.0' ^% ^ ^y^^^^' ^^ .A >^"^. ^:^^c^- '^' -^ ■a.' '^^ ^O \^ , . . --^^ ^1 /\ 1> . '^ • %/ c> ^0^ -^''-^ % r.^ .^-.n-O-T^ V /^ Ik r "^<^^ o. °^ A"'" ^ ^^ "-0 .i'' '■> o V ^^^^ ,-5^"^' ^^^%° V ^o ^.^^y^?' *•,-.* ^' V ^' 0' "°o ■^^ ,-^ ^°-%. ,0- "^•^^ .», -> ,^^ (^P ^^:^-^><^; ..>' .<- I. <^ .*# .0 < .0- '^. ^^. .0' ^^ .A^ -^..^^ HIRSCHFELDER'S SELF-EDUCATOR FACTS AND^ DATES -OF- United States History FOR EVERY CITIZEN TO KNOW ^rice 25 Cents SELF-EDUCATOR PUBLISHING COMPANY SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA FACTS AND DATES -OF- UNITED STATES HISTORY Si/ MAX HIRSCHFELDER Author of Self -Educator, German Methode Fortschritt "Price 25 Cents SELF-EDUCATOR PUBLISHING COMPANY SCRANTON. PENNA, Copyright 1916, by Self-Lducator Publuhing Company Scran ton, Penna. 'America is another Word for Opportunity" — Emerson JAN 12 1916 ^aA420314 4 FACTS AND DATES Of United States Hi^ory DISCOVERY AND NAMING OF AMERICA. 1492 1497-1498 1499 1519-1521 About 1000. The Northmen, under Leif Ericsson, reach the coast of North America and call it Vineland. Christopher Columbus, in Spanish service, dis- covers the West India Islands, while attempt- ing to open up a direct all-sea route to Asia. He takes possession of them for the King of Spain. John and Sebastian Cabot, Venetians, sailing un- der the flag of England, discover the continent of North America and explore the coast from Labrador to Cape Cod. They take possession of the country for the English crown. Amerigo Vespucci, in Portuguese service, reaches the eastern coast of South America. In 1507, a German professor suggests in a little book on geography, that the new part of the world, discovered by Amerigo, should be called Amer- ica. This name was later applied to all South America and finally to North America also. Magellan, with a Spanish fleet, sails around South America, and then turns westward toward India and Spain. This first expedition around the world gave positive proof that the earth is a sphere and showed that America is not a part of Asia, but a separate continent. Three ATTEMPTS AT EXPLORING AND COLONIZING AMERICA. The expedition of Columbus leads to many other voyages, prompted chiefly by the hope of find- ing gold. They result in the exploration of the coast of America. 1509. Diego Columbus, son of Christopher Columbus, is appointed governor of San Domingo. Not long afterward he conquers the island of Cuba. 1513 Ponce de Leon, formerly governor of Porto Rico, discovers and names Florida, while in search of the ^'fountain of youth." Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and reaches the "South Sea," which Magellan, six years later, names the Pacific Ocean. 15 19. Pineda sails along the shores of the Gulf from Florida to Mexico. 1519-1521 Cortez, a Spanish general, lands in Mexico, con- quers this country and establishes the power of Spain on the Pacific slope of the North American continent. 1528. Narvaez sails from Florida along the coast to the mouth of the Mississippi where he is ship- wrecked and drowns. The survivors of the expedi- tion, under Cabeza de Vaca, reach the coast of Texas, but are captured by the Indians. Cabeza escapes with three companions and after eight years of wandering through the wilderness of Mexico reaches the Gulf of CaHfornia, 1536. 1535 Cartier, a French navigator, discovers a great river in the northern part of America, to which he gives the name of St. Lawrence. Ascending the stream he comes to a lofty hill, which he calls Montreal, or royal mountain. 1540. Coronado, governor of Mexico, sets out to find the "seven golden cities" in the North and discovers the Great Canon of Colorado. Four 1 539- 1 541- De Soto, with about six hundred men, wan- ders over Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. He crosses the Mississippi River and reaches eastern Arkansas; there he dies of fever. His followers reach Mexico in 1543. 1562 John Ribeaut, a Frenchman, leads a small colony of Huguenots to South Carolina and builds Fort Port Royal. Rut the colonists return to France. 1564. A second French expedition under Lau- donniere builds Fort Carolina on the St. John's River in Florida. 1565 Menendez, commissioned by the Spanish King to drive out the French from the Spanish territory, builds Fort St. Augustine to the south of the St. John's River. Then he attacks Fort Caro- lina and massacres the garrison. For this deed another Frenchman, De Gourgues, takes re- venge. He sails to St. John's River, destroys the fort the Spaniards had built on the site of Fort Carolina, and massacres the people. 1576. Sir Martin Frobisher cruises in the seas and straits of North America (Frobisher Strait). 1587. Captain John Davis pushes his way through the same seas (Davis Strait). 1577-1579 Sir Francis Drake sails down the South American coast, passes through the Straight of Magellan , goes up the west coast of South America, Mexico and California and reaches Oregon. He takes possession of this coast in the name of England and calls it New Albion. Despairing of finding a shorter passage to England, he crosses the Pacific and reaches home by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert! lands on Newfoundland and takes possession of it for the King of England. 1584 1584. Walter Raleigh receives a charter from Queen Elizabeth to explore the eastern coast of America. He sends out an expedition that lands on Roanoke Island (North Carolina), but returns to England. Queen Elizabeth calls the newly discovered land Virginia. Five 1585. Raleigh sends out a second expedition which builds a town on Roanoke Island. But the colonists, ill suited for pioneer life, are taken back to England by Drake. They take back with them the potato and the tobacco. 1587. Sir Walter Raleigh fits out a third colony consisting of both men and women with their children, under John White. The colonists land again on Roanoke Island. White sails back to England for supplies. On his return to the new colony he finds the island deserted. 1602. Gosnold, an English navigator, lands on a cape, which he calls Cape Cod, from the abundance of cod fish found there, and builds the first house in Massa- chusetts on Cuttyhunk Island. He takes a cargo of sassafras root and cedar logs and returns to England. Six PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. 1600. At this time, more than a hundred years after the voyages of Columbus, the only permanent white settlers on the Atlantic coast of the United States are the Spaniards in Florida. The seventeenth cen- tury opens with new and successful efforts on the part of both the English and the French to establish permanent settlements. VIRGINIA. 1606. King James I of England charters two companies to colonize Virginia, i. e., all the territory from Maine to Florida. The London Company gets the exclusive right to settle in Southern Virginia, between Cape Fear and the Hudson, while the Plymouth Company was granted the control of Northern Virginia, from the Hudson to the Bay of Fundy. 1607 The London Company sends out the first colony under Captain John Smith. The emigrants discover and* name the James River and build a settlement which they call Jamestown, in honor of their king. 1609. The Jamestown settlers, discouraged and demoralized by the hardships of colonial life, decide to return to England, but Lord Dela- ware arrives with reinforcements and a new charter giving the colony an immense domain, 200 miles north and south from Point Com- fort, extending up into the land from sea to sea. Under the new charter and new governors the colony begins to thrive. 1612. Under Governor Dale the systematic cul- tivation of tobacco is introduced. In the course of a few years it came to be the greatest in- dustry in Virginia. Seven 1619 The first representative assembly in America. The colonists, living in eleven settlements, or "boroughs," elect representatives, two in each borough, to sit in a legislature to be called House of Burgesses. Introduction of Negro Slavery. A Dutch man- of-war sells the first negro slaves to the Eng- lish settlers. 1624 King James revokes the colony's charter and Virginia becomes a royal province. Sir Wil- liam Berkeley is appointed governor. During the time of the Commonwealth in Eng- land many ''Cavaliers" seek refuge in the colony (1649-1660). 1660. The Navigation Laws cause great distress to the colonists. By these laws they are for- bidden to send any tobacco out of the country except in English vessels going to England, or to purchase any foreign goods except those brought over in English vessels. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon raises a force to_ defend the settlement against the attacks of the Indians. He defeats the Indians, but is declared a traitor by Governor Berkeley. Bacon destroys Jamestown by fire; the town was never rebuilt. NEW NETHERLAND, OR NEW YORK. 1609 1614 Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of Holland, crosses the Atlantic in his little ship, the Half-Moon, and enters New York Bay. He sails up the Hudson and reaches a point about 150 miles from the mouth of the river, near where Albany now stands. Holland claims possession of the country between the Connecticut and the Delaware Rivers and calls it New Netherland. The Dutch build small settlements on the Hudson, or North River, and on the Delaware, or South River. They erect Fort Orange on the site of Albany, and Eight Fort Nassau on the Delaware. All these settlements become centers of the fur trade, which is the main interest of the colony. 1626. Peter Minuit takes charge of the settle- ments as governor. He buys Manhattan Island from the Indians for twenty-five dollars, estab- lishes a settlement there and calls it New Amsterdam. To encourage farming the Dutch West India Company, chartered in 162 1, offers a large tract of land, sixteen miles on any navigable river, to any member of the company who should take out a colony of fifty families. These land owners are called *'Patroons." 1645. Peter Stuyvesant, "Old Silverleg," comes to New Amsterdam as fourth and last Dutch governor. 1664 I The English claim all the land occupied by the Dutch on the ground that Cabot had discov- ered the coast, and King Charles II gives it to his brother James, Duke of York. An Eng- lish fleet suddenly appears off New Amster- dam and Stuyvesant is forced to surrender. New Amsterdam is called New York in honor of the new proprietor; Fort Orange is named Albany. :689. Leisler's Rebellion. Jacob Leisler, a rich merchant, leads an uprising against the tyran- nical rule of Governor Andros and his deputy, Nicholson, and assumes the office of lieutenant governor. But he is finally forced to surrender and is hanged for rebellion. NEW JERSEY. 1617 I The Dutch, crossing over from Manhattan Island, build a small fort at Bergen, on the west bank of the Eludson ; later they erect a second fort opposite the site of Philadelphia and claim the whole territory between the Hudson and the Delaware as part of New Netherland. Nine 1664 The Duke of York, after having taken possession of New Netherland, gives the territory between the Delaware and the Hudson to his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and calls the country New Jersey, from the British Island of Jersey. The town of Elizabeth is founded, 1675. 1674. Quakers buy Lord Berkeley's share. West Jersey. 1681. William Penn and twenty-three associates buy the other half, East Jersey, the whole province thus falling into the hands of the Quakers, who grant self-government to the colonists. 1702. The rights of the proprietors are acquired by the English crown, and the two Jerseys united in one become a royal colony, under the jurisdiction of the governor of New York. 1732 New Jersey becomes a separate province with its own governor and legislature. MASSACHUSETTS. Plymouth Colony. 1620 A party of Separatists, the Pilgrims, sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth, England, and reach Cape Cod. Their captain, Myles Standish, ex- plores the Massachusetts coast and reaches the harbor which John Smith, of Virginia, had called Plymouth. Here the Pilgrims settle. John Carver is elected first governor. During the first winter half of the settlers perish, but others come from England. A treaty with the neighboring Indians is kept for many years. 162 1. William Bradford is chosen governor. He holds this office for thirty years. All public matters of the colony are discussed and decided in town meetings' — ''government by the peo- ple." Ten 1626. The Pilgrims buy out the share which English merchants by a grant from the gov- ernment had in this territory. The colony in- creases slowly. 169 1. The Plymouth colony is united with the ^lassachusetts colony. Bay Colony. 1628 John Endicott, with a number of Puritans, plants the colony of Salem. The London Company, owner of the land, makes him governor of the colony. 1630 The Massachusetts Bay Company, of London, appoints John Winthrop governor of Massa- chusetts. He sails with eleven vessels, bring- ing nearly a thousand Puritans and all things needed for establishing a thriving colony. After landing at Salem they soon remove to a little three-hilled peninsula, where they build the town of Boston. Within the next ten years more than twenty thousand of Winthrop's countrymen come to this shore and settle the cities of Charlestown, Roxbury, Dorchester, Watertown and Cambridge. The laws of the colony are made by the legis- lature, or General Court, consisting of repre- sentatives of the different towns. Provision is made for public schools. 1635. Roger Williams, a minister who believed in religious freedom, is ordered to leave the colony. He takes refuge among the Indians, reaches Nara- gansett Bay the next spring and founds the city of Providence. The same year Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, vv'ho attacked many of the Massachusetts clergy about their belief, is also ordered to leave the colony. 1636 The General Court votes to give 400 pounds for the establishment of a college at Newton, afterwards called Cambridge. Three years later Rev. John Harvard, of Charlestown, leaves his library and estate to the college. The General Court orders the new institution to be called by his name. Harvard University. Eleven i643- The Massachusetts Bay Colony unites with Plymouth and the colonies of Connecti- cut and New Haven in a league for mutual defense. This league is maintained for forty years. 1656. Quakers, who arrive in Boston, are perse- cuted and driven out of the colony. 1675. King Philip's War. The Indian King Philip be- gins war against the colonists. After two years of desperate fighting Philip is captured and killed. Therewith the power of the neighboring Indian tribes is broken. 1684. Massachusetts loses its charter and be- comes a royal province. NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE. 1623 The Council for New England grants to John Mason and to Sir Fernando Gorges the ter- ritory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec Rivers, called Maine. English colonists plant the settlements of Dover and Portsmouth. Chief object of the colonies is the fur trade with the Indians. 1629. The territory is divided. Mason takes the part west of the Piscataqua River and calls it New Hampshire, while Gorges takes the part east of the river and calls it Maine. 1632, Portland is founded. Later emigrants from Massachusetts and Scotch- Irish colonists settle the towns of Exeter and Londonderry. The Scotch-Irish establish the manufacture of linen. 1641. New Hampshire is united with Massa- chusetts, but becomes, in 1679, a separate royal province. 1652-1820. Massachusetts holds control of Maine. 1820. Maine is admitted into the Union a^ an independent state. Twelve RHODE ISLAND. 1636 Roger Williams, expelled from the Massachu- setts colonies for his religious views, flees to the Indians and reaches Naragansett Bay. Here, with a few companions, he founds a set- tlement and calls it Providence. In 1639, he establishes the first Baptist Church in Amer- ica. Many settlers come to this colony. Free- dom of religious belief is given to everyone. 1638. William Coddington and Mrs. Anne Hut- chinson, also expelled from the Massachusetts colony, buy the island of Rhode Island and plant there the colonies of Portsmouth and Newport. 1643. Roger Williams obtains a charter, which unites these colonies and gives him full power of government. Rhode Island keeps her form of government until long after the revolution. CONNECTICUT. The rich lands of the Connecticut valley attract the Dutch of New Amsterdam and settlers of Massachusetts. 1635 Emigrants from the vicinity of Boston build the towns of Wethersfield and Windsor. In the same year an English company holding a grant of the territory sends out John Winthrop with the title of Governor of the River Connecticut. He builds Fort Saybrook at the mouth of the river. 1636. The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Newton, Massachusetts, sets out and reaches Hartford, where a small settlement of English had al- ready been made. 1637. The towns of Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor unite in an attack against the Pequot Indians, who attempt to destroy the new set- tlements. Thirteen i639- The inhabitants of the three colonies meet at Hartford, draw up the first written American constitution, and thus found a republic which they call Connecticut. 1638 New Puritan emigrants from England, led by John Davenport and others, settle New Haven, Milford, Guilford and Stamford. These four towns unite* in 1643 and take the name New Haven Colony. 1643-1684. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecti- cut and! New Haven join in a league for de- fense against the Indians and the Dutch : "The United Colonies of New England." 1662. New Haven is united with Connecticut. 1687. King Charles II, of England, who had granted to the Connecticut people a charter confirming their right of self-government, sends a body of troops to Hartford to demand the surrender of the charter. The Connecticut people, however, hide it in a hollow oak (Charter Oak), and thus save it. Except for a few years, Connecticut practically continues to maintain her own laws. Thus, after 1691, the New England colonies were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. MARYLAND. 1634 Lord Baltimore, a Catholic English nobleman, gets a grant of the land north of the Potomac, to which Charles I gives' the name of Mary- land, in honor of the Queen, a Catholic. A brother of this Lord Baltimore lands with about three hundred colonists, most of them Catholics, on the northern bank of the Potomac and founds the town of St. Marys. This is the first colony in America in which freedom of worship for all Christians is established. It soon becomes, therefore, the refuge for op- pressed Catholics, Puritans and Quakers. 1645. The peace of the colony is interrupted by civil war; the enemies of Lord Baltimore, join- Fotu'teen 1763-1767 ing with Puritan settlers, overthrow the gov- ernment and forl)id the exercise of the Catholic religion. 1658. The English Parliament restores Lord Baltimore to his rights ; freedom of worship is again established. 1689. The English King takes possession of the province and the Church of England is estab- lished as the government church of Maryland. 1715. Lord Baltimore, a descendant of the founder of the colony, becomes proprietor and governor of Maryland. He and his descend- ants hold it until the revolution. 1729. The city of Baltimore is founded and named in honor of the founder of the colony. Mason and Dixon Line. To end the dispute about the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, Mason and Dixon, two* English sur- veyors, established the boundary line, which runs from the northeast corner of Maryland due west nearlv three hundred miles. DELAWARE, OR NEW SWEDEN. 1638 The Swedish government sends over a colony of Swedes who land on the Delaware River. The Western bank of this river is bought from the Indians and a fort, Christina, is built on the site of Wilmington. 1654. The Dutch, of New Netherland, claim this territory ; Governor Stuyvesant, of New Am- sterdam, arrives with a fleet and takes pos- session of it. 1655. The Duke of York, having seized New Netherland, also claims possession of Dela- ware. 1681 William Penn buys this territory from the Duke of York and governs it as part of Pennsylvania, "Territories of Pennsylvania.'' Fifteen 1776 The "Territories'' declare themselves a free and independent state and take the name of Dela- ware. NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1663 Charles II of England grants an immense tract of land south of Virginia to Lord Clarendon and seven associates and names the territory Carolina. Settlers from Virginia plant the colony of Albemarle. 1664. English planters from the West Indies found a second colony, named Clarendon, in honor of Lord Clarendon, on Cape Fear River. 1670. Immigrants from England lay the foun- dation of the city of Charleston. Religious liberty is granted to all colonists. Many Huguenots come to Carolina. The Eng- lish Company owning this provmce undertakes to govern it by a constitution called the "Grand Model," but the people refuse to accept it and insist on governing themselves. 1712 1712. The province is divided into North and South Carolina, each being subject to a gov- ernor appointed by the King. In North Caro- lina the manufacture of tar, pitch and turpen- tine becomes predominant ; in South Carolina the culture of rice, indigo and cotton proves enormousl}^ profitable. 1681 PENNSYLVANIA. William Penn, the most influential of English Quakers, obtains by a grant from Charles II a vast tract of land lying west of the Delaware River and calls it Pennsylvania. Three ship- loads of colonists from England, Ireland, Wales, Holland and Germany are sent over. 1682. Penn arrives with a company of about a hundred Quakers and founds the city of Phila- delphia. Sixteen He makes a treaty with the Indians and solemn promises of mutual friendship are given, which are kept by both parties. Delaware, which Penn had bought from the Duke of York, governor of New York, forms a part of Pennsylvania, called ''Territories of Penn- sylvania," with a legislature of its own, till 1776. Penn gives the settlers a constitution, which he calls the "Frame of Government." It provides for a governor appointed by the proprietor, a legislature of two houses elected by the people, for judges and a vote by ballot. The toleration and liberality of Penn attracts many emigrants from England, Ireland, and Germany. As a consequence, Pennsylvania becomes one of the most populous of the colonies, with many flourish- ing towns. Philadelphia grows rapidly and is, at the beginning of the revolution, the largest and in every respect the most important city in the Amer- ican colonies. 1 763- 1 767. The English surveyors Mason and Dixon established the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, Mason and Dixon Line. GEORGIA. 1732 General James Oglethorpe obtains a charter from George II of England, for settling the land be- tween the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers and calls this territory Georgia. 1733. The first immigrants, under Oglethorpe, plant a settlement on the Savannah River and name it Savannah. Later, Germans, Italians and Scottish Highlanders arrive and establish colonies. The cotton industry is introduced. The prosperity of this colony begins when, in 1752, it comes under the royal government. 1660- 1 760. The population; of the thirteen col- onies increases nearly tenfold, from 200,000 to 2,000,000. Commerce develops, but little man- ufacturing is done. Stage coaches, post offices and newspapers are introduced. Seventeen THE FRENCH EXPLORATION OF THE WEST. 1534 1604 1608 1673 1679 Cartier, a French navigator, discovers the St. Lawrence River. Ascending the stream he comes to a lofty hill, which he calls Montreal, or royal mountain. He takes possession of the country in the name of France. Samuel de Champlain and De Monts arrive with two shiploads of colonists on the shore of what is now Nova Scotia and settle at Port Royal. Champlain sails up the St. Lawrence and builds a fort at the site of Quebec as a fur trade post. From the two settlements at Port Royal and Quebec grow up the two French colonies called Acadia and New France, or Canada. Champlain soon afterwards discovers the beautiful lake that bears his name, and pushes his explora- tions westward as far as Lake Huron. In the war of the Huron Indians against the Iroquois, the French colonists take the part of the Hurons. The muskets of the whites win the Hurons an easy vic- tory; but the Iroquois become hereafter bitter enemies of the French. From now on the fur traders and Jesuit missionaries push their way into the wilderness and reach the western shore of Lake Michigan (1669). Missions are planted among the Indians at Mackinaw, Sault Ste. Marie, and Green Bay. Father Marquette, a missionary, and Joliet, an explorer, hearing of a great river called by the Indians the "Father of the Waters," float down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they descend to the mouth of the Arkansas. La Salle, the greatest of the French explorers, crosses Lake Erie, Huron and Michigan on a sailing vessel to Mackinaw; he builds a fort on the St. Joseph River and pushes through the Eighteen wilderness to the Illinois River. From there he makes his way through a thousand miles of wild country to Montreal for the purpose of obtaining supplies. Meanwhile Father Hen- nepin, a'jesuit priest in La Salle's expedition, explores the upper Mississippi to the Falls of St. Anthony. 1682 La Salle, on his return to the Illinois, launches his canoes on this river, enters the Mississippi and floats down that stream to its mouth. Here he plants the banner of France and takes possession of the stream and the country drained by the river and its tributaries in the name of Louis XVI of France. He names the country Louisiana. The occupation of the Mississippi valley by the French follows; forts and trading stations are built. 1 71 8. New Orleans is founded and becomes the capital of Louisiana in 1723. The French in America. While the English took possession of the Atlantic coast the French had spread their thin settlements along the St. Lawrence River, thence out to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River. They grad- ually pushed their posts farther and farther, along the Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois rivers, claiming the whole country drained by the great rivers, until their lands completely surrounded the lands claimed by the English. Quebec was the great French cen- ter and military post, and the seat of the governor of New France. One object which the French had in view was the fur trade. Indian hunters would range the deep wilderness, kill the game, and bring the furs to the French forts, or trading posts, where the traders would exchange them for cheap jewelry, arms, clothes, or whiskey. Another object was that of converting the savages to Christianity. Among the boldest and most sacrificing of the pioneers were the French priests. They set up their little chapels in the villages of the Indians, teaching them the customs of civilized life, enduring all sorts of hardship, and frequently ending their lives in the horrors of savage torture. Nineteen ERA OF COLONIAL WARS. 1689 1689-1697 1702-1713 The long struggle between England and France for colonial dominion in America begins. King William's War. War breaks out between England and France in Europe. The hostilities extend to America and result in frightful massacres by the Indian allies of France. 1690. Count Frontenac, the governor of New France, sends an expedition of French and Indians to attack the EngHsh colonies on the Hudson, in New Hamp- shire and Maine. These troops destroy Schenectady, Durham (N. H.), and Haverhill (Mass.), and massacre the inhabitants or make them captives. 1691. An English expedition from Boston, led by William Phips of Maine, captures the French fort at Port Royal, Acadia. For seven years more the French and Indians ravage the English frontier settlements. English expeditions to capture Quebec and Montreal fail. 1697. By the terms of peace Acadia with Port Royal is restored to France. Queen Anne's War. The French and their Indian allies attack and burn Deerfield and Haverhill, Mass., and massacre the inhabitants or carry them into captivity. 1710. New England colonists capture Port Royal and name it Annapolis. An expedition to conquer Quebec ends in shipwreck. 1713. By the terms of peace France is forced to give up to England Acadia, which is now called Nova Scotia, New Foundland, and all claim to the territory that is drained by the rivers that flow into Hudson Bay. During the time of peace that lasts for thirty years the French, determined to keep the British out of Louisiana and New France, con- struct a chain of forts from Quebec to the Great Twenty 1744-1748 1754-1763 1755 Lakes and thence down the Illinois and Miss- issippi to the Gulf. King George's War. During this war Louisburg, a strongly fortified French town on Cape Bre- ton Island, is taken by New England militia under William Pepperell and four British ves- sels. By the terms of peace Louisburg is restored to France. The Fourth, or French and Indian, War. Influential Virginians and London merchants or- ganize the Ohio Company for the purpose of planting settlements on the bank of the Ohio to gain possession of the territory west of the Alleghenies. The French resolve to stop this movement and build a new line of forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio. 1753- Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, sends George Washington to Venango, one of the French forts, to warn the French against intruding upon the Ohio territory. The French commander refuses to with- draw. 1754. Dinwiddie sends a party of backswoodsmen, un- der George Washington, to build a fort at the place where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers unite into the Ohio. The French drive off the expedition and build a fort themselves, which they name Fort Duquesne. England sends General Braddock with two regiments to take Fort Duquesne. Washington accompanies him. The English suffer defeat. Washington covers their retreat with the remnants of the colonial troops. 1755. An English expedition from Boston captures the French forts at the head of the Bay of Fundy, Acadia, and drives many thousands of Acadians, or French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, into exile. The Battle of Lake George. To take the French fort Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, an army starts from New York and meets the French on Lake George. The French are defeated but keep Crown Point and build Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake George. The English build Fort William Henry at the head of the lake. Twenty-one 1758 1763 1763-1766 1/56. Montcalm, commander-in-chief of the French troops in America, takes Fort Oswego. Then, in 1757, he descends Lake Champlain and Lake George and forces Fort William Henry to surrender. The English garrison is partly massacred by Montcalm's Indian allies. In the following year Montcalm de- feats General Abercrombie, who tries to take Fort Ticonderoga. William Pitt, the new minister of England, sends fresh troops to the colonies. The fortune of war changes in favor of the English. The English capture Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island. A second expedition to Fort Duquesne, in which Washington takes part, takes this fort and names it Fort Pitt, Pittsburg. 1759- Forts Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point surrender to the British. An expedition, under General Wolfe, sails against Quebec. After a siege of many months, the fortress, defended by Montcalm, surrenders to the English. 1760. An English army marches against Montreal and captures it. The whole of Canada is conquered. By the terms of peace, France withdraws from America. She cedes to Great Britain all of New France (Canada), all islands at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, and all Louisiana east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans and the neighboring- territory. Spain, having aided France in the last year of war, is forced to give up Florida to Great Britain, but obtains from France the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi with the capital of New Orleans. Pontiac's War. After peace between England and France had been concluded the former Indian allies of the French create a great uprising against their new masters, the English. Pontiac, chief of a Michigan tribe, forms a secret league with other tribes to drive the English from the whole western country. The effort is largely suc- cessful. The Indians burn many English forts and massacre their inhabitants. Only Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt resist the assault. The war continues for three years. , 1764. The savages suffer defeat at Bushy Run, Pa., and make peace, 1766. The failure of the conspiracy of Pontiac breaks the backbone of Indian resistance forever. Twenty-tzvo THE REVOLUTION, 1763-1789. ITS CAUSES. 1763-1775 The causes of the Revolution arose chiefly from an attempt of the English motherland: (i) to enforce the trade laws, by which the develop- ment of the trade of the English colonies was greatly impeded ; (2) to quarter royal troops in the colonies, that is to compel the colonies to furnish quarters for the troops to live in ; (3) to support the troops by taxes imposed without the consent of the colonies. 1764. King George of England tries to enforce the Navigation Acts passed in 165 1 and 1663, by which the American colonies should trade only with Great Britain. All trade was re- stricted to ships' built in English yards. Up to this time these laws had not been rigidly en- forced and smuggling had been very common. 1765. The English Parliament passes the Stamp Act, by which all public documents of the thirteen colonies were to have government stamps affixed to them in order to raise the money for keeping troops in the colonies. The colonies resist the Stamp Tax on the ground that they are not represented in the Parliament, and taxes could lawfully be laid on them only by their chosen representatives. The attempt to enforce the tax leads to resistance, and a congress of delegates of the colonies held in New York issues a declaration of rights and grievances. 1766. Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, but at the same time asserts the right to tax. 1767. Parliament passes the Townshend Acts, to raise a revenue by import duties on goods Tiventy-three brought into the colonics. The colonics re- fuse to buy the taxed articles. 1770 Boston Massacre. Meanwhile royal troops for the defense of the colonies begin to arrive. This leads to new trouble; in Boston the peo- ple and the troops come to blows. 1770. The refusal of the colonies to buy the taxed articles leads to the repeal of all the taxes except that on tea. However, the col- onies refuse to buy taxed tea, whereupon Parliament enables the East India Company to send over tea at a lower price than before. 1773 Boston Tea Party. The colonies prevent the landing of tea in American harbors. In Bos- ton a cargo of tea is destroyed. 1774. As a punishment Parliament enacts the five Intolerable Acts. The port of Boston is closed to all trade. The charter of Massachu- setts is annulled and General Page is appointed governor with despotic power. Thereupon the First Continental Congress, called by Massachusetts, meets in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. It issues a declaration of rights, and petitions for redress. It also calls a second Congress to meet the next year. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1875-1783. From the Beginning of the Revolutionary War, 1775, to the Declaration of Independence, 1776. 1775 Governor Gage of Massachusetts, having learned that the patriots were gathering military stores at Con- cord, about twenty miles from Boston, sends troops there to destroy them. The English meet armed resistance, and battles are fought at Lexington and Concord. The "minutemen" drive the English back to Boston. The militia from the neighboring- colonies gather about Boston and besiege it. The second Continental Congress meets at Phila- delphia on May 10, 1775. It calls for recruits to join the militia at Boston (Continental Army), and appoints George Washington commander-in-chief. Twenty-four On the same day "Green Mountain Boys" take Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point from the Eng- lish. 17th of June. The Americans, under Prescott, are driven from Bunker Hill, Boston, after a valiant resistance, Battle of Bunker Hill. George Washington takes command of the army around Boston. He gathers guns, powder, cannon, trains the men, and for eight months keeps the British shut up in Boston. Meantime troops from Virginia, Mary- land, Pennsylvania, and the four New England col- onies join the Continental Army. An expedition, led by Montgomery and Benedict Arnold, for the conquest of Quebec fails. 1776 Washington seizes Dorchester Heights, near Boston, and thus forces the British to leave this city, March 17. An English fleet, under Clinton, attacks Charleston, South Carolina, but is forced to withdraw and re- turns to New York. King George now hires 30,000 Hessians to fight the American "rebels." Whigs and Tories. During the excitement of this period people were divided into three parties. Those who resisted and rebelled were called Whigs, Patriots, "Sons of Liberty." Those who supported King and Parliament were called Tories. Between these two parties the great mass of the population cared little which way the struggle ended. In New York, Penn- sylvania, and the Carolinas the Tories were numer- ous; they raised regiments and fought for the King. 4th of A committee of the Continental Congress, con- July sisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Frank- 1776 lin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, draws up a Declaration of In- dependence. The Congress adopts this Dec- laration on the 4th of July, 1776. The War from July 4, 1776, to the Victory of Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 1776 Having been defeated at Boston, the British under General Howe sail to New York to get possession of the city and the Hudson River. Thereupon Washington moves his army also south, holds New York City, Fort Washington and Fort Lee and takes position on Brooklyn Heights, Long Island. Twenty-five In the Battle of Long Island General Howe drives the Americans from their positions. Washington re- treats to New York; he loses Fort Washington and Fort Lee and is driven up the Hudson to White Plains. He crosses the Hudson, retreats through New Jersey toward Pennsylvania, and crosses the Delaware. On Christmas night he recrosses this river and surprises and defeats a body of Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776. 1777 On January 3, 1777, Washington defeats a part _ of Cornwallis' army at Princeton, and takes possession of the hills at Morristown, where he spends the rest of the winter. Robert Morris, a Philadelphia banker, supports the American army with the necessary funds. Lafayette, a French nobleman, the German officers Baron De Kalb and Baron Steuben, and the Polish patriots Kosciusko and Pulaski join the American army. The British plan for the campaign of 1777 was to cut off New England from the Middle States. General Burgoyne was to come down from Canada and meet General Howe, who was to move up the Hudson. Burgoyne, on his march from Canada to New York, is attacked by the militia of the northern states, loses several battles, and is forced to surrender at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. Howe, instead of going up the Hudson, starts from New York for Philadelphia and defeats Washington, who is trying to check his advance, at Brandywine Creek, September 11. Then he takes Philadelphia. The Continental Congress flees to York, Pa. On October 4, Washington attacks the English army at Germantown, but suffers defeat. He then goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, where the patriots suffer greatly from cold and hunger, but are thoroughly drilled by Baron von Steuben. National Flag. Congress, on June 14, adopts our national flag. The War From the Victory at Saratoga to the End, 1777-1787. 1778 After the victories of Trenton, Princeton, and Saratoga, France recognizes the independence of the colonies and Benjamin Franklin, sent to France to seek for help, obtains a treaty of alliance. Twtnty-six 1779 1780 1781 Fearing that the French fleet might attack New York, the English General Clinton, successor to Howe, leaves Philadelphia with his army for New York. Washington follows him and fights the battle of Monmouth, which he barely wins. Then Washing- ton follows the British army to New York and re- mains near that city for three years constantly threatening the enemy. Congress, in December, 1775, had created a little navy; some of these vessels win victories under Esek Hop- kins and John Barry. John Paul Jones sails, in the "Ranger," to the Irish Channel and destroys and captures several British ships. In 1779, he wins, in his "Bonhomme Richard," a victory over the Eng- lish frigate "Serapis" off the east coast of Great Britain. Bands of Iroquois Indians, led by Tory captains, com- mit horrible massacres at Wyoming, Pa., and at Cherry Valley, N. Y. 1778-1779. Clark's Expedition. In the country north of the Ohio were a few old French towns and a few old forts garrisoned by the British, from which the Indians obtained guns and powder to attack the frontier. Against these forts and towns George Rogers Clark, a young Virginian, plans an expedition. He starts with a band of backwoodsmen from Pitts- burgh, in boats, floats down the Ohio to its mouth, marches across the prairies of southwestern Illinois and takes Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi. Then he marches under terrible hardships against Vincennes, on the Wabash, captures it and conquers the country near the Wabash and Illinois Rivers. War in the South: An English fleet and army sail from New York and capture Savannah, December 29, 1778. American forces, aided by a French fleet, try to regain Savan- nah, but are repulsed. The British, reinforced by a fleet and army, overrun Georgia, march through South Carolina, and capture Charleston. American forces, under General Gates, suffer decisive defeat at Camden, S. C, by the English under Corn- wallis. But a British force is completely beaten by backwoodsmen at King's Mountain, on the border of North and South Carolina. In the North, Benedict Arnold, commander at West Point, turns traitor and seeks in vain to deliver this fort to the British. General Nathanael Greene takes command of the Amer- ican army in the South. A part of his men, led by TzveHtv-seven 1782 1783 1781 Morgan, wins the battle at Cowpens, S. C. Then Greene retreats to Virginia, drawing Cornwallis away from his supplies in Charleston. At Guilford Court- house, N. C, Cornwallis attacks the American army, but loses so heavily that he has to retreat to Wil- mington, N. C. Greene now turns back, drives the British force out of Camden and reconquers the Carolinas. Savannah and Charleston are the only towns that remain in the hands of the British. Cornwallis marches from Wilmington into Virginia and fortifies himself at Yorktown. Thereupon Wash- ington hurries with his army from New York to Yorktown and besieges the British from the land, while a French fleet closes the harbor. Cornwallis, being surrounded from all sides, surrenders, Octo- ber ig, 1781. Only New York, Savanah, and Charles- ton remain in the hands of the British. In a preliminary treaty Parliament acknowledges the independence of the colonies. The final treaty of peace, negotiated for the United States by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay, is signed in Paris, Sep- tember 3, 1783. The British leave New York, and Washington takes possession of it. By the terms of peace, it is decided that the ter- ritory of the new nation shall extend from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Great Britain retains Canada, but gives Florida back to Spain. The region west of the Mississippi is held by Spain. AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1783-1789. During the war the Continental Congress pre- pares a plan for general government, called Articles of Confederation. By these articles the government is in the hands of the Congress, a single body, to which each state sends at least two, but not more than seven delegates. After some delay the articles are signed by all the states and put in force in 1781. Congress appeals to the states to give up their claims on the territory west of the mountains. Twenty-eight especially on the Northwest Territory, which extends from the Lakes to the Ohio, and from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, that it might sell the land, pay the debts of the United States, and cut the region into states. 1787 By the year 1787 the land has been ceded, and Congress issues now the famous Northwest Territory Ordinance for the government of the territory. This ordinance provides that slavery should not be permitted in the territory, that it should in time be cut into not more than five, or less than three states; it grants entire religious freedom and encourages education. Six years of trial prove that the government of the United States under the Articles of Con- federation is too weak. Delegates from twelve states meet at Philadelphia to frame the Con- stitution of the United States. Washington is made president of the convention. Having finished its work in September, 1787, the con- vention sends the Constitution to the different states to be ratified. 1788 By July, 1788, eleven states have ratified the Constitution, which provides for a President, a Vice-President, a Congress consisting of the Senate, and the House of Representatives, and for a Supreme Court. 1789 The Constitution is set into effect. George Washington is elected President, John Adams, Vice-President. Twentv-nine THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 1789-1798 1 George Washington, President for two terms; j John Adams, Vice-President. On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington takes the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall, New York. He appoints Thomas Jefiferson Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Ham- ilton Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph Attorney General. Congress selects Philadelphia as the national capital for the ten years, 1790-1800. In 1800 the capital is to be removed to a new city to be built on the Potomac and named Washington in honor of the President. Congress assumes and funds the debts incurred by the different states during the revolution. Import and excise taxes are laid, a national bank is chartered in Philadelphia with branch offices in other cities and a mint is established for coining United States money. The discussion of the acts of Congress leads to the rise of two parties: the Federalists, with their leaders Washington, Adams, and Hamilton, and the (Demo- cratic) Republicans, with their leaders Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. The former are supporters of a strong government, while the latter oppose a strong government as dangerous to the liberties of the people. In the course of time the former become known as Republicans, the latter as the Democratic Party. 1791 At the suggestion of Jefiferson, the Constitution is amended by twelve articles, Bill of rights, to guard the rights of the people and of the states. 1792. At the election of 1792 both parties, the Federahsts and the Democrats, support Wash- ington for President. The Republicans try. Thirty though ill President. vain, to defeat Adams for Vicc- 1797-1801 1794. The tax on whiskey causes an insurrection in Pennsylvania, which is easily suppressed by a force of militia. Whiskey Rebellion. A five years' Indian war in the Northwest Territory is ended by Wayne's victory and the Treaty of Green- ville, 1795. 1795- Jay's Treaty. At the outbreak of war be- tween France and England, Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality, although the Democratic-Republican party urges the admin- istration to support France for her assistance during the Revolution. To settle differences with England, Chief Justice Jay is sent to Lon- don and obtains a new treaty, whereby Eng- land withdraws from the posts held by her in our country. The Republican Party opposes this treaty as unfavorable to the United States. By a treaty with Spain the latter withdraws from the posts on our southern frontier and grants the right of deposit at New Orleans. During this period three new states enter the Union: Vermont, 1791, Kentucky, 1792, and Tennessee, 1796. Already before and during the Revolution, American pioneers from Virginia and North Carolina crossed the mountains and built settlements on the Kentucky and Tennessee Rivers. On the Kentucky the towns of Harrodsburg, Boonesborough, Lexington, and Louisville were settled; on the Tennessee, Green- ville. Within twenty years these commonwealths grew so populous that they desired to become sep- arate states. By the invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney (1793) the production of cotton becomes one of the leading industries of the country. But unfortunately a large class of people now becomes interested in maintaining slave labor. Washington refuses to serve a third term. John Adams, Federalist, President; Thomas Jef- ferson, Vice-President. France, enraged by our Jay Treaty and the elec- tion of Adams, makes insulting demands upon Thirty -one our commissioners sent to that country to set- tle some differences. The X. Y. Z. letters con- taining these demands arouse! the country. ''Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute." Congress makes preparations for war, creates the Navy Department, and the first Secretary of Navy is appointed. Several French vessels are captured at the French West Indies. How- ever, when Napoleon comes into power in France, he concludes a new treaty with the United States and thus prevents war, 1800. At this time, 1798, Joseph Hopkinson, of Philadelphia, writes our national song Hail, Columbia! 1798. Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien Act gave the President the power to banish any foreigner from this country, whom he might regard as a dangerous person. The Sedition Act provided for punishment of persons who should print malicious writings against the administration. Both Acts were protested against in the Virginia and Kentucky Reso- lutions as being unconstitutional and an infringe- ment upon the liberty of speech and the liberty of the press. They never were strictly enforced. 1799. George Washington dies at his home in Mount Vernon. The Alien and Sedition Acts bring about the defeat of the Federalists at the election of 1800. The Republicans, or Democrats, as they are now called, on account of their siding with France, elect Thomas Jefferson. 1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, Presi- dent for two terms; Aaron Burr, Vice-Presi- dent. Jefferson takes the oath of office in the new capital, at Washington, to which city the gov- ernment had been removed in 1800. 1800. Spain, by a secret treaty, returns Louis- iana to France, which closes the harbor of New Orleans to United States shipping. 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Thereupon Monroe is sent to France, where he purchases the whole of Louisiana for the price of $15,000,000. Thirty-two Louisiana is understood to extend westward to the Rio Grande and the Rocky Mountains, northward to the sources of the rivers that flow into the Mississippi. New Orleans and the region about it is called the New Territory of Orleans. The rest of the purchase formed the Territory of Louisiana. 1802. The United States Military Academy at West- point is founded. 1803. Ohio enters the Union as a new state. The defeat of the Indians in the Northwest Territory, and the sale of public land on credit, encourages a stream of immigrants into the West. Settlers from the northern states float down the Ohio River and plant the cities of Marietta, 1788, Cincinnati, 1790, Dayton, 1795, and Cleveland, 1796. In 1800 the North- west Territory is divided into the Territory of Ohio and the Territory of Indiana. In 1805 the Territory of Michigan is formed. 1801-1805. War is carried on with the pirates of Tripoli and Algiers ; it ends in victory for our navy. 1804- 1806. Lewis and Clark undertake an ex- pedition to the Pacific. They sail from St. Louis up the Missouri River, cross the Rocky Mountains, and descend the Columbia River to the Pacific. They return to St. Louis in 1806. Five years later John Jacob Astor builds a fur trading station at the mouth of the Co- lumbia River. 1805 Jefferson is re-elected President; George Clinton, Vice-President. Aaron Burr shoots Hamilton, his political oppon- ent, in a duel. 1806. Burr plans an enterprise for conquering Texas, then a part of Mexico, hoping to draw some of the western states to join him and thus set up an independent nation with New Orleans for its capital. - On his way down the Mississippi he is arrested for treason, but is acquitted: Burr's Treason. Many reforms are made in the state and national gov- ernment tending to make them more democratic. Prosperity begins, banks are chartered by the states, roads and canals are constructed. New industries Thirty-three arc started and many labor-saving machines in- vented. 1807. Robert Fulton builds the first practicable steam- boat, the "Clermont," and establishes steam naviga- tion on the Hudson. In 1830 there are more than 200 steamboats on the Mississippi River. A national road is constructed between Cumberland, Md., and Wheeling, Va.; finished in 1818. 1807. Great Britain, in her war with France, is stopping and searching our ships on the ocean for British sailors and impressing American sailors into her service. Congress, thereupon, passes an Embargo Act, which forbids the sail- ing of any American vessel from our ports. This Act creates great discontent. Congress repeals it in 1809 and passes the Non-Inter- course Act, forbidding the people to trade with Great Britain and France. 1808, Congress puts a stop to the importation of slaves. 1809-1817 James Madison, Democratic-Republican, Presi- dent for two terms. By the election of 1810 the control of public affairs passes from men of the Revolutionary period to a younger set with different views. Among them are two men who rise at once to leadership and remain so for nearly forty years to come. One is John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the other Henry Clay of Kentucky, who is made speaker of the House of Representatives, and under his lead the Housq at once begins preparation for war with Great Britain. 181 1. The Indian tribes of the West, urged by the British, unite under the famous chief Tecumseh to drive out the white settlers. They are defeated in the battle of Tippecanoe by General William H. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory. Thirty-four SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 1812-1815 1 812. As England refuses to stop taking our sailors from our ships and forcing them into her service, Congress declares war. The causes of the war stated by Madison in the proclamation are (1) impressing our sailors, (2) sending ships to cruise ofif our ports and search our vessels, (3) interfering with our trade by orders in council, and (4) urging the Indians to make war on our western settlers. General Hull marches from Detroit into Canada ; but he is driven back and surrenders to the British at Detroit; other attempts to invade Canada also fail. On the ocean many ship duels are fought, mostly successful for the Americans. The "Consti- tution," or "Old Ironsides," captures the Brit- ish frigate "Guerriere." 1813 Commodore O. H. Perry wins a great naval vic- tory on Lake Erie. He then carries an Ameri- can army over to Canada, where it defeats the British on the Thames River. 1814 General Andrew Jackson defeats the Creeks, a strong Indian tribe in the southwest territory, now Alabama and Mississippi. An American army, under General Winfield Scott, invades Canada and wins the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, but is later driven out of Canada. A British invasion into the State of New York meets disaster at Piattsburg Bay, Lake Cham- plain. Meanwhile the British blockade all our ports on the Atlantic coast and seize the eastern part of Maine. They take the city of Washington Thirty-five and burn the capitol and other public build- ings. Then they attack Baltimore, but are re- pulsed. Francis Scott Key, watching the attack on Baltimore, writes the Star-Spangled Banner. A British force attacks New Orleans ; Andrew Jackson successfully defends the city and drives the enemy out of Louisiana. The treaty of peace is signed at Ghent, Belgium, December 24, 1814, two weeks before the bat- tle of Orleans. The war results in strengthen- ing the Union and making it more respected. Hartford Convention. Before the treaty of peace reaches the United States, delegates of New England States meet at Hartford in secret session. The convention threatens to withdraw from the Union, unless peace is speedily made. As the leaders of the conven- tion are Federalists, it causes the Federalists to become very unpopular and did much to hasten the death of the already dying Federal- ist party. During this period the following states are ad- mitted into the union: Louisiana, 181 1; In- diana, 1816; Mississippi, 1817; Illinois, 1818, and Alabama, 1819. In 1804, the Indiana Territory had been divided into the Indiana and Illinois Territories. After the Indian and the slavery questions had been settled for this territory, the population increased rapidly. New roads, bridges, and ferries were built and steamboats were running on the rivers. Everything invited im- migration. Thus, Indiana and Illinois soon had the number of people required for statehood. Louisiana, after having been purchased from France, had been divided into the District of Louisiana and the Territory of New Orleans, The population of the latter grew very rapidly, as the Mississippi River was now open for all trade. It became the State of Louisiana in 181 1. The Mississippi Territory, organized in 1798, extended from the Mississippi to the Chattahoochee River. After the Indian tribe of the Creeks had been de- 1819 stroyed, the population increased rapidly. In 1816, it was divided into the Mississippi and Alabama Territories. 1817-1825 James Monroe, Democratic-Republican, Presi- dent for two terms. The Era of Good Feel- 1818. By treaty with Great Britain the 49th parallel is made our northern boundary from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Moun- tains. The Oregon country is claimed by both, the United States and England. 1819. By treaty with Spain the western boundary line of the Louisiana Purchase is fixed. The Seminole Indians and runaway neg-roes of Florida frequently attack the Geors^ia planters. General Andrew Jackson defeats them and conquers the country in three months. Thereupon Spain sells Florida to the United States for $5,000,000. 1820. During Monroe's first term party feeling- sub Mes, and this was so noticeable that this term was called "the Era of Good Feeling-." The Federalist party dies out, and at the elec- tion in 1820 Monroe has no competitor. 1820 Missouri Compromise. The slavery question becomes acute, as some states favor slavery while others want it abolished. By 1819 eleven of the states are slave states and eleven are free states. The dividing line between them is the southern boundary line of Pennsylvania. In 1819 Missouri applies for admission into the Union. The southern states insist that Mis- souri should be a slave-holding state, while the North wants it to be a free state. After long debate it is agreed that Missouri should come in as slave state, but that Maine should come in as a free state at the same time; further, that slavery is to be forever prohibited in the re- mainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the parallel of latitude 36° 36'. Thirty-seven 1820 Missouri and Maine enter the Union. 1823 Monroe Doctrine: INIexico and several South American countries had declared themselves republics, independent of Spain, their mother country, 1821. Russia and other Euro- pean powers were endeavoring to force these new nations again under the yoke of Spain. Thereupon President Monroe sends a message to Congress denying the right of any European country to plant new colonies on the American continent or to meddle with the affairs of the New World. ''America for Americans." The State of New York builds the Erie Canal from Albany to Buffalo. The National Road, which had been constructed between Cumberland and Wheel- ing, is extended westward through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, almost to the Mississippi; thereby a large section of the West is opened to emigrants from the Atlantic coast. 1824. A new tariff is enacted in spite of the opposition of the South, which had no man- ufactures and imported largely from Great Britain. The tariff question and the question of internal im- provements at national expense split the Republican party and lead to the nomination of four presidential candidates. The House of Representatives then elects John Quincy Adams. 1825-1829 John Quincy Adams, National Republican, Presi- dent. 1lie friends of Andrew Jackson, one of the de- feated presidential candidates, gather around him and form a new party ; Democratic-Repub- licans, or Democrats. They oppose protective tariff, internal improvements, and want "a man of the people" for President. The supporters of Adams, of the tariff" and internal improve- ments are called National Republicans. Thus the old Republican party is broken into two distinct new parties. 1828. A new tariff is enacted, though the South opposes it even more strongly than the tariff in 1824; ''Tariff of Abomination." Thirty-eight 1828 1829-1837 1831 1832 1828. Ground is broken for the first passenger rail- road in the United States, from Balitmore westward; Baltimore-Ohio Railroad. Andrew Jackson, the ''Hero of New Orleans," the ''Man of the People," is elected President. His election is hailed as another triumph of Democracy. Andrew Jackson, Democrat, President for two terms. With Andrew- Jackson begins the "Spoils Sys- tem," the system of removals from government offices for political reasons. Hundreds of gov- ernment officials are turned out and their offices given to active workers of Jackson. William Lloyd Garrison publishes the "Libera- tor," demanding the immediate and uncon- ditional emancipation of every slave in the United States. This marks the commence- ment of the anti-slavery movement in the United States. Societies for the abolition of slavery are formed in the North. Slavery be- comes a national issue. 1830. South Carolina considers the Tarifif Act of 1828 as unconstitutional and threatens to nullify it. Daniel Webster attacks this South Carolina Doctrine in Senate and argues the issue with Senator Hayne of South Carolina in a series of famous speaches. However, the friends of the tariff become alarmed, and in 1832 Congress amends the act of 1828 and reduces the duties. South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, declares null and void the tariff laws of 1828 andi832; Ordinance of Nullification. In a long debate Daniel Webster opposes this action and de- clares nullification and secession are rebellion. The dispute is settled by the Compromise Tariff. National Conventions. The presidential election of 1832 is the first in which the candidates are Thiyty-mne 1837-1841 1837 nominated at great national conventions, and in which the parties set forth their principals in platforms. 1832. Andrew Jackson, still being the idol of the people, is re-elected by a greater majority than in 1828. 1834. Jackson vigorously opposes the Bank of the United States and after his re-election he orders the removal of all government deposits. Thereupon the bank closes with the expiration of its charter in 1836. 1836. Whigs. The National Republicans, in opposition to Jackson and the Democratic Party, call them- selves Whigs, and thenceforth for many years there was a national Whig party. 1836. Arkansas is admitted into the Union. Arkansas had been organized as a territory in 1819. It received the overflow of population from Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, and grew rapidly. The time of Jackson's presidency is a time of rapid growth for the entire country. Steamboat lines are established, railroads and canals opened. Hard and soft coal come into use for manufacturing purposes. This great prosperity enables the government to pay the entire national debt and accumulate a great surplus, which is distributed among the states. The Indian Territory. A result of the filling up of the country was the crowding of the Indians from their land. As population moved westward so rapidly it seemed best to set apart a region beyond the Mis- sissippi and move all Indians there. Thus, in 1834 the "Indian Territory" was created, and the work of removal began. In the South the Creeks and Cherokees refused for a while to go, and an attempt to move the Seminoles from Florida caused a war which lasted seven years. Martin Van Buren, Democrat, President. The years from 1834-1836 had been a period of wild speculation. Money had been plentiful and easy to borrow, and had been invested in all kinds of schemes. As a consequence A great financial panic sets in and ruins many business people. After a time confidence is restored, and a new period of prosperity begins. 1837. Michigan enters the Union. Forty The •stablishment of steamboat traffic on the lakes, and the opening of the Erie Canal had been power- ful factors in the development of the Michigan Ter- ritory. The first express company between New York and Boston is established; Adams Express Company. 1840. An independent treasury at Washington with branches in the chief cities is established. 1840, The Whig party lays all blame for the financial panic of 1837 on the Democratic ad- ministration, and the "log cabin and hard cider" campaign that followed ends with the election of the Whig Harrison, the victor of Tippe- canoe ; "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." 1841-1845 William Henry Harrison, Whig; John Tyler, Presidents. 184T. Harrison, elected amid the wildest excite- ment, dies a month after his inauguration ; Vice-President Tyler takes his place. Congress proposes two bills for establishing a new national bank. Tyler vetoes both bills ; whereupon all his cabinet ofBcers, save Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, resign, and the Whig leaders read him out of the party. 1842. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty with Great Britain fixes the northeastern boundary line between the United States and Canada from the St. Croix to the St. Lawrence River. 1844. Samuel F. B. Morse establishes the first tele- graph line between Baltimore and Washington. 1845. The Republic of Texas enters the Union. Texas had been settled by thousands of Americans after Mexico, to which it belonged, had secured her independence of Spain, 1821. In 1836 the Texans declared themselves independent from Mexico and formed the Republic of Texas. Soon after they applied for admission into the Union. 1845-1849 James K. Polk, Democrat, President. 1846. By treaty the United States and Great Britain divide the Oregon Country. The United States takes the part between the Forty-one boundary of upper Mexico (the 42nd parallel) and the 49th parallel including the Columbia River. It included what are now the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. 1846-1848 MEXICAN WAR. A dispute over the Texas boundary causes the war with Mexico. The United States claim the Rio Grande, Mexico the Nueces River as boundary line, and the Mexicans attack American troops in the coun- try between these rivers. Thereupon President Polk declares that war exists by this act of Mexico, and Congress votes men and money for the war. 1846. General Taylor marches with an army to the Rio Grande, and wins the victories at Palo Alto, - Monterey, and Buena Vista, 1847. General Winfield Scott lands at Vera Cruz and after its capture marches to the City of Mexico, which he conquers in 1847. General Kearney seizes Santa Fe and the territory now called New Mexico. 1848 By the treaty of peace the United States obtain the territories of California and New Mexico, which now form the states of California, Utah, Ne-vada, New Mexico, and Arizona. For this great territory we pay Mexico $15,000,000. Two slave states, Florida and Texas (1845), and two free states, Iowa (1846) and Wisconsin (1848), are admitted into the Union. There are now fifteen free and fifteen slave states. 1848. Gold is discovered in California and a wild rush for the "diggings" begins. The acquisition of Mexican territory brings up the question of the admission of slavery into that district, the same having been free under Mexican rule. The opponents of the extension of the slave area form the free-soil party, and draw ofif enough democratic votes so that the Whigs elect Taylor and Fillmore. Forty-two 1849-1863 Zachary Taylor, Whig, and Millard Fillmore, Presidents. Taylor dies in 1850 and is succeeded by Fillmore. The Compromise of 1850. 1850 When California applies for admission into the Union, a crises arises between the North and the South. The people of the North desire the admis- sion of California as a free state; they want no more slave states and that slavery and slave trade in the district of Columbia should be abolished. The South opposes these demands and complains of the difficulty of capturing slaves that escaped to the free states. Henry Clay, "the Peacemaker," proposes a compromise which is accepted; California is ad- mitted as a free state; New Mexico and Utah are organized as territories open to slavery; slave trade in the district of Columbia is prohibtied, and a new fugitive slave law is passed. The leaders in this great debate were Calhoun for the South, Clay and Webster for the North. 1850. California enters the Union as a free state. 1852. Mrs. Stowe publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by which the feeling of opposition to slavery is intensi- fied throughout the North. 1853-1857 Franklin Pierce, Democrat, President. 1853. A period of great business prosperity be- gins ; the first American "World Fair*' is opened in New York City. Commodore O. H. Perry sails into a Japanese port and concludes a treaty with that country, opening it to the trade of the United States. In Congress the final struggle between the North and the South concerning the slavery question begins, Charles Sumner representing the North, Jefferson Davis the South. 1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, proposed by Stephen E. Douglas, is passed by the Congress. It creates two new territories, one to be called Kansas, the other Nebraska, and leaves it to the settlers of these two territories to decide whether they would have slavery or not: Popularity sovereignty. Thus the Missouri Forty-three Compromise, which forbids slavery in the country north of 36° 30', is repealed. The Free-soilers, led by Salmon P. Chase, William H. Seward, and Charles Sumner try hard to defeat the bill. A seven years' struggle between the Free- soilers and the pro-slavery men for the possession of Kansas begins. It is finally admitted into the Union as a free state, 1861. 1856 The new Republican Party is founded. The slavery issues cause the breaking up of the old parties. The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill drive thousands of Whigs from their party, especially after the deaths of Clay and Webster, in 1852, which had deprived this party of its leaders. The Democratic party also suffers. Thousands of its rank join the Free-soilers. Out of these elements the new national Republican Party is founded at a convention in Pittsburgh in 1856. In 1852 the Know-nothing party was founded, the out- come of a long-prevailing feeling against the election of foreign-born citizens to office. It was a secret, oath-bound organization; its membership grew rapidly and exercised great influence at the election in 1855. 1857-1861 James Buchanan, Democrat, President. 1857. The Dred Scott Decision of the Supreme Court opens all territories to slavery and de- clares the Missouri Compromise as null and void. This decision creates great excitement in the North. 1857. A great business panic sets in ; many banks fail. 1858. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate. Stephen A. Douglas is a candidate for re-election to the Senate for Illinois; Abraham Lincoln is his opponent. In the campaign they speak in joint debate from the same platform. Lincoln takes the anti-slavery side, while Douglas defends his doctrine of popular sovereignty. Douglas wins the senatorship, but Lin- coln shows himself as a man of great power. In the North, the "Underground Railroad'^ is shown much sympathy. This is a network of routes along which slaves escaping to the free states were sent by night from one friendly house to another, till they reached a place of safety. F§rty-four 1858. Minnesota is admitted into the Union. 1859. John Brown makes a raid on Harpers Ferry, Va., to free the slaves there, but is captured, convicted of murder and treason and hanged. 1859. Oregon enters the union as a free state. i860. At the election of i860 the Democrats are split into a southern and northern wing. Therefore Abraham Lincoln is elected by the Republican Party, which pledges itself to shut out slavery from the territories. Thus the Democratic Party went down in defeat after having governed for sixty years with the ex- ception of two periods. This fills the people of the South with alarm. They fear that the Republican Party had the entire abolition of slavery in their minds. Therefore, 1860 South Carolina, at a convention in Charleston, votes for Secession from the United States 1861 In February, 1861, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, all slave states, also withdraw from the Union. These seven states frame a new government, take the name of the Confederate States of America, and make Montgomery, Alabama, their capital. Jeffer- son Davis, of Mississippi, is elected President. The seceded states seize the government forts and arsenals that were within their boundaries. Only Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, is held by Major Robert Anderson of the United States army. Rise of American literature: This period is also noteworthy for the rise of American literature and the appearance of cheap newspapers. Noted writers of the time from 1820-1860 are: Cooper, Bryant, Washington Irving, Whittier, Long- fellow, Holmes, Lowell, Poe, Emerson, Hawthorne, Audubon, Bankroft, Prescott, Motley. In 1828 Noah Webster publishes his famous Dictionary. In 1833 the first one-cent paper, "The New York Sun," is published. Forty-five THE CIVIL WAR. 1861-1865 1861 Abraham Lincoln, Republican, President. Lincoln attempts to send supplies to Fort Sum- ter; but the Confederate army, gathered at Charleston, bombards the fort and forces Major Anderson to surrender. April 14. With the fall of Fort Sumter the war begins. Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops. Thereupon Four more slave states withdraw from the Union : Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The western part of Virginia votes against secession and becomes a separate state, West Virginia. The Confederate capital is removed from Mont- gomery to Richmond. The first call of troops is soon followed by a second. The responses to both are so prompt, that by July I, 1861, more than one hundred and eighty thousand Union soldiers are under arms. The Union armies are stationed at various points along a line that stretched from Norfolk, Va., up the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River to Harpers Ferry, and thence across western Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. The Union forces under McDowell attempt to drive back the Confederate line in Virginia under Beau- regard, but are defeated in the battle of Bull Run, near Manassas. This battle taught the North that the war would not end in three months; that an army of raw troops was no better than a mob; that discipline was as nec- essary as patriotism. Therefore, hereafter, men are enlisted for three years or for the length of the war. George B. McClellan is appointed chief commander in the East. He organizes the Army of the Potomac during the winter of 1861-1862. Forty-six 1862 Events of the year 1862. (a) The War in the West. In January, 1862, General Thomas is sent against the Confederates' line that stretched across the southern part of Kentucky. He defeats the Confederates at Mill Springs. Commodore Foote takes Fort Henry, on the Tennessee. Ulysses S. Grant marches on Fort Donelson and forces it to surrender. In April, General Pope captures Island No. 10, in the Mississippi, and Grant beats the Confederates at Pittsburgh Landing, or Shiloh. Thereupon General Halleck forces Corinth and Memphis, on the Mis- sissippi, to surrender. Generals Grant and Sherman move now against Vicks- burg. The Confederate General Bragg rushes with an army through Tennessee and Kentucky towards Louis- ville; but after a hot fight with Buell at Perryville is forced to turn back. He goes into winter quarters at Murfreesboro. Here he is attacked by Rosecrans, defeated and forced to retreat southward. New Orleans is captured by a naval expedition under Commodore Farragut. (b) The War in the East. March 8. The Confederate boat Merrimac destroys the Union ships "Cumberland" and "Congress" in Hamp- ton Roads, but retires the next day after a fierce battle with the Monitor. Peninsular Campaign. In the spring, McClellan takes his army by water to Fort Monroe and marches on the peninsula against Richmond. He wins the bat- tle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, in which the Con- federate commander, Joseph E. Johnston, is wounded. Robert E. Lee takes command of the Confederate army and defeats McClellan in the Seven Days' Battles at Mechanicsville, near Richmond. It had been planned that McClellan should be assisted by the army of McDowell, but as "Stonewall" Jackson rushes down the Shenandoah and comes close to the city of Washington, Lincoln recalls McDowell to protect the capital. Lincoln places General Pope at the head of the Army of the Potomac. General Pope is attacked and defeated by Lee and "Stonewall" Jackson in the second battle of Bull Run. Thereupon McClellan is reinstated. Forty-seven 1863 Lee tries to invade Maryland and marches on Wash- ington, but his advance is checked by the battle at Antietam Creek (Sharpsburg). Lee recrosses the Potomac, but McClellan fails to pursue him. Mc- Clellan is again removed and General Burnside ap- pointed in his place. Burnside, on his march to Richmond, attacks Lee at Fredericksburg, but suffers decisive defeat; Decem- ber 13. The two armies go into winter quarters with the Rap- pahannock River between them. Emancipation Proclamation. President Lincoln issues a proclamation declaring* that, if the seceded States would not return into the LJnion before January i, 1863, all slaves within the Confederate lines should be free. Events of the year 1863. (a) The War in the East. On May 2, General Hooker, who had been appointed in Burnside's place, suffers defeat by Lee and Jack- son at Chancellorsville. "Stonev/all" Jackson falls in the battle. Thereupon General Meade takes com- mand of the Lfnion army. Lee again crosses the Potomac and invades Pennsyl- vania, but is defeated by Meade in the three days' battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. Lee retreats across the Potomac. (b) The War in the West. After a siege of six months Vicksburg surrenders to Grant, July 4. Port Hudson falls five days later. These victories open the Mississippi River from its source to the sea for the Union. General Morgan with a body of Confederate cavalry makes a raid through Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. September 19. Rosecrans attacks the Confederates at Chickamauga, but suffers defeat and withdraws to Chattanooga, where he is surrounded by Bragg's army. However, reinforcements under Grant, Hooker, and Sherman arrive and win the brilliant victories of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge; November 24-25. After these victories the Union conquest of the Mississippi valley is com- plete. Bragg retreats to Dalton in northwestern Georgia, where the command of his army is given to General J. E. Johnston. Forty-Eight 1864 Events of the year 1864. Grant is made general-iii-chief of the entire Union army. He takes command of the forces in the East and leaves Sherman in charge of the West. They begin their "hammering campaign." Grant moves his army into Virginia and after a series of battles in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania Court House, and at Cold Harbor, lays siege to Peters- burg, Va. Lee, seeking to divert Grant by an attack on Wash- ington, sends General Early down the Shenandoah Valley. Early makes a bold dash down the valley and comes within six miles of Washington. Grant sends General Sheridan to stop Early's attacks. Sheridan "goes in" and defeats Early at Winchester and at Cedar Creek and lays waste the whole valley. Then he returns to Petersburg to assist Grant. Sherman's March to the Sea. Sherman advances from Chattanooga to Atlanta, which he takes and burns; September 2. From here he marches to the sea, leaving a clean sweep sixty miles wide, destroying everything on his way, till he reaches Savannah. He captures Fort McAllister. Meanwhile General Thomas destroys a Confederate army under J. B. Hood at Nashville, Tenn. 1865 Events of the year 1865. Sherman moves from Savannah to South Carolina, takes Columbia, marches through North Carolina and reaches Goldsboro. Grant captures Petersburg and Richmond after a long siege; April 2. Thereupon Lee retreats to Appomat- tox Court House, where he surrenders to the Union leader; April 9. Naval Warfare. In order to cut ofif the foreign trade of the Confederate States and to prevent their get- ting supplies Lincoln, in April, 1861, declares the coast blockaded from Virginia to Texas. The block- ade proves in the main a success. However, there was considerable blockade running. Goods are brought from Great Britain to Nassau in the Bahama Islands; here they are placed on board of blockade runners and started for Wilmington, N. C, or for Charleston. The Cruisers. The Confederate cruisers "Florida," "Alabama," "Georgia," and "Shenandoah," built or purchased in Great Britain, sink many of our mer- chant vessels. The "Alabama" sails the ocean un- harmed for two years and destroys over sixty mer- chantmen. In 1864 this cruiser is found and sunk at Cherbourg, France, by the United States cruiser "Kearsage." Fortv-nine PERIOD OF RECONSTRUCTION. 1865-1869 1865 1866 1867 Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Presi- dents. April 14. Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a partisan of the South. Vice-Presi- dent Andrew Johnson takes his place. Congress passes the thirteenth amendment abol- ishing slavery in the United States. The President issues a proclamation of pardon to the people of the seceded states on condition that they would swear to ''faithfully support, protect and defend the Constitution of the Union." Congress establishes the which was to look after former slaves. the fourteenth Freedmen's Bureau, the interests of the Congress passes amendment, declaring the negro a citizen with the same civil rights as are enjoyed by white citizens ; Civil Rights Bill. Congress passes over the President's veto a Re- construction Act, which provides that the seceded states should be ruled by military gov- ernors, appointed by the President, until they agree to the conditions laid down by Congress for their re-admission into the Union. A serious quarrel arises between the President and the Congress. The President is impeached for his refusal to obey the Tenure of Ofhce Act, which provides that the President should not remove certain officials without the con- sent of the Senate. But Johnson is acquitted. 1866. Cyrus W. Field, of New York, lays the first Atlantic cable. Fifty 1869-1877 1867. The Purchase of Alaska. The United States bii}^ tlie territory of Alaska from Russia for the sum of $7,200,000. The French in Mexico. In 1861 France, England, and Spain send an armed force to Mexico to hold her sea ports until certain debts were paid. England and Spain soon withdraw, but the Emperor of France, Napoleon III, desiring to establish the French power in Mexico, overthrows the Mexican government and makes Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, the Emperor of Mexico contrary to the Monroe Doctrine. The United States protests. As soon as the Civil War is over, General Sheridan, with a large army, is sent to the Mexican frontier. The French troops are at once withdrawn. Maximilian falls into the hands of the Mexicans and is shot, 1867. Nebraska enters the Union. The government begins to pay the great Civil War debt, amounting to nearly $3,600,000,000. Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, President for two terms. The first railroad across the continent, the Union Pacific, to San Francisco, is put in operation. This railway opens the central West and the far West to an army of emi- grants. 1870. The fifteenth amendment to the Consti- tution is enacted, giving the negroes the right to vote. The reconstruction of the South is completed by admitting to Congress the representatives of all the seceded states. By 1871 all the southern states, having agreed to the conditions laid down by the Congress, had been readmitted into the Union. The "Carpet-bag" governments of the South are the cause of much trouble and ill feeling. The southern people, already impoverished by the war, are still further burdened with taxes assessed by negroes and northern adventurers, who had gone south and had made themselves political leaders of the ignorant freed men. They are determined to stop the mis- government and band together in secret societies called by such names as Knights of the White Fifty-o}ie Camelia, and the Ku-Klux-KIan. They terrorize the negroes and keep them from voting. Congress there- fore enacts the Ku-Klux-Klan Act, prescribing pun- ishment for any one convicted of hindering a negro from voting. 1871 By the Treaty of Washington, England pays the United States $15,500,000 for damage done by the ''Alabama" and other Confederate war vessels built in Great Britain during the Civil War. 1871. A conflagration destroys Chicago with a prop- erty loss of nearly $200,000,000; in 1872. Boston is visited by a great fire. 1872. New Parties. The failure of the two great parties to take up the grave industrial and financial questions causes the formation of many new parties, such as the National Labor, the Prohibition, the Liberal Republican, and the People's party. Some of their demands are enacted into laws, as the silver coinage act, the exclusion of the Chinese, the anti-contract labor and interstate commerce acts, the establish- ment of a national labor bureau, and the anti-trust act. 1872. At the election contest between General Grant and the Liberal Republican nominee Greeley, Grant is re-elected by a large majority. 1873. I^ consequence of wild speculations a great commercial crisis sets in with disastrous failures in business. 1876. The Centennial Exposition in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, celebrates the One Hundredth Year of Independence of the United States. The electric light, the first practical typewriter, and the telephone are shown as novelties. 1876. General George Custer and his entire force are killed in the war with the Sioux Indians in southern Montana. Colorado enters the Union as the Centennial State. 1877-1881 Fifty -two Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, President. 1877. The President withdraws the last of the troops of the regular army from the South. The carget-bag governments are now speedily overthrown and the negro ceases to govern. 1878. The Congress passes the Bland-Allison Act, which provides for the coinage of silver dollars, which had been dropped from the list of coins in 1873. The year 1877 is one of great financial depression ; in 1878 more business men fail than in the panic of 1873. The first great labor strike breaks out. Serious riots occur at Pittsburg with the destruction of much property. More than 150,000 railroad men and coal miners stop work. The government redeems the ''greenbacks" which had dropped in value during the Civil War, and thereby strengthens its credit. 1881-1885 James A. Garfield, Republican, President, Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President. 1881. Four months after his inauguartion Gar- field is assassinated by a disappointed ofiice- seeker, named Guiteau. The Republican Vice- President Chester A. Arthur takes his place. 1883 Congress passes the Civil Service Reform Act, which secures appointment to office on the ground of fitness and not of party service. 1883. The East River Suspension Bridge (Brooklyn Bridge) is completed. An Act suspending the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years is passed. Since then similar acts have been passed from time to time. The Edmunds Act for the suppression of polyg- amy in Utah is passed. 1884. Congress establishes the National Labor Bureau. 1885. Congress passes the Anti-Contract-Labor Act, which forbids aliens to be brought into the United States under contract to perform labor or service. This administration is marked by the immense growth and prosperity of the "New South." "Cotton is King-/' Fifty-three 1885-1889 Grover Cleveland, Democrat, President. 1886. The American Federation of Labor is organized. The President unveils the Statue of Liberty in the harbor of New York. 1886. Congress passes the Presidential Succes- sion Act. This law provides that in the event of death or dis- ability of both president or vice-president the suc- cession to the presidency should devolve upon the members of the cabinet in the following order: Sec- retary of State, Secretary of Treasury, of War, Attorney-General, etc. 1887. The ''Electoral Count Act," laying down certain rules for counting the electoral votes, is passed. The Interstate Commerce Act, regulates the charges made by all railways which pass from one state to another, and secures fair and uni- form rates both for passengers and freight. This administration is the period of the growth of great corporations, the "Trusts." The Standard Oil Company (1881), the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Bell Telephone Company are organ- ized. 1889-1893 Benjamin Harrison, Republican, President. 1889. The United States purchase Oklahoma from the Indians and open it to settlers. Montana, Washington, North Dakota and South Dakota enter the Union. 1890. Idaho and V/yoming are admitted into the Union. Wyoming is the first state in which women may vote and hold office. 1889-1890. The Pan-American Congress assem- bles at Washington to consider the questions relating to the improvement of business re- lations between all American countries. 1890. Congress passes four important laws : The New Pension Act, adding many names to the list of invalid soldiers or their widows, to whom the government pays a pension. Fifty-foi 1893-1897 The McKinley Protective Tariff Act, increas- ing the duties on some articles and reducing the duties on others. The Sherman Silver Purchase and Coinage Act, regulating the purchase and coinage of silver. The Anti-Trust Law, declaring combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade unlawful and punishable. 1891. The International Copyright Act is passed, giving to foreign authors the benefit of copy- right in the United States. 1892. In the election campaign of this year many states introduce the Australian, or secret ballot. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, President. (Sec- ond Term.) 1893. Cleveland opens the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, held to commemorate the four-hundredth anniversary of the discov- ery of America. 1893. A disastrous commercial depression leads to the repeal of the Sherman Silver Act of 1890, thereby stopping the compulsory pur- chase of silver by the government and check- ing the coining of silver dollars. 1894. Congress passes tlie Wilson Tariff Act, reducing some of the tariff rates. 1895. Cleveland sends a message to Congress warning Great Britain from encroaching upon the territory of Venezuela as contrary to the IMonroe Doctrine. 1894. A great strike breaks out among the employes of the Pullman Car Company in Chicago. 1896. Utah enters tiie Union as the forty-fifth state. The Free-Coinage Issue. The treasury having ceased to buy silver, the demand for the free coinage of silver is renewed. The Republicans in their national platform in 1896 declare against it, whereupon the delegates from the silver states leave the convention. Fifty-five 1897-1901 1898 The Democratic party demands "the free and un- limited coinage of both silver and gold at the ratio of i6 to i", that is, that out of one pound of gold should be coined as many dollars as out of sixteen pounds of silver. But many Democrats form a new party on a gold standard platform, "gold Democrats." At the election of 1896 the Republicans nominate William McKinley, the Democrats name William J. Bryan, who is also endorsed by the National Silver party. After a most exciting campaign McKinley is elected. William McKinley, Republican, President. 1S97. Cono^ress passes the Dingley High Pro- tective Tariff Bill, raising the duties even higher than they had been under the 1^/lcKinley Tariff of 1890. 1898. The charter of "Greater New York" is issued, by which Brooklyn and a number of suburban towns become parts of the City of New York, making New- York the largest city in the world, except London. THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 1895-1898. A revolution breaks out in Cuba which lasts three years. The United States protest against the cruel measures taken by Spain to quell the rebellion. The battleship Maine is sent to Cuban waters. 1898. February 15, an explosion destroys the battleship Maine in the Harbor of Havana. Thereupon Congress adopts a resolution demanding that Spain should withdraw from Cuba and author- izing the President to compel her to leave if necessary. Spain at once severs diplomatic relations. (April 19.) Congress declares war, April 25. William T. Sampson sails with a fleet to blockade Havana and other ports of Cuba. Commodore W. S. Schley organizes a flying squadron. May I. Commodore Dewey destroys a Spanish fleet in the Harbor of Manila, Philippines, and blockades the harbor. An American army, under General Meritt is sent across the Pacific to take possession of the Philippines. Fifty-six 1898-1901 Schley discovers the Spanish fleet in the Harbor of Santiago and blockades the harbor. In order to make the blockade of the harbor more cer- tain, Lieutenant Hobson sinks the collier "Merrimac" in the harbor's channel. General Shafter lands a strong force near Santiago to co-operate with the fleet in the capture of the city and the Spanish fleet. July 1-2. The Regulars and Roosevelt's "Rough Rid- ers" storm the steep heights of El Caney and San Juan, overlooking the city of Santiago. July 3. Admiral Cervera attempts to break through the blockading fleet, but Schley attacks him and destroys all of his ships. Cervera is taken prisoner. July 17. General Toral surrenders Santiago and the eastern part of Cuba. While General Miles is occupying the Island of Porto Rico, hostilities come to an end. The treaty of peace is signed in Paris, December 10 : thereby Spain withdraws from Cuba, and cedes to the United States the islands of Porto Rico and Guam and the entire group of the Philippines on payment of $20,000,000. 1898. Congress passes a resolution annexing the islands of Hawaii, which is organized as a territory in 1900. War in the Philippines. An insurrection against the authority of the United States breaks out in the Philippines and continues for three years. Finally Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, is captured and order is restored. 1898. The Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, Neb., exhibits the wonderful agricultural growth of the country west of the Mississippi. Action is taken by the Congress toward the preservation of forests and the irrigation of desert regions. 1900. The Census of 1900 shows a population of over 76,000,000. Congress passes an Act making the gold dollar the standard measure of value. The United States obtain the open door privilege in China. Fifty-seven 1901-1905 1905-1909 William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, Republicans, Presidents. 1901. AIcKinley, holding a public reception at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, is assassinated. Vice-President Roosevelt takes his place. 1902. More than 140,000 hard coal miners of Pennsylvania go out on strike. The Coal Strike Commission, appointed by Roosevelt, brings about a settlement of the strike. The United States withdraws from Cuba, which becomes an independent republic. 1902. The Panama Canal. Congress authorizes the President to buy the rights and property of the French Panama Company and to finish the Canal. In 1904 the new Republic of Panama grants by treaty the control of the necessary strip of land and the construction of the waterway is begun. 1904. The one-hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase is celebrated by an exposition held at St. Louis. Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, President. 1906. The San Francisco earthquake destroys many lives and property valued at more than $400,000,000. 1907. A great financial panic sets in and ruins many business people. 1907. Congress admits the State of Oklahoma, which was formed out of the Indian Territory. Congress passes : The Railroad Rate Bill, which gives the Inter- state Commerce Commission the power to regulate the charges of the railroads; The Pure Food and Drug Bill, which prevents the manufacture of adulterated foods, drugs, medicines and liquors; Fifty-eight The Meat Inspection Bill providing- all meat and food products to be examined by officials of the Department of Agriculture. 1909-1913 William H. Taft, Republican, President. 1909. Robert T. Peary discovers the North Pole. 1909. Congress passes the Payne Tariff Law, reducing some of the rates of the Dingley Law. 1910. The National Census shows a population of 92,000,000. 1912. New Mexico and Arizona, the last two territories, are admitted into the Union. 1913-1917 Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, President; Thomas B. Marshall, Vice-President. 1913. An extra session of Congress is called by the President to revise the tariff on Democratic lines ; the General Tariff Act. California passes a law to prevent purchase of land by the Japanese, which creates excitement and threats of war in Japan. Congress passes a law for the improvement of the monetary system of the country: the Fed- eral Reserve Act. It provides for a system of twelve reserve banks to serve as a center for the national banks, and for the issue of $500,000,000 in treasury notes to be used in case of financial troubles. Fifty-nine TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTS. 1. George Washington, Federalist, two terms, 1789-1797. 2. John Adams, Federalist, one term, 1797-1801. 3. Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, two terms. 1801-1809. 4. James Madison, Democratic-Republican, two terms, 1809-1817. 5. James Monroe, Democratic-Republican, two terms, 1817-1825. 6. John Quincy Adams, National Republican, one term, 1825-1829. 7. Andrew Jackson, Democrat, two terms, 1829-1837. 8. Martin Van Buren, Democrat, one term, 1837-1841. 9. William H. Harrison, Whig, one month, 1841. 10. John Tyler, Whig, 3 years and 11 months, 1841-1845. 11. James K. Polk, Democrat, one term, 1845-1849. 12. Zachary Taylor, Whig, 1 year and 4 months, 1849-1850. 13. Millard Fillmore, Whig, 2 years and 8 months, 1850- 1853. 14. Franklin Pierce, Democrat, one term, 1853-1857. 15. James Buchanan, Democrat, one term, 1857-1861. 16. Abraham Lincoln, Republican, one term and 1 month, 1861-1865. 17. Andrew Johnson, Republican, 3 years and 11 months, 1865-1869. 18. Ulysses S. Grant, Republican, two terms, 1869-1877. 19. Rutherford B. Hayes, Repubhcan, one term, 1877-1881. 20. James A. Garfield, Republican, six and a half months, 1881. 21. Chester A. Arthur, Republican, 3 years and 5^ months, 1881-1885. 22. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, one term, 1885-1889. 23. Benjamin Harrison, Republican, one term, 1889-1893. 24. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, one term, 1893-1897. 25. William McKinley, Republican, one term and six months, 1897-1901. 26. Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, two terms, 1901-1909. 27. William H. Taft, Republican, one term, 1909-1913. 28. Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, 1913. 3i^Py TABLE OF STATES, Date of Admission Into the Union. 1. Delaware, 1787 17. Ohio, 1803 oZ. ■) Pennsylvania, 1787 18. Louisiana, 1812 34. 3.' New Jersey, 1787 19. Indiana, 1816 35. 4. Georgia, 1788 20. Mississippi, 1817 36. 5. Connecticut, 1788 21. IlHnois, 1818 ?^1. 6. Massachusetts, 1788 22. Alabama, 1819 38. 7. Maryland, 1788 23. Maine, 1820 39. 8. So. Carolina, 1788 24. Missouri, 1821 40. 9. New Hamps're, 1788 25. Arkansas, 1836 41. 10. Virginia, 1788 26. Michigan, 1837 42. 11. New York, 1788 21. Florida, 1845 43. 12. No. Carolina, 1789 28. Texas, 1845 44. 13. Rhode Island, 1790 29. Iowa, 1846 45. 14. Vermont, 1791 30. Wisconsin, 1848 46. 15. Kentucky, 1792 31. California, 1850 47. 16. Tennessee, 1796 32. Minnesota, 1858 48. Oregon, 1859 Kansas, 1861 W. Virginia, 1863 Nevada, 1864 Nebraska, 1867 Colorado, 1876 No. Dakota, 1889 So. Dakota, 1889 Montana, 1889 Washington, 1889 Idaho, 1890 Wyoming, 1890 Utah, 1896 Oklahoma, 1907 New Mexico, 1912 Arizona, 1912 TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. To the thirteen original states were added, in the course of time, the following territories: 1. The country between the Apalachian Mountains and the Mississippi, which was conquered in the Revolutionary War, or obtained by treaty. 2. Louisiana, purchased from France in 1803 for $15,000,000, extending from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. 3. Florida, purchased from Spain in 1819 for $5,000,000. 4. Texas annexed in 1845, formerly a part of Mexico. 5. The Oregon country, annexed in 1846 by a treaty with Great Britain. 6. The territories of New Mexico and California, an- nexed' in 1848, by a treaty with Mexico, for the pay- ment of $15,000,000. 7. The southern part of Arizona and New Mexico purchased from Mexico for $10,000,000. (Gadsden Purchase, 1853.) 8. Alaska, purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. 9. The Hawaiian Islands, annexed in 1898. 10. The Philippine Islands and Porto Rico, annexed after the Spanish War, 1898, for payment of $20,000,000. Sixty-one INDEX Acadia, IS Acadians. removal of, 21 Adams, John. President. 30, 31 Adams, John Qiiincy, Pres- ident, 38 Alabama, 36 Alabama, cruiser. 49 Alaska, 51 Albany, 8, 9 Albermarle, 16 Algiers, 33 Alien and Sedition Acts, 32 Amendments to the Con- stitution. 31 Anderson. Robert. 45 Annapolis, N. S.. 20 Anti-Contract Labor Law, 53 Antietam, Battle. 48 Anti-Slavery Movement, 39 Anti-Trust Act, 55 Appomatox Court House, 49 Arizona, 42. 59 Arkansas. 40 Arnold, Benedict. 25. 27 Arthur, Chester A., Presi- dent, 53 Articles of Confederation, 29 Australian Ballot, 55 Bacon, Nathaniel, S Baltimore, Lord, 14, 15 Baltimore. City. 15, 37 Bank of the United States, 30. 39 Barry, Capt. John. 27 Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., 46 Berkeley, proprietor of N. J., 10 Bill of Rights. 30 Bonhomme Richard, 27 Boston, 11, 12, 24 Braddock. Gen. E., 21 Brandywine, Battle. 26 Brooklyn Heights. 25 Brown. John. 45 Bryan, William J.. 56 Buchanan. James. Presi- dent. 44 Bull Run. Battles. 46, 47 Bunker Hill. Battle, 25 Burgoyne, Gen John, 26 Burnside, Gen. A. E., 48 Burr, Aaron. 32 Cabot, John and Sebas- tian, 3 Calhoun, John C. 34, 39, 43 California, 42. 43 Cambridge, 11 Camden, Battle. 27, 28 Canada, 18 Cape Cod. 6. 10 Sixty-tzvo Carolina, 16 Carpetbag Government. 51 Cedar Creek. Battle. 49 Cervera, Admiral. 57 Champlain. Samuel de, 18 Chancellorsville, Battle, 48 Charleston. S. C, 16. 25, 27 Charlestown, 11 Charter Oak, 14 Chattanooga, Battle, 48 Cherry Valley Massacre, 27 Chickamauga, Battle, 48 China, trade with. 57 Chinese Immigration. 53 Chippewa. Battle, 35 Cincinnati, 33 Civil Service Reform. 53 Civil War. 46 Clark, George Rogers, 27 Clark, William. Explorer, 33 Clay, Henry. 34. 43. 44 Cleveland, 33 Cleveland, Grover, 54. 55 Clinton. Gen. Henry. 27 Cold Harbor, Battle. 49 Colonial Wars, 20 Colorado. 52 Columbia River. 33. 41 Columbus. Christopher. 3 Concord. Battle. 24 Confederate States. 45 Congress, Warship, 47 Connecticut. 14 Constitution. Frigate, 35 Constitution of U. S., 29 Continental Army. 24 Cornwallis. Gen., 26 Cortes. Hernando. 4 Cotton-gin. 32 Cowpens. Battle. 28 Creek Indians. 35 Crown Point. 21, 22. 25 Cuba. 4, 56. 58 Custer. Col. George A.. 52 Dale, Gov. Sir Thomas, 7 Davis. Jefferson, 43, 45 Declaration of Independ- ence, 25 Deerfield, attack on, 20 DeKalb, Baron. 26 Delaware, 15. 16. 17 Delaware. Lord, 7 Democratic Party, 30, 32. 38. 45 Detroit, Fort. 22, 35 Dewey, Com. George. 56 Dingley Tariff, 56 Dinwiddle. Gov Robert, 21 District of Columbia, 30. 43 Donelson. Fort. 47 Dorchester Heights. 25 Douglas, Sen. Stephen. 43 44 Drake, Francis, 5 Dred-Scott Decision, 44 Duquesne. Fort, 21. 22 Dutch in America, 8 Edmunds Act, 53 El Caney, Battle. 57 Emancipation Proclama- tion, 48 Embargo Act, 36 Era of Good Feeling, 37 Ericsson, Leif. 3 Erie Cana. 38 Express, 41 Fair Oaks. Battle. 47 Farragut, Admiral D. G.. 47 Federalists, 30, 36, 37 Federal Reserve Act, 59 Fillmore, Millard, 43 Florida, 4. 22, 37. 42 France. Explorations of, 18 Franklin, Benjamin, 25, 26 Fredericksburg, Battle, 48 Free Coinage. 55 Freedmen's Bureau, 50 Free-soil Party. 42 French and Indian War, 21 Frobisher, 5 Fugitive Slave Law, 43 Fulton, Robert, 34 Gage, General, 24, 25 Garfield, James A., Presi- dent, 53 Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, 39 Gates, Gen. Horatio, 27 General Court, 11 Georgia, 17 Germantown, Battle of, 26 Gettysburg, Battle, 48 Ghent, Treaty of, 36 Grant, Ulysses, President, 47, 48, 49, 51 Greely, Horace. 52 Greene, Gen. Nathanael. 27 Green Mountain Boys, 24 Greenville. Treaty of, 31 Guilford Court House, 28 Hail, Columbia, written, 32 Half-Moon, 8 Halleck, Gen. H. W., 47 Hamilton, Alexander, 30 Hampton Roads. Battle. 47 Harpers Ferry, 44 Harrison, Benj., President. 54 Harrison. Wm. H.. Presi- dent, 34, 41 Hartford, 13 Hartford Convention. 36 Havard College, 11 Havana, 56 Hawaiian Islands, 57 Hayes, Rutherford, 52 Hayne, Sen. Robert Y.. 39 Hennepin. Father, 19 Henry, Fort, 47 Hessians, 25 Hobson, Lieut. R. P., 57 Hooker, Gen. J.. 48 Howe, Gen. AVilliam, 25 Hudson, Henry, 8 Huguenots. 5, 16 Hull, Gen. William. 85 Huron Indians, 18 Hutchison, Anne, 11. 13 Idaho, 42, 54 Illinois, 36 Indiana, 33, 36 Indian Territory, 40 Indiana Territory, 37 Interstate Commerce Act. 54 Intolerable Acts, 24 Iowa, 42 Iroquois Indians. 18 Island No. 10, Battle, 47 Jackson, Andrew, 35, 36, 37. 38. 39. 40 Jackson, Gen. T. J. (Stonewall J.), 47 Jamestown. 7, 8 James River. 7 Japan. Treaty with. 43 Jay's Treaty. 31 Jefferson, Thomas, 25, 30, 32 Johnson, Andrew, Presi- dent, 50 Johnston, Gen. J. E.. 47, 48 Jones, John Paul. 27 Kansas, 43 Kansas-Nebraskan Act, 43 Kearney, Gen. Stephen W., 42 Kentucky, 31 King George's War, 21 King Philip's War, 12 Kings Mountain, Battle, 27 King William's War. 20 Know-nothing Party, 44 Labor Bureau, 53 Lafayette, Marquis de, 26 Lake George. Battle, 21 La Salle, Robert de, 18 Lee, Fort, 25 Lee, Gen. Robert E., 47 Leisler, Jacob, Rebellion, 9 Lexington, Ky., 31 Lexington, Mass.. Battle of, 24 Lincoln, Abraham, 44, 46, 50 Log-Cabin Campaign. 41 Long Island, Battle. 25 Lookout Mountain, Battle. 48 Louisburg, 21, 22 Louisiana, 19. 22, 32, 36 Louisiana Purchase, 32 Lundys Lane, 35 McClellan, Gen. Geo., 46 McDowell, Gen. Irvin, 46 McKinley, Wm. President, 56. 58 McKinley Tariff, 54 Madison, James. Presi- dent, 36 Magellan. 3 Maine, 12, 37, 38 Maine, Battleship, 56 Manassas, Battle, 46. 47 Manhattan Island, 9 Manila, Battle. 56 Marietta. 33 Marquette, Father, 18 Maryland, 14 Mason and Dixon Line, 15, 17 Massachusetts, 10 Mayflower, 10 Meade, Gen. Geo. G., 48 Mechanicsville, Battle, 47 Memphis, 47 Merrimac. 47 Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 56 Mexico. 4, 38, 42. 51 Mexican War, 42 Michigan. 18, 33, 40 Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 57 Mill Springs. Battle, 47 Minnesota. 45 ilinuit. Peter, 9 Missionary Ridge, 48 Mississippi, 36 Mississippi River. 18 Missouri, 37, 38 Missouri Compromise. 37, 43 Monitor, 47 Monmouth, 27 Monroe, James. President, 37 Monroe Doctrine. 38 Montana, 42, 54 Montreal, 4. 18. 20. 22 Morgan. Gen. Daniel, 48 Morris. Robert. 26 Morristown, Battle of. 26 Morse. Samuel F. B., 41 a\[urfreesboro, 47 Nassau, Fort, 8 National Convention, 40 National Republicans, 38 National Road. 34, 38 Navigation Acts. 8. 23 Navy Department. 32 Nebraska, 43, 51 Nevada. 42 New Amsterdam, 9 Newfoundland, 5 New France. 18 New Hampshire, 12 New Haven, 14 New Jersey, 9 New Mexico. 42. 59 New Netherlands. 8 New Orleans, 19. 22, 31, 36, 47 Newport, 13 New Sweden, 15 New York, 8, 9 Niagara. Fort, 22 Non -intercourse Act, 35 North Carolina. 16 North Dakota, 54 Northwest Territory, 29 Nova Scotia. 18. 20 Nullification, 39 Oglethrope, Gen. Jas., 17 Ohio. 33 Oklahoma. 54, 58 Orange, Port, 8 Oregon, 41, 45 Pacific Ocean, 4 Panama Canal, 58 Pan-American Exposition. 58 Panics, 40, 44, 52, 53, 58 Paris, Treaty of, 57 Parties. 52 Patroons, 9 Peninsular; Campaign. 47 Penn, William. 10, 15, 16 Pennsylvania. 16 Pensions. 54 Pepperell, William. 21 Perry. Com. M. C, 35 Perryville, Battle, 47 Petersburg. Battle, 49 Philadelphia, 16, 30 Philip. Indian Chief, 12 Philippines, 56. 57 Pierce. Franklin. Presi- dent, 43 Pilgrims. 10 Pitt. William. 22 Pittsburg, 22 Pittsburg Landing, Bat- tle. 47 Plattsburg, Battle, 35 Plymouth Colony, 10 Polk. James, President, 41 Pontiac's War, 22 Pope, Gen. John, 47 Porto Rico. 57 Port Royal. Nova Scotia, 18, 20 Potato. 6 Prescott, William H., 25 Presidential Succession Law. 54 Princeton. Battle. 26 Providence, 11, 12 Pure Food Act, 58 Puritans, 11, 14 Quakers. 12, 16 Quebec, 18, 20. 22 Queen Anne's War. 20 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 5 Reconstruction. 50 Republican Party, 30. 38, 44 Revolution, American, 23 Rhode Island, 13 Richmond, 40 Roosevelt, Theodore, Pres- ident, 58 Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., 47 Sixty-three St. Augustine, 5 St. Lawrence River, 4. 18 St. Marys, 14 Salem, Mass., 11 Sampson, Rear Admiral, 56 San Francisco, 58 San Juan, 57 Santa Fe, 42 Santiago, Battle near. 57 Saratoga, battle, 26 Savannah. 17, 27, 49 Schenectady, Attack on. 20 Schley, Com. Winfield S., 56 Scott, Gen. Winfleld, .35,42 Secession, 45 Seminoles. 37 Seward. Willia'- H.. 44 Shatter, Gen. Wm. R.. 57 Sharpsburg, Battle, 48 Shenandoah Valley, 49 Sheridan, Gen., Philip H., 49 Sherman, Gen. William T.. 48, 49 Sherman Act, 55 Shiloh. Battle, 47 Slaver V. 8. 37, 43 Slave Trade, 8, 34 Smith, John, 7 South Carolina. 16 South Dakota. 54 Spain, Treatv with. 31, 37 Spoils System, 39 Spottsylvania Court House, Battle, 49 Stamp Act, 23 Star-Spangled Banner, 37 Steuben, Baron, 26 Stowe. Mrs. H. B., 43 Stuyvesant, Peter, 9, 15 Sumner, Charles, 43, 44 Sumter. Fort, 45, 46 Swedes in America, 15 Taft, William H., 59 Tariff, 38, 39 Taylor, Zachary, 43 Tecumseh, 34 Telegraph, 41 Tennessee, 31 Territories of Pennsyl- vania. 15, 17 Texas, 33, 41, 42 Thomas, Gen. Geo. H., 47 Ticonderoga, 21, 22, 25 Tippecanoe, 35 Tobacco, 6 Tories. 25 Townshend Acts. 23 Trenton. Battle, 26 Tripoli. War with, 33 Tyler, .John, President, 41 Uncle Tom's Cabin, 43 Utah, 42, 55 Valley Forge, Army at, 26 Van Buren, President, 40 Venango. Fort, 21 Venezuela, 55 Vermont, 31 Vicksburg, 47. 48 Virginia. 5, 7 War of 1812. 35 Washington, George. 21. 22, 24 Washington, Fort. 25 Washington, Capital, 30, 35 Washington. State. 42. 54 Wayne. Anthony, 31 Webster, Daniel. 39. 41, 43, 44 W e b s t e r - A s h b u r ton Treaty. 41 West Point. 27. 3:1 West Virginia, 46 Whigs. 25 Whig Party, 40 White Plains, Battle. 26 Wilderness. Battle. 49 Williams, Rogers. 11, 12 Wilmington. N. C. 28 Wilson Tarife Act, 55 Wisconsin, IS, 42 Wolfe, Gen. James. 22 Wyoming, 42, 54 Wyoming Valley. Massa- cre at, 27 X. Y. Z. Affair, 32 York, Duke of 9. 10. 15 Yorktown, 28 P D G 5. Sixty-four Other Publications by the Same Author: "SELF-EDUCATOR" GERMAN ON A TRIP TO GERMANY 10 Booklets — Nos. 1-10, in File-cover $1.75 Single numbers 15 The New York "SUN" writes in an Editorial Article on October 26, 1912: "We salute witti gratitude the first number of the 'Self-Educator,' published in Scranton, Pa. Self-Education is the only kind most of us get *....* In this Scrantonian work, however, "German on a Trip to Germany," so worthy a purpose accompanies so excellent a performance, that * * " "Methode Fortschritt" ENGLISH FOR GERMANS 10 Booklets— Nos. 1-10, in File-cover ,...$1.75 Single numbers 15 Self-Educator Publishing Company SCRANTON, PA. SCRANTON TIMES PniNTERV f%Pi K^ c f, ^__ />?^^^. ^%rC. .f-^ ... '^- "^ ^^ ..--^ ^■*' ^. 'V/ o V- \% vf- /T/^''. -r v>* u y,'X^:.^'^^. ,.^.^>^'.% //'i:^'>^ ■<' . < > , s * '^ / rSEP 7 5 ^c.'i^^ I j;^ST.JiUGUSTINE FLA. 32084 .<:^ <>..