaska the fishermen generally use either the Hen- 
 dryx Seattle trout-bait spoon No. 5 or the Hendryx Pu^et Sound 
 No. 8. The former comes in nickel or brass or nickel and orass, the 
 jfull nickel preferred. The Siwash hook No. 9/0, known as the Vic- 
 I toria hook in British Columbia, is in quite general use. As a rule, 
 ibut one hook is used, and this hangs from a ring attached to a swivel 
 I just above the spoon, while the point of the hook comes a little below 
 j the bottom of the spoon. Occasionally double or treble hooks are 
 lused. Some fishermen use bait, and when this is done the herring, 
 \ the bait almost universally employed, is so hooked through the body 
 I as, when placed in the water, to stretch out almost straight and face 
 ! forward as in life. 
 
 j There are a large number of power-boat trollers in this region. 
 
 I These trollers generally use one pole on a side and one at the stern. 
 
 i The rowboat trollers use but one line, which is attached to a thwart 
 
 in the boat, handy to their reach when rowing, and trailing out from 
 
 the stern of the boat. 
 
88 U. S. BXJREAU OF FISHEKIES. 
 
 The trollers usually have temporary camps where they congregate 
 while the hsh are to be found in that section, moving on to some more 
 favorable spot when the fish begin to get scarce. 
 
 Reports from the trollers of southeast Alaska prove that all species 
 of salmon will take the hook at some time or other in the salt waters 
 of this region, an examination of their stomachs generally showing 
 that they are either feeding or in a condition to feed. 
 
 A small commercial fishery is carried on in this region for coho 
 salmon, mainly in August and September, in the neighborhood of 
 Turnabout Island, in Frederick Sound. A Stewart spoon with two 
 hooks on one ring is used, baited with herring in such a way that the 
 fish is straightened out and faced toward the spoon. The sportsmen 
 of Ketchikan also fish with rod and reel for this species in the neigh- 
 borhood of Gravina Island, using a Hendryx spoon (kidney bait 
 No. 6), which is silvery in color on one side and red on the other. 
 Although much smaller than the king, the coho salmon is more gamey. 
 
 During the latter part of March the Gulf of Georgia, in British 
 Columbia, is invaded by large schools of young coho salmon, locally 
 called "bluebacks." They evidently come in from the sea by way 
 of the vStraits of Fuca, as their presence is at first apparent in the 
 lower gulf, especially among the reefs and islands off Gabriola Pass. 
 On their arrival these fish are only about a couple of pounds weight, 
 but increase in size very rapidly, with correspondingly voracious 
 appetites. They are to be found in the gulf throughout the spring 
 and summer. By May the fish generally average close to three 
 pounds each when dressed, while in July they are between four and 
 six pounds in weight. 
 
 A number of fishermen with power and row boats engage in this 
 fishery, the fish being either sold to the fresh markets or to the 
 canneries. 
 
 Trolling lines and spoon baits of one form or another are used. In 
 fishing from power boats the outer lines are attached to fish poles 
 15 to 18 feet long, rigged out on either side. Those poles are usually 
 hmged at the foot of a short mast and lowered outboard by a halyard 
 running through a block at the masthead, with the additional brace 
 of a forward guy, which, with the drag of the lines aft, holds them in 
 position. It has been customary to use from five to seven lines from 
 each launch, the two outer lines leading from the ends of the poles; 
 the next pair are attached to intermediate tips fastened halfway out 
 on the main pole, while inboard lines are attached to smaller upright 
 rods on either quarter. 
 
 The outer trolls are brought within reach (the poles being practically 
 fixtures) by means of a short piece attached to each fishing line 15 or 
 20 feet from the point where it is fastened to the pole and leading 
 inboard. 
 
 Recently, however, the Dominion authorities have decreed that a 
 troUer shall not use more than three lines from a boat when trolling 
 for salmon. Should a man be alone in the boat three lines wiU keep 
 him very busy if the fish are biting at all well. 
 
 Spoons are generally used. All shapes are employed, from the 
 ordinary Siwash patterns to wobblers; brass or silver wobblers, of 
 Nos. 4 and 5 sizes, are largely used by the fishermen. Spinners of 2 to 
 3 inches long are also popular. Copper, copper and silver, and brass 
 
PACIFIC SALiMON FISHERIES. 89 
 
 spinners of the Siwash and Victoria patterns are very effective, while 
 red beads, feathered hooks, or a piece of silvery salmon skin placed 
 on the hook as an additional bait often add to the attraction of a 
 spoon. 
 
 Quite generally the fishermen use single hooks on their spoons. 
 Various lengths of line are used, but on the average about 60 feet for 
 outside lines and 40 for inside are used. As fish can be landed much 
 quicker with a short line, the fishermen generally shorten their lines 
 to 20 or 30 feet when the fish are biting rapidly. Quite heavy lines 
 are used from- the pole to the sinker; from there extends a length of 
 li^ht line, and then a piece of wire, to which the spoon is attached. 
 The sinker, which is usually between 2 and 3 pounds in weight when 
 fishing from a power boat and about 1 pound when a rowboat is 
 employed, is attached to the line about 18 feet from the spoon. 
 
 The best fishing times are in the early morning ancf evening, 
 without regard to tidal conditions. The low slack water is always 
 favorable to good fishing. 
 
 These fish are delicate flavored, but do not keep well, it being 
 necessary to rush them to market if they are to be sold in a first-class 
 condition. 
 
 Considerable numbers of these fish are taken by both American and 
 Canadian fishermen on Swiftsure Banks, off Cape Flattery. As 
 complaint had been made in 1914 that these fish were immature and 
 were unfit for canning because of their appearance after being out of 
 the water some hours, H. T. Graves, acting commissioner of agri- 
 culture for the State of Washington, which department is concerned 
 with the wholesomeness of food products, made a thorough investiga- 
 tion of their fitness for food. In a letter to the Pacific Fisherman, 
 Seattle, Wash., and published in that journal under date of August, 
 1914, he states, among other things, the following: 
 
 The question, therefore, for us to determine was to ascertain their value as a food • 
 product. The condition of these fish arriving at the various canneries was carefully 
 noted; samples were selected for bacteriological analysis. 
 
 The fish when fu'st taken from the water are Aery soft when compared with the 
 other salmon. After they have been out of the water 12 hours the fish easily separates 
 from the bony structures, and in the course of ordinary handling in the time which 
 elapses between the hour of taking from the water until they are offered for packing 
 at Sound canneries, which is anywhere from 12 to 48 hours, they become badly broken 
 up and present a rather ugly and distasteful appearance, to say the least. 
 
 We found that many different methods of handling were being experimented with 
 by the fisherman and by Puget Sound canneries, but without any noticeable effect. 
 While from a physical observation one would imagine these fish as received at the 
 Sound canneries to be unwholesome, a bacteriological examination by Dr. E. P. 
 Fick, State bacteriologist, indicated that putrefaction was not present, although some 
 of the specimens did contain a rather high bacteria count. 
 
 BOW AND ARROW. 
 
 On the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River, in Alaska, 
 the Indians hunt salmon in birch-bark canoes with bow and arrow. 
 As the canoe is paddled along and the Indian sees the dorsal fin of 
 the salmon cutting the surface of the muddy water he shoots it. The 
 tip of the arrow fits into a socket, and when struck the tip, wliich 
 when loose is attached to the stock by a lon^ string, comes out of the 
 socket and the arrow floats, easily locating the fish for the fisherman. 
 
90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 SPEAR AND GAFF. 
 
 Spears of varying shapes and styles have been in use by the Indians 
 from time immemorial and are still employed on many rivers in 
 which salmon run. With the exception of the Chilkoot and Chil- 
 kat Rivers of Alaska, practically all of the catch secured in this 
 manner is consumed by the fishermen and their families. In the 
 Chilkoot River the Indians have built numerous racks in the stream 
 and on the banks, upon which they stand and hook the fish out with 
 a gaff attached to a pole. The catch is sold to the cannery located on 
 Chilkoot Inlet. 
 
 SPORT FISHING FOR SALMON. 
 
 The number of sportsmen who improve the opportunity presented 
 by the appearance of feeding springs and cohos is increasing yearly, 
 and in time this promises to far excel the sport salmon fishing of the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 On Puget Sound and lower British Columbia waters the anglers 
 generally use ordinary trout fishing rods and tackle, with preferably 
 a short trolling tip on the rod when out for coho. Small spinners of 
 silver or copper, of about an inch in length, or else the small double 
 Tacoma spoons, are very good. A strong gut leader or trace of fine 
 piano wire is frequently used, as the fish's teeth would cut through an 
 ordinary line. Where iron wire is used the salt water rusts it rapidly, 
 and unless the precaution is taken to dry off the wire and oil it after 
 using it can not be used for more than a couple of days. Sinkers 
 of an ounce or two in weight are generally employed with fine line. 
 
 Many of the small spoons on the market have very cheap hooks, 
 and these are apt to straighten out or break with the strain of a large 
 fish. Hooks of the best steel will, however, stand up to this strain. 
 
 One of the favorite spots for anglers is at the falls on the Willamette 
 'River at Oregon City, Oreg. Another is on the Clackamas, a tribu- 
 tary which debouches into the Willamette near here. When the 
 spring run of salmon appears in April, hundreds of anglers, many of 
 them from far distant points, appear to participate in the sport 
 during this month and in May. Many noted sportsmen have fished 
 for salmon at these spots. Among them was Rudyard Kipling,* and 
 his experiences were woven into a classic short story. 
 
 The fishing ground is spread over a mile's length of the river, from 
 Clackamas rapids to the deadline at the falls. It is not an uncommon 
 sight to see 500 boats, each containing from one to six fishermen 
 and fisherwomen, dotting the river on favorable days during the 
 season. 
 
 Two methods of fishing are followed. The most popular is to 
 anchor at the head of the Clackamas rapids or in swift water near 
 the falls and allow the rush of water to spin the trolling hook. In 
 the longer lengths of quieter water the sportsmen troll in slow motor 
 boats or rowboats. 
 
 An inexperienced boatman is apt to find fishing in the rapids or 
 near the falls somewhat dangerous, as the swift water may overturn 
 his craft and carry him to his death before help can reach him. 
 
 There is a fishway in the dam, so that the fisn can pass up this and 
 into the river above the dam. No fishing is allowed closer than 100 
 
 o It was in 1889 that Kipling fished here, and his story v/as reprinted in The American Angler, Vol. II, 
 No. 2, December, 1917, pp. 415-420. 
 
PACIFIC SALMOl? FISHERIES. 91 
 
 feet of the mouth of this ladder. Up to 1915 there was a second 
 deadline, 600 feet from the falls, beyond which no commercial fisher- 
 man could operate nets, but the "Oregon 1 legislature in that year 
 closed the Willamette to all net fishermen from the Clackamas rapids 
 to the falls. 
 
 The salmon in the spring nm on the Willamette will average about 
 25 pounds each, but exami)les weigliing 50 pounds and over are not 
 uncommon. 
 
 In 1914 the Salmon Clnh of Oregon was formed of anglers who 
 desired to encourage the use of light tackle in the taking of large game 
 fish, in place of the extremely heavy tackle heretofore used. The 
 foUo-v^'ing rules were adopted : 
 
 The rods used may be made of any material except solid bamboo cane. They must 
 not be less than 5 feet in length and weigh not over 6 ounces. 
 
 The line must not be heavier than the standard nine-thread linen line. 
 
 Any style of reel or spoon may be used and the wire leader must not exceed 3 feet 
 
 The angler must reel in his fish, liring it to gaff unaided, and must do the gaffing 
 himself. If a rod is broken at any time during the struggle with the fish it will dis- 
 te[ualify the catch. 
 
 As a reward of merit the club awards bronze buttons to all anglers 
 taking, on light tackle, salmon weighing 20 j)ounds or over; for a fish 
 weighing over 30 pounds a silver ])Utton is given, and for any salmon 
 over 40 pounds the lucky angler receives a ^old button. Numerous 
 additional prizes are also given by public-spirited citizens. 
 
 Tne season for light taclde on the Willamette River and all other- 
 inland streams of Oregon has been fixed by the clul) from January 
 1 to July 1. 
 
 In 1915 the first angler to win a gold button on the Willamette 
 River did so on April 18, when he took a 42|-pound salmon. On 
 the same day this same angler also won a silver button for a 32^- 
 pound fish and a bronze button for a 26-pound fish. 
 
 DANGERS TO THE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Man is undoubtedly the greatest present menace to the perpetua- 
 tion of the great sarmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. When the 
 enormous number of fishermen engaged and the immense quantity 
 of gear employed is considered, one sometimes wonders how any 
 of the fish, in certain streams at least, escape. High water or low 
 water, either of which will prevent certain forms of apparatus from 
 fishing to any extent while such conditions prevail, storms which 
 impede fishing, and the hundred and one small things which in 
 the aggregate are of considerable importance, however, all aid in 
 assisting the salmon in dodging the apparatus and reaching the 
 spawning beds in safety, while, unless the stream is completely 
 blocked by a tight barricade, an indeterminate number of salmon 
 will escape all the pitfalls man and animals may set for them. 
 
 In some sections an almost idt)latrous faith in the efficacv of arti- 
 ficial culture of fish for replenishing the ravages of man and animals 
 is manifested, and nothing has done more harm than the prevalence 
 of such an idea. 
 
 While it is an exceedingly difficult thing to prove, the concensus of 
 opinion is that artificial culture does considerable good, yet the very 
 fact that this can not be conclusively proven ought to be a warning 
 to all concerned not to put blind faith in it alone. 
 
92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 When salmon are stripped by man, the eggs fertilized and retained 
 in hatcheries until the young are born, and then planted as soon as 
 the yolk sac has been absorbed, it is manifest that the only saving 
 over the natural method is in reducing the loss in the egg stage. 
 We know that many eggs, after being deposited naturally on the 
 spawning beds, are devoured by other fishes, while sudden freshets 
 and occasional droughts also claim their toll of eggs. It is highly 
 probable, although we have no positive data on this point, that these 
 fosses far exceed those experienced in artificial salmon culture, and 
 whatever this difference is it represents the extent to which salmon 
 hatcheries should be credited as preservers of the industry. 
 
 In the opinion of the author, the best way in which to conserve the 
 fisheries of the coast is by enacting and enforcing laws under which 
 a certain proportion of the runs will be enabled to reach the spawning 
 beds and perform the final and most important function of their 
 lives unmolested. If this is done, there can be no question of the 
 perpetuation of the industry, and if it is then supplemented by the 
 work of hatcheries, which would reduce the loss in the egg stage, 
 assurance on this point would be made doubly sure. 
 
 If unrestricted fishing is to prevail, however, with a dependence 
 upon hatcheries alone to repair the ravages of man, the industry v^dll 
 suffer seriously, for, from the very nature of things, less and less fish 
 will annually escape through the fishing zone, resulting in a continu- 
 ally lessening quantity of eggs being obtained at the hatcheries, and 
 .finally the latter will have to close down from sheer lack of material 
 upon which to work. 
 
 Should e^gs be brought to the hatchery from other streams, it 
 would merely be "robbing Peter to pay Paul," and in the end thf» 
 same result would follow in those streams. 
 
 Fortunately these matters are becoming increasingly plain to the 
 people of the various States, provinces, and territories concerned, 
 and, while a few selfish persons in each are seeking solely their own 
 enrichment by any means possible, the greater number of those 
 interested in fishing operations want to see the industry perpetuated 
 and are willing to do almost anything that \xi\\ work to this end. 
 
 The rapid increase, during recent years, of salmon trolling and piu'se 
 seining on the feeding banks off the mouth of the Columbia River and 
 outside the Strait of Juan de Fuca and elsewhere on the coast has 
 resulted in the taking of large quantities of small and immature 
 salmon, and alarm is now felt lest the runs of chinooks and cohos be 
 seriously depleted. Several thousands of large and small boats are 
 being operated on these grounds from five to eight months of the year, 
 and while, when prices were comparatively low, but few of these 
 immature fish were marketed, the high prices which have prevailed 
 during the last foiu- years have caused such an intensity of fishing that 
 many thousands are now caught each season. 
 
 Investigations " by experts off the mouth of the Columbia in 1918 
 show that a large proportion of the chinook salmon caught by trolling 
 are 2 and 3 years old. These are generally sold to the canners, who 
 separate them into two groups, those under 5 pounds and those over. 
 Those under 5 pounds are called "graylings" by the fishermen, but a 
 mere glance at them is sufficient to establish their real identity. The 
 
 a The Taking of Immature Salmon in the Waters of the State of Washington. By E Victor Smith 
 State of Washington, Dept. of Fisheries. 44 pp., a pis- 1920. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 93 
 
 reports of one cannery during the period from May 11 to May 29 
 showed there had bi^en received 4,061 pounds of these fish, none of 
 which weighed 5 pounds. From May 30 to June 12 this same can- 
 nery received 548 of these fish having a total weight of 1,483 pounds. 
 As the oAvner of this cannery was decidedly opposed to the purchase 
 of these fish, and only bought them because his regular fishermen 
 would have gone to other cannerymen with their full-sized lish had he 
 not taken the immature ones, it is probable that the cannerymen 
 who were not opposed to the practice received a greater proportion of 
 immature fish than he. 
 
 An idea of the smallness of these immature salmon may be gained 
 when it is stated that the average weight of sexually matm"o chinook 
 salmon running into the Columbia River is about 22 pounds. 
 
 These small chinooks are said to produce a very inferior quality of 
 canned goods, being rated as second and third grade. The meat is of 
 an ashy color, poor in fat content, and insipid in taste. 
 • Off the Strait of Juan de Fuca the same condition of affairs 
 existed as off the Columbia River, with the added complication that 
 many immature cohos were also captured. 
 
 The immature feeding *coho deteriorates when taken from the 
 water even more rapidly than does the immature feeding chinook. 
 Within 24 hours of being taken from the water the abdomens may be 
 broken open, the ribs protrude freely, and the flesh begins to deteri- 
 orate. It was early found that it was impossible, except through the 
 exercise of extraordinary precautions, to get these fish to the up- 
 sound canneries before it was too late, so that of recent years only 
 canneries situated adjacent to the banks were enabled to use them. 
 
 The sale of young salmon in the fresh fish markets of Seattle and 
 other Puget Sound cities has been common for years. They are mar- 
 keted usually as ''salmon trout." 
 
 It is an economic crime to catch and kill these immature salmon, 
 as but little money is obtained for them, while if they were allowed 
 to attain maturity they would increase in weight, in the case of the 
 chinook nearly 1,000 per cent on the average and in the case of the 
 coho about 100 per cent in four or five months time. 
 
 Another bad feature of trolling operations off the mouth of the 
 Columbia River is that trollers, because they operated outside the 
 3-mile limit, were exempted from the observance of the regular closed 
 season, operative in the river from August 25 to September 10. As a 
 result of this, fishing was carried on continuously throughout the run; 
 most of the gill netters who had to stop fishing in the river put their 
 nets ashore and went outside and engaged in trolling, while canneries 
 on the river bought and canned all the fish brought in. In 1917 the 
 Washington Legislature enacted a law prohibiting possession within 
 the State during the closed season, except for personal use, of salmon 
 caught beyond the 3-mile limit outside the Columbia River. The 
 State court, on trial, held this to be unconstitutional as being an 
 interference with interstate and foreign commerce. 
 
 Oregon also adopted the same law as Washington, and on trial this 
 was upheld as constitutional on October 3, 1919, by the Oregon 
 circuit court. However, the law will be of no value if valid in only 
 one State, as if enforced there the fishermen will sell their catches 
 in the other State, 
 
94 U. S. BUREAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 It is quite plain that the salmon runs entering the Columbia River 
 and the Strait of Juan de Fuca can not long continue to exist under 
 this terrific drain upon the immature and mature fish. In the latter 
 section the sockeyes and humpbacks are rapidly being exterminated, 
 and it is probable that the chinooks and cohos, the especial victims in 
 this attack, will soon show signs of exhaustion. 
 
 The State authorities appear to be helpless in these matters, but an 
 enactment by the Federal Government could be maintained, as the 
 principle has been applied to fishery matters elsewhere, notably the 
 spring mackerel closed season for five years and the sponge law relat- 
 ing to the landing of undersized sponges taken from the grounds off 
 the Florida coast. 
 
 Next to the fishing operations of man, the gravest danger to the 
 salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast lies in the pollution of the rivers 
 which the salmon ascend for spawning piu'poses. The salmon, both 
 old and young, require pure cold water, and the immense runs which 
 have annually ascended the streams for many years are doubtless 
 due to the fact that such conditions have prevailed in them. The 
 large increase in the population of the coast States within recent 
 years, with the resulting increase of mills and factories, has greatly 
 increased the amount of sewage from cities and towns and the waste 
 of the manufacturing plants. Many of the latter have also con- 
 structed dams without adequate fishways, and these also wreak great 
 havoc to the industry by cutting the fish off from the upper reaches 
 of the rivers upon which constructed. 
 
 The emptying of sewage into streams ought to be made a crime. 
 It is an exceedingly crude method of dealing with it, and, instead of 
 disposing of the filth, merely transfers it from one place to another, 
 making the water unfit for use at points farther downstream and 
 spreading diseases and death amongst not only the finny but also 
 human users of it. 
 
 In the present condition of sanitary science it is a comparatively 
 easy matter to dispose of this filth by modern septic devices, and a 
 number of cities are now disposing of their sewage in this manner. 
 
 The irrigation ditch, a comparatively new product on this coast, 
 while of great benefit in developing the arid lands in certain sections, 
 as at present operated is a considerable menace to the salmon fisheries. 
 But few ditches have screens at theh head, and as a result many 
 thousands of young salmon slowly making their way to the ocean 
 home pass into and down these to an early doom. Every owner of 
 such a ditch should be compelled to place at its head a screen with 
 fine enough mesh to prevent absolutely the passage through the 
 same of even the tiniest baby salmon. 
 
 Next to man and his methods the trout is undoubtedly one of the 
 greatest enemies of the salmon. The Dolly Varden follow the salmon 
 irom the sea to the spawning beds, and when the eggs are extruded 
 devour countless thousands of them. Many and many a time the 
 wi"iter has seen on the spawning beds female red salmon swimming 
 around with a cloud of trout spread out behind like a fan, following 
 her every movement, eagerly waiting for the moment when the eggs 
 shall appear. 
 
 In the summer, when the young are heading for the sea, the trout 
 are lying in wait for them and again take their toll of countless 
 thousands. 
 
 I 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 95 
 
 Much is said by certain people of the ravages amongst the salmon 
 of certain animals, as the seal, sea lion, bear, eagle, kingfisher, crane, 
 duck, loon, and hawk. While in the aggregate the ravages of these 
 animals are considerable, they are not a drop in the bucket as com- 
 pared with the direct or indirect ravages of man and his agencies* 
 
 FISHING SEASON IN ALASKA. 
 
 There is much interest manifested in the beginning and end o^ 
 the salmon-fishing season for the more important waters of the variou^ 
 regions of Alaska. The following table, extracted from United Statc^ 
 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 838, "Alaska P'isheries and Fur 
 Industries in 1916," pages 48 and 49, gives dates taken from the 
 statistical reports made by the canning companies. The earliest one 
 reported b}^ any company doing much fishing lias been accepted as 
 an opening date, while the closing date was determined by taking 
 the day nearest to which major operations ceased. 
 
 Fishing Season in the Canning Industry for Salmon Caught in Certain Im- 
 portant Waters in Alaska in 1916. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Coho. 
 
 Fishing 
 began — 
 
 Fishing 
 ended— 
 
 Chiim. 
 
 Fishing 
 began— 
 
 Fishing 
 ended— 
 
 Southeast Alaska: 
 
 Chatham Strait 
 
 Prince of Wales Island, west side 
 
 Cordova Bay 
 
 Clarence Strait — 
 
 Southern section 
 
 Northern section 
 
 Behm Canal ' , 
 
 Re villagigedo Channel 
 
 Stephens Passage , 
 
 Peril and Sumner Straits , 
 
 Frederick Sound 
 
 Icy Strait and Cross Sound , 
 
 LjTin Canal 
 
 Baranof Island, west side , 
 
 Chichagof Island, west side 
 
 Portland Canal 
 
 Iphigenia Bay , 
 
 Yakutat Bay and vicinity 
 
 Central Alaska: 
 
 Bering River 
 
 Martin River 
 
 Copper R i ver Delta 
 
 Copper River, lake and canyon 
 
 Controller Bay 
 
 Cook Inlet 
 
 Prince William Sound- 
 Eastern section 
 
 Western section 
 
 Afognak streams- 
 Western part 
 
 Eastern part 
 
 Karluk 
 
 Red River 
 
 Uganik 
 
 Olga Bay 
 
 Chignik Bay 
 
 Ikatan Bav 
 
 Cold Bay, Thin Point, and King Cove. 
 
 Morzhovoi Bav 
 
 Pavlof Bay..." 
 
 Western Alaska: 
 
 Kvichak Bay 
 
 Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik Rivers. 
 
 Nushagak Bay 
 
 Nushagak River 
 
 Port Mollcr 
 
 Nelson Lagoon 
 
 Kotzebue Sound 
 
 June 1 
 June 15 
 ...do 
 
 Sept. 27 
 Sept. 23 
 ...do 
 
 June 1 
 Jiilv 1 
 ...do.... 
 
 Sept. 30 
 ...do.... 
 ...do.... 
 
 June 10 
 July 20 
 June 15 
 June 27 
 JiUy 4 
 June 24 
 June 22 
 June 15 
 July 7 
 July 4 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 16 
 June 8 
 Aug. 25 
 
 Sepr. 29 
 Sept. 30 
 Oct. 20 
 Sept. 29 
 Oct. 4 
 Sept. 27 
 Sept. 21 
 Sept. 20 
 Oct. 1 
 Sept. 20 
 Sept. 15 
 Sept. 9 
 
 ...do 
 
 Sept. 28 
 
 June 27 
 Aug. 13 
 June 15 
 June 27 
 June 22 
 July 1 
 Sept. 14 
 May 29 
 July 7 
 June 20 
 Aug. 5 
 July 8 
 
 Sept. 29 
 Oct. 17 
 Oct. 20 
 Sept. 29 
 Oct. 3 
 Sept. 30 
 Sept. 23 
 Sept. 27 
 Oct. 1 
 Sept. 20 
 Sept. 15 
 Sept. 3 
 
 May 12 
 May 31 
 Aug. 24 
 July 2 
 
 July 1 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Sept. 16 
 Sept. 25 
 Aug. 27 
 
 Sept. 30 
 
 May 12 
 May 31 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Sept. 16 
 
 June 24 
 
 June 23 
 July 7 
 
 Aug. 23 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Aug. 4 
 
 Aug. 15 
 Jime 3 
 
 Oct. 20 
 Oct. 2 
 
 Aug. 15 
 June 8 
 June 28 
 May 22 
 June 28 
 June 9 
 
 Oct. 10 
 Sept. 1 
 Sept. 9 
 July 25 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 11 
 
 June 
 June 
 
 Oct. 2 
 July 21 
 
 June 8 
 June 12 
 May 22 
 June 28 
 June 9 
 
 Sept. 1 
 Sept. 8 
 July 25 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 11 
 
 June 11 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 June 11 
 Jmie 24 
 June 7 
 
 Aug. 4 
 Aug. 6 
 Aug. 9 
 
 July 20 
 
 Sept. 1 
 
 Juno 11 
 June 21 
 Juno 11 
 June 23 
 Jime 7 
 July 1 
 
 Aug. 1 
 July 31 
 Aug. 4 
 Aug. 6 
 Aug. 9 
 Aug. 7 
 
96 
 
 U. S. BUEEAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 Fishing Season in the Canning Inbustry for Salmon Caught in Certain Im- 
 portant Waters in Alaska in 1916 — Continued. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Southeast Alaska: 
 
 Chatham Strait 
 
 Prince of Wales Island, west side 
 
 Cordova Bay 
 
 Clarence Strait- 
 Southern section 
 
 Northern section 
 
 Behm Canal 
 
 Revillagigedo Channel , 
 
 Stephens Passage 
 
 Peril and Sumner Straits 
 
 Fredericlc Sound 
 
 Icy Strait and Cross Sound 
 
 Lynn Canal 
 
 Baranof Island, west side 
 
 Chichagof Island, west side 
 
 Portland Canal - 
 
 Iphigenia Bay 
 
 Yakutat Bay and vicinity 
 
 Central Alaska: 
 
 Bering River 
 
 Martin River 
 
 Copper River Delta 
 
 Copper River, lake and canyon 
 
 Controller Bay 
 
 Cook Inlet 
 
 Prince William Sound — 
 
 Eastern section 
 
 Western section 
 
 Afognak streams- 
 Western part 
 
 Eastern part 
 
 Karluk 
 
 Red River 
 
 Uganik 
 
 Olga Bay 
 
 Chignik Bay 
 
 Ikatan Bay 
 
 Cold Bay, Thin Point, and King Cove 
 
 Morzhovoi Bay 
 
 Pavlof Bay 
 
 Western Alaska: 
 
 Kvichak Bay 
 
 Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik Rivers 
 
 Nushagak Bay 
 
 Nushagak River 
 
 Port Moller 
 
 Nelson Lagoon 
 
 Kotzebue Sound 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Fishing 
 began— 
 
 June 1 
 July 1 
 June 15 
 
 June 27 
 Aug. 13 
 June 15 
 June 27 
 Jime 22 
 June 21 
 
 June 1 
 
 July 7 
 
 June 20 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 July 8 
 
 June 8 
 
 July 15 
 
 May 12 
 
 Mav 31 
 
 July 23 
 
 June 27 
 
 June 28 
 July 9 
 
 June 20 
 July 15 
 June 3 
 June 8 
 June 5 
 June 8 
 June 12 
 Mav 22 
 June 28 
 June 9 
 Aug. 7 
 
 June 11 
 
 June 11 
 June 17 
 Jime 7 
 
 Fishing 
 ended — 
 
 Sept. 30 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do.. .. 
 
 Aug. 16 
 Oct. 17 
 Oct. 20 
 Sept. 29 
 Sept. 21 
 Sept. 30 
 
 Sept. 27 
 Aug. 24 
 Sept. 20 
 Sept. 15 
 Sept. 3 
 Sept. 9 
 Aug. 10 
 
 King. 
 
 Fishing 
 
 June 1 
 
 Jime 27 
 
 June 16 
 May 9 
 
 May 21 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Sept. 16 
 Aug. 8 
 Aug. 27 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Aug. 1 
 
 Aug. 15 
 Sept. 16 
 Oct. 2 
 July 21 
 Oct. 10 
 Sept. 1 
 Aug. 31 
 July 25 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 11 
 Aug. 15 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 Aug. 4 
 Aug. 6 
 Aug. 9 
 
 Jime 2 
 
 June 22 
 May 12 
 
 ...do 
 
 May 31 
 
 May 27 
 
 June 3 
 
 June 8 
 June 12 
 May 22 
 
 June 9 
 
 June 11 
 June 21 
 June 11 
 June 8 
 Jime 7 
 ...do 
 
 Fishing 
 ended — 
 
 ?ept. 22 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 July 16 
 July 12 
 
 July 15 
 
 Aug. 4 
 
 June 28 
 July 9 
 
 ...do 
 
 Sept. 16 
 
 Aug. 27 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Sept. 1 
 Aug. 31 
 July 25 
 
 Aug. 1 
 July 31 
 Aut;. 4 
 July 28 
 Aug. 9 
 July 21 
 
 Red. 
 
 Fishing 
 began— 
 
 June 1 
 June 15 
 ...do 
 
 Jime 8 
 July 13 
 Jime 15 
 Jime 27 
 Jime 21 
 June 27 
 June 22 
 May 21 
 June 24 
 June 8 
 Aug. 1 
 July 8 
 June 8 
 June 2 
 
 Jime 6 
 June 12 
 May 12 
 May 31 
 May 27 
 May 30 
 
 June 20 
 June 17 
 
 May 15 
 June 1 
 June 3 
 Jime 8 
 June 5 
 June 8 
 June 12 
 May 22 
 June 28 
 June 9 
 
 June 11 
 June 21 
 June 11 
 Jime 13 
 June 7 
 ...do 
 
 Fishing 
 ended^ 
 
 Sept. 12 
 
 Sept. 23 
 
 Do. 
 
 Sept. 29 
 Sept. 7 
 Oct. 16 
 Sept. 29 
 Oct. 3 
 Sept. 9 
 Sept. 21 
 Sept. 15 
 Oct. 1 
 Sept. 20 
 Sept. 1 
 Aug. 18 
 Sept. 9 
 Aug. 4 
 
 Aug. 7 
 July 9 
 Aug. 15 
 Sept. 16 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 27 
 
 Sept. 24 
 July 23 
 
 July 31 
 Oct. 20 
 Oct. 2 
 July 21 
 July 27 
 Sept. 1 
 Sept. 9 
 July 25 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 11 
 
 Aug. 1 
 July 31 
 Aug. 4 
 Aug. 6 
 Aug. 9 
 Aug. 7 
 
 FISHERMEN AND OTHER EMPLOYEES. 
 
 FISHERMEN. 
 
 White men do the greater part of the fishing for salmon, many- 
 nationalities being represented, but Scandinavians and Italians pre- 
 dominate almost everywhere. A number of Greeks are to be found 
 fishing in the Sacramento^ while Slavonians do most of the purse 
 seining on Puget Sound. The native-born American is not often 
 found actually engaged in fishing, but frequently is the owner of the 
 gear or has a responsible position in the packhig plants. 
 
 A number of Indians participate in the fisheries of Alaska and a 
 few fish in Washington. The only Chinese engaged in fishing are in 
 Monterey Bay. A number of Japanese also fish in this bay, which is 
 the only place in American territory where they fish for salmon. A 
 considerable number of Japanese engage in fishing in Canadian waters. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 97 
 
 In many places on the coast, particularly in Alaska, fishing is a 
 hazardous occupation. In Alaska most of it is done in the bays, 
 sounds, and straits, where storms are frequent, and the annual loss 
 of life is heavy. The records of the Alaska Fishermen's Union show 
 for its members the following losses of life by drowning: 1905. 10 
 m(Mi; 1906, 5 men; 1907, 10 men; 190S, 17 men; and 1909, 17 men. 
 
 The fishermen early saw the advantages of organization, and nearly 
 every river now has a union which is subordinate to the general 
 organization. One of the most typical of these is the Alaska Fisher- 
 men's Union, which has active jurisdiction over all sections of Alaska 
 except a portion of southeast Alaska. This organization enters into 
 contracts with the salmon canneries and salteries, by which the rates 
 of wages, duties, etc., of the fishermen are fixed in advance for a 
 certain period — three years — up until 1918, when an agreement was 
 made for only one year. The same was true in 1919. As a result of 
 this mutual agreement upon terms but little trouble is experienced 
 with the fishermen, who generally conform scrupulously to the terms 
 of the contract, and strikes and bickerings, which were very common 
 some years ago, are now almost entirely absent. 
 
 CANNERY LABOR. 
 NATIONALITIES. 
 
 In the early days canning was a haphazard business and workmen 
 came and went as common laborers do in the wheat fields of the West. 
 As the business increased in importance and the need of skilled labor 
 became imperative, men were put to certain work and kept at it from 
 season to season, with the result that in a few years a corps of highly 
 skilled workers had been evolved, and this had much to do with the 
 rapid extension of the industry. 
 
 For many years Chinese formed the greater part of the cannery 
 employees, the supermtendent, foreman, clerks, machinists, and 
 watchmen alone being white. No other laborers have ever been 
 found to do the work as well or with as little trouble as the Chinese. 
 In times of heavy runs, when the cannery would have to operate almost 
 day and night in order to take advantage of what might be the last 
 run for the season of the sometimes erratic salmon, the Chinese were 
 always willing, even eager, to do their utmost to fill the cans, and, if 
 fed with the especial food they insisted upon having and due regard 
 was had to certain racial susceptibilities, the cannery man could 
 almost invariably depend upon the Chinese doing their utmost. 
 
 The Chinese-exclusion law cut off the supply of Chinese, and as the 
 years went by and their ranks became decimated by death, disease, 
 and the return of many to China, the contractors were compelled to 
 fill up the rapidly depleting crews with Japanese, Filipinos, Mexicans, 
 Porto Ricans, etc., with the result that to-day in many canneries 
 special quarters have to be provided for certain of the races — more 
 
 garticularly the Chinese and Japanese — m order to prevent racial 
 atred from engendering brawls and disturbances. 
 In Alaska the Japanese now compose about one-half of the canneir 
 employees. While a few cannery men express themselves as well 
 pleased with this class of labor, the majority find it troublesome. 
 
 11312°— 21 7 
 
98 U. S. BUREAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 In Alaska and at a few places in the States Indians are employed 
 in the canneries. In Alaska more would be employed if they could be 
 secured. They make fair work people, but are rather unreliable about 
 remaining through the season. 
 
 CHINESE CONTRACT SYSTEM. 
 
 Cannery labor is supplied largely through the contract system 
 In the large cities along the coast are agencies, mainly owned by 
 Chinese, which make a specialty of furnishing labor for canning. 
 In the agreement between the canning company and the contractor 
 the company guarantees to pack a certain number of cases diu"ing 
 the coming season, and the latter agrees to do all the work from 
 the time the fish are delivered on the wharf until they are ready 
 to ship at the end of the season for a certain fixed sum per case. 
 Should the cannery pack more than the guaranteed number, which it 
 usually does if possible, the excess has to be paid for at the rate per 
 case already agreed upon, while if the pack for any reason should lall 
 below the contract amount, the company must pay for the shortage 
 the same as though they had been packed. The company transports 
 the Chinese to the field of work and carries them to the home port at 
 the end of the season. It provides them with a bunk house and fur- 
 nishes fuel, water, and salt. The contractor sends along with each 
 crew a "boss," who has charge of the crew and furnishes their food, 
 the company transporting this free. 
 
 While this contract system met with favor from some of the can- 
 nery men because it relieved them from the annoyance and trouble 
 involved in hiring, working, and feeding their cannery gangs, others, 
 and these the most farsighted, from the early days of the industry 
 viewed it with suspicion and distrust and in a few instances refused 
 to have anything to do with it. While the plan apparently met with 
 no objection from the Chinese when they were the only ones engaged 
 in the work, as soon as other races began to be employed disputes 
 became common, and it is probable that to-day it is the most unpop- 
 ular feature of the industry from the common workers' standpoint, 
 and mainly because of the abuses which have grown up in connection 
 with it. 
 
 Since the beginning of the present century there has been a steady 
 expansion of the salmon-canning hidustry, with a consequent heavy 
 demand for cannery labor. As a result of the operation of theChhiese- 
 exclusion act during this period the number oi Chinese available has 
 been steadily declining; in fact, most of the Chhiese now employed 
 are mainly men well along in life, as the few comprised in the rising 
 generation do not wish to follow in their fathers' footsteps. As a 
 result the oriental gang no^ comprises many nationalities. 
 
 The great increase in the number of catuieries during the period 
 noted, with the resulting demand for labor, led to the introduction 
 of other nationalities, more notably the Japanese, into the ranks of 
 the Chinese contractors. Many oi these operated with very little 
 or no capital and when a bad season occurred they usually passed 
 their losses, in whole or in part, onto their workers, usually by abscond- 
 ing, and when the latter attempted to come back onto the owner of 
 the plant the latter successfully pleaded the fact that he had made 
 a contract with the contractor to do the work at a certain fixed sum 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 99 
 
 per case, that the stipulated price had been paid him, and if he failed 
 to settle with the men it was no concern of the oamier. 
 
 The contractor, under his agreement with the canner, has the right 
 to feed his employees from the ime tliey leave the home port until 
 they retui'n, and this is a most prolific source of profit and graft 
 to him and of trouble to the canner. When the workers comprise 
 orientals alone, the food question rarely troubles as then rice, wliich 
 is the staple food and is also as a rule quite cheap, meets with 
 the approval of all. But since the gangs now comprise almost as 
 manv nonorientals as there are orientals, and the former find it im- 
 possible to exist, let alone thrive, on rice, much trouble results when 
 the contractor furnishes them with an undue proportion of the latter 
 in the dail" menu. As a result of this condition of affairs, some of the 
 more far-seeing companies now compel the contractor to furnish each 
 nationality wdth food to which they are accustomed and in sufficient 
 quantities. Eternal vigilance is required in this matter, however, 
 as the wily oriental is always seeking an opportunity to increase his 
 profits by cutting the quantity of food to the minimum and by forcing 
 as much rice as possible upon the employees Innumerable strikes 
 in the canneries can be traced directly to dissatisfaction with the 
 quantity, kind, and quality of food furnished to the men by the 
 contractor's agent; and the resulting losses, which are sometimes ver}^ 
 large, as the strikes generally occur when the cannery has plenty of 
 fish, fall upon the cannery men. 
 
 Nearly all of the workers are ignorant men; in most cases they have 
 but little knowledge of English, the language in which the contract 
 is printed, and as no paternal Government watches over them to see 
 that they understand thoroughly the terms of the contract and that 
 it is fulfilled on the part of the employer, as is done in the case of the 
 sailors and fishermen, some of them discover at the end of the season 
 that their pay does not come up to the glowing promises of the agent 
 who recruited them and also frequently discover that there are various 
 fines provided for in the contract, which, while they do not work an 
 injustice when the contractor is honest, j^et in the hands of an unscru- 
 pulous and grasping contractor, frequently operate to the financial 
 disadvantage of the worker. 
 
 Some, of the dishonest contractors have developed other methods 
 for fleecing their employees. Sometimes they will furnish to their 
 contract workers, either directly or through some concern in which 
 they have financial interests or which will pay them a commission, an 
 outfit comprising clothing, blankets, shoes, etc., at a price two or 
 three hundred times its real value. The worst feature of many of 
 these outfits is that they are woefully inadequate for use in the 
 climate to which the cannery ship is bound. Some unscrupulous 
 contractors also sell goods to the workers at extortionate prices while 
 at the cannery The latter is usually not permitted by the canners, 
 who generally operate a store of their own w^here the men can as a rule 
 obtain goods as cheap as they can be bought in either San Francisco 
 or Seattle 
 
 Orientals are inveterate gamblers, and there are usually several 
 sharpers with each cannery gang, generally with the connivance of 
 the contractor's agent — although it is usually an impossibility to 
 prove this legally — and they inveigle the green hands into all sorts of 
 gambling games, and in this manner frequently succeed in winning 
 
100 U, S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 all or part of their season's wages. That those in charge of the gang 
 are well aware of what is going on is patent when it is stated that the 
 men are not paid off until they return to the home port at the end of 
 the season, and that no considerable claim on the wages due a worker 
 can be paid unless the contractor or his agent knows what it is for. 
 Sometimes when dealing with a canner who is insistent upon seeing 
 justice done to the members of the oriental gang, and the number of 
 these is increasing rapidly, an effort is made to camouflage these j 
 gambling debts by charging them up on the books as clothing or 
 goods furnished the worker. 
 
 As a result of these evils, a numbei of the cannerymen have dis- 
 continued the practice of making Chinese contracts and deal directly 
 with their men. When this is done, it is but rare to hear of a strike 
 due to food supplied, as the cannerymen, when the matter is put 
 directly up to them, realize that the only way in which they can 
 expect adequate work from their employees is by seeing that they 
 are given the proper kind and quantity oi food and that they operate 
 under decent working and living conditions. 
 
 A few of the cannerymen who still retain the old system endeavor 
 to eradicate so far as possible the evils of it by a close supervision 
 over the food supplied the men and by having a representative 
 present at the season's pay-off in order to see that no attempt is made 
 to cheat the men out of their wages. Unfortunately, however, some 
 of them feel that they have done their full duty when they have 
 made a contract with someone, no matter what his financial responsi- 
 bility may be, and have paid him the agreed upon sum at the end of 
 the season, doubtless feeling that the rest is the concern alone of the 
 men 
 
 In a very few instances the members of the oriental gang are still 
 shoved into inadequate and insanitary quarters aboard ships, and 
 at the canneries are housed in quarters which are a disgrace to {iny 
 modern packing plant, but, fortunately, these conditions, as stated, 
 prevail now with but comparatively few of the companies. The old 
 "China" house, in which was housed the whole oriental gang like 
 rabbits in a warren, has been largely superseded by cottages, each 
 housing from 8 to 16 men, and these are numerous enough to permit 
 of the various nationalities flocking by themselves. Bathmg facilities, 
 with hot and cold water, are fairly common, and opportunities for 
 washing clothing are frequent. 
 
 FISHERIES OF BOUNDARY WATERS. 
 
 Waters which form the boundaries between States or between 
 nations, and in which fishing is carried on by the citizens of both, 
 have almost always proved bones of contention, and the Pacific 
 coast has been no exception to the rule. 
 
 WASHINGTON AND OREGON. 
 
 The Columbia River, which forms the boundary between Oregon 
 and Washington, affords a typical example of the evils which can 
 result from a division of responsibility ])etween two States. For 
 many years each State enacted laws regulating the fisheries of the 
 river with very slight regard usually to laws already in force in the 
 other State. As a result of this the fishermen transferred their 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 101 
 
 residence for license purposes from State to State as the laws of one 
 or the other best sviited their particular purposes. 
 
 The fishermen and packers also were in apparently irreconcilable 
 conilict as to the proper means to be taken to conserve the fisheries, 
 and each session of the legislatures saw strong lobbies present to 
 work for certain selfish ends, while the few earnest men who had the 
 real welfare of the fisheries of the river at heart had difficulty in 
 making the slightest headway against the influence of these lobbies. 
 
 To further complicate the matter, in 1894 Oregon claimed that, 
 under the provisions of the enabling act admitting it as a State, it 
 had jurisdiction to the Wasliino;ton shore, and proceeded to arrest 
 Washington men who were fishing in what was the open season 
 according to Washington law but the closed season under Oregon law. 
 
 In June, 1908, the voters of the State of Oregon had presented for 
 their consideration two bills radically affecting the waters of Columbia 
 River. One proposed closing the river east of the mouth of the Sandy 
 River against all fishing of any kind except with hook and line, and 
 was originated by gill-net fishermen of the lower river for the purpose 
 of eliminating fish wheels in the upper waters. This bill was the first 
 presented to the people, and wnen it appeared the upriver men 
 retaliated by presenting a bill affecting the lower river to such an 
 extent that it practically prohibited the net fishermen from operating. 
 
 Very much to the surprise of all concerned both bills were passed 
 and became laws on July 1, to take effect, as provided, on August 25 
 and September 10, respectively. The Oregon master fish warden 
 proceeded to enforce both laws, arresting all violators on both sides 
 of the river, irrespective of whether or not they were operating under 
 a Washington or Oregon license, and incidentally did the fisheries a 
 great service by bringing prominently before the public the anoma- 
 lous condition of affairs which was occasioned by the archaic system 
 under which the fisheries of the Columbia were governed. The State 
 of Washington appealed to the United States courts, which, after 
 argument, issued an injunction preventing the warden from enforc- 
 ing the laws so far as the W^ashington fishermen were concerned. 
 
 In the meantime the attention of the General Government had 
 been drawn to the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the two 
 States, and fearing tnat in the melee the interests of the fisheries 
 would be lost sight of. President Roosevelt, in a message to Con- 
 gress, after reciting briefly the lack of harmony in jurisdiction by the 
 States, recommended that the General Government take over the 
 control of the fisheries of the Columbia, as well as other interstate 
 rivers. 
 
 This had the effect of bringing matters to a head, and negotiations 
 were soon in progress looking to the preparation of a treaty between 
 the two States by which uniform laws would be adopted, and thus 
 each State have concurrent jurisdiction to the opposite shore of the 
 river. The legislatures each appointed a committee of eight mem- 
 bers to confer and frame joint legislation. The two committees met 
 in Seattle, Wash., early in 1909, and agreed upon the following 
 recommendations : 
 
 First. A spring closed seaFon from March 1 to May 1 . 
 Second. A fall closed seaeon tioni August 25 1o Septemler 10. 
 
 Third. A Sunday closed season from S p. m. Saturday of each week to G p. m. the 
 Sunday following between the Igt day of May and the 26th day of August. 
 
102 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHEEIES. 
 
 Fourth. We suggest the mutual recognition by each State of the licenses issued to 
 floating gear by the other State. 
 
 Fifth. That the State of Oregon repeal chapter 89 of the session laws of Oregon 
 for the year 1907, relative to the operation of purse seines and other like gear on the 
 Columbia River. 
 
 Sixth. We recommend the enactment of similar laws in both States carrying an 
 appropriation of at least $2,500 in each State and providing for the destruction of 
 seals and sea lions and the granting of a bounty on the same, to be $2.50 for seals and 
 $5 for sea lions. 
 
 Seventh. We recommend the repeal of both the fish bills passed under the provi- 
 sions of the initiative and referendum in June, 1907, by the people of the State of 
 Oregon, said bills being designated on the ballot as 318, 319 and 332, 333. 
 
 The recommendations were enacted into law by both States, and 
 at the same time the State of Washington in its bill also prohibited 
 fishing for salmon within 3 miles of the mouth of the Columbia 
 between March 1 and May 1 and between August 25 and September 
 10, or salmon fishing on tributaries of the Columbia, except the Snake, 
 between June 1 and vSeptember 15; and also prohibited fishing for 
 salmon by any means save by hook and line in the Kalama, Lewis, 
 Wind, Little VThite Salmon, Wenatchee, Methow, and Spokane 
 Rivers and in the Columbia River 1 mile below the mouth of any of 
 the rivers named. The agreement was subjected to a rather severe 
 strain, however, when it was discovered that the Oregon Legislature 
 had failed to provide the same closed periods for the tributaries that 
 were enacted for the Columbia, thus leaving the Willamette, Clacka- 
 mas, Lewis and Clark, and Youngs Rivers and Spikanon Creek open 
 to fishing for 15 days in March and 15 days in April, while the 
 Columbia was closed. The cry of bad faith was at once raised by 
 the Washington fishermen, and for a short time it appeared that the 
 agreement would be broken at the very beginning. The Oregon 
 Board of Fish Commissioners took the matter up, however, and by 
 order closed these streams to all fishing during the times of closed 
 season on the Columbia, and thus restored peace once more. 
 
 This agreement continued in force until 1915, when the legislature 
 of each State prepared for a thorough revision of its fishery code. In 
 order to make this revision more efl"ective, committees from both 
 legislatures were appointed and held joint meetings in Portland, 
 where they mutually agreed upon laws covering the fisheries of the 
 Columbia River, and in order to make this agreement more binding 
 the following chapter was inserted in the codes finally adopted : 
 
 All laws and regulations now existing, or which may 1 le necessary for regulating, 
 protecting, or preserving fish in the waters of the Columbia River, over which the 
 States of Oregon and Washington have concurrent jurisdiction, or any other waters 
 within either of said States, which would affect said concurrent jurisdiction, shall 1)6 
 made, changed, altered, and amended in whole or in part only with the mutual 
 consent and approbation of both States. 
 
 As such an agreement between two States requires the approval 
 of Congress, a bill ratifying the same was introduced in Congress on 
 December 16, 1915, but was not finally ratified until April 1, 1918. 
 
 While the compact was pending in Congress, the Washington 
 legislature at its 1917 session made several changes in the existing 
 fisheries law and contended they were efi'ective because the com- 
 pact agreement was not ratified by Congress until 1918, which then 
 did not take recognition of the new regulations. When the matter 
 came officially before the superior court of Pacific County, Wash., 
 in 1919, the court held that the compact was valid, thus nullifying 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 103 
 
 laws passed by the State of Washington afTorting the Columbia 
 River sknce 1915, and if this decision stands in the higlier courts of 
 both States all laws passed by either h'gislature since 1915, affecting 
 the Columbia lliver fisheries, will fail unless they happen to be the 
 same in both States. 
 
 WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The conditions which prevail in Puget Sound adjacent to the 
 boundary between Washington and British Cohmibia have also been 
 the cause of serious anxiety to those interested in the perpetuation 
 of the salmon fisheries. The great schools of sockeye salmon which 
 are on their way from the ocean to the spawning beds in the Fraser 
 River pass through this section, and it is here that the greater part of 
 the fishing is done. The Province of British Columbia and the State 
 of Washington are vitally interested in the preservation of these 
 fish, but. unfortunately, they seem unable to agree upon any definite 
 policy with regard to their conservation, although it would appear 
 to the unprejudiced observer that it ought to be possible to find some 
 common ground upon which they could agree. 
 
 This condition of affairs on Puget Sound and similar conditions in 
 other boundary waters led the General Government to take up the 
 matter, and on April 11, 1908, a convention was concluded between 
 this country and Great Britahi for the protection and preservation 
 o the food fishes in international boundary waters of the United 
 States and Canada. Both Governments appointed international 
 commissioners — Dr. David Starr Jordan for the United States and 
 S. T. Bastedo (wlio was succeeded later by Prof. Edward Ernest 
 Prince) for Canada — whoso duty it was to investigate conditions pre- 
 vailing in these waters and to recommend a system of uniform and 
 common international regulations. After an exhaustive investiga- 
 tion the commissioners submitted recommendations, which included 
 the following affecting the boundary waters dividing the State of 
 Washington and the Province of British Columhia, these waters 
 being defined as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and those parts of Wash- 
 ington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying between 
 the parallels of 48° 10' and 49° 20': 
 
 GENERAL REGULATIONS. 
 
 S. D'isposition of prohibited catch. — In case any fish is unintentionally captured 
 contrary to the prohibitions or restrictions contained in any of the followintf regula- 
 tions, such fish shall, if possible, be immediately returned alive and uninjured to the 
 water. 
 
 4. Dynamite, poisonous substances, etc. — No person shall place or use quicklime, 
 dj-namite, explosive, or poisonous substances, or electric device in treaty waters for 
 the purpose of capturing or killing fish. 
 
 5. Pollution of waters. — No person shall place or pass, or allow tp pass, into treaty 
 waters any substance offensive to fi.shers, injurious to fish life, or destructive to fish 
 fry or to the food of fish fry, unless f)ermitted so to do under any law passed by the 
 legislative authority having jurisdiction. 
 
 No person shall deposit dead fish, fish offal, or gurry in treaty waters, or on ice formed 
 thereon, excejit in gurry grounds established by the duly constituted authorities. 
 
 6'. Capture of fishes for propagation or for scientific purposes. — Nothing contained in 
 these regulations shall prohibit or interfere with the taking of any fishes at any time 
 for propagation or hatchery purposes, and obtaining at any time or by any method 
 specimens of fishes for scientific purposes under authority granted for Canadian treaty 
 waters by the duly coivstitut 1 authorities in Can i; la and for United States treaty 
 waters by the duly constituted authorities in the United States. 
 
104 tJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 3 
 
 12. Capture of immature salmon jwohibiled. — No ^aliron or steelhead of less than 
 pounds in weight shall be fished for, killed, or raptured in treaty waters. 
 
 l-S. Salmoyi weirs, etc., above tidal limits prohibited. — No salmon and no steelhead 
 shall be fished for, killed, or captured by means of a net of any sort, any weir or any 
 fish wheel, above tidal limits in any river in treaty waters. 
 
 14. Close season for sturgeon. — During the term of four years next following the date 
 of the promulgation of these regulations no sturgeon shall be fished for, killed, or 
 captured in treaty waters. 
 
 1.'). Capture of fish for fertilizer or oil prohibited. — Fishes useful for human food shall 
 not bo fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters for use in the manufacture of 
 fertilizer, or of oil other than oil for food or medicinal purposes. 
 
 16. Naked hooJcs and spears prohibited. — No spear, grappling hook, or naked hook, 
 and no artificial bait with more than three hooks, or more than one burr of three hooks 
 attached thereto, shall be used for the capture of fish in treaty waters. This regula- 
 tion shall not prohibit the use of a gaff in hook-and-line fishing. 
 
 17. Torching prohibited. — No torch, flambeau, or other artificial light shall be used 
 as a lure for fish in treaty waters. 
 
 The following regulations relate specifically to the waters named: 
 
 STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA AND ADJACENT WATERS. 
 
 The following regulations (62 to 66, inclusive) shall apply to the Strait of Juan de 
 Fuca, those parts of Washington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying 
 between the parallels of 48° 10^ and 49° 20' north latitude: 
 
 6'2. Close season for salmon. — From August 25 to September 15 in each year, both 
 days inclusive, no salmon or steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured for com- 
 mercial purposes in these treaty waters; provided, however, that in the waters to the 
 westward of a line drawn southward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of 
 Washington silver salmon, or coho salmon, may be fished for, killed, or captured from 
 September 1 to September 15 in each year, both days inclusive. 
 
 6.'J. Weekly close season for salmon and steelhead. — From 6 o'clock Saturday morning 
 to 6 o'clock on the Monday morning next succeeding, no salmon or steelhead shall be 
 fished for, killed, or captured in the.se treaty waters. 
 
 It is, however, provided that in the waters to the westward of a line drawn south- 
 ward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of Washington the weekly clo.se 
 season shall begin 12 hours earlier, and shall end 12 hours earlier. 
 
 64- Construction of j)ound nets. — All pound nets or other stationary appliances for 
 the capture of salmon or steelhead shall be so constructed that no fish whatever shall 
 be taken during the weekly close season. The erection or addition to the pound net 
 of a jigger is prohibited. 
 
 65. Location of pound nets. — -All pound nets shall be limited to a length of 2,500 
 feet, with an end passageway of at least 600 feet between one pound net and the next 
 in a linear series, such distance being measured in continuation of the line of direc- 
 tion of the leader of such net, and a lateral passageway of at least 2,400 feet between 
 one pound net and the next. 
 
 On and after January 1, 1911, the mesh in pound nets shall be 4 inches in extension 
 in the leader and not less than 3 inches in other parts of the net. 
 
 66. Nets other than pound nets. — No purse net shall be used within 3 miles of the 
 mouth of any river and no seine within 1 mile of the mouth of any river in these treaty 
 waters. 
 
 No gill net of more than 900 feet in length or of a greater depth than 60 meahes shall 
 be used in these treaty waters. 
 
 The effort to enact these regulations into law by our Congress met 
 with decided objections not only on the part of the Pu it Sou d 
 operators, but also from opierators in other waters affected, with the 
 result that the bill was shelved and never acted upon finally. After 
 waiting a while to see if any action would be taken by our Govern- 
 ment, Canada finally repealed the act in which it had accepted the 
 regulations. 
 
 DECRE.\SE IN SOCKEYE SAT.MON RUN. 
 
 In 1913 the matter of the Frazcr River-Puget Sound sockeye salmon 
 run came prominently to the fore through a rock slide in Hell Gate 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 105 
 
 Canyon, on the Fraser River, caused by blasting operations of a 
 construction gan<:; building a railroad through there. This slide, it 
 was asserted, cut off the greater part of the run to the upper river, and, 
 it was feared, would have a very serious effect on future runs. By the 
 time the run of 1914 arrived the greater part of the debris had been 
 removed from the canyon, and the fish, it was alleged, could once more 
 pass up. Reports of persons who visited these spawning grounds in 
 1913 and subsequent years were to the effect that but few spawners, 
 as compared with earlier years, were to be found on them. 
 
 That the subsequent decrease in the runs was not to be attributed 
 solely to the rock slide in Hell Gate canyon is plainly evident by a 
 glance at the pack figures in this area before and subsequent to 1913. 
 The following statement shows the combined sockeye packs of the 
 American and Canadian packers operating on the run going to the 
 Iraser River: 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1915 155,714 
 
 191() 105,870 
 
 1917 "559,732 
 
 1918 70,420 
 
 1919 98,409 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1909 al, 590, 555 
 
 1910 384, 869 
 
 1911 : 189,767 
 
 1912 . 307,775 
 
 1913 a 2, 401, 488 
 
 1914 534, 434 
 
 Aside from the damage caused to the ''big year" run by the rock 
 slide, there can be only one explanation of such a progressive decline 
 m the pack, and that is excessive fishing. The fishermen of both 
 countries are to blame for this. On the American side traps, purse 
 seines, and, in a slight degree, gill nets, have taken a heavy toll of the 
 fish as they passed through our waters. After some had safely run 
 this gantlet they met thousands of gill nets operted by Canadian 
 fishermen in and around the mouth of the Fraser River and in the 
 lower reaches of same, and it is a wonder that any of the schools 
 ever got to the spawning beds. Several abortive attempts have been 
 made by the authorities of Canada and British Columbia on the one 
 side and the wState of Washington on the other to arrive at some equi- 
 table method for protecting this sockeye run. The former especially 
 have professed an earnest desire to do something along this line, and 
 there is no reason to doubt their sincerity. On the American side a 
 few people, and among these a few of the more intelligent canners, 
 pleaded for the enactment of laws that would adequately protect the 
 salmon, but they were overborne by the great bulk of the packers and 
 fishermen who, disregarding all the warnings and teachings of expe- 
 rience, insisted upon going ruthlessly forward with the slaughter, 
 and when reproached with their shortsightedness clamored for the 
 establishment of more salmon hatcheries, as though the latter could 
 accompHsh the miracle of increasing the supply of fry from a steadily 
 decreasino; supply of eggs. 
 
 That this wanton destruction of one of our greatest natural 
 resources should have been permitted to continue unchecked by the 
 people of Washington and British Columbia is a most surprising thing, 
 and indicates either a most remarkable ignorance of the condition, 
 which should have been patent to everybody, or a criminal apathy. 
 
 • The big year, which comes every fourth year. 
 
106 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHEKIES. 
 
 AMERICAN-CANADIAN FISHERIES CONFERENCE. 
 
 In 1917 a joint commission, known as the American-Canadian 
 Fisheries Conference, was appointed to take evidence and see if it 
 were possible to compose the fishery disputes which had affected the 
 good relations of the two countries for over 150 years. The com- 
 mission was composed, for America, of William C. Redfield, Secretary 
 of Commerce ; Edwin F. Sweet, assistant Secretary of Commerce ; and 1 
 Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Commissioner of Fisheries ; and for Canada, of 
 J. Douglas Hazen, Chief Justice of New Brunswick, who had been 
 for six years Minister of Marine and Fisheries for Canada; George G. 
 Desbarats, deputy Minister Naval Service; and William A. Found, 
 Superintendent of Fisheries. 
 
 Hearings were held on the Atlantic coast in 1917 and on the 
 Pacific coast in 1918, and in 1919 the commission agreed upon and 
 presented to their respective Governments several treaties concern- 
 ing these matters, the only one of special interest here being the 
 treaty covering the sockeye fisheries of the Fraser River-JPuget 
 Sound, which was signed on September 2, 1919. Owing to its 
 importance this treaty is reproduced entire below: 
 
 CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION, PRESERVATION, AND PROPA- 
 GATION OF SALMON. 
 
 The United States of America, and His Majesty George V, of the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, 
 Emperor of India, equally recognizing the desirability of uniform and effective 
 measures for the protection, preservation, and propagation of the salmon fisheries in 
 the waters contiguous to the United States and the Dominion of Canada, and in the 
 Fraser River System, have resolved to conclude a convention for this purpose, and 
 have named as their Plenipotentiaries: 
 
 The President of the United States of America, the Honorable Robert Lansing, 
 Secretary of State of the United States of America, and 
 
 His Britannic Majesty, the Honorable Ronald Lindsay, his charge d'affaires at 
 Washington, and the Honorable Sir John Douglas Hazen, a Knight Commander of the 
 Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, Chief Justice of New Bruns- 
 wick, and a member of his Privy Council for Canada. 
 
 Who, having exhibited their full powers, found to be in due form, have agreed to 
 and signed the following articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The times, seasons, and methods of sockeye-salmon fishing in the waters specified 
 in Article III of this Convention, and the nets, engines, gear, apparatus, and appli- 
 ances which may be used therein, shall be limited to those which are specified in the 
 regulations appended hereto, and/or which may be specified in revised, modified, 
 or substituted regulations provided for in Article VI and promulgated in accordance 
 with the terms of Article II. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties engage to put into operation and enforce by legislative 
 and executive action, with as littl6 delay as possible, the provisions of this convention 
 and said regulations, and the date when the said regulations shall be put into oj^era- 
 tion, shall be fixed by concurrent proclamations of the President of the United States 
 and of the Governor General of the Dominion of Canada in Council. Each of Ihe 
 High Contracting Parties may, by appropriate legislation, provide for the trial, con- 
 viction, and pimishment within its jurisdiction of any person found there who has 
 contravened any of the provisions of this convention, and/or said regulations within 
 the jurisdiction of the other High Contracting Party, and who has not been punished 
 for such offence within the latter jurisdiction. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 107 
 
 Article III. 
 
 It is acjepfl that the provisions of this convention and of said regulations shall apply 
 to the waters included within the following boundaries: 
 
 Beginning at Carnianagh Lighthouse on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, 
 thence in a straight line to a point three marine miles dtie west astronomic from 
 Tatoosh Lighthouse, Washington, thence to said Tatoosh Lighthouse, thence to the 
 nearest point of Cape Flattery, thence following the southerly shore of Juan de Fuca 
 Strait to Point Wilson, on Qtiimper Peninsula, thence in a straight line to Point 
 Partridge on \Miidbey Island, thence following the western shore of the said Whid- 
 ])ey Island, to the entrance to Deception Pass, thence across said entrance to the 
 southern side of Reservation Bay, on Fidalgo Island, thence following the western 
 and northern shore line of the said Fidalgo Island to Swinomish Slough, crossing the 
 said Swinomish Slough in line with the track of the Great Northern Railway, thence 
 northerly following the shore line of the mainland to Point Grey at the southern 
 entrance to Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, thence in a straight line to the southern 
 end of Gabriola Island, thence to the southern side of the entrance to Boat Harbor, 
 \'ancouver Island, thence following the eastern and sotithern shores of the said 
 \'ancouver Island to the starting point at Carmanagli Lighthouse, as shown on the 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ('hart No. G300, as corrected to Jidy 20, 1918, 
 and also the Fraser River and its tributaries. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties engage to have prepared, as soon as practicable, 
 charts of the waters described in this article, with the international boundary line 
 indicated thereon; and to establish such btioys and marks for the jjiirposes of this 
 convention as may be recommended by the commission referred to in Article IV. 
 
 AUTICLE IV, 
 
 The High Contracting Parties agree to appoint, within two months after the 
 exchange of ratifications of this convention, a commission to be known as the Inter- 
 national P'isheries Commission, consisting of four persons, two to be named by each 
 party. This commission shall continue to exist so long as this convention shall be in 
 force. Each party shall have the power to fill, and shall fill, from time to time, any 
 vacancy whicn may occur in its representation on the commission. Each party shall 
 pay its own commissioners, and any joint expenses shall be paid by the two High 
 Contracting Parties in equal moieties. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 The International Fisheries Commission shall conduct investigations into the life 
 history of the salmon, hatchery methods, spawning-ground conditions, and other 
 related matters, and shall observe the operation of the said regulations appended 
 hereto, and shall recommend to their respective Governments any modifications of, 
 additions to, or substitutions for the appended regulations which may be found 
 desirable. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 The regulations appended to this convention shall remain in force for a period of 
 eight years from the date of their promulgation, as provided in Article II, and there- 
 after until one year from the date when either of the High Contracting Parties shall 
 give notice to the other of its desire for their revision, or until the termination of this 
 convention, whichever shall first occur. Immediately upon such notice being given, 
 the International Fisheries Commission shall proceed to make a re\ision of said regu- 
 lations, which revi.sed regulations shall be incorporated in a special agreement between 
 the High Contracting Parties. It is understood that such special agreement shall 
 on the ])art of the United States be made by the President of the United States, by 
 and ^^■ith the ad^^ce and consent of the Senate thereof. Such special agreement shall 
 be binding only when confirmed by the two Governments by an exchange of notes. 
 Such special agreement shall be promulgated as provided in Article II hereof, and 
 shall remain in force for a period of five years and thereafter until one vear from the 
 date when a further notice of revision is given as above provided in this article, or 
 until the termination of this convention, whichever shall first occur. 
 
 It shall, however, at any time, be in the power of the High Contracting Parties by 
 special agreement ujwn the recommendation of the International Fislicries Commis- 
 sion, to make modifications of, additions to, or substitutions for any of the regulations 
 in fdrce, and (or) to make the provisions of this convention, and any regulations pro- 
 
108 U, S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 niulgated in accordance with the terms thereof, operative in the waters specified in 
 Article III of this convention, as to any or all of the other species of salmon, including 
 steelhead. It is understood that such special agreement shall on the part of the 
 United States be made by the President of the United States, by and wdth the advice 
 and consent of the Senate thereof. Such special agreement shall be binding only when 
 confirmed by the two Governments by an exchange of notes. Such special agreement 
 shall be promulgated as provided in Article II hereof. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 This convention shall remain in force for a period of fifteen years, and thereafter 
 until two years from the date when either of the High Contracting Parties shall give 
 notice to the other of its desire to terminate this convention. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 The present convention shall be duly ratified by the President of the United States, 
 
 by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by His Britannic 
 
 Majesty, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington as soon as practicable. 
 
 IN FAITH WHEREOF, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present 
 
 convention in duplicate and thereimto afhxed their seals. 
 
 Done at the City of Washington this second day of September, in the year one 
 thousand iiine hundred and nineteen. 
 
 ROBERT LANSING, (Seal) 
 R. C. LINDSAY, (Seal) 
 
 J. D. HAZEN. (Seal) 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 international regulation.s for the protection and preservation of the sock- 
 eye salmon fisheries of the praser river system. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 The following regulations shall apply to the waters described in Article III of the 
 convention of Fe|)tember 2, 1919, between the United States and Great Britain, to 
 which these regulations are appended, to-wit: 
 
 (Here is inserted the description of the waters affected, as already set forth in Article 
 III above.) 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 dehnitions. 
 
 "Drift net" shall mean a floating gill net that is neither anchored nor staked, but 
 that floats freely with the tide or current. 
 
 "Trap net" shall include a pound net. 
 
 "Commission" shall mean the International Fisheries Commission appointed under 
 the convention to which these regulations are appended. 
 
 "Treaty waters" shall mean all waters described in Article III of the c(yivention 
 to which these regulations are appended. 
 
 Section 3. 
 
 (a) Fishing for sockeye salmon in the treaty waters within the territorial limits 
 of the State of Washington, shall not be permissible except under license from such 
 state, and in the treaty waters of Canada except under license under the provisions 
 of the fisheries act of Canada. 
 
 (b) No greater number of licenses tor any class of fishing appliance shall be authorized 
 in any year in the treaty waters within the territorial limits of the State of Washington 
 than were issued for such class for the season of 1918, up to August 31st, inclusive 
 thereof, and in the treaty waters of Canada the number of gill nets that may be licensed 
 in any year shall not exceed 1,800. 
 
 (c) No license shall be granted to any person or partnership in the State of Wash- 
 ington unless such person or each meml)er of such partnership shall be an American 
 citizen, resident in said State, and no license shall be granted to any joint-stock com- 
 pany or corporation in said State, unless the officers, directors and the holders of a 
 majority of the stock thereof, are American citizens, or unless it is authorized to do 
 business in the said State; and no license shall be granted to any person, company 
 or firm in the Province of British Columbia unless such person is a British subject 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 109 
 
 repident in the said Province, or unless such company or firm is a Canadian company 
 or firm, or Ls authorized by the Provincial Government to do business in the said 
 Province of British Colum})ia. 
 
 (f/) No one other than a British subject who owns or leases land on either side of the 
 Fraser River above New Westminster Bridge, and who actually permanently resides 
 on, and is tmltivating such land, shall be eligible for a license to fish for sockeye 
 salmon between New Westminster liridge anfl Mission Bridge, but fishing under 
 such license shall not be carried on below New Westminster Bridge. 
 
 Section 4. 
 
 The use of nets other than drift nets, purse seines, and trap nets shall not be per- 
 mitted in treaty waters for the capture of sockeye salmon. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 No net fishing or fishing of any kind, other than with hook and line, except for 
 hatchery purposes, or scientific purposes, shall be permissible in the Fraser River 
 above the down river side of Mission Bridge. 
 
 Section 6. 
 
 During the years 1920 to 1927, both years inclusive, no one shall fish for, catch or 
 kill any salmon from the 20th day of July to the 31st day of July in each year, both 
 d;ivs inclusive; and during this close time, no nets or appliances of any "kind that 
 will capture salmon may be used in these treaty waters; Provided, houenr, That 
 salmon fishing for hatchery or scientific purposes may be authorized during this 
 period. 
 
 Section 7. 
 
 The weekly close time for salmon fi«hing shall be from six o'clock a. m. Saturday, 
 to six o'clock p. m. Sunday, in Canadian waters, excepting in that portion of the 
 Fraser River between New Westirduster Bridge and Mission Bridge, wliere the 
 weekly close time shall be from six o'clock a. m. Saturday to six o'clock p. m. on the 
 following Monday, and in the treaty waters of the United States from Friday at four 
 o'clock p. m. to Sunday at four o'clock a. m. and duiing this close time no 
 salmon fishing of any kind other than for hatchery or scientific purposes shall 
 be permissible, and during the full period of each weekly close time or annual 
 close season, each trap net shall be closed by an apron across the outer entrance 
 to the heart of the trap, which apron shall extend from the surface to the bottom 
 of the water and shall be securely connected to the piles on either side of 
 the heart of the trap net, fastened by rings not more than two feet apart on 
 taut ■wires stretched from the top to the bottom of the piles, and such apron, 
 or the appliance by which it is raised and lowered, shall be proAided with a signal or 
 flag, which shall disclose whether the trap net is closed, and which shall be of the 
 form and character approved by the commission: Provided, that in addition to the 
 foregoing requirement, sucli trap net shall be e(( nipped with a V-shaped opening, to 
 the satisfaction of the commissiop, and in the lead of such trap net next to the entrance 
 to the heart and immediately adjacent to the apron, of at least ten feet in width at 
 the top and extending beiow the surface at least four feet below low water, which V- 
 shaped opening shall remain open and unobstructed during the full period of each 
 weekly close time or annual close season. For the purposes of assuring full compli- 
 ance with this regulation, the owner or operator of each trap net shall constantly main- 
 tain dming the weekly and animal close tinie a Avatchman, whose duty it shall be to 
 cause each trap net to be kept closed and the lead to be kept open, as above provided. 
 
 Section 8. 
 
 All salmon trap nets shall be limited to a total length of twenty-five hundred feet, 
 with an end passagewav of at least six hundred feet between one trap net and the next 
 in linear series, such distances being measured in continuation of the line of direction 
 of the leader of such tiaji net, but in no instance shall more than two-thirds of the 
 width of any pa«!sagewa_\- at any point be clo.sed b}- trap nets. There shall also be a 
 lateral distance of at least twenty-four hundred feet between one trap net and the 
 next. 
 
 Section 9. 
 
 A salmon purse seine shall not exceed nineteen hundred linear feet in length, in- 
 cluding the lead and attachment, measured on the cork line when wet. 
 
110 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Section 10. 
 
 (o) No purse seine shall be cast or placed in the water for fishins; purposes within 
 twenty-four hundred feet of an/ trap net. 
 
 (h) The use of purse seines for the capture of sockeye salmon shall be confined to 
 the treaty waters south Vvard and westward of a straight line drawn from the lighthoi 
 on Trial Island, British ('olumbia, to the northwest point of Whidbey Island, State 
 
 Juse 
 
 -_ -- - _ -, ., , State of 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Section 11. 
 
 A salmon drift net shall not exceed nine hundred linear feet in length, and the 
 vertical breadth thereof shall not exceed sixty meshes, and the si'.e of the mesh shall 
 not be less than five and three-fourths inches, extension measure, when in use. 
 
 Had such a treaty been adopted and rigidly enforced 10 or 12 
 years ago, it might have had a beneficial effect on the Fraser River- 
 Puget Sound sockeye run, but the destruction of the run has pro- 
 gressed to such an alarming extent during the past 7 years that only 
 a total cessation of all fishing for sockeyes m this section for a 
 term of years could have the slightest beneficial effect. The pro- 
 posed regulations provide that "during the years 1920 to 1927, 
 both years inclusive, no one shall fish for, catch, or kill any salmon 
 from the 20th day of July to the 31st day of July in each year, both 
 days inclusive; and during this close time nonets or appliances 
 of any kind that will capture salmon may bo used in these treaty 
 waters * * *." This closed period runs concurrently on both 
 sides of the line, and while it would have but a very slight effect if 
 the salmon were able to reach the spawning grounds in this short 
 period, it certainly can have none if the Canadian gill netters are 
 enabled to start fishing just about the time the salmon have reached 
 the mouth of the Fraser. 
 
 The only hope of rehabilitating the sockeye run — and some well- 
 informed observers have grave doubts whether anything will ever 
 accomplish this desirable result — is to close the waters of Puget 
 Sound through which the sockeyes pass and the Fraser River during 
 the months of July and August or such other period as nlay be neces- 
 sary to protect the socke3^es from the time they appjar off the capes 
 until they have passed beyond the fishermen on the Fraser River to 
 all salmon fishing for a period of 8 or 12 years. As the sockeyes 
 are 4-year f.sh — i. e., are born and live in fresh water for about a 
 year, then go to sea, and are not observed again until they return in 
 the fourth year after birth (a small proportion live to 5 years, and a 
 vastly smaller proportion to 6 years), spa%vn on the breeding grounds 
 of the Fraser and then die — a closed period of less than 4 years could 
 have ho appreciable effect, as it would not be a complete cycle in 
 the animiils life, while 8 or 12 years, representing two or three cycles 
 of their life, might possibly have a beneficial effect, although the 
 experiences of the past show clearly that it is much easier to destroy a 
 school of fish than it is to restore a much depleted one. 
 
 DECREASE IN HUMPBACK SALMON CATCH. 
 
 Another unfortunate condition has developed as a result of exces- 
 sive fishing in Puget Sound of recent 3^ears, and that is the heavy 
 decline in the catcli of humpback salmon. These fish are caught in 
 the same apparatus as used for sockeyes. 
 
 For many years the humpbacks came in countless numbers, and 
 the fishermen were able to sell but a small part of the catch. Despite 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 this, they persisted in catching them and many thousands were killed 
 and thrown away during the years when the run appeared in the 
 sound. This ruthless and senseless slaughter finally nad its natural 
 result, and ahout four years ago a heavy decline was observed in 
 the catch of that year, and this decline has steadily increased since, 
 with the result that to-day there are grave doubts as to whether the 
 run can be preserved even in its impaired condition. The only hope 
 is that the prohibition of all salmon fishing during the months of 
 July and August may be adopted, which would prevent fishing for 
 either sockeyes or humpbacks, ooth of which run during these months. 
 
 PACKS BY CANADIAN AND AMERICAN CANNERS. 
 
 Many people on both sides of the boundary line have been under the 
 impression that the American fishermen on Puget Sound have been 
 by far the greatest offenders in so far as the quantity of sockeye 
 salmon taken has been concerned, but a table " prepared by Mr. 
 J. P. Babcock, assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries of British 
 Columbia, does not bear this out. Previous to 1891 most of the fish- 
 ing was done by British Columbia fishermen. The table follows: 
 
 Year. 
 
 1891 
 
 lSit2 
 IS'.U 
 1WJ4 
 IS'JS 
 1S96 
 1WI7 
 1S9S 
 1S99 
 19()0 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 Canadian 
 
 American 
 
 waters. 
 
 waters. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 176,954 
 
 5,538 
 
 79,715 
 
 2,954 
 
 457,797 
 
 47,852 
 
 363,967 
 
 41,791 
 
 395,984 
 
 65,143 
 
 356,984 
 
 72,979 
 
 860,459 
 
 312,048 
 
 256, 101 
 
 252,000 
 
 480,485 
 
 499,646 
 
 229,800 
 
 228,704 
 
 928,669 
 
 1,105,096 
 
 293,477 
 
 339,556 
 
 204,809 
 
 167,211 
 
 72,688 
 
 123,419 
 
 837,489 
 
 847,122 
 
 183,007 
 
 182,241 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 182,492 
 82,669 
 505,649 
 405,758 
 461,127 
 429,963 
 
 1,172,507 
 608, 101 
 980,131 
 458,504 
 
 2,033,765 
 633,033 
 372,020 
 196,107 
 
 1,684,611 
 365,248 
 
 Year. 
 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Canadian 
 waters. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 62,617 
 
 74,574 
 
 585,435 
 
 150,432 
 
 62, 817 
 
 123,879 
 
 736,661 
 
 198,183 
 
 91,130 
 
 27,394 
 
 148, 164 
 
 19,697 
 
 34,063 
 
 Total.. 8,493,431 
 
 American 
 waters. 
 
 Cases. 
 96,974 
 
 155,218 
 1,005,120 
 
 234,437 
 
 126,950 
 
 183,896 
 1,664,827 
 
 336,251 
 64,581 
 78,476 
 
 411,538 
 50,723 
 64,346 
 
 8,766,640 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 159,591 
 229.792 
 
 1,590,555 
 384,869 
 189,767 
 307, 775 
 
 2,401,488 
 534,434 
 155,714 
 105,870 
 559,702 
 70,420 
 98,409 
 
 17,260,071 
 
 METHODS OF PREPARING SALMON. 
 
 CANNING. 
 
 EARLY DAYS OF THE INDUSTRY. 
 
 In the salmon industry canning is and has been almost from the 
 time of the discovery of a feasible method of so preserving the hsh, 
 the principal branch. The first canning of salmon on the Pacific 
 coast was on the Sacramento River in 1864, when G. W. and William 
 Hume and Andrew S. Hapgood, operating under the firm name of 
 Hapgood, Hume & Co., started the work on a scow at Washington, 
 Yolo County, Calif. The Hume brothers, who came from Maine 
 originally, had been fishing for salmon in the Sacramento River for 
 some years before the idea of canning the fish had entered their 
 minds, while Mr. Hapgood had previously been engaged in canning 
 lobsters in Maine, and was induced by the Humes to participate in 
 
 a Frascr lUver Salmon Situation: A Reclamation Project. By John Pease Babcock. Appendix V, 
 Report. British Cokimbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1919, p. 3. Victoria, 
 British Columbia, 1920. 
 
112 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 order that they might have the henefit of his knowledge of canning 
 methods. The late R. D. Hume, who worked in the original cannery 
 and later became one of the best-known canners on the coast, thus 
 describes the plant and the methods employed:'* 
 
 Before the arrival of Mr. Hapgood (from Maine) the Hume brothers had purchased 
 a large scow, on which they proposed to do the canning of salmon, and had added 
 an extension to the cabin 18 by 24 feet in area, to be used as a can-making shop. This 
 had a shed on the side next to the river for holding any cans that might be made in 
 advance of the packing season. A few days after the arrival of Mr. Hapgood (Mar. 
 23. 1864 ). the tools and machinery were packed and put in position. Mr. Hapgood 
 made some stovepipe and two or three sheet-iron fire pots, and in a short time was ready 
 for can making. The following list of tools and machinery will show how primitive 
 our facilities were as compared with present methods: 1 screw hand press, 1 set cast- 
 iron top dies, 1 set cast-iron bottom dies, 1 pair squaring shears, 1 pair rotary shears, 
 1 pair bench shears, 1 pair hand shears or snips, 1 pair 24-inch rolls, 1 anvil (weight 
 50 pounds), 1 forging hammer, 1 tinner's hammer, 1 set punches for making stovepipe, 
 I rivet set. 1 grooving set, 2 iron slabs grooved on one side to mold strips of solder, 1 
 iron clamp to hold bodies of cans while soldering the seams, 1 triangular piece of cast 
 iron about three-eighths of an inch in thickness and 6 inches in length, with a wooden 
 handle attached to the apex, also used for holding can bodies in place while being 
 seamed . 
 
 The process of canning was as follows: The bodies of the cans were first cut to proper 
 size by the squaring shears, a line was then scribed with a gauge about three-sixteenths 
 of an inch from one edge, and they were next formed into cylindrical shape by the rolls. 
 They were then taken to the soldering bench and one edge lapped by the other until 
 the edge met the line that had been scribed and fastened there by being soldered a 
 small part of the length to hold them in place for the further purpose of seaming. 
 They were then placed either in the iron clamp, which had a piece of wood attached to 
 its underside, and held firmly, the clamp being closed by the operation of a treadle, 
 or were slipped on a piece of wood, which was bolted to the bench, while being held 
 in place by the triangular hand seamer, which was pressed down on the lap of the seam 
 by the left hand of the operator. W hen this had been done a piece of solder, which 
 had been prepared by shaking in a can together with rosin, was placed on the seam 
 and melted and rubbed lengthwise of the seam. After cooling the bodies were ready 
 for the end or bottom, which operation was brought about by first cutting out circular 
 blanks \\ath the rotary shears, and then placing them in the cast-iron die and bringing 
 the handle of the screw press around with a swing with force enough to form up the 
 end or bottom. In this operation there were many difficulties, as the ends or bottoms 
 would many times stick to the upper part of the die and refuse to come off, and finger 
 nails were pretty short in those days. To get the ends out of the lower part of the die 
 was not so bad, as a wooden plunger operated by a treadle knocked them out, but some- 
 times they were in pretty bad shape. When the bottoms or ends were ready they were 
 slipped on the bodies and the edge of the bottom rolled about in a pan of powdered 
 rosin until the seam was well dusted. A piece of solder similar in size and preparation 
 as used for the side seam was placed in the can. They were then placed on the smooth 
 side of the cast-iron slabs, and the operator, with a hot soldering copper shaped to fit 
 the circle of the can, melted the solder and by turning the can rapidly soldered the 
 full circumference. The output of this can factory was very imperfect, as at least 
 one-half of the seams burst, owing to the lack of experience of the manager or >'-an* of 
 good judgment. 
 
 When the can making was well underway Mr. Hapgood then turned his attention 
 to getting the apparatus for canning on board the house-boat. This in the cooking 
 department consisted of a kettle made of boiler iron about 36 inches in diameter and 
 6 feet in depth, set in a brick furnace and fired from underneath. Alongside was a 
 round-bottom, cast-iron pot holding about 60 gallons of water and heated in the same 
 manner. These kettles, with a dozen coolers or circular sheet-iron pans with ropes 
 attached and with holes cut in the bottoms for drainage, a set of 5-inch blocks and tackle, 
 with a sheet-iron fire pot and a scratch awl, completed the bathroom outfit. The 
 can filling and soldering room wae furnished with a table through the center, where 
 cutting the salmon in pieces to suit and the filling of the cans was done. On each side 
 of the room there was a bench running the full length, on the end of one of which the 
 cans were placed to receive the pickle, which was used at that time instead of the small 
 quantity of salt that is placed m the cans during the operations of these later days 
 
 o The First Salmon Cannery. By K. D. Hume. Pacific Fisberman, VoL II, No. 1, January, 1904, pp. 
 19-21. 
 

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PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 113 
 
 \Mi'r the salmon had been cleaned by remo\ing the entrails and washing them oiit- 
 li Ic the rovpred portion of the scow, they were brought inside and placed on the table, 
 11(1 a man u-ith a butcher knife in one hand and a stick in the other, which had a mark 
 I lowing the length of the pieces desired, cut gashes in the side of the salmon as a 
 ^qiiile and then cut the fish into sections corresponding to the length of the mark on 
 the stick. He then proceeded to cut the sections in pieces to suit the cans. Then 
 three or four operators placed the salmons in the cans and shoved them along the table 
 to where a boy Avipcd the top edge and passed them along to two others who placed 
 tops which fitted inside of the rim. The cans were then taken in wooden trays to 
 the bench opposite the starting point, which was fitted with four sheet-iron pots, 
 and at the one nearest the entrance to the house on the scow a man put a soldering 
 flux on the top edge, which was made by adding zinc to muriatic acid, and then with 
 a pointed soldering copper and a stick of solder melted the solder until a small portion 
 could be dran-n around the groove formed by the edge of the can and the bevel of the 
 top. From there the cans were taken to the other parts of the bench, where two men 
 finished soldering the head in, and then taken to the third man, who soldered, or, as it 
 was called, buttoned, the end of tlie seam lap. The cooking department or bathroom, 
 as it was called, was separated from the filling and soldering room by a partition. 
 The cans were shoved through a hole in the partition. 
 
 At this time the process was a secret. Mr. Hapgood did the cooking and all the 
 work done inside, no one but a member of the firm being allowed to go in. This 
 privacy was continued until the firm moved to the Columbia River, and, the labor 
 becoming too arduous for Mr. Hapgood to perform alone, a boy by the name of Charlie 
 Taylor was taken in as an assistant. * * * 
 
 But to return to the original proposition: When the filled cans had been soldered 
 and entered the bathroom they were put in the coolers and lowered into the cast- 
 iron pot, one cooler of cans being cooked at a time. The cooler was lowered into the 
 boiling fresh water until the cans were submerged to within 1 inch of the top ends and 
 left to cook for one hour; then they were hoisted out and the vent holes in the center 
 of the top soldered up, after which they were dumped into the boiler-iron kettle, 
 which held a solution of salt and water of density sufficient to produce, when boiling, 
 a heat of 228° to 230'' F. They were cooked in this solution for one hour and then 
 taken out of the kettle \vith an iron scoop shaped like a dip net, with a wooden handle 
 about 6 feet in length. They were dumped into a tank of water on the other side of the 
 partition which separated the bathroom from the packing room through an opening 
 m the partition, receiving many a bump and bruise in the operation. Then they 
 were washed with soap and rag to remove the dirt and grease, each can being handled 
 separately. When this was done they were piled on the iloor of the packing room 
 and in a few days were painted with a mixture of red lead, turpentine, and linseed 
 oil, for at that time buyers would have no canned salmon, no matter how good the 
 quality, unless the cans were painted red. 
 
 When packs of 10,000 to 15,000 cases were made in a season 
 only the absolutely essential machinery was used, the rest of the 
 work, such as cutting and cleaning the fish and placing them in the 
 cans, being done by hand. "When larger canneries were constructed, 
 especially in Alaska, where labor is expensive and difficult to obtain, 
 the greater part of the workmen having to be brought up from the 
 States, machinery to do as much as possible of the work became 
 absolutely essential. The inventive genius of the country came to 
 the rescue and one by one machines for cutting, sliming, and 
 cleaning the fish, filling the cans, putting the tops on, and washing 
 them were invented and put into use, while automatic weighing 
 machines were produced and extensive improvements and alterations 
 were made in the machines previously in use. There are to-day 
 many large manufacturing establishments which devote all or the 
 greater part of their facilities to furnishing machinery and supplies 
 to this giant branch of the salmon industry. 
 
 When salmon canning was in its infancy, a pack of from 150 to 200 
 cases was considered a good day's work. Now it is not an uncommon 
 occurrence for a cannery to turn out from 2,500 to 4,000 cases in one 
 day, and there are a number which have even greater capacity, 
 11312°— 21 8 
 
114 U. S. BUREAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 The usual method of figuring the capacity of a salmon cannery is 
 by the number of lines or units employed. The machinery arranged 
 so that the fish pass through all the operations from filling to double 
 seaming is known as a line, and the capacity is based upon the number 
 of these lines in use in the plant. 
 
 During the height of the salmon run, a cannery is an exceedingly 
 busy and interesting place, and a description of the methods used at 
 the present time will show the giant strides the industry has made 
 since the days of Hapgood, Hume & Co. 
 
 HANDLING THE SALMON. 
 
 At convenient spots near the fishing grounds large scows and 
 lighters are anchored and the fishing crews deliver their catches 
 aboard these, the tallyman on each scow keeping a record and giving 
 the crew a receipt. Men fishing near the cannery deliver their catch 
 alongside. Steamers and launches are used to tow out empty scows 
 and bring in those filled. In the old days the fish were pitched by 
 hand into bins on the wharves, but this laborious method has been 
 superseded by the use of an elevator, which extends from a short dis- 
 tance above the top of the wharf to the water's ed^e, provision being 
 made for raising or lowering the lower end accordmg to the stage of 
 the tide. This elevator is slanting, and is made of an endless chain 
 operating in a shallow trough. About every 2 feet there is attached 
 to the chain a crosspiece of wood. At the top of the elevator are 
 chutes which deliver the fish at various convenient spots on the 
 cutting-room floor. 
 
 A recent invention, which is rapidly coming into use, is the un- 
 loading scow. This is a scow divided by kid boards into compart- 
 ments. On the side is an opening which, when not in use, is closed 
 by planks dropped into grooves. The filled scow is run alongside an 
 elevator with a flaring mouth box at the lower end. A chute is 
 placed between the scow, opposite the door, and the elevator, the 
 door opened, and the fish allowed to slide by gravity into the box, 
 then up the elevator to the fish floor. As one compartment is emptied 
 another is attacked by removing the partition boards, and so on until 
 the scow is empty. Should the fish stick, a hose with running water 
 is run a foot or more down into the pile, which loosens the fish and 
 causes them to move freely. By the use of these scows the fish are 
 unloaded in a very short time, with but little labor, and are not 
 marked by pew holes, as under the old method. 
 
 If the salmon have been in the scows for from 20 to 24 hours they 
 are used as soon as possible after being delivered at the cannery; 
 otherwise that length of time is usually allowed to elapse, the can- 
 nerymen claiming that if not allowed to shrink the fish will be in such 
 condition that when packed much juice will be formed, and light- 
 weight cans will be produced. The danger of canning fish Vhat are 
 too fresh, however, is of minor importance as compared with the 
 tendency in the other direction. 
 
 Before dressing the fish a stream of water is kept playing over them 
 in order to remove tl)e dirt and slime, after which men with pews 
 separate the different species into piles. 
 
I 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 115 
 
 DRESSING. 
 
 A number of the small eanneries still use the old hand method of 
 dressing the tish, and in such places the selection of the butchering 
 or dressing gangs is of prime importance. Two men constitute a 
 "butcher's gang," and the number of these gangs is dependent upon 
 the output of the plant. Boys place the fish, with the head out, 
 upon the cutting tables. One man cuts off the heads, and is followed 
 by another who removes the fins, tails, and viscera. The offal is 
 thrown into a chute, whence it passes into the water under the 
 cannery or into a scow moored underneath, while the dressed fish is 
 transferred to a tank of water, to be scaled, washed, and scraped. 
 It is then passed to another tank of water, where it receives a second 
 washing, scraping, and final brushing with a whisklike broom, which 
 removes any offal, blood, and scales that were overlooked in the first 
 washing, after which it is removed to large bins on either side of the 
 cutting machine. 
 
 The most useful cannery inventions in recent years have been of 
 machines for doing the work of the dressing gangs. The one com- 
 monly known as the "Iron Chink," now in general use in canneries 
 where such machines are employed, was first used in 1903 at Fair- 
 haven (now Bellingham), Wash. It removes the head, tail, and fins 
 and opens and thoroughly cleans the fish ready to cut into pieces for 
 the cans. By the use of these machines the dressing gang is almost 
 entirely done away with, dispensing with 15 to 20 men. This same 
 machine is now so arranged that the fish after dressing are also 
 "slimed;" i. e., the thick mucus covering the skin removed, and the 
 inside of the fish cleaned. 
 
 CUTTING. 
 
 The usual method of cutting the salmon is by a machine. This is 
 
 fenerally a large wooden cylindrical carrier, elliptical in shape, thus 
 aving a larger carrying capacity. Ledges or rests on the outside 
 the length of the carrier are wide enough to hold the fish, and are 
 slit in cross section through the ledges and outer casmg to receive 
 the gang knives. The latter are circular, fixed on an axle at the 
 proper distances apart, and revolve at the highest point reached by 
 the carrier and independently of the latter. The carrier and gang 
 knives are set in motion, each revolving on its own shaft. As a rest 
 on the carrier coraies to a horizontal position, men stationed at the 
 fish bins lay a fish on each ledge as it passes. Thence it is conveyed 
 to the revolving gang knives and, after being divided, passes through 
 on the downward course, sliding off the rest into the filling chute. 
 The knives in these machines are so arranged as to cut the fish 
 transversely in sections the exact length of the cans to be filled. 
 
 TTie rotary cutter shunts the tail pieces to one side, and these are 
 carried by means of a chute to baskets. The tail pieces are generally 
 canned separately. As the tail portion is much smaller, with less 
 meat, it can not be placed in the cans with the middle and head 
 sections without detracting from their value, but if packed under a 
 distinct and separate label, as is now done, there is no reason why 
 the tails should not supply the demand for a cheap grade of fish. 
 
 In some of the smaller canneries, especially in those packing flat 
 cans, the gang knives are worked by hand. In this case, the knives 
 are not circular, but elongated or semicircular in shape, tapering at 
 
116 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 the outer ends. They are mounted on an axle having a large iron 
 lever at one end, and when this lever is raised the ends of the gang 
 knives are thrown up and back. The fish is then placed in position 
 under them and the lever pulled forward, the knives, with a scimitar- 
 like movement, dividing the fish. 
 
 The original method of cutting was by means of a long knife 
 wielded by a Chinaman who stood at a regular butcher's block. 
 Although his strokes were incredibly quick, the rotary cutting 
 machine is a vast improvement over the old way. 
 
 SALTING. 
 
 Every can of salmon is seasoned with one-fourth of an ounce of 
 salt, which, to insure uniformity, is added by mechanical means. A 
 table is used, in the top of which are holes equal distances apart. 
 On the underside of the top is a sheet-iron plate, with an equal 
 number of holes, which slides in a groove at the sides, and is worked 
 either by a hand or foot lever. Just below is an open space large 
 enough to accommodate a tray holding 36 or 48 cans. A workman 
 stands in front of the table and slides a tray of cans into the open 
 space. He then throws a quantity of salt upon the table and im- 
 mediately scrapes this off with a thin piece of wood, each hole being 
 filled in the operation, and the salt being prevented from falling 
 through by the iron plate underneath. The lever is then pressed, the 
 iron plate moves forward until the holes in it are directly under the 
 holes in the table top, when the salt drops through into the cans. 
 This operation can be repeated four or five times in a minute. Most 
 canneries now use a small salter attached to the filling machine and 
 this deposits the required amount in the can as it is passing by on 
 its way to be filled. 
 
 FILLING THE CANS. 
 
 Most canneries now use filling machines for all sizes of cans, al- 
 though a few, more particularly those packing flat and odd-sized 
 cans, still fill by hand. 
 
 The filhng machine consists of a chute with a belt to which are 
 attached wire racks about 4 inches apart, set at an angle to prevent 
 the salt from spilling out, into which the salted cans are fed from the 
 floor above and pass into the machine. At the same time the divided 
 sections of salmon pass down another chute into the mouth of what 
 looks like a hand coffee mill. The> pass through here down a smaller 
 chute and are forced by two dogs into a receptacle through which 
 the plunger, or filler, passes. Here the plunger comes opposite the 
 open mouth of the empty can, which when it reaches this point is 
 caught by a clasp or hook and held in front of the plunger, which is 
 immediately thrust forwatd through a chamber filled with salmon, 
 cutting the fish longitudinally and at the same time filling the can. 
 The next movement forces the can out upon a table. When running 
 at full speed, one of these machines wiU fill about 80 cans a minute. 
 
 On being released by the clamp and rolling upon the table they 
 are righted by a workman and pushed onto an endless belt, upon 
 which they pass into the weighing machine. If of the proper weight, 
 they pass through this machine, but if below the required weight 
 the cans are shunted to one side, where workers add the quantity of 
 fish needed, a supply of small bits being kept at hand for this pui-- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 117 
 
 pose. Generally the cans overrun in weight, frequently as much as 
 2 or 3 ounces. Occasionally a can is weighed on a small balance 
 scales in order to see that the machine is in perfect adjustment. 
 
 After passing the weighing machine any bones and scraps of flesh 
 whicli may be sticking up out of the can are clipped away by workers 
 armed with scissors. 
 
 In the hand method the fillers stand on each side of a lono^ table 
 with a trough running down the middle from end to end. This is 
 filled with the cut pieces of salmon, and the fillers, usually women 
 antl children, put large pieces into the cans at first and then smaller 
 pieces to occupy the vacant spaces. 
 
 From the weighing machine the cans pass to the clinching machine, 
 which attaches the top of the can loosely to the body in such a way 
 that it allows the air m the can to escape, yet prevents the fish from 
 coming in direct contact with the steam of the exhaust box. Also 
 the water resulting from the condensation of steam, which accumu- 
 lates in the exhaust box, is kept from entering the can and thus 
 bleaching the flesh. 
 
 In many plants the cans are washed by jets of water or steam 
 directed against them in a closed box as they are passing from the 
 clincher to the exhaust box. 
 
 The cans then pass into a steam exhauster, consisting in one type 
 of a box about 30 feet in length, in which are three endless-chain belts 
 running side by side. Under and over each belt are steam coils, and 
 under each of the lower coils are single pipes, which through small 
 holes throw jets of live steam upon the coils, creating an intense 
 heat. The cans pass along the first belt, are then transferred to the 
 second belt, on which they return to the entrance of the box, whence 
 they pass to the third belt, and continuing along this to the end 
 pass out to the double seamer, the whole operation occupying from 
 5 to 15 minutes, preferably 15. One style of exhauster has 10 ovals 
 formed by the pipe, and the cans pass along these from side to side 
 of the exhauster until discharged at the far end. Another type is 
 formed of a long tube through which the cans pass and are heated by 
 pei'forated steam pipes. Upright exhausters, in which the cans travel 
 along a spiral, are also in use. By this means the contents of the can 
 are heated and the greater part of the air exhausted, which is the 
 object of the first cooking in the retort under the method formerly in 
 general use. In Alaska, where 1 -pound tall cans form the bulk of the 
 pack, the cans are exhausted at a temperature from 206° to 212° F., 
 210° being the favorite. 
 
 A recent invention, which the inventor claims will do away with 
 the steam exhaust box, and thus save a large amount of valuable 
 floor space in the canning "line," is the power vacuum pump, known 
 as vacuum exhausting machine, by means of which air is exhausted 
 from the cans, accomplishing the same purpose as the steam exhaust 
 box. Some of these machines have been in active use for several 
 seasons, with most satisfactory results. 
 
 Leaving the exhauster the cans pass to the double seamer, which 
 fastens the cover on tightly with a double seam or crimp. It should 
 be stated that no solder is used in attaching the top on the can, the 
 curled flanges of the cover being coated around the outer edge with 
 cement or other sealing fluid to take its place. Solder, however, is 
 used in joining the side seam of the can, this being done when the can 
 
lis TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 is manufactured. The cans then leave the machine on an endless 
 conveyer, pass through a machine which washes the outside of the 
 cans, and thence to the men who transfer them to the coolers, which 
 are immediately placed upon the trucks and run into the retort for 
 the one cooking they are to receive. By the use of these cans the 
 soldering machine used in the old-style method is done away with. 
 It also does away with the first cooking and the subsequent venting 
 and soldering, a saving both in labor and time consumed. 
 
 COOKING. 
 
 The processing time varies in each district and sometimes for each 
 species. In Alaska 1 -pound tall reds, cohos, chums, and pinks are 
 generally cooked from 90 to 120 minutes, at 12 to 18 pounds pressure 
 and at a temperature of 242° to 248° F. One-pound flats and half- 
 pound cans are generally cooked about 10 minutes less time. Owing 
 to their larger bones, king salmon are generally cooked from 10 to 20 
 minutes longer than the other species; steelhead trout also. 
 
 On Puget Sound 1 -pound tall sockeyes, cohos, and pinks are gener- 
 ally cooked for 90 minutes at a pressure of 10 pounds and at a tem- 
 perature of 240° F. Halves and 1 -pound flats are generally cooked 
 at the same temperature but for only 80 minutes. Chum tails are 
 generally cooked for 105 minutes at a pressure of 10 pounds and at 
 a temperature of 240°; while spring or king salmon are cooked for 
 120 mmutes at a pressure of 10 pounds and at a temperature of 240°. 
 
 It is the custom at all canneries, no matter what the system, to 
 allow about 5 minutes at the beginning of the cooking to work up 
 the required heat of the retort, and when cooking is completed there 
 is a like period for reducing the temperature and pressure before 
 opening the doors. The cooking times given above are exclusive of 
 the two 5-minute periods noted here. 
 
 It should be distinctly understood that the processing times noted 
 are only approximate. The condition of the fish, the weather^ 
 whether hot or cold, rainy or dry— etc., all must be taken into account. 
 The canner can not go far astray, however, if he keeps generally 
 within the narrow margins noted above. In the early days much 
 secrecy and mystery was thrown about the cooking, and the work 
 was carried on in a separate room, known as the "bathroom," 
 under lock and key. The first cooking was done in common tubs. 
 The early retorts were made of wood. Later, round iron kettles 
 were substituted, nearly one-half consisting of cover, and round 
 crates were used for holding the cans. At the present time only 
 rectangular horizontal iron or steel retorts are used, and access to 
 these is had by means of miniature railroad tracks. 
 
 For many years cannery men believed that the double cooking of 
 salmon was absolutely necessary, but in 1898 F. A. Seufert, at his 
 cannery on the Columbia River, at Seuferts, Oreg., a short distance 
 above The Dalles, discarded this idea, and has since used a one- 
 cooking method. Bj the new process the cans are tested for leaks 
 after the center hole in the top is soldered up, as before, and are left 
 in the retort 70 minutes at 245° F. and 12 pounds steam pressure. 
 According to its originator, this method saves more than one-half 
 the labor in the bathroom, saves nearly one-half the labor in washing 
 the cans after cooking, and also better retains the color of the fish. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 110 
 
 REPAIRING CANS. 
 
 Imperfect cans which are discovered after cooking and are repaired 
 at once and whose contents arc recooked are still very good, the onl}' 
 difficulty being that by blowing or venting them a second time they 
 lose weight. The above goods usually go in with the regular pack 
 of their kind and are not classed as regular "do-overs." The latter 
 were generally defective cans, which, owing to pressure of other work, 
 could not be repaired until considerable time had elapsed, by which 
 time decomposition had set in. The cans which can not be repaired 
 immediately are now thrown onto the cannery dump. 
 
 On coming from the retort the coolers are lowered into a bath 
 of lye, or, as in some canneries, the cans are run through such a 
 bath on an endless belt, which, with the aid of a slight rinsing and a 
 few rubs with a brush over the top, removes from the can all the 
 grease and other material. The belt then passes th(^m into another 
 bath where the lye is washed off in hot fresh water. The cans then 
 go to the cooling room, where a stream of water is played upon them, 
 or during rainy weather are placed out of doors upon the wharf, and 
 there allowed to cool, in order to stop the heat inside the can from 
 continuing to cook the fish. In some canneries the lye bath before 
 cooling is dispensed with, as the earlier washings are supposed to 
 have cleaned the cans. 
 
 The top and bottom of the cans contract in cooling, and for several 
 hours a sharp popping noise is heard. Here, as in nearly every proc- 
 ess tlirou^h which they pass, the cans are again tested, this time by 
 tapping the tops with a small piece of iron about 6 inches long, or, 
 sometimes, a 12-penny nail. The sound conveys to the ear of the 
 tester an unmistakable meaning as to the condition of the can, and 
 the faulty cans that escape notice during the other tests are almost 
 invariably found in this one. 
 
 LACQUERING. 
 
 A common custom in the salmon-canning industry, but one 
 that is not common in the canning of vegetables, fruits, etc., is that 
 of lacquering the cans. This idea of protecting the can on the 
 outside has been followed from the very oeginning, for two reasons: 
 (1) That the English market which, at that time especially, absorbed 
 the greater part of these goods insisted on their shipments being 
 finished in this way, and (2) from the fact, as these canners speedily 
 found out, that if they did not protect their cans in some way enor- 
 mous losses through rust would ensue. 
 
 The first experiment of this nature was to paint the cans by hand 
 with red paint, treating each singly. Next a composition of logwood 
 extract and alcohol was tried, which, however, did not produce satis- 
 factory results for a very plain reason — the can was dyed instead of 
 being lacquered. The next attempt was to varnish the cans with a 
 japan varnish reduced with alcohol, but this was found to dry too 
 slowly for speedy handling. After extended experimentation tlvj 
 quick-drying brown lacquer of the present time was evolved, which 
 carries asphaltum in the form of an asphalt varnish as its base, this 
 being supplanted in some cases by gilsonite. This lacquer can be pro- 
 cured in either a heavy or light body, is generally reduced with ben- 
 
120 tr. S. SUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 zene or gasoline, and is applied according to the requirements of the 
 market, which in some localities demands a heavy coating and in 
 others a much lighter finish, the latter giving a rich golden brown 
 color. Some experiments have also been made in using brighter col- 
 ored lacquers for this work. Several of these, made to give a bright 
 golden, copper, or other color, are extremely attractive in appearance, 
 while at the same time protecting the tin against rust quite as well 
 as the brown. 
 
 The industry soon outgrew the hand method of lacquering, and the 
 process which for a number of years was universal in the trade and 
 is still used by some canneries succeeded it. For this there are a 
 number of rectangular box vats about 40 by 80 inches and 18 inches in 
 depth, the number varying with the capacity of the cannery. These 
 ar(^ usually lined with galvanized metal and provided with a grid- 
 iron-shaped iron frame, hung from a windlass or other tackle for 
 lifting or lowering from top to bottom of the vat. The cans are 
 loaded on this gridiron, being placed in an inclined position to allow 
 the draining of the lacquer, and are lowered in the vat sufficiently to 
 submerge them in the lacquer with which the vat is charged to a 
 depth of 7 to 1 inches. The loaded gridiron is then raised to the 
 top of the vat and the cans allowed to drain and dry before piling. 
 This method, while being more effective in regard to the volume of 
 w^ork, was still of necessity a very slow and tedious operation. In 
 damp or rainy weather, especially when it is not possible to open 
 warehouse doors and windows, the gas arising from a number of 
 these vats makes effective drying almost impossible. 
 
 Another principal objection to this method of lacquering, which 
 applied also to all earlier attempts, w^as the impossibility of obtaining 
 an even coat of lacquer when the can was allowed to dry in any 
 stationary position. There was also a large waste by evaporation. 
 
 Notwithstanding repeated efforts at invention, however, it was not 
 until 1901 that an effective machine for handling this difficult w^ork 
 was put on the market. The apparatus now in use by a number of 
 canneries receives the cans on a revolving wheel fitted with rests for 
 holding them while passing through the lacc[uer bath. From here 
 they roll upon an endless chain which revolves the cans as they pass 
 through a long box in which a hot blast dries them before they reach 
 the end of the machine. The rotating or rolling motion given to the 
 can after the lacquer bath, preventing the lacquer from draining to 
 and consequently accumulating on any part of its surface, also has 
 the effect of distributing the lacquer evenly and results in a clean 
 and neatly finished can. The air blast facilitates the work of drying 
 to such an extent that it requires only about two minutes after being 
 deposited on the drying bed of the machine for the cans to be ready 
 for handling, while the qilantity of cans which can be handled in a 
 day is vastly greater than by the old method. 
 
 A few flat and oval cans are not lacquered, but are protected from 
 rust by wrapping in tissue paper, over which the label is placed. 
 
 Several of the largest operators have stopped lacquering the 
 sides of the cans, depending upon the label to protect this portion 
 from rust. Enameled ends are used, and, as these are bought from 
 can makers, these operators are thus enabled to get away entirely 
 from the dangers of lacquering. 
 
 * 
 
U. S. B. F. — Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 33.— SALMON ON THE FLOOR OF THE FISH HOUSE. 
 
 FIG. 34.— SALMON CAN-LABELING MACHINE. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 121 
 
 LABELINQ. 
 
 While machines have been made for this purpose, and some of 
 them are in use, the work is usually done by hand. A number of men 
 or women seat themselves about 4 feet apart in front of the pile of 
 cans. Each man has in front of him a packa<^e of several hundred 
 labels, and by bunchinji; them on a slant so that successive margins pro- 
 trude beyond each preceding, he can apply paste to the entire number 
 with one stroke of the brush. A can is placed on the label, is quickly 
 rolled, and the label is on much quicker than one can tell it. Each 
 man places to his right the cans he labels, forming a pile of length and 
 width equal to his unlabeled pile, and when the entire lot has been 
 labeled it has been shifted only about 4 feet. Cans of fancy brands 
 of salmon put up on the Columbia River and in the Puget .Sound 
 region are wrapped in colored tissue paper before the label is put on. 
 Cartons similar to those used by the sardine packers would make good 
 containers for fancy brands and would be much cheaper than the 
 present method. 
 
 Some of the canners now have their labels lithographed directly 
 on the tin, and the whole covered with a transparent la quer. 
 
 Several attempts have been made to popularize salmon packed in 
 glass and porcelain jars, and while these have met with some favor, 
 it was not sufficient to warrant a continuance of the practice for any 
 length of time. But few are being so packed at the present time. 
 
 BRANDS, 
 
 A very important feature of the canning industry is the selection 
 of appropriate brands or labels for the various grades of salmon. 
 Each company has a number of these, which it has acquired either 
 by designing them or by absorbing another company which owned 
 them. A well-known brand has a value in itself and sometimes is 
 a very important asset. A company will sometimes market a con- 
 siderable part of its product in one section, and here, where the 
 consumer nas become familiar with the brand and pleased with the 
 contents of the can, he will ask for and accept no other, despite the 
 lact that the latter might be, and probably is, the equal of the 
 product he has been using. 
 
 For many years but few salmon canners appreciated the value of a 
 can label, and it has taken some bitter experiences to drive home to 
 the rest that a properly designed label placed upon good goods and 
 the owner protected in its use by the law has real value, just as much 
 as boats, nets, buildings, machinery, or the thousand and one material 
 things required to carry on the business. 
 
 A free trade defhiition of a label would be that it is an artistic 
 representation or intellectual production, stamped directly upon an 
 article of manufacture, or upon a slip or piece of paper or other 
 material, to be attached in any manner to manufactured articles, to 
 bottles, boxes, and packages contauiing them, to indicate the contents 
 of the package, the name of the manufacturer, or the place of niaim- 
 facture, the quality and quantity of the goods, directions for use. etc. 
 
 Labels are subject to the copyright law and should be registei-ed 
 before use or publication. If not registered, there is no protection 
 in law against infringement. The continued use of a label, however, 
 
122 tr. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 will give the person so using a certain proprietary right in it, which 
 can be enforced in a court of equity and may be defended by injunc- 
 tions, which will generally be granted. Such proceedings are expen- 
 sive, annoying to a busy man, and at best will protect one only after 
 at least a certain amount of damage has been done, and it is far safer 
 to avoid this by registering the label at the time of issue, which will 
 give one the further advantage in that a description of the character 
 and quality of the article labeled can be set forth, which will, to a 
 certam extent at least, be protected with the label. 
 
 The commercial value of a label and name is represented by the 
 more or less general demand for the goods protected by it. In the 
 canned-salmon industry, as in that of other food-packing industries, 
 certain labels, through the good quality of the goods marketed under 
 them and the publicity created for them, have become of very con- 
 siderable value to the owners. A case in point is the label Royal 
 Crown, owned by the late R. D. Hume. This was one of the earliest 
 brands marketed in England, and some years later a certain Liver- 
 pool firm of salmon handlers paid Mr. Hume the sum of $10,000 for 
 the exclusive right to its use in England. 
 
 In designing a label there are several things which should be borne 
 in mind. It should bear an easily remembered name and design; a 
 name difficult of pronunciation should be avoided at all costs. For 
 many years glaring red labels have been popular, but the success met 
 with by those using more subdued and artistic designs and coloring 
 indicates that the public appreciate them more than they do the 
 older and coarser types. The design should be as simple as possible, 
 as experience has demonstrated that a simple form — so s mple that 
 it can be full}' understood by a mere glance — will gain by regular 
 repetition, while a more complicated design will lose in this process. 
 A good many now in the business still remember the small label 
 that was used on salmon cans before 1870. Labels about 3 by 5 
 inches in size, printed in one color, on white or colored newspaper, 
 served merely the purpose of distinguishing cans, telling contents 
 and manufacturer, and were without commercial value. About the 
 year 1870 a few canners commenced to import from the East and 
 Europe full-sized labels, i. e., labels that went all around the can. 
 These were called by some "Pennington" labels, as a firm of that 
 name supplied quite a number of them. 
 
 For some years they were used for the best grades only. They 
 were printed in four and five colors, the design showing invariably 
 a number of panels of different shapes and sizes. The lettering was 
 not always plain and sometimes even intentionally irregular and 
 puzzling. The colors were placed side by side, in boldest contrast, 
 without any attempt to harmonize them. 
 
 It was soon discovered that the highly colored panels, while strik- 
 ing, lost all effect when massed on the retailer's shelves, and the 
 different brands looked so much alike that the individual designs 
 could not well be remembered by the customer, the only really dis- 
 thictive feature being the name, and that was generally printed so 
 small and indistinct that it could not be readily seen at a distance. 
 
 To remedy these defects, the designers soon reduced the number of 
 panels and subdivisions, increasing meanwhile the size of the remain- 
 mg ones and filling them with distinctive desiras, still colored as 
 sim.ply as before, with no attempt at blending of colors. The back- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 123 
 
 ground, at first perfectly plain, commenced to show patterns more or 
 less complicated, and at times quite pretentious, so as to take away 
 from the design proper. 
 
 Gradually the paneJ design disappeared. In place of it some showed 
 one continuous picture on the label, which was very unsatisfactory 
 and soon disappeared, as only a fraction of the picture could be seen 
 at one time. Others had two subdivisions, one showing the name of 
 the brand with its illustrations, occasionally used as a trade-mark, 
 the other showing the article packed in the can, both named and 
 illustrated. Unfortunately, these subdivisions were so largo that 
 the roundness of the can prevented one from seeing the picture as a 
 whole, but this was soon remedied by making the subdivisions nar- 
 rower and filling in between with directions, weight of contents, etc. 
 
 From this point on the general plan of labels underwent few changes 
 except that the work, both of the artist and pressman, improved 
 wonderfully, some of the labels now designed and printed being 
 real works of art. 
 
 Up to a few years ago one of the most serious evils in the trade 
 was the use of misleading and lying brands. The high-grade product 
 would almost invariably be correctly and fully branded, but "chums" 
 and "pinks" were usually branded as "Fresh salmon," "Ch ice 
 salmon," etc., which would deceive all persons but those well ac- 
 quainted with the industry. "Do-overs," and very poor fish, were 
 usually marketed under a brand which bore the name of a fictitious 
 company or of no company at all. 
 
 The passage of State laws of varying degrees of efficiency govern- 
 ing the branding of salmon helped slightly to remedy this condition 
 of affairs, but it was not until the pure food and drugs act, approved 
 June 30, 1906, was put into force by the Government that any radical 
 improvement was noticeable. At the present time but few mislead- 
 ing brands are in use. 
 
 BOXING OR CASING. 
 
 A case of salmon generally contains 48 one-pound cans or their 
 equivalent, i. e., 24 two-pound cans or 96 half-pound cans. Some 
 canneries pack their half-pomid cans in cases of 48. These cases are 
 usually made of wood and cost from 9 to 11 cents each knocked down. 
 
 CAN MAKING. 
 
 Some of the canneries in the coast States and vVlaska purchase their 
 cans ready-made, but the usual method is to purchase the sheet tin 
 and make up the cans in the canneries. This is especially necessary 
 in Alaska, as it would be impossible to find room on trie cannery 
 ships for such a bulk as they would make in addition to the other 
 supplies necessary. Furthermore, the making of cans provides work 
 for a large part of the crew, otherwise unemployed while the rest are 
 getting ready the other necessary paraphernalia. The work is done 
 by machinery and occupies several weeks' time. 
 
 Of recent years the objection to the great amount of space occu- 
 pied by the cans when shipped by freight has been overcome by mak- 
 mg the body of the can, pressing it flat, and shipping it in this com- 
 pact shape along with the ends. At the cannery is a machine for rim- 
 ming the flattened body into a round shape once more, when the end 
 can be put on with the regular double seamer. 
 
124 U. i3. BUREATT OF FISHERIES. 
 
 CANNING SMOKED SALMON. 
 
 A number of ventures in the line of canning smoked salmon have 
 been made on this coast, but most of the pioneers were not content 
 or able to invest the amount of capital needed and wait the tim.e 
 required to create a demand for such products, and soon quit. 
 
 One of the leading British Columbia packers, H. Bell-Irving & Co., 
 some years ago put up in cans some pink salmon which had been 
 treated to an artificial smoke in a vat, and these are said to have 
 made a favorable impression in Australia. Another canner operat- 
 ing on the Fraser River smoked pink salmon, and then, cutting them 
 to the proper length, packed them dry in half-pound cans. 
 
 In 1908 the Columbia Canning Co. put up at its cannery on Chilkoot 
 Inlet, Alaska, some smoked salmon which had been shaved into thin 
 strips like dried beef. These, called "Flaxamo," were packed in oil 
 and were very good, especially in making sandwiches. 
 
 In 1915 two companies began in Seattle the smoking, slicing, and 
 canning of coho and king salmon. These were put up in oblong flat 
 cans of various sizes, similar to sardine cans, 2\, 4^, and 7^ ounces, 
 respectively, while for a special trade a 7i-pound can was also packed. 
 These fish were cut quite thin, about 40 to 50 slices to the pound, and 
 were packed in hermetically sealed cans with cottonseed oil. The 
 fish were all hard smoked before slicing and canning. 
 
 The same companies are also putting up kippered salmon in cans. 
 
 Salmon loaf, made by mixing salmon with flour and various other 
 ingredients, thus producing a paste, is also being canned by several 
 packers. 
 
 A straight salmon paste, made solely from the flesh of the salmon, 
 and mixed with oil and spices, is being manufactured by one of the 
 leading packers. 
 
 HOME CANNING. 
 
 At a number of places along the coast it has become the custom for 
 the thrifty housewives to do a little home canning of salmon for winter 
 use when the fish are abundant and cheap, and they find canning 
 salmon as easy as canning vegetables and fruit. The fish are dressed, 
 skinned, and the backbone removed. It is then cut into transverse 
 strips of a size to fit either a pint or a quart glass jar, whichever is to 
 be used. The jars are then filled with the pieces, salted to taste, the 
 rubber ring put on, after which the can cover is put on loosely so that 
 the steam may escape. Strips of thui wood are placed at the bottom 
 of a kettle or wash boiler and the cans set down on them. Enough 
 cold water is then poured into the kettle to bring it up to within about 
 2 inches of the top of the cans. The kettle is then put on the stove 
 and, after it comes to a boil, note is made of the time, and the cans are 
 cooked from one and one-half to three hours. There seems to be a 
 great variation in the time of cooking on the part of the operators. 
 Some even cook only one hour, but these generally use a preservaline. 
 About three hours seems to be the best time, sis the bones are then 
 quite soft. At the end of the cooking period the tops are tightened, 
 tne kettle removed from the stove, and the water and cans allowed to 
 cool in the kettle. 
 
 Portable retorts and hand double seamers are now available for house- 
 hold use, and as a result many are using tin cans as containers. A re- 
 cent improvement on the double seamer permits of the use of a tin con- 
 tainer three times, thus materially reducing the heavy expense for cans. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 36.— AN INDIAN SALMON DRYING- RACK, BERING SEA, ALASKA. 
 
 FIG. 37.— THE BARONOVICH SALMON SALTERY; THE OLDEST SALTERY IN ALASKA. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 125 
 
 INSPECTION OF PLANTS PACKING CANNED SALMON. 
 
 For some years there has been a desire on the part of a majority 
 of the salmon canners for some form of inspection of the plants 
 and of the 'pack made. The widespread suspicion that the salmon 
 pack of 1918 was considerably below standard, which suspicion 
 resulted in heavy monetary loss to the packers, gave a great 
 impetus to this desire. The National Canners' Association, an 
 organization composed of the majority of the canners of the United 
 States, a few years before, at the request of the sardine canners of 
 Maine, organized them into the sardine section of the association, 
 and by an assessment of a small sum per case raised sufficient funds to 
 provide an inspection service to see that the plants were put into and 
 kept in a satisfactory sanitary condition and also to inspect the goods 
 packed and, if they were up to the standards fixed in advance, to affix 
 to the cans suitable certificates attesting this. 
 
 At its annual convention in 1919 the association decided to ex- 
 tend a similar service to any other section willing to assess itself 
 to pay the necessary expense. In explanation of its plan the asso- 
 ciation issued the ifollowing circular shortly after the convention 
 had adjourned: 
 
 1. This service is installed by the National Canners' Association, ■with which a 
 direct contract is made by each canner. 
 
 2. It runs for a term of three years and is applied in States or local territories where 
 similar conditions are to be met. 
 
 ',]. The cost of the inspection is paid by the canners in the territory named through 
 an assessment which, in the past, has been collected by the can companies with 
 which each canner deals. This cost is added to the can invoice, and is remitted by 
 the can companies to the treasurer of the National Canners' Association each month. 
 
 4. In order to meet the preliminary expenses of the inspection liefore the regular 
 fund becomes available, each canner who signs a contract will pay into the treasury 
 of the National Canners' Association, within 30 days after signing the contract, an 
 assessment of one-half cent per case on his pack of 1918, on the commodities to be 
 inspected. Should the total sum raised during the season be greater than the expenses 
 of inspection during the season, a refund of all or a portion of the one-half cent per 
 case Mill be made after a small sum is reserved to maintain a consistent surplus. 
 
 5. The treasurer of the National Canners' Association distributes this money to 
 the local sections where the money is to be spent. 
 
 6. The National Canners' Association has no profit in this inspection- — its only 
 requirement being that each canner under inspection is a member of the association, 
 and pays the membership and general dues. 
 
 7. A director or supervisor of inspection is appointed by the National Canners' 
 Association who in turn appoints his assistants. The salaries of the director or su- 
 pervisor and his assistants are fixed by the National Canners' Association which works 
 in harmony with the judgment of the advisory board. The director or supers isor 
 must be a man of superior ability, preferably one with scientific training. He must 
 also be a good executive. 
 
 8. The director or supervisor acts in conjunction with the ad^■isory board whic^a 
 may consist of five, seven, or nine members. This advisory board is elected by the 
 canners in the States or Territories covered. The duties of this board are what its 
 name implies, "advisors." In point of actual experience, it is found this advisory 
 board is able to settle all practical disputes and misunderstandings which may arise 
 under this method of inspection. There is always a final appeal to the executive 
 committee of the National Canners' Association. 
 
 9. The National Canners' Association does not promise or guarantee to issue cer- 
 tificates of inspection, but in territories where inspection has existed, the certificates 
 have been issued on products which merit the same. It should be distinctly under- 
 stood, however, that this does not form any part of the contract. 
 
 10. The cost in territories where inspection has been applied has been one and 
 one-quarter to two cents per ca.se. It is impossible to advise in advance definitely 
 what the cost will be, as the local conditions differ. It should be borne in mind that 
 there must always be a sufficient number of inspectors to protect the inspection, and 
 
126 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 if canners are widely scattered, this, as a matter of course, will increase the number 
 numerically — not in proportion to the pack. 
 
 11. The inspection covers sanitation in plants, quarters for employees, and sani- 
 tation of the product. It is also proposed, as the work progresses, to apply inspection 
 to the character of the raw product, and grading of the same. This grading on staples 
 will be worked out on recommendation frcm the advisory board, which will be har- 
 monized so as to give a uniform grade to each product through the entire country. 
 
 12. In localities where inspection has been installed, local laboratories purchased 
 and financed by the funds for inspection, have been found most useful. These 
 laboratories furnish prompt facilities for canners for testing their product and working 
 out manufacturing problems which come up during the activities of the canning 
 season. These laboratories are established and work in harmony with the research 
 laboratories of the National Canners' Association, Washington, D. C. 
 
 13. This inspection can well be made the basis of a consistent publicity advertising 
 campaign, should the industry adopt it generally, in time to guarantee its working 
 satisfactorily during the canning season of 1919. The present plan, however, does 
 not include this publicity campaign, as this is a matter which must necessarily be 
 passed upon later by the canners themselves. 
 
 14. Copy of contract with each canner is herewith inclosed, or information. 
 
 On February 17, 1919, the matter of adopting this inspection system 
 was submitted to the salmon canners of the Pacific coast and accepted 
 by a large majority. A chief inspector and a number of assistants 
 were appointed, who carried on a sanitary inspection of the various 
 canneries during the following summer. It is the intention ulti- 
 mately to extend this inspection to the pack itself. 
 
 INVESTIGATION OF CANNED SALMON INDUSTRY. 
 
 In 1917 and 1918 an investigation of the canned salmon industry 
 was made by the Federal Trade Commission and many valuable 
 statistical data were gathered and published." 
 
 The following table shows, with other data, the average number 
 of fish per case of each grade packed in the different geographical 
 sections. 
 
 Number of Fish Canned and Purchased, Number of Cases Packed, and Aver- 
 age Number of Fish Per Case. & 
 
 District. 
 
 Grade offish. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 com- 
 panies 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Number 
 offish 
 canned. 
 
 Number 
 
 offish 
 
 purchased. 
 
 Percent- 
 age of 
 fish 
 canned 
 which 
 were 
 pur- 
 chased. 
 
 Number 
 of cases 
 packed. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 num- 
 ber of 
 fish 
 per 
 case. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 20 
 15 
 9 
 7 
 
 111,381 
 25,483 
 148, 286 
 ISO, 580 
 865, 392 
 60,656 
 
 27,175 
 
 11,602 
 136, 597 
 
 80, 574 
 842, 127 
 
 60, 143 
 
 24.39 
 45.52 
 92.12 
 44.62 
 97.31 
 99.15 
 
 28,003 
 5,854 
 34, 344 
 25,606 
 265,376 
 18, 607 
 
 4.28 
 
 
 do 
 
 4.35 
 
 
 .do 
 
 4.31 
 
 
 do 
 
 7.05 
 
 
 . ..do 
 
 3.26 
 
 
 do 
 
 3.25 
 
 
 
 
 Totals and averages 
 
 64 
 
 1 . .-^fll . 778 
 
 1,158,218 
 
 83.66 
 
 375,790 
 
 3.73 
 
 Ends 
 
 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 I 
 
 29 
 17 
 8 
 1 
 
 16,564,413 
 1,387,647 
 1,609,978 
 2,593,240 
 775,382 
 59,352 
 
 1,017,042 
 547, 261 
 784,503 
 168,584 
 439,900 
 59,352 
 
 6.13 
 39.43 
 48.70 
 
 6.50 
 56.73 
 100.00 
 
 1,223,950 
 118, 891 
 123, 767 
 198,205 
 67,334 
 4,645 
 
 13.52 
 
 
 rin 
 
 11.67 
 
 
 do 
 
 13.00 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 do 
 
 13.04 
 
 
 do 
 
 11.52 
 
 
 do 
 
 12.78 
 
 
 
 
 Totals and a verages . 
 
 69 
 
 22, 990, 012 
 
 3, 016, 642 
 
 13.28 
 
 1, 736, 792 
 
 13.24 
 
 
 
 o Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Canned Foods. Canned salmon. December, 1918. 83 pp. 
 Washington, 1919. 
 t> Report of the Federal Trade Commission: Op. cit., pp. 15, 1& 
 c Coastal streams in Washington, Oregon, and California. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 127 
 
 Number of Fish Canned and Purchased, Number of Cases Packed, and Aver- 
 age Number of Fish Per Case — Continued. 
 
 District. 
 
 Grade of fish. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 com- 
 panies 
 report- 
 ing. 
 
 Number 
 offish 
 canned. 
 
 Number 
 
 offish 
 
 purchased. 
 
 rercent- 
 age of 
 fish 
 canned 
 which 
 were 
 pur- 
 chased. 
 
 Number 
 of Cases 
 packed. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 num- 
 ber of 
 fish 
 per 
 case. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska — 
 Southeast Alaska. 
 
 Pugct Sound 
 
 Columbia River.. 
 Outside rivers ". . 
 
 Mediiun reds.. 
 
 Totals and a\cra,:;es. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 Southeast .\laska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Totals and averages. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Coliunbia River 
 
 Outside rivers <• 
 
 Totals and averages 
 Columbia River 
 
 Totals and averages. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 29 
 17 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 394,048 
 305, 246 
 1, 018, 014 
 1,099,374 
 346,597 
 349, 053 
 
 46, 619 
 131, 998 
 505, 937 
 677, 485 
 310, 216 
 349, 348 
 
 11.83 
 43.22 
 
 49.67 
 61. 62 
 89. 50 
 100.09 
 
 36, 078 
 37, 275 
 117,422 
 
 110,658 
 42, 782 
 34, 937 
 
 74 I 3,512,332 | 2,331,819 
 
 66.38 
 
 379, 152 
 
 Pinks. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 4, 153, 353 
 4, 102, 775 
 12,266,379 
 1, 800, 875 
 
 44 I 22,323,382 
 
 Chart s 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 ...do. 
 
 Steelheads. 
 
 1, 144, 595 
 
 331,423 
 
 3,661,176 
 
 2,981,678 
 
 374, 370 
 
 110,809 
 
 8, 604, 051 
 
 1U3, 774 
 
 103, 774 
 
 540, 248 
 
 1, 821, 558 
 
 4, 772, 128 
 
 607 
 
 13.00 
 44.39 
 38. 89 
 
 214, 482 
 212, 169 
 87;}, 953 
 70, 979 
 
 7, 134, 541 
 
 31.99 1,377,583 
 
 289, 663 
 160, 465 
 2,296,478 
 1, 887, 278 
 358,255 
 10b, 973 
 
 25. 30 
 48.41 
 62.72 
 63.29 
 95.69 
 96.53 
 
 97, 528 
 37, 870 
 344, 213 
 387, 373 
 62, 043 
 16, 896 
 
 5,099,112 
 
 59.26 
 
 945, 923 
 
 102,117 
 
 16, 991 
 
 102, 117 
 
 16, 991 
 
 1917. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska... 
 Southeast Alaska. 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Columbia River.. 
 Outside rivers a.. 
 
 Totals and averages 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska , 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Coliunbia River 
 
 Outside rivers " 
 
 Totals and averages . 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Columbia River 
 
 Outside rivers « 
 
 Totals and averages. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 Soiitheast Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Columbia River 
 
 Outside rivers « 
 
 Totals and averages. 
 
 West Alaska 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Coliunbia River 
 
 Outside rivers « 
 
 Totalsandaverag&s. 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 Columbia River 
 
 Outside Rivers a 
 
 Totals and averages. 
 
 Kii'gs. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reds.. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 ....do. 
 do. 
 
 Med. I mi reds. 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Pinks. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Chums. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 ....dn. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 
 Steelheads . 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 107,590 
 34, 158 
 283,643 
 209, 360 
 959, 846 
 45,378 
 
 18, 407 
 19, 872 
 202, 693 
 105, 731 
 643,063 
 43, 468 
 
 1,639,975 i 1,033,234 
 
 21, 449, 913 
 2, 271, 989 
 1, 964, 993 
 4, 731, 861 
 1, 213, 887 
 21, 868 
 
 31,654,511 
 
 145, 837 
 238,572 
 1,033,339 
 813, 269 
 728, 221 
 394, 779 
 
 3, 349, 017 
 
 3, 9.=>8, 3:)1 
 5,221,887 
 24, 166, 834 
 11, 805, 693 
 77, OSl 
 62, 892 
 
 45,292,778 
 
 527,982 
 
 728,514 
 
 4,087,578 
 
 2,547,457 
 
 277, 836 
 
 88,736 
 
 8,258,103 
 
 33 
 138, 421 
 
 787 
 
 1.39, 241 
 
 1, 192, 000 
 
 974, 653 
 
 1, 074, 658 
 
 1, 233, 489 
 
 688, 637 
 
 21, 868 
 
 5,185,305 
 
 18, 3So 
 141, 424 
 419, 046 
 501,857 
 587. 879 
 376, 224 
 
 2, 044, S15 
 
 1, 175, 748 
 2,172,476 
 10, 473, 748 
 6, 361, 891 
 14,635 
 62, 892 
 
 20,261,390 
 
 17.10 
 58.19 
 71.46 
 50.54 
 6.99 
 95. 75 
 
 63. 00 
 
 5.56 
 42.89 
 54.95 
 26. 00 
 56.72 
 100. 00 
 
 16. 40 
 
 12. 60 
 59. 29 
 40.55 
 73.90 
 80.72 
 95.29 
 
 61.05 
 
 29.70 
 41.62 
 43.30 
 53.80 
 18.98 
 100.00 
 
 44. 90 
 
 194, 962 
 
 418, 419 
 
 2,554,968 
 
 1, 8.52, 350 
 
 123,436 
 
 84, 413 
 
 5, 228, 548 
 
 33 
 145, 581 
 
 787 
 
 146,401 
 
 36.92 
 57.43 
 62.49 
 72.71 
 44.42 
 95.12 
 
 63.31 
 
 100. 00 
 105. 01 
 100. 00 
 
 105.00 
 
 21,398 
 6,b75 
 45,674 
 53, 485 
 273, 291 
 12, 940 
 
 413, 463 
 
 1, 433, 780 
 
 189, 921 
 
 158, 582 
 
 372, 467 
 
 98, 076 
 
 1,769 
 
 2, 254, 595 
 
 13, 4(16 
 30, 430 
 98, 324 
 91, 991 
 47, 861 
 34,417 
 
 316,429 
 
 219, 5US 
 
 324, 230 
 
 1,362,187 
 
 858, 396 
 
 4,761 
 
 4,222 
 
 2,773,304 
 
 54, 215 
 79, 208 
 480, 895 
 249, 390 
 28, 0.S5 
 11,655 
 
 903,448 
 
 5 
 
 22,234 
 
 126 
 
 22,365 
 
 a Coastal streams in Washington, Oregon, and California. 
 
128 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The following table shows the relative importance of different 
 species within each district. In 1916 the red or sockeye salmon v/as 
 the most abundant, but in 1917 the humpback had usurped this place 
 by a small m rgin. 
 
 Relative Importance op Different Species Within Each District.^ 
 |Per cent which each species is of total pack by districts.] 
 
 District. 
 
 King or 
 Chinook. 
 
 Red or 
 sockeye. 
 
 Medium 
 red. 
 
 Pinks or 
 hump- 
 back. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Steel- 
 head. 
 
 Total, all 
 grades. 
 
 1916. 
 West Alaska 
 
 1.6 
 2.0 
 
 .8 
 
 5.5 
 
 69.9 
 
 40.0 
 
 85.4 
 53.7 
 11.8 
 11.4 
 1.1 
 5.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 5.1 
 
 8.1 
 
 21.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 29.7 
 
 2.6 
 32.9 
 57.7 
 .2 
 .1 
 3.0 
 
 S.8 
 6.3 
 21.6 
 61.4 
 13.5 
 21.8 
 
 
 100 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 
 100 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 
 100 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 0.1 
 4.2 
 
 •1 
 
 100 
 
 Columbia River 
 
 100 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 8.6 
 
 36.8 
 
 8.3 
 
 26.6 
 
 19.4 
 
 .3 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 1917. 
 West Alaska 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 .9 
 
 3.1 
 
 71.2 
 
 39.9 
 
 95.1 
 
 72.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 21.1 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 .3 
 3.6 
 4.5 
 6.4 
 13.6 
 32.9 
 
 .2 
 13.3 
 65.3 
 51.7 
 
 .1 
 9.2 
 
 3.2 
 9.0 
 22.8 
 17.7 
 9.9 
 15.0 
 
 
 100 
 
 Central Alaska 
 
 
 100 
 
 Southeast Alaska 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 3.7 
 
 .2 
 
 100 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 6.9 
 
 34.2 
 
 5.1 
 
 38.3 
 
 15.3 
 
 .2 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 a Report of the Federal Trade Commission: Op. cit , p. 33. 
 
 The following table shows the relative importance of districts in the 
 production of each species in 1916 ^md 1917. Southeast Alaska leads 
 in each year, with 35.1 and 38.1 per cent, respectively. Western 
 Alaska was second in 1916, but was forced down to third place by 
 Puget Sound in 1917. In 1916 Central Alaska produced 21 per cent 
 of the humpback pack, but in 1917 this was reduced to 4.1 percent. 
 Puget Sound advanced from 0.1 per cent of the humpback pack in 
 1916 to 30.7 per cent in 1917. Humpbacks run in this district only 
 every other year. 
 
 Relative Importance of Districts in Production of Each Species.^ 
 [Per cent of total amount of each species packed in various districts.] 
 
 District. 
 
 King or 
 Chinook. 
 
 Red or 
 sockeye. 
 
 Medium 
 red. 
 
 Pinks or 
 hump- 
 back. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Steel- 
 head. 
 
 Total, all 
 grades. 
 
 1916. 
 West Alaska 
 
 4.9 
 4.0 
 3.3 
 6.9 
 66.9 
 14.0 
 
 59.9 
 24.8 
 11.2 
 3.4 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 4.9 
 10.5 
 34.4 
 28.1 
 11.2 
 10.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 21.0 
 
 76.0 
 
 .1 
 
 .1 
 
 .3 
 
 11.8 
 5.5 
 39.1 
 34.4 
 5.8 
 3.4 
 
 
 25.9 
 
 
 
 17.0 
 
 
 
 35.1 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 0.6 
 
 S8.5 
 
 .9 
 
 10.8 
 
 Columbia River ... 
 
 8.2 
 
 Outside rivers 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 1917. 
 West .'Vlaska 
 
 3.4 
 3.3 
 
 4.9 
 10.3 
 66.7 
 11.4 
 
 53.5 
 
 24.9 
 
 7.2 
 
 14.0 
 
 .2 
 
 .2 
 
 1.3 
 
 8.2 
 32.8 
 28.0 
 17.1 
 12.6 
 
 .1 
 4.1 
 
 64.6 
 
 30.7 
 
 .0 
 
 .5 
 
 4.0 
 6.9 
 57.0 
 26.1 
 4.1 
 1.9 
 
 
 19.1 
 
 
 
 11. S 
 
 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 
 22.6 
 
 
 98.4 
 1.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 Outside rivers 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 100-0 
 
 
 
 "■ Report of the Federal Trade Commission: Op. cit., p. 34. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 129 
 
 ! 
 
 I MILD CURING. 
 
 The beginning of the business of mild-curing salmon, or "sweet 
 pickling," as it is sometimes called, is of comparatively recent date. 
 
 In 1889 a German dealer came to the Columbia River and tried to 
 interest some of the cannery men in the business. J. O. Hanthorn, 
 M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Cook were persuaded to prepare some, and 
 the plant of the Northwest Cold Storage Co., at Portland, was used to 
 keep the fish at a low temperature during repacking and preparation 
 for shipment. These fish were shipped to Germany, but the shippers 
 received no linancial returns, word coming back that the fish were not 
 satisfactory. 
 
 Owing to this lack of success from the first effort, no further attempt 
 was made until 1894, when Mueller & Loring, of Chicago, put up a car- 
 load of mild-cured salmon at Kalama, Wash., and shipped it to" Ger- 
 many. In 1896 Charles Ruckles and Wallace Bros., of Kalama, 
 packed several carloads for the German market. It was not until 
 1898 that the business was permanently established on the Columbia, 
 the Trescott Packing Co. and S. Schmidt & Sons putting up plants 
 at Warrenton and Astoria, respectively. 
 
 In 1900 the Trescott Packing Co. began packing the spring and fall 
 runs, and the Sacramento River Packers' Association packed the fall 
 run, on the Sacramento River, the business being carried on here every 
 year since. 
 
 In 1901 the Sacramento River Packers' Association began at Mon- 
 terey the mild curing of the spring salmon that were taken with hook 
 and line in the open ocean. 
 
 S. Elmoi'e & Co. started the industry in 1902 at Tillamook, and the 
 business began on Puget Sound in 1901, when the San Juan Fishing 
 & Packing Co. and the Seattle Fish Co. took it up. The Pacific Cold 
 Storage Co. began the next year at Anacortes. 
 
 Prior to 1906 several of the Alaska cannery men put up each season 
 a few tierces of mild-cured salmon, but it was not until this time that 
 the industry really began as such. In that year J. Lindenbcrger (Inc.) 
 started packing at Ketchikan, Alaska. The following year several 
 other plants were started, and in 1910 almost all of the king salmon 
 taken in southeast Alaska were mild cured. The same is true to-day. 
 
 For mild curing the fresh fish must be given greater care in han- 
 dling than is the case with any other process. Care must be exercised 
 to see that the flesli of the fish is not bruised or broken, and in order 
 to make sure of this the handlers usually pack several fish in one 
 box, with cracked ice over and around them if the weather is warm. 
 As soon as a box is filled, it is put in the hold, where the boxes are 
 stacked one upon another, but prevent more weight than is repre- 
 sented inside one box coming upon any one fish. 
 
 In dressing, the head is removed, care being taken to leave as much 
 of the bony structure of the head as possible to assist in holding the 
 side of the hooks when it is being smoked later on; the fish is then 
 split down the belly to the vent, the entrails removed, when a cut is 
 made on either side of the blood clot in the back, and the fish passed 
 to the "washer," who holds the fish on its back in a slot on the 
 table under a spray of water, and removes the membrane of skin 
 wliich covers the inside of the backbone and inside of which a good 
 
 11312°— 21 9 
 
130 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 deal of thick blood lies, by means of a large spoon or some similar 
 form of scraper. A knife should not be employed. Some curers do 
 not remove the fins at this stage, while others do. 
 
 The body is then scored along the sides with a small knife, care 
 being used to cut the skin only this allows the salt to penetrate more 
 freely and thus assist the process of cure. A specially prepared ec- 
 centric wheel is sometimes used for this purpose, which makes a series 
 of small cuts varying from half an inch at the tail to 1^ inches long 
 at the shoulder, and from 2 to 3 inches apart. 
 
 The fish is now ready for the splitter, who turns it on its back with 
 the open belly toward him and forces the shoulder down on a sharp- 
 pointed nail, so the fish will not slip during the operation. A cross- 
 cut is first made across the root of the tail to the bone, but no deeper. 
 Then the knife is entered at the vent, immediately above the bone, 
 and a cut, which should go no farther back than the middle of the 
 backbone, is drawn down to the crosscut already made. Then rais- 
 ing the lug with his left hand, the splitter enters the knife at the 
 shoulder above the bone, and with one sweep from head to tail, sepa- 
 rates the entire side. This is the more easily done if the fins have 
 been previously removed. If the work is perfect, there will be no 
 flesh left on the bone, but a line of fat will show down the center of 
 the side. This improves the appearance of the fish and adds to its 
 value. 
 
 In order to remove the bone from the remaining half of the fish, 
 the splitter inserts the knife under the bone, about the vent, and 
 draws down toward the tail, but care must be taken, as before, not 
 to go farther back than the spine. The splitter now takes the fish off 
 the nail, holding it by the lug, his left thumb resting on the upper, or 
 inside of the fish, and his fingers on the lower, or skin side. The tail 
 is now pointing away from the splitter, who enters his knife care- 
 fully under the backbone, and with one dextrous outward sweep sepa- 
 rates ihe bone from the fish right down to the root of the tail. When 
 abreast of the crosscut, however, he turns the knife sharply down- 
 ward, and cuts off the fish the same as on the other side. As with 
 the first half, no flesh should be left adhering to the bone, and the 
 line of fat should show down the center. In other words, the two 
 sides should be exactly alike. 
 
 The sides are dipped into cold water in the dress tank, and are then 
 laid, skin side down, on the table with the thin or belly edge toward 
 the front. A man then removes any blood remaining in the veins on 
 the inside of the fish, by pressing it away from him toward the back 
 of the fish, either with his fingers or with a spoon. If the blood is 
 not squeezed out in this way the salt will harden it during the process 
 of curing, and the flesh will become dark in color. The sides are then 
 dipped in a tank of weak brine and crushed ice to give them a fini4 
 wash, but should on no account be left to soak in the brine. Upon 
 removal, they are again scraped to insure the removal of all the blood 
 from the veins. 
 
 Great care must be used in handling the newly split sides, as they 
 are very tender and may be easily broken or bruised. In lifting 
 them by the lug or collar bone, the curer should have his fingers to 
 the inside and his thumb to the outer or skin side; otherwise the 
 skin may be broken. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 131 
 
 The sides are then taken to the salter, who lays them, skin side 
 down, on a salting table, on which lias been duinp(Ml a quantity of 
 dairy salt, and gently rubs the flesh with the salt, lifts it up with 
 only such salt as will adhere to it, and places it in the tierce. 
 
 The tierces in which the salmon sides are packed are stout casks 
 made of fir or spruce, bound with six strong galvanizoMl hoops. They 
 contain about SOO pounds of fish, but when full of pickle the gross 
 M'eight of cask and content is between 1,100 and 1,200 pounds. A 
 plug hole is bored in the head of the tierce. 
 
 Two or three handfuls of salt are thrown over the bottom of the 
 tierce, then a layer of salmon sides, skin down, and two or three hand- 
 fills of salt are sprinkled over them. In packing two sides of fish, 
 crossed head and tail are packed close to opposite sides of the 
 tierce, the back or thick part of each side being plac(>d close up 
 against the side of the tierce. Other si<k^s of fish are packed from 
 the sides toward the center of the tierc(% napes and tails alternately, 
 the back of each side being drawn halfway up and resting on the 
 side already laid. When complete, the layer should be perfectly 
 level, and this depends a good deal on how the last or center piece 
 is laid. Salt is sprinkled between each layer in the manner and 
 quantity noted above and the process continued until the tierce is 
 full. The tiers should be crossed in packing. The top layer should 
 be placed with the skin up and have extra salt put on. From 85 to 
 100 pounds of salt are used to 800 pounds of fish. 
 
 The tierce is then headed up, after which pickle is poured in until 
 the tierce is quite full. This ])ickle may be made with the same 
 salt as is used for rousing and sprinkling the fish. Perfectly clear 
 water should be provided and broken ice should be added in liberal 
 quantities, if the weather is warm. Before using, the pickle should 
 be strained through a fine sieve or a clean cloth, to remove froth 
 and sediment. A centigrade saltmeter is used by most mild curers. 
 The pickle is made to a strength of at least 90°, but it usually weakens 
 to about 70° during the fii*st 10 days of cure, whereas after re- 
 packing it should not readily come below 85°, and it should retain 
 that strength for a long time. 
 
 When tierces have been filled with pickle they are rolled inside a 
 cold-storage room, with a temperature of 35 to 38° F., where they 
 may be tiered two tiers high. Very little variation in the temperature 
 is allowable, as it would start the oil or fat in the flesh, allowing 
 it to escape into the brine. 
 
 Unless the tierces are kept quite fuU of pickle the sides of fish 
 arc apt to be broken when the cask is rolled about. The tierces 
 must be examined frequently to see that they are fidl of brine, as 
 there are always small leaks, while the staves absorb more or less 
 moisture. Furthermore, if the tierces were allowed to leak, ugly 
 yellow spots would show on the parts of the fish that were left dry. 
 Thus it is of the utmost importance, both during the two or three 
 weeks allowed for pining and also after repacking, to see that they 
 are kept full of pickle. Several gallons of pickle may be absorbed 
 by each cask during the first two or three weeks of cure. 
 
 The actual shrinkage during the two or three weeks in which the 
 fish lie in the first packing may be reckoned at 30 per cent. Fat, 
 well-conditioned fish, especially those which are caught in the ocean, 
 shi'ink less, but poor fish, especially those caught when well on their 
 
132 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 way to the spawning grounds, shrink more — sometimes up to 35 
 per cent. 
 
 After holding the fish in storage for at least 20 and not more 
 than 90 days they are taken out of the tierces. Each side of fish 
 should be lifted oiit carefully, as described above, and sponged with 
 a large sponge until all salt and slime are entirely removed, leaving 
 only a clean, red side of fish. Either pure ice water or ice pickle 
 may be used for this washing, but it will depend entirely on the 
 quality and condition of the fish. Soft, poor fish would require 
 pickle, but good firm fish may be washed in clean ice water. 
 
 The sides are then weighed and graded accordingly, 6 to 8 pounds, 
 8 to 10 pounds, and so on, being the grades. Sides of 11 pounds 
 and over are called large fish, and "L" is marked on the side of the 
 tierce. Some curers grade their sides from 9 to 11 pounds and 
 class them as medium and mark them "M;" smaller sides are termed 
 small and are marked '*S." 
 
 After the sides have been graded they should be counted and 
 repacked, the defective sides, such as thin-bellied, torn or broken, 
 being put by themselves. Fish which are considered perfect are 
 called No. 1; those which do not come up to that standard are 
 termed No. 2, and are marked accordingly; while fish that have 
 any taint of sourness are marked "T." In repacking, the sides of 
 fish should be replaced as nearly as possible in their original position, 
 those curved in shape being placed against the sides of the cask and 
 straight pieces laid in the center of the tier. No salt is used in repack- 
 ing, but as soon as the tierce is filled, the head put in, and the air test ap- 
 plied it is laid on its bilge and filled up with ice-cold pickle made to a 
 strength of 90° salometer (90 per cent saturation) that can be made 
 from fresh or salt water, whichever is handiest and cleanest, half -ground 
 salt being used. There wiU be about 830 pounds of fish on an average 
 in the tierce after repacking, and some 14 gallons of pickle may be 
 required to fill the cask up. They are then put back into cold storage 
 and pickled at the bilge daily for at least a week. If kept for any 
 length of time, they would, of course, have to be tested, regularly — a 
 tap with a hammer would do — and any leakage promptly rectified. 
 If properly cured, the fish should keep in good condition for months 
 in cold storage, provided the casks are sound and kept full of pickle. 
 
 On the head of each tierce are put the following marks : Initials of 
 packer or packers; initials of place where packed; number of tierce 
 (consecutive) ; number of sides in tierce, the tare, and the gross 
 weight (weight of pickle not counted) ; quality of fish (I, II, or T) ; 
 and size of fish (L, M, or S). 
 
 If of first quality, no mark is necessary, but second-quality and 
 tainted fish have to be noted. 
 
 In the early days of the industry different preparations, which 
 included salicylic and boracic acids, were used to help preserve the 
 fish. This caused much complaint from the Germans, and finally 
 their Government subjected our product to a rigid inspection, with 
 most salutary results, as now it is one of the purest and best products 
 put up on this coast, the use of acids being done awa}^ with entirely. 
 
 The king salmon is almost invariably the species mild cured, being 
 the only one large enough to answer the requirements of the trade. 
 In 1907 a Ketchikan (Alaska) packer put up a quantity of coho, dog, 
 and humpback salmon, but he found so much difficulty in disposing 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 133 
 
 of the product that he abandoned further efforts in this line. A f(^w 
 cohos are put up each year. 
 
 The principal consumers of the mild-cured salmon are the smokers, 
 who take them from the tierce, wash and soak them for a few 
 minutes, and then have a practically fresh fish to smoke, and not, 
 as in the days when hard-pickled salmon were used, one that had lost 
 most of its oil and flavor through the excessive amount of salt needed 
 to preserve it. 
 
 The greater part of the product put up on this coast goes to 
 Europe, Germany being the principal consumer, but considerable 
 quantities are sold in Norway, Sweden, and other countries, while 
 the smokers of the cities east of the Rocky Mountains use large 
 quantities every year. 
 
 In Germany, the principal market for mild-cured salmon, nearly 
 all of the fish are smoked. One of the most popular ways of using 
 tlie smoked salmon is in the making of sandwiches, and probably 
 the greater portion of these are used in the beer halls and the auto- 
 matic restaurants in that country. 
 
 PICKLING. 
 
 The earliest method of preserving salmon on the coast was by 
 pickling. At times this industry attained to large proportions, but 
 during the last 10 years it has been declining, largely because the 
 canners are able to pay more for the raw fish than the salters. All 
 species of salmon are pickled , but the most popular is the red salmon. 
 
 In dressing salmon for pickling the head is removed, the fish 
 split along the back, the cut ending with a downward curve on the 
 tail. The viscera and two-thirds of the backbone are removed, and 
 the blood, gurry, and black stomach membrane scraped away. The 
 fish are then thoroughly scrubbed and washed in cold water. They 
 are next placed in pickling butts with about 15 pounds of half -ground 
 salt to every 100 pounds of fish. The fish should be laid in a ^ier, 
 flesh side up, and the salt well sprinkled over it, repeating until the 
 tank is full. Several boards are then laid across the fish and these 
 are weighted down with large stones in order to keep the fish sub- 
 merged in the pickle which will form. The fish remain here about 
 one week, the brine being held at about 90°. They are then removed, 
 rubbed clean with a scrub brush, and repacked in market barrels, 
 one sack of salt being used to every three barrels of 200 pounds each. 
 About 40 to 52 red salmon, 25 to 35 coho salmon, 70 to 80 humpback 
 salmon, 10 to 14 king salmon, and 25 to 30 dog salmon are required 
 in packing a barrel of pickled salmon. 
 
 A few salteries also pack "bellies." This product is merely the 
 belly of the fish, which is the fattest portion, and as most of the 
 packers threw away the rest of the fish, thus causing a very large 
 waste of choice food, this method has come under the ban of the law 
 in some of the coast States and in Alaska. As a result, but few 
 "beUies" are packed now, and most of these only when some economic 
 use is made of the remainder. Humpback salmon furnish the major 
 part of the "belly" pack. 
 
 In preparing salmon bellies, the operator first cuts off the two 
 pectoral fins, and them removes the head, care being taken to follow 
 the curve of the body until the backbone is reached, which should 
 
134 U. S, BUREAtf or FISHEEIES. 
 
 then be severed straight across. With the smaller salmon the fish is 
 then turned on its back, and the operator inserts his knife in the 
 body just above the backbone and cuts down through the body, the 
 knife coming out just in front of the vent. If properly done, the cut 
 will come close to the upper wall of the stomach. With large king 
 salmon it is sometimes necessary to make the cut first on one side, 
 then turn the fish over and make the cut on the other side. The bellv 
 is then laid flat on the cutting table and the membrane at one end 
 cut so the bell}^ will lie flat. The bellies are then washed and salted 
 the same as hard-salted salmon. 
 
 When bellies are cut, the backs are saved and either dried in the 
 open air, without salt, or else pickled. 
 
 With large kings, the operator, after the belly has been cut out, 
 scrapes the inside of the remainder of the carcass. The knife is then 
 inserted under the backbone at the end nearest the tail, and it is cut 
 away with as little flesh as possible adhering to it. The blood is 
 then scraped off, the fish thoroughly washed, and then salted the same 
 as the whole fish. 
 
 Some of the old-time fishermen save parts of the salmon heads as 
 food. In this event, the head is split lengthwise clear to the bony 
 covering which protects the top of the head. The gill rakers are then 
 removed from each side of the split head, leaving the nutritious parts 
 intact. The cleaned heads are then salted down the same as whole 
 salmon. 
 
 DRY SALTING. 
 
 During the progress of the Russian-Japanese War the preparation 
 of dry-salted dog salmon became an important industry, but as soon 
 as the Japanese fishermen resumed their former occupations the 
 demand fell off so much that the industry was virtually abandoned 
 in the United States, although a number of Japanese continue it in 
 British Columbia. The fish, after being dressed, were packed in 
 boxes, in salt, these boxes holding about 560 pounds of fish, and were 
 shipped in this condition to Japan. 
 
 At a number of places in Alaska the bellies of red and coho salmon 
 are cut out and salted, after which the backs are dried in the sun 
 and, thus cured, are used for fox food at the numerous fox ranches. 
 This product is called "ukalu." 
 
 SMOKING. 
 
 The smoking of salmon is virtually a continuation of the pickling, 
 as the fish must be pickled before being smoked, the main purpos;^ of 
 the pickling being to preserve them until the time arrives for smoking, 
 which may be weeks or months after the fish are caught. For smok- 
 ing the salmon are taken out of the barrel and soaked until as 
 much of the salt as possible is removed. They are then put into the 
 smokehouse and subjected to the heat and smoke of a fairly hot fire 
 for about two days in order that they may be thoroughly dried and 
 hardened. Exposure to a smoldering fire (alder wood is a favorite 
 fuel) for about three days completes the process. 
 
 For shipment smoked salmon are packed in wooden boxes, oil paper 
 being placed between the fish. 
 
 In the manufacture of smoked salmon, the mild-cured product is 
 most in demand. The necessary quantity of sides is taken from the 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 135 
 
 cold-storage and placed in large tanks filled with fresh water. In 
 these they are soaked over niglit, the water being changed several 
 times, depending upon the salinity of the fish, the variation of which 
 depends upon the length of time the product has been held in storage, 
 those held longest absorbing the most salt. 
 
 After soaking, the sides are taken from the tanks, piled on tables, 
 and allow^ed to drain as much as possible. They are then taken one 
 at a time, laid flesh side down, and a bacon hanger, which is made of 
 wire and has sLx or more points bent at right angles to the frame, 
 terminating at the top in a hook, is pressed firmly into the flesh 
 on the skin side and at the upper end of the side. They are then 
 hang upon a round stick, which latter is then set in position in the 
 smokehouse, each end resting upon supports on the side. The 
 fish are placed so that no two of them will touch. When the smoke- 
 house is full, a small fire of any nonresinous wood is then built under- 
 neath to dry them, the ventilator in the top being left open so the 
 moist air can escape. The fires should not be allowed to become 
 too hot; the object is to give the fish smoke rather than heat, as in 
 the latter case they would become partially cooked. For a mild 
 cure, for ready consumption, from 8 to 10 hours, according to the 
 condition of the fish, should be sufficient. If immediate sale should 
 not be possible the fish must be kept in a cold-storage room with 
 a temperature of about 24° F. 
 
 In sections where the products move more slowly into consump- 
 tion, a harder smoking is wanted. In this event, they are held 
 over the fire until dried, which would depend upon climatic condi- 
 tions, but probably around two days. After the fish have dried 
 sufficiently, the fire is smothered with sawdust, which produces a 
 dense smoke, giving the sides their color. During the latter period 
 the ventilator is partly closed, but must be watched to prevent the 
 fish from sweating. 
 
 When thoroughly smoked the sides are removed from the smoke- 
 house, taken ofl" the hanger, and each side wrapped in paper, then 
 packed in wooden boxes holding each 30 pounds. 
 
 Kippered salmon. — On the Pacific coast practically all of the 
 kippered salmon is prepared from frozen white-meated king sahnon, 
 which on account of the color of the flesh is not in much demand. 
 It is, however, fully the equal, in both flavor and food value, of the 
 red-meated kings. It is not absolutely essential that the fish be 
 first frozen, as the fresh fish may be kippered after dressing, but 
 the latter is always a little soft when so prepared, owing to an excess 
 of moisture, which is largely removed in freezing. Fresh salmon is 
 available only part of the year, so it is foimd most convenient to 
 freeze and store the stock and work it up when needed throughout 
 the 3^ear. 
 
 Before freezing, the fish have been dressed, so when thawed in 
 cold-running water, it is only necessary to split and cut them into 
 pieces of a pound or less, these being about 6 inches long, or perhaps 
 3 inches broad, depending upon the part of the fish the piece is taken 
 from, and place them in a tank of strong brine to season for several 
 hours. They are then dipped in a harmless vegetable coloring, 
 similar to that used by the butchers for coloring sausage: this gives 
 the outside of the product a red color, a concession to popular 
 prejudice. 
 
136 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 From the coloring tank, the pieces are placed on a tray with wood 
 frame and bottom of one-half inch square meshed wire; care is taken 
 that the pieces do not touch each other. 
 
 The tray is then slipped into a rack which will hold a number of 
 these, placed one above the other, and this rack is then run on a 
 track into the smokehouse. 
 
 A medium fire is then kindled which dries and slightly smokes 
 the pieces from 16 to 18 hours. 
 
 When they reach a proper stage the fire is enlarged, but great care 
 must be exercised in order to prevent their being overheated, and 
 this is done by means of the damper at the bottom of the smoke- 
 house and the ventilator at the top. The fish are baked in this 
 manner from 25 to 35 minutes, the thermometer showing from 250 
 to 275° of heat. 
 
 When the cooking is completed the cars are pulled out and the 
 fish allowed to cool, after which each piece is wrapped in a square 
 of parchment paper and packed in a box or basket which holds 10 
 pounds. 
 
 The product is quite perishable, and if it can not be used at once, 
 when of course it is at its best, must be placed in cold storage. The 
 packer endeavors to turn out daily only the amount he can market 
 that day. 
 
 Beleke. — A smoked product, known locally as "beleke," is put up 
 at Kodiak, Alaska, from red and coho salmons. Steelhead trout are 
 the best for this purpose, but are not often utilized owing to their 
 scarcity in this region. In preparing "beleke" only the backs of the 
 fish are used, the belly part being cut out and pickled separately. 
 The backs are divided into three grades, according to size, viz, 
 "small," "medium," and "large." They are first put into a brine, the 
 "large" being put in first, followed by the "medmm" and "small" 
 at intervals of one hour each, so that all will be cured at about the 
 same time. The coho backs, being the largest, are kept in the brine 
 from 19 to 20 hours, while the red salmon backs, which are smaller, 
 remain in the brine only about 16 hours. After being thoroughly 
 salted the backs are removed from the brine and rinsed in fresh 
 water, then hung in the air for about 24 hours to dry and to allow 
 a thin skin to form on the outside. They are then hung in the smoke- 
 house, in the presence of a little fire of cottonwood or alder. On dry 
 days the gable windows are thrown open and the wind allowed to 
 pass through while the smoking is going on. The smoking must be 
 done slowly, two weeks being devoted to it. 
 
 There is a good demand for this product locally, the fish selling 
 for from 15 to 20 cents a pair, but little effort has been made to 
 extend its sale outside of central Alaska. 
 
 FREEZING. 
 
 The process of preserving fish by freezing was first introduced in 
 1888. JPrevious to this the comparatively ancient method of packing 
 with ice, or in rare instances letting the fish freeze naturally during 
 the winter months, was followed. Packing with ice is in quite general 
 use to-day for shipments of fish which are to be preserved for short 
 periods of time. Cooling with ice never results in a temperature 
 lower than 32° F., which, of course, does not freeze the fish. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 137 
 
 The freezing of salmon and steelhead trout began on the Sacra- 
 mento and Cohimbia Rivers in the late eighties. It was taken up 
 in a small way on Puget Sound in 1892. That year Wallace Bros, 
 and Ainswortli & Dunn froze a small lot, the work being done for them 
 by the Seattle Ice Co. (now the Ice Delivery Co.), and the venture was 
 so successful that the next year nearly all of the wholesale dealers on 
 the Sound took up the business. The Crescent Creamery, of Tacoma, 
 also engaged in the business for the fish dealers for a year or two 
 shortly thereafter. In 1902 the British Columbia Packers' Asso- 
 ciation bought a large cold-storage plant at New Westminster, 
 British Columbia, at that time the only large and modern plant 
 in the Province, and began the active freezing of fish. Since then 
 a number of excellent plants have been built and operated. In 
 Alaska the preparing of frozen salmon began in 1902. The San Juan 
 Fishing & Packing Co., soon, to be succeeded by the Pacific Cold 
 Storage Co., put up a cannery and cold-storage plant atTaku Harbor, 
 in southeast Alaska, in 1901, though it did not operate the cold- 
 storage portion until 1902. The Taku Harbor Canning & Cold 
 Storage Co. later on succeeded to the ownership and operation of 
 this plant. This is the only plant which was operated in Alaska 
 until the New England Fish Co. erected in 1909 a large plant at 
 Ketchikan for the freezing of halibut primarily, but considerable 
 quantities of salmon have been frozen also. 
 
 In 1911 the schooner Metha Nelson was fitted up as a floating 
 freezer by the Alaska Packers Association and sent to Kodiak Island. 
 As the vessel arrived in San Francisco shortly before the State's 
 closed season on salmon began, and it was a difficult matter to dispose 
 of the catch before then, the business was abandoned. 
 
 In 1912 J. Lindenberger (Inc.) opened a freezing plant at Craig, 
 on Fish Egg Island, Alaska, while the ship miliam H. Smith was 
 outfitted as a floating cannery and freezer by the Welding & Inde- 
 pendent Fisheries Co., at Saginaw Bay, Alaska. The latter operated 
 only one season. 
 
 The year 1913 saw quite a development in the industry. The 
 Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co., at Wrangell, the Juneau 
 Cold Storage Co., at Juneau, the Booth Fisheries Co., at Sitka, and 
 the floating cold-storage ship Glory of the Seas, by the Glacier Fish 
 Co., at Idaho Inlet, were all started this year. 
 
 In 1914 the Ketchikan Cold Storage Co. opened a freezer for the 
 general commercial freezing of fish. 
 
 In 1917 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co. built and operated a 
 cold-storage plant at Seward. 
 
 In 1918 Henry Goemaere operated for the first time a plant at 
 Washington Bay; while the National Independent Fisheries Co. and 
 the Trout Fisheries Co. froze salmon at Ketchikan. All the other 
 freezers operated as usual, the only change being the purchase by 
 Libby, McNeill & Libby of the cold-storage plant and cannery of the 
 Taloi Harbor Canning & Cold Storage Co. at Taku Harbor. 
 
 The freezing of salmon is almost invariably carried on in connection 
 with other methods of handling and preserving, and the purpose is 
 usually to secure the fish when numerous and cheap, freeze them, and 
 then hold them until the runs are over and the fish are once more 
 in good demand at high prices. The business proved so profitable, 
 
138 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 however, that the dealers began to look for wider markets for their 
 product. Europe, more especially Germany, was prospected and a 
 profitable market soon developed, with the result that to-day frozen 
 Pacific salmon can be secured in nearly every town of any size in 
 western Europe, while large quantities are marketed all over our own 
 country. 
 
 There are four important features in packing and using frozen 
 salmon: (1) To get fresh fish; (2) to keep them cold (about 15° above 
 zero) after they are frOiZen; (3) to keep a coat of ice on them; and 
 (4) to allow them to thaw slowly in cold water or in the air before 
 cooking. 
 
 In selecting salmon for freezing, only the finest and freshest of 
 each species are used. The current belief that freezing destroys the 
 flavor of the fish is erroneous, the flavor depending entirely upon 
 the condition before freezing, and the quicker they are frozen after 
 being caught the better will the natural flavor of the fish be pre- 
 served. Frozen salmon are just as wholesome as fresh, and their 
 chemical constituents are almost identical. The danger lies in the 
 temptation to freeze the fish after decomposition has set in, but, for- 
 tunately, this is now very rarely practiced in the salmon industry. 
 
 The coho, or silver, and the chum, or dog, salmon are the choicest 
 of the salmons for freezing. The other species, except the red, or 
 sockeye, which is too oily and rarely frozen, are also frozen in vary- 
 ing quantities. The steelhead trout, which is ranked by the Pacific 
 coast dealers among the salmon, is considered the choicest fish of 
 all for freezing. 
 
 Some of the most modern plants in the country are on this coast. 
 These have numerous freezers, generally, in which a temperature of 
 from 25° to 30° F. below zero can be maintained if desired, although 
 a temperature of more than 10° below zero is rarely ever required. 
 All freezing is by direct expansion and each freezer is piped with 
 about 2 feet of IJ-inch pipe per cubic foot of freezing space. The 
 bunkers in the freezers are in pairs, generallv nine pipes wide, spaced 
 10 inches apart. This leaves about a 3^-foot passage through the 
 center of each freezer opposite the swing doors. The salmon are laid 
 on metal sheets, which are placed on the tiers of pipes. 
 
 After freezing the salmon are passed through openings in the rear 
 of the freezers into the glazing room, which has a temperature of 
 about 20° F., where they are dipped into water, and when removed 
 are covered with a thin glaze of ice, which may be thickened by 
 repeated dippings. This is an extra precaution to exclude the air 
 from the fish. 
 
 After being thoroughly frozen and glazed, each fish is covered first 
 with a parchment, like rolls of butter, and then with a piece of 
 heavy brown paper. They are then packed in boxes holding about 
 250 pounds each, placed in cold-storage cars and shipped. 
 
 The method of freezing fish in brine is now under serious consid- 
 eration by a number of fishermen and dealers A brine freezer 
 may be of small capacity and carried on a fishing boat or it may 
 be a freezer of large capacity at some central point convenient for 
 receiving the catches. In this method a strong brine solution, cooled 
 by circulation through crushed ice, is used for freezing the fish. By 
 this method large fish may be frozen in from 1 to 3 hours, a great 
 saving in time as compared with the method at present in use. 
 
^i 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 139 
 
 UTILIZING SALMON EGGS AND MELT. 
 
 Every year immense quantities of salmon eggs are thrown away in 
 the fisheries of the west coast, though t ere is but Httle doubt that, 
 if properly prepared, a market could in time be found for this now 
 waste part of the fish. In France there is a good market for a 
 product known as "rogue," which is the spawn of cod, haddock, 
 hake, and pollock, salted in casks, and which is used as bait in the 
 sardine fisheries. Salmon spawn is the choicest and most successful 
 bait used on this coast, and if properly prepared would undoubtedly 
 answer the purpose as well as the regular "rogue" if not better, 
 owing to its oiliness and attractive color. The roes should be soaked 
 for some days in old brine and then packed in strong casks holding 
 about 25 gallons each. It might also prove to be a good bait for 
 tolling mackerel on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 In 1910 a considerable quantity of salmon roe was prepared in 
 Siberia and sold in competition with caviar, which is prepared from 
 sturgeon eggs. The product met with favor in Europe and now large 
 quantities are prepared each season. 
 
 In this country Miss Ida Tuholski, of San Francisco, who had been 
 engaged in the preparation of sturgeon caviar for some years, put up 
 a number of sample lots of salmon caviar which are fully the equal 
 of the best sturgeon caviar. Capital has been chary, however, about 
 engaging in the business, although undoubtedly it will be an impor- 
 tant industry some da}'. 
 
 For making caviar the eggs should be as fresh as possible, and 
 in order to make sm'e of this the salmon are taken alive, if possible, 
 shortly after coming from the water, killed and bled, the belly 
 opened up and the roe taken out. This work can best be done 
 on work and living scows anchored close to the fishing camps. 
 The roe is placed upon a stand, the top of which is formed oi a 
 small-meshed galvanized-iron wire screen. On the underside is 
 arranged a zinc-lined trough. The operator gently rubs the mass of 
 eggs back and forth over the screen, the mesh of which is just large 
 enough to let the eggs drop through, and, as they are separated from 
 the membrane by the rubbing, they fall through into the trough and 
 are thence drawn off into tubs by means of a sliding door at the end 
 of the trough. 
 
 After all the roe has been separated the tub is removed and a cer- 
 tain proportion of salt (the sturgeon caviar makers employ the best 
 Luneburg, Germany, salt in this work, while some of the Siberian 
 makers of salmon caviar use No. 2 Berkshire salt from England) is 
 added to the roe, after which the mass is mixed with the hands. 
 The most delicate part of the whole operation is in the manner of 
 mixing. No direct rule can be given for doing this portion of the 
 work, as the condition of the roe regulates the time consumed and 
 the manner of handling. It requires practical experience to become 
 proficient, but this should be an easy matter for one used to handling 
 salted products. The sturgeon caviar makers use about 11 pounds 
 of salt m preparing a keg of caviar. 
 
 After the salt has been added the mass of eggs first dries up, but 
 in a few minutes the strength of the salt draws from the eggs their 
 watery constituents and a copious brine is formed, which can be 
 poured off when the tub becomes too full. In Siberia the caviar 
 
140 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 makers put the eggs into a brine solution of 19 to 22 per cent Baum6 
 strength immediately after they come from the trough. The salted 
 eggs are then poured into very fine-meshed sieves which hold about 
 10 pounds each. In the caviar house are arranged long, sloping 
 boards with narrow strips nailed on each side. On these the sieves 
 are placed and left here from 8 to 20 hours in order to thoroughly 
 drain. 
 
 The Siberian caviar makers hasten the operation by putting the 
 eggs into a brine solution as noted above, leave them there for from 
 25 to 45 minutes, then place them in bags and subject them to heavy 
 pressure, after which they are packed. While this method occupies 
 less time, it is not thought the resulting product is as good as that 
 prepared by the slower method outlined above. 
 
 The eggs are then transferred to small casks (holding about 135 
 pounds). The sturgeon caviar makers use oak or pine casks, but 
 some of the Siberian makers say that oak casks turn the salmon caviar 
 black. The casks are steamed before use in order to prevent any 
 possible leakage. It is especially necessary that the kegs or barrels 
 used be air-tight, as otherwise the product will spoil. Barrels such 
 as used in packing salt salmon are rarely ever tight enough to hold 
 caviar. The casks are covered and allowed to stand until the ^as 
 escapes and the eggs settle. The vacant space caused by the settlmg 
 is then filled, the cask headed up and put in a cool place imtil ready for 
 shipment. 
 
 The Siberian salmon caviar makers, use a small quantity of "pre- 
 servaline" in each keg for the purpose of aiding in preserving them, 
 as cold-storage facilities aie quite primitive as yet in that country, 
 and it is the addition of this powder which forms the mysterious part 
 to the uninitiated. No preservative would be needed in Alaska, 
 however, as the kegs could be shipped in cold storage along with the 
 mild-cured salmon. 
 
 Several establishments are putting up these eggs in jars and her- 
 metically sealed cans for use as bait in sport fishing. 
 
 In 1916 one of the companies operating in Alaska put up some 
 salmon melt in cans. No difficulty was experienced in cannmg this 
 
 Eroduct and it met with considerable favor from those who tried it, 
 ut nothing has been done with it since. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 
 
 A few years ago a company on the Columbia River put up what 
 was known as "fish pudding." In preparing this the salrnon was 
 ground fine, mixed with milk and eggs, and then packed in tin cans. 
 The preparation was soon abandoned. 
 
 In 1903 one of the Point Roberts canneries packed a new product 
 which was called " salmon. paste. " For this the fish was ground up, 
 cooked, seasoned with spices, etc., and made into fish balls, a very 
 palatable dish when warmed over. 
 
 In 1905 a Seattle concern began the manufacture of wienerwurst 
 sausages from halibut and salmon. 
 
 The Indians in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska occasionally dress 
 the skins of salmon and make of them leather for the tops of boots, 
 also bags and other small articles. 
 
 A product, which was first made in Norway, is prepared by means 
 of an invention which quickly diies and pulverizes the flesh of fresh 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 141 
 
 fish. The resulting powder, called "fish flour," is easy to transport 
 from one place to another and has great nutritive value, it is 
 probable that the tailpieces of the fish, which are at present thrown 
 away, and the cheaper grades of salmon might be prepared in this 
 way and thus furnish another market for salmon. 
 
 , ' MEAL, FERTILIZER, AND OIL. 
 
 As early as 1888 there was a small plant at Astoria, Oreg., where 
 the refuse of the canneries was utilized for the manufacture of oil and 
 fertilizer. In that year 8,000 gallons of oil (chiefly from salmon 
 heads) and 90 tons of fertilizer were prepared. The oil was worth 
 22^ cents per gallon and the fertilizer had a market value of $20 
 
 fier ton. Most of the refuse was dumped into the river, however, 
 n 1898 a similar plant was establishea in the Puget Sound district 
 of Washington. At present the plants of the Robinson Fisheries Co. 
 at Anacortes; the Pacific American Fisheries at Eliza Island, near 
 Bcllingham; the Wannenwetsch Reducing Co., at Blaine; and the 
 Japanese-American Fertilizer Co. on Lummi Island, all on Pu^^'et 
 Sound, operate quite largely on the offal from the Sound salmon can- 
 neries. 
 
 In 1882 the Alaska Oil & Guano Co. established a fertilizer plant at 
 Killisnoo, Alaska, for the extraction of oil and fertilizer from herring, 
 and has operated the plant continuously ever since. In some years 
 large quantities of whole salmon have been handled at this plant, 
 and the resulting product was found to sell as well as that from 
 herring. 
 
 In Alaska the Fish Canners By-Products (Ltd.), in 1914 buDt a 
 large plant at Ward Cove, near Ketchikan, where salmon offal is 
 used in the preparation of fertilizer, meal, and oil. The company is 
 now experimenting in the preparation of various chemical products 
 from the raw material. 
 
 Probably the most serious evil in the salmon industry to-day is the 
 enormous wastage which annually occurs. About one-fourth of the 
 total weight of each fish handled at the various packing plants is 
 thrown away. With the exception of the tailpiece, which is dis- 
 carded at some canneries owing to the excessive amount of bone 
 which would be in the product if canned, this waste material could 
 not be utilized as food, comprising as it does the head, viscera, fins, 
 and tail. When not conveniently near the very few fertilizer plants 
 at present in operation this product is either allowed to pass through 
 chutes into the water under the cannery, or is dumped into scows and 
 towed to the ocean or the deeper waters of the sounds, and there 
 thrown overboard. This procedure is not only exceedingly wasteful, 
 but is also far from beneficial to the waters where deposited. 
 
 The great desideratum in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast 
 at the present time is the invention of a small odorless fertilizer 
 plant, costing not more than $2,500 or $3,000, which can be installed 
 at the vario\is salmon canneries and saltories. The offal from the 
 cannery could there be utilized and the product obtained would 
 doubtless net a fair return on such an investment, while at the same 
 time the present (in the aggregate) enormous waste would be stopped, 
 and the waters adjac(>nt to the canneries rendered far more agreeable 
 to the fishes as well as to the people on shore. It is absolutely essen- 
 
142 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 tial that the phnnt shall be odorless ; as the smell of the ordinary fer- 
 tilizer establishment would be very offensive to persons visiting the 
 cannery and would not enhance the demsmd for canned salmon. At 
 the present time the cheapest plant available costs about S10,000, and 
 very few canneries can afford to invest this sum of money in the dis- 
 posal of their own offal alone. 
 
 A great impetus has been given to the industry during the last two 
 years, owing to the big demand which has come from the farmers 
 and poultrymen for fish meal or scrap, which, after it has been mixed 
 with other ingredients, can be fed to cattle, hogs, and poultry. Ex- 
 periments carried out at various agricultural experiment stations, 
 both here and in Europe, show conclusively that this class of food in- 
 creases the appetite of the animal, and consequently the weight, 
 while it does not affect the flavor of the flesh of the animals, 
 
 SHIPPING FRESH SALMON DIRECT TO CONSUMER. 
 
 An important new. feature m the salmon industry is the shipping 
 of individual salmon direct to consumers by express, or, for certain 
 short distances, by parcel post, for a certain fixed sum, which in- 
 cludes the fish itself and the cost of delivering same to the buyer. 
 
 This business began in Tacoma, Wash., in 1914, and those who 
 originated it advertised throughout the country that they would 
 ship a fresh salmon to any express office in the United States (except 
 Southern Express), express prepaid, for SI. 25, weight 7 to 8 pounds. 
 In 1915 the cost, delivered east of the Mississippi River, was raised 
 to SI. 50 each, the old rate of SI. 25 still being in force for shipments 
 west of the Mississippi River. The price has since been increased 
 to $2.50 for any place in the United States. The number of shippers 
 has increased very much, and the business is now carried on from a 
 number of places in Washington, Oregon, and California. 
 
 In shipping an individual fish, it is packed in a box containing 20 
 pounds of cracked ice. These boxes are collected by the express 
 companies and are generally sent ovit in their own regular cars 
 attached to trains leaving in the evening. About every 15 to 20 
 hours the box is opened and from 5 to 7 pounds, depending upon 
 the weather, of cracked ice added to the box to make up the loss 
 through melting. 
 
 As the Post Oflfice Department will not accept packages in Avhich 
 ice is used for preserving fish, the use of the parcel post for ship- 
 ments of individual fish is limited to the first postal zone (up to .50 
 miles from the initial point), except in winter, when the postmasters 
 are authorized, in their discretion, to accept shipments for the 
 second zone (50 to 100 miles from the initial point). In making 
 fresh-fish shipments by parcel post, frozen fish are generally used. 
 
 Most of the orders comis from the Middle West, where fresh fish 
 are not abundant, but orders are received from all sections of the 
 country. 
 
 The success met with in shipping fresh salmon led to a considerable 
 expansion of the industry, with tlie result that now one can obtain 
 not only a fresh salmon, but also may purchase salt, smoked, end 
 kippered salmon, salt codfish, and fresh halibut, smelt, crabs, and 
 other sea food in their season. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF SALMON. 
 
 143 
 
 More and more attention is being paid by the consumino; public 
 to the nutritive qualities of the food products offered them, and this 
 is especially true as regards fishery products. 
 
 The proper functions of food are two-fold, first, to furnish protein 
 for building and repairing the body, and second, to supply energy 
 for heat and muscular work. Foods which supply an abundance of 
 both at a reasonable price are of the greatest importance from an 
 economigal standpoint. 
 
 ANALYSES OF CANNED AND FRESH PACIFIC SALMON. 
 
 Despite the great prominence of the salmon industry, but little 
 time has been devoted to it by the chemist. 
 
 Prof. W. O. Atwater was the first American investigator to devote 
 anv portion of his energies to the analysis of Pacific salmon. In 
 "Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food" (Farmers 
 Bulletin No. 142, United States Department of Agriculture, 1901), 
 he gives the following analysis of canned Pacific coast salmon : 
 
 Water, 63.5 per cent; protein, 21.8 per cent; fat, 12.1 per cent; ash, 2.6 per cent; 
 fuel value per pound, 915 calories. « 
 
 C. F. Langworthy, in "Fish as Food" (Farmers Bulletin No. 85, 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 1898), gives the following 
 analyses of fresh and canned Pacific coast salmon: 
 
 Fresh salmon, California (sections): Refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 5.2 per cent; water, 
 60.3 per cent; protein, 16.5 per cent; fat, 17 per cent; mineral matter, 1 per cent; 
 total nutrients, 34.5 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,025 calories. 
 
 Canned salmon: Refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 3.9 per cent; salt, 1 per cent; water, 
 59.3 per cent; protein, 19.3 per cent; fat, 15.3 percent; mineral, 1.2 percent; total 
 nutrients, 35.8 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,005 calories. 
 
 Dr. Harvey W. Wiley gives the following as the composition of a 
 Pacific coast salmon (species not given) : ^ 
 
 Fresh — Water, 63.61 per cent; protein, 17.46 per cent; fat, 17.87 per cent; ash, 1.06 
 per cent. Dr^' — Protein, 52.31 per cent; fat, 49.05 per cent; ash, 2.92 per cent. 
 
 On page 137 of the same work Dr. Wiley gives the following as 
 the mean of three samples of Pacific coast canned salmon: 
 
 Composition of canned salmon. — Mean of three samples. Water-free substance: 
 Protein, 53.52 per cent; fat, 40.52 per cent; ash, 6.24 per cent. 
 
 Prof. Knisely,*^ of the Oregon State Agricultural College at Cor- 
 vallis, Oreg., analyzed canned salmon packed at the P\mtcr Bay 
 (Alaska) cannery of the Thlinket Packing Co., with the following 
 results: 
 
 Species. 
 
 Moisture. 
 
 Protein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 64.74 
 68.22 
 69.43 
 67.08 
 
 Per cent. 
 24.19 
 26. 56 
 24.00 
 25. 06 
 
 Per cent. 
 9.11 
 3.61 
 4.86 
 6.59 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.06 
 
 
 1.66 
 
 
 1.68 
 
 
 1.26 
 
 
 
 o The unit used to show the fuel value is the "calorie," which is the amount of heat required to raise the 
 temperature of about 1 pound of water 4° F. 
 t> Foods and their Adulteration, etc., p. 135. By Harvey W. Wiley. 8% Philadelphia, 1907. 
 c Pacific Fisherman, Vol. VI, No. 1, January, 1908, p. 21. 
 
144 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 H. M. Loomis, formerly chief of the Seattle food and drug inspec- 
 tion laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of 
 Agriculture, reports as follows on analyses of both canned and fresh 
 Pacific salmon made at this laboratory.** 
 
 CANNED SALMON (1911 PACK.) a 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Ethyl 
 
 ether 
 
 extract. & 
 
 Protein 
 
 (Nx6.25). 
 
 Total 
 ash. 
 
 NaCl.c 
 
 Ammoniacal 
 nitrogen. 
 
 Sample. 
 
 Richard- 
 son* 
 method. 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 vapor 
 
 method. 
 
 No. 1. Puget Sound sockeye — 
 No. 2. Puget Sovmd sockeve 
 
 Per cent. 
 62.44 
 61.84 
 69.97 
 73.48 
 
 74.12 
 
 70.88 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 15. 17 
 
 13.74 
 
 7.81 
 
 2.88 
 
 4.75 
 5.26 
 
 Per cent. 
 20.25 
 21.77 
 20.40 
 21.33 
 
 19.75 
 21.79 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.50 
 2.73 
 2.58 
 2.57 
 
 1.98 
 2.35 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.09 
 
 .83 
 
 .50 
 .64 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0. 0403 
 
 .0437 
 
 .04965 
 
 .0563 
 
 .0404 
 .0455 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.0348 
 
 . 0410 
 
 No. 4. Alaska chum 
 
 .0557 
 
 No. 5. Alaska pink or hump- 
 back 
 
 
 No. 6. Alaska red 
 
 
 
 
 FRESH SALMON (CAUGHT MAY 7, 1912), EDIBLE PORTIONS. 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Puget Soimd steelhead or sal- 
 mon trout 
 
 Per cent. 
 67.48 
 
 67.89 
 
 Per cent. 
 8.86 
 
 9.39 
 
 Per cent. 
 22.24 
 
 21.80 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.36 
 
 L35 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 0. 0121 
 
 .0135 
 
 Per cent. 
 0.0205 
 
 .0218 
 
 o Each sample is average o£ two or more cans. All samples, except No. 2, are old form 1-pound tall cans. 
 No. 2 is i-poimd flat cans. 
 * Represents the fat. 
 « Represents the salt. 
 
 ANALYSES OF CANNED SALMON BY SOUTH DAKOTA AUTHORITIES. 
 
 In 1916 the South Dakota Food and Drug Department analyzed a 
 considerable number of samples of canned salmon for the purpose of 
 determining, if possible, whether inferior grades of the fish were sub- 
 stituted for the better grades, and for the further purpose of discover- 
 ing some means of identifying the different types of salmon by 
 chemical analysis. 
 
 Thirty-three samples of commercial canned salmon, including 30 different brands, 
 were analyzed. Thirteen of these were labeled as belonging to the sockeye class, 
 five to the coho, six to the humpback, and one to the chum. Five samples were not 
 labeled as to variety. One sample was labeled "Salmon Steaks" and two samples 
 were labeled "Fresh Alaska." The last eight samples, because they were not labeled 
 to show the common name of the fish contained in the can, were in violation of the 
 F. I. D. No. 105 referred to above. 
 
 All of the cans but one were labeled to show the net weight of fish in the can. Six- 
 teen per cent of them contained less than the declared amount of contents, but the 
 ^eatest shortage was but 3.1 per cent of the declared weight, while the greatest excess 
 in weight was 18.7 per cent of the declared weight. I'he weight is usually stated 
 considerably under the actual amount of the contents. 
 
 The amount of liquid in the cans is an important factor to consider in computing 
 the value of the contents. The free liquor in the cans examined varied widely from 
 3.95 per cent in sample number 15-209, labeled salmon steaks, to 26.54 per cent in 
 sample number 15-63, which was not labeled as to variety. As a rule, the largest 
 amount of free liquor is found in the lower priced grades, but there are exceptions, 
 notably number 15-70, which contained 24.14 per cent of free liquor. 
 
 It will be noticed from the results given in the table that the amount of total moisture 
 varies inversely as the amount of fat (called ether extract in the table). That is, 
 salmon containing an excessive amount of moisture contains little fat, but those sam- 
 ples which contain the lower amounts of moisture contain the largest amounts of fat. 
 The protein content seems to be fairly constant in all samples, the average amount 
 
 o Salmon Canning Industry of North America. By H. M. Loomis. Original communications, 
 Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Washington and New York, Sept. 4 to 13, 1912, 
 Vol. XVIII, pp. 239-245. The Rumford Press, Concord, N. H. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 145 
 
 ein? 19.34 per cent, while the minimum found is 15.66 per cent and the maximum 
 2.45 per cent. The total phosphoric acid varies from 4.2 per cent to 9.8 per cent, 
 le average being 6.6 per cent. . . , . . , , ,., 
 
 As would be expected, the samples containing the larger proportions of fat liberate 
 le larger ciuantities of heat units, or calories, per pound, and it will 1)e noted that the 
 rice is not in all cases an accurate measure of value, some of the higher priced varie- 
 les being in reality much lower in actual cost, when their food value is taken into 
 onsideration, than some of the cheaper varieties." 
 
 The table below has been condensed from that shown in the report, 
 ^'he brand, name of the jobber, and the data about these samples, 
 /here tlic species is not shown on the label, have been eliminated, as 
 hey were not essential to our purpose. All of the other data have 
 •een reproduced exactly as they appeared in the original report. 
 Jot a single one of the samples apparently bore the packer's label, 
 ,11 being jobber's labels. 
 
 Labora- 
 ory No. 
 
 15-56 
 
 15-210 
 
 15-209 
 
 1,5-60 
 
 15-72 
 
 16-65 
 
 15-59 
 
 15-64 
 
 16-204 
 
 15-58 
 
 16-220 
 
 15-64 
 
 16-222 
 
 15-219 
 
 15-207 
 
 15-221 
 
 16-205 
 
 1.5-70 
 
 15-61 
 
 15-20H 
 
 1.5-206 
 
 l.S-214 
 
 15-57 
 
 Variety. 
 
 Red 
 
 Fancy sockoyc . 
 Salmon steaks. . 
 
 Fancy red 
 
 Sockeyc 
 
 ...do 
 
 Redsockeyo. .. 
 
 ...do 
 
 Red Alaska 
 
 Coho salmon ... 
 Red -M.aska. ... 
 Coho salmon . . . 
 Pink salmon. .. 
 
 Red salmon 
 
 Fink salmon. .. 
 
 Chum 
 
 Red salmon 
 
 ....do 
 
 Pink salmon . . . 
 Gorbouscha '' . . 
 Alaska salmon <• 
 
 ....do 
 
 Pink Alaska. .. 
 
 Total 
 moisture. 
 
 Per cent. 
 52. 32 
 59.29 
 60.45 
 60.46 
 60.80 
 60.95 
 61.60 
 62.18 
 65.44 
 65. 65 
 66.12 
 67. IS 
 69.53 
 69. S7 
 70.45 
 70.52 
 70. 86 
 71. 45 
 71.64 
 73.17 
 73. 30 
 73.76 
 74.08 
 
 Ether 
 extract. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 17.68 
 
 16.83 
 
 17.96 
 
 15.40 
 
 18.19 
 
 15.94 
 
 15.48 
 
 13.10 
 
 10.57 
 
 9.62 
 
 8.63 
 
 9.59 
 
 6.62 
 
 6.36 
 
 7.28 
 
 4.57 
 
 4.04 
 
 4.47 
 
 4.35 
 
 5.33 
 
 2.43 
 
 3.98 
 
 3.90 
 
 Protein. 
 
 Per cent. 
 19.50 
 18.28 
 17.31 
 18.22 
 19.15 
 18.56 
 16.89 
 19.13 
 20.31 
 17.32 
 21.22 
 17.60 
 20.48 
 20.38 
 17.66 
 19.73 
 21.11 
 20. 75 
 18.31 
 17.35 
 21.22 
 18.31 
 15.66 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Soluble. Insoluble. 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.15 
 1.63 
 1.47 
 1.33 
 
 .81 
 1.50 
 1.99 
 1.45 
 2.15 
 1.61 
 1.73 
 1.18 
 1.85 
 2.24 
 1.53 
 
 .80 
 l.CO 
 2.15 
 1.56 
 1.27 
 1.45 
 1.62 
 1.50 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.81 
 .88 
 .33 
 
 2.89 
 .78 
 
 1.11 
 .57 
 .65 
 .51 
 
 1.33 
 .62 
 
 1.20 
 .78 
 .57 
 .90 
 .72 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.01 
 .45 
 .96 
 .54 
 
 1.02 
 
 Labora- 
 ;orv No. 
 
 1.5- ,56 
 
 1.V210 
 
 15-209 
 
 15-60 
 
 1.5-72 
 
 15-65 
 
 15-.59 
 
 15- 64 
 
 15-204 
 
 1.5-58 
 
 1.5-220 
 
 15-64 
 
 15-222 
 
 15-219 
 
 1.5-207 
 
 15-221 
 
 15-205 
 
 1,5-70 
 
 15-61 
 
 15-208 
 
 15-206 
 
 15-214 
 
 15-57 
 
 Variety. 
 
 Red 
 
 Fancy sockryo . . 
 Salmon steaks... 
 
 Fancy red 
 
 Sockeyc. 
 
 ...do 
 
 Red sockeve. . .. 
 
 ...do 
 
 Red Alaska 
 
 Coho salmon 
 
 Red Alaska 
 
 Coho salman 
 
 Pink salmon . . .. 
 
 Red salmon 
 
 Pink salmon 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Red salmon 
 
 . ...do 
 
 Pink s;ihnon . . .. 
 
 Ciort)oiisclia'' 
 
 Alaska salmon <• 
 
 ....do 
 
 Pink Alaska 
 
 Phosplioric acid, d 
 Soluble. Insohible. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 4.2 
 4.2 
 3.7 
 2.8 
 3.1 
 2.2 
 3.6 
 3.2 
 4.0 
 2.5 
 1.9 
 2.4 
 1.8 
 2.0 
 3.4 
 1.0 
 3.3 
 2.7 
 2.4 
 2.9 
 2.7 
 1.7 
 2.0 
 
 Per cent. 
 3.5 
 4.0 
 1.5 
 3.8 
 3.7 
 ,5.3 
 2.6 
 3.5 
 2.3 
 5.7 
 2.8 
 5.9 
 3.6 
 2.7 
 4.1 
 4.1 
 3.2 
 3.1 
 4.7 
 2.1 
 4.4 
 2.5 
 4.5 
 
 Sodium 
 chloride. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1.45 
 .81 
 .51 
 .53 
 .14 
 .68 
 
 1.10 
 .60 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.02 
 .82 
 . .53 
 .90 
 
 1.26 
 
 .74 
 
 Trace. 
 
 .65 
 
 1.17 
 .84 
 .45 
 .66 
 . 75 
 .85 
 
 Calories 
 per lb. 
 
 Number. 
 1,110 
 
 1,050 
 1,0S0 
 <)'.)0 
 1,125 
 1,020 
 965 
 910 
 825 
 730 
 760 
 730 
 660 
 .545 
 635 
 565 
 560 
 575 
 525 
 5.50 
 500 
 510 
 455 
 
 Price 
 per lb. 
 
 Value. 
 SO. 31 
 .30 
 .36 
 .29 
 .25 
 .29 
 
 .30 
 '.'2,5 
 
 .30 
 .30 
 .15 
 
 a Bulletin, South Dakota Food and Drue Department, Vol. IV, Nos. 2 and 3, October- December, 1916, 
 
 pp. s-n. 
 b Probably pink salmon (author). c Probably chum salmon (author). 4 Mgm. of Pj Osper gram. 
 
 11312"— 21 — ;q 
 
146 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SALTED SALMON. 
 
 Falkejiburg & Co., of Seattle, have recently made an analysis of tlw 
 food value of salted salmon, as follows:" 
 
 Regarding the salmon recently inspected and analyzed for you by ourselves witl: 
 the following results: 
 
 Protein 21. 97 per cent. 
 
 Fat 4. 34 per cent. 
 
 Salt 19. 08 per cent. 
 
 Ash 84 per cent. 
 
 Moisture 54. 35 per cent. 
 
 Calories per pound 592 
 
 If this salmon were freshened, as is the custom in preparing it for the table, removing 
 all but about 2 per cent of the salt, the fish would then have the following analysis: 
 
 Protein 27. 13 per cent. 
 
 Fat .' 5. 36 per cent. 
 
 Salt 2. 47 per cent. 
 
 Moisture 65. 11 per cent. 
 
 Ash 1. 03 per cent. 
 
 Calories per pound 734 
 
 Bulletin No. 28 of the United States Department of Agriculture, "Chemical Compo- 
 sition of American Food Products" gives on page 51 the food value of the average 
 canned salmon as purchased as follows: 
 
 Refuse 14. 2 per cent. 
 
 Protein 19. 5 per cent. 
 
 Fat 7. 5 per cent. 
 
 Ash 2. per cent. 
 
 Moisture 56. 8 per cent. 
 
 Calories per pound 680 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE SALMON OUTPUT. 
 
 SALMON CATCH IN 1918. 
 
 The following tables show the total catch, by species, of salmon and 
 steelhead trout on the Pacific coast of North America in 1918, and thei 
 catch, by apparatus and species, for each geographic section of Alaska 
 and Washington in 1918: 
 
 Summary, by Section and Species, of Pacific Coast Salmon Catch in 1918. 
 
 Section. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Section. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Alaska: 
 
 17,470,086 
 113,286,544 
 193,265,448 
 
 16,010,764 
 176,690,325 
 
 Washington— Continued. 
 
 1,446,733 
 4,127,280 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 49,609,847 
 
 
 
 
 34,551,253 
 
 
 516, 723, 167 
 
 
 
 13,026,076 
 
 Washington: 
 
 12,621,704 
 
 10,153,240 
 
 353,568 
 
 20,907,322 
 
 British Columbia: Salmon b 
 
 152,992,500 
 
 
 
 
 766,902,843 
 
 
 
 
 a Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. XVn, No. 4, April, 1919, p. 76. 
 b Species not given separately, 
 c £stimated. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 147 
 
 Salmon Catch in 1918, by Apparatus and Species, for Each Geographic Sec- 
 tion OF Alaska." 
 
 Apparatus and species. 
 
 Southeast 
 Alaska. 
 
 Central 
 Alaska. 
 
 Western 
 Alaska. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Seines: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 Total. 
 
 Gill nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red , or sockeye 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pound nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 Total. 
 
 Lines: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 Total. 
 
 Dip nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver... 
 King, or spring.. 
 Red, or sockeye. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Wheels: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 King, or spring 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 Grand total. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2,239,596 
 
 42,507,872 
 
 53, 774, 192 
 
 368,830 
 
 ■ 3,979,215 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 546,966 
 
 15, 239, 240 
 
 19,615,380 
 
 32,296 
 
 9,528,400 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 23,454 
 
 1, 744, 448 
 
 443,504 
 
 119, 658 
 
 4, 492, 510 
 
 102,869,705 
 
 1,495,494 
 
 1, 5.89, 760 
 
 365, 540 
 
 460, 570 
 
 2, 583, 605 
 
 44,962,282 
 
 2, 757, 504 
 2, 199, 696 
 118,388 
 1, 983, 190 
 8, 688, 790 
 
 6,823,574 
 
 763, 164 
 
 5, 459, 944 
 
 885, 992 
 
 2.040,808 
 
 117, 100, 100 
 
 6, 494, 969 
 
 15,747,568 
 
 126,250,008 
 
 4,198,356 
 
 29, 164, 536 
 
 96,348,688 
 
 696, 674 
 
 7,113,930 
 
 2,030,592 
 
 11,275,288 
 
 19,941,668 
 
 614,922 
 
 20,191,895 
 
 60,000 
 
 1,681,560 
 
 1,722,468 
 
 217, 844 
 
 1,892,915 
 
 137, 522, 184 
 
 54, 054, 365 
 
 5,574,787 
 
 1,802,370 
 236, ( 00 
 37, 076 
 
 8,177,818 
 105,540 
 
 10,358,804 
 
 51, 018 
 
 194, 580 
 
 1,013,425 
 
 1,260,023 
 
 9,735,816 
 73, 498, 168 
 150, 525, 496 
 
 9,703,892 
 13, 782, 290 
 
 257,245,662 
 
 5,380,080 
 28,714,224 
 39, 675, 136 
 
 2 825, 988 
 39, 422, 510 
 
 116,024,238 
 
 1,501,572 
 
 2, 188, 200 
 
 12, 552 
 
 1,102,574 
 
 348, 190 
 074, 152 
 064, 516 
 480,884 
 485, 525 
 
 143,453,267 
 
 Pounds. 
 2, 810, 016 
 59,491,560 
 73, 833, 076 
 5211,784 
 18,000,125 
 
 154,655,561 
 
 5,016,162 
 9, 249, 400 
 1,369,920 
 4, 484, 568 
 128,372,495 
 
 148, 492, 545 
 
 6,288,948 
 
 42,121,384 
 
 118,012,824 
 
 1, 529, 440 
 
 29,198,740 
 
 197,151,336 
 
 1,802,370 
 236,000 
 37, 076 
 
 8,177,818 
 105,540 
 
 10,358,804 
 
 51,018 
 
 195, 580 
 
 1,013,425 
 
 1,260,023 
 
 1,501,572 
 
 2, 188, 200 
 
 12, 552 
 
 1, 102, 574 
 
 4,804,898 
 
 17, 470, 086 
 113,286,544 
 193, 265, 448 
 
 16, 010, 764 
 176,690,325 
 
 516, 723, 167 
 
 a Figiu-ed from data in "Alaska Fisheries and Fiu- Industries in 1918," pp. 42, 43. By Ward T. 
 Bower. U. S. Bureau of Fi.shenes Document No. 872, Appendix VII, Report U. S. Commissioner of 
 Fisheries, 1918. Washington, 1919. In changing from number of fish to pounds the species were figured 
 on the following basis: Coho, 6 pounds; chum, 8 pounds; humpback, 4 pounds: king, 22 pounds; and 
 red, b pounds. 
 
148 
 
 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Salmon Catch in 1918, by Apparatus and Species for Each Geographic 
 District op Washington. 
 
 Apparatus and species. 
 
 Seines, drag: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Cliuni, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring... 
 Humpback, or pink . 
 
 Sookeye, or red 
 
 Steelhead , 
 
 Total. 
 
 Seines, purse: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring. 
 Humpback, or pint 
 
 Sockeye, or red 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pound, or trap, nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring. 
 Humpback, or pinl 
 
 Sockeye, or red 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 Gill nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring. . . 
 Humpback, or pink . 
 
 Sockeye, or red 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 Set nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or sjirine. 
 Humpback, or pint 
 Sockeye, or red — 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 Reef nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or kota 
 
 Chinook, or spring. 
 Humpback, or pini 
 Sockeye, or red — 
 
 Total. 
 
 Fish wheels: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chinook, or sprinc 
 Sockeye, or red . . . 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 g nets: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring. 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total. 
 
 Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 US, (m 
 
 478,304 
 
 21,208 
 
 92 
 
 385 
 
 Grays 
 Harbor. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 648,075 I. 
 
 Willapa 
 Harbor. 
 
 Columbia 
 River. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 41.898 
 
 5,6!)0 
 
 470, 44S 
 
 908 
 
 67,845 
 
 158, 508 
 
 745,267 
 
 3, 083, 838 
 
 6, 398, 664 
 
 325, 182 
 
 12,388 
 
 225, 365 
 
 95,320 
 
 145, 90S 
 
 952, 116 
 
 1,540 
 
 935 
 
 27, 840 
 
 10,140,757 I j I 1,128,339 
 
 Total. 
 
 Poundn. 
 189, 984 
 483,904 
 491,6.56 
 1,000 
 68,230 
 158,568 
 
 1,393,342 
 
 3,229,746 
 
 6,398,664 
 
 1,277,298 
 
 13, 928 
 
 226,300 
 
 123, 160 
 
 11,269,096 
 
 4,219,038 
 1,390,256 
 8,392,098 
 240, 724 
 2,479,550 
 95, 864 
 
 16,817,530 
 
 55, 272 
 22, 920 
 50, 754 
 
 253,404 
 132, 528 
 180, 488 
 
 56 
 
 129,002 
 
 1,072,860 
 
 749, 104 
 
 856,812 
 
 6,072 
 
 88, 260 
 
 19, 624 
 
 423,570 
 102,256 
 415,866 
 
 4,125 
 4,120 
 
 2, 792, 732 
 
 949, 937 
 
 586, 776 
 
 211,568 
 
 332, 662 
 
 2,216 
 
 770 
 
 66, 528 
 
 1,200,520 
 
 327, 780 
 
 95,936 
 
 168, 652 
 
 644 
 
 1,630 
 
 26, 832 
 
 577,398 
 
 93,496 
 
 2, 109, 294 
 
 688 
 
 90,355 
 
 432,016 
 
 5,105,112 
 1,639,200 
 10, 732, 634 
 
 241,412 
 2, 569, 906 
 
 528, 048 
 
 3,303,247 20,816,311 
 
 102, 162 
 40, 640 
 133,408 
 
 15 
 
 344 
 
 310, 698 
 262,336 
 4,783,284 
 12,320 
 534,115 
 396, 824 
 
 6,299,577 
 
 133, 508 
 130, 888 
 28,930 
 
 470 
 4,552 
 
 621,474 
 
 298,348 
 
 11,340 
 
 13,024 
 103, 004 
 
 26, 072 
 105, 975 
 
 62,256 
 
 321,671 
 
 75, 804 
 7,312 
 33,330 
 49, 792 
 10,180 
 
 176,418 
 
 1,909,290 
 
 1,154,336 
 
 6,189,370 
 
 18,392 
 
 626, 515 
 
 420,912 
 
 10,318,815 
 
 1,059,404 
 451,416 
 633, 248 
 28, 932 
 108, 845 
 160, 168 
 
 2,442,013 
 
 75, 804 
 7,312 
 33, 330 
 49, 792 
 10, 180 
 
 176,418 
 
 212,410 
 508,915 
 53,408 
 
 212,410 
 508,915 
 53,408 
 
 774, 799 
 
 300 
 
 16, 400 
 
 66 
 
 16, 766 
 
 3,558 
 
 300 
 
 16,400 
 
 2,816 
 
 808 
 
 20, 324 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 149 
 
 Salmon Catch in 1918, By Apparatus and Species for Each Geographic 
 District of Washington — Continued. 
 
 Apparatus and species. 
 
 Hooks and lines: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring.. 
 Ilumpbaok, or pink 
 
 Sockeye. or red 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 Total 
 
 Total: 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Chinook, or spring. . 
 Humpback, or pink 
 
 Sockeye, or red 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 638, 436 
 
 960 
 
 391,312 
 
 112 
 
 2,6-15 
 
 1,033,529 
 
 9, 825, 138 
 9, 252, 568 
 lU,3.'->2,670 
 
 311,396 
 2, 807, 155 
 
 277, 400 
 
 32, 826, 327 
 
 Grays 
 Harbor. 
 
 Pounds. 
 34,170 
 
 8,160 
 
 840, 792 
 222, 000 
 643.432 
 644 
 5,755 
 31,008 
 
 1,743,631 
 
 Willapa 
 Harbor. 
 
 Pounds. 
 3,036 
 
 4,220 
 
 492,110 
 304,0,56 
 344, 010 
 
 5,( 
 
 1, 145, 669 
 
 Columbia 
 River. 
 
 Pounds. 
 376,356 
 160 
 933, 904 
 
 5,745 
 1,597 
 
 1,317,762 
 
 1,463,664 
 ,374,616 
 9,567,210 
 41,528 
 1,313,885 
 1,133,317 
 
 13,894,220 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1,051,998 
 
 2,008 
 
 1,334,560 
 
 112 
 
 8,390 
 
 1,661 
 
 2, 398, 729 
 
 12,621,704 
 
 10,153,240 
 
 20,907,322 
 
 353, 568 
 
 4, 127, 280 
 
 1,446,733 
 
 49, 609, 847 
 
 BRISTOL BAY WATERS SALMON CATCH, 1913 TO 1917. 
 
 Broadly speaking, about one-thii'd of the yield of salmon from 
 Alaskan waters comes from the important Bristol Bay region. The 
 following table shows the catches made in the more important waters 
 fished in the Bristol Bay district in the period of five years from 
 1913 to 1917: 
 
 Salmon Catch, by Streams, in Bristol Bay Region, 1913 to 1917. <» 
 
 Species and stream. 
 
 Red salmon: 
 
 Nushagak 
 
 Igushik 
 
 Kvichak-Naknek. 
 
 Ugaguk 
 
 Ugashik , 
 
 Total. 
 
 King salmon: 
 
 Nushagak , 
 
 Igushik 
 
 Kvichak-Naknek. 
 
 Ugaguk 
 
 Ugashik 
 
 Total. 
 
 Coho salmon: 
 
 Nushagak 
 
 Kvichak-Naknek. 
 Ugaguk , 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pink and chum salmon- 
 
 Nushagak 
 
 Igushik 
 
 Kvichak-N aknek 
 
 Ugaguk 
 
 Ugashik 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total. 
 
 1913 
 
 Number. 
 
 5, 236, 008 
 
 173,925 
 
 13,691,050 
 
 902, 728 
 
 577,615 
 
 20, 581, 326 
 
 1914 
 
 Number. 
 
 6,174,097 
 
 283, 718 
 
 12, 584, 809 
 
 897, 767 
 
 254, 716 
 
 20, 195, 107 
 
 67, 622 
 
 34 
 
 5, 648 
 
 251 
 
 691 
 
 89, 599 
 
 94 
 
 10, 657 
 
 405 
 
 1,209 
 
 74, 249 
 
 66,640 
 
 2 
 
 165 
 
 101,964 
 
 81,434 
 
 17,462 
 
 165 
 
 1915 
 
 Number. 
 5,676,457 
 
 228, 405 
 7, 156, 488 
 1, 216, 252 
 
 509, 076 
 
 14, 786, 678 
 
 116,281 
 
 106 
 
 29,392 
 
 510 
 
 1,739 
 
 148, 028 
 
 117, 172 
 13,271 
 
 66,807 
 
 683,201 
 
 13,940 
 7, 4.'iO 
 14, 704 
 
 99,061 
 
 130,443 
 
 932, 477 
 
 173, 831 
 7,450 
 14, 613 
 
 444,146 
 
 232,082 
 12, 004 
 18,212 
 
 718,295 1,128,371 
 
 706, 444 
 
 21,441,677 21,524,503 , 15,771,593 
 
 1916 
 
 Number. 
 3, .592, 574 
 
 223,343 
 
 11,551,086 
 
 1, 578, 862 
 
 647, 422 
 
 17,593,287 
 
 81,591 
 330 
 
 20,934 
 
 365 
 
 1,904 
 
 105, 124 
 
 ,210 
 
 288 
 
 Number. 
 5,679,818 
 167,421 
 15, 762, 582 
 1, 856, 600 
 1,047,111 
 
 24,513,532 
 
 73, 839 
 477 
 
 16, 155 
 143 
 531 
 
 91, 145 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 26,358,954 
 1,076,812 
 
 60, 746, 015 
 6, 452, 209 
 3,035,940 
 
 97,669,930 
 
 428, 932 
 1,041 
 
 1,677 
 6,074 
 
 62, 260 
 3 
 
 62,263 
 
 1,818,566 
 738 
 ,117 
 ,500 
 ,196 
 
 304, 
 
 7, 
 49, 
 
 2,180,117 
 
 303,437 
 
 183 
 
 83,019 
 
 5,726 
 
 879 
 
 393,244 
 
 20,172,026 i 25,060,184 
 
 620, 716 
 
 31,026 
 
 330 
 
 652,072 
 
 4,181,827 
 
 921 
 
 806,989 
 
 40, 130 
 
 97,604 
 
 5,127,471 
 
 103,969,983 
 
 a From "Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1917," p. 32. By Ward l". Bower and Henry D. Aller. 
 Appendix II, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1917. Washington, 1918. 
 
150 
 
 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN 1919. 
 
 The following table shows, by species, grades, and sizes, the pack 
 of canned salmon for the Pacific coast of North America in 1919: 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast in 1919.» 
 
 Species, grade.s, and sizes. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Hoh 
 River. 
 
 Queets 
 River. 
 
 Quin- 
 
 ault 
 
 River. 
 
 Grays 
 Harbor. 
 
 WiUapa 
 Harbor. 
 
 Colum- 
 bia 
 River. 
 
 Coho, silver, or medium red: 
 
 Cases. 
 
 10,087 
 
 10,357 
 
 209,694 
 
 Cases. 
 
 15,640 
 
 .32,936 
 
 162,307 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 175 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 2,548 
 2,167 
 7,499 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 14,387 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,471 
 
 
 233 
 
 850 
 
 775 
 
 2,927 
 
 48, 870 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 230, 138 
 
 210,883 
 
 233 
 
 1,025 
 
 775 
 
 12,214 
 
 2,927 
 
 90, 728 
 
 
 
 Chinook or king, red: 
 Fancy- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 143,558 
 
 
 8,323 
 20,259 
 
 7,422 
 
 2,961 
 
 112,768 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 130 056 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38, 749 
 
 Standard — 
 
 21,685 
 8,398 
 35,874 
 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 1,454 
 
 506 
 
 2,410 
 
 
 24,279 
 
 
 
 
 
 25,038 
 30, 445 
 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 i,i52 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 151,733 
 
 65,957 
 
 
 450 
 
 165 
 
 4,370 
 
 1,152 
 
 392, 125 
 
 
 
 
 Chinook or king, white: 
 
 
 172 
 2,413 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 2,585 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chum or keta: 
 
 3,846 
 
 3,403 
 
 3,242 
 
 518,896 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2,739 
 
 25,967 
 
 
 3,018 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,129 
 
 
 1,344,616 
 
 332 
 
 50 
 
 650 
 
 9,125 
 
 70,346 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,348,462 
 
 525,541 
 
 332 
 
 50 
 
 650 
 
 28, 712 
 
 9,125 
 
 75,493 
 
 
 
 Humpback or pink: 
 
 27,776 
 
 7,548 
 
 1,622,110 
 
 17,379 
 
 41,574 
 
 362,262 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,657,434 
 
 421,215 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sockeye or red: 
 
 116,205 
 109,933 
 978, 205 
 
 43,556 
 13,688 
 7,102 
 
 
 100 
 
 1,144 
 
 
 
 7,268 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,204,343 
 
 64,346 
 
 
 100 
 
 1,144 
 
 
 
 7,268 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steelhead trout: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,212 
 
 
 
 5,099 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,896 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,306 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 91 
 
 5,099 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,414 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total. ......... 
 
 4,592,201 
 
 1,295,626 
 
 583 
 
 1,625 
 
 2,734 
 
 45,296 
 
 13,204 
 
 580, 028 
 
 
 
 (Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 161 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast in 1919— Continued. 
 
 Neha- 
 Spec'ies, grades, and sizes. lem 
 River. 
 
 Tilla- 
 mook 
 Bay. 
 
 Ne-s- 
 tugga 
 River. 
 
 ALsea 
 
 Bay and 
 
 River. 
 
 Siletz 
 River. 
 
 Sius- 
 
 law 
 
 River. 
 
 Umpqna 
 River. 
 
 Coquille 
 River. 
 
 oho, silver, or medium red: Cases. 
 
 Casat. 
 4,000 
 
 Cases. 
 
 300 
 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1,658 
 
 525 
 
 424 
 
 Cases. 
 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 5,392 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 1,364 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,124 
 
 3,150 
 
 3,760 
 
 7,500 
 
 3,646 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8,124 
 
 7,150 
 
 2,400 
 
 2,607 
 
 5,892 
 
 3,760 
 
 7,500 
 
 5,010 
 
 hinook or kin;?, red: 
 Standard- 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,500 
 100 
 300 
 
 1,157 
 
 100 
 
 1,255 
 
 500 
 19 
 
 874 
 
 
 
 1,027 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,900 
 
 2,512 
 
 1,393 
 
 
 
 1,027 
 
 hum or keta: 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,150 
 1,200 
 
 50 
 400 
 
 50 
 
 485 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,183 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 1,183 
 
 4,350 
 
 450 
 
 535 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 Grand total 
 
 
 
 
 9,807 
 
 13,000 
 
 4,750 
 
 5,654 
 
 7,757 
 
 3,760 
 
 7.500 
 
 6,082 
 
 
 
 
 Species, grades, and sizes. 
 
 Rogue 
 River. 
 
 Smith 
 River. 
 
 Klamath 
 Ri\er. 
 
 Sacra- 
 mento 
 River. 
 
 Noyo 
 River. 
 
 Monte- 
 rey 
 Bay. 
 
 British 
 Colum- 
 bia. 
 
 Total. 
 
 oho, silver, or medium red: 
 
 Cases. 
 227 
 444 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 625 
 520 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 92,890 
 
 5,201 
 
 101,902 
 
 Cases. 
 144,201 
 79, 921 
 
 1-pound Hat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 569,053 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 671 
 
 
 1,145 
 
 
 
 
 199,993 
 
 793,175 
 
 hinook or king, red: 
 Fancy— 
 J-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 1,580 
 
 4,710 
 3,947 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 147,558 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 141,379 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60,588 
 
 Standard— 
 J-pound flat 
 
 4,271 
 95 
 
 1,870 
 4,421 
 
 
 4,500 
 3,000 
 
 
 45,726 
 
 2,892 
 
 33,638 
 
 121,551 
 
 
 401 
 
 768 
 
 
 51,878 
 
 1-pound tall 
 
 2,000 
 
 222,649 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,237 
 
 4,366 
 
 6,291 
 
 1,169 
 
 7,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 82,256 
 
 745,603 
 
 hinook or king, white: 
 J-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,016 
 
 346 
 
 13,933 
 
 4,188 
 
 1-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 346 
 
 1-pound tall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,346 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,295 
 
 20,880 
 
 ihum or keta: 
 
 J-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49,257 
 
 11,984 
 
 310,794 
 
 62, 780 
 
 1-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,094 
 
 1-pound tall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,284,561 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 372,035 
 
 2,367,435 
 
 lump back or pink: 
 
 J-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 127,435 
 
 14,839 
 
 204,365 
 
 172 590 
 
 1-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63,961 
 
 1-pound tall , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 188, 755 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 346,639 
 
 2,425,306 
 
 iockeyeor red: 
 
 J-poimd Hat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 293,720 
 
 13,339 
 
 59,945 
 
 1,941 
 
 500 
 
 461,993 
 
 I-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 136,960 
 
 1-pound tall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,045,252 
 
 J-pound oval 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 941 
 
 1-pound oval 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 369,445 
 
 1 646,646 
 
 •teelhead trout: 
 
 J-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 3,586 
 116 
 791 
 
 10,943 
 
 1-pound flat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,261 
 
 1-pound tall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,188 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 295 
 
 
 
 
 4,493 
 
 24,392 
 
 Grand total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,908 
 
 4,366 
 
 7,731 
 
 1,169 
 
 7,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,393,156 
 
 8,023,437 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
152 U. S. BUREAU Of FISHERIES. 
 
 CANNING INDUSTRY, 1864 TO 1919. 
 SUMMARY OF CANNING INDUSTRY. 
 
 From the beg;inning of the canning of salmon on this coast it hai 
 been the most important branch of the industry, and the followim 
 table shows in condensed form the number of cases packed in eacl 
 year on the Pacific coast of North America from the beginning of tin 
 industry in 1864 to 1919, both inclusive. 
 
 As British Columbia is a Province of the Dominion of Canada i 
 does not come strictly within the scope of this report, but in order t( 
 show the pack of canned salmon on the North American shores o; 
 the Pacific Ocean, which would be incomplete without that of th( 
 Province, it has been included also. 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1866. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1881. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1SU3. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Coastal 
 streams of 
 Washing- 
 Ion. 
 
 Casex. 
 
 Casis. 
 
 Total 22,192,871 
 
 5,500 
 
 238 
 
 1,300 
 
 5,100 
 
 8,500 
 
 7, !;0(1 
 
 1, 5L0 
 
 5, 5(;0 
 
 12,000 
 
 17, 000 
 
 22,000 
 
 21, 975 
 
 11, 674 
 
 8,000 
 
 20, 529 
 
 26,426 
 
 89, 774 
 
 95,400 
 
 179, 968 
 
 195, 664 
 
 494, 026 
 
 400, 200 
 
 919,611 
 
 469, 450 
 
 , 380, 590 
 
 581, 659 
 
 478, 488 
 
 291,488 
 
 ,018,641 
 
 430, 602 
 
 698, 080 
 
 448, 765 
 
 678, 737 
 
 567, 883 
 
 551,028 
 
 416,119 
 
 583, 463 
 
 817, 354 
 
 269, 206 
 
 052,917 
 
 990, 258 
 
 622, 732 
 
 295, 626 
 
 Grays 
 Ilarljor. 
 
 Willapa 
 Harl)or. 
 
 Cases. Cases. 
 
 8,20;> 
 18, 70 J 
 
 37, 000 
 
 18,431 
 19,914 
 13, 124 
 21, 459 
 31, 735 
 15, 777 
 13, 324 
 13, 732 
 4,942 
 
 152, 438 
 
 5'/0 
 Ifi, 5(/0 
 22, 000 
 21,400 
 11,449 
 21, 274 
 13, 300 
 12, 100 
 24, 240 
 
 30, sm 
 
 41,500 
 31,500 
 
 27, 559 
 22, 050 
 22, 000 
 14,000 
 14,000 
 21, 436 
 55, 480 
 75, 941 
 47, 287 
 19, 895 
 32, 434 
 40,992 
 60,336 
 42, 696 
 35, 972 
 45, 296 
 
 893, 257 
 
 Columhia 
 River. 
 
 13,000 
 
 22, 500 
 
 8,000 
 14, 500 
 16, 195 
 15, 100 
 22,000 
 24, 941 
 29, 600 
 21, 420 
 21,314 
 26,300 
 34,000 
 39,492 
 
 5,890 
 26,400 
 14,950 
 14,440 
 13, 382 
 20,457 
 12, 024 
 11,508 
 25, 497 
 28, 148 
 12,050 
 16, 837 
 12, 842 
 18, 553 
 
 8,379 
 
 8,827 
 13, 204 
 
 Cases. 
 4,000 
 18,000 
 28,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 200, 000 
 250, 000 
 250, 000 
 350, 000 
 375,000 
 450,000 
 380,000 
 460,000 
 480,000 
 530, 000 
 550,000 
 541,300 
 629, 400 
 620, 000 
 553,800 
 448, 500 
 356,000 
 372,477 
 309, 885 
 435, 774 
 398, 953 
 487, 338 
 415,876 
 490,100 
 634,696 
 481, 697 
 552, 721 
 487, 944 
 332, 774 
 358, 772 
 390, 183 
 317, 143 
 339, 577 
 395, 104 
 397, 273 
 394,898 
 324, 171 
 277, 719 
 274, 196 
 391,415 
 553, 331 
 286, 026 
 266,479 
 454,621 
 558, 534 
 547, 861 
 553, 346 
 591,381 
 580,028 
 
 572,950 21,376,293 
 
 Coastal 
 
 streams of 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 Casts. 
 
 Smith 
 River, Calili 
 
 Cases. 
 
 7,804 
 26,934 
 8,571 
 7,772 
 12, 320 
 19, 186 
 23, 156 
 27, 876 
 33,410 
 77,547 
 73, 996 
 92,863 
 98,800 
 47, 009 
 24,500 
 83, 600 
 52, 778 
 54, 815 
 77, 878 
 91,860 
 68, 683 
 83, 209 
 82, 041 
 12, 237 
 58, 618 
 44, 2.36 
 54, 861 
 98, 874 
 89,055 
 
 107, 332 
 79, 712 
 83,994 
 5.S, 169 
 
 104,617 
 
 138, 146 
 84, 074 
 38, 492 
 
 106, 617 
 80, 499 
 81,924 
 84, 475 
 92,241 
 76, 218 
 
 4,27( 
 '7,'5JC 
 
 2,750,999 
 
 5, 5jC 
 1,55C 
 
 2,34J 
 
 2;ooo 
 
 2, OOO 
 2,250 
 
 3,000 
 3,033 
 2,505 
 6,300 
 4,65S 
 4,366 
 
 51,281 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 153 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters — Con. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Klamath 
 River, Calif.' 
 
 1804. 
 1865. 
 186C. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1,S80. 
 ISSl. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1906. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Total. 
 
 4,400 
 
 1,047 
 1,(100 
 1,700 
 1,600 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,5U0 
 
 Eel River, 
 Calif. 
 
 Novo 
 River, Calif. 
 
 Casts. 
 
 8,500 
 10, .500 
 
 6, 250 
 
 1,5,(K)0 
 S,2i)0 
 5,750 
 
 12,500 
 
 3,400 
 
 5,633 
 8,016 
 7,604 
 
 18,000 
 6,376 
 
 11,000 
 
 12,900 
 8,884 
 8,030 
 
 10, 200 
 7,731 
 
 122, 221 
 
 6,(K)0 
 8,4(X) 
 11,0(K.I 
 
 92, 100 
 
 Sacramento 
 River. 
 
 Cases. 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 2,500 
 3,000 
 10, 000 
 21,500 
 34,017 
 13, 855 
 62,000 
 181,200 
 2(Ki, 000 
 12;j,000 
 81,450 
 90,000 
 39,300 
 36, 500 
 68,075 
 57,300 
 25,065 
 10, 353 
 2,281 
 23,336 
 28, 463 
 25, 185 
 13,387 
 38,543 
 29,731 
 32,580 
 39, 304 
 17,500 
 14,043 
 8,200 
 14, 407 
 2,780 
 
 2,000 
 7,500 
 
 4,142 
 
 950 
 
 17,315 
 
 b 6, 179 
 
 c 19, 445 
 
 d 11, 443 
 
 4,036 
 
 d 3, 169 
 
 8,159 
 
 12, 530 
 
 6,539 
 
 8,977 
 
 21,745 
 
 48,337 
 
 64,886 
 
 83,415 
 
 142,005 
 
 206, 077 
 
 412,115 
 
 719, 190 
 
 682,591 
 
 801,400 
 
 474,717 
 
 643,654 
 
 686, 440 
 
 626,530 
 
 966,707 
 
 909,078 
 
 965,097 
 
 1,078,146 
 
 1,548,139 
 
 2,016,804 
 
 2,536,824 
 
 2, 246, 210 
 
 1,963,756 
 
 1,894,516 
 
 2,219,044 
 
 2, 169, 873 
 
 2,618,048 
 
 2,395,477 
 
 2,413,054 
 
 2,823,817 
 
 4, 054, 641 
 
 3, 739, 185 
 
 4,056,653 
 
 4, 500, 293 
 
 4, 900, 627 
 
 5,947,286 
 
 6,605,835 
 
 4, 592, 201 
 
 British 
 Columbia. 
 
 9,500 I 1,419,534 I 74,831,284 
 
 7, 247 
 
 OS, 387 
 
 89, 946 
 
 01,093 
 
 61,849 
 
 169, 576 
 
 240, 461 
 
 163,438 
 
 123,706 
 
 108, 517 
 
 152,964 
 
 204,083 
 
 184,040 
 
 417,211 
 
 411,257 
 
 314,511 
 
 248, 721 
 
 610, 202 
 
 492, 232 
 
 587,692 
 
 617,782 
 
 1, 027, 183 
 
 492, 551 
 
 765,519 
 
 606, 540 
 
 1,247,212 
 
 627, 161 
 
 473,074 
 
 465, 894 
 
 1,167,460 
 
 629,460 
 
 547,459 
 
 542,689 
 
 967,920 
 
 762, 201 
 
 948, 966 
 
 996,576 
 
 1,353,901 
 
 1,111,039 
 
 1,133,381 
 
 995,005 
 
 1,557,485 
 
 1,616,157 
 
 1,393,156 
 
 26, 753, 563 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases.a 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 28,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 352, 500 
 
 378, 000 
 
 467,247 
 
 481,691 
 
 639, 491 
 
 577, 349 
 
 687,010 
 
 930, 573 
 
 1,030,592 
 
 1,0(13,831 
 
 937,118 
 
 896,642 
 
 922, 176 
 
 899, 256 
 
 1,217,792 
 
 1,614,066 
 
 1,609,()96 
 
 1,578,746 
 
 1,355,130 
 
 1,877,415 
 
 1, 887, (;50 
 
 2, 169, 848 
 
 2,413,312 
 
 3,133,134 
 
 2, 492, 252 
 
 3, 257, S25 
 
 3,091,542 
 
 5, 186, 407 
 
 4, 194, 558 
 
 3, 606, 900 
 
 3,276,882 
 
 4,606,725 
 
 3,817,776 
 
 3,846,677 
 
 4, 005, 672 
 
 5,413,592 
 
 4,320,174 
 
 6, 155, 302 
 
 5, 901, 7H5 
 
 8, 033, 915 
 
 6,648,329 
 
 7,649,594 
 
 7,703,894 
 
 10,223,022 
 
 9,607,766 
 
 8, 023, 437 
 
 161,188,291 
 
 o Reduced to a common ba.sis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. 
 6 Includes 950 cases packed at Monterey. 
 c Includes 12,809 cases packed at Mc^nterey. 
 d Includes 2,000 cases packed at Monterey. 
 
 CANNING INDUSTRY, BY SPECIES AND WATERS. 
 
 The tables which, follow show separately, by waters and as far as 
 possible by species, the salmoii canned on the Pacific coast from the 
 beginning of the industry until 1919. It is only within recent years 
 that the published statistics have shown the pack of the different spe- 
 cies separately. In the early years of canning the chinook, or quinnat, 
 salmon was used exclusively, the other species not being utilized 
 until the chinook had begun to decrease in abundance, or a demand 
 
154 
 
 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 had arisen for a cheaper product. There is a very great difference 
 in the selhng value of the highest and lowest grades, and it is neces- 
 sary to have complete statistical data now in order intelligently to 
 comprehend the trend of the industry. While every effort has been 
 made to make these tables complete, there are, unfortunately, some 
 gaps which it was foimd impossible to fill. Such ellipses indicate 
 that either the canneries did not operate or that no data were 
 available for such periods. 
 
 Although there are only five species of salmon found on the Pacific 
 coast, each bears several common names which are in general use in 
 one or more of the many fishing districts. Ti'ade names of each 
 species as known in each district follow: 
 
 Districts. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 Red 
 
 King 
 
 Spring 
 
 Tyee Spring 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Quinnat 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 
 British Colunibia 
 
 Sockeve 
 
 do 
 
 Blueback... 
 Quinault 
 
 Medium Red. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Humpback 
 
 do .... 
 
 Keta. 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 do 
 
 
 Silverside 
 
 (None packed) 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 189(i. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901., 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 240 
 1,000 
 
 382 
 
 86 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,542 
 13, 495 
 
 9, 5U0 
 11,2(W 
 24,3ii4 
 22, 350 
 
 30,049 
 14,500 
 14, 441 
 1,804 
 8,139 
 1,814 
 95; 210 
 13, 019 
 10,064 
 21,823 
 20, 252 
 1,234 
 27,140 
 28, 466 
 45,072 
 70,918 
 62,821 
 68,542 
 
 $1,200 
 
 5,000 
 
 2,101 
 
 473 
 
 6,480 
 
 7,325 
 67,475 
 39,045 
 50, 624 
 103, 180 
 134, 100 
 
 150, 245 
 
 72,500 
 
 69, 352 
 
 9,922 
 
 48,834 
 
 16,326 
 
 666, 470 
 
 72,604 
 
 60,324 
 
 172,582 
 
 101,706 
 
 5,247 
 
 179,532 
 
 145,555 
 
 270, 432 
 
 638, 262 
 
 565, 385 
 
 856,775 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 5,538 
 
 2,951 
 
 47, 852 
 
 41,781 
 
 65, 143 
 
 72, 979 
 
 312,048 
 
 252,000 
 
 499, G46 
 
 229,800 
 
 1, 220, 000 
 
 372,301 
 
 167,211 
 
 109, 264 
 
 825,453 
 
 178, 748 
 
 93, 122 
 
 170, 951 
 
 1,097,904 
 
 248,014 
 
 127, 769 
 
 184, 680 
 
 1,673,099 
 
 339, 787 
 
 64,584 
 
 90,866 
 
 454,336 
 
 52,587 
 
 64,346 
 
 $24, 921 
 
 11,816 
 
 103, 371 
 
 188,014 
 
 273, 108 
 
 350, 299 
 
 1, 248, 192 
 
 1,058,400 
 
 2,308,334 
 
 1,149,000 
 
 2,047,655 
 1,003,260 
 
 653, 871 
 4,952,718 
 1,251,236 
 
 698,416 
 1, 196, 057 
 6,183,300 
 1,673,095 
 1, 168, 145 
 Ij 660, 173 
 10,871,178 
 2,751,832 
 
 676,769 
 
 817,790 
 4,543,360 
 
 736, 225 
 1,029,536 
 
 Medium red or 
 silver. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 5,000 
 
 238 
 
 1,300 
 
 7.480 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,869 
 
 7,216 
 
 11,812 
 
 22, 418 
 
 50, 865 
 
 82,640 
 
 91,900 
 
 98,600 
 
 111,387 
 
 128, 200 
 
 85, 817 
 103,450 
 118,127 
 
 79, 335 
 
 94,197 
 119, 472 
 128, 922 
 143, 133 
 162,755 
 250, 123 
 149, 727 
 
 61,019 
 158,933 
 180, 783 
 208,967 
 115,860 
 235,795 
 ■ 210,883 
 
 Value. 
 
 $5,690 
 
 37,400 
 
 15,000 
 
 19, 308 
 
 24, 50J 
 
 59,000 
 
 89, 672 
 
 154, 218 
 
 2Ci4, 448 
 
 282, 133 
 
 335,240 
 
 418, 176 
 
 512, 800 
 
 429,085 
 413, 800 
 447,851 
 337, 174 
 472,485 
 476, 288 
 C44, 922 
 630, 440 
 895, 153 
 
 1,711,178 
 761,200 
 235,372 
 715,995 
 902, 335 
 
 1,044,835 
 926, 880 
 
 2,004,258 
 
 2,529,996 
 
 a lacludes 1,892 cases packed with reds brought from Alaska. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 155 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years— Continued. 
 
 Year. 
 
 877. 
 878. 
 879. 
 880. 
 881. 
 882. 
 883. 
 884. 
 885. 
 886. 
 887. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 891. 
 892. 
 893. 
 .894. 
 ,895. 
 .896. 
 .897. 
 .898. 
 >899. 
 [90(J. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 [903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 [906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1,145 
 4,000 
 3,093 
 16, 180 
 11,380 
 22,152 
 38,785 
 26,650 
 23,310 
 38,400 
 31,481 
 89,100 
 
 93,492 
 12,001 
 49,656 
 41,057 
 149, 218 
 50,249 
 47,607 
 53, 688 
 146,942 
 98,321 
 60,760 
 56, 225 
 290,477 
 411,724 
 564, 194 
 218, 977 
 264,922 
 525,541 
 
 $3, 435 
 12, (XX) 
 10, 825 
 56,630 
 31,295 
 60,918 
 94, 741 
 73,013 
 64, 103 
 
 105, 600 
 86,427 
 
 245,025 
 
 2,809 
 
 467,460 
 
 30,002 
 
 124,254 
 
 102,643 
 
 708, 781 
 
 150,847 
 
 142,821 
 
 128,916 
 
 514, 297 
 
 391, 123 
 
 154, 193 
 
 124, 970 
 
 903, 675 
 
 1,155,474 
 
 2,031,098 
 
 1,270,067 
 
 1,669,009 
 
 3,363,462 
 
 5,647 
 
 17,530 
 9,049 
 23,633 
 
 57, 268 
 
 252,733 
 
 181,326 
 70,992 
 
 433, 423 
 
 6,075 
 
 370,993 
 
 108 
 
 1,046,992 
 
 700 
 
 791,886 
 
 1,017 
 
 583, 649 
 
 143, 804 
 
 1, 130, 163 
 
 6,607 
 
 421,215 
 
 $7,584 
 15,246 
 
 47,331 
 24, 432 
 62,556 
 
 171,804 
 734, 24i 
 
 407,984 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 212,976 
 
 1,300,269 
 
 18, 225 
 
 902,342 
 
 388 
 
 4,302,344 
 
 2,185 
 
 2,092,401 
 
 4,615 
 
 1,795,285 
 
 575,216 
 
 6,780,978 
 
 42,946 
 
 3,369,720 
 
 5,500 
 
 238 
 
 1,300 
 
 5,100 
 
 8,500 
 
 7,900 
 
 1,500 
 
 5,5(X) 
 
 12, (KXJ 
 
 17,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 21,975 
 
 11,674 
 
 8,000 
 
 20,529 
 
 26,426 
 
 89,774 
 
 95,400 
 
 179,968 
 
 195,664 
 
 494,026 
 
 400,200 
 
 919,611 
 
 469,450 
 
 1, 380, 590 
 
 581,659 
 
 478, 488 
 
 291,488 
 
 1,018,641 
 
 430, 602 
 
 698,080 
 
 448,765 
 
 1, 678, 737 
 
 567, 883 
 
 1,551,028 
 
 416,119 
 
 2, 583, 463 
 
 817,354 
 
 1, 269, 206 
 
 1,052,917 
 
 ft 1,990, 258 
 
 622, 732 
 
 c 1, 295, 626 
 
 Value. 
 
 Jo.C.'JO 
 
 126,356 
 
 49,619 
 
 32,000 
 
 72,461 
 
 93,419 
 
 247,637 
 
 303,036 
 
 691,948 
 
 755,235 
 
 1,805,277 
 
 1,549,864 
 
 3,710,358 
 
 1,940,925 
 
 3,094,445 
 1,927,546 
 1,295,328 
 5,615,433 
 2,481,336 
 2,642,146 
 2,669,095 
 7,917,608 
 3, 143, 256 
 7,745,372 
 2,079,457 
 
 13,329,168 
 4,555,049 
 4,675,418 
 4,739,455 
 
 14,159,583 
 6,017,823 
 
 11, 149, 489 
 
 a Tnchides 14 cases of steelheads valued at $84. The totals also include large quantities of salmon brought 
 to the so^dca'^eies from other waters, principally in British Columbia and packed here these when 
 DTpmred for market comorisine approximately 141,917 cases of humpbacks or pmks, valued at $566,952; 
 m^3^6cases orhums, SdT^^^^^^ and 53.136 cases olsUvers, valued at $87,185; a grand total of 331,368 
 cases and $1,193,074. , ., , .o^ 
 
 b Includes 4 cases of steelheads, valued at $36. 
 
 c Includes 6,099 cases of steelheads from sound waters. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Soleduck River, Wash., in Specified Years.* 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 
 operated. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1912 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 414 
 206 
 237 
 
 388 
 
 $2,484 
 1,442 
 1,185 
 1,940 
 
 15 
 
 $156 
 
 940 
 1,040 
 1,439 
 1,320 
 
 $4,324 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,574 
 
 
 
 
 6,072 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 Pink. 6 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 operated. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1912 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 103 
 
 $268 
 
 76 
 28 
 103 
 192 
 
 $182 
 
 61 
 
 291 
 
 538 
 
 1,548 
 1,274 
 1,968 
 2,726 
 
 $7,414 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 189 
 826 
 
 567 
 2,478 
 
 7,617 
 
 1915 
 
 11,028 
 
 
 
 a None packed since 1915. 
 
 ft These are virtually all light-colored chinooks. 
 
156 U. S. BUREAU OP FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Hoh River, Wash., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1917. 
 1918 
 1919. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 372 
 60 
 18 
 
 $3,348 
 540 
 216 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 204 
 294 
 233 
 
 Value. 
 
 2,499 
 2,796 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 110 
 
 17 
 
 332 
 
 Value. 
 
 $715 
 
 108 
 
 2,125 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. Value, 
 
 371 
 583 
 
 $5,728 
 3,147 
 5,137 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Queets River, Wash., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1912 
 1913, 
 1914. 
 1915, 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 750 
 1,082 
 1,175 
 
 1,506 
 713 
 381 
 450 
 
 $4,500 
 7,574 
 5,875 
 
 9,036 
 6,417 
 3,429 
 5,400 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 200 
 
 1,512 
 
 20 
 100 
 
 $2, 080 
 1,848 
 2, 134 
 9,072 
 
 280 
 1,600 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Cases. Value. 
 
 2,500 
 1,680 
 1,800 
 
 617 
 1,196 
 1,138 
 1,025 
 
 $11,500 
 5,712 
 6,968 
 
 3,085 
 9,759 
 9,673 
 12,300 
 
 Year. 
 
 1912 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1,000 
 
 670 
 
 1,020 
 
 415 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 Value. 
 
 $2, 400 
 1,461 
 
 2,887 
 
 1,245 
 306 
 
 320 
 
 Steelhead. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 600 
 500 
 
 129 
 a 87 
 
 $3, 300 
 2, 750 
 
 1,161 
 
 870 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. Value, 
 
 4,450 
 4,252 
 4,695 
 1,512 
 2,538 
 2,085 
 1,626 
 1,625 
 
 $20, 480 
 19, 895 
 20,612 
 9,072 
 13,366 
 17,643 
 14, 252 
 19,620 
 
 a 68 cases of these were smoked. 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Quinault River, Wash., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1911a 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 5,000 
 
 $35,000 
 
 2,031 
 
 4,500 
 
 492 
 
 12,074 
 
 22,972 
 
 10,315 
 
 4,608 
 
 2,470 
 
 1,144 
 
 $16,000 
 40, 500 
 4,133 
 120,740 
 239,989 
 92,835 
 55,296 
 30, 869 
 18,304 
 
 6,000 
 3,916 
 7,106 
 1,623 
 1,3S8 
 1,093 
 2,609 
 6,086 
 775 
 
 $42,000 
 18,014 
 24, 160 
 6,281 
 6,807 
 5,465 
 21,289 
 51, 731 
 9,300 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 51 
 1,144 
 1,365 
 
 309 
 1,497 
 
 165 
 
 255 
 6,864 
 8,190 
 2,781 
 13,473 
 2,063 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 19110. 
 1912.. 
 1913.. 
 1914.., 
 1915... 
 1916... 
 1917... 
 1918... 
 1919... 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 5,400 
 5,500 
 
 1,048 
 1,993 
 
 466 
 1,821 
 1,682 
 
 650 
 
 Value. 
 
 —) — 
 
 $27,000 
 13,200 
 
 2,966 
 5,580 
 1,398 
 11,836 
 10, 874 
 4,160 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. Value 
 
 18,431 
 13,916 
 7,598 
 14,796 
 27, 497 
 13, 239 
 b 10, 553 
 11,735 
 2,734 
 
 $120, 000 
 71,714 
 28, 293 
 130, 242 
 259,240 
 107, 888 
 98,438 
 106,947 
 33, 827 
 
 aPrevious to this date the fish were transported to the Aberdeen and Hoquiam canneries and prepared 
 there. 
 b Includes 1,206 cases of humpbacks, valued at $7,236. 
 

 
 PACIFIC 
 
 SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 
 
 157 
 
 Pack of ( 
 
 "Banned 
 
 Salmon 
 
 ON Grays Harbor in Specified Years 
 
 
 
 Can- 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year. 
 
 neries 
 oper- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ated. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1878 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,420 
 
 $29,268 
 
 1879 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.^S.'i ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,200 
 
 18, 7(K) 
 
 37, (XX) 
 
 5(X) 
 
 16, 5(X) 
 
 
 issr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INSS 
 
 IS'.U 
 
 lSi)2 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 212,750 
 
 
 
 500 
 9,(KX) 
 
 $1,.5(H) 
 30, 7.S() 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 4,5(X) 
 
 $15,390 
 
 3,000 
 
 $9,415 
 
 55,585 
 
 IS'),! 
 
 1 
 
 4,500 
 
 22,500 
 
 12, (XX) 
 
 48, (KX) 
 
 5,500 
 
 14, 850 
 
 22,0(X) 
 
 85,350 
 
 1S<,I4 
 
 1 
 
 12,300 
 
 61, 500 
 
 4, l(X) 
 
 16.41X1 
 
 5, (XX) 
 
 13,500 
 
 21,400 
 
 91,400 
 
 is:i:i 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 56 
 
 7,816 
 
 202 
 36,806 
 
 8, 876 
 9, 278 
 
 2S, 403 
 29,(iS9 
 
 2,517 
 4,180 
 
 6,922 
 11,495 
 
 11,449 
 21,274 
 
 35,527 
 
 is'.ii; 
 
 67,990 
 
 IS'.lT 
 
 1 
 
 3,100 
 
 11,741 
 
 8,300 
 
 23,481 
 
 1,900 
 
 5,000 
 
 13,, 300 
 
 40,222 
 
 IVIS 
 
 2 
 
 5, 100 
 
 2:5,0.52 
 
 4,800 
 
 16,320 
 
 2,200 
 
 6,050 
 
 12,100 
 
 45,422 
 
 is*t 
 
 1 
 
 5,000 
 
 21,250 
 
 15,740 
 
 59,025 
 
 3,500 
 
 8,7.50 
 
 24, 240 
 
 89,025 
 
 I'.HH) 
 
 2 
 
 6,700 
 
 33, 500 
 
 12,900 
 
 51,600 
 
 11,2(X) 
 
 30, ,800 
 
 30, 800 
 
 115,900 
 
 I'KIl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41,500 
 31,. 500 
 
 
 ]'.»02 
 
 1 
 
 4,000 
 
 20, (MX) 
 
 10, 000 
 
 45,000 
 
 17,. 500 
 
 70,000 
 
 13.5,000 
 
 19IM 
 
 2 
 
 4, .339 
 
 20, 163 
 
 14,904 
 
 51,8.54 
 
 8,316 
 
 21,022 
 
 27,559 
 
 93,0.39 
 
 190.-, 
 
 2 
 
 2,050 
 
 9,225 
 
 13, 000 
 
 52,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 18, 200 
 
 22, 050 
 
 79,425 
 
 litDil 
 
 2 
 
 2, 500 
 
 10, 000 
 
 11,500 
 
 43,9(X) 
 
 8,000 
 
 21,. 500 
 
 22,0(X) 
 
 75,4(X) 
 
 li»(17 
 
 1 
 
 1,0(K) 
 
 7,0(10 
 
 9,500 
 
 47,500 
 
 3,500 
 
 11,. 500 
 
 14,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 11 HIS 
 
 1 
 
 1,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 9,500 
 
 47,5(K) 
 
 3,500 
 
 11,500 
 
 14,000 
 
 66, WX) 
 
 11109 
 
 1 
 
 5,721 
 
 20,819 
 
 9,019 
 
 38, 146 
 
 5,047 
 
 11,608 
 
 21,436 
 
 79, 624 
 
 1910 
 
 3 
 
 15,495 
 
 90,718 
 
 21,768 
 
 108,840 
 
 13,867 
 
 48, 534 
 
 b ,55, 480 
 
 272,017 
 
 1911 
 
 4 
 
 15,773 
 
 110,411 
 
 28,991 
 
 202,937 
 
 c 31, 177 
 
 155,885 
 
 75,941 
 
 469, 233 
 
 1912 
 
 5 
 
 9,060 
 
 54, 360 
 
 26, 162 
 
 120,345 
 
 12,065 
 
 28, 956 
 
 47,287 
 
 203, (Mil 
 
 1913 
 
 4 
 
 1,253 
 
 8,771 
 
 5,723 
 
 19,458 
 
 12, 919 
 
 28, 163 
 
 19,895 
 
 56,392 
 
 1914 
 
 4 
 
 11,899 
 
 59,495 
 
 9, 1,56 
 
 35,434 
 
 11,379 
 
 32,203 
 
 32, 434 
 
 127, 1.32 
 
 1915 
 
 4 
 
 4,219 
 
 20,089 
 
 14,036 
 
 61,707 
 
 22,737 
 
 63,678 
 
 40,992 
 
 145,474 
 
 1916 
 
 5 
 
 12,400 
 
 74, 403 
 
 11,580 
 
 57,898 
 
 32, 560 
 
 117,744 
 
 d 60, 336 
 
 265, 229 
 
 1917 
 
 9 
 
 12, 124 
 
 109, 116 
 
 9,589 
 
 51,246 
 
 10,910 
 
 70,915 
 
 « 42, 696 
 
 291,715 
 
 1918 
 
 6 
 
 8,731 
 
 99,912 
 
 21,994 
 
 201,705 
 
 5,247 
 
 37,915 
 
 35,972 
 
 339,532 
 
 1919 
 
 6 
 
 4,370 
 
 54,626 
 
 12, 214 
 
 146,008 
 
 28,712 
 
 183,7.57 
 
 45, 296 
 
 384,991 
 
 o Includes 1,649 eases, valued at $9,051, packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. 
 
 b Includes 4,350 case.s of "quinault," or sockeye, salmon, valued at $23,925. 
 
 c Includes 6,730 cases of humpbacks. 
 
 d Includes 3,796 cases of humpbacks, valued at $15,184. 
 
 « Includes 10,073 cases of humpbacks, valued at $60,438. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on WillaVa Harbor in 
 
 Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook or black. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,600 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ISS'^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22, .500 
 8,000 
 14,500 
 16, 195 
 15,100 
 22,600 
 24,941 
 29, 600 
 21,420 
 21,314 
 26,300 
 34,000 
 39, 492 
 5,890 
 26,400 
 14,950 
 14,440 
 13, 382 
 20,457 
 12,024 
 11,508 
 25,497 
 28,148 
 12,050 
 16,837 
 12, 842 
 18,553 
 8,379 
 8,827 
 13,204 
 
 $129,375 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 8,000 
 9, (XX) 
 7,895 
 5, 600 
 13,047 
 11,940 
 14, (UK) 
 9, 809 
 10,675 
 12,400 
 
 $24,000 
 30,780 
 31,580 
 22,400 
 41,150 
 38,208 
 44, 822 
 33,351 
 40,031 
 49, 600 
 
 
 
 24,000 
 
 1892 
 
 3,(X)0 
 1,700 
 2,700 
 4,636 
 4,551 
 8,100 
 6,865 
 5,650 
 6,700 
 
 $10, 260 
 9,180 
 14,580 
 23, 180 
 22, 755 
 33, 291 
 26,510 
 25, 425 
 33,500 
 
 2,500 
 6,(500 
 6,800 
 4,917 
 8,450 
 6,900 
 5,746 
 4,989 
 7,200 
 
 $7,745 
 18, 150 
 18,700 
 13, 222 
 21,238 
 18, 975 
 15,802 
 13,720 
 19,800 
 
 48,785 
 
 1893 
 
 58,910 
 
 1,894 
 
 189.0 
 
 is9i; 
 
 1S97 
 
 55,(;80 
 77, .552 
 82, 201 
 
 97,088 
 
 1898 
 
 75, 6(i3 
 
 1899 
 
 79, 176 
 
 1900 
 
 102, IXX) 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 19(14 
 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 I 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 5,836 
 2,300 
 3,000 
 4,650 
 4,000 
 3,530 
 4,017 
 1,455 
 2,923 
 5,717 
 6,123 
 67 
 2,924 
 3,148 
 5,115 
 1,720 
 921 
 1,152 
 
 29, 186 
 13, 8(X) 
 12, (XX) 
 20, 925 
 16,000 
 15,354 
 20,585 
 5,869 
 15,077 
 40, 019 
 36,738 
 4<)9 
 14,431 
 19,380 
 30,690 
 18,920 
 10,131 
 13,824 
 
 9,128 
 2,390 
 7,400 
 4,300 
 5,340 
 9,238 
 5,923 
 4,822 
 5,096 
 9,298 
 8,030 
 3,111 
 7,179 
 4,008 
 3, 365 
 2,143 
 5,249 
 2,927 
 
 41,076 
 10,755 
 28,440 
 17,200 
 21,360 
 36, 082 
 23,692 
 17,359 
 25,480 
 65,086 
 36,938 
 10,577 
 27,749 
 18,437 
 16,825 
 19,287 
 50,390 
 35,124 
 
 24,528 
 1,200 
 
 16,000 
 
 6,0(K) 
 
 5,100 
 
 624 
 
 10,517 
 6,747 
 3,489 
 
 10, 482 
 9,533 
 8,872 
 6,734 
 5,686 
 
 10,073 
 4,516 
 2,657 
 9,125 
 
 97,112 
 3,300 
 38,700 
 15,000 
 13,260 
 2,496 
 36,809 
 13,163 
 22,711 
 52,410 
 22, 879 
 19, 368 
 19,077 
 15,921 
 36,262 
 30,708 
 18,599 
 58,400 
 
 167,. 368 
 27, 855 
 79, 140 
 
 1905 . 
 
 53, 125 
 
 1906 
 
 50, 620 
 
 1907 
 
 54, 532 
 
 1908 
 
 81,086 
 
 1909 
 
 36,391 
 
 1910 
 
 63, 268 
 
 1911 
 
 157,515 
 
 1912 
 
 108, 156 
 
 1913 
 
 30,414 
 
 1914 
 
 61,256 
 
 1915 
 
 .53,738 
 
 1916 
 
 8:5,777 
 
 1917 
 
 68,915 
 
 1918 
 
 79, 120 
 
 1919 
 
 107,348 
 
 
 
 a Includes 4,462 Cases of humpbacks, valued at $11,601. 
 
158 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of thi 
 
 Industry to 1919. 
 
 Canner- 
 ies oper- 
 ated. 
 
 1866. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884., 
 1885. . 
 1886.. 
 1887.. 
 1888.. 
 1889. . 
 1890.. 
 1891.. 
 1892. . 
 1893. . 
 1894.. 
 1895.. 
 1896.. 
 1897.. 
 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 39 
 
 28 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 22 
 23 
 17 
 16 
 14 
 16 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 17 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 
 4,000 
 18,000 
 28,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 250,000 
 250,000 
 350,000 
 375,000 
 450,000 
 380,000 
 460,000 
 480,000 
 530,000 
 550,000 
 541,300 
 629,400 
 620,000 
 553,800 
 448,500 
 356,000 
 372, 477 
 266, 697 
 335, 604 
 353,907 
 344, 267 
 288, 773 
 351,106 
 444,909 
 370,943 
 432, 753 
 329,566 
 255, 824 
 262,392 
 270, 580 
 301, 762 
 320,378 
 327, 106 
 311,334 
 258, 433 
 210,096 
 162, 131 
 244,285 
 405, 862 
 220,317 
 192, 116 
 289, 464 
 406, 486 
 395, 166 
 403, 637 
 400, 952 
 392, 125 
 
 Value. 
 
 $64,000 
 288,000 
 392,000 
 1,350,000 
 1,800,000 
 2,100,000 
 2,325,000 
 2,250,000 
 2,625,000 
 2,250,000 
 2,475,000 
 2,052,000 
 2,300,000 
 2,640,000 
 2, 650, 000 
 2,475,000 
 2, 600, 000 
 3,147,000 
 2,915,000 
 2, .500, 000 
 2,135,000 
 2,124,000 
 2,327,981 
 1, 600, 182 
 1,946,087 
 2,038,566 
 1,996,388 
 1,559,374 
 1,895,976 
 2,428,658 
 1,840,511 
 1,804,221 
 1,490,394 
 1,458,175 
 1,821,258 
 1,428,743 
 1,610,614 
 1,944,690 
 1,%2,636 
 1,868,007 
 
 Blueback. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1,203,546 
 1,882,137 
 2, 204, 185 
 1,988,526 
 1,664,670 
 2,573,502 
 3,694,361 
 3,572,203 
 5,023,529 
 5,222,983 
 5,031,207 
 
 17, 797 
 57,345 
 15, 482 
 66, 547 
 30,459 
 43,814 
 18,015 
 16,983 
 12,972 
 66,670 
 23,969 
 13, 162 
 17,037 
 8,383 
 12,911 
 7,768 
 7,816 
 5,504 
 8,581 
 27,908 
 6,234 
 5,988 
 8,210 
 11, 152 
 35,311 
 5,4.59 
 3,790 
 7,968 
 37,833 
 7,268 
 
 $101,051 
 290, 069 
 284,242 
 372,909 
 152, 295 
 224,430 
 86,523 
 81,518 
 51,888 
 300,015 
 134, 723 
 92,184 
 86,465 
 42, 867 
 78, 048 
 46,608 
 54,712 
 
 214, 561 
 
 34. 287 
 47,904 
 85,384 
 93, 677 
 
 376,924 
 56, 707 
 
 27. 288 
 111,552 
 605,328 
 
 73,116 
 
 4,176 
 29,107 
 42, 758 
 99,601 
 44,108 
 60,850 
 65,431 
 29,608 
 44,925 
 10, 532 
 12,181 
 31 ; 254 
 26,826 
 41,446 
 31,757 
 31,432 
 42, 178 
 68,922 
 79,416 
 31,842 
 40,969 
 69, 769 
 33,336 
 52, 084 
 64,299 
 98, 145 
 90,728 
 
 $20, 880 
 116,428 
 171,032 
 329,683 
 141,145 
 197, 762 
 222, 465 
 112,055 
 202,163 
 44,732 
 49, 869 
 118,357 
 114,011 
 124,338 
 
 185,070 
 363, 688 
 549, 478 
 177,248 
 175,412 
 380, 666 
 173, 234 
 335, 114 
 700,680 
 1,072,843 
 1,052,767 
 
 • or these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203 were packed with sockeyes brought from Paget Sound. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 159 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of the 
 Industry to 1919 — Continued. 
 
 Year. 
 
 les oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1866. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 39 
 
 2,311 
 '22,493 
 
 11,379 
 17,696 
 
 10,401 
 10,000 
 20,693 
 25,751 
 27,802 
 22, 556 
 16, 884 
 24,542 
 66,538 
 53,471 
 18,699 
 13,303 
 49, 285 
 86, 530 
 77, 766 
 53, 659 
 29,846 
 75,493 
 
 $6, 933 
 62,591 
 
 33,836 
 63, 706 
 
 41,604 
 37,. 500 
 52, r,9l 
 65, 206 
 69,505 
 
 57,115 
 232,883 
 203, 19S 
 46, 590 
 29,486 
 305,541 
 251,632 
 307,483 
 386, 596 
 215, 609 
 441,989 
 
 25,391 
 42,825 
 29,564 
 72,348 
 65, 226 
 52, 422 
 49, 678 
 49,663 
 46, 146 
 26, 277 
 11,994 
 20,597 
 
 $108,587 
 171,300 
 118,156 
 288, 892 
 260, 904 
 209,688 
 203,. 542 
 198, 652 
 165,440 
 60,352 
 39, 186 
 102,985 
 
 8,593 
 
 7,251 
 
 9, 868 
 
 9,822 
 
 6,500 
 
 5,921 
 
 10,726 
 
 17,382 
 
 5,436 
 
 8,594 
 
 6,958 
 
 8,939 
 
 10, 792 
 
 26,723 
 
 18,999 
 
 23,783 
 
 24,605 
 
 14,414 
 
 42, 965 
 36, 255 
 48, 892 
 49,110 
 32,500 
 
 99, 796 
 31,203 
 47,399 
 22, 108 
 49, 142 
 59, 356 
 129,3.58 
 118,987 
 292, 583 
 350,071 
 144, 140 
 
 4,000 
 18,000 
 28,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 200,000 
 250,000 
 250,000 
 350,000 
 375,000 
 450,000 
 380,000 
 460,000 
 480,000 
 5.30,000 
 550,000 
 .511,300 
 629,400 
 620,000 
 5.53,800 
 44S, 500 
 3.56,000 
 372, 477 
 309,885 
 435, 774 
 398,953 
 487,338 
 415,876 
 490, 100 
 634,696 
 481,697 
 552, 721 
 487,944 
 3.32,774 
 358, 772 
 390,183 
 317, 143 
 339,577 
 395, 104 
 397,273 
 394, 898 
 324, 171 
 277,719 
 
 « 274, 196 
 391,415 
 553,331 
 286,026 
 266,479 
 454,621 
 558,534 
 
 » 547, 861 
 5.53,346 
 591,381 
 580,028 
 
 $64 
 288 
 392 
 1,350 
 1,800 
 2,100 
 2,325 
 2,250 
 2,625 
 2,250 
 2,475 
 2,052 
 2,300 
 2,640 
 2,650: 
 2,475 
 2,600: 
 3, 147: 
 2,915 
 2,500 
 2,135 
 2,124 
 2,32 
 1,809 
 2,407 
 2,440 
 2,679 
 2,095 
 2,501 
 3,110 
 2,261 
 2,219 
 2,073 
 1, 
 
 2,282 
 1,942 
 1,644 
 1,777 
 2,242 
 2,237 
 2, 149: 
 1,763 
 1,380 
 1,760 
 2, .544 
 3,0.52; 
 2,319 
 2,012 
 3,695 
 4,. 305 
 4,361 
 6,514 
 7,466! 
 6, 743 
 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,981 
 ,820 
 ,456 
 ,964 
 ,069 
 ,934 
 ,126 
 ,997 
 ,826 
 ,311 
 ,226 
 ,975 
 ,296 
 ,660 
 ,.509 
 ,105 
 ,678 
 ,.571 
 ,062 
 ,490 
 ,708 
 ,220 
 ,198 
 , 164 
 ,8.56 
 ,387 
 ,989 
 ,292 
 ,299 
 ,940 
 , 894 
 ,219 
 
 a Includes 55 cases of hurni)backs, valued at 9132, packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound, 
 b Includes 56 cases of humpbacks, valued at $224. 
 
160 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Columbia River, by States, 1916-1919. 
 
 states and species. 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Washington: 
 
 Bluebaek 
 
 1,377 
 179,083 
 46, 012 
 6 56 
 26, 788 
 14,348 
 
 $12,389 
 
 1, 074, 495 
 
 165,643 
 
 224 
 
 133,940 
 
 86,091 
 
 2,801 
 
 146, 140 
 
 14, 539 
 
 $33, 612 
 
 1,753,680 
 
 93, 050 
 
 19, 450 
 
 145,511 
 
 12, 173 
 
 $245, 070 
 
 1,715,874 
 
 85,211 
 
 2,329 
 
 a 130, 185 
 
 39, 279 
 
 $18,632 
 1,671,007 
 
 Chum . ... 
 
 235, 674 
 
 Humpback 
 
 Silverside 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 
 15,989 
 6,053 
 
 183, 874 
 66, 583 
 
 35, 746 
 8,699 
 
 343, 162 
 
 104, 388 
 
 34,927 
 7,148 
 
 349,270 
 71,480 
 
 Total 
 
 267, 664 
 
 1,472,782 
 
 185,522 
 
 2, 130, 799 
 
 221,579 
 
 2, 493, 705 
 
 213,868 
 
 2,346,063 
 
 
 Oregon: 
 
 Bhiehack 
 
 2,413 
 216,083 
 31,754 
 25, 296 
 
 4,651 
 
 14, 899 
 
 2, 497, 708 
 
 141,840 
 
 201, 174 
 
 32, 896 
 
 5,167 
 
 257, 497 
 
 39, 120 
 
 48,310 
 
 17, 730 
 
 77,940 
 
 3, 269, 849 
 
 293, 546 
 
 516, 806 
 
 225,955 
 
 18,383 
 255, 441 
 17,673 
 62, 399 
 15,906 
 
 360,258 
 3,507,109 
 130, 458 
 729,681 
 245, 683 
 
 4,939 
 261,940 
 36,214 
 55, 801 
 
 7,266 
 
 54,484 
 3,360,200 
 
 Chum 
 
 206,315 
 
 
 703, 497 
 
 Steelhead 
 
 72,660 
 
 Total 
 
 280, 197 
 
 2, 888, 517 
 
 367, 824 
 
 4,384,096 
 
 369, 802 
 
 4, 973, 189 
 
 366, 160 
 
 4,397,156 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 647, 861 
 
 4,361,299 
 
 553,346 
 
 6,514,895 
 
 591,381 
 
 7,466,894 
 
 580,028 
 
 6,743,219 
 
 a Includes 106,328 cases spring chinooks, valued at $1,382,264; 21,740 cases fall chinooks, valued at $273,924; 
 and 2,117 cases light-colored chinooks, valued at $14,819. 
 b Fish brought in from Paget Sound. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Nehalem Biver, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Casas. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Casas. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1887 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,000 
 6,000 
 9,000 
 3,500 
 
 10,000 
 6,723 
 6,493 
 6,904 
 8,046 
 
 11,750 
 9,508 
 
 10,077 
 
 $30, 000 
 32, 000 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 45, 500 
 
 1891 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14,000 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 5,031 
 4,866 
 5, 1.52 
 5,218 
 8,366 
 5,700 
 7,405 
 
 $40,000 
 20, 124 
 
 1 
 
 40, 000 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1,692 
 1,627 
 1,752 
 2,828 
 3,384 
 3,808 
 . 1,384 
 
 $6, 768 
 6,508 
 7,008 
 8,484 
 
 10,152 
 9,891 
 5,536 
 
 1 
 
 26, 892 
 25,972 
 23, 494 
 
 19, 464 
 16, 486 
 15, 6.54 
 25,098 
 19,380 
 26, 658 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 24,138 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 35, 250 
 29,271 
 36, 058 
 
 
 
 1,288 
 
 
 $3, 864 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 190^ 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 268 
 
 271 
 
 686 
 
 500 
 
 2,700 
 
 3,987 
 
 4,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,985 
 
 3,500 
 
 5,821 
 
 1,139 
 1,431 
 3,670 
 2,. 500 
 16,200 
 23,922 
 28, 000 
 35,000 
 10.542 
 24, 500 
 46,568 
 
 3,273 
 3,169 
 
 4,615 
 5,000 
 2,900 
 4,976 
 6,600 
 6,100 
 4,554 
 5,400 
 14,878 
 13,331 
 764 
 , 11, 800 
 5,400 
 3,474 
 851 
 9,200 
 8,124 
 
 13,092 
 13, 468 
 19,614 
 20, 000 
 12, 325 
 14,928 
 19, 800 
 18, 300 
 20, 253 
 29, 700 
 81,829 
 73,321 
 
 3,056 
 63, 720 
 24,840 
 17,370 
 
 6,808 
 88,320 
 97,488 
 
 2, 669 
 2,570 
 
 7,206 
 10, 280 
 
 6,210 
 
 6,010 
 
 5,301 
 
 11,, 500 
 
 11,600 
 
 11,020 
 
 12,600 
 
 13,116 
 
 7,448 
 
 10, 400 
 
 24, 138 
 
 14,902 
 
 1,069 
 
 18,309 
 
 8,060 
 
 7,007 
 
 2,106 
 
 11,404 
 
 9,807 
 
 21,4:37 
 25, 179 
 22,284 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,0,57 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,016 
 
 909 
 
 1,.500 
 
 3,439 
 
 1,571 
 
 5 
 
 1,668 
 
 2,260 
 
 833 
 
 472 
 
 519 
 
 1,183 
 
 12, 000 
 15,000 
 5,143 
 6,000 
 6,048 
 2,091 
 4,500 
 13, 048 
 3,927 
 11 
 4,150 
 6,328 
 2,499 
 3, .304 
 3, 633 
 7,571 
 
 34,, 500 
 43, 525 
 42,993 
 53,800 
 59, 348 
 32, 886 
 58, 700 
 141.445 
 77, 248 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1S15 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 300 
 4,841 
 
 400 
 2,700 
 
 783 
 1,685 
 
 500 
 
 1,500 
 33, &87 
 
 2,400 
 21,656 
 
 7,047 
 18,535 
 
 6,250 
 
 4,. 567 
 101,777 
 33, ,518 
 41, .525 
 17. 159 
 110,488 
 111,309 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 161 
 
 Pack ov Canned Salmon on Tillamook Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 >'car. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Case.s. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,500 
 9,800 
 37, 000 
 21,000 
 14,633 
 9, 500 
 14,009 
 
 
 1885 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1R87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $115,-500 
 84 140 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52,250 
 79, 049 
 
 1890 --.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 4,000 
 7, 763 
 6, 514 
 4, 860 
 9,000 
 
 10,342 
 3,889 
 
 $72,000 
 16, 000 
 31,052 
 20, 845 
 14, 580 
 27,000 
 35, 162 
 14,036 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 11,416 
 
 9,163 
 13. .515 
 
 7,060 
 11,000 
 15,342 
 11,190 
 
 72,000 
 35,285 
 35,602 
 40,098 
 21,180 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 497 
 700 
 
 $1,988 
 2,800 
 
 6,919 
 
 700 
 
 7,001 
 
 $17, 297 
 1,750 
 19,253 
 
 1896 
 
 2,200 
 2,000 
 5,000 
 2,180 
 
 6,600 
 6,000 
 13, 000 
 8,720 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 33, 000 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 48, 162 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 5,121 
 
 15,363 
 
 38,119 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 848 
 215 
 
 4,240 
 1,135 
 
 2,133 
 2,287 
 2,727 
 4,400 
 1,700 
 2,364 
 3,410 
 6,000 
 5,029 
 4,500 
 12, 663 
 6,418 
 1,000 
 4,131 
 4,549 
 4,333 
 5, .522 
 3,461 
 7,150 
 
 9,598 
 9,720 
 11,590 
 17, 600 
 7, 650 
 7,092 
 10,230 
 21,000 
 21,809 
 24, 750 
 69, 647 
 32,090 
 4,000 
 22,307 
 20, 925 
 21,665 
 44,176 
 33, 226 
 85,800 
 
 3,661 
 4,093 
 2,620 
 6,500 
 8, 800 
 1,270 
 2,314 
 4,000 
 3,712 
 2,000 
 6,277 
 4,550 
 1,000 
 6,707 
 9,099 
 7,530 
 6,941 
 1,567 
 4,350 
 
 10,728 
 
 16,372 
 
 10, 480 
 
 13,000 
 
 22,000 
 
 3,175 
 
 6,942 
 
 12, 000 
 
 8,538 
 
 6,000 
 
 20,053 
 
 11,375 
 
 2,200 
 
 16, 867 
 
 25,477 
 
 22, 590 
 
 4S, 587 
 
 10, 969 
 
 27,840 
 
 6,882 
 6,595 
 5,347 
 10,900 
 11,600 
 5,504 
 7,724 
 12, 300 
 11,356 
 9,400 
 26, 373 
 14, 779 
 4,600 
 15, 572 
 19, 323 
 21,328 
 21,285 
 5,135 
 13,000 
 
 24,566 
 27, 227 
 22 070 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 30, 600 
 36, 250 
 21.487 
 31,172 
 49, 100 
 46,010 
 51,050 
 
 157, 164 
 70, 142 
 21,800 
 72,312 
 70, 702 
 
 119,975 
 
 172, 161 
 45. 372 
 
 132,390 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917.. 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1,100 
 1,870 
 2,000 
 2,300 
 2,615 
 2,900 
 8,433 
 3,811 
 2,600 
 4,734 
 5,675 
 9,465 
 8,822 
 
 107 
 
 1,£00 
 
 6,600 
 11,220 
 14,000 
 16,100 
 15, 663 
 20, 300 
 67,464 
 26, 677 
 15,600 
 33, 138 
 34,300 
 75, 720 
 79, 398 
 
 1.177 
 18,750 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Nestugga River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,300 
 5,000 
 6,700 
 
 $23,650 
 28, 750 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36,850 
 
 1891 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1,109 
 
 $4, 436 
 
 3,034 
 
 $10,922 
 
 513 
 
 $1,539 
 
 4,656 
 
 16,897 
 
 1901 
 
 1«05 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 279 
 3,000 
 2,622 
 2,100 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 3,562 
 3,090 
 
 126 
 3, 542 
 
 200 
 2,400 
 2,000 
 3,000 
 1,900 
 
 1,116 
 IS, 000 
 15, 732 
 14,700 
 14,000 
 14,000 
 28, 496 
 18,540 
 756 
 24, 794 
 
 1,300 
 19,200 
 18, 000 
 33,000 
 23, 750 
 
 3, .553 
 1,000. 
 2,468 
 3,. 540 
 3,000 
 3,300 
 7,124 
 6,180 
 243 
 5, 730 
 3,930 
 4, 056 
 3,800 
 3,206 
 2,400 
 
 13,323 
 4,2.50 
 7,404 
 10,620 
 10, 500 
 18,150 
 39,182 
 30, 900 
 972 
 30,942 
 18, 078 
 20, 2S0 
 30,400 
 30,778 
 28,800 
 
 396 
 400 
 165 
 150 
 100 
 140 
 641 
 70S 
 
 1,089 
 
 1,000 
 
 413 
 
 450 
 
 300 
 
 420 
 
 2,436 
 
 1,770 
 
 4,228 
 4,400 
 5,2.55 
 5,790 
 5,100 
 5,440 
 11,327 
 9,978 
 369 
 9, .537 
 4,930 
 6,6.56 
 6,060 
 6,421 
 4,750 
 
 1.5, .528 
 23,2,50 
 23,. 549 
 25, 770 
 24, 800 
 32, .570 
 70,114 
 51,210 
 1 728 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 26.5 
 800 
 200 
 260 
 215 
 450 
 
 662 
 2,240 
 
 600 
 1,820 
 1,.505 
 2,880 
 
 .56, .308 
 21,618 
 40, SOO 
 50,220 
 65,283 
 55,430 
 
 11312°— 21- 
 
 -11 
 
162 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on Siletz River, Oreq., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1896 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2,500 
 3,510 
 3,200 
 2,200 
 
 87,500 
 10,530 
 8,360 
 9,900 
 
 1,900 
 5, 015 
 4,330 
 2,319 
 
 $5,700 
 15, 045 
 14, 722 
 8,696 
 
 
 
 4,400 
 8,525 
 7,530 
 4,719 
 
 $13,200 
 
 25, 575 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 23,082 
 19, 146 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 200 
 
 $550 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 876 
 600 
 1,000 
 1,500 
 2,635 
 2,333 
 2,100 
 2,200 
 3,584 
 3,277 
 15 
 3,356 
 100 
 1,000 
 1,800 
 4,304 
 1,393 
 
 4,380 
 
 3, 16S 
 
 5,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 15,810 
 
 16,331 
 
 14,700 
 
 15,400 
 
 28,672 
 
 19,662 
 
 75 
 
 23,492 
 
 600 
 
 8,000 
 
 16,200 
 
 47,344 
 
 17,413 
 
 3, 740 
 1,917 
 3,300 
 1,700 
 3,192 
 4,300 
 4,700 
 4, 600 
 7,164 
 6,554 
 354 
 6,712 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 3,400 
 7, 7S9 
 5,892 
 
 16,830 
 
 8,147 
 
 13,200 
 
 7,225 
 
 9,576 
 
 12,900 
 
 16,450 
 
 25, 300 
 
 39, 402 
 
 32, 770 
 
 1,416 
 
 36,245 
 
 13,800 
 
 15,000 
 
 28,200 
 
 74,774 
 
 70,704 
 
 360 
 500 
 1,000 
 900 
 167 
 200 
 300 
 250 
 237 
 283 
 17 
 196 
 100 
 210 
 222 
 384 
 472 
 
 1,260 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,250 
 
 418 
 
 600 
 
 900 
 
 750 
 
 901 
 
 707 
 
 37 
 
 490 
 
 280 
 
 630 
 
 1,554 
 
 2,688 
 
 3,021 
 
 4,976 
 3,017 
 5,300 
 
 *4,100 
 5,994 
 6,833 
 7,100 
 7,050 
 
 10,985 
 
 10,114 
 386 
 
 10,264 
 3,200 
 4,210 
 5,422 
 
 12,477 
 7,757 
 
 22, 470 
 13,315 
 20,200 
 18,475 
 25,804 
 29,831 
 32,050 
 41,450 
 68,975 
 53,139 
 1,528 
 60,227 
 14,680 
 23,630 
 45,954 
 124,806 
 91, 138 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Yaquina Bay and River, Oreg., in Specified Years. o 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1887 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5, 088 
 5,000 
 
 $29, 256 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27, 500 
 
 1891 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1,714 
 170 
 316 
 
 $5, 142 
 
 442 
 
 1,422 
 
 615 
 1, 530 
 3,234 
 
 $1,845 
 5,202 
 12,127 
 
 
 
 2,329 
 1,700 
 4,850 
 
 6,987 
 5,644 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1,300 
 
 $3,575 
 
 17,124 
 
 1901 
 
 1903 
 
 96 
 
 480 
 
 2,848 
 1,238 
 2,600 
 2,050 
 3,100 
 1,000 
 4,000 
 1,139 
 2,669 
 1,009 
 
 12,816 
 5,262 
 8,840 
 8,613 
 9,300 
 3,000 
 
 14, 000 
 4,5.56 
 
 13,345 
 5,549 
 
 549 
 315 
 450 
 62 
 60 
 49 
 
 1,647 
 787 
 
 1, 080 
 155 
 150 
 147 
 
 3,493 
 1,553 
 3,100 
 2,312 
 3,660 
 1,883 
 4,000 
 1,172 
 2,669 
 1,060 
 
 14, 943 
 6,049 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 50 
 200 
 500 
 834 
 
 200 
 1,200 
 3,000 
 5,838 
 
 10, 120 
 9,968 
 
 12, 450 
 8,985 
 
 14,000 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 76 
 
 4,632 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 13,345 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 289 
 
 5,838 
 
 
 
 
 a Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1916, both years inclusive, 
 port cannery owned by same party. 
 
 In 1917 it was consolidated with Wald- 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 163 
 
 kCK OF Canned Salmon on Alrea River and Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sllverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Vahic. 
 
 Ca.«es. 
 
 Value. 
 
 J6 
 
 ^7 
 
 i8 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii.iso 
 
 9,620 
 10,000 
 
 S64,285 
 55,315 
 55,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )1 
 
 )2 
 
 )3 
 
 H 
 
 )5 
 
 )6 
 
 )7 
 
 )8 
 
 )9 
 
 )0 
 
 )1 
 
 12 
 
 e... . 
 
 14 
 
 )5... 
 
 16 
 
 17... , 
 18 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3... 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7... . 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,600 
 3,240 
 4,160 
 3,280 
 3,400 
 3,200 
 2,170 
 5,010 
 
 $14,400 
 12,960 
 16,640 
 
 11,808 
 
 10,200 
 
 9.600 
 
 7,378 
 
 19,038 
 
 
 
 3,600 
 4,500 
 4,600 
 4,980 
 6,900 
 5,000 
 6,466 
 7,100 
 
 14,400 
 19,260 
 
 1,260 
 440 
 1,700 
 3,500 
 1,800 
 4,296 
 2,150 
 
 $6,300 
 2,200 
 6,375 
 
 10,600 
 5,400 
 
 11,170 
 9,138 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,840 
 
 
 
 18,183 
 
 
 
 20, 700 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 18, .54 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28,176 
 
 
 
 
 695 
 701 
 1,031 
 1,000 
 2,500 
 3,702 
 800 
 1,200 
 1,119 
 2,500 
 4,161 
 3,731 
 1,607 
 4,546 
 1,668 
 2,624 
 2,727 
 2,000 
 2,512 
 
 3,475 
 
 3,702 
 
 5,516 
 
 5,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 22, 212 
 
 5,600 
 
 8,400 
 
 6,714 
 
 17,500 
 
 33, 288 
 
 22,386 
 
 8,035 
 
 31,822 
 
 10,763 
 
 20, 992 
 
 24,543 
 
 22,000 
 
 31,400 
 
 4,629 
 4,530 
 4,242 
 6, ,500 
 1, 800 
 3,843 
 5,100 
 6,000 
 5,486 
 5,900 
 9,329 
 8,286 
 4,304 
 6,728 
 6,966 
 3,864 
 6,621 
 7,215 
 2,607 
 
 18,7,90 
 19,253 
 18,029 
 26,000 
 7,650 
 11,529 
 15,300 
 21,000 
 24,027 
 31,950 
 51,309 
 41,430 
 17,216 
 36,331 
 32,044 
 19,320 
 52,968 
 69,264 
 31,200 
 
 891 
 670 
 44 
 300 
 700 
 
 S3, lis 
 
 2,680 
 
 88 
 
 600 
 
 1,750 
 
 6,215 
 5,901 
 5,317 
 7, sno 
 
 5,000 
 
 7, .545 
 6,2.50 
 7,600 
 6,6S5 
 
 8, .500 
 14,178 
 12,541 
 
 6,071 
 11,347 
 8,812 
 6,780 
 9,766 
 10,068 
 5,6.54 
 
 25,383 
 25,635 
 23, 633 
 31,600 
 24,400 
 33, 741 
 
 350 
 400 
 
 80 
 100 
 688 
 524 
 160 
 
 73 
 178 
 292 
 418 
 312 
 535 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,200 
 
 184 
 
 300 
 
 2,614 
 
 1,310 
 
 352 
 
 183 
 
 498 
 
 876 
 
 2,926 
 
 2,178 
 
 3,718 
 
 21,950 
 30, 600 
 30,925 
 49, 750 
 87,211 
 65,126 
 25,603 
 68,336 
 43,. 305 
 41,1SS 
 80,437 
 99, 934 
 66,318 
 
 o Includes -541 cases of blueback.s, valued at $6,492. 
 
 'ACK OF Canned Salmon on the Siuslaw River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sllverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 ,8 
 
 9 
 
 & 
 
 .8 
 
 .9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 a 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,300 
 
 .?55, 620 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 11,960 
 12, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68, 770 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 11,830 
 14,987 
 10,465 
 9,000 
 3,900 
 10,000 
 7,323 
 
 S72, 000 
 47,320 
 59,948 
 35,274 
 27,000 
 11,700 
 34,000 
 26,363 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 13,301 
 16, 8f8 
 12,102 
 11,700 
 
 5,000 
 10, 850 
 
 8,600 
 
 72, 000 
 
 i,47i 
 
 1,871 
 1,637 
 2,700 
 1,100 
 850 
 1,162 
 
 $7,3.55 
 9,355 
 6,139 
 8,100 
 3,300 
 2,210 
 4,648 
 
 
 
 54,675 
 
 
 
 69 303 
 
 
 
 41,413 
 
 
 
 35,100 
 
 
 
 15 000 
 
 
 
 36,210 
 
 115 
 
 $345 
 
 31,356 
 
 1,735 
 
 1,288 
 
 1..519 
 
 '500 
 
 8,675 
 6,800 
 8,127 
 2,500 
 
 7,488 
 4,320 
 6,842 
 6,500 
 
 29,952 
 18, 260 
 29,079 
 26,000 
 
 
 
 9, 223 
 5,608 
 8,301 
 7,000 
 
 38,627 
 25 060 
 
 
 
 
 
 37,206 
 
 
 
 28 500 
 
 
 
 
 4,500 
 
 27,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 15,773 
 
 8,600 
 
 7,436 
 
 12, 800 
 
 10,266 
 
 6,108 
 
 4,281 
 
 9,266 
 
 1,7.55 
 
 3,021 
 
 350 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,760 
 
 45,000 
 47,319 
 30,100 
 32,956 
 70,400 
 56,463 
 30,540 
 17,124 
 50,036 
 
 8,073 
 15, 105 
 
 2,800 
 28, 800 
 43,120 
 
 1,,500 
 
 3,750 
 
 21,000 
 
 15,773 
 
 8,600 
 
 8,068 
 
 22,1.5S 
 
 16, 3S0 
 
 6, lOS 
 
 4,2S1 
 
 9,266 
 
 1,7.55 
 
 3, 890 
 
 350 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,760 
 
 75,750 
 47,319 
 
 
 
 
 
 30, 100 
 
 6.32 
 
 856 
 
 1,120 
 
 3,792 
 5,992 
 8,960 
 
 
 
 .36, 748 
 
 8,502 
 5,000 
 
 25,506 
 19,000 
 
 101,898 
 84,423 
 30, 540 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,124 
 
 
 
 
 
 50,036 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,073 
 
 875 
 
 7,(X)0 
 
 
 
 22, 105 
 
 
 
 2, sai 
 
 
 
 
 
 28, 800 
 
 
 
 
 
 43, 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a The two canneriee combined and operated one plant. 
 
164 U. S, BUREAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Umpqua River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1878 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,100 
 
 $43.7 
 
 1879. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,700 
 10,500 
 18,600 
 4,000 
 9,000 
 12,000 
 
 
 1885 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 1888. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 7 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66,0 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 3,204 
 6,875 
 7,697 
 8,000 
 7,576 
 
 $40,000 
 12,816 
 27,500 
 28, 863 
 24,000 
 27,006 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 4,013 
 7,110 
 8, 689 
 9,300 
 8,616 
 
 40,0 
 16,8 
 28,6 
 32,5 
 27,9 
 31,2 
 
 1893 
 
 809 
 235 
 992 
 1,300 
 925 
 
 $4,045 
 1,175 
 3,720 
 3,900 
 3,860 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 1896. ... 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 115 
 
 $345 
 
 1903 
 
 23 
 
 500 
 
 6,100 
 
 1,143 
 
 500 
 
 2,000 
 
 300 
 
 30 
 
 1,000 
 
 123 
 2,500 
 36,600 
 6,858 
 3,000 
 14,000 
 2,400 
 210 
 8,000 
 
 6,733 
 9,500 
 
 10,500 
 5,613 
 7,753 
 
 11,000 
 6,118 
 3,759 
 2,000 
 5,100 
 2,900 
 5,366 
 3,409 
 7.500 
 
 28,615 
 38,000 
 44,625 
 16,839 
 31,012 
 60,500 
 33,649 
 18,795 
 10,000 
 23,460 
 14,500 
 42, 928 
 32, 726 
 90,000 
 
 
 
 6,756 
 10,500 
 16,600 
 6,756 
 8,253 
 13,000 
 6,418 
 3,789 
 3,000 
 5,100 
 2,900 
 5,413 
 5,113 
 7,500 
 
 28,7 
 41,5 
 81,2 
 23,6 
 34,0 
 74,5 
 36,0 
 19,0 
 18,0 
 23,4 
 14,5 
 43,2 
 51,4 
 90,0 
 
 1904 
 
 1906 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 1906 . 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 47 
 1 
 
 329 
 
 7 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1,703 
 
 18, 733 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o No canning done in 1913. 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on Coos Bay and River, Oreg., in Specified Years 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value, 
 
 1887 
 1888, 
 1889 
 1891 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1898 
 1900 
 1901 
 1902 
 1904 
 1906 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 
 11,300 
 
 5,500 
 7,000 
 
 $62,1 
 31,6 
 38,5 
 
 163 
 5,110 
 13,000 
 6,200 
 3,142 
 1,273 
 
 $815 
 
 19, 163 
 
 39,000 
 
 18, 600 
 
 8,169 
 
 5,092 
 
 3,125 
 8,428 
 2,332 
 2,000 
 2,200 
 7,180 
 5,174 
 
 $12,500 
 33, 712 
 8,934 
 6,000 
 6,600 
 24,412 
 18,626 
 
 3,125 
 8,591 
 7,442 
 
 15,000 
 8,400 
 
 10,322 
 6,447 
 
 12, S 
 34,5 
 28,0 
 45,0 
 25,2 
 32,5 
 23,7 
 
 1,215 
 
 412 
 
 2,033 
 
 2,043 
 
 275 
 
 500 
 
 2,630 
 
 1,457 
 
 6,075 
 2,175 
 7,725 
 12, 258 
 1,475 
 3,500 
 21,040 
 10, 199 
 
 4,082 
 2,640 
 7,200 
 1,755 
 3, 959 
 5,500 
 7,260 
 3,9S9 
 7, 383 
 9,300 
 3,500 
 2,485 
 
 16, 328 
 11, 220 
 24, 4S0 
 5,265 
 17,927 
 30, 250 
 39, 930 
 19, 945 
 29, 532 
 50,220 
 16.100 
 12, 425 
 
 5,297 
 3,052 
 9,233 
 3,798 
 4,234 
 6,000 
 9,890 
 5,446 
 7,383 
 9,300 
 3,500 
 2,485 
 
 22,4 
 13,3 
 32,2 
 17,5 
 19,4 
 33,1 
 60,9 
 30,1 
 29, f 
 50,^ 
 16,: 
 12, ^ 
 
 3,800 
 
 36,480 
 
 3,800 
 
 36,^ 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FKHERIES. 165 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Coquille River, Oreo., in Specified Years. 
 
 1 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,000 
 7,300 
 3,800 
 8,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 888 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,000 
 8,600 
 
 $63,250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,300 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 al 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 892 
 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,. 500 
 
 2,000 
 
 8,724 
 
 7,800 
 
 7,485 
 
 7,550 
 
 9,601 
 
 5,096 
 
 5,877 
 
 8, 685 
 
 13, 686 
 
 11,343 
 
 17,979 
 
 13,220 
 
 19,174 
 
 9,818 
 
 16,637 
 
 16,676 
 
 8,040 
 
 8,910 
 
 12,097 
 
 5,131 
 
 2,652 
 
 8,005 
 
 10,096 
 
 5,010 
 
 $20, 000 
 26,000 
 8,000 
 32,615 
 23,400 
 25,499 
 28,500 
 38, 404 
 20, 384 
 24,927 
 36, 911 
 54,744 
 48,208 
 53, 937 
 39, 660 
 67, 109 
 42,687 
 91,. 504 
 91,718 
 30,200 
 35, 640 
 65.324 
 25,515 
 13, 260 
 64,040 
 96,922 
 60, 120 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 9,484 
 
 9,025 
 
 8,026 
 
 8,500 
 
 12,237 
 
 5, 229 
 
 6,163 
 
 9,016 
 
 14,286 
 
 13,443 
 
 18,800 
 
 13,526 
 
 19,174 
 
 10,068 
 
 17,057 
 
 17,391 
 
 6,417 
 
 8,910 
 
 12,097 
 
 6,210 
 
 3,521 
 
 b 8, 706 
 
 cll,G.'-)0 
 
 d6,0S2 
 
 20,000 
 
 893 
 
 
 
 26,000 
 
 894 
 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 895 
 
 760 
 
 1,225 
 
 541 
 
 950 
 
 2,636 
 
 133 
 
 286 
 
 331 
 
 600 
 
 2,100 
 
 821 
 
 306 
 
 $2,887 
 3,675 
 1,407 
 3,800 
 
 13,180 
 
 665 
 
 1,510 
 
 1,771 
 
 2,400 
 
 12,600 
 4,926 
 2,142 
 
 35,502 
 
 896 
 
 27,075 
 
 g9,S 
 
 26,906 
 
 899 
 
 32, 300 
 
 900 
 
 51,584 
 
 901 
 
 21,049 
 
 902. 
 
 26, 437 
 
 9as 
 
 38,682 
 
 904 
 
 57,144 
 
 906 
 
 60,808 
 58, 863 
 
 907 
 
 41,802 
 
 
 67, 109 
 
 
 250 
 420 
 715 
 377 
 
 i,255 
 2,940 
 5, 720 
 2,639 
 
 43,942 
 
 910. 
 
 94,444 
 
 911 
 
 97, 438 
 
 012 
 
 32,839 
 
 1913 
 
 35,640 
 
 
 
 
 65,324 
 
 
 1,079 
 
 869 
 
 694 
 
 1,318 
 
 1,027 
 
 6,474 
 6, 952 
 
 6,216 
 14,498 
 12, 837 
 
 31,989 
 
 916 
 
 20,212 
 
 
 70,335 
 
 918 
 
 113,129 
 
 
 72, 957 
 
 
 
 a Burned. 
 
 6 Includes 7 cases of chums, valued at $49. , , ,i. , , ^ ^ .,n/^ 
 
 c Includes 217 cases of chums, valued at $1,519, and 19 cases of steelheads, valued at $190. 
 d Includes 45 cases of chums. 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on Rogue River, Oreg., in Specified Years.o 
 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,804 
 8,534 
 8,571 
 7,772 
 12,320 
 19, 186 
 16,156 
 12,376 
 9,310 
 12,147 
 17,216 
 21,062 
 22,000 
 24,000 
 21,000 
 19,(M)0 
 3,200 
 14,762 
 18,000 
 19, 008 
 13,465 
 7,226 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $121,107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 132,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 105,000 
 
 1842 
 
 10,000 
 3, 200 
 10,377 
 15,000 
 15,355 
 12, 964 
 5,481 
 
 $59, 000 
 16,000 
 41,. 508 
 75, 000 
 61,420 
 51, 550 
 30,145 
 
 9,000 
 
 $36,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 
 16,000 
 
 18>35 
 
 4,385 
 3,000 
 3,653 
 501 
 1,745 
 
 15,347 
 9,000 
 
 10,9.59 
 1,303 
 6, 980 
 
 56,855 
 
 1896 
 
 84,000 
 
 1897 
 
 72,379 
 
 1898 
 
 52,853 
 
 IS<)9 
 
 37,125 
 
 1900 
 
 
 a .'^hut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing. 
 b Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. 
 
166 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Rogue River, Oreo., in Specified Years— Contd. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1913, 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Value. 
 
 $13, 405 
 
 20, 058 
 
 45, 036 
 
 64,000 
 
 111,000 
 
 72,000 
 
 56, 528 
 
 32, 655 
 
 1,300 
 
 1,786 
 
 27,160 
 
 62, 060 
 
 135, 301 
 
 181,120 
 
 271,777 
 
 225, 159 
 
 215, 463 
 
 Cases. 
 
 4,184 
 
 4,091 
 
 4,792 
 
 3,255 
 
 1,500 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,796 
 
 2, 650 
 
 699 
 
 2,711 
 
 2,403 
 
 987 
 
 515 
 
 501 
 
 660 
 
 2,704 
 
 671 
 
 Value. 
 
 $17, 736 
 17,387 
 20,366 
 11,392 
 6,375 
 18,000 
 8,980 
 13,250 
 2,977 
 16, 266 
 11,857 
 5,453 
 2,369 
 2,505 
 5,280 
 24, 336 
 8,052 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 6,865 
 
 7,890 
 
 13,210 
 
 19, 255 
 
 20,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 9,333 
 
 7,004 
 
 885 
 
 2,943 
 
 5,423 
 
 7,925 
 
 19,609 
 
 23, 141 
 
 25, 367 
 
 23, 173 
 
 17,908 
 
 Value. 
 
 $31,141 
 
 37, 445 
 
 65,402 
 
 75,392 
 
 117,375 
 
 90,000 
 
 65,508 
 
 45,905 
 
 4,277 
 
 18,052 
 
 39,017 
 
 67,513 
 
 137,670 
 
 1&3, 625 
 
 277,057 
 
 249,495 
 
 223, 515 : 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon on Smith River, Calif., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Qulnnat. 
 
 Silverside. Total. 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1878 
 
 
 4,277 
 7,500 
 5,500 
 1,550 
 2,347 
 1,500 
 1,500 
 2,250 
 
 $23, 096 
 41, 250 
 33,000 
 9,300 
 14, 082 
 7,500 
 7,500 
 9,990 
 
 
 
 4,277 
 7, .500 
 5,500 
 1,550 
 2,347 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 2,250 
 3,000 
 3,033 
 2,505 
 6,300 
 4,653 
 4,366 
 
 $23,096 
 41,250 
 33,000 
 9,300 
 
 1884 .'.".'.".".".".'."! 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 500 
 500 
 
 "'$i,'56o" 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 1894 
 
 9,000 
 
 1895 
 
 9,000 
 
 1914 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,078 
 
 990 
 
 ""'is,' 666" 
 
 6,220 
 4,950 
 
 9,990 
 
 1915 
 
 1,955 
 1,515 
 6,300 
 4,041 
 4,366 
 
 13,685 
 12, 120 
 69,300 
 44, 451 
 56,758 
 
 18,000 
 
 1916 
 
 19,905 
 
 1917 
 
 17,070 
 
 1918 
 
 612 
 
 5,508 
 
 69, 300 
 
 1919 
 
 49, 959 
 
 
 
 
 56, 758 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Klamath River, Calif., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Qulnnat. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1888 
 
 
 4,400 
 1,047 
 1,600 
 1,700 
 1,200 
 1,600 
 2,500 
 3,400 
 5,633 
 8,016 
 7,400 
 
 18,000 
 6,370 
 7,500 
 
 10, 400 
 6,484 
 
 $26, 400 
 
 4,188 
 
 6,400 
 
 6,800 
 
 5,321 
 
 8,800 
 
 13,500 
 
 20,800 
 
 33,000 
 
 52, 000 
 
 46, 000 
 
 117,000 
 
 40, 500 
 
 48, 500 
 
 72, 800 
 
 51, 872 
 
 56, 430 
 
 61, 105 
 
 81,783 
 
 
 
 4,400 
 1,047 
 1,600 
 1,700 
 1,600 
 1,600 
 2,500 
 3,400 
 5,633 
 8,016 
 7,604 
 
 18,000 
 6,376 
 
 11,000 
 
 12,900 
 
 8,884 
 
 8, 030 
 
 10,200 
 
 6 7,731 
 
 $26,400 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 6,400 
 
 1895 
 
 400 
 
 $1,500 
 
 6,800 
 
 1899 
 
 6,821 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 13,500 
 20,800 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 33, 000 
 
 1911 
 
 204 
 
 816 
 
 
 1912 
 
 48, 816 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 117,000 
 
 1914 
 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 2,400 
 2,900 
 4,292 
 1,145 
 
 14,000 
 13, 000 
 12,000 
 23,200 
 38, 628 
 13,740 
 
 
 1915 
 
 62,500 
 
 1916 
 
 85,800 
 
 1917 
 
 63, 872 
 
 1918 
 
 1 5, 555 
 
 79, 630 
 
 1919 
 
 102, 557 
 
 
 
 
 95, 523 
 
 n Includes 353 cases of steelheads, valued at $2,S24. 
 
 <> Includes 295 cases of steelheads. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 167 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Eel River, Cahp., in Specipibd Years.o 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Qulnnat. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Quinnat. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1877 
 
 
 8,500 
 10, 500 
 
 6,250 
 15,000 
 
 8,200 
 
 $51,000 
 
 56, 700 
 
 1885 
 
 
 5,750 
 12, 500 
 6,000 
 8,400 
 11,000 
 
 
 1878 
 
 1886 . .. 
 
 «75,00O 
 42,000 
 52 500 
 
 1880 
 
 1910 
 
 1883 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1884 
 
 
 1912 
 
 71^500 
 
 
 
 
 a Shut down since 1912. 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on Novo River, Calif., in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 operated. 
 
 Quinnat. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 2,000 
 7,500 
 
 $22,000 
 97,500 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Sacramento River in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 
 Quinnat. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Quinnat. 
 
 operated. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value, 
 
 1864 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2,000 
 
 2, 000 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 21,. 500 
 
 34,017 
 
 13, 8.55 
 
 62,000 
 
 181,200 
 
 200, 000 
 
 123,000 
 
 81,450 
 
 90,000 
 
 39, 300 
 
 36,500 
 
 68,075 
 
 57,300 
 
 25, 065 
 
 10,353 
 
 2,281 
 
 
 1893 
 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 
 23,336 
 
 28,403 
 
 25, 185 
 
 13,387 
 
 38,543 
 
 29,731 
 
 32, 580 
 
 39, 304 
 
 17, 500 
 
 14,043 
 
 8,200 
 
 14,407 
 
 2,780 
 
 4,142 
 
 950 
 
 17,315 
 
 5,229 
 
 6,636 
 
 9,443 
 
 4,036 
 
 1,169 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1895 . 
 
 $111,821 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1876 
 
 2 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 6 
 4 
 9 
 
 20 
 19 
 21 
 
 $1.83,692 
 59, 577 
 
 1899 
 
 
 150 688 
 
 1879 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 18&3 
 
 
 1904 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 66, 936 
 
 1884 
 
 
 1905 
 
 188.5 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 
 1911 
 
 28 994 
 
 1S86 
 
 
 1913 
 
 6,650 
 95, 232 
 35 453 
 
 1887 
 
 
 1914 
 
 1888 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 423, 750 
 
 1915 
 
 1889 
 
 1916 
 
 53 088 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1917 
 
 94,430 
 44,396 
 15 197 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon at Monterey Bay in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Quirmat. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 950 
 12,809 
 2,000 
 
 Value. 
 
 $7,300 
 102, 472 
 20,000 
 
 Year. 
 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Quinnat. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 2,000 
 
 Value. 
 
 $26,000 
 
168 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska, by Districts, since thb Inception op the 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Southeast Alaska. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pack. 
 
 Cases. 
 ,159 
 ,530 
 ,539 
 ,977 
 ,501 
 ,040 
 ,189 
 ,728 
 ,660 
 ,462 
 ,128 
 ,760 
 ,901 
 ,615 
 722 
 ,053 
 
 11 
 
 '2o: 
 
 22 
 16! 
 
 is; 
 
 31 
 
 81 
 141 
 142 
 156! 
 11.5 
 136 
 142 
 14S 
 262 
 271 
 251 
 310 
 456 
 735 
 906 
 642 
 569 
 433 
 767; 
 887; 
 022 
 852' 
 066' 
 580 
 ,033 
 782' 
 776 
 549 
 , 214 
 ,294 
 375 
 108 
 
 32,373,930 
 
 Central Alaska. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Pack- 
 
 17,320,059 
 
 Western Alaska. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Pack. 
 
 a 400 
 
 14,000 
 
 48, 822 
 
 72,700 
 
 89, 886 
 
 115,985 
 
 118,390 
 
 133, 418 
 
 63,499 
 
 107,786 
 
 108,844 
 
 150, 135 
 
 218,336 
 
 254,312 
 
 318, 703 
 
 411,832 
 
 599,277 
 
 719,213 
 
 1,046,458 
 
 1, 186, 730 
 
 885,268 
 
 1,089,154 
 
 978, 735 
 
 759, 534 
 
 1, 169, 604 
 
 1,151,553 
 
 914, 138 
 
 743, 206 
 
 1,395,931 
 
 1,509,038 
 
 1,621,787 
 
 1,318,233 
 
 1,610,434 
 
 1,635,235 
 
 1,838,439 
 
 708,280 
 
 25,107,295 
 
 Total. 
 
 Can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 10 
 16 
 37 
 35 
 30 
 15 
 22 
 21 
 23 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 32 
 42 
 56 
 64 
 60 
 55 
 47 
 47 
 48 
 50 
 45 
 52 
 64 
 87 
 79 
 81 
 87 
 100 
 118 
 135 
 133 
 
 Pack. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 8,159 
 
 12,530 
 
 6,539 
 
 8,977 
 
 21,745 
 
 48,337 
 
 64,886 
 
 83,415 
 
 142,065 
 
 206, 677 
 
 412, 115 
 
 719, 196 
 
 682, 591 
 
 801,400 
 
 474, 717 
 
 643,654 
 
 686,440 
 
 626,530 
 
 966, 707 
 
 909, 078 
 
 965,097 
 
 1,078,146 
 
 1,548,139 
 
 2,016,804 
 
 2,536,824 
 
 2,246,210 
 
 1,953,756 
 
 1,894,516 
 
 2,219,044 
 
 2, 169, 873 
 
 2,618,048 
 
 2,395,477 
 
 2,413,054 
 
 2,823,817 
 
 4,054,641 
 
 3, 739, 185 
 
 4,056,653 
 
 4,500,293 
 
 4,900,627 
 
 5,947,286 
 
 6,605,835 
 
 4,592,201 
 
 74,801.284 
 
 a Experimental pack. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 169 
 
 Pack op Canned Salmon in Alaska from 1898 to 1919, bt Species. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Coho, or silver. 
 
 Chum, or keta. 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1898 
 
 54, 711 
 
 39,402 
 
 50, 984 
 
 65, 509 
 
 82, 723 
 
 120,506 
 
 85, 741 
 
 67,394 
 
 109, 141 
 
 85, 190 
 
 68,932 
 
 56, 556 
 
 114,026 
 
 133, 908 
 
 166, 198 
 
 75, 779 
 
 157,063 
 
 124,268 
 
 261,909 
 
 193,231 
 
 218, 958 
 
 230, 138 
 
 
 .5,184 
 
 1,931 
 
 30,012 
 
 47, 464 
 
 159, 849 
 
 35,052 
 
 21, 178 
 
 41,972 
 
 254,812 
 
 184, 173 
 
 218, 513 
 
 120, 712 
 
 254,218 
 
 323, 795 
 
 664, 633 
 
 290,918 
 
 663, 859 
 
 479,946 
 
 724, 115 
 
 906, 747 
 
 1,364,960 
 
 1,348,462 
 
 
 109,399 
 
 149, 159 
 
 232,022 
 
 541,427 
 
 549, 602 
 
 355, 799 
 
 299,333 
 
 168, 597 
 
 348,297 
 
 561,973 
 
 644, 133 
 
 464, 873 
 
 554,322 
 
 1,005,278 
 
 1,2S0,138 
 
 1,372,881 
 
 986,049 
 
 1,875,516 
 
 1,737,793 
 
 2,296,976 
 
 2,438,954 
 
 1, 657, 434 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 $215,875 
 
 382,109 
 
 337, 384 
 
 274, 089 
 
 231,029 
 
 559, 666 
 
 762, 647 
 
 741,377 
 
 261,654 
 
 690, 086 
 
 536, 124 
 
 1,399,491 
 
 1, 6S2, 745 
 
 2,004,979 
 
 2,761,656 
 
 $113,056 
 
 730,235 
 
 547, 757 
 
 554,197 
 
 274,110 
 
 773, 409 
 
 1,199,563 
 
 1,584,130 
 
 643,948 
 
 2, 240, 765 
 
 1, 243, 321 
 
 2,420,600 
 
 5,-572,047 
 
 8,562,872 
 
 8,630,157 
 
 $498 194 
 
 1906 
 
 1 046 951 
 
 1907 
 
 l' 799; 280 
 1 733 379 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1' 114' 839 
 
 1910 
 
 1 764' 055 
 
 1911 
 
 3,' 972^706 
 3 296 598 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 3' 550' 587 
 
 1914 
 
 3 459 116 
 
 1915 
 
 5' 217' 203 
 
 1916 
 
 e' 330' 185 
 
 1917 
 
 14 794' 062 
 
 1918 
 
 16' 068' 456 
 
 1919 
 
 13' 259' 472 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 King, or spring. 
 
 Red, or sockeye. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1898 
 
 12,862 
 23, 400 
 37, 715 
 43, 069 
 59, 104 
 47, 609 
 41,956 
 42,125 
 30,834 
 43,424 
 23,792 
 48, 034 
 40,221 
 45, 518 
 43,317 
 34, 370 
 48,039 
 88, 251 
 65,873 
 61,951 
 49, 226 
 151, 733 
 
 
 782,941 
 864,2.54 
 1, 197, 406 
 1,319,335 
 1, 685, .546 
 1,687,244 
 1,505,548 
 1,574,428 
 1,475,960 
 1,295,113 
 1,662,678 
 1,705,302 
 1,450,267 
 1,315,318 
 1,900,355 
 1,96.5,237 
 2,201,643 
 1,932,312 
 2,110,937 
 2,488,381 
 2,533,737 
 1,204,343 
 
 
 965,097 
 1, 078, 146 
 1,548,139 
 2,016,804 
 2,536,824 
 2,246,210 
 1,953,756 
 1, 894, 516 
 2,219,044 
 2, 169, 873 
 2,618,048 
 2,395,477 
 2,413,054 
 2,823,817 
 4,054,641 
 3, 739, 185 
 4,056,653 
 4,500,293 
 4,900,627 
 5,947,286 
 6,605,835 
 a 4, 592, 201 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 $141,999 
 116,222 
 181, 718 
 
 . 99,867 
 207, 624 
 214, 802 
 295, 088 
 243,331 
 139, 0.53 
 241, 105 
 408, 266 
 353,420 
 644,447 
 485,295 
 1,820,796 
 
 $5,335,547 
 
 5,620,875 
 
 5,915,227 
 
 7, 524, 251 
 
 7,610,550 
 
 7,774,390 
 
 8,363,233 
 
 10,426,481 
 
 8,936,362 
 
 12,289,517 
 
 11,248,101 
 
 12, 765, 733 
 
 23, 610, 789 
 
 23,920,347 
 
 15,656,459 
 
 $6,304,671 
 7 896 392 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 8 78l! 366 
 
 1908 
 
 10 185 783 
 
 1909 
 
 9,438 152 
 
 1910 
 
 11 086 322 
 
 1911 
 
 14, 593' 237 
 
 1912 
 
 18 291 917 
 
 1913 
 
 13' .531' 604 
 
 1914 
 
 18 920 589 
 
 1915 
 
 is' 6.53' 015 
 
 1916 
 
 23 269 429 
 
 1917 
 
 46, 304^ 090 
 
 1918 
 
 51 041 949 
 
 1919 
 
 42, 128, 540 
 
 
 
 a Includes 91 cases of stcellieads; value not given. 
 
170 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 Output a of Canned Salmon in Alaska, 1912 to 1918.6 
 
 Product. 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1916 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 Total. 
 
 Coho, or silver: 
 
 i-pound flat 
 
 i-pound flat 
 
 l-pound tall 
 
 Cases. 
 2,719 
 17 
 163,462 
 
 Cases. 
 3,587 
 266 
 71,926 
 
 Cases. 
 4,579 
 285 
 152,199 
 
 Cases. 
 2,050 
 2,338 
 
 119,880 
 
 Cases. 
 13, 145 
 8,191 
 240,573 
 
 Cases. 
 30,412 
 362 
 162,457 
 
 Cases. 
 26,238 
 12,786 
 
 179,934 
 
 Cases. 
 82,730 
 24,245 
 1,090,431 
 
 Total 
 
 166, 198 
 
 75, 779 
 
 157,063 
 
 124,268 
 
 261,909 
 
 193, 231 
 
 218,958 
 
 1,197,406 
 
 
 
 Chum, or keta: 
 
 J-pound flat 
 
 2,795 
 
 985 
 
 2,619 
 
 287,314 
 
 373 
 
 5,568 
 
 657,918 
 
 
 1,423 
 
 26,760 
 
 2,530 
 
 877,457 
 
 3,559 
 
 2,996 
 
 1,358,405 
 
 35, 895 
 
 317 
 479, 629 
 
 14,030 
 
 l-pound tall 
 
 661, 838 
 
 722,692 
 
 5,045,253 
 
 Total 
 
 664,633 
 
 290,918 
 
 663, 859 
 
 479,946 
 
 724, 115 
 
 906,747 
 
 1,364,960 
 
 5,095,178 
 
 
 
 Humpback, or pink: 
 
 i-pound flat 
 
 l-pound flat 
 
 13, 712 
 
 20, 822 
 
 3,258 
 
 1,348,801 
 
 2,103 
 
 9,286 
 
 974, 660 
 
 4,325 
 
 3,50S 
 
 41,491 
 14.796 
 
 91,403 
 
 6,014 
 
 2, 199, 559 
 
 63,557 
 
 20,215 
 
 2,355,182 
 
 237,413 
 57,077 
 
 l-pound tall 
 
 1,266,426 
 
 1,867,68:^ i 1,681) 506 
 
 11,693,817 
 
 Total 
 
 1,280,138 
 
 1,372,881 
 
 986,049 
 
 1,875,516 
 
 1,737,793 
 
 2,296,976 
 
 2,438,954 
 
 11,988,307 
 
 
 
 King, or spring: 
 
 J-pound flat 
 
 l-pound flat 
 
 5,151 
 
 1,585 
 
 3,143 
 
 4,804 
 40,092 
 
 2,404 
 
 3,755 
 
 82,092 
 
 2,617 
 
 3,804 
 
 59,452 
 
 12, 973 
 5,133 
 
 43, 845 
 
 6,000 
 5,267 
 37,959 
 
 33,873 
 22,763 
 
 l-poimd tall 
 
 38, 166 
 43,317 
 
 32,785 
 
 334,391 
 
 Total 
 
 34,370 
 
 48,039 
 
 88,251 
 
 65,873 
 
 61,951 
 
 49,226 
 
 391,027 
 
 
 
 Red. or sockeye: 
 
 |-pound flat 
 
 l-pound flat 
 
 l-pound tall 
 
 IJ-pound nomi- 
 nals 
 
 28,024 
 
 16,242 
 
 1,856,089 
 
 29,041 
 
 11,735 
 
 1,924,461 
 
 53,825 
 
 64, 671 
 
 2,083,147 
 
 52,033 
 
 112,847 
 
 1, 765, 139 
 
 2,293 
 
 81,565 
 
 86, 395 
 
 1,936,971 
 
 124,309 
 
 89,612 
 
 2,274,460 
 
 137,008 
 
 151, 864 
 
 2,244,865 
 
 505, 805 
 
 533,366 
 
 14,085,132 
 
 2,293 
 
 2-pound nominal s 
 
 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,900,355 
 
 1.96.5.237 
 
 2,201,643 
 
 1,932,312 
 
 2,110,937 
 
 2,488,381 2.533.737 
 
 15,132,602 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 4,054,641 
 
 3, 739, 185 
 
 4,056,653 
 
 4,500,293 
 
 4,900,627 
 
 5,947,286 
 
 6,605,835 
 
 33,804,520 
 
 Average Annual Price per Case op Forty-Eight 1-pound Cans of Alaska 
 
 Salmon, 1908 to 1918.6 
 
 Product. 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 $3.98 
 2.53 
 2.69 
 4.20 
 4.52 
 
 $4.07 
 2.28 
 2.40 
 4.32 
 4.53 
 
 $4.89 
 3.04 
 3.15 
 5.34 
 5.30 
 
 $5.67 
 3.72 
 3.94 
 6.48 
 6.33 
 
 $4.44 
 2.37 
 2.55 
 5.37 
 5.45 
 
 $3.45 
 2.21 
 2.58 
 4.04 
 4.54 
 
 84.39 
 3.37 
 3.50 
 5.01 
 
 5.58 
 
 $4.31 
 2.59 
 2.78 
 4.63 
 5.82 
 
 $5.34 
 3.34 
 3.64 
 5.36 
 6.04 
 
 $8.76 
 6.14 
 6.44 
 
 10.40 
 9.48 
 
 $9.15 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 6.27 
 
 Humpback, or pink. . . 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 6.58 
 9.85 
 9.44 
 
 a The number of cases showii has been put upon the common basis of forty-eight l-pound cans per case. 
 b From "Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918," p. 49, by Ward T. Bower. Appendix VII, Re- 
 port, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918. Washington, 1919. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 171 
 
 Pack of Canned Salmon in British Columbia Since the Inception of the 
 
 Industry, by Waters. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881 . 
 1882. 
 188:5. 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Canner- 
 ies oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Fraser 
 River. 
 
 Cases. 
 7,247 
 55,387 
 81,446 
 
 50. 490 
 42, 155 
 
 142,516 
 199, 204 
 105, 701 
 34,037 
 89,617 
 99,177 
 130, 088 
 76,616 
 310, 122 
 244, 352 
 177,989 
 
 98. 491 
 474,237 
 363, 566 
 432,920 
 375,344 
 879, 776 
 264, 225 
 527, 396 
 331,371 
 99S,913 
 327, 197 
 237, 125 
 128, 903 
 877, 136 
 240,486 
 163,116 
 
 89,184 
 567, 203 
 223, 148 
 301,344 
 173, 921 
 732,059 
 328, 390 
 289, 199 
 106, 440 
 377, 988 
 206, 003 
 158, 718 
 
 12,119,943 
 
 Skeena 
 River. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 3,000 
 
 8,500 
 
 10,603 
 
 19, 694 
 
 21,.'-)60 
 
 24,522 
 
 31,157 
 
 53, 786 
 
 12,900 
 
 37,587 
 
 58,592 
 
 70, 106 
 
 58, 405 
 
 91,645 
 
 77,0,57 
 
 90, 750 
 
 59,021 
 
 61,005 
 
 69, 356 
 
 97, 803 
 
 61,310 
 
 80,102 
 
 112, 562 
 
 135, 424 
 
 125,845 
 
 155, 936 
 
 98, 609 
 
 154, 869 
 
 114,085 
 
 162,420 
 
 159, 255 
 
 209,177 
 
 140, 739 
 
 222, 035 
 
 254, 410 
 
 254, 258 
 
 164, 055 
 
 237,634 
 
 279, 161 
 
 223, 158 
 
 292,219 
 
 374,216 
 
 398, 877 
 
 5,367,525 
 
 Rivers 
 Inlet. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 5, 635 
 10,780 
 20,383 
 
 15,000 
 
 11,203 
 
 20, 000 
 
 21,722 
 
 33,500 
 
 36,500 
 
 14,955 
 
 35,416 
 
 40, 161 
 
 58, 575 
 
 107, 473 
 
 40,090 
 
 105,362 
 
 76, 428 
 
 74, 196 
 
 66, 794 
 
 70, 298 
 
 69,390 
 
 94,292 
 
 83,122 
 
 122, 878 
 
 94,064 
 
 75, 090 
 
 91,014 
 
 129,398 
 
 101,066 
 
 137,697 
 
 68, 096 
 
 109.052 
 
 146, 838 
 
 85,383 
 
 95,302 
 
 103, 155 
 
 80,367 
 
 2,550,675 
 
 Naas 
 River. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 6,500 
 9,400 
 8,500 
 
 12,318 
 19,800 
 24,700 
 11,058 
 26, 100 
 15, 6S0 
 20,000 
 20, 541 
 14, 049 
 20,000 
 20,000 
 19,442 
 20,200 
 15,004 
 23.212 
 12, 100 
 19,085 
 32, 725 
 32, 534 
 31,832 
 46,908 
 40,990 
 39,720 
 65, 6S4 
 71,162 
 53,423 
 94, 890 
 104, 289 
 126, 686 
 119,495 
 143,908 
 97, 512 
 
 Outlying 
 districts. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 5,500 
 
 4,600 
 
 6, 400 
 
 7,000 
 
 6, 000 
 
 1,200 
 
 4, 200 
 
 5,000 
 
 7, 162 
 
 17,060 
 
 11,907 
 
 18, 425 
 
 25, 848 
 
 7,500 
 
 6,300 
 
 22, 453 
 
 26, 007 
 
 22, 862 
 
 29,f,91 
 
 45,349 
 
 40, 656 
 
 50,518 
 
 56,390 
 
 68, 745 
 
 60, 392 
 
 71,142 
 
 99.192 
 
 122,330 
 
 127,974 
 
 147, 900 
 
 226, 461 
 
 359,538 
 
 336, 268 
 
 341,073 
 
 313,894 
 
 453,398 
 
 672, 481 
 
 788, 875 
 
 657. 682 
 
 5,275.373 
 
 Total. 
 
 Cases. 
 7,247 
 
 58,387 
 
 89,946 
 
 61,093 
 
 61,849 
 
 169,576 
 
 240, 461 
 
 163, 438 
 
 123, 706 
 
 108,517 
 
 162,964 
 
 204,083 
 
 184,040 
 
 417, 211 
 
 411,257 
 
 314,511 
 
 248, 721 
 
 610,202 
 
 492, 232 
 
 587, 692 
 
 617, 782 
 
 1,027,183 
 
 492,551 
 
 765, 519 
 
 606,540 
 
 1,247,212 
 
 627, 161 
 
 473,674 
 
 465, 894 
 
 1,167,460 
 
 629, 460 
 
 547, 459 
 
 542,089 
 
 907,920 
 
 762,201 
 
 948, 965 
 
 996,576 
 
 1,353,901 
 
 1,111,039 
 
 1,133,381 
 
 995,065 
 
 1,557,485 
 
 1,616,157- 
 
 1,393,166 
 
 26, 753, 563 
 
 Number of Salmon Canneries Operated in Various Sections of British 
 Columbia in Recent Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eraser 
 River. 
 
 Naas 
 River. 
 
 Skeena 
 River. 
 
 Rivers 
 Inlet. 
 
 Outlying 
 districts. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1910 
 
 23 
 22 
 18 
 36 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 29 
 16 
 U 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 7 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 18 
 17 
 16 
 23 
 32 
 36 
 32 
 
 58 
 59 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 57 
 
 1913 
 
 78 
 
 1914 
 
 63 
 
 1915 
 
 63 
 
 1916 
 
 73 
 
 1917 
 
 90 
 
 1918 
 
 83 
 
 1919 
 
 74 
 
 
 
172 
 
 U. S, BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack, by Districts and Species, of Canned Salmon in British Columbia from 
 
 1903 a TO 1919. 
 
 Districts and species. 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 Fraser River district: 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 1,066 
 45,667 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 
 25,728 
 
 4,504 
 
 204,809 
 
 2,084 
 
 30,836 
 
 3,304 
 
 837,489 
 
 5,507 
 
 34,413 
 
 15,543 
 
 183,007 
 
 6,503 
 
 1,020 
 
 35, 706 
 63,530 
 59,815 
 
 3,448 
 557 
 
 24,198 
 
 Pinks 
 
 415 
 
 
 72,688 
 9,482 
 
 63,120 
 
 
 1,427 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 237, 125 
 
 128,903 
 
 877,136 
 
 240, 486 
 
 163,116 
 
 89, 184 
 
 
 
 Skeena River district: 
 
 
 35,329 
 5,515 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9,648 
 20,045 
 50,908 
 18,008 
 
 7,247 
 
 7,52:5 
 84, 717 
 14,598 
 
 16,897 
 38,991 
 86,394 
 20,138 
 
 15,247 
 
 25, 217 
 
 108, 413 
 
 10,378 
 
 10,085 
 
 Pinks 
 
 45, 404 
 
 
 93, 404 
 20,621 
 
 139, 846 
 
 
 13,374 
 
 
 468 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98,669 
 
 154,869 
 
 114,085 
 
 162,420 
 
 159, 255 
 
 209, 177 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 358 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 219 
 
 180 
 
 68,119 
 
 872 
 
 
 66 
 
 5,040 
 
 700 
 
 87, 874 
 
 450 
 
 9,505 
 
 Pinks 
 
 
 479 
 
 
 93,862 
 11 
 
 82,771 
 351 
 
 122,631 
 
 181 
 
 64,652 
 
 
 454 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 69,390 
 
 94,292 
 
 83,122 
 
 122, 878 
 
 94,064 
 
 75,090 
 
 
 
 Naas River district: 
 
 
 31 
 1,697 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cohos 
 
 2,187 
 
 3,083 
 
 1,840 
 
 24,462 
 
 3,340 
 
 5,997 
 
 3, 450 
 
 22, 166 
 
 858 
 
 63 
 
 6,093 
 5, 957 
 17,813 
 1,288 
 
 8,348 
 
 
 6, 612 
 
 Sockeves 
 
 8,438 
 1,475 
 
 15,000 
 2,357 
 
 27,584 
 
 
 3, 203 
 
 Springs, white 
 
 
 Steelheads 
 
 
 
 
 681 
 
 1,101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12,100 
 
 19,085 
 
 32,725 
 
 32,534 
 
 31,832 
 
 46,908 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,155 
 13, 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,136 
 2,653 
 
 36,383 
 3,218 
 
 3,292 
 
 1,303 
 
 51,2:54 
 
 4,503 
 
 ii,759 
 10,321 
 45, 481 
 3,581 
 
 25,754 
 23,300 
 40, 159 
 7,595 
 2,382 
 2 
 
 29,781 
 
 Pinks 
 
 23,538 
 
 
 48,272 
 6,204 
 
 59,815 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 6,915 
 
 " Springs, white 
 
 2,245 
 
 Steelheads 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 56,390 
 
 68,745 
 
 60,392 
 
 71, 142 
 
 99,192 
 
 122,330 
 
 
 
 TOTAL BY SPECIES. 
 
 
 37,642 
 66,351 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51,918 
 
 27,382 
 
 368,717 
 
 25,657 
 
 44,458 
 
 13,970 
 
 1,080,673 
 
 28,359 
 
 69, 132 
 
 6 68,305 
 
 459,679 
 
 31,261 
 
 1,083 
 
 87,900 
 
 6 118,704 
 
 314,074 
 
 23,159 
 
 2,939 
 
 683 
 
 81,917 
 
 Pinks 
 
 6 76,448 
 
 
 323, 226 
 38,675 
 
 355,023 
 
 
 25,433 
 
 
 2,731 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,137 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 473, 674 
 
 465,894 
 
 1,167,460 
 
 629,460 
 
 547, 459 
 
 542,689 
 
 
 
 a In 1901 in the Fraser River district 920,313 cases of sockeyes were packed, and in 1902 sockeyes were 
 packed as follows: 293,477 cases in Fraser River district, 117,67"7 cases in Skeena River district, 68,819 cases 
 In Rivers Inlet district, 20,953 cases in Naas River district, and 30,510 cases in outlying districts. 
 
 b Pinks and chums combined. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 173 
 
 Pack, by Districts and Species, of Canned Salmon in Buitish Columbia from 
 
 1903 TO 1919— Continued. 
 
 District and species. 
 
 Fraser River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white... 
 
 Total. 
 
 Skeena River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 . Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, while — 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 Rivers Inlet district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sopkeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white. . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Naas River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white.. 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 Outlying districts: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red — 
 Springs, white. 
 
 Total 
 
 TOTAL BY SPECIES. 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red — 
 Springs, white. 
 Steelheads 
 
 Grand total . 
 
 1009 
 
 Ca.<<es. 
 
 1910 
 
 21,540 
 
 1,987 
 
 542, 248 
 
 1,428 
 
 567,203 
 
 12,249 
 2S,120 
 87,901 
 11,727 
 742 
 
 1,400 
 
 89,027 
 587 
 
 91,014 
 
 Cases. 
 
 52, 177 
 
 27, 8.")5 
 
 128 
 
 133,045 
 
 1,018 
 
 8,925 
 
 223, 148 
 
 11,531 
 
 13,473 
 
 187, 246 
 
 9,546 
 
 2;i9 
 
 222,035 
 
 1911 
 
 Cnsea. 
 
 47, 2:?7 
 
 39, 740 
 
 142, ini 
 
 58, 487 
 
 7,028 
 
 6,751 
 
 301,344 
 
 1912 
 
 Cases. 
 12,961 
 28, 574 
 574 
 108,784 
 14,655 
 8,373 
 
 173,921 
 
 70 
 
 23,376 
 
 81,956 
 
 131,066 
 
 15,514 
 
 2,428 
 
 254, 410 
 
 2,075 
 
 19 
 
 126, 921 
 
 383 
 
 288 
 6,287 
 5,411 
 88,763 
 
 317 
 
 129,398 I 101,066 
 
 6,818 
 3,589 
 28, 246 
 2,280 
 57 
 
 40,990 
 
 19,911 
 12,848 
 9:3,019 
 2,196 
 
 127,974 
 
 61,918 
 
 n 46, 544 
 
 840,441 
 
 IS, 218 
 
 799 
 
 967,920 
 
 351 
 
 6,285 
 
 895 
 
 30,S10 
 
 1,228 
 
 11 
 
 140 
 
 39,720 
 
 5, 189 
 
 7,842 
 
 11,467 
 
 37,327 
 
 3,434 
 
 325 
 
 100 
 
 65,684 
 
 504 
 39,628 
 97, 588 
 92, 498 
 19,332 
 4,501 
 
 207 
 
 254,258 
 
 1913 
 
 Cases. 
 22,220 
 11, («S 
 
 9, d-:>, 
 
 684,596 
 
 3,573 
 
 49 
 
 732,059 
 
 18,647 
 66,045 
 52,927 
 23, 2,50 
 3,186 
 
 3,845 
 
 11,010 
 
 8,809 
 
 112,884 
 
 681 
 
 468 
 
 137,697 
 
 3,245 
 12,468 
 12,476 
 36,037 
 5,710 
 1,226 
 
 71,162 
 
 5,834 
 26,636 
 20,098 
 87,893 
 
 7,138 
 301 
 
 147,900 
 
 39, 167 
 42,4.57 
 64,312 
 67,866 
 12,458 
 201 
 
 37,770 
 73,422 
 128, 296 
 94,559 
 21,967 
 3,524 
 
 226,461 1 359,538 
 
 3,660 
 
 2,097 
 
 61,745 
 
 594 
 
 68,096 
 
 2,987 
 
 3,172 
 
 20,539 
 
 23,574 
 
 2,999 
 
 152 
 
 53,423 
 
 52, 7.58 
 32,695 
 94, 2.U 
 149, 336 
 7,017 
 329 
 
 58,362 
 
 74,382 
 
 34,613 
 
 565,915 
 
 19,313 
 
 9,476 
 
 140 
 
 91,951 
 
 119,702 
 
 305,247 
 
 383,509 
 
 38,751 
 
 9,705 
 
 100 
 
 762,201 948,965 
 
 58,32.5 
 
 165, 102 
 
 247, 74:! 
 
 444,762 
 
 62,345 
 
 18,092 
 
 207 
 
 996,576 
 
 336,268 
 
 77,965 
 69,822 
 192,887 
 972, 17S 
 37, 433 
 3,616 
 
 1,353,901 
 
 1914 
 
 Cases. 
 
 74,726 
 
 38,6.39 
 
 6,0.57 
 
 185,483 
 
 9,48.5 
 
 14,000 
 
 328, ;w 
 
 8,329 
 16,378 
 71,021 
 130, 166 
 11,529 
 211 
 
 237,634 
 
 5,023 
 
 7,789 
 
 5,784 
 
 89,890 
 
 566 
 
 109,052 
 
 25,569 
 9,276 
 25,333 
 31,327 
 2,660 
 725 
 
 94,890 
 
 70, 827 
 48,119 
 112, 145 
 99,8:ffl 
 8,068 
 1,484 
 
 341,073 
 
 184,474 
 120,201 
 220,340 
 536, ()96 
 32,908 
 16, 42t) 
 
 1,111,039 
 
 o Pinks and chums combined. 
 
174 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Pack by Districts and Species, of Canned Salmon in British Columbia from 
 1903 TO 1919— Continued. 
 
 District and species. 
 
 Fraser River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white 
 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 Skeena River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white 
 
 Steelheads , 
 
 Total. 
 
 Rivers Inlet district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white... 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 Naas River district: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red 
 
 Springs, white.. 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 Outlying districts: 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red. . . 
 Springs, white. 
 Steelheads 
 
 Total. 
 
 1915 
 
 CaMS. 
 
 18,539 
 
 34,114 
 
 128,555 
 
 89,040 
 
 15,388 
 
 3,532 
 
 31 
 
 289, 199 
 
 TOTAL BY SPECIES. 
 
 Chums 
 
 Cohos 
 
 Pinks 
 
 Sockeyes 
 
 Springs, red. .. 
 Springs, white. 
 Steelheads 
 
 Grand total. 
 
 5,769 
 
 32, 190 
 
 107,578 
 
 116,. 553 
 
 15,069 
 
 204 
 
 1,798 
 
 279, 161 
 
 5,387 
 7,115 
 2,964 
 130, 350 
 1,022 
 
 146,838 
 
 1916 
 
 30, 184 
 
 27,676 
 
 840 
 
 27,394 
 
 11,096 
 
 9,217 
 
 33 
 
 106,440 
 
 1917 
 
 Cases. 
 
 59,973 
 
 30, 735 
 
 134,442 
 
 123,614 
 
 10, 197 
 
 18,916 
 
 111 
 
 377,988 
 
 17,121 
 
 47,409 
 73,029 
 60,923 
 18,372 
 2,561 
 3,743 
 
 223, 158 
 
 20,144 
 15,314 
 
 3,567 
 44,936 
 
 1,033 
 389 
 
 11,076 
 
 15,171 
 
 34,879 
 
 39,349 
 
 3,0,53 
 
 648 
 
 113 
 
 104, 289 
 
 41,229 
 58,366 
 93,. 376 
 100,7,50 
 17,202 
 1,986 
 985 
 
 313, 894 
 
 82,000 
 
 146,956 
 
 367,352 
 
 476,042 
 
 51, 734 
 
 6,370 
 
 2,927 
 
 1,133,381 
 
 85,383 
 
 11,200 
 19, 139 
 59, 593 
 31,411 
 
 3,061 
 784 
 
 1,498 
 
 126,686 
 
 161,552 
 77,181 
 
 143,615 
 50,125 
 
 17,669 
 
 2, .544 
 
 712 
 
 21,516 
 
 38, 4.56 
 
 148,319 
 
 65,760 
 
 13, .586 
 
 2,699 
 
 1,883 
 
 292,219 
 
 16,101 
 9,124 
 8,065 
 61, 195 
 715 
 102 
 
 95,302 
 
 24,9.38 
 
 22, 180 
 
 44,568 
 
 22, 188 
 
 3,170 
 
 1,326 
 
 1,125 
 
 1918 
 
 Cases. 
 86, 215 
 43,871 
 18,388 
 16,849 
 15, 192 
 24,853 
 635 
 
 206,003 
 
 22,573 
 
 38, 759 
 
 161,727 
 
 123,322 
 
 16,013 
 
 6,828 
 
 4,994 
 
 374,216 
 
 6,729 
 12,074 
 29, ,542 
 53, 401 
 957 
 452 
 
 103, 155 
 
 119,495 
 
 453,398 
 
 240,201 
 
 186,719 
 
 280,644 
 
 214, 789 
 
 .51,231 
 
 15,495 
 
 5,986 
 
 995,065 
 
 352,745 
 64,814 
 161,365 
 67,091 
 20,962 
 4,603 
 901 
 
 672, 481 
 
 475,273 
 
 165,309 
 
 496, 759 
 
 339,848 
 
 48, 6.30 
 
 27, 646 
 
 4,020 
 
 1,657,485 
 
 40,368 
 
 17,061 
 
 59,206 
 
 21,816 
 
 2,332 
 
 1,820 
 
 1,305 
 
 143,908 
 
 341,7.30 
 87,. 359 
 258, 882 
 61,071 
 31,041 
 7, 866 
 926 
 
 788,875 
 
 497, 615 
 199, 124 
 
 527, 745 
 
 276, 459 
 
 65, .535 
 
 41,819 
 
 7,860 
 
 1,616,157 
 
r PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 175 
 
 MARKET PRICES FOR CANNED SALMON. 
 
 The manner of fixing the selling price at which the canner is willing 
 to dispose of his canned product varies slightly in certain regions. 
 In May or June, when the spring-packing season has sufficiently 
 advanced so that a line can be gotten on the probable pack of Chi- 
 nook, the highest priced of the pack, the Columbia River canners 
 agree upon a price, this usually being high or low, as the pack is small 
 or large. 
 
 Since the Alaska Packers Association was formed, through a com- 
 bination of a number of canneries operating in the Territory of 
 Alaska, it has packed annually in recent years about one-fourth of 
 the salmon canned. It also owns several canneries on Puget Sound, 
 thus being quite a factor in that region also. 
 
 In the early days of the association the custom grew up amongst 
 the smaller packers of Alaska and Puget Sound of waiting until the 
 association fixed the prices on its own pack, when the others would 
 generally fall into line with the same prices for thcii" packs. This 
 custom is still in vogue. At no time has it ever been compulsory 
 on the part of any packer to adopt the same prices as the association. 
 In fact, it has sometimes been the case that, while the small packer 
 publicly quoted the association's opening prices, yet in secret he was 
 shading it by 2^ to 5 cents per dozen on certain grades. In recent 
 years this has frequently been the case and the big packers, who 
 adhered to the opening prices, have had to sit idly by and watch 
 their small competitors underselling them and getting the bulk of 
 the business until they had finally disposed of their goods, when, 
 necessarily, they would have to drop out of the market until the 
 next season. 
 
 Occasionally the other packers do not like a certain quotation of 
 the association and make one more nearly in consonance with their 
 own views. This happened in 1913, when the association quoted 60 
 cents for chums, while the Puget Sound canners quoted 55 cents for 
 this grade, and in 1915 when the association quoted 65 cents for 
 chums and the Puget Sound interests 70 cents for the same grade, 
 thus showing clearly the independence of the smaller packers. 
 
 Owing to a peculiar feature of the salmon marketing business, 
 more depends upon the opening prices than appears on the surface 
 to the uninitiated. 
 
 Shortly after the first of the year buyers throughout the world 
 begin to take stock of their salmon supplies and shortly thereafter 
 begin placing their "future" orders. These cover the quantity 
 required of each grade, and when the buyer orders through a broker 
 the orders are placed subject to a contract similar to the following: 
 
 The undersigned hereby authorizes ■ — ■ — ■ — to book the number of cases of canned 
 
 salmon specified belo^v■. said bookine: to be filed with packers for deliA'ery from 
 
 (naming year) pack, subject to buyers' approAal of opening prices when named; the 
 option being granted buyers oj confirming the total number of cases specified below; con- 
 firming a smaller quantity, or declining any confirmation. 
 
 furthermore agrees that buyers shall have the option of increasing quantities 
 
 listed below, when he names opening prices for his packers, contingent upon his 
 ability to secure at that time an increased allotment from his packers. In event 
 
 secures an increased allotment from his packers insufficient to meet all increases 
 
 requested by his patrons, he will distribute such increase as he can secure among 
 the dealers who have filpd conditional contracts with him, according to the date order 
 that said contractf* ha^-" 1 cen received ii. his office. 
 
176 U. S. BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Under this form of contract the packer is expected to be ready to 
 fulfill the terms of same, except in case of a short pack, when tho 
 orders are generally prorated; i. e., all orders are proportionately 
 reduced until they come within the compass of the pack. Should 
 the buyer dislike the opening price he has the privilege of canceling 
 the order. While this latter privilege may not, at first glance, look 
 just to the packer, yet it is doubtful if any buyer would place a 
 ''future" order unless he was assured of a chance to cancel it should 
 he feel that too high a sum was fixed in the opening prices. 
 
 Some canneries contract to sell their entire output to one buyer, and 
 the price fixed is usually the opening prices for the year in question. 
 In such cases the buyer and seller are both compelled to abide by the 
 price, no matter how unjust one or the other may consider it. 
 
 The association does not announce its opening prices until late in 
 August or early in September, when the greater part of the packing: 
 is over with and a good line on the total pack has been obtained, and 
 it speaks well for the discernment of the officials of the association: 
 that their judgment as to prices should meet with the general approval 
 as often as it does. 
 
 AMERICAN OPENING PRICES. 
 
 Below are shown the yearly opening prices on the various grades 
 and sizes from 1890 to 1919. Tne most interesting part of this is 
 the increase shown in the value of high-grade salmon. Columbia 
 River chinook was quoted at $1.05 for 1-pound tails in 1897, and it 
 gradually advances until in 1919 it is quoted at $3.15. Alaska red 
 1 -pound tails in 1897 sold for 90 cents, the lowest during the period 
 in question, advancing, with occasional recessions, until in 1919 it 
 reached high-water mark of $3.25. In 1897 Puget Sound 1-pound 
 tall sockeye sold for 80 cents, 10 cents below Alaska red. In 1898 it 
 sold for 20 cents less than reds. In 1902 it sold for $1 as compared 
 with 95 cents for Alaska red, and from that time on brought a higheri 
 price, being quoted at $3.15 in 1919 as compared with $2.35 fon 
 Alaska red. No sockeye 1-pound talis were packed in 1919. 
 
 Medium red or coho does not figure in the opening prices until 1908, 
 when Puget Sound coho sold for 5 cents a dozen more than Alaska 
 coho. Very shortly thereafter, however, both were classed together 
 and sold for the same price. This grade has not had the wide fluc- 
 tuations of the others, due mainly to the generally small pack mad© 
 annually. 
 
 Pink salmon has been the football of the salmon market ever since 
 the pack became of sufficient size to become a feature in it. The 
 size of the pack has been steadily increasing, as the fish became 
 better known, and while the price obtained has been excellent in 
 certain years (in 1911 it sold at $1 per dozen, the highest point 
 reached up to that time, usually the price has been low. In 1897 it 
 was quoted at 65 cents. In 1915 the opening price was 75 cents, but 
 as a matter of fact a large part of the pack really sold for 65 cents. 
 The lowest point it reached was in 1903, when it was quoted at 50 
 cents a dozen. As a result of the demand created by tne war pink 
 salmon opened at 90 cents in 1916, $1.65 in 1917 and 1918, and $2.25 
 in 1919. The market collapsed under the last-named price, how- 
 ever, and is now (1920) not more than one-half of it. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 177 
 
 It is only of recent years that chum salmon has become a factor m 
 the market, xilthough sold for some time before then, chum salmon 
 appears first in the regular opening prices in 1908, when it was 
 quoted at 70 cents a dozen. In 1913 it was quoted at 55 cents 
 while the opening price in 1915 was 70 cents on Puget Sound and 65 
 cents at San Francisco. During the war the opening prices on 
 chums were materially increased, being 85 cents in 1916, SI. 60 in 
 1917, $1.75 in 1918, and S2.15 in 1919. As in the case of chums the 
 market collapsed under the 1919 price, and some sales under $1 
 were made in 1920. 
 
 The pack of Alaska and Puget Sound kings or springs has always 
 been small, and while they have always been quoted at $1 per dozen 
 or better (in 1919 they were quoted at $3.12^) they have always been 
 slow sellers. It is extremely improbable that the canned pack will 
 increase much in the future, as this fish is the best for mild curing, 
 and as the mild curers are able to oft'er better prices for the raw fish 
 than the canneries, they will always get the fish when desired. 
 
 American Opening Prices Per Dozen Cans Since 1890. 
 
 1890 to 1902. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 1890. 
 Columbia River cliinook 
 
 $1.40 
 
 1.20 
 
 .75 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.20 
 
 .75 
 
 1.35 
 1.15 
 
 .75 
 
 1.32i 
 
 1.17i 
 
 .65 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.10 
 
 .60 
 
 1895. 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 $1.32i 
 
 1.15" 
 
 .80 
 
 1.25 
 1.10 
 .75 
 
 1.05 
 .95 
 .80 
 .65 
 
 1.05 
 .974 
 .80 
 .65 
 
 1899. 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 81.25 
 1 10 
 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 Puget Soimd sockeye. . . 
 Alaska pink 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 18%. 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 67* 
 
 1891. 
 
 Columbia River Chinook 
 Alaska red 
 
 1900. 
 
 Coliunbia River chinook 
 Alaska red 
 
 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye. . . 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 1892. 
 
 1897. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 Alaska red . ... 
 
 1.10 
 .75 
 
 Cohmibia River chinook 
 Alaska red 
 
 1901. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 Alaska red 
 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 1893. 
 
 Puget Soiuid sockeye. . . 
 
 1 25 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 Puget Soimd sockeye . . . 
 Alaska pink 
 
 .95 
 
 1898. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 Alaska red 
 
 .75 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 1902. 
 .Columbia River chinook 
 
 
 1894. 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 1.35 
 1 00 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye . . . 
 Alaska pink 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye. . . 
 
 1 00 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 to 1919. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 Flats. 
 
 Halves. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 Flats. 
 
 Halves 
 
 1903. 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 $1.50 
 1.35 
 1.30 
 .50 
 
 1.45 
 1.55 
 1.30 
 .70 
 
 $1.60 
 1.45 
 
 $0.90 
 .85 
 
 1905. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 ?1.45 
 1.35 
 1.00 
 .70 
 
 1.50 
 1.45 
 .95 
 .75 
 
 $1. ,>;5 
 1.50 
 
 $0.90 
 4.00 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.65 
 
 .90 
 .95 
 
 1906. 
 
 Columbia River chinook 
 
 Puget Soimd sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 1.60 
 1.60 
 
 1.00 
 1.00 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 
 
 11312°— 21- 
 
 -12 
 
178 
 
 TT. S. BUKEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 American Opening Prices Per Dozen Cans Since 1890— Continued. 
 
 1903 to 1919— Continued. 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 Flats. 
 
 Halves 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Tails. 
 
 1907. 
 
 Columbia River Chinook . . . 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 1908. 
 
 Columbia River chinook . . . 
 
 Puget Soimd sockeye 
 
 Puget Sound pink 
 
 Puget Sound coho 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Alaska coho 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 Alaska chum 
 
 1909. 
 
 Columbia River chinook, 
 
 fancy 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Alaska coho 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 Alaska chum 
 
 1910. 
 
 Columbia River chinook, 
 
 fancy 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Alaska pink 
 
 Alaska chum 
 
 Medium red and coho 
 
 1911. 
 
 Columbia River chinook, 
 
 fancy 
 
 Puget Sound sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska medium red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 1912. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska medium red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 1913. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Alaska medium red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 $1.65 
 1.60 
 1.1.5 
 
 1.65 
 1.60 
 
 . 75 
 1.05 
 1.15 
 1.05 
 1.00 
 .70 
 .70 
 
 1.65 
 1.35 
 1.15 
 1.10 
 1.05 
 .60 
 .57i 
 
 1.75 
 1.65 
 1.35 
 
 1.35 
 .SO 
 .77^ 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.95 
 
 1.95 
 1.60 
 1.45 
 1.80 
 1.00 
 .95 
 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.40 
 1.15 
 1.40 
 .65 
 .62i 
 
 1.95 
 1.50 
 1.15 
 .85 
 1.00 
 
 81.75 
 1.75 
 
 1.75 
 1.75 
 .80 
 1.15 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.50 
 1.35 
 
 1.90 
 1.80 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 1.75 
 1.65 
 2.00 
 1.15 
 1.05 
 
 2.00 
 2.00 
 l.CO 
 1.25 
 1. 60 
 .65 
 
 2.00 
 1.65 
 1.35 
 1.00 
 1.15 
 
 $1. 05 
 1.10 
 
 1.05 
 1.05 
 
 .75 
 
 1.05 
 1.00 
 .85 
 
 1.10 
 1.10 
 1.00 
 
 1.30 
 1.30 
 1.12i 
 1.00 
 
 i.m 
 
 .80 
 .75 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.30 
 1.15 
 .80 
 1.15 
 .55 
 .50 
 
 1.25 
 1.05 
 .95 
 .70 
 
 Pink.. 
 Chum. 
 
 1914. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Medium red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Pink 
 
 Keta, or chum . . 
 
 1915. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Medium red 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Pink 
 
 Keta, or chum . . 
 
 1916.C 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red . . 
 Medium red. 
 Alaska king. 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red . . 
 Medium red. 
 Alaska king. 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 191S.d 
 Chinook: 
 
 Faney 
 
 Standard 
 
 Bluebacks 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Medium red: 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound, etc. 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum: 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Puget Sound, etc. 
 Steelhead 
 
 1919. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Alaska red 
 
 Tips and tails. 
 
 Alaska king 
 
 Medium red 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 $0.65 
 1.55 
 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.45 
 1.15 
 1.40 
 .90 
 .85 
 
 1.90 
 1.95 
 1.50 
 1.15 
 1.25 
 .75 
 6.70 
 
 1.90 
 2.05 
 1.50 
 1.30 
 1.35 
 .90 
 .85 
 
 2.90 
 2.90 
 2.35 
 2.00 
 2.25 
 1.65 
 1.60 
 
 3.15 
 2.75 
 
 '3.15 
 2.35 
 
 2.25 
 2.40 
 1.65 
 
 1.60 
 1.75 
 3.00 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.35 
 3.10 
 
 ft 3. 121 
 3.00 
 2.25 
 
 «2. 15 
 
 a The opening price in San Francisco was 60 cents. 
 
 b The opening price in San Francisco was 65 cents. 
 
 c The KeUey-Clarke prices differed from these in the following particulars: Red tails, $1.60; red halves, 
 $1.26; medium red tails, $1.35; mediiun red flats, $1.50; medium red halves, $1.00; pink tails, $1.00; 
 Chum tails, 95c.; and King tails, $1.40. 
 
 d Maximum prices set by U. S. Food Administration. 
 
 « Pack of 1-pound tails and 1-pound fiats taken for British Oovernment at these prices. 
 
 / No price named by Alaska Packers Association or Deming & Gould Co. 
 
 e Alaska Packers Association and Northwestern Fisheries Co. quoted $3.25; others reduced to conform. 
 
 A Quoted by Alaska Packers Association only. 
 
 t Alaska Packers Association quoted $2.10. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 179 
 
 f 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA OPENING PRICES. 
 
 The packers of British Columbia and the United States both sell 
 a considerable portion of their high-grade salmon abroad, and the 
 competition thus engendered compels a fairly close conformity in 
 prices. On salmon sold in the domestic markets, however, the 
 competition is not so keen; hence there is room for a considerable 
 diversity of opinion as to values. Unlike the United States, there 
 is a very small market in Canada for chum salmon, and it has only 
 been in recent years that opening prices have been fixed on this 
 
 grade. 
 
 British Columbia Opening Prices Since 1902.<» 
 
 (Prices are for full cases.] 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Sockeye. 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 1902. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye — 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye — 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye — 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye. 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 1907. 
 
 1908. 
 
 Sockeye — 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 1909. 
 
 Sockeye — 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Tails. 
 
 $4. 75 
 4.00 
 3.7.5 
 2.50 
 
 4.a5 
 4.00 
 3.75 
 2.60 
 
 5.75 
 5.2.5 
 4.25 
 2.75 
 
 5.00 
 4.50 
 4.00 
 2.60 
 
 5.50 
 5.25 
 4.50 
 
 5.50 
 5.50 
 4. .50 
 3.00 
 
 .6.10 
 5.75 
 4.75 
 3.25 
 
 5.25 
 5.10 
 4.25 
 2.75 
 
 1910. 
 
 Sockeye 6.50 
 
 Red spring 5. 75 
 
 Coho , 5. 00 
 
 Pink 3.25 
 
 1011. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 Coho 
 
 7.75 
 6.50 
 6.00 
 
 Flats. 
 
 $4.90 
 '2.' 56' 
 
 2.50 
 6.25 
 
 5.30 
 5.00 
 
 4.75 
 3.00 
 
 5.50 
 4.50 
 3.00 
 
 5.75 
 5.00 
 3.25 
 
 5.60 
 
 7.00 
 6.00 
 5.50 
 
 Halves. 
 
 $6.75 
 
 8.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 Year and species. 
 
 Pink.. 
 Chum. 
 
 1911. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 1913. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Sockeye. 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 1915. 
 
 Sockeye. 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 Tails. 
 
 $4.00 
 3.75 
 
 9.00 
 7. 75 
 7.25 
 3.00 
 2.75 
 
 6.00 
 5.75 
 4.25 
 2.50 
 
 7.50 
 6.75 
 4.75 
 3.50 
 
 8.25 
 6.75 
 4.50 
 3.25 
 2.75 
 
 9.00 
 8.00 
 6. .50 
 3.75 
 3.00 
 
 10.00 
 8.00 
 6.65 
 
 Sockeye 1 14. .50 
 
 Red spring 1 13.00 
 
 Coho 11. 50 
 
 Pink.. 
 Chum. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 Red spring. 
 
 Coho 
 
 Pink 
 
 Chum 
 
 8. .50 
 6.75 
 
 12.00 
 "6.' 75' 
 
 Flats. 
 
 $4.25 
 
 9.25 
 
 7.25 
 3.00 
 
 15.00 
 13. 25 
 12.00 
 8.75 
 
 12. .50 
 9.00 
 
 Halves 
 
 $5.50 
 
 10.75 
 9.25 
 7.50 
 4.60 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.75 
 
 5.75 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.25 
 
 
 "s.'so 
 
 8.25 
 
 10.25 
 
 "5.' 66" 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 11.00 
 
 
 9.50 
 
 
 9.00 
 
 
 5.25 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 16.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 i:?.oo 
 
 11.00 
 
 12.50 
 
 
 9.25 
 
 16.00 
 14.00 
 13.00 
 10. 00 
 7.75 
 
 17.50 
 16.00 
 13.50 
 10.00 
 
 o These opening prices have been furnished by H. Bell-Irving & Co. (Ltd.), of \aiuouvor, British 
 Columbia, (.Canada, well known packers and handlers of canned salmon. 
 
180 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 PICKLING INDUSTRY. 
 
 The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant 
 brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska, 
 were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion 
 is shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to and 
 including 1919. 
 
 Pack op Salted Salmon in Alaska, 1868 to 1919. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Salmon bellies. 
 
 Dry-salted salmoA. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1868 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,700 
 
 1,800 
 
 700 
 
 1,000 
 
 900 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,950 
 
 2,100 
 
 3,500 
 
 3,700 
 
 1,760 
 
 5,890 
 
 7,251 
 
 6,106 
 
 3,230 
 
 4,861 
 
 3,978 
 
 9,500 
 
 6,457 
 
 18,039 
 
 8,913 
 
 17,374 
 
 24,005 
 
 32,011 
 
 14, 234 
 
 9,314 
 
 15,848 
 
 22, 670 
 
 22,382 
 
 31,852 
 
 24,477 
 
 30,384 
 
 27, 921 
 
 13, 674 
 
 19, 071 
 
 17,283 
 
 22,307 
 
 34,337 
 
 28,915 
 
 12, 779 
 
 8,483 
 
 34, 602 
 
 37, 881 
 
 25,954 
 
 12, 058 
 
 17, 259 
 
 36,165 
 
 56,837 
 
 8,110 
 
 $16, 000 
 
 13,600 
 
 14, 400 
 
 6,300 
 
 9,000 
 
 7,200 
 
 11,200 
 
 9,600 
 
 14, 400 
 
 15, 700 
 
 16, 800 
 
 28, 000 
 
 29,600 
 
 15, 840 
 
 53,010 
 
 65,259 
 
 54, 954 
 
 29,070 
 
 43, 749 
 
 35, 802 
 
 85,500 
 
 58, 013 
 
 162,351 
 
 71,304 
 
 140, 057 
 
 120, 083 
 
 176,060 
 
 85,404 
 
 65, 198 
 
 110,936 
 
 181,360 
 
 167, 865 
 
 238, 890 
 
 171,3.39 
 
 212, 688 
 
 223,368 
 
 89,209 
 
 143,811 
 
 126. 194 
 203, 127 
 293,377 
 183, 400 
 111,634 
 102, 477 
 305, 928 
 272, 726 
 
 247. 195 
 157, 457 
 205, 706 
 584, 962 
 
 1, 078, 456 
 195,447 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 300 
 
 $3,300 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885 
 
 
 
 
 
 18S6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 53 
 
 815 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 150 
 
 2,846 
 
 580 
 
 235 
 
 2,353 
 
 652 
 
 328 
 
 3,667 
 
 208 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,338 
 
 2,965 
 
 4,736 
 
 1,970 
 
 1,626 
 
 1,337 
 
 37 
 
 451 
 
 40S 
 
 571 
 
 475 
 
 225 
 
 53 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 28,460 
 
 5,800 
 
 2,3.50 
 
 23,530 
 
 3,816 
 
 2,952 
 
 32, 973 
 
 1,950 
 
 11,355 
 
 13,644 
 
 37, 422 
 
 59,330 
 
 25, 358 
 
 19, 007 
 
 15,561 
 
 606 
 
 6,523 
 
 5,467 
 
 13, 610 
 
 6,961 
 
 5,535 
 
 1 . 49.=; 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 511,400 
 
 $10,228 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 300, 000 
 
 966,812 
 
 7,280,234 
 
 1, 107, 680 
 
 107, 580 
 
 20, 800 
 
 71, 600 
 
 22, 178 
 
 33, 285 
 
 5,500 
 
 16, 180 
 
 115,643 
 
 16, 969 
 
 1,505 
 
 416 
 
 1,038 
 
 554 
 
 1,340 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 21,282 
 12, 200 
 
 1,235 
 810 
 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 44, 552 
 371, 600 
 
 2,408 
 33,044 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 212,244 
 
 17 601 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 757 927 
 
 7,058,006 
 
 28,924 
 
 328,950 
 
 11,083,447 
 
 224,471 
 
 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 181 
 
 Alaska Pickled-Salmon Pack. 1906 to 1918, by Species, Quantity.o and Value. 
 
 Species. 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Valiw. 
 
 Whole salmon: 
 
 Coho 
 
 539 
 
 231 
 
 2,446 
 
 1,007 
 
 13,060 
 
 $5,642 
 1,550 
 
 13,852 
 8,058 
 
 97,092 
 
 1,665 
 233 
 
 4,248 
 
 964 
 
 15,197 
 
 $16,406 
 
 1,521 
 
 29,374 
 
 10,684 
 
 145.142 
 
 692 
 
 122 
 
 2,346 
 
 660 
 
 30,517 
 
 $5,648 
 
 707 
 
 17,935 
 
 6,813 
 
 262,274 
 
 318 
 
 35 
 
 1,557 
 
 441 
 
 26,508 
 
 $2,485 
 
 190 
 
 9,405 
 
 3,798 
 
 167,298 
 
 160 
 
 $1,504 
 
 PhiiTn 
 
 
 ' Humpback 
 
 Kine 
 
 330 
 
 352 
 
 11,931 
 
 1,998 
 3,399 
 
 Red. 
 
 104,649 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 17,283 jl26,194 
 
 22,307 ,203,127 
 
 34,337 
 
 293,377 
 
 28, 859 
 
 183,176 
 
 12,773 
 
 111, ,5,50 
 
 
 
 Bellies: 
 
 Coho 
 
 
 
 191 
 
 2,696 
 
 229 
 
 117 
 
 2,447 
 
 48 
 1,895 
 
 3,535 
 699 
 
 28,140 
 720 
 
 26,236 
 
 255 
 
 3,843 
 
 126 
 
 70 
 
 616 
 
 6 
 
 808 
 
 1,135 
 
 Chirm 
 
 30 
 
 1,273 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 150 
 
 13,188 
 
 185 
 
 121 
 
 770 
 
 Humpback 
 
 King 
 
 Red 
 
 1,800 
 84 
 890 
 
 21,080 
 1,002 
 12,644 
 
 738 
 35 
 942 
 
 7,438 
 
 175 
 
 13,902 
 
 6,135 
 
 128 
 
 10.839 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,338 
 
 13,644 
 
 2,965 
 
 37, 422 
 
 4,736 
 
 59,330 
 
 1,970 
 
 25,3,58 
 
 1,626 
 
 19,007 
 
 
 
 Backs, etc.: 
 
 Humpback 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 King 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 Red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 224 
 
 6 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total... 
 
 18,621 
 
 139, 838 
 
 25,272 
 
 240,549 
 
 39,073 
 
 352,707 
 
 30, 885 
 
 208, 758 
 
 14,405 
 
 130,641 
 
 Species. 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Whole salmon: 
 Coh . . . 
 
 223 
 133 
 
 1,122 
 600 
 
 6,239 
 
 $2, 149 
 
 666 
 11,238 
 
 8,095 
 79, 578 
 
 1,165 
 
 93 
 
 4.236 
 
 225 
 
 28,8*5 
 
 $9,565 
 
 652 
 
 28,304 
 
 2,442 
 
 264,965 
 
 1,006 
 
 100 
 
 2,724 
 
 135 
 
 33,916 
 
 $6,452 
 
 778 
 
 18,181 
 
 1,410 
 
 245. 905 
 
 365 
 53 
 
 482 
 
 269 
 
 24,785 
 
 $2, 767 
 
 Chum 
 
 293 
 
 Humpback 
 
 King 
 
 2,954 
 
 2,588 
 
 Red 
 
 238,593 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8,317 
 
 101.726 [ 34,602 I 305.928 
 
 37,881 1 272,726 
 
 25,954 
 
 247,195 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bellies: 
 
 Coho 
 
 38 
 7 
 
 676 
 2 
 
 614 
 
 489 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 54 
 67 
 324 
 
 946 
 
 941 
 
 4,546 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 229 
 
 2 
 
 92 
 
 982 
 
 (hum ... 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 Humpback 
 
 King 
 
 5,122 
 
 30 
 
 9,843 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 606 
 
 2,620 
 13 
 
 Red 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 90 
 
 1,672 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,337 
 
 15.561 
 
 37 
 
 606 
 
 451 
 
 6,523 
 
 408 
 
 5,467 
 
 
 
 
 
 Backs, etc.: 
 
 Humpback 
 
 King 
 
 150 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 166 1 751 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 9.820 118,038 
 
 34,639 
 
 306,534 
 
 38,332 279,249 
 
 26,362 
 
 252,662 
 
 a Barrels hold 2U0 pounds of ii^b; when oi a diti'erent size they have been reduced to couiuim to this 
 weight. 
 
182 
 
 U. S, BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Alaska Pickled-Salmon Pack, 1906 to 1918, by Species, Qttantity, and Value— 
 
 Continued. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Whole salmon: 
 
 Coho 
 
 Chum 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 King 
 
 Red , 
 
 Total. 
 
 Bellies: 
 
 Coho 
 
 Chum , 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 King 
 
 Red , 
 
 Total 
 
 Backs, etc : Coho.. 
 Grand total . 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 1,763 
 325 
 662 
 377 
 
 8,931 
 
 12, 058 
 
 819,393 
 2, 925 
 5,958 
 4,147 
 
 125,034 
 
 157,457 
 
 1916 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 2,076 
 
 495 
 
 503 
 
 636 
 
 13,549 
 
 17,259 
 
 2,660 
 
 10,950 
 
 13,610 
 
 27 
 285 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 475 
 
 12,629 171,067 17,734 
 
 $22,287 
 4,057 
 3,624 
 7, 956 
 
 167, 782 
 
 205, 70Q 
 
 500 
 3, 556 
 
 882 
 
 23 
 
 2,000 
 
 6,961 
 
 Barrels. Value, 
 
 1,798 
 
 1,722 
 
 5,576 
 
 359 
 
 26, 710 
 
 36,165 
 
 11 
 73 
 110 
 7 
 24 
 
 225 
 
 36,390 
 
 $29,631 
 
 21,899 
 
 73, 857 
 
 6,556 
 
 453,019 
 
 584,962 
 
 326 
 
 1,362 
 
 2,885 
 
 150 
 
 812 
 
 5,535 
 
 1918 
 
 Barrels. Value 
 
 2, 501 
 6,080 
 
 11,973 
 297 
 
 35,977 
 
 56,828 
 
 10 
 
 590,497 
 
 $47, 152 
 
 84,878 
 
 182,490 
 
 7,645 
 
 756,191 
 
 1,078,356 
 
 180 
 
 650 
 ■595 
 
 1,425 
 
 100 
 
 1,079,881 
 
 Pack of Salted Salmon in Alaska in 1919. o 
 
 Products. 6 
 
 Southeast Alaska. 
 
 Barrels. Value 
 
 Central Alaska. 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 Western Alaska. 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Barrels. Value. 
 
 Coho, or silver 
 
 Chum, or keta 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 King, or spring 
 
 Red, or sockeye 
 
 706 
 70 
 26 
 
 241 
 12 
 
 $13, 206 
 
 2,080 
 
 260 
 
 4,542 
 
 355 
 
 204 
 27 
 SO 
 
 8 
 587 
 
 $3,024 
 135 
 700 
 232 
 
 12,380 
 
 292 
 41 
 45 
 
 618 
 5,183 
 
 $5, 918 
 555 
 548 
 
 16,267 
 135, 245 
 
 1,202 
 138 
 121 
 
 867 
 5,782 
 
 $22, 148 
 
 2,770 
 
 1,508 
 
 21,041 
 
 147,980 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,055 
 
 20,443 
 
 876 
 
 16, 471 
 
 6,179 
 
 158, 533 
 
 8,110 
 
 195,447 
 
 a From "Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1919," p. 50. By Ward T. Bower. Appendix IX 
 Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919. Washington, 1920. 
 6 Each barrel holds 200 pounds of fish. 
 
 MILD-CURING INDUSTRY. 
 
 The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast is of compara- 
 tively recent date, and the following table is complete, with the pos- 
 sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reported 
 for the coastal rivers of Oregon: 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 183 
 
 Tierces of Mild-Cured Salmon Packed on Pacific Coast prom 1897 toT919.<» 
 
 Year. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 British 
 Colum- 
 bia. 
 
 Puget 
 Sound , 
 Wash. 
 
 Grays 
 Harbor, 
 Wash. 
 
 Willapa 
 Harbor, 
 Wash. 
 
 Colum- 
 bia 
 Rivor 
 
 (both 
 sides). 
 
 Coastal 
 rivers, 
 Oreg. 
 
 Eel 
 River, 
 Calif. 
 
 Sacra- 
 mento 
 River, 
 Calif. 
 
 Mon- 
 terey 
 Hay 
 CaUf. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 700 
 1,250 
 1,275 
 3,000 
 4,213 
 6,725 
 9,088 
 9,805 
 8,000 
 6,070 
 4,960 
 5,540 
 7,922 
 8,185 
 5,824 
 5,746 
 5,205 
 4,078 
 4,656 
 1,886 
 1,804 
 3,328 
 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 1898 
 
 70 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 770 
 
 1S99 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,755 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 950 
 3,100 
 2, 325 
 3, 600 
 4,719 
 2,979 
 2,177 
 4,102 
 3,243 
 5,111 
 5,516 
 2,011 
 3,274 
 4,789 
 1,829 
 1,630 
 
 650 
 1,508 
 1,913 
 2,355 
 
 '"'564' 
 354 
 248 
 310 
 510 
 582 
 252 
 911 
 75 
 160 
 
 """550' 
 
 1,476 
 
 942 
 
 1,069 
 
 300 
 
 266 
 
 1,055 
 
 2,225 
 
 1901 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 189 
 
 1,126 
 
 1,657 
 
 1,378 
 
 2,292 
 
 3,357 
 
 3,164 
 
 5,245 
 
 7,443 
 
 4,091 
 
 2,966 
 
 4,898 
 
 3,563 
 
 3,948 
 
 5,370 
 
 "'i,'i75' 
 
 957 
 
 1,993 
 
 1,060 
 
 1,560 
 
 1,638 
 
 1,965 
 
 1,489 
 
 3,150 
 
 3,182 
 
 1,119 
 
 1,848 
 
 429 
 
 729 
 
 1,173 
 
 600 
 
 425 
 
 824 
 
 1,250 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,767 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 i88 
 
 
 
 7,722 
 
 190;} 
 
 
 
 11,511 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 ""a15 
 
 740 
 740 
 
 200 
 
 ""m 
 
 140 
 
 15, 539 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 17,873 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 13, 685 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 2,060 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 17, 464 
 1(3, 893 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 2,109 
 2,435 
 2,745 
 3,013 
 3,923 
 1,934 
 2,2.35 
 1,755 
 1,063 
 1,093 
 2,423 
 
 75 
 
 67 
 
 ■100 
 
 357 
 
 250 
 
 29 
 
 so' 
 
 40 
 50 
 
 560 
 
 1,398 
 
 1,247 
 
 3,082 
 
 2,381 
 
 457 
 
 333 
 
 194 
 
 80 
 
 ""'iio' 
 
 100 
 
 3' 
 
 18,267 
 22,408 
 19,717 
 22,424 
 28,282 
 18,174 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 13,306 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 15,070 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 8,749 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 275 
 148 
 
 455 
 
 6 1,326 
 
 10, 483 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 17,184 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 51,069 
 
 23, 467 
 
 32,887 
 
 1,244 
 
 249 
 
 109,660 12,158 
 
 2,589 
 
 57,781 
 
 9,564 
 
 300,668 
 
 o The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds, js.111 
 almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from 
 but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary 
 
 fc Includes Fort Bragg, on Noyo River. 
 
 King, Chinook, or spring salmon were used 
 rom the time of the inception of the industry, 
 
 YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA. 
 
 Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper 
 Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada. 
 The species taken are principally king and dog, and these are sold 
 mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity 
 taken and the value of same in certain years: 
 
 Catch of Salmon in Yukon Territory, Canada, in Specified Years. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1903 
 
 70,000 
 138,574 
 169,900 
 229,000 
 224, 100 
 182,000 
 
 $5,600 
 17,566 
 18, 689 
 22,900 
 22, 410 
 18,200 
 
 1914 
 
 188, 600 
 157,000 
 143,500 
 
 $18, 800 
 15,700 
 
 1909 
 
 1915 
 
 1910 
 
 1916 
 
 14, 350 
 
 1911 
 
 1917 
 
 
 1912 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. 
 
 As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- 
 quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, 
 while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its 
 own request, and in 1900 two islands of the Samoan ^roup were 
 acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. 
 The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables 
 
184 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the 
 other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown 
 separately ever since their annexation to the United States, 
 
 HAWAII. 
 
 The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity 
 treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, 
 purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost 
 exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following 
 quantities of salmon from the mainland: 
 
 Year ending 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 
 June 30 — 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 1907 
 
 1,120,217 
 9ti5, 029 
 1,440,410 
 1,381,398 
 1,231,264 
 1,850,567 
 1,841,874 
 
 $89,286 
 89,025 
 121, 716 
 113,526 
 119,872 
 194, 385 
 173,202 
 
 Value. 
 
 $64,232 
 67, 143 
 73,848 
 72, 194 
 76,572 
 57,495 
 («) 
 
 1914 
 
 1,418,941 
 1,005,848 
 1,582,528 
 1,463,729 
 1,168,528 
 979,895 
 
 $97,532 
 90,705 
 132,597 
 145,531 
 174, 777 
 159,577 
 
 Value. 
 
 (O) 
 
 1908 
 
 1915 
 
 (») 
 
 1909 
 
 1916 
 
 1910 
 
 1917 
 
 1911 
 
 1918 
 
 ?a) 
 
 1912 
 
 1919 
 
 (•) 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Not shown separately. 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have 
 been made to this island: 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30 — 
 
 1907 
 1908 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 
 
 
 salmon, 
 fresh or 
 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 cured. 
 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 604,627 
 
 $53,916 
 
 $2,893 
 
 512, 038 
 
 48, 195 
 
 1,428 
 
 381,171 
 
 34, 777 
 
 3,810 
 
 511, 055 
 
 43,494 
 
 6,243 
 
 357,382 
 
 30,699 
 
 3,868 
 
 710,721 
 
 65,354 
 
 1,208 
 
 666,602 
 
 66,811 
 
 (•) 
 
 Year ending 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pound.s. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1914 
 
 416, 414 
 588, 889 
 860, 873 
 881,360 
 378,266 
 468,501 
 
 $41,726 
 56,527 
 60, 453 
 70,427 
 52, 737 
 68,532 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 Value. 
 («) 
 («) 
 (») 
 (•) 
 
 o Not shown separately. 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have 
 been made to these islands: 
 
 Year ending 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 1909 
 
 1,126,470 
 5, 425, 404 
 3,069,118 
 5, 096, 810 
 10,122,820 
 5, 034, 252 
 
 $74, 792 
 396,604 
 225, SS5 
 422, 001 
 590, 128 
 266,369 
 
 Value. 
 $712 
 2,089 
 3,542 
 2,437 
 («) 
 («) 
 
 1915 
 
 4, 159, 580 
 5,640,858 
 4, 202, 574 
 5,558,796 
 3,880,425 
 
 $288, 548 
 356,366 
 351,633 
 618,697 
 431,616 
 
 Value. 
 («) 
 C) 
 
 (a) 
 
 1910 
 
 1916 
 
 1911 
 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 
 1918 
 
 (o) 
 
 1913 
 
 1919 
 
 (0) 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 
 
 o Not shown separately. 
 
i 
 
 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 ALASKA. 
 
 185 
 
 It seems like "carrying coals to Newcastle" to ship canned salmon 
 to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon 
 of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year 
 in this line, most of the product going to the mining camps and towns 
 somewhat removed from the fishing sections. 
 
 The table below shows the shipments of such fish in recent years. 
 After 1914 the shipments were lumped together with all other kinds 
 of hsh and thus prevented the listing of salmon separately. 
 
 Year ending 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 
 salmon, 
 
 fresh or 
 
 cured. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Canned salmon. 
 
 All other 
 salmon, 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 fresh or 
 cured. 
 
 1909 
 
 67,132 
 67, 658 
 38,265 
 
 $7, 123 
 7,204 
 4,513 
 
 Value. 
 $3,966 
 3,558 
 1,061 
 
 1912 
 
 134,320 
 43,346 
 42,945 
 
 $15,022 
 5,074 
 5,278 
 
 Value. 
 
 $4,218 
 
 1910. 
 
 1913 
 
 (a) 
 
 1911 
 
 1914 
 
 (o) 
 
 
 
 
 a Not shown separately. 
 GUAM. 
 
 Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for 
 the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite 
 largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, 
 the United States has secured the advantage. The table below shows 
 the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of salted 
 or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at $92, 
 having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 1909 
 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one head- 
 ing and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from the 
 other species. 
 
 Year and country. 
 
 1905. 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 1907. 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 Pickled salmon. 
 
 Pounds. Value 
 
 1,415 
 16, 526 
 
 13,604 
 19,862 
 
 $71 
 1,221 
 
 1,086 
 1,601 
 
 Year and country. 
 
 1908. 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 1909. 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 Pickled salmon. 
 
 Pounds. Value 
 
 7,406 
 6,130 
 
 10, 779 
 4,295 
 
 $623 
 465 
 
 740 
 344 
 
 TUTUILA, SAMOA. 
 
 The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general 
 heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports 
 of salmon. 
 
 FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. 
 
 As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, 
 it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, 
 but, as cannecl salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there 
 
186 U. S, BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- 
 itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not 
 yet become important factors in the canned-salmon market, though 
 they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more 
 competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- 
 pean and Asiatic coimtries being large producers of these goods, as 
 IS Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is com- 
 pelled to find an outside market. 
 
 The World War greatly disturbed the usual course of our foreign 
 trade. Because of the need for foodstuffs a tremendous demand 
 arose in Europe for our salmon, resulting in a decided increase in 
 the quantities shipped there and, for a while, in a reduction of our 
 exports in other directions. In time, however, the markets adjusted 
 themselves to the changed conditions of trade. 
 
 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC CANNED SALMON. 
 
 From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the 
 salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. 
 In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, followed closely in the 
 closing 3^ears of the war by Italy. Great Britain does not, how- 
 ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- 
 tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- 
 cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and the 
 British West Indies, in the order named. The heavy shipments to 
 Canada since 1916 are mainly in transit shipments to Europe by 
 Canadian steamship lines as our lines were overburdened with war 
 shipments. In South America, Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador 
 were the leading markets in 1918. In Asia, Hongkong and China 
 import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The 
 islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are large consumers. British 
 Australasia took 7,811,387 pounds, valued at $1,407,561 in 1918, and 
 other good customers were the British East Indies and British, 
 French, and German Oceania. In Africa the British and Portuguese 
 possessions are the largest importers. 
 
 The movements of these products are naturally often influenced 
 favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which 
 they are marketed are raised or lowered. 
 
 Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being 
 Brazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 8| cents; Mexico, 4 cents; 
 Guatemala, Ql cents; Paraguay, 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- 
 Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a 
 pound duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon 
 mdustry. 
 
 In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, 
 being usually classed as "preserved fish," and as these are usually 
 luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. 
 
 In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in 
 South America, there are various other charges, fees, etc., which 
 materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the 
 consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- 
 Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement "■ 
 
 a Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. U, 1915. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 187 
 
 showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and 
 pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time 
 they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows 
 that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the 
 pink salmon S280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the 
 Rio de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while 
 the pink salmon were worth SI, 677. 87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, 
 the red salmon were worth SI, 4.36. 01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81, 
 The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire 
 herewith. 
 
 Comparative Charges on 100 Cases Each of Red Alaska and Pink Canned 
 Salmon from Seattle, Wash., to Hands of Wholesalers in South America. 
 
 
 Argentina 
 (Buenos Aires). 
 
 Brazil 
 (Rio de Janeiro). 
 
 Chile 
 (Valparaiso). 
 
 Ecuador 
 (Guayaquil) 
 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 F. 0. b. Seattle value 
 
 $500. 00 
 
 5.00 
 
 104.75 
 
 6.10 
 615.85 
 2.00 
 519.56 
 2.12 
 2.41 
 7.24 
 1.49 
 
 .?2S0. 00 
 
 5.00 
 
 104. 75 
 
 3.90 
 393.65 
 2.00 
 519.56 
 2.12 
 2.41 
 7.24 
 1.49 
 
 $500.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 114.50 
 
 6.20 
 
 625. 70 
 
 3.25 
 
 1,138.78 
 
 6.47 
 
 33.90 
 
 $280. 00 
 
 5.00 
 
 114.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 403. 50 
 
 3.25 
 
 1,138.78 
 
 6.47 
 
 33.90 
 
 S500.C0 
 
 $280.00 
 
 $500.00 
 
 $280 00 
 
 
 
 Freight 
 
 45.00 
 
 5.50 
 550. 50 
 
 5.25 
 160. 46 
 
 45.00 
 
 3.25 
 328. 25 
 
 4.25 
 160. 46 
 
 45.00 
 
 5.50 
 550.50 
 22.35 
 345.37 
 
 45 00 
 
 Marine insurance, 5 per cent 
 
 f. p. a 
 
 C 1 f value 
 
 3.25 
 328 25 
 
 Consular fees in United States. 
 
 14.00 
 234 37 
 
 
 
 Storage in custonihouse 
 
 5.35 
 2.51 
 1.43 
 
 5.35 
 2.51 
 1.43 
 
 
 
 Handling in customhouse 
 
 Stamps and entry blanks 
 
 Statistics 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .10 
 7.77 
 57.20 
 
 .10 
 
 7.77 
 57.20 
 
 
 
 Internal-revenue tax 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Port tax 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.74 
 
 7.64 
 
 1,171.05 
 
 12.74 
 
 7.64 
 
 948. 85 
 
 7.15 
 
 3.65 
 
 736.30 
 
 7.15 
 
 3.65 
 
 513.05 
 
 
 
 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage... 
 
 26.90 
 1,900.07 
 
 26.90 
 1,677.87 
 
 19.30 
 937. 52 
 
 19.30 
 706. 92 
 
 
 
 
 Paraguay 
 (Asuncion). 
 
 Peru 
 (Callao). 
 
 Uruguay 
 (Montevideo). 
 
 Venezuela 
 (La Guayra). 
 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Pink, 
 
 Fob Seattle value 
 
 8500. 00 
 
 5.00 
 
 134. 75 
 
 9.60 
 649.35 
 
 2.00 
 308. 25 
 
 $280.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 134.75 
 
 6.30 
 426. 05 
 
 2.00 
 308. 25 
 
 $500.00 
 
 $280.00 
 
 $500.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 104.75 
 
 6.10 
 615.85 
 
 1.05 
 779.30 
 
 $280.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 104.75 
 
 3.90 
 393.65 
 
 1.05 
 779.30 
 
 $500.00 
 5.00 
 54.60 
 
 5.60 
 
 565.20 
 
 12. sr, 
 
 238. 96 
 
 $280. 00 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 Freight 
 
 37.50 
 
 5.40 
 
 542.90 
 
 5.75 
 
 275. 86 
 
 37.50 
 
 3.20 
 
 320. 70 
 
 3.45 
 
 275.86 
 
 54.60 
 
 Marine insurance, 5 per cent 
 
 f. p. a 
 
 C 1. 1. value 
 
 3.40 
 343.00 
 
 Consular lees in United States. . 
 
 12.85 
 238. 06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.15 
 1.55 
 
 16.15 
 1.55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .58 
 
 .58 
 
 1.35 
 
 .97 
 
 
 .37 
 
 .37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.86 
 
 15.69 
 
 845. 64 
 
 4.86 
 
 15.69 
 
 621.14 
 
 15.50 
 
 6.61 
 
 1,436.01 
 
 15.50 
 
 6.61 
 
 1.213.81 
 
 5.00 
 
 12.82 
 
 836.18 
 
 2.80 
 
 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage... 
 Value ex customhouse 
 
 6.33 
 966.30 
 
 6.33 
 743. 00 
 
 12.82 
 611.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following table shows in summarized form the yearly exports 
 of domestic canned salmon and the countries to which exported for 
 the years 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 
 1916 to 1918, inclusive; 
 
188 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Canned Salmon. 
 
 SUMMARY, 1900-1915.0 
 
 CJoimtry 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 receiving. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America 
 South America 
 
 18,941,109 
 1,051,808 
 1,868,225 
 
 654,126 
 3,882,646 
 
 684,456 
 
 $1,881,725 
 98,064 
 192,918 
 67,941 
 390,466 
 62,534 
 
 31,877,663 
 2,443,561 
 1,577,013 
 
 853,434 
 3,681,276 
 
 856,553 
 
 $3,234,862 
 297,440 
 160,862 
 
 86,571 
 367,533 
 
 83,003 
 
 30,683,551 
 2,780,844 
 1,291,998 
 1,597,346 
 8,179,161 
 2,640,214 
 
 $2,625,284 
 242,029 
 107,907 
 120,674 
 670,741 
 224,767 
 
 35,410,768 
 4,285,406 
 1,756,214 
 1,759,294 
 5,511,514 
 1,630,138 
 
 $3,125,197 
 378,655 
 121,918 
 134,783 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 444,505 
 145,733 
 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 Potmds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Poimds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Europe ^ 
 
 33.691,896 
 2,446,023 
 2,055,859 
 
 12,995,768 
 
 3,898,606 
 
 936,126 
 
 $3,508,818 
 204,363 
 147,333 
 930,054 
 341,849 
 92,181 
 
 21,071,263 
 
 1,565,773 
 1,708,828 
 3,994,802 
 5,257,446 
 1,468,383 
 
 $1,877,509 
 132, 134 
 134,941 
 280,704 
 467,928 
 142,253 
 
 32,061,402 
 2,069,357 
 3,499,603 
 779,415 
 6,340,346 
 1,194,291 
 
 $2,753,643 
 171,946 
 
 
 South America.. 
 
 249 052 
 
 
 60,173 
 
 Oceania 
 
 S09 257 
 
 Africa 
 
 103,872 
 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America 
 South America. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 1907 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 7,756,780 
 3,052,658 
 5,659,690 
 1,419,391 
 6,719,157 
 610,429 
 
 Value. 
 
 $791,436 
 261,138 
 414,774 
 105,364 
 552,205 
 58, 132 
 
 1908 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 13,321,086 
 2,654,175 
 5,571,000 
 1,004,571 
 5,131,554 
 543,659 
 
 Value. 
 
 $1,205,375 
 242,879 
 410,743 
 
 86,908 
 439,917 
 
 52,696 
 
 1909 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 23,028,476 
 2, 209, 405 
 1,461,662 
 1,386,702 
 7,383,494 
 647,370 
 
 Value. 
 
 2,207,194 
 198,043 
 123,502 
 119,582 
 705,204 
 62,911 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1910 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America 
 South America. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 44,765,898 
 2,224,516 
 3,193,812 
 1,596,775 
 
 11,568,824 
 510,871 
 
 $4,712,182 
 191,551 
 226,197 
 133,516 
 998,219 
 52,593 
 
 22,134,328 
 1,979,950 
 3,006,927 
 1,489,282 
 9,699,624 
 290,688 
 
 $2,408,708 
 190,637 
 266,903 
 148,721 
 991,540 
 30,633 
 
 19,545,720 
 3,411,176 
 6,756,440 
 1,702,426 
 
 11,220,515 
 787,479 
 
 $2,183,982 
 
 332,692 
 
 609,383 
 
 160, 119 
 
 1,255,149 
 
 79,238 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America, 
 South America. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 1913 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 25,408,154 
 4,271,710' 
 4,134,771 
 3,593,538 
 
 17,419,390 
 463,403 
 
 Value. 
 
 $2,705,254 
 
 370,823 
 
 292,367 
 
 254,209 
 
 1,441,270 
 
 39,417 
 
 1914 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 62,862,328 
 6,907,615 
 3,472,438 
 2,875,995 
 
 12,089,003 
 353,541 
 
 Value. 
 
 $6,026,170 
 
 511,545 
 
 233,675 
 
 180,402 
 
 1,017,994 
 
 29,507 
 
 1915 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 63,760,758 
 4,328,246 
 1,301,962 
 1,135,793 
 
 12,100,414 
 818,943 
 
 Value. 
 
 $7,110,728 
 370,444 
 107,783 
 97,662 
 1,309,376 
 76,450 
 
 o Detailed statistics tor 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in " Pacific Salmon Fisheries," by John N. 
 Cobb, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 187-194. Washington, 1917. 
 
PACIFIC vSALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 189 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Canned Salmon — Continued. 
 
 DETAILS, 1916 TO 19lS.a 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Denmark 
 
 France 
 
 Gibralt ar 
 
 Greece 
 
 Iceland, and Faroe Islands. 
 
 Italy 
 
 Malta, Gozo, etc 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Russia in Europe 
 
 Serbia and Monten gro 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 United Kingdom: 
 
 Endand 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 Canada 
 
 Central American States; 
 
 Costa JRica 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Panama 
 
 Salvador 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Miquelon, Langley, etc 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador. 
 West Indies: 
 
 British- 
 Barbados 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago. 
 Other British 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Danish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Haiti 
 
 Santo Domingo 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Argentina. . 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia. . 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Guiana — 
 British. 
 Dutch., 
 French. 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay... 
 
 Venezuela. . 
 
 Aden. 
 China. 
 China, leased territory: 
 
 Japs 
 Chosen. 
 
 Poimds. 
 
 366 
 3,447; 
 
 4, 
 60, 
 
 109, 039, 
 1,067, 
 
 89, 599 
 
 32,021 
 
 7,994,185 
 
 118,002 
 
 58, 528 
 
 37,695 
 
 36,644 
 
 633, 645 
 
 21,404 
 
 1,611,929 
 
 957 
 
 700 
 
 60,361 
 228,973 
 267, 548 
 
 75, 578 
 927, 129 
 
 11,582 
 
 21, 599 
 4,772 
 3,586 
 
 85, 722 
 
 273,900 
 
 14,579 
 
 40, 732 
 
 2, 812, 537 
 
 130,254 
 
 240, 149 
 
 1,S4,654 
 87,398 
 26, 128 
 
 523, 580 
 23, 464 
 
 195,618 
 
 27,718 
 
 96 
 1,632 
 
 Value. 
 
 ?29, 255 
 377, 597 
 
 6,059 
 
 16 
 
 3,170 
 
 702 
 
 2,865 
 
 4,383 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 382 
 
 6,666 
 
 11,105,506 
 111,381 
 
 8,741 
 
 3,228 
 
 677,655 
 
 8,878 
 
 4,084 
 
 3,651 
 
 3,064 
 
 57,042 
 
 1,826 
 
 132,406 
 
 100 
 
 37 
 
 5,767 
 19,017 
 26,060 
 
 7,097 
 87,479 
 
 1,063 
 
 2,122 
 477 
 361 
 
 7,048 
 
 23, 429 
 1,466 
 3,921 
 192,581 
 11,514 
 16,009 
 
 18,249 
 8,048 
 2,371 
 
 36,361 
 1,841 
 
 16, 234 
 
 2,817 
 
 16 
 
 172 
 
 1917 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1, 115, 792 
 
 89,405 
 985, 582 
 
 190, 736 
 
 2,820 
 
 4,169,250 
 
 5,520 
 
 20, 450 
 
 54,440 
 
 60 
 
 240 
 
 37, 481 
 14,100 
 
 74,941,169 
 1,131,832 
 
 . 93, 523 
 
 30,057 
 
 9,158,079 
 
 95, 435 
 45, 484 
 26, 168 
 50, 719 
 454,064 
 18,368 
 3,707,225 
 3,026 
 2,640 
 
 73,610 
 
 180,965 
 
 134, 832 
 
 103, 004 
 
 1,619,230 
 
 34, 598 
 
 24,673 
 
 4,770 
 
 4,297 
 
 231, 413 
 
 191,618 
 122,092 
 64, 657 
 1,452,155 
 126,861 
 276, 654 
 
 196, 261 
 39, 050 
 17,909 
 
 434,329 
 5,258 
 
 297, 125 
 
 42,017 
 
 192 
 2,520 
 
 Value. 
 
 14, 
 
 436, 
 2, 
 
 3,369 
 1,800 
 
 , 536, 248 
 139,718 
 
 22,066 
 
 3,072 
 
 838, 734 
 
 8,065 
 
 4,708 
 
 3,080 
 
 6,029 
 
 50, 793 
 
 2,134 
 
 342, 564 
 
 377 
 
 286 
 
 8,643 
 
 18,347 
 
 18, 230 
 
 12,001 
 
 149, 492 
 
 4,100 
 
 2,782 
 
 543 
 
 486 
 
 22,859 
 
 19,043 
 11,724 
 7,599 
 121,019 
 22,576 
 25,302 
 
 26,637 
 3,888 
 1,910 
 
 37,447 
 590 
 
 28,158 
 
 6,177 
 
 32 
 466 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 18,000 
 
 7,937,490 
 
 1,156,864 
 
 173,400 
 
 96 
 
 13,540,046 
 
 1,315 
 
 ,415,026 
 
 848,295 
 900 
 
 87,832 
 25, 178 
 
 12,184,077 
 
 10, 750 
 
 19,026 
 
 10, 536 
 
 33, 421 
 
 306, 765 
 
 6,691 
 
 1, 800, 185 
 
 60 
 
 97, 722 
 
 86, 503 
 
 372, i20 
 
 32,116 
 
 1,632,073 
 
 23, 629 
 
 8,370 
 
 548 
 
 1,793 
 
 100, 417 
 
 353, 103 
 211,978 
 187,615 
 2,304,499 
 75,477 
 215, 456 
 
 151,719 
 35, 143 
 26, 560 
 1,150,276 
 6,630 
 181, 236 
 
 2,832 
 68,949 
 
 144 
 1,062 
 
 Value. 
 
 S2, 525 
 
 1,167,737 
 
 167, 157 
 
 24,935 
 
 16 
 
 1,752,163 
 
 274 
 
 7,447,389 
 
 129, 652 
 
 220 
 
 16,028 
 
 3,410 
 
 1,755,690 
 
 1,643 
 2,584 
 1,612 
 5,115 
 49,031 
 1,144 
 246, 830 
 
 18, 121 
 
 14, 170 
 
 61,443 
 
 5,760 
 
 210, 167 
 
 4,633 
 
 1,683 
 
 80 
 
 349 
 
 14, 148 
 
 61,428 
 24,478 
 26,245 
 330, 244 
 11, 479 
 28,360 
 
 27, 749 
 
 5,812 
 
 3,825 
 
 158, 794 
 
 1, 509 
 
 26,834 
 
 472 
 13,372 
 
 30 
 207 
 
 • From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1919, p. 93. 
 June 30 of the year noted. 
 
 Oostoms returns are for the fiscal year ending 
 
190 
 
 U, S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 E XPORT8, BY Countries Receiving, op Domestic Canned Salmon — Continued. 
 
 DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918— Continued. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 ASIA — continued . 
 
 East Indies: 
 British — 
 
 British India 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Other British 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Hongkong 
 
 Japan 
 
 Persia 
 
 Russia in Asia 
 
 Slam 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 British: 
 
 Australia and Tasmania... 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Other British 
 
 French 
 
 German 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 British Africa: 
 
 West 
 
 South 
 
 East 
 
 Belgian Congo 
 
 Canary Islands 
 
 Egypt 
 
 French Africa 
 
 Italian Africa 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Portuguese Africa. 
 Spanish Africa 
 
 Total. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Europe 
 
 North America. 
 South America. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 1916 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1,117,839 
 
 1,215,214 
 
 166, 144 
 
 727,006 
 
 4,712 
 
 47, 558 
 
 1,348 
 
 24,960 
 
 48 
 
 1,392 
 
 11,035,294 
 
 216,292 
 
 30,878 
 
 290, 854 
 
 448,860 
 
 5,640,858 
 
 100, 310 
 620, 555 
 
 10, 480 
 105, 800 
 
 110 
 3,624 
 37, 508 
 9,700 
 
 152,943,962 
 
 114,163,722 
 
 12,322,259 
 
 4, 563, 993 
 
 3, 336, 665 
 
 17,659,036 
 
 898, 298 
 
 $91,767 
 
 71, 585 
 
 12, 787 
 
 81,121 
 
 615 
 
 5,170 
 
 141 
 
 1,892 
 
 4 
 
 219 
 
 1,204,354 
 24,684 
 2,923 
 29, 201 
 29, 434 
 356, 366 
 
 7,860 
 56,255 
 
 1,071 
 9,534 
 
 10 
 
 366 
 
 3,231 
 
 911 
 
 15, 032, 497 
 
 11, 648, 003 
 
 1,056,904 
 
 332, 024 
 
 268,306 
 
 1,646,962 
 
 80,298 
 
 1917 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 601,935 
 
 106, 896 
 
 101,286 
 
 374, 832 
 
 6,816 
 
 74, 585 
 
 2,604 
 
 9,600 
 
 2,5 
 
 6,990,835 
 96,912 
 141,735 
 248,415 
 357,386 
 
 4, 202, 574 
 
 613, 545 
 
 1,421,021 
 
 25, 608 
 
 1,750 
 
 7,200 
 
 2,250 
 
 2,810 
 138, 580 
 138, 580 
 
 117,962,807 
 
 82, 758, 877 
 16,196,177 
 3,314,969 
 1, 326, 163 
 12, 037, 857 
 2,328,764 
 
 Value. 
 
 $62,264 
 
 9,081 
 
 10, 355 
 
 42,693 
 
 1,340 
 
 9,570 
 
 340 
 
 800 
 
 533 
 
 865,865 
 10,332 
 14,749 
 32,643 
 37,172 
 
 351, 633 
 
 62,925 
 
 157,853 
 
 2,543 
 
 331 
 
 432 
 
 235 
 
 258 
 13,291 
 13, 291 
 
 12,963,425 
 
 9,390,858 
 
 1, 565, 409 
 
 305, 964 
 
 142, 641 
 
 1,312,394 
 
 246, 159 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1, 349, 057 
 
 232, 755 
 
 41,818 
 
 405,326 
 
 240 
 
 86,203 
 
 4,590 
 
 6,048 
 
 7,397,009 
 240,240 
 174,138 
 186, 574 
 285,605 
 
 5, 558, 796 
 
 480, 414 
 
 1,293,714 
 
 57, 275 
 
 2,293 
 
 836 
 
 261,673 
 
 20,268 
 
 9,448 
 52, 298 
 
 8,845 
 
 110,060,480 
 
 70,092,226 
 16,840,112 
 4,899,692 
 2, 199, 024 
 13,842,362 
 2, 187, 064 
 
 Value. 
 
 $222,947 
 
 34, 468 
 
 6,944 
 
 66,240 
 
 69 
 
 14,678 
 
 883 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,337,231 
 45, 409 
 24,921 
 31,160 
 39,071 
 618,697 
 
 72,960 
 
 161, 423 
 
 8,938 
 
 463 
 
 115 
 
 42,335 
 
 4,255 
 
 1,499 
 7,207 
 1,175 
 
 16,570,834 
 
 10,692,246 
 
 2, 413, 649 
 
 706, 757 
 
 361,322 
 
 2,096,439 
 
 300,371 
 
 In 1918 the practice of publishing customs figures for the calendar 
 year instead of the fiscal year, as had prevailed previously, was 
 inaugurated. The following tables show the exports of canned 
 salmon, by countries, for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 191 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Canned Salmon, Calendar Years 1918 
 
 AND 1919. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1918 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1919 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Azores, and Madeira Islands 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Finland 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 G reece 
 
 Iceland, and Faroe Islands 
 
 Italy 1 
 
 Malta, Gozo, etc 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Rumania 
 
 Russia in Europe 
 
 Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkcv in Europe 
 
 United Kingdom: 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 Canada 
 
 Central American States: 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Panama 
 
 Salvador 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Miquelon, Langley, etc 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador 
 
 West Indias: 
 
 British — 
 
 Barbados 
 
 .Jamaica 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago 
 
 Other British 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Domtnican Republic 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Haiti 
 
 Virgin Islands of United States. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Argentina. . 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia. . 
 Ecuador. .. 
 Guiana: 
 
 British. 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 French. 
 Paraguay . . 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay... 
 Venezuela.. 
 
 18,072 
 
 11,458,346 
 """273 '546' 
 
 19, 654, 988 
 
 Aden. 
 China. 
 
 43, 515, SSO 
 
 154, 495 
 
 1,320 
 
 35,144 
 
 8,560 
 
 4, 077, 166 
 
 5,310 
 10, 492 
 3,459 
 11, 586 
 172, 216 
 4,290 
 347, 384 
 
 33, 074 
 77,002 
 
 153. 207 
 10,148 
 
 428. 208 
 50, 887 
 
 3,206 
 
 184 
 
 1,036 
 
 20, 059 
 
 255,950 
 94, 076 
 
 161,529 
 
 1,316,148 
 
 31,816 
 
 40,358 
 
 38,595 
 13, 769 
 5,456 
 
 290,337 
 
 6,240 
 
 129, 457 
 
 2,400 
 41,980 
 
 $2, 539 
 
 1, 270, 675 
 "44,' 593' 
 
 2, 785, 844 
 
 40 
 
 6,742,494 
 22, 672 
 
 286 
 
 6,288 
 
 1,181 
 
 620, 195 
 
 1,374 
 
 488 
 
 1, 806 
 
 30, 4S5 
 
 741 
 
 54,709 
 
 6,305 
 12,225 
 24,923 
 
 1 , 9S3 
 
 60, 432 
 
 7, 973 
 
 701 
 
 24 
 
 190 
 
 4,221 
 
 51, 437 
 8,765 
 
 21, 625 
 
 195, 478 
 
 5, 493 
 
 5,895 
 
 7,765 
 2,380 
 
 778 
 
 41, 262 
 1,441 
 19,907 
 
 394 
 8,579 
 
 157, 396 
 
 432 
 
 5, 179, 022 
 
 1, 082, 4:34 
 
 68, 000 
 
 15,947,105 
 
 833, 793 
 
 370, 890 
 
 2,722,086 
 
 12, 025 
 
 36, 925, 190 
 
 1,S92 
 
 231, 710 
 
 441, 776 
 
 2(X) 
 
 9,720 
 
 19,500 
 
 480 
 
 79, 457 
 
 88,012 
 
 12, 184 
 
 100, 040 
 
 66, 524, 438 
 1, 460, 082 
 1, 459, 360 
 
 53,429 
 
 58, 194 
 
 9, 587, 861 
 
 98, 155 
 
 74, 407 
 
 50,936 
 
 125, 179 
 
 141,733 
 
 29, 783 
 
 4,917,900 
 
 3,090 
 
 108 
 
 65,114 
 367,119 
 143,094 
 
 37, 935 
 
 l,646,itl3 
 
 23s, 502 
 
 17,078 
 
 10, 456 
 6, 199 
 
 22, 498 
 
 403, 019 
 
 84, 5.59 
 
 31,113 
 
 1,-331,484 
 
 275, 050 
 
 368, 939 
 
 122, 715 
 
 68,581 
 
 36, 562 
 
 240 
 
 1, ISO, 989 
 
 47,412 
 
 383, 120 
 
 2,880 
 90,232 
 
 $33,394 
 71 
 
 970, 696 
 
 181, 178 
 
 13,010 
 
 2, 525, 449 
 
 147,7.s:$ 
 
 85,860 
 
 471, 5.55 
 
 2,557 
 
 4,801,911 
 
 262 
 
 40, 356 
 
 87, 668 
 
 38 
 
 1,538 
 
 2,795 
 
 96 
 
 16, 2.53 
 
 17, 158 
 
 2,414 
 
 17, 072 
 
 12, 78S, 932 
 219, 951 
 197, 677 
 
 6,940 
 
 9,409 
 
 1,467,611 
 
 16, 049 
 
 12,599 
 
 8, 693 
 
 21,095 
 
 25, 441 
 
 5,173 
 
 703, 262 
 
 751 
 
 21 
 
 12,947 
 
 51,537 
 
 27, 023 
 
 7,717 
 
 238, 8.58 
 
 36, 503 
 
 4, 603 
 
 2,422 
 
 1,393 
 
 4,447 
 
 76, 0.52 
 13, 087 
 7,273 
 214, 284 
 47, 078 
 55, 947 
 
 25,974 
 
 14,336 
 
 7,007 
 
 55 
 
 18.5,839 
 
 9,932 
 
 63,321 
 
 480 
 19,088 
 
192 
 
 U. S. BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Countriks Receiving, of Canned Salmon, Calendar Years 1918 
 
 AND 1919 — Continued. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 ASIA— continued. 
 
 China, leased territory: Japanese. . 
 
 Chosen 
 
 East Indies: 
 British — 
 
 British India 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Other British 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Hongkong 
 
 Japan 
 
 Russia in Asia 
 
 Siam 
 
 Turkey in Asia 
 
 British: 
 
 Australia 
 
 New Zealand... 
 
 Other British . . 
 
 French 
 
 German 
 
 Philippine Islands . 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Belgian Kongo 
 
 British Africa: 
 
 West 
 
 South 
 
 East 
 
 Canary Islands 
 
 Egypt 
 
 French Africa 
 
 German Africa 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Morocco 
 
 Portuguese Africa. 
 Spanish Africa 
 
 367, 273 
 111,440 
 26, 800 
 124, .502 
 240 
 41,424 
 25, 968 
 
 4,800 
 
 1,149,888 
 26, 592 
 67, 674 
 116,535 
 15.3, S40 
 5, 291, 182 
 
 . 2,354 
 
 192,376 
 121,990 
 34, 260 
 
 261,673 
 17,136 
 
 2,633 
 
 2,788 
 
 Total 91,101,734 
 
 $10 
 
 67,256 
 
 16, 021 
 
 4,495 
 
 17, 692 
 
 69 
 
 7, 839 
 
 3,259 
 
 760 
 
 215, 715 
 4,8.35 
 9,872 
 19,203 
 20,394 
 579,410 
 
 33,051 
 18, 255 
 
 42,335 
 3,572 
 
 539 
 
 168 
 5,274 
 
 984, 672 
 
 223,168 
 
 61,814 
 
 427, 298 
 
 2,412 
 
 116,912 
 
 12, 03S 
 
 192 
 
 2,122 
 
 20, 504 
 
 5, 777, 713 
 61,5.33 
 93,423 
 225, 429 
 80, 577 
 
 2,371,736 
 
 92 
 14,990 
 
 976, 463 
 
 1,269,317 
 
 5,996 
 
 59, 790 
 
 939, 895 
 
 32, 989 
 
 50,465 
 
 8,218 
 
 48 
 
 5,688 
 
 31, 868 
 
 36,266 
 
 13,149,307 
 
 169,750,672 
 
 $4:? 
 1,246 
 
 193, 089 
 
 42, 403 
 
 13, 402 
 
 71, 132 
 
 692 
 
 22, 628 
 
 1,940 
 
 52 
 
 558 
 
 3,646 
 
 1,293,194 
 13,919 
 16,115 
 42,303 
 12,966 
 279,408 
 
 18 
 3,251 
 
 172,258 
 
 284,633 
 
 1,417 
 
 8,025 
 
 133,358 
 
 7,208 
 
 9,332 
 
 1,761 
 
 8 
 
 932 
 
 6,839 
 
 7,009 
 
 28,644,706 
 
 The following table shows in summarized form the customs districts 
 from which canned salmon "was exported for the years 1900 to 1915, 
 inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 1916 to 1919, inclusive. 
 Up to 1910 about two-thirds of the total exports have gone from the 
 port of San Francisco, while about one-fifth of the total passed through 
 the port of Pu^t Sound, Wash. In 1910 the exports from Puget 
 Sound exceeded those from San Francisco. In 1918, however, San 
 Francisco assumed first place once more. The only other port 
 through which any considerable quantity is shipped is New York 
 City. It is usual now to' load the salmon on steamers and sailing 
 vessels at San Francisco and the Puget Sound cities to go direct to 
 Europe. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 193 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon. 
 
 SUMMARY, 1900 TO 1915.a 
 
 Customs district 
 from which ex- 
 ported. 
 
 Potmds. Value 
 
 1901 
 
 Pounds. Value 
 
 Pounds. Value. 
 
 Pounds. Value 
 
 Atlantic ports. . . . 
 
 Gulf ports 
 
 Mexican border 
 ports 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border 
 and Lake ports. 
 
 3,820,656 
 
 38, 868 
 
 30,264 
 23, 168, 445 
 
 24, 137 
 
 $370,302 
 3,430 
 
 2,861 
 2,314,541 
 
 2,514 
 
 8,834,322 
 55,425 
 
 20, 140 
 32,337,112 
 
 42,501 
 
 $947,729 
 5,426 
 
 2,082 
 3, 270, 524 
 
 4,510 
 
 4,538,073 
 50,116 
 
 188,346 
 42, 357, 217 
 
 39,362 
 
 $427,335 
 4,965 
 
 15, 498 
 3, 539, 231 
 
 4,373 
 
 5,734,469 
 54,016 
 
 130,363 
 44,391,379 
 
 43, 107 
 
 $611,868 
 5,085 
 
 11,741 
 3,716,926 
 
 5,171 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Atlantic ports 
 
 Gulf ports 
 
 Mexican border ports 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border and Lake 
 ports 
 
 2, 133, 121 
 
 72, 792 
 
 355,248 
 
 53,362,492 
 
 625 
 
 Vahie. 
 
 $214, 332 
 
 6,455 
 
 24,183 
 
 4,979,565 
 
 63 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2,693,503 
 
 97,561 
 
 289,439 
 
 31,957,252 
 
 28,800 
 
 1906 
 
 Value. Pounds. 
 
 $267, 263 
 
 8, 425 
 
 23, 148 
 
 2, 734, 209 
 
 2,364 
 
 3,277,571 
 
 127, 2.55 
 
 455,413 
 
 41,906,406 
 
 177, 769 
 
 Value. 
 
 $318,321 
 
 10, 910 
 
 36, 130 
 
 3,469,472 
 
 13, 110 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 1907 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Atlantic ports 
 
 Gulf ports 
 
 Mexican border ports 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border and Lake 
 ports 
 
 2,314,535 
 
 165,050 
 
 570, 343 
 
 22,160,349 
 
 7,828 
 
 $227, 779 
 
 14,450 
 
 47, 776 
 
 1,892,398 
 
 646 
 
 2, 334, 663 
 
 206, 120 
 
 723,689 
 
 24, 961, 173 
 
 400 
 
 $227,113 
 
 19,245 
 
 65,119 
 
 2, 126, 995 
 
 46 
 
 4,043,807 
 
 107,018 
 
 219, 128 
 
 31,705,144 
 
 42,012 
 
 $409, 933 
 
 8,954 
 
 21,574 
 
 2,971,984 
 
 3,991 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Atlantic ports 3,003, 430 
 
 Gulf ports 118, 559 
 
 254,717 
 
 60,450,190 
 
 Mexican border ports 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border and Lake 
 ports 
 
 33,800 
 
 Value. 
 
 306, 122 
 
 9,554 
 
 21,503 
 
 5,974,196 
 
 2,883 
 
 1911 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1,564,485 
 
 159, 359 
 
 213,226 
 
 36, 663, 729 
 
 Value. 
 
 $166,971 
 
 15,194 
 
 20,393 
 
 3,834,584 
 
 1912 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2, 50(1, 989 
 
 109, 045 
 
 415, 259 
 
 40,391,058 
 
 1,405 
 
 Value. 
 
 $257,792 
 
 12,029 
 
 38, 455 
 
 4,312,116 
 
 171 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 New York 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 El Paso 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Washington 
 
 All other districts . 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1,935,881 $189, 
 
 Value 
 
 31,687,774 
 
 624,000 
 
 19, 827, 745 
 
 1, 215, 566 
 
 3,277,841 
 
 83,000 
 
 1,434,451 
 
 118,089 
 
 1915 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2,404,220 
 182,717 
 120, 140 
 
 38,844,912 
 124,512 
 
 45, 876, 703 
 197,716 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 $207, 924 
 19, 787 
 9, 045 
 3, 600, 636 
 9,391 
 4,138,449 
 14,061 
 
 5,316,456 
 261,709 
 176,390 
 
 35,321,058 
 671,452 
 
 41,064,868 
 634, 183 
 
 Value. 
 
 $512,549 
 28, 682 
 12. .348 
 
 4,209,914 
 64, 517 
 
 4,183,410 
 60,663 
 
 o Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may bo found in " Pacific Salmon Fisheries," by ,Iohn N. 
 Cobb, Appendix III, Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 194-198. Washington, i917. 
 
 11312°— 21- 
 
 -13 
 
194 
 
 U. S. BUKEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, op Canned Salmon — Continued. 
 
 DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918. 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 1916 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Maineand New Hampshire. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 New York 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Galveston 
 
 Mobile 
 
 New ( rleans 
 
 Sabine 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Eagle Pass 
 
 El Paso 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 Laredo 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Oregon 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Southern California 
 
 Washington 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Duluth and Superior 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Montana and Idaho 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Total. 
 
 2, 5S3, 306 
 
 517, W)0 
 
 1,314,778 
 
 24,257,388 
 
 111,578 
 
 9,813 
 
 2,589,040 
 
 4,252 
 
 3,211 
 
 7,635 
 
 1, 125, 031 
 
 4,s;67 
 
 134, 358 
 
 ^ 37,922 
 
 117,715 
 
 S274, 432 
 
 47,603 
 
 130, 701 
 
 3,339,629 
 
 8,680 
 
 578 
 
 211,848 
 
 350 
 
 159 
 
 851 
 
 109, 238 
 
 428 
 
 10, 263 
 
 3,496 
 
 8,876 
 
 156, 000 
 
 1,186,871 
 
 1,884,672 
 
 2,447,156 
 
 23,993,032 
 
 2,445,373 
 
 3,060 
 
 5,969,268 
 
 9,971 
 
 30,096 
 
 7,055 
 
 8,003,488 
 
 8,244 
 
 170, 372 
 
 95,077 
 
 190,331 
 
 252, 826 
 
 87,371 
 
 78 
 
 657, 121 
 
 53, 221, 608 
 
 33, 455 
 
 60,520,904 
 
 850 
 
 16, 637 
 
 6,319 
 
 15 
 
 60,257 
 
 5,845,811 
 
 2,463 
 
 5,461,097 
 
 107 
 
 1,949,086 
 3,3S9,969 
 
 207,808 
 283, 727 
 
 12, 000 
 
 1,124 
 
 367, 324 
 
 3,09-4,290 
 
 137,328 
 
 303, 888 
 
 32,390,693 
 
 35, 133 
 
 30,549,747 
 
 5,437 
 
 66, 825 
 
 171 
 
 3,354,350 
 
 987,925 
 
 100 
 
 63,530 
 
 .?37, 052 
 
 160, 399 
 
 16S, 537 
 
 279, 184 
 
 2,607,602 
 
 237,540 
 
 384 
 
 551, 269 
 
 672 
 
 3,467 
 
 686 
 
 967,410 
 
 1,233 
 
 15, 005 
 
 7,783 
 
 15,878 
 
 33, 159 
 
 267, 489 
 
 13,959 
 
 36,105 
 
 3,910,592 
 
 3,758 
 
 3,034,487 
 
 T22 
 
 6,906 
 
 39 
 
 427, 810 
 
 166, 323 
 
 28 
 
 8,957 
 
 1.52,943,962 
 
 15,032,497 
 
 117,962,807 12,963,425 
 
 96 
 
 3,336 
 
 1, 208, 142 
 
 789, 629 
 
 49,034,077 
 
 302, 740 
 
 6,106 
 
 489, 242 
 
 7,262 
 
 16, 457, 201 
 
 6,505 
 
 1,720,839 
 
 5,411 
 
 97,046 
 
 105,630 
 401,640 
 
 5,396,783 
 56,044 
 
 18,278,622 
 
 30, 009 
 
 13,783,070 
 
 250 
 
 2,630 
 
 15 
 
 1,814,899 
 
 1,248 
 
 61,990 
 
 18 
 
 $24 
 
 621 
 
 149,080 
 
 159, 052 
 
 7,690,025 
 
 40,431 
 
 839 
 
 82,563 
 
 1,623 
 
 2, 124, 530 
 
 838 
 
 223, 676 
 
 1,325 
 
 12, 228 
 
 12,547 
 47,445 
 
 691,897 
 8,198 
 
 3,153,508 
 
 4,327 
 
 1,874,726 
 
 25 
 
 437 
 
 1 
 
 284, 746 
 
 5, on 
 
 2 
 
 110,060,480 
 
 16,570,834 
 
 In 1918 was inaugurated the practice of publishing customs figures 
 for calendar years instead of, as previously, for the fiscal year ending 
 June 30. The following tables show the exports of canned salmon by 
 customs districts for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, Calendar Years 1918 
 
 AND 1919. 
 
 Customs district from which exported. 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 99 
 
 96 
 
 1, 70.';, 877 
 
 517, 456 
 
 46, 490, 264 
 
 305, 414 
 
 1,711 
 
 303,650 
 
 $25 
 
 24 
 
 220,669 
 
 84,118 
 
 7, 500, 562 
 
 42,261 
 
 394 
 
 44,586 
 
 
 
 
 130, 994 
 
 2, 385, 585 
 
 331, 296 
 
 85, 463, 019 
 
 2, 593, 197 
 
 7, 458 
 
 1, 203, 496 
 
 171,653 
 
 11, 156, 255 
 
 1,654,115 
 
 10, 060, 979 
 
 16, 439 
 
 118, 946 
 
 320, 836 
 
 855, 588 
 
 1, 594, 476 
 
 49, 232 
 
 244, 600 
 
 $27, 831 
 
 
 411, 895 
 
 
 58, 267 
 
 
 13, 977, 432 
 
 
 322, 858 
 
 
 1,262 
 
 
 211, 701 
 
 
 20, 673 
 
 
 15, 169, 801 
 
 3, 567, 735 
 
 542, 161 
 
 3,033 
 
 30,063 
 
 21,290 
 
 46,914 
 
 72 
 
 48, 428 
 
 i, 942, 094 
 
 482, 945 
 
 80, 586 
 
 833 
 
 4,319 
 
 2,891 
 
 7,373 
 
 12 
 
 7,052 
 
 1, 357, 799 
 
 Mobile 
 
 219, 879 
 
 
 1, 613, 503 
 
 
 3,354 
 
 
 17, 726 
 
 El Paso 
 
 41, 491 
 
 
 116,612 
 
 
 188,038 
 
 
 7,718 
 
 Oregon 
 
 56,680 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 195 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, Calendar Years 1918 
 
 AND 1919 — Continued. 
 
 Customs district from which exported. 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 4, 490, 375 
 
 34, 045 
 
 16, 422, 108 
 
 501 
 
 2,541 
 
 $749, 095 
 
 5,159 
 
 1, 764, 105 
 
 75 
 
 437 
 
 19, 596, 548 
 
 125, 793 
 
 27,911,740 
 
 863, 795 
 
 90,206 
 
 13,460 
 
 1, 057, 458 
 
 1, 527, 576 
 
 163, 063 
 
 42,869 
 
 $4, 359, 338 
 21, 856 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 4, 930, 335 
 140, 568 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Dakota 
 
 19,841 
 
 2,996 
 
 199, 096 
 
 281, 707 
 
 Duluth and Superior 
 
 
 1, 345, 300 
 
 200,873 
 
 Montana and Idaho 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 52,800 
 
 8,819 
 
 26 108 
 
 Vermont 
 
 8,144 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 91, 101, 734 
 
 13, 149, 307 
 
 169, 750, 672 
 
 28, 644, 706 
 
 
 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC FRESH AND CURED SALMON. 
 
 The following table shows in summarized form the value of the 
 exports of fresh and cured salmon, by countries to which exported, 
 for the period 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the 
 years 1916 to 1919, inclusive. As with the canned salmon, the 
 greater part of these exports go to European countries, Germany, 
 under ordinary conditions, taking by far the largest quantity. A 
 small portion of this is salmon caught in Atlantic waters. 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receivinq, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon. 
 
 summary, fiscal years 1900 TO 1915.a 
 
 Country receivinR. 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 
 $340,643 
 
 87,964 
 
 1,702 
 
 3,324 
 
 101,388 
 
 255 
 
 $344,368 
 
 60,416 
 
 901 
 
 15,037 
 
 5,982 
 
 24 
 
 $496, 637 
 
 132, 704 
 
 3,063 
 
 25,843 
 
 35, 863 
 
 325 
 
 $760, 197 
 
 67, 225 
 
 1,690 
 
 5,393 
 
 34,835 
 
 12 
 
 $1,094,9.'^0 
 
 36, 408 
 
 1,822 
 
 1,382 
 
 28,063 
 
 864 
 
 
 North America 
 
 25 809 
 
 
 3,438 
 30 170 
 
 Asia .' 
 
 Oceania 
 
 
 Africa 
 
 114 
 
 
 Coimtry receiving 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 
 $1,776,086 
 
 36,943 
 
 2,600 
 
 92,861 
 
 18,914 
 
 60 
 
 $1, 794, 885 
 23, 204 
 2,351 
 19,384 
 38,721 
 198 
 
 $1,587,535 
 
 27,263 
 
 517 
 
 3,962 
 
 28, 767 
 
 $1,225,948 
 
 28,383 
 
 1,365 
 
 3,640 
 
 28,935 
 
 289 
 
 $1,468,015 
 "^9 688 
 
 North America 
 
 South America 
 
 5 242 
 
 Asia 
 
 348 
 
 Oceania 
 
 
 A frica 
 
 1 268 
 
 
 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 Europe 
 
 $1,511,184 
 
 24, 880 
 
 384 
 
 3,933 
 
 32,334 
 
 424 
 
 $1,587,973 
 
 20,350 
 
 142 
 
 107 
 
 21,575 
 
 4 
 
 $2,055,109 
 
 34, 741 
 
 3,409 
 
 1,398 
 
 25,699 
 
 2,210 
 
 $2,074,499 
 
 86,087 
 
 933 
 
 2,428 
 
 31,330 
 
 32 
 
 $1 375 123 
 
 North America 
 
 20^336 
 
 South America 
 
 Asia 
 
 1 362 
 
 Oceania 
 
 27 420 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 
 
 a Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in " Pacific Salmon Fisheries," by John N 
 Cobb, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1910, pp. 198-201. Washington, 1917 
 
196 
 
 U. S. BUEEAU or FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 Denmark 
 
 France 
 
 Greece 
 
 Iceland, and Faroe Islands. . 
 
 Italy 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Norway 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 United Kingdom— England. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 Canada 
 
 Central American States: 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Panama 
 
 Salvador 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador. . 
 West Indies: 
 
 British- 
 Barbados 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago. 
 Other British 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Danish 
 
 Dominican Republic 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Haiti 
 
 SOUTU AMERICA. 
 
 Argentina. 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Colombia... 
 Ecuador . . . 
 Guiana: 
 
 British. 
 
 Dutch.. 
 
 French. 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay... 
 Venezuela.. 
 
 China 
 
 China, leased territory— Japanese. 
 
 Chosen 
 
 East Indies: 
 British- 
 British India 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Other British 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 Hongkong 
 
 Japan 
 
 Russia in Asia 
 
 British: 
 
 Australia 
 
 New Zealand... 
 
 Other British.. 
 
 French 
 
 German 
 
 Philippine Islands . 
 
 1916 
 
 $193, 124 
 2 
 
 2,898 
 365 
 
 10,961 
 194,868 
 316 
 145, 613 
 147,955 
 
 115 
 
 12,872 
 
 169 
 
 75 
 
 149 
 
 249 
 
 6,364 
 
 117 
 
 9,909 
 
 15 
 
 944 
 
 3,689 
 
 102 
 
 1,352 
 
 6,563 
 
 257 
 
 967 
 
 574 
 
 61 
 
 525 
 
 111 
 
 87 
 424 
 735 
 ,164 
 263 
 
 940 
 380 
 407 
 929 
 95 
 
 1917 
 
 102 
 
 9 
 
 1,735 
 
 43 
 22 
 243 
 
 31,815 
 
 81 
 
 61 
 
 1,285 
 
 442 
 
 252 
 
 $33, 874 
 
 1,844 
 
 237 
 
 6,418 
 
 4,614 
 
 134, 676 
 
 27,346 
 155,089 
 
 1,002 
 
 1 
 
 79,676 
 
 14 
 
 61 
 112 
 
 97 
 2,973 
 
 76 
 3,388 
 
 564 
 
 806 
 1,635 
 
 801 
 2,274 
 
 902 
 1,875 
 
 382 
 65 
 
 435 
 
 140 
 129 
 .537 
 
 39 
 435 
 
 45 
 
 *58 
 817 
 230 
 742 
 
 779 
 
 111 
 
 100 
 
 21,058 
 
 23 
 
 86 
 
 1,039 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,071 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 197 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918^Continued. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1916 
 
 ;i917 
 
 1918 
 
 British Africa: 
 
 West 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 
 $376 
 
 877 
 
 1,140 
 
 479 
 
 $152 
 
 South 
 
 A 
 
 $1,642 
 
 87 
 
 
 ( nnfjry UlaT^fls 
 
 
 Etcvpt 
 
 
 Liberia 
 
 6 
 
 1,251 
 
 701 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 Spanish Africa - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 790, 198 
 
 492,879 
 
 205 446 
 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 
 Europe 
 
 696,102 
 
 45,756 
 
 8,533 
 
 2,184 
 
 33,936 
 
 3,687 
 
 364,098 
 
 97,139 
 
 4,051 
 
 333 
 
 24,339 
 
 2,919 
 
 134 657 
 
 
 66,089 
 
 
 1 692 
 
 
 895 
 
 
 1 961 
 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919.a 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Barrels.'' 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. ^ 
 
 Value, 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Azores, and Madeira Islands 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10,0-14 
 
 2,307 
 
 109 
 
 270 
 
 2,514 
 
 1 
 
 2,178 
 
 2,210 
 101 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 272 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 $62 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 
 466, 359 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 
 41,538 
 
 
 
 
 3,879 
 
 Netherlands . . 
 
 
 
 15 995 
 
 Norway 1 
 
 
 123, 069 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 105, 010 
 
 United Kingdom: 
 
 England 
 
 419 
 
 $17,800 
 
 124, 152 
 
 Scotland 
 
 2,830 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 
 
 662 
 
 British Honduras '. -- 
 
 
 20 
 
 Canada 
 
 66 
 
 1,300 
 
 5,031 
 
 Central American States: 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 66 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 138 
 6 
 
 199 
 
 Honduras 
 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 2 
 
 301 
 18 
 
 659 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 59 
 
 Panama 
 
 31 
 5 
 
 7 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 17 
 18 
 54 
 2 
 2 
 24 
 
 8i7 
 104 
 
 176 
 17 
 
 115 
 59 
 
 452 
 
 350 
 
 1,180 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 497 
 
 846 
 
 
 30 
 
 West Indies: 
 British- 
 Barbados 
 
 11,380 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 390 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago 
 
 18,148 
 
 Other British 
 
 243 
 
 Cuba 
 
 1,008 
 
 Danish 
 
 Dominican Republic 
 
 3.5 
 13 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 
 1,004 
 
 Dutch 
 
 213 
 
 French 
 
 547 
 
 Haiti 
 
 652 
 
 Virgin Islands of United States 
 
 464 
 
 o Included ia "All others" in previous years. 
 
 b Barrel holds 200 pounds of fish. 
 
198 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND WW— Continued. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 1918 
 
 • 
 
 1919 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Colombia 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 15 
 35 
 
 $20 
 
 369 
 386 
 865 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 101 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 93 
 
 736 
 
 136 
 
 Guiana: 
 
 British 
 
 270 
 
 Dutch 
 
 2,726 
 1 186 
 
 French 
 
 Peru 
 
 72 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 42 
 210 
 
 50 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 China 
 
 86 
 
 Japan 
 
 1,864 
 16,292 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 British: 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 
 1,058 
 1 
 2 
 
 44 
 75 
 3 
 
 23,704 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 937 
 
 1,645 
 
 63 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 
 Other British 
 
 3 
 29 
 19 
 
 70 
 
 French 
 
 692 
 
 
 413 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 British South Africa 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 Liberia 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 20 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 
 1,922 
 
 51,401 
 
 22,256 
 
 947, 694 
 
 
 
 419 
 
 242 
 
 67 
 
 9 
 
 1,183 
 
 2 
 
 17,800 
 
 5, 277 
 
 1,682 
 
 210 
 
 26, 412 
 
 20 
 
 19,737 
 
 1,476 
 
 152 
 
 96 
 
 787 
 
 8 
 
 882, 958 
 
 Norm America 
 
 40, 878 
 
 
 4,340 
 
 Asia 
 
 1,950 
 
 
 17,467 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 The following table gives a summary, by customs districts, of 
 the exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1915, 
 inclusive, and a detailed statement of the same for the years 1916 to 
 1919, inclusive. The greater part of the shipments pass tlirough the 
 New York City customs district. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 199 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 
 summary, fiscal years 1900 to 1915.o 
 
 Custcms district from which exported. 
 
 1901 
 
 1904 
 
 1906 
 
 Atlantic p orts 
 
 Gulf ports 
 
 Mexican border p )rts 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border and Lake ports. 
 
 $346,924 
 
 1,192 
 
 185,644 
 
 1,516 
 
 $330,890 
 
 5 
 
 535 
 
 92,698 
 
 2,610 
 
 $503, 439 
 
 143 
 
 1,857 
 
 188,177 
 
 819 
 
 $767,397 
 
 30 
 
 1,227 
 
 99,018 
 
 1,680 
 
 $1,103,034 
 124 
 1,160 
 56, 167 
 3,004 
 
 $1,757,832 
 159 
 997 
 66,772 
 6,895 
 
 Customs district from which 
 exported. 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 Atlantic ports 
 
 GiiU ports , 
 
 Mexican border ports 
 
 Pacific ports 
 
 Northern border and Lake ports 
 
 $1,781,476 !$1,797,411 
 
 14 
 
 788 
 
 139.606 
 
 5,580 
 
 276 
 
 424 
 
 73, 927 
 
 6,705 
 
 $1,590,778 
 7,226 
 167 
 44,313 
 5,560 
 
 $1,230,542 
 49 
 25 
 50,834 
 7,110 
 
 $1,479,656 
 74 
 
 202 
 50,521 
 2,187 
 
 $1,514,599 
 
 1,542 
 
 18 
 
 46,167 
 
 10,813 
 
 $1,586,319 
 
 202 
 33, 190 
 10,440 
 
 Customs district 
 from which ex- 
 ported. 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 Customs district 
 from which ex- 
 ported. 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 New York 
 
 $2, 060, 068 
 
 20, 995 
 
 7,354 
 
 $2,067,366 
 16,932 
 59,713 
 
 $1,377,840 
 6,630 
 2,020 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 All other districts 
 
 $26,a30 
 8,119 
 
 $29,880 
 21,418 
 
 $28,777 
 9,592 
 
 Puget Sound 
 
 
 DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918. 
 
 Customs district from which exported. 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 
 $16 
 
 2,925 
 
 732,782 
 
 47 
 
 60 
 
 48 
 
 610 
 
 33 
 
 1,736 
 
 $22,480 
 
 14,764 
 
 360,348 
 
 635 
 
 $37 
 
 
 32,002 
 
 
 106,636 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 57 
 
 Florida 
 
 210 
 
 Mobile 
 
 5 
 166 
 
 5 
 
 
 ■ 408 
 
 
 950 
 
 
 374 
 454 
 
 276 
 
 501 
 
 
 
 El Paso 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 1,123 
 
 
 16 
 
 5,203 
 
 16 
 
 33,648 
 
 80 
 
 1,155 
 
 394 
 
 706 
 
 13 
 
 8,845 
 
 100 
 
 29, 34S 
 
 15 
 
 23,804 
 
 255 
 
 4,779 
 
 2,93!) 
 
 2,233 
 
 42 
 
 12,695 
 
 5,567 
 
 7,167 
 
 4,433 
 
 
 
 14, 529 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 6,907 
 
 
 191 
 
 
 19,825 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 6,450 
 
 Dakota 
 
 1,942 
 
 
 251 
 
 
 11,910 
 
 
 49 
 
 St . Lawrence 
 
 1,300 
 
 565 
 
 1,258 
 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 790, 198 
 
 492,879 
 
 205,446 
 
 
 
 o A more detailed statement lor 1900 to 1912 may be foimd in " Pacific Salmon Fisheries," by John N. 
 Cobb, Appendix III. Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 202-203. Washington, 1917. 
 
200 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Exports, by Customs Disticts, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. 
 
 Customs district from which exported. 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Maine and New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 21,041 
 
 $2,220 
 
 05 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 657 
 
 1 
 
 $23, 346 
 23 
 
 919,375 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 797 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 3,500 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 1,185 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 
 39 
 770 
 26, 443 
 58 
 458 
 91 
 60 
 53 
 
 163 
 
 Alaska 
 
 100 
 
 
 17 724 
 
 Southern California 
 
 ' 36 
 
 Washington 
 
 2 017 
 
 Dakota 
 
 2112 
 
 Duluth and Superior 
 
 
 Michigan 
 
 4 
 1 
 9 
 
 168 
 
 Montana and Idaho 
 
 34 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 180 
 
 Total 
 
 1,922 
 
 51,401 
 
 22,256 
 
 947,694 
 
 Exports, by Countries Receiving, of All Other Salmon, Calendar Year 1919. 
 
 Country receiving. 
 
 Value. 
 
 $1,230 
 
 75,095 
 
 6,444 
 
 200 
 
 617 
 
 43, 840 
 
 16 
 
 2,430 
 
 251,730 
 
 25 
 
 421, 498 
 
 96 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 646 
 
 26 
 
 13, 884 
 
 4,000 
 
 lOS 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 1,643 
 
 52.^> 
 
 110 
 
 255 
 
 38 
 
 Coimtry receiving. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Virgin Islands of United States 
 
 $241 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 2 
 
 France 
 
 Brazil 
 
 2,194 
 
 Iceland, and Faroe Islands 
 
 Chile 
 
 190 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Colombia 
 
 182 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Dutch Guiana . . . 
 
 238 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Peru 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 China 
 
 286 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 rSiiatfiTnaln 
 
 Other British East Indies. 
 
 3 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 
 749 
 
 Nicaragua. ... 
 
 French East Indies 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6,214 
 
 Salvador 
 
 Russia in Asia 
 
 67 
 
 Mexico 
 
 3 
 
 Barbados 
 
 AustraUa 
 
 4,840 
 134 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago 
 
 German Oceania .... 
 
 36 
 
 Other British West Indie ; 
 
 
 1,513 
 
 Cuba 
 
 British West Africa 
 
 381 
 
 Dominican RepubUc 
 
 
 450 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 French West Indies 
 
 842,464 
 
 Haiti 
 
 
 
 
 
 Exports, by Customs Districts, of All Other Salmon, Calendar Year 1919. 
 
 Customs district. 
 
 Maine and New Hampshire 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 New York 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 Florida 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Sabine 
 
 Arizona 
 
 El Paso 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 Alaska 
 
 San PrancisQo 
 
 Value. 
 
 $72, 305 
 
 18, 986 
 
 218, 204 
 
 44,625 
 
 199 
 
 4 
 
 4,049 
 
 29 
 
 65 
 
 5 
 
 13, 365 
 
 347, 068 
 
 41, 046 
 
 Customs district. 
 
 Southern CaUfornia . 
 
 Washington 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Duluth and Superior 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Montana and Idaho . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Total , 
 
 Value. 
 
 $315 
 
 13,861 
 
 5,964 
 
 4j250 
 
 44 
 
 13, 591 
 
 12,283 
 
 123 
 
 29,252 
 
 2,831 
 
 842,464 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 201 
 
 IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. 
 
 For some years it was the custom of the canneries on Puget Scmnd, 
 when fish were scarce on the American side and almndant on the 
 Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic supply 
 and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions 
 were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the 
 export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for pacKing purposes, 
 and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting 
 a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. 
 
 The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh salmon from 
 British Columbia: 
 
 Imports of Fresh Salmon from British Columbia, Canada, for a Series of 
 
 Years. o 
 
 Year. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1890 
 
 4,660 
 4, 0.SO 
 6, 28,s 
 64,811 
 3, 872 
 14,000 
 11,799 
 
 S241 
 170 
 301 
 
 3,639 
 219 
 
 1,403 
 419 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 93,454 
 11, .580 
 58,002 
 19,404 
 27, 072 
 22, 353 
 6,860 
 
 $2,681 
 278 
 
 4,101 
 855 
 
 2,0.50 
 739 
 343 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 40,610 
 
 1,015 
 
 3,4,'-)7,738 
 
 113,224 
 
 8,880 
 
 41,073 
 
 198,251 
 
 $1,025 
 35 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 64,408 
 
 1893 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1U03 
 
 4,131 
 
 1894 
 
 795 
 
 1895 
 
 2,346 
 
 1896 
 
 10,116 
 
 
 
 
 o After 1909 all imports of fresh salmon are listed imder "Fish, fresh." 
 
 After 1911 the imports of fresh salmon from both coasts of Canada 
 and from Newfoundland were lumped together, and are shown 
 in the table below. Fully nine-tenths, if not more, of this salmon 
 came from the Province of British Columbia in Canada, and the 
 greater part of this was canned in the canneries on Puget Sound, 
 Wash. 
 
 Fiscal year 
 
 ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fiscal year 
 
 ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Poimds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fiscal year 
 
 ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1, 122, 286 
 1,520,687 
 2,089,781 
 
 $114,123 
 135,416 
 180, 513 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 3,262,828 
 10,676,296 
 24,026,481 
 
 $245,791 
 383, 697 
 501, 115 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 19, 769, 660 
 14, 408, 294 
 15,571,451 
 
 8599,442 
 957, 169 
 928,552 
 
 The following table shows, by customs districts, the imports of 
 fresh salmon during the calendar year 1918: 
 
 Imports, by Customs Districts, op Fresh Salmon, Calendar Year 1918. 
 
 Customs district. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Customs district. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Maine and New Hampshire. 
 Massachusetts 
 
 449, 244 
 4,965 
 12,400 
 4 500 
 
 $82,721 
 
 318 
 
 3,536 
 
 495 
 
 421, 713 
 
 2 
 
 
 532,772 
 
 18, 100 
 
 247, 833 
 
 336,306 
 
 $56, 472 
 
 Duluth and Superior 
 
 St . Lawrence 
 
 1,728 
 
 
 26,918 
 
 
 Vermont . 
 
 37, 216 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Buffalo 2n 
 
 13,085,998 
 
 631,119 
 
 
 
 
 
 During the calendar year 1919, imports of fresh salmon amounted 
 to 752,480 pounds, valued at .S101,121, and during the calendar year 
 1920, to 676,359 pounds, valued at $125,863. 
 
202 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. 
 
 Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured 
 salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, 
 inclusive. 
 
 Imports of Foreign Pickled Pacific Salmon, 1886 to 1909.o 
 
 Year. 
 
 Britis 1 Columbia. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Hongkong. 
 
 Russia, Asiatic. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1886 
 
 5,600 
 
 200 
 
 86, 000 
 
 18,200 
 
 600 
 
 200 
 
 ■ 5, 478 
 
 149,410 
 
 6, 550 
 
 6,530 
 
 6, 890 
 
 4,145 
 
 15,875 
 
 162, 558 
 
 165,243 
 
 175,411 
 
 161,549 
 
 282,210 
 
 282, 027 
 
 35,475 
 
 6,393 
 
 13, 230 
 
 30, 710 
 
 111,645 
 
 $224 
 
 i 
 
 4,031 
 
 860 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 291 
 
 17,592 
 
 250 
 
 474 
 
 156 
 
 188 
 
 1,554 
 
 11,061 
 
 11,225 
 
 13,794 
 
 11, 766 
 
 23, 319 
 
 25, 584 
 
 1,730 
 
 322 
 
 631 
 
 1,523 
 
 5,505 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,600 
 
 200 
 
 86, 000 
 
 18, 200 
 
 600 
 
 200 
 
 5,478 
 
 162,485 
 
 7,150 
 
 6,530 
 
 6,890 
 
 14,045 
 
 b 16, 032 
 
 163, 158 
 
 165,243 
 
 176,017 
 
 161,909 
 
 283,610 
 
 285,042 
 
 40, 985 
 
 7,073 
 
 17,415 
 
 34,247 
 
 $224 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,031 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 860 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 291 
 
 1894 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1,200 
 600 
 
 $29 
 13 
 
 11,875 
 
 $298 
 
 17, 919 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 263 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 474 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 9,870 
 
 266 
 
 456 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 b 1, 560 
 
 1900 
 
 600 
 
 $41 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,102 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,225 
 
 1902 
 
 606 
 360 
 1,400 
 3,015 
 5,510 
 680 
 4,185 
 3,537 
 
 28 
 18 
 52 
 133 
 175 
 31 
 174 
 148 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,822 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,774 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 23,371 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 25,717 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,905 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 
 
 353 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 
 805 
 
 1909..;.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,617 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a After 1909 all imports of salmon, pickled or salted, are included under "All other cured or preserved." 
 b Includes 157 potmds, valued at $6, from China. 
 
 Since 1910 all imports of pickled salmon have been lumped together 
 and it has been impossible to distinguish the imports of Pacific salmon 
 from those imported from Atlantic districts. The table below shows 
 the total imports, almost all of which comprise salmon from the 
 Province of British Columbia in the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 year 
 
 ending 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 year 
 
 ending 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 year 
 
 ending 
 
 June 30— 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 695, 878 
 417, 938 
 344, 530 
 
 $62, 769 
 33, 901 
 28,650 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1,114,927 
 1,162,341 
 1,010,844 
 
 $84,503 
 104, 451 
 70,837 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 945, 394 
 739, 759 
 859,276 
 
 $81,776 
 74,042 
 117,352 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN CANNED SALMON. 
 
 Exports of Canned Salmon from Canada, 1916-1919. 
 [Fiscal year ended Mar. 31.] 
 
 203 
 
 Destination. 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Australia 
 
 Barbados 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 British India 
 
 British South Africa 
 
 British West Indies 
 
 Chile 
 
 China 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Fiji 
 
 France 
 
 French Oceania 
 
 Greenland, Iceland, etc 
 
 Hongkong 
 
 Italy 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Japan , 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Other British East Indies.. 
 
 Other British Oceania 
 
 Other British West Indies. 
 
 Panama 
 
 Peru 
 
 Russia in Europe , 
 
 Siam , 
 
 St. Pierre and Miquelon..., 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago 
 
 United Kingdom , 
 
 United States 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pounds. 
 4, 789, 094 
 
 Pounds. 
 3, 365, 149 
 
 Pounds. 
 2, 236, 742 
 
 11,480 
 
 298, 200 
 52,800 
 28, 643 
 
 10,934 
 
 9,600 
 
 48 
 
 101,344 
 
 9,132 
 
 11,976 
 '343,"632" 
 
 116, 112 
 
 14, 400 
 
 1,440 
 
 2,400 
 '48,' 238' 
 
 319,344 
 
 101 
 
 '47,' 768 
 
 928, 752 
 3, 905, 461 
 
 860, 400 
 
 5,521,100 
 
 14,400 
 
 18,240, 
 
 736,616 
 
 13,529,569 
 
 48,000 
 
 200 
 
 7,300 
 
 3,109,694 
 
 1,338,050 
 ""'91,056 
 
 1,339,282 
 
 120 
 1,689,652 
 
 105, 360 
 
 4, 700 
 21,600 
 
 14,400 
 
 2,394 
 
 2, 064, 736 
 
 192 
 
 124,848 
 
 1,351 
 
 1,060,018 
 
 1,809 
 292, 800 
 
 35,225,051 
 18, 725 
 
 34,772,879 21,117,314 
 567, 758 893, 639 
 
 49, 142, 882 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 3, 750, 194 
 
 1,642 
 
 25,884 
 
 120, 000 
 
 96 
 
 55, 950 
 
 48, 000 
 
 614,016 
 
 2, 540 
 
 1,048,800 
 
 28,800 
 
 2,400 
 
 354, 196 
 
 2, 869, 658 
 
 15, 550 
 
 5,454,670 
 
 576 
 
 192 
 
 48, 000 
 
 1,623,496 
 
 36.000 
 
 12, 000 
 
 8,646 
 
 48, 600 
 
 24, 096 
 
 4,784 
 
 412, 810 
 
 240 
 
 29, 265, 108 
 
 1,936,753 
 
 48,332,127 43,777,154 47,813,697 
 
 SALMON CULTURE." 
 
 The artificial culture of salmon on the Pacific coast has developed 
 into a large and constantly expanding industry. The United States 
 Bureau oi Fisheries operates a number of large and well-equipped 
 hatcheries, while the State governments of California, Oregon, and 
 "Washington, the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British 
 Columbia, and certain private companies have built and mahitain 
 a large number of hatcheries, some of these being among the largest 
 in the world. 
 
 OBTAINING THE SPAWNING FISH. 
 
 The eggs used for artifical propagation are obtained from salmon 
 taken on their way upstream to the natural spawning grounds. In 
 order to arrest the ascent of the fish a rack is usually built across 
 the stream. Where this is not feasible a trap is sometimes con- 
 structed for the purpose of catching the fish. Sometimes the racks 
 have slat traps attached in which some fish are caught. 
 
 a Since this revision was completed there has appeared an excellent work on this subject, entitled "Arti- 
 ficial Propagation of the Salmons of the Pacific Coast" revised and enlarged by llonry O'Malley. 
 Appendix II, Report, U. S, Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919, 32 pp., 9 pis. Washington, 1920. 
 
204 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 A number of methods have been employed for taking the fish as 
 they are grouped below the rack and seeking for an opening, but the 
 most practicable has been found to be by moans of drag or haul 
 seines swept across the area just below the rack. When the pocket 
 or bunt is brought close to shore the workmen pick out the ripe fish 
 and turn the others back to remain until they reach this stage. The 
 ripe fish are placed in pens or live boxes made for this purpose, the 
 males and females being kept separate. These live boxes are usually 
 on the under side of a floating platform, and are accessible through 
 hinged covers set in the plank flooring. Projecting beyond this 
 platform is usually another, upon which the actual work of stripping 
 the fish and caring for the pans is performed. 
 
 At a few places where the fish are caught before they have reached 
 the ripe stage, notably Karluk, the fish are placed in a pound or 
 corral and held until they become ripe. This method is resorted 
 to only in case of necessity. 
 
 The surest sign of ripeness in a female is the separation of the eggs 
 in the ovaries, but the experienced spawn taker can, from the general 
 appearance of the fish, usjually tell whether she is ripe or not, according 
 to Bower: •* 
 
 An interesting experiment was conducted at the Afognak station last season [1910] 
 to determine the degree of ripeness producing the best quality of eggs. The loss on 
 the lot taken from females which were dead ripe — eggs flowing very freely — was less 
 than 1 per cent, while with another lot, where the females were ordinarily ripe upon 
 testing in the usual manner, the loss was about 5 per cent. This shows the need of 
 caution in having fish fully ripe before stripping, if the highest degree of efficiency is 
 to be expected. 
 
 TAKING THE EGGS. 
 
 As the eggs of the females confined in pens are likely to be injured 
 within the fish, stripping is usually done every day. 
 
 When ready for spawn taking, one man lifts a female from the live 
 box by means of a small dip net, while another man lifts out a male 
 in the same manner. They are held suspended in the net until 
 their violent struggles are over, when it is easy to handle them. 
 
 For many years, and even yet at many hatcheries, the method of 
 taking salmon spawn has been by pressing the eggs out by steady 
 downward pressure on the belly of the fish. The milt from the male 
 is obtained in the same way. 
 
 Where the force is large and the fish rather small the quickest 
 way is for one to hold the fish in one hand and press out the eggs 
 or milt with the other. Wlien the fish are large, or the working 
 force is small, a strait-jacket is used. This is a sort of trough made 
 about the average length of the salmon and hollowed out to fit its 
 general shape. A permanent cleat is set across the lower end, while 
 at the upper end is a strip with a buckle. The fish is slid into the 
 trough, the tail going below the cleat, where it is securely held, and 
 the head buckled in at the upper end with the strap. In this con- 
 dition the fish is unable to do any harm by its struggles and the eggs 
 can be pressed out at leisure. 
 
 o Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. In Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by 
 B. W. Evermann. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, p. 70. Washington, 1912. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 40.— STRIPPING SALMON WITH AID OF STRAIT JACKET. 
 
 FIG. 41.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, 
 SHOWING RACKS TO PREVENT SALMON FROM GOING UPSTREAM, AND PEN FOR 
 HOLDING SPAWNING FISH. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 205 
 
 A more modern method in use atmany hatcheries, which has been 
 well described by Mr. Bower," is as follows: 
 
 The Ions:-follo\red process of taking Pacific salmon esjRS by hand expression has been 
 superseded in the last few years by the method of incision, a method discovered and 
 developed by the late Cloudsley Rutter in connection with his study of the life history 
 of the salmon of the Sacramento River. This consists simply of makinp; a cut in the 
 abdominal walls from the throat or near the pectoral fins to the vent, the fish just 
 previously havini? been killed by a blow on the back of the head. When makina: the 
 cut the knife is either shielded by a s;uard or is so held between the thumb and fore- 
 finger as to allow not more than half an inch of the blade to project, thus precluding the 
 possibility of injuring any of the eggs. Immediately follo%ving the incision the eggs 
 flow in a mass into the spawning pan beneath. The operator's fingers are inserted 
 into the abdominal ca\'ity gently to assist in remoAdng any eggs that may be enfolded 
 in the organs or that may merely adhere to the walls of the cavity. Fertilization is 
 accomplished in the usual manner. 
 
 Care must be exercised not to tear loose from the ovaries any eggs that do not come 
 
 freely when the organs are moved from side to side by the fingers. Eggs thus torn 
 
 •loose are immature, and if taken it becomes necessary to eliminate them subsequently 
 
 in the hatchery. It is preferable also to have the fish either in a Aertical position or 
 
 with the head considerably higher than the tail, that gravity may assist the flow of eggs. 
 
 It was at first thought necessary — and the practice still obtains at some stations — 
 to bleed the fish either by cutting off the head or tail before making the incision. 
 Experimentation, however, has conclusively demonstrated that no advantage results 
 from this procedure, as the few drops of blood tliat may occasionally fall into a pan of 
 eggs result in no harm. The extra labor involved in bleeding may therefore be 
 dispensed vriih. entirely. 
 
 When taken by the method of incision the eggs are of greatly improved quality; 
 there is no straining or rupture of good eggs as is incAitably the result when heavy 
 hand pressure is exerted: no unripe eggs are torn from the ovaries; and at the same 
 time there is no waste of good eggs left enfolded in the organs, as is certain to be tlie 
 case in stripping by hand. The improvement in ([uality is from 5 to 10 per cent and 
 the saving in labor, too, is of noteworthy consideration. 
 
 The taking of Pacific salmon eggs by incision marks so distinct an advance in fish 
 culture that it is no longer permissible to continue the obsolete method of stripping 
 by hand. 
 
 FERTILIZING THE EGGS, b 
 
 In impregnating the eggs the main object is to bring the milt and the eggs together 
 as quickly as possible after they haA-e left the fish. By some persons a little water 
 is considered desirable to give greater activity to the milt, but if left more than a 
 minute in the water there is a decided loss of fertilizing power. The eggs do not 
 suffer so quickly from immersion in water. The absorbing property which they 
 possess when they first leaA'e the parent fish, and which attracts to the micropyle the 
 spermatozoa, lasts several minutes, but it is not prudent to leave the eggs in the water 
 a moment longer than is necessary before adding the milt. 
 
 The addition of the water is not essential to a good impregnation: in some instances 
 better results are secured without the use of water and, after all, if the main object 
 is secured, of bringing the milt and the eggs together with the slightest possible delay 
 after they leave the fish, it makes very little difference whether water is used or not. 
 The milt retains its fertilizing power several davs when kept from air and water, and 
 impregnation can be effected between fishes widely separated by merely forwarding 
 the milt properly sealed. At Baird impregnation by the dry method, which has 
 always been followed there, has resulted in the fertilization of about 90 per cent of the 
 eggs so treated . 
 
 The Russian or dry method of impregnating eggs consists simply in taking both the 
 eggs and the milt in a moist pan. It may be urged as an objection to this method 
 that the eggs mil be injured by striking against the pan, but it is a fact that although 
 the same eggs would be destroyed by the concussion a week later, or even 24 hours 
 later, they do not suffer in the least from it at the moment of extrusion from the fish. 
 
 It was at one time considered an important question whether the eggs or milt should 
 be taken first, but with the dry method it makes no difference, as, either way, both 
 eggs and milt remain operati\e long enough for all practical purposes of impregnation. 
 
 1 Fish CuUnre in Alaska, bv Ward T. Hower. In Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by 
 B. W. Eve.rmann. U. S. Hurrau of Fislierios Document No. TfiO, j>p. so, SI. Washington, 1912. 
 
 b A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
 revised edition, pp. 10-12. Washington, 1900. 
 
206 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Various methods of treating the eggs in the pan after impregnation has taken place 
 have been tried. Some operators leave the eggs in the pans as first taken with the 
 milt for two or three minutes and then add water, after which they are left to stand 
 in the pan until they separate, when they are washed clean, taken to the hatching 
 house, and placed in the troughs. Others pour the contents of the several pans— 
 egge, milt, and all — into a large can after the eggs become impregnated, and when the 
 eggs separate the contents of the can are poured into the hatching troughs, trusting 
 to the current in the troughs to wash the milt from the eggs. At Baird water is poured 
 on the eggs a few moments after they become impregnated, after which they are left 
 perfectly quiet until they separate, which, in water of the temperature of the McCloud 
 River in September, 52° to 53°, takes about an hour. The pans, in the meanwhile, 
 are put in a trough filled with river water to keep them from becoming too warm. 
 After the eggs separate they are carefully washed and are carried in buckets to the 
 hatching house, where they are measured and placed in the hatching trays. 
 
 Mr. Bower '^ has the following to say as to the loss by concussion 
 and the proper method of preventing same : 
 
 Coincident with the absorptive period in salmon eggs is an adhesive stage varying^ 
 with the temperature from one to two hours, when the eggs are exceedingly sensitive. 
 This is the so-called period of water hardening. Under no circumstances should the 
 eggs be handled during this stage, nor should they be subjected to the slightest con- 
 cussion. Repeated tests h^,ve demonstrated conclusively that even allowing the 
 buckets containing the eggs to stand on the same platform where ipawning operations 
 are being carfied on results in considerable loss. 
 
 To guard against this, the buckets should either stand on the bottom of the stream 
 or else on a platform in every way independent of and having absolutely no connec- 
 tion with the main platform. To some this may seem like a small and irrelevant 
 consideration, but strict observance is certain to reduce the loss by at least 2 or 3 per 
 cent. During the process of water hardening the buckets should be partly submerged 
 to properly regulate the temperature. 
 
 Due caution must be observed not to move the eggs until water hardening is com- 
 plete. After a little experience the operator can readily tell, upon carefully inserting 
 the hand and finding the eggs free and hard and no longer soft and velvety, even 
 toward the bottom of the bucket, that they may be moved to the hatchery without 
 fear of loss. 
 
 HATCHING APPARATUS AND METHODS.?) 
 
 The hatching apparatus generally employed on this coast is pretty 
 much of the same pattern and is described as follows i'^ 
 
 The hatching apparatus generally employed on the Pacific coast in salmon propaga- 
 tion consists of a combination of troughs and baskets. The troughs in common use are 
 the so-called "Williamson troughs," which are IG feet long, 12 or 16 inches ■svide, and 
 6^ inches deep. The troughs are arranged in pairs, and usually two or three pairs 
 are placed end to end on different levels. The fall of water in each trough is li 
 inches. The troughs are di\dded by double partitions of wood or metal into com- 
 partments just enough longer than the baskets to enable the latter to be raised and 
 lowered and to be tilted slightly. The essential feature of these troughs is that at 
 the lower end of each compartment a partition, extending entirely across the trough, 
 reaches from the bottom almost to the top, and another similar partition at the upper 
 end of the compartment reaches from the top almost to the bottom of the trough, 
 each set of partitions being about an inch apart. The water is consequently forced 
 to flow under the upper partition and over the lower partition, and to do this it must 
 necessarily ascend through the tray of eggs. The troughs are provided with canvas 
 covers stretched upon light frames and made sunlight proof by saturation with 
 asphaltum varnish, and their interiors are thickly coated with asphaltum. 
 
 The egg receptacles are %vire trays or baskets about 12 inches wide, 24 inches long, 
 and deep enough to project an inch or two above the water, which is 5 or 6 inches 
 deep in the troughs in which they are placed. Into each of these baskets 2 gallons 
 of salmon eggs, equivalent to about 30,000, are poured at a time. The eggs suffer no 
 
 c Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. In Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by 
 B. W. Evermann. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81, 82. Washington, 1912. 
 
 b At some of the Alaska hatcheries quite large baskets, some holding as many as 103,000 red salmon eggs 
 are used. 
 
 c A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
 revised edition, pp. 12, 13. "Washington, 1900. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 207 
 
 injury whatever from bning packed together in tliis manner, the water being Bupplied 
 in a way that forces it through the eggs, partially supporting and circulating through 
 them. The meshes are too small to permit the eggs to pass through, although the fry 
 are able to do so. 
 The advantages of this apparatus and method are: 
 
 (1) The top of the tray or basket is out of the water and always entirely dry; con- 
 sequently in handling it the hands are kept dry. 
 
 (2) By tilting one end of the tray up or down a little or by lifting it entirely and 
 settling it gently back again in its place the bad eggs uill be forced to the top; thus a 
 feather is not re(|uired in picking over the eggs and the injuries very often inllicted 
 with it are avoided. 
 
 (3) The top of the tray being above water, the eggs can never run over the top nor 
 escape in any way, which is a great advantage o\er the shallow form of tray. 
 
 (4) There is economy of space; 30,000 to 40,000 eggs can be placed in each basket, 
 provided a sufficient quantity of water is available. Two troughs 16 feet long and 1 
 loot wide will by this method carry about 500,000 salmon eggs. The deep trays may 
 be filled at least half full of eggs, and thus 10 times as many eggs can be hatched in 
 the same space and with the same supply of water as by the old method. A good but 
 gentle circulation is continually maintained through the eggs. 
 
 (5) The deep-tray system is admirably adapted to getting rid of mud that has col- 
 lected on the eggs, for all sediment accumulating about them can be easily removed 
 by gently moving the tray up and down a few times in the water ; but if the deposit of 
 mud on the troughs becomes so excessive as to be unmanageable, a false bottom of 
 wire cloth or perforated zinc can be placed in the troughs at a suitable distance above 
 their real bottom, leaving a space of about 1 or 1^ inches between the wire cloth and 
 the trough bottom. By this means the mud that comes into the trough will sift down 
 into the space below the wire cloth entirely out of the way of the fish, the movementa 
 of the fish themselves helping very much to produce this result. Should the accu- 
 mulation of mud in the space below the false bottom of the trough become too great, 
 it can easily be sluiced out in various ways. 
 
 When quinnat salmon eggs are simply to be matured for shipment, hatching trays 
 with one-fourth or one-fifth inch square mesh will answer the purpose, but when the 
 eggs are to be hatched in them, every alternate strand of wire running leugthM-ise, 
 or, better still, every second and third thread, should be left out in order to form an 
 oblong mesh through which the newly hatched fry, after separating themselves from 
 the unhatched eggs, can escape from the hatching trays into the trough below. 
 
 At Baird eggs kept in water averaging about 54° F. hatch in 35 days. The allowance 
 of 5 days' difference in the time of hatching for each degree of change in the water 
 temperature is approximately correct. 
 
 For the first few days the eggs of the quinnat salmon are very hardy, and at this 
 time they should be thoroughly picked over and the dead ones removed as far as 
 possible before the delicate stage during the formation of the spinal column comes on, 
 so that during that critical period they may be left in perfect quiet. As soon as the 
 spinal column and the head show plainly, the eggs are hardy enough to ship, but when 
 there is time enough it is l)etter to wait a day or two until the eye-spot is distinctly 
 visible, after which time the eggs will stand handling and may be safely shipped if 
 properly packed. 
 
 HANDLING EGGS IN HATCHERY.a 
 
 At some of the Bureau's stations where salmon eggs are handled it was the custom 
 until a few years ago to "bury " the eggs or leave them undisturbed (aside from picking 
 once the day after spawning ) for two or three weeks after putting them in the baskets. 
 The result was that they were in some instances literally buried under and in such a 
 mass of mud and sediment that many eggs were killed. Discontinuance of the prac- 
 tice resulted in a very appreciable improvement. 
 
 When the water is so turbid as to cause a heavy deposit of sediment, it is better to 
 go over the eggs occasionally, even through the critical stages of development, or 
 until the line of the lish is well formed. Of course the eggs must be handled with 
 utmost caution at all times, but owing to their extreme sensitiveness during the two 
 or three days following the closing of the blastopore and until a perceptible curve 
 shows in the tail, they should be left entirely untouched. It soon becomes easy to 
 determine the stage of an egg's development by holding it up to the light between the 
 thumb and foreiinger. In the absence of cautious and skilled operatives and unless 
 the water is roily for an extended period, it is undoubtedly better to let the eggs 
 
 a Fish Culture in Alaska, bv Ward T. Bower. In Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911. U.S. 
 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81, S2. Washington, 1912. 
 
208 U. S. BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 remain undisturbed until the curvature of the tail is visible to the unaided eye. 
 The accumulation of a moderate coating of sediment which readily washes off is not 
 injurious. In a few instances it has become necessary to handle the eggs during the 
 tender stage to arrest the spread of fungus, but where the water supph^ is reasonably 
 well adapted to fish-cultural purposes such a course is rarely if ever necessary. 
 
 REMOVAL OF DEAD EGGS BY THE USE OF SALT SOLUTION. 
 
 Among the most noteworthy advances in the fish-cultural methods during the last 
 few years has been the use of salt as an aid in the removal of dead eggs. The develop- 
 ment of this process has extended over a period of several years, but it is more during 
 the last year or so through the efforts of L E. Baldridge, of the Yes Bay station, that it 
 has reached a high degree of efficiency. 
 
 Compared Math the time-honored process of picking by hand, there are marked 
 advantages in using the salt solution, and chief among these is the great saving of labor. 
 It is estimated that if the eggs happen to be of not more than mediocre quality it 
 would take at least 20 pickers to remove as many dead eggs as could two men using the 
 salt solution. Moreover, the operation is much more thoroughly performed in the 
 latter process than is possible in picking by hand. 
 
 Another advantage of using the solution is that it is possible thoroughly to clean 
 the eggs. This greatly reduces any loss through contamination and infection resulting 
 from the decomposition and fungous growths which incAatably follow the long-con- 
 tinued presence of dead eggs that in the hand-picking method frequently escape 
 attention. Even when utmost care is taken to pick out all dead eggs, fungoused 
 masses will occasionally appear. This condition is rarely observed when the salt 
 solution has been used, and it undoubtedly means that in the aggregate many eggs 
 are saved. Still another point in favor of the solution, it is generally believed, is that 
 it acts as a tonic or stimulant to the good eggs while at the same time as a deterrent to 
 the growth of fungus. Again, in picking by hand there is apt to be loss by move- 
 ment of the eggs during delicate stages of development; and the oft-repeated insertion 
 of egg tweezers, which are bound to touch other eggs, undoubtedly at times results 
 in injury. 
 
 Recent experience has demonstrated that the solution may be applied effectively 
 to eggs freshly taken as well as those in more advanced stages of development. 
 
 The principle of the salt bath is simply that the specific gravity of the good eggs is 
 greater than that of the Ijad eggs, hence upon Ijeing placed in the salt solution the 
 good eggs sink and the bad remain afloat and are easily removed. It is vitally essen- 
 tial to the success of the undertaking that the solution be of the proper strength, and 
 it is for this reason that the beginner is apt to become discouraged. If the solution is 
 too weak all the eggs, both good and bad, will sink, while if it is too strong all will 
 remain afloat. The margin of the proper density is so narrow that in the operation it 
 is necessary every few minutes to strengthen the solution by adding more salt or brine, 
 otherwise the small amount of fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs as it is 
 lifted from the hatching trough into the solution will affect unfavorably the results 
 when treating succeeding baskets. Experience and careful observation, however, 
 will soon make it possible for the operator accurately to judge when to add a bit of the 
 stock solution. It is a convenience, of course, to have a salinometer at hand when 
 preparing the solution. It is commonly the practice as an aid in preparing the solution 
 to test it occasionally with a few eggs. 
 
 Highly successful results in using the solution with red salmon eggs have been 
 attained at the Yes Bay station, and a detailed description is accordingly given of the 
 methods pursued at that place. 
 
 The chief item of equipment consists of a water-tight wooden tank 4 feet long, 2J feet 
 wide, and 10 inches deep for holding the solution in which the eggs are immersed. 
 Before each basket is immersed it is necessary that the surface of the solution be 
 perfectly quiet, for any ripple or current will tend to disturb the buoyant effect of the 
 solution upon the eggs. I'herefoTe it was found of great convenience last winter to 
 use a floating frame made of half-inch material 6 inches wide fastened together verti- 
 cally and at right angles, thus forming open squares about 6 inches either way. After 
 each )')asket of eggs is lifted from the salt liath this frame is placed in the solution to 
 stop all motion of the water, being pushed down until it is almost submerged and held 
 firmly against the side of the tank for a few seconds. Upon being carefully withdrawn 
 the solution is quiet and the next basket of eggs may be immersed without further 
 delay. _ ' ■ 
 
 Another piece of equipment is a feather fan with which gently to push the floating 
 dead eggs away from over the submerged basketinto which the good eggs have settled. 
 Unless the dead eggs are quickly moved they too will sink. A feather fan made by 
 
PACIFIC saIjMon fisheries. 209 
 
 fastening eagle feathers to a thin strip 8 inches long by 1^, inches wide works much 
 more satisfactorily for this purpose than a wing. An ordinary hand scaff net about 
 12 by 14 inches in size for removing dead eggs from the tank, a dipper, and a bucket 
 complete the outfit. Wood and metal surfaces in all equipment should be well 
 coated with asphaltum or some similar preparation. 
 
 At Yes Bay as soon as five or ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand light 
 concussion the baskets are lifted out of the troughs and the eggs are stirred thorouglily 
 with the hand, which caiises practicallv all of the unfertile or empty eggs to turn wliite. 
 As soon as the line of the fish shows plainly when held up to the liglit and there is a 
 distinct curvature to the tail, the eggs are sufficiently well advanced in development 
 to stand stirring. After this process the baskets are returned to the troughs and allowed 
 to remain three days, for when first turned the unfertile eggs are about as heavy as the 
 good eggs and consequently would sink if the salt solution were applied at once. 
 
 On the fourth day after stirring, everything being in readiness, fiA^e or six baskets are 
 removed from a trough and set on top to drain. After a few moments a basket is grasj^ed 
 at each end and is lowered into the tank containing the solution until the liquid comes 
 through the eggs. A light shake is then given to level up the eggs in the basket. Next, 
 slowly and very gently, the basket is lowered until the brine comes almost to its rim 
 and is held perfectly still for a moment. All the eggs in the basket will rise, but soon 
 the good eggs will begin to sink, and presently, if it is a basket of poor eggs, the surface 
 will be completely coA'ered with bad eggs. Now, without the slightest jar, the basket is 
 lowered far enough below the surface to permit an egg to float over the rim. The ))ad 
 eggs will immediately start toward the edges of the tank. After a few seconds the 
 basket is gently lowered until it rests upon the bottom. The remaining dead eggs are 
 then brushed away from over the basket by means of quick, short, and light strokes of 
 the feather fan, long, sweeping strokes are to be carefully avoided. One end of the 
 basket is then gently raised until it is above the surface of the brine and the basket 
 is drawn toward the end of the tank and out from under the floating dead eggs. At 
 the same time the fan is used with the other hand to aid in moving any of these floating 
 eggs to one side. The fan is then dropped and the lower end of the basket is grasped 
 and the whole is quickly raised out of the solution. The basket is set at an angle on 
 the tank for a moment to drain and is then carried to the hatching trough. The 
 attendant lifts out another basket to drain along with the four or five others orip:inally 
 removed and returns to the tank of brine with the basket that has been draining the 
 longest. 
 
 While this is being done the other operator skims the dead eggs off the surface of the 
 brine and places the frame described above in the tank for a moment to stop all motion 
 of the solution. After five or six baskets have been treated, any eggs that have settled 
 to the bottom of the tank are removed, as they absorb and weaken the brine. It is 
 necessary, as earlier mentioned, to add a little fresh brine after handling each basket. 
 The eggs should be as clean as possible, as the solution will not be effective when it 
 contains much sediment. A l-mch hole with plug in one corner of the tank is con- 
 venient for drawing off any deposit of this character. Should failure occur in treating 
 a basket of eggs, as, for example, if by sudden jar they are all caused to sink, or if the 
 brin e is too weak or too strong, the basket must be put back in the hatcliing trough, 
 as it will not respond to treatment again the same day. 
 
 At Yes Bay last winter a large portion of the 72,000,000 eggs were thoroughly cleaned 
 up at one handling. Two men ran as many as 10,000,000 eggs through the salt bath in 
 a single day. It is customary on the day after treating the eggs to have them gone OA'er 
 80 that if any dead eggs remain they may be picked out by hand. This, however, 
 requires very little time, as lint few dead eggs are found. No alarm need be felt if the 
 eggs seem to shrink as a result of the immersion, for they will soon resume their normal 
 siz e upon being replaced in fresh water. 
 
 The use of the salt solution has been extended lately to the handling of lake trout 
 eggs in Michigan and Minnesota, and there appears to be no reason why it is not equally 
 well adapted to the eggs of other salmonoids. Certainly its many advantages com- 
 mend further experimentation in this direction. 
 
 The eggs of the salmon hatch very graduallj^ at first, only a small 
 proportion comhig out the first day, but the number increases daily 
 until the climax is reached, when large numbers of young burst 
 their shells in a single day. As at this time the vast number of dis- 
 carded shells are apt to clog up the guard screens at the outlets of 
 the troughs, great care and vigilance is necessary to prevent this by 
 thoroughly cleansing them frequently. 
 
 11312°— 21— 14 
 
210 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The hatched fish easily shp through the oblong mesh in the bottom 
 of the trays mto the space below. They should be assisted in doing 
 this by gently raising and lowering the tray at intervals, care being 
 taken not to raise them out of the water. 
 
 After they are all hatched out and in the bottom of the troughs, 
 about the only danger to guard against is that of suffocation. They 
 frequently crowd together in heaps and dig down under one another 
 until some of them die for want of running water, which is less than 
 an inch away from them. The best remedy is to thin them out. 
 
 John Pease Babcock, Assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries 
 of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- 
 gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried immediately under sand and 
 gravel would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than under exist- 
 hig hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and 
 more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. The 
 interesthig account of his experiments is reproduced entire:'* 
 
 In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that con- 
 siderable loss is occasioned in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming 
 eml>edded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. 
 
 Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a 
 considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation only 
 those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of sand and gravel pro- 
 duce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not 
 covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic 
 enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed "fungus." 
 
 My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the 
 nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only 
 live but hatch ; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced 
 survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface; 
 that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and the 
 young mil work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by 
 the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the attacks 
 of vegetable molds. 
 
 Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce ale^dns that work their 
 way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface are 
 subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus destroyed, 
 as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. 
 
 Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface 
 so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed 
 that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from eggs buried beneath 
 less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly 
 covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. 
 
 The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my 
 observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during 
 and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These 
 molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon 
 have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters 
 carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and 
 alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural 
 propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other 
 causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath 
 the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered 
 with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have 
 nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach 
 themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. 
 
 a Some Experiments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs— Suggesting a New Method of Hatching Salmon 'and 
 Trout. By John Pease Babcock. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1910, pp. 393-395. Wash- 
 ington, 1911. 
 
 This method has been carried out on a considerable scale by A. Robertson, a Dominion of Canada 
 hatchery superintendent located on the Eraser River, and the results published in "Hatching Salmon 
 Fry in Gravel," Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. 17, No. 6, June, 1919, p. 38, illus. 
 
PACIFIC SALP.ION FISHERIES. 211 
 
 My experimentB along this line load me to express the opinion that by the burial 
 of freslily fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and graxcl strong healthy 
 fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry 
 so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active 
 enemies. 
 
 I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs 
 may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally 
 in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some 
 difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find 
 that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid 
 and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is iirst thickly indented with cells a 
 little deeper than the eggs. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed 
 with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. 
 
 My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching 
 apparatus now used in the propagation of salmon and trout Mill be dispensed with; 
 that after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire 
 baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of 
 natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect 
 them, little or no other labor will be required. 
 
 FEEDING AND PLANTING THE FRY. 
 
 For some time the fry remain at the bottom of the trough, but 
 when the yolk sac is nearly absorbed they rise from the bottom and 
 begin swimming. As a rule the fry are planted about the time the 
 yolk sac is absorbed, thus obviating the necessity for feeding them. 
 Some experts advise planting young red salmon when the umbilical 
 sac is about two-thirds absorbed, which is the time when the fish 
 begin to swim up freely. With the temperatures prevailing at the 
 Alaska hatcheries, this means that the fry must be held at least four 
 or five weeks after hatching. 
 
 PACKING EGGS FOR SHIPMENT. 
 
 In packing salmon eggs for shipment it is the custom at the Bureau 
 of Fisheries' hatcheries to use a packing box made of one-half inch 
 pine, 2 feet square and 1 foot deep.'* 
 
 At the bottom is placed a thick layer of moss, then a layer of mosquito netting, then 
 a layer of eggs, then mosquito netting again, then successive layers of moss, netting, 
 eggs, netting, and so on to the middle of the box. Here a firm wooden partition is 
 fastened in and the packing renewed above in the same manner as below. The cover 
 is then laid on the top, and when two boxes are ready they are placed in a wooden 
 crate, made large enough to allow a space of 3 inches on all sides of the boxes. This 
 space is filled with hay to protect the eggs against changes of temperature, and, the 
 cover being put on the eggs, they are ready to ship. In the middle of the crate an 
 open space about 4 inches in depth is left, between the two boxes of eggs, for ice. 
 As soon as the crates arrive at the railway station this space, as well as the top of the 
 crate is filled in with ice. Recent experiments show that salmon eggs can be packed 
 and safely transported to considerable distances when they are first taken. 
 
 REARING SALMON FRY. 
 
 For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they 
 had absorbed, the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. A few thou- 
 sands were sometimes raised to the fingerling, yearling, or adult 
 stage, more as a curiosity than anything else. No particular diffi- 
 culty was experienced in raising these fish, but the expense entailed 
 in feeding them for a prolonged period, and the impossibility of doing 
 so unless large ponds were constructed at great expense for the piu*- 
 
 " A Manual of Fi,sh-cultiire, Based on the Methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fish- 
 eries, revised edition, p. 14. Washjngtoo, 1917. 
 
212 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 pose of holding thorn during the feeding period, prevented the general 
 adoption of the rearing system. 
 
 For some years certain fish culturists and others had contended that 
 the planting of fry just after they had absorbed the umbilical sac was 
 an economic mistake, claiming that at this age they were weak and 
 comparatively sluggish in their movements, and would fall easy prey 
 to their numerous fish, bird, and other enemies. The late Robert D. 
 Hume, who built and operated a hatchery on the lower Rogue River, 
 also one on the upper Rogue River, which the United States Bureau 
 of Fisheries operated for some years, was one of the first to take up 
 the rearing of salmon fry on any scale. 
 
 In time these objections bore weight, and a few years ago the con- 
 struction of ponds in which fry could be held and fed until they had 
 reached a size which would insure them at least an even chance for 
 their lives was undertaken all along the coast except in British 
 Columbia, with the result that to-day there is a pona capacity for 
 about one-half of the total capacity of the various hatcheries. 
 
 Most of the nursery ponds have been constructed near the hatch- 
 eries and usually comprise oblong trenches dug in the earth and walled 
 with cement and stone. 
 
 In Oregon the State authorities found that the best results in pond 
 rearing were obtained by using creek or natural ponds, which were 
 made by placing dams across the small streams in the vicinity of the 
 hatcheries. When first taken from the hatching troughs the fry are 
 placed in the artificial ponds until the danger from spring freshets in 
 the small streams is over. They are then transferred to the natural 
 ponds, where the continual flow of fresh water, and the logs, rocks, 
 etc., which provide shade and shelter, afford more natural conditions, 
 and in which the natural food of the fry supplements the artificial 
 food provided by man. 
 
 A big advantage in connection with the use of natural ponds is the 
 comparatively small expense involved in providing for them as com- 
 pared with the large expense involved in the construction of cement 
 ponds. 
 
 The young fry show when they are ready to feed by dar ing to one 
 side or the other when small particles of food are dropped in the water 
 and float past them. For the first few weeks they should be fed 
 regularly and as often as six times a day, and the earlier in the day 
 the feeding begins and the later it continues at night the better. 
 Two hours after feeding they will be found to be ravenously hungry, 
 and as they grow much faster for frequent feeding great care should 
 be taken to see that they are well fed. If not fed sufficiently they 
 will bite at one another and cause more or less mortality among 
 themselves. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 In feeding salmon fry almost every conceivable food has been 
 utilized. By universal consent liver is conceded to be the best food 
 for the fry, as it can be ground finer than other foods and the blood 
 which it contains is highly nutritious. At many places, however, it 
 is impossible to secure liver, while its cost when available is generally 
 prohibitive. 
 
 The food used is generally that most available and which experi- 
 ence has shown that the fry like and upon which they thrive. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 213 
 
 In Oregon " it has been found that the extremely young fry thrived 
 on a mixture of ground dried salmon and mush (composed of mid- 
 dlings and other wheat products). Milk curds from near-by cream- 
 eries also proved satisfactory. The older fish are fed on ground 
 smelt, lampreys, spent salmon, both dried and salted, and offal from 
 the canneries, some loose and some packed in 1 -gallon cans. An 
 excellent food is broken-up ice-cream cones. This latter food also has 
 the advantage of not sinking to the bottom and thus polluting the 
 water; and because it floats at the surface the surplus can be lifted 
 out with a dip net. 
 
 SALMON SOLD AFTER STRIPPING. 
 
 For many years it was the custom after the eggs had been stripped 
 from the salmon to either give the carcasses to the Indians or to bury 
 them. In 1917, under stress of the great demand for fish caused by 
 the war, L. H. Darwin, fish and game commissioner of Washington, 
 after an analysis by chemists had shown that the flesh was whole- 
 some food, offered for sale, at a low rate, these spawned-out fish. 
 The offer was accepted by several of the cities of the State, some of 
 which established municipal markets at which these salmon, as well 
 as other food products, were offered for sale at prices ruhng lower 
 than those in the commercial markets. It is probable that the 
 economic utilization of these salmon will be permanent, and will 
 prove a source of considerable profit to the States which sell them. 
 
 SALMON HATCHERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 
 
 Below is shown a list of the salmon and steelhead-trout hatcheries 
 operated on the Pacific coast during the year 1919: 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Alaska: 
 
 Afognak. 
 
 Yes Bay. 
 California: 
 
 Baird. 
 
 Battle Creek. 
 
 Hornbrook. 
 
 Mill Creek 
 Oregon: 
 
 Clackamas. 
 
 Applegate. 
 
 Snake River. 
 
 Rogue River. 
 
 Upper Clackamas. 
 Washington: 
 
 Baker Lake. 
 
 Birdsview. 
 
 Brinnon. 
 
 Darrington. 
 
 Duckabush. 
 
 lUabott Creek. 
 
 Quilcene. 
 
 Big White Salmon. 
 
 Little White Salmon. 
 
 STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Sisson. 
 Brookdale. 
 Price Creek. 
 XJkiah. 
 
 STATE OF OREGON. 
 
 Wallowa River. 
 
 McKonzie River. 
 
 Salmon River. 
 
 Bonneville. 
 
 Santiam River (eyeing station). 
 
 Klaskanine. 
 
 Willamette River (eyeing station). 
 
 Eagle Creek. 
 
 Snake River (Idaho). 
 
 Tillamook. 
 
 Yaquina. 
 
 Siuslaw. 
 
 Umpqua. 
 
 South Coos. 
 
 Coquille. 
 
 Alsea. 
 
 Rogue River. 
 
 a Rearing and Feeding Salmon Fry in Oregon. By R. E. Clanton. Transactions, Pacific Fisheries 
 Society, 1914, p. 91-94. aeattle, 1915. 
 
214 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 STATE OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 Chambers Creek. 
 
 Cliehalis. 
 
 Ohehalis No. 2. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Dungeness. 
 
 Ellwah. 
 
 Green River. 
 
 Green River No. 2. 
 
 Nasel River. 
 
 Nisqually. 
 
 Nooksack. 
 
 Nooksack River, Middle Fork. 
 
 Nookriack River, South Fork. 
 
 North River. 
 
 Pilchuck. 
 
 Puyalhip River. 
 
 Samish. 
 
 Skagit River. 
 
 Skokomish. 
 
 Skykomish. 
 
 Snohomish. 
 
 Stillaguamish. 
 
 Kaiama. 
 
 Lewis River. 
 
 Pateros-Methow. 
 
 Tahuya (eyeing station). 
 
 Wenatchee. 
 
 Tilton River. 
 
 Wind River. 
 
 Humptulips. 
 
 Willapa. 
 
 Willapa No. 2. 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Distribution of fry, etc. — In the next table is shown by years and 
 species the distribution in Pacific coast waters of fry, fmgerlings, 
 yearlings, and adults from 1873, when the first hatchery be^an oper- 
 ation, to 1919, inclusive. The figures on fingerlings, yearlings, and 
 adults are not as complete as could be wished, this being due to cer- 
 tain of the State fish commissions not separating them from the fry 
 in the published results. 
 
 The table shows the enormous total of 7,990,416,264 fry and 
 275,093,097 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults as having been deposited 
 in local waters since the inception of the work on this coast. Of 
 these nearly one-half were sockeye, or red salmon, followed by clii- 
 nook, or spring, coho, or silver, dog, steelhead trout, and humpback 
 salmon in the order named. 
 
 This table does not show the large number of eggs, fry, etc., shipped 
 from the coast hatcheries , to other sections of the country and to 
 various foreign countries. These appear in the tables shown under 
 the various States, Provinces, and Territories. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 Granite Creek. 
 Pemberton. 
 Harrison Lake. 
 Stuart Lake. 
 Skeena River. 
 Babine Lake. 
 Rivers Inlet. 
 Fraser River. 
 Anderson Lake. 
 Kennedy Lake. 
 Cowlchan Lake. 
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Seton Lake. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA PACKERS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Nimpkish Lake. 
 
 ALASKA ("private HATCIIERIES). 
 
 Alaska Packers Association: 
 
 Fortmann. 
 Northwestern Fisheries Co.: 
 
 Quadra. 
 
 Hetta. 
 North Pacific Trading & Packing Co.: 
 
 Klawak. 
 
U. S. B. F. Doc. 902. 
 
 
 FIG. 43.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATLHtkV, iLj BAY, ALASKA. 
 
 FIG. 44.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHER'r, AFOGNAK, ALASKA. 
 
U. S. B. F.— Doc. 902. 
 
 FIG. 45.— ALASKA PACKERS ASSOCIATION FORTMANN HATCHERY, NAHA STREAM, 
 ALASKA; THE LARGEST HATCHERY IN THE WORLD. 
 
 FIG. 46.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, 
 
 SATSOP, WASH. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 215 
 
 Distribution op Salmon in the Pacific Coastal Streams op North America, in 
 
 Specified Years. 
 
 
 Chinook, king, or spring. 
 
 Coho, or silver. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 
 llngs, 
 
 yearlings, 
 
 and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlmgs, 
 anft 
 adults. 
 
 1873.... 
 
 520,000 
 
 850,000 
 
 2,250,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2,550,000 
 
 2,582,620 
 
 5,376,500 
 
 4,059,290 
 
 4,974,790 
 
 3,991,750 
 
 600,000 
 
 150, 000 
 
 200,000 
 
 2,590,000 
 
 8,168,000 
 
 5,250,475 
 
 9,269,000 
 
 4,299,000 
 
 10,825,950 
 
 8,427,900 
 
 6,458,000 
 
 25,581,033 
 
 31,146,095 
 
 73,684,076 
 
 ■ 56,773,351 
 
 33,974,064 
 
 36, 563, 138 
 
 73,852,120 
 
 75, 558, 389 
 
 161,530,963 
 
 143,714,117 
 
 167,745,494 
 
 124,578,390 
 
 135,447,179 
 
 88, 188, 707 
 
 97,361,532 
 
 80,570,265 
 
 101,810,515 
 
 112,008,886 
 
 133,271,477 
 
 149,666,221 
 
 151,649,595 
 
 96,975,725 
 
 133,102,069 
 
 67,908,011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878.... 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1879. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1882.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892.... 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894.... 
 
 
 280,000 
 910,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 560,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 807, 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 298,137 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 189,000 
 13,925,104 
 20,047,935 
 41,436,123 
 34, 460, 291 
 23,894,026 
 30,743,492 
 47,356,449 
 44,426,380 
 54,108,557 
 50,648,674 
 45,863,952 
 52,869,759 
 66,087,446 
 79, 313, 839 
 67,682,576 
 92,926,831 
 56,647,147 
 17,828,235 
 55,697,111 
 32,207,426 
 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 10,301,760 
 16,478,280 
 9,937,390 
 10,012,390 
 
 
 
 
 1901.... 
 
 1,668 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 521,797 
 
 
 1005.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 122,980 
 
 300 
 
 3, 268, 800 
 
 6,120,000 
 
 4,342,350 
 
 7,805,000 
 
 8, 607, 500 
 
 13,435,750 
 
 4,684,950 
 
 35,792,440 
 
 16,623,984 
 
 63,088,372 
 
 63,390,798 
 
 26,133,925 
 
 82, 020, 140 
 
 
 969,990 
 
 4,224,255 
 
 31,920,662 
 
 10,000 
 
 2,251,340 
 
 460, 150 
 
 34,205,460 
 
 1,888 
 
 39,685,814 
 
 7,867,484 
 
 15,842,627 
 
 4,953,000 
 
 22, 159, 186 
 
 5,426,000 
 
 
 1907.... 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 2,165,797 
 
 16,949 
 
 225 
 
 11, 700 
 
 1,405,860 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 1912... 
 
 116,300 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 2,571,711 
 9,875,745 
 26,070,128 
 27,060,581 
 22,384,610 
 58,007,670 
 
 
 
 
 1915.... 
 
 
 
 
 1916.... 
 1917.... 
 
 1918 
 
 5,543,712 
 4, 663, 560 
 10,148,815 
 3, 286, 580 
 
 1,000,000 
 7,014,580 
 
 2,915,000 
 7,449,030 
 4,736,000 
 
 1919.... 
 
 26,772,025 
 
 4,524,560 
 
 369,958 
 
 Total. 
 
 2,438,054,687 
 
 150,527,774 
 
 929,848,490 
 
 24,319,267 
 
 408,815,854 
 
 12,539,140 
 
 170,499,653 
 
 15,469,988 
 
216 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Distribution of Salmon in the Pacific Coastal Streams op North America, in 
 Specified Years — Continued. 
 
 
 Sockeye, red. 
 
 or blueback. 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, year- 
 lings, and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, year- 
 lings, and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, year 
 lings, and 
 
 adults. 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 520,000 
 
 850,000 
 
 2,250,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2,550,000 
 
 2,582,620 
 
 5,376,500 
 
 4,059,290 
 
 4,974,790 
 
 3,991,750 
 
 600,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 2,775,000 
 
 4,614,000 
 
 8,397,000 
 
 12,587,000 
 
 11,890,475 
 
 12,872,800 
 
 10,299,000 
 
 17,099,950 
 
 17,565,400 
 
 19,049,000 
 
 41,556,841 
 
 50,080,672 
 
 95,250,076" 
 
 72,731,976 
 
 89,852,488 
 
 94,699,932 
 
 201,148,581 
 
 213,939,500 
 
 260,864,906 
 
 298, 226, 484 
 
 458, 104, 140 
 
 412,996,968 
 
 462,184,874 
 
 394,097,305 
 
 561,668,565 
 
 419,79^,138 
 
 543,824,521 
 
 485,918,028 
 
 530,349,190 
 
 53.5,401,818 
 
 563,065,182 
 
 376,986,109 
 
 466, 502, 407 
 
 212,465,988 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 i 
 
 ! i 
 
 
 1881 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1882 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1885 . . . 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 2,625,000 
 
 4,414,000 
 
 5,807,000 
 
 4,419,000 
 
 6,640,000 
 
 3,603,800 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 6,274,000 
 
 8,504,000 
 
 11,681,000 
 
 15,868,000 
 
 18,374,440 
 
 20,916,000 
 
 15,761,000 
 
 29,590,000 
 
 19,901,253 
 
 72,679,000 
 
 89, 398, 789 
 
 70, 710, 200 
 
 119,963,200 
 
 232,037,442 
 
 228,018,450 
 
 230, 528, 455 
 
 239, 251, 146 
 
 396,215,795 
 
 257,463,497 
 
 324,325,768 
 
 242,146,069 
 
 261,365,781 
 
 198,910,010 
 
 256,582,879 
 
 215,853,504 
 
 155,043,461 
 
 62,397,320 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 1888 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 353,500 
 
 
 
 1895 . . 
 
 
 
 560,000 
 
 
 
 107,808 
 262,000 
 650,000 
 8,625 
 2,061,560 
 1,709,326 
 3,243,948 
 4,509,641 
 4,207,920 
 3, 805, 675 
 6,725,965 
 5, 629, 493 
 5,837,671 
 8,193,778 
 11,368,446 
 14,995,717 
 12,710,382 
 16,654,906 
 11,719,558 
 22,942,900 
 18,952,136 
 15,241,720 
 18, 480, 440 
 17,755,206 
 
 
 807, 150 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 i,668 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 37,033 
 
 37, 033 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,383 
 
 147, 663 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 165, 797 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 16,949 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 11,700 
 
 
 
 177,790 
 
 1,699,950 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,571,711 
 
 1915 
 
 8,369,830 
 15,292,732 
 12,305,953 
 12,705,285 
 14,299,960 
 
 
 18,245,575 
 
 
 3,480,092 
 
 1,887,950 
 
 3,520,420 
 
 135,500 
 
 54,301,664 
 
 1917 
 
 60,381,654 
 
 1918 
 
 53, 495, 130 
 
 1919 
 
 80,624,228 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3,835,069,259 
 
 62,973,760 
 
 208,128,321 
 
 9,263,168 
 
 7,990,416,264 
 
 275,093,097 
 
 
 
 Outjmt of United States Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries. — The next 
 table shows by years and species the combined output of the various 
 hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. 
 The greater part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries 
 on the Pacific coast, more particularly those belonging to the State 
 of California. The total figures show that since the Bureau began 
 operations on this coast it has distributed 1,173,825,343 eggs, 
 2,063,076,832 fry, and 281,317,294 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 217 
 
 Output op Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the U. S. Bureau op 
 
 Fisheries, 1872 to 1919. 
 
 
 Chinook, king, or spring. 
 
 Coho, or silver. 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 1872 
 
 30,000 
 1,400,000 
 4,155,000 
 6,250,000 
 5,065,000 
 4,9,83,000 
 7,810.000 
 4,2.50,000 
 3,800,000 
 4,300,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 8.50, 000 
 1,750,000 
 1,500,000 
 2,000,000 
 2,500,000 
 2,300,000 
 2,000,000 
 3,100,000 
 3,991,750 
 776, 125 
 6,000,000 
 2,860,475 
 5. 678,, 525 
 1,647,900 
 5,290,100 
 651,500 
 500,000 
 3.547,850 
 9,828.095 
 39,950,698 
 9.366,366 
 14,287,264 
 7,987,107 
 29.340,308 
 23,845,956 
 35,006,988 
 21,620,292 
 20, 797. 543 
 17,567,092 
 24,998,185 
 20,177,286 
 15,682,064 
 16,659,684 
 31,040,893 
 33,41j,423 
 48,895,607 
 53,612,056 
 57,870,714 
 16.404,404 
 6,028,918 
 389,002 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 :::::::::::;i::::::;::::: 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1 
 
 
 1881 
 
 1 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 a 
 
 3,4.')0,000 
 2.,5,'>4.000 
 3,688, COO 
 2.902.000 
 3, .5.30, 000 
 7,. 500, 000 
 3.699.000 
 2,798.500 
 18, 232,. 590 
 30.605,000 
 32,618,000 
 7,411,000 
 11,615,036 
 19,446,410 
 16,160,177 
 75,217,354 
 96,055,765 
 115.648,145 
 78,587.705 
 68, 520, 550 
 38,859,265 
 38,306,709 
 37,314,514 
 36,837,5.50 
 58, 296, 873 
 31,032,645 
 25,751,005 
 20,622,340 
 7,191,200 
 18,074,900 
 12,782,500 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 280,000 
 
 690,000 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 560,000 
 
 1896 
 
 557,150 
 
 
 
 
 
 298. 137 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 146,824 
 
 302.041 
 
 424,530 
 
 81.812 
 
 3,984,645 
 
 9,321,513 
 
 6,445,574 
 
 3,636,952 
 
 13,420,714 
 
 9,470,925 
 
 10,888,025 
 
 6,210,296 
 
 12,955.824 
 
 13,952,963 
 
 24,619,456 
 
 24.018,3,55 
 
 8,124,334 
 
 4,403,700 
 
 980,300 
 
 7,544,020 
 
 
 
 1,068 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 680,800 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 107,000 
 239, 180 
 760,000 
 296, 000 
 272,000 
 275, 000 
 2,391,900 
 
 52,000 
 202,000 
 
 95.840 
 111,200 
 198, 500 
 
 
 1906 
 
 123,118 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 2,165,797 
 
 16, 949 
 
 225 
 
 211,700 
 
 1,405,860 
 
 57,932 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 5,582,796 
 9,604,985 
 22,982,655 
 27,858,026 
 63,176,244 
 34,088,150 
 
 27,258 
 
 1915 
 
 267,662 
 
 1916 
 
 1,469,507 
 
 
 4,662,960 
 
 1918 
 
 
 10,504,115 
 
 1919 
 
 
 1,291,730 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 967,351.733 
 
 601,720.170 
 
 167,775.573 
 
 5,681,420 
 
 162,200,940 
 
 18,841,464 
 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Humpback, or pink. 
 
 Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fmger- 
 
 lings, 
 
 yearlings, 
 
 and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,683,000 
 3,834,453 
 3,371,000 
 3,731,789 
 3,855.000 
 7,819,281 
 9,923,680 
 58,835.0.55 
 69,883,305 
 93,408.496 
 146,081,595 
 100,490,900 
 91,422,273 
 78,724,900 
 53,071,574 
 46,282,691 
 90,988,566 
 84,152,825 
 67,591,200 
 48.393,000 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 176,597 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 1906.. .. 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 969,990 
 
 
 880,000 
 
 9,500 
 
 1907 ! - - 
 
 
 
 
 1908.. .. 
 
 j 
 
 502,000 
 
 6,764,762 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,731,740 
 
 460, 150 
 
 2,566,325 
 
 1,880 
 
 37,648,422 
 
 7,153,500 
 
 6,106,400 
 
 165,000 
 
 2,132,831 
 
 5,426,500 
 
 
 75,666 
 100,000 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 1910.. .. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 911,650 
 2,495,000 
 19,479,000 
 8, 672, 735 
 35,504,707 
 21,500,944 
 14,403,300 
 9,892,145 
 4,544,000 
 
 
 100,000 
 3,271,740 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 2,000,000 
 2,000,000 
 6,020,000 
 155.000 
 3,100,000 
 2,000,000 
 18,000,000 
 101,981,000 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 13,260,000 
 14,500,000 
 7,000,000 
 
 4,355 
 
 119,480 
 
 2,915,000 
 
 7,499,030 
 
 3,736,000 
 
 369,958 
 
 120,000 
 
 1915 
 
 
 8,416,405 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1,000,000 
 7,014,580 
 
 2,666,308 
 2,145,953 
 
 1918 
 
 
 12,705,285 
 
 1919 
 
 4,524,560 
 
 10,062,000 
 
 25,959,960 
 
 Total. 
 
 117,403,481 jl2,539,140 
 
 48,697,740 
 
 71,314,097 
 
 14,643,823 
 
 136,311,000 
 
 1,072,544,583 
 
 52,033,411 
 
 Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. 
 
218 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Output of Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the U. S. Bureau 
 OF Fisheries, 1872 to 1919— Continued. 
 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 30,000 
 1,400,000 
 4,155,000 
 6,250,000 
 5,065,000 
 4,983,000 
 7,810,000 
 4,250,000 
 3,800,000 
 4,300,000 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 850,000 
 
 1,750,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 3,100,000 
 
 3,991,750 
 
 776, 125 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 2,860,475 
 
 5,678,525 
 
 1,647,900 
 
 5,290,100 
 
 1,240,000 
 
 2,042,500 
 
 3,655,658 
 
 10,383,232 
 
 40,600,698 
 
 9,378,491 
 
 25,242,088 
 
 12,189,451 
 
 33,266,088 
 
 28,362,257 
 
 43,116,435 
 
 39,298,291 
 
 39,971,272 
 
 81,229,404 
 
 116,156,562 
 
 124,737,078 
 
 177,894,650 
 
 128,559,119 
 
 144,769,730 
 
 149,850,391 
 
 176,930,232 
 
 171,834,282 
 
 185,432,558 
 
 121,542,739 
 
 86,728,394 
 
 66,296,522 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1 
 
 
 1877 
 
 1 
 
 
 1878 
 
 ; 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 1880 1 1 
 
 
 
 1881 i 
 
 
 1882 i ! 
 
 
 1883 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 18.S9 a 
 
 
 
 3,450,000 
 2,554,000 
 8,688,000 
 2,902,000 
 3,530,000 
 7,575,000 
 3,699,000 
 2,973,500 
 18,282,590 
 30,665,000 
 32,777,000 
 7,826,000 
 11,861,036 
 19,927,410 
 17,320,977 
 75,442,354 
 96, 627, 165 
 117,127,325 
 79,597,705 
 69,881,275 
 39,714,990 
 38,881,709 
 40,466,414 
 43,066,290 
 61,828,873 
 51,137,485 
 41,394,205 
 32,410,840 
 12,428,800 
 37,144,900 
 125, 600, 500 
 
 
 1890 . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 75,000 
 
 308,500 
 
 852,500 
 
 107,808 
 
 257,000 
 
 650,000 
 
 12,125 
 
 125,000 
 
 65,850 
 
 130,250 
 
 702,700 
 
 93,205 
 
 537,205 
 
 1,834,485 
 
 1,190,305 
 
 1,089,596 
 
 1,670,371 
 
 3,511,226 
 
 3,826,439 
 
 4,289,415 
 
 4,272,225 
 
 4,022,438 
 
 5,262,973 
 
 841,600 
 
 2,013,510 
 
 103,000 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 332,060 
 
 892,000 
 
 1896 
 
 175,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 159,000 
 415,000 
 246,000 
 481,000 
 480,000 
 225,000 
 464,400 
 358,000 
 250,000 
 487, 725 
 483,725 
 300,000 
 660,000 
 905,000 
 1,330,000 
 729,000 
 877,000 
 1,490,000 
 3,237,600 
 1,070,000 
 775,000 
 
 557, 150 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 25,000 
 
 26,668 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 285,848 
 11,090 
 
 286,098 
 
 1904 
 
 11,090 
 
 1905 
 
 10, 000 
 
 1906 
 
 40,383 
 
 173,301 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 2,223,729 
 
 16, 949 
 
 225 
 
 1909 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 211,700 
 
 
 294,090 
 
 1,699,950 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 
 6,734,409 
 19,456,849 
 34,710,275 
 51,071 999 
 
 1915 
 
 1,048,317 
 3,676,805 
 1,891,450 
 
 6,854,785 
 1,148,000 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 96,976,429 
 67,382,358 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 15.783,450 
 
 37,769,726 
 
 15.607,768 
 
 1,173,825,343 
 
 2,062,952,997 
 
 281,441,179 
 
 
 a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. 
 ACCLIMATIZING PACIFIC SALMON IN OTHER WATERS. 
 
 For many years efforts have been made by the United States 
 Bureau of Fisheries and various State fish commissions to introduce 
 Pacific coast salmon in eastern waters. In the early history of fish 
 culture chinook fry were planted in almost every imaginable stream 
 along the Atlantic seaboard, in various streams in the Mississippi 
 Valley, and also in tributaries of the Great Lakes. In most cases, 
 owing to the unsuitability of the water, the experiment was doomed 
 to failure from the start. In the case of a few streams where results 
 might have been obtained, the plantings were at long intervals and 
 the fish were too small to protect themselves, while no effort was 
 made by the State authorities to protect them. 
 
 The most successful results with plants of chinook salmon have 
 been obtained in Lake Sunapee, N. H,, where it is now a not uncom- 
 mon thing for anglers to catch chinook with rod and reel. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 219 
 
 In 1912 about 10,000 chinook fingerlings from Columbia River eggs 
 furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries were planted by 
 the Massachusetts Fish Commission in Lake Quinsigamond, and 
 during July, 1914, about 20 months after they weie hatched, over 
 600 salmon, according to a member of the commission, were caught, 
 ranging from 1^ to 5 pounds each. 
 
 Other plants have been made since in Lake Quinsigamond and 
 other lakes and ponds, with fairly satisfactory results, and the 
 ultimate outcome of the experiment is awaited with much interest. 
 
 The most successful efTort in this line was initiated by the United 
 States Bureau of Fisheries in the fall of 1913, when it transferred 
 from its hatcheries on the Pacific coast to those in Maine 13,240,000 
 humpback-salmon eggs. These were followed by a second shipment 
 of 7,022,000 eggs in the fall of 1914, a third shipment of about 
 7,000,000 eggs m the fall of 1915, and others each year since. These 
 eggs were hatched out and the fry planted in various selected New 
 England streams where the conditions seemed favorable. 
 
 Early in August, 1915, a female humpback salmon 22^ inches long 
 and weighing 4 pounds 3 ounces was taken at the Bangor water- 
 works in the Penobscot River. Shortly after a male fish of about 
 the same size was taken in this river at Orland Dam. A little later 
 agents of the Bureau captured 20 alive near Bangor, and about 
 3,000 eggs were obtained and fertilized. 
 
 In Deiinys River, in Maine, during the period between August 15 
 and September 24, local fishermen caught a number. Since then 
 they have been rmming regularly each season into certain of these 
 streams. 
 
 The chinook salmon has also been acclimatized in the waters of 
 New Zealand. They were first introduced in 1900, and eggs were 
 imported for six years in succession A considerable annual run 
 now enters those rivers in which the salmon were planted. 
 
 In 1908 the United States Bureau of Fisheries initiated an effort 
 to establish a run of sockeye salmon in Grandy Creek, a stream in the 
 immediate vicinity of the Birdsview (Wash.) hatchery of the Bureau, 
 and one which had not been visited by this species. The first fish, 
 numbering 64,000, were planted in the creek in 1908. Four years 
 afterwards, in September, 1912, the first sockeye salmon entered the 
 hatchery trap in Grandy Creek, and from them 222,000 eggs were 
 secured. In 1916 the water in the creek was too low to permit the 
 ascent of salmon until September 26, when its level was slightly 
 raised by local rains, and a few fish immediately entered it and were 
 taken in the hatchery trap. The eggs secured from the small number 
 available amounted to 24,500. The 1920 run is being awaited with 
 much interest. 
 
 In 1916 L, H. Darwin, commissioner of fish and game for the 
 State of Washington, began an experiment looking to the stocking, 
 with sockeye salmon, of the Samish River, a stream debouching in 
 Puget Sound, and in which this species had not hitherto been found. 
 The parent fish were obtained from traps and transported alive in 
 crates to the Samish State hatchery, where they were held until ripe 
 and then stripped and fertilized. After hatching, the fry weie 
 planted in the stream. A few returned in 1920. 
 
220 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 HISTORY. 
 
 The first fish-cultural station on the Pacific coast was located on 
 McCloud River, a stream of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying 
 into Pit River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due 
 north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, 
 about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a 
 number of places on the Sacramento, by Livingston Stone, one of 
 America's pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, 
 in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. 
 Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station 
 was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, 
 and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 
 30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 
 fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure 
 eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon 
 in the waters of that section. The commission early made an agree- 
 ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter 
 at first paid part of the expense, and the commission hatched and 
 planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of 
 the eggs were turned over to the State, which hatched and planted 
 the salmon in local waters. 
 
 In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but 
 were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all 
 operations were suspended. 
 
 In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army 
 reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, 
 but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation 
 was abolished on July 1, 1892, the commission took complete charge 
 of the plant, and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood 
 Creek, The same year Korbel station was established about one- 
 half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing 
 to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, 
 but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. 
 
 That same year the commission erected, on OTOund owned by the 
 State, a hatchery at Battle Creek, in Tehama County, and also took 
 charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the 
 State fish commission the previous year. Under the terms of an 
 agreement the commission was to deliver to the State as many eyed 
 spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. 
 
 Owing to their inaccessibility, the Fort Gaston hatchery and its 
 substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- 
 mental station was established at Olema, Bear VaUey, in Marin 
 County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched 
 out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could 
 not be domesticated here, where they had not been found pre- 
 viously. 
 
 During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill 
 Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra 
 Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties 
 into the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the 
 town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then 
 shipped to other hatcheries. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 221 
 
 As statofi above, the State aided the work of the United States 
 Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- 
 tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the vState legis- 
 lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of 
 its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek 
 about 2^ miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of 
 the vSacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- 
 oped that the location M^as unsuitable, the hatchery was removed 
 in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County. It is now known as the 
 Mount Shasta hatchery. The work of this hatchery was to handle 
 the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish Commission. 
 It was almost doubled in size in 1917. 
 
 In 1895 another hatchery was built by the State near the mouth 
 of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 
 1897 this hatchery was operated jointly by the State and the United 
 States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money 
 by the commission to purchase it from the State. 
 
 In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was estabhshed by the State at 
 Grizzly Blufi, on Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt 
 County, and in 1902 this hatchery made the first plant in the State 
 of steelliead trout fry. In 1916 it was moved to a point on' Eel 
 River near Fort Seward. 
 
 Santa Cruz County has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number 
 of years. In 1911 it was leased to the State and operated by the 
 latter during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. In 1913 the State gave 
 up the lease and entered into a contract to purchase the eggs pro- 
 duced from this hatchery. The price agreed upon was that the 
 State commission was to pay $1.50 per thousand for the eyed steel- 
 head eggs, up to the number of 2,000,000, and $1 per thousand for aU 
 eggs up to 3,000,000, provided that the eggs were collected and eyed 
 by a skilled fish culturist and would pass inspection before they were 
 accepted. In 1916 the State leased the plant for a term of years. 
 
 A hatchery was established by the United States Bureau of Fish- 
 eries at Hornbrook, on Ivlamath River, in 1913. At first this hatch- 
 ery was devoted to rainbow-trout work, but later the collection and 
 distribution of silver and chinook salmon was taken up. 
 
 During the fall of 1911 the State established an experimental 
 station at Sacramento in order to carry on a series of experiments to 
 determine whether the eggs of the quinnat salmon could be success- 
 fully hatched and the fry reared near the city of Sacramento. Of 
 the fish hatched at this station 50,000 were marked. 
 
 Nearly aU of the fry that were liberated in the Sacramento River 
 were floated in a screen cage by boat into the middle of the stream 
 and there released. N. B. Scofield took 500 in a floating box down 
 the river, where they were held and fed for several weeks in brackish 
 and salt water. They were apparently not affected b}^ the changes 
 in the salinity of the water. 
 
 Experiments were carried on until the summer of 1913, when 
 they were abandoned due to the killing of the embryos by the min- 
 eral substances in the water used at the station. 
 
 During the fiscal year 1912 the Mill Creek hatchery of the United 
 States Bureau of Fisheries was operated by the California Commission. 
 
 Some years ago the town of Ukiah, Mendocino County, estab- 
 lished a hatchery 1 mile from the town, and on Russian River. 
 
222 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 For some years it was operated as a trout station, but eventually 
 became an important steelliead hatchery. It was not operated in 
 1913. In 1914 the State Fish Commission collected steelhead eggs 
 at the Eel Eiver dam of the Snow Mountain Water & Power Co., 
 and having secured permission from the town of Ukiah, hatched 
 them out in its hatchery. 
 
 As the Hornbrook hatchery on Klamath River was on private 
 Toperty, the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1915 removed the 
 •uildings from the old location on the south side to property owned 
 by the Government on the north side of the river. 
 
 In 1915 new hatchery buildings were erected at the Mill Creek 
 hatchery. 
 
 OUTPUT. 
 
 The following tables show separately the quantity of salmon eggs, 
 fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults distributed by the United 
 States Bureau of Fisheries and by the State since the inception of 
 the work. The large quantity of eggs shown bv the Bureau represents 
 largely the eggs supphed to the State, which hatched and distributed 
 them, and eggs sent to other States and to foreign countries. 
 
 Output of Hatcheries in California Owned by the United States Bureau of 
 
 FiSHEKIES. 
 
 Year ending June 30— o 
 
 1872.. 
 1873.. 
 1874.. 
 1875... 
 1876... 
 1877.., 
 1878.., 
 1879.., 
 1880... 
 1881... 
 1882... 
 1SS3... 
 1889 6 . 
 1890... 
 1891... 
 1892... 
 1893... 
 1894... 
 1895... 
 189G... 
 1897... 
 1898... 
 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911- 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 30,000 
 ,400,000 
 , 155, 000 
 , 250, 000 
 065, 000 
 ,9&3,O0O 
 810, 000 
 250,000 
 800,000 
 300,000 
 
 450,000 
 554,000 
 988, 000 
 902, 000 
 530,000 
 500, 000 
 676,000 
 170, 800 
 232, 590 
 605, 000 
 665,000 
 925,000 
 934, 036 
 580,410 
 275. 777 
 598,354 
 025, 765 
 905, 945 
 376.315, 
 990, 550 
 278, 265 
 539,467 
 364, 514 
 697,550 
 092, 873 
 373,645 
 716,005 
 622, 340 
 027,300 
 421,900 
 802.500 
 
 Fry. 
 
 850, 
 
 1,750, 
 
 1,500, 
 
 2,000, 
 
 2,500, 
 
 2,300, 
 
 2,000, 
 
 3, 100, 
 
 3,991, 
 
 776, 
 
 1,500, 
 
 84, 
 
 777, 
 
 315, 
 
 1,190, 
 
 438, 
 
 500, 
 
 715, 
 
 3,056, 
 
 15,643, 
 
 3,275. 
 
 3,533, 
 
 889, 
 
 2,115, 
 
 1,618, 
 
 2,350, 
 
 7,561. 
 
 3,496, 
 
 2,512, 
 
 4,780, 
 
 3, 590, 
 
 2,286, 
 
 3, 666, 
 
 7, 243, 
 
 2, 195, 
 
 5, 598, 
 
 5,015, 
 
 9, 940, 
 
 800, 
 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 750 
 125 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 500 
 100 
 500 
 000 
 700 
 701 
 300 
 110 
 950 
 570 
 560 
 066 
 130 
 380 
 267 
 250 
 855 
 078 
 257 
 061 
 325 
 100 
 349 
 400 
 950 
 000 
 
 Fingprlin,e;s 
 yearlings, 
 and adults 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 ^ot'^' 825,864,901 117,457,334 59,479,992 2,485,740 7,012,707 
 
 280,000 
 690,000 
 
 298, 137 
 
 560,000 
 
 2,289,900 
 
 3.849,991 
 8,086.139 
 11,938,224 
 14, 628, .300 
 10,689.400 
 10, 287, 800 
 
 100, 000 
 95, 840 
 
 17,320 
 
 2,536.460 
 
 971,740 
 
 2, 169, 050 
 
 50, 000 
 
 226, 162 
 
 "ii, '666 
 
 797, 162 
 
 o The calendar year was used up to 1889. b ^he hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888, 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 223 
 
 Output op Hatcheries in Californi.\ Owned by the United States Bureau op 
 
 Fisheries — Continued. 
 
 
 Steelhcad trout. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year cndins .Tunc 30 —a 
 
 Egsrs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlin.EfS, 
 and adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 ringcrlings, 
 yoarlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 30,000 
 1,400,000 
 4,155,000 
 6,250,000 
 5,065,000 
 4,983,000 
 7,810,000 
 4, 250, 000 
 3, 800. 000 
 4,300,000 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 8.50,000 
 1,7.50,000 
 1,. 500. 000 
 2,000,000 
 
 2, .500, 000 
 2,300,000 
 2,000,000 
 3,100,000 
 3,991,750 
 
 776, 125 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 777,000 
 
 315, .500 
 1,190,100 
 1,027,000 
 2, 042, ,500 
 
 823,. 508 
 3,611,838 
 16,293,300 
 3,275,110 
 
 3, .533, 9.50 
 889, .570 
 
 2, 115,. 560 
 1,618,066 
 2,-350,130 
 7, .561, -580 
 3,496,267 
 2,512,2.50 
 4,780,8.55 
 3,. 590, 078 
 2, 286, 257 
 3,666,061 
 7,243,325 
 2,212,420 
 8,134,809 
 5,987,140 
 12,110,000 
 850,000 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 ; 
 
 
 
 
 1882 1 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 18896 1 
 
 
 
 3,450,000 
 1,554,000 
 2,988,000 
 2,902,000 
 3,530,000 
 7,575,000 
 3,676,000 
 6,345,800 
 18, 282, .590 
 30, 665, 000 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 75,000 
 
 308. 500 
 852, 500 
 107.808 
 2.57,000 
 650, 000 
 
 
 
 1895 ;... 
 
 332,000 
 
 892,000 
 
 1896 
 
 175,000 
 50,000 
 60,000 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 27,665,000 
 2,925,000 
 3,934,a36 
 17,580,410 
 11,275,777 
 64,598.354 
 96,025,765 
 107,905,945 
 73,376,315 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 1 
 
 
 
 1905 1 ' 
 
 
 
 1906 1 . . 
 
 
 138 
 
 1907 , 
 
 
 
 
 1908 1 
 
 
 64,990,550 
 32, 278, 265 
 30,539,467 
 35,654,414 
 20,697,550 
 17, 192, 873 
 25,469,485 
 20,716,005 
 19,622.340 
 7,027,300 
 14,421,900 
 11 802 ,500 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 1 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 3,849,991 
 8 312 301 
 
 1915 ' 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 11 938 224 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 
 14^639', 300 
 10,689,400 
 10 ''87 800 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 360,000 
 
 2, 175, 808 
 
 332,000 
 
 828,710,641 ii2r. r,45 S4Q 
 
 60,609.154 
 
 
 
 
 o The calendar year was used up to 1889. 
 
 b The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. 
 
224 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Output op Hatcheries Owned by the State of CALrpoRNiA. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Chinoo'k. 
 
 Silver fry. 
 
 Steelhead 
 fry. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry.o 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1873 
 
 
 520, 000 
 
 850,000 
 
 2,250,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 2, 200, 000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 2, 22.5, 000 
 
 2, 420, 000 
 
 3,991,750 
 
 600, 000 
 
 150, 000 
 
 200, 000 
 
 1,290,000 
 
 2, 168, 000 
 
 1,320,000 
 
 2,798,000 
 
 2,651,000 
 
 3,941,650 
 
 7,776,400 
 
 3,435,000 
 
 15, 283, 183 
 
 18,123,000 
 
 31,476,388 
 
 21,234,000 
 
 2,536,000 
 
 3, 239, 000 
 
 16, 852, 040 
 
 20, 040, 487 
 
 63, eiS2, 000 
 
 87,000,000 
 
 105,815,920 
 
 71,267,000 
 
 60,619,000 
 
 28,000,000 
 
 28, 469, 745 
 
 29,657,263 
 
 18,909,445 
 
 16, 277, 227 
 
 25, 290, 615 
 
 33, 313, 150 
 
 19,339,738 
 
 6,853,000 
 
 14,439,000 
 
 11,970,000 
 
 
 
 
 520,000 
 850,000 
 2,250,000 
 2,000,000 
 2,200,000 
 2,500,000 
 2,300,000 
 2,225,000 
 2, 420, 000 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 6 250,000 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,991,750 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 150,000 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,290,000 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 168, 000 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,320,000 
 2,798,000 
 2,651,000 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,941,650 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,776,400 
 3,435,000 
 15,283,183 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,123,000 
 31, 476, 388 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,234,000 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 2, 536, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3, 239, 000 
 
 1902 ' 
 
 
 301,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 108, 000 
 
 243,000 
 
 352,000 
 
 170,000 
 
 517,000 
 
 637,800 
 
 1,858,100 
 
 2,177,958 
 
 1,983,500 
 
 3,171,083 
 
 8,582,500 
 
 5, 213, 170 
 
 6,699,420 
 
 4, 483, 000 
 
 4,950,000 
 
 
 17, 153, 040 
 
 
 
 
 20, 160, 487 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 63, 722, 000 
 
 1905 . 
 
 
 
 
 87, 108, 000 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 106,058,920 
 
 
 
 
 
 71,619,000 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 60, 789, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 28, 517, 000 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 29,107,545 
 
 
 
 2,060,910 
 
 
 33, 576, 273 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 21,087,403 
 
 1913 . . 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 12,500 
 
 1, 417, 000 
 
 
 18,285,727 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 28, 474, 198 
 
 
 
 43, 312, ftiO 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 24,-552,908 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,552,420 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 18,922,000 
 
 
 
 178, 000 
 
 
 17,098,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 797, 224, 001 
 
 3, 693, 410 
 
 41,657,531 
 
 250, 000 
 
 842,574,942 
 
 
 
 a The greater part of the output of chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 
 hatcheries in California. 
 b AU were lost. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The followino; table shows, by streams and species, the distribution 
 in California of the salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and 
 adults, from the hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries 
 and the State. This far from represents the work of the hatcheries, 
 as lar^e quantities of eggs were sent to other States and foreign 
 countries. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 225 
 
 DisTRiBtJTiON OP Salmon in the Waters of California. 
 
 
 Klamath River and tributaries. 
 
 Redwood Creek and tributaries. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Year- 
 lings. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings 
 
 and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings 
 
 and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 1890 
 
 90,000 
 30,000 
 147,600 
 487,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 25,000 
 142,500 
 170,000 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S95" 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 65, 700 
 
 280,2.-0 
 
 1,260,000 
 
 107,808 
 
 1S97 
 
 
 
 
 
 124,750 
 
 
 202,000 
 
 1898 
 
 16,000 
 40,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 650 000 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 2,060,910 
 17,320 
 2, ,548, 960 
 1,098,000 
 2,169,050 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 2,15.5,100 
 5,820,000 
 7,733,135 
 1,728,000 
 3,67.5,000 
 1,148,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1915 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 3RS, 000 
 
 11,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 178,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 23,070,035 
 
 393,000 
 
 8,422,240 
 
 171,000 
 
 1,943,4.50 
 
 26'l^750 
 
 400, 000 
 
 959,808 
 
 Year. 
 
 Mad River and North Fork. 
 
 Eel River. 
 
 Russian 
 River. 
 
 Skaggs 
 Springs. 
 
 Marin 
 County 
 creeks. 
 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver 
 
 fry- 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook fry. 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 280,000 
 470, 000 
 173,387 
 
 308,500 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 145,365 
 
 60,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 635,000 
 
 1898 
 
 7,857,388 
 
 8,202,000 
 
 885,000 
 
 2,069,500 
 
 5,257,947 
 
 5,200,000 
 
 8,100,000 
 
 9,265,920 
 
 7, .570, 000 
 
 6,154,000 
 
 5,500,000 
 
 5,969,745 
 
 3,103,660 
 
 1,386,500 
 
 3,723,000 
 
 2,618,150 
 
 91,000 
 
 844,000 
 
 682,000 
 
 
 
 
 1,970,000 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 301 , 000 
 120, 000 
 90,000 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 243,000 
 352, 000 
 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 
 2.5,000 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 349, 000 
 334,800 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 100,000 
 100, 000 
 225,000 
 350, 000 
 400, 000 
 250, 000 
 2.50,000 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,820,365 
 
 923,387 
 
 368,500 
 
 84,479,810 
 
 1,789,800 
 
 40,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 3, .530, 000 
 
 11312°— 21- 
 
 -15 
 
226 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Distribution op Salmon in the Waters op Calxpornia — Continued. 
 
 
 Sacramento River and tributaries. 
 
 San 
 Fran- 
 cisco 
 Bay 
 streams. 
 
 Smith 
 River. 
 
 Santa 
 Ynez 
 River. 
 
 Monte- 
 rey Bay 
 
 and 
 tributa- 
 ries. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silver 
 fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head 
 fry. 
 
 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flnger- 
 
 lings, and 
 adults. 
 
 Chinook fry. 
 
 1873 
 
 20, 000 
 
 520,000 
 
 850, 000 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 
 2, 200, 000 
 
 2, ,500, 000 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 2, 225, 000 
 
 ^ 2, 300, 500 
 
 3,991,7.50 
 
 600,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 ;oo,ooo 
 
 1,290, 000 
 
 3,66.8,000 
 
 1,404,000 
 
 3,520,000 
 
 2, 676, .500 
 
 4, 474, 750 
 
 8,214,900 
 
 3,935,000 
 
 15,683,183 
 
 19,264,086 
 
 33,998,300 
 
 16,307,110 
 
 5,184,9.50 
 
 4, 128, 570 
 
 16,898,100 
 
 16,359,606 
 
 60,782,130 
 
 94,561,380 
 
 100,038,552 
 
 66,209,250 
 
 .59,245,855 
 
 26, 090, 000 
 
 24,786,257 
 
 33,323,324 
 
 22,949,110 
 
 16,691,167 
 
 24,637,864 
 
 <;28,688,000 
 
 26,800,604 
 
 5,875,000 
 
 9, 470, 000 
 
 9,840,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 a 250, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 
 30 000 
 
 1882 . . 
 
 80,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 45, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 85,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 108, 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 900,000 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 
 135, 000 
 170,000 
 168, 000 
 303,000 
 
 
 
 
 1,200 000 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 800,000 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 294,660 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 838,906 
 9,053,635 
 5,538,224 
 14,260,300 
 10,6,89,400 
 10,287,000 
 
 
 
 100, 000 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 1,194,762 
 
 
 
 42,000 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 435, .500 
 
 788,832,798 
 
 50,917,465 
 
 1,194,762 
 
 929,000 
 
 314,660 
 
 500, 000 
 
 142,000 
 
 2,930,000 
 
 o All were lost. 
 
 b Includes 15,000 chinook fry planted in San regorio River and 15,000 chinook fry planted in Pescadero 
 Creek. 
 
 c Includes the following plants in Santa Barbara county streams: Bear Creek, 4,000; Maguelito Creek, 
 2,000; and Salispuedes Creek, 2,000. 
 
PACIFIC 
 
 Distribution of Salmon in 
 
 SALMON FISHERIES. 227 
 
 THE Waters op California — Continued. 
 
 I Year. 
 
 Mon- 
 terey 
 Bay 
 and 
 
 tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 Ven- 
 tura 
 River. 
 
 Truckee 
 River. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Silver 
 fry. 
 
 Chinook fry. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Year- 
 lings, 
 finger- 
 lings, 
 and 
 adults.a 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Adults 
 and 
 year- 
 lings. 
 
 steel- 
 bead 
 fry.* 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 520,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 
 850 
 
 2,250 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,200 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,300 
 
 2,225 
 
 2,390 
 
 3,991 
 
 600 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 1,290 
 
 3,668 
 
 1,494 
 
 3,575 
 
 2,966 
 
 5,131 
 
 8,214 
 
 3,935 
 
 15,748 
 
 20,324 
 
 45,101 
 
 25,409 
 
 6,069 
 
 4,128 
 
 18,967 
 
 21,657 
 
 65,982 
 
 102,661 
 
 110,204 
 
 75,029 
 
 66, 199 
 
 31,590 
 
 30,756 
 
 33 323 
 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 .500 
 750 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 600 
 950 
 900 
 000 
 883 
 701 
 688 
 110 
 950 
 570 
 600 
 553 
 130 
 380 
 472 
 250 
 855 
 000 
 002 
 324 
 770 
 327 
 964 
 150 
 739 
 000 
 000 
 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 'so.'soo' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 ::::::::;::i:::;::.:.:. 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 280,000 
 910,000 
 
 560,' 666' 
 
 353 500 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 250,000 
 
 107,808 
 262,000 
 650,000 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 298,137 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 85,200 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 301 666 
 
 1903 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120,000 
 90 000 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lOS 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■-'■13,000 
 487 000 
 
 1907 
 
 80,000 
 80,000 
 c54,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 80,000 
 80, 0(H) 
 42,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 170 tXX) 
 
 1909 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 518,200 
 
 637,800 
 
 1,858 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,060,910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26,1 '-2 
 18,472 
 30,840 
 37,543 
 34,883 
 8,144 
 14,389 
 11,970 
 
 
 2, 177' 958 
 1,983,500 
 3,171,083 
 
 1913 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 42,320 
 2,548,960 
 2,363,762 
 2,169,050 
 
 50,000 
 
 'ii,'666' 
 
 
 
 
 
 838,906 
 9,053,635 
 5,538,224 
 14,628,300 
 10,689,400 
 10,287,000 
 
 1915 . . . 
 
 71,000 
 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 25, 000 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 8,582 500 
 
 
 
 
 5,213,170 
 6,699,420 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 178,000 
 
 
 4,950,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 310,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 435,500 
 
 908,003 
 
 118 
 
 51,310,465 
 
 11,103,139 
 
 571,000 
 
 38,684,039 
 
 a Of recent years it has been impossible to show the total number of yearlings, fingcrlings, and adults 
 planted.astheStatercportsdonotdistinguish them from the fry. Those shown in 1914-1919 werercared 
 by the U.S. Bureau of I'isheries. 
 
 * After 1911 the practice of showing waters in which steelheads were planted was abandoned as the 
 number of streams was becoming unwieldy. 
 
 c Includes 1,200 steelhcad fry, which in " Total " column are included under " Steelhead fry." 
 
228 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 OREGON. 
 HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS. 
 
 Rogue River. — In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been packing salmon 
 on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellensburg. 
 In 1888 the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of money for the 
 enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. Hume to retain 
 complete control. As the location is on tidewater, it is necessary to 
 catch the parent fish and hold them until they are ready to spawn, 
 and in order to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 32 by 62 feet 
 and 1 1 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This was lined with 
 concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, made a pond 
 30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond he constructed a 
 building which could be closed up so as virtually to exclude the light. 
 It is supposed that retaining the fish in a dark place aids in keeping 
 them in good physical condition until ready to spawn. After the 
 death of Mr. Hume in 1908 this hatchery was taken over and operated 
 by the State. 
 
 In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper 
 Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek, about 26 miles from the 
 town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an 
 understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter 
 operated then and still continues to operate this plant. 
 
 In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the 
 collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above 
 the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, 
 while during the fiscal year 1908 and in subsequent years substa- 
 tions were operated at Findley Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois 
 River, and Applegate Creek, tributaries of the Rogue. 
 
 Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were 
 shi; ped to Mr. Plume's hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched 
 out and planted. 
 
 Coquille River. — The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, 
 but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter 
 of 1904-5 a substation was established on one of the tributaries of 
 the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River hatchery, 
 and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter place. 
 A station was built on the north fork of the Coquille River in 1910. 
 
 Coos River. — ^A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South 
 Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. 
 
 Ihnpqua River. — In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north 
 fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles 
 east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the 
 north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here 
 two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the 
 stream. In 1907 work was resumed again at the original station near 
 Glide, as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. 
 A permanent station was built in 1910. 
 
 Siuslaw River. — In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles 
 Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the 
 mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish 
 Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because 
 the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the river. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 229 
 
 In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a 
 hatchery owned by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton, 
 about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. 
 
 In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey 
 place, near Meadow post office. In 1907 a permanent station was 
 established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siushuv River. 
 
 Alsea River. — In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis 
 Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental 
 station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, 
 about 14. miles above the head of tidewater. In 1910 an experi- 
 mental station was established between Alsea and tidewater. 
 
 Yaqimia River. — In 1902 the State established a hatching station 
 on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles 
 above its confluence with the main river. This station was made 
 permanent the next year. 
 
 Tillamook Bay. — In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson 
 River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide- 
 water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a 
 tributary of Tillamook Bay. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of fry and fingerlings 
 in the coastal streams of the State by the Government and the State: 
 
 Distribution of Salmon in the Coastal Streams of Oregon. 
 
 Year 
 
 ending 
 
 June 
 
 30— 
 
 Tillamook Bay and tributaries. 
 
 Yaquina River. 
 
 Alsea River. 
 
 CMnook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver- 
 side fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver- 
 side fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver- 
 side fry. 
 
 Steel 
 head fry. 
 
 1898 
 
 19,994 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 .. 
 
 
 
 213,500 
 
 557,700 
 
 3,144,380 
 
 1,407,470 
 
 816,608 
 
 1,919,508 
 
 2,193,043 
 
 485,500 
 
 324,038 
 
 582,785 
 
 148,992 
 
 727,567 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 251,875 
 799,300 
 
 
 
 
 
 67,750 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 985,220 
 3,009,075 
 4,178,000 
 1,955,793 
 
 909,855 
 1,006,309 
 28,815 
 2,637,550 
 1,554,602 
 3,288,650 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 780,566 
 
 1,033,150 
 
 376,245 
 
 1,000,000 
 806,938 
 
 i, 666, 666 
 
 1,785,351 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 ::::::.:::::::::. 
 
 
 1907 
 
 3i2,766 
 2,124,000 
 
 2,648,000 
 1,629,000 
 4,896,000 
 3,506,990 
 1,080,000 
 1,578,131 
 422,886 
 1,112,392 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 199,700 
 
 812,300 
 
 
 1909 
 
 569,690 
 2,309,770 
 1,196,000 
 761,000 
 848,229 
 660, 588 
 213,900 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 624,800 
 1,818,245 
 
 646,300 
 1,747,530 
 
 487,692 
 
 2,833,428 
 
 01,982,724 
 
 2,143,430 
 
 1,442,400 
 
 705,656 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 621,015 
 7,145 
 
 495,950 
 287,645 
 87,935 
 
 30,300 
 
 997,455 
 424,925 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 1914 . 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 a 130, 130 
 
 183,800 
 
 534,600 
 
 2,097,442 
 
 
 
 
 a 646, 431 
 
 1,373,100 
 
 869,370 
 
 1,151,720 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 495,090 
 
 
 
 
 1,649,830 
 1,107,483 
 1,872,473 
 
 1,495,315 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 384,370 
 
 
 
 
 1,753,104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 17,940,074 
 
 19,819,371 
 
 7,438,637 
 
 12,621,091 
 
 19,553,869 1 2,818,055 
 
 6,986,539 
 
 9,680,117 
 
 3,248,419 
 
 • All fingerlings. 
 
230 u. s. 
 
 Distribution op Salmon in 
 
 BUREAU OF FISHEEIES. 
 THE Coastal Streams op Oregon — Continued. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Siuslaw River. 
 
 Umpqua River. 
 
 Coos Bay and tributaries. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver- 
 side fry. 
 
 steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head fry. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silver- Steel- 
 side fry. head fry. 
 
 1897 
 
 180,000 
 
 440,275 
 
 2,700,000 
 
 213,500 
 
 112,000 
 
 389,239 
 
 822,567 
 
 435, 162 
 
 1,826,531 
 
 608,949 
 
 729, 130 
 
 191,267 
 
 273,352 
 
 594,702 
 
 715,758 
 
 255,028 
 
 1,062,546 
 
 1,472,410 
 
 "972,395 
 
 984,945 
 
 529,904 
 
 743,057 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 730,000 
 1,136,000 
 1,596,213 
 1,399,860 
 2,654,925 
 4,903,700 
 4,685,900 
 2,378,853 
 4,093,848 
 5,686,273 
 2,541,236 
 1,053,510 
 
 903,704 
 
 1,882,985 
 
 1,333,171 
 
 11,216,518 
 
 918,622 
 1,402,700 
 3,259,258 
 
 
 235,000 
 2,416,350 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 214,800 
 
 
 
 :::::::::::::;:;::::; i 
 
 1903 .. 
 
 
 
 .:: :::::.: 1 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 4,079,274 
 3,877,172 
 2,744,000 
 4,014,400 
 3,000,000 
 2,084,500 
 1,683,738 
 2,374,200 
 1,767,170 
 1,281,120 
 1,331,217 
 1,212,805 
 "2,236,229 
 2,370,000 
 1,208,840 
 1,932,210 
 
 
 
 1905 ... 
 
 311,900 
 
 1,296,732 
 
 1,030,486 
 
 1,127,293 
 
 1,092,540 
 
 25,289 
 
 20,693 
 
 504,429 
 
 627,312 
 
 476,273 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 397,355 
 
 
 
 
 1907.. 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 
 1909 . . 
 
 98,243 
 
 
 1,032,000 
 
 222,000 
 
 1910 
 
 
 1911 . . . 
 
 227,580 
 72,097 
 
 106,717 
 17,735 
 
 257,850 
 
 293,996 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 2,317,370 
 962,528 
 2,973,390 
 1,551,645 
 "2,492,217 
 1,089,500 
 1,193,960 
 2,416,680 
 
 
 1913 .... 
 
 181,085 
 80,000 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1915 
 
 192,625 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 153,662 
 147,475 
 
 
 65,200 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 16,252,717 
 
 7,028,884 
 
 1,177,577 
 
 43,777,282 
 
 620,281 
 
 39,848,225 
 
 16,029,290 1 414,625 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 1877. 
 1898. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Total 22,255,384 
 
 Coquille River. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 235,000 
 
 3,084,577 
 1,000,000 
 2,210,000 
 2,978,700 
 2,840,000 
 2,450,000 
 
 Silverside 
 fry. 
 
 Rogue River and tributaries. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 500,000 
 
 196, 855 
 
 496,680 
 
 491,580 
 
 495,333 
 
 "1,465,321 
 
 1,100,500 
 
 1,219,628 
 
 1,491,210 
 
 226,600 
 1,185,800 
 
 980, 770 
 1,672,850 
 
 962, 528 
 
 1,331,910 
 
 1,365,815 
 
 "1,451,858 
 
 674,293 
 1,098,650 
 1,469,440 
 
 12,420,514 
 
 50, 
 1,910, 
 2, 156, 
 2,967, 
 4, 750, 
 3,480, 
 9,023, 
 4,758, 
 47, 
 5,880, 
 6, 597, 
 
 771, 
 1,430, 
 1,364, 
 9, 574, 
 4, 169, 
 3,752, 
 4, 747, 
 2, 515, 
 
 171, 
 
 70,118,855 
 
 Yearlings, 
 
 finger- 
 lings, and 
 adults. 
 
 75,000 
 "l70,bhl 
 
 9,309 
 
 2,517,892 
 
 1,758,800 
 
 900,750 
 
 1,032,950 
 
 6,464,752 
 
 Silverside 
 
 fry. 
 
 128,000 
 424, 530 
 680,80 C 
 
 1,250,432 
 
 1,375,000 
 158,000 
 643,000 
 
 501,081 
 
 2,355,885 
 
 3,198,346 
 
 c 7, 832, 000 
 
 2,336,359 
 
 e 198, 103 
 
 g 399, 700 
 
 366,500 
 
 592,150 
 
 22,439,886 
 
 Steelhead 
 fry. 
 
 65,850 
 20,250 
 
 8,073 
 
 531,000 
 
 12,625 
 
 105,300 
 
 937,680 
 
 878,847 
 
 89, &50 
 
 2,592,665 
 
 b 1,313,890 
 
 2,795,075 
 
 1,376,308 
 
 d 3,908,699 
 
 r 3,083,092 
 
 A 561,955 
 
 2,810,700 
 
 807,000 
 
 21,898,859 
 
 " All fingerlings. 
 
 b Includes 177,790 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 
 
 c Includes 860,903 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 
 
 d Includes 27,258 fingerlings. 
 
 « Includes 9,153 fingerlings. 
 
 / Includes 2,583,092 fingerlings; all were planted by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 g Includes 6,000 fingerlings. 
 
 h Includes 128,600 flngerliugs. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 231 
 
 Distribution of Salmon in the Coastal Streams op Oregon — Continued. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sllverside 
 fry. 
 
 Steelhead 
 fry. 
 
 Grand 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 
 finger- 
 lings, and 
 adults. 
 
 total, all 
 species. 
 
 1877 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 180,000 
 
 2,370,314 
 
 2 700 000 
 
 1897 
 
 180,000 
 2,370,314 
 2,700,000 
 2,156,945 
 4,594,058 
 8,415,113 
 9,427,654 
 20.268,809 
 16.343,382 
 
 
 
 
 1898 . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 1 899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 2 156 945 
 
 1901 
 
 
 128,666 
 
 639,330 
 680,800 
 985,220 
 5,571,407 
 7,260,083 
 7,009,279 
 4,863,048 
 9,855,649 
 3,561,094 
 5,250,394 
 10,980,722 
 9,887,175 
 13,725,965 
 5, 253, 819 
 4,272,308 
 4, 150, 785 
 4,448,668 
 8,448,185 
 
 65,850 
 20,250 
 
 4,787,908 
 9,074,693 
 10,108,454 
 21 262 102 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 8,073 
 1,311,500 
 1,443,130 
 481,545 
 937,680 
 1,768,780 
 2,399,620 
 4,931,256 
 2, 154, 132 
 3,931,106 
 2,134,631 
 4,573,074 
 3,083,092 
 2,617.560 
 2, 810, 700 
 2,944,474 
 
 1905 
 
 
 23,226,289 
 22,902,190 
 27,7.52,571 
 25, 642, ,532 
 
 1906 
 
 14,123,977 
 20,261,747 
 19,671,753 
 7,626,825 
 10,022,493 
 10,271,366 
 14,390,576 
 9,668.714 
 9,008,503 
 12,094,770 
 2, .515, 500 
 9,062,097 
 6,672,842 
 9,283,111 
 
 75,000 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 170,051 
 
 1909 
 
 19,251,254 
 15, 983, 207 
 
 1910 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 20 453 016 
 
 1912 
 
 
 27, 525, 430 
 
 1913 
 
 
 23,486,995 
 24,869,099 
 21,930,972 
 20 908 410 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 9,309 
 
 11,037,510 
 
 1,7.''-S.S00 
 
 900, 750 
 
 1,032,950 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 17,' 589,' 242 
 14,832,960 
 21,708,720 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 221,180,549 
 
 14,984,370 Ilflfi.Q?!^! 
 
 37,616,453 
 
 380,753,303 
 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 The following tables show separately the total output of the 
 hatcheries in Oregon owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries 
 and of those owned by the State: 
 
 Output of Hatcheries in Oregon Owned by the U. S. Bureau op Fisheries. 
 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverslde. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1889 
 
 
 4,500,000 
 2,776,475 
 4, 901,. 525 
 1,332,400 
 4, 100, 000 
 213,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1,000,000 
 700,000 
 
 Ill' 
 
 1891 
 
 1 
 
 1892 
 
 1 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1894 1 
 
 
 1895 1 23, 000 
 
 
 1896 1 
 
 02,832,150 
 
 4,922,634 
 
 16,915,512 
 
 4,300,200 
 
 4,126,367 
 
 1,669,857 
 
 11,587,061 
 
 5,453,860 
 
 15,270,675 
 
 9,822,636 
 
 2,454,371 
 
 8,542,104 
 
 7,844,827 
 
 5,021,6.55 
 
 4, 220, 197 
 
 5,686,168 
 
 12,837,840 
 
 11,291,023 
 
 12, 156, 818 
 
 10,434,517 
 
 9,916,900 
 
 634, 500 
 
 6557, 150 
 
 1 
 
 1897 : 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 27, 000 
 1,8(K),000 
 1,100,000 
 1,866,000 
 4,884,400 
 3,113,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 28,200 
 1,661,390 
 2,045,000 
 3,531,000 
 3,953,992 
 600,000 
 8,000,000 
 21,491,000 
 1,075,000 
 
 37.000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 163,900 
 
 3,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 1 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 146, 824 
 
 1901 
 
 1,668 
 
 
 128,000 
 424,530 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 250 
 
 080, 800 
 
 
 1904 
 
 I 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 1,250,432 
 
 
 1906....: 
 
 122,980 
 
 
 300 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 627,8.56 
 
 2, 763 
 
 22.5 
 
 200,000 
 
 750, 765 
 
 
 158 000 1 S7 M2 
 
 1909 
 
 
 1,799,915 
 
 ' 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1,659,681 
 
 2,355,885 
 
 3,198,346 
 
 8,441,642 
 
 2,373,559 
 
 488,950 
 
 393, 700 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 602,300 
 
 .531,351 
 
 3, .5.50, 161 
 
 7. afi4 .500 
 
 
 27 '2. .8 
 
 1915 
 
 76,200 
 196,000 
 
 
 1916 
 
 9 153 
 
 1917 
 
 92,100 
 38.5,300 
 594,350 
 
 1918 
 
 3,843,700 11.284.150 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 5,325,450 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 58,152,882 
 
 189,608,972 
 
 30,927,569 
 
 953,000 
 
 22,827,464 
 
 1,166,393 
 
 
 o All but 17,000 of these were from eggs received from the California stations. 
 t All raised from eggs received from the California stations. 
 
232 
 
 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Output of Hatcheries in Oregon Owned by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries — 
 
 Continued. 
 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Flngerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerllngs, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1889 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4, .500, 000 
 2,776,475 
 4,901,525 
 1,332,400 
 4,100,000 
 213,000 
 
 
 1890 .. .. .. . ' 
 
 1,000,000 
 700,000 
 
 
 1891 ' 
 
 
 1892. ' 
 
 
 1893 . 
 
 
 
 1894.. ! ' 
 
 
 1895 -- 
 
 23,000 
 
 
 1896.. . 
 
 
 2,832,150 
 4,922,634 
 16, 91.5, .512 
 4,312,325 
 4,372,191 
 1,863,707 
 12,031,841 
 5,716,560 
 15,293,880 
 11,607,068 
 3,748,856 
 8,647,404 
 8,955,507 
 8,195,878 
 6,294,385 
 10,260,638 
 17,198,825 
 17,284,444 
 22,828,468 
 16,062,351 
 10,905,850 
 1,062,700 
 3,851,700 
 
 557, 1.50 
 
 1897 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 159,000 
 415, 000 
 246,000 
 481,000 
 400,000 
 
 12, 125 
 
 99,000 
 
 65, 850 
 
 20,250 
 
 262,700 
 
 23, 205 
 
 534,000 
 
 1,294,485 
 
 105,300 
 
 952,680 
 
 1,374,308 
 
 2,074,188 
 
 2,914,789 
 
 2,005,100 
 
 2,795,075 
 
 2,230,008 
 
 3,254,275 
 
 500,000 
 
 34,500 
 
 
 186,000 
 2,215,000 
 1,346,000 
 2,347,000 
 5,965,200 
 3,113,000 
 80,000 
 38,200 
 1,711,390 
 2,308,725 
 3,582,468 
 3,953,992 
 
 600,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 21,491,000 
 
 1,075,000 
 
 865,200 
 1,646.000 
 2, 851, .500 
 
 753,000 
 
 545,000 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 25,000 
 
 26,668 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1903 
 
 62, 033 
 11,090 
 
 62,283 
 
 1904 
 
 11,090 
 
 1905 
 
 50,000 
 10,000 
 50,000 
 263, 725 
 51,468 
 
 
 1906 
 
 40,383 
 
 163.663 
 
 1907 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 685,788 
 
 1909 
 
 
 2,763 
 
 1910 
 
 
 225 
 
 1911 ' 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 
 294,090 
 
 1,044,855 
 
 1913 ' 
 
 
 
 629, 5.58 
 
 1915 
 
 752,000 
 450,000 
 2,687,600 
 750,000 
 525,000 
 
 910,652 
 2i 785, 805 
 
 467, 450 
 3,372,165 
 
 843,000 
 
 1,442,003 
 6,351,119 
 
 
 1917 
 
 7,924,050 
 
 1918 
 
 15,041,615 
 
 1919 
 
 
 6,762,800 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 7,290,793 
 
 20,551,838 
 
 8,811,668 
 
 66,396,675 
 
 232,988,274 
 
 40,905,630 
 
 
 
 Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State of Oregon. 
 
 Year 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Sllverside 
 fry. 
 
 Steelhead 
 troui, fry. 
 
 Sockeye 
 
 fry. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1877 .... 
 
 50,000 
 
 79,620 
 
 1,876,500 
 
 1,834,290 
 
 2,. 554, 290 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 990,000 
 
 o 792. 000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 2,700,000 
 
 2, .500, 000 
 
 7,562,000 
 
 11,220,550 
 
 18,502,072 
 
 648,730,791 
 
 16,393,249 
 
 c27,404,,5% 
 
 d25,156,732 
 
 '21,209,394 
 
 /20, 108,990 
 
 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 1878 . . 
 
 
 
 79,620 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 1, 876, 500 
 
 1880.. 
 
 
 
 1.834,290 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 2,-554,290 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 1.300,000 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 990,000 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 792,000 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 2,700,000 
 
 1900 
 
 
 200, (XM) 
 245,000 
 256, 327 
 300, 850 
 143, 849 
 1.495,735 
 1,859,(96 
 376,245 
 
 
 2 700,000 
 
 1901 ... 
 
 
 
 7,807,000 
 
 1902 
 
 7,9,57,000 
 3,288,600 
 3,974,185 
 5,509,085 
 7,503,655 
 6,446,628 
 5,359,709 
 9.212,649 
 
 
 19.433,877 
 
 1903 
 
 
 22,091,522 
 
 1904 u 
 
 
 52,848.825 
 
 1905 
 
 
 23.398.069 
 
 1906 
 
 
 36,767,947 
 
 1907 
 
 
 31,979,605 
 
 1908 
 
 
 26,. 569, 103 
 
 1909 
 
 1,403,129 
 
 
 30,724,768 
 
 Kgg.'; from which hatched obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 !> 6,8^,540 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 c7. 714,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 ri 3,550,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 < 3,020,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 f 6,581,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
PACIFIC S.^LMON FISHERIES. '233 
 
 OwTPUT OP Hatcheries Owned by the Statb op Oregon — Continued. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 Silverside 
 fry. 
 
 Steelhead 
 trout fry. 
 
 Sockeye 
 fry. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 191.5 
 
 1910 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Total 
 
 169, 36.1 
 762. 229 
 ,077,971 
 623,268 
 94.5,746 
 .532, 168 
 120,254 
 615,600 
 109. 125 
 732 431 
 
 3.a31,827 
 4,749,319 
 9, .580, 497 
 9,879,666 
 5,893,965 
 2,917,460 
 y 4, 215, 705 
 4,183,000 
 4,556,207 
 9,140,769 
 
 ,364,120 
 ,018, .598 
 ,3.58,742 
 ,136.031 
 758.233 
 ,793,208 
 ,180,709 
 ,804,743 
 ,633,580 
 ,004,754 
 
 <; 1,488 
 < 1,9.57 
 / 1,937; 
 f 1,978 
 
 30 
 30 
 30: 
 39 
 30 
 35 
 (XW I '36 
 
 327 
 825 
 134 
 140 
 
 * 2, 399 
 «1,.526 
 
 "13^99, 800 , '50,07 
 
 ,024 1 '38 
 ,823 I '37 
 
 165,312 
 018,473 
 97.5,035 
 576,099 
 .576,084 
 242, 836 
 915,668 
 129,367 
 ,030,735 
 077,754 
 
 475,153,231 
 
 107,999.926 
 
 34,333.549 
 
 17,218,073 634,704,779 
 
 o 6,465,300 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 t> 3,9.50.000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of I'isheries. 
 f 1,500,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of fisheries. 
 •J 8,000,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 < 2,000,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fi.sheries. 
 / 2,491.000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisiieries. 
 1 1,000,000 eggs obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 * Eggs from which hatched obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 
 < All but 490,000 were fmgerlings. 
 J All but 41,500 were fingerlings. 
 
 t 3,000,(X)0 eggs obtained from U . 8. Bureau of Fisheries. 
 ' Most of the output comprised of fish 4 to 9 months old. 
 » 3,174,800 from ^gs obtained from Alaska, and 25,000 from dwarf sockeye eggs obtained from Montana. 
 
 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 
 
 The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon 
 was at Clackamas, on the Clackanas River, a tributary of the Willam- 
 ette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish 
 Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State 
 provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. 
 Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- 
 priated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this hatchery. 
 On July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States 
 Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase 
 price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- 
 ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- 
 ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During 
 this period a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- 
 lished on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, 
 a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. 
 Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and 
 hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved 
 about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as botli 
 a rearing and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established 
 another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the 
 main station and between the north and south forks. In 1904 all 
 were turned over to the United States. In 1915 the hatchery was 
 moved again. In 1907 an experimental station for the collection of 
 eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon was established by the 
 State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below the Portland Railway, 
 Light & Power Co.'s dam at Cazadero, but this was later operated by 
 the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The building of a dam having 
 cut off this station, another was established in 1913 at a point 30 miles 
 distant from Portland. 
 
234 XJ. S. BUEEAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of F. M. 
 Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Columbia 
 River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. 
 
 In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- 
 ized the Columbia River Packers' Propagating Co., which estab- 
 lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas Riyer at the junction of 
 the Warm Springs and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 
 1896. The Government operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which 
 it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite side of 
 the river. 
 
 In 1898 the collection of steelhead- trout eggs was first undertaken 
 on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a 
 tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In 
 March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willam- 
 ette River, near Oregon City, to coUect steelhead eggs, and also 
 operated for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but 
 the latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. 
 This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. 
 
 In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan 
 Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance 
 between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 
 1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of 
 Snake River, for steelhead, but met with- poor success. Snake 
 River was worked a^ain in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which 
 is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur (V)unty. Title to the 
 necessary property was secured from the War Department in 1903 
 and permanent buildings were erected. It was closed for some years 
 and finally abandoned in 1911. 
 . In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery 
 in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a 
 small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main 
 stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was 
 established in the canyon about 1^ miles below the WaUowa bridge 
 on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 
 1903. 
 
 In 1902 the State of Ore^n erected a permanent plant on Salmon 
 River at its junction with Boulder Creek. This plant was closed in 
 1911. 
 
 In the same year the State established an experimental station on 
 the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about one- 
 half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was 
 resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery 
 was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Eugene 
 and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. 
 
 In 1903 a hatchery was built by the State of Oregon on the Snake 
 River near the town of Ontario, in eastern Oregon. 
 
 In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on 
 Breitenbush Creek, a short distance above its junction with the 
 Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant 
 was destroyed, very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. 
 An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy 
 freshet raised the river so high that the penned fish escaped around 
 the rack. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 235 
 
 In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, 
 a tributar}^ of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable 
 of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to 
 hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. 
 
 In the same year a temporary hatchery was located on the Santiam 
 River by the State of Oregon. 
 
 During 1910 the State of Oregon received 1,500,000 red salmon 
 eggs from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau 
 01 Fisheries, and yearly since they have received a consignment from 
 the same source, as will be noted in the statistical tables. These were 
 hatched out in the Bonneville hatchery and planted in the Columbia 
 River. 
 
 The State of Oregon built a hatchery on the Klaskanine River, a 
 tributary of Youngs River, near Olney, in Clatsop County, in 1911. 
 In the same year an eyeing station for spring chinooks was opened by 
 the State on the Willamette River, near Lowell. 
 
 The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- 
 cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner 
 paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was 
 operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon 
 fry deposited in that river. In 1893 the State legislature estab- 
 lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from 
 certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in 
 the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 
 miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz 
 County. Shortly after this hatchery was built it was discovered 
 that it was above where the salmon spawned, and a second hatchery 
 was built 1| miles below the first named, as the rugged mountainous 
 character of the country made transportation between the two sites 
 difficult. Of recent years a road has been constnicted along the 
 river bank, and it is probable that the upper buildings will be aban- 
 doned entirely. 
 
 Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was estab- 
 Ushed on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into Baker 
 Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. 
 
 During the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission 
 established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which 
 empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, alxmt 14 miles 
 a])ove the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station 
 was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried 
 on in Eagle and Tanner Creeks, in Oregon, the eggs o])tained from 
 these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. 
 
 In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries 
 on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Colum])ia River, about 
 H miles from Chiwaukum Station on the Great Northern Railway, 
 and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from 
 the junction. 
 
 In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the 
 Columbia River Basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was 
 built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White 
 River, the location being about 2h miles from where the Green 
 River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the 
 Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 
 22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built 
 
236 
 
 V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 on the north bank of Colville River, about Ih miles from its mouth, 
 and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, 
 located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from 
 its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from 
 its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The 
 Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the 
 others were operated intermittently. 
 
 In 1906 a hatchery was established by the State of Washington 
 on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. In 
 1919 this hatchery was operated by the United States Bureau of 
 Fisheries. 
 
 In 1909 the State of Washington established a hatchery near 
 Pateros, on the Methow River, a tributary of the Columbia River, 
 and on the Tilton. 
 
 In 1915 Clarke County, Wash., built a hatchery on the east side of 
 Cold Creek, about 2 miles from the town of Vancouver. 
 
 A temporary station was established by the State of Washington 
 on Wenatchee Lake, near Leavenworth, in 1915. 
 
 The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead 
 trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of 
 Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: 
 
 Plants op Salmon in the Columbia River and Tributaries Since 1877. 
 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 79, 620 
 
 3,076,500 
 
 1,834,290 
 
 2,554,290 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 3, 756, 475 
 
 5, 094, 000 
 
 1,3.32,400 
 
 4,100,000 
 
 213,000 
 
 02,523,000 
 
 9, 832, 150 
 
 10,641,394 
 
 26,212,074 
 
 19, 979, 241 
 
 22,510,869 
 
 24,977,310 
 
 44, 328, 085 
 
 40,174,313 
 
 71,694,587 
 
 17, 107, 217 
 
 636,324,805 
 
 23, 171, 235 
 
 32, 856, 262 
 
 33,081,994 
 
 37, 743, 777 
 
 28,791,095 
 
 49,335,065 
 
 70, 211, 177 
 
 d81,995,039 
 
 81,504,641 
 
 85, &57, 635 
 
 47,187,410 
 
 64,929,898 
 
 22,571,500 
 
 
 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 ' 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 > 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 557, 150 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1 
 
 1899 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 7,175,824 
 
 5,559,750 
 
 17,545,724 
 
 8,721,720 
 
 8,422,085 
 
 1,354,610 
 
 828,472 
 
 2,657,349 
 
 1,705,543 
 
 2, 439, 415 
 
 8,374,733 
 
 el,308,900 
 
 1,243,660 
 
 4,591,500 
 
 636,900 
 
 608,747 
 
 873,882 
 
 1,381,915 
 
 3,763,832 
 
 4,205,864 
 
 
 1901 
 
 1, f.68 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 47, 980 
 
 300 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 - 
 
 
 1,995,746 
 
 16,949 
 
 225 
 
 11,700 
 
 1,405,800 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 1,488,327 
 1,957,825 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 1, 937, 134 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 1,978,140 
 
 
 1,732,805 
 
 812, 801 
 
 8,686,789 
 
 9,922,869 
 
 10,383,400 
 
 46,382,420 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 4,478,362 
 1,526,034 
 2,731,823 
 3,199,800 
 
 1,526,024 
 
 
 1917 
 
 86,100 
 18 800 
 
 1918 
 
 
 1919 
 
 939, 960 
 
 2^200 
 
 
 Total 
 
 19,297,435 
 
 2, 465, 984 
 
 1,014,082,348 
 
 81,958,362 
 
 78,400,425 
 
 107, 40 J 
 
 
 n Includes 23,000 eggs 
 b Includes 48,200 eggs. 
 
 c Includes 100,000 eggs. 
 ' Includes 1,000,000 eggs. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 237 
 
 Plants of Salmon in the Columbia River and Tributaries Since 1877 — Contd. 
 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 79,63) 
 
 3, 076, .500 
 
 1,834,290 
 
 2, ,5.54, 290 
 
 1,. 300, 1)00 
 
 4, 5(K), 000 
 
 3, 756, 475 
 
 5,694,000 
 
 1,3.32, 400 
 
 4, 100, 000 
 
 213, 000 
 
 2,523,000 
 
 9, 832, 150 
 
 10, Ml, 394 
 
 26,212,074 
 
 19,987,866 
 
 29,985,693 
 
 30,782,060 
 
 62, 130, 136 
 
 49,459,583 
 
 80,275,653 
 
 19,230,062 
 
 38, 898, 388 
 
 25,8.55,224 
 
 34,576,805 
 
 36,580,066 
 
 43, 182, 198 
 
 33,991,383 
 
 54,030,070 
 
 76,885,611 
 
 86,134,417 
 
 94,541,793 
 
 108,917,145 
 
 .59, .501, 804 
 
 84,581,523 
 
 34,851,584 
 
 
 1S78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1889 
 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1S92 
 
 
 
 
 1893 1 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896., 
 
 
 
 
 557 150 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 8, 625 
 
 299,000 
 
 245,000 
 
 256,327 
 
 563,550 
 
 158,981 
 
 0768, 235 
 
 61,745,111 
 
 26, 640 
 
 15,000 
 
 al,a58,(w7 
 
 <-2, 0(>3, (m 
 
 1,982,331 
 
 1,387,500 
 
 40,000 
 
 d932,70O 
 
 4,128,833 
 
 1,4.59,067 
 
 4, 074, .330 
 
 4, 274, 330 
 
 4, 603, 820 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 1 008 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37,033 
 
 
 
 37,033 
 
 1904 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 24, .383 
 
 
 
 72 663 
 
 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 1 995 746 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 ' 16'949 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 420,730 
 
 106, 020 
 
 105,800 
 
 591, 638 
 
 8,299,572 
 
 16,448,199 
 
 5,332,125 
 
 8,881,640 
 
 210, 600 
 
 
 11 700 
 
 1912 
 
 116,300 
 
 
 1 522' 160 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 1 732 805 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 812, 801 
 10,218,813 
 10 595 869 
 
 1916 
 
 6,000 
 338, ,8.50 
 
 
 
 248, 050 
 
 1918 
 
 10,402,200 
 47, 920, 880 
 
 
 135,500 
 
 460, 800 
 
 
 
 30,151,725 
 
 658, 066 
 
 40,396,324 
 
 708, 850 
 
 1,182,328,2.57 
 
 85 89S 662 
 
 
 
 o Includes 50,000 eggs. 
 b Includes 58,000 eggs. 
 
 c Includes 25,000 eggs. 
 It Includes 79,000 eggs. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Willapa River. — In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on 
 Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200 
 yards from the creek's mouth. 
 
 In 1916 local residents along the North River, a tributary of Wil- 
 lapa Harbor, contributed the funds to build a salmon hatchery, and 
 this was constructed and put into operation the same year. 
 
 In 1917 a salmon hatchery was built and put into operation at 
 Raymond. It is designated as Willapa Hatchery No. 2. 
 
 in 1918 some fishermen and public-spirited citizens of this section 
 contributed the money for the building of a State hatchery on the 
 Nasel River, a tributary of Willapa Harbor. 
 
 Chehalis River, — The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis 
 River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the 
 State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high 
 water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a 
 failure until 1902 wnen a fair season was had, as was again true in 
 1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking 
 
238 tr. s. BUREAU of fisheries. 
 
 eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehahs, it has been 
 possible to fill the hatchery each season. 
 
 In 1909 the site where eggs had been gathered on the Satsop River 
 was purchased, and a new hatchery was erected there. It has three 
 concrete rearing ponds and is fully equipped for the taking of spawn 
 and the hatching out and caring for 5,000,000 fry. This plant was 
 first operated in the fall of 1909. 
 
 Work was begun in September, 1914, by the United States Bureau 
 of Fisheries on a hatching station on Lake Quinault, Wash., and a take 
 of eggs was made the same year. 
 
 In lieu of installing fishways in their dams in the Humptulips 
 River and tributaries, in the Grays Harbor section, two timber firms 
 agreed to furnish the money needed to build a hatchery on Stevens 
 Creek, west of Humptulips, and the same was constructed and put 
 into operation in October of 1914. The plant is now the property of 
 the State. 
 
 In 1917 a hatchery was built by the State on Chehalis River near 
 Dryad, with money contributed by two lumber companies in lieu of 
 building fishway over a dam. 
 
 Puget Sound and tributaries. — In 1896 the State established a hatch- 
 ery oil Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tributary of 
 the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for the hatch- 
 ing of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to the United States 
 Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were collected on 
 Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birdsview, and some 
 30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary station was opened 
 at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead trout eggs were col- 
 lected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought to Baker Lake to 
 be hatched. 
 
 In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by 
 subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, and 
 vicinity) was built near Lake Saniish, a few miles from Fairhaven. 
 
 In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a 
 tributary of the Nooksack River, about 300 yards from same, and 
 about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, 
 this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing sta- 
 tion was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksack River, about 
 1 mile from Acme. This hatchery is now used as a reserve station. 
 
 In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish 
 River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also 
 erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was 
 not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. 
 
 The State in 1889 built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary 
 of the Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the 
 creek. 
 
 The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900: Snoho- 
 mish hatchery, built on the west bank of Skykomish River, a few 
 miles from its mouth ; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck Creek, 
 about one-half mile fron the Nisqually River, and about 4 miles 
 from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish hatch- 
 ery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the town 
 of' Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since been 
 moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Stilla- 
 guamish River. It is merely used as an eyeing station now. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 239 
 
 The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish 
 River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish 
 hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and 
 hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 
 miles from the Snohomish hatchery. In 1918 it was rebuilt and now 
 bears the name of Skykomish hatchery 
 
 In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at 
 Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pearson 
 as the nearest post office. The work of the station was devoted to 
 salmon and oysters until it was abandoned a few years later. 
 
 The State established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 7 
 miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. In 
 1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit 
 River, between Hamilton and Lyman. This was destroyed in 1917 
 by floods. The station built on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit, 
 has been operated only occasionally since the Skagit hatchery was 
 built. 
 
 The White River hatchery was constructed on Suice Creek, a trib- 
 utary of Green River, some years ago. During the summer of 1909 
 a new hatchery was built at this station, the old one being too small 
 to accommodate the amount of spawn that could be taken. The new 
 hatchery is located on the east side of Suice Creek near the county 
 road. The building contains 140 hatching troughs. The plant has 
 a pond system, where the fry are kept and fed until they are able to 
 shift for themselves. 
 
 Dicing the summer of 1911 the city of Tacoma constructed a large 
 concrete dam in the Green River, about 4 miles west of Eagle Gorge. 
 As this dam prevented the salmon from reaching the spawning beds, 
 the State established an eyeing station the same year just below 
 the dam. In 1913 the name was changed to Green River hatchery, 
 to conform to the name of the main stream. 
 
 In 1912 the LTnited States Bureau of Fisheries completed the Quil- 
 cene and Duckabush hatcheries. Both are on small tributaries enter- 
 ing the west side of Hoods Canal, an arm of Puget Sound. 
 
 In 1913 a new station was operated by the Bureau on the Duse- 
 wallips River, a tributary' of Hoods Canal, Puget Sound, near Brin- 
 non. Two new field stations — on ElweU River, a tributary of the 
 Skykomish River, near Sultan, and on Sauk River, a tributary of the 
 Skagit River, near Harrington — were also put into operation the 
 same year. The Sauk River had been worked by the State at one 
 time. 
 
 In 1913 the Middle Fork Nooksak eyeing station was transformed 
 into a hatchery. In the same year the eyeing station on the south 
 fork was moved farther up the river. 
 
 In 1914 stations were established by the United States Bureau of 
 Fisheries on Day Creek and Illabot Creek, tributaries of the Skagit 
 River, while a substation was opened on Hamahama River at Eldon, 
 distant about 9 miles up Hood Canal from the mouth of the Ducka- 
 bush River. 
 
 On May 23, 1914, the Baker Lake hatchery building was destroyed 
 by fire. In addition to the building and equipment, 1,305,820 silver 
 fry and 823,097 sockeye fry were destroyed. The station was rebuilt 
 but was burned down again in 1919. It has since been rebuilt. 
 
240 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1915 the State built a hatchery on the Pilchuck River, a tribu- 
 tary of the Skykomish River, near Granite Falls. 
 
 In lieu of building a fishway in its dam on the Elwha River, near 
 Port Angeles, the Olympic Power Co. furnished the funds needed to 
 build a hatchery below the dam, and this was opened by the State 
 in 1915. 
 
 In 1916 the city of Tacoma furnished funds to build a hatchery in 
 lieu of a fish ladder over the Nisqually power plant dam, and the 
 hatchery was constructed by the State at Chambers Prairie and 
 opened in 1916. It is known as the Chambers Creek hatchery. 
 
 In 1917 a new hatchery was established by the State at Or ting, on 
 the Puyallup River, while in 1918 an eyeing station was established 
 at Tahuya, on Hoods Canal, near the Skokomish hatchery. 
 
 In 1919 the Nisqually hatchery was destroyed by floods. 
 
 The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatcheries 
 in the State of Washington owned by the United States Bureau of 
 Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: 
 
 Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Washington Owned by the U. S. Bureau 
 
 OF Fisheries. 
 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Soclieye, or blueback. 
 
 Silver, or coho. 
 
 Year end- 
 ing June 
 30— 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 
 linss, 
 
 yearlings, 
 
 and 
 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Finger- 
 lings, 
 yearlings, 
 and 
 adults. 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1,848,760 
 7,391,886 
 1,791,056 
 6,626,947 
 5,427,680 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1899 
 
 4,926,000 
 2,686,000 
 6,581,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 10,683,000 
 3,834,453 
 3,371,000 
 3,731,789 
 3,855,000 
 7,819,281 
 3,285,130 
 4,224,255 
 8,514,305 
 5,430,(126 
 4,554,825 
 5,496.000 
 4,692,573 
 5,751,700 
 2,583,469 
 10,820,441 
 15,737,420 
 11,861,825 
 3,62.5,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 i74,64i 
 
 
 1902 
 
 15,637,687 
 16,774,030 
 17, 386, 183 
 
 4,236,276 
 14,846,905 
 
 6,512,738 
 12,372,503 
 11,565,553 
 
 9,175,610 
 
 7,307,455 
 10,959,728 
 19,933,300 
 31,140,440 
 38, 162, 139 
 38,012,864 
 14,969,904 
 
 2,185,218 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81,812 
 3,984,645 
 8,071,081 
 6,445,574 
 3,636,952 
 13,252,714 
 7,661,110 
 10,888,025 
 4,550,615 
 10,599,939 
 10,754,617 
 13,591,354 
 20,673,056 
 5,466,334 
 3,960,000 
 972,300 
 7,544,020 
 
 
 1904 
 
 7,506,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 9,500 
 
 107,000 
 239, 180 
 760,000 
 296,000 
 272,000 
 275,000 
 102,000 
 52,000 
 102,000 
 
 
 1906 
 
 7,714,000 
 3,550,000 
 1,485,000 
 3,650,000 
 3,813,250 
 3,350,000 
 8,020,000 
 19,713,000 
 4,584,000 
 4,998,000 
 
 
 880,000 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 1908 
 
 1,537,941 
 14,186 
 
 75,000 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 ii,766 
 
 655,095 
 
 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 1,130,505 
 
 987,495 
 
 7,488,270 
 
 5,865,226 
 
 41 202 r>94 
 
 50,000 
 155,000 
 
 120,000 
 46,575 
 2,666,308 
 2,145,953 
 12,705,285 
 15,799,960 
 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 35,000 
 2,500 
 
 4i,566 
 
 1,460,354 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 4,559,860 
 
 10,118,815 
 
 697,380 
 
 1918 
 
 3,150,000 
 960, 000 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 389, 002j 18^474 ,'900 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 86,686,250 
 
 294,653,864 77,368,012 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 120,872,092 
 
 33,503,581J2,242,6S0 
 
 132,318,189 
 
 16,877,909 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 241 
 
 Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Washington Owned by the U. S. Bureau 
 OF Fisheries — Continued. 
 
 Year ending June 30- 
 
 1900. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 190S. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 176,597 
 
 2,000 969,990 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 Steelhead trout. 
 
 502,000 6,764,702. 
 
 13,260,000 
 
 "'7,066,' 666 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,368,000 
 
 96,000 
 
 2,560,325 
 
 1,8S0 
 
 21,114,023 
 
 6, 929,. 500 
 
 6,106,400 
 
 165,000 
 
 2,l;52,831 
 
 2,354,500 
 
 20,764,000 50,745,! 
 
 4,3.55 
 
 2,915, 
 
 7,449, 
 
 3,736, 
 
 369, 
 
 80,000 
 2.55,000 
 414,400 
 348, 000 
 200, (K)0 
 224,000 
 220, 000 
 300,000 
 6(i0,000 
 905,000! 
 
 1,330,000; 
 729,000' 
 12.), 000; 
 
 1,040,000, 
 .5.50,000' 
 
 320,onoi 
 
 250, 000 ; 
 
 Fry. 
 
 26, 
 
 110, 
 
 440, 
 
 70, 
 
 3, 
 
 .540, 
 
 941, 
 
 136, 
 
 717, 
 
 1,437, 
 
 911, 
 
 2,284, 
 
 1,477, 
 
 1,792, 
 
 2,008, 
 
 341, 
 
 1,979, 
 
 103, 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 223,815 
 
 1,37,665 
 
 891,000 
 
 1,42-1,000 
 
 3,482,620 
 
 305, (KX) 
 
 14,474,343 7,950,400 15,320,208 6,464,100 
 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Year ending June 30 — 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adiuts. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Fingerlings, 
 yearlings, 
 and adults. 
 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 1,848,760 
 7,391,886 
 1,791,056 
 17,3.35,947 
 9,4.3f;,174 
 19,118,687 
 21,027,631 
 25,472,42.5 
 20, 129, 843 
 26, 087, .599 
 1.5, 31,5, 4.50 
 41,051,200 
 2.5,374,980 
 27,423,498 
 18,430,720 
 33,597,880 
 57,397,647 
 78,894,4,51 
 114, 098, .541 
 87, 165,. 562 
 47,33'.*, 039 
 18,910,494 
 15, 831, ,522 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 
 
 1899 ' 
 
 4,926,000 
 2, (-,86, 000 
 6, -581, 000 
 
 
 1900 ' 
 
 
 1901 t 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1903 1 
 
 80,000 
 7,761,000 
 ,521,400 
 9, 18:5, 180 
 4,510,IKX) 
 2,582,000 
 •1,242,000 
 4,. 388, 250 
 4,112,000 
 8,977,000 
 21,14.5,000 
 18,623,000 
 5,313,000 
 8,042,500 
 550,000 
 3,470,000 
 1,210,000 
 
 223,815 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 10,000 
 9 ,500 
 
 1906 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 . . . . ... 
 
 
 1 ,537 941 
 
 1909 
 
 
 14 186 
 
 1910 
 
 1 
 
 
 1911 
 
 69,000 
 2,495,000 
 
 
 11 700 
 
 1912 
 
 
 655' 095 
 
 1913 
 
 19,479,000 
 8,672,735 
 35,504,707 
 21,500,94-1 
 14,403,300 
 9,892,145 
 4,544,000 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1,2.54 860 
 
 1915 
 
 
 1 213 235 
 
 1916 
 
 1,000,000 
 7,014, .580 
 
 16,420,932 
 28,4.58,649 
 71,245,414 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 4, .524, 560 
 
 40,171,758 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 116,560,831 
 
 12,539,140 
 
 118, 90.3, .330 
 
 730,.|7i>.992i 161,227,085 
 
 11312°— 21- 
 
 -16 
 
242 
 
 TT. S. BUREAU OF FISHERTES. 
 
 Output op the Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the State of Washington." 
 
 Year ending 
 .Tune 30— 
 
 1896. 
 
 1897. 
 
 1899.. 
 1900.. 
 1901 . . 
 1902.. 
 1903.. 
 1904... 
 1905... 
 1906... 
 1907.. 
 1908.. 
 1909... 
 1910... 
 1911... 
 1912... 
 1913... 
 1914... 
 
 1915 b. 
 
 1916 d. 
 
 1917 «. 
 
 1918 /. 
 
 1919 f.. 
 
 Chinook 
 fry. 
 
 500,000 
 050,000 
 275,000 
 595,000 
 251,600 
 275,400 
 766,822 
 283, 499 
 261, 184 
 101,180 
 943,550 
 897,670 
 647,600 
 440,950 
 168,350 
 458,502 
 380, 516 
 542,928 
 529,709 
 784,092 
 239,092 
 228, 979 
 175,074 
 773,506 
 
 Total 529, 570, 203 296, 190, 529 
 
 Chum fry. 
 
 10,301,760 
 16,478,280 
 9,937,390 
 9,937,390 
 
 3, 268, 800 
 6, 120, 000 
 4,342,350 
 8,218,000 
 8,607,500 
 13,326,750 
 4,684,950 
 14,711,400 
 7, 842, 266 
 27,458,665 
 41. ..890, 354 
 15,086,648 
 71,750,001 
 22,228,025 
 
 Hump- 
 back fry. 
 
 295,200 
 
 2,055,900 
 "'519,' 600" 
 
 370,785 
 
 1,532,737 
 
 578, 504 
 
 5,902,227 
 
 6,086,256 
 
 Silver, or 
 echo, fry. 
 
 189,000 
 ,778,280 
 ,747,894 
 ,964,593 
 ,659,079 
 ,725,196 
 226,294 
 ,9.16,380 
 ,668,600 
 273, 202 
 ,543,200 
 , 894, 100 
 097,750 
 , 104, 125 
 , 263, 290 
 ,494,380 
 ,169,474 
 ,877,396 
 ,842,775 
 ,660,603 
 ,220,087 
 
 17,941,209 586,365,698 19,646,147 
 
 Sockeye, 
 or blue- 
 back, fry. 
 
 5,500,000 
 5,400,000 
 
 49,792 
 
 62,631 
 
 607,979 
 
 808,455 
 
 (7 6,671,770 
 
 645,520 
 
 Steelhead- 
 trout fry. 
 
 1,736,560 
 1,398,476 
 2,481,371 
 3,134,076 
 3,868,866 
 2,433,635 
 2,769,784 
 3,575,943 
 4,578,075 
 4,080,450 
 4,855,000 
 5, 163, 180 
 4,832,067 
 9,089,250 
 3,601.514 
 3, 457, 130 
 9,984,852 
 
 10,250,532 
 7,993,452 
 
 Total, 
 
 4,500,000 
 9,550,000 
 9,675,000 
 8,784,000 
 38,068,200 
 49,900,050 
 60, 150, 176 
 56,014,044 
 33,150,446 
 21,761,109 
 45,888,514 
 47, 262, 213 
 59,497,127 
 54,282,600 
 66,044,550 
 68,046,182 
 70,432,443 
 
 104, 606, 868 
 82,050,398 
 
 131,510,496 
 
 145,501,900 
 55,966,857 
 
 223,494,236 
 92,860,590 
 
 89,284,213 1,538,997,999 
 
 a As the printed reports of the State before 1913 in many instances report as the output the number of 
 eggs gathered, it has been necessary in such cases to make an arbitrary reduction from these figures, in 
 order to allow for the loss in the egg stage. In addition to figures in table, in 1916, 13,424.362; in 1918, 
 6,745,823; and in 1919, 12,351,780 dwarf sockcyes were hatched and planted In waters of the State. 
 
 6 A considerable proportion of the fry was fed in rearing ponds for some time before planting. 
 
 c 29,900 eggs were distributed in addition. 
 
 d Year ends Nov. 30, 1916. 
 
 e Period from Nov. 30, 1916, to Mar. 31, 1917. 
 
 / Year ending Mar. 31. 
 
 gin addition 6,000,000 eggs were furnished by the U. S. Burean of Fisheries. 
 
 The following table shows the plantings made in waters of Wash- 
 ington other than the Columbia Kiver by the United States Bureau 
 of Fisheries and the State of Washington : 
 
 Plants op Salmon in the Waters of Washington Other Than the Columbia 
 
 River. 
 
 Year ending .June 30 — 
 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 I'uget Sound and tributaries. 
 
 Chinook 
 
 Fry. 
 
 7,470,000 
 
 300,000 
 ,141,322 
 113,850 
 865,933 
 590,738 
 819,290 
 907,598 
 356, 709 
 647, 288 
 681,060 
 984,482 
 646, 254 
 561,328 
 392,826 
 222, 734 
 022, 439 
 890, 383 
 318,366 
 244, 102 
 
 Total 201,176,702 2,160,367 96,202, 
 
 YeTirlings, 
 fingerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 802, 795 
 750, 612 
 411,060 
 195, 900 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 500,000 
 400,000 
 
 683,000 
 834, 453 
 371,000 
 731, 789 
 855,000 
 
 3,573,130 
 
 514,305 
 430, 626 
 554,825 
 496,000 
 692,573 
 751,700 
 683, 261 
 371, 056 
 897, 420 
 520, 280 
 696, 750 
 645,520 
 
 Yearlings, 
 fuigerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 9,500 
 
 b 120,000 
 
 520 
 2,093,000 
 9,319,275 
 8,622,000 
 
 Silver, or coho. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 189,000 
 6, 749, 2S0 
 14,360,18.5 
 23,161,069 
 21, 507, 771 
 14,071,845 
 16,441,375 
 29,755,574 
 26,960,552 
 37, 613, 466 
 28,622,310 
 36, ,837, 125 
 29,941,865 
 39, 788, 614 
 56, 128, 207 
 42,213,911 
 74,505,147 
 42, 696, 932 
 6, 227, 775 
 29, 249, 710 
 12, 285, 222 
 
 20,164,295 589,306,935 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 14,840 
 
 1, 455, 490 
 4, 560, 160 
 6,845,11) 
 2,864,980 
 
 15,740,885 
 
 a Tnc1ude.<i .50.000 Baas. 
 
 6 Ail floeerliDes. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 243 
 
 Plants of Salmon in the Waters op Washington Other Than the Columbia 
 
 RivER^ — Continued. 
 
 
 Puget Sound and tributaries. 
 
 Year endinp June 30— 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Steelhead. 
 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 flngerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 fingerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 fingerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 10,301,760 
 16,478,280 
 9,937,390 
 9,937,390 
 
 
 1,572,560 
 1,398,476 
 2,591,371 
 3,107,891 
 3,518,476 
 
 a 1,. 329, 940 
 3, 162, 174 
 3, 964, 308 
 4, 566, 491 
 
 6 4,499,141 
 6, 292, 338 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 
 
 
 1903 . 
 
 
 
 
 218,200 
 
 1904 
 
 471,797 
 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 969, 990 
 4, 224, 255 
 9,420,662 
 
 
 i, 800, 666 
 5, 220, 000 
 2, 27K, .350 
 6,048,000 
 7, 748, 500 
 12,074,060 
 3,526,170 
 31,408,960 
 15, 535, 046 
 51,852,050 
 41,541,949 
 12,955,800 
 52,674,752 
 21,480,325 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 
 1910 
 
 1,887,600 
 
 96,000 
 
 5,432,110 
 
 1,888 
 
 22,647,060 
 
 7,508,004 
 
 12,005,627 
 
 165, 000 
 
 8, 219, 086 
 
 2,354,000 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 4,841,330 
 c 6, 732, 805 
 9,731,400 
 4,444,271 
 4, 925, 555 
 5, 102, 566 
 1,979,010 
 4,851,092 
 3, 152, 452 
 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 d4,355 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 2,918,000 
 
 7, 449, 0.30 
 
 4,736,000 
 
 369, 95s 
 
 1,000,000 
 6,766,530 
 
 891,000 
 
 1917 
 
 1,420,500 
 
 1918 
 
 3,520,420 
 
 1919 
 
 4,063,760 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 75,403,079 
 
 15,477,343 
 
 312, 798, 782 
 
 11,830,290 
 
 81,763,647 
 
 6, 066, 120 
 
 
 
 Quinault Lake and River. 
 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Silverside. 
 
 
 Year ending June 30— 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearl- 
 ings, fin- 
 gerUngs, 
 or adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 fingerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Yearlings, 
 fingerlings, 
 or adults. 
 
 Steel- 
 head 
 fry. 
 
 1915 
 
 19, 913 
 29,600 
 IfJO, 000 
 220, 000 
 la), 000 
 
 
 3, 558, 591 
 13, 840, 000 
 11,150,000 
 2, 500, 000 
 1,000,000 
 
 
 198, 966 
 
 96, 650 
 
 1,910,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 
 10, 598 
 
 1916 
 
 4,810 
 
 2,665,788 
 
 52, 953 
 
 3,. 386, 010 
 
 4,738,000 
 
 4,864 
 
 
 1917 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 3,303,700 
 419,400 
 
 
 1919 
 
 109,400 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 529, 513 
 
 114,210 
 
 32,048,591 
 
 10,842,751 
 
 3,005,616 
 
 3, 727, 964 
 
 10,598 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Chehalis River. 
 
 Willapa River. 
 
 ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Silver, or 
 coho. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Steel- 
 head. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Sil\ er, or 
 coho. 
 
 Chura. 
 
 Steel- 
 head. 
 
 1899 
 
 1,215,000 
 2, 355, 300 
 1,909,8(X) 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 881,000 
 
 
 
 190,000 
 
 1901 
 
 
 
 
 653, 400 
 
 2,163,019 
 
 819,504 
 
 630,000 
 
 529, 650 
 
 393, 660 
 
 678,600 
 
 322,200 
 
 455, 200 
 
 734,350 
 
 748,600 
 
 729,600 
 
 3,247,345 
 
 302,461 
 
 2,570,105 
 
 2, 178, 185 
 
 5,411,725 
 
 1,460,206 
 
 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 204,. S7C. 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 2, 160, 000 
 
 2, 2.50, COO 
 
 6.54,500 
 
 504,000 
 
 64,000 
 
 2,4.57,900 
 
 3,111,750 
 
 1,380,000 
 
 1,78.5, .580 
 
 581,730 
 
 108, 5.50 
 
 595, 000 
 
 1,809,901 
 
 372,500 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 1904 
 
 900,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 420,390 
 288, 000 
 
 1905 . .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 2, .5&3, 380 
 2, 2.50, 000 
 3, 275, 000 
 1,800,000 
 1,577,000 
 4,011,900 
 3,575,700 
 1, 690, 200 
 2, 977, 260 
 4, 790, 474 
 6,811,315 
 120, 000 
 12,275,990 
 6,017,655 
 
 1,468,800 
 
 900, 000 
 
 2,064,000 
 
 1,757,000 
 
 859, 000 
 
 900, 960 
 
 1,052,760 
 
 3, 177, 680 
 
 497, 300 
 
 1,230,000 
 
 4.218,930 
 
 2; 590, 000 
 
 17,725,949 
 
 4,763,000 
 
 
 
 171,550 
 
 1907 . .. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 526, 500 
 
 1908 
 
 16;i,000 
 148, 000 
 403,000 
 111,150 
 118,750 
 119,700 
 139,000 
 73,337 
 854, 170 
 495,350 
 2,978,288 
 279,200 
 
 
 
 148,500 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 399,000 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 937,500 
 93, 7.52 
 4 12, .WO 
 701,118 
 551,302 
 638. 733 
 
 
 300,000 
 
 1912 
 
 
 303,825 
 
 1913 
 
 
 382, 500 
 
 1914 
 
 
 248, 555 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1,5.81,750 
 1,181,720 
 
 105,440 
 
 1917. .' .. 
 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 967, 975 
 1,847,400 
 
 2,359,805 
 318, 100 
 
 771,600 
 197, 060 
 
 Total . . 
 
 12,263,045 
 
 53,765,874 
 
 43,205,379 
 
 6, 150, 280 
 
 24,908,810 21,646,287 
 
 5,441,375 
 
 4,952,920 
 
 1 Includes 14,400 eggs. 
 '■ Includes 100,000 eggs. 
 
 c Includes 25,000 eggs. 
 <*A11 fingerlings. 
 
244 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Plants of Salmon in the Waters of Washington Other Than the Columbia 
 
 River — Continued. 
 
 Year ending June 
 30— 
 
 1878. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1901. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Total by species. 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 03,000 
 
 8,685,000 
 3,236,300 
 2,863,200 
 2,141,322 
 4, 276, 869 
 3,585,437 
 3, 220, 738 
 5,348,940 
 4,301,258 
 9,198,309 
 10,117,488 
 12,539,260 
 5,829,982 
 5, 513, 604 
 8,410,628 
 10, 779, 171 
 15, 618, 445 
 26, 283, 919 
 30, 474, 530 
 44,339,439 
 24,388,808 
 
 Total 241, 155, 647 159, 258, 325 1687, 193, 561 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 5,500,000 
 5,400,000 
 
 10,683,000 
 3,834,453 
 3,371,000 
 3, 731, 789 
 3,855,000 
 
 3,582,630 
 
 8, 514, 305 
 5, 430, 626 
 4, 554, 825 
 5, 496, 000 
 4, 692, 573 
 5,751,700 
 2,803,261 
 10, 929, 647 
 18, 403, 728 
 14,816,233 
 22,902,035 
 15,005,520 
 
 Silver, or 
 coho. 
 
 189, 000 
 6, 749, 280 
 14,360,185 
 23,161,069 
 23, 307, 771 
 14, 276, 721 
 18,241,375 
 34, 493, 794 
 31, 460, 552 
 41,542,966 
 30,926,310 
 38,478,125 
 36, 441, 665 
 46, 476, 064 
 59,204,407 
 46, 976, 751 
 80,076,317 
 51,173,801 
 13, 413, 235 
 53,684,416 
 22, 559, 757 
 
 Hump- 
 back. 
 
 471,797 
 
 969, 990 
 4,224,255 
 9,420,662 
 
 1, 887, 600 
 96,000 
 
 5,432,110 
 
 1,888 
 
 22,651,415 
 
 7,508,004 
 14,923,627 
 
 7,614,030 
 12,955,086 
 
 2,723,958 
 
 90,880,422 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Steelhead. 
 
 10,301,760 
 16, 478, 280 
 9,937,390 
 9,937,390 
 
 3, 268, 800 
 
 6,120,000 
 
 4,342,350 
 
 7, 805, 000 
 
 8, 607, 500 
 
 12,975,020 
 
 4, 578, 930 
 
 34, 586, 640 
 
 16,032,346 
 
 54,663,800 
 
 47, 942, 599 
 
 22, 312, 330 
 
 72, 760, 506 
 
 30, 625, 185 
 
 373,275,826 
 
 1,762,560 
 1,398,476 
 2,591,371 
 3,826,091 
 3,938,866 
 1, 617, 940 
 3,348,724 
 4,490,808 
 4,714,991 
 4, 898, 141 
 6,292,338 
 6,078,830 
 7,131,382 
 
 10,526,400 
 5,393,944 
 5,592,895 
 6, 632, 299 
 3, 399, 510 
 
 10,111,087 
 5,196,912 
 
 98,943,565 
 
 Grand 
 total. 
 
 3,000 
 5,500,000 
 5,400,000 
 8,871,000 
 32, 732, 900 
 38,934,594 
 41,202,1,52 
 45, 079, 910 
 26,127,821 
 23,080,053 
 51,012,878 
 50, 596, 873 
 77,733,583 
 59, 177, 565 
 72,359,648 
 66,917,497 
 73,824,663 
 118,481,663 
 104,636,888 
 174,389,108 
 165,359,973 
 92,029,868 
 216, 752, 569 
 100, 500, 140 
 
 1,650,707,346 
 
 o These were brought from the Clackamas (Oreg.) station and planted in some unnamed lake. 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Fraser River.— The first hatchery established by the Dominion of 
 Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon 
 Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- 
 minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on 
 Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser 
 through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 niiles 
 from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established 
 on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the 
 Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower 
 extremities of Pemberton Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek 
 and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the 
 eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into 
 Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near 
 the headwaters of the Fraser. 
 
 In 1914 the Bon Accord hatchery had to be abandoned, due to the 
 laying out of a town site around it, and the equipment was transferred 
 to Queen's Park, New Westminster. 
 
 The Province of British Columbia owns Seton Lake hatchery, 
 which was established in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, 
 about half a mile from the outlet of Seton Lake, and it has been 
 operated continuously ever since. Seton Lake is a part of the Fraser 
 River chain and is some 300 miles above the mouth of the river. 
 Lake Creek, the outlet of Seton Lake, empties into the Cayoosh 
 Creek, a tributary of the Fraser, 45 miles north of the latter's junction 
 with the Thompson, and 1 mile south of the town of Lillooet. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 245 
 
 In 1916 a subsidiary station was built by the Dominion on Cultus 
 Lake to accommodate the surplus eggs which could not be handled 
 in the Harrison and Pemberton hatcheries. 
 
 In 1913, the year of the quadriennially big run of sockeye salmon 
 on the Fraser Kiver, the contractors who were building the new 
 Canadian Northern Railway, in blasting their way along the banks 
 of the river, threw the rock and other debris into the stream until 
 in the narrow part of the canyon south of North Bend at Whites 
 Creek, Hells Gate, China Bar, and Scuzzy Rapids, all within a few 
 miles of each other, the debris formed great sloping banks extending 
 out into the stream at these points, and entirely changed the direction 
 of the currents, and, of course, the velocity of the water. At best the 
 salmon had a hard time getting through there, but the added obstruc- 
 tions rendered it practically impossible. 
 
 At a rather late hour the authorities woke up to the menace this 
 work was to the run of salmon, and the dumping of debris into the 
 river in such a manner as to obstruct their ascent was stopped. 
 
 How to clear the stream once more was now the problem, and this 
 was seriously complicated by a slide of rock which took place in 
 Hells Gate in February, 1914, which narrowed the channel of the 
 stream considerably. 
 
 In March, 1914, the Dominion Marine and Fisheries Department 
 contracted with a private concern to remove the obstructions, and 
 this was done from Scuzzy Rapids, China Bar, and Wliites Creek 
 within a short period of time, but a couple of seasons' work were 
 required to clear up Hells Gate so as to permit of passage for the fish. 
 Some people claim that the fish still rind it difficult to pass these 
 obstructi/ons. 
 
 Rivers Inlet. — A hatchery was established by the Dominion on 
 McTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Oweekayno Lake, about 
 20 miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. 
 
 Skeena River. — In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on 
 Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River Basin, about 65 miles up the 
 river from Port Essington. In 1919 a modern hatchery was com- 
 menced to replace the old one that was put out of commission by 
 floods in 1917. In 1907 another was constructed on Babine Lake, 
 the source of the Skeena River. 
 
 Vancouver Island. — In 1902 S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay cannery 
 (now belonging to the British Columbia Packers' Association), in 
 return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the Dominion, 
 established a hatchery on the Nimpkisli River, which is located on 
 the northeast shore oi Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned 
 down in 1903, but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment 
 it has been operated by the Dominion. 
 
 In 1910 the Dominion put three new hatcheries into operation, 
 all on Vancouver Island. They were located on Anderson Lake, 
 Kennedy Lake, and Cowichan Lake, respectively. The two former 
 are used for sockeyes and the latter for king and coho salmon and 
 steelhead and other varieties of trout. 
 
 In 1915-16 the Draney Fisheries (Ltd.), operated a hatchery on 
 a lake near by and hatched out 560,000 fry from eggs obtained ifrom 
 Rivers Inlet. 
 
246 
 
 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of 
 British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries: 
 
 Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters op British Columbia. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1896. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1902 i 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917' 
 1918 ' 
 1919. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Fraser River.o 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Coho, c 
 silver. 
 
 75,000 
 
 1,100,000 
 "12.5,066 
 
 5,256,000 
 378, 000 
 383, 000 
 
 90,000 
 1,750,000 
 
 210, 0(K) 
 5, 576, 100 
 4,774,000 
 3,219,200 
 5, 890, 000 
 7, 375, 400 
 
 450,000 
 5,318,800 
 3, 899, 500 
 1,995,600 
 1,522,000 
 2,196,000 
 1,652,000 
 1,971,900 
 1,729,800 
 1, 800, 625 
 
 7,317,000 51,420,925 
 
 Spring, or 
 king. 
 
 Hump- 
 back. 
 
 4,381, 
 1,791, 
 1,814, 
 2,815, 
 5, 772, 
 6,300, 
 2, 129, 
 5, 962, 
 4,533, 
 50, 
 2,614, 
 2,540, 
 1,645, 
 2, 763, 
 2, 291, 
 
 50,000 
 
 22,500,000 
 
 28,773,350 
 
 '""566,' 666' 
 
 c 3,834,000 
 
 4,788,000 
 
 13,940,100 
 
 40, 000 
 
 47,426,850 74,425,450 868,137,025 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 2,62.5,000 
 
 4,414,000 
 
 5,807,000 
 
 4,419,000 
 
 6, 640, 000 
 
 3, 603, 800 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 5,674,000 
 
 6,300,000 
 
 6, 390, 000 
 
 10,393,000 
 
 5,928,000 
 
 5,850,000 
 
 4,742,000 
 
 6,200,000 
 
 15,808,000 
 
 12,521,000 
 
 13, 729, 200 
 
 9, 244, 300 
 
 100,479,000 
 
 36, 965, 900 
 
 51,855,200 
 
 41,909,500 
 
 105,312,500 
 
 24,146,300 
 
 34, 183, 850 
 
 41,062,700 
 
 92,308,000 
 
 27,496,000 
 
 ^67, 201, 000 
 
 27,903,600 
 
 37,153,350 
 
 /42, 071, 825 
 
 Steelhead 
 trout. 
 
 75,000 
 'i2,"666 
 
 "'4,' 666 
 
 30,000 
 
 121,000 1,048,848,250 
 
 Year. 
 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Skeena River. 
 
 Hump- 
 back. 
 
 Total. 
 
 16,000 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 3,450,000 
 4,000,000 
 3, 767., 900 
 3,784,450 
 4,125,750 
 8,946,950 
 11,882,400 
 ;11,521,700 
 12,, 556, 470 
 12,367,500 
 11,4.30,430 
 11,843,200 
 11,899,613 
 11,202,257 
 12.105,000 
 8,190,000 
 8,096,000 
 
 16,000 151,169,620 151,185,620 
 
 Total. 
 
 3,450,000 
 4,000,000 
 3,767,900 
 3,784,450 
 4,125,750 
 8,946,950 
 11,882,400 
 11,, 521, 700 
 12,556,470 
 12,367,500 
 11,430,430 
 11,843,200 
 11,915,613 
 11.202,2,57 
 12,105,000 
 8,190,000 
 8,(;96,000 
 
 Rivers Inlet. 
 
 Spring, or 
 king. 
 
 4,706,000 
 
 4,706,000 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 8,000,000 
 8,440,000 
 8,594,000 
 13,300,000 
 12, 750 ,'000 
 11,436,000 
 11,791,000 
 10,981,000 
 12,397,000 
 12,712,000 
 12,594,100 
 13,305,600 
 2,721,600 
 2,908,800 
 
 141,931,100 
 
 Total. 
 
 8,000,000 
 8,440,000 
 13,300,000 
 13,300,000 
 12,750,000 
 11,436,000 
 11,791,000 
 10,981,000 
 12,397,000 
 12,712,000 
 12,594,100 
 13,305,600 
 2,721,600 
 2,908,800 
 
 146,637,100 
 
 o Some of the reports from the provincial hatchery at Seton Lake show merely the take of eggs; it has 
 been necessary to make an arbitrary reduction in order to show the loss of eggs and fry before planting. 
 
 b No plants made in 1901. 
 
 c 3,549,000 were eggs. 
 
 d 3,242,000 were eggs. 
 
 t All were given as eggs, and an arbitrary reduction was made in order to show the loss in eggs and fry 
 before planting. 
 
 / 500,000 were eggs; of the eggs from which the total plantings were made, 8,096,000 were obtained from 
 the Skeena River. 
 
 p Includes 80,000 coho fry. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 247 
 
 Plants op Salmon Fry Made in the Waters op British Columbia — Continued. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 19 W. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1910. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Vancouver Island. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 40,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 40,000 
 
 Coho, or 
 silver. 
 
 4,5.'iO,0OO 
 3,4K7,.500 
 3,1X0,000 
 2,2r)2,000 
 2,229,220 
 1,689,826 
 1,426,860 
 2,200,410 
 2, 152, 194 
 
 23, 168, 010 
 
 Spring, or 
 king. 
 
 425, 
 45(1, 
 712, 
 701, 
 250, 
 576, 
 
 1,209, 
 418, 
 
 o431, 
 
 5, 181, 810 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 Steelhead. 
 trout. 
 
 7,862,000 145,200 
 
 Total. 
 
 13,620,7.W 
 15,031,750 
 15,314,500 
 15,911,000 
 7,9ri6,000 
 
 37,200 
 173,900 
 87,200 
 55,000 
 38,600 
 
 2,862,000 5 
 
 4,527,338 | 7 
 
 6 4,589,250 c 33, 798 
 
 87, 084, 588 
 
 022,200 
 
 f.()l,.t.50 
 (I9S, 1.50 
 3. 5!, 700 
 445,820 
 270,826 
 49H,460 
 146,098 
 207, 002 
 
 570,898 116,645,306 
 
 Year. 
 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1K91. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 1894. 
 1895. 
 1K96. 
 1897. 
 1898. 
 1899. 
 1900. 
 1902. 
 1903. 
 1904. 
 1905. 
 1906. 
 1907. 
 1908. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1914. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Total by species. 
 
 Chiim. 
 
 Coho, or 
 silver. 
 
 Spring, or 
 king. 
 
 Hump- 
 back. 
 
 40,000 
 
 'i,'i6o,'666 
 'i25,'666 
 
 5,256,000 
 3,8,000 
 3S3, 000 
 
 90,000 
 1,750,000 
 
 210,000 
 5,576,100 
 4,774,000 
 3,219,2(X) 
 5,890,000 
 7,375,400 
 
 450,000 
 9,868,800 
 7,387,000 
 5,175,fiOO 
 3,774,000 
 4,425,220 
 3,341,826 
 3,398,760 
 3,930,210 
 3, 952, 819 
 
 22,000 
 
 4,381,400 
 1,791,. -00 
 1,814,900 
 7,521.000 
 5,772.400 
 0,300,000 
 2,554,500 
 6,418,500 
 5,246,0.50 
 751,000 
 2,865,300 
 3,116,400 
 2,854,800 
 3,181,950 
 2, 722, 960 
 
 Total 7,357,000 74,588,935 57,314,660 74,441,450 1,316,299,233 691,898 1,468,190,276 
 
 50,000 
 
 22,500,000 
 
 28,773,350 
 
 500,000 
 
 16,1)00 
 
 3,834,000 
 
 4,78S,(lUO 
 
 13,940,100 
 
 40,000 
 
 Sockeye. 
 
 1,800 
 
 2,625 
 
 4,411 
 
 5, 807 
 
 4,419 
 
 6,640 
 
 3,603 
 
 6,000 
 
 5,674 
 
 6,300 
 
 6,390 
 
 10,393 
 
 5,928 
 
 5,850 
 
 4,742 
 
 6,200, 
 
 15,808, 
 
 17,607, 
 
 20,225, 
 
 15,862, 
 
 117,136, 
 
 54, 401 ; 
 
 74,196, 
 
 71,591, 
 
 134,639, 
 
 62,414, 
 
 77,077, 
 
 83,4S('), 
 
 136,915, 
 
 72,898, 
 
 103,943, 
 
 56,176, 
 
 52,592, 
 
 62, 539, 
 
 ,000 
 
 ,0{K) 
 ,000 
 
 ,000 
 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,800 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 , 000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ,200 
 ,200 
 ,850 
 ,650 
 ,150 
 ,900 
 ,200 
 ,770 
 ,(;oo 
 
 ,880 
 ,700 
 ,613 
 ,.357 
 ,200 
 288 
 875 
 
 Steelhead 
 trout. 
 
 12,000 
 "4J666 
 
 145,200 
 37,200 
 
 173,900 
 87,200 
 55,000 
 38,600 
 
 63, 798 
 
 Grand 
 
 total. 
 
 1,8(10,000 
 
 2,(.:'5,000 
 
 4,414,000 
 
 5,807,000 
 
 4,419,000 
 
 6,640,000 
 
 3,603,800 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 5,674,000 
 
 6,300,(X)0 
 
 6,390,000 
 
 10,393,000 
 
 5,928,000 
 
 5,8.50,000 
 
 4,742,000 
 
 0,2(K),000 
 
 15,973,000 
 
 19,4.">4,000 
 
 20,497,200 
 
 25,819,700 
 
 123,706,350 
 
 59,435,750 
 
 110, 107, LW 
 
 84,739,:00 
 
 141,389,200 
 
 75,023,270 
 
 119,693,650 
 
 95,182,430 
 
 142,027,900 
 
 80,385,133 
 
 114,274,183 
 
 72,473,760 
 
 74,022,548 
 
 09, 702, 452 
 
 a Includes 24,301 fingerliiigs. 
 
 b Includes 205,700 advanced fry and 26,000 fingerlings. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 e Includes 5,357 fingerlings. 
 
 In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak 
 Island, combined forces and built a hatchery on the lagoon at that 
 place. As the cannery men were at swords' points in regard to their 
 fishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 
 1896, the Alaska Packers Association broke ground for a hatchery 
 at the eastern end of the lagoon, near tlio outlet of Karluk Kiver, a 
 short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1S91, and 
 operated it until 1916, when it was abandoned as a hatchery. 
 
248 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis 
 cannery on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank 
 of Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an excep- 
 tionally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was 
 never rebuilt. 
 
 Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the 
 hatchery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his 
 attention was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 
 1892 he built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, 
 about 200 yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile 
 in length and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location 
 unsuitable, Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the 
 northern side of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head 
 of the outlet, where it still stands. The owner's intention was to 
 build up a stream which had a small natural run of red salmon until 
 i'l had a large run, with the hope that the Government would then 
 give him the exclusive right to take these fish from the str^'am for 
 commercial purposes. The experiment was kept up until the end of 
 the season of 1905, when Capt. Callbreath's failing eyesight compelled 
 the cessation of the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed 
 on the stream during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lift- 
 ing them over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds 
 at the head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entiiely 
 shortly thereafter. The owner's expectation of a big run as a result 
 of hatching operations was never realized. 
 
 In 1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on 
 Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small 
 hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following 
 winter was so cold that not only the flume but the whole cataract 
 froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs 
 were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed 
 down permanently. 
 
 In 1897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, 
 Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of 
 Klawak stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved 
 to the mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up 
 the western shore. This hatchery was operated continuously until 
 the end of 1917, since when it has been shut down. In 1909 the 
 North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest in it, which it 
 relinquished to the original owners a few years later. 
 
 The Pacific Steam \v'haling Co. in 1898 erected a small hatchery 
 on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which 
 was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when 
 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original 
 owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened 
 by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests 
 of the old company, and has been operated each season since, with 
 the exception of 1919. 
 
 Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary 
 on the part of the packers. On May 2 of that year the following 
 regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at 
 that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 
 
 7. Each person, companj , or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall 
 establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 249 
 
 artificial propagatlna: plant or hatchery, and shall produce yearly and place in the 
 natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers 
 as shall be equal to at least four times the niunber of mature fish taken from the said 
 fisheries by or for him or them during the preceding fishing season. Thr manage- 
 ment and optratJon of such hatcheries shall oe subiect to such rules and regulations 
 as may hereafter (je prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They slia!! be open 
 for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual rcport.-j shall be 
 made, gi\'ing full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the 
 number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- 
 ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number 
 of fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. 
 
 On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require 
 the planting of ''red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to 
 at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from 
 the said fisheries." 
 
 Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers 
 obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a 
 reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment 
 and operation of such a hatcnery would cost more than their returns 
 from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge 
 required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely 
 ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation 
 were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this 
 arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- 
 hensive revision oi the law was made by Congress, provision was 
 made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated 
 salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as loUows: 
 
 Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- 
 vate salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and 
 taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand 
 red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions: 
 
 That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the 
 application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause 
 such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character 
 of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall 
 cause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the 
 United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such 
 hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action 
 taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the 
 effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided 
 shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each 
 year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months 
 immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June by a written statement under oath. 
 Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States 
 district court of the di\rision of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, 
 and when so filed .shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption aa 
 herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be 
 deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- 
 cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 
 
 It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and 
 proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery ownier, caus- 
 ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such 
 denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one 
 thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been 
 liberated ; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- 
 poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tan to of any license fees 
 or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them 
 in Alaska; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- 
 lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of 
 money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of lanned 
 salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery 
 owner Bhall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might 
 
250 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first 
 been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 Of recent years so much objection has been raised to the system 
 of hatchery rebates that the matter of the Federal Government 
 taking over all private hatcheries in Alaska, at a fair valuation, and 
 operating same, is being favorably considered. 
 
 In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small 
 hatcheries — one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of 
 Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a 
 stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were 
 closed down in 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- 
 western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed 
 it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated 
 it ever since. 
 
 In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on 
 Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- 
 gigedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association 
 has a cannery. This, known as Fortmann hatchery, is without ques- 
 tion the largest and costliest salmon hatchery in the world, having a 
 capacity of 110,000,000 eggs, and the association is entitled to great 
 credit for the public spirit it has shown and the work it has done, 
 entirely without remuneration until 1906, in building and operating 
 not only this hatchery but also the one at Karluk. 
 
 The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. 
 Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and 
 operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one 
 season's work. 
 
 Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to 
 the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States 
 Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties 
 through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 
 1907 the Bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, 
 near Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. 
 
 The eruption of Katmai volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 
 6, 1912, covered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to 
 an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon 
 perished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven 
 back into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the 
 Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late 
 as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic 
 ash and sand which fell in 1912. 
 
 In 1913 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and 
 Ugaiiak Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established 
 at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. 
 
 In 1913 a collecting station' was established on Ketchikan Creek, 
 but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the 
 taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 251 
 
 The following tables show the eggs and fry distributed by the 
 Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: 
 
 Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Alaska Owned by the U. S. Bureau of 
 
 Fisheries, 1906 to 1919. 
 
 
 McDonald Lake or Yes Bay hatchery. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30— 
 
 Red, or sookeye. 
 
 Coho, 
 
 or silver 
 
 fry. 
 
 Steel- 
 head 
 fry. 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1906 
 
 
 6, 038, 550 
 54,610,800 
 01,309,000 
 48,653,000 
 69, 879, (KX) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0, 638, 550 
 
 1907 ... 
 
 
 143,500 
 
 
 
 
 54,754,300 
 
 1908 
 
 
 j 
 
 61,309,000 
 
 1909 
 
 9,900 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 48,602,900 
 09, 879, 600 
 
 1910 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 68, 239, 900 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 68, 239, 900 
 
 1912 
 
 68,335,000 
 
 60, 422, 100 
 
 42,72<i,40(l 
 
 «37,445,(KK) 
 
 
 
 
 68,335,000 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60, 422, 100 
 
 1914 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 2,000,000 
 18,100,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 47, 226, 400 
 
 1915 
 
 ..::::;:::::::::: 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 37,445,000 
 
 1916 
 
 18,100,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 652,317,500 
 ••51, 175,000 
 ■^2, 539, 200 
 '32,650,000 
 
 
 
 
 52, 317, .500 
 
 1917 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 51,175,000 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 32, 539, 200 
 
 1919 
 
 d 47, 300, 000 
 
 
 
 1,365,000 
 
 930,000 
 
 48.065.000 
 
 33,580,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 69,400,000 (187,001,050 | 9,900 j 143,500 
 
 3,465,000 
 
 5,430,01X) 72,805,000 
 
 1 
 
 092,584,450 
 
 
 
 
 
 Afognak hatchery. 
 
 
 
 Year ending June 
 30— 
 
 Red, or sockeye. 
 
 Coho, 
 
 or .silver 
 
 fry. 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Eges. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1909 
 
 
 39, 325, 870 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 303, 740 
 364, 150 
 
 
 39, 335, 870 
 
 1910 
 
 
 71,647,170 
 26,755,000 
 18,394,700 
 12,551,100 
 7,761,705 
 /6, 387, 080 
 '122,933,040 
 •21,116,000 
 31,427,000 
 24,903,000 
 
 
 
 
 72, 010, 910 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,119,150 
 
 1912 ' --- - 
 
 
 
 3,271,740 
 
 3,271,740 
 
 18. 394, 700 
 12,551,100 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 3,970,666 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 i2, 034, 399 
 P 343, 480 
 
 3,970,000 
 12,500,000 
 
 19, 84(), 104 
 
 1915 
 
 12,500,000 
 
 6, 730, 560 
 
 1910 
 
 
 22, 933, 640 
 
 1917 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,116,000 
 
 1918 
 
 18,000,000 
 i 54,081,000 
 
 
 
 
 18,000,000 
 1.3,378,000 
 
 31,427,000 
 
 1919 
 
 
 * 8, 697, 000 
 
 2, 142, 000 
 
 27,045,000 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 76,651,000 
 
 283,202,205 
 
 50,000 
 
 24, 468, 740 
 
 15,257,769 
 
 101,119,740 
 
 298,510,034 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Includes 2,925,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 
 t> Includes 19,402,-500 lingcrlings. 
 
 c Includes 1,575,000 fingerlings. 
 
 d 1,059,900 sockeye eggs were shipped to the Little White Salmon hatchery, and 3,440,100 to the Oregon 
 Fish Commission. 
 
 < Includes 0,000,000 fingerlings. 
 
 / Includes 5,444,830 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 
 g Includes 119,480 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 
 A Includes 11,100,440 lingerlings. Of the eggs from which these fry and fingerlings were hatched 15,000,- 
 000 came from Yes Bay hatchery. 
 
 1 Includes 10,160,000 fingerlings. 
 
 > 5,100,000 of these eggs were shipped to the Bureau's Quinault (Wash.) hatchery, and 20,700,000 to the 
 Province of British Columbia. 
 
 * 6,760,000 of these eggs were shipped to the Bureau's Fuget Sound hatcheries. 
 
252 
 
 tr. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Output op the Salmon Hatcheries in Alaska Owned by the U. S. Bureait of 
 Fisheries, 1906 to 1919 — Continued. 
 
 
 Total, by species, both hatcheries. 
 
 Grand 
 
 
 Year end- 
 ing June 
 30— 
 
 Red, or sockeye. 
 
 Coho, Steel- 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 fry. 
 
 fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1906 
 
 
 6,638,550 
 54, 610, SOO 
 61,369,000 
 87,978,870 
 
 141,526,770 
 94,994,900 
 86,729,700 
 72,973,200 
 50, 488, 105 
 
 043,832,080 
 75,251,140 
 72,291,000 
 63,966,200 
 57,553,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,638,550 
 54,754,300 
 61,369,000 
 87,998 770 
 
 1907 
 
 143, 500 
 
 
 
 
 1908 ' 
 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 9,900 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 363,740 
 364, 150 
 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 141, 890, 510 
 95,359,050 
 86,729,700 
 72 973 200 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 100, 000 
 3, 271, 740 
 
 100, 000 
 3,271,740 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 5,970,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 16,534,399 
 1)343,480 
 
 5,970,000 
 14,500,000 
 d3, 100, 000 
 
 2,000,000 
 18,000,000 
 112,043,000 
 
 67,072,504 
 c44 j^75 5(30 
 
 1915 
 
 
 14,500,000 
 
 1916 
 
 3,100,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 18,000,000 
 
 101,981,000 
 
 
 
 75^251; 140 
 72,291,000 
 63, 906, 200 
 60,625,000 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 
 10.062,000 
 
 3,072,000 
 
 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 131,051,000 970,203,315 
 
 59,900 
 
 143, 500 
 
 27,933,740 
 
 20,687,769 
 
 158, 984, 740 
 
 991,094,484 
 
 o Includes 8,369,830 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 b Includes 119,480 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 <; Includes 8,489,310 fiiigerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
 
 d 15,000,000 of the red salmon eggs shown under Yes Bay were transferred to Afognak, hatched out 
 there and the fry counted under the "Fry" column of that hatchery. 
 
 Take of Eggs, and Output op Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 
 
 1919. 
 [Unless otherwise stated in footnotes, all of the fry liberated were red salmon.] 
 
 Year ending June 
 
 Callbreath's hatchery. 
 
 Karluic hatchery. 
 
 Klawak hatchery. 
 
 30— 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1893 
 
 900,000 
 3,000,000 
 6, 300, 000 
 6,200,000 
 4, 400, 000 
 3, 400, 000 
 3, 000, 000 
 3, 400, 000 
 
 C) 
 6, 000, 000 
 6, 000, 000 
 6, 000, 000 
 6, 050, 000 
 7, 700, 000 
 
 (d) 
 
 {<) 
 
 (") 
 
 («) 
 
 («) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 600,000 
 2.204,000 
 5,291,000 
 5, 475, 000 
 4, 390, 000 
 2, 526, 000 
 2,050,000 
 2,335,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1894 
 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896 
 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 3, 236, 000 
 
 8, 454, 000 
 
 4,491,000 
 
 10, 496, 900 
 
 19,334,000 
 
 32,800,000 
 
 23, 400, 000 
 
 28,113,000 
 
 45,500,000 
 
 36,933,000 
 
 38, 679, 200 
 
 47,808,200 
 
 40,320,000 
 
 45,228,000 
 
 49,626,000 
 
 41,026,800 
 
 45, 600, 000 
 
 34, 629, 160 
 
 (7 30,240,000 
 
 41,135,000 
 
 h 1, 016, 000 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 2,556,440 
 
 6,340,000 
 
 3,369,000 
 
 7,872,000 
 
 15,566,800 
 
 28, 700, 000 
 
 17,555,000 
 
 22,000,000 
 
 33,670,000 
 
 28, 236, 412 
 
 36,846,000 
 
 43,655,000 
 
 37, 105, 000 
 
 40, 620, 000 
 
 37, 722, 000 
 
 37, 495, 100 
 
 41, 803, 155 
 
 31, 546, 080 
 
 27,704,000 
 
 23,948,000 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 
 
 1898 
 
 2,023,000 
 3, 600, 000 
 3, 600, 000 
 
 (<■) 
 3, 500, 000 
 3, 500, 000 
 3,000,000 
 2,800,000 
 2,800,000 
 3, 600, 000 
 3, 500, 000 
 3, 500, 000 
 5,800,000 
 6,786,500 
 5,600,000 
 3,835,000 
 3,645,000 
 3,816,000 
 4, 180, 000 
 8,160,000 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 800,000 
 
 3, 000, 000 
 
 a 1, 000, 000 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 5, 500, 000 
 5,000,000 
 5, 000, 000 
 5, 250, 000 
 6, 500, 000 
 
 (d) 
 
 (') 
 
 («) 
 
 («) 
 
 («) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/)' 
 
 2,800,000 
 1, 500, 000 
 1, 700, 000 
 2,000,000 
 2, 300, 000 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 . 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 2, 776, 000 
 3, 200, 000 
 5,300,000 
 6,200,000 
 3,530,000 
 3,675,000 
 3, 465, 000 
 3,653,000 
 4,020,000 
 7, 822, 000 
 
 (/) 
 
 (/) 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915.. . 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 Total 
 
 • 62,350,000 
 
 52, 121, 000 
 
 628,066,260 
 
 524, 309, 987 
 
 77,245,500 
 
 59,928,000 
 
 o Many eggs frozen. 
 
 6 No run of fish. 
 
 c Hatchery was not used, the eggs being hatched out in the lake. 
 
 d No report. 
 
 • Fish coming in to spawn were lifted over the dam. 
 / Not operated. 
 
 g A collection of 7,400,000 humpback eggs was made for Afognak, and *hese appear in the report of that 
 hatchery. 
 
 * These eggs were turned over to the Afognak hatchery and the hatchery shut down. 
 * A considerable portion of these are coho eggs. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 253 
 
 Takf of Eggs, and Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 
 
 TO 1919— Continued. 
 
 Year endirij June 
 30- 
 
 1R99.. 
 1900.. 
 LqOl . . 
 Ifl02.. 
 1903.. 
 1904.. 
 1905.. 
 1906.. 
 1907.. 
 190S. 
 1909. 
 1910. 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 1913. 
 1911. 
 1915. 
 1916. 
 1917. 
 1918. 
 1919. 
 
 Hetta hatchery. 
 
 Quadra Bay hatchery. 
 
 Kggs. 
 
 2, 800, 000 
 2, 000, 000 
 1,SOO,000 
 2, 500, 000 
 4,S00,000 
 5,127,500 
 («) 
 
 (<•) 
 8,000,000 
 8, -100, 000 
 10,313,000 
 9,141,000 
 2,585,000 
 3, 7X0, 000 
 4, 0S2, 000 
 7, 438, 500 
 7,408,000 
 3, 247, 000 
 4,826,000 
 
 Fry. 
 
 2,600,000 
 1,. 500, 000 
 a 500, OnO 
 1, 700, 000 
 4,000,000 
 3, 750, 000 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 6,125,000 
 8,131,000 
 9, 000, 000 
 8,552,500 
 2,342,000 
 3,592,000 
 3, 590, 500 
 7, 142, 500 
 7,092,000 
 3, 120, 000 
 4,587,000 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 4, 500, 000 
 5,500,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 (O 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 
 (') 
 3, 325, 000 
 10,863,000 
 11,200,000 
 11,000,000 
 10,000,000 
 18,400,000 
 21,300,000 
 .8,114,000 
 16, 125, 000 
 13,600,000 
 20, 400, 000 
 
 Fry. 
 
 Freshwater Bay hatchery. 
 
 Eggs. 
 
 3, 500, 000 
 4, 000, 000 
 c 400,000 
 
 (<■) 
 
 (') 
 
 C) 
 (') 
 
 3, 025, 750 
 
 9, 850, 000 
 10, 350, 000 
 10,166,000 
 
 8,127,000 
 17,054,000 
 20,300,000 
 
 7,598,000 
 15, 003, 000 
 12,990,000 
 19,852,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 (0) 
 
 (d) 
 (') 
 (') 
 
 C) 
 C) 
 (') 
 C) 
 
 (') 
 (<) 
 (>) 
 
 (O 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 (') 
 (') 
 {<) 
 
 Fry. 
 
 1,000,000 
 C) 
 
 «) 
 
 (') 
 (') 
 («) 
 («) 
 («) 
 («) 
 («) 
 («) 
 (') 
 (') 
 («) 
 
 o Many eggs frozen 
 
 c HatSTer? "4's"not used, the eggs being hatched in the lake. 
 
 d No report. 
 
 nnclu^emL coho eggs taken and 27,000 fry libe^tccK 
 
 g Includes 600,000 humpback eggs taken and 560,000 fry liDeraiea. 
 
 h Includes 2,400,000 humpback eggs taken. 
 
 »• Includes 1,845,000 humpback fry planted. 
 
 } Includes 3,660,000 humpback eggs. 
 
 THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA. 
 
 As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must ^ave loarned 
 early of the exceUent food qualities of the salmon which each year 
 frequented the rivers of that country for spawnmg purposes, and 
 
254 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use 
 for themselves and their dogs. 
 
 Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to 
 th* lack of transportation facilities for many years and the decided 
 objection of the Kussian Government to travelers roaming over the 
 country, partly because of the presence of political and criminal 
 convicts and partly because of a fear that they might learn too 
 much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially 
 with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the 
 Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled 
 with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many mstances to the fact that 
 the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and 
 third hand and was also unfamiliar with fishery subjects. 
 
 Most of the data given below were obtained directly from persons 
 living in Siberia or Japan, most of whom are engaged in the fishing 
 industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- 
 sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at 
 
 first hand. 
 
 ' SPECIES OF SALMON. 
 
 All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast, 
 and the schools appear to run about the same as they do on the 
 American side. Although we have very little authentic data relating 
 to their movements, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the 
 Alaska coast, where climatic and other conditions are very similar. 
 Nearly all streams from the Arctic Ocean to north China seem to have 
 runs of one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an 
 inhabitant of the Asian coast. 
 
 The fishing carried on by the Russians has usually been along the 
 rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Saldialin 
 Island. 
 
 From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the 
 Siberian coast and Sakhalin Island (the southern portion of which 
 they at one time owned, exchanging it to Russia for the Kurile 
 Islands in 1875 and again acquiring itin 1905, as a result of the Russian- 
 Japanese war), being drawn here mainly by the rich stores of salmon 
 which could be secured easily and quickly, and were so necessary 
 to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish-eating 
 nation as Japan. 
 
 FISHING DISTRICTS. 
 
 The Priamur fishing district is subdivided into several districts as 
 follows : 
 
 Nilcolaevsk district. — This district comprises the whole lower part 
 of the Amur River from the village Zimmermanovka down to the 
 mouth of the river, about 300 miles; the River Amgun, 200 miles; 
 the Amur estuary, about 150 miles on the mainland and about 130 
 miles on the coast of Sakhalin Island, and about 865 miles of the coast 
 line on the southwestern shore of the Okhotsk Sea. In 1913 there 
 were 139 fishing stations operated in this district, and this number 
 has been materially increased since. Humpbacks and chums were 
 the principal species of salmon taken. 
 
 Sakhalin district. — The Sakhalin district includes the entire coast 
 line of SakhaUn island with the exception of that facing the Amur 
 estuary, which belongs to the Nikolaevsk district. It is the smallest 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 255 
 
 district, and at present is of little importance. In 1913 there were 
 14 stations on the island and they produced chum and humpback 
 salmon. 
 
 Okhotsk- Kamchatka district. — The Okhotsk section covers the 
 coast line of the northern part of the Okhotsk Soa from Port Ayan 
 to Penjin Promontory, about 1,620 miles. Chum, humpback, coho, 
 and red salmon, and Dolly Varden trout are found here. The West 
 Kamchatka section includes the coast line from the Sopotshnaya 
 River down to the southern Ozernof shore fishing stations, a distance 
 of about 335 miles. The Ozerna3'a River is, so far as known, the 
 only river in this section that the red salmon visit in any quantities. 
 In 1913 there wore 152 fishing stations in this section, most of which 
 were leased to Japanese. Tlio number has since been increased. 
 All five species of salmon and tlie Dolly Varden trout are found here. 
 The East Kamchatka section covers the coast line of eastern Kam- 
 chatka and Anadir Peninsulas, about 1,843 miles. Tlie majority 
 of the fishing stations are concentrated around Karaginsky (Count 
 Litka) Bay, in the straits from the Malo-Voyam River to Kitchigin 
 River, about 135 miles long, and in the region of Kamchatka River. 
 All five species of salmon and Dolly Varden trout are taken here and 
 most of the canneries are located here and in the West Kamchatka 
 section. 
 
 Southwestern district. — This district covers the waters from the 
 southern boundary of the Amur River estuary (the line between 
 Capes Ijazarev and Pogibi) down to the Chosen frontier, including 
 Vanina Bay, Imperial Harbor, Peter the Great Bay, and otlKu- bays. 
 The total length of the shore line is about 1,350 miles. The northern 
 part, from Lazarev-Pogibi line to Cape Povorotni, with the excep- 
 tion of various bays, includes the conventional waters, while the 
 southern part, composed of Peter the Great Bay and Posiet Bay, 
 are excluded from the conventional waters. In the first-named 
 section chum and humpback salmon are cauglit to some extent. 
 In the southern section chum and humpback salmon are taken and 
 marketed fresh. 
 
 Amur River. — The Amur River is subdivided into two districts — 
 the Marinsk, or the Lower Amur, district and the Khabarovsk dis- 
 trict. The first named includes the area from the villager Troitskoe 
 to the village Sophiskoe, or a tract about 278 mih^s long. The 
 Khabarovsk district includes the river lino from the northern bound- 
 ary of the Maryinsk district up the river to Khabarovsk, about 127 
 miles. Chum salmon form the bulk of the catch in this district. 
 
 FISHERY RIGHTS AND REGULATIONS. 
 
 Along the entire seacoast of Siberia, by virtue of the Russo-Japa- 
 nese convention of 1907, concluded for I'i years, and, it is reporlcnl, 
 with what truth we have no means of telling at present, renewed 
 in 1919, the Japanese^ are permitted to engage in fishing on equal 
 terms with Russians. In such sections there is no restriction 
 with regard to the nationality of the laborers employed or the 
 method of pn^paring the fish, except that the manufacture of fish 
 manure from fish of the salmon variety is prohibited. On the face 
 of it this convention looks like an equitable agreement, but in putting 
 the Japanese on the same footing as the Russians it subjected them 
 
256 TT. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 to a lot of unstated and arbitrary laws, by-laws, and local regula- 
 tions, besides making the tenure exceedingly short, virtually only 
 one year, as a result of which Japanese capital refuses to erect more 
 than the crudest of plants. 
 
 The Department of Domains fixes the limits of the stations, and 
 these are sold at public tender, usually during February and March. 
 
 The exhaustion of the fishery resources of many of the European 
 waters belonging to Russia has forced some of her more enterprising 
 fishermen to seek for new supplies in her Siberian waters, and as 
 these resources become better known, and means of transportation 
 are increased and improved, there will doubtless be a tremendous 
 impetus given to their development. 
 
 The World War which devastated Europe between 1914 and 1918 
 had a particidarly disastrous effect on Russia, where the terribly 
 devastating internecine warfare resulting from the revolution within 
 her borders sapped her resources to such an extent that her vSiberian 
 fishery operators have bpen unable to do anything other than make 
 a bare living out of the business and not even that in many cases 
 owing to the uncertainty of business conditions. As a result of these 
 distressing handicaps upon the operations of the Russians, the 
 Japanese have had virtually a free hand in their exploitation of the 
 coastal fishery resources of Siberia. As Siberia in the near future will 
 be the greatest producer of salmon, it behooves us to bestir ourselves 
 if we are to retain our command of the salmon market by taking 
 an active part in the development of Siberia's fishery resources, for 
 which development Russia has not heretofore welcomed foreign 
 capital. When peace finally comes to that devastated land, how- 
 ever, her capital will be so depleted that she will doubtless 
 welcome relief from whatever' source it comes, and as she knows 
 the United States has no territorial aspirations in her direction we 
 will doubtless be far more welcome than the Japanese, of whose 
 disinterestedness the Russians are extremely suspicious. 
 
 Fishing rights in the gulfs and bays not included in the Russo- 
 Japanese convention, such as Peter the Great Bay, Imperial Har- 
 bor, Vanina Bay, Avatchinsk Bay, and others, as well as the rivers 
 of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, are granted by the Governor General, 
 without pubHc tenders, to persons of good repute, but for one year 
 only, and if they show their ability to establish a successful fishing 
 station a lease for 12 years can be secured on the basis of paying a 
 royalty of 2^ cents per pood (36.112 pounds) of prepared fish. Under 
 the tej-ms of the lease only Russian subjects can be employed at 
 the stations, while all sailing vessels serving the stations must be 
 under the Russian flag. 
 
 The regulations governing the river districts vary from those re- 
 lating to coast concessions, and also vary from each other, as the 
 local authorities in the river districts are authorized to issue tem- 
 porary rules and regulations to cover local conditions. 
 
 On the Amur River, within the boundaries of the Nikolaevsk, 
 Maryinsk, and Khabarovsk districts, the fishing stations are leased 
 by public auction to the highest bidder, some on a long-term basis 
 and others for only one year. At stations above the city of Nikola- 
 evsk, within 30 miles of the Amur estuary and farther, no foreign 
 labor is allowed. Below the city of Nikolaevsk foreign labor can be 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 257 
 
 employed to handle the fish on shore, but the actual fishing can be 
 done only by Russian subjects. 
 
 At the present time the chief aim of the Russian authorities is to 
 break the monopoly the Japanese have of the fisheries along the 
 greater part of the coast. This will be an exceedingly difficult thing 
 to do, owing to the proximity of the Japanese to the Siberian coast, 
 the ease with which they can transport by water the necessary sup- 
 plies, etc., for carrying on the fisheries, the vastly greater skill m 
 carrying on this work displayed by them over their Russian com- 
 petitors, and their unlimited supply of cheap labor, while the Russian 
 fisheries are badly hampered as a result of the few Russian subjects 
 available for such work and the consequent high wage cost of same. 
 Japan also has another big advantage in that she is at present almost 
 the sole market for the greater part of the salmon and other fishes 
 taken in Siberia. The very fact of this fish being necessary for feeding 
 her people will cause Japan to battle hard to hold her present advan- 
 ta^. 
 
 In order to encourage opposition to the Japanese, the Russian 
 authorities in 1913 gave to Denbigh & Biritch, on a long lease, a 
 fishing station on the Kamchatka River (eastern shore of Kamchatka 
 peninsula), and to S. Grooshetsky & Co. one on the Bolsha River 
 (western shore of Kamchatka). In order to safeguard the fishery in 
 the lease each was to build a fish hatchery with a capacity of 3,000,000 
 salmon per annum in the vicinity of the station. Each was to release 
 500,000 in 1914, 1,000,000 in 1915, and 3,000,000 yearly from 1916 
 to the end of the lease. Owing to technical difficulties only the latter 
 firm built a hatchery, and this not until 1915 or 1916. It has since 
 been shut down. 
 
 The development of the salmon and other fisheries of Siberia has 
 been much hampered by the disinclination of the Russian Govern- 
 ment to permit foreigners to acquire fishing concessions except on 
 very short tenure. As the Russians themselves are generall}^ un- 
 skilled in fishing operations, and are compelled to do the work with 
 Russian labor, which is quite scarce, they do but little with their 
 concessions. American capital would doubtless be available for 
 developing Siberia's fisheries were it assured of a sufficiently long 
 tenure of lease with some other minor concessions. 
 
 APPARATUS EMPLOYED. 
 
 In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is 
 employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which 
 seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water 
 for the greater part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives 
 living along the upper reaches. 
 
 Weirs of a primitive type known as "zaezdka," are also used. 
 These have a lead consisting of willow poles and branches built from 
 the river bank or a sand bank out into the stream. At the outer 
 end is attached a net compartment with a lead, into which the fish, 
 which have been following the lead in the search for an opening, 
 pass. Two men in a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 
 or 40 salmon have passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and 
 the fish emptied into the boat, after which the net is reset. 
 
 11312°— 21 17 
 
258 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection 
 with the more important river fishing stations. 
 
 Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat 
 similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. 
 
 ABUNDANCE OF SALMON. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics 
 of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the 
 totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- 
 vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with 
 their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control 
 in operation by the authorities. 
 
 The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districts 
 for the year 1898: 
 
 District. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Nikolaevsk 
 
 
 7,464,896 
 873,000 
 316, 950 
 635,000 
 
 4,685,480 
 
 2,662,000 
 
 665,500 
 
 748,000 
 
 Okhotsk 
 
 60,000 
 
 1,067,000 
 
 666, 000 
 
 
 Rakhalin , , 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1, 793, 000 
 
 9,289,846 
 
 8, 760, 980 
 
 
 
 In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape 
 St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 
 150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; 
 Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by natives 
 and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and 
 500,000 fish, respectively. In addition to this, 130 barrels of caviar, 
 weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Cape 
 Observation. 
 
 According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of 
 salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon, 
 7,701,344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; 
 in all, 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed 
 and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, 
 valued at $473,800; the balance was valued at $681,345. In addition 
 there were 4,766,784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average 
 price of $0,114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total 
 value of the salmon catch and by-products up to $1,698,558. During 
 the same year, in Peter the Great Bay, 8,263 salmon were caught. 
 
 The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka 
 and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Fishing 
 Convention, and at the Russian river stations, in 1911, was as follows: 
 
 Species. 
 
 Western 
 Kam- 
 chatka. 
 
 Eastern 
 Kam- 
 chatka. 
 
 River 
 stations. 
 
 Bays and 
 
 river 
 outlets. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Chavitch (king) 
 
 Keta (chum) 
 
 Krasnaia (red) 
 
 Garbusha (humpback) 
 Kishutch (echo) 
 
 Total 
 
 5,421 
 
 3,082,300 
 
 2,136,800 
 
 39, 448, 500 
 
 327,200 
 
 45,000,221 
 
 7,818 
 2, 675, 000 
 
 747,000 
 1,411,000 
 
 179, 000 
 
 207 
 
 297, 300 
 
 689,000 
 
 1, 320, 200 
 
 114,200 
 
 590 
 
 890, 790 
 
 236, 240 
 
 175,980 
 
 7,770 
 
 5,019,818 
 
 2,420,907 
 
 1,311,370 
 
 14,036 
 
 6,945,390 
 
 3,809,040 
 
 42,355,680 
 
 628, 170 
 
 53,752,316 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 259 
 
 In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827,274 keta and 
 37,790 Ivi'asnaia. Of salmon caviar 489 tons were prepared by the 
 Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. 
 
 In 1915 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on 
 the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention 
 6,000,000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry -salted, 
 while 80,000,000 humpback salmon, called "salmon trout" in Japan, 
 were so prepared. No fish were frozen for the European market, due 
 to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the 
 quantity is unknown. The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. 
 
 In tlie "Pacific Fisherman" (February, 1917), Seattle, Wash., 
 its Hakodate (Japan) correspondent reports the following partic- 
 ulars of the 1916 salmon season: 
 
 During the year 1916 the salmon catches in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, 
 Siberia, varied greatly according to districts. On the west coast of Kamchatka and 
 Okhotsk there was a big run all season, but the run on the east coast of Kamchatka 
 was extremely poor, except in the Kamchatka River. The distribution of salmon 
 varieties is always limited to about the following districts: 
 
 Chums are present in large quantities on the east coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, 
 but on the west coast of Kamchatka they are never plentiful. 
 
 Red salmon are almost entirely limited to two districts, the Kamchatka and Ozer- 
 naya rivers, being very scarce in other districts. 
 
 Humpbacks are found all along the coast, but most especially in the district of 
 Boliskreska [Bolsheryetzk], where there is always a large run. 
 
 Silver salmon are found in small quantities on the west and east coasts of Kam- 
 chatka at certain seasons of every year. 
 
 King salmon are present in very limited quantities, early in the season on the west 
 and east coasts of Kamchatka. 
 
 There were 17 canneries operated in 1916, and they packed about 470,000 cases. 
 There were 218 fishing places on the shores, and the number of salmon caught during 
 the season was 94,582,228. 
 
 All the salmon packers and fishermen in Siberia have used steamers for the trans- 
 portation of their goods for several years past, but owing to the high rates now prevail- 
 ing on steamer tonnage they were obliged again to make use of sailing Aessels. Prices 
 of all equipment and outfits for the canneries and salting stations were from 30 per 
 cent to 50 per cent higher than for the previous year, but as a result of the strong 
 demand for salmon products due to the European war, all the markets are in good condi- 
 tion. Accordingly, preparations for the coming season are expected to be on a more 
 extensive scale, both as to number and size of canneries and development of the 
 fisheries. 
 
 The above statement is accompanied by the following estimate of the number of 
 salmon caught in 1916 in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, except in the rivers: 
 
 Species. 
 
 Chum 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 'Kii\e. 
 
 Red. 
 
 Silver 
 
 Total. 
 
 Okhotsk. 
 
 Number. 
 1,482,312 
 3,710,320 
 
 6,192,632 
 
 East Kam- 
 chatka. 
 
 Number. 
 
 2,318,964 
 
 1,776,112 
 
 3,276 
 
 308,502 
 
 4,406,854 
 
 West Kam- 
 chatka. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1,609,056 
 
 79,926,512 
 
 3,311,304 
 75, 870 
 
 84,982,742 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 5,170,332 
 
 85,412,944 
 
 3,276 
 
 3,619,806 
 
 75,870 
 
 94,582,228 
 
 FREEZING SALMON. 
 
 As when the Russians owned Alaska, the exploitation of Siberia 
 was carried on for many years by trading companies with large 
 powers granted by the Government. In 1892 a very enterprising 
 company was in charge, judging from the following extract from a 
 letter written on February 2, 1893, by the late Eugene G. Blackford, 
 
260 " U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 the well-loiown fish dealer of New York, to the late Col. Marshall 
 McDonald, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries: 
 
 I have just learned of the arrival in f'liicago of 60,000 pounds of frozen salmon. 
 They were caught in Petropavlovsk. Kamchatka. These fish are a new venture 
 undertaken by a commercial trading company who control that country, and these 
 salmon have been taken from a river where none have been caught before, and my 
 information is that they catch fish weighing as much as 150 pounds each. The abo\e 
 lot of fish was brought frozen to Tacoma and then shipped by refrigerator car to Chi- 
 cago, where they were sold to Mr. Booth, of the Booth Packing Co. , Chicago. Mr. Booth 
 has declined to pay for them because of their not V)eing in satisfactory condition. 
 
 Nothing further appears to have been done in this line until in 1903, 
 when a Berlin fish merchant outfitted and sent to the Siberian coast 
 a refrigerator steamer with a capacity of 2,500 tons. The fish were 
 caught mainly in the Amur River and were frozen immediately after 
 being brought aboard. In all, 160,000 salmon were obtained, and 
 these were in excellent condition when landed at Hamburg, Germany. 
 
 In 1907 the Salmon Steam Fishing Co., a combined British and 
 Japanese company, chartered the steamers Zenobia and Zepliyrus. 
 These vessels were fitted with refrigerating apparatus and cold-stor- 
 age chambers and sent to the Kamchatkan Peninsula to get a cargo. 
 Both secured good cargoes. 
 
 In 1909 two refrigerating steamers visited the coast and froze salmon 
 for the European market. One vessel was outfitted by a British 
 company and the other by a German company, J. Lindenberger (Inc.). 
 The latter reported that the dog salmon, the principal species frozen, 
 were large and very bright. The British steamer left England in 
 April and arrived home again late in December. 
 
 CANNING SALMON. 
 
 In 1900 the Kamchatka Commercial & Industrial Co. (Ltd.), was 
 organized at St. Petersburg, Russia, by A. T. Prozoraf, president of 
 the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce; P. M. Grunwalt; H. T. M. 
 Court, and A. A. Prozoraf, secretary. A complete canning outfit was 
 purchased in the United States, and the first cannery in Siberia estab- 
 lished at Petropavlovsk, Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. 
 
 The San Francisco Trade Journal, under date of December 19, 1902, 
 printed the following item relating to the operations of this cannery: 
 
 On December 8 the Russian barkentine Bitte arrived from Petropavlovsk, Siberia, 
 with 10,436 cases canned salmon. This is the first consignment of salmon received 
 from them. 
 
 The greater part of the pack comprised dog salmon, although they 
 were labeled "pink" salmon, the rest being reds and kings. 
 
 In 1903 the company did not operate, the fishing season being 
 devoted to moving the plant to Ust-Kamchatka, at the mouth of the 
 Kamchatka River, where, after being in use altogether for two or 
 three years, it was abandoned and left all standing. 
 
 In 1907 two canneries were established in the estuary of the Amur 
 River, near Nikolaevsk, but beyond getting out samples they were 
 never operated. 
 
 In 1910 A. G. Denbigh, an Englishman, built a modern cannery 
 near the second site of the Kamchatkan Commercial & Industrial Co. 
 That year the cannery produced only about 10,000 cases, but each 
 year since the equipment of the plant has been enlarged and improved 
 until in 1913 the pack amounted to 60,000 cases. Early in 1914 a 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 261 
 
 complete two-line plant of American can-packing machinery was 
 installed. 
 
 In 1912 Mr. Denbigh built another cannery 1^ miles away from the 
 above plant. This plant was first operated with German and Nor- 
 wegian sanitary machinery, but in 1914 a two-line American sanitary 
 can-packing plant was installed, the can-making plant at the first 
 plant making all the cans needed at the two canneries. 
 
 In 1915 a number of additions were made to both plants in the line 
 of fhxt fillers, etc., while still more were in contemplation for 1916. 
 
 Mr. Denbigh also operates a hand cannery at Kompakova, on the 
 west side of the Kamchatka Peninsula. 
 
 Up to 1912 very few canneries, and these very primitive affairs, 
 had been built by the Japanese, owing to the uncertainty of tenure 
 referred to previously. The "canneries" were mere sheds or shel- 
 ters where tne cans — which were brought from Japan, made or half 
 made — were filled, closed, and cooked, furnace-heated, vertical retorts 
 being used for the latter purpose. If the owaier lost his concession 
 at the end of the fishing season he simply took his retorts away with 
 him and the buildings were left to his successor. 
 
 In 1912 a Tokyo company (Ichigumi & Co.) put up two canneries 
 near the Ozernaya River in Kamchatka, while a Japanese from 
 Niigata, Japan, also put up a small plant in the same vicinity. Both 
 plants were cheaply built and operated with hand-power machinery 
 and small vertical retorts. That year the two companies together 
 packed about 13,500 cases of salmon. 
 
 The same season Ichigumi & Co. put up another hand-power can- 
 nery, and Tsutsumi & Co., of Hakodate, Japan, built two others of 
 the same type near the Kamchatka River, on the east coast. 
 
 In 1913 Isutsumi c^i Co. built a modern cannery at Ozerna3^a and 
 installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can- 
 packing machinery. 
 
 The same year Ichigumi & Co. put up two hand-power canneries 
 near the Kamchatka River, having succeeded to the concessions for- 
 merly held here by Tsutsumi & Co. In 1914 they built a modern 
 plant and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making 
 and can-packing machinery. 
 
 The St. Petersburg firm of S. Grooshetsky & Co., which has been 
 engaged for a number of years in the freezing of salmon and in the 
 preparation of salmon caviar, under the name of the Pacific Ocean 
 Sea Industry Association, erected a cannery near Ozernaya in 1914, 
 and installed in it a full line of American sanitary can-making and 
 can-packing machinery. This plant will compare favorably with 
 most of our Alaska canneries. The buildings are of iron. 
 
 In 1915 a number of extensive improvements in the way of new 
 buildings, machinery, etc., were made to the various plants, and 
 during the winter of 1915-16 several of the canning firms had repre- 
 sentatives in this country selecting much additional machinery for 
 use during the 1916 season. During the latter season Tsutsumi <!>c Co. 
 erected a large new plant at Kiseka and a one-line plant above Kiscka. 
 This company also operates a can-making plant at Hakodate, 
 equipped with American Can Co. machinery and with a capacit}' of 
 800,000 cans per day. Owing to the heavy demand, caused by the 
 war, a number of small hand-pack canneries also operated. 
 
262 
 
 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHEEIES. 
 
 In 1917A. G. Denbigh built a cannery at Javino, on the west coast 
 of Kamchatka Peninsula. All the machinery in this plant is electric 
 driven. 
 
 In 1918 the ravages occasioned by the war so far as personnel, 
 transportation, tinplate shortage, and market conditions were con- 
 cerned had come to a head, and as a result the Grooshetsky & Co. 
 and some of the smaller canneries did not operate, while Tsutsumi & 
 Co. operated only those of its canneries which packed red salmon. 
 
 In 1919 conditions were much more favorable in Siberia, and as a 
 result the three Russian plants which were shut down in 1918 re- 
 opened. Tsutsumi & Co. erected and operated a new cannery in 
 Ust-Kamchatka. The Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushi Kaisha, or Russo- 
 Japanese Fisheries Co. (Ltd.), built and operated two additional one- 
 line canneries at Kompakova and Kiseka. 
 
 The following table shows the detailed pack of canned salmon 
 made by the various companies operating in Siberia in 1915: 
 
 Siberia Canned Salmon Pack in 1915. o 
 
 Name and cannery location.'' 
 
 Canner- 
 ies. 
 
 
 One-pound flats. 
 
 
 Reds. 
 
 Springs. 
 
 Silvers. 
 
 Chums, c 
 
 Ilump- 
 bacJcs. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Cases. 
 
 58,000 
 
 d 35, 000 
 
 6,000 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 26,000 
 
 Cases. 
 38,000 
 
 Cases. 
 
 
 
 
 
 23, 000 
 7,000 
 
 11,981 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,703 
 
 2,200 
 
 « 37, 800 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,334 
 
 2,191 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,800 
 4,000 
 
 
 
 
 10, 000 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 154,703 
 
 3,334 
 
 28, 191 
 
 92,781 
 
 10,000 
 
 Total. 
 
 A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) 
 and Kompakova 
 
 Food Products Exp. Co 
 
 S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheryetzk ... 
 
 Minard & Co 
 
 Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka 
 River 
 
 Sugamiya 
 
 Tsutsumi & Co., Ozernaya 
 
 Hand-pack canneries, liast and West 
 Kamchatka 
 
 Total. 
 
 a From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1916, p. 44. 
 
 b There were also a couple ol small carmeries operated on the Amur River which are not shown here. 
 
 c Called " Pinks" in Siberia. 
 
 d Includes 10,000 cases oue-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. 
 
 < Includes 10,800 cases one-half pound fiats of S dozen each. 
 
 In order to show the changes which have occurred since 1915 the 
 detailed pack made by the various companies for 1919 is given. 
 
 
 Sib 
 
 ERiA Canned Salmon Pack in 
 
 1919.a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cannery location. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 can- 
 neries 
 oper- 
 ated. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 
 Red. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 1-lb. 
 flats. 
 
 Mb. 
 tails. 
 
 1-lb. 
 flats. 
 
 i-lb. 
 flats. 
 
 
 
 Ozernaya, Bolsheryetzk 
 
 Opala I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8,363 
 7,550 
 73, 058 
 
 56,877 
 
 888 
 
 900 
 
 112,396 
 
 80,832 
 
 
 Hakama, S., & Co. 
 
 
 
 
 Eokuyo-Gyogyo Kabushiki 
 
 Kaisha (Ltd.). 
 Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushiki 
 
 Kaisha (Ltd.). 
 Sliindq, S., & Co 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bolsheryetzk, Opala, and Ust- 
 Kamchatka. 
 
 1,533 
 
 
 
 Suda, K., & Co 
 
 Palana R 
 
 
 
 
 Tsutsumi & Co --- 
 
 Ust-Kamchatka, Ozernaya, 
 Javino, Koshegocliinsky, 
 Bolsheryetzk (2),andKuftoi. 
 
 Opala Goiuiginsky, Koshego- 
 chinsky, Javino c 
 
 3,575 
 
 557 
 
 18, 266 
 
 Yushutsu-Shokuhin 
 
 Kabu- 
 
 17, 604 
 
 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.). 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 21 
 
 5,108 
 
 557 
 
 340,863 
 
 35,870 
 
 1 
 
 
 a From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1920, p. 86. 
 
 6 Formerly Denbigh canneries at Nerpichr and Seaside. 
 
 c Javino cannery bought from A. G. Denbigh & Co. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 263 
 
 Siberia Canned Salmon Pack in 1919 — Continued. 
 
 
 Cannery location. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Chum. 
 
 Humpback. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Name. 
 
 1-lb. 
 tails. 
 
 1-Ib. 
 
 flats. 
 
 1-lb. 
 flats. 
 
 Mb. 
 tails. 
 
 Mb. 1 FuU 
 flats. ! cases. 
 
 Grooshetsky, S., &Co.... 
 Hakama, S., & Co 
 
 Ozernaya, Bolsheryetzk.. 
 
 
 5,337 
 
 
 
 20,248 
 
 33 948 
 
 Opala 
 
 
 
 
 7,550 
 
 Hokuyo-Gyogyo Kabu- 
 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.). 
 
 Nicliiro Gyogyo Kabu- 
 sliiki Kaisha (Ltd.). 
 
 Shindq, S., & Co 
 
 
 
 31, 484 
 
 20,941 
 
 177 
 
 78,589 
 11,018 
 
 
 
 183, 131 
 
 Bolsheryetzk, Opala, and 
 Ust-Kamchatka . 
 
 
 
 12,200 
 
 102,569 
 1,065 
 
 Suda, K., & Co 
 
 Palana R 
 
 
 
 
 
 900 
 
 Tsutsumi & Co 
 
 Ust - Kamchatka, Ozer- 
 naya, Javino, Koshego- 
 cliinsky, Bolsheryetzk 
 (2), and Kuftoi. 
 
 Opala, Goluiginsky^ Ko- 
 shegochinskv, Javino.* 
 
 17,909 
 
 30,516 
 
 12,376 
 
 50,027 
 
 60,807 
 14, 484 
 
 306,429 
 112 oan 
 
 Yushutsu-S h k u h i n 
 
 Kabushiki Kaisha 
 (Ltd.). 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Total 
 
 17,909 
 
 88, 455 
 
 101,983 
 
 50,027 
 
 107,739 1 748.512 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 a Formerly Denbigh canneries at Nerpichr and Seaside. 
 6 Javino cannery bought from A. G. Denbigh & Co. 
 
 The following table shows the pack of canned salmon m Siberia 
 from 1910, the virtual inception of the industry, to 1919, inclusive: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canneries 
 operated. 
 
 Reds. 
 
 Silvers. 
 
 Pinks, or 
 dogs.o 
 
 Springs. 
 
 Hump- 
 backs. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1910 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Cases. 
 5,500 
 15,000 
 43,500 
 102,900 
 85,000 
 119,703 
 229, 406 
 275,212 
 296,960 
 377, 290 
 
 Cases. 
 2,500 
 6,000 
 18,000 
 7,000 
 22,500 
 28, 191 
 54,652 
 29,980 
 43, 58S 
 106,3("4 
 
 Cases. 
 2,000 
 4,000 
 16,000 
 21,000 
 27,000 
 92,781 
 
 129, .598 
 66,056 
 23, 585 
 
 101,983 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Full cases. 
 10,000 
 25,000 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 1912 .. 
 
 
 
 77, 500 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 2,500 
 2,000 
 10,000 
 56,064 
 137, 197 
 15, 177 
 157, 766 
 
 133, 400 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 136, 500 
 
 1915 
 
 10 
 IS 
 18 
 15 
 21 
 
 3,3.34 
 2,047 
 2,556 
 2,027 
 5,108 
 
 254,009 
 
 1916 
 
 471, 767 
 
 1917 
 
 511,001 
 
 1918 
 
 3n,337 
 
 1919 
 
 74^,512 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1, 553, 471 
 
 318,775 
 
 484,003 
 
 15,072 
 
 380,704 1 2.749.026 
 
 
 
 
 a Dog salmon are marketed under a "pink" label. 
 
 SALTING SALMON. 
 
 By far the greater part of the salmon catch of Siberia is either 
 pickled or dry salted. This was the earliest commercial method 
 mitiated on the coast and has been followed for a number of years, 
 mainly by the Japanese. The coast is dotted with concessions worked 
 by Japanese, while there are large numbers in operation along the 
 rivers, these being restricted to Russians. An idea of the extent of 
 this branch of the industry may be gathered when it is stated that in 
 1915 there were 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon prepared in the 
 Amur region, while the Japanese dry salted about 6,000,000 dog salm- 
 on, including also a few reds, and 80,000,000 humpbacks, or "salmon 
 trout," as they are called in Japan. 
 
 In pickling salmon the fish are split down the back, the sides being 
 held together by the belly. The roe, gills, and viscera are removed 
 and the fish are then washed, and after salting are placed in large 
 
264 tr. s. BUREAU of fisheries. 
 
 tanks for seven or more days, or until they are thoroughly struck, 
 after which they are packed in barrels, flesh side up, except the two 
 top layers, which have the skin side up. To about 700 pounds of 
 fish 180 pounds of salt are used. 
 
 The dry salting, next to drying, is the most primitive method 
 employed in preserving salmon. The process consists simply in 
 splitting the fish up the belly, removing the gills and entrails, and 
 then filling the belly with salt. The fish are then placed in rows on 
 matting and covered with salt, and other rows are placed on top of 
 them until the pile is from 8 to 10 feet high, when the entire lot is 
 covered with matting and left for about seven days, after which they 
 are relaid and again covered with salt. For shipping, the fish are 
 packed in mats. 
 
 A very odd feature in connection with the operation of most of 
 the Japanese plants is that the salt to be used in curing the fish is 
 usually dumped loose onto some level spot, with absolutely no cov- 
 ering over it, and exposed to the elements. 
 
 The Japanese consume enormous quantities of these dry-salted 
 salmon. During the Russian-Japanese war the latter country's fish- 
 ermen were cut off from access to their usual fishing grounds, with the 
 result that they were forced to look elsewhere for fish. During 1905 
 and 1906 large quantities were prepared in Alaska, British Columbia, 
 and Washington for this trade, out as soon as the war ended and the 
 Japanese got access once more to their old fishing grounds, the Jap- 
 anese duty on salt fish, which had been. suspended during and for a 
 short period after the war, was reimposed. As a result our fishermen 
 soon quit the business, and since then operations on this coast have 
 been almost wholly restricted to Japanese operating in British 
 Columbia waters. 
 
 At the height of the production on this coast Mr. King, the Amer- 
 ican consular agent at Hakodate, Japan, made the following sugges- 
 tions to preparers and shippers of dry-salted salmon for the Japanese 
 trade: 
 
 The salmon should arrive in Japan by December 1. Most of these fish are used 
 among the Japanese for New Year's presents. After the new year the price invariably 
 declines 20 to 30 per cent, and for a month or two the fish are difficult to dispose of, 
 as the consumers always stock up before the new year. 
 
 The salmon should weigh not less than 5 pounds when thoroughly cured. They 
 should be free from spots, which are usually found on the salmon if caught in fresh 
 or brackish water. No Japanese would think of giving a salmon with red and black 
 spots to a friend for a New Year's present, and spotted fish never realize more than 
 half the price obtainable for clean white fish. The salmon should be split up the 
 belly and should be salted with fine salt. Coarse salt always tears the flesh of the fish 
 when being rubbed in. Care should be taken that the salmon are not oversalted. 
 
 Semga salting is a more improved and sanitary method than that 
 of straight pickling and is used when the fish are being prepared for 
 the European market. Selected fish are cut open along the belly and 
 the viscera and gills are carefully removed. In order that the salt may 
 penetrate the .flesh more thorouglily, the flesh on the inside is scored 
 several times. The fish are then carefully washed and rubbed with 
 brushes, after which they are kept on ice for 24 hours. The brine 
 is carefully prepared and very strong. When properly struck the 
 fish are repacked into barrels. 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 265 
 
 "Kolodka" is a very crude and cheap method of salting. The fish 
 are half salted and half dried without being cut open, and are sold at 
 the place where prepared. 
 
 Tne natives prepare a great many salmon for the winter use of 
 themselves and their dogs, the same as do the Alaskan natives. Tlie 
 fish are dried without the use of salt. The product is known as 
 "youkala." 
 
 Some salmon bellies are also cut out and salted, although this has 
 never attained to prominence. 
 
 Some fresh salmon, as well as salted, are smoked for local con- 
 sumption. 
 
 Barrels, or tierces, for packing salmon are made from cedar, larch, 
 or fir, with a net capacity of 900 to 1,000 pounds of fish, and are 
 bound with wooden and iron hoops. 
 
 THE SALMON FISHERIES OF JAPAN. 
 
 Outside of Karafuto (that portion of Sakhalin Island, south of 50° 
 north latitude, which belongs to Japan) and the Kuril Islands, the 
 salmon fisheries of Japan are comparatively small, the principal por- 
 tion of the immense catches made by Japanese fishermen being along 
 the coasts of Siberia and Karafuto. 
 
 All of the five species of salmon found on the American side are 
 to be found in the waters of vSakhalin during the usual spawning 
 periods. 
 
 The dog salmon (0. Iceta), which is known in Japan as "sake," and 
 when canned as "pink" salmon, is to be found on Hokushu Island, 
 running up the various streams for spawning purposes from Septem- 
 ber to December. 
 
 On the same island is to be found also the masu (0. masou), a 
 salmon, according to Dr. Jordan," very similar to the humpback, 
 the scales being a little larger, the caudal fin without black spots, 
 and the back usually immaculate. It is fairly abundant in the 
 streams of Kokushu, the island formerly known as Yezo, and is found 
 nowhere else in the world. The author had an opportunity to ex- 
 amine a dry-salted masu (it might be well to state here that in Jap- 
 anese masu means "trout") at the fish house of the Royal Fish Co., 
 in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January, 1916. The manager, 
 Mr. Emy, had imported the fish from his own country. Both in 
 size and general appearance it closely resembled a humpback salmon, 
 and when cut open the flesh had the same coloring observable in our 
 humpback. This species, and the true humpback found in more 
 northern waters, especially in Siberia, are dry salted in irnmense num- 
 bers and are generally marketed under the name of "white trout" or 
 ' 'salmon trout." 
 
 In Japan the "red trout" seem to be our rainbow and brook 
 trouts, which were introduced into Japanese waters some years ago. 
 The red salmon {0. nerka) is to be found landlocked in Lake Akan in 
 the northern part of the island. It is smaller in size than the sea 
 species. This species has been introduced into the waters of Honshu. 
 
 The section of this report devoted to the salmon fisheries of Siberia 
 treats quite fully of the activities of the Japanese in that quarter. 
 
 a Fishes, Pj296. By David Starr Jordan. N. Y., 1907. 
 
266 
 
 TJ. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 In Sakhalin, or Karafuto, as it is called in Japan, the Japanese 
 have had a rather checkered career. At one time this island belonged 
 to the Chinese Empire. Early in the nineteenth century the southern 
 portion was occupied by the Japanese. In 1875 she bartered it to 
 Kussia in exchange for some small islands in the Kuril group. As 
 a result of the Russo-Japanese war the southern half, or all that 
 portion south of 50° north latitude, was in 1905 ceded to Japan. 
 
 The salmon fisheries of this island are of much importance. For 
 many years the Japanese had a virtual monopoly of them, but very 
 early in the present century the Russians attempted to restrict con- 
 siderably the activities of the Japanese fishermen, and encouraged 
 her own subjects to compete with them. Many hundreds of Rus- 
 sians and Koreans were encouraged to migrate to the island and 
 engage in its fisheries. Despite these handicaps, the operations of 
 the Japanese fishermen, according to the statistics shown below, do 
 not seem to have suffered. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Salmon." 
 
 Spring 
 salmon. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1897 
 
 Koku.b 
 8,589 
 6,335 
 8,379 
 7,719 
 3,089 
 
 Koku.b 
 34, 246 
 11, 22S 
 22,959 
 8,797 
 12,735 
 
 Koku.b 
 42,835 
 
 1898 
 
 17,563 
 
 1899 
 
 31, 338 
 
 1900 
 
 16,516 
 
 1901 
 
 15,824 
 
 1902 
 
 24,726 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Species not specified. 
 
 b Koku equals about 5^ bushels. 
 
 Considerable fishing is carried on around the island of Yetorofu, 
 one of the Kuril group. Here are found red (0. nerJca), silver (0. 
 Icisutch), and dog salmon {0. Jceta), also either the humpback or Dr. 
 
 Jordan's masu. 
 
 CANNING INDUSTRY. 
 
 The salmon canning industry in Japan proper was inaugurated by 
 the Hokushu Colonization Department, a local branch of the Federal 
 Government. For some time this department had operated a fishery 
 school on Hokushu Island, at which experimental work in the canning 
 of salmon and other fishery products was carried on. This estab- 
 lishment canned considerable salmon during the Russo-Japanese war. 
 
 This same department also established a fishery school on Yetorofu 
 Island, one of the Kuril group, which was, in 1908, taken over by 
 Suhara Kakubei, a fisherman and graduate of the school, and used 
 as a salmon cannery. 
 
 Some years earlier, however, about 1892 or 1893, Fujino Shirobei 
 started canneries in Shibetsu and Bekkai, Nemuro Province, Hok- 
 ushu Island, and a short time later Idzumi Shozo also started a 
 plant at Nemuro. For a number of years these three canneries were 
 the only producers. The plants were quite primitive, the product 
 small, { nd most of it was consumed by the Japanese navy. A 
 demand for the product was gradually worked up, however, and as 
 a result there are now a number of small canning plants on Hokushu 
 Island proper, the Kuril Islands, and Japanese Sakhalin. Most of 
 these plants devote the major part of their energies to the packing 
 
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
 
 267 
 
 of crab meat, the canning of salmon being in most cases a side issue. 
 A few of the plants have been equipped with machinery, but the 
 large majority are hand-pack plants, employing but a few persons. 
 
 Most of these plants pack what is called "white trout," which is 
 really the humpback or masu salmon. In 1912 there were in Hok- 
 ushu and adjacent islands 21 canneries which packed 730 cases (48 
 one-pound flat cans each) of red {0. nerka) and 72,770 cases (48 
 one-pound cans each) of "white trout," a total of 73,500 cases. 
 
 On the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island 4 canneries packed 
 10,120 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of "white trout" in 1912. 
 
 The pack of canned salmon in Japanese territory in recent years 
 has been as follows: 
 
 Year. 
 
 Hokkaido 
 
 and 
 
 Kurils. 
 
 Karafuto 
 ^Japanese 
 Sakhaliu). 
 
 Total. 
 
 1912 
 
 Cases. 
 73,500 
 46,000 
 50,450 
 55,000 
 37,800 
 39,545 
 21,490 
 50,500 
 
 Cases. 
 10, 120 
 
 Coses. 
 83 620 
 
 1913 
 
 46*000 
 
 1914 
 
 15,000 
 15,000 
 
 1,800 
 16,607 
 
 5,000 
 18,000 
 
 65,450 
 70,000 
 39 000 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 56 152 
 
 1918 
 
 26 490 
 
 1919 
 
 a 68 500 
 
 
 
 o Composed of 2,500 cases of 1-pound flat red salmon and 66,000 cases of 1-pound flat chum salmon. 
 
 The following table shows the quantities and value of salmon and 
 trout taken by the Japanese fishermen in certain years: 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Trout 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Yen. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Yen. 
 
 1902 
 
 5,722,475 
 
 9,286,267 
 
 26,438,017 
 
 454,662 
 
 892,879 
 
 1,594,230 
 
 923,025 
 
 4,500,008 
 
 44,038,383 
 
 
 121 499 
 
 1907 
 
 332,316 
 928 513 
 
 1912 
 
 
 
 FISHERY METHODS. 
 
 In Japanese waters salmon are taken by means of trap nets, haul 
 seines, and gill nets. 
 
 The haul seines used along the seashore have a length of about 500 
 fathoms. Each is carried by a boat of 9 feet beam with 30 men, and 
 the right wing, called the "outing wing," is first paid out as the boat 
 heads out from the beach. When the pocket, or bunt, is cast the 
 boat turns its course toward the right and steel's gradually landward, 
 casting the left wing. Wlien the school is encircled the seine is hauled 
 ashore by the seine ropes. 
 
 The floating trap net used for salmon is known as "kaku-ami," or 
 square trap net. This consists of a main net and lead. The main net, 
 or heart, is 70 fathoms long, 10 fathoms wide, and 10 fathoms deep, 
 and the lead is 120 fathoms long. The latter guides the fish toward 
 the main net. When being fished the pot is hauled up by a boat 
 crew and the fish transferred to the boat by means of a dip net. 
 
268 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
 
 FISH CULTURE. 
 
 The artificial culture of salmon is carried on in 56 hatcheries, which 
 are distributed in Hokkaido and the prefectures of Aomori, Akita, 
 Yamagata, Niigata, Toyama, Kyoto, Iwate, and Miyagi. Nine of 
 these belong to the government of Hokkaido and other prefectures, 
 while the rest are owned by fishing associations, individuals, or corpo- 
 rations. The number of young salmon distributed by these hatch- 
 eries amounts to over 80,000,000 a year. 
 
 The largest hatchery is the one at Chitose, under the supervision of 
 the Hokkaido Fishery Experimental Station. It was established in 
 1887, and it is estimated that the fish distributed by it number from 
 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 yearly. 
 
 The salmon hatchery of Murakami, Nii^ata prefecture, dates as 
 far back as 1881, when a regulation pertainmg to the preservation of 
 young salmon in the River Miomote was enacted by the prefecture 
 of Niigata. This was first called the "Murakami Salmon Raising 
 Plant," but in 1891 it was turned into a hatchery, and is now dis- 
 tributing 2,000,000 yoiing salmon a year. The salmon hatchery of 
 Nitta River, Fukushima prefecture, is very similar in its history and 
 organization to the above. 
 
 The industry has during the last few years become very popular in 
 Yamagata prefecture, where 22 hatcheries are in operation as private 
 enterprises. 
 
 In the prefectures of Shiga, Miye, Shizuoka, Nagano, Yarnanashi, 
 Kanagawa, Akita, Niigata, Hyogo, Miyazaki, and Hokkaido, the 
 masu (0. masou) and the landlocked hime-masu (0. nerka) are raised 
 and distributed in the lakes and rivers. There are eight hatcheries 
 working on these species. The hatchery of Lake Towada, Akita 
 prefecture, first transplanted hime-masu from Hokkaido in 1902, 
 and it is now hatching from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 eggs a year for 
 the purpose of distributing the fish among the different districts. 
 
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