T<^ SB 761 .F4 Qq I University of the State of New York BULLETIN or THE New York State Museum Frederick J. H. Merrill, Director VOL. 6, No. 27. May 1899 SHADK TREK F»ESXS IN NEW YORK STATE By EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc. State Entomoloo-ist ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 Mssm-Mygg-sooo Pricc 5 cents University of the State of New York REGENTS YEAR 1874 Anson Judd Upson, D. D. LL. D. L. H. D. Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 William Croswell Doane, D. D. LL. D. Vice- Chancellor, Albany 1873 Martin L Townsend, M.A. LL.D. _ _ _ Troy 1877 Chauncev M. Depew, LL. D, _ _ _ New York 1877 Charles E. Fitch, LL. B. M. A. L. H. D. - Rochester 1877 Orris H. Warren, D. D. - - - - Syracuse 1878 Whitelaw Reid, LL. D. - - - - - New York 1 88 1 William H. Watson, M. A. M. D. - - Utica 1 88 1 Henry E, Turner _-_-__ Lowville 1883 St Clair McKelwav, LL. D. L. H. D. D. C. L. Brooklyn 1885 Hamilton Harris, Ph. D. LL. D. - - - Albany 1885 Daniel Beach, Ph. D. LL. D, - - - Watkins 1888 Carroll E. Smith, LL. D. _ _ _ _ Syracuse 1890 Pliny T. Sexton, LL. D. - - - - Palmyra 1890 T. Guilford Smith, M. A. C. E. - - - Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson, B. A. M. D. _ _ _ New York 1894 Sylvester M alone ______ Brooklyn 1895 Albert Vander Veer, M. D. Ph. D. - - Albany 1895 Charles R. Skinner, LL. D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 Chester S. Lord, M. A. - - - - - Brooklyn 1897 Timothy L. Woodruff, M. A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1899 Theodore Roosevelt, B. A. Governor, ex officio 1899 John- T. McDonough, LL. B. Secretary of State, ex officio SECRETARY Melvil Dewey, M. A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1890 James Russell Parsons jr, M. A. College andHigh school depots 1888 Melvil Dewey, M. A. State library and Home Education 1890 Frederick J. H. Merrill, Ph. D. State tnuseum University of the State of New York BULLETIN OF THE New York State Museum Frederick J. H. Merrill, Director VOL. 6 No. 27 ^ May 1899 SHADK TREK RESXS IN NEW YORK STATE By EPHRAIM PORTER f'ELT, D. Sc. State Entomologist ALBANY university of the state of new YORK 1899 CONTENTS PAGE Introductory 41 Injuries to trees 41 Object of bulletin 41 White marked tussock moth, Notolophiis leucostigma 41 Characteristics 42 Life history 43 Remedies 43 Elm leaf beetle, Galenicella hiteola 44 Characteristics 44 Remedies 45 Elm bark louse, Gossyparia iilmi 46 Characteristics 46 Remedies 46 Tent caterpillars, Clisiocampa disstria : Clisioca/ipa amcricana 46 Characteristics 47 Life history 47 Remedies 47 Fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea 48 Remedies 49 Borers in trunk and limbs 49 Indications of attack 49 Elm and maple borers 49 Pigeon Tremex 50 Leopard moth 50 Remedies . . 51 Cottony maple tree scale insect, Piilvinaria innumerabilis 52 Remedies 52 Value of our native birds , 52 Spraying trees 53 Rules for spraying 53 Proper apparatus 54 Arsenical compounds 55 Contact insecticides 56 Explanation of plates 57 Index 59 SHADE TREE PESTS IN NEW YORK STATE The annual depredations of the white marked tussock moth, the severe injuries inflicted by the forest tent caterpillar not only on forest trees and sugar orchards but also on shade trees, the insidious work of wood and bark borers and the extreme destructiveness of the elm leaf beetle, have all combined to emphasize the vital importance of protecting shade trees in the cities and villages of this state. Injuries to trees. Some idea of the destructive powers of shade tree pests may be gamed by examining their past history. Albany and Troy have each lost over a thousand magnificent trees in the last five years through the work of the elm leaf beetle and its associates. The ehns were not only defoliated once, but a second crop of leaves was frequently stripped from the trees, thus causing speedy death. About nine years ago thousands of trees were killed in Brooklyn, N. Y., by the maple tree scale insect, and last year it was so abundant as to inflict much damage in many localities. The white marked tussock moth yearly defoliates many valuable trees, iu spite of the fact that a few well directed efforts would keep it in check. In most cases no effort is made to control the outbreak of an insect till it has about passed the remedial stage. That is, the insect has nearly completed its growth and therefore can not be poisoned through its food, or else the fohage is so completely devoured that there is very little to poison. Those interested in the wel- fare of trees, should be posted in regard to their principal insect enemies and be prepared to give their trees adequate protection. Object of bulletin. The aim of this bulletin is to present in con- cise form the characteristics of the more destructive species attacking our principal shade trees, both through descriptions and figures, and to indicate methods of controlling them. If the insect does not agree with any of those described in the following pages, examples should be sub- mitted to the state entomologist and the proper method of controlling it learned. In case of a very severe attack, it would probably be wiser to fight on general principles and ascertain more in regard to it later, for a host of caterpillars can cause irreparable damage in a few days if left alone. It is much easier to control insects than to subdue them after they have obtained a good start. WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH Notolophiis leucostigma Sm. and Abb. This species feeds readily on elm and maple leaves, displaying a special preference for those of horse chestnut and linden, and frequently does considerable damage. Last year it was a scourge in some cities of this state. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Characteristics. The caterpillar has a coral red head, a pair of long black i)lumes just over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four delicate yellowish or white brush-like tufts on the back, and just behind them, separated only by a segment, two small, retractile, red elevations. Along the back, except for the tubercles and tufts, there is a broad black band bordered by yellowish tubercles. A black line indicates the position of the spiracles or breathing pores, and below this latter line it is yellow, the legs being paler (fig. i, a). This gives the OMEIOeMAN S.C Fig. I White marked tussock moth, a, larva; /;, female pupa; r, male pupa; and the white, usually legless, somewhat flattened grubs may be seen ly- ing in their bur- ^'^ *•• P'Seon Tremex; «, larva showing: the Thalessa larva fastened , to its side; b, head of larva; c, pupa of female; d, male pupa; *-'^^^* e, adult female— all slightly enlarged. Elm and maple borers. The parent of the maple tree borer, Plagionotiis speciosus Say, is a handsome black beetle with yellow mark- ings and is represented on plate 3, figure i. The adult of the more common of the elm tree borers, Saperda tridentata Oliv., is a slaty colored beetle with dull reddish markings and is represented on plate 3, figure 2. The thick fleshy grubs of several curculios or weevils are sometimes found in numbers just beneath the bark of elms and occasion- ally cause considerable injury. so NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pigeon Tremex. The larva of another insect known as the pigeon Tremex, Tremex colinnba Linn., or horn tail, runs large burrows through the wood of elms and other trees, specially those which have been weak- ened by the attack of some other insect. Its various stages are repre- Fig. 7 Leopard moth : a, /), dorsal and lateral aspects of caterpillar ; <., d, male and female moths ; e, burrow of caterpillar (after Pike). sented in figure 6. The female is a magnificent brown insect with yellowish markings and is occasionally found attached to a tree by its inserted ovipositor. Leopard moth. In the vicinity of New York city there is another borer very injurious to elms and maples. It is the caterpillar of the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Fabr., a species which has recently made its way to our shores and is proving a serious pest. This insect and its work may be recognized by the accompanying illustration, the molh being white marked with black. SHADE TREE PESTS 51 Remedies. One of the best preventives of borers is to maintain the trees in a flourishing condition. The prompt removal and destruction, in order that no insects may escape to propagate their kind, of infested trees or limbs will do much to keep these pests under control, and in the case of those suffering from a severe attack, is almost the only remedy. The handsome beetles of the maple tree borer are abroad during June, July and August, their eggs being deposited the latter two months. The adults of the elm borer may be found during May and June, the eggs being laid the latter month. If the attack has not proceeded too far and the trees are of sufficient value, a considerable degree of protection will probably be obtained by coating the trunk of the maple and the trunk and larger limbs of the elm with a solution of soft soap and carbolic acid during the period these beetles deposit eggs, thus prevent- ing further infestation. This solution may be applied either as a spray or with brushes and should be renewed as often as washed off by rains during the period of oviposition. In the case of more valuable trees, specially those infested with the fleshy grubs of curculios or weevils, it may pay in some instances to shave away the bark over the infested portions, till living tissues are reached, and kill the borers by the application of kero- sene emulsion, and then protect the treated areas from drying by applying a coating of some thick, adhesive substance, e. g. a mixture of cow dung and lime, grafting wax or other substance. Experiments conducted in France have shown that much more of the bark may be removed, even strips two inches wide, and the trees not only recovered but the borers were killed by the vigorous growth made in the effort to heal the wounds. In case of very severe attacks, this would certainly be worth trying. The best results would probably be obtained if the operation was per- formed in the spring. The pigeon Tremex works so deeply in the wood, that little can be done to arrest its attack, but fortunately it infests only sickly trees, as a rule, and therefore simply aids in the final destruction of a tree. Serious injury by the leopard moth can only be prevented, in regions where it occurs, by constant watchfulness. Indications of its presence should lead to immediate examination and the digging out of the borer or the destruction of the infested limb. Some of the more valuable trees in the parks of New York city are protected from this pest by kill- ing the caterpillars in their burrows with a wire and when this is not pos- sible, resort is had to carbon bisulfid, which is injected into the burrow by the aid of a long nosed oil can and the opening is then closed with putty. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM COTTONY MAPLE TREE SCALE INSECT Pulvinaria imiumerabilis Rathv, Maples and occasionally elms suffer severely at times from the attacks of this scale insect. A few full grown individuals are represented in the accompanying figure. The in'-ect may be recog- nized by its brownish scale at one end of a large white cottony mass. In bad attacks, the insects may form festoons along the under side of the smaller limbs. Remedies. Like the elm bark louse this species obtains its food by suction from the underlying tissues and therefore can not be poisoned. The cottony mass covering the body of the female protects her from contact insecticides, conse- quently little can be done till the unprotected young appear in July, when spraying with kero- sene emulsion or whale oil soap solution will be found most effective. VALUE OF OUR NATIVE BIRDS The valuable services rendered by our native birds should be more generally recognized. It is a matter of record that after the introduction of the English sparrow, most of our native birds were driven from the cities and that the tus- sock moth caterpillars, previously hardly noticed as pests, became destructive. It is very true that prior to the intro- duction of the English sparrow, a measuring worm had been a pest in various cities, but this is an additional proof of the effect birds may have upon insect life. In the same way there are a number of birds known to j^rey on the tent caterpillars and were these friends of man accorded the protection and encouragement they deserve, instead of being hunted and driven away, it is very probable that the ravages of these pests would be much less severe than at present. Robins, orioles, chipping sparrows, cat birds, cuckoos, the red eyed, white eyed and warbling vireos, cedar birds and nuthatches have been observed feeding on forest tent caterpillars by Miss Soule. " The nuthatches would stand by a patch of larvae lying close together below a tar band on a tree and eat so voraciously and with such an entire abandonment of self- consciousness that I could go close and put my hand on them before they would fly. This experience was repeated several times." « The Fig. 8 Cottony maple tree scale insect. «Weed, C. M. New Hampshire agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 64. April 18 (cites and quotes Miss Soule) SHADE TREE PESTS 53 value of birds in keeping other pests under control is also strikingly shown in the experiment conducted by Mr E. H. Forbush, ornithologist of the Massachusetts board of agriculture. In a typical orchard at Medford, Mass., a little trouble was taken to attract the native birds, the nests of the English or house sparrow being destroyed. The results were greatly in favor of protecting our indigenous forms. In the neigh- boring orchards it was evident that canker worms and tent caterpillars were very numerous, but in the orchard in question, the trees were seriously injured in only one or two instances, though no attempt was made to control the insects by spraying or other artificial means. Our native birds are undoubtedly of great value and will richly repay any slight effort that may be made for the purpose of attracting them to a locality. Winter birds may be induced to remain in a neighborhood by hanging in the trees pieces of meat or partially picked bones, and will spend much time in searching out and devouring numerous insects and their eggs, relying on the meat only when conditions are unfavorable for obtaining insect foot. Migratory birds may be induced to remain in larger numbers in a locality by providing them with suitable nesting places and materials, and by protecting them from cats and cruel bo)s. Thickets in the vicinity will afford shelter for ceitain species and if a few mulberry trees are set out, their fruit will serve to protect cherries, as the birds are said to eat the mulberries by preference. Most of these suggestions are taken from a very practical paper by Mr Forbush. SPRAYING TREES Though it is rather costly to spray trees in a thorough manner, in the case of the elm leaf beetle at least, it is much more satisfactory than any other method of fighting the pest and possesses the additional advantage of also controlling other leaf feeding species. Rules for spraying. Apply the poisonous mixture at the time the insects begin to feed and on the part of the tree eaten. To control the elm leaf beetle it is best to spray once after the leaves have partly unfolded in order to kill the beetles before they can deposit many eggs, and a second time early in June for the purpose of destroying the grubs hatching from eggs laid by stray beetles. The second spraying must be on the under surface of the leaves because the grubs eat only the more tender under portions. They grow so rapidly and their development is affected to so great an extent by local conditions that the proper time for treatment must be determined largely by observation. If the eggs of the white marked tussock moth have not been removed,' as advised on a preceding page, the caterpillars can be destroyed by spraying the latter 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM part of May or early in June, and, as in the case of the ehii leaf beetle, it is advisable to throw the poison on the under surface of the leaves, since the very young caterpillars rarely break the upper epidermis. The same treatment is also very effective in the case of tent caterpillars, and in each case will be found valuable in proportion to its thoroughness. The aim of the operator should be to cover every leaf evenly with a mist like coating of the poisonous mixture. Spray till the leaves begin to drip but no more. Proper apparatus. In order to do this work successfully one must possess a force pump capable of throwing a stream some distance, a number of feet of hose and a nozzle which will discharge a rather fine spray. There must also be something to hold the poisonous mixture, while a ladder facilitates the work greatly. One of the best arrangements for hand work is most probably found in the spraying outfit mounted on wheels, so that it can be readily moved from place to place (plate 4). In most cases this takes the form of a box or barrel to which a force pump is firmly attached, and either provided with wheels or else designed to be placed in a wagon. In spraying tall trees 25 to 50 or more feet of | or | inch hose should be provided, while the addition of a brass or iron and brass extension 10 to 25 feet long adds materially to the value of the apparatus. It is also necessary to have a good nozzle which will not clog, but will produce a fine spray and which can be quickly adjusted to throw a coarse spray some distance if necessary. Such an outfit is of great service to any individual having con- siderable spraying to be done and undoubtedly it could be used to advantage by those desiring to make a business of spraying in a small way, as for example the treating of trees here and there for those in cities desiring their trees sprayed and not willing to purchase the necessary apparatus. In the extended work against this insect conducted by cities and villages, it is desirable to have apparatus that will admit of more rapid work. This has led to the refitting of retired fire engines and the design- ing of more or less cumbersome outfits for this purpose. In all cases these makeshifts have been successful, though they are not so satisfactory in operation as those specially fitted for the purpose. Probably the best apparatus yet designed for spraying trees is that constructed under the direction of Dr E. B. Southwick, entomologist of the depart- ment of public parks of the city of New York, which is the form used in Albany. The whole outfit is represented in plate 5. It consists of a " Daimler" gasoline motor operating a Gould force pump — the motor and pump weighing but 300 pounds can be placed in the SHADE TREE PESTS 55 bottom of a spring wagon along with the loo-gallon tank containing the poisonous mixture. This motor has the advantage of being almost noise- less in operation and is scarcely noticed by passing horses. It is very inexpensive to operate, as a gallon of gasoline is sufficient for a day and it requires little attention. The smallest size Gould 3-piston pump is the one used with the motor, though Dr Southwick now recommends a larger one in order to utilize the power more fully. This apparatus, with the tank, 400 ft of f in. rubber hose and other necessary fittings, can be bought for $475. Other engines and pumps could undoubtedly be used and would give good results. This power can easily supply four lines of hose, though in Albany not more than two can be used to advantage in most places. Mr P. C. Lewis, of Catskill, N. Y., who was in charge of the spraying in Albany in 1898, had several interesting devices for saving time and increasing the efficiency of the work. He designed a modified steplad- der, about 16 feet high with platforms for two men and on two of its legs there are small wheels which permit ready removal from place to place. It is so constructed that it can be folded up and drawn behind the wagon when some distance is to be traversed. He also had in con- stant use a metal extension 25 feet long. The lower portion is composed of larger tubing, thus making it stififer and at the same time rendering it easier to handle because the greater part of the weight is near the operator. This extremely long extension is suspended by a rope from the top of the modified stepladder in such a manner that the man has only to guide the stream. This arrangement does away with all climbing, as it was found impracticable to attempt to reach the tops of the taller trees. In many instances the huge steps could be placed in the middle of the street and the trees on both sides sprayed either from the steps or from the ground. Arsenical compounds. These are effective against insects which devour portions of a plant and of value only when placed where they will be eaten. The following formulae are recommended: Paris green i pound Quicklime i pound Water 1 00-300 gallons London purple i pound Quicklime 2-3 pounds Water 100-300 gallons The more common proportion is at the rate of i pound of the poison to 150 gallons of water, and less should be used on the more tender foliage hke that of the peach or there may be serious injury. For the 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM elm leaf beetle, use i pound of the poison to loo gallons of water. The addition of lime is not necessary, specially with paris green, but is a wise precaution as it neutralizes any free arsenic acid and thus prevents burning of the foUage. Another substance which has received high praise and may come into general use after its good qualities become better known, is the arsenate of lead. The value of this compound as an insecticide has been brought out by numerous experiments, made in the extensive work against the gypsy moth. One advantage is that it can be applied in very large quantities without injuring the foliage. When properly prepared, it remains for some time suspended in the water, imparting a milky color, and also adheres to the leaves much longer than either paris green or london purple, and it promises to be of special value against the elm leaf beetle on this account. Its whiteness is another advantage, because of which, it is readily detected upon green foliage. In order to obtain the best results, the poison should be prepared just before using, by dissolving ii ounces of acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in 4 quarts of water in a wooden pail, and 4 ounces of arsenate of soda (5°%) ^" 2 quarts of water in another wooden pail. As the acetate or sugar of lead dissolves rather slowly in cold water, the process can be hastened by using warm water. The resulting solutions should then be poured into the spraying tank containing enough water to give the desired proportions. In most cases this will mean turning them into 100 or 150 gallons of water, or but 80 gallons of water when spraying for the elm leaf beetles, though some recommend a larger proportion of the poison, and the same amounts to 100 gallons will kill the grubs. Contact insecticides. These are substances which kill insects by contact and affect only those individuals touched. They are used against the elm bark louse, the woolly scale of the maple and other suck- ing insects Kerosene emulsion is one of the principal contact insecticides and is prepared by dissolving ^ pound of hard soap in i gallon of boiling water and while it is still hot add 2 gallons of kerosene and emulsity by passing it rapidly through a force pump and back into the vessel till it assumes a creamy consistency and oil does not rise to the surface. Dilute with 9 to 15 parts of water and spray the young hce as they appear in the summer. In limestone regions where hard water is the rule, better results will probably be obtained by using the sour milk emulsion, which is composed of 2 gallons of kerosene and i gallon of sour milk emulsified by churning or passing through a pump. A mechanical mixture of the two may be used, if desired, with machines SHADE TREE PESTS 57 now on the market for that purpose. Or a solution of i pound of whale oil soap to 4 gallons of water will be found effective. In the use of any of these compounds, thoroughness is of first importance. They may be sprayed on the insects, applied with brushes or in any other way that is convenient, provided the tree is not subjected to such drenching that the insecticide used will collect around the trunk and cause serious injury. EXPLANATION OF PI^4TES Plate I Fig. I Elm leaves showing eggs and work of young larvae. Fig. 2 Elm leaf beetle (x2). Fig. 3 Vertical and lateral view of eggs, very much enlarged. Fig. 4 Young larva, very much enlarged. Fig. 5 Full grown larva (X5). Plate 2 Fig. I Leaf showing holes eaten by elm leaf beetle. Fig. 2 Leaf skeletonized by elm leaf beetle grubs. Fig. 3 Females of elm bark louse, slightly enlarged. Plate 3 Fig. I Maple tree borer, Plagionotiis speciosus. Fig. 2 Elm borer, Saperda trideiitata. Fig. 3 Work of elm borers, Saperda and N'eoclyfiis. Plate 4 Hand spraying outfit in operation. Plate 5 Power spraying outfit in operation. iMate 1 Elm leaf Beetle (After Howard [Division Entomology]. U. S. Department agriculture. Year book, lS9a) Plate 2 Fii:;. 3 Females of elm bark lonse (slightly enlarged) "i^^m Fig. 1 Leaf showing holes eaten bv elm leaf beetle Fig. 2 Work of elm leaf beetle larvae Plato Via. 11 Klni Tree liorer Flis. 1 Manle tree borer Fiji'. 3 Work ot borers Plate 4 Hand spraying outfit in operation INDEX The superior figures toll the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 22^ means page 22, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Apple ti-ee tent caterpillar, 46°. aniericana, Clisiocaiupa, 4G\ Bark borers, 41'. Birds, native, value of, 52'-53''. Borers in trunk and limbs, 49=. Canker worms controlled by birds, 53=, Clisiocampa aniericana, 4G'. dlsstria, 46*. columba. Tremex, 50\ cunea, Ilyphantria, 48M9\ Curculios, grults of, 49^ 51'. disstria, Clisiocampa, 46', Elm, insects injuring; bark louse, 46'; borer, 49"; leaf beetle, 44'; leopard moth, 50'; pigeon Tremex, 50'; cottony maple tree scale in- sect, 52'; white marked tussock moth, 41^ Elm bark louse, 46'. Elm borer, 49», 51^ Elm leaf beetle, 4V, 44-45'*, 46', 5.'}', 56'. Fall web worm, 48^-49'. Figures of; apple tree tent caterpillar, 47 , 48^ borers, work of, plate 3, fig. 3. elm bark louse, plate 2, fig. 3. elm leaf beetle, plate 1, plate 2, fig. 1, 2. forest tent caterpillar, 47=, 4S=. hand spraying outfit, plate 4. Figures of, (continued) leopard moth, 50=. n)aple tree scale, cottony, 52=. pigeon Tremex, 49=. liower spraying outfit, plale 5. white marked tussock motli, 42'. Galerucella luteola, 44=-45l Gossypnria ulmi, 46'. <;yi)sy iiiotli. 56^ Horse chestnut, white marked tus- sock moth injuring, 4P. Ilypliantria cunea, 48'-49'. innumerabilis, I'uhinaria, .52'. Leopard moth, 50"-51". leucostigma, Notolophus, 41''-44=. Linden, white marked tussock motli injuring, 41'-'. luteola, Galerucella, 44=-45\ Maple, Avhite marked tussock molli injuring. 41"; tentcaterpillnrs. If.-'; boi-er, 49'; leopard moth, 50^ Maple tree borer, 49^ 51^ Maple tree scale, cottony, 41*, 52'. Notolophus leucostigma, 41'-44=. Pigeon Tremex, 50', r,V. Plngionotus speciosus, 49'. pyrina. Zeuzera, 50". Pulvinai-ia iiinunieral)ilis, 52'. Remedies and preventives; arsenical compounds, spraying with, 45^ 47^ 56=. bands of cotton, 43^ 48'. 6o INDEX Remedies and preventives [continued) brushing from tree, 48'. carbon bisulfid, 51'. destroying egg masses, 43°, 43'- 44'. destroying infested trees, 51^ digging out borers, 5F. jarring from trees, 48'. kerosene emulsion, 48°, 52*, 56". killing borers with wire, 51'. london purple, 55'. maintaining vitality, 51'. paris green, 55'. plugging trees with sulfur, 45'. removing portions of bark, 51°. shaving bark and using kero- sene emulsion, 51°. soft soap and carbolic acid wash, 51*. sticky bands, 45^ 48'. torch, driving caterpillars from trees with, 48". whale oil soap, 57'. See also Spraying trees. Remedies and preventives for; borers, 51-. elm bark louse, 4G'. elm leaf beetle, 45^ 53', 56'. fall web worm, 49'. maple ti'ee scale, cottony, 52'. Remedies, etc. (continued) tent caterpillars, 47', 54^ tussock moth, white marked, 43', 48°, 53'. See c?so Spray- ing trees. Saperda tridentata, 49'. speciosus, Plagionotus, 49*. Spraying trees, apparatus, 54'-55'; arsenical compounds, formulas for, 55'-5G''; contact insecticides, formulas for, 5G''-57-; rules for, 53°-54'. Tent caterpillar, apple tree, 4G'. Tent caterpillar, forest, 41', 4G'. Tent caterpillars, 4G^-48'; controlled by birds, 53-; susceptible to arsenical poisons, 54'. Tremex columba, 50'. tridentata, Saperda, 49'. Tussock moth, white marked, 41', 41\ 41«-44^ 48=. ulmi, Gossyparia, 4G'. Weevils, grubs of, 49', 51°. White marked tussock moth, see Tussock moth. Wood borers, 41'. Zeuzera pyrina, 50'-51'. University of the State of New York New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Museum reports. New York state museum. Annual report, 1847 — date. O. Albany 1848 — date. Average 300 pages a year. Price for all now in print to 1892, 50 cents a volume; 75 cents in cloth ; 1892— date, 75 cents cloth Museum bulletins. New York state museum. Bulletins, v. i-6, O. Albany 1887 — date. Ft'ice to advance subscribers, 75 cents a volume. Volume 1. tnos. Price %\ in cloth. Bulletins of this volume are paged independently. 1 Marshall, W: B. Preliminary list of New York unionidae. igp. March 1892. Price 5 cents. 2 Peck, C : H. Contributions to the botany of the state of New York. 66p. 2 pi. May 1887. Price [35] cents. 3 Smock, J: C. Building stone in the state of New York. iS2p. March 1888. Out of print. 4 Nason, F. L. Some New York minerals and their localities, igp. 1 pi. Aug. 1888. Price 5 cents. 5 Lintner, J. A. White grub of the May beetle. 3ip. il. Nov. 1888. Price 10 cents. 6 Cut worms. 36p. il. Nov. 1888. Price 10 cents. Volume 2. a, nos. Price %i in cloth. 7 Smock, J : C. First report on the iron mines and iron ore districts in N. Y. 5 + 7op. map 58 x60 cm. June 1889. Price 20 cents. 8 Peck, C: H. Boleti of the U.S. 96p. Sep. 1889. Price [40] cents. 9 Marshall, W : B. Beaks of unionidae inhabiting the vicinity of Albany, N. Y. 23P, i pi. Aug. 1890. 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Road materials and road building in New York. 52p. 2 maps 34x44, 68x92 cm. 14 pi, Oct. 1897. Price 15 cents. 18 Beauchamp, \V : M. Polished stone articles used by the New York aborigines. io4p. 35 pi. Nov. 1897. Price 25 cents. 19 Merrill, F: J. H. Guide to the study of the geological collections of the N. Y. state museum. i62p. 119 pi, i map 33X43 cm. Sep. 1898. Pfice 40 cents. r LIBRARY OF CONGRESS III 002 813 874 P University of the State of New York Volume 5 20 Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf beetle. 46p. 5 pi. June 1898. Price 5 cents. 21 Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid region. 24p. i map 33X34 cm. I pi. Sep. 1898. Price t^ cents. 22 Beauchamp, W: M. Earthenware of the New York aborigines. 78p. 33 pi. Oct. 1898. Price 25 cents. 23 Felt, E. P. i4threportof the state entomologist, 1898. 150P. gpl. Dec. 1898. Price 20 cents. 24 Memorial of the life and entomologic work of J. A. Lintner. /;/ fress. 25 Peck, C: H. Report of the state botanist, 1898. Ingress. A'oluiue 6 26 Felt, E. P. Collection, preservation and distribution of N. Y. insects. 36p. Ap. 1899. Price 5 cents. — Shade tree pests in New York state. 26p. 5 pi. May 1899. 27 28 Price 5 ceJits. Peck, C: H. Plants of North Elba. In press. Miller, G S., jr. New York mammals. Iti press. Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal occupation of New York. In prepa- ratiofi. Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian system of eastern Montgomery county ; Prosser, C: S. Notes on the stratigraphy of the Mohawk valley and Saratoga county, N. Y. Iti preparation. Economic map. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and geologic map of the state of New York. 59x67 cm. 1894. Price, unmounted 25 cents, backed on muslin 75 cents. Scale 14 miles to i inch. New edition in preparation. Reports of the state entomologist "■ No. Year Pages Figures Plates Price I -^1882 406 84 50c. 2 ^1885 280 68 30c. 3 1886 76 Out of print 4 1887 236 68 Out of print 5 1888 2C6 50 25c. 6 1889 108 25 15c. 7 1890 210 40 20c. 8 1891 224 53 25c. 9 1892 212 34 25c. 1893 25 Sc. ID 1894 304 24 4 35c. II 189s 246 25 16 25c. 12 1896 246 10 15 250. ^3 1897 64 3 2 IOC. ^14 1898 150 20 9 20c. rt Other publications of the state entomologist have been issued as bulletins of the state museum, see Museum bulletins s, 6, 13, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27. ^ Dates of publication. c Museum bulletin 23.