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'^ •.^ <#- f^' 'K<. -■o K V' V s '•^ .S^ ^ "v < 1 « "^ l>, • -1 ^ ' * * ' ^ '^^^, : '•'<<• 'i^' < <= 1 ^/ ^ .x-^'^ .^^ '^< -oo^ :„ -^^-^^ •> '* .;r; '• ..0 ^^' ' v^N^ .•^^ X^ ' -^^^ X - c^' .C, '^' X, i?^ V V ^/>. ^:-^.. >% .^ -r^ rP y ■>•(>> -^- Jt,^'^^^oxJ -^ ■;V' ,X^ ^/^. ,0 o. ^.^:^^^^N^ ^ ^r^ ^^•-.,'3/= -,.^.:.. v.ll-«t ■N^'" ^/""t^s •/ b' O :^' ,^-:^ '^^z ^A ■^ ' " / C .n\ *^.;* /r. _ - . c^^ ''/T^'^''*^ ^ OvV ^^:5 -c^ '^.^T^K^ .= \^ "^ ssfe^/'^N) o*^ '>- o ^-" 'ci- ^^■ .^' '^ v^ ^A K MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS POWERS, DEVICES AND APPLIANCES Used in Constructive and Operative Machinery and the Mechanical Arts FOR THE USE OF INVENTORS, MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN AND ALL OTHERS INTERESTeB IN ANY WAY IN MECHANICS BY V« ^^ GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. AUTHOR OF "Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Vapor Engines" Illustrated by Sixteen Hundred and Forty=Nine Engravings ESPECIALLY MADE FOR THIS BOOK SEVENTH EDITION NEW YORK NORMAN W. HENLEY & COIMPANY 132 Nassau Street 1901 Copyrighted, 1899, BY NORMAN W. HBNLEY & CO. By Transfer R^clamaiion Bureau OCT 2 1 1938 Macgowan & Slipper printers 30 BEEKMAN ST., NEW YORK, N. Y, / I /^ LLlI (J ^ ^ PREFACE rr The need for an iliuatrated and condensed work of reference for the inventor, the mechanical student, the artisan, and the workingman with the ambition of an inquiring mind, has become not only apparent to teachers of mechanics, but a real want among all who are interested in mechanical thought and work. It is an interest the growth of which has been greatly encouraged by the rapid development of the inventive and mechanical arts during the past half century. The increasing inquiries from inventors and mechanics in regard to the principles and facts in constructive and operative mechanics have induced the author to gather such illustrations as have been found available on the subject of mechanical motions, devices, and appliances, and to place them in a form for ready reference with only sufficie7it text to explain the general principles of construction and operation, and as a partial exhibit of the mechanical forms in general use, with a view to place the largest amouiit of illustrated information within the limited means of the humblest seeker after mechanical knowledge. The field of illustrated- mechanics seems almost unlimited, and with the present effort the author has endeavored partially to fill a void and thus to help the inquirer in ideal and practical mechanics, in the true line of research. Mechanical details can best be presented to the mind by diagrams or illustrated forms, and this has been generally acknowledged to be the quickest and most satisfactory method of conveying the exact con- ditio7is of mechanical action and construction. Pictures convey to the inquiring mind by instantaneous compari- so?i what detailed description by its successive presentation of ideas and relational facts fails to do ; hence a work f?iat appeals directly to the eye with illustrations atid short attached descriptions^ it is hoped, will become the mea7is of an acceptable form of mechanical education that appeals to modern wants for the encouragement of inventive thought, through the study of illustrations and descriptions of the leading k7iown principles and facts in constructive art. The designiiig of the details of mechanical motion, devices, and applia7ices for specific purposes is an endless theme in the constructive mind, and if we may be allowed to judge from the vast number of applications for pate?tts, of which there have beeii over a million in the United States alone, and of which over six hundred thousand have been granted ift consideration of their Jtovelty and utility, the run of mechanical thought seems to have become a vast river in the progress of modem civilization. To bring into illustrated detail all the known forms and elements of construction is 7iot within the limit of a huma7i life ; but to explore the borders of inve7itive design through the W07-ks that have passed into record has been the principal aim of the author of this book. May, i8gg. GARDNER D. HISCOX, Bureau of Reclamacion Washington Office, Engineeitag Piles. CONTENTS. SECTION I. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. Weight, Resolution of Forces, Pressures, Levers, Pulleys, Tackle. The Resolution of Suspension — Lever Paradox — The Lever and Its Power — The Inclined Plane — The Wedge — The Screw — Worm Gear or Endless Screw — Chinese Wheel — Tackle Blocks — Chinese Windlass — Chinese Shaft Derrick — Compound Weight Motor — Rope Twist Lever — Spanish Windlass — Rope Grip Hook — Guy Rope Clip and Thimble — Rope End — Hemp Rope End. . . 15 to 26 SECTION II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear. Alternating Circular Motion — Circular Motion — Eccentric Crank — Capstan, or Vertical Windlass — Steering Gear — Jumping Motion — Rope Sprocket Wheel — V-Grooved Rope Pulley — Rope Transmission— Vibratory Motion — Transmission by Rope — Transmission by Rope to a Portable Drill or Swing Saw — Horizontal Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission — Rope Transmission to a Movable Shaft — Vertical Tension Carriage — Belt Lacing — Novel Belt Lacing -Over- and-Over Lacing — Interlocking Belt Lacing — Cross Lacing — Sectional Belt Lac- ing — Quarter Twist Belt — Full Twist Belt — Full Twist or Cross Belt — Belting to a Shaft at any Angle — Quarter Twist Return Belt — Change Speed Step Pulleys — Cone Pulleys — Curved Cone Pulleys — Shifting Device for Cone Pulleys — Belt Transmission — Belt Transmission of Power — Variable Transmission of Motion — Stop, Driving, and Reversing Motion — Two Speed Pulleys and Belts — Pulleys, Combined with a Differential Gear — Transmission of Two Speeds — Two-Speed Gear — Variable Speed or Cone Gearing — Transmission of Power — Frictional Rectilinear Motion — Variable Rotary Motion — Variable Motion — Friction Gear — Transmission of Variable Speed — Variable Speed Gear — Transmission of Rotary Motion — Combination of Friction Gear — Grooved Fric- tion Gearing — Variable Motion — Transmission of Circular Motion — Three Crank Link — Sprocket Wheel and Chain — Link Belt and Pulley — Toothed Link Chain and Pulley — Step Gear — V-Toothed Gearing — Oblique Tooth Gear — V-Toothed Gear — Split Spur Gear — Star Wheel Gear — Elastic Spur Gear — Internal Spur Gear and Pinion — Bevel Gears — Crown Wheel — Spiral Gearing — Oblique, Spur, and Bevel Gear — Oblique Bevel Gear — Gear Train — Worm Gear — Skew Worm and Wheel Gear — Uniform Intermittent Motion — Variable Speed Bevel Gear. 27 to 43 2 CONTENTS. SECTION III. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. Speed, Pressure, Weight, Numbers, Quantities, and Appliances. Prony Brake— The Prony Brake Rule — "Webber" Dynamometer — Measure- me-nt of Power — " Tatham's " Dynamometer — Bell-Crank Dynamometer — " Neer's " Rotary Transmitting Dynamometer — "Van Winkle's " Power Meter — Traction Recording Dynamometer — Friction Machine — Torsion Dynamometer- Tensile Testing Machine — Bourdon Pressure Gauge — Corrugated Tube-Pressure Gauge — Recording Pressure Gauge — Parallel Motion of the Indicator — Parallel Motion for the Indicator — "Amsler " Planimeter — " Lippincott " Planimeter — Centrifugal Speed Indicator — Speed Indicator — Meter Dial — Automatic Tipping Scale — Double Link Balanced Scale — Differential Weighing Beam — Engine Counter — Operation of a Counter — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Tire Measure Counter 44 to 54 SECTION IV. STEAM POWER. Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices, Rotary Engines, Oscillating Engines. "Stevens" Boiler — Plain Cylindrical Boilers — Hanging Water Drum Cylindrical Boiler — Cylindrical Double Flue Boiler — Internally Fired Flue Boiler — Hori- zontal Tubular Boiler — Locomotive Boiler — Marine Boiler — "Eclipse" Return Tubular Marine Boiler — " Galloway" Boiler — Internal Fired Cylindrical Tubular Boiler — " Dion " Vehicle Boiler — " Babcock and Wilcox " Water Tube Boiler — " Harrison " Boiler — Submerged Head Vertical Boiler — " Herreshoff " Boiler — " Thornycroft " Boiler—" See " Water Tube Boiler—" Yarrow " Water Tube Boiler — " Boyer's" Water Tube Boiler — " Hazelton" Boiler — " Climax " Boiler — " Moyes" Water Tube Boiler—" Wheeler" Vertical Tube Boiler—" Cahall " Ver- tical Water Tube Boiler — Vertical Water Tube Boiler — Boiler of the " Serpollet " Tricycle — " Serpollet's" Steam Generator — " Serves " Boiler Tube — Shaking and Tipping Furnace Grate — Shaking Grate for a Boiler Furnace — Furnace Grate with Dumping Sections — " Columbia" Stoker — "Playford" Mechanical Stoker — " American " Boiler Stoker — Mechanical Stoker— " Jones " Model of a Mechan- ical Stoker — " Meissner " Model of a Mechanical Stoker for a Furnace — Feed Worm and Air Blast — Petroleum Burner — Pop Safety Valve — Differential Seat Safety Valve — Safety Valve — Original Form of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine — Steeple Engine — Vertical Engine, with Bell-Crank Lever — Inclined Paddle-Wheel Engine — Diagonal Twin-Screw Engine — T win-Screw Vertical Cylinder Engine — Trunk Engine — Oscillating Engine — Compound Oscillating Engine — Oscillating Hoisting Engine — Three-Cylinder Engine — Tandem Com- pound Vertical Engine — Compound Engines — Compound Yacht Engine — High-Speed Tandem Compound Engine — Modern High-Speed Engine — Single D Slide Valve — Balanced Slide Valve — Double-Ported Slide Valve — >, CONTENTS. 3 *' Meyer " Cut-off Valve— Single D Slide Valve — Gridiron Slide Valve — Rotary Valves — Steam Engine Valve Chest — Balanced Slide Valve— Balanced Slide Valve (Buchanan & Richter's Patent)— " Richardson-Allen" Balanced Slide Valve — Balanced Throttle Valve— Wing Throttle Valve — Multiple Port Piston Throttle Valve — " Corliss " Valve Gear— Locomotive Link-Motion Valve Gear — Walschaert's Valve Gear — Reversing Link Motion — Valve Gear — "Joy's" Valve Gear — " Bremme " Valve Gear — Single Eccentric Valve Gear — Cam-Bar Valve Movement — Valve Gear of a: Cornish Engine — Variable Expansion Gear — Single Eccentric Variable Valve Throw — "Allen " Valve Lift or Toe — Tappet Lever Valve Motion — Starting Lever — Simple Unhooking Device — Simple Re- versing Gear — " Joy's " Hydraulic Shifting Eccentric — Shifting Eccentric — Valve Motion Eccentric — " Peaucellier's " Parallel Motion — Parallel Motion — "Cartwright's" Parallel Motion— Cross Head Slide— Rack Gear Parallel Motion — "Watt" Governor — Compensating Governor — Gravity Centrifugal Governor — Engine Governor — Centrifugal Ball Governor — Inverted Governor — Direct-Acting Centrifugal Governor — Spring Balanced Centrifugal Governor — Parabolic Governor — "Anderson's" Gyroscope Governor — Horizontal Cen- trifugal Governor — Vane or Wing Governor — Governor for a Steam Engine — Differential Governor — " Huntoon " Governor — " Proell " Governor — " Porter " Governor — " Richardson " Governor — Principle of the '* Pickering " Governor — " Pickering " Governor — Pulley or Fly-Wheel Governor — Crank-Shaft Gover- nor — Fly-Wheel or Pulley Governor — Slotted Cross-Head — Trammel Crank — Crank-Pin Lubricator — Centrifugal Crank-Pin Oiler — Centrifugal Lubricating Device — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — "Franchot" Rotary Engine — Double Slide Piston Rotary Engine — "Lamb" Rotary Engine^ — "Cochrane" Rotary Engine — Rotary Engine — "Napuer" Rotary Engine — Roller Piston Rotary Engine — " Cochrane " Rotary Engine — " Boardman " Rotary Engine — " Smith'* Rotary Engine — :" Berrenburg " Rotary Engine — "Fletcher's" Rotary Con- densing Engine — " Bartrum and Powell " Rotary Engine — " Ritter " Rotary Engine — "Holly" Rotary Engine — "Stocker" Rotary Engine — "Forrester" Rotary Engine — " Kipp " Rotary Piston Engine — " Ruth's " Rotary Engine — *' Almond " Engine — Rotating Cylinder Engine — Rotary Multicylinder Engine — "Bates" Compound Vibrating Engine — "Davies*" Disc Engine — " Reu- leaux " Engine or Pump — " Link " Vibratory Engine — Oscillating Piston Engine — Vibrating Piston Engine — "Knickerbocker" Four Piston Rotary Engine — ^* Root's " Double Quadrant Engine — " Root's " Square Piston Engine — " Dake " Square Piston Engine — "Wilkinson's" Steam Turbine — "Dow" Steam Turbine — " De Laval " Steam Turbine — " Parsons' " Steam Turbine. 55 to lOO SECTION V. STEAM APPLIANCES. Injectors, Steam Pumps, Condensers, Separators, Traps, and Valves. "Peerless" Injector — " Shaeffer and Budenberg" Injector — "National" Automatic Injector — "Metropolitan" Injector — " Lunkenheimer " Injector — " Eberman " Injector — "Nathan" Injector — "Little Giant" Injector — " Pen- berthy" Special Injector — "Park" Injector — "Sellers'" Restarting Injector 4 CONTENTS. — " Little Giant " Locomotive Injector — " Metropolitan " Double-Tube Injector — " Brownley " Injector — "Leader" Injector— " Excelsior " Injector — " Kort- ing" Injector — " Hancock " Inspirator — Ball-Valve Injector — " Hancock " Loco- motive Inspirator — ■' Standard " Injector — " Sellers' " Self-Adjusting Injector — Steam Pump — "Misch's " Valve Tappet — Independent Jet Condenser Pump — Ejector Condenser — Exhaust Jet Condenser — Balanced Reducing Valve — Pre- sure Reducing Valve — " Foster " Pressure Reducing Valve — " Hotchkiss " Boiler Cleaner — Feed-Water Heater — Steam Separator — Filter for Boiler — Return Steam Trap — Spring Steam Trap — Steam Trap — " Bundy " Steam Trap — Steam Trap with Valve — " Heintz " Steam Trap — " Moran's " Flexible vSteam Joint — Corrugated Expansion Coupling — Flanged Expansion Joint — Auto- matic Relief Valve — Horizontal Owing Check Valve — Globe Valve — Exhaust Steam Head — Centrifugal Exhaust Head loi to 114 SECTION VI. MOTIVE POWER. Gas and Gasoline Engines, Valve Gear and Appliances, Connecting Rods and Heads. Gasoline Engine — Sectional Plan of a Gasoline Engine — Simple Gas or Gasoline Engine — Gasoline Engine Valve Gear — "Union " Model Gas Engine — Gasoline Carriage Motor — Vertical Gasoline Engine — Vertical Kerosene Oil Engine — "Diesel" Motor— Vertical Gas Engine — Street Railway Gas Motor Passenger Car — Gasoline Motor Car — Valve Gear — Double-Grooved Eccentric Valve Gearfor a Four-cycle Gas Engine — Plumb-Bob Governor — Inertia Governor — Pendulum Governor — Differential Cam Throw — Governor and Variable Cami — Inlet Valve — Gas Engine Valve Gear — Gasoline Vaporizer — Carburetter — Automatic Oiler — Uniform Automatic Oiler — Crank-Rod Head Adjustment — Trunk Piston Rod — Connecting Rod Head — Connecting Rod End — Solid Strap End — Steel Ball Adjustment — Solid End Connecting Rod — Forked End Connecting Rod — Adjustable Link — Link or Connecting Rod 115 to 127 SECTION VII. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. Water Wheels, Turbines, Governors, Impact Wheels, Pumps, Rotary Pumps, Siphons, Water Lifts, Ejectors, Water Rams, Meters, Indi- cators, Pressure Regulators, Valves, Pipe Joints, Filters Overshot Water Wheel — Iron Overshot Wheel — Undershot Water Wheel — Saw-Mill Water Wheel — Breast Water Wheel — Flutter Wheel — Barker Wheel — Current Motor — Current Water Wheel — Fixed Bucket Water Raising Cur- rent Wheel — Bucketed Water-Raising Current Wheel — Current Wheel Water Lift — Drainage Wheel — Persian Wheel — Ancient Water Lift — "Archimedian" Screw Water Lift — Volute Turbine — High Pressure Turbine — " Leffel " Dou ble-Runner Turbine — "Jonval " Turbine — Turbine and Gate — "Lancaster ' Turbine — " Munson" Double Turbine — "Camden" Turbine — "Model " Turbine CONTENTS. 5 — "Swain" Turbine — "Warren" Central Discharge Turbine — "Fourneron" Turbine— Belt Water- Wheel Governor — Water Wheel Governor — Impact Water Wheel — Pelton Water Wheel — Buckets of a Pelton V.'ater Wheel — Power of Water — Compound Beam Pumping Engine — "Dean" vSteam Pump - — Worthington Duplex Pump — Half-Yoke Connection — Yoke Connection — Re\ersing Movement — Double-Acting Lift and Force Pump — Double-Acting Differential Pump — Lift and Force Pump — Tramp Pumping Device — Lift Pump — Double Lantern Bellows Pump or Blower — Diaphragm Pump — "Fairburn" Bailing Scoop — Pendulum Water Lift — Chain Pump — Reciprocating Motion — Well Pulley and Buckets — Swape, or New Engine Sweep — Parallel Motion — ** Golding" Centrifugal Pump — " Quimby" Screw Pump — Rotary Pump — " Pap- penheim " Rotary Pump — " Repsold " Rotary Pump — Tri-Axial Rotary Pump — Rotary Pump or Motor — "Cary" Rotary Pump — Vacuum Jet Condeviser and Rotary Pump — " Ramelli " Rotary Pump — " Heppel " Rotary Puni,;. — • " Emeru " Rotary Pump — " Knott " Rotary Pump — " Pattison " Rotary Pump — ' Cochrane" Rotary Pump — Hydraulic Transmission of Power — Sipiion — Ejector or Jet Pump — Automatic Water Ejector — Automatic Sprinkier — Hydraulic Ram — "Pearsall's" Hydraulic Ram and Air Compressor — bilent Hydraulic Ram — Double-Piston Reaction Hydraulic Ram — Water Meter — Disc Water Meter — Water Velocity Indicator and Register — Anchored Ferry i^oat — ■"Mueller" Water-Pressure Regulator — "Mason" Water-Pressure Regulator — Pump Water-Pressure Regulating Valve — Hydraulic Press — Hydrostatic Press — Hydraulic Intensifier — Portable Hydraulic Riveter — Hydraulic Rail Bender — Hydraulic Rail Punch — Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Horizontal Hydraulic Elevator Lift — Hydraulic Pulling Jack — Water Purifying Filter — Reversible Filter — Filtering Cistern — Upward Flow Filter — Domestic Filter — Porous Water Filter — Stoneware Filter — " Ward " Flexible Pipe Joint — Flexible Bail Joint — Flexible Pipe Joints — Universal Pipe Joint — Toggle Clip Pipe Joint — Bibb — Disc Valve and Guard — Double-Beat Disc Valve — Hydraulic Valve — Multiple Ball Valve — Multiple Ring Valve — Double-Beat Pump Valve — Vibra- ting Motion — Variable Compensating Weights — Sand Auger — Driven Well — Automatic Flush Sewer Tank — Atomizer — Ball and Jet Nozzle — Spray Jet Nozzle — Hero's Fountain — "Chapman" Aspirator or Vacuum Pump — Hy- draulic Lift 128 to 1 62 SECTION VIII. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes. Aneroid Barometer, Box Kite — Curved Vane Windmill or Motor — Feathering Windmill — Hemispherical Cup Windmill — Windmill of our Grandfathers — Windmill and Steel Tower — Modern Windmill — Ancient Windmill — Electric Windmill Plant — Smith's Circular Bellows — Double Organ-Blowing Bellows — Three-Throw Bellows — Foot Bellows — Fan Blower — " Hodges" Compound Blower— "Wedding" Rotary Blower— " Fabry " Rotary Blower— " Root " Rotary Blower — Hydraulic Air Compressor — Piston Hydraulic Air Compressor — Tromp or Hydraulic Air Blast — Air Compressor — Hydraulic Air Compressor 6 CONTENTS. — Automatic Air Compressor — Water-Jet Air Compressor — Trunk Air Com- pressor — Duplex Steam-Actuated Air Compressor — Compound Air Com- pressor — Duplex Air Compressor — Toggle-Joint Duplex Air Compressor — Air Compressor Cylinder — Piston and Valves — Air-Compressing Cylinder — Air Compressor Governor — Air-Cooling Receiver — Single Valve Air Pump — Crank Equalizing Angle — Crank Equalizing Angle in Air Compression - Direct Air Pressure Pump — Compressed Air Water Elevator — Raising Sunken Ves- sels — Compressed Air Lift System — Compressed Air Power — Compound Pneumatic Locomotive — Pneumatic Paint Sprayer — Portable Fire Ex- tinguisher — Eire Extinguisher — Compressed Air Lift — Duplex Pneumatic Riveter — Pneumatic Hammer — "Hotchkiss" Atmospheric Hammer — "Grim- shaw " Compressed Air Hammer — Cc^mpressed Air Sheepshearing Machine — Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Portable Riveter — Pneumatic Breast Drill — Pneumatic Motor Drill Stock — Air and Gasoline Torch — Torch Soldering Cop- per — Air and Gasoline Vapor Brazer^Air and Gasoline Brazing Apparatus — Double Cone Ventilator — Spiral Vane or Cov^^l — Wind Instruments. 163 to 186 SECTION IX. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controllit.'g and Measuring, Lighting, Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlight, and Et.ectrij^ Appliances, Series Wound Motor or Generator — Electric Generator Construction — Single- Pole Shunt Generator — Four-Pole Ring Armature — Ring Armature — Two- Pole or Shutde Spool Armature — Shuttle Armature — Multiple Brush Commutator — Bipolar Shunt Generator— Four- Pole Compound Generator — Electric Gener- ator Construction — Consequent-Pole Compound Generator — Triple-Expansion Engine and Multipolar Dynamo — Direct-Connected Vertical Compound Engine — Flexible Coupling — Car Truck Motors — Electric Fusible Cut-Out — Rheostat or Resistance Coils — Trolley Car — Sectional Feeder System — Street Railway Single Motor — Electric Car Brake — Electric Street-Car Brake — Electric Igniter — Sparking Dynamo — Magneto-Electric Machine — Electric Thermostat — Tele- phone Transmitter — Telephone Receiver — Electric Gas Lighter — Pocket Elec- tric Light — Arc Light and Regulating Gear — Luminous Fountain — Electric Heater — Electric Soldering Copper — Electric Sad Iron — Electric Searchlight — Electric Furnace — Open-top Electric Furnace — "Siemens" Electric Gas Fur- nace — "Cowles" Electric Furnace — Electric Welding Plant — Portable Electric Motor Drill Plant — Electric Perforating Pen — Electric Hoist — Electric Brake — Electric Rock Drill — Electric Fan — Electric-Driven Fan 187 to 202 SECTION X. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers- and Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles, and Motor Adjuncts. Leg-of-Mutton Sail — Skip Jack — Square or Lug Sail — Lateen Rig — Split Lug or Square Sail — Two-Masted or Dipping Lug — Newport Cat-Boat — Sloop — CONTENTS. 7 Lateen-Rigged Felucca — Pirogue — Three-Quarter Lug Rig — "Sliding Gunter*' — Skiff Yawl Rig — Sloop Yawl — Jib Topsail Sloop — The Cutter — Schooner Rig — Full Schooner Rig — Topsail Schooner — Club Topsail Rig — Hermaphro- dite Brig — A Brigantine — A Barkentine — Full-Rigged Brig — A Bark— Full- Rigged Ship — Ice Boat — Rope Knots and Hitches — Clove Hitch — Half Hitch — Timber Hitch — Square or Reef Knot — Stevedore Knot — Slip Knot — Flem ing Loop — Bowline Knot — Carrick Bend — Sheet Bend and Toggle — Sheet Bend — Overhand Knot — Figure Eight Knot — Double Knot — Blackwall Tackle Hitch — Fisherman's Bend Hitch — Round Turn and Half Hitch — Chain Stop — Disengaging Hook — Slip Hook — Releasing Hook — Boat-Detaching Hook — Swinging Oar-lock — Pivoted Steps — Screw Anchor — Floating Lighthouse — Stone Dry-Dock — Floating Dry-Dock — Feathering Paddle Wheel or \Yater Motor — Vertical Bucket Paddle ^Yheel — Feathering Paddle Wheel — Outward Thrust Propeller Wheel — Screw Propeller — Reversing Propeller — Reversing Screw Propeller — Screw Propulsion — Thrust Bearing — " Silver's " Marine Gov- ernor — Deep-Sea Sounding Ball — Sounding Weight Release — Sampler Sounding Weight — Submarine Lamp — Road Builders' Level — Road Machine — Reversible Road Roller — Road Roller — Single Eccentric Reversing Gear — Elastic Wheel — Spring Wheel — Application of Trace Springs — " Serpollet's" Steam Tricycle — Steam Fire Engine — Jacketless Gasoline Carriage Motor — Gasoline Motor Carriage — Light Electric Carriage — Electric Phaeton — Electric Brougham — Differential Gear — Baby-Carrier Tricycle — Electric Tricycle — Ice Bicycle — Bicycle Gear — Bicycle Crank — Swinging Bali-Bearing Bicycle Pedal — A. F. Haven's Planetary Crank Gear — Detachable Link Chain — Ball-Bearing Problem — Acetylene Bicycle Lamp — Bicycle Lamp 203 to 225 SECTION XI. GEARING. Racks and Pinions; Spiral, Elliptical and Worm Gear; Differential AND Stop-Motion Gear; Epicyclical AxNd Planetary Trains; "Fer- guson's" Paradox. Ordinary Rack and Pinion — Doubling the Length of a Crank Stroke — wSawmill Feed — Rack Motion — Air-Pump Movement — Circular Rack — Rectilinear Vibrating Motion — Vertical Drop Hammer — Sector Pinion and Double Rack — Reciprocating Motions — Crank Substitute — Alternate Circular Motion — Quick Back Motion — Alternate Rectilinear Motion — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Mangle Rack — Mangle Wheel — Mangle Wheel Gear — Continuous Rotary Motion — Mangle Machine Gear — Worm Screw Rack — Rotary Motion — Adjustable Feed Rolls — Saw-Tooth Worm Gear — Right- and Left-Hand Worm Gear — Three-Part Worm Screw— -Traversing Motion — Globoid Spiral Gear Wheels — Internal Worm-Gear Wheel — Worm-Gear Pinion — Anti-Fric- tion Worm Gear — Release Rotary Motion — Release Cam — Hunting Tooth Worm Gear— Differential Screw and Gear Movement — Complex Alternating Reciprocal Motion — Two-Toothed Pinion —Pin Wheel and Slotted Pinion- Variable Rotary Motion — Scroll Gear — Spiral Hoop Gear — Accelerated Cir- cular Motion — Roller-Bearing Gear Teeth — Ball Gear — Spiral Gearing — Ex- 8 CONTENTS. panding Pulley — Concentric Differential Speed — Differential Motions— Differen tial Gear — Doubling the Number of Revolutions on One Shaft — Multiple Geai Speed — Variable Throw Traversing Bar — Revolution of a Pinion — Differential Speed — Capstan Gear — Slow Forward and Quick Back Circular Motion — Geared Grip Tongs — Variable Circular Motion — Elliptical Spur Gear — Elliptical Gear Wheel — Irregular Circular Motion — Variable Reciprocating Motion — Alternat- ing Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Motion of Spur Gear — Spiral Stop-Motion Gear — Fast and Slow' Motion Spur Gear — Intermittent Gears — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Irregular Vibratory Motion — Variable Vibrating Motion — Motion by Rolling Contact — Variable Sectional Motion — Uniform Speed of Sectional Spur Gear — Scroll Gearing — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Stop Roller Motion — Change Gear Motion — Differential Driving Gear — Equalizing Pulley — Equalizing Gear — Doubling a Revolution on Same Shaft — -Continuous Shaft Motion— Alternating Motion — Eccentric Wheel Train — Epicyclic Gear — Epi- cyclic Train — Automatic Clutch Motion for Reversing — Eccentric Gear — Sun and Planet Crank Motion — High-Speed Epicyclic Train — Sun and Planet Winding Gear — Epicyclic Gear Train — Compound Epicyclic Train — Planetary Motion — Planetary Gear Train — " Ferguson's " Mechanical Paradox. 227 to 250 SECTION XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. Ratchets and Pawls, Cams, Cranks, Intermittent and Stop Motions, Wipers, Volute Caa.s, Variable Cranks, Universal Shaft Couplings, Gyroscope. Ratchet Bar Lift — Ratchet Lift — Ratchet Governor — Rotary Motion — Inter- mittent Circular Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Double Pawl Ratchet — Conrinuous Feed of a Ratchet — Double-Pawl Ratchet Wheel — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Intermittent Circular Motion — Ratchet Intermittent Motion — ' Pawl Lift — Oscillating Motion — Continuous Rotary Motion — Intermittent Motion — Windlass Grip Pawl — Ratchet and Level Pawl — Internal Multiple Cam — Ratchet Head — Reciprocal Circular Motion — Ball Socket Ratchet — Continuous Motion Ratchet — Stops of Various Forms — Stops for a Spur Gear — Stops for a Lantern Wheel — Safety Centrifugal Hooks — Crank Motion — Centrifugal Safety Catch for Hoisting Drums — Stop Motion — Variable Recipro- cating Motion — Irregular Rocking Motion — Rocking Arm — Voke Strap — Triangular Curved Eccentric — Triangular Eccentric — Reciprocating Motion — Uniform Reciprocating Motion — Needle-Bar Slot Cam — Slotted Yoke — Crank Motion — Trammel Gear — Slotted Lever Motion — Intermittent Reciprocating Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Adjustment — Four-Bolt Cam — Equalizing Tension Spring and Lever — Alternating Rectilinear Motion — Tra- verse Bar — Rectilinear Motion — Intermittent Rotary Motion — Vibrating Toothed Wheel — "Lazy Tongs" Movement — Quadrangular Rectilinear Mo- tion — Parallel Motion — Intermittent Motion — Rocking Escapement — Rotary and Longitudinal Motion — Reciprocating Feed Ratchet — Friction Rod Feed Ratchet — Friction Hauling Ratchet — Cam-Lever Grip — Lever Toggle Joint — Single Toggle Arm Letter-Press — Toggle-joint Cam Movement — Double-Screw CONTENTS. Q Toggle Press — Screw Stamping Press— Multiple Return Grooved Cylinder — Re- ciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Rectilinear Motion — Six Radial Grooved Tram- mel — Rectilinear Reciprocating Motion — Rocking Motion — Pair of Toe Levers — Wiper Cam for Stamp Mills — Angular Wipers — Equalizing Levers or Toes — Variable Crank Motion — Spiral-Grooved Face Plate — Lever — Cam Sectors — Gear-Disengaging Cam Lever — Oblique Disc Motion — Grooved Cylinder Cam — Traverse Motion — Four-Motion Feed, of Wheeler and Wilson and other Sewing- machines — Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Quick Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion — Cylindrical Cam — Cam-Operated Shears — Irregular Cam Motion — ■ Vibrating Rectilinear Motion — Irregular Vibrating Circular Motion — Clover- Leaf Cam — Power Escapement — Rotary Motion — Irregular Reciprocating Motion — Bevelled Disc Cam — Grooved Heart Cam — Heart-Shaped Groove — La)ing out a Heart Cam — Cam Motion — Double Cam Motion — Pivoted Fol- lower — Reciprocating Motion — Ovoid Curve — Variable Power Transmitted from a Crank — Elliptical Crank — Curvilinear Motion — Spring Lathe-Wheel Crank — " Brownell " Crank Motion — Ordinary Crank Motion — Eccentric and Straps for Valve Motion — Reciprocating Motion — yariable Circular Motion — Irregular Motion — Variable Power Vibrating Movement — Variable Crank Pin — Variable Rectilinear Motion — Variable Crank Throw — Variable Radius Lever — Combination Crank-Motion Curves — Flexible Angular Coupling — Sliding Contact — Shaft Coupling — Rectilinear Motion — Angular Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — Double Link Universal Joint — Universal Angle Coupling — "Almond" Angular Shaft Coupling — " Hooke's " Angular Shaft Coupling — Rack and Pinion Movement — Gyroscope — Globe Gyroscope — Tension Helico- Volute Spring — Double Helico-Volute Spring — Compression Helical Spring — Single Volute Helix Spring — Compound Disc Spring 251 to 279 SECTION XIII. HOROLOGICAL. Clock and Watch Movements and Devices. Cycloidal Pendulum Movement — Compensating Pendulum Bob — Compound Compensating Pendulum — Centrifugal Pendulum — Antique Clock Escapement — Crown Tooth Escapement — Double Ratchet-Wheel Escapement — Star- Wheel Escapement — Anchor Escapement — Recoil Escapement — Pendulum Escapement —Stud Escapement — Lantern-Wheel Escapement — Pin-Wheel Es- capement — Hook-Tooth Escapement — Single-Pin Pendulum Escapement — Three-Toothed Escapement — Detached Pendulum Escapement — Mudge Gravity Escapement — Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Harrison" Winding Device — Double Tri-Toothed Pendulum Escapement — "Bloxam's" Gravity Escapement — Dead-Beat Clock Escapement — Endless Cord- Winding Device for Clocks — Clock Train — Compensation Watch Balance — Watch Regulator — Antique W^atch Escapement — Verge Escapement — Cylinder Escapement — Duplex Escapement — Jewelled Detached Lever Escapement — "Guernsey" Escapement — Anchor and Lever Escapement — Lever Escapement — Lever Chronometer Escapement — ''Arnold" ChronometerEscapement — Fusee I O CONTENTS. Chain and Spring Drum — Chronometer Escapement — " Geneva" Stop — Geared "Watch Stop — Watch Stop — Stem-Winding Movement — Pin-Geared Watch Stop — Watch Train 281 to 293 SECTION XIV. MINING. Quarrying, Ventilatiox, Hoisting, Conveying, Pulverizing, Separating, Roasting, Excavating, and Dredging. Diamond Prospecting Drill — Rock Drill — Diamond Well-Boring Machine — Portable Diamond Drill — Arc Tappet Valve Motion — Tappet Valve, for a Rock Drill— Rock Drill — Rock Drill with Balanced Piston Valve — Coal-Cutting Machine — link Chain Cutter — Drill for Curved Holes — Box- Wing Blower — Multiplex Butterfly Valve — Steam-Driven Ventilating Fan — Miner's Safety Lamp — Horse-Power Hoisting Drum — Steam Hois ing Engine — Strap Brake — Elevator Tower — Horizontal Boom Tower — Mast and Gaff Hoist — Coal-Load- ing Tipple — "Otis Stop " for Elevator Cars — Elevator Dumping Head — Mining Buckets and Skip — Belt Conveyer — Chain Scraper Conveyer — Cable Conveyer — Driving Mechanism — Log Conveyer — Rope Tramway — Automatic Dumping Car — Toggle Joint — Stone Crusher — "Buchanan" Rock Crusher — Roller Coal Crusher — Eight-Stamp Ore Mill — Rolling Crusher — "Arastra" Ore Mill — " Chili " Mill — Pulverizing Ball and Pan Mill — Revolving Pulverizing Mill — Hydraulic Balanced Giant Nozzle — Coal Dust Press — Klondike Mining Machine — Gold Separator — Centrifugal Separator — Magnetic Ore Separator — Iron Ore Separator — Railway Steam Shovel — Magnetic Ore Separators (Hoffman-Edison Types) — Ore Roasting Furnace — Railway Excavator — Railway Steam Shovel — Continuous Ditching Dredge — Clam-Shell Bucket — Revolving Hoisting Dredge — Floating Dredge — Marine Dredge 295 to 310 SECTION XV. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal and Flexible Couplings, CLurcHE:s, Speed Gear, Shop Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances. Adjustable Bracket Hanger— Adjustable Floor Bearing — Adjustable Post Hanger — Adjustable Floor Stand— Continuous Traversing Roller — Roller Wheel Anti- Friction Bearing — Ball Bearings — Adjustable Hanger for Shafting — Screw Traversing Ball Bearing — Hanging Shaft- Suspended Shaft — Curved Step Bearing — Conical Pivot Bearing — Lubrication of a Hanging Bearing — Vertical Shaft Step — Shaft Step Adjustment — Adjustable Step Bearing — Collar Bearing and Step — Oil Circulating Step — Lenticular Bearing — Spherical Step Bearing— Angle Coupling— " Oldham " Coupling — Flexible Link Coupling — flexible Shaft Coupling — Angle Shaft Coupling — Universal Joint — "Hooke's" Universal Joint— "Goubet's "Universal Shaft Coupling — Ball Socket Universal Joints^Right-Angle Shaft Coupling — Right-Angle Shaft Coupling ("Hobson" CONTENTS. 1 1 Patent) — Eccentric Line Coupling — Simple Friction Pulley — Friction Clutch — V-Grooved Face Clutch — Clutch and Gear — Cone Clutch —Multiple Flare Fric- tion Clutch — Pin Clutch — Friction Pin Clutch — Friction Clutch Bevel Gear — Spring Friction Clutch — Double Toggle-joint Friction Clutch — Adjustable Fric- tion Clutch— Double Conic Rope Drum —Variable Speed Device — Expanding Pulley — Variable Speed Transmitting Device — Belt Holder — Jointed Radial Arm — Drilling Machine Clamp-- Screw Bench Clamp — Auto- matic Bench Ciamp — \Yood-Bending Clamp and Formers — Boiler Tube Expa: der — Roller Tube Expander — Revolving Tool Head — Collapsing Tap — Wabble Saw — Automatic Screw-Cutting Die — Universal Chuck — Compound Lever Shears — Disc Shears- Gig Saw — Band Saw — Toggle-joint Lever Press or Punch— Power Stamping Press -Hand Drilling Machine — Portable Drill — Multiple Drilling Machine— Stamp Mill Cam Motion — Blacksmith's Helper --- Revolving Rapid-Blow Hammer — Helve Trip Hammer — Friction Drop Ham- mer — Beam Trip Hammer— Spring Hammer — Tire Shrink er — Combined Tire Upsetting and Punching Machine — Plate Sawing Machine — Combined Punch and Shears— Suspended Swing Treadle — Power Rumbling Mill — Centrifugal Separator — Closure of Rollers — Vibrating Lift — Differential Pitch Movement — Feed Wheel — Combined Ratchet and Hand-Feed Gear — Gear Train— Quick Return Movement — Reversing Gear — Flexible Universal Steam Joint Bye Pass Cock or Valve — Sight-Feed Lubricator — Screw Movement — Centering Tool— Vernier Caliper — Expansion Bit — Double-Acting Screwdriver— Pump Drill Stock — Reciprocating Drill Stock — Compound Lever Cutting Pliers — Ball Socket — Screw Threads —Continual Barrel Elevator — Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator — Traveller Hoist — T'-avelling Crane — LBar Travelling Tramway — Swing Bracket Crane — Adjustable Universal Sheave — " Harrington " Chain Hoist — " Vale " Duplex Hoist — Safety Tackle — Differential Chain-Pulley Block — Double Screw-Gear Hoist — Taper Tube Rolls — " Yale-Weston " Differential Gear Hoist — Tube-Rolling Machine — Seamless Tube Making — Wire-Bending Machine — Hopper and Bell— " Bessemer " Steel Converter — Lense-Grinding Machine — Grinding Mill — " Bogardus " Mill — Circiilating Screw Propeller and Mixing Tank — Double Cylinder Planer — Double Toggle-joint Screw Press — Steam Cotton Press — Toggle-Bar Press — Sector Press — Bark or Cob Mill — Drawing and Throstle T\\-isting, Rolls and Bobbin Winder — Cop Winder — Bobbin Winder — Cloth Dresser — Knitting Machine 31210346 SECTION XVI. CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. Mixing, Testing, Stump and Pile Pulling, Tackle Hooks, Pile Driving, Dumping Cars, Stone Grips, Derricks, Conveyer, Timber Splicing, Roof and Bridge Trusses, Suspension Bridges. Post Augur — Pug Mill — Conical Pug Mill — Conical Mixing Barrel — Concrete IVIixer — Cement-Testing Machine — Hydraulic Sand Ejector — Toggle Stump Puller — Right and Left Hand Turnbuckle — Swivel Shackle Slip Hook — Trip Hook — Balanced Riveting Machine — Releasing Grip — Automatic Disengaging Grip — Swivelling Dumping Car — Square Box Side-Dumping Car — Lever Grip 12 CONTENTS. Tongs — Adjustable Grip Tongs — Pneumatic Dumping Car — Lewis Wedge for Lifting Stone — Stone Grinding and Polishing Machine — Four-Guy Mast Der- rick — Shears with Winch or Tackle Block — Swinging Derrick Crane — Portable Steam Derrick — Swing-Boom Crane — Cable Hoist and Conveyer — Cantilever Hoisting and Conveying Machine — Timber Splicing — Timber Cords and Arches — Truss Roof — Queen Post Roof Truss — Wooden Road Bridge Truss — Deck Bridge Trusses — Bridge Truss — Arched Deck Truss Bridge — Bridge Trusses — Arch Truss Bridge — Swing Bridge — Cantilever Bridge — Suspension Bridges 349 to 360 SECTION XVII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. Parallel Rules, Curve Delineators, Trammels, Ellipsographs, Pan- tographs, Proportional Compasses — Roller Parallel Ruler — Slotted Parallel Ruler — Three Part Parallel Ruler — Spring Cyclograph — Flexible Curve Scriber — Helicograph — Great Curve Delineator — Conchoid Delineator — Cyclograph — Trammel for Drawing Ellipses — Ellipsograph — Parabola Scriber — Geared Ellipsograph — Hyperbola Scriber — Pantograph — Lazy-Tongs Pantograph — Perspective Cen- trolinead — Spherometer 361 to 367 SECTION XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. A.NIMAL Power, Sheep Shears, Movements and Devices, Elevators, Cranes, Sewing, Typewriting, and Printing Machines, Railway Devices, Trucks, Brakes, Turntables, Locomotives, Gas, Gas Fur- naces, Acetylene Generators, Gasoline Mantle Lamp, Firearms. Human Treadmill — Horse-Power Tread Wheel — Horse-Power Machine — Dog- Power Machine — Geared Horse-Power — Multiple Bladed Sheep Shears — Horse Clipper — Machine Sheep Shears — "Almond's " Flexible Metallic Tube — Evo- lution of a Wood Screw — Artificial Leg and Foot — Mean Time Sun Dial — Door Push Check — Folding Ladder Simple Combination Lock — Tripod — Dou- ble Spherical Socket — Disc Slicer — Micrometer Screw Adjustment— Correct Principle in Setting a Hot- Water House Boiler — Under-Feed Heating Fur- nace — Harvester or Mowing Machine — Bell Clapper Movement — Piano Key and Action — Lapidary or Lithologicai Lathe— Wire-Drawing Machine — Wire-Cov- ering Machine — Stirring Machine for Grain Mash — Sector Wheel Baling Press — Wood Compression Carving Machine — Belt-Driven Elevator — Safety Catch for Elevators — Elevator Safety Gear — Swing Derrick — Package Elevator — Post Crane — Wharf Crane — Automatic Balance Crane — Sewing-Machine Shut- tle — Sewing-Machine Feed Bar — Sewing-Machine Hook and Bobbin — Hook of the " Wheeler and Wilson " Sewing-Machine — Sewing-Machine — Spring Motor for Sewing-Machine — Tinplate Lacquering Machine — Single Cylinder Printing Press — Typewriting Machine — " Gordon " Printing Press — Rack and Pawl — CONTENTS. 1 3 Bali-Bearing Screw Jack — Hydraulic Transfer Jack — Rail-Cutting Saw — Prouty-. NobJe Automatic or Self-Winding Brake — Street-Car Sand Box — Fr.ction Brake for Street Railway Cars — Car Truck for Street Railways — Street-Car Truck — Car Truck — Trolley-Car Truck — Freight-Car Truck — Cable Railway Grip — Cable Grip for Street Railways — Linked Hinges — Endless Cable Grip Car — Street Railway Sweeping Car — Equalizing Lever — Novel Car Brake — Wooden Frame Turn-Table — Iron Frame Turn-Table — Single-Cylinder Loco- motive—Modern Locomotive and Tender — Passenger Locomotive, Eight- Wheel Model — Ten-Wheel Freight Locomotive — Freight Locomotive — Centre Valve for a Gas House — Disc Valve for Large Gas Pipes — Centre Guide Gas Holder— Counter-Weighted Gas Holder — Expanding Pipe Stopper — Lantern Bellows Dry Gas Meter — Wet Gas Meter — Dry Gas Meter — Gas Pressure Regulator — Fuel Gas Burner — Gas Furnace — Gas-Heated Incubator — Acety- lene Gas Generator — Automatic Gasoline and Mantle Lamp — Acetylene Gen- erator and Gas Holder — Acetylene Burner— Bayonet Joint — Gun Lock — Colt Cylinder Revolving Device for Firearms — Magazine Rifle, " Lee-Metford " Model — " Martini-Henry" Rifle — Chassepot Gun— Remington Rifle — "Rem- ington" Magazine Gun — " Hotchkiss " Magazine Gun — "Lebel" Rifle — " Mauser " Rifle — "Winchester " Magazine Rifle — Disappearing Gun, " Mon- crief Model " 369 to 396 Section 1. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. WEIGHT, RESOLUTION OF FORCES, PRESSURES, LEVERS, PULLEYS, TACKLE, ETC. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 17 Bureau of Reclamation Washington Office, Engineertag Pilea, mt ■iii THE MECHANICAL POWERS. Forces and the Measure of their Work. Force may be said to be the cause of motion and power m mechanics. Its condition may be static or dynamic ; in the latter condition it becomes the means for the practical application of motion in the various forms of mechanical devices. Its statical condition is iUustrated in the strains sustained in the material of construction and suspension. The first and simple form of static force may be illustrated in the column, in the various positions in which it may be used for resistance of any kind ; although in machinery, it may in itself become a moving body under stress. Static force may be represented by a column supporting weight ; a beam under compressive strain ; a body of water retained in a mill dam, steam pressure in a boiler, compressed air or liquefied gases, and a suspended weight; a coiled spring or anything that is under pres- sure without motion. The principal expressions for static force are compression, tension, and torsion, or their com- binations. The resolution of forces is the geometrical rela- tion and value of two or more forces acting upon a single point from different directions, or of a single force acting against several points of resistance. The terms of resolution may be directional, static, or dynamic. * 3. THE RESOLUTION OF SUS- PENSION — in which W represents a force or the weight of gravitation, and P, P' the resisting power or equivalent weights. Solution : P and P'= half the weight Sine of angle of depression a or d when the angles are equal. i8 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 4. For unequal angles the forces vary as the sines of the angles from the vertical, respectively. Solution : P = W X sinewy Sine (7^-^') P' = W X sine v Sine (7+7') 5. In a combiaation of forces the resolution involves the sines of the varying angles. P =z •z£/ X sine 7 P'= W X sine v' Sine(7+z^)' Sine(//+7'') 6. The forces in the direction of P and P' in which the weight of a beam inclined and resting upon a point at P' = W, at the centre of gravity. P' = WX a P = WX a The longitudinal thrust of struts or braces is the same as for tensional strains inversely, only that the weight of timbers or heavy materials should be considered separately, as shown further on. 7. Where the members are of the same length and at equal angles. P and P'r= half the weight Sine of the angle a or b. 8. For unequal angles. Solution : P = W X sine y Sine {y-\-v) P' — Wxsine v Sine (j'-f-T') THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 19 9. With truss beams carrying un- equal weights the formulae for end thrust are for equal angles. T =z w X sine 7 Sine {y-\-v) P' = W X sine_y Sine (j-\-z') For unequal angles, the formula is the same as in No. 8. 10. LEVER PARADOX. Two levers or scale beams, one above the other, accurately b a 1- anced and pivo- ted at their ends to two T arms as shown in the cut, may have equal weights hung at various distances on the arms, and they will be balanced on the centre line and at any angle above or below the centre line. A nut for amateurs to crack. THE LEVER AND ITS POWER. The weight of lever is not considered. II. First order. W Px^ = W. Wx^ d p' i^ 12. Second order. = P WX^ = p 13. Third order. i^ + a P PX ^ W X (^4-«)_-p W, 20 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 14. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, first order. Same notation as No. 11. 15. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, second order. Same Notation as No. 12. 16. Bell Crank or Angular Lever, third order. WX + ( a X cosine of an gle) b eft (^ — ^ — 4^ ti ^^ 17- Compound Lever, first order ' -i ^ «X^' w Px^X^' 1^ aJ. lA lJ— bx b' ~ P W X ^ X />' a X a' bxb' = W, 18. Compound Lever, first and second orders. a a'Xb' _ W ~ir ^~b^- p ' P X ^? X i^^b') ^ W X ^ X ^' .? X («' + b' ) The differential weight of lever arms must be adjusted to the proper factor for accurate computation. THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 21 19. Revolving Lever, first order. W = P X ^ P = W X ^ p 20. Revolving Lever, second order. W = P X {a + ^) a-\-b 21. Revolving Lever, third order. W = P X b a -\- b^ P = W X (« + ^) THE INCLINED PLANE. 22. Weight sliding on inclined surf ace. (W X sine of angle) -j- friction = P. P — . friction =W. Sine or angle vertical Sine of an^Ie = -. — t-. r inclined distance. 23. Rolling weight by horizontal push. b h 22 IP THE MECHANICAL, POWERS. Strain 24. THE WEDGE. Strain = force of blow X / za /, length of wedge. ■w, width of wedge. 25. THE SCREW. All measures in equal units or inches. W = P X [ 2 X rX 3-1416 ) Pitch of screw P z= W X pitch of screw 2 X r X 3. 1416 26. WORM GEAR or ENDLESS SCREW. P = power. r = length of crank. R = radius of pitch line of gear. Jf =. pitch of screw. r' = radius of winding drum. W= Pxrx6.28xR P = W X / X ^' 6.28 X /- X R' w / X r' if screw is double-thread. 27. CHINESE WHEEL, or differen- tial axle, with crank or pulley. a = radius large drum. b ■=■ radius small drum. W = P X ^ X 2 a — I? P = W X {^ — b) r X 2 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 23 TACKLE BLOCKS. ^ 28. Two single sheaves, a, b, c are of equal strain. « -f- Z' = W. Sheave A only transfers the direction of P. 29. Simple sheave block. P = W. 30. Two single sheave blocks — upper one fixed, lower movable. P=i_W 2 31. Three single sheave blocks — one block fixed, two blocks movable. P = W — . W = P X 4- 4 ■-<'<'^rrr{(f^r, 32. Three smgle sheave blocks, consisting of two fixed ^ blocks and one movable block. Power : P = W „, — . W = P X 3- 3 w| 33. One fixed sheave block, one movable sheave block. P = W 2 W = P X 2. 24 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 34. One fixed sheave block, two movable fixec^ blocks. P= W — . W = P X 4. 4 35. One fixed pulley block, three fixed rope ends. P =JW ~6 iw yyyy^^^^yy.^^. 36. Multiple sheave blocks, all cingle. P = W 14 W = P X 14. _©_ 37. Four and three sheave blocks, with end of rope fixed to top block. Four sheave block fixed, three sheave block movable. P = W W = P X 6. ,. 1 38. Roving of a three and two sheave pair of (^T\ blocks, with a draw block fixed above. P = W ^. W = P X 6. o THE RIECHANICAL POWERS. 25 39. Roving of a two and three sheave pair oi blocks, with end of rope fixed to lower block. P = W W = P X c 40. CHINESE WINDLASS.— The sheave and hook rises equal to one-half the difference in the circumference of the barrels for each 1=> turn of the crank. See No. 27 for the power. 41. CHINESE SHAFT DERRICK.— The sheaves suspended from the upper part of the derrick legs allows the bucket to be raised above the mouth of the shaft or pit by the differential windlass. 42. COMPOUND WEIGHT MOTOR, for a limited fall. The power is only equal to one- half of one of the weights. The time of fall- ing and distance equals three times the time and distance of one weight. 43. ROPE TWIST LEVER, foi .J, a temporary pull, or as a clamping \ device. 26 THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 44. SPANISH WINDLASS.— Much used on over- truck frames for suspending the load. 45. ROPE GRIP HOOK— for taking a temporary bite on a hawser. 46. GUY ROPE CLIP and Thimble— for wire rope. ^$^:^ ^ ^ 47. ROPE END, with thimble, 3 clip, and yarn seizing. 48. HEMP ROPE END, doubled in the eye, with two clips. The doubling in eye prevents excessive wear. Section II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. ROPES, BELTS, FRICTION GEAR, SPUR, BEVEL, AND SCREW GEAR, ETC. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Ropes, Belts, Friction Gear, Spur, Bevel, and Screw Gear, Etc. 49. ALTERNATING CIRCULAR MOTION from the curvilinear motion of a treadle. The ancient lathe motion. 50. CIRCULAR MOTION from curvilin- ear motion of a treadle through a cord and pulley. 51. ECCENTRIC CRANK and Treadle.— A / belt over the eccentric and a roller in the treadle. The equivalent of a crank. . 52. CAPSTAN, OR VERTICAL WIND- LASS. — The pawl falling in the circular rack -^^_ at the bottom locks the windlass. The rope should always wind on the bottom and slip — upward. n 53. STEERING GEAR.— A hand wheel and drum on a shaft, carrying a rope rove through guide pulleys and attached to the tiller. 54. JUMPING MOTION given to a weight, or other body, by a pin wheel and bell-crank lever. 30 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. M. 55. ROPE SPROCKET WHEEL, several modi- fications of which are in use in old-style hoists. 7^ m Z3 56. r-GROOVED ROPE PULLEY, having corrugated groove faces to increase the adhesion of the rope. 57. ROPE TRANSMISSION, with a tightening pulley, B. O 58. VIBRATORY MOTION to two shafts, transmitted from the rocking of a lever arm and sector. 59. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a shaft at right angles to the driving-shaft. The guide sheaves give direction to the rope over the curve face of the driven pulley, the rope slipping towards the centre of the driven pulley. 60. TRANSMISSION BY ROPE to a portable drill or swing saw. D, driving sheave. A, double loose sheaves in a frame, suspended by weight C attached by rope over sheaves, B, B. C, counter weight. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 31 ^^^ 61. HORIZONTAL ROPE TRANSMISSIOiN, with tension slide and weight. 62. ROPE TRANS- MISSION from vertical to horizontal shaft, with tension slide and weight 63. ROPE TRANS- MISSION to a movable shaft at right angles from the driving-shaft, MOV»m.c . ^\^ with tension slide and weight. 64. VERTICAL TENSION CARRIAGE. with slides and pulley guide. 32 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 65-66. BELT LACING. —The straight lacing 65 should run next the pulley, while 66 represents the outside of the belt. Lace should be drawn in at a^ a, to centre ; lace each way out and return, ending at e^ e, 66, on outside of belt. 67-68. BELT LACING.— In this style the straight side should run next the pulley, drawing in the lace on one side at a, a to its centre, and lace across and back, ending at e, e on the outside of 68. 69-70. NOVEL BELT LAC- ING, for quarter-turn belts. Draw lacing in to its centre at <7, a on inside of belt, crossing on outside of 70, and ending at ^, X speed of belt in feet per 2 cosme X minute = foot-pounds, which divided by 33,000 = H. P. B, long arm ; A, short arm of lever. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 49 144. "NEER'S" ROTARY TRANSMITTING DYNAMO- METER.— A shaft is disconnectec"^ at a coupling and the discs A and B are clamped one to each shaft. Chains are. attached to the disc A and roll around pulleys on the disc B, and are attached to the spider C. The chain tension is resisted by the helical springs and is recorded on the dial E. The dial F indicates revolutions. 145. "VAN WINKLE'S" POWER METER. — A set of helical springs attached to two discs, one of which is made fast to the pulley, unkeyed and loose on the shaft ; the other disc and hub - are clamped to the shaft. A set of levers on a rock haft transmits the strain on the springs to an in- dex and dial indicating the horse-power per 100 revolutions of the shaft. 146. TRACTION RECORD- ING DYNAMOMETER.— The draft-pull compresses the elliptic -shaped springs, moving the index hand D, which carries a pencil at its opposite end K. A paper ribbon is drawn under the pencil and wound on a drum, driven by clockwork, mak- ing a continual record, to be measured by a suitable scale for the average work. 147. FRICTION MACHINE, for testing the friction of wheels at various speeds and loads. The adjustable circular balance holds the wheels or vehicle in place. The pounds tension on the scale multiplied by the periph- eral velocity in feet per minute gives the foot- pound draft or friction. so MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 148. TORSION DYNAMOME TER. — To a driving shaft E is attached at C a helical spring. To the other end of the spring is attached a trans- mission pulley A and a small pulley K^ Q^ , moving freely on the shaft E. At Qo another small pulley is fixed to shaft E. The tension of trans- mission displaces the relative position of the small pulleys and through an endless belt draws the loops F and G farther apart, which by pul- leys and index not shown indicates the power transmitted. 149. TENSILE TEST- ING MACHINE. — A hydrostatic ram and system of com- pound levers, used in ] testing: the tensile (^ ^#j^^^ "^^^^^^ U^ •^ strength of metals S. article to be tested; 70, stops to control vibra- tion of levers ; W, weight. 150. BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE.— A flattened spring metal tube is bent to a circular form. One end is fixed to the inlet stud ; the other end is connected to a lever sector by a link. The sector is meshed with a small pinion on the arbor carrying the index hand. A hair spring attached to the arbor keeps all the piv- oted joints drawn in one direction for accuracy of pressure indication. I. CORRUGATED TUBE-PRESSURE GAUGE— The pressure within the tube expands it on the cor- rugated side and through the link connections with the index hand moves the hand. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 51 152. RECORDING PRESSURE GAUGE, " Edson " model. D, corrugated diaphragm bearing the pressure ; G, connecting rod from dia- phragm to crank-pin, on the shaft on which the index hand is fixed, as also the arm and pencil bar, H^, H^, in front of the record sheet ; K, K, winding barrels for the record sheet driven by a clock move- ment ; M, index dial. 153. PARALLEL MOTION OF THE INDICATOR. Proportions: c. dii d\ <^ — nearly. 154. PARALLEL MOTION FOR AN INDI- CATOR. — The curved slot is made proportional to the length of the two arms of the pencil lever. 155. "AMSLER"PLAN- IMETER.— E is the fixed point; F the tracer. The disc has a sharp edge and a cylindrical section divided and read from a vernier scale. 'a worm screw and index wheel indicate the number of revolutions of the rolling disc. 156. ^'LIPPINCOTT" PLAN- IMETER.-R is the fixed point; T the tracer ; r is a smooth round arm on which a scale is laid off from the axis ; D is a disc with a free motion on the scaled arm. 52 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 157. CENTRIFUGAL SPEED INDI- CATOR. — An arm and ball pivoted to a clamp on a revolving vertical shaft shows on a curved index bar the number of revo- lutions per minute, due to the position of the ball and pointer, assumed by the cen- trifugal force of revolution. 158. SPEED INDICATOR.— An application of the screw gear. The screw dial counts to 100, right or left. The second dial indicates the number of hundreds. 159. METER DIAL— how to read it. A revolution of the upper hand is a measure of one cubic foot. Each of the dials represents a multiple of ten. The figures following the motion of the index hands are to be noted, and if reading to the right must be put in in- verse order, and if read to the left must be put in serial order. Thus the dial here rei> resented reads 47,805 cubic feet. 160. AUTOMATIC TIPPING SCALE, for measuring grain or water. 161. DOUBLE LINK BALANCED SCALE.— The upper link is fixed to the radial index plate. MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 53 Q) (o) l"'l"l|"l|l"|lll|IM|lll|lll|l[]pTr]TTT[mTfT7JT 6 162. DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHING BEAM. — The link connection to the lower hook allows the V-bearings to be brought much nearer together than on a sin- gle bar. 163. ENGINE COUN- TER. — A series of coun- ter gears as in the fol- lowing figures, may be placed overlapping, as here shown ; each spindle mounted with a number dial and all covered by a perforated plate, showing the top figures of each dial. The spring pawl checks the first wheel in the train, to hold the number in place while the lever pawl takes its back motion. 164. OPERATION OF A COUNTER. — The wheel B, with its ten pin teeth, is thrown one tooth at each vibration of the arn-^ of the sector rim A. The wheel B also 1^ 'has a sector rim fixed to and revolving with it that throws the next pin-tooth wheel one tooth at each revolution, and so on. 165. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. The tappet A, revolving with the wheel C, carries the wheel D one pin notch per revolution. The pawl b is released by the notch in the wheel C while the tappet is in contact with the pin. 166. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. B, driving wheel, the rim of which has an entering and exit notch for pins in .the driven wheel and locks the wheel C at each revolution of wheel P 54 MEASUREMENT OF POWER. 167. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. A, the driv- ing tooth in the wheel B ; C is stopped by the concave sections that fit the periphery of the wheel B. The tooth A projects beyond the peripheral radius of wheel B, and the notches relieve the inverted curves of wheel C, allowing it to turn one notch at each revolution of wheel B. 168. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, for counters and meters. In this form the largest number of revolutions of the single tooth pinion B, for one revolution of wheel A, may be obtained. 169. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. Wheel C and its arm tooth B is the driver. A rim, shown by the dotted circle on wheel C, catches a pin tooth of the counter wheel A at each revolution. The opening in the rim allows the pin to enter and leave the inside of the rim. 170. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION, for counters and meters. a, driving pin plate. b, star wheel counter. c, pawl. d, spring latch. The latch d is on the back of the pin plate and holds the star teeth, after rotation, by a light spring, c is a pawl that locks the teeth ; pawl is lifted by pins in pin wheel. 171. TIRE MEASURE COUN- TER. — A wheel running freely in the forks of a handle, is made of a size that will roll exactly two feet to a revolution, and graduated in feet and inches. The supplementary index is set to allow for lap in welding the tire. Section IV. STEAM POWER. > BOILERS AND ADJUNCTS, ENGINES, VALVES AND VALVE GEAR, PARALLEL MOTION GEAR, GOVERNORS AND ENGINE DEVICES. "ROTARY ENGINES. OSCILLATING ENGINES. STEAM POWER. Boilers and Adjuncts, Engines, Valves and Valve Gear, Parallel Motion Gear, Governors and Engine Devices. Rotary Engines, Oscillating Engines. yy^^^^y^^yTP^^p^.r^^T'TT^^^y.^^A^M^. £. \>y>y'yyyy'yyyyyyyy>A'yyy. ^ i?^;^ 172. "STEVENS" BOILER.— An early type of tubular boilers (1806). The principle is still in use. 173. PLAIN CYLIN- DRICAL ' BOILERS, showing suspension and setting. One-half the surface of the shells, divided by 10, equals boiler horse-power. w n IT 174. HANG- ING WATER DRUM CY- LINDRICAL BOILER.— The drum, hanging from the main boiler by necks, gives a large in- crease of heating surface. One-half of shell and all of drum surface, divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. CYLINDRICAL DOUBLE FLUE BOILER, Lan- cashire t y p e. p One -half the Ishell and all the flue surface, divided by 11, equals boiler horse-power. 58 STEAM POWER. 176. INTERNALLY FIRED FLUE BOILER. — The flue and half the shell surface, if exposed to heat, divided by 14, equals horse-power. 177. HORIZONTAL TUBULAR BOILER, with steam and dry steam pipe, a^ Diy steam pipe. One-half the shell and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. LOCOMOTIVE BOILER.— All the fire-box surface above the grate and all the tube surface, divided by 14, equals the boiler horse-power. 179. MARINE BOILER, with locomotive fire-box, three flues and return tubes. The area of the fire- box, flues, back chamber, and tubes, divided by 12, equals boiler horse- power. ECLIPSE" RETURN TUBULAR MARINE BOILER— All the fire-box, back chamber, direct and return tube surface, divid- ed by 12, equals boiler horse- power. STEAIM POWER. 59 SMOK'E OUTIET" i8i. ''GALLOWAY" BOILER.— An in- ternally fired oval flue, with small con- ical tubes set diago- nallyacrossthe flue. 182. INTERNAL FIRED CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR BOILER. — Lower shell slight- ly inclined to facilitate circula- tion. Fire surface of tubes, fire-box, and all of shell ex- posed to heat, divided by 12, equals boiler horse-power. 183. ''DION" VEHICLE BOILER.— A central water and steam drum enclosed within an annular drum, and connected by short in- clined tubes. A light and quick-firing boiler for a motor carriage. 184. "BABCOCK «&: WILCOX" WATER TUBE BOILER.— Inclined straight tubes expanded in vertical steel headers, connected to a steam drum above. Partitions repass the flame through the tube spaces. 185. "HARRISON" BOILER.— A series of cast-iron globes with ground joints, held together by through bolts. 6o STEAM POWER. J 1 86. SUBMERGED HEAD VERTICAL V BOILER, with enlarged water surface, and a cir iLJ culating diaphragm by which the fire head is swept by the circulation of the water. The central space ■^ is free from tubes to facilitate circulation. " HERRESHOFF " BOILER.— A horizontal volute coil at the top acts as a heater. The inner coil is the evaporator ; the outer coil is the superheater. A separa- tor entraps the water that may be carried over from the evaporating coil. BOTTOM BLOW, i88. " THORNYCROFT " BOILER. -^A large steel drum above and a water drum below, connected with a large num- ber of bent tubes. The water return is through a large tube at the rear end of the boiler. 189. "SEE" WATER TUBE BOILER.— A series of short straight tubes connecting a hori- zontal steam drum with a rectangular water base on each side of the furnace, of boiler. Return tube at back STEAM POWER. 6i 190. " YARROW " WATER TUBE BOILER. — Inclined sections of straight tubes from water- headers each side of the hre grate to a large steam drmn above. Iron casing lined with fire tile. This design is for a marine boiler. 191. "BOYER'S" WATER TUBE BOILER. — Furnace walls are coils of pipe. Coils over the fire are connected from circulating pipes to steam drum. 192. "HAZELTON" BOILER.— A central vertical drum in which tubes, with closed ends, rxs are screwed radially. The grate" is beneath the ^---^ j-a(iial tubes and around the base of the drum. 193. " CLIMAX " BOILER.— A central vertical water and steam drum, with bent tubes expanded in it, and inclined to facili- tate circulation, 194. Section showing bent tubes. 62 STEAM POWER. "MOYES" WATER TUBE BOILER.— The inclined tubes are in three groups, set in three steam drums above and three water-heads be- low. Partitions divide the groups of tubes to deflect the flame over the whole surface. 196. "WHEELER" VERTICAL TUBE BOILER.— Two sections of straight vertical tubes, with drum-heads top and bottom, and a steam drum connected by necks. "CAHALL" VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER. — A water drum at the bottom forms the lower head' for the tubes. An an- nular drum at the top forms the upper head, through which the smoke passes. The fur- nace and combustion chamber are outside, as is also the circulating pipe, as shown in the cut. 198. VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER (Philadelphia Engineering Works). Straight tubes between steel drums and a wall between the sections, so that the fire sweeps the length of all the tubes. STEAM POWER. 63 199-200. BOILER OF THE " SERPOLLET " TRICYCLE —The steam generating surface is made of iron pipe, flattened and corrugated, then coiled into a volute form with the inner end turned up, and the outer end to project through the furnace shell. The cuts show a vertical section and horizontal plan. 201. " SERPOLLET'S " STEAM GENER- ATOR, showing the corrugated flattened tube coiled into a volute. The width of the internal space is less than one-eighth of an inch. 202. "SERVES" BOILER TUBE.— The pro- jecting ribs enlarge the area of the fire surface of the tube. 203. SHAKING AND TIP- PING FURNACE GRATE, " Tupper " model. Each section rocks on trunnions by a hand lever and connecting bar. 204. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. — The flanges are strung upon square bars to form each grate section, which are shaken or dumped by a key wrench at the front. 64 STEAM POWER. 205. FURNACE GRATE, with dumping sections. "Tup- per" model grate. 206. SHAKING GRATE for a boiler furnace. The sectors are astride cross bars, and are rocked by a lever and con- necting rod to each tier of sectors. 207. SHAKING AND TIPPING FURNACE GRATE.— The front and back sections can be shaken separately by the double connections and levers. 208. "COLUMBIA" STOKER for soft coal. The coal is filled into the hopper on the outside of the furnace, and from the bottom of the hopper there is carried a chute which inclines upward into the fur- nace. A pusher pushes the coal upward along this chute and dis- underneath charges the burning fuel, displacing the latter and causing it to bulge upward and then slide down the inclined grates. Air is delivered under pressure from the air pipe, and, passing through the openings in the blast grates in the front portion of the furnace, mixes with the gases distilled from the coal before they pass through the burning fuel above. STEAM POWER. 65 20^. "PLAYFORD" MECHAN- ICAL STOKER, for soft coal. A link grate moved by a sprocket shaft carries the coal, fed by a hopper, forward under the boiler, returning over a drum shaft at the bridge wall. A screw conveyer brings the ash and clinker for^vard to the pit. 210. AMERICAN" BOILER STOKER. — The coal is carried under the grate from the hopper by a spiral screw and forced up over the grate. Side View of Stoker. 211. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler fur- nace, " Playford " model. The coal is carried into the furnace from a hopper by a travelling grate. A gate with rack and gear, oper- ated by a lever, regulates the depth of the coal-feed. 212. MECHANICAL STOKER for a furnace, '' Jones " model, under- feed to the grate. A plunger, which may be operated directly by a steam piston, pushes a charge of coal, falling from the hopper, on to the fore plate of the grate, where it is coked, the smoke and gases being drawn into the hot lire and burned. 66 STEAM POWER. 213. MECHANICAL STOKER for a boiler furnace, " Meissner " model. A wide plunger, operated from a rock shaft, pushes the charge from under the hopper on to the step- grate, where it is coked and worked down the inclined rocking gate. AIR BLAST •»»»—>- 214. FEED WORM AND AIR BLAST, for feeding fuel to furnaces or sand for an air sand blast. 215. PETROLEUM BURNER, for a furnace, for a boiler, or other require- ments. A, Entrance of oil to central nozzle, which is regulated by a needle valve with screw spindle and wheel, C ; B, entrance of compressed air to the annular nozzle, the force of which draws the oil and atomizes it for quick combustion. 216. POP SAFETY VALVE.— The " Lun- kenheimer," an enlarged lip disc above the valve disc, equahzes the increased tension of the spring when the valve opens. STEAM POWER. 67 DIFFERENTIAL SEAT SAFETY VALVE.— The enlarged area of the upper valve compensates for the differential tension of the spring upon open- ing the valve, thus causing the valve to open wide without increase of boiler pressure. 218. SAFETY VALVE.— Lever is of the third order. A, Short lever ; B, centre of gravity of lever from ful- crum ; C, distance of weight from ful- crum ; S, diameter of valve ; P, pres- sure per square inch ; G, weight of the lever at its centre of gravity ; ■ W, weight of ball ; V, weight of valve and spindle. W -^ ^^ ^ -^^^"^ X P X A— (G X B) — (V X A ) C = S2 X.7354X P X A— (GX B) — (Vx A) W 219. ORIGINAL FORM of the ^olipile or Hero's Steam Engine, 130 B.C. A reaction power, suitable for operation by the use of any gaseous or fluid pres sure. The original type of several modern motors. 220. STEEPLE ENGINE, with cross-head and slides. 68 STEAM POWER. 22 1. VERTICAL ENGINE, WITH BELL-CRANK LEVER, for stem- wheel boat. 222. INCLINED PADDLE-WHEEL. ENGINE, with upright crank con- nected beam for driving air pump.. 223. DIAGONAL TWIN-SCREW EN- GINE, arranged so that the connecting rods-- cross each other, thus economizing space. 224. TWIN-SCREW VERTICAL CYLIN- DER ENGINE. — The outer gears are on the screw shafts ; the inner gears are idlers to keep the beam even. 225. TRUNK ENGINE.— Does away with the slides and cross-head. It is also used for compounding by using the initial pressure at the trunk end and ex- panding beneath the piston. STEAM POWER. 69 O) • 226. OSCILLATING ENGINE, with trunnions oh middle of cylinder. 227. COMPOUND OSCILLATING ENGINE. — Cylinders at right angles. 228. TWIN-SCREW OSCILLAT ING ENGINE.— A through piston rod connects directly to crank-pins on the shaft face plates. Suitable for small boats. 229. OSCILLATING HOIST ING ENGINE.— The piston rods are attached to an eccentric strap; one fixed, the other pivoted. A lever operated by the same eccentric strap, through a short connecting rod, oper- ates the valve gear of each cylinder alternately. 230. THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE " Brotherhood " type. Steam is admitted to the central chamber with equal pressure on all the pistons. The rotary-disc valve is oper ated by the crank-pin, giving steam to the outside of the pistons alternately through an outside port to each cyli'r der. Main shaft bearing has a stuffing box. 70 STEAM POWER. 231. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL EN GINEj with continuous piston rod. 232. TANDEM COMPOUND VERTICAL ENGINE, with cross-head and two piston rods- for low-pressure piston -^ P^ 1 1 M--- ' — " 1 \ i ^li — in 233. COMPOUND ENGINES for twin screws. There may be one or two pair of compound cylin- ders. The dotted lines represent cylinders of the tandem model. 234. C0MP0UN1> YACHT ENGINE, "Her- reshoff" model. Direct ^^y receiver pipe. End and longitudinal elevation. STEAM POWER. /I 235. HIGH-SPEED TANDEM ^^^ COMPOUND ENGINE, " Harrisburg " model. 236. TANDEM COMPOUND ENGINE, " Phoenix Iron Works " model. A direct pipe connection be- tween the high and low pressure cylinder. 37. MODERN HIGH- SPEED ENGINE, with pulley governor, " Atlas " model. 238. SINGLE D SLIDE VALVE, with lap. The length of the valve over the length from outside to outside of steam ports is double the lap. 239. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A ring in a recess of the valve rides against the steam chest cover, held by a spring. 72 STEAM POWER. 240. DOUBLE-PORTED SLIDE VALVE and adjustment by double nuts in the back of the valve. illlinMMiirtnMiimn™^^^ 241. ' MEYER" CUT-OFF VALVE.— C, D, Slide valve with perforated ports. The supplementary or cut-off valves are adjusted to the required distances, to m.eet the required cut-off, by a right and left screw, which has an index H. and wheel G, for turning the screw for cut-off adjustment on the outside of the steam chest. 242. SINGLE D, SLIDE VALVE, with doutle steam and exhaust ports. Central steam ports open into steam chest at the side of the valve. 243. GRIDIRON SLIDE VALVE, foi large port area with small motion of the valve. 244. ROTARY VALVES.— The valves K and L are three-winged cylinders, and are nearly balanced by the double inlet ports of the valve chamber. STEAM POWER. 73 245. STEAM ENGINE VALVE CHEST.— Double ported exhaust ; shortens the steam passages. " Erie City Iron Works " model. 246. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE.— A bell- shaped piston, riding in a packed gland in the steam chest cover, is connected to the top of the valve by a link. 247. BALANCED SLIDE VALVE, " Buchanan & Richter's '' patent. The arm B carries a roller in the curved slot of the supporting piece D. The ?^??^ pressure is relieved by the nut and screw in the cover. 248. " RICHARDSON-ALLEN " BALANCED SLIDE VALVE. S| — The valve slides under an adjustable plate fixed to the steam chest cover, and is bal- anced by a recess in the back of the valve that is open to the ex- haust port. 249. BALANCED THROTTLE VALVE, with direct governor connection. 74 STEAM POWER. 250. WING THROTTLE VALVE, or Butterfly Throttle, operated by direct connection with a gov- ernor. 251. MULTIPLE PORT PISTON THROTTLE VALVE. — A perfectly balanced valve with through connecting rod. 252. "CORLISS" VALVE GEAR. — Operated by a single eccentric through a lever and connecting -- rods. Steam and exhaust valves are worked by pins on a rocking wrist plate. The trips on the steam-valve gears are controlled by the governor. 253. LOCOMOTIVE LINK-MOTION VALVE GEAR.— In this arrangement the slotted link is moved up and down over the wrist pm block by the lever and connecting rod ; the le- ver, locking in the toothed sector, allowing for a close connection to the valve stem by a lever and short connecting rod. 254. WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR. — The slotted link is hung at its centre on a fixed pin. The valve-rod block is raised or lowered by the bell-crank lever. Lead is made by the cross- head link and lever. STEAM POWER. 75 vsr/ REVERSING LINK MOTION. — The slotted link is pivoted to the end of the eccentric rod and is moved up and down by the bell- crank lever. The block carrying the valve rod is stationary in the slot. 256. VALVE GEAR of an oscillating marine engine. The slotted link a, receives a rocking motion from the eccentrics and rods, and is thrown from its centre either way for forward or back motion of the engine by the lever connecting rod b. A block and pin attached to the valve rod freely traverse the link slot. The circular slot- ted frame c is concentric with the cylinder trun- nions and the valve rod by a sliding block and pin to accommodate the oscillation of the cyl- inders. 257. ''JOY'S " VALVE GEAR for a ver- tical engine. Operated from a pin in the connecting rod. Reversal is made by chang- ing the position of the slotted Imk ' JOY'S '• VALVE GEAR for a horizontal engine. Adjust- ment is made by the angu lar position of the slotted link. Valve motion by crank rod and links. 76 STEAM POWER. 259. "BREMME" VALVE GEAR with single eccentric. The eccentric arm is rocked by the double link connection and is reversed by throwing the link joint over by the hand screw and sector arm, not shown in cut. 260. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VALVE GEAR, with variable travel, adjustable by a hand-wheel. The eccentric drives a block in a slotted link, which is rocked on a central pivot by the screw for varying the throw of the valve. 261. CAM-BAR VALVE MOVE- MENT. — The horizontal movement of the cam bar by the bell-crank lever alternately moves the two valves. 262. VALVE GEAR of a Cor- nish engine, with trip poppet valves for steam. The governor releases the valves by varying the position of the vertical bars connected to the rocking wrist plate. Exhaust valves are oper- ated from the eccentric through the lever that operates the steam valves. STEAM POWER. 77 263. VARIABLE EXPANSION GEAR, with one eccentric. The movement of tlie fulcrmn of the eccentric bar lever by the screw changes the throw of the valve. 264. SINGLE ECCENTRIC VARIABLE VALVE THROW.—" Fink " link gear for a D valve. The link block is moved in the curved slot of the link for variation of valve throw, adjustable by the hand-wheel. A 265. " ALLEN '^ VALVE LIFT OR TOE.— flj, The valve lifter and rod to which the valves are attached; b, the toe on the rock shaft, operated from a cam on the engine shaft. 266. TAPPET LEVER VALVE MOTION, — Used on pumps, rock drills, and percussion tools. 267. STARTING LEVER, with spring to hold the bolt in the sec- tor notches. 78 STEAM POWER. x::7 268. SIMPLE UNHOOKING DEVICE, much in use on the engines of side-wheel steam- ers. The turning down of the handle of the short bell-crank lever hfts the hook in the ec- centric rod off from the wrist pin of the rock- shaft crank. — when tLc; engine can be worked by a hand lever on the rock shaft. 269. SIMPLE REVERSING GEAR for steam engines. On raising the eccentric rod the valve spindle is released from the hook, when the engine can be reversed by the hand lever ; the eccentric then runs back by friction a half turn, it being loose on the shaft, and the key shoulder cut away to allow the eccentric to turn half over. 270. "JOY'S" HYDRAULIC SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The centre block is keyed to the shaft ; pistons on each side of the block work in cylinders in the eccentric. Oil is pump- ed to one or the other piston through holes in the crank shaft and piston, for reversal of the engine. 271. SHIFTING ECCENTRIC— The ec- centric is movable on worm gear and its sleeve, which is keyed to the shaft. The tan- gent worm is pivoted in lugs on the eccentric. \ 272. VALVE MOTION ECCENTRIC. — -The rocker connecting link increases the motion of the valve rod and travel of the valve. STEAM POWER. 79 273. " PEAUCELLIER'S " PARALLEL MOTION. — A, B and B, C are of equal distances, when the connecting rod will move in a straight line. When B is connected with the outer joint of the link quadrangle the inner joint C will have a straight-line motion. 274. PARALLEL MOTION, used on side-lever marine engines. E, cross-head. C, F, radius bar. D, E, parallel bar. 275. PARALLEL MOTION, for a lever marine engine. a and b are of equal length. c and d are of equal length. Radius of rocker-shaft crank F =: — e side 276. PARALLEL MOTION and com- pensation weight for steam engines, " For- ney's " patent. The link from the cross- head traverses the slot at right angles to the engine centre, and is pivoted at its centre to the swinging link and weight. 277. PARALLEL MOTION.— Length of radius bar equal to beam radius. Link radii are equal. Dis- tance of radius bar pivot above beam centre is equal to link radius, 8o STEAM POWER. ■f-^-a~. s d rs — Tf ' h~ '''^ 278. PARALLEL MOTION for beam en- gines, in which ^ and <^ are of equal length. c and/* are of equal length. {i and e are of equal length. 279. PARALLEL MOTION, with two pairs of connecting bars. a and 1/ are of equal length. c and d are of equal length. e, cross-head. 280. PARALLEL MOTION, with the radius bar pivoted above the centre line of the beam. ^ and ^ are of equal length. ,? = r or ^- l' r= half a. 281. PARALLEL MOTION for a direct^ acting engine. ■ The radius bar, A, F, is pivoted to the frame on the centre line and at right angles to the slot, B. A, C and A, F are of equal length. A, B and A, C are of equal length. 282. PARALLEL MOTION by a rocking beam. A, E and A, C are equal when E is pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod. 283. PARALLEL MOTION.— The " grass- hopper " movement of one of the early locomo- tives. B, the radius bar, pivoted in the centre line of motion of the piston rod ; A, the rocker rod. STEAM POWER. 8i 284. PARALLEL MOTION for a ver- tical engine. A, A, radius bars pivoted to engine frame opposite to the middle of stroke. 285. PARALLEL MOTION for an engine. The radius bars are of equal lengths from the centre line of the engine and sliding pivot of the long bar. Both fixed and sliding pivots at right angles with the centre line when at half stroke. 286. PARALLEL MOTION of a piston rod by direct connection with a spur gear ro- tating upon the wrist pin of the crank. The crank-pin gear meshes in a fixed internal toothed gear of double its diameter. One of the curiosities of old-time engineering. 287. '« CARTVVRIGHT'S " PARALLEL MOTION for steam engines by geared wheels. A free cross-head on piston rod and connected to two cranks on shafts with equal spur gears from which power is transmitted through a third spur wheel. Very old (77^7). 288. PARALLEL MOTION by a cross- head and rollers running against guide-bars. Old. 82 STEAM POWER. 289. CROSS-HEAD SLIDE athwart the shaft. An obsolete design for a vertical engine in a side-wheel steamer. M 290. PARALLEL MOTION by guide bars in the frame of a vertical engine, with connecting piston rod and crank. Cross-head sliding in a slot in the frame. Old. 291. PARALLEL MOTION to piston rod and cross-head by prolonging the piston rod through a fixed guide and connecting to the crank with a forked rod. A very old device and much in use now on pumps. 292. PARALLEL MOTION from a sec- tor beam. Used on old, single-acting, atmos- pheric pumping engines. Cylinder is open at top. Piston is lifted by the weight of the pump rods on the other end of beam. Low- pressure steam follows the rising piston when a jet of water condenses it, and the piston is drawn down by atmospheric pressure. 293. RACK GEAR PARALLEL MOTION.— An old pumping device used with a single Q--..^ acting beam engine. f: STEAM POWER. 83 294. ''WATT" GOVERNOR.— The cen- trifugal action of the balls lifts the sleeve and, through the bell crank, operates the throttle valve. 295. COMPENSATING GOVERNOR, "Daw- son " patent (English). Intended to be isochronous in its movement. The central weight is connected directly with the throttle-valve stem. 296. GRAVITY CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— The weight on the central rod is lifted by the centrifugal action of the light balls and moves the lever that controls the valve gear. A high-speed governor. 297. ENGINE GOVERNOR, in which the arms cross each other and are extended above in a link movement. The arms are guided in a slotted sector. 84 STEAM POWER. 298. CENTRIFUGAL BALL GOVERNOR.— The balls, with arms pivoted to the revolving spindle, through their connections raise or lower the grooved sleeve on the lower part of the spindle. The yoke of the valve lever rests in the groove and thus controls the valve gear by the varying speed of the governor." 299. INVERTED GOVERNOR.— The cen- trifugal force of the balls is resisted by a spring around the spindle. The extension of the balls lifts the lever spool through the toggle-joint movement. 300. DIRECT-ACTING CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR.— The balls traverse the radial arms a^ a, on friction rollers and are restrained by steel ribbons that pass over a pair of pul- leys at G, and are attached to the spring and grooved collar that operates the lever and throttle valve. 301. SPRING BALANCED CENTRIF- UGAL GOVERNOR, "Proell" patent— The t^ "^-v balls are attached to the inverted arms b, b, and ^1° y' raise the collar sleeve by their outward throw. The movement is restrained by the vertical leaf springs and links. The lift is controlled by the curved links hung from the cross bar at/i STEAM POWER. ^5 302. PARABOLIC GOVERNOR.— One of the many curious devices for governing steam engines. The paraboUc form of the guide arms is intended to equalize the motion of the grooved sHde by modifying the effect of centrifugal force in the position of the balls. Also called an isochronous governor, produc- ing equal valve movement for equal change in the speed of the engine. 303. "ANDERSON'S" GYROSCOPE GOVERNOR for steam engines. A, The g>TO- scope wheel ; B, its spindle connected to its driv- ing shaft by the universal joint B', and revolved at high velocity by the pinion I rolling around the fixed bevel gear G. H, a frame holding the gyroscope wheel and its flexible shaft and re- volving it on the vertical axis by the bevel gear and band from the ■engine shaft. The outer end of the spindle B is held in a jointed arm of the frame H, to allow of the retaining action of the spring L, through the bell crank N, connecting rod P, and rod and bow D, C, pivoted with a free vertical movement in the fixed frame. A swivel at D allows the rod and bow to turn freely with the wheel and frame H. By the rapid rotation of the wheel on its own axis and its ■counter rotation on the vertical axis of the carrying frame H, its own axis has a strong tendency toward a vertical position, which is bal- anced by the spring L, causing the rod D to take a vertical motion, corresponding to variation in speed, and transmitting it to the valve ^ear. 304. HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL GOV- ERNOR, " Bourdon " model. The balls are balanced on a rigid arm pivoted to the hori- f D zontal spindle. A sector c on the ball arm meshes with a sector pivoted on the hollow spindle of the governor, which operates a lever and push rod to the throttle. As the balls move only by cen- trifugal force of revolution, they are wholly controlled by a helical spring in the hollow spindle. 86 STEAM POWER. 305. VANE OR WING GOVERNOR.— The resistance of the vanes P, P to the air by their variable speed from the engine gear, lifts or depresses the ball Q, connected with the wings, by means of a quick-pitch thread and nut on the revolving spindle, .causing a movement of the weighted bell-crank lever M, L, and by its actioa. controls the throttle valve. GOVERNOR FOR A STEAM ENGINE (old). • — A revolving sjDindle, a, carries with it a pair of cylindrical inclined planes, d. The ball b, frame and wings c, slide freely upon an extension of the spindle. The varying air resistance given to the wings <:, c by the revolution of the spindle lifts the ball ; the friction rollers on the cross-arm moving up and down the incline as the speed varies, moving the valve lever or an internal valve spindle. ^H, U TO REGULATOR 307. DIFFERENTIAL GOVERNOR. — The larger pulley, A, is driven by a belt fron> the motive power, winding up the larger weight which is offset by the revolution of the smaller pulley and the fan wheel, which is regulated by^ the difference in the weights which balances the frictional resistance of the fan. Any dif- ference in the speed of the motive power raises or lowers the large weight, moving the bell crank. ■=5^-" STEAM POWER. 87 308. '■ HUNTOON " GOVERNOR. — A ribbed cylinder, A, is partly filled with oil. A paddle wheel, B, is re- volved by the pulley and shaft which by fluid friction moves the ribbed cyl- inder and pinion in the same direction. The pinion meshes in the toothed sec- tor, which is counterbalanced bv an adjustable weight. The sector rock shaft operates the steam throttle valve through its arm and con- necting rods. 309. Vertical Section. 310. Cross Vertical Section. ShowiniJ^ ribs and paddle wheel. 31T. "PROELL" GOVERNOR.— In addition to the weight lifted by the cen- trifugal balls, an air dash pot is used in the line of the central rod connected at the top by a yoke pivoted to the bell crank arms. The dash pot with bye pass is shown at the left. 312. *' PORTER" GOVERNOR.— The cen- trifugal balls lift a central weight, A, by tfie toggle-arm connection. A high-speed governor. 88 STEAM POWER. 313. ''RICHARDSON" GOVERNOR.— The arms in this governor are crossed and sus- pended from two points, the balls lifting a central weight by their pivoted connections. The groove on the lower extension of the weight operates the throttle. 314. PRINCIPLE OF THE "PICKERING" GOVERNOR.— The centrifugal force of the balls revolving with the central spindle throws out the springs to which they are attached, shortens their length on the spindle, and lifts the grooved collar that carries the lever for regulating the valve motion. 315. "PICKERING" GOVERNOR.— The revolving balls are held by springs, the exten- sion of which draws the cap, A, dow^nw^ard and with it the central valve rod, with direct con- nection to the balanced throttle valve. 316. PULLEY OR FLYWHEEL GOVER- NOR, "Sweet's." — The eccentric moves toward the centre by the centrifugal action of the weight restrained, by the spring through the connecting link. STEAM POWER. 89 317. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— The centrifugal action of the weights, bal- anced by the springs, shifts the position of the inner eccentric to vary the throw of the main eccentric. 318. CRANK-SHAFT GOVERNOR.— The cen- trifugal action of two hinged weights, balanced by springs, varies the eccentric by moving it toward the centre by excess of speed. 'Eccentric is hinged to an arm of the pulley or fly wheel. 319. FLY-WHEEL OR PULLEY GOV ERNOR. — The centrifugal force of two pivoted weights connected to a spiral-slotted face plate, in which a wrist pin on the arm of the eccentric sets it forward or back ; controlled by the adjust- ment of the holding springs. 320. SLOTTED CROSS-HEAD, with "Clay- ton's " adjustable wrist-pin box. Two taper half-boxes and sliding taper gibs, with heads carrying screws for adjusting the boxes to both slide cross-head and wrist pin. 321. TRAMMEL CRANK.— The pins c, c on the rod B traverse the two right-angled slots in the revolving face plate, producing a reciprocating motion of the rod B. STEAM POWER. 322. CRANK-PIN LUBRICATOR.-^ The oil cup is fixed. A wiper on the con- necting rod end takes off the drop of oil from the capillary feed oil cup. 323. CENTRIFUGAL CRANK-PIN OILER made adjustable by the sliding support clamped at S, so that the revolving feed pipe K shall be aligned with the axis of the shaft. 324. CENTRIFUGAL LUBRI- CATING DEVICE for the crank pin of a high-speed engine. An annular cup with an open front is fastened to the crank and fed by a drip spout at A. The oil is thrown to the outer rim of the cup by the centrifugal force of revolution and to the oil holes through the crank pin. 325. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE.— A wing piston rotating around the central axis of an outer shell or cylinder. A hollow cylinder of small- er diameter is pivoted eccentric to the wing axis to keep one side in contact with the shell. The steam .W """ '-'^z-'/'''' pressure revolves the wing and shaft Avith a force due to the varying area of the wing outside of the inner cylinder. 326. "FRANCHOT" ROTARY ENGINE. — A slotted concentric cylinder carries a con- tinuous solid wing across and in contact with the interior surface of an ovoid shell, shaped for ex- act diameter in all directions on the eccentric axis of revo ution. STEAM POWER. 9' 327. DOUBLE SLIDE PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. — In this engine the shaft and piston barrel are concentric, while the walls of the steam chambers are ovoid. A difficult form of con- struction. 32S. "LAMB" ROTARY ENGINE.— An annular cylinder with a fixed partition be- tween the inlet and outlet. The piston is a hollow cylinder with a longitudinal slot, which slides up and down the partition, the outside of the cylinder wiping the inner surface of the shell. The centre cf the traversing cylinder is pivoted to a crank pin, which carries it around a common centre shaft. // ^ ^s^ %. f ^^ ;^_/ i^^ i / Vu 2^ rn^l i~m-z^ T m M If [ M J/ rf^l % a r/^. / ^i»^>^ 329. "COCHRAN" ROTARY ENGINE.— The wing pistons d, d are packed in the eccen- tric inner cylinder by a slotted rocking cylinder and revolve concentric with the outer cylinder or shell. The inner cylinder is pivoted eccentric to the shell, making a tight joint at the bottom. 330. ROTARY ENGINE.— B, shaft; C, eccen- tric rotating piston ; D, follower slide. The eccen- tric cylindrical piston operates the slide by its revolution. 331. "NAPIER" ROTARY ENGINE.— An eccentric mounted cylinder on a shaft concentric with the shell. There are two sliding wings in slots in the shell, held to their bearings by springs or cam wheels on the shaft outside with connecting bars- There are two pair of ports. 92 STEAM POWER. 332. ROLLER PISTON ROTARY ENGINE. A rubber lining loosely placed within the cylin- der is rolled over by the three-armed roller spider. E, E, rubber lining ; B, spider on shaft; A, A, A, rollers. S2,3. "COCHRANE" ROTARY ENGINE. — An eccentric cylindrical piston rotating on an axis central to the shell. The vibrating wings pivoted in the outer shell form the steam abut- ment by closing against the eccentric revolving cylinder. 334. "BOARDMAN" ROTARY EN- GINE. — A cylinder revolving concentric with an outer segmental cylinder, with pock- ets containing swing pistons that open by centrifugal action at the steam inlet, mak- ing a steam abutment across the segment. The swing pistons are closed at the exhaust port by contact with the small segment of the outer cylinder. 335. ROTARY ENGINE, with concentric shaft and wing barrel. The two wing slides pass through cylindrical rockers to give the slides a slight oscillat- ing motion ; slides are kept extended by pins tra- versing a circular slot concentric with the shell. SS6. " SMITH " ROTARY ENGINE.— Four arms with cylindrical sectors are rotated around an axis central to a perforated cylindrical shell. The driven shaft and head discs are ec- centric to the shell. The pressure of steam be- tween the wings tends to push them apart, by which the differential leverage on the disc pins revolves the disc and shaft. STEAM POWER. 93 337. "BERRENBERG" ROTARY ENGINE. — Two intersecting cylindrical shells. The steam cylinder D has two cylindrical pistons, D', D', on opposite sides, that mesh in corresponding cavi- ^^§= ties in the cylindrical steam valve, both rotating in unison by equal external gearing. The steam port passes through the rotary valve E at the proper moment for the impulse. The supplementary sectors D'^ are hinged to the pistons D^ to make a more perfect contact with the outer cylindrical shell. 2:^8. "FLETCHER'S" ROTARY CON- DENSING ENGINE.— A hollow drum on a shaft eccentric to a double shell. Three slots carry slides and socketed arms as abutment wings, which are kept in contact with the cylin- drical shell by a ring not shown. Steam ports on inner shell at the left side. Exhaust ports on the inner shell at the right. 339. "BARTRUM & POWELL" RO- TARY ENGINE.— A double shell divided for steam and exhaust. The inner shell cylindrical with a shaft and crank concen- tric. The crank pin carries a smaller winged cylinder, the wing sliding through a rocking joint. The end packing is made adjustable by a plate set up with screws. The crank pin has an eccentric sleeve which, by a slight rotation, compensates the wear of the rubbing surfaces. 340. "RITTER" ROTARY EN- GINE. — A revolving cylinder concen- tric with the shell, carrying an abutting lip or extension fitting the outer case. A revolving lunette controlled by gear on main shaft allows the lip to pass ; a continuous gear train operates the valve. 341. Exterior with valve gears. 94 STEAM POWER. 342. "HOLLY" ROTARY ENGINE. — The two geared pistons mesh their long teeth into the recesses of the opposite piston, thus making the sum of the radii between the centres less than the sum of the radii from each centre to its cylinder wall. Press- ure rotates the gear in the direction of the longest leverage. 343. ''STOCKER" ROTARY ENGINE.— The sector pistons are each connected through central concentric shafts to slotted cranks in which a sliding box and link connect to a crank on a shaft eccentric to the sector shaft. A differ- ential motion of the sectors is produced while rotating which rotates the driven shaft by the outside slotted crank connections. 344. "FORRESTER" ROTARY ENGINE.— A cylindrical block and guard wing swing on an ec- centric on the shaft. The guard wing slides in and operates the ports of a two-port rotar}^ valve, the outer shell of which is operated by levers and con- necting rods for reversing the engine. 345. " KIPP " ROTARY PISTON ENGINE. — A broad pulley enclosing four single-acting cylinders with op- posite pistons connected by yoked rods. A fixed crank pin and slide block placed eccentric to the pulley axis gives the propelling force by displacing the pistons successively. The steam follows through ports in a disc valve with inlet and exhaust through the hollow shaft. 346. Section. STEAM rOWER. 95 347. "RUTH'S" ROTARY ENGINE.— A revolving cylinder engine. Three cylinders, A, A, A, radiate from a shaft set eccentric to an outer circle or ring on which the piston connected sheaves revolve. The pistons take steam through the ports M, M, M, just past the shortest eccentric radius, and drives out the piston during a half revolution, when the ex- haust is opened and the piston is pushed back by the eccentric ring. 348. "ALMOND" ENGINE.— Four single-acting cylinders set tangent to a shaft which is central to an outer shell. The pistons have jointed segmental plates at their outer end that press against the outer shell and cause the cylinders and shaft to revolve by the ec- centric direction of their pressure. Disc ports for steam and exhaust. 349. ROTATING CYLINDER ENGINE.— The cylinder rotates on trunnions with a through piston rod terminating with rol- lers running in an oval ring. Steam and exhaust ports in the trunnion. Pressure of the piston-rod rollers on the oval ring re- volves the cylinder and fly-wheel on its runnion. 350. ROTARY MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE.— Three or more cylinders are attached to and re- volve with the fly-wheel. The crank is stationary and eccentric to the fly-wheel. Each cylinder is single-acting. Valves are on a central disc at A. gG STEAM POWER. 351. "BATES" COMPOUND VIBRATING ENGINE. — The upper section of the cyl- inder has a shorter radius than the lower section for the compound effect. The shaft and wings are concentric and vibrate be- tween two stationary abutments, 10, 10. Opposite each abutment is a cylindrical valve, which by its motion admits the steam to the upper section, and transfers its exhaust to the lower section, and also the final exhaust. 352. "DAVIE'S" DISC ENGINE.— A disc, I?, is fixed to an oscillating shaft, a, which swings in a circuit pivoted in the disc crank, c. The cylinder heads are cones in the apex of which the ball bearing of the shaft oscillates. The outer shell of the cyl- inder, d, is spherical over which the disc moves. Steam enters alter- nately on either side of piston. 353. "REULEAUX" ENGINE OR PUMP.— A disc on a fixed shaft. The cylinder swings on a central spherical bearing, carrying an arm pivoted in a crank. 354. " LINK " VIBRATORY ENGINE.— A pair of curved cylinders with an annular piston rod to which is attached the arms from the central shaft. The reciprocal motion of the piston rocks the central shaft, the motion of which is made continuous by a link and crank, not shown. 355. OSCILLATING PISTON ENGINE. — A crank and connecting rod outside the engine convert the oscillating motion of the piston into rotary motion. STEAM POWER. 97 356. VIBRATING PISTON ENGINE, 'Tar- son's " model. Two sector pistons vibrating in a cyl- inder. One sector is fast on a central solid shaft, the other is fast on a con- centric hollow shaft. At the other end of each shaft is a crank and link con- nection to a wrist pin at opposite positions on a face plate which is fast on a revolving shaft eccentric to the piston shafts. The exhaust port is in the circumference of the cylinder. 357. Shows the crank end of the vibrating shafts with the link connections. The steam port is in the cylinder head, which is the steam chest. Dur- ing one-half of a fly-wheel revolution one of the sectors makes a large angular move- ment, while the other makes a relatively small angular move- ment, and during the second half, the two sectors reverse their relative movements — i.e., the one going slow during the first half making the quick movement during the second half, and vice versa. fo1\^^\Vi 35^* Shows the detail of one ;^--^ sector, piston, shaft, crank, and link connection with the eccen- tric- revolving disc and shaft. 35-9. Shows both sector pic- tons, concentric shafts, cranks, and link connections to the op- posite wrist pins on the revolv- ing face plate of the constant velocity shaft. 98 STEAM POWER. 360. "KNICK'ERB.OCKER" FOUR-PIS^rd%-ROTARY ENGINE.— A- ' fou^armed lyoke is socketed on ,a centre common to the four pistons. Its spindle "is a crank pin, and makes a conipal circuit Avith the crank and shaft. The ends of the yoke.-'^re socketed to the pistons by connecting rods. The pistons take steam successively, making a continuous pressure on the circuit of the crank. 361. "ROOT'S " DOUBLE QUADRANT ENGINE. — In this design the two oscillating pistons are connected directly with the crank on the inside of the engine case, which is also the exhaust receiver. From the positions of the connecting rods at the end of the stroke of each piston tlife dead centre is' eliminated. d A _^ 362. "ROOT'S" SQUARE PISTON EN- GINE. — The oblong square box, A, is the cylinder proper. B, is a frame sliding freely in a horizontal direction by the force of the steam from the side ports, lars and swamps may be drained, where there is a water supply under pressure, by the use of an ejector which may be made automatic by a float acting upon the valve in the pressure pipe. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 149 550. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER.— The valve is held tightly closed by the diamond-shaped post resting on a bell-crank clip, which is held in position by fusible solder, melting at about 200° Fah., at which temperature the solder melts and the pressure casts the clips loose. The star washer scatters the stream. 551. HYDRAULIC RAM, the " Montgol- fier " idea for a fountain supplied by a water ram. 552. HYDRAULIC RAM.— A, Driving pipe ; V, impact valve ; C, valve-bonnet cage and spindle ; W, force valve ; F, out- let to force pipe; D, air chamber; E, snift- ing hole, sometimes furnished with a small ball valve which allows air to draw in at each rebound of the drive-water column, and ^^!fi^.^^^^jy^^j^A|thus to keep the air chamber supplied with air. 553. "PEARSALL'S" HYDRAULIC RAM AND AIR COMPRESSER.— A hollow or open piston vi- brates in a cylinder, perforated all around with escape ports for egress of water. An air chamber receives the water, and the air which is drawn in through the ports, which becomes compressed. A small air motor drives a crank shaft and fly-wheel, which oper- ate the piston. By the sliding motion of the piston in closing the ports, water hammer is avoided, thus enabling the use of a ram of very large dimensions. ISO HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. OJ 554. SILENT HYDRAULIC RAM. — The curved reaction disc, F, serves to lift. the piston valve, C, quickly without shock. The air cushion at G stops the lift at the mo- ment of closure of piston valve, C. J, a stop> set-screw ; H, valve cage ; B, force valve ; K. force pipe ; I, vent hole to air cushion. 555. DOUBLE-PISTON REACTION HYDRAULIC RAM. — The two pistons, B and O, are on the same spindle with curved reaction disc, A. G is a leather washer to soften the contact with guide yoke. The cage at D guides the lower- piston and serves to increase greatly the free- dom of water-flow from the drive pipe, thereb)r increasing the duty of the ram. 556. WATER METER.—" Union " water me- ter model. The water passes through a rotary motor with equalizing gear, from which the dial pointers are driven by a clock train and counter. 557. DISC WATER METER, "Hersey" model. The disc piston, A, oscillates by the- passage of water through the disc chamber. The spindle of the disc, by its oscillating movement, rotates the crank and gears of the index-wheel train. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. i;i 558. WATER METER," Thompson" model. A swinging disc movement on ball socket, operated by a flow of water, rotates a vertical crank spindle and gear train with index hand above the dial. 559. WATER -VELOCITY INDICA- TOR AND REGISTER.— Variations in velocity of a stream varies the position of the float, which is registered on a traverse card by a pencil. i 560. ANCHORED FERRYBOAT.— One of the few methods of crossing a stream by ^'fflfl^^^^'riir^H the action of the current. 561. "MUELLER" WATER PRESSURE REGULATOR, for reducing a high-pressure works to any required pressure in the service pipe. A spindle with one disc valve, two cupped leather piston valves, and a regulating spring. The high pressure in the house service pipe is relieved by the closure of the inlet valve, due to the differential area of the piston valves. When water is being drawn, the valve opens wide by the relief from pressure at the upper piston valve. 152 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 562. ''MASON" WATER PRESSURE REG- ULATOR. — Over-pressure on the low-pressure side depresses a diaphragm and draws the valve to its seat. Adjustment for difference of pressure is made by compressing or releasing the spring pressure under the elastic diaphragm, by the screw and nut at the bottom. 563. PUMP WATER PRESSURE REGULATING VALVE.— A balanced piston valve, with a differential balance by spring or lever and weight, is placed on the steam pipe to a pump. The opening beneath the lower piston is connected to the water discharge pipe of the pump. Over-pressure raises the disc and shuts off steam. 564. HYDRAULIC PRESS, with screw adjustment of upper platen. The closing down of the upper platen is quickly done by the screw, when a small movement of the hy- draulic piston is required for the pressure. 565. HYDROSTATIC PRESS.— There are many modifications of this principle for presses and elevator lifts. The gross pressure of the ram is as the areas of the ram and pump pistons multiplied by the pounds pressure on the pump piston. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 153 566. HYDRAULIC INTENSIFIER. — High pressure obtained from low pressure by differential pistons. A, Low-pressure cylinder ; D, high-pressure cylinder and plunger. — ♦•^"""T^^ 566 a. PORTABLE HYDRAULIC RIVETER. — An inverted hydraulic ram is operated by the small pump and lever attached to the top of the ram. The return stroke is made by the small reverse ram at the rear of the driv- ing ram. 567. HYDRAULIC RAIL BENDER. — The plunger is moved with great force by the pressure from a small piston plunger operated by a hand lever, on the same principle as with the hydraulic jack. It is suspended by the eyes, and can be used for straightening or bending rails on the track. 568. HYDRAULIC RAIL PUNCH, constructed in the same line as the rail bender and hydraulic press. The l3ops are for suspending and to allow the punch to be easily handled in any /K)si- tion. 154 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 569. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with mul- tiplying cable gear. The cable is carried under and over cross-head sheaves on each side to equalize the pressure on both sides of the plunger. 570. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT with pul- ley sheaves central over plunger. HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR LIFT, with central-plunger pulley. Cable winds on small pulley on drum shaft. For light lift. 572. HYDRAULIC PULLING JACK. — The lever operates a ^ — ^ small pump which forces .,ffLW_L^;~-^ water to the upper side of the piston and draws the piston rod and ring. The small screw and handle is the relief valve to return the water below or to the opposite side of piston for return. 573. WATER PURIFYING FILTER, " N. Y. Filter Mfg. Co." pattern. A diaphragm near the bottom holds the gravel and sand filtering material. There is a shaft through the middle of the tank, with arms for stirring the sand while cleaning by a back-waterflow. The water is fed at the top with a small portion of alum at the rate of one pound to 7,000 gallons of water. The small tank at the top is the alum dissolver with the regulating valves. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 155 REVERSIBLE FILTER.— The position of the fiher in the cut is for filter- ing downward. By turning it over on the trunnions it can be cleaned from above downward, which clears it of all sediment. The in- flow is from above and the waste is through the trunnions to the n'~ sewer while cleaning. 575. FILTERING CIS- TERN, plan. 576. Section. The pump pipe extends to the bottom of the cistern and across, with lateral branches. The pipes on the bot- tom to be perforated with one- sixteenth inch holes, enough to give a free flow of water to the pumps. Cover the pipes with sifted gravel larger than the holes in the pipes to a depth of six inches, then a layer of sharp, clean sand six inches thick, a layer of charcoal four inches thick, and a final layer of sand six inches thick. tion of 578. wihch Cross 577. FILTERING CIS- TERN. — The rain-water is caught in a flat filter basin with gravel and sand spread on a perforated floor and drained into the cistern. The pump pipe is fixed to the perforated diaphragm of a two-chambered metal cylinder, the upper sec- may be filled with a bed of sand and charcoal in layers. -section of basin. 'S6 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 579. UPWARD- FLOW FILTER.— A perforated floor is made of any desired filtering capacity and charged with layers of gravel, coarse and fine sand, with an inflow and overflow, as in the cut. A wash-out outlet should be made in the bottom of the lower compartment. 580. DOMESTIC FILTER.— To make a filter with a wine barrel, procure a piece of fine brass wire cloth of a size sufficient to make a partition across the barrel. Support this wire cloth with a coarser wire cloth under it and also a light frame of oak, to keep the wire cloth from sagging. Fill in upon the wire cloth about three inches in depth of clear, sharp sand, then two inches of charcoal broken finely, but no dust. Then on the charcoal a layer of three inches of clear, sharp sand, rather finer than the first layer. All the sand should be washed clean before charging the filter. 581. DOMESTIC FILTER.— Use two stone pots or jars, the bottom one being a water jar with side hole ; if no faucet can be used, the top jar can be removed to enable the water to be dipped out. The top jar must have a hole drilled or broken in the bottom, and a small flower-pot saucer inverted over the hole. Then fill in a layer of sharp, clean sand, rather coarse. .:=. A layer of finer sand, a layer of pulverized charcoal with dust blown out, then a layer of sand, the whole occupying one- third of the jar. 582. POROUS WATER FILTER.— The invert- ed cup on the inside of the case may be made of potters' clay, baked ; or turned out of porous stone. Fibre, enclosed within perforated sheet metal wails, <^ or wire gauze also makes good filtering material. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 157 583. STONEWARE FILTER for household use. The lower jar for storage of filtered water. The upper jar has a hole filled with sponge that filters the dirt out ; beneath, a bed of charcoal on a porous stone or earthen plate. 584. "WARD" FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT. — The internal surface of the hub is made spherical. The corrugated pipe end is inserted and the space filled with lead and calked. 585. FLEXIBLE BALL JOINT. — Flanges are cast upon the spherical ends of the pipes. The joint is packed with a lead ring and drawn together with bolts at any angle within its limit. 586. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINTS, for submarine pipe lines. The head joint is first made up in the gland. The flange joint is bolted when the pipe is laid in line ready for lowering. 587. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT, in which the lead joint is made between a divided socket, which does not require the pouring of melted lead ; a lead ring is used. iS8 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 588. FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT.— The ball end, A, of a pipe is ground to a tight fit in the socket, B, of another pipe and held in place by a bolted flange. 589. UNIVERSAL PIPE JOINT.— The flanges are faced at 45° to the line of the pipe, with a through bolt at right angles to the faces of the flanges. The joint may be made at any angle up to 90°. 590. TOGGLE CLIP PIPE JOINT. quick connecting joint for hose. — A 591. BIBB, with crank-moved valve open- ing against the pressure. 592. DISC VALVE AND GUARD. — The spherical guard is perforated to give quick relief to the movement of the elastic disc. 593. DOUBLE BEAT DISC VALVE.— The central seat is borne by the cross bar in which the guide pin of the valve is set. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 159 594. HYDRAULIC VALVE, used on elevators. Cylindrical in form, the valves move across the ports by a rock shaft and arms. A, pressure chamber. B, C, to elevator cylinder. 595. MULTIPLE BALL VALVE.— The cone- valve seat is in two parts ; the cover or cage is held in place by the screw in the cap. 596. MULTIPLE RING VALVE, for ^ enlarged valve area with small lift. 597. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE, Cor- I nish model. The upper seat is supported by a I cross-bar, in which is fixed the guide-pin that ^ carries the valve. 598. DOUBLE-BEAT PUMP VALVE or relief valve. — The valve spindle may be loaded by weight or spring. ^s^^l^'^^^^^^^ i6o HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 599. VIBRATING MOTION of a trough discharging water alternately in two direc- tions. The trough is balanced below its centre of gravity, and has a partition at the middle. The water falls on one side of the partition until the trough is overbalanced, when it turns and discharges the water. The partition is thrown over and the other end of the trough is then filled. A crude form of water meter. 600. VARIABLE COMPENSATING WEIGHTS for a hydraulic lift. The weights are picked up one after the other. 601. SAND AUGER. — Used on the inside of deep well pipes with open bottom. 602. DRIVEN WELL.— A clamp strongly bolted to the well pipe on which the weight strikes to drive the tube. A clamp and two sheaves are bolted at the top of the tube with ropes rove through the sheave blocks and made fast to the weight for raising it. The weight is hollow, and rides loosely over the tube. The clamps are raised as additional pipes are screwed to the well pipe. HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. i6i 603. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER TANK, " Miller" model. In this form the siphon is inverted, holding the water seal to balance the water head in the tank in the uptake of the siphon. The cap over the long end of the siphon is to seal the air in the siphon until the sewage pressure is equal to the water-balanced leg. 604. AUTOMATIC FLUSH SEWER TANK, " Van Vraken " model. The inverted siphon opens into a tipple pan which seals the outlet of the siphon until the sewage in the tank reaches the level of the bend, when a general discharge takes place. 605. ATOMIZER.— A small stream running down an incline is atomized at the nozzle by a blast of air. 606. BALL AND JET NOZZLE.— The ball is held in contact with the jet by the adhesion of the water to the rolling surface. The ball should be very light. The principle is the same for an air jet, only that a very light ball must be used. With the low ball in the conical nozzle the ball can lift no higher than to give vent to the water or air under the same area as the neck of the nozzle. II l62 HYDRAULIC POWER AND DEVICES. 607. SPRAY JET NOZZLE.— The spi- wings on the central cone set the water into a whirl, and induce a spray by- centrifugal action. 608. HERO'S FOUNTAIN.— The water in the upper basin exerts a pressure upon the air in the lower receptacle, which is transferred to the surface of the water in the middle basin and forces it up in the jet. Many beautiful modifica- tions of this principle are shown in modern de- vices. 609. " CHAPMAN " ASPIRATOR or vacuum pump. A water ejector in which the propelling power may be derived from a faucet of any town water-works, or a tank having a head of seventeen feet, equal to one-half the static water-head of a vacuum. Water enters at the conical end. There is an elastic check valve in the branch tube or vacuum connection. It will produce a vacuum equal to the baromet- ric height, less the height due to the tension of the vapor of water. 610. HYDRAULIC LIFT for a crane or elevator. Section showing cylinder plunger and sheaves. 611. Plan, showing position of valve chamber and valve lever in three directions for stop, start, and reverse. The side rod limits the extreme movement of the plunger by automatically operating the valve lever. Section VIII. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. WINDMILLS, BELLOWS, BLOWERS, AIR COMPRESSORS, COM- PRESSED AIR TOOLS. MOTORS, AIR WATER LIFTS, BLOWPIPES, ETC. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. "Windmills, Bellows, Blowers, Air Compressors, Compressed Air Tools, Motors, Air Water Lifts, Blowpipes, Etc. 6x2. ANEROID BAROMETER.— A pair of corrugated discs are put together to form a sealed vac- uum chamber. The lower disc is fixed to the barometer frame, while the other disc is movable by the difference in air pressure, and, through a gear to increase the motion. moves the index hand on the graduated dial. 612 a. Corrugated disc and gear. 613. BOX KITE.— A light frame of pine, spruce, or bamboo is braced as shown in the cut. Fine, light cambric is stretched over each end, all in proportion to the figures in the cut. The bridle is attached one-quarter of the length of the box from the front on the bottom frame. ^^^: f^ V 614. CURVED VANE WINDMILL OR MOTOR. — The wind pressure is greater against the hollow side of the curved blades than against the other side. Hence the motor motes. 615 FEATHERING WINDMILL.— The light I jointed blades are forced out when their edge catches 1 the wind, and the mill goes. i66 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. ^^Qs^~(^. 6i6. HEMISPHERICAL CUP WINDMILL.— The pressure of the wind is greater against the hol- low side of the cups than against the spherical side, and the mill rotates. Also used for anemometers.. 617. WINDMILL OF OUR GRAND- FATHERS, with reefing sails. A few still in use in the United States. 618. WINDMILL AND STEEL TOWER.— Mill with a single series of blades. The tail-piece is pivoted to the mill-head, and is swung around ta turn the face of the mill from the wind by a governor. 619. MODERN WINDMILL.— Two series of concentric blades fastened to the purlines of a braced radial frame. The blades are fixed at an angle of about 35 =^ to the plane of the wheel. A peculiarly con- structed mechanism turns the wheel edge- wise to the wind to stop it, or to regulate its position in a high wind. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 167 620. ANCIENT WINDMILL and gear- ing for a two-stone flour mill. The windmill is turned toward the wind by a small wind- mill at right angles on the tail frame, with pinions and shaft connecting with a circular rack around the revolving dome. These mills, used for grinding grain, are the principal source of power in Eastern countries. 621. ELECTRIC WIND^ MILL PLANT, "Corcoran" model. The windmill-driven dynamo charges a storage bat- tery, which has an automatic cut-out when the mill runs too fast or too slow. The mill has also a regulator throwing it out of the direct course of the wind when running too fast, or for stopping the mill. i68 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 622. SMITH'S CIRCULAR BELLOWS, in two parts for uniform blast. 623. DOUBLE ORGAN BLOWING BELLOWS. — The upper section equalizes the air pressure from the alternating blower sections. 624. THREE-THROW BELLOWS.— Operated by a crank, and gives constant blast without an equalizer. 625. FOOT BELLOWS, for a blowpipe. A spring raises the top of the bellows. The rubber bag is confined to the netting to prevent burst- ing. The step at the left is for the foot. 626. FAN BLOWER.— An ordinary model as used for blowing: forgre fires ■hv^'\ ^W HODGES " COMPOUND BLOWER.— The action is a triple effect. The air is drawn in at each side of the blower and thrown out at increasing pressure succes- sively by the fans on each side, and returned successively by the stationary partitions, with a final discharge at the central annu- lar chamber. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 169 628. " WEDDING " ROTARY BLOWER.— A swinging winged cylinder moving in contact ^^ with an outer shell. The wing rides in a slot in the shell with a cavity to give it freedom of motion. The central cylinder is driven by a crank-pin or eccentric on a shaft central with the shell 629. "FABRY" ROTARY BLOWER. — Two wheels of three teeth each ro- tate in a two-part cylindrical case. The teeth on and near the line joining the axis mesh alternately for a part of a revolu- tion, so as to make a continuous clos- ure to the passage of air between the wheels. 630. ''ROOT ' ROTARY BLOWER. An early form. Has been also used as a pump. 63 r. "ROOT" ROTARY BLOWER. — Present design. The extended sur- face of the periphery of the wheels al- — lows them to run loosely in the shell without friction, and with very small loss by air leakage. 170 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 632. HYDRAULIC AIR COM- PRESSOR. — A reciprocating piston in the water cylinder, G, produces an oscil- lating motion in the water of the two ver- tical cylinders, drawing in air through the flap valves at the side, and discharging the com- pressed air through the valves at the top. The water pipes, t, /, t, are to supply the place of water ejected through the air valve by delivering all the air compressed at each stroke of the piston. 633. PISTON HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESSOR/'Dubois& Francois " model. Water was con- stantly injected into the cylinder to cool the air, the excess being discharged through the air valves. An early type. 634. TROMPE OR HYDRAULIC AIR BLAST.— One of the early devices for furnishing an air blast to a forge. The falling column of water draws in air through the small inclined orifices at d, carrying it into the reservoir e, where it separates, and is discharged through the tuyere pipe at b. The outlet at / dis- charges the water through an inverted siphon, carried high enough to balance the air pressure. 635. AIR COMPRES- SOR. — Elevation of duplex type, showing connecting rod and yoke frame. ^ — "Clayton'' model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 171 .^^ p.l. Tail Bace Water Level '^l ^^ 636. HYDRAULIC AIR COMPRESS- OR, "Taylor" system. The principles of the old Trompe blower extended for higli pressures. A number of air tubes, r, r, terminate at the conical entrance of the down-flow pipe, B, at a, a. A supply of water to the cham- ber A, A, and its flow down the pipe, draws air through the small pipes, carrying it down to the separating tank, c^ c, where it is liberated at the pressure due to the hydrostatic head. The air is delivered through a pipe, as shown in the cut, and the water rises through a pipe to the tail race. 637. AIR COM- PRESSOR.— Pat- tern of the " Inger- soll-Sergeant Drill Co." Operated by a Pelton wheel. Ver- tical section. 638. Plan. "C3^ 639. AUTOMATIC AIR COMPRES- SOR, "Bennet" model. Showing the valve gear of a simple lever connected by link to the eccentric. 172 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 18, n.tcTim PIPS 640. WATER JET AIR COMPRESSOR. — A jet of water from a nozzle falling through the tube C draws in air through a side tube and forces it into the air chamber, where the water and air separate under pressure. The water is siphoned off through the water seal at a height due to the required pressure and the force of the jet. 641. AIR COMPRESSOR.— Driven by a Corliss engine, direct connected. 642. AIR COMPRESSOR, " Norwalk " pattern. A steam operated tandem compound with an intercooler. 643. TRUNK AIR COMPRESSOR.— Mounted on receiver. Single-acting, belt driven. A very compact model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 173 644. DUPLEX STEAM ACTUATED AIR COMPRESSOR. " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model. The air cylinders are tandem to each steam cylinder with steam and air governors. 645. Elevation. 646. COMPOUND AIR COMPRESSOR.— Air is drawn in through the ports A, passes through the annular valve in the large piston, and is forced through the valve D and pipe to the high-pressure inlet valve G; it is further compressed and delivered through the valve A', and passage L; Both pistons are single, acting in opposite directions. 174 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. \roScser 647. DUPLEX AIR COMPRES- SOR, with parallel motion beams to two single-acting aii cylinders from a. double-acting steam cylinder. " N. Y. Air Brake " model. 648. TOGGLE-JOINT DUPLEX AIR COMPRESSOR.— The crank moves the common joint of the long arms in a hori- zontal direction on a slide. The straighten- ing of the toggle greatly increases the power N of the pistons during the terminal part of '^ their stroke, when the air pressure is greatest. 649. AIR COMPRES- SOR CYLINDER, PIS- TON AND VALVES.— Pattern of the " Ingersoll, Sergeant Drill Co." Takes its air through a hollow pis- ton rod at E to the interior of the piston. The annular valves, G, G, open and close by their momentum. H, H, discharge valves closed by springs ; J, J, water jacket. AIR COMPRESSING CYLIN- DER, with vertical lift valves, water- jacketed cylinder and heads. "Ingersoll-Sergeant" model. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 175 651. AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR.— Controlling the speed by the ordinary action of the governor balls, and also reducing the com- pressor to minimum speed when the air pressure becomes excessive. The ball and lever at the right are lifted by the air pressure in the small piston, and force the valve rod and throttle down to give the smallest motion to the compressor. " Clayton " model. for cooling the 652. AIR COOLING RECEIVER air from a compressor. A series of tubes between headers with water circulation cools the air and condenses the excess of moisture. • " Ingersoll-Sergeant " model V==:V 653. SINGLE VALVE AIR PUMP.— The upper part of the cylinder is perforated, so that the piston when drawn up produces a partial vac- uum, ai^id when past the perforation the air or gas rushes in to fill the cylinder. The one valve holds the pressure in the delivery pipe. ^^ ^ 654. CRANK EQUALIZING ANGLE in air com- vl5 pression. Cylinders are set at 90° . Smgle crank or cranks set in one direction. "Frick" and many others /^' FnrvcJX y C^^X. go' *• 176 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. ^T e avy 655. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. The cylin- ders are set at an angle of 90° and two cranks are set at 30° . " Burleigh," early " Ingersoll," and " De Lavergne ' system. 656. CRANK EQUALIZ- ING ANGLE in air com. pression. The cylinders are set at an angle of 135° . " Davies " system in England. V 657. CRANK EQUALIZING AN- GLE in air compression. Used to equalize the mean pressure of the steam and air pistons. The cylinders are set at an angle of 45° . " Waring" and " Rand " system. , ; - -, IVATCe SUPPLY 658. DIRECT AIR PRESSURE PUMP. — Two chambers for jilternating the pumping action are placed near the water surface in a well or other water supply. The chambers have suction and force valves. A four-way switch cock near the air pump alternates the flow of compressed air to and from the pump, thus alternating the suction and force from the tanks. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 177 659. COMPRESSED AIR WATER ELEVATOR.— A tank is submerged in which there is a pivoted float that, by its raising and falling, operates a double-ported air valve for filling the tank, by discharging the air, and for dis- charging the water by the admission of compressed air. A single-flap valve at the bottom of the tank admits the water. The valve is thrown only at the top and bottom of the float stroke. 660. RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS by compressed air. Casks or bags fastened to the sides or placed inside of a vessel, and inflated wick air under pressure, are used for raising sunken vessels. if^W^btM)(H>{H) (g^ (Hi> (B) (Bi O) 661. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT SYSTEM of pump- ing water from deep wells. The pressure in the air pipe must be great- er than the hydrostatic pressure of the water at the bottom of the pipe, and in quantities sufficient to make the ascending column of air and water in the flow pipe lighter in its total height than the weight of an equal column of solid water of the depth of the well from the surface of the water to the bottom of the pipe. 12 178 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. c Comp'-ei'Sed Air 4. O o V\j s> 662. COMPRESSED AIR POWER for automobile trucks. Compressed air at about 4,000 lbs. per square inch is stored in steel bottles. Reheated in a coil over a burner under reduced pressure, and made a power factor in a compound engine. Controlled by link valve gear and a reducing pressure valve. 663. COMPOUND PNEUMATIC LOCOMOTIVE, " Baldwin " type. Two high-pressure air receivers. An intermediate pressure receiver fed automatically from which the high-pressure cylinders are operated. The low-pressure cyl- inders receive the exhaust from the high-pressure cyl- inders, and ex- haust at almost atmospheric pres- sure. 664. LOCOMOTIVE AIR BRAKE.— i, C Air cylinder ; 3, reducing valve. The piston / ; .:, is directly connected by links to the cam sec- ZID tors, which press the brake shoes. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 179 665. PNEUMATIC CAR SEAT CLEANER.— Compressed air is ejected against the point of the inverted cone, which in- duces a strong current of air upward and from under the bottom of the inverted funnel, drawing the dust from the fabric and projecting it through a hose out of the windows. 666. AIR SPRAY NOZZLE for dusting with compressed air. A broad, thin nozzle from which a blast of compressed air pene- trates fabrics, clearing them of dust. A good cleaner of plain and carved woodwork. 667. PNEUMATIC PAINT SPRAYER.— An ejector nozzle for compressed air, with a side feed for the paint. An inverted conical nose-piece is flattened to a thin opening to project the spray paint in a thin sheet. 668. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— The tank is nearly filled with a saturated solution of carbonate of soda and water. The glass cup is filled with acid and sealed by the cap. To use it, turn the tank quickly, top down, when the ball falls and breaks the acid cup, producing pressure by the libera- tion of gas. i8o AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 669. FIRE EXTINGUISHER.— The tank is filled with a saturated solution of bicarbo- nate of soda in water to five-sixths of its capac- ity. A small glass bottle filled with sulphuric acid, with a loose lead stopper, is placed in a cage at the top of the tank, and the cover of the tank fastened. To use, turn the tank over, which spills the acid, generating pressure by lib- erating carbonic acid gas. 670. COMPRESSED AIR LIFT^, " Clayton '^ model. Showing safety stop on the piston rod, which automatically stops the lift at any set point by closing the air valve. cylinder, C, on the tool socket, H. by the differential piston areas, this operation. DUPLEX PNEUMATIC RIVETER. — The striking piston, A, is en- cased in a striking cylinder, C, ^hat the tool, T, receives a blow alternately from the ham- mer piston, A, and from the The method of operation is shown The hand is relieved from jar by AIR POWER APPLIANCES. i8i 672. PNEUMATIC HAM- MER. — Constructed on simi- lar lines with No. 673, with the addition of a counter- balance piston, C, which, by- its reaction and cushion, re- lieves the body of the tool and the hand from excessive jar. 673. PNEUMATIC HAMMER.— F is the flexible hose con- nection. When T is pressed, compressed air enters through the piston valve and ports To, into the cylinder, as indicated by the arrows in the cut. The piston will first move to the top. The effective pressure is that due to the area of the pis- ton. When P has given the blow, exhaust takes place through S and E, and the piston P is brought back by means of the pressure in the annular space B, acting only on the collar at D. 674. '-HOTCHKISS" ATMOSPHERIC HAMMER. — The hammer-head, A, is connected directly with the piston within the vibrating cylin- der, by a piston rod. The cylinder is connected to the crank by an outside rod, vibrating vertically by the motion of the crank, which also carries the piston and hammer with a cushioned stroke, due to compression of the air within the cylinder. 675. " GRIMSHAW " COMPRESSED AIR HAMMER. — A belt-driven air compressor, D, furnishes compressed air to drive the piston, A, and haipmer. A variable friction pulley on the belt shaft, E, regulates the stroke of the hammer by varying the admission of compressed air to either side of the piston. The friction-valve driving pulley slides on the feathered shaft by the action of the foot lever. l82 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. COMPRESSED AIR SHEEP- SHEARING MACHINE.— A small piston vibrates and oper- ates the cutters through a lever with a diagonal slot in which a pin in the piston-rod head slides. An arm on the piston rod oper- ates the valves. 677. PORTABLE RIVETER, "Allen'' model. The toggle joint is pivoted to a cam and also within the trunk piston. By the differential trunk form, the return stroke econ- omizes the compressed air, the large piston ^=* area giving great power to the riveting stroke. 678. PNEUMATIC PORTABLE RIVETER.— Direct piston and toggle-joint motion to the levers. The machine is balanced on a forked suspender. The piston draws the toggle joint in by air pressure. 679. PNEUMATIC BREAST DRILL.— A rotary air motor is fixed to the drill- spindle, in a case to which the handles and breast-plate are attached. Com- pressed air enters through the handle with the valve lever and is exhausted through the opposite handle. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 183 are shown No. 681. 680-681. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. — Compressed air enters through one of the handles with its flow controlled by a lever and valve. The exhaust enters the case from the port in the oscillating cyl- inder trunnions. The three double-acting pistons are di- rectly connected to cranks and pinions which mesh with an internal spur gear, which is fast to the outer shell. The spider which carries the cylinders and pinions is fast on the central spindle and revolves with it. The inlet and exhaust ports section of the top trunnion at A, horizontal 682. Is the vertical section, showing the compressed air valve and port passages open- ing into a cavity in the central spindle and to the trunnion ports. 683-684. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK. — A horizontal rotary motor, over the centre of the spindle, carries on one end of its shaft a bevel pinion, which drives a bevel gear attached by the lower section of the case to the drill spindle. The inlet and exhaust ports and valve are shown in the vertical section, No. 684. i84 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 685-686. PNEUMATIC MOTOR DRILL STOCK, operated by four pis- tons in two cylinders, double- acting. The piston rods have a jointed connection to cam cranks on the pinion shafts. The piston valves are oper- ated by levers pivoted to op- posite piston rods, as shown in the horizontal section. No. 686. The pistons act alternately in the cylinders so that there is no dead centre. The large spur wheel is attached to the spindle and revolves with it. 687. Vertical section. 688. AIR AND GASOLINE TORCH.— Air is pumped into the tank with the gasoline, and forms a saturated air and vapor gas, which is carried to the Bunsep. burner through the vertical pipe. The addi- tional air for combustion is regulated at the burner, and the vapor at the valve in the pipe near the tank. A gauge shows the pressure. 689. TORCH SOLDERING COPPER.— The conical tip is made of copper, and slips on to the nozzle of a plumber's gasoline torch. Used largely for electric wire connections. AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 185 690. AIR AND GASOLINE VAPOR BRA- ZER, double flame. The pressure of vapor to the Bunsen burners is regulated by a valve near the top of the tank. The valve handles hanging from the stems regulate each burner. Spi^^" 691. AIR AND GASOLINE BRAZING APPARATUS.— A small attached pump forces air into a tank holding a small quan- tity of gasoline. A gauge show^s the air pressure. From the top of the tank a pipe extends to two oppositely placed Bunsen burners with valves for regulating the flame. Swivels in the pipe allow the burners to be adjusted to the proper distance from the piece to be brazed. Fire- brick flame plate. 692. DOUBLE CONE VENTILATOR.— The up-take enters between the cones. The smoke has its exit around the edge of the lee- ward cone. 693. SPIRAL VANE QR COWL, for a chimney top. The wind catching in the wings causes it to revolve and increase the draught. i86 AIR POWER APPLIANCES. 694. WIND INSTRUMENTS. 695. a, a\ bassoons. 696. b, cors Anglais. 697. c^ oboe, or hautbois. 698. d^ clarionet. 699. e^ flute. 700. y", octave, or piccolo. 701. ^, musette. 702. /?, flageolet. Section IX. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. GENERATORS, MOTORS, WIRING, CONTROLLING AND MEAS- URING, LIGHTING, ELECTRIC FURNACES, FANS, SEARCHLIGHT, AND ELECTRIC APPLIANCES. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. Generators, Motors, Wiring, Controlling and Measuring, Lighting. Electric Furnaces, Fans, Searchlights and Electric Appliances. 703. SERIES WOUND MOTOR OR GENERATOR.— A motor if the current is supplied through the wires P and N, and a generator if the armature is rotated, wlien the current can be taken from the wires P and N 704. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- TION. — Series winding in which the armature, field winding, and external circuit are in series or one contin- uous line. Best for arc lighting. A, armature ; C, com- mutator ; b and b' brushes ; the coil showing the field wdnding. 705. SINGLE-POLE SHUNT GENERATOR, showing the shunt-winding connec- tion with the brushes and branch wiring to a rheostat controller. The heavy lines are the main current with a switch. 706. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION. — Shu nt winding, in which the field winding is in parallel with t he arm ature winding and connected with the circuit at the brush holders. A, Armature; C, commutator; b and b\ brushes ; a, c, field connections ; S, field winding. I9C ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 707. FOUR-POLE RING ARMATURE, showing intermediate connections with the commutator bars from a continuous winding or closed coil. 708. RING ARMATURE.— I^V/ Method of continuous winding and sectional connections with the commutator. The dot- ted linss are the circuit connection with the brushes. 709. TWO-POLE OR SHUTTLE-SPOOL ARMATURE. — Section of spool with end over winding ; usually made of cast iron. 71Q. SHUTTLE ARM ATURE, made with soft sheet-iron plates riveted to- gether. The strongest current armature for small two-pole generators. 711. MULTIPLE BRUSH COM- MUTATOR.— The brushes are adjust- able on the pivots of the handle bar, and are given an even pressure on the com- mutator by springs. 712. Front view. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 191 713. BIPOLAR SHUNT GEN- ERATOR, showing the shunt wind- ing on both fields and its connection to the brushes, with intervening rheostat controller. 714. FOUR-POLE COM- POUND GENERATOR, show- ing shunt winding and rheostat connection. Wiring is successive on each pole in the opposite direction for both shunt and current. 715. ELECTRIC GENERATOR CONSTRUC- TION. — Compound winding, in which a winding of the field magnets is in shunt with the armature, and a second winding of the field magnets is m series or direct connection with the outer circuit. The shunt winding should be small wire. S', Shunt connected with armature brush holders ; S, large wire field winding in main circuit. 716. CONSEQUENT-POLE COMPOUND GENERATOR. — The opposite field pieces are wound in opposite directions and have opposite polarity in the same piece at the centre. The shunt winding is in the same direction as the field winding and connected to the brushes with an intervening rheostat. 192 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 717. TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE and multipolar dynamo. Direct-connected. Vertical types of the General Electric Company. 718. DIRECT-CONNECTED VERTICAL COMPOUND ENGINE and multipolar dy- namo. One of the latest styles of this class of generators of electric power. 719. FLEXIBLE COUPLING for engine and generator direct connection. 720. Plan. The "Zodel" coup- ling. A flange on each shaft with overhanging crowns inter- lapping. A continuous belt over the outside and under the inside crowns allows of considerable variation in alignment and longitudinal vibration in the shafts. If a rubber belt is used, very perfect insula- tion may be obtained. 721. CAR TRUCK MOTORS. — Direct - connected electric motors on street-car axles. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 193 722. ELECTRIC FUSIBLE CUT-OUT.— The fuse wires or strips are connected to the circuit on insulated porcelain blocks. They are made of resist- ing metal or alloy of tin and lead of sufficient capacity for the required current without excessive heat. Overcurrent melts the wire or strips and opens the circuit. 723. RHEOSTAT OR P.ESISTANCE COILS, with variable switch. Coils are made of iron, platinum, or German silver wire. The switch connections are so made that the coils may be made to connect the line with one or any number in series. 724. TROLLEY CAR, showing the circuit from the generator g, through the line wire to car and return by rail circuit. 725. SECTIONAL FEEDER SYSTEM for electric railways. The trolley wire line is divided into a convenient number of sections F, for feeders from a long main line, or divided into several feeder lines, as shown in the cut. 13 194 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 726. STREET RAILWAY SINGLE MOTOR geared to both axles. " Rae " system. The motor is carried on a. frame and is journaled to both axles. 727. ELECTRIC CAR BRAKE.— An electric solenoid, operated directly from the trolley current, is used as the power. Two iron cylin- ders, connected by a cross- head, form a U-shaped magnet, which is drawn into the solenoids when the current is turned into the coils. Regulation is made by switches and rheostat. 728. ELECTRIC STREET-CAR BRAKE.— A solenoid, oper- ated by the trolley current, pulls up the brake levers. The springs ,H — x=, m, j^^^^X ,g ^=, R. around the piston rods hold back the connections, acting as buffers. Thepis- ^ tons are divided into three parts each, to soften the jerk when turning on ,the electric current. 729. Section of solenoid, with the take-up pistons. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 195 730. ELECTRIC IGNITER, used on explosive motors. The bat- teries, B, B, B, in series ; a sparking coil, T ; a braker, k^ revolving on the shaft, the insulating plug, P, and the ^- platinum electrodes, r, r, with the wiring, are the principal parts in this device. \ i f m^ K 731. SPARKING DYNAMO, or generator for a marine gasoline engine. Permanent horse- shoe magnets, with an armature revolved by a belt from the fly-wheel of the engine. With a true rim on the fly-wheel, the pulley of the gen- erator may be covered with leather or rubber and pressed lightly against the rim of the fly-wheel. 732. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE.— The revolution in the field of a permanent magnet of an iron armature wound with an insulated conductor, terminat- ing in a commutator or pole- _jr^ changing device, from which the ^^ conducting wires extend through the base of the instrument to the posts and handles, H. 733. ELECTRIC THERMOSTAT. 734. Two strips of thin sheet steel and brass are fastened together by soldering or riveting, and to a base with binding-post in an insulated frame, A cap, with binding post and adjusting screw and index plate, allows for electric contact of the spring and screw at any required temperature. By making a double-wiring, a damper ma}- be made to open or close within a small range of temperature. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 735. TELEPHONE TRANS- M I T T E R . — A, A, thin iron- diaphragm ; B, india rubber in con- tact with diaphragm and the ivory disc, C ; D, platinum foil between theivorydisc,C,and the carbon disc, E ; G, disc and screw for adjust- ment of carbon contact; H, ad- justing screw for diaphragm con- tact. 736. TELEPHONE RECEIVER.— A central magnet, with a coil of fine insulated wire around the end, next the vibrating plate or diaphragm. The variations in the electrical current produce varia- tions in the intensity of the magnet, which set up vibrations of sound in the iron diaphragm. 737. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Turning on the gas brings the electrodes in contact, and breaks the con- tact, which produces a spark by closing and opening the battery circuit. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 197 738. ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTER.— Non- short-circuiting. The wiping spring is insu- lated, and there is no electric current except at the instant of lighting. 739. POCKET ELECTRIC LIGHT. - A dry battery, with a small mcandescent 1 amp connected with it by a break-piece operated by the thumb. A small lens at the front protects the lamp and con- centrates the light. Gives a constant light for several hours. Battery easily renewed. 740. ARC LIGHT AND REGULATING GEAR, "Faucault" model. The upper carbon runs down by a rack and gear governed by a fly, which is stopped or let go by variations in the current. 741. LUMINOUS FOUNTAIN.— The lower end of the jet nozzle is fitted with a strong disc of plate glass. A concave mirror, placed in the focus of an arc light just below the glass disc, brilliantly illuminates the water jet. 198 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 742. ELECTRIC HEATER.— Coils of German silver wire wound around asbestos cords and rove over porcelain buttons for insulation. The buttons may be fastened to a frame of any required form. ^1"- "I -^^ mmm^^^- 743. ELECTRIC SOL> BERING COPPER.— The copper is wound with a coil of resisting material ; platinum wire insulated with asbestos, and the coil covered with a protecting shell. Connections are insu- lated and pass through' the hollow handle. 744. ELECTRIC SAD IRON.— The iron is a shell frame with a smooth face on the bottom. A resistance coil made of iron, German silver, or platinum, insulated with as- bestos, is wound in spirals as near the bot- tom plate as can be made available for the greatest amount of heat. 745. ELECTRIC SEARCHLIGHT, "Edison" model. An arc light in front of and in the focus of a concave reflector. It gives a beam of light nearly parallel. The front of the case has a plane glass for protection. It swivels in all direc- tions. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 199 ^ 746. ELECTRIC FURNACE, show- ing the recess and flat crucible. Elec- trodes of hard carbon and connections. 747. OPEN TOP ELECTRIC FURNACE. — A cavity in a box of re- fractory material with holes on each side through which the insulated car- bon electrodes are inserted. SIEMEN'S" ELECTRIC GAS FURNACE.— Gas enters the crucible through a hollow carbon electrode. The op- posite electrode is a copper tube closed at the end with an inner tube for circulation of water to keep the end of the copper electrode from burning. The electrodes are adjusted by the rollers. [- 749. '' COWLES " ELECTRIC ' FURNACE.— A cylinder, A, is made of silica or other heat-resist- ing material. A carbon plug, C, is connected with the positive wire, and a graphite crucible, D, answers as the negative electrode and stop- per, also as an exit for gases generated in the retort ; B, a bed of insulating material. 750. ELECTRIC FURNACE, " Cowles '^ hopper model. The upper electrode is a vertical carbon tube fixed to the hopper. The lower electrode is a larger carbon tube fixed to the furnace floor. The tubes are banked with carbon and lime. The charge is fed down from the hopper by a barbed rod, reciprocated by a crank. The gases gen- erated are drawn off through a condenser.. 200 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 751. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— The secondary coil is the heavy bar of copper enclosing the primary coil to which the clamps are attached. The magnetic material is in the form of coils of iron wire wound around the primary coil and copper hoop. C, clamp arms. D, pieces to be welded. HtGH fiOTtNTinu - <.«iv QVAf^rtry ~ Mt&H ■f-Sf 752. ELECTRIC WELDING PLANT.— A, Alternating dyna- mo; F, resistance coils and switch; B, transformer ; C, clamping jaws; D, rods or pieces to be welded ; E, switch in the primary circuit. 753. PORTABLE ELECTRIC MOTOR DRILL PLANT, with a stow flexible shaft. A spool on the motor winds up or lets out the electric wires, so that the apparatus may be quickly moved from place to place. ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 20I 754. ELECTRIC PERFORATING PEN, " Edison " model. Consists of a small pointed tube with a perforating needle on the inside vibrated by a small electro-magnetic motor fixed on top of the pen. A', B', Armature coils on iron studs fixed to frame ; Q, R, re- volving arm and fly-wheel ; Z, commutator ; N, M, O, spring current breaker. The pen produces a stencil of fine perforations on a glazed sheet of paper from which many copies may be made by a brush and ink. 755. ELECTRIC HOIST.— The foot lever is the friction brake. The left- hand lever is for release, the right-hand lever is the starter. 756. ELECTRIC BRAKE. -The brake shoes are fixed to two adjust- able curved levers and an operating lever — a solenoid magnet being the operating power. 757. ELECTRIC ROCK DRILL, "General Electric Co.'s " model. A series of electric coils are fixed along the cylinder. The iron plunger traverses the interior of the coils, which are charged succes- sively by the electric current through traverse brushes on a straight commutator. 202 ELECTRIC POWER AND CONSTRUCTION. 758. ELECTRIC FAN.— The motor is concealed in the central chamber, the middle section of which revolves with the arms. 759. ELECTRIC-DRIVEN FAN, "Edison" model. Fan on same shaft with the arma- ture. Ball bearings. Runs with four or- dinary batteries. Section X. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. VESSELS, SAILS, ROPE KNOTS, PADDLE WHEELS, PROPEL- LERS, ROAD SCRAPERS AND ROLLERS, VEHICLES, MOTOR CARRIAGES, TRICYCLES, BICYCLES, AND MOTOR ADJUNCTS. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. Vessels, Sails, Rope Knots, Paddle Wheels, Propellers, Road Scrapers AND Rollers, Vehicles, Motor Carriages, Tricycles, Bicycles and Motor Adjuncts. 760. LEG-OF-MUTTON gular sail attached to mast and boom, sail. SAIL.— A trian- 5, main- 761. SKIP JACK. — A baggy sail bent to the mast and extended by a boom and gaff. The cat-boat. 5, mainsail. 3 762. SQUARE OR LUG SAIL, attached to a yard. 5, mainsail. 763. LATEEN RIG.— A triangular sail ex- tended by a long yard, which is slung about one- quarter its length from the lower end, which is 5, mainsail. brought down to the tack. 764. SPLIT LUG OR SQUARE SAIL, attached to a yard and divided at the mast, the brger portion being bent to the mast. The unequal division gives one sail the effect of a jib, 2, jib ; 5, mainsail. 2o6 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 765. TWO-MASTED OR DIPPING LUG. — The sails are square, except at the top, where they are bent to yards hanging obliquely to the masts. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 766. NEWPORT CAT-BOAT.— Sail bent to mast and extended by boom and gaff, with a fore-stay to a short bowsprit. 5, mainsail. 767. SLOOP. — A mainsail and jib wdth fore- and back-stays. 2, jib; 5, mainsail. 768. LATEEN-RIGGED FELUCCA.— A two- masted boat with lateen sails and a jib. 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 769. PIROGUE. — A two-mast schooner rig, without jib and furnished with a leeboard. 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. 770. THREE-QUARTER LUG RIG.— Two long or lug sails with jib stayed to bowsprit. 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 207 771. "SLIDING GUNTER," or sliding topmast. A two-masted boat,, with divided masts. The triangular sails are bent to both masts, and furled by lowering the upper mast. Mainsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 4, fore- sail ; 5, mainsail. 772. SKIFF YAWL RIG.— A mainsail with one or two jibs, and a small mast at the stern with a leg-of-mutton sail, extended by a boom. I, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 5, mainsail; 8, lugsail. SLOOP YAWL. — A foremast, schooner-rig, of sheet and jib, with a lugsail and mast at the stern, Lugsail extended by a boom. 2, jib ; 5, mainsail ; 8, jigger. 774. JIB-TOPSAIL SLOOP.— A m_ainsail, two jibs and jib-topsail. The topsail is run up the topmast and extended on the gaff. Main jib-stay from masthead to bow. Fore jib-stay from topmast to bowsprit. i, flying- jib ; 2, jib; 5, mainsail ; 13, gaff-topsail. 775. THE CUTTER.— A mainsail, 5 ; jib, 2; flying-jib, i, and topsail, 9, are the main features of a cutter-rig. 776. SCHOONER RIG.— Fore- and main- sail bent to the mast, boom and gaff. Jib stayed to bowsprit. 2, jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail. 208 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 777. FULL SCHOONER RIG.— • Main- and fore-sail, two or three jibs, and two topsails, i, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 3, fore top staysail ; 4, foresail ; 5, main- sail ; 12, fore gaff-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail. 778. TOPSAIL SCHOONER. — The same rig as a schooner, except the foretop, which is a square sail bent to a yard, i, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail. 779. CLUB TOPSAIL RIG.— In addition to the full schooner rig, a club topsail is bent to a stay from the main-topmast head to the cross-trees of the foremast, i, flying-jib; 2, jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail ; 12, fore gaff-top- sail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, main topmast staysail; 31, jib topsail. 780. HERMAPHRODITE BRIG.— Mainmast has a fore and aft sail, triangular topsail, and a club sail on a stay to the foremast. Foremast is square-rigged, with the ad- dition of a fore and aft sail — hence the name half-brig^ half- schooner, i, flying- jib ; 2, jib ; 4, foresail ; 5, mainsail ; 9, fore-topsail; 13, main gaff-topsail; 14, main topmast-staysail ; 22, fore-topgallant sail'; 25, fore-royal. 781. A BRIGANTINE.— Foremast rigged with square sails ; mainmast with fore and aft sail and square-topsail, i, flying-gib; 2, jib; 4, foresail; 5, main- sail; 9, fore-topsail; 10, main topsail; 22, foie-topgallant sail. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 209 782. A BARKENTINE. — Schooner-rigged main and mizzen mast, full square-rigged foremast, with the addition of a fore and aft sail on the foremast. Club sails on stays from main to foremast, i. flying-jib ; 2, jib ; 3, fore topmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker ; 9, foretopsail ; 13, main gaff-topsail ; 14, main topmast-staysail; 22, fore-topgallant sail; 25, fore royal; 32, fore-trysail ; t,;^, staysail- 34, gaff-topsail. 783. FULL-RIGGED BRIG. — Square sails on both main and fore mast with the addition of a fore and aft sail on the main mast. Two or three jibs. I, flying-jib ; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast-staysail ; 4,. foresail; 5, mainsail; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; lo^ maintopsail ; 22, foretopgallant-sail ; 32, main-topgallant-sail; 20, up- per maintopsail; 2 5, fore royal. 784. A BARK. — Full, square-rigged sails on fore and main masts. Schooner rig, mizzen-mast. i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4,. foresail; 5, mainsail ; 7, spanker ; 16, lower fore- topsail ; 17, lower maintopsail; 19, upper fore- topsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 22, fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-top- gallant-sail; 25, fore royal; 26, main royal ; 34, gafl-topsail. 785. FULL-RIGGED SHIP, with double topsails and staysails. i, flying-jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast staysail; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 14, main-topmast staysail; 15, mizzen-topmast staysail; 16, lower foretopsail; 17, lower maintopsail; 18, lower mizzen-topsail ; 19, upper foretopsail; 20, upper maintopsail; 21, upper mizzen-topsail; 2 2 , fore-topgallant-sail; 23, main-topgallant-sail; 24, mizzen-topgallant-sail ; 25, fore royal ; 26, main royal ; 27, rnizzen royal ; 28, main skysail ; 29, maintopgallant-staysail ; 30, mizzen-topK .gallant-staysail; 35, main royal staysail. 2IO NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 786. FULL-RIGGED SHIP.— Square sails on fore, main, and mizzen mast, with a fore and aft sail on mizzen mast. Three jibs, i, flying- jib; 2, jib; 3, foretopmast-staysail ; 4, foresail; 5, mainsail; 6, cross-jacksail ; 7, spanker; 9, foretopsail; 10, maintopsail; 11, mizzentopsail ; 22, foretopgallant sail; 23, maintopgallant-sail ; 24, mizzen topgallant-sail; 25, fore royal* 26, main roval- 27 mizzen royal. 787. ICE BOAT.— A sloop-rigged frame on three runners, the rear one be- ing the tiller runner. ;:;' ROPE KNOTS AND HITCHES. 788. CLOVE HITCH. 789. HALF-HITCH. 790. TIMBER HITCH. 791. SQUARE OR REEF KNOT. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 211 792. STEVEDORE KNOT. 793. SLIP KNOT sss^ 794. FLEMISH LOO ■Afite^^^>5 795. BOWLINE KNOT. isssss^i 796 CARRICK BEND. 797. SHEET BEND AND TOGGLE. 798. SHEET BEND. Weaver's knot. ^ss^ %£SS 799. OVERHAND KNOT. 800. FIGURE EIGHT KNOT. sssl 801. BOAT KNOT. 212 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 802. DOUBLE KNOT. 803. BLACKWALL TACKLE HITCH. 804. FISHERMAN'S BEND HITCH. 805. ROUND TURN AND HALF HITCH. 806. CHAIN STOP for a cable. 807. DISENGAGING HOOK, held by a mousing link. 808. SLIP HOOK.— The extension of the sus- I pension link holds the lower link in line, while a pull on the arm by a lanyard releases the load. 809. RELEASING HOOK.— The lever throws the link off by a pull of the lanyard. 810. BOAT DETACHING HOOK.— The standard is fastened to the boat. A tongue is pivoted to its upper end and passes through the hook of the tackle -block. A lever with an eye to catch the tongue is pivoted to the up- right standard, with a lanyard attached at the bottom. A simultaneous pulling of the two lanyards detaches both ends of a boat at once. NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 213 811. SWINGING OAR LOCK.— The hook C of the oar lock is swivelled on a post, D. which is fastened to the gunwale by a flange sta- ple and latch or by extend- ing the swivel through the gunwale. 812-813. PIVOTED STEPS for a boat- landing. One edge of each step is pivoted to the lower stringer, the other edge to tho apper stringer by a hanger. On a level the steps form a floor, as the end of the ladder falls with the tide the hangers lift the forward edge of the step to keep it level. The shore posts are fixed and vertical. Stringers are pivoted to posts. 814. SCREW ANCHOR for buoys. Is screwed to the required depth in the sand by a long box wrench. 815. FLOATING LIGHTHOUSE.— A float- ing buoy filled with compressed gas (Pintsch system). Supplies a constant light of high power in the lantern for several days. 214 NAVIGATION AND ROADS. 8i6. STONE DRY-DOCK, into which vessels are floated and a water gate closed, when, by pumping the water out, the vessel settles upon bearing blocks, and is shored from the side walls. .^F^^^^^T^^^n^w 817. FLOATING DRY-DOCK, in which the lifting power is derived from the displacement of the water in the interior of the dock. The displacement area of the side extensions of the dock is sufficient to balance it when it is sunk, by filling the lower part with water in order to float a vessel into the dock. 818. FEATHERING PADDLE WHEEL OR WATER MOTOR.— The paddles are kept in a vertical position by a planetary gear. The central gear is fixed. The pinions and gear on the arms keep the paddles in a ver- tical position in the water. a 819. VERTICAL BUCKET PADDLE WHEEL. c — The buckets, a, a, a, a, are pivoted to the shaft arms, b, b. To the pivots are attached cranks, jm/A ^Aj\rJ\. 897. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION of a bar carrying an endless rack. A mangle device. The pinion shaft moves up and down the slot, guiding the pinion around o 3~~^ the end of the rack. 232 GEARING. £1 898. MANGLE RACK, guided by rollers and driven by a lantern half-pinion. The long teeth in the rack act as guides to insure a tooth mesh at the end of each motion. 899. MANGLE RACK. — A reciprocating mo- tion of a frame to which is attached a pin-tooth rack, the pinion being guided by the shaft rid- ing m a vertical slot, not shown. 900. MANGLE RACK with stationary pinion. The rack and slot frame are jointed to the mangle box, riding in mesh with the pinion by the slot guide, leaving the mangle box free to ride and tip on the rollers. 901. ALTERNATE CIRCULAR MOTION from continuous motion of geared wheels. A grooved cam revolving with a geared w^ieel pro- duces a variable or alternate motion to a crank, through a pin in the groove connected to the crank and to a fixed point by a connecting rod. 902. MANGLE WHEEL with equal motion forward and return. The pinion moves over the same teeth in both motions. The pinion moves vertical in a guide slot, not shown. The end of the shaft is guided vertically by the groove keep- ing the pinion teeth in mesh. 903. " MANGLE WHEEL" GEAR in the oper- ation of which the speed varies in every part of its revolution. The pinion shaft is guided by the groove in the face of the wheel to keep the teeth in mesh, but rises and falls vertically by travers- ing a slotted guide, not shown. GEARING. 233 ^-^ 904. CONTINUOUS ROTARY MOTION of a pinion producing reciprocating motion of the double-geared wheel carrying drum of a mangle. The slotted stand allows the pinion shaft to rise and fall, its end guided by the slot in the return- gear wheel to give the mangle drum a quick return. 905. MANGLE WHEEL with grooved guides, uniform motion through nearly a revolution, and quick return. 906. MANGLE MACHINE GEAR.— Large wheel is toothed on both faces. The pinion traverses from one side to the other of the geared wheel through the open space. 907. WORM SCREW RACK.— Continued motion of a worm screw meshed in a rack to produce motion in the rack frcm a fixed position of the worm, or with a fixed rack ; the worm, sliding over a feather-key shaft, will drive sliding nuts holding a hoisting car or platform. 908. ROTARY MOTION of worm gear from an ordinary screw, or when the screw has great pitch, rotar)^ motion of the screw may be obtained from the rotation of the worm-gear wheel. 909. ADJUSTABLE FEED ROLLS driven by worm gear. The roll gears have elongated teeth on their face meshing with the screw on ji each side, which allows of considerable variation of the d^pth of feed. 234 GEARING. 910. SAW-TOOTH WORM GEAR.— By the saw-tooth form of the teeth of both wheel and worm, and the concave pitch lines of the worm, a large area of contact is given to the teeth. 911. RIGHT- AND LEFT-HAND WORM GEAR for feed rolls or drums. 912. THREE-PART WORM SCREW, for operating three screw gears for a chuck, so that the jaws close in the same direction. 913. TRAVERSING MOTION from cir- cular motion of a worm gear. The worm wheel and spur gear are relatively held by the ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ frame b, and slide freely on shaft a and guide bar D. The feathered key on shaft a allows the worm to turn with the shaft, while the connecting rod <:, by having one end fixed to the frame and the other end attached to a crank pin on the spur gear, gives the sliding frame with spur gear and worm a reciprocating mo- tion equal to the throw of the crank pin. 914. GLOBOID SPIRAL GEAR WHEELS. — The revolution of the glo- boid gear A gives a variety of differen- tial motions to the spur gear B as it swings between the limits practicable with the globoid teeth. GEARING. 235 915. INTERNAL WORM-GEAR WHEEL for driving a spur-gear pinion. 916. WORM-GEAR PINION to drive an inter- nal spur-gear wheel. 917. ANTI-FRICTION WORM GEAR.- The worm-wheel bearings are on friction rollers running on pins. 918. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A worm wheel B, fast on a shaft to which is attached a loose arm and weight D, that carries the arm quickly over a half- turn, more or less, as required. The worm wheel lifts the arm and weight to beyond the vertical position by a pin in the shaft. See 919. 919. RELEASE ROTARY MOTION.— A sector weight E, moving loose on a shaft to which is fixed a worm wheel driven by a screw. The weighted sector is lifted by a pin resting in the half-section of the hub of the worm wheel until it reaches the point at which gravity carries it over a half-turn, more or less, as required. 920. RELEASE CAM. — Uniform motion is communicated to the gear wheel, B, fixed on its shaft with a pin at C. The cam is loose on the shaft, with a stop section to meet the pin at C. The lever d has a spring and a roller on the cam. The lever d is raised by the motion of the cam until its straight face reaches the roller, when the lever falls suddenly, throwing the cam forward. ' -236 GEARING. 921. HUNTING TOOTH WORM GEAR, used for planetary or clock motion. The double worm-gear wheel may have one or more teeth in one section than in the other. The motion of the worm advances one wheel in proportion to the difference in the number of teeth. If the difference is as 100 to 1 01, the worm will make 10,100 revolutions for one revolution of the wheel having loi teeth, over the wheel having 100 teeth. 922. DIFFERENTIAL SCREW AND GEAR MOVEMENT.— The spur gear E is fixed to' a screw hub or nut, revolving in the head of the short standard. The pinions F and G vary in size to match the spur gears D and E. The revolution of the pinions and shaft A, B produces a differential motion in the spur gears E and D. D is fixed to the screw shaft, thus driving the screw shaft forward at a very slow rate and great power. 923. COMPLEX ALTERNATING RECIP- ROCAL MOTION from three unequal gears and two walking-beams giving an endless variety of motions to the terminal connecting rod. 924. ALTERNATING RECIPROCAL MO- TION from two crank gears and connecting rods to a walking-beam. When the gears are equal the motion of the rod is uniform ; when the gears are unequal the motion of the rod is proportionally a varying differential one. 925. TWO-TOOTHED PINION.— Transmis- sion of motion to a wheel having a series of teeth alternating on each side. The form of the pinion cam teeth locks the wheel teeth until the opposite cam catches its wheel tooth. GEARING. 23r 926. PIN WHEEL AND SLOTTED PINION, by which a change of speed is obtained by shifting the pinion along its shaft. 927. VARIABLE ROTARY MOTION from cone gears. A toothed cone is matched to an inverted cone with pin teeth to gear with the vari- \ able pitch of the cone teeth. 928. SCROLL GEAR. — Increasing velocity is ob- tained by a geared scroll plate with a sliding pinion ort A a constant speed shaft. 929. SPIRAL HOOP GEAR for special and slow transmission of power and motion to a shaft at right angle. One revolution of wheel A moves shaft B one tooth of its gear.. 930. ACCELERATED CIRCULAR MO- TION by a volute gear. The pinion P and guide disc R move along the feathered shaft C, following the rail guide, and returns by reversal of the motion of the driving shaft C. 931. ROLLER-BEARING GEAR TEETH. — A double-flanged wheel with roller-bearing notches cut to the pitch of the wheel. The rollers are held in place by straps bolted to an inner circle of the flanges. The meshing wheel has its teeth skeletoned to make room for the roller teeth. 238 GEARING. 932. BALL GEAR with traverse pinions. Has a very limited traverse of the pinions. iins 933. SPIRAL GEARING.— V gearing, in which the teeth are at a small angle with the plane of rota- tion, makes a perfectly silent transmission of power. 934. EXPANDING PULLEY.— The sec- tional rim pieces with their arms have a radial sliding joint on the hub arms, and are moved out or in by pins projecting into the spiral slots on the central spur-gear wheel. The movement of the wheel ^, by turning the ratchet pinion d, moves all the sections of the pulley equally. 935. CONCENTRIC DIFFER- ENTIAL SPEED.— B, high-speed shaft and eccentric on which the slow- speed gear A revolves with a differ- ential motion by being carried around in mesh with the larger internal fixed gear C, giving a slow motion to the belt pulley B. .36. DIFFERENTIAL MOTIONS on. concen- tric shafts by bevel gear. GEARING. 239 937. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, section. 938. Plan. Used in differential pulley blocks. The cam and large grooved pulley are fixed on the shaft, the revolution of which swings the small gear in mesh with the larger internal gear, and rotating the large gear, shell, and the chain lift pulley, with a speed due to the difference in the number of teeth in the gears. 939. DOUBLING THE NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS on one shaft. B, driving shaft and bevel wheel ; G, bevel wheel fast on shaft F; C, two bevel wheels on hollow shaft running on shaft F ; A, frame fast on shaft F, and carrying bevel wheel D; E, bevel wheel run- ning loose on shaft F. Revolution of B gives contrary and equal motions to shaft F and double-bevel w^ieel C. Frame A and its bevel wheel D^ revolving in contrary- direction to C, doubles the speed of bevel wheel E. 940. MULTIPLE GEAR SPEED in line of shaft. Pinion E is fast on small shaft. B and C are fast together and pivoted on the J sleeve which runs loose on an extension of the small shaft gear ; D is fast on the large shaft, and gear A is fixed to the bearing. Speed may thus be increased or decreased on a continuous line of shafting by the relative number of teeth in the different bevel gears. When the multi- ple of the teeth in A and C is less than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and the large shaft will revolve forward or in the same direction as the pinion E. When the multiple of A and C is greater than the multiple of the teeth in B and D, the gear D and large shaft will revolve backward or in the opposite direction from the pinion E. The " Humpage " reducing gear. 240 GEARING. 941. VARIABLE THROW TRAVERSING BAR, used in silk spooling. The spur gear a, to which is affixed a crank and jointed guide rod, turns freely on a pin fixed in the revolving disc b. The pinion c is fixed on a central shaft or otherwise, allowing the disc b and its attached spur gear a to revolve around the pinion c, thereby producing a varying throw of the guide rod for each revolution of the disc b. 942. REVOLUTION OF A PINION around its own centre and also around the common centre of two externally centred gears, a, driving pulley with cross band to gear pulley b, and direct band to gear pulley c. The differential motion revolves the pinion D around its own axis and around its external axis b. A planetary motion. 943. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED of two gears in different directions on the same shaft. A, driving pin- ion : B is geared to the shaft pinion A and to the inter- nal spur gear C, and runs on a fixed journal. 944. CAPSTAN GEAR.— The central pinion is fast to the shaft. The intermediate pinions are on a frame free on their own axes, but the frame is fixed to the winding drum. The gear ratchet ring runs free on the shaft, but is stopped by a pawl on the drum for quick speed and by the outside pawls for a slow speed of the winding drum. 945. SLOW FORWARD AND QUICK BACK circular motion from the continuous circular mo- tion of a pinion, driving an internal sector pin- ion and an external sector gear. GEARING. 241 946. GEARED GRIP TONGS.— The radial dis- tances of the sectors are in proportion to the diameters of the two pinions, which gives the jaws an equal mo- tion, closing them with a strong grip by the action of the pinions. 947. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION by a pinion driving an eccentric crown wheel. 948. ELLIPTICAL SPUR GEAR for variable speed, the amount of which is governed by the relative lengths of the greater and lesser axes of the pitch lines of the elliptical gears. 949. ELLIPTICAL GEAR WHEEL and pinion for variable motion of a pinion from uniform speed of an elliptic gear. The pinion shaft is carried in a box in a slotted arm and held in contact by a spring or other means. 950. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from a circular gear train. A, the driver, with a spur gear B, attached eccentrically ; C, a pinion, and D, the driven wheel. The three pinions are connected with pivoted arms ; then the swinging of the spur wheel B around its eccentric axis will give a variable motion to the wheel D. 951. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from a rotating spiral spur sector meshed in racks inclined to the line of motion. The pitch lines of the racks are curved to match the pitch line of the spiral sector. The pins F on the sector mesh with the stop jaws J, K, on the rack frame, alternately at each half revolution. 2^2 GEARING. 952. IRREGULAR CIRCULAR MOTION from an elliptically eccentric erear train. C is the ^Vs^B^^^^ )| elliptic driving wheel turning with the shaft at D, B is the intermediate gear with a pinion follower to the eccentric gear C. A and B are attached by an arm pivoted on their respective shafts, so that B rises and falls to keep the gear in mesh ; h and g is an elliptical slot in a plate attached to C, in which the end of the shaft of B traverses to keep the pinion B in gear with the elliptic wheel C. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the revolution of a sec- 1 tor by which one revolution produces both motions. The curved back of the sector just touches the extended tooth of the rack frame at d, while the teeth at e and b are partly in mesh with the enlarged sector end teeth, thus preventing back-lash or locking of the teeth. 954. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR. — A is the driver. The pin J and the dog L are on the front side of the gear ; the pin R and dog P are on the back. This class of gears may be made in varying proportion to suit the required stop motion of the gear B, A being the driver. 955. INTERMITTENT MOTION OF SPUR GEAR, in which the dogs G and F form a part of the driven gear B. This form allows of varying propor- tions of stop and speed motion in the two gears. A is the driving gear. GEARING. 243 956. SPIRAL STOP-MOTION GEAR.— In this form a variable motion, in addition to the stop, is given to the driven wheel B. The dotted section at G shows the mesh of the spur, K, of the stop wheel. A is the driving wheel. ^'^^^tirtAf^ 957. FAST AND SLOW MOTION SPUR GEAR, or a quick return when operating a slide motion by a crank. The driving gear B is composed of gear sectors of differen- tial radius to correspond with the sectors of the driven gear A. The horns and studs M, L are back of the face of the gears and make contact with the studs N and O, on the sector wheel A, guiding the wheels to mesh in the other pair of sectors. 958. MITER INTERMITTENT GEARS. — The driver makes one revolu- tion to one-quarter of a revolution of the driven gear. The blank part of the driv- ing gear is milled down to the pitch line, and runs in the corresponding concave of the four-part driven gear. 959. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, from continuous rotary motion of .a sector-toothed wheel. Part of the pinion is cut out of the same curve as the smooth part of the wheel, and acts as a stop until the pin on the wheel strikes the arm on the pinion and guides the contact of the teeth. 960. IRREGULAR VIBRATORY MOTION of an arm. A, from the rotary motion of a pinion, B 244 GEARING. 961. VARIABLE VIBRATING MOTION given to a rod, A, by the rotation of a pinion on an irregular-toothed wheel on a fixed axis ; the pinion being carried by a bell-crank lever, with a variable slot adjustment. 962. MOTION BY ROLLING CONTACT of elliptical half-geared wheels. The fork serves as a guide to enter the teeth into mesh. 963. VARIABLE SECTIONAL MOTION from sector gears. The sectors are arranged on different planes, so that each pair shall be matched and all so adjusted that their teeth will mesh at their proper periods. 964. UNIFORM SPEED OF SECTIONAL SPUR GEAR during part of revolution. The motions varying suddenly according with the dif- ferential radii of the sectors. 965. SCROLL GEARING. — For increasing or de- creasing the speed gradually during one revolution. 966. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION from eccentric circular motion. C and D are pins concentric with wheel B. The shoulder cam A runs eccentric to the shaft of B, and catches the pin C or D at every revolution, turning B a half-revolution, and the reverse if B is the driver. GEARING. 245 967. STOP ROLLER MOTION, used in wool-combing machines. The heart-shaped slot B, in the driving disc D, carries a roller stud, giving it a for\vard, backward, and stop motion. A pin on the back of the disc at e lifts the pawl G (Fig. 968), allowing it to pass over one of the spaces between the notches, and at the next half- revolution carr}dng the roller shaft forward one notch. The roller is attached to the shaft F, and by the action of the heart-shaped cam makes one- third of a revolution backward, and two-thirds of a revolution forward. 969. CHANGE GEAR MOTION. — The loose sleeve revolving freely on the concentric ends of the shafts A and B carries a diagonal shaft, with bevel pinions fast on each end ; also a spur wheel, driven by the governing shaft and pinion E. Any motion given to the spur wheel F, by the pinion E, varies the speed of shaft B — A being the driving shaft. 970. CHANGE GEAR MOTION, with spur gearing only. The spur wheel C moves freely on the disconnected shafts A and B. A short shaft and two fast pinions have a free motion near the periphery of the spur wheel C. The fast spur wheel on the shaft A is the driver. Any motion of the ■central spur wheel given by the shaft and pinion E varies the motion of the shaft B greater or less than the driving shaft, according to the ■direction of the governing motion. = ^ 100 T 971. CHANGE GEAR MOTION.— The shafts A and B are disconnected, and carry a loose hub and spur wheel in which is pivoted the bevel pinion T. The bevel wheel C is fast on shaft A, and D is fast on shaft B. Any motion given to the central spur gear either way by the pinion shaft E varies the speed of the driven shaft B either faster or slower than the driving shaft A. 246 GEARING. 972. DIFFERENTIAL DRIVING GEAR. — Used on the driving shaft of motor carriages. A, is the driven gear from the motor ; B, a bevel pinion pivoted laterally ; C, C, bevel gears fast on the divided shaft E, D. This arrangement allows one wheel to advance in turning a curve,, and at the same time to receive an equal impulse. with the other wheel. 973. EQUALIZING PULLEY for rope transmission. The arm carrying: the small bevel gears is fast on the shaft. The divided pulley runs loose on each side of the arm with its two>- bevel gears meshed with the bevel pin- ions. Any variation in the over-wound, rope by tension will be compensated by the pinions. 974. EQUALIZING GEAR. — When driven by the belts A, A', with equal speedi. in opposite direction, the large spur wheel and shaft B do not move. Any difference in the speed of the belt pulleys will revolve^ the large spur wheel and shaft B forward or backward, according to which pulley runs fastest. The velocity of the large spur wheel will be one-half the difference of the pulley velocities. If B is the driving shaft, A. and A! may be the wheels of a vehicle. 975. DOUBLING A REVOLUTION on ther same shaft, "Entwistle's" patent. The pulley at: A is the driver on the shaft D. The bevel gear at A is fixed. The stud E is fast on the shaft^. The bevel wheel B revolves freely on the stud E.- :^ The bevel wheel C and its pulley C' runs looser on the shaft. The revolution of the stud E with its bevel wheefi around the fixed bevel wheel A doubles the speed of the bevel wheeE C and pulley C'. GEARING. 247 976. CONTINUOUS SHAFT MO- TION from an alternating driving shaft. The ratchets fixed to the bevel gears on the shaft a are operated by pawls fixed to the shaft, the rocking of which re- volves the bevel gear and shaft B in one direction. 977. ALTERNATING MOTION of a shaft at right angles to a driving shaft by three bevel gears and double clutch. Bevel gears on clutch shaft run loose. Clutch slides on a feather or key, and is operated by a Y-lever and groove in. clutch. ECCENTRIC WHEEL TRAIN. — The elliptical bevel gear A is fixed to the crank shaft bearing at an angle to allow the elliptical bevel wheel B to clear the bevel wheel F. The arm C is fixed to L the crank shaft ; B and D are fixed to the shaft H, giving to the shaft E an irregular reversed mo- tion from the motion of the crank shaft. 979. EPICYCLIC GEAR.~The arm F G is fast on the shaft A A. The bevel wheel is loose on the arm. The bevel wheels D and C are loose on the shaft A A. Differential mo- tions of the two wheels C D will produce a ro- tation of the arm F G, around and with the shaft A, or, by making the arm loose on the shaft, a differential mo- tion may be made by shaft and arm. 980. EPICYCLIC TRAIN.— If gear wheel C is fixed, and the arm D moved around its axis at A, the gear wheel B will have a retrograde mo- tion, and the gear wheel A a faster motion in the direction of the motion of the arm. If wheel A is fixed, B and C will have unequal forward motions. 248 GEARING. AUTOMATIC CLUTCH MOTION FOR REVERSING— The bevel wheels B, C are the drivers in contrary di- rection; D is a double clutch on the shaft feather. The revolution of the pin on bevel, wheel E moves the weighted ball F through the action of the bell-crank lever and connecting rod until the ball is past the ver- tical centre, when it falls over, striking the clutch lever and moving the clutch to the opposite or reverse wheel, and vice versa. 982. ECCENTRIC GEAR.— Irregular inverse motion from elliptic speed gear. The balanced arm T is fixed to the crank shaft and turns with it. The gear A is el- liptical, as is also the gear a. Gear A is fixed to the frame with one of its centres coincident with the crank shaft \ a/\?> fixed in the same manner to a shaft carrying the gear F, multiplying the speed of the in- dex pointer P with a differential velocity, due to the eccentricity of the elliptical gears. CrffJ 983. SUN AND PLANET CRANK MOTION, used by James Watt on the steam engine. Gear centres are held by connecting arm. B is fixed to connecting rod, and does not revolve on its own centre, but moves around the axis of the fly-wheel A with a slightly oscillating motion. The wheel A revolves twice on its axis to one circuit of B, or two strokes of the piston. 984. HIGH-SPEED EPICYCLIC TRAIN. — Bevel gear C is the driver ; //z / is a fixed shaft. Bevel pinion D and spur gear E are fixed on a hollow shaft. Bevel pinion A and spur gear H are fixed on a hollow shaft, revolving on the hollow shaft I. The arm m n revolves freely on the fixed shaft m p. The spur wheels F, G axe fixed on a hollow shaft turning freely on the stud n. GEARING. 249 985. SUN AND PLANET WINDING GEAR. — A is fixed to the frame; B is keyed to the barrel shaft. The crank is loose on the shaft and carries a stud on which the differen- tial gear C, D revolves. 986. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN.— C is the train arm which may revolve around its centre at F. The gear A is fixed. The pinion F is fast to a spindle. The gear B turns on its own axis as it revolves around the common centre. The two pinions at D are fastened together and revolve around their own axis, and also around the common centre at F. The centre spindle at F revolves with increased speed by the double gear at D. A great variety of motions may thus be made to represent planetary movement. 987. COMPOUND EPICYCLIC TRAIN, more curious than useful, but illustrating the changed conditions of gear motion. Gears a and /i are fixed to the crank shaft. Gears g and / are fixed to a hollow shaft turning on the shaft n m. Gears ^, /; are fixed on a hollow shaft and turn on shaft n m. The arm /^ / is fast on and supported by shaft n m. Gears e^ d are fixed on a hollow shaft and revolve on the arm k /, carrying the arm in a slow motion around the shaft axis n in. A variety of differential motions may be made by changing the relation of the fixed pairs. 988. PLANETARY MOTION applied to an apple-paring machine. The gear F is fixed to the crank shaft. The internal spur gear A is stationary^ On turning the crank the pinion B rolls forward, carrying the arm T at half the velocity of the crank. The bevel gear A revolves with the crank, driving the spindle K with one- half the proportional speed due to the rela' tive diameters of gears A' and F'. 250 GEARING. 989. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN. — The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A, on the stand H. The gear B and bevel ■^gear E are fixed on a shaft and turn in one direction, giving a contrary motion to the bevel gear F and index hand P. p/ 990. PLANETARY GEAR TRAIN. The arm T revolves around the fixed gear A. The small gear S reverses the mo- tion of the gear F, to shaft of which the arm T' is fixed. The arm T' moves backward, carry- ing the pinion S' around the bevel gear A', which is fixed to the arm T, giving the bevel wheel F' a forward motion, or in the same direction as the arm T. 991. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX.— The arm C revolves around the fixed gear A, carrying the gear B and train of wheels with it. The gear B revolves in the same direction as the arm and carries with it the gears I, G, E fixed r^i z: I E2 ^k^ ^h^ E3: H to Its shaft P B :i Small dif- ferences in the number of teeth of each pair of gears gives a differential reverse motion to the gears K, H, F. 992. "FERGUSON'S" MECHANICAL PARADOX, a curious property of an epicy- clic train. A is a central fixed axle and gear Ji'lc ^ gf D^ wheel, around which the arm C D revolves ; M, a wide-gear wheel loose on a pivot set in the arm CD; N, a pivot also set in the arm and carrying three gears with a differential number of teeth, say, varying by one or two teeth. On moving the arm C D to give motion to the train, the three wheels E, F, and G will have a differential motion, which was a para- dox to persons not understanding the secret. Section XII. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT ANI> STOP MOTIONS, WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. RATCHETS AND PAWLS, CAMS, CRANKS, INTERMITTENT AND STOP MOTIONS^ WIPERS, VOLUTE CAMS, VARIABLE CRANKS, UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLINGS, GYROSCOPE, ETC. 993. RATCHET BAR LIFT.— The vibra- tion of a double-bell crank lever gives a ratchet bar and attached rope great power for lifting or tightening a binding device. 994. RATCHET LIFT.— Vibrating lever C, operates two hooked pawls on the ratchet bar A and lifts the bar. The slot serves as guide. The other member may be a suspension or standard attach- ment. Much used in ratchet jacks and stump-pullers. ^ ^ 995. RATCHET GOVERNOR, for water-wheels or other prime movers. The pin cam is in constant revolution. The double-ratchet rack B, held clear of the revolving pin at normal speed, is raised or lowered by the action of the governor on the suspender A. The extension rods of the ratchet frame operate a gate or valve. ^ 996. ROTARY MOTION, from reciprocating motion of two racks alternately meshing with a gear wheel. Racks are pinioned at a, a. The curved slots b^ b guide the racks out and into gear. The bell-crank lever c and spring d serve to disengage the rack at the end of the up-stroke. 254 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 997. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION, from a vibrating arm and pawl acting upon a ratchet wheel. 998. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a ratchet wheel by lever and hook pawls. ^ B, vibrating lever. A A, ratchet wheel. 999. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET.— The vibra- tion of the lever a, with its pawls /;, c^ imparts a nearly continuous motion to the ratchet wheel. 1000. CONTINUOUS FEED OF A RATCHET by the reciprocating motion of a rod. two pawls on arms, and pivoted by links to the recipro- cating rod. ^'VsKM-^^ looi. DOUBLE-PAWL RATCHET WHEEL. — The lever lifts the pawls, one of which moves the ratchet wheel at up- stroke by one pawl, and again at the down-stroke by the other pawl. 1002. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION, from a reciprocating rod and two pawls, acting on a ratchet-faced wheel. Arms C, C are loose on shaft of wheel A. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 255 1003, INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION. — Reversible by throwing over the double pawl. Operated by a reciprocating rod attached to the disc carrying the pawl. 1004. RATCHET INTERMITTENT MOTION, by the operation of treadles. Pawl levers and pawls are operated through con- necting rods to levers or treadles, the motion of which is made uniform by the strap and pulley attachment C. 1005. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MOTION — ^Reversible by throwing over a double pawl on the vibrating bell-crank lever. A feed motion for planing machines. 1006. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION of a ^yheel by vibrating levers and p^wls..- ^^l^-^^i^*^ TION by ratchet and springs. D, driving wheel with a bent spring at B. A spring at C acts as a fixed pawl. In revolving the wheel D, the spring B lifts the spring C from the ratchet, and is it- self pressed into the teeth and carries the ratchet around one tooth, when the shoulder on the spring B releases the spring C and allows it again to lock the ratchet. 1 016. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a ratchet crown wheel from the reciprocating motion of a lever and pawl. 1017. INTERNAL MULTIPLE CAM for operat- ing several slides for internal grip, or for expanding the cutters of a die stock. 1018. pawls. RATCHET HEAD with spring 1019. INTERMITTENT CIRCULAR MO- TION from oscillating motion of a lever by friction pawls. The crank E and its cord connecting with the pawls throw one or the other pawl out of lock, for reversing the motion. 1020. RECIPROCAL CIRCULAR MOTION from rec- tilinear motion of a nut on a quick thread. The reciprocat- ing or Persian drill stock. The screw is swivelled in the head of the stock, allowing a free movement of the drill by the motion of the nut. 17 258 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 02 1. BALL SOCKET RATCHET.— The ^ pawl is within the arm socket, and by the ball ratchet form allows the drill stock to be used at an angle. 1022. CONTINUOUS MOTION RATCHET from an oscillating arm. Three bevel gears, two of which have ratchets with pawls on opposite sides, so that there is a forward motion to the spindle at each stroke of the arm. 1022 a. Elevation. 1023. STOPS OF VARIOUS FORMS for a ratchet wheel. Hook and straight gravity pawi and a spring pawl. Mg=^ 1024. STOPS for a spur gear. Slip pawls. ^ 1025. STOPS for a lantern wheel. One a latch stop, the other a roller stop. 1026. SAFETY CENTRIFUGAL HOOKS. - — Hooks are retained by springs until the cen- trifugal force of excessive speed throws them out to catch the pins in the fixed plate. 1027. CRANK MOTION for quick return of a lever. A, fulcrum of lever. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION, ■59 1028. CENTRIFUGAL SAFETY CATCH for hoisting drums. The studs D, D, D are fixed to the hoisting drum frame. B is a flange fast to the drum shaft and to which is pinioned the safety hooks. At ordinary speed of the drum the hooks hang back so as not to touch the studs. An unusual acceleration of speed throws out the hooks to catch on the studs. 1029. STOP MOTION from a wrist or crank pin. The relative amount of stop and motion depends upon the diameter of crank-pin circle and length of the connecting-rod slot, plus the diameter of crank pin. Used in brick machines. 1030. VARIABLE RECIPROCATING MOTION from the circular motion of a wrist pin on a disc crank. The pin sliding in the slot makes a quick q\ return of the bell crank and connecting rod. 1031. IRREGULAR ROCKING MOTION in an arm having an endless groove of any re- quired shape, with the radius of the longitudinal axis equal to the radius of the pin. Pin not shown. 1032. ROCKING ARM by cam groove. A groove in a face plate may be so designed as to give a variety of movement to a rock shaft, with an arm and pin follower. 1033. YOKE STRAP and eccentric circular cam. 26o MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1034. TRIANGULAR CURVED ECCENTRIC, which by its pecuHar form makes a stop motion at each half-revolution of the cam, for any portion of the stroke, according to the length of the concentric portion of the cam. 1035. TRIANGULAR ECCENTRIC for producing a stop motion at each half-revolution of the face plate a, by the proportional peripheral length of the outer curve of the triangular cam. Used on a French engine. 1036. RECIPROCATING MOTION with four stops, two of which are of longer duration than the others. A pin on the rotating disc, sliding in a grooved yoke, may be made to give a variety of motions to the rectilinear slide by the form of the groove. 1037. UNIFORM RECIPROCATING MO- TION from the circular motion of a crank or disc wrist pin. The endless groove in the cross head is made to conform in shape to the varying rectilinear motion of the wrist pin. 1038. NEEDLE-BAR SLOT CAM, for sew- ing-machines. The depression in the pin slot gives the needle a stop motion while the shuttle passes. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 261 ^. 1039. SLOTTED YOKE CRANK MOTION, producing rectilinear motion of piston rod from a crank dispensing with a connecting rod. 1040. TRAMMEL GEAR. — The slotted cross moves in a right line astride the shaft, while the crank pin in a block moves in the cross slot. 1041. SLOTTED LEVER MOTION from a crank pin. A variety of motions and stop motions may be made with this class of lever. o^ 1042. INTERMITTENT RECIPROCATING MOTION from continuous circular motion. The curved slot in the lever should be radial with the crank centre for a stop. Many forms of motion may be had by variation of this device. A combination much in use for sewing-machines and printing-presses. tJ 1043. VARIABLE CRANK THROW.— A screw and tappet wheel move a nut on the 2 screw to which is fixed a wrist pin sliding in the I cross slot of a carrier bar. Each revolution of the face plate brings the tappet wheel in contact with a finger, and by turning the wheel and screw moves the wrist pin to or from the centre of the wheel. Used in silk-spooling ma- chinery. 262 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. ()jjy^^^ 1044. VARIABLE ADJUSTMENT for the tension of a spring on the motion of a connecting rod, by varving the radii of a rocking lever. 1045. FOUR-BOLT CAM PLATE, used for throwing safe bolts and for expanding dies» 1046. EQUALIZING TENSION SPRING ANE^ LEVER. — The bell-crank lever equalizes the tension of the spring by its varying position. Its long arm is on a fixed pivot. 1047. ALTERNATING RECTILINEAR MOTION from studs on a rotating disc. The bar is carried forward by the stud on the disc striking the projection on the bar, and the bar returns by the movement of the bell-crank lever and opposite stud. 1048. TRAVERSE BAR, operated by a slotted lever. The upper pin being fixed or made adjustable for proportion to the move- ment of the lower pin, any desired movement, of the traverse bar may be made. 1049. RECTILINEAR MOTION by the movement of a slotted lever with one end pin- ioned. A belt shipper movement. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 263 1050. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MO- TION from a shaft at right angles. The fric- tion rollers on the horizontal shaft disc move in grooves or on projections from the wheel on the vertical shaft, producing a variety of intermittent motions, due to the form of grooves or projections. 105 1. VIBRATING TOOTHED WHEEL. — The rod is pressed against the teeth by the spring. A type of some electrical devices for interrupting the circuit. 1052. "LAZY TONGS" MOVEMENT. — A system of crossed levers by which the amount of a rectilinear motion is increased by the proportional number of sections in the tongs. As a hand device it is in use as a toy, but is more useful as a reducing apparatus for a steam-engine indicator. ^ 1053- QUADRANGULAR RECTILINEAR MOTION. — Rectilinear motion given to any one of the arms A, B, C, or D gives a contrary motion to its opposite arm, and a contrary motion to each of the side arms. 1054. PARALLEL MOTION, in a ver- tical line, for a swinging bracket. 1055. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin- tooth wheel by the half-revolution of a ring seg- ment. 264 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1056. INTERMITTENT MOVEMENT pin-wheel by the vibration of a hooked arm. of a 1057. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a seg- mental-toothed wheel by the revolution of a seg- mental barrel or ring. 1058. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a pin-tooth wheel by the revolution of an in- dented tooth on a pinion. 1059. INTERMITTENT MOTION of a toothed wheel by the revolution of a pinion with a single recessed tooth. 1060. ROCKING ESCAPEMENT.— The section teeth of the wheel pass the eye in the rocking cylinder at each quarter, or at each half-revolution when revolving. 1 06 1. ROTARY AND LONGITUDINAL MOTION of a rod between rollers, with their axes at an angle. Rollers run in opposite directions. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 265 ^ <>t" d 1062. RECIPROCATING FEED RATCHET.— For an intermittent feed, one pair of jaws may have a reciprocating motion. For continual feed motion both pairs of jaws should have opposite reciprocating motions u 1063. FRICTION ROD FEED RATCHET.— The jaws, being pivoted in a slot in a lever, make a powerful and quick grip on a feed bar by the motion of the lever bar. 1064. FRICTION HAULING RATCHET. — -A hole bored slanting through a bar D. A slot in the side of the bar, for convenience of putting on or taking off the rod or rope to be hauled, makes a handy clutching device. 1065. CAM-LEVER GRIP for a rope or rod stop. This principle is used on safety grips for elevators. 1066. LEVER TOGGLE JOINT, largely used in stamping and punching presses. This form shows great pressure when the three bear- ings near a linear direction. n^,c^y,.u-../.;iM.,V.M01|.:.,i 1067. SINGLE TOGGLE ARM LETTER- PRESS. — The arms are drawn together by a right and left screw. 266 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1068. TOGGLE-JOINT CAM MOVE- MENT for throwing out a number of grips ai once by the local movement of the jointed ring. 1069. DOUBLE-SCREW TOGGLE PRESS.— The screw has a right- and left-hand thread to draw the toggle joints together. jljlf> 1070. SCREW STAMPING PRESS.— Rec- tilinear motion from the circular motion of the lever handles. The momentum of the balls gives the final power in this class of presses. 1071. MULTIPLE RETURN GROOVED CYLINDER, producing extended rectilinear motion and return by its revolution. The car- rier arm has a pivoted tracer to enable a smooth passage of the opposite grooves. A spooling device. 1072. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR MOTION by the alternate opening and closing of half nuts on a right and left screw. Nuts and arms are attached to a shaft that is thrown over by a dog on a spooling-frame shaft, locking the right- or left-threaded nut alternately. 1073. RECTILINEAR MOTION by a right- and left-hand screw shaft driven by a worm gear. The nuts move on the right and left screw. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 26r 1074. SIX RADIAL GROOVED TRAMMEL and triangular shaft arms, driving or being driven by a shaft out of line. The friction rollers give freedom of motion to either gear. 1075. RECTILINEAR RECIPROCAT- ING MOTION of a bar, from continuous cir- cular motion of a bent shaft. 1076. ROCKING MOTION, from a contin- uous j'otary motion of the crank shaft A. 1076a. PAIR OF TOE LEVERS.— Bell-crank order. A and B, fulcrums of the levers; E, handle; C, curved toes. This principle is used as a valve gear. 1077. WIPER CAM for stamp mills. A, the wiper; D, flanged chock, allowing the hammer spindle to re- volve. Also in use on sewing-machines for throwing the needle bar 268 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. ti- 1078. ANGULAR WIPERS, for operating the valves of beam engines. A, the rock shaft ; C, the curved wiper, lifting the angular toe and valve rod. 1079. EQUALIZING LEVERS OR TOES, for variable rod movement. 1080. VARIABLE CRANK MOTION.— An eccentric slot in a stationary' face plate guides a slide block and wrist pin in a slotted crank. Con- necting rod drives the cutter bar of a shaping- machine. 1 08 1. SPIRAL-GROOVED FACE PLATE, for feed motion. Obsolete ; but useful for irregu- lar motion, in which the spiral grooves may be wavy or zigzag. 1082. LEVER, guided by a volute face plate. 1083. CAM SECTORS, or sectors of log- spiral wheels. When laid out as a log spiral, the sum of each pair of coincident radii is equal to the distance of the centres, A, B. As a pair of pressure cams, the sum of the radii varies to meet the required throw of the cams. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 269 4^^> 1084. GEAR-DISENGAGING CAM LEVER. — The eccentric slot in the lever throws the slow driving gear out of lock by throwing the lever back. 1085. OBLIQUE DISC MOTION.— A disc fixed at an angle upon the end of a shaft gives a variable rectilinear motion to a rod and roller by- varying its distance from the centre. 1086. GROOVED CYLINDER CAM.— Used to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 1087. TRAVERSE MOTION of a shaft by a rolling cam. The disc, rolling in the groove of the drum, gives an ever-varying traverse motion to the disc shaft, according to the proportions of the size of disc and cam drum. 1088. FOUR-MOTION FEED of the "Wheeler & Wilson," and other sewing-machines. The traverse bar A is forked and en- closes the push bar B, pivoted to it, and is held back by the spring at D. The revolving cam C D ^i^^^ has its periphery cam-shaped, to lift the push bar, and its face, also cam-shaped, to push the bar forward, when the teeth are in contact with the goods. 1089. RECIPROCATING RECTILINEAR p MOTION, from the circular motion of grooved cams ; may be made uniform or intermittent, by the direction of the groove on the cam. ^7° MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. ^^^^^^^^^m^^^^^^%%^ 1090. QUICK RECIPROCATING RECTILI- NEAR MOTION, from a zigzag-grooved cam. Form oJL cam groove is capable of greatly varying ihe rectilinear motions of a bar or lever. 1091. CYLINDRICAL CAM, giving any re- quired special motions through a lever, roller, and connecting rod, according to the curves given to the cam. 1092. CAM-OPERATED SHEARS.- Many modifications of this device are in use. 1093. IRREGULAR CAM MOTION to valve rods. An irregular cam, acting between friction rollers in a yoke frame. Positive irregular rectili- near motion. An old steam-engine valve gear. :i^go 1094. VIBRATING RECTILINEAR MOTION, from a revolving trefoil cam. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 271 1095. IRREGULAR VIBRATING CIRCU- LAR MOTION, from continuous circular motion of a cam slot. Any form of cam slot in a face plate may be made to produce a vibratory motion on a crank pin, which may be transmitted to circular or rec- tilinear motion. 1096. CLOVER-LEAF CAM, for rectili- near motion by follower rollers on a bar. The cam is so designed that the rollers have a bear- ing in all its positions. 1097. POWER ESCAPEMENT for heavy machines. The traverse bar may be vibrated by the positive motion of the cam arms. 1098. ROTARY MOTION of a three-arm wiper produces a reciprocating rectilinear motion of the toothed frame, and vice versa. 1099. IRREGULAR RECIPROCATING MOTION of connecting rods and levers, moved by alternating oval cams. 1 100. BEVELLED DISC CAM, for variable reciprocating motion of a bar at an angle with the shaft. 272 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. iioi. GROOVED HEART CAM.— The lay- out of a grooved cam may be made on the same principles as No. 1 103, only that the centre of the roller or pin and the central line of groove are the measurements for the amount of motion. 1 102. HEART-SHAPED GROOVE in a face plate, vibrating a lever, produces an irregular swing- ing motion of the lever. 1 1 03. LAYING OUT A HEART CAM. — A circle is drawn on a radius equal to the required throw, S plus the diameter of the roller. A series of con- centric circles and radii enables a measured layout of the cam , which must be as much larger than the re- quired motion as is equal to the radii of the roller on each radius of the plan. 1 104. CAM MOTION.— Various appli- cations of cam followers, with direct and oscillating motion. 1 105. DOUBLE-CAM MOTION, from a sliding follower. The arm E of the follower, slides freely in the box, clamped to the vertical shaft, giving two equal motions at right angles. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 273 1 106. PIVOTED FOLLOWER.— The square-armed follower, pivoted at E and F, is kept in contact with the cam by the spring H, and so produce dissimilar motions in the connecting rods B, J. 1 107. RECIPROCATING MOTION, from two cranks on opposite ends of a shaft. 1 108. OVOID CURVE is made by any point between the pivots of a single-crank con- necting rod, the other end of which is guided by a rectilinear slide. 1 1 09. VARIABLE POWER TRANSMIT- TED from a crank linked to a lever-beam, driving a second crank. In this case there is no pressure on the driven crank when both cranks are vertical, but greatest pressure when the cranks are horizontal. mo. ELLIPTICAL CRANK. — The arm moves in a slot. The inner crank pin, making a revolution, marks an ellipse by a pencil at the outer end of the arm, while the outer crank pin, linked to the arm, makes a circle. nil. CURVILINEAR MOTION of a treadle gives circular motion to a crank or disc. The foot- lathe motion. 274 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 1 12. SPRING LATHE-WHEEL CRANK. — The spring A is intended to keep the crank oif the dead centre. A counterbalance weight is also used for the same purpose. 1 1 13. "BROWNELL" CRANK MOTION.— The wrist pin is fixed on a tangent slide held in its forward position by a volute spring attached to the face plate. The slide is retained by pins in tra- verse slots. Can be arranged for either kind of treadle, to keep the crank pin off the center. 1 1 14. ORDINARY CRANK MOTION for engines or other purposes, with cross head, slides, and connecting ? rod. 1 1 15. ECCENTRIC and straps for valve motion, also used in place of a crank for many purposes. 1 1 16. RECIPROCATING MOTION of a connecting rod through a bell crank connected directly with a wrist on crank disc. In this case the forward and back motions are nearly alike depending upon the proportional length of the driving arm of the bell crank and crank motion, as well also to the length of the connecting rod between the wrist pin and bell crank. 1 1 17. VARIABLE CIRCULAR MOTION from two cranks on shafts parallel, but out of line, one crank being slotted, the other carrying a wrist pin, passing through the slot. Driving may be by either crank. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 275 1 1 18. IRREGULAR MOTION of one crank from the regular motion of another crank. A quick-and-slow alternate motion of the slotted crank is made by the regular motion of the smaller crank. . 1 1 19. VARIABLE POWER transmitted from a slotted crank driver to a fixed driven crank pin through a lever beam, the opposite end of which is held by a swinging connecting •s.-' rod. The pressure on the driven crank is continuous, but greatest on and near the central line of the two shafts. 1 120. VIBRATING MOVEMENT from a slotted curved arm, gives a variable vibrating movement to straight arm. 1 121. VARIABLE CRANK PIN.— A slotted face plate backed by a spiral slotted plate by which the revolution of one plate upon the other moves a crank pin to or from the centre. The same prin- ciple is used in the universal lathe chuck in which each slot carries a grip jaw. 1 122. VARIABLE RECTILINEAR MOTION of a shaft from a vibrating, curved, slotted arm. 1 1 23. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a slotted sector on a face plate. 276 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1 124. VARIABLE CRANK THROW by a. movable pin block in a slotted face plate and trans- verse screw. 1 125. VARIABLE RADIUS LEVER for reciprocating motion of a shaft from a continuous motion of a crank pin. 1 126. VARIABLE CRANK THROW. — The jointed crank and radial screw give- -^ a larp;e variation to the throw of a crank. 1 127. COMBINATION CRANK- MOTION CURVES.— A revolving \^ crank A, D and the vi- brating link B, E carry- ing an extended connect- 5 ing arm with a pencil at the end F. A great variety of figures and curves may be made by different proportions of all the parts. The figures on the crank pia circle D correspond with the figured diagram. ~J 1 1 28. FLEXIBLE ANGULAR COUPLING, for light work. May be a helical spring, round or square, wire or a tube, sawed on a spiral. Used on driving handles for telescopes and other instruments. 1 1 29. SLIDING CONTACT-SHAFT COUP- LING. — A cross bar sliding in two yokes on shafts in offset lines. Will also operate on shafts- somewhat out of line or at an angle. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 277 1130. RECTILINEAR MOTION from the rotation of an angular crank pin. A, rotating shaft carrying crank pin E ; D, ^ arm with sleeve jointed to yoke and sliding rod B. 1 131. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING for shafts out of line. The solid sleeve block C is bored at the same angle of the shafts, and centres of bores at a dis- tance apart equal to the dif- n ■ I ference in the plane of shaft alignment. 1 132. UNIVERSAL JOINT, with a single cross link. Good for angles of 45° and under. 1 133. DOUBLE LINK UNIVERSAL JOINT, good for larger angles than above. The connecting link may be made short and guarded, with a sleeve to prevent kinking. 1 134. UNIVERSAL ANGLE COUPLING, Hooke's " principle. Each shell carries a double trunnion ring, the connecting link being pivoted at each end to the rings. 1135. "ALMOND" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING.— The yoke links G, G are pivoted to the sockets on the ends of the shaft, and to the right-angled arms on the sleeve which slides freely on the fixed shaft D. The sockets at F, F are ball joints. Angle of shafts may vary within limits. 278 MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 1136. "HOOKE'S" ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING, the knuckle universal joint. Shaft joints are double-pivoted at right angles. 1 137. ANGULAR SHAFT COUPLING. — In this arrangement the shafts have cranks and elongated crank pins, on which sleeves slide that are pivoted to the arms E, E of the sliding sleeve on the fixed shaft D. 1 138. RACK AND PINION MOVE- MENT for tracing spiral grooves on a cylin- der. 1 139. GYROSCOPE.— The heavy disc C, rotating at great speed in the ring A, is suspend- ed by the point F, resting on bearing. The ro- tation of the disc keeps it from falling and slowly revolves the holding ring A around the point F. An illustration of the tendency of rotating bodies to preserve their plane of rotation. 1 140. GLOBE GYROSCOPE.— The outer ring A is fixed to a stand. The second ring A^ is pivoted ver- tically to the outer ring ; the inner ring is pivoted at right angles in the second ring, and the ball is pivoted at right angles in the inner ring to its pivot in the sec- and ring. This gives the ball, rotating on its own axis^ a direction free to move to every point in the sphere. When the heavy ball is made to rotate rapidly in any direction of its axis, much pressure must be made to change its direction. MOTION AND DEVICES CONTROLLING MOTION. 279 1 141. TENSION HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING. 1142. DOUBLE HELICO-VOLUTE SPRING, for compression. 1 143. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING, square rod. 1 1 44. SINGLE VOLUTE HELIX SPRING. 1 145. COMPOUND DISC SPRING.— The discs are dished and perforated for a guide pin. Section XIII. HOROLOGICAL. CLOCK AND WATCH MOVEMENTS AND DEVICES. HOROLOGICAL. Clock and Watch Movements and Devices, 1 1 46. CYCLOIDAL PENDULUM MOVE- MENT. — A curved frame, acting as a stop to a flexible pendulum, gives the bob a cycloidal path. --O-' c• H, which are concentric with their axis a. By this form of teeth and pallets the escapement is anchored or in repose during the extreme parts of the pendulum stroke, and gives an impulse to the pendulum while the teeth are in contact with the planes of the pallets c, e and h^ d. HOROLOGICAL. 285 1 155. RECOIL ESCAPEMENT. — In this form the forward face of the teeth of the escape- ment A leans forward from the radial lines. The front face of each pallet is in line with the front face of the teeth, so that the extreme part of the pendulum stroke gives a recoil movement to the escapement wheel. The points of the escapement teeth, acting upon the planes of the pallets c, e and b^ d, give the im- pulse to the pendulum. 1 156. PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT.— In this form the upper part of the pendulum terminates in a ring around the escapement wheel, with pallets A, B projecting in- ward and with a forward pitch to their face, to give the proper impulse to the pendulum. 1 157. STUD ESCAPEMENT, used in large clocks. Alternate studs are set on front and back of the escapement wheel. The pen- dulum swings on the axis of the pallet at F. The concentric curve of the stop-faces of the pallet, with its axis at F, gives the escapement a dead-beat action, the incline planes of the pallets giving the alternate impulse. 1 158. LANTERN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT. — The pallet arm A is attached directly to the pen- dulum, swinging upon the axis A, and receives its impulse from the inclined faces of the pallets C, B. Used for large clocks. 1159. PIN-WHEEL ESCAPEMENT, with a dead-beat stop motion. For short-beat pendulum clocks. 286 HOROLOGICAL. O 1160-1161. HOOK-TOOTH ESCAPEMENT. — The teeth are arranged alternately on two escapement wheels. The oscillation of the semi- circular pallet alternately releases and receives an impulse from the hook teeth of the escapement wheel. The curved outer face of the teeth acts upon the edge of the straight edge of the disc. 1 162. SINGLE-PIN PENDULUM ESCAPEMENT. — The pin is set in a small face plate close to the arbor, which makes a half-rotation at each stroke of the pendu- lum. The impulse is given on the vertical faces of the quarter sections in the pendulum. 1 163. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPEMENT with long teeth and stops on the pendulum frame. A, B, pallets ; E, D, stops. A nearly dead-beat movement. 1 1 64. DETACHED PENDULUM ES- CAPEMENT. — In this movement the pendu- lum is detached from the escapement, except at the moment of receiving the impulse from the single pallet I. The bell-crank lever un- locks the escapement tooth by contact with the balanced click C as the pendulum nears the middle of its stroke. HOROLOGICAL. 287 1 165. THREE-TOOTHED ESCAPE- MENT for a pendulum. The pallets are made in a plate attached to a pendulum. The es- capement makes one rotation to every three beats of the pendulum. 1 166. MUDGE GRAVITY ESCAPEMENT. — The pallets A, B are on separate arbors, with arms extending down to the pendulum contact pins R, P, between which the pendulum swings. The pallets are loaded with weights. The pen- dulum lifts the pallet over the tooth, and the weight gives the impulse. 1 167. TRI-TOOTH PENDULUM ESCAPE- MENT. — Impulse is given to the pendulum by con- tact of the pins against the pallets A and B alternately. The stops D and E hold the escapement during the extreme part of the pendulum stroke. The escapement makes one rotation every third stroke of the pendu- lum. The fly softens the strike of the pins upon the pallets. 1 168. "HARRISON " WINDING DE- VICE for clocks, and which may also be adapted to a spring barrel. G is the driving spur gear. The larger ratchet has a fixed check pawl, T ; is loose on the arbor, but at- tached to the gear wheel by a curved spring, S, S'. The smaller ratchet is fixed to the winding barrel and arbor. The spring and pawl R are pivoted to the larger ratchet, and stop the barrel against the weight W. The curved spring S is compressed and drives the gear wheel, and by its elasticity continues, while winding, by the check pawl T falling into the teeth of the large ratchet. C^ 288 HOROLOGICAL. 1 1 69. DOUBLE TRI-TOOTH PENDU- LUM ESCAPEMENT with fly regulator. The alternate teeth of the escapement lock on opposite sides of the pallet frame. The im- pulse is given by the small triangular arbor striking the curved pallets. iiyo. "BLOXAM'S" GRAVITY ESCAPE- MENT. — The pallets receive an impulse from the small toothed wheel, the long arms of which are stopped by the studs A and B alternately. The studs at F and E are the fork pins which embrace the pendulum bar. 1 171. DEAD-BEAT CLOCK ESCAPEMENT.— The face of teeth is slightly pitched forward. The stop-faces of the pallets A, B are concentric with the axis, which gives the dead-beat stop. 1 172. ENDLESS CORD-WINDING DEVICE for clocks. The cord runs over grooved pullies. P is the driving wheel, and / the ratchet winding ar- bor, the turning of which by crank, key, or by pulling the cord b raises the driving weight W, and lowers the balance weight w. By this device the movement of the escapement is not suspended while winding the clock. HOROLOGICAL. 289 1 1 73. CLOCK TRAIN, showing the method of sustaining the movement of the train dur- ing the time of winding. The bent spring keeps a tension on the large gear by the lock- ing of the large ratchet to which the bent spring is attached, when the winding of the barrel can. be made without a back-set in the train. See No. 1168. roi the weights. 1 1 74. COMPENSATION WATCH BAL- ANCE. — At the ends of the balance bar are at- tached compound sector bars, the inner section of which is of steel, and the outer section of brass. The weights b^ b regulate the momentum of the balance wheel, while the change in length of the arms is compensated by a reverse distance of Adjustment is made by moving the weights along the compensating sector. 1 175. WATCH REGULATOR.— The outer end of the balance spring is fixed to a stud at R, and the inner end to the balance wheel arbor. The index hand carries two curb pins at P, between which the spring vibrates, form- ing a neutral point in its length which limits the arc of movement of the balance wheel, and by its change of position (by moving the index hand) adjusts the time beat of the balance wheel. 1 1 76. ANTIQUE WATCH ESCAPE- MENT. — A pinion on the balance-wheel arbor meshes in a crown gear, on the shaft of which a mutilated screw of large pitch releases the teeth of the escapement and gives an impulse by the incline of the screw. 19 •90 HOROLOGICAL. 1 177. VERGE ESCAPEMENT.— The arms of the escapement are set at an angle with each other, and its oscillation allows a tooth of the crown wheel to pass with each oscillation. 1178. CYLINDER ESCAPEMENT, shows the form of the cylinder, and 1179 shows the method of action. The oscillation of the cyl- inder allows the teeth of the escapement wheel to pass under the open hollow side and stop against its outside. The impulse from the escapement teeth is given to the edge of the cylindrical section. 1 180. DUPLEX ESCAPEMENT.— A, the balance-wheel stop; B, the oscillating pallet fixed to the balance-wheel shaft and adjusted to receive a strong impulse from the studs ^ process. A bellows furnishes an air blast, w^hich separates the fine sand and dust from the gold on the riffle screen and blows the dust away. MINING. 307 1246. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR.— A central revolving shaft carries a set of conical perforated plates, between which perforated plates are fixed to the shell of the machine. Grain or other material is fed at the top, and an air blast at the bottom. Centrifugal action discharges the material at the periphery of the revolving plates, returning by gravity on the fixed plates. th clam-shell bucket. 3i- MINING. 1258. FLOATING DREDGE, " Osgood " pattern. For bar- bor and channel dredging. 1259. MARINE DREDGE, 7|rjp:j; — > discharging on the shore through a long floating pipe- Pipe buoyed by pontoons.. For harbor work. Section XV, MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. HANGERS, SHAFT BEARINGS, BALL BEARING'S, STEPS, COUP- LINGS, UNIVERSAL AND FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, SPEED GEAR, SHOP TOOLS, SCREW THREADS, HOISTS, MA- CHINES, TEXTILE AP- PLIANCES, ETC. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. Hangers, Shaft Bearings, Ball Bearings, Steps, Couplings, Universal AND Flexible Couplings, Clutches, Speed Gears, Shop Tools, Screw Threads, Hoists, Machines, Textile Appliances, Etc. 1260. ADJUSTABLE BRACKET HANGER. 1261. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR BEARING for vertical shaft. 1262. Elevation. 1263. Section. 1264. Plan 3^4 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1265. ADJUSTABLE POST HANGER. 1266. ADJUSTABLE FLOOR STAND, shaft bearing. 1267. CONTINUOUS TRAVERSING ROLLER or ball bearing for an axle. 1268. ROLLER WHEEL ANTLFRICTION BEARING. 1269. BALL BEARINGS in anadjustable journal box. Aloosesleeve is inserted between the balls and the shaft to prevent wear of shaft, and to prevent clogging if a ball should break. The shaft will then turn in the sleeve. 1270. Longitudinal section. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 315 127 1. ADJUSTABLE HANGER for shafting. A, drop of the hanger. Jointed cap to allow of removal of shaft. 1272. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING, with balls retufning through outside passage. Grooves re- cessed in shaft. 1273. SCREW TRAVERSING BALL BEARING. The balls returning by a side passage. Ball grooves enlarged for full strength of shaft. 274. HANGING SHAFT on ball bearings. 1275. SUSPENDED SHAFT on ball bearings. 1276. CURVED STEP BEARING, with oil reservoir. 3i6 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1277. CONICAL PIVOT BEARING and adjust- ing screw. 1278. LUBRICATION OF A HANGING BEARING by hydraulic pressure. Oil is forced into the grooves of the bearing through the small holes and discharges into the cup around the outside. 1279. VERTICAL SHAFT STEP.— Made adjustable by a movable bearing held by set screws in the foot block. 1280. SHAFT STEP ADJUSTMENT for spindles of millstones. 1281. ADJUSTABLE STEP BEARING, with hard bronze bush and step. A mor- tise through the iron base and a key drawn with a screw extension and nut are for verti- cal adjustment. 1282. COLLAR BEARING AND STEP for a vertical shaft. The thrust sleeve of bronze is split and should have a key to pre- vent rotation. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 2>n 1283. OIL CIRCULATING STEP for a vertical shaft. The foot of the shaft has a groove cut across its centre. The cast-iron bearing has a hole down the centre to meet a cross hole from the oil well. The joint of the sleeve and step is packed oil tight, oil being fed at the upper end of the sleeve. 1284. LENTICULAR BEARING for a vertical shaft. Each section is lubricated by the pressure oil feed from beneath, through the central hole. The concave discs are of hard bronze, and the convex discs of steel. The shaft terminates in a steel toe, c. The cast-iron step is chambered for water circulation. L : E ^ 1285. SPHERICAL STEP BEARING.— Two semi-spheres, rolling on a horizontal shaft, support a vertical shaft having a concave spherical end. The semi-spheres roll in opposite directions in oil, and by the cross direction of the bearing surfaces preserve a perfect contact. 1286. ANGLE COUPLING for shafts. The jointed rod on one shaft slides in the bent crank eye of the other shaft. For small angles and light work. 1287. "OLDHAM" COUPLING for shafts slightly eccentric in alignment. The double- splined disc B runs free against the grooved face plates A, C. 1288. Disc showing grooves at right angles, front and back. 3i8 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. LEATHER LINK 1289. FLEXIBLE LINK COUPLING.— The end of each shaft is fitted with a four-armed hub. A series of leather links is inserted between the arms of one hub and those of the other hub, and secured with stud bolts. 1290. Side view. 1 291. FLEXIBLE SHAFT COUPLING.— A ball and socket shaft ends with a slot in the ball and a mortise in the socket at right angles, in which the right- angled cross piece has a free sliding motion. 1292. The cross key perspective at the right. m 1293. ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, " Robes " patent. The shaft heads are slotted, in which cross bars are pivoted ; the ends of the cross bars are also pivoted to the arms of the double yoke, giving a free motion to the driven shaft at any angle greater than a right angle. 1294. UNIVERSAL shafting. Ring gimbal. JOUN"T, for 1295. "HOOKE'S" UNIVERSAL JOINT.— One shaft end is keyed into a ball with trun- nions, which turn in a ring with trunnions at right angles Avith the ball trunnions. The ring trunnions turn in the outer shell to which the other shaft is keyed. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 319 1296. ''GOUBET'S" UNIVERSAL SHAFT COUPLING.~-A, A, shafts; C, a trunnion ring recessed in a ball, D. Each shell is alike, and in itself a universal joint for 45° . Both to- gether equal to 90°. 1297. BALL SOCKET UNIVER- SAL JOINT.— A ball with grooves around it at right angles and bearing in the spherically recessed ends of the shafts. Straps fitted in the grooves, and screwed in slots in the shaft, hold the ball in position. 1298. BALL SOCKET UNIVERSAL JOINT.— A ball with grooves cut entirely around it at right angles. The tongued shaft ends have straps extending entirely around the ball to hold the joints together. 1299. RIGHT- ANGLE SHAFT COUPLING, " Hobson " and other patents. Right-angle crank pins revolve and slide in holes in the shaft couplings. 1300. RIGHT- ANGLE SHAFT COUP- LING, " Hobson " patent. — A number of right-angle steel rods move freely in per- forated guide flanges on the ends of shafts that run at right angles. The rods draw out and in through the flanges to suit the conditions of revolution of the shafts. A larger angle rod serves as a centre bearing over which the shafts revolve. 320 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. -^xw 1301. ECCENTRIC LINE COUP- LING. — Face plates, fixed to ends of shafting considerably out of line but parallel, may be connected by four or five bars with offsets to clear each other in their revolution on the face plates. 1302. Side view of offset links. 1303. SIMPLE FRICTION PULLEY.— The self-acting clutch arms act upon the pulley rim in one direction only. When shaft motion is reversed, the pulley is free. 1304. FRICTION CLUTCH.— A conical- grooved pulley and clutch rim. The clutch slides on the shaft and feather, and is controlled by a lever and carrier in the grooved hub. 1305. V-GROOVED FACE CLUTCH.— A very effective clutch with teeth of small angle. 1306. CLUTCH AND GEAR.— The clutch slides on the feathered shaft, and throws the gear into motion by the operation of the bell-crank lever and runner. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 321 1307. CONE CLUTCH.— Can be made at any angle greater than will cause the clutch tO' stick. 1308. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH.— Several plates of iron or steel are fitted loosely on a three-feather shaft, be- tween which plates of wood or other hard material, sometimes steel, are placed and keyed in an iron housing or coup-- ling to move loosely on the keys. The coup- ling is keyed to the next shaft in line. A follower sleeve and springs compress the plates, giving a very large frictional surface, which is relieved by drawing the sleeve back by a yoke lever. 1309. Section showing stops in outer case and keys on shaft. 1310. FRICTION CLUTCH, outside view, with toggle-joint thrust, sleeve, and yoke lever. 131 1. Section of outside bearing, clutch, toggle joint, and sleeve. 322 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 13 1 2. PIN CLUTCH.— The pin plate is fast on the shaft. The hole plate slides on a feather, and is operated by a bell-crank Y-lever in a hub slot. 1313. FRICTION PIN CLUTCH.— A or B may be the driving shaft ; ^ is a friction band that slips to prevent shock when the pins are thrown into contact with it. 1314. FRICTION CLUTCH. — The two sections of the friction ring are pressed out by right and left screws, operated by a sliding spool on the shaft and the toggle- joint connections, /, /'. 13 1 5. Longitudinal section. 1316. FRICTION CLUTCH BEVEL GEAR. — A A is a driving shaft extended through the gear hubs ; gear a is fast on the shaft ; gear b is loose on the shaft, with a friction clutch fixed in position by a lever extension not shown. Clutch is tightened by the screw handle/", when the gear e c ro- tates to drive gear h. The pinions are pivoted in the plane of gear e c. 1317. SPRING FRICTION CLUTCH.— The lever handle, eccentric, and link are held in position by the arm A. The springs keep the cones closed for driving. The throw of the handle forward in the direction of the arrow pushes the inner cone back and releases the grip. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 3^3 1318. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT FRICTION CLUTCH. — The move- ment of the grooved sleeve J opens or closes the grip A, upon the rhn wheel C. The lever H throws the toggle links E, F into line for the grip. 13 19. ADJUSTABLE FRICTION CLUTCH, with double-grip bearings. Ad- justment tightness is made by locked set screws in the arm of the bell-crank levers. The jaws are held open by a ring spring running around the clutch. 1320. DOUBLE-CONIC ROPE DRUM. — Used on some forms of — -' winding engines, and as a fusee in a spinning mule. 1321. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. — Transmission is made by a stiff belt running over two coned spools, which have their inside cone bearings simultaneously changed to meet require- ment for equal belt tension, by two levers pivoted to nuts on a right- and left-hand screw, with a fulcrum central between the shafts. Both ex- panding spools slide on feathered shaft keys. 324 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1322. EXPANDING PULLEY or wheel. The rim sections screw into a central hub. 1323. VARIABLE SPEED DE- VICE. — An internal driving-cone pul- ley, with a smaller cone pulley rolling on its internal surface on a shaft parallel with the driving shaft, but drawn eccentric to it for higher speed by an inclined slide operated by a lever, rock shaft, and crank con- nection. 324- VARIABLE A thin disc is fast on the counter shaft SPEED TRANSMITTING DEVICE. — Two discs drive the speed shaft, between which and the driving disc are two rollers pivoted to trans- verse spindles. The rol- lers are kept to their slow- speed position between the discs by springs. A con- necting rod draws the rol- lers toward the high-speed position. Friction press- ure on the rollers is made by a spring pressing the discs together. 1325. BELT HOLDER, "Wellington'^ model. Does away with a loose pulley. The belt is guided on to a set of rollers in a fixed frame at the side of the driving pulley. Saves time and avoids danger in putting on belts. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 325 1326. JOINTED RADIAL ARM, for y drilling machines, marble polishing, and other similar machines. Elevation. 1327. Plan, showing joints and action. 1328. DRILLING MACHINE CLAMP.— A handy tool about a drill press. The shank is pushed loosely throug!i a hole in the drill-press table until the lever bears on the work, when a turn on the set- screw makes a tight grip. 1329. SCREW BENCH CLAMP, for cabinet- makers. 1330. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP, for carpenters and cabinet-makers. Used for holding work on the fiat. 1331. AUTOMATIC BENCH CLAMP used by carpenters and cabinet-makers for holding work on edges for planing. 1332. WOOD- BENDING CLAMPS AND FORMERS.— Strips of wood are thoroughly steamed and bent while hot over the formers and clamped. 1332A. Offset clamp. 1333. Thill clamp. 1334. Bend clamp. 326 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1335. BOILER TUBE EXPANDER.— A series of sets surrounding a conical driving pin. " Prosser " percussion type. A guard ring fixes the proper position of the expanding grooves of the sectional sets to match the tube head. 1336. Longitudinal section. 1337. ROLLER TUBE EXPANDER.— The rollers are loosely fitted in a case to hold them in position. The slightly tapered mandril is pushed or driven within and bearing on the rollers and revolved by a bar in the mandril head, which revolves the rollers, rolling them over the interior surface of the boiler tube^ " Dudgeon " model. 1338. REVOLVING TOOL HEAD^ for a Monitor lathe. 1339. COLLAPSING TAP.— The hook cutters C, C, slide in the taper shank B, and are drawn up to their full '\fy diameter for cutting by turning the shank handle in the inclined slot in the shell - and the reverse motion of the handle for collapsing the tap. 1340. Longitudinal section. pLJ-l 1 34 1. WABBLE SAW, for cutting dovetail and rabbet grooves. MILl. AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 327 1342. AUTOMATIC SCREW- CUTTING DIE. — The outside shell is movable on the inner shell, which holds the cutters in slots. By- throwing the handle over, the cutters are re- leased from the screw* The centre pin, nut, and slot pin is the automatic release by contact with the screw, which pushes back the slot pin and revolves the outer shell. Adjustment is made by the set rings at the back of the die. A circular spring throws out the cutters. Cross sec- tion. 1343. Front view. 1344. Longitudinal section. 1345. Outside view. for eccentric turning. 1346. UNIVERSAL CHUCK, The divided gear plate and chuck- ing screw are re- volved and held at any division by the spring pawl. The slide is given its ec- centric position by a screw with an index. A great variety of designs may be made with this simple chuck. Front view. 1347. Side view. 1348. End view. 1349. Nut and screw. 1350. COMPOUND LEVER SHEARS. 328 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 135 1. DISC SHEARS.— Two bevelled edge discs just lapping, and revolving. Largely used in tin and cardboard cutting. 1352. GIG SAW. — The spring a gives tension to the saw running between guide frames, and operates W2^Z2^ by crank and connecting rod. 1353. BAND SAW, for sawing metals. The frame and third wheel are set back to give room for large plates. 1354. BAND SAW. — Rectilinear motion of saw blade from rotary motion of band pulleys, with a tilting saw-table for bevel work. 1355. TOGGLE-JOINT LEVER PRESS or punch. A type of toggle-joint used in the old form of printing and stamping presses. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 329 1356. POWER STAMPING PRESS. — Driven from a pulley with crank or cam shaft. A miss im- pression is made by a stop-clutch operated by a foot treadle. 1357. HAND DRILLING MACHINE, with lever feed. 1358. PORTABLE DRILL, rope trans- mission and flexible shaft. One continuous rope over driving pulley, two double sheaves anchored, and flexible shaft pulley ; allow- ing the driving sheave of the flexible shaft to be anchored in any position, and for tightening the driving rope. 1359. MULTIPLE DRILLING MA- CHINE, for close drilling or perforating plates. Drills are operated close together by converging spindles. 330 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1360. MULTIPLE DRIL- LING MACHINE.— For drill- ing a number of holes in flanges at one time. The drill chucks are adjusted in a spider for any size circle and connected to the driving head with jointed rods. 1361. STAMP MILL CAM MOTION. — The revolution of two or more cam wipers lifts the stamp hammers to drop by gravity. 1362. BLACKSMITH'S HELPER, or foot helve hammer. Operated by the foot on the treadle. Hammer held up by the spring. 1363. REVOLVING RAPID-BLOW HAM- MER. — The centrifugal aciion of the revolving arms throws the hammers outward. 1364. HELVE TRIP HAM- MER. — An ancient device yet in use. The treadle stops the action of the hammer by disengaging the bell-crank catch b. Used for small work. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 33^ 1365. FRICTION DROP HAMMER.— The ham- mer head is attached to a hardwood board running be- tween friction rolls. One of the rolls has an eccentric sleeve shaft with a lever and lanyard to throw the roll out of contact with the board at the proper time for long or short drop. The other roll and shaft carry the driving pulley and are in constant motion. 1366. BEAM TRIP HAMMER. — The beam is vibrated by an ec- centric on the driving shaft. The cushions intensify and regulate the blow of the hammer. The treadle operates the brake and controls the blow of the hammer. " Bradley " pattern. 1367. SPRING HAMMER.— The height of the hammer, to suit the size of the forging, is adjusted by chang- ing the length of the connecting rod. The treadle controls the stroke by- operating a friction gear on the driv- ing pulley. 1368. TIRE SHRINKER.— A link chain around the tire terminates in a fixed hook, and the hook on a powerful lever. 332 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1369. COMBINED TIRE UPSETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE. — The tire is made fast by the cam jaws, and the mov- able cam is set forward by the sector cam lever and pinion. A punch is attached to the movable jaw with a punch die in the horn of the machine, so that the same opera- tion of upsetting a tire may be used for punch- ing iron. 1370. Vertical section. 137 1. PLATE SAWING MACHINE.- A slow-running steel saw blade lubri- cated by dipping in an oil box. The saw is automatical- ly fed to the plate by a worm gear, but has a quick return by the hand wheel. 1372. COMBINED PUNCH AND SHEARS in one frame and driven from one shaft. Each con- trolled by a treadle. 1373. SUSPENDED SWING TREADLE. — The foot takes a circular motion ; no dead centre. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 335 1374. POWER RUMBLING MILL, for cleaning sand from castings, pol- ishing metal articles by tumbling with sand, charcoal, leather scrap, or any- polishing powder. 1375. CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR, for removing oil from iron chips and turnings. The iron pan A is fixed to the spindle and pulley. The unequal load- ing of the pan is balanced by the elastic swivelled box B, held in a central position by springs. A cover with felted edge closes the top of the pan. The friction stop C acts as a brake to stop the motion of the pan. 1376. CLOSURE OF ROLLERS by tra- versing the angular slots guiding the roller bearings. The slot guide C is fixed. The piston-rod head D carries the angular slots that move the rollers forward and backward. 1377. VIBRATING LIFT.— The revolving drum B lifts the weight W, while the crank-pin connecting rod C gives the arm A and sheave E a vibrating ver- tical movement. With certain proportions between the size of the drum B, the distance of the crank pin and connecting arm at A, a variety of motions to the cord D may be made. 1378. DIFFERENTIAL PITCH MOV& MENT. — The motion of a traversing stud by -' the revolution of a differential screw allows of measurement of minute motions and distances. A micrometer device. 334 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1379. FEED WHEEL for a planing machine. The corrugated upper wheel pushes the lumber to the cutter. 1380. COMBINED RATCHET AND HAND FEED GEAR. — The hand screw turns in the worm- gear nut, and may be used for quick adjustment. 1381. GEAR TRAIN, f g with quick return, for a gear- I cutting machine. 1382. QUICK RETURN MOVEMENT for a cutter head. A constant rotation of the cam operates the bell-crank sector, which is quickly drawn back by the weight W and pinion C. 1383. REVERSING GEAR, from a single belt and cone pulley. The gear wheel a has an outside and inside set of teeth with the pinions b, c meshing and running in opposite directions. The friction clutches operated by a lever reverse the motion of the large gear by alternately putting in motion the inside or outside pinion. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 335 1384. FLEXIBLE UNIVERSAL STEAM JOINT. — " Hampson " model. The steam flows through the thick arms of the Y's, which have ground joints. 1385. BYE PASS COCK OR VALVE. — To allow of a small delivery ^;'hen the large valve is closed, or for relief of press- ure against a large valve. 1386. SIGHT-FEED LU BRI C ATO R.— The amount of feed is seen by the frequency of drops at the sight hole. Adjusted by a needle-point valve with milled head and screw. 1387. SCREW MOVEMENT, for the tail stock of a lathe. The spindle moves m a key slot to prevent turning. The screw has a collar and is shouldered on the outside by the wheel hub. The back end of spindle has a thread acting as a nut on the driving screw. verses around the shaft to be centered. 1389. End view. 1388. CENTERING TOOL. Used for scratch- ing the centre on round shafting or rods. The slotted arm E swings on the spindle A, as it tra- 336 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. n. pf:|ii{iKiH|iii{iii LI ^JU 1390. VERNIER CALI- PER, with slow-motion stop screw. 1 39 1. EXPAN- SION BIT.— The spring clip held by a screw clamps the cutter in position to bore any size hole within its limits of expansion. 1392. DOUBLE-ACTING SCREWDRIVER. — The in- side spindle has a left-hand screw, the outside hollow spindle a right-hand screw ; and both with nuts that can lock either spindle by screwing to the thread on the lower end of each or either spindle. 1393. PUMP DRILL STOCK.— A very ancient device, yet largely in use at this date in the jewelry and other light manufacturing estab- lishments. The heavy revolving disc keeps up the momentum to rewind the band upon the spindle in contrary direction for each downstroke of the bar. 1394. RECIPRO- CATING DRILL STOCK.— By the double groove and follower, the drill turns the same way at each movement of the ring and follower. 1395. COMPOUND LEVER CUTTING PLIERS, in which the toggle-joint principle is used to give the greatest power at the closure of the jaws. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 337 1396. BALL SOCKET, used on surveyor's 7| compasses. The gland is tightened with, countersunk screws. 1397. BALL SOCKET, with a screw eland. V THREAD 1398. SCREW THREADS.— Standard V thread, sharp at top and bottom. Depth equals 0.85 of the pitch. Angle 60°. U.S. S. THREAD WHITWORTH THREAD | 1399. SCREW THREADS.— United States Standard Thread. Flat top and bottom. Depth equals 0.65 of the pitch. Angle 60°. 1400. SCREW THREADS, "Whit- worth ' thread. Rounded top and bot- tom. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. Angle 55°. TRAPEZOIDAL ^-p* THREAD I I 1 40 1. SCREW THREADS, Trape- zoidal thread. Angle 90° face, 450 back. Depth equals 0.75 of the pitch. 33S MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. ■ POWELL'S I*— pH THREAD 1402. SCREW THREADS, square thread. Angle square. Depth equals -j- half pitch. Width between threads equal -f half pitch, for clearance. 1403. SCREW THREADS, "Powell's" thread. Depth of thread equals + half pitch. Width of top of thread, 0.37 -of pitch. Width of bottom, 0.37 -\- of pitch. Angle of side, 11^ °. 1404. CONTINUAL BARREL ELEVATOR. — Sprocket wheels and link chains with curved arms to hold the barrels. 1405. TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR. — The several piston cylinders take a proportional lift by their differential areas and balanced pressure areas in each compartment. ^ M-&- &'■ 7::^W- 7 1406. TRAVELLER HOIST, show- '^ ing the principles of the balanced coun- ter pull and the traverse tackle. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 339 1407. TRAVELLING CRANE for shop and foundiy work. May be oper- ated by rope transmis- sion, a long shaft, or electric motor. 1408. I-BAR TRAVELLING TRAMWAY, an easily made shop device. The I bar lies sidewise, bolted to brackets from the ceiling. The double trolley can- not run off. 1409. SWING BRACKET CRANE, with trolley. 1 410. ADJUSTABLE UNIVERSAL SHEAVE. It can be set in any desired direction and canted by the double-swivel foot. 1411. ''HARRINGTON" CHAIN HOIST.— A worm gear operates a double -chain sprocket, with chains yoked at hook. 1412. " YALE" DUPLEX HOIST.— A worm F meshed in a gear on the same shaft with the hoisting-chain sprocket. A, Hand-chain sprocket on worm shaft B; C is a friction plug which holds the worm from running back. For self- running down, the plug may be reversed, present- ing a smaller friction surface to the worm shaft. A pin holds the plug from turning. 340 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1413. SAFipTY TACKLE.— The horizontal frame is pivoted in the hook block having a friction shoulder. A lanyard from the eye of the horizontal frame releases the grip. 1414. DIFFERENTIAL CHAIN- PULLEY BLOCK. — The chain sprockets, one on each side of the gear drum, run in different directions, allowing the surplus chain to hang between the draft chains. An eccentric on the hand-wheel shaft rolls a loose pinion around the discs, causing them to move in opposite directions by the differential number of teeth on each side of the pinion. 1415. DOUBLE SCREW-GEAR HOIST. — A right-and-left screw turns the chain sprockets in mesh with the lifting chain. " Box & Co." model. 1 41 6. TAPER TUBE ROLLS.— The grooves I . are turned as a taper screw. One rolls right-hand, I the other left-hand to match. Much care and management are required in taper tube-rolling. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 341 1417. " YALE-WESTON " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR HOIST. — The hand-chain sprocket shaft runs loose in a sleeve which carries the hoist-chain sprocket. A small pinion on the right-hand end of the central shaft drives three spur gears pinioned on a circular movable frame attached to the chain sprockets. To each of the three spur gears are -fixed a pinion, which meshes in an internal tooth gear fixed in the case. 1418. Section, showing gear. ^1419. TUBE-ROLLING MA- CHINE.— The first roUer turns the ■* I strip of metal to a half-circle. The T— J- pair of vertical rolls close up the _J tube. 1420. SEAMLESS TUBE MAK- ING. — Rolling a solid bar between a pair of angular-axled disc rollers opens a cavity within the bar w^hich is further expanded by a second pair of disc rollers. The rolling of the tube between the discs pushes the tubular bar over a revolving conical mandrill. 142 T. WIRE-BENDING MACHINE. A A marvel of complex motions. Hooks and eyes, and any special shapes of wire-work can be made on these machines. 1422. Samples of wire bending. 342 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1423. SEAMLESS TUBE MAKING.— The " Mannesmann '^ process. A, <7, conical corrugated rolls ; B, guide tube ; B", hot bar of iron or steel being pushed through the rolls ; D, mandrill for widening the inside of the tube, the hollow be- ing started by the action of the out- side rolls. 1424. HOPPER AND BELL, for a. blast or other furnace, for feeding coal and ore. The hopper is filled with a charge, when the bell is quickly lowered and the charge drops into the furnace. 1425. ''BESSEMER" STEEL CONVERTER.— A large crucible on trunnions, through which air is blown to passages in the bottom of the shell and through the cast iron, burning out the excess of carbon^ when the crucible is turned over and the cast iron^ converted into steel, is poured into moulds. 1426. LENS-GRINDING MACHINE. — The bell-crank arm a is made adjustable in the vertical shaft, and is pivoted for a free motion in the grind- ing cup b, to give a variety of motions to the cup- over the lens ; or the operation may be reversed and the lens given a circular motion in the cup. 1427. GRINDING MILL in section, show- ing the balancing of the upper stone and adjust- ment of step, and the cen- tering of the hopper and feed gauge. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 345 1428. "BOGARDUS" MILL. — Grooved steel discs running ec- centric to each other. Largely used for grinding paints and drugs. 1429. Plan showing grooves. 1430. CIRCULATING SCREW PRO- PELLER AND MIXING TANK.— Is used in various forms in laundries, soap crutching> and oil refining. 1431. DOUBLE CYL- INDER PLANER, for lumber. Takes a rough and finishing cut by once passing the lumber through the mill. 1432. DOUBLE TOGGLE-JOINT SCREW PRESS with steam-heated platens for vul- canizing rubber or embossing by heat and pressure. 1433. STEAM COTTON PRESS, for repressing and condensing baled cotton. The geared sectors, driven by the double- rack piston rod and piston, increase the pressure immensely at the latter part of the stroke by the toggle-joint action of the con- necting rods as they approach the radial bearing of the sectors. 344 MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES. 1434. TOGGLE-BAR PRESS.— The rota- tion of the disc a by the lever handle brings the toggle bars to a vertical position, with in- creasing pressure upon the platen. The tog- gle bars have spherical ends fitted to spherical cups in the top and bottom discs. ' ,'> ■ ^iW^^ '^^^ discharging. ^ — ■©— ^ 1473. TIMBER SPLICING.— The straight S- splice bolted. '^©~'~' lor J^ ^ .-^ . 1474. TIMBER SPLICING. — The lap splice with iron keys and bolts. n A -B- .A A -iH- 1475. TIMBER SPLICING.— The lap splice with oak keys and yoke straps. .^ -^ A 1476. TIMBER SPLICING.~A scarf and butt joint with one fish plate, bolted. ,f^ r=. .^ la. 'H^ . lyr^ IQI ^1^ 1477. TIMBER SPLICING.— The scarf and butt splice with iron fish plates, bolted. 1478. TIMBER SPLICING.— A lap and scarf butt joint, keyed with oak and locked with anchor fish plate and bolts. 356 CONSTRUCTION AND DEVICES. ^ ^ ^ ^& 'gT jB^> r^^ Z73 Separator, t,t,2> Sewing-machines, 380, 381 Shaft ball bearings, 314, 315 couplings, 277, 278, 317-3x9 hangers, 313, 314 Shears, 327, 328 Sheep shears, 372 Siphons, 147, 148 Slip hooks, 351 Sounding balls, 217, 218 Spanish windlass, 26 » Speed indicator, 52 pulleys, 36, 27 Spiral motion, 268 Spring motor, 381 Springs, 279 trace, 220 Sprinkler, automatic, 149 Sprocket and chain, 40 Stamp mills, 305, 330 Static force, 17 Steam air compressors, 171, 174 appliances, 103-114 fire engine, 221 pumps, 108, 139, 140 power, 57-100 separators, 1 1 1 traps, 112, 113 tricycle, 220 universal joint, 335 Steam-engines, 67-100 link motion, 74-78 36 402 INDEX. Steam-engines, piston rotary, 94, 95 rotary, 90-100 turbine, 99, 100 valve gear, 71-78 vibrating, 96, 98 Steering gear, 29 Step bearings, 315 gear, 40 Stirring machines, 349, y]"] Stokers, mechanical, 64-66 Stop motion, 258, 259 Stump puller, 350 Submarine lamp, 218 Sun and planet motion, 2 x6 Sun dial, 373 Swing treadle, 332 Tackle blocks, 22-25, 340, 341 Tension carriage, 31 machine, 50 Testing cement, 350 Thrust bearing, 217 Timber splicing, 355, 356 Tire shrinker, 331, 332 Tongs, grip, 351, 352 Tool, centering, 335 Towers, unloading, 301 Trace springs, 220 Tramways, 303, 339 Trap, return, 1 1 2 steam, 112, 113 Treadles, 332 Tread mills, 371 Tricycles, 222, 223 Trip hammers, 330, 331 hooks, 351 Trucks, car, 384, 385 Trusses, 356-359 Tube rolling, 341, 342 Turbines, 135-137 Turn-tables, 386, 387 Typewriting, 382 U Universal couplings, 318, 319 joints, 277-335 Upsetting tires, 331,332 V Vacuum pump, 162 Valves, check, 114 double beat, 158, 159 gas, 388, 389 globe, 114 reducing, 1 10 relief, 114 gear, gas engine, 121— 124 gear, steam engine, 71-78 Variable crank throw, 275, 276 speed devices, 323, 324 Velocity registers, 151 Ventilators, 185, 299, 300 Vernier calipers, 336 Vessels, raising, by compressed air, j ;7 W Watch escapements, 289-292 stops, 292 Water lift, compressed air, 177 ejectors, 148 meters, 150, 151 power, 138, 139 pressure reducers, 151, 152 Water-wheels, 1 31-135 governors, 137, 138 impact, 138 Wedge, 22 Weight motor, 25 Well boring, 297 driven, 160 pump, compressed air, 176, 177 Wheels, elastic, 221 Wind instruments, 186 mills, 165-167 Windlass, Spanish, 26 Wire drawing and covering, 376 Wood-bending clamps, 325 Worm gear, 22-43 Bureau of Reclamation Washington Oface, Engineerlmg Pllea. JUST PUBLISHED. Linear Perspective By HERMAN T. C. KRAUS, C.E. Oblongf, Handsomely Bound in Cloth, with 14 Finely Executed Plates with Descriptive Text» Pfjice S2mSO A Practical Hand Book giving the Principles and Practice of Linear Perspective, for Architects, Civil and Mechanical Engineers, Patent Attorneys, Art Designers, Engravers, and for Draftsmen engaged in all the Industrial Arts. Containing fourteen plates of practical examples, with explanatory text. The underlying principle by which objects may be correctly repre- sented in perspective is clearly set forth in this book, everything- relating to the subject is shown in suitable diagrams accompanied by full explanations in the text. Perspective drawing may be acquired easily and accurately by Mr, Kraus' method by any one having a fair knowledge of the rudiments of mechanical drawing. A special descriptive circular of ttiis book mailed on application. NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., Publishers, J32 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. JUST PUBLISHED. Fourth Edition^ Revised and Much Enlarged* Qas, Gasoline and Oil Engines. By Gardner D. Misco^, M. J5. LARGE OCTAVO. 384 PAGES. PRICE, $2.50. The only American Book on the subject. A book designed for the general information of every one inter, ested in this new and popular motive power, and its adaptation to the increasing demand for a cheap and easily managed motor requiring no licensed engineer. The book treats of the theory and practice of Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Engines, as designed and manufactured in the United States. It also contains chapters on Horseless Vehicles, Electric-Lighting, Marine Propulsion, etc. Third Edition. Iliustrated by 270 Engravings. Revised and Enlarged. A FEW EXTRACTS OF NOTICES FROM THE PRESS. This book is ^v^itten in a plain, concise style, which will commend it to practical men. — Colliery Engineer. It is a very comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date work. — American Machinist. Mr. Hiscox'8 work, devoted to American practice, is practically unique in subject, and this fact superadded to its merits, and the authority of the widely known enoineer who ■writes it, gives it a value all its own. —Scientific Ameiican. The subjects treated in this book are timely and interesting, as there is no doubt as to the increasing use of Gas. Gasoline, and Oil Engines, particularly for small powers. It gives such general information on the construction, operation and care of these engines, that should j)rove valuable to any one in need of such motors, as well as those already having them in use. — Machinery. The author has signally succeeded in his task. This work is one of the most valuable contributions to -angineering literature that has come into existence for years. Every detail of the subject is considered, and the construction of nearly every known gas and oil motor on the American market is given. — Scientific Machinist. NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO., Publishers, 132 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. '«*Copies of above book prepaid to any address on receipt of price. JUST PUBLISHED. THIR,r> EI>ITIO]V The Modern flachinist, By JOHN T. USHER, Machinist. PRICE, . » _ = $2.50. Specially Adapted to the Use of Machinists, Apprentices, Designers, Engineers and Constructors. A practica' treatise embracing the most approved methods of modern machine-shop practice, embrsKiing the applications of recent improved appliances, tools, and devices for facilitating, duplicating, and expediting the construction of machines and their parts. A NEW BOOK FROn COVER TO COVER. £very illustration in this book represents a new device in machine-^sliop practice, and the engravings have been made specially for it. 8vo. 322 Pages. 257 Illustrations. Price, $^.50. What is said of " The Modern Machinist." This is anew work of merit. It is on " Modern Machine Shop Methods," as its name implies. It is thoroughly up to date, •was written by one of the best-tnown and progressive machinists of the day, is the modern exponent of the science, and all its subjects are treated according to latest developments. In short, the book is new from cover to to cover, and is one that every machinist, apprentice, designer, engineer, or constructor should possess. — Scientific Machinist. This book is the most complete treatise of its kind that has yet come under our observation, and contains all that is most modern and approved and of the highest efficiency in machine-shop practice, ■etc., etc. — Age op Steel. There is nothing experimental or visionary about this book, all devices being in actual use and -giving good results. It might perhaps be called a compendium of shop methods, showing a variety of -special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the superintendent to 'the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any library, and will be consulted whenever a new or difficult job is to be done. — Machinekv. NORMAN W. HENLEY A CO., pubushbrh, 132 NASSAU STREET, NEW ^ORK. ;»0# Clopies of the above sent prepaid on receipt of price. A Complete Electrical Library By Prof. T. O'CONOR SLOANE. ;he best electrical books. each one sold separately. How to Become a Successful Electrician I IMustrated. $1.00. It Is the ambition of thousands of young and old to become electrical engineers. Not er^ry one is i_repared to spend several thousand dollars upon a college course, even if the three or lour years requisite are at tbeir disposal. It is possible to become an electrical engineer- without this sacrifice, and this work is designed to tell " How to Become a S"ccessful Electri- cian " without the outlay usually spent in acquiring the profession. Electricity Simplified. Third Edition. Illustrated. $1.00. This work is the simplest ever published on the subject of Klectricity, and does something- not hitherto accomplished. Electricity is in many respects unexplained by the scientist; to the ordinary man it is all a mystery. The object of " Electricity Simplified " is to mako the subject as plain as possible. tl6CtriG I Oy~m3Kin§, Dynamo Buiiding and Electric-Moiar Construction. Very Fully Illustrated. $1.00. This work treats of the making at home of Electrical Toys, Electrical Apparatus, Motors, Dynamos and Instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the re»'h of young, and old the manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The work is specially designed for amateurs and young folks. Arithmetic of Electricity. Fourth Edition. Illustrated. $1.00. A Practical Treatise on Electrical Calculations of all kinds, reduced to a series of rules, all. of the simplest forms, and involviug only ordinary arithmetic ; each rule illustrated by ona. or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. Followed by an extensive series of Tables. TVe can recommend the work. — Electrical Enginkkb. Standard Electrical Dictionary. 624 Pages. 350 Illustrations. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00. The work is absolutely indispensable to all in any way interested in " Electrical Science," from the hiiher electrical expert to the every-day electrical workman. In fact, it should be in the po^isession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of the greatest science ot the times. The diationary gives evidence of a large amount of painstaking work on the part of the author, and possesses features which must be commended. Among these, the author, wherever occasion required it, has furnished the synonyms of terms, and the book is giveik an additional value by an alphabetical index, which enables it to be consulted for terms both collectively and individually. The work will prove of value to the reader, whether pro- fessional or non-professional. The definitions are put tersely and concisely, so that the inquiring reader can carry away a defined, net impression as to what is meant. Any stu- dent who will spend his leisure hours over the volume will be amply repaid for his time and trouble. The book is very clearly printed in bold type on good paper, and is well bound. — Electbicai. Engineek. A special circular, fully describing ttie above, also our catalogues of books for Electricians, Machinists, Engineers, and all other practical trades, sent free to any address, on request. NORMAN W. 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