KEIM'S LLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK AND ITS ENVIRONS ■">— ©=®fc:^ IViAPS,DIAGRAIVIS AND IlLUSTRATiONS 887 UBRARY OF CONGRESS DDDmflDfl4^ *Sk SOURCE UNKNOWN WAV 1 1 1955 r CONTENTS. iSee Alphabetical Index at the end of the Hand-book.] Page. Preface v General. Information vii Hotels, vii— Lodgings, vii— Boarding, viii— Restaurants, viii— Railroads, viii — Steamers, ix— Street Cars, ix — Vehicles for hire, xii— City Post Office, xii— Mails, xii— Rates of Postage, xiii— Telegraph Offices, xiii— Churches, xiii— Theatres, xiv— General Amusements, xiv— Etiquette, Ceremonies, and For- malities, xiv — Distances from Washington, xix — Foreign Dia- lances, xix— Differences of Time, xx. Section I. Washington and the District of Columbla. 1 Washington, 1 — District of Columbia, 5. Section II. Description OF THE City 15 Avenues, Squares, Statues, Ac. Section III. Public Buildings and Grounds 55 Historical Retrospect, 55— Capitol, 5G — History of Congress, 118 — President's House, 121— Department of State, 128— Treas- ury Department, 131— War Department, 136— Navy Depart- ment, 140— Department of the Interior, 142— Patent Office, 146— General Post Office, 151— Department of Justice, 154 — Department of Agriculture, 15C.— Naval Observatory, 103— Army Medical Musuem, 166 — Oovernmry, lOG-Chiirches, 197 -Hails, 198— Newspaper Offices, 19!)— Public Schools, 201— A.sylum8, 202 — Cemeteries, 205 — District Oovernmenl, 207 — klartets, 209— Places of Historical Interest, 210. (iii) IV CONTENTS. Section V. The Environs OF Washington 211 Section V[. History of Washington 234 Index 244 Abbreviations. /^ or ' j N., S., E., W., north, northern, north\^rd|,| solith, &c., east, &c., west., &c.; m., mile; sq. m., square mile; lbs., pounds; r., right; 1., left'; hr., hour; min., minute; jt , year ; a., acres ; av., avenue ; St., street ; yds., yards. PREFACB. The necessity of a reliable and complete Descriptive AND Historical Hand-book to the Capital of the United States has long been felt. Warden's Geoi]^rapliical and Statistical Description of the District of Columbia, pub- lished in Paris in 181G, and the several editions of tlie Guides compiled by William Elliott, 1826 and 1830, and George Wat-' terson, 1848, are really the only ones which possess the merit of original research. The productions of a similar character published since 1848, and especially the later ones, have been crude and imperfect, impositions in character and price, and noticeable only as containing the smallest amount of informa- tion for the largest amount of money. The compiler of the present work hopes to avoid these objections at least, and to give to the public a Hand-book of attractive and useful descriptive information about all places of interest in and around Washington, and at the same time to supply some appropriate historical data which may be valuable to carry away as a souvenu' of a visit to the Seat of Government. In the preparation of the historical portions of the Hand- book TO Washington and its Environs, original author- ities only have been examined, including the manuscript rec- ords, correspondence, and proceedings of the Commissioners charged with the superintendence of the building of the city, 1791-1800 ; the correspondence of George Washington, Thom- as Jefferson, and others on the same subject ; the Statutes at Large ; official documents, from the establishment of the per- manent Seat of Government down to the present time; besides the writings of travelers and public men and files of news- papers. Respecting the descriptive features, all points of interest in the city and surroundings, still in existence, have been personally visited and inspected. It is hoped, therefore, that the HAND-BOOK will prove not only an invaluable companion on the spot, but an ever-wel- corae and entertaining friend for futm-e perusal and refer- ence at the home fireside. The compiler is under obligations to many of the officers (V) VI PREFACE. of the Government ; and while desiring to reco^iize their kindness, finds it diflicult to make distinctions by individuals : he therefore thanks them all. The general information has been compiled with special reference to the necessities of the stranger in the city, and, in connection with other usef id matter, will be found to con- tain trustworthy intelligence respecting railways, hotels, churches, theatres, &c. The code of Etiquette in Washing- ton and Street-car Directory will be found particularly con- venient and valuable. The remaining features of the HAND-BOOK ^vill appear as the reader familiarizes himself with its contents. In a city like the capital of such a constantly expanding Republic as the United States of America there are never- ending changes. To keep pace with tliese, it is the intention to annually i-evise and augment the Hand-book to Wash- ington AND ITS Environs, so as to keep it at all times cor- rected to the latest period. The compiler does not presume that the Hand-book is faultless; but to approximate such a degree of completeness, as far as practicable, will constantly be his endeavor. He will therefore be grateful for any errors or omissions pointed out or corrections suggested. These may be communicated by letter. DeB. R. K. Washington, D. C, 1879. PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1880. The success which has attended the earlier editions of this Handbook is accepted by the compiler as a sufficient guarantee of the public appreciation of its merit as the most complete and reliable work of the kind for reference and information ever published at the Capital In view of this fact, the present edition has not onlv been thor- oughly revised, but the scope of information and number of illustrations materially enlarged. The illustrations are from wood by such eminent artists and engravers as Ross Turner, Schell, H. H. Nichols, and not by cheap, patent, mechanical processes, as in other works. K. GENERAL INFORMATION. ^^j;J;^^^^nOSE who are inflnenced by a desire to visit the ^"^W^ National Capital, when most attractive in point of beauty of nature and art, and without reference to the fashionable and congressional season, should arrive in May or June, or October or November. The hottest montlis are July and August. The winters, on the other hand, are o-enerally mild and beautiful. The health of the city at all seasons is unexceptionable. For official and social seasons see Etiquette. Hotels. — The National Capital has a number of hotels, some of which will compare favorably with the best in the country. They are all located upon or conveniently acces- sible to the difterent lines of street cars connecting the Ex- ecutive Departments with the Capitol and western and east- ern portions of the city. The following are the principal hotels and charges per day : The Arlington^ Vermont av., near H St. N., £bh'ii, F St., corner of 14th st. W., IVillards' , Pennsylvania av,, corner of 14th st. W. Metroi>olitan, Pennsylvania av., between 6th and 7th sts. W. Imperial., E st. N,, between 13th and 14th sts. W., Nationcl, Pennsylvania av.. corner of 6th st. W. Rigg'*^ Fifteenth St., bet. F an'l G sts. NW.. The Si. yames, corner Pennsylvania av. and 6th st. W., is.cn the European plan, rooms from $1 to $6. There are also other hotels on tb» American and European plans , suited to all classes, and ut proportionate rates. Lodgings. — ^Persons desiring to pass some time in Wash- ington, and df sh'ous of living retired, can find excellent lodg- ings in the vi?inity of all the hotels, and in different parts of the city. The large transient population of the city has cre- ated an unusual demand for this style of accomraodationg, and every grade, from elegant suites down to unpretending single apartments, mav be found. The rates for rooma would range from $25 for single rooms to $100 and upwards a month for suites. Persons remaining less than a month can also be supplied with quarters. Boarling. — Many houses in which lodgings can be secured also provide daily board, ranging from $25 to $35 a month for each person. The hotels also accommodate outside boarders at $45 a month for eacli person. (vii) ^111 GENERAL INFORMATION. Restaurants. — A number of excellent restaurants can be found in all the business portions of the city. Frequently persons find it more convenient to have lod.i?ings and take their meals nearest where they may happen to be at the hour of dinini^. The char^^es at restaurants are about the same as at hotels or boarding-houses, according to grade. There are several excellent restaurants equal in appoint- ments to any in the large cities of the North. Cuisine excellent. Railroads. — {See Table of Distances.) — Persons departing from Washington have a choice of routes to all parts of the United States. Depots. — The Baltimore and Ohio Railboad for the North, East, and West, N. E. cor. New Jersey av. and C St., NW. Baltimore and Potomac Railroad for the North, South, East, and West, 6th St. immediately south of Pennsylvania av. Local trains, for Alexandria, leave the Baltimore and Potomac Depot at short intervals. The BrancliTicket Offices of each road are convenient to the principal hotels. Sleeping Cars are attached to all through night trains. Tickets may be pro- cured at railroad ticket offices. Baggage will be called for and checked to all the principal cities of the United States, by leaving orders at the railroad ticket offices. Both depots may be reached by the Pennsylvania av., and F, and 9th si lines of street railways. Steamers depart from Washington or Georgetown at •tated times for Landings on the Potomac River and Chesapeake bay ; for Baltimore and Norfolk ; also for Philadelphia, New York and Boston. {See the daily prints.) The Wharves of all the Washington lines may be reached by the Pennsylvania av. street cars exchanging at 7th street going south. Street Cars. — All parts of Washington may be reached Capitol, North C, and South Washington Railway or "Belt Line," Incorporated 1875 cars every few minutes during the day, begins on Maryland av. and 3d, to 7th, through Virginia av. passing near the National Museum and the Smithsonian Institute ; through 12th st, passing the Dept. of Agriculi- urc, to Ohio av., to 14 st W, to Pennsylvanit av., through E st N. to 11 st W., thence, O st N (cars returning take P st instead of O si) to 4 st W,to G st N, into ist st W, pasing near the Capitol and the Botanical Garden, to Maryland av., to the starting point, making the circuit of the best portions oi North and and South Washington. Intersects all the principal street railway lines. Uniontown and 7th St. W. Railway, (Potomac and Anacostia) runs from 7th st W, through M st S, to 11 st E, passing the Navy Yard, thence across the Navy Yard Bridge to Uniontown. The tickfts of one street railway are good on all other lines. Fare 5 cents six tickets for 25 cent> Exchanges given on branches of the same line. Washington and Georgetown Street Railway, incorporated 1862, car* every few min. during the day, start on Bridge st., at High, Georgetown, cross Rock Oeek over a fine iron bridge, follow Pennsylvania av. , passing Mills' Statue of Washington, Corcoran Art Gallery, Lafayette Square, War Depart- ment, President's House, and Treasury. At 15th st. W. connect with the cars o\\\\\^ \^th Street 2in6. Columbia Railways. Exchange tickets given for the former. At the S. end of the Treasury they again enter Pennsylvania av., which they follow the entire length of the business quarter of the city, t;.^> GENERAL INFORMATION. The Baltimore and Potomac Passenger Station^ Washington, on 6th St., W., one square south of Pemisylvauia Avemie, reached by the ''F St," changing at 9th St., W., going S,, and conveniently by the Pennsylvania Ave. street cars, is a beautiful gothic edifice, designed by J. M. Wilson. It is built of brick, with courses of Ohio sandstone, the whole resting on a granite base. The taller to7ver\s 134 feet high to the finial. The main building aooxi'ZoiceX., and the iron passen£^er shed iiox'^zo k&t. ~ tifully finished in native woods. Total cost, $2,00,000. The interior is beau- i! The Assassination of President GarjicUl. it was in the ladies room, after entering from B St., that President Gar- field was shot down by the assassin Guiteau. The silver star in the floor marks where the President fell. A beautiful mural tribute in the wall near by, representing a tablet with the Roman fasces on eithei side, and an American eagle resting on the top, bears the inscription, " yamet Abrant Garfield, President 0/ the United States, yuly 2, 1881." It was •xccuted by W. Struthers & Sons. Phila., cost $613, and erected by the company X GENERAL INFORMATIOK. intercept the Metropolitan line N". and S. ; and at 7th st. W. connect with the cars of the 7th st. branch N. and S. On the latter exchange tickets are given. At the W. gate of the Capitol grounds one branch turns to the 1. for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Depot every 10 min. during the dajs and the other to the r. for the Capitol or Navy Yard, every 5 min. during the day. At the top of the hill a branch carries pas- sengers to the E. front of the House, or S. extension of the Capitol. The main line continues along B st. S. to Pennsyl- vania av., and thence to 8th st. E., thence passing the Marine Barracks to the Na^y Yard. Fourteenth-Street Branch, cars every 10 min. dm-- ing the day, start on New York av. at loth st. W., NE. of the Treasury Department, thence to 14th St., thence N. to boundary, passing the Fourteenth-Street Circle Department. Exchange tickets are given on the Pennsyl- vania av. line. Seventh-Street Branch, cars every 4 and 5 min. dur- ing the day, start at the boimdary, follow the same street across the city to the Potomac river, passing the N. Market, Mount Vernon Place, Patent and Post Offices, and Odd- Fellows' Hall. At Massachusetts av. they intersect the Co- lumbia Eailway, and at F st. N. the Metropolitan line. On Pennsylvania av. they connect with the main line. Ex- change tickets given E. or W. The cars now pass the Cen- tre Market, cross the Mall, with the Smithsonion grounds on r., continuing to the wharves for the Alexandria, Mount Venion, and other steamers. Metropolitan Eailway, incorporated 1864, cars every 4 min. during the day, start on 17th st., W. of the Navy and New State Departments, follow 17th st. W., passing the State, War, and Navy Departments, and Corcoran Art Gal- lery to H St. ; here the Georgetown branch leaves ; thence passing Lafayette Square to 14th st. ; thence to F st., inter- secting the i4th St. and Columbia Railways at New York av. ; connecting with the cars on the 9th st. branch N. and S., on which excliange tickets are given, passing the Patent and Post Offices, and Intersecting the 7th st. line; thence to 5th St. ; thence to Louisiana av., passing Judiciary Square ; thence to Indiana av., passing the City Hall; thence to C St., passing the Baltimore and Ohio depot to Delaware av. ; thence to B st. N., where the E. Capitol branch leaves; thence to the Senate extension. Georgetown and East Capitol Street Branch, cars every 6 min. during the day. Same as the main I'ne going W. Cars leave that at H and 17th sts. NW. ; thence to' Con- necticut av. ; thence to P st. at the Circle, intersecting the GENERAL INFORMATION. XI Connecticut av. and Park Railway ; thence along P St., cross- ing Rock Creek over a fine bridge, entering West St., George- tovvn ; tlience to High ; thence to Fayette, where it passes the Convent of the Visitation ; thence to 2d ; thence to High ; thence to Dunbarton ; tlience to Montgomery ; thence to West, where the return track follows the outward, back to Washington. The East Capitol Gxtension continues on B st. JN". to 1st E.; thence to East Capitol St., and thence to Lin- coln Square, the present terminus. It will be extended E. on the same street to the Anacostia. Ninth Street Branch, cars every 7 and 8 min. during the day, start at Boundary; thence, passing Mount Vernon Place, the Patent Oftice and Masonic and Lincoln Halls, toB St. At ]S'ew York av. they intei-sect the Columbia Railway. At F St. exchange tickets are given E. and W. On B st. the cars pass the Centre Market, and intersect the 7th st. line. On Gtli St. they pass the Baltimore and Potomac Depot to Mis- souri av. ; thence to 4J st. ; thence to the Argenal gate. Silver Springs Branch, of Metropolitan road starts at the N. terminus of the 7th st. line, and follows the 7th st. road a distance of 1^ m., passing the Scheutzen Park and Howard University, and terminates at present at the road to the Soldiers' Home and Rock Creek Chm-ch. Columbia Railway, incorporated 1S70, cars every 10 min. during the day, start on New York av. at loth st. W., XE. of the^Treasuiy ; thence to II st. At 14th st. they cross the Metropolitan and 14tli st. lines ; at 9th st. W. the Metro- politan, passing Mount Vernon Place^ to Massachusetts av. At 7th St. they cross tliat line ; thence to H st. N. ; thence to the boundary, passing tlie Government Printing Office. At the terminus the Baltimore turnpike and Benning's Bridge road commence. Connecticut Avenue and Park Railway, incorpo- rated 1SG8, The Connecticut av. portion is used by the Me- tropolitan line to Georgetown. A car connects at the P st. Circle, and runs to boundary. Further extensions of existing lines, and the construction of new ones, are proposed, in some instances the roadway having already been laid. Xll GENERAL INFORMATION. Vehicles for hire.— Rates of fare established by law for hacks, cabs, or other vehicle for hire in the District of Co- lumbia. Bet. 5 a. m. and Bet. 12.30 a. m. 12.30 a. m. and 5 a. m. For one or two passengers in a one- f Per h'r, 75 cts. Per hour, $1 12. horse vehicle. 1 Pertrip,75 cts. Per trip, $1 12. For one or two passengers, four- ( Per hour, $1 50. Per hour, $2 25. seated vehicle drawn by two -< Per trip, ex- Pertrip, exceed- horses, within the city. ( ceed'glm.,$l. 1 m., $1 60. And for each additional passenger, 50 cts. One mile or less, one half these rates. ^-L?°H °/.h,v?.P^Hfwf 'h;.^*'t^n Per hour,«l 50. Per hour, «2 26. wt"! f^?i^^iVa=r^^°f.^^f.*'^^ Pertrip,exceed- Per trip, exceed- from GeorgSown.^'""'"" '' ""' ^ ™" ^' ««• -S ^ -- ^ «>• And for each additional passenger, 50 cts. One mile or less, one half these rates. One-horse vehicle does not include buggies and phaetons. In all cases where a vehicle is not engaged by the hour, it will be considered as being engaged by the trip. Special rates are charged for excursions. If there should be an overcliarge, drive to the nearest police station, where officers in cliarge will immediately decide the <»sc. In every case require a ticket of tlie driver before starting. City Post Office. On Louisiana av. S. side, near 7th and Pennsylvania av. NVV. Hours for the .arrival and departure of the mails bulletined at the office The Money Order Office is in the second story of the r\mc building. Open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. Telegraph Offices. Western Union, cor. 15th and F st. NV. Atlantic & Pacific, on Pennsylvania av. near 14th st. W, N. side. GENERAL INFORMATION. illf Churches. —The following list of places of religious worship is merely designed for the use of visitors in the citj% and therefore embraces only the representative churches of each denomination. For convenience of reference, it is arranged alphabetically. The usual hour for service is 10.30 to 11 A. M. and 7 to 8 P. M., according to the season of the year. Baptist; E street, E St N between 6 & 7 W.; Calvary, cor H & 8 sts. NW. Catholic Roman ; St. Aloysius.cor I & N, Capitol sts ; St. Domi- nic, cor 6tli & F sts 5 W. ; St Matthew, cor H&i5StsNW. CONGREGA T I O N A L ; cor 10 & G sts N W. Episcopal Pkotest- ant; Ascension,cor 12th St and Massacliusetts av. NW ; Epiphany, G. St between 13 & 14 NW. St. John's, cor 16 6 H sts N W. Episcopal Metho dist ; Foundry, cor G S: 14 sts NW. Metropoli- tan,cor 4>^ & C sts NW. Episcopal Metho- dist (South) ; Mt. Ver- non, cor 9 & K sts NW German Reformed; First, 6 and NstsNW.; German A M, English PM. Hebrew ; Washing- ton Hebrew congrega- tion, 8th si between H & I sts NW. Services every Friday 7 P. M & Sabbath (Saturday) 9 A. M. Lutheran ; Trinity, cor E & 4th sts NW.; Memorial N and 14th sts N W. P R ksbythri an; Fourth, 9th bet G & HstsNW- New York av.. New York av be- tween 13 & 14 sts NW. Unitarian; All Souls*, cor 14 & L sts NW. Universalist ; serv- ices in Talmage Hall, F between 9 & 10 sts. There are also many fine churches for col- ored people. The Ascension Chu-ch (page 197). XIV (iENEKAL INFOMMATIUN. The Cfasus Office. Theatres. — The best places of amusement in the city are Ford's Opera House, on 9th st. W., immediately S. of Penn- sylvania av., and the National Theatre, on E st. N., bet. 13th and 14th sts. NW. Here the standard comedies and trage- dies and plays of the day are performed by excellent stock companies during the winter season, varied at intervals by Italian, German, or English opera, and the presence of the- atrical "stars." General Amnsements.— Concerts and lectures take place almost every night, and will aflbrd recreation for those who prefer this character of entertainment. Etiquette, Ceremonies, and Formalities, — The population of Washington is divided into two classes : official and unoffi- cial, and society admits of the same classification. The first includes thostt actively associated with the various branches GENERAL INFORMATION. X\ and departments of the Government and retired officers of the Army and Navy and families. The second inclndes resi- dents in tlie capital not in official emplo^^ment, and visitors. The Season. — The fashionable season commences with the New Year's receptions, and ends with the beginning of Lent. During this period life at the capital is extremely gay. The congressional season begins on the tirst Monday in De- cember of each year, and, with a recess during the Christmas holidays, lasts till March 4 in the odd years and until June or July in the even years. During the months of July, August, and September, the prominent officials and residents leave the capital for places of summer resort. Receptions. — The reception season begins on New Year's day aiid lasts till the beginning of Lent. The days for after- noon receptions are arranged among the ladies of the families of the President, Cabinet Ministers, and Governor of the Dis- trict. The announcements are made daily during the season in the newspapers. Hours, afternoon, 2 to 5 p. m. ; evening, 8 to 11 p. m. Afternoon receptions are open to all. Evening receptions are by card, unless otherwise announced in the daily newspapers. Titles — The following are the forms of address used in conversation with certain officials, viz : Mr. Pi-esident ;' to members of the Cabinet, Mr. Secretary, Mr. Postmaster Gen- eral, Mr. Attorney General ; Mr. Chief Justice, ]Mi\ Vice Presi- dent, Mr. Senator, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Justice, for associates of the Supreme Court, and Mr. , for Representatives. The latter frequently have titles, as Judge, &c. Official commu- nications should be addressed, "Totlie President, '•'To the Chief Justice," and all others **To the Honorable, tlie Sec- retary of State," &c., or "The Honorable D. W., Secretary of State;" and to members of Congress, Honorable, with the name. The form customary for ladies of officials, is Mrs. President ; Mrs. General ; Mrs. Secretary, &c. The following form of address for certain officers would be bettei- than those now in vogue: For the Secretary of State, The Premier; other mrmbei'S of the Cabinet, Mr. Minister. Cards. — NVhenever a visit is made or reception attended, a card, containing the name and residence in the city, should be sent in, or left with the usher, or in the receiver in the hall. Cards left at afternoon receptions are generally recog- nized by cards to evening receptions. Cards are generally issued to all evening receptions, except those of the President and Sjx'aker <»f the Ilonse of Representatives, and sometimes the General of the Army. In private calls, if the person called upon be out, turn down the right r.pper corner of the card, to indicate that called in person, if the call be upon XVI GENERAL INFORMATION. the family, under the same circumstances, turn down the right end. In making- a farewell call, place P. P. C. on the lower edge of the card. A stranger, in calling upon officials, or at receptions, should, if his name be not announced by an usher or by card, men- tion it himself, so as to prevent embarrassment. INVITATIONS. — In all cases, invitations to dimier should be promptly accepted or declined. It is not obligatory to espond to invitations to evening entertainments, unless re- ih-ed in the letters R. S. V. P., though it is proper to recog- ze them formally. Invitations to evening receptions, do ot require a reply. The general form of reply is : Mr. S presents his compliments to Secretary , and accepts with pleasure liis inritation to dinner Thursday evening. Mon- day, Dec. — , 187 — . The form is the same, with adaptation, for evening entertainments. CaIjLS. — The ladies of officials return calls. The President and wife are not required to return calls ; other members of the family can. The lower officials should always call first upon the higher; and ladies the same ; hours 2 to 5 p. m. Evening calls only allowed for social acquaintances. The first visit received should be returned in three days. Stran- gers, desiring to pay respects to any officials, can do so with propriety daring office hours, sending in a card, marked "to pay respects," by the usher. Dress. — For visiting and at all afternoon receptions such dress for ladies and gentlemen as is recognized in good soci- ety for morning calls should be worn. At all evening recep- tions and dinner parties, full evening dress for ladies and gentlemen should be strictly observed ; consisting, for gen- tlf^men, of black dress-coat and pantaloons, white neck-tie, and light gloves. The President. — Cabinet days, Tuesdays and Fridays, hours of meeting 12 M. Business hours : During the session of Congress, the President receives Senators and Represen- tatives from 10 A. M. to 12 M. every day, except Sunday, and the public, by card through the usher in the ante-room, from 12 M. till 3 P. M., except on Cabinet days and Sundays. The number admitted during hours is governed entirely by the time the President can spare from his public duties. Persons desiring to pay their respects only, should note ''''to pay res- pects''"' on their cards, and call the attention of the officer in in the ante-room thereto. During the adjournment of Con- gi-ess, the President, when not absent from the Capital, usu- ally receives in the morning from 10 A. M. to 12 M. The President and family receive socially in the evening. GENERAL INFORMATION. XVll These visits, however, are only made by those warranted by tlieir acquaintance to call upon them. Diplomatic representatives of foreign governments, upon their tirst arrival at the Capital, are presented in the Blue- Room, at a time fixed by the Secretary of State, with the consent of the President. The ceremony of presentation consists of an address by the Minister, and a reply by the President. The President's levees are announced through the press. ]"J"o further invitation is necessary, and all strangers at the Capital are at liberty to call. The hours are usually from 8 to 10 P.M. Music by the ^larine Band. No dress is pre- scribed, though it is eminently p-oper to appear in the even- ing dress dictated by good society. Enter by the N. door, where tlie ushers will direct to the cloak rooms. Then enter the Red, and pass into the Blue-Room, where the President receives. Announce name to the Marshal of tlie District, who presents to the President. The Engineer in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds presents to the wife of the President. After paying respects, in order to make room for otliers, it is advisable to pass out at once into the Green and tlience into the East-Room. 1'he afternoon receptions at the President's House are al- ways held by the wife of the President, on such days as she may select. She is assisted by such ladies as she may invite, generally selected in alphabetical order from the wives of Senators and Members, who, by their official positions, are entitled to such consideration, and any friend. Hours^ 2 to 5 p. in. No invitations. Visitors in the city are at liberty to attend. The President, after office hours, often assists. Presentations are made in the Blue Room by the Engineei- in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds. Approach as in levees, except that it is customary to leave a card at the door. Enter the Red Room. Dress the same as recognized by good society as suitable for morning calls. These recep- tions afibrd an excellent opportunity to strangers at the Cap- ital to view the suits of parlors, state dining room, and con- servatories. The latter are open to the public only on these occasions. After leaving the Blue Room, pass into the Green and East Rooms. The corridor which leads from the East Room extends to the conservatories on the AV. end. The President, during the winter, gives state dinners^ to which thirty-six invitations at a time are issued, and comprise Sen- ators and Representatives, selected alphabetically. The?r wives are also included. The President also invites promi- nent officers of the Government in recognized order. On New Yearns day the President receives in the following XVlll GENERAL INFORMATION. order : Members of the Cabinet and Foreign Ministers ; judges of the Supreme Court of the United States; Senators and Representatives in Congress ; the Governor of the Dis- trict of Cohirabia and suite; judges of tlie courts of the Dis- trict of Cokmibia and of tlie United States Court of Claims ; officers of the army and navy ; Assistant Secretaries of depart- ments; Solicitor General; associations and the public. Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court.— La- dies receive on Monday. Eeturn visits. First call must be made upon them. Speaker's receptions are announced in the newspapers. General, of the Army.— Reception of lady, Mondays. Expect the first call. The General's receptions are by card, unless otherwise announced in the newspapers. Admiral of the Navy.— Same as for General of the Army, except evening receptions always by card. The Cabinet. — The ladies of Cabinet Ministers usually /eceive on Wednesdays, at wiiich time visitors in the city are at liberty to call, leave cards with and give names to the usher at the door. Evening receptions by card are given by Cabi- net Ministers. The ladies of the Cabinet return visits. The first call must be made upon them. Senators and Representatives.— Ladies receive on Thursdays. Calls must be first made upon them. Governor of the District.— Diplomatic Corps. — Invitations are issued to all enter- tainments. Receive calls first. There are also diplomatic evenings for members of the corps and families, and such others as the lady personally invites. Residents.— The ladies of the families of residents at the capital not in official life, call first. Their days at home are generally marked on their cards. Social precedence. — 1, The President; 2, the Chief Justice; 3, the Vice President; 4, the Speaker; 5, the Gen- eral of the Army ; 6, the Admiral of the Na\y ; 7, the Cabi- net, Secretary of State, Treasury, War, Navy, Postmaster General, Seci-etary of the Interior, and Attorney General ; 8, Senators ; 9, Associate Justices ; 10, Representatives in Con- gress; and, 11, Governor of the District. Remarks. — General Jackson first introduced bad manners into the society of the President's House. The President, by virtue of his office, of a right occupies the highest social posi- tion in the land, and the observance of the formalities which are recognized in the surroundings of any American gentle- man's home should be accorded to the home of the President. GENERAL INFORMATION. xm Distances from Washington. Capitals of States or Territories are in capital letters. MILES. Albany, N.Y 374 Albuquerque, N.M..2156 Alexandria, Va 7 Annapolis, Md 42 Atlanta, Ga 721 Augusta. Me 631 Austin, Texas 1781 Baltimore. Md 40 Boise City, Idaho. ..2607 Boston, Mass 458 Brownsville, Tex. .1946 Buffalo, N.Y 446 Cairo, Illinois 977 Carson City, Nev...2950 Charleston, S. C 587 Cheyenne, VVy. T....185U Chicago, III.. 842 Cincinnati, Ohio.... Oil Columbia, S. C 519 Columbus, Ohio 535 Concord, N. H 503 Deee LoDGE.Mon.T.2700 Denver, Col. T 1950 Desmoines. Iowa 1102 Detroit, Mich 692 Dover, Del. 159 Duluth,Minn 1437 Erie, Pa 466 Fort Abercrombie,1507 Fort Benton, M.T..3130 Fort Berthold, D.T.2186 Fort Bliss, Tex .... 2523 Fort Boise, Idaho..2669 MILES. Fort Bridger, Wy.T.2349 Fort Dodge, Kan. ..1586 Fort Fetterman 1984 Fort Gibson,Ch.Na.l387 Fort Hays. Kan 1525 Fort Klamath, Ore.3320 Fort Laramie, W.T.1906 Fort Leavenworth..l263 Fort Randall. D. T.1535 Fort Smith, Ark. ...1307 Fort Mavne, Ind... 694 Fort Yuma, Cal 3881 Frankfort, Ky 731 Galveston, Texas. ..1556 Harrisburg. Pa 125 Hartforp, Conn 342 Indianapolis, Ind... 715 Jackson, Miss 1082 Jefferson City, Mo.l077 Kansas City, Mo. ...1234 L.YNSiNG, Mich 742 Leavenworth, Kan.1260 Little Rock, Ark. ..Ill 5 Louisville, Ky 720 MADisoN,Wis 974 Memphis, Tenn 934 Milledgeville, Ga.. 698 Milwaukee, Wis 927 Mobile, Ala 1082 Montgomery, Ala... 896 Montpelier, Vt 556 Nashville. Tenn.... 775 New Haven, Conn.. 307 MILES. New Orleans, La....l250 New York, N. Y 229 Norfolk, Va 233 Olympia, Wash. T...3982 Omaha, Neb 1298 Pensacola, Fla 1050 Philadelphia, Pa.... 139 Pittsburg, Pa 374 Portland, Ore 3952 Providence, R. 1 419 Raleigh, N. C 313 Richmond, Va 130 Sacramento, Cal 3072 Saint Louis, Mo 952 Saint Paul, Minn..l286 Salem, Ore 3834 Salt Lake City U.T.2464 San Franciseo.Cal.3l55 San Juan Is., W. T.4047 Santa Fe, N. Mex...2093 Savannah, Ga 691 Tahlequah, Ind. T..1300 Sitka, Alaska.., 4535 Springfield, 111 928 Tallahassee, Fla..... 953 Topeka, Kan 1302 Trenton, N.J 170 Tucson, Ar. T 2628 Vancouver, W. T...3970 Virginia City, M.T.2687 Wheeling. W. Va.... 401 Wilmington, Del... Ill Yankton, D. T 1449 Foreign Distances, air-Line, from Washington, to Belize miles. ...1410 ...3840 Honolulu MILES. ....4650 ....5490 MILES. Rome 4080 Berlin San Domingo 1300 San Juan 1380 San Salvador 1650 Santiago, Chili 4700 Spanishtown, Jam..l290 St. Petersburg 4290 Buenos Ayres.... Calcutta Callao ....4870 ...8580 ...3108 ...1330 Lima Lisbon London ....3180 ....3180 3300 Caracas Mexico Nicaragua ....1680 ... 1740 Cape Good Hope Cape Horn. Chuquisaca Constantinople.. Georgetown, Br. Havana ....7380 ...6450 ....3670 ...4870 G.2230 ...1250 Panama Paris ....1840 ....3480 Tehauntepee 1620 Vera Cruz 1560 Pekin ....7680 Rio de Jaaeiro. ....4300 Vienna.. 4110 XX general information. Differences of Time. Table showing the mean time at 39 places in the United jStatet and Foreign Countries, uhen it is mean noon at V/astanyton, D. C, United States of America. * Signifies forenoon and f afternoon. Time computet rem ilia ob- servatories of all places marked (o.) Albany, N.Y Alexandria, Egypt. Astoria, Oregon Augusta, Maine Baltimore, Md Berlin, Prussia Boston, Mass Cambridge, Mass... Canton, China Charleston, S. C Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio.... Detroit, Michigan.. Greenwich, Eng.... Honolulu, S.I Jeddo, Japan Leavenworth, Kan. Lima, Peru Liverpool, Eng London, Eng (o) (o) (0) (o)t II 10) i 4 :o)f 6 m. s. 13 13 7 44 52 57 28 52 1 45 1 46 23 58 23 42 41 18 48 30 17 41 30 13 36 2 8 11 36 44 28 12 49 16 59 41 66 11 2 13 Louisville, Ky Melbourne, Aus'lia Memphis, Tenn Mexico, Mex Milwaukee, Wis.... Mobile, Alabama.. Montreal, C. E Moscow, Russia.... New Orleans, La... New York, N.Y Panama, C. A Paris, France Philadelphia, Pa... Rome, Italv. Salt Lake, Utah... San Francisco, Cai St. Louis, Mo Vienna, Austria... . Washington, D. C . h. m. s. t il 26 12 * 2 48 6 * II 7 40 * 10 31 50 * 11 16 35 (o) (o)t (o) (0) 11 16 6 14 7 38 28 8 12 12 12 11 * 11 50 15 17 33 7 34 58 d • 8 68 25 * 11 7 11 (O) t 6 13 44 (O) SECTION I. WASHINGTON AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON. [HE Seat of Government of the United States of America lias been appropriately called "the Virgin Capital." A territory under the exclusive j urisdiction of Congress had early received the atten- tion of the legislators of the new Kepublic; indeed, before tlu^ clamor of war had fairly ceased, or the royal standard of England had left its shores. The posses- sion of such a tenitory was an important feature in the de- bates upon tiie framing of the Constitution; and it was pre- cisely forty-eight days after the last act of ratification, that the Federal City of the American Republic was by solemn en- actment of the young Congress of the Thirteen Free and Inde- pendent States located on the beautiful eastern shore of the broad Potomac. It might be added, that not only is Washing- ton the only virgin capital in the world, but its foundation was simultaneous with the inauguration of the permanent form of government of the nation. Of being synchronous it lacked less than two years. The idea and thcj execution were essentially American. It was founded as the Capital of the Republic. It sprang out of the virgin soil, and its growth and magnificence were to be measured by the progress and taste of the people who constituted the Government of which it was to be the political head and centre and the permanent residence. Among the capitals of the great nations of modern times, in this particular Washington stands alone. St. Petersbm'g, now the seat of the imperial residence of the Autocrat of all the Russias, rose out of the morasses of the Neva at the wiU of the great Peter. It was long what its founder called it, a look-out upon Europe, before the ancient capital of the Czars, in the fertile Moskva, left the sheltering walls of the Krem- lin for the banks of the Neva. Versailles, the queen of royal residences, sprang from a favorite hunting lodge of Louis XTTT. A monarch like his successor was alone capable of an 2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. -exhibition of extravagance such as this. The genius of Le Brun and Le Notre, and the expenditure of two hundred ^millions of dollars, did not make Versailles a capital. Its name and its associations are synonymous with the reckless- iness of a luxurious and dissolute court. Rome, the city of -over twenty-six centuries, was government and capital , when Romulus, Avith his handful of Latins on the western slope of the Palatine ; Tatius, with his Sabines on the Capitoline anfl the Quirinal ; and the Etruscans on the Caelian and Esquilinc, gathered around the forum, and laid the foundation of that career of greatness and power, which justly earned the proud title of Mstress of the World. But republican Rome rose on the ruins of the earlier Idngdom of the Tarquiiis. Impe- rial Rome superseded the colossal fabric of the Republic of the Consuls, the Tribunes, and the Triumvirs. Pontifical Rome reared herself upon the crumbled throne of the Impe- rial Caesars. The Rome of to-daj% the capital of United Italy, therefore, maj'" well be said to be the mother, while Washington is the maiden, of capitals. Geographical Location. — Washington the Federal, or Capi- tal Cit}^ of the United States of America, is situated on the left or eastern bank of tlie Potomac River, between the Anacostia, or Eastern Branch of the Potomac, and Rock Creek, lOGh m. (statute) above the mouth of the Potomac River, by ship channel, from abreast the red buoy off Point Lookout to Arsenal or Geenleaf's Point, and 18o| m. from the buoy 1^ m. NE. of Cape Henry light, mouth of Chesa- peake Bay. The distance by air line to the mouth of the Potomac River is G9 m., and to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay 143 m. The distance from the Cajjitol bj^ air line to the sea-coast, just below Cape Henlopen, the nearest point, is 105 m. ; and to the Chesapeake Bay, available for vessels of war, Patuxent River, 53 m. ; Annapolis 38^ m., and Herring Bay 39 m. The latitude of Washington (capitol) is 38° 52^ 20^' north, long- itude 76° 55^ 30'^ .54 west of Greenwich, and 79° 15^ 41^' .69 west of Paris, both ascertained in 1821, under authority of Congress, by William Lambert of Virginia. ffThe siie of the city and the location of the public reservations, squares, Cap- ijol and President's House, were selected by President Washington. The only direct reference to the location of the public buildings within the limits of the territory then accepted, was contained in a proviso in the amendatory act of Congress, approved March 30, 1791, requiring their erection on the iVIaryland side of the Potomac. When the city was located, the northern limit of the United States was lat. 46° N. and the southern 31° N., placing Washington but 23 min. or geographical miles south of the centre along the Atlantic Coast. The centre is now in the vicinity of Newberne, North Carolina, or 233 miles S. Another important consideration in those primitive days was the fact, that on I fill mli 4 AREA. no part of the coast, within the bounds of the country, was there accessible to sea-going vessels a port situated so far inland. The distances from the National Capitol to the remote points withiu the vast domain now under the jurisdiction of the republic, indicate the wonderful ex- tension of area attained by conquest and purchase during the first century of growth, viz To the north-eastern boundary on New Brunswick, 750 miles ; Rouse's Point, northern boundary, 598 miles; Cape Flattery, the extreme north-western boundary, on the Pacific Ocean, 4102 miles. Sitka, the capital of the Alaskan Possessions, 4535 miles ; to San Francisco, western boundary, on the Pacific Ocean, 3155 miles; Kej* West, Florida, 1494 miles ; Brownsville, Texas, the Mexican frontier, 1946 miles. {For table of distances from Wash' ington to the principal cities of the United States and the worlds see General InformationJ\ Area, — The plot of the city lies on the W. side of the tract, 64 sq. m., within the present borders of the District of Columbia, and is 14 m. in circumference. It covers 6,111 a., or a little over 9 J sq. m. The avenues, streets, and spaces comprise 2,554 a. ; the Government reservations, as origi- nally laid out, 541 a., and squares 3,016 a. The greatest length is from W. to S. of E. ; or from Rock Creek, between I and K sts. W., to the bank of the Anacostia, at 24th st. E., on B St. S., 4.57 m. The earlier plot is extended to 31st St. E. ; but the 7 additional streets and squares are subject to tidal inundation, and are generally excluded from the later maps. The greatest breadth of the city is W. of N., from Greenleaf Point, at the foot of the Arsenal Grounds, to Boundary, at 11 St. W.,3.78 m. The mean width from E. to W. is over 4 m., and length 1\ m. The city lies 4 m. along the Potomac and about 3J m. along the Anacostia. The following is a co7nparison of the geographical location, area and popula- tion of Washington with the leading capitals of Europe : Washington. — Lat. 38° 52' 20" N. On Potomac rjver, io6J^ m. from its mouth. Area gj^ sq. m., and 14 m. in circuit. Populntion, 1870, 109,199. London.— Lat. (St. Paul's), 51° 30 48" N. On Thames River, 50 m. from its mouth. Area of old city i sq. m. With city and liberty of Westminster and 5 boroughs, 31,313 sq. m. Population, 1870, 3,215,000. Paris. — Lat. 48'' 50' 12" N. On the Seine River, no m. from Its mouth. Area 14 sq.m. Population, 1871, 1,050,000. Berlin. — Lat. 52° 30' 16" N. On Spree River. Area 6,800 a., and 10 m. in circuit. Population, 820,000. St. Phtersburg. — Lat. 59° 56' N. On the Neva River, near its mouth. Area 6 m. in length and 5 in width. Population. 667,000. Vienna. — Lat. 48° 12' N. On the Wein River, near the Danube. Circuit 15 m. Population, 1872, 640,000. Rome. — Lat 41° 54' 06" N. On the Tiber River, 17 m. from its mouth. Circuit 12 m. Population, 1872, 247,497. Government.— The municipal form of 1801, with amend- ments at various times, continued for nearly three-quarters of a century, [n 1871 it was superseded by the territorial form, which was abolished by Act of Congress, June 20, 1874, and a government of three commissioners substituted. {See Oovernment, District of Columbia.) Finances.— (/S^e District of Columbia.) Population {See District of Columbia). History. ( See page 235.) GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The Federal Territory, or District of Columbia, is situ- ated on the left or E. bank of the Potomac River, at the confluence of the Anacostia or Eastern Branch Boundaries.— The District of Columbia comprises 64 square miles. It lies entirely within the State of Maryland, and is bounded on the north by Montgomery county, on the east and south by Prince George county, and west by the Potomac River. Davie tJuKNb CiMi At,j-. -ou r-li-.i .ry. H, 114^.^3^.1 ThQ Federal territory as originally located by President Washington, under authority of the Constitution of the United States, and national and state legis- lation, formed a square of 10 miles (loo sq. m.). The bounds were proclaimed by the President March 30, 1791. On Friday, April 15, of the same year, at 3 P. M., the municipal authorities of Alexandria, Virginia, repaired to the house in which the commissioners of Washington were residing, and after uni- ting with them in a glass of wine, to the sentiment "' May the stone which we are about to place in the ground remain an immovable monument of the wis- dom and unanimity of North America," the company proceeded to Jones' Point, or the upper cape, which projects into the Potomac River on the Vir- ginia side or right bank, at the confluence of Hunting Creek, then i mile E. of S. of the Court House of Alexandria, in the following ordei : Town Sergeant; Daniel Carroll, Commissioner, and the Mayor of Alexandria ; Andrew EUicott, Surveyor and the Recorder ; the Aldermen and Common Council, not Free .Masons; strangers, Master of Lodge No. 22, F. A. M. of Alexandria, with David Stewart, Commissioner, on his right, and James Miur, Pastor of that Episcopal parish on his left, followed by the rest of the fraternity and citizens. GOVERNMENT. Ellicott, " Geographer General," then ascertained the precise locatio» r Jones' Point, as defined by the President's proclamation, whereupon the Mas- ter of the Lodge aud Dr. Stewart, aided by the craft, planted the initial or cornerstone of the Federal Territory, in accordance with the impressive rites of Masonry. The Rev. James Muir delivered an address. After partaking of refreshments, the procession returned to the city, and closed the ceremonies of the day with a banquet and appropriate toasts and speeches. From this initial stone Mr. Ellicott, during the ensuing year, laid down the lines ot boundary as directed by the President's proclamation. The first at an angle of 45° W. of N., a distance of 10 m., into the State of Virginia ; the second ^1,0 starting at the initial point, at a right angle with the first, or N. E., across the Potomac, 10 m., into the State of Maryland, and the retnaining tiuo lines from the ter- mini of the first two and at right angles with them, respectively, N. E. and N. W. , until they met each other in a point. The original Territory, it will be 3een, stood diagonally, each angle facing one of the cardinal points of the com- pass. The A'', fioint, as originally laid out, is % m. due W. of Silver Spring, Md, ; the E. point 2)^ m. S. of E. of Benning's Bridge, on the Anacostia ; the S. or initial point at the N. cape of Hunting Creek, called Jones' Point ; and the IV. point near the source of Four-mile Run, in Vi/ginia. Th& centre oj the original Territory is marked by a gray free-stone, about 100 yds. W. of the Washington Monument, and on a line almost due S. from the President's House, at a distance of about Y^ m. The lines were marked by square mile stones, with appropriate inscriptions on the side facing the territory, "Jurisdiction of the United States;" facing the State, " Virginia," or " Maryland," according to location; facing the North '* 1792," the year in which planted ; and facing the South, the po- sition of the Magnetic Needle. Many of these stones are doubtless still standing, but lost sight of amid the accumulations of decayed vegetation. It has been wisely suggested that the Government should define the lines of the Federal Territory of this now mighty Republic by tablets, columns and other marks^ worthy and commemorative of its greatness. Shortly after the District was laid out this was seriously considered. It was proposed to build a great Fort at Jones' Point, on the site of the initial corner-stone ot the Federal Territory, at the same time to constitute one of the defenses of the river approach to the Capital from the Sea, and to be called Fort Columbia. It was actually com- menced, but was soon aftervvards abandoned. In 1846 all that portion of the District, consisting of about 36 sq. m., which lay on the W b.iiik of the Potomac, in Virginia, was retroceded to that State, which reduced the area to 64 sq. m., its present extent. Since the retrocession, the short-sighted policy of that act has been demons rated. The question of re- storing the Territory to its first limits is being agitated. In the absence of ab- solute jurisdiction on both sides of the river, it is manifest that there must be interminable conflicts of interest and authority; the more so as the Capital in- creases in population, wealth and magnificence, '^he schemes of improvement of the Potomac in front of Washington and Georgetown also demand the possession of the Virginia shore. Political Divisions.— The District is divided into the cities of Washington and Georgetown and the County of Wash- ington, G-overnment.— The Congress of the United States, in Nov., 1800, assembled for the first time in the City of Washing- ton. The jurisdiction of the United States over the Dis- trict vested on the first Monday of Dec, 1800. It was not, however, till Feb. 27, 1801, that Congress assumed direct and exclusive jurisdiction— all affairs of the District being first referred to a Committee for the District of Columbia for con- sideration and report. Il'll'll 8 GOVERNMENT HOW THE CITY WAS NAMED. The Act Feb. 21, 1871, applied to the D. C, the territorial form of government including a Governor and Council of li members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, an elective House of Delegates of 22 members, a Board of Public Works, Board of Health and Delegate in Congress. After three years experience by A. June 20, 1874, this plan was abolished and a provisional government of three Commissioners was substituted. The A. June 11, 1878, provided a permanent form of government by authorizing the appointment by ihe President, with the con- sent of the Senate, of two persons actual residents for three years next before their appointment, who, with an officer of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. A,, of lineal rank above Captain, to be detailed for the 1 urpose, should be Commissioners of the D. C. One of the Commissioners was 10 be chosen annually, by his colleagues, President of the Board. The details of municipal administation under the Commis ioneis are carried out by the Engi leer's Department in charge of Surveys, Aveiriues and Streets, inspection of Buildings, Sewer construction. Water Supply, Parking, Lamps and Insi ection of (.as and Meters; the Police Court ; the Metropolitan P( lice and the Fire and Health Departments. There are also, the Attorney of the D. C. and Assistants, Collector of Taxes, Assessor, Auditor, Coroner, Surveyor, Inspectors of Buildings, Boilers, Flour, Gas and Meters, Lumber, Wood and Plumbing, Superintendent of Public Schools, Hat bor master, Sealer of V\ eights and Measures and officers of the various Hospitals, Asylums and Government Chari- table Institutions. How the City and Territory were Named. — On Thursday Sept. 8,1791, at a meeting at Georgetown, Thomas fefferson, then Secretary of State.and James Madison, then a Representative from Va., met the Commissioners of the Federal City by previous arrangement, and evidently at the reques-: of Washington, to confer with them and give directions as to many preliminary measures. Mr. Jefferson submitted certain queries, each of which was discussed and tcted upon by the Commissioners. One of these queries was, "Name of City and Territory?" It is more than pro- bable that Mr Jefferson suggested the names, as the answer appended says : "City of Washington and Territory of Columbia," and the next day, Sept. 9, the Commissioners wrote to Maj. L'Enfant, who was in Philadelphia with his plan, "we have agreed that the Federal District shall be called "The Territory OF Columbia," and the Federal Citv, "The City of Wash- ington." The name first appears officially, with the sanction of President Washington, in his directions to the Commis- sioners to proceed with the sale of lots, and in the terms and conditions declared by him for iinprovements in the City of Wash- FINANCES STATISTICS. 9 ington, dated Oct. 1 7, 1791. The Legislature of Maryland, Dec. 14, 1791, recognized the names in "an Act concerning the Ter ritory of Columbia and the City of Washington." Finances. — The total value of taxable real and personal property i884-'5 was $106,207,577. The total Revenue of the District for the year ended June 30, 1884. was $4,130,403, and total expenditures $3,614,639, leaving a balance on hand July i, 1884, $515,764. The funded indebt- ness July i, 1884, was $21,422,000, and other debt $1,036,389, totar$22,453,389. Statistics. — The last Census (1880) gives the following statistical information concerning the D. C. : Population. — Total area of settlement 65 sq. m. The District of Columbia was formed Mar, 30 1791 That portion lying in Virginia, was retroceded to that State in 1846, and therefore is not included. Population 1880, (Census Year) of the D. C. 177,624. The percentage of increase 1870 to 18S0, was 34.8, i860 to 1870, 75,4. The estimated population 1885, 200 000, and floating population during the Congres-sional season, 25 000 more.. By Civil Divisions. — Washingtun, 1880, 147,293, Males, 68,306; Females 78,987; Native 133,051 ; Foreign 14,242; White 98895; Colored 48,377; Chinese, Japanese and Indians 21. Estimated population of Washington, 1885, 180,000. George- town, or West Washington, 1880, 12,578. Ren. aindcr of the Dis- trict, 1880, 17,753. By Ages.— School Age, 1880,5 to 17 years, M. 23,044, F. 24-683; MiUtary Age, 18 to 44 years, 35,411 ; Voting Age 21 )ears and over, 48,873. By Areas, Dwellings and Families. — Land snrface, 60 sq. m. ; Persons to a tq. m., 2,960.40 ; Dwellings 28,687; Persons to a dwelling 6.19 ; Families 34,896 ; Persons to a family 5,09. VVash- rngton rank in populaiiou 14; Dwellings 24,107; Persons to a dwelling 6. II. Families29,6o3 ; Persons to a family 4 98. By Occupations — Number of persons Agricul ure, 1,464* Professional and Personal Service. Males 23,664, Females 16,311; Trade and Transportaion, 9,848 ; Manufactures, Mech anical and Mining Lidustries, 15,337 ; Officials and Employes (Civil) of Government, 7,866. The value of Agricultural products, 1880, was $3,632,403. ; Manufactures, capital $5 552,1,26, Products $11,882,316. Food Supplies. — The cereals and other crops of thetenperate zone are cultivated with success in the District of Columbia. Fruits and vegetables in great variety are also grown. The in- lO FIRST MEKTING OF CONGRESS. habitants of the capital are abundantly sucplied from the garden products of the surrounding: country. The Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay also supply the markets of Washington, with Shad, Bass and other fine \arieties of food fish, also Terrapin. Oysters and Crabs, of the best qualities. Th^^ favorite Car.vas- back duck and other cho ce aquanc fowls, and game are taken in abundance. The markets of the capital rank with, if they do not exec 1 the finest in the country. Vital Statistics. — The District of Columbia is situated in one of the healthiest reigons in the U. S. Notwithstanding the large floating population constantly in the city, and theii irregular methods of living^ the average death-rate compares favorably with other sections. During the year ended June 30, 1884, the total number of deaths was 4,814, viz.: whites, 1,322 males, 1,254 females; colored, 1,081 m-les, 1,157 females, On the basis of the estimated population, Jan* i, 1884, 200,000; 130,700 white, and 69,300 colored, th death-rate during the year was 24,07 per 1000, or by race, 19.71 white., and 32.29 colored, per 1000 inhabitants. The mean annual death-rate for 8 years, i876-'83 inclusive, was : white, 18 83, colored, 35.62, total, 24.42 per 1000. The deaths by classes for the year, were : zymotic i 261 ; con- stitutional, 1,175; local, 1.757; developmental, 474; violence, 147. The total per cent, to total mortality under 5 years of age, was 42 chiefly developmental and dianhoeal diseases, scarlet fever, tnd diseases of the brain, digestive organs and scrofula. First Meeting of Congress. — In pursance of a statute of the previous session, the second session of the Sixth Congress, as- sembled in the N. wing of the Capitol at the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia, on Monday, Nov. 17, 1800. On Nov. 22, the House of Representatives joined the Senate in their chamber, when the President of the United States, John Adams, entered and addressed the two Houses. He said: " I congratulate the people of the United States on the assembling of Congress at the permanent seat of their Government, and on the prospect of a residence not to be changed. * * * It would be unbecom- ing the Representatives of this Nation to assemble for the first time in this solemn temple, without looking up to the .Supreme Ruler of the universe and imploring his blessing. May this Ter ritory be the residence of virtue and happiness. In this City, may that piety and virtue, that wisdom and magnaminty, that constancy and self-government which adorned the great character whose name it bears, be forever held in veneration. Here, and through- out our country, may simple manners, pure morals and true religion, flourish forever. The Senate, on Nov. 25, in reply to the speech of the Presi- 1 2 TOPOGRAPH'S GEOLOGY. DENT, said: "Impressed with the important truth that the hearts of rulers and people are in the hands of the Almighty, the Senate of the U. S. most cordially join in your invocation for appropriate blessings upon the Government and people of this Union. We meet you, sir, and the other branch of the national legislature, in the city which is honored by the name of our late hero and sage, the illustrious Washington, with sensations and emotions which exceed our power of description." The House ov Representatives, on Nov. 26, in their address to the Presiden'I", said: "The final establishment of the Seat of National Go\ernment, which has now taken phce within the Dis- trict of Columbia, is an event of no small importance in the political transactions of our Country, and [we cordially unite our wishes with yours, that this Territory may be the residence of happiness and virtue; nor can we, on this occasion, omit to express a hope that the spirit, which animated the great founder of this City, may descend to future generations, and that the wisdom, magna- nimity and steadiness which marked the events of his pubic life may be imitated in all succeeding ages " Topography. — The District of Columbia presents a pleasing variety of landscape. On the shores of the Potomac, towards the NW., the outlying spurs of the Blue Kidge range of the Appalachian ciiain approach the city, and form the wild and romantic scenery of rugged rocky hills and deep valleys along the Potomac at tlu; LitVle and Great Falls. The remainder of the District consists of sweeping and graceful undulations. The Potomac, from the NAV., and the Anacostia, from the NE., unite their currents about the centre of the original bounds of the District, from which point the main river flows in a southerly direction, until It passes the line. A number of smaller streams, including Rock and Tiber Creeks, which water all parts of the District, lind their outlets into the Po- tomac or Anacostia. Geology. — The soil of the District bordering the Potomac is alluvial, formed by the rich deposits of the river, brought down from the mountains. The elevated lands consist almost exclusively of yellow clay, interspersed with sand and gravel. Occasionally a mixture of loam and clay is met with. Rock Creek divides the primitive from the alluvial soil. Above Rock Creek the shores of the Potomac are lined with primi- tive roclvs. Shortly after leaving the District the red sand- stone appears. In some parts the stone frequently contains leaves of trees and ligneous fragments. A species of gneiss, composed of feldspar, quartz, and mica, is also abundant, and constitutes the underlying rock of the entire District, ORNITHOLOGY. 13 Mineralogy. — The mineralogy of the District is thus stated by Ml". Kobinsoii, in his Catalo^ie : Flint, on the shores of the Eastern Branch of the Poto- mac, near the Navy Yard, in small nodules. HOENESTONE, containing organic remains. Agatized Wood, woodstone, three miles north fi'om Wash- ington, sometimes invested with minute crystals of quartz, fine specimens, and abundant. Schorl, in Georgetown, in gneiss. Lignite and Pyritical Fossil Wood, found abund- antly in digging wells. Iron Ore, in the vicinity of the woodstone locality, in de- tached masses, on the surface. Organic i-emains in sandstone abundant. Botany. — A list of the plants indigenous to the District of Columbia, prepared by J. A. Brereton, in 1822, from the ma- terial collected under the auspices of the Washington Botan- ical Society, and entitled Florida Columbiana^ presents 22 classes and 288 varieties, following the Lin nsean classification. Of the more familiar varieties found are the oak, (several va- rieties,) button-wood, red maple, sassafras, alder, mountain ash, linden, catalpa, locust, chestnut, tuhp, horehound, pen- nyroyal, dogwood, blue-eyed grass, violet, wild honeysuckle, fox grape, Indian tobacco, mullien, wild sweet potato, night- shade, chickweed, touch-me-not, dog's bane, spiderwort, elder, sumac, calamus, superb lily, hellebore, free primrose, ground laurel, laurel, whortleberry, wild indigo, wild pink, cockle, poke, strawberry, dewberry, blackberry, sweet brier, May apple, columbine, ground ivy, motherwort, catnip, trumpet creeper, water-cress, wild pepper-grass, passion flower, crow- foot geranium, snakeroot, pea vine, wild potato vine, dande- lion, thistle, wild lettuce, sunflower, ladies' slipper, sedge, nettle, burdock, hog weed, Indian turnip, cucumber. Zoology. — The animals native to the region embraced within and contiguous to the District of Columbia in primitive times resorted to this vicinity in large numbers to feed upon the rich pastures found upon the alluvial banks of the Potomac. Among these were several varieties of deer. There were also panther, black bear, wild cat, wolves, red and gray foxes, rabbits, beaver, raccoon, opossum, squirrels, (several varieties,) field mice. The larger species are exterminated. The num- ber of species of all kinds is stated at 42. Ornithology. — The feathered kingdom is well represent- ed. Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia, speaks of 100 vari- efces of birds, most of which doubtless were found in the 14 CLIMATE. District. The wild tnrlvey was found in ^eat luimbers. The canvas-back duck, which in early days resorted to the vicinity of Analostan Island, is j^et met with in the estu- aries of the streams below the city; also the wild goose, swan, mallard, blue-winged teal, widgeon, and other spe- cies. In the swamps are found snipe, rail, blackbirds, and reed-birds. The country generally abounds in quail. The hunting of feathered game is restricted by law. The autumn mouths generally constitute the season. The car- dinal grosbeak, mocking-bird, sparrow, linnet, yellow-bird, thrush, sand-piper, king-fisher, and heron are also met with. The number of species of all kinds is stated at 236. Ichthyology. — The Potomac, within the District, is stocked with fish in great numbers, some of whicli are of the finest varieties. Those best known are the sturgeon, (weight from 40 to 150 lbs.,) rock fish, (from 1 to 7'^ lbs..) shad, bass, gar, eel, (three varieties,) carp, herring, pike, perch, (four varie- ties,) catfish, mullet, (three varieties,) and smelt. The shad of the Potomac are of excellent quality. In the season they are very abundant, and may be seen caught on the Virginia shore opposite the city ; also large quantities of herring are caught below the city. The laws of Maryland, as early as 1768, provided for the protection of the fish. Subsequent acts placed a heavy penalty upon the destruction of young fish by weirs aud dams, and to prevent beating with cords or poles at certain seasons of the year. A species of shark also ascends to the city. Herpetology. — There are about 50 species of reptiles. Of turtles and lizards there are several varieties. There are about 20 species of serpents, including the rattle, copperhead, black, garter, water, green snakes, and vipers. Climate.— The climate of the District of Columbia is gen- erally salubrious, though subject to sudden ciianges, particu- larly in spring The means for a series of years, compiled at the office of the Chief Signal Officer (Reports for the benefit of commerce), indicate these general conditions of the atmosphere: Mean temperature, minimum, 7° to 9° Fah- renheit, maximum, 95° to 102°.5 ; mean Barometer, min., 29.08 to 29.35 inches, max., 30.63 to 30.82; Rain Fall, max., 5.8 inches to 7.8 in.; Prevailing winds, northwest. The hottest months are July and August, and the coldest De- cember and February. Sleighing is rare. In summer storms, attended with excessive lightning and thunder, are frequent. In the winter of 1874-5 navigation on the Potomac was entirely suspended for several weeks on account of the ice. thei ^ -^^^f^;^r^^"^e appearance ol ~^ a V ^^itheatre,"lii the centre of which stands the city. aiean altitude of the city Is about 40 ft. above the or- HLLeaueu win. c^v.^...^. . ^ en^il^.?v'^«^*^'■ ^/ i^/^^ "navigation on the Potoi; '^^ entirely suspended for several weeks on account of ti. /' SECTION II. DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. AVENUES, SQUAKES, STATUES, &C. :.^^^rjHERE are three points within the city from which fws?"* *the finest views of Washington may be obtained : 1st. The Dome of the Capitol. 2d. The West Por- tico of the Capitol, reached througli the central hall of the Library of the United States. 3d. The higher of the north central towers of the Smithsonian In- stitution. Outside of the city the best points are from tlie tower of the Government Hospital for the Insane, beyond the Anacostia, and the portico of Arlington House, beyond the Potomac. The stranger should not fail to take advan- tage of at least one of these opportunities, and all would amply repay him. With the aid of this Hand-book and map he will thus be able to form a perfect idea of the city and tlie location of the principal public buildings. Topography. — ^Tlie site of Washington covers an undulat- hig tract, which lies along the left or E. bank of the Potomac River, between Roclv Creels and the Anacostia. From the rugged elevations on the banlvs of Roclc Creek a crescent- sliaped ridge crosses the northern portions of the city. About two thirds its lengtli it suddenly parts, to allow the fitful cur- rent of the Tiber through. From that point it rises and spreads out into the expansive plateau of Capitol Hill, which overlooks the Anacostia on the E. Within this encircling ridge the surface falls away in terraces and gentle slopes to the banks of the Potomac. In difterent parts of the city are eminences which afibrd commanding situations for the public buildings. Froni the lower falls of the Potomac at Georgetown, where the outlying spurs of the Blue Ridge Mountains give the face of nature a somewhat rugged appearance, a chain of low, wooded hills range on the N., and continuing on the op- posite sliores of the Anacostia and Potomac, merge again in the hills on the Virginia side. These give the appearance of a vast ampitheatre, in the centre of which stands the city. The mean altitude of the city is about 40 ft. above the or- lo lii^^e;' n-^r^ imiL^.^ /r^ia^OlJl pgrzA^jr-^^.lsig;^ i^^^^- yGifal]fflaa\^aQs[Z]^^ REFERENCES. Squares.— 15. Judiciary; 23. 35. Lincoln; 36. Stanton; lin; 55. Iowa Circle. Lafayette; 34 Folger 37. Mount Vernon; 40. Garfield; 41. 43. ; 51. Frank- Other Parks Squares, and Cir- cles are named after the Buildings or Statues in them. Places of Amusement. — 58. Grand Opera House; 59. National Theatre; 60. Ford's Opera house. Railroad Stations.— 61. Balt.andPolo- mac R. R.; 62. Bait, and Ohio R. R. d^t-AUaf jMs]D;J>?inn^|]i:i3l] Government Buildings and Places.— «> I. The Capitol; 2 The Fxccutive Mansion 3. Departments of Slair, 4 Of the Treasury, 5. Of War, 6. Of the Navy, 7. Of the Interior'' and Patent Office; S. General Post-Office; Department of Justice and f :oiirf of CInims, 10. Agriculture; 11. JS^n-i-nf ' >' uvcksi 25. Uolanic av.i. ^vernment Printing Ofiu., „ Moiicn '\ln.,>„m Museum, 44. Fish Commission Building; 4c Nationil Museum; 47 U. S. Fish Ponds ; 48. lieau of eSv mg and Printing; 49. Pension Building; 50. Mone^OKler District Buildings.-, 5. U. S. Court House; ^GaSlIf *'^'y*"'"' '^- ^^entral Market. ' GaUeri o AA^;r!^- ^"^i^l^^onian Institution; 24. MnnnL ; ^^ '"""gressional Cemetery. * Monuments.-20. Washington Obelisk;' 39. Naval Monument. « Scott- 2^ ^^ Washington; 22. Washington; 23. [.ickson 32. Scott, 33. Rawlins; 55 Emancipation; 36. G^een^; 38. Ma.- 53- Farragut; 54, Thomas; Statues. — 21 . R ienry; 52. McPherson;' shall; 46. I 56. Luther; 57. Dupont. 16 I'LAN OF THE CITY. diiiary low tide in the Potomac opposite. IMie more impor^ tant elevations, accordin.^ to levels tai^en by Bivv. Lieut. Co*. George W. Hughes, Corps of Topographical Engineers, in 1850, are as follows : Foundation of St. John's Church, NE. corner of 16th and H sts. NW., opposite Lafayette Square and tlie Presi- dent's House, 65.50 ft. Corner of I and 19th sts. NW., 82.10 ft. East base of Capitol, 89.50 ft. Base of Naval Observatory, 96.20 ft. Corner of N and 11th sts. NW., (highest point in the city,) 103.70 ft. The soil upon which the city is built is generally a yellow- ish clay, mixed with gravel. In digging wells near New Jer- sey av. trees well preserved were found at a depth of from 6 to 48 ft. At one point a stratum of black mud was discov- ered at a depth of 18 ft. Tlie Tiber — so named more than a century before Wash- ington was founded, in the belief, it is said, that some day upon its banks would rise a capital greater than Rome, like its historic and larger namesake — runs througii the city, di- viding it into two parts. Its fountain streams rise in the hills to the N., and enter the city in several branches, the principal one in the vicinity of 1st st. W. ; it tlien pursues a SE. and S. course, till it crosses Massachusetts av., when it winds off to the SW. around the NW. base of Capitol Hill and across Pennsylvania av. and the Botanical Garden. Originally its course continued along the Mall and emptied into the iPotomac immediately W. of the Washington Mon- ument. Subsequently it was diverted into the Washington Canal at 3d st. W., which followed the line of B st. N. along the N. borders of the Mall. The filling of the canal led to further changes. The Tiber and its tributaries have since been utilized by diverting them into the sewerage system of the central and southern portions of the city; hence, although the stream traverses one of the most populous sections, its course is not traceable, the current flowing beneath heavy brick arches, upon which buildings have been erected and avenues, streets, and parks laid out. In primitive days the banks of the Tiber were lined with forests, and shad and her- ring in their season were caught in its waters, under the very shadow of the hiU where the Capitol now stands. Plan of the City. — The plan of Washington was prepared in 1791 by Peter Charles L'Enfant, a French engineer of noticeable* genius but eccentric habits, who had served in the Continental Army with suflScient distinction to attract the r-'-irnT' ^" "^^'^^Ttfii'iffliir 18 PROPOSED EMBELLISHMENTS. attention of Washington. In the worlv he was gieatly as- sisted by the advice of Thomas Jefferson, who, when diplo- matic representative of the United States at foreign courts, had, with an intuitive vision of the wants of the future, stud- ied tlie plans of tlie cities of Europe visited by him, and was competent and prepared, with the aid of plans and his per- ■sonal knowledge of their details, to contribute an invaluable amount of information on this important subject. The plai? adopted combines the artistic beauty and grace of Versailles and the practical advantages of Babylon, revived by William Penn in Philadelphia. In the conception of the plan, the predominating object was to secure posi(~;ons for the different public edifices ; also squares and areas of different shapes, which would afford fine prospects. The avenues were in- tended to connect the most distant parts with certain princi- ipal central points, to insure a reciprocity of views. Lines N. and S., intersected by others running E. and W., were to divide the city into streets and squares. These lines were to be so combined as to intersect at certain given points another set of divergent avenues, so as to form on the open spaces. Every grand transverse avenue and every principal divergent one, such jtpb from tlie Capitol to the President's House, was to be 160 ft. wide, laid out with 10 ft. sidewalks and 30 ft. of gravel-walk, planted with trees on either side, and 80 ft. of carriageway in the centre. The other avenues and streets leading to public buildings or markets were to be 130 ft. wide, and others 110 and 90 ft,". The site/or the Capitoi was determined upon as the initial point in execu- tion of this plan. That important question having been decided, Mr. Ellicott drew a true meridian line by celestial observation, which passed throi'gh the ares intended for the Capitol. This he crossed by another, a due E. and W. line, which passed through the same area. These lines were accurately measured, and formed the basis on which the whole plan was executed. All these lines were run by a transit instrument, and the acute angles were deter- mined by actual measurement, leaving nothing to the uncertainty of the com- pass. The avenues and streets were then laid down. The ideas of the projectors not only contemplat":" a Federal City capable o) great expansion, but also took in its creditable emhellishtnent. Although the want of means and the general apathy of the gov^irnment and people allowed these suggestions to pass unrecognized, it is interesting to observe that the dis- graceful and neglected condition of the Capital of the United States for nearly three quarters of a century was not owing to any imperfections in the original plan. Directly S. of the President's House, in the triangular space between the Mall and the Potomac and the mouth of the Tiber, where the unfinished Obelisk to the memory of Washington stands, was located the site for the Equestrian Statue of Washington, voted by the Continental Congress in 1783. On E. Capitol st., between nth and 13th sts. E. , and about the centre of the high plateau between the Capitol and the Anacostia, where four avenues inter- sect, was laid out a spacious square, in which was to be erected an Historic Column, to be used also as a Mile or Itinerary Column^ from which it was in- tended to calculate the distances to all places within the United States and on the continent. This column would have answered the purpose of the cele- brated Niphon-Bass or Bridge of Japan, at Yedo. This bridge is considered ORIGIN OF THE PLAN. 19 AS the centre of the empire. From it the Tocaido extends to all parts of the empire, and geographical distances are computed. At the foot of 8th st. W., immediately on the banks of the Potomac, and commanding a fine view ot the widening reach of the river below, was to be erected a Naval Itinerary Column, to celebrate the first rise of the Navy, and " to stand a ready monu- ment to consecrate its progress and achievements." The crest of the knoll on which the Patent Office now stands was set apart for a National Church and Mausoleum, designed for the use of the Government on occasions of public prayer, thanksgivings, state funerals and orations, and for any other purpose national in character The edifice was to be assigned to the special use of no particular sect or denomination, but to be equally open to all. It was also to be the place for such monumental or other tributes of a grateful country voted by the then late Continental Congress for those heroes who fell in the cause of liberty, and for such others as might be decreed a place there by the voice of the nation. A\so, Jive grand Fountains ^ere to be erected at different promi- nent points ; one S. of the Capitol, in the large irregular space formed by the intersection of Virginia and North and South Carolina avs.; one on Maryland av., at the intersection of F and iithsts. N. E.; one at the intersection of Penn- sylv-mia and Louisiana avs., near the present site of the Centre Market ; one on New York av., at the intersection of I St., between nth and 12th sts., N. W.; and one on the N. side of Pennsylvania av., at the intersection of I St., between 20th and 2ist sts. N. W. It was proposed to supply these fountains from the springs and streams within the limits of the city. Between the Capitol and the Botanical Garden it was intended to construct a Grand Cascade^ to be fed from the Tiber. Between Pennsylvania and Maryland avs., from 3d st. W., a space of 1,200 ft. was laid down as the main approach to the " Federal House" or Capitol, and by which it was intended to reach the upper square of the "Federal House." The Mall w a.?, to form a grand avenue, 400 ft. wide and about I m. in length, bordered with gardens, to lead to the Equestrian Statue of Washington, or where the Monument now stands, and to connect the " Con- gress Garden with the President's Park." On E. Capitol St., which was to be i6d ft. wide to the proposed bridge across the Anacostia, the pavement on each side was to pass under archways, with shops. On the S- of the Presi- dent's Park was to be a well-improved " Field, 1,800 ft. wide and % m. long," part of the " Walk" from the President's House. This spacious reservation was designed for the more elegant houses and gardens of the city, to be used by diplomatic or other foreign representatives and prominent officials of the United States. Fifteen squares were to be distributed among the States in the Union, for them to embellish within a limited time, by the erection of some appropriate statue, or other mark, to the memory of the heroes of the Revolution, "to inspire the young," and designed to " leave a grand idea of patriotic interest." Lots were to be assigned for the use of churches, colleges and other institutions. All dwellings or other structures were to be built io accordance with certain regulations, so as to preserve uniformity. Origin of the Plan. — The resemblance between the plans of L'Enfant for Washington and L'Notre for Versailles will be apparent to any one who has visited the capital of the Western Republic and the magnificent royal residence of the Idngs of France. The grand avenues de Sceaux and do St. Cl9ud, diverging from the Cour Royale, are reproduced m Pennsylvania and Maryland avs., radiating from the E. front of the Capitol ; E. Capitol st. is the Avenue de Paris; the Boulevard du Roi and the All^e du Potager in N. and S. Capitol sts.; and the Allies de la Reine, de Noisy, des Paons, and de la Reine, which diverge from the E. extrem- itv of the Grand Canal, near the Basin d'Apollon, with the 20 aiiiohltVATiUiNS omission of All^e de la Reine to the SAV., respectively, in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York avs. W. of the President's House. The missino: avenue m the plan ol Washington, the contiiuiation of Vermont av., would have completed tiie resemblance, but for the interference of na- ture : the Potomac and the mouth of the Tiber standing in the waj' of the extension SW. of the President's House. Other striking- features of the design of Versailles are observ- able. Washington, however, having in view the practical as well as the beautiful, might be said to combine the plans of two cities. The streets running at right angles have a regard for the facilities of business. While over these, with an eye to beautiful prospects and the advantageous display of the centres of attraction, at long ranges are laid the broad ave- nues, cairefours^ allies, and lawns of the imperial retreat at Vei-eaUles. Though the city was originally laid out on a scale adequate to the necessitiei, of a metropolis of more than half a million inhabitants, and with the proper regard for the adornment of the Capital of a great people in the future, the crude ideas entertained by subsequent statesmen respecting the political status of the Federal Territory and city were adverse to any expenditure other than to establish there a simple place of meeting for the representatives of the States — a sort of central agency, where the President and Executive oflBcers might be stationed, and where Congress might come once a year or oftener, as the exi- gencies of the times required, to transact the business intrusted to them by the Constitution — mainly to pass laws, appropriate money, levy taxes, declare war, ratify treaties, and confirm nominations. This class, then in the ascend- ency, found it impossible, or were unwilling, to see anything national in the foundation of a Federal Capital, and consequently opposed every measure looking beyond the mere provision of accommodations for the public offices. To build a capital in every sense jy.nbolic and worthy of the Union was en- tirely foreign to their interpretation of the meaning of that portion of the Con- stitution which gave Congress the pow^r to accept and exercise exclusive juris- diction over a Territory to be solely devoted to the uses of the nation for the purposes of the Government. These notions, it would seem, were a revival of a practice in Germany centuries ago. On the left bank of the Rhine, imme- diately below the ancient village of Rhense, on the very brink of the stream, and apart from the habitations of men, is still to be seen the famous though rude rostrum or temple known as the Koenigsstuhl. It consists of stone seats, within a small circular wall, and overhead entirely open to the air. Here, in the earlier ages, the German electors assembled to deliberate upon the affairs of the empire, to perform acts for the common good, to make treaties, and to nominate or depose the emperors. Washington, by the class alluded to, was viewed in the light of the Koenigsstuhl of the United States. More mature thought, however, at last brought the people to look upon their capital as the political metropolis of the United States. This enlightened view is recent, dating no further back than 1861. It was not till 1870 that the march of much- needed improvement commenced. With this new state of affairs the Capital is annually becoming more worthy of the greatness of the Republic of over fifty millions o' people. Keservations. — In the plan of the city a liberal allow ance of space was selected and marked out in the most desirable localities for the sites of public buildings, parks, and for other purposes of the Government. These grounds were called res- RESERVATiUiNij. lil ervations, and were numbered from 1 to 17, with an aggregate area of 541 acres, 1 rood, 20 perches, fo: which (he government paid $66.66f per acre, total $36,099, from money arising out of the sale of city lots granted by the mill's status of WASHINGTON. (See page 39.) original proprietors. These reservations were selected by President Washington for public purposes. Those still pos- sessed by the Government— several having been sold or granted away since, leaving 513 acres — are designated on the maps by their original numbers, but are popularly 22 RESERVATIONS. called after the principal buildings situated on them, or from the uses to which assigned, as follows : No. I. The President's Grounds extend from H st. N. to B st. N., and from 15th to 17th sts. W., with the exception of a square in the NE. and NW. angles. On these grounds are the President's House, conservatories, and stables, flanked on the E. by the Treasury Department, and on the W. by the State, War. and Navy Departments. Total area, 83 a. i r. 22 p. No. 2. The Capitol Grounds and Mall extend from ist st. E. to the pro- longation of 15th St. W., and between B sts. N. and S. On these grounds are the Capitol, Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Ag- ricultural Department. Total originally, 227 a. o r. 8 p. Under authority of Congress, in 1872, squares No. 687 and 688, in the NE. and SE. angles of the E. Park , were purchased and thrown into the grounds. The deficient portion of the Mall was disposed of in 1822. See Reservations Nos. 10, 11 and 12. No. 3. The Park extends from the W. line of the Mall, on 15th st. W., to the banks of the Potomac, and is separated from the President's Grounds by B St., N., formerly the line of the Tiber Creek and the Washington Canal. The old channel of the Tiber entered the Potomac on the NW. border of this reservation. These grounds are occupied by the Washington Monu- ment and the Government Nurseries. Total area, 29 a. 3 r. 9 p. No. 4. The University Square extends from E. st. N. to the banks of the Potomac, and between 23d and 25th sts. W. On these grounds is the Naval Observatory. Total area, 21 a. o r. 18 p. No. 5. The Arsenal Grounds, foot of 4% st. W., originally included the point of land at the confluence of the Anacostia and Potomac, from Greenleaf's Point to T st. S., and between the mouth of James Creek and the line of 3d st. W. to the Potomac. Total area, 28 a. 2 r. 31 p. This reservation in 1857 was extended by the purchase of the land between the line of the canal into James Creek and W. to the Potomac and N. to P st. S. No. 6. The West Market Square, on the Potomac, at the foot of 20th and 2ist St. W. covered with water. No. 7. The Centre Market Square, between the point of intersection of Pennsylvania and Louisiana avs. and B st. N., and from 7th to 9th sts. W, Total area, 2 a. 3 r. 29 p. This reservation years ago was granted by the President to the corporation for the erection of a market. In i860 it was granted to a private corporation by which the present handsome structure was erected, now the principal market in the city. No. 8. The National Church Square, between 7th and 9th sts. W. andF. and G. sts. N., occupied by the Patent Office. Area 4 a. o r. 22 p. No. 9. Judiciary Square, between the intersection of Indiana and Louisiana avs. and G. st. N., and 4th and 5th sts. W., occupied by the City Hall. Area, 19 a. i r. 27 p. In 1819 a portion of this reservation was granted by Congress to the corporation for a Town House or City Hall. No. 10 Reservation North of Pennsylvania av. between 3d and 4]^ sts. W In 1822, granted by Congress to the corporation, to be sold in lots, to pay for the removal of the canal, which then ran along the S. side of Pennsylvania av., to the centre of the Mall, from 3d to 6th sts. W., and to fill up the low grounds in that vicinity. Total area, 6 a. o r. 31 p. No. II. Reservation between B and C sts. N. and 2d and 3d sts. W. Total area, 3 a. 2 r. 34 p. Disposed of same as reservation No. 10. No. 12. Reservation North of Pennsylvania av., between 2d and 3d sts. W. Total area, i a. i r. 4 p. Disposed of same as reservations Nos. 10 and 11. No. 13. Hospital Square, from the Anacostia to 19th st. E. and between B and G sts. S. Total area, 77 a. o r. 26 p. On this square stands the Maga- zine, Alms House, and District Jail. No. 14. The Navy Yard is bounded by M st. S. and the Anacostia, and the continuation of 6th and 9th sts. E. Total area, 12 a. 3 r. 15 p. On these grounds are the buildings, docks, ship-houses, and works of the Washington Navy Yard. Nos. 15 and 16. Eastern Market House Squares, near the Navy Yard. These reservations were granted by Congress to the municipal corporation KESKIIVATIOXS. 23 for the purple stated. Area, No. 15, i a. o r. 21 p. ; No. 16, i a., o r. 23 p. •»^o. 17. Town House Square, the irregular space S. of the Capitol betiveen S. Capitol St. and 3d st. E. and E and H sts. S. Total area, 21 a. i r. ig p. The aggregate area of the public reservations in the city, deducting those disposed (jt, correction of errors, and modifications, is 513 acres. •n 1812 the President of the United States was authorized to take possessiL-ii brown's statue of general SCOTT. (.See page 36.) of the whole of the public reservations, and to lease them out for not exceedinf ten_ years, on such terms and conditions as in his judgment might best effect their improvement for walks, botanic gardens, or other public purposes. A detailed description of the reservations occupied by the Government will be found in connection with the public buildings or their other designating feature. AVENUES. S« 5 il § 11 "" SZ^S^ «« ft ^S§J2 lo Eh C5 C» C r-i I— I ^ 00 _. lO M> 5 O tfi^hHOioo oogg ^ -Oft g>!|liiwgg -^ ® £ '- 01^ -1^ _r-r-^ ^>»i^^ftS^s ?i^s si c; CJ X "ZS r-, . CO (D — ».-«•-: .2 CSHoOM p4www^ww w ww^'whwJ' is o o o o o o o u" "' .^ .^ .^ ..^ ^ ^ o to 00 -i 03 M IN O (M r^ M C-J CO C^I '- «D l^ t^ t^ l^ t>. aSgg^RS § ggggffiSi S2 -J I- SS* ooooooooo o lo lo e t ooooooooo ft" ^ «3 Jl. c „,J!3!! ft b April 6, 1870, one-half of the width of many of the avenues and streevr *^as set apart for parking, leaving a roadway of not less than 35 ft. width in the centre, or two such road-ways on each side of the park, should that be placed in the centre. Pennsylvania and Indiana avs. and 4^/^ st. W., between the City Hall and Pennsylvania ave., were excluded from this arrangement. On July 8, of the same year, Congress authorized the paving of Pennsylvania av. at the Government expense. Under the Board of Public Works, a sys- tem of grades was adopted, to which all avenues and streets were made to conform. Description of Avenues. — The broad thorouo^tifares are among the principal attractions of the National Capital, and the finest possessed by any city in the world. A drive upon :hem, especially of an evening, when tiu-onged with hand- some equipages, atlbrds a truly enjoyable recreation. Pennsylvania av. is not only the principal, but also one of the two longest in the city. It Is, however, twice interrnpted in its continuity — by the President's House and Capitol. Its width varies from 130 to IGOft. It is about 4^ m. in length, from Georgetown and RocK' Creek to the Anacostia, and is the main line of commnnication across the city. Along its route are the Washington Circle, the J'Farand Treasury Departments, and President's House. From 17th to 15th sts. tlie avenue pre- sents a particularly fine prospect, passing between the Nori} Park of the President's Grounds,, in front of which is a side- walk 34^ ft. wide, and Lafayette Square, From 15th st. W. tc the Capitol it traverses the entire length of the finest business quarter and the fashionable drive. It thence winds up and around the hill siu-mounted by the Capitol, and continues to its terminus on the banks of the Anacostia. At the foot of 8th St. E., leaving this avenue, is the Navy Yard. Pennsylvania av. was also the earliest used. In 1800 it was opened and rudely drained from the Capitol to Georgetown, and yet it was nothing better than a marsh. During the administration of Jefferson, from the Capitol to the Presi- dent's House it was laid out in three roadways. A row of Lombardy poplars was planted between the centre or main roadway and that on either side. A flag-stone footwalk also ran from the Capitol to Georgetown. In 1825 the side- walk on the S. side was paved with stone from the Capitol to the Navy Depart- ment. In 1832 the trees were cut down, the curbs extended, and a drained, macadamized roadway, 45 ft. wide in the centre, laid out. The " centre strip,'' however, was not entirely completed till 1849, ^" gance. For names^ widths and courses 0/ avenues see " TabW* P<^t 24 For location and interesting points see map 0/ the city in this Handbook . DESCRIPTION OF AVENUES. 29 Executive Avenue, laid out in 1871, begins at Pennsylvania av., E. and W, of the Executive Mansion, and passes the Treasury and State, War, and Navy Departments respectively The N. entrances consist of six massive granite gate-posts, upon which are swung immense iron gates. A granite staircase, 20 ft. wide, and a beautiful fountain stand W. of the Treasury De- ?artment. Walks lead from the Departments to the Executive Mansion, 'assing S., the two wings of the av. form a semi-circle, uniting opposite theS. Portico of the Executive Mansion, and proceed in a broad single line due S. to B St. N., where the av. enters the Fark or Monument Grounds, and joins the beautiful Drive, commenced in 1872, connecting the President's and Capi- tol Grounds. RoBiaSo's Statue of McPherson. (See page 36,) The Drive. — Leaving the S. terminus of Executive av., the Drive, consisting of a gravel roadway of 35 ft., planted on either side with trees, sweeps along the banks of the Potomac, affording a superb view of the expansive bosom of the river N. till lost behind the hill crowned b}*- the Naval Observatory, and S. as far as the Long Bridge. On the left is a beautiful lake, covering 3 a., fed by a spring on its SE. border and a fountain in the centre. On the right are ponds for the propagation of fresh-water fish, under the auspices of the United States Fish Commission. About 100 yds. W. of the Washington Monument, is a gray freestone, a little over 2 ft. in height which marks the centre of the District of Columbia, as laid out in i79i-'92. The Drive now winds round the Monument. On the S. is the Government Propagating Garden ; also the stately edifice of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The Drive then enters the Agricultural Grounds, a beautiful reservation. At this point also commences the Mall. Prior to i8i6 this attractive portion of the public grounds was covered with majestic oaks. 30 fiii'iiJiiETb. at lath St. W., the drive now enters the quiet retreat of tt\e Smithsonian InstU tution, Artnory Square, so named from the former Armory of the District Militia located on the S. portion, to 6th st. W., where it will cross the track of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, on an ornamental iron bridge, with a 40 ft. roadway, and 12 ft. sidewalk on either side, constructed by that company in compliance with the act of Congress, and terminates opposite the W. en trance to the Botanical Garden. It is proposed to extend the drive across the garden, so as to complete the connection with the Capitol Grounds without leaving the line of the Mall, thus carrying out the original plan of the city, which contemplated " a walk and drive between the President's House and the Capitol." The Drive is nearly 2 m. in length. BRONZE STATUE OF GEN. GREEN (SEE PAGE 38.) Streets. — All streets in the city are designated from the Capitol, North, and South Capitol Streets, intersecting the Capitol from North to South, and East Capitol Street and its prolongation on the the Mall from east to west, crossing at right angles, constituting the base lines and dividing the city into four sections. The numbered streets range in parallel lines east and west of the Capitol and lettered north and south, as A st. N. or S. , or ist st. E. or W., according to the situation with respect to the Capitol, as A and ist sts.. Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest, for every locality, it being necessary to designate the section. The principal public buildings, parks, business and fashionable parts of the city are in the Northwestern quarter. There are one hundred numbers in each block, beginning at the Capitol and extending to the four points of the compass (^For additionaliriformation, see page 24, und map of the cit/>.'^ RENUMhCLATURE. 31 The city in addition to its magnificent avenues possesses many attractive streets. Prominent amongst these are F, I, K. and M, sts. N., and 4^, 11, 14, and 15 sts. W., upon which are some of the most beautiful private residences. The fine thoroughfare extending East of the Capitol, known as East Capitol Stkeet, was originally designed to be the chief stn;et of the city ; North and South Capitol Streets running from the Capitol, lie on the first meridian of longitude for the United States, as laid down, in 1791, by Ellicott ; 7th Street W. is devoted exclusively to trade. ( For location of streets see Map ; for width see " Table," page 24.) FOUR AND ONE-HALF STREET. (Jarvis.) Renomenclature. — It is proposed to abolish the present system of no- menclature of the streets with duplicate letters and numbers. This plan is not only extremely confusing to strangers, but embarrassing and a source of great inconvenience to residents. The proposed renomenclature contemplates for streets running N. and S. a system of consecutive numbers, beginning at 28th St. W., which would be ist st., and terminating at 31st st. E., which would be 6oth St., the additional street necessary to make up that aggregate being 4^^ St. W. or 2Tst St. First Sts. W. and E. at the Capitol would be 29th and 30th sts. respectively. N. and S. Capitol sts. would retain their present names. It is also proposed to adopt for the streets running E. and W. a nomenclature which would require no alteration in the letters, selecting for each the name of some citizen eminent in the service of the Government or in private life, the initial letter to correspond with the letter which now designates the street. For instance : Streets North of the Capitol — Adams, Benton, Clay or Clinton, Douglas, Everett, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton. Jefferson, Kent, Lincoln, Marshall, Nelson, Otis, Peabody, Quincy, Randolph, Story, Tompkins, Up- shur, Van Buren, and Webster. Streets South 0/ the Capitoi—Ar^d&rsovi, Bainbridge, Chaun- S2 »ey, Decatur, Ellsworth, Farragut, Grant, Harrison, Jackson, Knox, Law- rence, Marion, Nash or Nicholson, Overton, Perry, Quitman, Rodgers, Scott, Taylor, Union, Van Ness and Warren. Parking. — The street parks and sidewalks of the city are generally planted with trees possessing the merits of state- liness and symmetry of growth, expansive foliage, early spring verdure, and variety of colors in autumn. The varieties used are the silver maple, American linden, European syca- more maple, American elm, tulip tree, sugar maple, sweet gum, red maple, Norway maple, negundo, American ash, buttonwood, oaks, and European ash and linden. The trees are usually planted 40 feet apart and properly cared for. Certain varieties are confined to certain streets. The supply is kept up from the reserve Nursery on the banks of the Anacostia, S. of the Alms House, where there is constantly a stock of upwards of 20,000 plants from 2 to 9 feet in height. This parking adds vastly to the adornment of the capital. Quarters — The arrangement of the streets with respect to the Capitol divides the city into 4 sections. The Northwest Quarter constitutes the finest portions of the capital, embrac- ing the President's House, all the Departments and Foreign Legations, the principal business establishments and fashionable residences. The South^vest Suarter, formeily known as " the Island," from itsseparation from the rest of e city by the Washington Canal, now filled, is generally the quarter of per- sons of moderate means. In it are also the wharves. lL\i^ Northeast Quarter is the same as the SW. The Southeast Quarter, with a small portion of the NE., is known as " Capitol Hill," from tne Capitol, which stands on the W. brow. It was intended, originally, to make this the finest portion of the city Thb Tiber Arch (outlet of Great Sewer). Sewers. — The cities of Washington and Georgetown, for ewerage and drainage, are divided into 5 sections. 1. The Georgetown andSlash Run District. Draining that city, the N. W, portions of Washington, Slash Run, and small streams N. W. of the city. The main sewer, J4 ni. long, lo ft. span, with 7 miles of brick and 30 miles of Ijiipe tributary sewers, disembogues into Rock Creek. S EWE us. 33 2. The Boundary District, intercepting the storm waters of the rural dis- tricts N. of the city, and hitherto finding outlet through the over-fiooded Tiber sewer, and also draining the contiguous parts of the N. section of the city, be- tween Boundary N. and 14 streets. The main sewer consists of a 9 ft. conduit 2 m. long, emptying into the Anacostia, and 5 m. brick and 15 m. pipe tribu- tary sewers. 3. The Tiber District, draining the entire city east of 6lh st. W., about 3,000 acres, embraces 16 m. brick and 30 m. pipe sewers. This is one of the largest sewers in the world, named after the Tiber Creek, which finds outlet hrough it, and might be called the Cloaca Maxima of Washington, as that was WARD s STATUE OF THOMAS, (bee page 39; the great drain of Rome. The main sewer consists of a brick arch 24 to 30 ft span, 15 ft. high, and over 2 m. long. It extends through the basin of the val ley, and winds around the base of Capitol Hill under the Botanical Garden and thence under the Tiber arch (see engraving page 32), into James Creek, and thence into the Anacostia east of the aisenal. 4. The B Street Area, draining all the central and most populous parts of the city N. and S. of the Mall, and between the foot of Capitol Hill and 17th street, and embraces 14 m. of brick and 18 m. of pipe sewers. The mainsewei I m. long and 12 ft. in diameter, follows the line of the old canal on B street, and discharges into the Potomac at the foot of 17th street. 5. The Potomac and Anacostia Areas, embracing the portions of the city contiguous to the two rivers, and finding outlet directly into them through 4 m. brick and 20 m. pipe sewers. See iitap of the citv/or locality Drainage Area*. T\i& sewerage system oi W ishingt^n, the most complete in the world, is 54 SQUABES. constantly extended to meet the necessities, health and convenience of the city. It now embraces 48 m. of brick and 113 m. of pipe sewers. The sewerage of the city foimerly drained into the canal, which crossed the most beauti- ful and populous portions of the city from the Anacostia to the Potomac S. of the President's Grounds, passing along B st. N., and separat- ing the beautiful grounds on the Mall from the rest of the city. This open mass of filth and disea.->e was filled in 1872. Squares. — in addition to the grounds attached to the public buildings, and which will be de- scribed in that connection, there are a number of beautiful squares in various parts of the city. Lafayette Square, 7 acres N. of the President's House and be- tween 15^ and 16^ sts. W. The broad ave. extending to the N. is 16 St., terminating at Meridian Hill. From the President's Grounds on the S. it is separated by a broad ave. This square is beautifully laid out in graveled walks with seats, and adorned with trees and shrubbery of rare varieties. A watchman's lodge partly for the public stands on the N. side. Two .bronze vases of antique design, 7 ft. high, weighing 1,300 lbs. each, cast at the Washington Navy Yard 1873, mounted on granite pedes- tals, stand on the E. and W. sides of the square. In the centre of this square is Clark Mills^s equestrian statue of General Andrew Jackson, originally contracted for by the Jackson Monument Association, composed of the friends and admirers of the subject, who subscribed $12,000 for the purpose. In 1848, Congress granted to the Association the brass guns and mortars captured by the General at Pensacola. In 1850 an additional number of brass guns and national trophies, captured in battle, sufficient to complete the the statue were donated by Congress, and an appropriation made in 185a for the marble pedestal. In 1853 $20,000 were appropriated for the comple- tion of the statue, and Congress assumed possession of it. It is colossal^ weighs 15 tons, total cost, $50,000. The tail and the hind parts of the horse are weighted and the figure poised without the aid of rods, as in the great statues of Peter the Great at St. Petersburg, and George III. at London. This was the first application of this principle. The statue was unveilea amid imposing ceremonies Jan. 8, 1853, 'he anniversary ot the General's victory over the British at New Orleans, Stephen A. Douglas, orator. MRS REAM HOXIE S STATUE OF FARRAGUT. (See page 36.) SQUARES. 35 JACKSON EQUliSTKlAW sXAlUi;. I McPherson Square. — On Vermont av., between I and k sts. N. and 15th st. W., IJ acres, well laid out with kralkK and shrubbery, and adorned with composite iron (rases and drinking fountains. In the centre is the bronze 36 SQUARES. statue of Mai. Gen. James B. McPherson, killed near Atlanta, Ga., at the head of the Army of the Tennessee, July 22, 1864, erected by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Louis T. Robisso, of Ohio, sculptor Robert Wood & Co., of Phila- delphia, founders, heroic 14 feet high, horse 12 feet long, metal light bronze, being cannon appropriated by Con- gress, weight, 7,000 lbs. Cost, $23,500. The General is represented in the lull uniform of his rank, with slouch hat, holding his field glasses in his right hand, and surveying the field of battle. Unveiled Oct. i8, 1876, amid an imposing military pageant, Gen. John A. Logan, orator. The superb pedestal^ in five massive and appropriately decor- ated blocks of Virginia granite, cost {25,000, voted by Congress in 1875. It was proposed to place the remains ol the General beneath the statue, and a vault was constructed for the purpose, but the removal, though approved by his family, owing to objections of the people of his native place, was not con- Farragut Square. — On Connecticut av., between I & K Sts. N., and 17th st. W., \\ a., beautifully laid out. Here has been erected the colossal bronze Station of David Glasgow Farragut, First Admiral of the U. S. Navy, ordered by Congress, 1872 ; executed by Mrs. Vinnie Ream Hox'ie, Washington, 1880. It was cast 1880, at the U. S. Navy Yard, Washington, D. C, from the meta of the bronze propeller of the flag-ship Ha/tford, in which the admiral achieved his most signal victories. Height of figure, 10 ft.; weight, 1500 lbs. ; cost, ^20,000. The Ac'miral is represented in full uniform, his foot resting on a block, hold- ing in his hand a spy-glass, and earnestly watching the movements of the enemy. ,„ ,,/.s unveiled April 25, 1881, amid an imposing naval dis- play. Horace Maynard, Tenn.,and D. W. Voorhees, Ind., orators. The PeaestixJ. of Maine granite is 20 ft. high, cost $2,000, and rustic base, $5,000. Under the pedestal was placed a copper box, giving an account of the services of the Admiral, history of the statue, an Army and Navy Register, and model of the propeller of his flagship, the Hartford. The mortar carriages were cast out of the metal of the propeller. ScoTT Square. — At the intersection of Massachusetts and Rhode Island avs., and 16th st., due N. of President'ft House, 1 acre. Here stands the bronze Statue of Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott ordered by Congress, 1867, erected 1874, H, K. Brown, of N. Y.. sculptor, Robert Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, founders. Cast out of cannon trophies of the valor of the General in Mexico, and donated by Congress. Total height, 15 ft.; figure, 10 ft.; weight, 12,000 lbs. ; cost, $20,000. [See engraving, page 23.] The General is represented in the full uniform of his rank, mounted on a war charger, at rest, and surveying the field of battle. The pedestal, of Cape Ann granite, stands 14 ft. high, is in five large blocks, total height with statue, 29 ft. The plat/orm is 26 ft. long, 13 ft. wide, and 2 ft. thick, and weighs H19 tons, 1,197 lbs. ; sub-base^ 20 ft. X 10 ft. X i ft.; 84 tons ; base, 17 ft. X 7 ^t X 3 ft., 41 tons ; die, 15 ft. X 5 ft. X 5 ft-, 38 tons ; and cap, 17 ft X 7 ft- X 3 \, 37 tons 1,500 lbs. Total -weight of pedestal, 320 tons 697 lbs. When quarried, weighed 400 tons 621 lbs. These are the largest stones ever successfully quar- ried in this country, and among the largest in the world. Great difficulty was experienced in their removal to the seacoast, whence they were transported to the National Capital by sea. SQUARES. 37 Frankllin Square, between 13th and 14th sts. W. and I and K sts. N., comprises 4 a., and was purchased by the Government in 1829 in order to secure control of a fine spring, the waters of which, as early as 1832, were conveyed in pipes to the President's House and Executive offices. This water is still used for drinliing purposes at the President's House, it being considered better than that from the Potomac. The spring lies N. of tlie fountain, beneath two iron and stone covers, built in the arch constructed over the spring. It was not until 1851 that this square was laid out. In the centre is a small fountain, with a basin 30 ft. in diameter, and a keep- er's lodge, with other conveniences, near by. There are also several drinking fountains. The square is planted with a pleasing variety of ornamental trees and shrubs. Judiciary Square, on the original plan of tJie city, was designated reservation ISTo. 9, and was set apart for the then contemplated buildings for the accommodation of the judicial branch of the Government. It comprises 19^ a., and ex- tends on the S. from the intersection of Louisiana and Indi- I ana avs., at the head of 4^ st. W. to G st. N., and between ] 4th and oth sts. W. The S. portion, fronting on 4^ st., is I occupied by the City Hall. On the E. side was erected the immense temporary wooden structure for the call given in honor of the Second Inauguration of President Grant, March 4, I 1873. On the W. side, during the rebellion, i86i-'65, wooden buildings were I erected for soldiers' hospitals. This square is one of the largest and most at- I tractive in the city. ( Rawlins Square, on New York av., SW. of the Depart- I ment of State, \\ a., is beautifully laid out, with walks, ^ trees, evergreens, and shrubbery, and rustic fountains. In 1874 was erected there the heroic bronze statue 0/ Brigadier General \ yohn A. Raivlins, of Illinois, Adjutant General and chief of staff to General Grant, i864-'65, and Secretary of War, i86g, ordered by Congress in 1872, exe- cuted by J. Bailey, of Pennsylvania, 1873, cast by Robert Wood & Co., of I Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, cost ^10,000, 8 ft. in height, and weighs 1,400 lbs. I The Virginia granite pedestal, 12 ft. high, cost ^2,500. I Mount Vernon Place, at the intersection of Massachu- i setts and New York avs. and K and 8th sts. NW., till 1871, ' was occupied on the E. half by the Northern Market. It I is beautifully laid out and planted. In the centre is a I raised circular space, containing a bronze fountain. ] Triangles, — At the intersection of the avenues and streets I are small spaces designated Triangular Beservations. Many I of these E. and W. of the Capitol are planted with trees and 1 shrubs, and are furtlier beautified with small fountains. i Birds. — A flock of imported sparrows was set at liberty in the public grounds in I 1871, for the destruction of insects. Each year new cages are placed in the trees for the accommodation of their increased numbers. These useful birds are fed reg- I ularlv every morning during the winter in Franklin, Lafayette, and other squares. I 38 CIRCLES. Green Square, at the intersection of Massachusetts and Maryland avs., NE. of the Capitol. 3^ a., beautifully laid out. Here stands the colossal equestrian bronze statue of Ma- jor General Nathaniel Greene, of the Revolutionary Army, H. K. Brown, sculptor. Erected 1877, under act of Congress, June 23, 1874, in conformity with a resolution of Congress, August 8, 1786, Robert Wood & Co., Philadelphia, found- ers. Original appropriation, $40,000. October, 1875, $10- 000 additional to include pedestal. The General IS in the uniform of an officer of the Continental army. He points forward, and is in the act of giving orders to an aid on the field of bat- lie. The animal is about to step off; the near hind foot rests on a cannon ball, and preserves the equilibrium. Total height, 13J4 ft,, length, 14 ft., weight 6000 lbs., cost of casting $10,000. The pedestal, composed of three massive blocks of New England granite, is 20 ft. high, making the total height of the statue 33^^ ft. Lincoln Square. — On East Capitol st., 1 m. E. of the Capitol, ^\ acres beautifully laid out. Here stands the bronze group entitled Emancipation, representing Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the U. S., standing by a monolith, and holding in his right hand the proclamation of freedom. A slave kneeling at his feet, with manacles broken, is about to rise. On his left is the trunk of a tree with lash and manacles strewn about. Thomas Ball, of , sculptor, 1874; Ferd. Miller, jun., Munich, 1875, foun- der. 12 ft. high ; weight 3,000 lbs., cost, $17,000. Erected by the Western Sanitary Commission of St. Louis, Mo., out of the funds contributed solely by emancipated citizens of the United States, declared free by the proclamation January i, 1863. The first contribution, $5.00, was made by Charlotte Scott, a fieedwoman of Virginia, being her first earnings in freedom, and consecrated by her suggestion and request on the day she heard of President Lincoln's death, to build a monument to his memory. Unveiled April 14, 1876. the anniversary of his assassination, in the presence of the Presi- dent of the U. S., cabinet and foreign ministers, and a vast concourse of colored and white citizens. Frederick Douglass, orator. The pedestal of Virginia gran- ite, 10 ft. high, cost, $3,000, was voted by Congress. It was in this square, in the proposed original embellishment of the Capital, that the Historic Column was to be built, to serve also asa mile or itinerary column, from which all geographical distances in the United States were to be calculated. Stanton Place lies NE. of the Capitol, at the intersec. tioii of Maryland and Massachusetts avs., and comprises 3^ a. A shoj-t distance S. of tiie Capitol, at the converi]^eiice of New Jersey, South Carolina, and North Carolina av.s., is a hirge tract, originally laid out as Reservation No. 17. It contains 23^ a., or, on the first maps, 21 a., and was set off as the site for the Town House or City Hall, but has never smce been considered in that conneclion. It is still with- out improvement, thouoh the subject has been called to the attention of Congress. There are otlun- scjuares in the SE. parts of the city vacant and unimproved. CIBCLES. 89 Circles. — The spaces at the intersections of the more im- portant avenues form what are termed circles. Washington Circle, 23d st. W., at the intersection of Pennsylvania and New Hampshire avs., contains the Equestrian Statue of General George Washington, by Clark Mills, ordered by Congress in 1853. cost $50- 000, cast out of guns do- nated by Congress. it represents Washington at the crisis of the Battle of Princeton, the horse shrinking before the storm of shot and the din of conflict, while the rider preserves that equanimity of bearing native to his great character. Thh Thomas Circle {Circle of Victory), at the intersection of Massachusetts and Vermont avs., and 14th St. NW. Here is the bronze statue 0/ Maj. Gen. George h. Thomas, contracted for by the Society of the Army of the Cumber- land, 1874, with J. Q, A. Ward, sculptor, for ^40,000, Bureau Broth- ers & Heaton, of Philadelphia, founders, gio.ooo, from new ma- terials, heroic height, 16 ft., weight 7500 lbs. Unveiled November 19, 1879, amid a grand military and civic pageant, Hon. Stanley Matthews, orator. The Hynm 0/ Victory, words by Herbert A. Preston, music by J. Max Mueller, was executed by 100 male voices and accompaniment of the U. S. Marine Band, 60 pieces, a full drum corps, and battery of Ar- tillery. Bailey's Statue of Rawlins (Page 37J. The General is represented in the field dress of a Major General of the U. S. Army, suddenly reining his horse to observe the field of battle. The statue faces south, the line of vision being directed towards the General's native hills of Virginia. Pedestal erected by Congress, $25,000, Virginia granite, is of beautiful design, elliptical shape, 16 ft. high, with bronze tablets, representing the badge of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. Four bronze lamp posts designed by General Thomas L. Casey, Engineer Public Buildings and Grounds, cast by Robert Wood & Co., Philadelphia, 1877, cost $1,000 each, 12 ft. high, with three-sided base and three ornamental shafts with surmounting centre and three bracketed lanterns surrounding it. On this site a salute of 800 guns was fired in commemoration of the fall of Petersburg and Richmond, April 3, 1B65, and a few days liter 500 guns in honor of the surrender of Geo* cral Lee's army 40 DUPONT STATUE. DupoNT Circle, formed by the inter- section ojf Massachu- setts, Connecticut and New Hampshire Avenues, and 19th and P Sts., n. w., containing 2 a., 14,- 667 sq.ft., is in one of the most attractive parts of the n. w. quarter of the City. Here stands the heroic bronze Statue of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis DupoNT, U. S. N., by Launt Thompson, cast by the Henry- Bonnard Bronze Co., N. Y., and erected by Cong, under A. of 1 882- '4. Weight of Statue, 1,400 lbs., height, 9'8"; cost, $14,000; cost of Pedestal, Maryland Granite, lo' high, $3,200, total, $17,- 200. It represents the Admiral with his left foot forward, and earnestly gazing at an object in the dis- ^ tance, having already surveyed it with his marine glasses which he holds in his hand and which he is in the act of dropping. The erection of this Statue grew out of a petition prepared by Commo- dore Clark H. Wells, signed by Admirals Porter and Rowan, Secretary of the Navy, Thompson, Gen. Sherman, and others, and submitted to the Senate. Admiral Dupont distinguished himself in the War with Mexico, i846-'8., and in the Rebellion, i88i-'5. The unveiling exercises, Dec. 20, 1884, consisted of Prayer by Rev. W. A. Leonard, St. John's P £. Church. The unveiling of the Statue. Address by Senator Thomas F. Bayard, of Del. A Rear Admiral's salute of 13 guns. Office Engineer. — Congress annually appropriates, for salaries, THOMPSON'S DUPONT. BOTANICAL GARDEN. 41 the improvement and care of the public grounds not otherwise specially assigned ; repairs and refurnishing the President's House, green-houses, and for fuel ; light- ing the Capitol, President's House, and public^grounds ; and construction and re- pairs of all bridges on the Potomac and Anacostia, and repairing and extension of Government water-pipes. Propagating Garden. — The Government Propagating Gar- den, originally on Missouri av., between 3d and 4^ sts. W., is beautifully situated on the banlvs of the Potomac, S. of the Washington Monument. The garden covers 8 a. The forc- ing houses are supplied with apparatus for the propagation and growth of plants of the rarest species and varieties. In 1872, from the old garden, upwards of 20,000 papers of flower seeds were collected and cured. These, with surplus plants, sometimes numbering upwards of 10,000, consisting of roses, chrysanthemums, verbenas, geraniums, begonias, and other hot-house annuals and shrubs propagated at these gardens were distributed to members of Congress, and otliers notified by circular letter that such stock was ready. A Nursery is connected with the garden, in which trees and shrubs are grown for the supply of the public parks. Copyright, \S~i A: L'eB. R. Keim. BOTANICAL GARDKN AND GREEN-nOOaE. Botanical Garden.— Open daihi, S) a. w. to Q p. w.— This instructive place of public resort is situated at the foot of Capi- tol Hill, extending from 1st to 3d sts. W., and between Penn- sylvania and Maryland avs. There are two main entrances for pedestrians, one opposite the main central W. gate of the Cap- itol Park and the other on 3d st., opposite the E. end of the Drive. Each entrance consists of four marble and brick gate piers, VAith u'on gates. No wheeled vehicles are permitted in the garden. The avenues diverging from the W. Capitol Park give the garden a wedge-shape, the narrower end facing the W. front of the Capitol. It comprises 10 a., surrounded by 42 BOTANICAL GARDEN. a low, brick wall, with stone coping- and iron railing, and is laid out in walks, lawns, and flower-beds. North of the Ci)n- servatory is the Bartholdi fountain, {see pp. 47 and 48) with marble basin 90 ft. in diameter. The fountain is supplie'l from the Acque(Uict. and throws its higliest stream to an altii of 65 ft. This fountain in full play presents a beautiful ef- fect, especially when reflectini^ the rays of the sun. S. oi the Conservatory is a smaller fountain, with a granite basin. During the summer the hardiest plants, in boxes, are ranged on either side of tlic main walk, and contribute materially to the beauty of the garden. The Main Conservatomj., commencetl in 18G7 from designs by ^Ii\ Clark, Architect of the Capitol, consists of a central dome and two wings. The base is of marble and the super- structure iron. The entire length is 300 ft., greatest width 60 ft., height of dome 40 ft., and wings 25 ft. The dome is supported on a brick column, which answers the double pur- pose of being a chimney also. Around this column winds an iron, spiral staircase, Avhich leads to a cupola surrounded by a balustrade. From this point the finest view of the W. front of the Capitol may be obtained. The key is kept by the Su- perintendent. There are 10 smaller Conservatories., of brick and wood, in one of which is a Lecture or Botanical Class- room., with accommodations for 100 students. Tlie latter fea- ture contemplates the appointment of a Professor of Botany by the colleges of the capital to hold lectures here. All the conservatories are heated by hot water, conducted in iron pipes, supplied from 5 boilers. Three of the boUers are in the vaults under the pavement of the dome of the Main Conser- vatory. The object of the garden is education and the dis- tribution of rare plants. For the latter purpose there are 4 conservatories devoted to propagation. All seeds are saved. The garden is under the control of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library. Each member of Congress, on ap- plying to the chairman of the committee for plants or seeds, is supplied, if practicable. Boquets are frequently obtained in the same way. Botanical Collection. — The first collection of plants in this National Conservatory was brouglit to the United States by the Exploring Expedition to the'Southern Hemisphere, 1838-'42, commanded by Captain (Rear Admiral) Charles Wilkes. The collection was first deposited in the Patent Office, but in 1850 was removed to the Botanical Garden. Some of tlie plants are still living, and a large share of the present collection are the descendants of those brouglit back by the Wilkes Expedition. A few have furnislied represent- atives for many of the principal conservatories of the United States and Eui'ope. BOTANICAL GARDEN. 43 The disposition of the collection is according to a geograph- ical distribution. The strictly tropical plants occupy the cen- tre Conservatory, and those of a semi-tropical nature, requir- mg protection and lying towards the N. pole, are placed in the W, range and wing; and all indigenous to countries lying towards the S. pole are in the E. range and wing. The Centre Bidlding or Rotunda^ temperature 80^, contains a fine variety of the majestic palms, called by Martins the princes of vegetation, and of which there are 300 kinds, the most prominent being here represented. The most interest- ing in the collection is the palm tree of Scripture, familiarly linown as the date palm. Jericho, the City of Palms, was so called from tlie numbers of this tree growing in its vicin- ity. It was recommended to be used by the Jews in the Feast of Tabernacles. In Arabia, Egypt, and Persia it sup- plies almost every want of the inliabitants. The fruit is used for food, the* leaves for shelter, the wood for fuel, and the sap for spirituous liquor. It matures in 10 years and then fruits for centm-ies, bearing from 1 to 300 cwt. at a time. Among the Arabs the pollen dust is preserved from year to year, and at the season of impregnation of the pistils or female flowers a feast called "Marriage of the Palms" is held. It is a singular historical fact, that the date palm of Egypt bore no fruit in the j^ear 1800, owing to the presence of the French army in the country, which prevented the an- nual marriage feast. Among the otlier plants in this portion of the Conservatory are the fan, royal, ratan, sago of Japan and China, Panama nat, oil, wine, coco de Cliili, sugar, and cradle palms; the East India bamboo; the tree fem, from New Zealand; as- crapea, from INIadagascar ; screw pine of Australia, with its cork-screw leaves and roots in mid ah*; the cinnamon of Ceylon ; maiden's hair fern ; mango, a delicious fruit of the West Indies ; and banana, that most prolific of all plants ; the great stag and elldiorn ferns from Australia, (very fine specimens,) and the dumb cane of South America. The sap of the root of the latter will take away the power of speech, llnmboldt, during his explorations in South America, was eight days speecliless from tasting it. The outer circle of i\\Q rotunda is devoted to the smaller tropical plants. Tlie E. range, temperature 50=^, and wing, 40°, are de- voted more particularly to the plants of the South Sea Islands^ Brazil, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, and New Holland. The i)rincipal specimens are the tree fern of New Zealand; the aloe and the CafFre bread tree from the Cape of Good Hope ; the India rubber, the passion flower, the caladium, of Brazil ; Norfolk Island pine of Australia, one of the most 44 BOTAKICAL GARDEN. beautiful and largest-growing trees in the world ; the queen plant, or bird of paradise flower, from its resemblance to the plume of that bird ; the tutui, or candle-nut tree, from the Society Islands, the nut being used by the natives for lighting their huts ; the cofiee plant, and several varieties of cactus. To the W. range and wing, temperature same as E., the plants of China and Japan, the East and West Indies, and Mexico are assigned. The most notable plants here are the cycadaceae, of the East Indies, the largest in the country; tlie four-century plant ; the camellia japonica, or Japan rose ; tlie lovel}^ lily of Cuba ; the historic papyrus antiquorum, or paper plant, of Egypt; the tallow and leechee trees of China; the guava, a'delightful fruit of the West Indies; the vanilla of Mexico, the species which furnishes the aromatic bean ; the black pepper from the East Indies ; the sugar cane, the cheramoyer, or custard apple, and cassava of the West Indies; the sensitive and the humble plants; the American aloe, or century plant, of Mexico ; the camphor tree from Japan ; the tea plant ; the papay, an Oriental tree, which has the property of rendering the toughest meat tender ; a plant of tlie adansonia digitata, or monkey bread, which gTows on the banks of the Senegal, and reaches the enormous circum- ference of 100 ft. They are supposed to attain the age of 5,000 j^ears. They have many uses. Humboldt pronounces them the oldest organic monuments of our planet. There is also a specimen of the carob tree of Palestine, sometimes -called St. John's bread. The pulp around the seed is sup- posed to have been the wild honey upon which St. John fed in the wilderness. There are other interesting speci- mens of the vegetable kingdom, including a pleasing variety of climbing plants. The arrangement of the exotics in the ■Central Conservatory presents the appearance of a miniature tropical forest, with its luxuriant growth of tree and vine. Until recently the Conservatory was in possession of a speci- men of the bohan upas tree, of which such fabulous stories have been told. Each wing of the Conservatory is supplied with a fountain. In the W. range is a vase, brought from St. Augustine, Florida, and taken from the first house built on the North American continent within the present limits of the United States. A fine specimen of maiden's hah- fern grows in the vase. The outside conservatories are generally used for propaga- tion. One, however, is specially devoted to camellia japo- nica, and another to that curious growth, the orchids or air plants. The botanical collection received some valuable con- tributions from the expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. The supply is kept up by propagation and purchase, and at THE LUTHER STATUE. 45 Luther Place. — In the small space in front of the "Memorial" Lutheran Church, abutting on Thomas Circle, stands the bronze Statue of Martin Luther, the Reformer, erected by "the Luther Statue Association" (incorporated, 1884) in com- memoration of the 400th anniversary of his birth, (Nov. 10, 1483). The Statue is a replica of the central figure of the Luther Memorial, or Reformation Group, at Worms, Germany, having been cast from the same mould which was used for the original, and at the same foundry of Lauchhammer, in Saxony It weighs 3,000 lbs , is 11%' high, and cost $5,000. The Pedestal of Maryland Granite, execu- ted by A. H. J ou venal, is 15' high and cost $3,000. The funds were contributed by Lutherans and other Protestant denomi- nations in Washington and elsewhere. In the pedestal was deposited a copper box containing a Bible, Hootlin's Life of Luther, Luther's Smaller Catechism, the Lutheran Almanac for 1884, a U. S. Blue Book, Lutheran and City Newspapers, a reitschel's luther. history of the Statue, and names of sub- scribers to the fund. The Statue was unveiled May 21, 1884. The exercises under, the direction of Rev. J. G. Butler, Pastor of the Memorial Lutheran Church, N. of the Statue, lasted three days. Memorial oration, Sunday, May 18, by Rev. F. VV. Con- rad. The unveiling ceremonies. May 21, 1884, consisted of ora- tions by O. D Conger, of Mich, a Senator of the U. S., and Rev. J. G. Morris, ot Md. Luther's Hymn, •'■ Ein Feste Burg ist unser Gott" (A Strong Fortress is our God), was performed by the Marine Band and united choirs, while W W. Corcoran, of Washington, the Philanthropist, pulled the cord removing the veil The Statue represents Luther clad in his priestly robes, his left hand clasps the Bible, supported on his left forearm, his right hand firmly clinched, rests on the cover of the Bible, and standing in the presence of the Princes of the Empire, and Bishops and Priests of Rome, assembled at the Diet of Worms, he is concluding his defense ot an open Bible. Lighting the City — The lighting of the City is entirely by private companies. The first of these was incorporated in 1848. In that year Congress made an appropriation of $2,000 in full 46 ^TATUE.S. for paying- the VV^ashington Gas Company for lightinoj the Capitol and Capitol Grounds, to include fixtures ; for laving pipes from the main pipe at the Capitol to the foot of 15th st. W., on both sides of Pennsylvania av., and for 100 lamp- posts and lamps and other necessary fixtures. This was the first use of gas in the city. In the same year gas was also first introduced into the President's House. It has since grown into general use. The Government provides for the Jightingof all public buildings and grounds, and the District for avs. and sts. Statues.— The statues in the public parks contribute greatly to the adornment of the capital. A description of each will be found with the grounds in which placed. The \Vashinc;t(in Aqueduct (Jarvis;. W^ater Supply. — The water of the citj'' is carried from the Great Falls of the Potomac, by the Aqueduct, a distance of 12 m.. to a Distrihuting Reservoir^ 2 m. from Eock Creek and 4J m. from the Capitol. The daily sui)ply is 30 million galls, and consumption 17 million galls., or 1^7 galls, to each per- son — the largest of any city in the world. The full capacity of the Aqueduct is 80 million galls. A description of this remarkable work will be found in another part of this Hand- book. In the effluent screen well at the distributing reservoir are laid four 48-in. mouth-pieces for the supply of the city. Three of these are reduced in the pipe-vault to 36-in., 30-in., and 12-in. Leaving the vault these three mains run parallel across the country to a small stream known as Foundry Branch. WATER SUPPLY. 47 Kear this point they strike the road along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which they follow through Bridge and Aque- duct sts., Georgetown, to Rock Creek, a distance of 2 m. On the way the 30 and 12-in. mains cross College Pond, over an arch of 120 ft. span, composed of two 30-in. pipes. The 36-m. main is laid in the bottom of the creek. At Rock Creek two of the three mains are joined, so that the water is conveyed through two 48-in. pipes, which form an arch of 200 ft. span across that stream. These arches also sustain a roadway for ne, 135/^ ft. in diameter. In the rear and on either side of this main portico the edifice rests on a basement to correspond with that of the portico. Above this rises the 6>r:: CJ fl . P C^ O G O) —' ?? «== O 03 O S (N "^J" S G "* TJH^ = O) JS «co fl =« ? 9> o 1— < «3 5 oJ o 1— < «3 5 oJ W ^ t>ca> . G OQ s; ^ CO _ S o .is i- -<-> <^ ^ 75 a, -© ^ S a; g oi ^ CU O 05 ^c3 < O S ^ X ^" O „ « 0) o 2 .-2 5 c o .. .SS ~ 1:^ o ^ S - s o fl xf CO C3 OJQ^ a. -; ■ :: O 3 ^ J= c^ ROTUNDA. 75 S.5 76 ROTUNDA. c ";i|;J:>:"^S o o .'^ ^ *> P '=-'«"■ Tec - _ u- — Q u o '^— J tr O t>« 'C ., ""^ ..« .5^ c.S f^o cTfe^^ S.2 0_^'P5nK rn----. >? - >^-'.rS 'Jt^ o t^' b — « i/j . 5-c<:i,«s^;e:|p>, gs. S'c^'^2; ;Clia, ^--'^=^Jl-.-=x,» ROTUNDA. 77 r< _cr9 DO S g g§|§| o » ^2 • W§ o 3 w (5 P ■ • 0. - cdJ" ^-.W Kj P 03 00 ""^ D-S QW fD ^ o o -^ d o D^ tr r-f -j o 2.2 1=: 3 « S? 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CO O^ B s :^ ^ o 5 P rl CD ^ r/-i O >"* ' aCD ^^ ^■ ,0 5 ^C , C O CD J» O 3 ^.-1 CD _.^ =.^ tiro.:; - £^ J^ ^r trs P 2 :r'-- -I v. -^ ^ CD -J 73 ~' Z' » I cn a* g" .:=- _^ CO S O -! H ??^ B ^ =- rn b- 03 7 T f General Lee, who meditated betraying the American Army. III. Battle of Yorktown, October, 1781. Hamilton's Capture of the Redoubt. IV. Welcome of Washington at Trenton, April, 1789, on his way to New York to assume the office of President of the United States. This panel contains por- traits of the sculptor, his wife, and three children, and of Rogers, the sculptor of the Main Door. V. Inauguration of Washington, First President of the United States, in New York, April jo, 1789. The principal figures in this panel are portraits, including John Adams, Vice President, on his right; Chancellor Livingstone administers the oath; Mr. Otis, Secretary of the Senate, presented the Bible. The other distinguished personages represented are Alexander Hamilton, Generals Knox and St. Clair, Roger Sherman, and Baron Steuben. VI Laying of the Corner-stone of the Capitol of the United States at Washing- ton, September 18, 1793. The prominent figures are likenesses. The oratr to Mr. Crawford contemplated two doors, one for the E. Portico of each wing. The sculptor had proceeded no further than to complete th# drawing of his designs and the work of his models in clay, when he was ovei taken by death. The work, however, was completeG C/ W. H. Khineh^rt, of Maryland, an assistant in the studio of the sculptor at Rome. The viodels were shipped to the United States in 1863. They were somewhat dam-^psd in PRINCIPAL bTOKY. 89 removal, but were restored by Silas Mosman, ot Massachusetts, under wnose superintendence they were cast. The mechanical execution of this work is considered in every respect equal to the great Door, and establishes the skill of American bronze founders in competition with those of Europe. Above the door, resting on a cap supported by massive brackets, are two reclining female figures, in American mar- ble by Crawford, representing Justice and History. THK GRAND COK ENTRANCK TO THK SBNAE C«Ai\ (See No. 23, p. 86.) 30. Senate Vestibule. — This door opens into a vestibule jonsisting of a colonnade of 16 fluted marble columns, with capitals of acanthus and tobacco leaves. The col- umns are disposed in couples, and equally divided on either side with corresponding pilasters. The ceiling is composed of massive blocks of highly-polished marble, form- ing panels, three of which are provided with stained glass. The walls zxQ scagliola imitation of Sienna marble, and are broken at suitable intervals into niches, with bases of Tennessee marble. The floor is tesselated in white and blue marble. At the opposite end the door of bird's-eye maple, with bronze enrichments, anc set in a bronze frame, leads to the Senate Chamber. 31. Official Repoiters' Room, used by the reporters of the debates and proceedings of the Senate. The ceiling is frescoed in the Pompeian style. 32. Senate Post Of5.ce.— This beautiful apartment is 90 CAPITOL INTERIOR. fitted with polished maple cases aud other conveniences for the Senate mails. This room was originally intended for the Library of the Senate. li\iQ vaulted ceiling \s embellished with frescoes by Brumidi, the principal pieces representing History, Geography, Physics, aud the Telegraph. Three allegorical figures support a tasteful centre-piece, from which drops a chande- lier. The walls are finished in oil and gilt. 33. The Office of the Serge ant -at -Arms of the Sen- ate. — On the walls are allegories of Secession and Peace. 34. Senate Keception Eoom.— The vestibule opens into the Senate Reception Room^ a briUiant salon about 60 ft. long, with a vaulted ceiling divided into two arches, that on the N. being groined, and is divided into four sections, in which are allegorical figures in fresco: N., Liberty; S., Plenty; W., War ; E., Peace. The S. half of the ceiling consists of a cir- cular arch, broken by deep caissons, arranged in concentric circles. The fresco in the centre represents youthful ligiires in a vignette of clouds. Outside the circle are allegorical fig- ures in fresco : NE., Prudence; SE., Justice; SW., Temper- ance ; NW., Strength. All these frescoes were executed by Brumidi, in 1856. The ceiling is heavily gilded throughout, and from it is suspended a fine chandelier. The wails are finished in tint, and enriched with stucco and gilt. Tiiey are divided into five panels, with medallion centres for portraits of illustrious citizens. Each medallion is surrounded by wreaths, and is surmounted by an eagle. The base of the walls is scagliola, in imitation of Potomac and Tennessee marbles. Under the arch in the S. wall is a well-executed centre-piece in oil, by Brumidi, representing Washington in consultation with Jefferson, his Secretary of State, and Ham- ilton, Secretary of the Treasury. On either side is a medal- lion yet unfilled. In the N. wall of this magnificent apart- ment, between the windows, is a mirror. The floor is of encaustic tiles, finely laid, and with a beautifully-wrought star as a centre-piece. The room is furnished in rosewood, with damask and lace curtains. In winter the floor is riclily carpeted. The mantel is a beautiful specimen of worlanan- siiip. 35. Bronze Staircases, formed of entwining vines and foliage, relieved with eagles, deer, and cupids. A similar staircase occupies a corresponding place on the W. side of the lobby. These, including two connecting with the lobby of the Hall of Kepresentatives in the S. Extension, cost nearly $22, .500. They are elaborate and artistic specimens of bronze work, and in a part of the building too dark to enable their merits to be fully appreciated. They wero manufactured by Archer, Warner & Miskey, of Philadelphia Baudin, artist, 1858-'59. PRINCIPAL STORY. 91 36. Vice President's Eoom. — The door on the r. within the "Lobby opens into the room of the President of the Senate, generally known as the Vice Fresidenfs Room. It is a well- furnislietl apartment, with plain stuccoed ceilings and tinted walls. In this room is the original of Rembrandt PeaW^s painting of Washington^ from itfe, JDurchased by the Senate in 1832" for $2 000. 37. S'^nate Lobby. — During the sessions of the Senate, admissions to the Lobby can only be obtained through a Senator. When the Senate is not in ses- sion the Lobby is open to the public. The Lobby is a vaulted passage, with gilt panels and cornice. Two doors lead to the floor of the chamber, and opposite, two doors into the "marble room." 38. The Senate Chamber.— This magnificent apartment, first occupied by the Senate January 4, 1859, is in the N. ex- 92 CAPITOL INTERIOR. tension — has entrances from the corridors on the E., S., and W., and two from the lobby on the N. Length, 113^ ft.; width, 80| ft.; height, 36 ft. ; area of floor, 9,136 sq. ft. The Chamber proper is 83 ft. long and 51 ft. wide. On the E., W., and S. sides are the cloak rooms for Senators, and on the N. the lobby. Over these are the galleries, with seats for 1200 persons, rising and receding in tiers to the corridors of the second floor. The N. Gallery above the chair of the President of the Senate, is devoted to reporters of the press , with 40 desks, and seats for as many more. Opposite the reporters' is the diplomatic gallery. The galleries on the E. are devoted exclusively to ladies and gentlemen accompanying them ; a portion for the ^x- Q\\x%\\'^Vi%&o^ \}c\.?: families of Senators. Those on the W. are ior gentlemen, '^ox plan of galleries see Diagram attic story, 15 to 21. The Desks of the Senators, two for each State, are arranged in concentric semi-circles, and made of the richest mahogany. Some are almost as old as the Senate itself. The President' s "chair" occupies a raised dais, also of m.-ihog- any. The gavel rests on the desk in front. The Secretary of the Senate, Leg- islative, Chief and Minute Clerks, beginning on the President's left, occupy the desk in front, and the two official reporters immediately in front of them. The Sergeaut-at-arms on the left, and Door-keeper on the right of the chair, sit at the foot of the dais. T\^t. floor is raised about 3 in. for each semicircle of desks, and is pierced by numerous registers. These are fed from an air-chamber beneath the floor, and supplied by fans and steam-coils in the basement with moistened air tem- pered from 68° to 70° winter, from 8° to 10° below the outside air in summer, and regulated by thermometers and hygrometers in different parts of the cham- ber, under the chief of the ventilating department. The contaminated air passes through the trellis work in the ceiling. iSee Ventilating Departinent ,\>2,?,^ 113.) The (T^/Z/w^ consists of immense iron girders amd transverse pieces, forming deep panels, glazed each with a centre-piece symbolic ot the Union, the Army and Navy, Progress, and the Mechanical Arts, The outer row, with trellised centres, are for ventilation, and outside of these are deep caissons and cir- cles, with a star in each. The frame rests on a heavy iron cornice. The iron work throughout is bronzed with gilt decorations. The walls are richly painted, those supporting the galleries being laid off in panels. The back of the galle- ries are pierced by doors on each side. The doors are of bird's-eye maple, elab- orately finished with foliated bronze ornaments. Niches for statuary are also sunk in the walls. The iron 7vork was done by Janes, Beebe & Co. The hall by day is lighted through the paneled ceiling by means of the skylight 5n the roof At night innumerable jets, ranged above the ceiling around the glass panels, and supplied with gas and ignited by electricity, diffuse a soft light throughout the Chamber. The public are permitted on the floor of the Chamber when the Senate is not in session. The regnlar hour of meeting is 12 noon every day except Sunday, but the time can be changed and sessions fixed and adjournments or- dered on its own motion. The persons entitled to the privileges of the floor are designated by resolution of the Senate. CAPITOL IxMTERIOR. 93 39. Cloak Eooms, — Beneath the E., W., and S. galleries are cloak rooms foi- the exdusive use of Senators. TUR "marblb'' ok senatok:>' kbtiking room. 40. Marble Eoom, — From the lobby pass through a small passage or vestibule ihto the Marble or Senate Retiring Room. This elegant apartment is 38 ft. long, 21^ ft. wide, and 19^- ft. high. The ceiling rests upon 4 Corinthian columns of Italian marble, and consists of massive polished blocks of white mar- ble, forming deep panels. The walls throughout are of highly- polished Tennessee marble. In the panels of the walls are large plate-glass mirrors. Those at the ends produce a striking effect. In the E. and W. walls are niches. Two of these contain heads of Indian chiefs, executed iu marble. The floor? are of encaustic tiles. The room is handsomely furnished, and, without question, is the finest apartment of the kind in the world. In the E. vestibule is a small bronze bust of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, 1861-1865, presented by Albert De Groot, of New York. 94 PRINCIPAL STORY. 41. President's Eoom.— Leaving the lobby by the W. door, on the r. is the Presidents Room^ assigned to the use of the President of the United States on liis visits to the Capitol. This room is rarely used except on the last days of the session of Congress, when the President, vrith his secretaries and Cabinet ministers, assemble the.e to expedite the business of legislation, the President signing such bills passed by the Senate and House of Representatives as meet liis approval. THR PRHSIDKNT's ROOM. This aparivtent, decorated by Brumidi, in general design is after the privatt audience chamber of the Vatican at Rome. The walls are in oil. Tha jUgures in medaUion represent the first President and his cabinet. The small copper- colored medalhons represent the Arms of the States in the Union when painted. The groined arches over head represent in fresco, Christopher Columbus (Dis- covery), from a painting in Mexico, Americus Vespucius (Exploration), from a painting in Florence, William Brewster (Religion), Benjamin Franklin (His- tory). The intermediate allegorical pieces represent Religion, Liberty, Legisla' Hon, and Executive. The design around the rich chandelier, and general finish throughout, are very fine. The whole decoration is enriched with arabesques, ^ad is laid on a ground-work of gilt. The room is luxuri'>nsIy/»/*-*»->4^//. CAPITOL INTERIOR. 95 42. Senate Oommittee on Enrolled Bills 43. Closets. 44. Senate Oommittee on Appropriations.--Tinted walls. 45. Elevator. — for the use of Senators, runs from the basement to the attic ttory, and is fitted up with a screw and double engine : cost $10,000. 46 to 50. Offices of the Senate.— 46. Engrossing and enrolling, 47. Chief and 48. Executive clerks. 49. Secretary of the Senate. 50. Financial clerk. 51. Western Grand Staircase.— Of white marble, leads to the gentlemen's galleries. The highly polished entabla- tures, steps, balustrades, columns and capitals viewed from the landing leading to the basement, strike the eye with its magnificence. The design and dimensions are the same as the eastern staircase. See page 87. At the foot of the staircase, in a niche, is the statue oi yohn Hancock, Presi- dent of the Continental Congress, which signed and promulgated the Declara« tion of Independence, 1776; semi-heroic ; executed in i860, in marble, by Ho- ratio Stone; cost $5,500. Against the west wall is the painting of the Storming of Chapultefiec , Sc'pX., 13, 1847, by the American Army, under Gen. Scott, by James Walker, N. Y., from sketches in the field ; ordered i860 ; cost $6,000. The castle, one of the defenses of the city of Mexico, crowned an eminence 900 it. high, and was taken by means of scaling ladders. General Quitman and several of the officers of the advance division are in consultation. The batteries at the foot of the hill were taken, and the approach to the city by the aqueduct lay open. The hillside is already occupied by the United States rifles. Gen. Quitman, mounted, appears on the 1. of the painting. Gen. Shields is without his coat, and wounded. Near at hand are Lieuts. Wilcox and Towers, of the engineers. On the 1. stands a section of Drum's battery. In the rear, advancing to the support of Casey's troops, are the Pennsylvania, New York, and South Carolina volunteers, bearing their State colors, and commanded by Geary, Baxter, and Gladden. Xicontenca, the Mexican commander, is killed. Gen. Persifor F. Smith, with the rifles, confronts the enemy's breastworks, and points to the retreating Mexicans, who are fleeing by the aqueduct. CENTRAL BUILDING— SOUTH WING. 5a. South Door of Rotunda, leading to the National Statuary /fa// and House 0/ Representatives, 53. Vestibule, crowned by a dome and cupola, and modeled from a Greek temple. The capitals of the columns are ornamented with the leaf of the cot- ton plant, instead of the acanthus. The flower of the cotton plant also enriches the centre of the caissons. This vestibule corresponds with that on the N. side. The door on the 1. leads to the basement staircase, (19,) very beautiful in design. 54 and 55. Document Room, House of Representatives. — These are for the supply of bills and documents for the current use of members of the House. 56. Stationery Room of the House of Representatives. 57. House Committee on Banking and Currency. — When representa- tives occupied the old Hall, now the Hall of Statuary, this room was set apart for the use of the Speaker. It was to this room that John Quincy Adams was conveyed after he fell at his seat in the House, February 23, 1848, and it was here that he died, two days after. A marble console on the west wall supports an excellent bust of Adams, by J. C. King, 1845, % , placed L*re in ct«» «nemnra.tioa Ui* this «ad even*. CAPITOL INTEbllOti,. THE HALL OF STATUES. 58. I^atioual oiauL. _/ .- ..• :;i;i.^iiiiicent Hal!, for- merly used as the place of meeting of the House of Repre- sentatives, is Grecian in design, having been planned and adapted, by Latrobe, after the remains of the Tlieatre at Ath- ens. It consists of a semi-circle of 96 ft. chord. The ends of the prostyle and peristyle are separated by a wide project- hig surface of freestone, which rises to the top of the order and supports a segment arcii, which corresponds with the segment of tlie vaulted ceiling that crowns the hall and ends against it. To the top of the entablature blocking is 35 ft., and to the apex of the domed ceiling 57 ft. The semi-peri- Bii V K Uavid'S CAPITOL INTERIOR. »)• signed after those in the temple of Jupiter Stator ^^^^J^^^Z ,^^^ i^ of the pro- the cipitals of the Lantern of Demos at Athers I ee a a Green, WiLLiAMb, Trumbull Sherman, Clinton portions used in the former temple, ornamented with dentils and modillons, enriched with leaves and roses. The _^oor is of marble. A paneled dome springs overhead. The apex of the dome is pierced by a circular aperture, crowned by a lantern, serving the double purpose of light and ventilation, ihe dotne is similar to that of the Pantheon at Rome. On the S. side of the haU, forming the lo^s^a, are 8 columns and 2 antae of ihe same style as the peristyle. Over the entablature of this colonnade springs a beautiful 72 ft. chord. On the Livingston, Winthrop, Adams, Allen, King. blocking of the cornice beneath is 2l figure of Libertv^ in plaster, by Caucici, a pupil of Canova, 1829, originally intended for execution in marble. The figure, seen from the galleries in front, produces a striking efifect. On the r. is the frustrum of a column, around which a serpent, the emblem of wisdom, is en- twining itself, and at the feet of the^figure is an American eagle. In the/ri^i* of the entablature, under this figure, is sculptured an eagle in stone, with out spread wings, the work of Valaperti. Over the N. door stands a clock in n*** yd Plii: resented as standing in the winged car of Time and recording passing eventv The car is placed on a globe, on which, in basso relievo, are cut the signs of the zodiac. The hours are marked on the face of the wheel of the car. The hall afibrds some acowsiic^J/ienowena, also in the west column near the south door, can be distinguished humcm faces, all will be explained gratis by the attendant. When the Hall was occupied, the S/eaker^s chair stood on the S. side, upon an open rostrum about four feet above the floor, enclosed by a bronze balustrade. Rich crimson curtains fell in elegant folds from the capitals of the columns, and were separated so as to form luxurious draperies as a backgronnd to the chair and rostrum. Below and in front of the Speaker's rostrum stood the Clerk' s desk, raised on a variegated socle. Upon this stood a rich mahogany table, with damask silk curtains. Between the columns were sofas and accom- modations for twenty reporters. The members' desus of mahogany, with arm chairs, were arranged in concentric circles, for 232 members, the aisles forming radii from the centre. In the rear of the outer row of desks was a bronzed iron railing with curtains, constituting the bar of the House. Outside of this was the lobby. The ^a/^^ry over the loggia was set apart for the ladies, having cushioned seats for the accommodation of 200 persons ; the general gallery •would seat '^oo. The panels on either side of the ladies' gallery contained full-length portraits of Washington by Vanderlyn, and Lafayette by Ary Schef- fer, a present from the distinguished Frenchman upon his last visit to the United States. Under these were copies of the Declaration of Independence, in frames emblematically ornamented. At night the Hall was lighted by "solar gas" from a chandelier at the apex of the dome. This Hall was occupied by Congress for 32 years. During the first days of the Rebellion, 1861-65, troops were quartered in it. In 1862 it was used as a hospital for the sick and wounded of the army, and in 1864, by act of Congress, was set apart for its present appropriate purpose. THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF STATUES. The House of Representatives having taken possession of its new quarters in the Capitol in 1857, the " old" Hall fell into neglect. In 1864, Congress, desirous of perpetuat- ing its historic associations, authorized the President of the United States to invite each State to furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased persons who had been citizens thereof and illustrious for their historic renown, or for distinguished civic or military service, as the States determined worthy of national commem- oration, when so furnished to be placed in the old Hall of the House of Repre- sentatives, in the Capitol of the United States, which was set apart iox ^ Nation • al Statuary Hall. The State contribution.'? are given in the order received by the government. Rhode Island. — 1871. Nathaniel Greene, marble, life-size, H. K. Brown, .869, attired in full regimentals of a Major-General in the Continental army, re- presented as pledging the service of his sword to his country. Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, and promoter of civil and re- ligious liberty in America; marble, life-size, Franklin Simmons, 1870, robed in the dress of the early colonist. T\\& pedestals are of Rhode Island red granite. Connecticut.— 1872. Jonathan Trutnbull, an eminent patriot of the Rev- olution, and from whom the term " Brother Jonathan" originated on account of his skill in expedients to meet the necessities of the Continental Govern- ment. Marble, heroic, C. B. Ives, 1869. Roger thennan, one of the committee to draft the Declaration of Indepen- dence. Marble, heroic, C. B. Ives, 1870; represented in Cu'^'^nental civil attire •'be Pedestals are of Vermont marble. CAPl'iUL liNi±.itiU«L... ^it i\ew York. — 1873. George Clinton, a signer of the Declaration of Indepen dence, General of the Revolution Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States. Bronze, life-size, H. K. Brown, 1873. Robert Wood & Co., Phila., founders : represented in Continental military dress. ^Robert R. Livingston, First Chancellor of New York, who administered the oath of office to George Washington upon his inauguration as President of the United States, March, 1789. Bronze, life-size, E. D. Palmer, 1874. Barbe- dicnne, Paris, founders, represented in the chancellor's robes, and holding by his side the treaty for the cession of Louisiana by France to the United States, which he successfully consummated. The robe and lace work is artistic. Massachusetts. — 1876. John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, landing with the charter of 1630. Marble, semi-heroic, Richard S. Greenough, 1875, represented in the costume of the limes. Samuel Adams, 2Cii early advocate of liberty. Marble, semi-heroic, Anne Whitney, 1876, represented in colonial dress and protesting to the Royal Gov- ernor against the presence of British troops, using the memorable words: " Night is approaching, an immediate answer is expected, both regiments or none." March 6, 1770. Vermont. — 1876 Ethan Allen Marble, heroic, L C.Mead, 1875, represented in the uniform of a Continental officer, with drawn sword and flashing eye, de- manding the surrender of Ticonderoga in the name of "the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." yacob Collamer, 1880, a forcible orator on constitutional questions, Post- master-General, 1849, and Senator of the United States, 1855-64. Marble semi- heroic, Preston Powers, 1879. Represented in the costume of the times, addressing the Senate, left hand resting on a pedestal bearing the State arms. Maine. — IVilliarn King, 1880, an early advocate of the separation of Maine and Massachusetts in 1819, and first Governor of Maine, 1820. Marble semi- heroic, Franklin Simmons, 1877. Represented in top boots and Spanish cloak, and holds in his hand a roll of parchment, the Constitution of the State. In addition to tnese btate contributions the Hall contains a plaster copy of the statue of George Washington, at Richmond, life-size, by Houdon, 1788, re- presenting the father of his country in civic attire, with a staff in his hand, his cloak and sword resting on a bundle of lictors' rods, and with a rude plow in the rear; the superb semi-heroic statues of Alexander Haviilton, marble, by Horatio Stone, 1868, ;gi 0,000 ; the first Secretary of the Treasury. General E D, Baker, killed in the rebellion. Marble, by Horatio Stone, 1875, ^10,000 ; representing him as a Senator of the United States ; and Thomas Jefferson, bronze, by the celebrated French sculptor, P. T. David D'Angers, 1833, Fondu a Paris, par Honore Conon et ses deux Fils ; representing the author of the Declaration as just having signed that instrument of American liberty ; the statue was presented by Uriah Phillips Levy, of theU. S. N., 1833, but was not accepted until 1874. 'Wi^ pedestal is a superb piece of work, in four vari- eties of marble, executed by Struthers, of Philadelphia. The other works are a statue of Abraham Z,/»ftf/«, marble, Vinnie Ream, 1866, $15,000; busts of Abraham Z,?'«(r6;/«, marble, Mrs. Sarah Fisher Ames, 1868, j52,ooo; 7. Kosciuszko, marble, H. D. Saunders, 1857, JS500 ; and Thomas Craw/ord, scuiptO" byh"mself Of the few paintings area Washington, by Gilbert Stuart, 1796, painted from (ife for the Chesttnut family of South Carolina, purchased 1875, Si,-ioo; a"^ two portraits of Benjamin West, of Pennsylvania, President of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, London, painted by himself, 1810, $ ; Gunning bedlord, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, presented ; Charles <-arroii, ot Carrollton, by Chester Harding, 18—, $ ; and Joshua Giddmgs, Miss Ransom, 18— ; a mosaic q{ Abraham Lincoln, by Salviati. of Venice, a man- ufacturer. 59. Corridor, connecting- the S. wing of the centre or old 100 PRINCIPAL STORY. building with the S. Extension, occupied by the House of Bepresentatives. This is the same as 'No. 22. Opposite is the main door to the floor of the House of Representatives. SOUTH, OR HOUSE EXTENSION. This portion of the building corresponds, in its general fea- tures, with the Senate Extension, the larger size of the Hall of Representatives causing simply a narrowing of the outer corridors. 60. Northern Corridor, beautifully designed, especially the ceiling, which "is diversified with lunettes and circular and groined arches. 61. Eastern Corridor, leading to the Eastern Grand Staircase and House Lobby. At the S. end of this corridor is the office of the Government telegraph, connected, by means of wires under the building, with the office and subterran- ean cable in the N. Extension. (See No. 23.) 62. Western Corridor, leading to the Western Grand Staircase and the offices and Lobby of the House, 63. House Committee on Military Affairs.— Here is a series of seventeen paintings, exccutea in iSjo-'yi, by Lieut-Col. Seth Eastman, a retired officer of the U. S. A., representing some of the principal forts of the United States, the Military Academy at West Point, and Fort Sumpter before and after the bombardment. A case of breech-loading arjns used in the army stands against the west wall. 64. Eastern Grand Staircase, leading to the ^a//^rz>.y. (For their divi» sion, see Plan 0/ attic story, Nos. 50 to 55.) The staircase is of Tennessee marble, bronze capitals and white marble steps, and in every particular of de- sign, measurement, and execution similar to that in the same position in the Senate Extension. In the niche at the foot is the superb Statue of Jefferson^ by Hiram Powers, 1863 ; cost {gio.ooo, executed in Italy. Against the E. wall, K the painting of President Lincoln signing the Proclamation of Emancipa- tion of the negroes, Sept. 22, 1862, by Frank P. Carpenter, cost ^25,000; pre* sented to the United States, by Mary Elizabeth Thompson, Feb. 12, 1878. \S«t engraving, grand staircase, page 87. 65. Main Door. — This very prominent entrance is still without the embel lishments of art. Mr. Crawford, the designer of the bronze door of the N. Extension, at thesame time received an order for one for the S. The death of the sculptor, who had already completed the designs, prevented the execution of work on the second door. The models, however, were completed by his pupil, Rhinehart, for which the latter received $9,000, but have been since their completion stowed away in a dark vault, near the Undercroft. The door will represent scenes in the life of Washington. 66. Vestibule. — This beautiful vestibule consists of 8 fluted columns in couples, two on either side. The capitals are enriched with leaves of acanthus, tobacco and corn. The ceilings are paneled, and the walls tinted and broken by 8 niches, with Tennessee marble bases. 67. House Committee on Ways and Means. — A fine department, richly decorated in the renaissance style, diversified with American shields, foliage birds and fruit. 68. House Committee on Appropriations. — Room decorated and pan- eled in distemper and encaustic by Strieby, 1873. The fruit pieces and repre- sentation of moulding are particularly well executed. The door nearby leads to a vestibule which opens into the House Lobby. The bronze staircase (35) is thesame as those adjacent so the Senate Lobby, 69. Reporters of Debates. — This room was originally used as the Mem- bers' Reception Room. The walls are tinted, and the groined arches overhead are decorated in arabesque in fresco. JO. Lobby of the House of Representatives. — The lobby, which may be entered in company with a member during the sessions of the House, has an iron-paneled ceiling, highly enriched in oil, the decoration being that in ▼ogue durine the isth century. On tht r. a'e doors opening into the Hall. PRINCIPAL STORY. 101 71. Hall of the Representatives.— ("House of Represen- tatives") — The dimensions of this superb legislative hall, the finest in the world, are : length, 139 ft,; width, 93 ft.; height, 36 ft. The floor is 115 feet by 67 feet. The galleries will seat about 2,500 persons. Beneath these, against the N., ''ilh^llLiMiimi«m E.,and W. walls, are cloak and retiring rooms, and back of the Speaker's chair the lobby. Upon the floor are desks for the Representatives and Delegates, arranged in concentric semi-circles. The Speaker's "desk^'' is raised about 3 ft. from the floor. In front are desks for the clerks of the House, and still in front desks for the official reporters. The whole is made of white marble, with a base of Ten- nessee, and is exjremely beautiful. The clock marks the viornittg hoiir,3,nd limit of debate. East of the Spe.iker, on a pedestal of Vermont marble, stands the mace or insignia 0/ authority , when the House is in session. When not, it may be seen in the room of the Sergeant-at-Arms. It consists of a bundle of lictor's rods, bound together by silver ligatures, and surmounted by a silver J02 PRINCIPAL STORY. terrestial globe, crowned by the American eagle. On the left of the chair is a full length portrait of tVashin^ion, by Vanderlyn, 1834, and on the right one of the Marquis deLa/ayette, by Ary Scheffer, 1822, the celebi-ated French artist; was presented to Congress by Lafayette upon his last visit. In the W. panel ol the S wall is a /r«fc^ by Brumidi, representing Washington at Yorktown re- ceiving the officers sent by Cornwallis to ask two days' cessation of hostilities, and in place of which two hours were granted. Over the N. door is a clock, surmounted by an eagle, and supported on either side by figures of an Indian and hunter. In the panels east and west of the S, ^'^''l^^%'^,^J^'f'}^%^;^i A Bierstadt $10 000 each, respectively representing the Settlement of Lali- ^^r«raSuti769,inthe name of Spain, purchased 187S and the Dtscavery of the Hudson Ll'er by Henry Hudson, 1609. purchased 1875. representing the great navigator landing, and groups of Indians and b>rch canoes The ceiling of the Hall is of cast iron, paneled painted and g.lded. and highly enriched wilh gilt moldings, and supported on a decorated cornice. ^ he/««ff^ loft with 1 ,500 gas gets lighted by electricity during night sessions. Here also s the truss work of the ceiling and roof For heating andveutilatmg, page 114 During a recess or adjournment of the House 7^;«/^r^ can enter upon the floor The doors in the lobby are generally open. When the House, which meets at 12 noon, is in session, the rules designate who are allowed the privileges 0/ tfu 72. Hall Library, for the use of members in debate. 73 and 74. Cloak Rooms. 75. Key and Store-Room. ^, ., • j 76 to 78. Representatives' Retiring Room.— The pilasters, cornice, and ce-ling are of iron, enriched with gilt. In the centre panel overhead, is a massive representation of a cluster of acorns. On the walls hangs a gallery of cravon portraits of the Speakers of the House of Representatives since the first ofganizalion of the body, by Louis Wieser, Washingion D. C. $50 each. Each State IS invited to contribute o\\ paintings of the Speakers eKcied from their Representatives. Connecticut has already furnished Jonathan irumbull, by H. J. Thompson, 1880. The mirrors, hangings of the curtains, and tumi- ture, are all in keeping. 70. Closets. ^ ^. 80. Room of the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 81 to 83, Offices of the House of Representatives.-8t. Sergeant-at- Arms. 82. Engrossing and EnroUing Clerks. 83. Journal and Printing Clerks 84. Western Grand Staircase.— Same in material and construction as that on east. See Engraving, p. 87. In the niche at the foot is a bust of Bee-she-kee the Buffalo, a warrior of the Chippewas of the Upper Mississippi, by F. Vincenti, 1854, bronze by Joseph Lasalle, 1858. Over the first landing is Westward Ho, a chromo silica by Emanuel Leutze, 1862, $20,000. This represents an emigrant train crossing the Rocky mountains. Below is The Golden Gate, harbor of San Francisco, by A. Bierstadt. In the ornamental border north is a medallion of Daniel Boone and south Captatf William Clarke, both early pioneers. , . , 85, 86. Committee on Naval Affairs.— They? ments printed by order of Congress, or either branch, and for the current sup- ply of Senators. [10. Senate Committee on Civil Service.] 14, Eastern Grand Staircase. — For Description see 28 Prin- ATTIC MOltY tt s o g CD ■ 3 ^ ATTIC STORY. eipai story. Galleries will seat 1,200 persons. — 15, Ladies : 17. Reserved ; 18. Diplo- ma iic : 19. Gentlemen : 20. Press Reporters, with desks and seats for about 60 representatives of the press ; 21. Ladies. 16. Corridor. 22. Ladies' Retiring Room. 23. Hall, richly stuccoed in emblematical figures. Here are the paintings of the Grand Canon of the Yeiloivstone a.ud Chasm of the Colorado, \>^ Thomas Moran, Pa., purchased respectively 187^ and 1874, $10,000 each. 24. Ante Room beautifully enriched in stucco. Exclusively for ladies. 25. Senate Committees on Private Land Claims; 26. Claims; 27. Revolutionary Claims; 28. Eastern Corridor; 29, 30. Com. on Print- ing ; 31. Western Corridor ; 32 Western Grand Staircase, see 51 /"rzw- ctpul i>tory, page 87 33, 34 Sen Com Public Buildings and Grounds. GRAND CORRIDOR AND MAIN ENTRANCE TO THR "HOUSE." (Sec No. 6o,p. i; ■ 35. To tne Illuminating Loft. 36. Senate Committee on Transportation. — Entered through 37. 37. Senate Committee on Pacific Railroads. — Tinted walls, and with out decoration. 38. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. 39. Elevator for use of Senators. (Ser Principal Storv., 4^.) 40. Senate Committee on Commerce. — A fine apartment, without deco ration. 41. Senate Committee on Mines and Mining. — A small room, withoui tpecial attraction. 42. Ante Room opening into No. 43 and Gentlemen's Galleries. 43. Press Reporters' Retiring Room.— A fine apartment, furnished for the use of members of the press entitled to the privileges of the gallery. There 106 ATTIC STORY. MAIN BUILDING- SOUTH WING. 44. Store Room for House Library. — Entered by the door in the gallery over the north door of the Statuary Hall. 45. Store Room connected with the document room of the House of Rep- resentatives. 46. Store Room of House Library. The room south is used for the same purpose. SOUTH OR " HOUSE" EXTENSION. 47. Eastern Grand Staircase. — See 64 Principal Story. The adjacent corridor leads to the Northern Corridor, Galleries, and I.^dies'' Retiring Rooms. 48. Northern Corridor. — The ceiling presents an interesting combination of circular flanked by groined arches and lunettes richly embellished with em- blematic figures and arabesques in stucco. 49. Library of the House of Representatives. — This is entered from the Northern Corridor. In this room are 15.000 volumes, though the entire library comprises 150,000 volumes, which embraces the floor library of the House of Representatives {Principal Story, ys) and the libraries of commit- tees. Owing to want of suitable accommodation, the galleries outside the peristyle of the Hall of Statuary and 44 and 46 Attic Story, are used for the stQrage of books. It is proposed, after the erection of a building for the accom- modation of the Library of the United States, to assign the magnificent suit of library halls {Principal Story, J and 6) to the uses of the documentary libraries of the two Houses of Congress. 50. Ladies' Galleries. — See No. 71 Principal Story ; also Diagrams. 51. Reserved Galleries ior /amilies 0/ Metnbers of the House of Repre- sentatives. See No 7/ Principal Story ; also Diagrams. 52. Reserved Gallery for members of the Diplomatic Corps. See No. 77 Principal Story : also Diagrams. 53. Press Reporters' Gallery, with desks and seats for about one hundred representatives of the press. 54. Reserved Gallery, exclusively for Ladies. 55. Gentlemen's Gallery. — See No. 71 Principal Story ; also Diagrams. The House Galleries will seat about 2,500 persons. 56. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. — No special attractions. 57. House Committee on the Judiciary. — The room is tmted and en- riched with stucco. 58. House Committee on Commerce — Walls simply tinted. 59. House Committee on Public Lands — No special attractions. 60 and 61. Ladies' Retiring Rooms. — Neatly and comfortably furnished and possessing every convenience. A tnatron is in constant atiendattce. These rooms are entered from the eastern corridor and gallery. 62. Press Reporters' Retiring Room, (entered through 64 and 63 from the western corridor,) and for the use of those entitled to the privileges of the gallery. There are conveniences for writing dispatches. Adjoining is a small cloak-room. 63. Press Telegraph Office {open during the sessions 0/ Congress). Twenty-four wires leave the building by means of three ten-wire cables, and beyond the Capitol Grounds, S., connect with the lines for all parts of the United States. There are also ten wires leading under the building to the Senate Office, and six wires to the connecting corridor, (59 Principal Story.) A switch enables the operators to form a connection with the lines to any part of the United States. 64. Ante-Room leading from the western corridor to the Press Telegraph Office ^wA Reporters'" Retiring Room. 65. House Committee on Pacific Railroads and Revolutionary Claims. 66. House Committee on Elections.— No attractions of special interest 67. — House Committee on Railways and Canals.— No special decora tion. 68. — House Committee on the District of Columbia. BASEMENT STORY. lOT 6g and 70. House Committees on the Militia and Mileage. 71. Western Grand Staircase.— 5^t. 37. 38, 39. Conference Room of the Supreme Court of the United States. — ^-j, Ante-Roo)n : 38, Conference Room; 39, Conference Room Lu brary. 40. Senate Baths, for the use of Senators. — Fitted up with marble baths and every convenience. I'here is also a water-cure apparatus and barber shop. 41. Vestibule. — The arched substruction supports the Greek vestibule above. The door E. opens at foot of — 42. Supreme Court Store Room and Files. 43. Staircases to Principal Story. — There are two of these, one in each wing of the main building. The general architectural design of that on the S. is peculiarly attractive. The vestibule E. is ornamented with columns in imita- tion of cornstalks, suggested by Jefferson, 44. Law Library, {oyen every day, except Sunday, same as Library of the United States, entered from No. 43.) — This apart- ment is semi-circular, with an arched recess towards the W., and a colonnade recess on the E,, back of which are the only windows. An arcade passage runs around the sweep of the circle, supporting a domical ceiling of masonry, rest- ing on heavy Doric columns, covering the entire room. The ceiling is groined upon the surrounding arches. In the tym- panum of the W. arch, in tbe recess, is a plaster relief, by Franzoni, representing a figure of Justice, and by her side Fame, crowned with a rising sun and pointing to the Consti- tution of the United States. The columns and piers of the arches of this room are heavy Doric. Some alterations were made in the original design of this room, owing to the fall of the vaulted ceiling, the result of defective construction. This led to the introduction of the columns, BASEMENT STORY. HI which have added greatly to the appearance of solidity, and have materially strengthened that part of the building. The alcoves for the books are arranged on the W. The room in the NE of the main hall is devoted to works on For- eign Law, Legislation. The inner rooftt to Trials. The stnail room on the NW. is set apart for Foreign Law Commentaries. The room by the entrance door is used for storage. The Library is a branch of the Library of the United States and for the special use of the Supreme Court of the United States. See page 82 for Description and History 0/ Library. THE ROOM OF THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS. (See p. I07.) CENTRAL BUILDING. 45. Crypt.— A circular space, consisting of a treble colon- nade, containing 40 Doric columns of the proportions of those of the Temple of Psestum, surmounted by groined arches running in radii direction, and supporting the floor of the Rotunda. The star in the pavement under the cen- tral arch denotes the exact centre of the Capitol. The grating in the pavement of the Crypt on the E. side leads to the vaulted passages below. The weight of the iron alone in the Dome is 8,009,200 lbs. 46. Headquarters Capitol Police. 47. Guard-Room, or Prison, for the temporary imprisoament of pencail 48. Steps to the Sub-bisemeni: and Undercroft. 49. Western Staircase, Icaiiiiig to the Rotunda. 50. Western Main Entrance of the Capitol. — (See No. 49.> 112 (JAPITOL INTEaiOR. 51. Senate Committee on Rules. Senate Committee on Manufactures. 52. Senate Committee on the Census. 53. Senate Committee on Education. 54 and 55. Store Rooms. 56. Room of the Territorial Delegates. 57. House Committee on Expenses in the Navy Department. 58. House Committee On Education and Labor. Here contumacious witnesses have been confined, 59. Coinage, Weights and Measures. DO. House Committee on the Revision of the Laws. 61. House Committee on Mines and Mining. CENTRAL BUILDING-SOUTH WING. 62. Vestibule. 6^. Corridor. — A. contitmation of the main corridor. 65. Offices Superintendent of the House Document Room. The ad- jacent rooms are used for folding and storing public documents. 64, 66, and 67. Offices of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. 68. Washington Branch Post Office, (entrance outside.)— Congressional matter is here received and mailed to destination. 69. Connecting Corridor. SOUTH OR HOUSE EXTENSION. 70. Main Corridor to the S. Entrance.— It is 143 ft. long and 25 It. wide, and consists of a fine colonnade of fluted marble columns on each side, with cap- ita Is formed of acanthus, tobacco, and corn leaves. The walls are scagliola, im'tating Sienna marble, the ceiling iron, and the floor encaustic tiles. 71. Refectory. — C/^w to the public. 72. House Committee on Indian Affairs.- Here is a collection of oil paintings, illustrating life among the Sioux Indians of Minnesota, painted in 1867-69 by Lieut. Col. Seth Eastman, a retired officer of the U. S.A. 73. Corridor. 74. House Baths, for the use of members of the House. There are 8 bath*. 4 of which are marble, and fitted up with all the elegance and appliances of the modern bath. 75. Eastern Stairway and Corridor. — No special decoration. 75. House Committee on Printing, — Walls simply tinted. 77. House Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. 78. Passage to steps to Sub-basement. (See No. 93.) On the same are tne locksmith's shop and ice and store rooms. . 79. Eastern Entrance and Vestibule. — The entrance opens from the ar- caded walk and vaulted carriage way beneath the eastern portico of the House Extension. The groined arches of the vestibule rest on 4 marble piers and cor- responding pilasters. The arches are decorated with stucco, and the wails are finished in scagliola. 80. House Post office, fitted up with bird's-eye maple cases, with boxes for each member and the officers of the House of Representatives. The room is without decoration. 81. House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. — The deco- ration consists of paneled walls, with a balustrade above the moulding. The ceiling is embellished with arabesques, two American eagles and shields, ani has an elliptical centre-piece formed of balusters, in fresco, 82. Room of the Official Reporters of Committees. 83. House Committees on Coinage, W^eights and Measures, and the Library. 84. House Committee on Territories. — Richly and appropriately deco- rated with Indians' weapons of war and the chase and implement of peace. In the spans of the arches is a runnins border, with introductions of fox and deer heads, and the smaller animal life peculiar to the plains. Under the im- post molding is a border of fruits and grains, with escutcheons bearing the BASEMEiNT STORY. 113 85. House Committee on Private Land Claims and Public Expen- ditures. — This room is without decoration. 86. Doorkeepers' Room. — Plain walls. 87. Newspaper and Index Room. — Here the newspaper subsciption- books for members are icept, each member being allowed $12$ annually for newspapers and stationery. The index, for journals and all public documents are also made here in pursuance of an order of Congress. 88. House Committee on Invalid Pensions. 89. House Committee on Claims. — Walls tinted. 90. House Committees on Agriculture and Manufac- tures. —Decorated by Brumidi in 18 )5, the first work of the kind done on the Capitol, and, with the exception of the panels, is frescoed throughout. On the ceiUngs are representations of the four seasons, symboHzed in Flora, Ceres, Bacchus, and Boreas. On the E. wall is a fresco representating Cincinnatus called from the plow to be Dic- tator of Rome. On the opposite wall is a corresponding scene, representing Putnam called from the plow to join in the battles of the Revolution. gi. Clerks' Document Room. — Through this ottice tne various executive departments and foreign legations in the United States are supplied with copies of documents printed by the two Houses of Congress. 92. Western Stairway and Corridor. — No decoration. 93. Steps to the Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, South Exten- sion. — (For description, see Sub-basenie7it.) The iron grating at the end of the passage was originjiUy designed for the ice used in the ventilation of the Hall of the Representatives during the summer months. Improved means have obviated the use of ice. Over this grating are the coils of steam pipes, measur- ing II miles, and used for heating the Hall of Representatives in winter. 94. House Committee on War Claims. — No decoration. 95. House Committee on Accounts. — Walls simply tinted. 96. Closets. o. — All rooms marked o indicate used for storage, c. c c. c— Courts. SUB-BASEMENT STORY. Under the entire building is a massive substruction or seat of masonry, con> sisting of piers and arches, upon which rears the mighty superstructure of the Capitol. NORTH OR SENATE EXTENSION. The sub-basement of the North or Senate Extension may be reached from Nos. 4 and 2r/, Plan of Basement Story. The former is the proper way for visitors. This will lead to the — Senate Heating and Ventilating Apparatus. — Open to visitors. The machinery employed consists of 4 fans, 2 for air and 2 exhaust ; 4 boilers, 3 engines, 2 steam-pumps, i for the 2 tanks in the loft over the Senate Chamber, and 1 for boilers ; 18 miles of steam-pipes in the entire Extension ; i vaporizer, 2 descending shafts from the loft of the Sttnate Chamber, and i ascending shaft into the open air, the outlet at the base of the Dome. The principal air-thaft enters from the glacis of the first terrace in the W. Park, 220 ft. from the building, the air being drawn in by a fan, and forced through a main air-duct into the air-space under the floor of the Senate, and thence into the Chamber by means of registers. The air supplied in winter is raised to a temperature of 68° to 70°, and in summer from 8° to 10° below the outer atmosphere. The temperature supplied to the galleries is some degrees lower, in order to coun> teract the animal heat which ascends to that portion of the Hall. A branch air-duct communicates with the galleries. The supply of fresh air is 30,000, and exhaust 40,000 cubic ft. a minute. The original apparatus was designed by Capt. M. C. Meigs, and the exhaust and other improvements by H. F. Hayden, Chief Engineer U. S. Senate. The engineer in charge will explaio 1J4 CAPITOL INTERIOR. CENTRAL BUILDING. The sub-basement of the Central Building may be reached by the steps No. 48, Plan 0/ Basement Story. There is also an entrance from the first terrace on the western front of the building, immediately below the main western entrance. The rooms on these Corridors are used for divers purposes, but of no special importance ; the rooms on the Southern Corridor, W. side, by the Engineei in Charge of the Public Buildings and Grounds. Here may be seen the original manuscript ''^o\xrr\3\% , letters, and other books and records of the com< missioners superintending the buiiding of the city, 1791-1800, and the records of a later period, and valuable early maps of the city. An attache will be found in the oflSce every day except Sundays and holidays. 1\it. key to the undercro/t is kept here. Visitors desiring to see this portion of the building will be kindly shown there by the person mentioned. The door at the end of the passage leading east from this corridor opens into a court across which is the — Model Room. — This consists of a subterranean gallery, built of brick and heavily arched. It foims a complete circle, and constitutes a portion of the foundation of the Dome. Within this is a smaller gallery, and in the exact centre the Undercroft, which see. In these galleries are plaster models of cap- itals of columns, cornices, mouldings, tiles, and statuary employed in the embel- lishment of the exterior and interior of the Capitol. The Undercroft or Vault beneath the Crypt, originally designed for the sarcophagus containing the remains of Washington. The Undercroft, the nave and transept, measuring each 10 feet in length, and about 6 in width, is cruci- form. Upon learning of the death of Washington, Congress, Dec. 24, 1799, passed resolutions appropriate to the sad event, and provided that a marble monument should be erected by the United States in the Capitol at Washington. The President was authorized to request the wife of the departed patriot to permit his body to be deposited under it. In response to the letter of the President, Mrs. Washington thus transmitted her assent : "Taught by the great example 1 have so long had before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I must consent to the request of Congress, which you had the goodness to transmit to me ; and in doing this I need not— I cannot — say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public duty." The wish of Congress was not carried out, and a subsequent request of the same character, in connection with the National Monument, was declined. SOUTH OR HOUSE EXTENSION. The sub-basement of the South or House Extension may be reached from Nos. 78 and gj. Plan 0/ Basement Story. The latter is the proper way for visitors. The steps from No. 93 lead directly to the— House Heating and Ventilating Apparatus.— The theory of ventilation of the South Extension is the same as tor the North, though not so elaborately carried out. One of the engineers will give any desired information. The machinery consists of 3 engines : No. i for the supply fan of the Hall of the Representatives ; No. 2 for the supply fan of the committee rooms and pas- sages ; and No. 3 for the exhaust fans ; 2 supply fans. 18 and 14 ft. in diameter; 2 exhaust fans, 10 ft. in diameter ; 5 boilers ; 3 water tanks in the loft above the Hall of Representatives ; 2 steam-pumps, i for the supply of the boiler, and i for the supply of the tanks ; and 30 miles of steam heating pipes. The air sup- plied in winter is raised to the same temperature applied to the heating and ventilation of the Senate, The supply of fresh air is about 40,000, and exhaust 50,000 cubic feet a minute. While here the visitor can have an opportunity of examining the foundauons of this part of the Capitol. The kitchens of the House Refectory are also here, The vaiJted rooms are used for storage and fuel. HISTORY. 115 Architects of the Capitol.— \jg2, Dr. William Thornton, of Penn., an amateur, designer of the Capitol ; 1793, Stephen Hallet, France; 1794, James Hoban, S. C; 179S, George Hadfield, England ; 1796, James Hoban, S. C; 1797, George Hadfield, England ; 1803, R. H. Latrobe, Md.; 1817, Charles Bulfinch, Mass.; 1851, Thomas U. Walter, Penn.; 1865, Edward Clark, Penn. History. — The site of the Capitol was chosen and approved by Washing- ton, in the original plans of the city, submitted to him by L'Enfant, and in the summer of 179X was located. On this occasion Mr. ElHcott drew the meridian and the E. and W. lines, at the intersection of which the Capitol was to stand. This having been accomplished, in March, 179a, the commissioners advertised in the newspapers in the principal towns and cities of the United States, offer- ing a premium of $500, or a medal, for a plan of a President's House and Capitol. In this matter Jefferson took an active interest. During his residence in Europe he had collected drawings of the fronts of celebrated public build- ings. These were now produced for examination. He suggested, in the present instance, that the style of architecture of the Capitol should be taken from some model of antiquity, and that the President's House should be modera THE CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1840. (EaStCm FaCadc.) In response to the advertisements a number of plans were submitted, but in the selection of one for the Capitol there was a variety of opinions. Apian by Dr. Wm. Thornton, of Penn, but materially altered and im- proved by others, was approved by Washington and submitted to Stephen Hallet, a French architect, who was intrusted with its execution. On Sept. 18, 1793, the corner-stone of the edifice, SE. corner, was laid by Brothei George Washington, assisted by the Worshipful Masters and Free Masons of the surrounding cities, the military, and a large number of people. The silver plate deposited in the cavity of the stone bore the following inscription : " This south-east corner-stone of the Capitol of the United" States of America, in the City of Washington, was laid on the i8th day of September, 1793, in the th rteenth year of American Independence, in the first year of the sec- ond term of the Presidency of George Washington, whose virtues in the civil administration of his country have been as conspicouous and beneficial, as his military valor and prudence have been useful in establishing her liberties, and in the year of Masonry 5793, by the President of the United States, in concert with the Grand Lodge of Maryland, several Lodges under its jurisdiction, and Lodge No. 22 from Alexandria, Virginia. "Thomas Johnson, David Stewart, and Daniel Carroll, Commissioners ; Joseph Clarke, R. W. G. M. P. T.; James Hoban and Stephen Hallatys, Ar- '.hitects : C'"JI»n Williamson, M. Mason." 16 HISTORY. After ascending from the cavazion, the Grand Master, P. T., Joseph Clarke, delivered an oration during which, at intervals, volleys were fired by the zrtilhry. The ceremony closed in prayer, Masonic chanting honors, and a national salute of 15 guns. ,- r iv» t>u 1 j The President wore the apron and full regalia of a Mason, i he gavel used was of ivory, and is still preserved as a treasured relic by Lodge No. 90! Georgetown. . , , After the dedicatory services the entire assemblage took part in a barbecue arranged for the occasion in the E. Park The N. Wing was ready for occupation in 1800. In the com- ?leted wing the Senate on the V. side, the House of Repre- sentatives on E., and the Su- preme Court in the basement, Srst held their sessions. In 1801 the House occupied a tem- porary structure called the "Oven," from its shape, erected on the site of the present S. Ex- tension. In 1S05 it returned to ^ its first apartment in the N. «■ Wing. In 1803 R. H. Latrobe rt was appointed Architect of the rt Capitol. This gentleman made ~ radical changes in the elevation ^ and ground plan of the build- t^ ing, raising the floor from the " carried out, and the entire structure, with terraces and grounds, was com- pleted in 13 years, at a cost, including alterations, repairs, &c,, and improve- ment of grounds, to 1851, when the Extensions were added, $2,690,459.21. In Sept., 1850, Congress passed an act authorizing the extension of the Capitol. Thomas U. Walter, the architect of Girard College, at Philadelphia, in June, 1851, submitted a plan of extension to President Fillmore. This was accepted, and Mr. Walter was designated to carry it into execution. The corner-stone of the S. extension was laid on July 4, 1851. The following is a copy of the record deposited beneath the corner- stone : " On the morning of the first daj' of the seventy-sixth year of the Independence of the United States of America, in the City of Washington, being the 4th day of July, 1851, this stone, designated as the corner-stone of the Extension of the Capitol, according to a plan approved by the President, in pursuance by of an act of Congress, was laid Millard Fillmore, President of the United States, assisted by the Grand Master of the Masonic Lodges, in the presence of many members of Congress; t.f officers of the Executive and Judiciary departments. Nation- al, State and District; ut officers of the Army and Navy ; the corporate authorities of this and neighboring cities ; many asso- ciations, civil and military and Masonic; officers of the Smith- sonian Institution and National Institute ; professors of colleges and teachers of schools of the District of Columbia, with their students and pupils ; and a vast concourse of people from places near and remote, including a few surviving gentlemen who witnessed the laying of the corner-stone of the Capitol by President Washington, on the eighteenth day of September, seventeen hundred and ninety- three. " If, therefo-e, it shall be hereafter the will of God that this structure shall fall from its base, that its foundation be upturned, and this deposit brought to the eye of men, be it known that, on this day, the Union of the United States of America stands firm ; that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, and with all its original usefulness and glory, growing every day stronger and stronger in the affections of the great body of the American people, and attract- ing T)o»-e. and more the admiration of the world. And all here assembled, whether >>elonging to public life or to private life, with hearts devoutly thankful 118 HISTORY OF CONGRESS. to Almighty God for the preservation of the liberty and happiness of the coun try- unite in sincere and fervent prayers that this deposit, and the walls and arcnes, the domes and towers, the columns and entablatures, now to be erected over it, may endure forever ! " God save the United States of America ! Daniel Webster, "Secretary of State of the United States." Daniel Webster, the orator of the day, concluded the ceremonies In 1855 Congress authorized the removal of the Dome, and the construction of a new one of iron, according to the plans of Architect Walter. The first Dome was built of wood. In the fire of 1851, which consumed the interior of the Library of Congress, this Dome was in imminent danger. Tnough'it escaped destruction, the lesson suggested its removal, which was done in 1856, In its place the erection of the present Dome of iron, finished m 1865, was undertaken. The inner shell of the first Dome was ornamented with panels cr caissons, and modeled after that of the Pantheon of Agrippa at Rome. It was smaller in size, the Dome of the Capitol being 96 ft. in height and diameter, and i22j^ ft to the skylight. The Dome cf the Pantheon was 142 ft. in diam- eter, which was about the same as the height, one-half being the height of the Dome and the circular opening for light 23 ft. in diameter. The outer shell of the Dome of the Capitol was higher in proportion than its original in Rome, The circular aperture at the apex was also covered by a cupola, around which there was a balustrade, reached by a stairway between the inner and outer shells. The access, however, was inconvenient and dangerous. On one occa- sion a lady slipped and fell upon the sash, breaking the glass, but was prevented from precipitation to the pavement of the Rotunda below by the strength of the frame. The work on the Capitol was continued through the war of the rebellion, i86i-'65. On December 12, 1863, at noon, the statue of Freedom which sur- mounts the Dome was placed in position. The flag of the United States was unfurled from its crest, and was greeted by the shouts of thousands of citizens and soldiers. A national salute of thirty-five guns was fired by a field battery in the E. Park, and was responded to by the great guns of the chain of forts constituting the defenses of the threatened capital of the Nation. The new Hall of the S. Extension was occupied by the House of Represen- tatives December 16, 1857, and that of the N. by the Senate January 4, 1859. The Capitol to date cost: Main Building 83,000,000; Dome, $1,000,000; Extensions N. and S., J58,ooo,ooo ; miscellaneous, $1,000,000. Total, $13, 000,- 000. (See description of the Capitol for details of its construction, embellish' mettts, and objects of mtrr est within its mighty walls. ) IIIST0E7 OF coiraBESs. The First Continental Congress, Peyton Ran- dolph, of Va., President met at Philadelphia in September, 1774, all the colonies except Geoi^ia being represented. The British king and minis- try were highly incensed at these " persons, styling themselves delegates of his majesty's colonies in America, having presumed, without his majesty's consent, to as- semble together at Phila delphia." The royal disap- probation of the proceed- HISTORY OF CONGRESS. 119 iiij na(l no effect whatever. This Congress met May lo 1775, at Philadelphia, Aiiiu agi..ii chose Peyton Randolph, of Va., President; but owing to severe illness he resigned, and on May 24, John Hancock was chosen. Since this gathering tk( American Congress, Continental or General, as it has been variously styled, hai had an unbroken line of succession. Under the Articles of Confederation^ executed at Philadelphia July 9, 1778, Congress met annually on the first Mon- day in November. 1 he first Congress under tht Constitution commenced March 4, 1789, held twc sessions in New York City, and subsequently met in Philapelphia, Dec. 6, 1/90. Here it remained until June, 1800, when the executive branch of the Go-ernmentwas transferred from Philadelphia to the Permanent Seat of Gov- ert^ment^ and future Capitol of the Republic, established by act of 1790, on the bai^ks of the Potomac. The 6th Congress, 2d Session, the first which met in the City of Washington^ assembled there on Nov. 17 (third Monday), 1800. On Nov. 22, the President of the United States, John Adams, in person, deliv- ere J an address to the two Houses of Congress assembled in the Senate Cham- bei of the Capitol, then in one of the apartments now occupied by the Supreme Cojrt of the United States, and felicitated them upon an occasion so gratify- ing. Since that time, with the exception of a brief interruption after the de- struction of the interior of the building by the British in 1814, Congress has made its home in the Capitol. Congress meets under the Constitution on the first Monday in December of each year, unless otherwise provided by law. The Senate, composed oi two Senators from each State, chosen by the Leg- islatures ofthe same for six years, exercises executive as well as legislative functions. The Vice President ofthe United States is ex ojfficio President of the Senate. In event of a vacancy the Senate elects a President /r^ iem^ote. The House of Represen. . .., ^omposcu or members chosen every second year by the people ofthe several States, apportioned by act of Congress according to population. The ratio of representation, now in vogue, under the census of 1870, is 1 to 131,425 souls, or 292 Representatives and i Delegate w'thout a vote for each Territory. The '-'^ouse elects its own presidint^ '.^cer. 120 PRESIDENT S HOUSE. PRESIDENT'S HOUSE. The official residence of the President of the United States of Amerioa stands on the W. plateau of the city, 1^ m. from the Capitol. In the earlj^ official plans and documents it is designated the Presidenfs House, but has been since styled the Execidive Mansion^ and popularly the ''''White Housed The Pennsylvania-av. street cars pass in front. Grounds. — The edihce stands on Reservation No. 1, known as the President's grounds, which comprise 80f acres. The north, or main entrance to the building is reached from Pa. av., by a semicircular drive entered through two massive gateways. The grounds are tastefully laid out with walks, trees, shrubbery, and fountains. The grounds on the south are private. Here on Saturdays, from 6 to 8 P. M. during the summer, the United States Marine Band dis- courses excellent music. The stately edifice, 450 ft. west, contains the Siaie, War, and N^avy De- partments, and the proposed executive office in the north pavihon ; that on the east contains the Treasury Department. Across Pa. av. north is Lafay- ette Square, with its statue of Jackson, while south, across a broad expanse of lawn, lake, and winding drive (Executive Avenue) are the Washin^on Monument and the broad Potomac, with the hills of Virginia and the City ol Alexandria in the distance. The structure nearby to the S. W., is the Presi- dent's Stables. PLAN OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY, PRESIDENT'S HOUSE. The Building.— The President's House {East Room open to visitiors every day, except Sundays, and private parlors by special permission, from 10 a. m. to 8 p. m.) built of freestone painted white, is 170 ft. long by 86 ft. wide, two stories high, broken by pilasters of the order, and crowned with a bahistrade. On the N. is a grand portico, of 8 Ionic col- umns, with corresponding pilasters in the rear, affording 122 FRUSIDENM' S TIOUSF.. a shelter for carriages and pedestrians. The S. front is adorned with a lofty semi-circular colonnade of 6 Ionic col- umns, resting on a rustic basement, and reached by 2 flights of steps. On the W, are the conservatories. The general style is a modification of the residence of the Duke of Leinster, Dnblu. THE EAST ROOM (jARVIS 1. Main or North entrance, and vestibule 40x50 ft., is tastefully frescoed. A sash screen dividing the latter forms a private corrvdor (No. 14) within. 2. Official Stairway, leading to the Cabinet room and Executive offices. 3. East Room, designed originally as a Banquet Hall, and so used as late as 1837, is 80x40 ft , and 22 ft. high. The style of decoration is pure Greek, executed in 1873, ceiling in oil, v/alls in embossed paper, the dado, columns, girders, cornice, and carved mantels in wood in white and gilt ; mirrors and richly upholstered furniture and hangings add to the attractions of the room. The full-length portrait of Washington was purchased by a committee of Con- gress in 1803, for $2,000, for a Gilbert Stuart. Its genuineness, however, on apparently competent authority, is disputed. The original was painted for Gardner Baker, of New York, 1794-5. It fell into other hands and was offered to the Com. Cong, for the President's House. Having purchased it, Winstanley, an English artist, was directed to pack and forward it. The charge is that he made a copy and sent that to Washington, and took the original to Europe. When discovered, there was no redress. The original came into possession of Earl Lansdowne, and on his death into the hands of a London merchant, from whom it passed into the hands of Delaware Lewis. The claimed original was exhibited in the English loan collection at the Centennial Exposition of i8'76. The portrait, upon the advance of the British in 1814, was saved by Mrs. Mad- ison, who had it taken from the frame and carried to a point of safety. The Martha Washington, is by E. F. Andrews, of Ohio, 1878, $3,000. The dress is an authentic copy of the costume of the time, made in Paris for a lady of wealth, to be worn at the Martha Washington Centennial tea-party at Phila- delphia, 1876. This room is now part of the suite for receptions. 4. Green Room, 30x20 ft., so-called from the predominant color The portrait of Mrs. R. B. Hayes, by D. Huntingdon, 1881, $3500, jiras pre- sented to the Government by the Hayes' Temperance Testimonial Commission of the U. S., March 1881. The frame, carved by the ladies of the School of Design, Cincinnati, presented by the ladies of that city, cost $vx). president's house THB BLUB PARLOR (JARVIS). 5, The Blue Room, a beautiful apartment, 40x30 ft., oval in form and fin. isned in blue and gilt ■, furnishings in blue damask. The chandelier is crystal and gilt In this room th^ President receives on occasions of Public or Pri- vate Receptions , als^ the President's wile it her Dra ving Rooms srAri-: diniv.. .< om (jakvis). 6. Red Room, 30x20 ft. , tastefully furnished and contains many articles of '"^''state Dining Room, 40x30 feet, contains a dining table to seat 38 per- sons and table ornaments of a tasteful character. J\.^ china set in use con- SS'of 500 pieces, by Haviland & Co., Limoges, 1880, representing the Fauna and Flora of America, cost $15,000, the government paymg $3,000 124 president's house 8. Passage and Entrance to the conservatories a/id stairway to kitchens, laundry, servants' quarters, etc., in the basement, p. Butler's Pantry. lo, Dining Room, contains fine mahogany buffets, exhibiting some of the State service, and richly furnished, n. Private Stairway. 12. Small 'Waiting Room. 13. Elevator. 14. Grand Corridor, thrown open during receptions. The portraits of Presidents John Quincy Adams, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, Fillmore, and Pierce, are by Geo. P. A. Healy, 1857, ^r busts, ^800, and full lengths, $1,000; Jack- son, by E. F. Andrews, 1880, $150, after Alfred Sully, of Pa., 1835 ; Lincoln, by W. Coggswell, 1867, $3,000; Grant, by Henry Ulke, 1879, $800; Buchanan, by Andrews, 1880, $400, after family portraits ; and Garfield, by Andrews (life), 1882, $1500. PLAN OF THE SECOND FLOOR, EXECUTIVE MANSION. I. Official Stairway. 2. Ante-Room to President's office. 3. Cabinet Room, or President's office. The President sits at the south end of the table. The Secretaries of State on his right. Treasury on his left. War right. Navy left, Postmaster-General right, Attorney-General" left, and the Sec- etary of the Interior at the north end. The furnishings of the room are rich. Here is a portrait of John Hampden, leader of the Long Parliament in the time of Cromwell, attributed to Van Dyck ; presented to Congress by John McGregor, i>I. P., accepted 1857 ; and a plaster copy of the head of Lincoln, from life, by L. W. Volk, i860. 4. Private Secretary's Room. 5. Executive Clerks and Record Room. 6. Public Corridor. 7. Office. 8 Ante-Room. 9, 10, and 11. Chambers. 12. Elevator. 13. President's Chamber. 14. Dressing Room. In this latter room the post-nionciii examination of the remains of President Lincoln was made. 15. Private Corridor, containing portrait of Mrs. John Tyler, by F. Anelh. 16 and 17. Chambers. In 17 President Garfield lay when suflfer- ing from the a.ssa.ssin's bullet, 16 being a dressing-room. These rooms have been used by the Presidents for a long line of years. 18. State Bed Chamber. (See page 126.) 19. Library, containing cases for books. This room is tasteful in decoiation and furnishing. The Desk was made from the teak timbers of the Arctic ship Resolute (picked up at sea 1855, and restored to the British Government), pre- sented to the United States by the British Admiralty, 1880. Here ^re portraits of Presidents John Adams, by Edgar Parker, of Mass., after Gilbert Stuart, 1876, ti5o; Jefferson, by Stuart, purchased 1876, $1,000; Madison, by Parker, after tuart, $150; Monroe, by Parker, after Stuart, $150; Harrison, by Andrews, »879, $150, after J. H. Beard, 1840; Taylor, by Andrews, 1879, $150, after J. Vanderiyn, 1850; Johnson, by Andrews, 1880, $200. The head of Washington is a copy of Houdon's plaster cast from life, at Mt. Vernon, executed in bronze by Robert Wood & Co., 1874. by order of the Secretary of War. ^^^F>I1)K.NT'S HOUSE. 125 fPPilil THB STATB BBD CHAMBBR (JAKVJS;. History — The president's House, or " Palace," so styled in the earlier doc- uments, was the first of the public buildings erected. On March 14, 1792, the Com- missioners of the city advertised for plans for a President's House and Capitol. On July 16, 1792, these were examined at Georgetown. The first premium of $500 was awarded to James Hoban, of Charleston, S. C, for the plan of a President's House. On Oct. ij, 1792, the Commissioners, accompanied by the Freemasons, architects, and the inhabitants of Washington and Georgetown, marched in procession to the site selected for the President's House, and there, with appropriate and solemn ceremonies, laid the corner-stone of that structure. The work was conducted under the direction of Mr. Hoban, the architect, and MTM prosecuted under the same difficulties which surrounded the Capitol. Mr. PRESIDENT S UOUSE — SOUTH FRONT. The first President to occupy the building was John Adams, who took in Nov., 1800, after the removal of the public offices to the permanent Sea't of Gov- ernment. Previous to that time the Executive of the United States was without a home owned by the nation. In New York and Philadelpliia reeted houses were occupied. The building up to 1814 had cost $355,207. The President's House was destroyed by the Bnnsh in itl^. A^' - ' e evacua- 'ioB the President occuoied a fine residence on the corner of Kew "i *-, . . and i8«b 126 PRESIDENT S HOUSE. St NW., known as the " Octagon, "recently used by the hydrographic office of the Navy Department. In 1815 Congress authorized the restoration of the Prestdent's House, which was done by Hoban, the original architect. It was not agda ready, however, till after 1818 In 182J the S. portico, in 1826 the East Room, and in 1829 the N. portico were finished. Since that time the interior of the structure has been subject to frequent renovations and repairs. It is entirely unsuitable, how- ever, for the purposes to which it is now applied : executive offices and private res- idence. Congress has now under consideration a proposition to erect a suitable and exclusively private mansion in the suburbs of the capital for the residence of the President's household, and the conversion of the present building into execu- tive offices. The total appropriations for the erection and maintenance of the Pres- ident's House from 1800 to date amounts to $1,700,000. For formalities and yeccpiioiis^ see General Information— THB CABTNRT ROOM fTARVIS • Fresidents 0/ the United States 0/ America. — 1. George Washington, Va., 8Q-1797, Federalist; 2. John Adams, Mass., 1797-1801, Fed.; 3. Thomas Jef- 'son, Va., 1801-1809, Republican; 4. James Madison, Va., 1809-1817, Rep.. . James Monroe, Va , 1817-1825, Rep.; 6. John Quincy Adams, Mass , 1825- 829, Rep.; 7. Andrew JacKson, I'enn,, 1029-1837, Democrat; 8. Martin Van Buren, N. Y., 1837-1841 D*m.; 9 VVilliam Henry Harrison, Ohio, 1841, I mo.. Whig; 10. John i'y'er, Va., 1841-1845, elected a VVhig; 11. James K. Polk, Tcnn., 1845-1849, Dem.; 12. Zackarv Taylor, La, 1849-1850, Whig'; 13. Millard Fillmore N. Y., 1850-1853, Whig ; 14. Franklin Pierce, N. H., 1853-1857, Dem.; 15. James Buchanan, Penn., 1857-1861, Dem.; 16. Abraham Lincoln, 111., 1861-1865, Rep.; 17. Andrew Johnson, Tenn., 1865-1:869, elected a Republican; 18. Ulysses S. Grant Ul., 1869-1877, Rep.; 19. R. B. Hayes, Ohio, 1877-81, Rep.; 20, 1881, James A. Garfield, Ohio, Repw 21, 1881, Chester A. Artliti'-, N. Y., Rep. A'be Executive. — The Executive poiver ot the United States (Const., 1787, Alt. II., Sec. 1) is vested in a President, who holds office for four years, »nd a Vice-Presiderx, chosen for the same term. No person except a natural DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 127 born citizen of the United States, having attained to the age of 35 years, is eiig- ib'e to the office. The President and Vice-President are elected by electors in each State, as prescribed by Article XII., Amendments to the Constitution of the United States (1804), the Acts of Congress of March i, 1792, and January 23, 1845, and State law enacted in compliance therewith. After the Vice-Presi- dent the President of the Senate /r^ te>npore, or, if none, the Speaker of the Houseof Representatives, for the time being, is authorized to act as President until the disability be removed or a President elected. The declination or resigna- tion of the President or Vice-President must be in writing, and delivered into the office of the Secretary of State. The te7'in of office commences iMarch 4th, after the election, if Sunday, on the day following; no inaugural ceremony is required, except that the oath per- scribed by the Constitution be taken. This solemn duty is performed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The President's salary is $50,000 per annum, and the use of the furniture and effects belonging to the United States and kept in the Executive Mansion. The official household consists of a private and assistant secretaries, two ex- ecutive clerks, one steward and one messenger.- The j/^ze/tzr^/of the President's household, under the direction of the President, is responsible for the plate, furniture and other public property in the President's House, and must give a bond to the United States for a fiithful discharge of his trust. Jefferson was the first President inaugurated in Washington The first inaugural address delivered outside the Senate Chamber was by Monroe. The executive has no powers except in conjunction with the legislative branch. Previous to the adoption of the Constitution the executive power was vested in Congress. DEPARTMENT OF STATE. The Department of State, (opm daily from 9^ a. m. to 2^ p. m., except Thursdays, devoted exclusively to the diplomatic corps, and Saturdays, during sessions of Congress, to members,) occupies the S. pavilion of the imposing edifice, immedi- ately W. of the President's House. Tlie Building: — This vast structure, erected for the accommodation of the Departments of State, War and Navy, designed bv A. B. Mullett, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, consists of three harmonious buildings united by connecting wings, and together forming in design and exe- cution, the finest edifice of the kind in the world. The style is the Roman Doric (Italian Renaissance), originally treated. It combines the massive proportions of ancient with the elegance of modern architecture. The dimensions from N. to S., including pavilion projections and steps, are 567 ft., and from E. to W. 342 ft., or exclusive of projections, 471 ft. N. and S. and 253 ft. E. and W. The greatest height from the terrace level over all is 128 ft. There is a sub-basem&nt and basement of Ma'ine granite, and 128 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. superstructure of Virginia granite, comprising four stories in tlie pavilions of tbie N". and S. facades, and one in the roof, and live stories and one in the roof in the E. and W. cen- tre paviUons. The whole is crowned by an artistically de- signed mansard roof. The building was commenced in 1871, and the S. pavilion finished and occupied by the Depart- ment of State in 1875. The entire structure has 150 rooms, and cost $5,000,000. The building has four facades of equal importance, the N and S., and the E. and W. being respectively counterparts There are two courts into which there are four private car riage ways from the E. and W. The E. and W. facades pre- sent the appearance of a centre and two lateral wings. The centre is connected with the N. and S. by two wings. There are four grand entrances by the N., S. and, E. W. centres of the pavilions approached by massive flights of steps through the projecting porticoes. The platforms are of im- mense blocks of granite, weighing over 20 tons each. There are four other entrances of less importance. The building is absolutely fire-proof. All the stone was dressed in the quarries. The sub-basement is devoted to storage, fur- naces and engines, the basement to bindery, storage and clerks' rooms. The remaining stories are divided into splendid apartments, for the uses of the various bureaus of the Department. Objects of Interest. — A grand corridor, 15 ft. wide, and paved with marble, traverses each floor of the building from E. to W., and may be reached by an elevator from the basement to the attic. On the second floor, looking S. over the Potomac, is a magnificent suite of apartments for the use of the Secretary of State and his assistants. The Diplomatic Reception Room (4 and 6) is a sumptuous salon decorated in the Germanized Egyptian, in distemper, with marquetry floor, and furnishing of ebonized woods and gold brocade. On the walls are portraits of Daniel Webster by Geo. P. A. Healy, 1843, ^"d Lord Ashburton by the same, 1848, purchased by Congress, 1879, J3 ,000 each, from the widow of Fletcher Web- ster, and represent the principals in the negotiations of 1842, which settled the northern boundary question. On the consoles over the mantels are bronze heads by Bartholdi, 1876, E. Barbidienne Paris, of Washington and Lafayette. The rooms of the Secretary of State (12), First^ Second and Third Assis- tants, and Chief Clerk on the same range, are chastely decorated in distem- per. The Diplo-tratic Ante Room at the W. end of the corridor contains a fife-size portait of the Bey of Tunis, sent by special envoy, 1865, with a letter of condolence on the assassination of President Lincoln. Also of W. H. Seward, by Rufus Wright, and Daniel Webster, by Pope, from life. In the Ante Room at the E. end of the corridor is a collection of photographs and crayons of the Secretaries of State, commenced in 1865. On the third story is the Library. The alcoves in four tiers are entirely of iron. Overhead is a glass canopy. The whole is finished in tint and gilt. The collection 0/ works embraces the finest library on questions of diplomacy on the continent. There are also many objects of historic value, including the original draft of the declaration of Independence, and the desk upon which it was wqitten, presented by Jefferson to James Coolidge, jr., of Mass., and presented to the U. S. by his heirs, 1880; also the original instrument signed; CJeorge Washington's sword, purchased 1880 by Congress, and commission as 130 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. commander-in-chief; staff of Benjamin Franklin ; treaties with England and Sweden, with immense seals ; a fac simile of a treaty between the Atlienians and Chalcideans, 446-4^5 B. C, in the time of Pericles, engraved on a slab of Pentalic marble, found in 1876 in the S. wall of the Acropolis at Athens, and other objects of interest. In the Department are the original rolls of all the laws 0/ the United States, the original drafts of Revoluiionary Documents, the Federal Consti- tution, the Diplomatic and Consular archives, including treaties and other documents of historic value from the foundation of the government. The columns, pilasters, casings and beams in the corridors are of iron, the doors throughout are of Honduras Mahogany. The spacious stairvjays ai either end of the corridors are of granite, with exquisite bronze balusters ; over head is a _£.ucco canopy. There is an electric clock on each floor. The floors are of white Vermont and black Pennsylvania marbles. Secretaries 0/ State — 1789, Thomas Jefferson, Va.; 1794, Edmund Ran- dolph, Va.; 1795, Timothy Pickering, Mass.; 1800, John Marshall, Va.; 1801, James Madison, Va.; 1809, Robert Smith, Md.; 1811, James Monroe, Va.; 1817, John Q. Adams, Mass.; 1825, Henry Clay Ky.; 1829, Martin Van Buren, N. Y.; 1831, Edward Livingston, La.; 1&33, Louis McLane, Del.; 1834, John Forsyth, Ga.: 1841, Daniel Webster, Mass.; 1843, Hugh S. Legare, S. C; 1843, A. P. Upshur, Va.; 1844, John Nelson, Md.; 1844, J. C. Calhoun. S. C; 1845, James Buchanan, Penn.; 1849, J. M. Clayton, Del.; 1850, Daniel Webster, -Mass.; 1852, Edward Everett, Mass.; 1853, W. L. Marcy, N. Y.; 1857, Lewis Cass, Mich.; i860. Jer. S. Black, Penn.; 1861, W. H. Seward, N. Y.; 1869, E. B. Washburne, 111.; 1869, Hamilton Fish, N. Y; 1877, William M. Evarts.N.Y. 1881, James G. Blaine, Me. r8Si. FreH'^Hck T. Frpi;.icrV„ven every day, except Sunday ,/ro7n 12 a. m. to 3/. tn.) The Chief Signal Officer of the Army, under who^e direction the national weather observations are made, occupies two contiguous brick buildings on G street, W. of the War Department. The wires entering the building con- nect the office with the different stations in all parts of the country, through the lines of the general telegraphic companies. The entrance /or visitors \% by the door No. 1719. Ascend to the Instru- ment Room, in the fourth story. Here may be seen the apparatus employed in the various meteorological observations, including tiic barometer for atmos- pheric pressure, and to indicate the passage of storms ; the thermotneter, mercurial and spirit, for temperature ; the hygrometer, humidity ; the anetn- onieter, for velocity of the wind ; the ivind-vane, or anemoscope, for direction of the wind ; and rain gauge, for rain-fall. On the roof of the huilaing a.TG rain-gauges, wind-vanes, and anemometers, with self-registering instruments in room below. There is a complete set of self- On Nov. 1, 1870, at 7 35 a. m.. the first systematized synchronous meteoric reports ever taken in the United States were read from the instruments by the observer sergeants of the signal service at 24 stations, and placed upon the tele- graphic wires for transmission. In Oct., 1871, the display of cautionary sig- ^als was inaugurated at ports on the Atlantic and the Gulf coast and the north- ern lakes. The sphere of usefulness of this important service is annually ex- tended. History of the Depar t m e n t : — Prior to 1 789 the Sec- retary of War was charged with the di- rect management of the military affairs of Congress. The office was created an ex ecutivc department .-Vugust 7, 1789. 'I'he Secretary was then required to execute the orders of the President of the United States in all matters respecting military, naval or Indian affairs. The Secretary of War is now restricted un- der tne direction of the President to jurisdiction over the military service only. He is ejc oj- /Icio a member of the Cabinet. 140 NAVY DEPARTMENT. NAVY DEPARTMENT. The Navy Department {open every day, except Sunday, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) occupies the south half of the east connecting wing of the State, War and Navy Department Building. {For description of the general building gee page 127, and for east wing page 138.) The Naval Observatory, Navy Yard and Marine Barrackft are described under their appropriate heads. The Nautical Almanac office for the computation of astronomical tables for the Observatory the Navy and Merchant service, established 1849, at Cam Dridge, Mass., and removed to Washington, 1866, is also in quarters away from the Department. Objects of Interest in the Building : Basement. — In the Hydrographic office where charts are made and the depot of all hydrographic information for the use of the navy and commerce, is the largest chart printing press in the United States. The sub-basement, entered from themiddlesiairs, contains the machinery,heatlng and ventilating apparatus. The First Floor contains Bureau offices. On the Second Floor (Room 97) is the Office of the Secretary 0/ the Navy, a magnificent apartment with Marquetry floor, walls finished in gilt and colors in the Greek style of decoration; furnishings very rich. The chief clerics office adjoining is also a fine room. The Third Floor is devoted to the Bureaus of the Department. On the Fourth Floor is tiie Library in the centre pavilion, the walls, ceil- ings, gallery-flooring, wainscoting and cases of cast iron, and floor encaustic tiles. The panels in the walls consist of marbles, the red being Griotte, the CTeen, Alpine; the yellow, Sienna, and the chocolate, Lake Champlain, (Vt.) The niches are finished in bronze, cast iron plates, and in each are artistic gas brackets, in pure bronze, cast 1880, by Bureau Brothers and Heaton, of Philadelphia, in the first story the figures representing 6'£-/>«c^, War^ Industry and Liberty, those in the gallery being allegorical of the Navy. The dome or skylight overhead consists of heavy iron frames, and white and colored glass. The arrangement is in two stories with a gallery and archways on the N. and S. sides leading to the alcoves for books and hand elevators. Fifth Floor. In the center pavilion the door leads to the gallery 0/ the Library, Overhead is a beautiful skylight of iron and colored glass. The grand stair-ways of six flights each, four being geometrical, lead from the attic to the sub-basement, are wonders of construction, no two steps being alike, and being let into the wall 16 inches, and firmly wedged, forming a cantilever. The bronze balusters, 1106 in number, cast by the Hopkins and Dickinson Manu* iacturing Co., cost $5.50 each, and are exceedingly fine. The hand rails and newel posts, are massive and rich in finish, being mahoganyfrom CentralAmerica. All the corridor floors are tiled in alternate white and black marble from Swanton, Vt The upper landings are black marble from Glen Falls, N. Y. Secretaries of the Navy. — The War Department had charge of Naval affairs until 1798. 1798, George Cabot, Mass., declined; 1798, Benjamin Stod- dert, Md. ; 1801, Robert Smith, Md. ; 1805, Jacob Crowninshields, Mass.; 1809, Paul Hamilton, S. C. ; 1813, William Jones, Pa. ; 1814, Benjamin W. Crowninshields, Mass.; 1818, Smith Thompson, N. Y. ; 1823, John Rogers, Mass. ; 1823, Samuel L. Southard, N. J. ; 1829, John Branch, N. C. ; 1831, Levi Woodbury, N. H ; 1834, Mahlon Dickerson, N. J.; 1838, James K. Pauld- ing, N. Y. ; 1841, G. E. Badger, N. C ; 1841, A. P. Upshur, Va. ; 1843, David Henshaw, Mass. ; 1844, T. W. Gilmer, Va. ; 1844, J. Y. Mason, Va. ; 1845, George Bancroft, Mass.; 1846, John Y. Mason, Va. : 1849, W. B. Pre.ston Va. 1850, W. A. Graham, N C; 1852, J. B. Kennedy, Md.; 1853, J- C. Dobbin, N. C.; 1857, Isaac Toucey, Conn.; 1861, Gideon Welles, Conn.; 1869, A. E. Bone, Pa.; 1869, G. M. Robeson, N. J.; 1877. Richard W. Thompson, Ind,.- r38o, Nathan Goff, Jr.; 188., Wm. H. Hunt. La. 142 iiA.\Y LUiPAitlMl^Al, History cV «tW Department. — Until April, 1798, the naval service was under the War Department. Then it was given a sep- arate organization, and the chief offi- cer, who is ex offi- cio a member of the President's Cabi- net, was called the Secretary of the _^ Navy. He was i^ required to execute all the orders of the President affecting the naval establish- ment and marine corps. In 1862 the Bureaus of the De- partment were or- ganized, and all the details of adminis- tration under the Secretary of the Navy are per- formed by them. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. This department {(ypen every day, except Sunday, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) occupies offices in the vast structure known as the Patent Office. (For description see page 144.) Objbcts op Inthrbst (Main Floor).— The Office of the Secretary of the Interior, zX. the south end of the E. corridor, a fine apartment containing a Collection of Crayons of the Secretaries of the Interior, by Henry UIke, of Washington, i88i, ^loo each, and oil paintings of Secretaries Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, and Caleb B. Smith, of Ind., by J. M. Stanley, 1861, $100 each, the Office of the Lommtssioner of Patents, on the N. corridor, where will be found a set oi engravings of the Commissioners, including a portrait of Dr. IVilliam Thornton of Penn., designer of the original plan of the Capitol, and Superintendent of Patents in the State Department, 1803-1827. A very valu- able portrait oi Robert Fulton, of Penn., one of the inventors of the steam- boat, and painted by himself; Fulton studied under Benjamin West, of Penn., president of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, London. Also 8 artist proof engravings oi celebrated inventors from original paintings in the collection of and presented by B. Woodcroft, of the Great Seal Patent Office, London. The Department Library, on the N. corridor, containing over 6,000 volumes for die use of employees in the building ; the Patent Office Library on the S. corridor, containing over 7,000 volumes bearing upon the mechanic and useftil arts, and for reference in the library room, and the Indian Office where some- umes may be seen the representatives of Indian nations, who have been brought to the Capitol in connection with negotiation of treaties or business arising under them. The remaining offices in the bpilding possess no par- ticular interest to the general visitor. For description of Model Museum see page 147. Bureau of Education. — {Open every day, except Sunday, from 9 a. m. - Interior, the heai of which was to \> called the Secreta ry of the Interior and is ^jjt ojfficio member of the Cab inet. He is charge, with affairs relating to the Territories o the United States, patents, publi lands, pensions Indians, census education, and th* beneficiary asy I lums intheDistrici i] of Columbia be longing to the Gov ernment. THE U. S. PENSION BUILDING. The massive and imposing structure known as the U. S. Pension Building, occupies the northern portion of Judiciary Square, fronting on F and G Sts. N., and 4th and 5Lh Sts. W., and may be reached by the Mttropolttan and Belt Lines of Horse Cars, leaving the former at the corner of F and 5th Sts., and the latter at the corner of G and 4th Sts., n. w. Entrances: — There are four entrance Gates one in the middle of each front as follows : North (G St.) The Gate of The Invalids. South (F St. ) The Gate of The Line. • East (4th St.) The Naval Gate. West (5th St.) The Gate of The Staff. Building— (Exterior.) The building is in the renaissance stjj/le of the Roman Palares, and was designed by Gen. M. C. Meigs, U. S. A., Superintending Engineer and Architect, late Quartermaster-General U. S. A. It differs from other public edifices in the city in its simplicity of plan and details. It consists of a building 42' wide and three stories high surrounding a Roman Cortile or court yard. The entire structure is 400' from E. to W., and 200' from N- to S., constructed of brick, terra cotta and iron. To the cornice it is 75', and to the ridge of the central roof covering the Cortile 149' in height. The ground plan covers 144 U. S PENSION BUILDING. 80,000 sq. ft. or nearly 2 acres. The extent of the unbroken facades, which unlike other public buildings in the city preserve but a single alignment, gives the building a dignity, which is not frittered away in a multitude of details. The windows are dec- trated with pilasters supporting regular entablatures, cornices and THE U. S. PENSION BUILDING. \^The icene of the Graitd Ball in honox of the Inatiguration of Grover Cleveland^ President of the United States, March 4, 1885. J pediments in the two upper stories. In the lower story a hori- zontal cornice alone supported by consoles and molded architraves crowns the windows. The pilasters, cornices, consoles and other ornamentations of the windows are executed in terra cotta, pressed and molded brick and the exterior wall is faced with the molded brick in red mortar. The long unbroken lines of windows as separated by molded belt courses of brick and terra ;otta at each story, The entire outer walls are surmounted by a ieep cornicione executed in molded brick and terra cotta decorated ^ith rosettes and lion'.*- heads and supporting a copper eave- ;rough or gully. The belt course or frieze at the level of the second story is 3' high and 1,200' long executed in terra cotta by ihe Boston Terra Cotta Company, from designs by C. Buberl, md represents a marching column about one fourth of a mile in ictual length including all the branches of the line and staff of the irmy in campaign, and also a detachment of sailors in boats. The different divisions are marked by the sculptures, over the main gates or entrances to the Cortile, as the South, the Line, West, the Staff and Department of Supply, North, the Invahds and East, the Navy. These are extremely interesting. The roof consists of an iron frame to be constructed by the U S PENSION BUILDING. 145 Pittsburgh, Pa., Bridge Co., covered with hollow terra cotta tiles 4'' thick, 2! long and i' wide. These tiles are incombustible and good non conductors. They take the place of ordinary plank sheathing of roof frames and will be covered with sheet metal. The iron work of the roof of the lower parts of the building weighs 137 tons and that over the Cortile 317 tons. Interior. — The interior of the building is an Italian Cortile or court yard, excepting that it is roofed and thus convened into a grand hall 3i6'xii6' and 120' high. This central hall is surrounded by arcaded galleries resting on two tiers of columns 152 in number supporting molded arches. The lower columns are Doric and constructed of terra cotta blocks covered and finished with cement and the upper Ionic of cast iron thus forming three stories within, first 20'', second 22'9" ard third 19' high, and open- ing into rooms of the same heightand of standard size 26'x37'. The centre of the hall is separated from the ends by two open screens formed of two rows, each f.ur columns 75' tall and 7^' in diameter, with molded and enriched terra cotta bases, and a brick shaft surmounted by elaborate Corinthian capitols, from the order of the Temple of the Parthenon in Rome, which carry the upper portion and roof of the central hall. The columns stand on a concrete foundation 17' deep. This hall is lighted by clear- story windows above the roof of the third-story office rooms of the ex- terior building. The galleries overlooking the grand hall and from which the office rooms are entered, are reached by four wide stairways near each entran:e and two elevators. The corridor on the ground floor and the galleries are 12' wide, and open into the ofiice rooms, wnich number 107. In some cases the rooms are connected by wide arches, making apartments 37'x52' and 37'x78' in size The floors of the galleries and rooms are arched in brick, and the parapets of the former are of neat design. There are 166,000 sq. ft. of floor space and accommodations for 1,500 clerks. The building will on ceremonial occasions, conveniently accommodate 12,000 persons and if closely packed 59,000 persons can be contained within. Under the South and one-half of the East and West fronts are cellars and vaults arched with brick, for machinery, boilers, heating app ratus, coal, &c. Ihe smoke stack connected with this part of the building is 86' high. Cost.— The cost of the building completed is $700,000. The A. Aug. 7, 1882, appropriated $250,000; Mar. 3,1883, $153,000 and $40,000, for heating and ventilating, and July 7, 1884, $266,559. In the construction of the building there were used 15,000,000 bricks, pressed and common, 200 tons of iron in beams, ties and clamps, besides the iron of the roof- and 40,000 lbs. of metallic paint, brown and Venetian red in coloring the mortar. The 146 U S. PENSION BUILDING. terra cotta work over the doers and enriched bases of columns were executed by the A. Hall Company, of Perth Amboy, N. J. This is the first building of this plan ever attempted in the U. S. As the rooms occupy ihc entire width of the building they have light and air from both sides The dark, and often, noisome corridors of other buildings cf ihe city are completely excluded from the p'an. SECTION OF FRIEZE, BY THE BOSTON TERRA COTTA COMPANY. History. — The A. Aug. 7. 1882, (Sundry Civil) appropriated $250,000, for the erection of " a brick and metal fire-proof building to be occupied by the Pension Bureau," and fixed as its loca- tion, the open space on B St. at the intersection of Ohio and Louisiana Aves. This site was found unsafe on account of hav- ing once been the basin of the old Washington Canal, now filled, The present site was then selected. Ground was broken Nov. 2, 1882. A portion of the first floor rooms were ready for occupancy in Sept., 1884. The Building will be completed by 1886. PATENT OFFICE BUILDING. 147 THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE. The Patent Office occupies two squares, extending from 7th to 9tli and F to G Sts., n. w. It may be reached by the Metropolitan Horse R. R The yth-st. branch of the W. & G. R. R. pass it on the E. (Open every day except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m ) Entrances : — The main entrance is on F St., and fronts 8th St. There are entrances however, in the other fronts. (See page 137 for engraving.) Building. — This immense pile, situated on the Reservation set apart in the old plan of the city for the National Church or Mau- soleum, is pure Grecian Doric, of massive proportions, and meas- sures 453' from E. to W. and 331' from N. to S., including the projections of the portico, and has an elevation of 75', sur- mounted by an acroteria. The building which encloses an interior quadrangle 265'xi35', contains 191 rooms, and cost $3,000,000. The ReservaHon (8) upon which it stands embraces 4^ a., and the structure itself covers 2^ a. The original structure, S. Wing begun, in 1837, and finished in 1842, 270' front on F St. and 79 deep, or 150' including the S. portico and N. apse, is built of freestone from the Government quarries at Aquia Creek. It was designed by W. P. Elliott, (Elliott & Town, engineers,) and executed by Robert Mills. The E. Wing was authorized in 1849, commenced by Robert Mills, who was succeeded in 1851, by Edward Clark, then assistant and later Architect of the Capitol, who completed this wing in 1854-5. The W. Wing commenced in 1849-50, suspended in i850,re- sumed in 1853, was finished in 1859. TheN. W ing was commenced in 1857, and the exterior finished in i860, and interior in 1864-6. The S. Poriico was erected in 1842, and the N. Portico in 1868, thus completing the building The E. Wing was occupied by the Secretary of the Interior in 1853. The new portions are of Maryland marble on the exterior and New England granite on the quadrangle. The original building is painted white to harmonize with the wings The edifice rests on a sub-base of granite, above which is a basement of the material of the superstructure^ after which rises the order, pierced with two stories of windows, the whole surmounted by an acroteria to correspond with the earlier portion of the structure. The exterior is entirely without display. Interior. — From the main portico a door opens into a spacious vestibule, with an arched ceiling groined on 8 Doric columns and 10 pilasters. On the r. and 1. runs a corridor, which extends en- tirely around the main floor of the building, and upon which open the various offices. The Patent Office Library is W. of the main entrance, authorized by A., 1843, and now numbers 20,000 volumes relating to the mechanic and useful arts, and for reference. 148 PATENT OFFICE BUILDING. Museum of Models. — {Opeit every day, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 a. m. to 4 /. m.) This interesting collection of American and Foreign inventions, patented under the laws of the United States, embraces upwards of 200,000 models, accumulated since the fire of 1836. Each case contains an Index Card. Entrance and South Hall. — This hall of the Museum of Models is approached from the main vestibule of the S. entrance to the building, by a double flight of stairs in the apse, which is richly decorated. Over the main portal at the head of the stairs, is a heavily molded pediment and cornice of white cement in imi- tation of marble. The main door opens into an Entrance Hill, 4o'x62' and 33' high to a paneled ceiling, and leads to the four Model Halls, 1,062' in length by 62' in width. The S. Hall is 264' 3^'" in length. The decoration of this hall consists of 16 pilasters in Doric renaissance, surmounted by carved consoles, ornamental friezes and enriched cornices, supporting a molded ceiling paneled in a variety of forms and having an octagonal skylight of 20' diameter, glazed within a wide border of colored glass- with obscured and embossed plate-glass in the centre. All details, enrichments and ornaments of the ceiling are plastic and re lieved by carefully blended subdued tints and chaste gilding. The bases of the pilasters are executed in black and antique green pol- ished marbles ; the pedestals in Tennessee, the fluted shafts in poli jshed Sienna, the capitals in flat, veined Italian, Keene's Cement- PATENT OFFICE BUILDING. 149 scagliola. In the spaces below the cornices on the N. and S. Walls are 6 bassi relievi, each 5'6"x9'5" modeled by C. Buberl, and excecuted in Keene's White Cement, representing : S. Wall, centre, Industry and Invention, right, Mining, left, Agriculture and N. Wall ; over the Main Door, Electricity and Magnetism r. Wa'er and I. Fire. To the E, and W, this hall discloses, through large open arch- ways between the pilasters, a view into the corridors, open to the skylight and 18' wide, and the offices 12' high, 22' wide, 450' long, and into the galleries forming the Model Halls. A second gallery of limited width is carried around the four walls. Approached from this second gallery is a fire-proof hall g6'x2,2' over the main portico on F St. A paneled wainscoting in black, antique red and green polished marbles girds the main hall and encloses a decorated floor of original designs, executed by the U. S. Encaustic Tile Company of Indianapolis, Ind. EAST HALL MODEL MUSEUM. The reconstruction of this Hall of fire-proof material began on Vpril 12, 1883. The entire interior and roof were taken out, and /econstructcd in their present form from designs prep red by Cluss & Schulze, Architects rnd Engineers of the work. The cost of the reconstruction of the S Hall was $175,000. East Hall —The S. Hall opens into the E. Hall, 271' long and 63^' w.Ja. The groined arches of the cehng rest upon 28 marble piers and a req rts'te 1. umber • f paLsters. 150 PATENT OEHOB. The North and West Halls, respectively 266x59J ft. and 271x64 ft.,the interiora destroyed by fire, originating among old documents stored over the 9th st. front, September 24, 1877 ; were reconstructed at a cost of $250,000, 1879-80, by Adolph Cluss and Paul Schulze, architects, from plans ap- proved by a commission. The design consists of a centre nave 30 ft. high, and two aisles, introducing ornamental massive piers, forming aesthetically correct sub-divisions of the fire-proof galleries, in 2 tiers. A continuous sky- light of hammered glass, by Edward A. Boyd, of N. Y., extends over the naves. The interior work is of iron, 1000 tons being used, furnished by the Phoenix Iron Company of Trenton, N. J., galvanized iron furjiished by D. W. Stockstill & Co., and Robert Boyd, of Washington, D. C, and ornamental work in Keene's fire-proof cement. The floors of the galleries are slate from the North Peach Bot- tom Slate Company, of Philadelphia. The two halls con- tain 5000 lineal feet of fire-proof model cases, 4 ft. wide and 8J ft. high. The glass fronts of these cases aggregate 3^ miles in length, 8^ ft. high, and would cover If acres. The fluted glass shelves, J in. thick, would cover l|a. The roof is of copper, by Pope & Cole, of Baltimore, Md. The old halls were covered with a paneled ceiling, resting on immense iron girders of a single reach. History. — The Patem Office of the United States, where models ot all mren- tions patented since the fire of iSj6 arc carefully preserved for reference and exhibi- tion, is an institution without an equal in the world, and speaks more for the high character and practical basis of the American mind than could be expressed in vol- omes of written history or description. We are able here to trace, in practical detail, the progress of mechanical arts in the United States, since iSj6, and but for the un- fortunate destruction of the early models, this same interesting investigation could be carried back to the beginning of the Government. The first legislation in Con- The rapid increase in the number of inventions early led Congress into special provisions for the accommodation of the Patent Office. In 1810 the erection or pur- chase of a suitable building for the use of the General Post Office and keeper of the patents and arrangement of the models was authorized. Under this authority a structure known as Blodgett's Hotel, on the E. st side of the present site of the Gen- eral Post Office, was secured. Up to 182,0 all applications for patents were exam- ined by a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State. In that year Dr. Thornton, appointed by President Jefferson to issue patents, took upon himself the title of Superintendent of the Patent Office. Under the act of July 4, i8j6, the Patent Office was created a separate bureau in the Department of the Interior, and its chie. officer received the title of Commissioner of Patents. On Dec. 15, i8}6, the building then occupied was completely consumed by fire, and among the losses were the models accumulated during a half century, and num- bering upwards of 4,000. This was an irreparable calamity. After the fire the busi- ness of the bureau was transacted in the City Hall, now the District Court House, and remained there until it was removed to its present edifice. The first patent yrzi issued to Samuel Hopkins on July ji, 1790, "for makinp pot or pearl ashes." Total number patents issued to 1881,250,000, and nearly an equal number of models. Annual increase, 13,000. Loss of models^ in fire, 1877, 80,000. The surplus receipts of oflSce are annually J2oo,ooo. The cost ^ of this massive building was largely paid for out of this surplus. GENERAL POST OFFICE. J51 NORTH AND WEST H\LLS MODEL MUSEUM. PA.TSNT OFFIB, GENERAL POST OFFICE. The General Post Office {open every day^ except Sunday, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) stands opposite the Patent Office, on F St., and covers the square between 7th and 8th sts. W. and E and F sts. N. It may be reached by the F-st. hors9 cars from the E. and W., and those on 7th st. from the iNT. and S. parts of the city. The Bnilding occupied by tlie General Post Office is Cor- inthian. The E St. portion was commenced in 1839, and finislicd by Robert Mills, architect, and constructed of marble from New Yorlc qaarri(^s. In 1842 Congress purchased the 152 GENERAL POST OFFICE. K. half of the square to F St., and in 1855 the extension ol the building over that space was executed by Captain M. C. Meigs, United States Engineers, superintendent, and Edward Clark, assistant, from designs by T. U. Walter, architect of the Capitol, and was built out of Maryland marble. As thus completed, the building measures 300 ft. N. and S., and 204 ft. E. and W., and has two stories, resting on a rustic base- ment, below which are vaults. In the centre is a court 194 ft. long by 95 ft. wide. The fajades are of white marble. The court is faced with granite. Above the basement rise tlie various features of the order, including monolithic col- umns and pilasters, with beautifully-worked capitals, the whole extending through two stories, upon which rest the architrave, frieze, and cornice, crowned by a paneled acro- teria. The main front is on E st. The S. or main entrance 18 in the basement, reached by marble steps, and is formed of two Doric columns, one on either side, and opens into a vestibule, on the r. and 1. of which -are corridors, leading to marble staircases to the upper stories. Over this entrance are four attached columns of the Corinthian order. The E. front is broken by a central projection of six columns, the outer ones being coupled; and on either side, towards the extremities of this front, is a smaller projection of four at- tached columns, coupled. Beneatli the central projection is a vestibule, supported on four Doric columns and four corner piers. The ceiling, walls, and floor are finished in white marble, and on either side is a niclie. Tlie W. front is the same as the E. A carriageway here opens into the court, where the mails are received and despatched. Th keystone of the arch of this entrance is intended to represent Fidelity. On either side are figures in hasso relievo^ symbolizing Steam and Electricity. The N. front presents a recessed portico, consisting of 8 coupled columns resting on an arcade of rustic piers corres- ponding with the basement. There ai-e entrances to the general oflSce on the r. and 1. of the central arcade, and from which passages or steps lead to the corridors on the same floor or above. The corridors are on three sides only. The build- ing cost $1,700,000. The Postmaster GeneraVs office is on tlie floor above the basement, S. side of S. corridor. Here may be seen a set of photographs of the Postmasters General. The Dead Letter office is on tlie N. side, entered from the N. end of the E. corridor through a passage or anteroom. GENERAL POST OFFICE. 153 The General Post Office originally occupied a building known as Blodgert's Union Public Hotel, on the south half of the square now occupied by the De- partment, designed by James Hoban, architect of the Executive Mansion, I20 ft. long, 50 ft. wide, and 3 stories high, brick ornamented with freestone, commenced 1793, out of the proceeds of a lottery. The prize having been drawn by an orphan child, there were no means to finish the building. For a time it was used as a theatre, and its basement occupied by Irish and other emigrants. In iZzo th.^ government purchased it. After the burning of the Capitol, Congress held one session in it. It was then occupied by the General an^ City Post Offices, Patent Office, and Library of Congress. The latter was removed to the Capitol in i8i8. The building and contents were destroyed by fire Dec. 15, 1856. Private buildings were then occupied by those offices until the completion of the present structure. For engraving see page 141. In the Postmaster General's office is a fine collection of photographs a?td crayons of the Postmasters General. History of the General Post Office.— On Sept. 22, 1789, Congress cre- ated the temporary establishment of the Post Office. In 1792 a " General Post Office" was perma- nently established under direction of a Postmaster General, authorized to provide for carrying the mails of the United States "by stage carriages or horses." From this prim- itive beginning the opera- tions of tne General Post Office have expanded to a degree fully up to the requirements of the in- creased population and intelligence of the people. The Postmaster Gen- era], appointed by the President, is ex offii io a member of the Cabinet, but was not so recognized until President Jackson invited Postmaster Gen- ial Barry into the Cabi- net in zSag. :t)4 DKrART.MKNT OF JUSTICE. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The Department of Justice open every day, except Sun- days from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) occupies the upper floors of the fire-proof brick structure, with Seneca stone front, 62'll"xll0', 4 stories high and mansard roof, on Pennsyl- vania Ave., bet. 15 and 15^ st., W. The building was erected 1870-1, by the Freedman's Savings and Trust Com- pany ; cost of building, ;^i76, 455; of ground, 186' 10" on Pennsylvania ave., and 136' on isJ^ St., ^80,000. Purchased by authority of Congress, 1882, $250,000. Objects of Interest. — The Gallery of Paintings of the .Vttorneys General of the United States, i.s in the Attorney ( reneral's room, DKFAKIMENT OF JUSIICE. T/ie Attorneys-General aud their Portraits. — In the office of the At- torney-General is a fine collection 0/ portraits of the Attorneys-General of the llnited States. They maybe se^n by permission 0/ tkc Artorney-Generoi DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 155 1789, Edmund Randolph, of Va., portrait painted by James M. Stanley, 1856, from a family portrait, $50; 1794, Wm. Bradford, Pa., W E. Winner, 1872,^200; 1795, Charles Lee, Va., Stanley, 1858, $60, from an original por- trait ; i8oi, Levi Lincoln, Mass., name artist unknown ; 1805, Robert Smith, Md., Freeman Thorp, 1873, $750; 1805, John Breckenridge, Ky., A, J. Co- nant, 1864, ^180; 1807, Caesar A, Rodney, Del., S. B. Waugh, 1870,^250; 1811, Wm. Pinkney, Md., Stanley, 1856, after Peale, $50 ; 1814, Richard, Rush, Pa., Thomas Sully, 1858,^100; 1817, Wm. Wirt, Va., Chas. B. King, 1857,^75; 1829, J. M. Berrien, Ga., John Maier. 1870, ^152; 1831, Roger B. Taney, Md., J. M. Campbell, 1856, $ioo; 1833, B. F. Butler, N. Y., Stan- ley, 1856, ;SS70 ; 1838, Felix Grundy, Tenn., G. Dury, 1858, ^75; 1840, H. D. Gilpin, Pa., J. R. Lambden, 1854, $60; 1841, J. J. Crittenden, Ky., Stanley 1856, ^50; 1841, H S. Legare, S C, Stanley, 1858, ^60; 1843, John Nelson, Md., F. Thorp, 1872, ^=00; 1845, John Y. Mason, Va., E. F. Andrews, 1880, ^350, after Sully ; 1846, Nathan Clifford, Me., G. P. A. Healy, 1876, ^456; 1848, Isaac Toucey, Conn.. Stanley, 1857, $60; 1840, Reverdy Johnson, Md., Stanley, 1856, ^50; 1850, J. J. Crittenden, Ky.,see 1841; 1853, Caleb Gushing, Mass., Stanley, 1857, ^60, after Carpenter; 1857, Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., Win- ner, 1872, ^500 ;■ i860, E. M. Stanton, Ohio, F. B. Carpenter, 1865, ^200; i86i, Edward Bates, Mo., A. J. Conant, 1861, $500; 1864, Jas. Speed, Ky., Healy, 1865, ^250 ; 1866, Henry Stanberry, Ohio, Jared B. Flagg, 1869, $^°° ? 1868, O. H. Browning, 111., no portrait painted ; 1868, Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y., W.M.Hunt, 1870, ^^750; 1&69, Ebenezer C. Hoar, Mass., Hunt, 1870,^802; 1870, Amos T. Ackerman, Ga., Thorp, 1875, $500; 1872, Geo. H. Williams. Oregon, Thorp, 1875, 1^750 ; 1875, Edwards Pierrepont, N. Y., D. Hunting- ton, 1875, ^1305 ; 1876, Alphonso Taft, Ohio, Thorp, 1877, $750; 1877, Chas. Devens, Mass., D. Huntington, 1881, $750; 1881, Wayne MacVeagh, Pa. no portrait painted, 1881. 1SB2. Benjamin H. Brewster, Pa. The Court of Claims. — In the first story is the Court of Claims of the United States, occupied 1879, established 1855, to hear and determine all claims under acts of Congress or Executive Departments, or referred to it by them. From 1855 to 1879 '^ occupied rooms in the basement of the western central projection of the capitol. It consists of a chief and associate justices. The general sessions begin the first Monday in December. Adjournment usually in May or June. Fridays and Saturdays are devoted to writing up^ opinions. History of the De- partment. — The office of Attorney General, created Sept. 24, 1789, was made an Executive Department by act of Congress June 22, 1870. All prosecutions on be- half of the Government are conducted by this department. The At- torney General reports annually to Congress. I He gives opinions upon all questions of law, when asked by the Pres- ident or heads of the Executive Departments. He is ejtr offi-cio a mem- ber of his Cabinet. Under him are the officers of the District and Circuit Courts of the United States. Me- tropolitan Police, etc. 156 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUHE. The Department of Agriculture {open daily ^ except Sunday^ from 9 a. m, to 3 p. m.) occupies that portion of the Mall lying E. of 14th St., and between the Washington Monument and the Smithsonian Institution. The building commands a view of the business quarter of the city, and in turn itself makes a fine appearance from 13th st. W., which it faces. Grounds. — The grounds in the immediate vicinity of the building are beautifully laid out. On the N. front is a con- creted surface the entire length of the building, and 50 ft. wide, which makes a spacious carriageway to the main en- trance, and is also used by pedestrians. A terrace wall about 4 ft. high, ornamented with stone balusters and pedi- ments with plant vases, i-uns the length and parallel with the front of the building, and at a distance of about 100 yds. At each extremity of the wall is a small iron pavilion of suitable design. The terrace divides what are known as the Upper and Lower Gardens. The former is laid out in beds, with intervening walks, and is devoted to flowers, vases, and rustic statuary. The lower, and all the grounds lying in front of the building line, with the exception of the flower garden, have been laid out as an arboretum, with walks and drives, and a well-selected collection of the hardier trees and shrubs. The flower garden contains no shade trees, which affords an unbroken view of the building. The trees and plants in the arboretum are planted on strictly botanical rules, the order and tribe of plants being grouped. The •effect, however, by careful arrangement of the blending types is peculiarly atttactive, and has not the formal appear- ance of a scientific classification. The collection embraces 1,600 species of plants. In the -ear of the department building and plant houses are the Experimental Grounds, covering about 10 a., those lying in the rear of the plant houses being set apart for experimental gardening, and those in the rear of the building, and occu- pying the SE. angle of the enclosure, for the experimental orchards and stables and yard. The object of these grounds is for testing varieties of small fruits, seeds, and for the prop- agation and culture of hardy plants. Along portion of the N. line of the grounds, commencing at the W., are artificial lakes, rivers, and swamps, for the cultivation of type varieties -of water and marsh plants. The plans for the grading and laying out of the grounds were prepared and carried Inio ipe»#^ip 158 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. execution in 1868, by William Saunders, of Penn., Superin- tendent of Gardens and Grounds. (Also see Plant Houses.) The Department Building, designed by Adolph Cluss, ar- chitect, and completed in 1868, is of the renaissance style, 170 ft. long by 61 ft. deep, with a finished basement, three full stories and Mansard roof. It was erected by contract, under the superintencence of the architect, is constructed of pressed brick, with brown-stone bases, belts, cornices, and trimmings, and cost, including apparatus for laboratory, $140,420. The front presents a centre building with main entrances, and is flanked by two wings. i-JL 12 13 . 1^ 5 - T — . ,1 4 I DSPABTlfKNT OF AGBIOULTintK— FIBflT FLOOB. A. Main Entrance.— Z)«»r/, oak and ash woods Vestibule^ ao ft. square and l6 ft. high. FUtrty encaustic tiles of chaste design. tValls^ paneled in encaustic paint. CtilingSy in frescoe, representing an arbor of vine foliage held by American eagles, with outspread wings. Omamentathn in arabesque, mingled with four medallions, illustrating, in landscape, light and shade and human figures, the four seasons of the year, divisions of the day, and ages of man. B. Main Staircase leading to the second fi»»r and Mustum of jigriculture. C and D. Private Stairs to the second fiotr and passage to chai rooms and cUsttt. The vestibule (A) opens into a wide corridor, from which the various offices, 20 ft. square, are entered. 1. Ante Room, finished in bird's eye maple and black walnut, in fanelsy and represents a fine specimen of the application of wood to walls, known as *' wood- banging." 2. Commissioner op ACRicvLTimB, finished in panels of bird's eye maple, bor- dered by friezes in mahogany and blistered walnut, alternating with paneled pilasters in mahogany and satin wood, all parted by carley maple, and relieved by a tracing of gilt. 3. Private Office of Commissioner. The friezes arc of birch, borders of black walnut, and panels of mountain ash. 4. Library. A tastefully finished apartment, supplied with mahogany cases. The collection of worksy S,ooo vols., forms the most complete agricultural library in the United States, and comprises nearly all the standard works on agriculture and kindred sciences, reports of all the State boards of agriculture, and agricultural, horti- cnkotal, and pomological societies, and the transactions of the leading agricultural •M9 tht Llhrmry it for reference and used in the extensive correspondence of the Departs ment. Persons interested are permitted to consult works, but not to take them from the room. Among the most inttrtsting workt is a set, 14 vols., on botany, illustrating the flora of Central Europe, published in Vienna, and presented by the Emperor of Austria. There are also portraits of a number of personages, among the number Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston, the distinguished horticulturist. 5 to 8. Clerks' Rooms, finished in encaustic oil paint, plain, with frescoed ceilings. 9. Chemist and Microcopist Room, is supplied with cases containing a «//«- titn of mintraU having an agricultural value. The chemist makes analysts of soils, fertilizers, and agricultural productions. The results are recorded for future refer- ence. The microscofist examines and reports upon the diseases of plants. 10. Balance Room, contains a variety of balances used in the chemical work. 11. Laboratory, supplied with chemicals and other apparatus used in chemical expeiiments. A private stairway leads to the basement below, in which are fur- nances, ovens, and other necessary conveniences. The iquifvunt of the Laboratory is vt.y complete. I*. File Room. I] and 14. Clerk's Room, finished in encaustic paint SBPABTHENT OF AGEICULTUBE, SECOND FLOOR. A. Stairs to the Botanical Museum^ taxidermist^ Sy and ModtUr's Rooms. B. Stairs to clerk's rooms. 15. MusEtnn OF AGRictn-TURE. — Opposite the main entrance below, a double flight of stairs of wrought and cast iron, lighted by a large stained-glass window, leads to the second floor, and into the Museum of jigriculture. On the first landing is a plank 12 x 6J^ ft. from the giant redwood tree of California. The Museum Hall occupies the main building, and is 102 'ft. long, 52 ft. wide, and 27 ft. high. A covea stuccoed cornice extends around the hall, broken at regular intervals by brack- ets, in which arc wrought busts of Indians. The cove is ornamented by flowers and fruits, with medallion shields bearing the arms of the United States, and the States of the Union in 1868 in their chronological order. The ceiling is divided into 15 panels embellished with rosettes. A soft color, harmonizing with the ornamenta- tion of the hall, is employed generally on the walls. For the accommodation and security of the agricultrual collection, the hall has been supplied with dust-proof wtf/- nut cases of chaste design. The Museum (which will be explained by an attendant) shows the agricultural productions of the United States, and manufactures therefrom, also how the former are affected by climate, insects, birds, and animals— injurious and beneficial It is divided into general. State, and economic. The general division illustrates the his- tory of agricultural products. The fruits and vegetables arc modeled in plaster of Paris, and colored in oil, to represent nature. The State and economic divisions, when completed, will show in a single case the mineral and agricultural productions. 160 DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCUl.TURE. and economic substances manutactured therefrom, of each State. The principal ob- )tct *f the museum is utility, to include all the products of agriculture, and bearihg apon the increase of knowledge in that important branch of industry. In the centre of the hall is a table of California redwood 7x 12 ft. finished in other native woods, and presented by gentlemen in California The vase on the table is made of Coquina or Florida shell rock from St. Augustine, P'lorida, taken from the foundation of the residence of the early Spanish colonial governors. Cases North Range commencing on the W. The shelf numbers count from below. The injurious birds have a perch with a partly black end, and beneficial^ white 1. Not yet erected. It is proposed, however, to place this case shortly. 2. 1, American ducks; a, American small birds, arranged to show benefit or in- jury, with contents of stomachs in small boxes; 3, American hawks and owls. J. I, animals — domestic and farm pests; 2, American game birds; J, gulls and aquatic birds. 4. Domestic poultry. 5. I, Fish — prepared skins ; 2 and j, foreign game birds that can be or have been domesticated. 6. A case has been prepared for this space, and will be erected at once. 7. Foreign game birds. ■ g. California products and miscellaneous specimens. 9. Grains and cereals — native. 10. Grains and cereals — native. The middle and upper shelves vrtnged bjT ^ates. 11. I and 2, Temporary case of botanical specimens, li. I, Vegetable fibres — cotton. Cases South Range commencing on the E. 12. Foreign woods, &c. 13. I and 2, Foreign grains, collected at the Paris Exposition 1867; 3, miscella- nrous. 14. I, Petroleum, tobacco ; 2, sugar, syrups, &c., Indian foods ; 3, farinaceoos products, gums, resins, &c. 15. I, Chinese paper; 2, American and foreign paper and paper-making mate- rials; 3, Japanese paper. 16. Silk from egg to manufactured goods of highest quality. 17. I, Animal fibres, angora wool; 2, vegetable fibres, ramie and aloes; 3, vege- table fibres, miscellaneous. 18. I, Vegetable fibres, cotton; 2, flax, flax cotton, aselepias; 3, New Zealand flax, agaue fibre and miscellaneous tropical fibres. In a case against the wall is a fine •pecimen of the cotton plant. 19. The case designed for this space has not yet been erected. Centre of the Hall, commencing on the west. 20. I, Tropical fruits — southern apples ; 2, apples, (models.) 21. I, Vegetables, (models;) 2, apples and pears, (models.) 22. I, Vegetable, apples, fish, (models;) 2, pears, (models.) 23. I, Vegetables and fruits, (models;) 2, miscellaneous fruits and Tegetablet, (models,) fungi; (models and natural.) The flan of the museum was suggested and carried into operatiou by Townead Glover, entomologist of the Department. ■ 1-6. Statistician.— Here the menthlj and annual rtftrti and statittital inftrmm- tl»n are compiled. 17. Clerks of the Statistical Division. 18. Ladies' Retiring Room. iQ. Clerks. 20. Cabinet of Entomology. — Tne room, 20 x 30 ft., is supplied with suitable walnut cases. The collection comprises the insects of $n cases is a small collection of insects for exhibition, and specimeni of insect injury DEPAR and architecture , both exceedingly interesting. The walls are hung with a series of about 300 plates, by Prof. Townend Glover, illustrating the insects in the cabinet. 21. Entomologist's Private Room. On the third floor, E. wing, reached from A, plan of the second floor, IS the Botanical Mu- seum. It is supphed with appropriate cases, and contains 200 natural or- ders and 25,000 species of plants, a space being de- voted to each order. The «o specimens are arranged ^ on sheets and indexed, g The first collection was transferred from the * Smithsonian Institution, O and comprised the speci- pj mens brought home by 'f the Wilkes expedition. ^ The specimens gatliered M by the various United > States exploring expedi- ^ tions are all deposited g here. The collection of « plants of the United h States is very complete, o The rooms adjoining "^ are occupied by the Tax- > idermist on the W. and g Modeler on the S. The p former has the prepara- p tionof birds for the muse- H um, and their care. The » latter makes models of ." fruits for the museum. Over the third floor, W. wing, reached from B, plan of the second floor, the rooms are used for clerks. Basement — reached from B, first floor — con- tains Seed Rooms, In western portion, and rest Folding, Laborers' , and Engineers' Rooms, and accommodations for heat- ing apparatus and fuel. The seed-packing depart- ment, where upwards of 60 persons are employed, isof urc.n interest. 11 OF Kdl^ jULTUUE J 62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Plant Houses— On the W. of the department building are the plant houses^ commenced in 1868 from designs by Wil- liam Saunders, Superintendent of Gardens and Grounds. The main structure is 320 ft. long and 30 ft. wide E. and W., With a wing 150 long projecting to the rear or S. of the centre of the main building. The centre pavilion is 60 ft. long, 32 ft. wide, and 30 ft. high, and is devoted to palms and the larger tropical plants, such as bananas. The pavilions at the extremity of the wings are 30 ft. square, 26 ft. high, j nd are the orangery^ and for other semi-tropical fruits. Th ^se terminal pavilions are joined to the centre by connect ng ranges 100 ft. long, 25 ft. wide, and 17 ft. high, and are >c- •cupied by the miscellaneous collection of plants of practi ftl use, such as medical plants and those furnishing textile fibp s, useful gums, sugars, and dyes. The S. projecting wing is the grapery^ and contains a collection of foreign grapes. 1 e roots are planted in borders on the outside, and the stei s xjonducted into the grapery through apertures in the bri t wall. The dark on the E. There are 100 varieties in all. The plant houses are heated by means of hot water, circulated through 5,000 ft. of 4-in pipe, and supplied by two boilers. The boilers are arranged with a cut -off, so that they may be operated separately or together. These houses have foundation walls of red sandstone, with bluestone bases and caps. The doors and windows of the centre and wings are designed in moresque arches. Brackets uphold the cornice from which the cupola roof rises. The main tntrance projects from the main building, and has three arched openings The frame of the structure is of iron and wood substantially built, and cost $25,000. The roof is covered with American glass of double thickness, and curved expressly for the purpose. Commissioners of Agriculture. — 1862, Isaac Newton, Penn.; 1867, John VV. Stokes Penn., (acting;) 1867, Horace Capron, 111.; 1871, Frederick Watts, Penn. t877* W. G. LeDuc 1881, George B. Loring, Mass. History. — underact July 4, i8j6, Henry L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of Patents, gave attention to the distribution of rare grains., seeds, and plants., in the collection of which he was aided by the diplomatic and consular officers of the United States in foreign countries. In iSjgS'iiOOO were appropriated for the purpose. This gave rise to the agricultural division of the Patent Office. In 1858 a Propagating Garden was established on that portion of the public grounds lying along the S. side of Missouri av., bet. 4}/^ and 6th sts. N., for the purpose of testing sorghum and Chinese sugar cane. In 1868 these operations were removed to the present more extensive grounds. The Department of Agriculture was established by act of Congress dated May I J, 1862, "^to acquire and diffuse am.ong the people of the United States useful infor- mation on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehen- sive sense ot that word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and plants." The chief executive officer was to be known as the Commissioner of Agriculture, to be appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Department, before occupying its present abode, had rooms in the basement of the Patent Office. There are now annually distributed about 1,200,000 packagesof seeds, and Z5,ooo bulbs, vines, cuttings, and plants. The publications cf the Department consist of an annual report of zboat 700 pages octavo, 227,000 to 275,000 printed for distribution, and monthly reports of about 48 pages octavo, on the condition of the crops. 28,000 printed. NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 163 NAVAL OBSERVATORY. The United States Naval Observatory is one of the leading ftstronoraical establishments in the world. It is open every day^ except Sunday^ from 9 a. m. to Zp. m. The watchman will show visitors through the building. Night visits are very much restricted in consequence of the interference with the astronomical work. The street cars on Pennsjdvania a v. run within 10 min. walk. Alight at 24th st. W., south side. Vis- itors afoot may reach the Observatory by following New York av. W. of the State, War, and Navy Department to E St. N., thence by the latter to 24th st. W. Grounds. — The Observatory occupies a commanding site on the N. bank of the Potomac, 96 ft. above tide, and origin- allj'^ known as Peters'' Hill, after its proprietor. The beauti- ful grounds comprise 19 a. within tlie walls, and constitute Reservation No. 4 on tlie original plat of the city. NAVAL OBSERVATORY. There are many interesting historical associations connected with the site. In 1755 portion of Braddock's army camped here on the march from Alexandria to the fatal field on the Monongahela. On the Potomac bank is a rock upon which the troops were landed, and known as Braddoci's rock. In 1792 it was proposed to erect ti fort and barracks on the N. portions of the reservation. It was a favorite project with Washington to establish a national university here. The grounds were named Uni- versify Square from this fact. In i8i3-'i4 part of the American army encamped on the hill, from which fact it was long known as Camp if///, and advanced to Bladens- burg for the defense of the city against the English. The Observatory, founded in 1842, is under the direction of the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. The reserva- tion in the centre of which it stands was selected for the pur- pose by President Tyler. Buildings, — The central building, completed in 1844, is 50 ft. sq., consisting of a basement and 2 stories, witli a crown- hig parapet and balustrade, and is surmounted by a dome. 164 NAVAL OBSERVATORY. On the E. and W. are wings^ each 26^ ft. long, 21 ft. wide, and 18 ft. high. At the end of the former is the residence of the superintendent, and the latter, an observing-room, 40 ft. by 281^ ft., built in 18G9. Tlic projection on the S. is 60 ft. . long, and terminates in the great dome. Visitors are expect- ed to register their names in the book opposite the main entrance. Kooms and Instruments. — The numbers refer to the diagram of ground plan. I. Pier of Equatorial, brick, imbedded 17 ft. in the earth, conical, is 12 ft. in diameter at the surface line, 7 ft. at top, a8 ft. high, and is capped with a pedestal of stone weighing 7^^ tons. Over the pier is a dome 2} ft. in diameter, rising 20 ft above the roof, and provided with a slip. The dome revolves on six 24-lb, shot. This Equatorial^ purchased in 1845, was made by Merz and Mahler, Munich, cost $6,000. Object-glass, 9. 62 in., clear aperture; focal length, 14 ft. 4.5 in. Its work is chiefly upon the smaller planets, asteroids, and comets. II. Superintendent's Office. — Here is an electro-chronograph^ in a marble case, invented by Prof. John L. Locke, 1848. It is connected by electric wires with the clocks in the Executive Departments, Weather Signal Office, and Western Union Telegraph Office. The current is continually passing, the pendulums of all the clocks beating together. In the adjacent hall is a superbly-carved black walnut switch-board^ made by the Western Electric Manufacturing Company, Chicago, and purchased in 1874. The frame takes no wires, and has j,ooo combinations. Through this the clocks, chronographs, and instruments are placed in communication with each othei and with the telegraphic system of the world. The old switch-board is opposite. III. General Office. IV. Office of Naval Officer in Charge of Chronometers. V. Packing- Room. VI. Mural Circle and Transit, with clock and chronograph. Mural Cir- cle^ made by Troughton & Simms, London, 1843 ; erected in 1844. Object-glass, 4.10 in., clear aperture ; focal length, 5 ft. j.8 in. ; diameter at graduation, 60.3 j in.; is divided into every 5 min., and is supplied with reading microscopes. Its use is for observing declinations of stars. Transit^ made by Ertel & Son, Munich, 1844; erect- ed the same year. Object-glass 5 33 in., clear aperture; focal length, 7 ft. 0.4 in. Used for observing the right ascension of stars. These were the principal instru- ments used by Prof. Yarnell in making his Catalogue 0/10,658 Stars. VII. Chronometer-Room, in which the chronometers of the navy, when not in actual use, are kept and rated. The average number hece is 200. They are wound and compared with a standard, daily, and a record kept of their variation by the naval officer in charge. In the same room is a standard mean-time clod, with necessary apparatus, from which at meridian each day exact time is dispatched. The naval officer in charge, at 3 min. before noon, connects the clock through the foot of the pendulum with electric wires, and at mean noon taps the electric key, simul- taneously giving the instant of mean noon to the Western Union Telegraph Com- pany's offices, and thence all over the U. S. The ball over the Observatory is dropped at tne same moment. VIII. Library. — In 1844 this consisted of 200 vols, of astronomical works, do- nated by the Greenwich, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna Observatories. It now com- prises 6,000 vols., some very rare, dating in 1482, relating to astronomy, meteorolo- gy, and kindred sciences, and is the most complete of the kind on the western hemi- sphere. IX. SiDERiAL Clock, made by Kessels, of Altona, Germany, is used as the standard clock of the Observatory. X. Transit Circle, made by Pistor & Martins, Berlin, was first mounted in the present Library in 1865. Object-glass, S. 52 in., clear aperture; focal length, 12 ft. I in.; outer diameter of its circles, 45.30 in., and at the graduation, 43.40 in. Both circles are divided to every 2 min., and are fitted with reading microscopes. The collimators, for adjusting the instrument, have a focal length of 2 ft. 11 in. Use: observation of the positions oJ the sun, moon, and planets. In the same room is a chronograph, made by Alvan Clark & Sons, from designs by Prof. Wm, Hark- Bess. It records by electric wires the times at which observations are made. NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 165 XI. Prime Vertical Transit, made by Pistor & Martins, Berlin, was erect- ed in 1844. Object-glass, 4.86 in., clear aperture; focal length, 6 ft. 5 in. Is used only for declinations. XII. Machine Shop. XIII. Room of Officer in Charge of thh Great Equatorial. XIV. Sleeping Apartment op Officer in Charge of the Great Equatorial. XV. Great Equatorial, mounted in 187J, made by Al van Clark & Sons, Cambridge port, Mass. Object-glass, 26 / in., clear aperture; focal length, iz% ft., cost $47,000. The rough lump of glass was cast by Chance & Co., Birm- ingham, England. The in- strument rests upon a double pier of masonry, imbedded 17 ft. in the earth. The pier above the floor is of bnck, arched, and has a cap consist- ing of a solid block of red sand- stone, 8 ft. long by z ft. wide and high. On top of this is an iron support weighing 1,100 lbs., to receive the axis upon which the telescope is mount- ed. The instrument with iti base weight 6 tons. The in- strument is equatorially mpunted, the general plan being that devised by Fraun- hofer, modified by Messrs. Clark and Prof. S. Newcomb, and is run by a reaction water wheel. It is fitted with mi- thrometers, spectroscopes^ Sec. The tube is of sheet steel, rolled in Pittsburgh. There is also a chronograph con- nected with tile instrument. The great equatorial is plac- ed in an iron dome 41 ft. in diameter and 40 ft. in height, erected at a cost of $14,000. The superstructure rests on a stone foundation. The roof is supplied with a slip, re- volves on conical wheels, and is easily moved horizont- ally in either direction bj NAVAL OBSKSVATOBT, OBOUND PLAN. means of suitable gearing. The instrument h the largest refractor in the world. The next in size is in the private observatory of R. S. Newall, Gateshead, England, and has 25 in. of clear aperture. XVI. Residence of the Superintendent. The rooms on the second floor of the main building are used by officers in charge of the various instruments and their assistants. The view from tlie platform around the dome is very fine. To the top of the staff over the dome a black can- vass ha% 2J ft. in diameter, is hoisted daily a few minutes before noon, and by means of a steel spring, governed by a magnet and operated from the chronometer-room, is dropped on the instant of mean noon. 166 ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM. Superintendents of the Depot of Charts and Instruments. — l8jO, Lieut. L. Goldsborough ; iSjj, Lieut. Charles Wilkes; i8j6, Lieut. Hitchcock; 1838, Li J. M. Gilliss. Of the Naval Observatory. — 1844, Commander M. F. Maury; r /, Capt. J. M. Gilliss; 1865, Rear Admiral C. H. Davis; 1867, Rear Admiral ' '/. Sands; 1874, Rear Admiral C. H. Davis. History. — The first action of Congress towards the establishment of an ob- va- tory was in 1821, in the passage of a joint resolution to ascertain the longitude the Capitol from Greenwich, first proposed by Wm. Lambert, of Va., in 1810. I iSjo a bureau., for the care of the instruments and charts o^ ihe navy, was creat . A small }o-in. transit was erected at the same time. A series of observations wi car- ried on in connection with the Wilkes Exploring Ex/>edition, i8j8-'42. In 842 a '■'•permanent depot'" was established. In i%SO ^^^ meridian of the Obserz »ry zt Washington was adopted as the American meridian for astronomical anrf nat of Greenwich for all nautical purposes. Long, of Observatory, 77° j' s'M IV. of Greenwich; lat., j8° si' J8".8 N. ar:my ^iedical museum. The Army Medical Museum {open every day^ except So day, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) stands on the E. side of 10th & . W., about midway between E and F sts. N. It is a plain brick structure, painted dark brown, 3 stories high, 71 ft. front, and 109 ft. deep. Tlie building was originally a church, and then a theatre, known as Ford's Theatre, and was the scene of the tragedy of April 14, 1865 — the assassination of President Lincoln, The building was immediately closed by the Gov- ernment, and in April, 18G6, Congress purchased it for $100,- 000, for the purpose to wliich it is now applied. The interior was taivcn out, remodeled, and madt. rire-proof, under direc- tion of Surgeon General Barnes. There is now no trace of the exact scene of the assassination. Its location was on the r., about the centre of what is now the second tloor. The as- sassin toolv his last drink in tlie restaurant, wliich occupied the tirst floor of the S. wing, now the Chemical Laboratory. The President was conveyed to the house Xo. 51G, opposite, and died in the back room of the first floor. On the N. side, in the rear of the building, is a small wing, occupied by the Museum workshops, and in front, on the S. side, is another wing, used by the Chemical Laboratory and the officers on duty. The main entrance is in the S. portion of the front, and the Museum is in the third story, at the top of the stairway. The first floor is occupied by the record and pension division of the Surgeon Genei-al's Office, contain- ing the papers belonging to the military hospitals and monthly sick reports of the army during the rebellion, 1861-65, and are stil' received from the various posts of the regular army. The hospital records number over 16,000 vols. The payment of pensions is based upon information received from these rec- ords. The alphabetical registers contain about 300,000 names ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM. 167 of the »lead of the army. The Chemical Laboratory in the S. wing is charged with the examination of alleged adulterations of medicines and hospital supplies, and other investigations of a similar nature which come before the Surgeon General. The second floor contains the surgical records. In the S. wing, on this floor, are tlie oflices of tlie Surgeon General and sur- geon in charge. Here are portraits of Surgeon General Lovel, John Hunter, (a copy from Sir Joshua Reynolds,) philosophi- cal writer on surgery. Dr. Morton, author of Crania Ameri- cana., and Dr. Physic, an original by Rembrandt Peale. Museum. — The Museum on the third floor is well lighted in front and rear and by a large central skylight, wliich also lights the floors below througli oblong openings. The attend- ant in the room will answer questions and point out objects of special interest. The specimens, arranged in cases and otlierwise, number 16,000, and are divided into six sections, viz: I. Surgical Section., embracing specimens of the efiects of missiles of every variety on all parts of the body, extremely interest- ing ; tlie stages of repair ; morbid conditions, calculi, tumors, &c. ; plaster casts representing mutilations resulting from injuries and surgical operations; examples of missiles ex- tracted from wounds ; preparations exhibiting the effects of injuries peculiar to Indian hostilities. In this section are the bones of the amputated portions of the legs of eight generals, and a portion of the vertebrae of the neck of Booth, the assassin. II. Medical Section, consisting of specimens illustrating the morbid conditions of the internal organs in fever, chronic dysentery, and other camp diseases ; the mor- bid anatomy of the diseases of civil life; and pathological pieces relating to the diseases of women and children, mal- formations, and monstrosities. HI. Microscopical Section^ including thin sections of diseased tissues or organs, suitably moinited for microscopical study, and a variety of prepara- tions exhibiting the minute anatomy of normal structures. An interesting branch of this section is the success attained in photo-micography, the process by which the most delicate microscopical preparations can be photographed to a magni- fying power of 4,500 diameters. IV. Anatomical Section, embracing skeletons, separated crania, and other prepara- tions of the anatomy of the human frame. The collection of human crania, with a view to ethnological stud}', and espe- cially relating to the aboriginal race of the United States, is very complete, numbering about 1,000 specimens. V. Section of Comparative Anatomy, embracing over 1,000 specimens of skeletons oi buffalo, deer, bear, and other American mammals, 168 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. With birds, reptiles, and fishes. VI. Miscellaneous Section, mcludmg models of hospitals, barracks, ambulances, and medicine wagons, a collection of surgical instruments, arti- ficial limbs, and other articles of interest. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. The Government Printing Office and Bindery {open every day, except Sunday, from 8 a. m. to 5. p. m.) occupies an L-shaped brick building, on the SW. corner of H and North Capitol sts. The Office may be reached by the Columbia Horse Railway. Visitors should alight and enter by the door on North Capitol St. Strangers will state at the door tJievi desire to visit the building. The building, constructed of brick painted, measures 243 ft. by 175 ft., is 61^ ft. deep and four stories high. The original structure, including printing material, was pur- chased by the government from Cornelius Wendell in 1860, for $135,000. It was then occupied as a contract printing office. It was enlarged in 1865-70-79 and '81. The printing of the two Houses of Congress, and the Executive and Judi- cial Departments, is now done here. The work is disposed throughout the building as follows : First Floor — Press and Dry Press Rooms ; Paper Warehouse, No. i ; Vault for Stereotype Plates and Cuts ; Machine and Carpenter Shops. In the Court — Roller, Boiler, and Coal Houses, and Stables. Second Floor — Offices of the Public Printer and Foreman of Printing and Document, Job, and Proof Rooms, Electrotyping and Stereotyping Department. Third Floor — Binding Department and Warehouse No. 2. Fourth Floor — Folding Room, Congressional Record Room, Patent Office Specification Room, and Warehouse No. 3. History. — In the first session of the First Congress, 1789, the printing of bills and journals was done under the secretary of the Senate and clerk of the House. In 1794 a specific appropriation was made for "firewood, stationery, and print- ing work " — ^10,000. In 1803 the President's Message was the first document printed. In 1819 each house elected its own Printer for the session. The print- ers to Congress now became affluent, and entertained handsomely. These also fave rise to the party newspaper organ system. The most noted were Gales, eaton, Blair, and Rives. The printing of the 27th Congress cost ;g2oo,ooo. In 1846 the contract system was adopted. In 1852 the office of Superintendent of Public Printing was created. John D. Defrees was appointed first Superin- tendent in March, 1869. In 1876 the office was changed from Congressional to Public Printer, and appointed by the President. The total disbursements now reach ;j52, 500,000 per annum. The documents are distributed to Congress and other branches of the Government according to law. I'he office employs 1800 men and women. Some of the volumes printed by the Government have been very elaborate and expensive. The Pacific Railroad Reports, i860, 11 volumes, cost $863,513. The largest work yet undertaken is the " Rebellion Record," 96 volumes of 800 pages. The Revised St;itiites, 1,038 octavo pages, were printed, bound, and delivered to the Committee in two and one-half days. The scientific reports are very fine. In 1880, seventeen million copies of pamphlets and documents were printed, 341,000 blank books, and 131,000,000 blanks :uul envelopes made 170 winder's building. WINDER'S BUILDING. This strucfcure {open every day^ except Sunday^ from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) is situated on the NW. corner of F and 17th sts., opposite the Navy Department. It was originally erected for a hotel, and was purchased by the Government for the accommodation of public offices. The first floor is occupied principally by the Chief Engineer of the Army. The last room, No. 2, on the corridor leading- to the r. after entering is the Battle Record Room^ in which the reports of the battles of the late war are filed and indexed. On the r. of the S. corridor. No. 13, is a fie room for the papers belonging to the Adjutant General's Office. The second floor, E. front, is devoted to the Judge Advocate General of the Army., and the S. to the Ordnance Q-ffice. The floors above are assigned to the Second Auditor of the Treasury Department. Ordnance Museum. — {Open every day, except Sunday., from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m.) — This interesting military collection is on the second floor, and may be readied by ascending the steps opposite the main door, and keeping the corridors to the r., passing through the door marked '* Ordnance Office " to door No. 49 on the r. at the farther end of tiie corridor; crossing this room and the connecting hall we enter the Museum, which occupies a detached building. The collection occupies two fine halls. The most conspicuous object on entering are the captured Confederate flags. They are all more or less associated with the battles of the late civil strife. The other objects of interest are United States Army infantry and cav- alry uniforms and accoutrements complete; section of an oak, which stood inside the Confederate entrenchments near Spottsylvania C. H., and was cut down by musket balls in the attempt to recapture the works carried by 2d Corps A. P., May 12, 1864; Jefferson Davis' rifle, a French piece, taken at the time of his capture in 1865 ; artillery, cavalry, and infantry accoutrements used in tlie U. S. Army from the earliest date ; cheveaux-de-frise from front of Petersburg, Va. ; models and drav;ings of arsenals ; fuses for exploding shells and cannon ; shells picked up on the battle-fields ; cart- ridge bags for field, siege, and sea-coast artillery, the largest containing 100 lbs. ; projectiles of various sizes, both spherical and rifled, the largest being 20 in. in diameter, and weighing 1,000 lbs. ; portable cavalry forge and tools complete ; Gat- ling guns of various sizes, including the "Camel" gun mounted on tripod, and of which large numbers are in use in Egypt; a Billinghurst and Bequia batterj''; a Union or CITY HALL. 171 "•coffee-mill" gun ; a steel Whltworth gun, one of a battery from loyal Americans in Europe to the United States in 1861 ; the carriage of a 4 lb. cannon, formerly tlie property of the city of Vicksburg, fired at a passing steamer several days before any guns were fired at United States forts or troops at Charleston or Pensacola — the gun is at West Point ; breech loaders captured at Richmond; confederate projectiles; models complete, showing mountings of guns in casemate and barbette, also mortars ; a gun mounted on a saddle ; models of field and siege artillery, caissons, forges, and bat- tery wagons used in the U. S. Army; life-size models of horse artillery equipments, ordnance rockets, and fireworks. On the second Jioor is the Museum of small arms, in which can be traced tlieii* history from the beginning, and practically illustrating the stages of advancement, embracing breech and muzzle-loaders^ muskets, rifles, and carbines, armor ICIO, cuirass, and helmet, and other relics from the battle-field of Sedan, 1870, foreign arms and cavalry equipments, Indian war clubs, and ancient weapons and wall pieces^ Japanese two-handed sword, worn by Kendo, a provincial oflEicer, visit- ing the U. S. in 1871, presented by Arinori Mori, Charge- d'Aftairs, and captured Confederate arms. DISTRICT COURT-HOUSK, iF"I;MKI.LV CITY IMLT,.) DISTRICT COURT HOUSE. The City Hall, until 1871, occupied jointly by the munici- pal government of Washington and the United States Courts 172 ARSENAL. for the District of Columbia, in 1873, by purchase, became the sole property of the United States, and is now entirely devoted to judicial purposes. The structure stands on the S. line of Judiciary Square, fronting 4^ st. W., and at the intersection of Louisiana and Indiana avs. In the open space in front is a marble column surmounted by a statue of Lincoln by Lot Flannery, a self-taught sculptor. It was erected out of the contributions of a number of patriotic citizens. The building was commenced in 1820, from plans by George Hadfield, the architect of tlie Capitol. The E. wing was finished in 1826, and the W. in 1849. It is two stories, 47 ft. high, and con- sists of a recessed centre 150 ft. long, with two projecting wings, each 50 ft. front and 166 ft. deep. The entire frontage is 250 ft. The structure is of brick stuccoed painted white. In the centre of the main building, and in each wing, are re- cessed porticos, formed of Doric columns. Between the wings is a paved space. THE UNITED STATES BARRACKS. The U. S. Barracks, formerly the U. S. Arsenal, changed 1881 {open from sunrise to sunset), occupies a tract of 69 a., 12 ft. above high water, at the extreme S. point of the city, ac' ■eessible by the 7th and 9th st. lines of Horse Railways; the ter- mini of which are near the gate, at the foot of 4} st. W. The tract, Reservation No. 5 (page 22) originally comprised 28Ja., at the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia riv- •ers, to the mouth of James Creek, and northward to T st. S. In 1857 it was extended to its present area by the purchase of the adjoininuj land on the N., between the Potomac and the James Creek Canal to P st. S., and where stood the U. S. Penitentiary 1826-69. The grounds are beautifully laid out and entered through massive gates swung on heavy guns. The garrison consists of Foot and Flying Batteries, drill every morning. Here may be seen the various styles of guns and mortars used in active service. The commanding officer's quarters are in the large building on the r-, entering. The officers^ quarters are in the quadrangle at the foot of the Peninsula, and for men and stables on the left. Total •quarters for 5 batteries. The principal magazines areonttie Anacostia. ARSENA].. 173 The body of Booth, the assassin of President Lincoln, was landed at the small wharf at theS. W. end of the peninsula. It was, with the bodies of the other conspirators, buried in one of the lower cells of the L'niied States Peni. tentiary, erectea on the north end of the arsenal grounds, 1826-29. In 1865 the body of Wirz, the Anderson rebel prison-keeper, executed at the old Capitol 1865, was also buried here. When the Penitentiary was torn down. 1069, these bodies were removed, Wirz to Mt. Olivet Cemetery, D. C., and Booth CO Baltimore. The grounds afford a delightful stroll or drive, with the brtW Potomac on the W. and the James Creek Canal on the E. Objects of Inter- , ,,.,i! '' ' :\m\ ■ est.— In front of the old l||[| .jjljb J.!:';!!''''' i. . ' ' - to the greater fa- cilities presented by more recently-established stations, and the filling up of the channel. In 1816 a ship of the line could anchor here. The yard is now one of the most im- portant for the manufacture of naval supplies. MARINE BA.IIRACKS. A short distance N. of the Navy-Yard gate, on the E. side of 8th St. E., between G and I sts. S., are the Marine Bar- racks. The Pennsylvania av. cars for the Navy- Yard pass the iron gate, which is the general entrance. Visitors are admitted from ^ a.m. till sundown, but can be passed before that time by the officer of che day. The barracks have a frontage of 700 feet. The centre building, used for officers' quarters, is two stories high, and the wings are one story, with accommodations for 200 men. The offices of the gen- eral staff are opposite, on 9th st. E. On the N. of the square are the quarters of the Brigadier General and Com- mandant of the Marine Corps, and opposite, on the S., is the armory and hospital. In the former are some interest- ing Marine Corps flags. One bears the inscription "From Tripoli to the Halls of the Montezumas" by land and sea; also, a Corean flag captured in battle. The most interesting occasion lor a visit would be at the time of general inspection on any Monday, weather permit- ting, at 10 a. m., when the Marines and their excellent band may be seen in full parade. Every day at 8 a. m. in summei and 9 a. m. in winter, there is guard mount, the band per- forming. The barracks were burnt by the British in 1814, but were immediately rebuilt. Recruits are sent here for instruction before being detailed for service on the vessels of the Navy The Marine Corps was organized in 1798 as an adjunct to the naval establishment, then placed under an independent administration. The corps has participated, with glory to its officers and men, in all the brilliant achievements which have characterized the operations of the Navy of the United States whenever called upon to vindicate the honor of the na- tion. On land the corps has borne itself nobly ; and against greatly superior numbers and overcoming grave obstacles, has invariably returned with fresh laurels. In the Tripolitan and Mexican wars, in their participation in the attack on Fort U. S. FISH POJNl>. 177 Fisher, in their desperate conflict on the coast of Corea, against overwhelming numbers of the barbarous enemy, and in repeated retahatory landings on the shores of Asiatic countries and islands of the Pacific, their discipline and bravery have won for them a bright page in the nation's history. The Headquarters of the Corps are appropriately at the National Capital, being established at the Marine Barracks. U. S. FISH PONDS. The U. S. Fish Ponds, (open every day, except Sundays, from 8 a. m. to dfp. m.,) are situated about ]^ m. S. of the Executive Mansion, and 200 yds n. w. of the Washington ObeHsk. The entrance is on The Drive a few steps S. of B St., N. The Site. — The Site, 30.6 a., was originally mostly a pesti- ferous marsh. In 1878, under direction of Prof. S. F. Baird, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, it was converted into ponds for the propagation of certain food and ornamental fishes. The Ponds. — The Ponds -are 3 feet above the high water mark of the Potomac River, and aggregate 205^ a. water surface. The East, 6.437 a.; West, containing 2 islands, 7.045 a.; North, 4.346 a., excepting 2 partition ponds for gold fish, and South Ponds, 1.500 a,, are devoted to the propagation of carp. Ponds I, .078 a , and 2, .086 a., near the gate, are used for the propa- gation of Japanese Gold Fish; 3 and 4, .576 a., 3 for Golden Ide, imported from the Danube, in Austria, and 4, for Turtles. Of Turtles there are 40 of the finest varieties, as Terrapin, Diamond Back, and others, from the West Indies and the U. S. Ponds 5, .157 a., and 6, .178 a., are used for propagating Blue Carp, a new variety from Italy. There are also a number of tanks used in the process of propa- gation. History. — The propagation of Carp of the scale, mirror, and leather varieties, for free distribution, was commenced in 1879, and has since been prosecuted with eminent success. The propagation of ornamental fishes, as the American Tench, Japan Gold Fishes, Crawfishes, and Leeches, has since been in- troduced. The Spawnins^ Season is in May. During the cleaning of the ponds in the Autumn, Carp weighing from 5 to 30 lbs. have been caught. Over 500,000 young fish from these ponds are dis- tributed yearly. Aquatic Plants. — There is also to be seen here the finest collection of. Aquatic Plants in the U. S., including many varieties of Nymphaeas, or Water Lily family and Nelumbiums. In addition to the interest to the student of fish, the lovers of botany will here find much to instruct them. SECTION I Y . PLACES OF GENERAL INTEREST. SMITHSOXIAN INSTITUTION. HE Smithsonian Institntion {open daily^ except Sunday^ from Q a. m. to 4 p. m.) occupies a fine site S. of Pennsylvania av., and may be conveniently readied by lOtli st. W.. the centre of the N. front of the building facing that street . Grounds. — The whole area of what are now desig- nated the Smithsonian Grounds — that is, from 7th to 12th st. and between B sts. N. and S., covers 52^ acres. The Smith- sonian grounds proper, and which were set apart for the In- stitution in 1846, consist of 20 a., situated in the SW. corner of the larger reservation. At first tlie charge of the Smith- sonian grounds proper was under the Institution. About 15 years ago, however. Congress resumed their supervision. They were then thrown into the extensive and beautiful res- ervation which now surrounds tlie Institution building. The grounds were designed and partially laid out by the distinguished horticulturist and landscape gardener, Andrew Jackson Downing, whose death occurred while in the prose- cution of his plans. They are arranged with lawns, groves, drives, and footways, and are planted with 150 species of trees and shrubs, chiefly American. In the E. portion of the grounds, N. of the E. wing of the building, is a vase of ex- quisite beauty, designed by Calvert Vaux, of Newburg, N". Y., executed by Robert Launitz, sculptor, of New York, and erected by the American Pomological Society to the memory of Downing. The funds were supplied by friends of the deceased. The principal design of the monument con- sists of a large vase of antique pattern, worked in Italian marble, and resting on a pedestal of the same material. The vase is 4 ft. high and 3 ft. in diameter at the upper rim. The body is ornamented with arabesque. Acanthus leaves sur- round the lower part. The handles rest on the heads of satyrs, cods ot OToves and woods, and the pedestal on a carved base an THE STATUE OF HENRY. 79 About 200 feet N. of the W. wing of the Smithsonian Institution Build- ing, stands the semi-heroic bronze Statue of Prof. Joseph Henrv, of N. Y., first Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution, 1 846-' 78, and investigator ^nd discoverer in elec- tricity and the magnetic telegraph. It was erected by Congress ander A. June I, 1880, executed by W. W. Story, is 9' high, cast by Nelli, in Rome, weight, 4,000 lbs., and cost $15,000. It represents the subject attired in the Academic gown, the left hand resting on a volume lying on a plmth. The pedestal consists of a base and cap of axed Quincy grey, and an octagonal plinth of polished Maine Red Beach Granite; is 8' high, and cost $982. The Statue was unveiled April 19, 1883, in the presence of the three daugh- ters of Prof. Henry, the Chancellor and Regents of the Institution, and members of the three great branches of the Government, the Diplomatic Corps, Officers of the Army and Navy, Scientists, Men of Letters, and a vast assemblage of the people. Orator, Noah Porter, President of Yale College. Music by the Marine Band and the English and German Choral Societies of the Capital. Description. — The style of archi tecture of the Smithsonian Building, designed by James Renwick, Jr., of N. Y., is Norman, and chron- ologically belongs to the end of the 12th century, representing the rounded at the time of merging into the Gothic. It is the first unecclesiastical structure of that period ever built in the United States. The building compares favorably with the best examples of the styles, variously called the Norman, the Lombard, the Romanesque, and Byzantine. The semi-circular arch still is used throughout in doors, windows, and other openings The windows are without elaborately traceried heads. The weather mouldings consist of corbel courses with proj ections. It has towers of various STORY'S HENRY. 180 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. sizes and shapes. The main entrance from the N., sheltered by a carriage porcli, is between two towers of beautifully symmetrical proportions and unequal height. Tlie general design consists of a main centre building, two stories Ingh and two wings of a single story, connected by intervening ranges, each liaving a cloister on tlie N. with open stone screen. In the centre of the N. side of the main building are two towers, the liigher one 145 ft. On the S. is a single massive tower 37 ft. square, including tlie buttress, and 91 ft. high. On the NE. corner is a double campanile 17 ft. square and 117 ft. to the top of its finial. At the SVV. corner is an octagonal tower finished with open worlv in the upper portions. At the SW. and NW. corners are two smaller towers. There are 9 tow- ers in all, including the small ones at each wing. The extreme length of the building from E . to W., includ- ing the porch of the E. wing, is 447 ft. The breadth of the centre of the main building and towers, including carriage porch, is 160 ft. The E. wing is 82 by 52 ft., and 42 J ft. high to the top of its battlement. The W. wing, inclusive of its projecting apsis, is 84 by 40 ft., and 38 ft. high. Each con- necting range, inclusive of cloister, is 60 by 49 ft. The main building is 205 by 57 ft. and to the top of the corbel courses 58 ft. high. The material used is a variety of freestone found in the new red sandstone formation, about 23 m. distant from Washing- ton, in the vicinity of the point where Seneca creek empties into the Potomac river. It is the same, though brought from a different locality, as that used in the construction of Trinity church of New York city. The building thi-oughout is con- structed in the most dui-able manner. The foundation walls vary fi'om 12 to 8 ft. at the base to 5 ft. at the top. The walls of the main building, above the water table, are 2^ ft. for the first story, and 2 ft. for the second, exclusive of "buttresses, corbel courses, and other exterior projections, and exclusive of the interior lining of brick. The walls of tlie wings are 2 [t. thick. Groined arches are turned under the Central, the •ampanile, and octagonal towers, and towers of the W. wing. The copings, cornices, battlements, window jambs, muUions, sills, and all stone work, is held by iron clamps leaded. The face of the building is finished in ashlar, laid in courses 10 to 15 in. in height, and with an average bed of 9 in. The whole of the centre building is fii*epi"Oof, and the two wings and ranches practically so. The roofs are of slate laid on iron. iiilBiiiiiiiiiiillllliiilllililiii lilliliiliiilllililllllilllll 182 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution. — 1846, Joseph Henry, of N. Y.; 1878, Spencer F. Baird, of Pa. History. — James Smithson, the founder of the Smithsonian Institution was bom in London, and took a degree at Oxford in 1786. He was son of Hugh, first Duke of Northumberland, and Elizabeth, heiress of Hungerfords of Audley, and niece of Charles the Proud, Duke of Somerset. Having never married, he devoted his life tn science, and died at Genoa, in 1828 leaving his money to his nephew Henrj' James Hungerford, for life, after which it was to go to the United States " to found, at Washington under the na7ne of the Smithsonian Institution, att establishment for the increase and diffusion of kno7v ledge among men." By act of Congress, July I, 1836, the government of the United States accepted the bequest, and, in the same year, Richard Rush, of Pa., was designated to prosecute the claim. 1 he original fund, ;5(5i5,- 169, thus obtained, was placed in the Treasury of the United States, and invested. By act of Congress, Aug. 10, 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was given organization; its affairs bemg entrusted to a Board of Regents composed of certain high officers of the government and a designated number of private citizens, who elected a secretary charged, under tneir direction, with the active management. On IVIay i, 1847, the <:<;/-«^" sq. to the height of 150', where it enlarges to 31'$}^". The exterior facing-stones of the old portion consists of white marble, from Texas Station, Md., with beds 14" to 18" wide, with a butter of ^^f" to i' on the outside, laid in courses 2' rise with alternate headers and stretchers throughout the mass, and a blue stone rubble backing. The new portion consists of marble from the Beaver Dam quaries, near Cockcysville, Md., having average beds of 2j^' in width. The Foundation. — The superstructure of the Monument stood, originally, upon a foundation of rubble masonry of Poto- mac gneiss rock, 23^4" thick, carried up from the bottom, 80' sq., in eight steps to the top, 58'6" sq., of which height y'8" were be- low, and I5'8" above the general level of the ground. Before re- suming work on the shaft, this foundation was secured by the addition of a mass of Portland cement concrete, I26'6" sq. , or 23'3" beyond the base of the old foundation, the bottom surface of the mass being placed at 5'i" above mean low water, or I2'4" below the original foundation, and extending 18' under the outer edge of the old foundation, and 5' under the outer face of the shaft at its lowest point. To lock the new foundation in with the old., and to distribute the pressure uniformily over the new mass with- out the settling of the shaft was a delicate and dangerous opera- tion. The weight of the shaft and foundation to be worked under was 32,176 tons. The present foundation is 41*9" above mean low water in the Potomac, and 36^8" deep. The settlement of the shaft at completion, was 4/4"^ ^Vs" ^^ which occured during the strengthening of the foundation. The total weight of the structure is 81,120 tons, on a foundation bed of 16,000 sq. ft. The wind pressure on the leeward side adding .371 of a ton per sq. ft. The crushing strength of the marble is 517 tons per sq. ft. The Pyramidion. — The pyramidal top, which begins at 500' 4)4" above zero, at which point the obelisk measures 35'5^" sq., and the walls 18" thick, is 55' high. The Ktjstone, which is double, binding two arches intersecting each other at right angles, weighs 5,000 lbs., and was placed in position Nov. 18, 1884. On the bottom, visible from the 500-foot landing within, at the height of 40', is inscribed 1884. The Cap Stone, which forms the apex of the structure, weighs 3,300 lbs., and was placed in position at 2.17 P.M., Dec. 6, 1884, by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey, U. S. En- THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. I95 gineer in charge, aided by his assistants, Capt. George W. Davis, 24th U. S. I , Mr. Bernard R Green, Civil Engineer, and P. H. McLaughlin, Master Mechanic. A salute by Hannaman's Dis- trict Artillery was fired below, and an appropriate resolution was passed by Gen. W. McKee Dunn, Horatio King, Dr* J. M. Toner, and D. B. Clarke, members of the Monument Society, who were assembled within at the 500-ft. landing. The tip of the Lightn- ing Rod, cut from metallic Aluminium, made by Wm. Frishmuth, Chemist, of Philadelphia, Pa., from American ore, corundum (emery) was then placed in position and connected with the light- ning conductors. It is 9)4" high, 5>^" sq. at the base, weighs 100 oz., and cost $225. It is the largest block of Aluminium ever made. It is whiter than silver, does not corrode, and is one-third the weight of copper. On this metal point are the following in- scriptions; S. face, "Chief Engineer and Architect, Thomas Lincoln Casey, colonel corps of engineers; assistants, George W. Davis, Fourteenth United States Infantry; Bernard R. Green, civil engineer; master mechanic, P. H. McLaughlin;" W., "Corner Stone laid on bed of foundation, July 4, 1848. First stone at height of 152 feet, laid August 7, 1880. Cap-stone set December 6, 1884." N, ''Joint commission at settmg of cap- stone: Chester A. Arthur, W. W. Corcoran (chairman), M. E. Bell, Edward Clark, John Newton, Act of August 2, 1876;" and upon the E. face, " Laus Deo." The Interior. — The interior of the Obelisk is fitted up with an elevator and an iron staircase with platforms alternating from E. to W. at intervals of 10'. There are 900 steps from the bottom to the 500-ft. landing. At this height are two windows 18" high and 3' wide on each side foi observation. Tablets. — On the inner face of the old portion are 80, and on the new will be loi blocks of inscribed stones or copper, contributed by States and Territories, Indian Nations, Foreign Governments, Cities, Masonic and Odd-Fellow's Sccieties, Fire Companies and Children of the Public Schools. The stone sent by Pope Pio IX, was a block of African Marble from the Temple of Concord, in- scribed, it is said, "Rome to America." A Baltimore preacher named J. F. Weishample, issued an address to the Protestants of the U. S., against giving it a place. The excitement thus created resulted in an attack on the guard of the Lapidarium by a party of masked men, on Sunday night, Mar. 5, 1054, who siezed the stone and carried it away, destroyed it, and it is supposed cast it into the Potomac. A reward of $500 failed to secure its recovery. Finances. — The Govt, appropriations to 1885, were $900,- 000, and the amount expended, $887,710. The amount expended by the Society to Jan. i, 1856, was $300,000, making a total cost, i848-'85, $1,187,710. The estimated cost of completing the sur- romidings is $166,800 to $612,300, according to the plan. 196 THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. History. — The idea of a monument or statue to commemorate he patrotic services of George Washington, was co-eval with the close of the war which achieved for the American Colonies an in- dependent national existance. On Aug. 7, 1783, the Continental Congress authorized the erection of an ' • Equestrian Statue, at the place where the residence of Congress should be established, in honor of George v^ ashington, the illustrious Commander in Chief of the Armies ot the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty, sovereignty and inde- pendence." This project was never carried out. At the time ot Washington's death, Cong., Dec. 24, 1799, passed resolutions for a marble monument at Washington, and to request his family to permit his body to be deposited under it. The President of the U. S. made the request which was acceded to by Mrs. Washing- ton, who replied: "Taught by the great example which I have so long had before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the public V ill, I need not, I cannot say what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public duty." This plan was never carried out. On May 8, 1800, the resolution of 1783 was amended to provide for a mausoleum ins.ead of a statue On Jan. i, 1801, the House appropriated $200,000 to carry out the project, but the Senate did not concur. Nothing more was done until Sept. 26, ^^33' when certain citizens of Washington associaed themselves, electing John Marshall, Chief Justice of the U. S., their president, for the purpose of executing the early purpose of Cong., to erect a great National Monument to the memory of - ashington, at the Seat of the Federal Government, and asked the aid of the people in subscriptions of $1.00, in behalf of their enterprise. On Jan. 31, 1848, Cong, authorized the "Washington Monument Society," which now had $87,000 on hand, to erect a monument to the memory of George Washington, on one of the public reservations. The present site was selected. The design of a monument pre- pared by Robert Mills, Architect of the Patent Office, was selec- ted. His original plan (see illustration) embraced the idea of a grand circular colonnaded building, 250' in diameter, and lOO' high, from which should spring an obelisk shaft, 70' at the base, and 500' high. The design was very elaborate; the colonnaded buildmg of marble was to forma "National Pantheon." The estimated cost was : Obelisk, $550,000, Pantheon, $570,000. The Corner Stone was laid July 4, 1848, with Masonic cere- monies in the presence of 20,000 p: rsons, representing every branch of the Government and ail parts of the U. S. The orator was Robert C. Withrop, of Mass., Speaker of the House of Representatives. The corner stone weighed 12 tons. The cavity was lined with zinc, in which was deposited the inscribed plate, 4th July, 1776. Declaration of Independence of the United States of America. 4th July, 1848. This Corner Stone laid, of a Monument, by the people of the United States, to George Wash- CHURCHES. 197 ington." Names of officers. And 100 articles, including books, maps, newspapers from all parts of the country, masonic records, a descreption of the Monument, &c. The Grand Master of Masons, B. B. French, performing the ceremony, wore the apron and used the implements and sat in the chair previously employed by Washington in laying the corner stone of the Capitol. 1776. The work on the shaft continued until I855, when it ceased at a height, from the foundation bed, of I75'8", to which 4' were subsequently added, making a total of I79'8 ' including the foun- dation. The shaft was 156'4". By A. of Feb. 26, 1859, the Washington National Monument Society was incorporated. The Society organized under the charter, and efforts were renewed to complete the work, but the out-break of the RebeUion, i86i-'5, put an ena to all these efforts. The financial history of the Society shows that in 1836, subscrip- tions reached $28,000; in 1847, $87,000, and in 1855, $230,339.40. After 1855 $15,000 were collected, mostly contributed at the polls at an election in California in i860. The legislature of California voted $1,000 until the Monument was completed, but never paid it. New York, in 1871, contributed $10,000, New Jersey $3,ooo» and Minnesota $2,000, conditioned upon raising sufficient to com- plete the obelisk. Here the contributions ended until Congress tOok hold of the work. On Jan. 13, 1874, a committee of 13 Members of the House of Representatives was appointed to con- fer with the officers and members of the association, with a view to completing the work, and on May i, 1874, reported a Resolu- tion declaring it the duty of Congress to appropriate a sufficient amount "for the completion of this unfinished Monument, by July 4, 1876, the looth anniversary of American Independence " On Aug. 2, 1876, a joint committee of Congress and ih® old Society, was created for the completion of the monument. In 1877 the foundations were examined, and on June 25, 1878, Lt- Col. Thomas L. Casey, U. S. E gineer, was assigned as Engineer in charge, and Capt. George V\ . IDavis, 24th U. S. I,, as assistant. On July 27, a project for strengthening the foundation to sustain at least 555', was submitted to the Committee. On Oct, i, the engineers were instructed to begin on the foundation, and to order material to complete the super structure, (See description of the Monument.) CHURCHES. A list of leading churches will be found in General Information. The Christ Church, near the Navy Yard, was erected about 1800. It was attended by Jefferson and Madison. The first Baptist Church was built in 1803, the first Methodist in 1805, Roman Catholic in 1810, Presbyterian in 1826. Services, how- ever, were held previously in temporary quarters. St. John's Episcopal Church, on the NE. cor. i6tn and H sts., 198 HALLS. NW., opposite Lafayette Square, was erected in 1816, from designs by Latrobe, the architect of the Capitol. In 1820 it was enlarged, and its original form, a Greek cross, was changed to a Latin, and a portico and steeple added. Among those who attended services here were Presidents Madison, Monroe, and Jackson, and the diplomatic representatives of England. The first Unitarian church, on 6th and D sts. NW., fronting on Louisiana av., was erected in 1824. HALLS. There are a number of haUs in various parts of the city. Masonic Temple is on the NW. corner of F and 9th sts. NW., entrance on F St., and was erected by the Masonic Hall Association. The corner-stone was laid in 1868. The build- ing is of granite and Connecticut and Nova Scotia freestone, and cost $200,000. The two exposed faces are tastefully en- riched with an appropriate introduction of Masonic symbols. The ground-floor is occupied by stores, and the second by a public hall, 100 by 48 ft. and 25 ft. high, and retiring rooms. The hall has been the scene of some of the most brilliant balls and State sociables given at the capital. In the third story are the Blue Lodges of Masonry, and in the fourth the Ro3^al Arch Chapters and Commanderies. The furniture and fittings of the lodges are of superior quality, and are unsur- passed in any siniilar place in the country. A lodge of Ma- sons was established in the earliest days of the capital. Prior to 1816 there M'-ere two which assembled in a building on the borders of the river. Under the pavement of the Temple, on the S. front, is what was formerly known as the City Spring. Odd Fellows' Hall, situated on 7th st. W., bet. D and E sts. The earlier building was dedicated in 1846, and erected out of funds subscribed by the lodges and members meeting in the central part of the city. It was remodeled in 1873. It has a granite base and pressed-brick superstructure, with gal- vanized-iron pilasters, jambs, caps, and cornice, and is sur- mounted by tln-ee domes, that in the centre raised above the others. TJie gronnd-floor ifs occupied by stores. The stair- wav at the main entrance leads to the main hall, on the sec- ond floor. The hall is 100 by 40 ft. and 22 ft. high, and fitted witli a stage of 21 ft. additional, at the E. end. [t is princi- pally designed for balls, concerts, and lectm-es. Adjoining NEWSPAPER OFFICES. 199 are ladies' retiring and gentlemen's cloak-rooms. The third floor contains two lodge and one Encampment rooms. The Library^ on the same tlour, for the use of members of the Order and their families, contains a fine collection of books. The first Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was established in the District of Columbia in 1827 ; the Grand Lodge followed in 1828. Lincoln Hall.— This fine structure stands on the NE. cor- ner of 9th and D sts. NW. It is built of Seneca brownstone, with iron trimmings, is three stories high, surmounted by a Mansard roof. The corner-stone on the SW. bears the in- stription, " Y. M. C. A., Nov. xxvii, mdccclxvii. Jeho- vah JiREH." The building was erected by a joint stock company chartered by act of Congress in 1867, and was com- pleted in 1869, at a cost of $200,000. On the ground floor are stores. There are two entrances to the upper floors . LINCOLN HALL. On the same floor is Lincoln Hall, the finest lecture or concert hall in the city, town Heights, at the base of which winds Rock creek, and has a fine chapel and public vault of the time of Henry VIII. Here is the Van Ness Mau- soleum, designed by Hadfield, after the Temple of Vesta at Rome, erected by Gen. Van Ness, and containing the re- mains of the General and his wife, Marcia Van Ness, nee Burns, of the family of David Burns, one of the original pro- prietors ol Washington. It formerly stood on H, bet. 9th and loih sts. NW., Washington. In this Cemetery are the Corcoran Mausoleum, in white marble, Linthicum Memorial Chapel, ihc graves of Chief Justice Chase, Secretary Stanton, Generals Towson, of the war of 1812, Plummer and Reno, killed in i86i-'65. Commodore Morris, distinguished in the Algerine war, and Lorenzo Dow, the religious enthusiast, removed from Hoi mead Cemetery in 1S74. Returning ijo the same line of street-cars, and alighting on the r. side, at Market st., at the head of the street is the George- town High-Service Reservoir. The same point may be reached by turning to the r. outside the cemetery gate, and follow- ing Road St. to the corner of High. It consists of a domical reservoir, of brick, 120 ft. in diameter, with a capacity of 1,000,000 galls., and is fed from the Aqueduct mains at the bridge over Rock creek by 2 pumps. The surface-water is 215 ft. above tide and 70 ft. above the Distributing Reservoir. It supplies all that part of Georgetown over 100 ft. above tide. Descending the st. a short distance towards the city, and following the track to Fayette st., on the opposite corner is the Convent of the Visitation, founded in 1799, but not now open to visitors. The Academy, under tiie care of the Sisters of the Visitation, was founded at the same time, and occupies the building on the N., rebuilt in 1873, and is open to visitors on Wednesdays and Saturdays after 12 noon. The entrance is by the door of the new building, where visitors will be re- ceived and conducted thi-ough the school. There are two de- partments : primary for girls from 6 to 12 years, and senior, for young ladies of all school ages. There is a fine philosoph- ical apparatus, chemical laboratory, and library. The Acade- my grounds comprise 40 a. Attached to the Convent is a vault containing the remains of Archbishop Neale, second Bishop of Baltimore, and founder of the institution, the daughter of Madame Yturbide, and the daughter of Gen. Winfield Scott, 214 GEORGETOWN. a religieuse of the order. It is the oldest in the country. At the W. end of 2d st., Georgetown, is Georgetown College^ {open every day except Sunday^) founded in 1789, raised to a University in 1815, and the oldest Roman Catholic College in the country. It is under the care of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. The original building, of imported brick, is still standing on the S., and is flanked by two of more modern construction. Boys of all ages are received and carried through an entire course of instruction. The library contains jo,ooo volumes, amongst which are many rare and curious works. There are loo volumes prir.ted between 1460 and 1520, and three manuscripts anterior to 1400, and others later. In the Museum is a valuable collection of coins and medals and relics of Commodore Decatur. The Observatory is 400 yds. distant, on the W, (For Medical and Law Departments see page 201.) There are also fine Custom and Market Houses, Post Office^ and many beautiful church edifices. On 2d and Potomac sts. is the Public School, 79x97 ft.*, built 1874, of Potomac Seneca stone, brick, and iron ; has 3 stories, basement, and Mansard, was designed by Adolf Cluss, and cost $70,000. The building contains 8 school-rooms, a room for the Linthicum Institute and the Peabudy Library, and a Hall capable of seating 900 persons. The Linthicum Insti- tute was founded in 1872 by Edward Linthicum, a retired hardware merchant of Georgetown, deceased 1872, who by will left $50,000 for the education of poor white boys. The Peahady Library fund, $22,000, was one of the numerous bene- factions of the American philanthropist and millionaire George Peabody. At the foot of the hill is the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Potomac Company, chartered by Maryland In 1784, completed a canal before iSooaround the Little and Great Falls These efforts were followed by the eharter, by Congress, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, of the present enterprise. Work was commenced in 1828. The object was the connection of tide-water on the Potomac with the head of navigation on the Ohio, a distance of j6o m. In 1841 the canal was opened to Cumberland, 182 m , at a cost of $1 j,ooo,ooo, of which Maryland subscribed $5,000,000, the United States $1,000,000, Washington, 1,000,- 000, and Georgetown, Alexandria, and Virginia, each, $250,000. Cumberland re- mains the terminus. The execution of the enterprise was a work of great difficulty. There are 75 locks of 100 ft. in length, 15 ft. in width, and averaging 8 ft. lift ; 11 aqueducts crossing the Monocacy river, consisting of 7 arches of 54 ft. span ; also 190 culverts of various dimensions, some sufficiently spacious to admit of the passage of wagons. The canal is fed by a number of dams across the Potomac, varying from 500 to 800 ft. in length, and from 4 to 20 ft. elevation. The breadth of the canal is 60 ft. for the first 60 m. above Georgetown, and for the remaining distance to Cum berland 50 ft., with a uniform depth of 6 ft. The entire lift is about 600 ft. The aqueducts, locks, and culverts are constructed of stone laid in hydraulic cement. The tunnel through the "Pawpaw Ridge" is 3,118 ft. in length and 24 ft. in diam- eter, with an elevation of 17 ft. clear of the surface of the water. The canal con- nects with Rock creek. From this point a canal, now out of use or filled, extended across Washington to the Anacostia. The canal to Cumberland opens the im- mensely valuable and rich coal sections of western Maryland and West Virginia. The unfinished portion of the canal trom Cumberland to Pittsburg is 178 m. The Alexandria Canal, incorporated by Congress in 1830, crosses the Potomac on a fine Aqueduct 1,400 ft. long and 36 ft. above high water. The piers are embedded 17 ft. in the bottom of the river, and are capable of resisting the immense weight of ice thrown against them by the current of the river in winter. A very interesting feature of the city are the coal wharves. ARLINGTON HOUSE AND NATIONAL CEMETERY. 215 where the coal is transhipped into schooners for transporta- tion to the ports on the Atlantic seaboard. Georgetown is one of the largest shad and herring markets in the United States. The mannfacturing interests of the city are small. At the E. end of Bridge st. is Rock-creek Bridge^ connect- ing the two cities. it consists of a 200-ft. span, with 20 ft. rise, the arch formed by two lateral courses of cast-iron pipe, 4 ft. internal diameter, and l)/^ in! in thickness. The arch is supported on massive abutments of sandstone. The pipes convey the water of the Aqueduct across the stream, and at the same time carry a street road and horse railway. Here the Pennsylvania av. street cars may be taken back to Washington. Analostan, or Mason's Island, the large tract in the Potomac river, opposite Georgetown, contains 70 a., and was the res- idence of Gen. John Mason, commissary general of prisoners in the war of 1812. The Mansion still stands at the S. end, 50 ft. above the river. The now neg- lected grounds were also beautifully adorned. A causeway on the Virginia side and ferry-boat from Georgetown in former times afforded communication with the main land. James M. Mason, Confederate Commissioner to Europe, was born on the island Arlington House and ITauonal Cemetery [Open to visit- ors ever ij da >/.) AiliM.;rro:i lions;-, from 1802, was the resi- 216 FORT WHIPPLE. dence of George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Gen. Washington, and in late years of Gen. Kobert E. Lee, till 1861. It is on the Virginia shore of the Potomac, on the summit of a hill, 200 ft. above the river. It is about 4 m. from the Capitol, and about 1 m. from Georgetown, across the Aqueduct bridge . The view of Washington is without a rival . The center building, 60 ft., and two wings, each 40 ft., give;^ a frontage of 140 ft. In front is a portico 60 ft. long and 25 ft. deep. The pediment rests on 8 doric columns (6 in front) 5 ft. in diameter and 26 ft. high, built of brick, stuc- coed. The design was from drawings of the temple at Paes- tum, near Naples. On the S. are the gardens and conserva- tory. In the rear are the kitchens, slave quarters, and stables. In the mansion, when occupied by its former possessors, were valuable pictures and other objects of historic interest. Arlington House in its halcyon days was famed for its hospitality. The last proprietor. Gen. Lee, came in posses- sion through his wife, who was the daughter of ^Ir. Custis. Hayhiggone over to the rebellion against the National Govern- ment, and become its military chieftain, the estate, upward? of 1,000 a., was abandoned. In 1863 it was sold under the confiscation act, and in 1864 was taken possession of by the National Government. About 200 a. were set apart as a National Cemetery for the interment of deceased soldiers of the army. The Cemetery was formally established in 1867. In the rear and 1. of the mansion is an amphitheatre^ capable of accommodating 5,000 persons, erected in 1873, and designed for use in the annual ceremonies observed on decoration day. The grounds were laid out with special reference to the purposes in view. The bodies of nearly 16,000 soldiers, from many a battle-field in Virginia and the hospitals at the capital, here find a fitting resting place. The W. Cemetery is devoted to white, and the N. to colored troops. A short distance S. of mansion is a granite sarcophagus^ surmounted by cannon and balls, in 1866 placed over the grave of 2,111 unknown soldiers gathered after the war from the fields of Bull Run and the route to the Eappahannock. The carriage entrance is on the SE., through a freestone gateway of composite order, erected in 1873. On the frieze are suitable inscrip- tions, and over the arch "Here rest 15,585 of the 315,558 citizens who died in defence of our country from 1861 to 1865.'*' On the 1. of the road leading from the main gate- way towards the river is the once-famous Custis spHng. In 1850 it was visited from the capital by thousands of resi- dents and strangers. Fort Myer, reached by the road to the r. soon after crossing tlie Georgetown Aqueduct, lies a short distance NW. of Arlingt(Mi House. It is now a station for the instruccn*.. AQUEDUCT AND GREAT PALLS OF THE POTOMAC. 217 of oflScers and men in army signalling. It was built during the rebellion, and constituted portion of the defenses cover- ing the Aqueduct and Long Bridge, and the intermediate Heights of Arlington. Then it mounted 6 12-lb. Napoleon guns and 4 12-lb. howitzers. The Aqueduct and Great Falls of the Potomac— One of the most interesting excursions out of Washington is the drive by the Aqueduct to the Great Falls of the Potomac. ^^^_ Table of distances f rem the Navy-yard to iheGreat Falls : From the Navy-yard to the E. front of the Capitol, 1% m ; to Rock-Creek Bridge, 4 j-5 m ; College-Pond Bridge, 5 j-5 m; Foundry Branch, 6 m ; Pipe Vault Dist. Res, 61-2 r" ; Influent Gate House, 7 m ; Waste Weir, j}/^ m ; Gate House Rec. Res., 9 m ; Wooden Bridge Rec. Res., 9 i-S mj Brooks's Road, 9^ ni , Cabin John Bridge, I2j/| ni I Mountain-Spring Bridge, ij^ m; CulvertNo. 12, i4Vi m,'Road at RadciifTs, 15^^ m , Junction Road, 16 J-S m , Bridge No. 2, 17 I-5 m ; Bridge No. i, 17]/^ m ; Ov- erfall No. I. 16 m ; Waste Weir No. i, 18}^ m ; Great Falls Gate House, 18}^ m. Entering George- town from Pennsyl- vania av. the Aque- duct may be reached by Bridge and Fayette sts., and new road to the Distributing Reservoir^ a distance of 2 m. The water surface of the reservoir is jj a; capacity, 150,000,003 galls, at depth ol II ft., and joo,ooo,ooo galls, at 24 ft ; elevation, 144 ft. above mean tide at the Navy- yard. From this point the water is carried by iron mains into the city. [See Water Sup- ply^ p. 46.] The Aqueduct terminates here, the influent gate-house standing on the N W. corner. A 7-ft. Auxiliary Conduit connects the influent and affluent gate- houses on the N. which may be used independently of the reservoir. The Aqueduct consists of a cylindrical conduit, of 9 ft. in- ternal diameter, constructed of stone and brick, laid in hy- draulic cement, and covered by an embanlonent or tunneled through the hills, and is carried across the -streams by means of magnificent bridges, and has a fa^.l of 9^ in. to the m. The capacity of the conduit, full, is 80 000,000 galls, every 24 hrs. The present mains carry 09*30,000,^00 galls. ; the consump- tion, however, is but 17,000,000. From the Distributing Reservoir is a beautiful drive, 2 m. on the embankment of the Aqueduct, to Receiving Reservoir, THB GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC. 218 AQUEDUCT AND GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC. The scenery on all sides is romantic in the extreme. On the 1. is the Potomac and the Little Falls. The Receiving Reservoir^ a natural basin, formed by an em- bankment 65 ft. high, across Powder-Mill Creek, retains the water within the en- circling arms of the surrounding hills. It has a surface area of 52 a., a greatest depth of 5J ft., and drains 40,000 a. of the adjacent country. The Sluice Tower is in the S. end. A conduit extends around the S. side, connecting the Aqueduct, without passing through the Receiving Reservoir. The capacity Is i6j,ooo,ooo galls. The NW. boundary of the District crosses the Reservoir just beyond the Sluiee Tower. The height of water in the Reservoir is controlled by a channel cut in the solid rock. The Aqueduct enters through a tunnel 8oo ft. in length, and pierced through solid rock. Resuming the embankment, Cabin-John Bridge is reached, J in, distant. This magnificent struc- ^ ^_ ^ ^ ture springs the chasm of Cabin-John Creek at a height of iO£ ft. The bri ige is erected of im- mense blocks of granite, with Seneca parapets and coping, and leaps the ra- vine in a single arch of Z20 ft. with 5714 ft. rise from thespringing line. The bridge is 20 ft. wide, and its extreme length 420 ft. It cost frij 7,000. This magnifi- cent work of art is un- equalled in the histor/ of bridge building. It is the largest stone arch in the world ; the second being that of the Grovesner Bridge, with a span of 200 ft which crosses the river Dee. One nile above is Mountain-Spring Brooi^ crossed by a beautiful */- Itptical arch of masonry, 75 ft span. The bridge is 200 ft. long, and cost §76,000. From I his point the Aqueduct is conducted by means of 2 tunnels. About i)/2 m. from the Great Falls a road leads around the hills. Before reaching the fal.s the scenery becomes exceedingly picturesque. The river is divided into two channels by Cupid's Bower and Bear Islands, the latter the upper. At the falls the river is again formed into two channels by Conn's and Great Falls islands, the former the upper, and forms the Maryland and Virginia channels. Across the former is a dam of solid masonry, with gate-house and gates. This dam, should there be oc- casion, will be extended to the Virginia side. The Government owns the water- right, having 5 a. of ground. The dam is faced with massive guards of stone. The total water supply of the river is 1,196,019,511 galls, in 24 hrs. At this point the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is carried over the .Aqueduct. At the Great Falls the Potomac breaks through the mountain in a channel nar- rowing to 100 yds. in width, and bounded on the Virginia side by perpendicular rocks 70 ft. high. The water falls over a series of cascades, making a descent of 80 ft. in 1]/^ m., the greatest single pitch being 40 ft. At a distance of 4 m. it widens, and its agitated waters quiet into an unbroken current. About 10 m. below, at the Little Falls^ about j m. above Georgetown, the stream makes a descent of J7 ft. in a series of cascades. Released from the mountains, after passing Georgetown, the river widens into the lake-like stream which we have seen in front of Washington. CABIN-JOHN BRIDGB. COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY. 219 There ii a fine view of the Falls from cither side, the ledges and rugged boulder* Appearing to advantage. Mingling with the wild aspect of nature is the cedar, oak, willow, birch, and jessamine. Wild cherries and strawberries in season arc found in great abundance. The most venomous reptiles abound. The scene in winter is en- chanting, great masses of ice piled up on either side, and the rocks and trees frosted with spray, form a charming surrounding for the boiling torrent in the channel. HistO'n^. — Surveys for the supply of the city with water were made by Major L'Enfant, unaer the direction of Washington. In 1S50 surveys were made by Col. Hughes from the Great Falls and Rock creek. The first ground on the Washington Aqueduct "was broken by President Pierce on Nov. 8, 1855, in the presence of a large assemblage of officials and civilians. The length of pipe line is 18 m. ; number of culverts, 26 m. ; tunnels, 12, the longest 1,458 ft. Total, 6,655 ft. Bridges 6, viz, cut stone, 4. and iron truss, 2. In Georgetown is a high-service reservoir 120 ft. in diameter. The work was commenced by Capt. M. C. Meigs, U. S Corps of Engineers, and cost 3,500,000. The Aqueduct is the third in rank in the United States. Kalorama. — The residence of Joel Barlow, 180o-'ll, author, poet, politician, and diplomat, who died in Poland, 1812, stands on tlie brow of a beautiful hill, NW. of Washington and near the Metropolitan liorse railway^ Georgetown branch, at the P St. bridge over Kock Creek. About 5 min. walk from the W. end of the P street bridge, is a small brick vaults belonging to the Kalorama estate. In the vault are the remains of Judith Baldwin, wife of Joel Barlow, died 1818, Henry Baldwin, of Pennsylvania, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, died 1844 j Abraham Baldwin, a Senator from Georgia, died 1807 j and George Bomford, Colonel of U.S. Ordnance Corps, died 1848. The body of Commodore Decatur was also placed here. Mar. 24, 1820, two days after his fatal duel In 1846 Decatur's remains were removed to St. Peter's church burial ground, Philadelphia Meridian Hill.— N. of the city, at the terminus of 16th st. W., so named as being on the meridian of the District of Co- lumbia, indicated by the meridian stone, established imme- diately W. of the National Washington Monument. It was formerly the residence of Commodore Porter. A village is now growing upon its commanding site. Columbian University. — This Institutin, formerly situated on Columbian Heights, 5 minute's walk from the N. termmus of I4t St., W. now occupies a fine site on the s e. cor. of 15th and H Sts., n. w., one of the most central locations in the City The Jaritor will show visitors through the building. Entrance on 15 th St. 2^ HOWARD UNIVERSITY. Building. — The Building represents, in construction and arrangement, the best experience in college architecture. It is of classic style, entirely constructed of brick and richly ornamen- ted with terra cotta, is 121' on 15th St., 64' on H St , with a wing 40' wide, extending E. 154', the whole 4 stories high aiid orna- mented by a tower 25'x3o'. The two fronts are broken by grace ful window arches At the main entrance, on 15th St., are two terra cotta panels ; one representing Literature and Law, and the other Natural Sciences. The building was erected i883-'4, Wm. Poindexter, Architect, and cost $75,000; iround, $75 oco. The University and Law Departments occupy the main building. The Preparatory Department is situated on H St. bet. I3ih and 14th Sts., n. w. It is a fine brick building, 5o'x5o', basement and 3 stories, with stone sills and lintels, and a high- pitched roof; Wm. M. Poindexter, Architect; cost of building, $18,000; ground, $7,000. It has accommodations for 100 pupils It has all the modern conveniences and appliances of a school building. Howard University. — {Open to visitors.) Occupies a con- spicuous site N. of the city on the r. of the 7th St. road, and may be reached by horse cars from the N. terminus of 7th and 9th Sts. borse railways. It was incorporated in 1867, for the education of youth, without reference to sex or color. The pupils, however, are almost exclusively colored. The Universitj Building, of patent brick, is 3 stories high, covered with a man- sard and tower, and contains philosophical, lecture and recitation rooms; library, mu- seum and offices. On the NE. is Miner Hall, ladies' dormitories and dining rooms, named after Miss Miner, a teacher of colored children in the days of slavery, in the District. This lady left $5,000 invested in real estate in Washington ; since sold for $40,000, the interest of which is at present devoted to the normal department of the University. To the N. of the latter is the Normal Building, and N. of the main building is Clarie Hall, named after David Clarice, of Hartford, Conn., a gentleman ■of large benevolence and a liberal friend to the University. These halls accommo- date joo students. There are also residences for the professors. The grounds com- prise IS a. Total value of property, $6oo,coo. A short distance S. is the Medica. Department and Freedmen s Hospital, rented and managed under the Interior De apartment WAYLAND SEMINARY. 22] Capitol Spring.— To the NE. of the Howard University is Smith's Spring, the waters of which were conducted in pipes to the Capitol in 1830. (See Capitol Grounds.) "Wayland SeminaTy.— ((Tpen to visitors.) Occupies a com- manding position N. of the city on Meridian Hill, about 10 min. walk N. W. from the N. terminus of the 14th st. horse rail- way. The Institution was founded in 1865 by the Baptist church for the education of colored preachers and teachers. The buildings which is of brick, three stories high, with basement. Mansard and lofty tower, was erected in lS7}-'4, cost $35,ooo, paid out of voluntary contributions, and will accommodate 200 students. The 222 SOIiDIERs' HOME. work was done by colored lubcr. The Seminary is one of the seven schools in the South, established and foctered by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, it is not yet in full operation in the new building. WATLAND SEMINARY. Soldiers* Home, {grounds open everyday^ except Sunday,) lies about 3 m. N. of the Capitol. It is one of the most attractive drives around the city. It may be reached by pedestrians from the ''toll-gate" on the 7th-st. road, which point is ac- cessible by the 7th-st. and Silver Spring horse cars; the latter being a continuation of the former, though a sepai-ate line. The original site consisted of about 200 a., since ex- tended to 500 a. by purchases, including Harewood, the seat of W. W. Corcoran. The grounds are laid out in meadows, lakes, and 7 m. of beautiful drives. The main building, the dormitory, is of marble, Norman in design, and measures 200 ft . front In the rear is a wing of 60 ft., used for a mess GRAVE OF MAJOR PETER CHAKi.ES L tNi'ANT. 223 room. On the lawn are a flag-staft" and cannon. On the E. of the mahi buikhng is an additional dormitory, the sta- bles, conservatory, and fruit garden. On the W. is the Jliggs homestead, now the hospital, and near by the quarters of the governor and oiiicers of the institution. S. of this is the sur- o- eon' s residence. SE .of the mai n build- ing is a beautiful Sen- eca stone chapel, fin- ished in 1871, and gardener's lodge. In the distance S. is the new hospital, a com- modious brick struc- ture, and the build- ings close by are used by the farmer. The Home was first open- ed in 1851, and has lie soldiers ke.p the The Home was the Pierce, Buchanan, soldiers' home, main building. accommodations for 400 inmates, roads in order and perform police duty, favorite summer residence of President: and Lincoln. On the brow of the hill, \ m.W. of S. of the main building, raised on a granite pedestal, and facing the Capital, stands a statue of General WiTifield Scott, at the time of his conquest of Mexico, by Launt Thompson, 1873, bronze, 10 ft. high, cast by R. Woods & Co., Philadelphia, Penna. Cost 818,000. Erected in 1874 by the Home. Through General Scott the Home was founded. From the site may be had an excellent view. In 1851 Congress appropriated out of the Treasury $118,791, the balance of ^jcx),- 000 pillage money levied on the city of Mexico by General Winfield Scott, to go to the founding of a Military Asylum or Soldiers' Home. This fund was increased by forfeitures, stoppages, and fines against soldiers, and a tax of 25 now 12 cts. a month on each private soldier of the regular army. The Home was for the benefit of the regulars and volunteers who served in Mexico, and now is for the privates of the regular army, they alone contributing for its support. Pensioners surrender their pensions while at the Home. Grave of Major Peter Charles L'Enfant, the designer of the ]ilan of Washington, at Green Hill, the country seat of George W. Riggs, on the early manor of Chillam Castle, now "Prince George's county, Maryland, is about 7 m. NE. of Washington. Tlie grave is in the garden, the burial ground of the Digges family, the previous proprietors. The latter have been removed. I'he grave is without a marked stone. 224 ROCK-CREEK CHURCH. Major L'Enfant ^.-as born in France about 1755. He was a subordinate oflacer in the French service. In 1778 he was made a captain of engineers in the Continental array. His gallantry and ability, displayed especially at Savannah, at- tracted the attention of Washington. In 1783 he was pro- moted to major. In March, 1791, he was ordered to George- tow'ntojoin Mr.Ellicott, the chief surveyor, with instructions "to draw the site of the federal town and buildings." Not sharing in the practical views of the commissioners, who desired copies of his plan for circulation, as an inducement to purchasers of lots, a controversy sprung up. which was aggravated by some high-handed measures, chiefly an attempt to demolish the residence of Mr. Carroll, one of the commis- sioners, which interfered with the execution of his plan on the ground. These resulted in his dismissal, after a brief service of one year. In 1794 he was employed on Fort Mif- flin, below Philadelphia. It is said he was oflered, in 1812, a professorship of engineers at West Point. The last days of his life were spent around Washington. He found a home on the farm of Mr. Digges, and died in the summer of 1825, at the advanced age of 70 years. His remains still moulder beneath the sod where the kind hand of charity laid them. Keck- Creek Ohurcli and Cemetery. — {Church services, Epis- copal, every Sabbath at 11 a. w., a7id Cemetery open every day, except Sunday.) — The cemetery lies contiguous to the Sol- diers' Home on the N., and is easy of access from the horse cars on the 7tli-st. road. It comprises about one-half of the glebe, 100 a., the gift of John Bradford, about 1719. The church, which lies on the W., properly St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Rock-creelv Parish, w^as erected in 1719, rebuilt in 1775, and remodeled in 1868. The bricks were imported from England. The main walls are the same as erected in 1719. The bible used is an Oxford edition of 1727. Immediately around the church are a number of old graves, marked by rude stones, and over them stands a venerable oak, the out- spreading branches of wdiich cover an area of 126 ft. in diam- eter. The oldest monuments are E. of the cliurch, of the Gramphin family, 1775. In this cemetery is the grave of Pe- ter Force, with a fine monument. National Military Cemetery, (open from sunrise to sunset,) lies N. of and adjoins the Soldiers' Home, and E. of Rock- Creek Cemetery. It was established in 1861, and contains 5,424 interments : known 5145, unknown 279, and Confeder- ates 271. There are a fine keeper's lodge and conservatory. Adjoining, on the N., is the Cemetery of the Soldiers' Home. BLADEN SB URG. 225 Glenwood Cemetery, {open everyday except Sunday,) 1^ m. N. of the Capitol, is situated at the head of Lincoln av., reached from the Columbia st.-raihvay at N. Capitol St., dis- tance 1 m. It was incorporated in 1854, and contains 90 a, The grounds are beautifully laid out in drives and walks. The public vault is a fine structure. Amos Kendall, Postmaster General 1835-'40 is buried here. Outside the gateway are Prospect Hill Cemetery, 17 a., incorporated in 1860, St. Mary's (Poman Catholic) Burying Ground, 3 a. Bladensburg, a post-village of Prince George's co., Md., lies 6 m. N. E. of Washington, on the Baltimore railroad and turnpike. It was founded about 1750, and named after Martin Blanden,one of the Lords' Commissioners of Trade and Plantations. Before the Revolution it was a place of some commercial and agricultural importance. In those days the Anacostia, upon which it stands, ad- mitted of navigation to the town. Over the stream was the bridge, and W. the field of the disastrous battle of Au- gust 24, 1814, which opened Washington to the enemy, and gave the name of Bladensburg a place in history. On the open ground was the position bravely defended by Commodore Barney and his gallant soldiers and marines. About I m. S. E. of the village, on the turnpike, was the notorious "duelling gronnd." The District line runs through the valley, thus enabling parties from the District and Virginia to pass into Maryland. The most painful of all duels fought here was that between Commodores Decatur, the hero of the Algerine war, and Barron, in 1820, in which the former was mortally wounded. The spot was the scene of many other duels, but not of late years. The duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke, in 1826, took place on the Virginia shore of the Potomac river, near Washington. Near Bladensburg, a short distance from the turnpike, stood the family man- sion of George Calvert, the lineal descendant of the Baron of Baltimore. Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and National Deaf- Mute College, (open every day except Sun- day,) entrance at N. end of 7th st. E., also W. end M st. N. ; 10 minutes from Columbia horse R. R. The grounds, known as " Kendall Green," were previously the home of Amos Kendall, Postmaster General of the United States 1835-'40. The first portion occupied was but a few acres and a small building, presented by Mr. Kendall. Sub- sequently, 25 acres were purchased, and in 1872 the entire estate of 100 acres. The grounds and buildings were vested in the United States as trustee. The institution, incorporated in 1857, has since been sustained by Congress as the institution where Government beneficiaries, viz., deaf-mute children of the District of Columbia, and of the army and navy, should receive free edu- cation. A collegiate department was organized in 1864 by Congress, and is named the National Deaf-Mute College. Both are open to both sexes. ^226 DEAF AND DUMK ASVLUM. THE COLUiMU LMION hOH THK UliAH AND DUMB. The main central buildin*^, dedicated in 1871, was the gift of the Government. It is a fine specimen of the pointed Gothic architecture of tlie 14tli century. It is 21 G by 76 ft., and is faced on all sides with Connecticut brown-stone, in- terspersed with courses of wliite Ohio sandstone, and cov- ered with roofs of red and blue slate, laid in patterns and courses. The main entrance is under a recessed porch, formed by three pointed arcliesof alternate brown and white sandstone blocks, supported by double sets of dwarf columns of hi.i^hly polished Scotch granite, with brown-stone bases and carved white sandstone capitals. Tins porch is paved with white and black marble tiles, and surmounted by an aui^ular pedi- ment containing a carved half-relief figure of the Ameri- can eagle, with the stars and stripes on the shield over its breast. From this porch leads a small vestibule at either end into the main hall, or chapel, a room 56 ft. s(iuare anil 38 ft. high, with a paneled ceiling of light and dark colored wood, wiih massive brackets, cornice, and panel mouldings, the walls be- ing frescoed in delicate tints in plain panels. The walls, to about 8 ft. from the floor, are protected by a paneled wain- scot, painted in strong party colors, with the pulpit, platform, and front, and folding-doors to match. The room is lighted by ten large stained-glass windows. Adjoining on the E., and separated from the chapel by eight sliding doors 15 ft. high and 27 ft. wide, is tlie lecture room. Over the slidins: doors is a solid white sandstone arch MOUNT OLIVET CEMETERY. ^27 of 27 ft. span, springing from light stone columns with carved capitals. The lectm-e room is about 30 by 40 ft. in size, with a raisi'd floor. The remainder of the E. wing on this floor is occupied by a large dining-hall, or refectory, for the pupils of the primary department, with its corridors and stairs ; and with Idtchens, bakery, and store-rooms in the basement below, and large doi-mitories in the attic above. 'IMie W. wing contains a large dining-hall for the students of the college, with its pantries and store-rooms. In the hall of this wing a stairway affords access to the tower. In the basement under tliis wing is an extensive laundry, steam- drying rooms, and store-rooms, while the basement under the chapel contains the fuel and boiler rooms. In the cliapel is a fine plaster cast of Abbe de I'Ep^e, taken from liis tomb in the old church of Saint Roch, Paris ; also one of Abbe Sicard. The former, about tlie year 1760, de- veloped and applied the sj'stem of communication for deaf muti^s by means of natural signs. Abbe Sicard subsequently perfected the system. Tliere is also a portrait of the Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, formerly principal of the American Asylum at Hartford, Connecticut. That gentleman was sent abroad to acquire the system of instruction by natural signs. He chose the French system, now in use by the Institution and College, and also generally throughout the United States. The E. building is occupied by the primary department, and contains several school rooms, chapel, library, reception parlor, private rooms of instructors, and dormitory for boys, and another in a remote part of the building for girls. The W. building is used by the College. In the rear and W. of the main central building is the finished wing of a dormitory for College students. The value of the property is $350,000. Mount Olivet Cemetery {open every day) lies on the 1. of the Columbia turnpike, \ m. N. of the E. terminus of the Columbia horse railway. It comprises 70 a. It was incor- l)orated in 18G2, in the names of the parish priests of the four Roman Catholic churches of Washington. The grounds are well laid out, and shaded with oak and evergreens. Father Matthews, one of the earliest priests who arrived in the city after its occupation by the Government, is buried here, also Lieut. Col. Garesche, A. A. G. to General Rose- cranz, killed at Murfreesboro, 1862 ; Mrs. Surratt, executed for complicity in the assassination of President Lincoln ; and Wirz, the keeper of the Andersonville prison pen for na- tional soldiers during the rebellion, 1861-'65, and executed in Washington at its close. The entrance to the cemetery 228 GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. is at the SE. corner on the Columbia turnpike, where there is a neat superintendent's residence. Graceland Cemetery (pjjenfrom sunrise to sunset) is situated immediately outside the E. limits of the city, at the terminus of the Columbia liorse railway. The cemetery was opened in 1872, and comprises about 40 a. Eeform School of the District of Columbia occupies a com- manding site on the S. side of the Washington and Baltimore turnpike, 2 m. fj'om the E. terminus of the Columbia horse railioay. The school, which is for boys only, was established hj Congress in 186G, and is under the supervision of the Department of Justice. It was first located on the Govern- ment farm, on the Aqueduct road, 4 m. above Georgetown, but owing to the unhealthiness of that section was, in 1871, removed to its present situation. The farm comprises 150 a. The buildings stand on Lincoln's Hill, so-called from the fort of that iiame in the defenses of Washington during the rebellion, and which crowned the liill. They are 230 ft. above the Anacostia, which runs in the rear, and command a view of four railroads, portions of Washington, the National Insane Asylum, the Soldiers' Home, Bladensbm*g, the Mary- land State Agricultural School, and a vast sweep of country into Maryland and Virginia. The main building is occupied by the superintendent, boys' dining room, chapel, library, and reflecting room. The reception room for strangers is on the 1. of the main entrance. On either side of the main building are two detached wings, occupied by the assistants, and as school and dormitories. The boys divide their time in the school and shops. The boys are kept till reformed or their majority. The buildings and grounds will be greatly improved. Government Hospital for the Insane. — ( Visiting days, Wednesdays, from 2 to t^ p.m., and friends of patients every day but Sunday.) This institution, founded in 1855, occupies a conspicuous site at the confluence of the Potomac and the Anacostia Rivers ; and commands an extensive view of those streams, and the capitol on the opposite bank. It is acces- sible by the Pennsylvania Av. street cars to the Navy Yard, thence by the Anacostia and Potomac Street Rail- way, across the fine iron bridge over the Anacostia, through Uniontown to the foot of the hill, within one mile. Thb Building was designed by Walter, architect of the Capitol, after plans suggested by Dr. C. H. Nicholls, first Superintendent, is of brick, in the Co//?- giatt; Gothic style, consists of an imposing centre of four stories, with connecting ranges, and receding wings, three and four stories, with bold buttresseSi irpp ALEXANDRIA. 229 window tioods, and an embattled parapet; is 750 ft long and 200 ft. deep in the centre, and contains 550 single rooms. The West wing is for male, and East for /etnale patients. The centre contains the residence of the Superin- tendent and staff ofBcers, dispensary, chapel, rooms for billiards, and other games of amusement. '\\\^ basenietit contains the kitchens, store rooms, etc. The \3.rg& detached building S, erected under the supervision of Dr. W. W. Godding, is for special classes of patients. There are also detached buildings for the colored inmates, gas works, machine shops, barn and stables. There are aggregate accommodations for over 900 patients, averaging one-fourth females. " The hovie tract of 185 acres, part of an original grant of land called St. Eliz- abeth which name it still retains, is surrounded by a brick wall 9 ft. high, and tastefully laid out. The entire estate comprises 419 a. This is successfully cul- tivated for the benefit of the institution. The asylum is controlled by an Ad' fninistrative Board a-nd a superintending physician. It is for the tise of the army and navy, and District of Columbia, embracing indigent and paying pa- tients, and is supported by the National Government at an annual expenditure of about $200,000, and ranks with the finest institutions of the kind in the world. "•il GOVBRNMBNT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANB. Alexandria. — This city, originally called Bellhaven, stands in Virginia, on the r. bank of the Potomac river, at the con- fluence of that stream and Hunting Creek, 7 m. S. of Wasli- iugton. The boats of the Washington and Alexandria ferry, from the foot of 7th street W., reached b.y liorse cars., run every hour from G a. m. to 7 p. m., on Sunday from 9 a. m. Single fare 15 cts.. round trip 25 cts. The steam cars leave at the same intervals from G a. m. to 8 p. m. from the depot on 6th St., S. of Pennsylvania av. The city is picturesquely situated on the side of a range of low hills, and is surrounded by a fertile and well-cultivated countrj^ The town was founded in 1748. In 1755 five colonial governors met here in connection with Braddock's expedition, which started here. In the early colonial days it was the rival of Baltimore in commerce, but superior advantages and other facilities at- tractive of trade soon advanced the metropolis of ^Maryland 230 ALEXANDRIA. beyond the successful rivalry of the quaint Vir^nia town on tho Potomac. During the Revolution 1776-83. it was a place of much siraie^c importance^ During the IVar 0/^1812 (Aug. 28. 1814), Fort Washington below having beei? abandoned, the town fell into the hands of the British and was held five days. xnc city and county was in the hrst survey of the Federal territory, but was retroceded to Virginia in 1846. About i m. S. E. of the city on the point is tnc sue of the zmtzaUorner stone of the Federal territory (District of Co- lumbiaj planted in 1791. The A/exandria Canal connects the city with Georgetown The principal exports are tobacco, corn and coal. It has rail- road connection with the North and South. The population is 13,658. VIEW OF ALEXANDRIA FROM THE RIVER. In the court of the Mansion House, on Fairfax St., is an old structure known as Washington's Headquarters, having been occupied, it is said, by the General when in Alexandria. At the nitersection of Washington and Cameron sts. is Christ Episcopal Church, commenced in 1765 and finished in 3773, built of bricks imported from England. The interior has been renovated of late years; though some of the wood-work about the chancel is old. The principal interest is associated with the fact that Washington was a member of the vestry of this church. His pew was No. 59, on the 1. of the 1. aisle. A little back is pew No. 46, used by Robert E. Lee, General of the Confederate forces, who came here from Arlington to worship. Marble tablets on the 1. and r. of the chancel have been placed in the walls to their memory. In the church- yard the oldest tombstone is 1771. The city hall, market- house, and masonic hall occupy a fine building. Near the city IS a National Cemetery, which contains the remains of 3,635 soldiers of the rebellion. A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal connects the city with Georgetown. The river in front is 1 m. wide. The shipping of tiie place amounts to about 182 vessels; sail, steam, and unrigged, 8,210 tons. The principal exports arc tobacco, corn, and coal. MOUNT VERNON. 231 Monnt Vemon, steamer daily^ except Sunday, at 10 a. m., from the foot of 7th st. W., reached by horse-cars, fare $1.00 round trip, to include admission to the grounds. Distance, 15 m. Return 4 p. m. Leaving the wharf, the boat runs close to the shore, and along the Arsenal grounds, at the foot of which the Anacostia enters the Po- tomac. The village on the r. is Uniontown, and on the hill is the National Insane Asylum. On the 1. is the Navy Yard. On the S. point of the river is Giesboro'. Dur- ing the rebellion a large number of cavalry horses were kept here for the supply of the army. During a stampede on one occasion over 1000 were drowned in the river. The steamer now directs her course to- wards Alexandria, 6 m. below. Af- ter leaving Alexandria, the steamer passes Jones's point on the r. A lighthouse stands on the point at the location of the initial stone of the boundaries of the District, planted in 1791. The lines extend NE. and NW. Hunting creek here enters the Potomac. The steamer next touches at Fort Foote, an earthwork on the Maryland shore. Broad ORAVK or WASHINQTON. ^^^^M KOKT FOOTR. (See p. 21?.) 232 MOUNT VERNON. creek enters below. The next landing is at Fort Washing- ton, also on the Maryland side. It is an old-style sea-coast defense, mounting guns in casemate and barbette, and inter- esting. {See page 2.34.) The Mount Vernon landing may be seen in the distance on the Virginia side ; also glimpses of the mansion on the hill. The path leads directly to the tomh, a brick vault, with iron gratings, showing a marble sarcophagus containing the re- mains of the immortal Washington, died 1799. The other contains the remains of "Martha, the consort of Washing- ton," died 1801. The obelisk on the right is to Bushrod Washington, died 1829, Associate Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of the United States, nephew of George Washington, and to whom Mt. Vernon was bequeathed. That on the left is to John Augus- tine Washington, died 1832, to whom Mt. Vernon was bequeathed by Judge Washington. The patJh to the right leads to the mansion. The ruins of the old vault will be seen on the way. The mansion fronts N. W. It is of wood, 96 feet long and two stories high. The centre was erected by Lawrence, brother to the General, and the wings were added by the General, and named after Admiral Vernon, of the British Navy, under whom Lawrence Washington served. 'T/t£ Mount Vernon Ladles' Association of the Union, incorporated 1856, purchased the mansion and contiguous grounds, about 6 acres, thus rescuing both from neglect and decay, and have restored and preserved them as nearly as practicable as in the days of their great proprietor. ■ Within the building the rooms have been appropriately fitted up, and relics or other remembrances of Washington placed in them. Among these on the first floor are a dress sword, spy-glass, tripod, holsters, and camp equipage, and other interesting relics connected with his person ; also, painting, Washington before Yorktown, by Rembrandt Peale, giving orders to commence the entrenchments ; the Key to the French Bastile, destroyed 1789, presented by La- fayette, and many other objects of interest. On the second floor the little room in which Washington diedDec. 14, 1799, at the south end of the building, is shown. The simple bed is the same from which the soul of Washing- ton took its flight to the eternal world. The other rooms assigned to the States are also objects of absorbing interest. The vieto from the cupola is very fine. On the right facing the lawn are the Servants' Hall and Spinning and Weav- ing Rooms. On the same side beyond are the gardens and conservatories as » Washington left them, the latter reconstructed. On the left of the mansion are the family Kitchen, Butler's House, Smoke House, and Laundry. The old stables and ruins of the servants' quarters are near by. Several ash and a mag- nolia planted by Washington still thrive. MOUiNT VKRNON 238 .HE MANbioN (looking lowaids the river). M\N-.ioN (towards the Alexandria road). 234 DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON. Defenses of Washington. The inauguration of actual hostilities at Fort Sumter, April 12-13, 1861, warned the National Government of the necessity of preparations for defense. One of the first thoughts was the security of the Nation's Capital. On the night of May 23, 1861, the army, in three columns, crossed tht Potomac, one at Georgetown, one by the Long Bridge, and one by water to Alexandria. Before daylight, Ft. Cor- coran, a tete de pont opposite George- town, was commenced, and with its auxiliary works, was preliminary to the line of impregnable fortifications which ultimately completely encircled the Capital, and constituted the Defenses 0/ Washington. These were in four groups: I. The forts southo/ the Po- tomac, from Alexandria to George- town. 2. The forts at the Chain Bridge. 3. The forts north of the Po- tomac. 4. The forts south of the An- acostia {see map of the District of Columbia) with a perimeter of 37 m. In April, 1865, the Defenses of Wash- ington consisted of 68 inclosed forts and batteries, and emplacements for 1120 guns, 807 of which, and 98 mor- tars, were mounted ; also 93 unarmed batteries for field guns, having 401 emplacements ; 20 miles of rifle trenches, 3 block houses, and 32 miles of military roads. The minor roads were obstructed by abattis and stock- ades. The_/27r^j of the Potomac were picketed with cavalry. The garrison consisted of about 25,000 men, with a Provost guard of 2,000 men in the city, and an artillery force of 17 bat- teries and 2,000 men at Camp Barry. On July II, 1864, General Early, with 20,000 men, made an attack on Fort Stevens, on the 7th Street Road, but was driven back by the guns of Forts Stevens, Slocum, and De Russy. The ruins of the now dismantled Defenses of Washington may be seen on many of the eminences near the city. They saved the Capital after the disastrous action at Bull Run, when the enemy appeared in sight on Munson's Hill. and from attack after the failure rect buildings at more than one place. On December 23 three commissioners were appointed to lay out a district of not less than two nor more than 3 lii. square, on eitluu- side of the Delaware, within 8 m. above or below the falls. Commissioners. — 1791-'04, Thomas Johnson, Md.; nOl-'Q*^ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 237 Daniel Carroll, Mel. ; 1791-94, David Stuart, Va. ; 1794-1800, Gustaviis Scott, Md. ; 1794-1802, William Thornton, Penn. ; 1795-1802, Alexander White, Md. : 1800, William Cranch, Md. ; 1800-1802, Tristram Dalton, Md. The Constitution of tlic United States, 1787, gave Con<^ress the power "to exercise exclusive le^^islation in all cases wliat- soever over such district, not exceeding 10 m. square, as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Con- gress, become the seat of the Government of the United States." * * * (Art. I, Sec. 8.) The first session of Congress of the United States of Amer- ica, assembled under the Constitution, was called upon to enter into this question, confronted by a stronger evidence of sectional spirit than liad hitherto been exhibited. Resolutions from the legislatures of States, besides numerous petitions and memorials, were presented, urging certain localities, and frequently offering great inducements. Districts of 10 m. square, with the right to exercise exclusive jurisdiction, were offered to Congress for the seat of Government by acts of the General Assemblies of Maryland in December, 1788, Penn- sylvania in September, 1789, and Virginia in December, 1789. As an additional inducement, Virginia offered $120,000, and Maryland $72,000. Pennsylvania, in her grant, excepted Pliiladelphia, tlie district of Southwarlc, and part of the Northern Liberties. Petitions were also received from the inhabitants of Trenton, in New Jersey ; Lancaster, Wright's Ferry, York, Carlisle, Harrisburg, Reading, and German- town, in Pennsylvania, and Baltimore and Georgetown, in Maryland. All expressed their willingness to come under the aegis of Congress and the Constitution, and pictured in glow- ing colors the advantages of climate and scenery, and conve- niences of access which their respective localities possessed. The newspapers of the day frequently took a humorous view of this patriotic competition, and in prose and verse gave vent to considerable good-natured sentiment. In the second session the Capital question was again agi- tated, and Baltimore, Wilmington, the Delaware, German- town, between the Potomac and the Susquehanna, were all urged ; but the act establishing the temporary Seat of Govern- ment at Philadelphia, from the first Monday in December, 1790, and the permanent on the river Potomac, between the mouths of the Eastern Branch (Anacostia) and Conogo- cheague, a tributary of the upper Potomac, to be ready for the sessions of Congress by the first Monday in December, 1800, was finally passed, and approved by Washington July 16, 1790. In the Senate it received 14 yeas and 12 nays, and in the House 32 yeas and 29 nays. The immediate settle- 238 HISTORY OP WASHINGTON. ment was effected as a compromise with the advocates of a riscal measure Iviiown as the assumption of the State debts. The majority of the votes of the Middle States going with the South, gave tlie majority for the Potomac. The Legislature of Virginia, in December, 1790, appropri- ated the $120,000 previously offered, payable in three annual installments. In December, 1791, the Legislature of Mary- land gave an order for the payment of the $72,000 donated by that State. The December before, the same Legislatin-e passed an act for providing for the condemnation of land, if necessary, for the public buildings. On January 22, 1791, the first commissioners, three in number, were appointed to superintend the affairs of the city. On January 24 the Presi- dent issued a proclamation directing the commissioners to lay down the four experimental lines of boundary, as follows : First, by running a line from the court-house of Alexan- dria, in Virginia, due S\V. ^ m., and thence a due SE. course till it struck Hunting Creek. This was to be the initial point, from which the first line was to run due NW. 10 m. ; the second into Maryland due NE. 10 m. ; the third due SE. 10 m. ; and the fourth due SVV. 10 m. to the beginning, on Hunting Creek. These were approved by Congress. The original act required the location of the District above the mouth of the Eastern Branch or Anacostia river. To con- form the law to the experimental lines, an amendatory act, approved March 3, 1791, repealed the conflicting portion of the act of July 16, 1790, but required the public buildings to be erected on the Maryland side of the Potomac. After the completion of the necessary legislation on the subject. Presi- dent Washington set out on a visit to the Potomac. lie arrived March 28, 1791, and put up at Suter's tavern, a one- story frame structure, the favorite resort of travelers arriving at Georgetown. On March 29, in company with the three commissioners and the surveyors, Andrew Ellicott and Major Peter Charles L'Enfant, he rode over the gi'ound. The same night a meeting was held for the purpose of effecting a re- conciliation with the property owners. There wei-e some who desired to derive all the advantages offered by the i)ro- posed city without making a reasonable concession to its success. The counsel of Washington had its effect. The general terms agreed upon were signed by nineteen of the original proprietors. The President issued a proclamation, dated March 30, 1791, at Georgetown, which defined the lines of the Federal territory accepted by Congress, anil ordered the commissioners to proceed forthwith to liave the lines permanently marked. The President now left for a brief visit to his home at HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 239 Mount Vernon ; thence he proceeded to Richmond, Va., to consult with Gov. Beverly Randolph respectini^ the payment of the $120,000 appropriated by the Commonwealth of Virginia towards the building of the Capital. On April 13 he wi'ote, Informing the commissioners that the Governor was willing to advance the money at earlier periods than agreed upon. On April 12 the commissioners held their first regular meet- ing at Georgetown. On April 15 the initial or corner-stone of the lines of the Federal territory was formally planted in the presence of the three commissioners, Andrew Ellicott, the surveyor, and the Masons and many citizens of Alexan- dria. James Muir, the pastor of that Episcopal parish, deliv- ered a sermon. On June 29 a final settlement was eflected, by which the lands ceded to the Government were conveyed in trust to Thomas Beall, of George, and John M. Gantt, of Maryland, or their heirs, for the United States. The streets, squares, parcels, and lots were to be laid out, and conveyed by the trustees to the United States ; the residue of the land was to be divided equally. For their share the United States were to pay £25, or $66 66| an a. The streets and squares went to the Government free. There were other stipulations respecting sales of lands and payment of indebtedness to the proprietors. They were also permitted to occupy the lands tiU required for public use. Owing to a disagreement, the streets and reservations were never conveyed to the commis- sioners. The law officer of the Government and the Supreme Court of the United States, however, have decided that the United States have absolute control over them notwithstand- ing. An act of Maryland, Dec. 19, 1791, ratified the cession of its portion of the Federal territory, and designated certain powers and duties of the commissioners, who were also au- thorized to take possession, in the same proportion as agreed with the others, of lots in Hamburg and Carrollsburg. The inhabitants of Georgetown, who so requested, were to be in- cluded, provided they conformed to the general terms of the agreement, which they declined. The laying out of the city according to the plans prepai-ed by L'Enfant, which were approved by Washington in Aug., 1791, was carried out under the direction of Andrew Ellicott, a native of Bucks county, Penn., a gentleman of fine attain- ments, and who had executed a number of important sur- veys. He was born in 1754, and died at West Point in 1820. The first step was the establishment of the "meridian line " through the site of the Capitol, and the E. and W. in- tersecting line, which were to form the basis of the execution of the entire plan. At a meeting of the commissioners on Sept. 8, 1791, certain regulations were prescribed In regard 240 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. to the erection of private buildings, and the present names of the city and District and designation of tlie streets were adopted. Tlie first public sale of lots, of which the Govern- ment had 10,136, took place at Georgetown on Oct. 17, 1791. A large number of purchasers were present from all parts of the country, and the prices paid ranged from $26 66 to $306 50. During the summer and autumn of 1791 the commissioners also made preparations for the commencement of work early in the following spring. Contracts for building material and food were awarded, and a freestone quarry on Higgington's island, 40 m. below the city, was purchased. The President's House was the first of the public buildings commenced. An historical sketch of each of the public buildings will be found, with their description, in the HAND- BOOK. The building of the city, as might be expected, attracted a number of that class of persons who, though poor in means, were still rich in schemes. Among the earliest was one Samuel Blodgett, who appeared on the scene as an applicant for permission to build an entire street, which was gi*anted. After, considerable planning and negotiating, the enterprise was abandoned, the commissioners having no funds to spare, and Blodgett's being all in anticipation. Undaunted, however, the same person undertook the erection of a great hotel, the funds for which were to be raised by lottery, the hotel being the first prize. The building was partly erected, and was drawn by a person without means to complete it. It re- mained unfinished till purchased, years after, by the Govern- ment for the Post and Patent Offices. In 1793, the commissioners entered into an agreement with Robert Morris and James Greenleaf for the sale of 6,000 lots, at $80 a lot, payable in seven annual installments, with- out interest, they obliging themselves to erect, in 1794, and annually for six years, twenty brick houses, two stories high. The above two and John Nicholson bound themselves to ful- fill the contract. The parties failed to comply with any por- tion of the contract, which led to the serious embarrassment of the commissioners. One of the gi-eat obstacles in the way of the commission- ers in the beginning was the scarcity of skilled workmen. Agents were sent to the northern cities, and some importa- tions were made from abroad. The slaves from the adjacent plantations were almost exclusively employed as laborers. In 1796, Congress authorized the commissioners, under the direction of the President, to borrow $300,000, and, at the same time, assumed a supervision of the afiairs of the city, requiring the commissioners to report their operations HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. 241 semi-annually to the Secretary of the Treasury. Meeting with no success in negotiating* their loan in Holland, whence the first application oi the commissioners was made, the As- sembly of Maryland came to their rescue by granting them a loan of $100,000. The election of John Adams at first excited some solicitude on the part of the friends of the Federal city, in considera- tion of the opposition to the selection of the Potomac site shown by the New England States in the discussion and vote in Congress in 1790. The President, however, gave assur- ance of a determination to carry out the views of Ms prede- cessor. In 1799, after a long discussion, Congress voted another $100,000 to the commissioners, which amount was also ad- vanced by the State of Maryland. The next year $50,000 was obtained from the same source, on the personal security of the commissioners. In Februarj', 1800, they executed the papers necessary to the security of all the loans or advances to the city, both from the State of Maryland and the National Government, amounting to $300,000, exclusive of the last loan of $50,000. For that purpose they pledged all the property in the city sold or contracted for before that time, and upon which pay- ments had not been made. The land acquired or purchased for the United States and j^et unsold, exclusive of lots for- feited for non-payment of purchase money and then liable to be sold, amounted to 4,682 lots and 2,043 ft. frontage on navigable water, valued at $884,750. The debt was $144,125, and contracted for on the credit of the above funds of $360,- 881. Tlie N. wing of the Capitol, the President's House, and War and Treasury Offices, the first commenced in 1797, were ready for occupation. A number of dwellings had been erected by private parties in the vicinity of the Capitol, President's House, and Greenleaf's Point. Pennsylvania av., the thoroughfare from the Capitol to the President's House, was ditched. Other avenues and streets connecting the widely-scattered paits of the city were also opened. The reservations around the Capitol aud President's House were planted. A turnpike was also opened to Baltimore. Suita- ble provisions having been made by act of Congress dated April 24, T800, the archives of the Government were con- veyed to Washington. The Executive and offices were transferred at the same time. On November 21 Congress commenced its sessions in the N. wing of the Capitol. Con- gress assumed jurisdiction over the District of Columbia in 1801, and declared that the laws of Virginia and Maryland 242 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON, should continue respectively in force in the portions of tlie District ceded by tliose States. In 1802 the Board of Commissioners was abolished and succeeded by a superintendent, Thomas Munroe, who was re- quh-ed to settle up all accounts, and to sell a sufficient number of the lots pledged for the repayment of the loan of $200,000 from the State of Maryland, so as to meet all obligations of interest and installments. In event of an unwarrantable sac- rifice of the property to meet these demands, the sale was to cease, and the balance was to be paid out of the Treasury of the United States. Lots not paid for were also to be sold to meet the loan of $50,000 from the State of Maryland, or, if not sufficient, the residue was to be paid out of the Treasury. Mayors of Washington. — 1802, Robert Brent ; 1812, Daniel Rapine ; 1813, James H. Blake ; 1817, Benjamin G. Orr ; 1819, Samuel M. Smallwood; 1822, T. Carberry; 1824, Roger C. Weightman; 1827, Joseph Gales, \\'.\ 1830, John P. Van :N'ess; 1834, W. A. Bradley; 1836, Peter Force ; 1840, W. W. Seaton ; 1850, Walter Lenox ; 1852, John W. Maury ; 1854, John T. Towers; 1856, W. B. Magimler; 1858, J. G. Ber- rett ; 1862, Richard Wallach ; 1868, S. J. Bowen ; 1870, M. G. Emery. Governors of the District of Columbia. — 1871, Henry D. Cooke ; 1873, A. R. Shepherd. On May 3, 1802, the municipal government was created by Congress, to consist of a mayor and council. Congress re- served supreme Jurisdiction. The affaii's of the county, and the construction of roads outside the city, were intrusted to a board known as the levy court. On Feb. 21, 1871. the ter- ritorial form of government was substituted. The most important event in the history of the Capital since its foundation was the occupation by the British. The President (Madison) and the Cabinet, over-confident of the safety of the Capital, or the indisposition of the Bi-itish, who controlled the Chesapeake, to attack, had neglected to make suitable provisions for defense. As a consequence, about 3.500 raw militia, hastily concentrated and badlj'- handled, were suddenly called upon to confront the enemy, 4,000 strong, at Bladensburg, 5 m. from the Capital, on August 24, 1814. Commodore Barney, with a few hundred sailors and marines, and BealPs Maryland militia, made a stubborn resistance on the turnpike, but, unsupported by the rest of the troops, who had fled almost without a fight, fell back to the Capital, proposing to defend that point. Fi'om here he was ordered to retire and take position behind Georgetown, leaving the city entirely defenseless. The American troop? HISTORY OP WASHINGTON. 243 retreated towards Montgomery Court House, having beep preceded by the President and Cabinet and other prominent officers of the Government. The total force of Americans available was 7,000 men, but througli mismanagement, the incapacity of Gen. Winder, the commander, and tlie inter- ference of the President and Cabinet, especially the Secretary of War, not more than half that number reached the field, and even then were outnumbered five to one on the points of attack. The whole British force which landed on the Pau- tuxent numbered 5,123 men, of which 4,500 men took part in the fight . The American loss was 26 killed and 51 wounded, and the British 150 killed and 300 wounded. At 8 p. m. on the day of the battle the enemy bivouacked on Capitol Hill. The Capitol, Library of Congress, Presi- dent's House, Arsenal, Treasury and War offices. Long Bridge, and office of the National Intelligencer newspaper, were burned the same night, also some private buildings. The Navy Yard and frigate Columbia, on the stocks, and Ai-gus, five barges, and two gunboats were destroyed by order of the Secretary of the Navy. The explosion of pow- der in a well at the arsenal Idlled 15 and wounded 30 of the British. On the evening of August 25 the British evacuated the Capital. To use the words of one of the British officers, the retreat "was as cautious and stealthy and precipitate as was natural for a retreating army under such circumstances." On the retreat many died of fatigue or were taken prisoners by the cavalry harassing the rear. Nearly 200 of the dead left by the enemy were buried by the citizens. It was esti- mated that his aggregate loss was not less than 1,000 men. The enemy reached Benedict on the evening of August 29, and re-embarked the next day. The sight of the Capital in flames had aroused the inhab- itants of the siu-rounding country, who were being rallied by the Secretary of State, Mr. Monroe. It was resolved to cut off the enemy's retreat to his ships. His haste, however, fi'ustrated these patriotic proceedings. When the question of the restoration of the public build- ings was under discussion, a long and bitter debate ensued, evincing not only a strong disposition to abandon the city, but a dangerous sectional feeling. For a time the most seri- ous consequences were threatened. Calmer counsels, how- ever, prevailed, and an appropriation of $500,000 was made for the repair or re-erection of the buildings on their old sites. The estimated loss was $1,000,000. In 1846 that portion of the District lying on the west bank of the Potomac was retroceded to Viroinia. In 1850 the sale 244 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON. of slaves was prohibited, and on April 16, 1862, slavery was abolished in the District. During the rebellion, 1861-65, the Capital had every ap- pearance of a vast fortress. It was the base of operations of mighty armies, called out for the defense of the Constitution and the Union. On the surrounding hills were military •camps ; in the city were hospitals and stores ; and the ave- nues and streets were the daily scene of moving troops and trains. The infusion of a new element into the population of the Capital was one of the important results of the rebellion of 1861-'65. It was not, however, till a decade later that a sys- tem of improvements on a grand scale were commenced. In that time the number of the inhabitants increased nearly fifty thousand. Congress, in the meantime, had dispossessed itself of the idea that a National Capital was a political conve- nience, instead of necessity . The ideas of Washington, Jeffer- son, and L'Enfant, after a sleep of more than three quarters of a century, are being realized. The grand avenues, broad streets, and beautiful parks are in keeping with the magni- ficence of the Capitol and the imposing proportions of the structures occupied by the various Executive Departments of the Government. Elegant residences, fine chm'ches, commodious school-houses, and many public and private institutions have been erected. It must be admitted that the Capital is no longer a reflection upon the taste, culture, and liberality of the nation, and the least inviting of American cities. At the same rate of improvement, in ten y^ars the Capital of the United States will be one of the rt^o«t beauti- ful in the world. These gratifying results are unai'^^tion- ably due to the interest and zeal of President Graat. ?-ud to the energy and courage of Governor Shepherd. INDEX. Abbrbviations : Com., Committee; E., East; F., Fresco; H., House of Representatives; N., North; P., Portrait of, painting; S., Statue; Sen., Senate; S., South; W., West. Accounts, Com., 113. Adams, Samuel, S., 97, 99. Agriculture, Department of, 156, 162. District of Columbia, 12. — — Committees on, 109, 113. Alexandria, 229, Canal, 214. Allen, Ethan, S., 97, 99. Altitude, mean, Washington, 16. Amusements, general, xiv. Anacostia river, 15, 49. Analostan Island, 215. Appropriations— Sen, 94 ; H., 100. Aqueduct, 46,217; Distributing Res- ervoir, 217 ; Receiving, 217 ; Cabin John Bridge, 218. Georgetown, 214. — — Bridge, 214. Architects of the Capitol, 115. Area of Washington, 4. Arlington House, 215; National Cem- etery, 215. Armory, 196. Army, Headquarters of, 136. Ascension Church, xiii. Ashburton, Lord, P., 128. Asylums— Naval Hospital, 203 ; Sol- diers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 203; Columbia Hospital for Women, and Lying-in, 203 ; Washington, 203 ; Louise Home, 204; Providence, General, 204; Washington City Orphan, 204; Children's Hospital, 205 ; St. John's Hospital, 205; St. Ann's Infant, 205 ; St. Joseph's Male Orphan, 205 ; St. Vincent's Fe- male Orphan, 205; Epiphany Church Home, 205 ; Home for the Aged, 206 ; Deaf and Dumb, 225 ; Insane, 228. Attorneys-General, list of, 155. Avenues, 24. — Description of, 25. Baker, Gen. E. D,, S., 99. Baltimore and Potomac Depot, ix. Banking and Currency Com., 96. Baptism of Pocahontas, P„ 74. Barracks, U. S., 172. Marine, 176. Basement, H., 112. Main, iii. N. wing, 110. Sen., 107. S. wing, 102. Baths, Sen., no; H., na. Battle Record room, 170. Bedford, Gunning, P., 99. Benning's Bridge, 54. Birds, 37. Bladensburg, 225 ; battle-field of, 225 ; duelling ground at, 225; Calvert mansion, 225. Battle of, 242. Boarding, vii. Boone in conflict with the Indians. relievo, 70. Boone, D., P., 102. Botanical Garden, 41. Botany, District of Columbia, 13. Boundaries, District of Columbia, 5. —— Washington, 4. Bridges, 52 ; Long Bridge, 52 ; Navy Yard, 54; Benning's, 54; Balti- more and Potomac Railroad, 54 ; Aqueduct, 54 ; Chain, 54 ; Penn- sylvania av., (Rock Creek,) 54; M St., 54 ; P St., 54 ; Cabin John, 218 ; Mountain Spring, aiS. Bronze door, main, 67, 68, 70. Sen., 88. —— Staircases, 90. Burns' Davie Cottage, 5, 210, Cabin John Bridge, 218. Cabot, relievo of, 70. Canals — Washington, 50 ; James Creek, 50; Chesapeake and Ohio, 214: Alexandria, 214. Canopy of the Rotunda, 80. (245) 246 INDEX. Capitol, 56; Situation, 56; Street cars to, 57; Site of, 57; Ap- proaches, 57 ; Grounds, 58, 60 ; General exterior view of, 59 ; Gen- eral description, 62 ; Dome, 63, 71 ; the Western Facade, 63 ; Statue of Freedom, 64 ; Porticoes, 65 ; Main Bronze Door, 67 ; Diagram Principal Story, 69 ; Attic, 104 ; Basement, 108 ; Rotunda, 70 ; Relievos, 70; Frieze, 70; The Dome, 71; Historical Painting Rotunda, 70, 72-79 ; Canopy of Rotunda, 80 ; Ascent of the Dome, 83 ; Battery and electric gas-light- ing apparatus, 83 ; Vestibule, 83 ; Panoramic view of Washington, 83; Library of Congress, 81 ; N. wing, 83 ; Supreme Court of the United States, 81,83, 84-86; N. or Sen. Extension, 86; Staircases, 86, 87, 90, 95, 100, 103 ; Senate Chamber, 91 ; Com. rooms (see) ; Heating and ventilating, 113, 114 ; Law Library, no; Crypt, in; Undercroft, 114; National Statu- ary Hall, 96 ; S. or House Exten- sion, 100; Attic, 102; H., loi ; Basement, 107; Architects, 115; History, 115. Hill, 15, 57- Selection of site of, 18. Capitol Spring, 221, Carroll, Chas., P., 99. Cemeteries, 206 ; Congressional, 206 ; Oak Hill, 211; Arlington (Mili- tary), 216; Rock Creek, 224; Military (Soldiers' Home), 224 ; Glenwood, 225 ; Prospect Hill, 225 ; St. Mary's, 225 ; Ml. Olivet, 227 ; Graceland, 228 ; National (Alexandria), 230. Census Com., 112. Census Office, xiv. Ceremonies, xiv. Chain Bridge, 54. Chasm of the Colorado, P., 105. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 214. Chief Justices, busts of, 84. List of, 85. Churches, list of, xiii. Washington, 197. Circles— Washington, 39 : Thomas, 39 ; 13th street, 39 ; Du Pont. 39- City Hall, 171. City Post-Office, xii. Civil Service Com. Sen., 103, Claims, U. S. Court of, 155. Claims Com., 105, 113. Clarke, Wm., P., 102. Clerk of the H., office, 112. Clinton, George, S., 97, 99. Climate, District of Columbia, 14. Cloak Rooms — Sen., 93; H., 102. Clock, Historical, 96, 98. Closets — Sen., 94, 109, 113; H., 102, Coinage, Weights and Measures, iia. CoUamer, J., S., 99. College, Deaf, Mute, 225. Georgetown, 214. Columbian University, 219. Columbus, relievo of, S., 66, 70. Commissioners of Washington, 236. Commerce 50, Com., 105, 106. Congress, 118, Congressional Library, 81. Contingent Expenses Com., 109. Convent of the Visitation, 212 ; Acad> emy, 212. Corcoran Gallery of Art, 189. Corridors — Sen., 86, 88, 89, 105, 109, no; Main Building, 99 ; H., loo, 106, 112, Court House, District, 171. Crawford, sculptor, S., 99. Crypt, the, ni Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 225. Deaf Mute College, 225. Declaration of Independence, 128. Signing of. P., 76. Defenses of Washington, 233. Department of State, 128 ; Treasury, 131 ; War, 136 ; Navy, 140 ; Inte- rior, 142; Post-Office, 151; Jus- tice, 154 ; Agriculture, 156. Diagram of the Capitol, 69, 104, 108. Discovery of America, S. and P., 66" Discovery of the Mississippi River, P-, 73- Distances, Tables of, from Washing- ton, xix. District of Columbia, 5 ; Geographical situation, 5 ; Boundaries, 5, 237 ; Political Divisions, 6 ; Govern- ment, 6 ; Finances, 9 ; Population, 9; Statistics, miscellaneous, 10; Vital Statistics, 10 ; Industry and Wealth, 10 ; Agriculture, 12 ; To- pography. 12 ; Geology, 12 ; Bot- any, 13; Zoology, 13; Ornithol- ogy, 13 ; Ichthology, 14 ; Herpe- tology, 14 ; Climate, 14. District of Columbia Com., 106, 107. — Government, 208 ; Fire Depart- ment, 208 ; Metropolitan Police, 208 ; Jail, 208. Document Room— Sen., 103; H.,96, 112 ; Clerks, 113. Dome, Capitol, 63, 70; Ascent of, 83. Door, Main, H., 100. Downing, Vase, 178 Drive, the, 29. INDEX. 247 Duddington Mansion, 210. Duelling Ground, 225. Easby's Point, 49. Education Com., 112. Education, Bureau of, 142. Education and Labor Com., no, 112. Elections Com., 106. Electric gas-light apparatus, 102, 103. Elevations, Washington, 16. Elevator, 105. Emancipation, S., 28, 38. Embarkation of the Pilgrims, P., 75. Engineer's Office, 40, 114. Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, 132. Enrolled Bills Com., 94. Environs of Washington— Georgetown, 211 ; Analostan Island, 215 ; Ar- lington House and National Cem- etery, 215; Fort Myer, 216 ; Aque- dnct and Falls of the Potomac, 217; Kalorama, 219; Meridian Hill, 219 ; Columbian University, 219; Wayland Seminary, 221: Howard University, 219 ; Sol- diers' Home, 222 ; Grave of L'En- fant, 223; Rock Creek Church and Cemetery, 224 ; National Cemetery, 224 ; Glenwood Cem- etery, 225 ; Bladensburg, 225 ; Co- lumbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, and Deaf Mute College, 225 ; Mt. Olivet Cemetery, 227 ; Graceland Cemetery, 228 ; Reform School, 228 ; Government Hospital for the Insane, 228 ; Alexandria, 229; Mount Vernon, 231 ; Defen- ses of Washington, 233. Epiphany Church Home, 205, Etiquette, xiv. Executive Buildings, 55. Mansion (See Presid'ts House), 120. Offices, 124. the, 126. Extension of city, 52. Falls of the Potomac, 218. Farragut Square, S., 34, 36. Finance Com., 86. Finances, District of Columbia, 9. Washington, 4. Fire Department, ao8. Fish Ponds, 29. Fitch, John F., 109. Flags, captured, 139, Folding Room, Sen., X09, 110. Foote, Fort, 231. Foreign Affairs Com., 106. Foreign Capitals, 4. Foreign Relations Com., 109. Formalities, xiv. Fountains, 47, 48." Franklin School, 200. Square, 37. S., 86; F., 109. Freedom, S., 64., Frescoes — Rotunda, Frieze of the Ro- tunda, 70 ; Canopy, 80 ; Sen. Re- ception Room, 90 ; Sen. Post- Office, 89; Presid'ts .Room, 94; Sen. Basement, 107; Com. Rooms. Sen., Military Affairs, 107 ; Naval Affairs, 109 ; Indian, 107 ; Foreign Relations, 109 ; Library, 107 ; Westward Ho, 102 ; Washington at Yorktown, 102 ; Agricultural Com. Room, 113. Fulton, Robert, F., 109. Galleries, Sen., 105. H., 106. Reporters', 105, 106. Gardens, Public Botanical, 41 ; Pro- pagating, 41. Gas, lighting the city, 45. General information, vii. Genius of America, S., 65. Geology, 12. Georgetown, 211 ; Oak Hill Cemetery, 211; High-service Reservoir, 212; Convent of the Visitation and Academy, 212 ; College, 213; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 214; Aqueduct, 214 ; Wharves, 214. Giddings, Joshua, P., 99. Giesboro', 231. Glenwood Cemetery, 224. Golden Gate, P., 102. Government Dist. Columbia, 6, ao8. Seat of established, 235. Government Printing Office, 168. Governor's list of, 242. Grand Canon of the Yellowstone, P., 105. Green, General, S., 38, 97, 98. Guard Room, iii. Halls — Masonic Temple, 198 ; Odd- Fellows', 198 ; Lincoln, 199. Hamilton, Alexander, S., 99. Hancock, John, S.,95. Harbor, improvement of, 50. Potomac river, 48 ; Channels, 49. Heating and Ventilating, Sen., 107 113; H., 113,114. Herpetology, 14. Historic Relics, 148, 187. Historical Paintings, Rotunda, 7a»99. Historical Retrospect, 55. Home, Soldiers', 222. Hospitals (see Asylums), 303. Hotels, vii. House of Representatives, lOC ; Speakers uf, 119. 248 INDEX. Ichthyology, 14. Illuminating Loft, Capitol, 105. Indian Aflfairs Com., 107, 112. Indian Office, 142, Warrior, bronze, 102, Insane Asylum, Government, 228. Interior Department, 142 ; Secretary's Office, 142 ; Indian Office, 142 ; Bureau of Education, 142 ; Secre- taries, 144; The Department, 144 (see Patent Office). Secretaries, list of, 144. Invalid Pensions, 113. lackson, S., 34, 35' Jail, 208. Jeffisrson School, 202. S., 96, 99, 100. [ones' Point, 6, 230, Judiciary, The, 85. — - Square, 37. Judiciary Com., 106, 109. Justice, Department of, 154 ; Attor- ney-General's Office, 154; Por- traits of Attorneys-General, 155 ; History, 155. Justice and History, S., 89. Justices Supreme Court, Busu of, 84. Kalorama, 219. King, Wm., S., 97, 99, La Salle, relievo, 70. Lafayette Square, 34. P., 98. Lake, The, 29. Landing of Columbus, P., 72. Landing of the Pilgrims, relievo, 70. Law Colleges — Columbian, 201 ; Georgetown, 201. Law Library, no. L'Enfant, Plan of Washington, 16 ; origin of plan, 19. Grave of, 223, Liberty, S., 97. Librarians of the United States, 82. Libraries — Congressional, 81 ; Sen., .102 ; H., 106; Law Library, 110; Library Com., 107, 112 ; Smith- sonian, 181 ; Odd Fellows', 199 ; Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 199; Georgetown College, 214. Lighting the city, 45. Lincoln, Bust of, 99. . Mosaic, 99. Square, 38. S., 38, 09. ;oln Hall, 199. Lincoln Livingston, Robert, S., 97, 9g. Lobbies, Sen., 91 ; H. Lodgings, vii. Long Bridge, 52. Louise Home, 204. Magazines, 177. Mails, the, xii. Mall, the, 19, 22, 29. Manufactures Com., 110, 112, 113, Marble Room, 93. iMarine barracks, 176, Markets, 209 ; Centre, 209 ; Extern, 209 ; Western, 209 ; Northern, 209. Masonic Temple, 198. Mason's Island, 215. Mayors of Washington, 242. McPherson Square, S.. 29, 35. Medical Colleges — Columbian, 201 ; Georgetown, 201. Meridian Hill, 219. Military Affairs Com., Sen., 107, III ; H.,' 100. Militia and Mileage Com., 107. Mineralogy, 13. Mines and Mining Com., 105, 112. Model Room, 114. Monument of Peace, 27. Monument, Washington Nat'l, 192, Mount Vernon, 231. Place, 37. Mountain Spring Bridge, 218. Museum, Agricultural, 159 ; Army Medical, 167; Ordnance, 170; Naval, 174; National, 182; Cor- coran Gallery of Art, 189. Myer, Fort, 216. National Museum, 182, 188. Naval Affairs Com., Sen., 109; H., 102. Naval Hospital, 203. Observatory, 163. Naval Statue, 27. Navy Department, 129, 140; Objects of Interest, 140; Librarj', 140; Secretary's Office, 140; Secretar- ies, 140; History, 142. Yard, 174. Yard Bridge, 53. Newspaper offices, 200. Oak Hill Cemetery, 211. Observatory, Naval, 163. Octagon, The, 126. (3dd Fellows' Hall, 198. Ordnance office, 170: Museum, 170, (Ornithology, 13. Pacific Railroads Com., 105, 106 Paintings, Historical, Rotunda, 72-79; Perry's Victory on L. Erie, 86 ; Storming of Chepultepec, 95 ; Grand Cafion of the Yellowstone, 105 ; Chasm of the Colorado, 105 ; The Presidents. 122-124; Secre- Uries of War, 13S; Attorneys- General, 155; Secretaries of Treasury, 135; Signing Emanci- pation Proclamation, 100 ; Settle INDEX. 249 ment of California, 102 ; Discov- ery of the Hudson, 102. Parks (see Reservations and Squares). Patent Office, 137, 144, 145: Model Rooms, 146-150 ; Historic Relics, 148 ; History, 151. Patents Com., no. Pavements, 24. Peace, Monument of, 27. Peace, S., 66. Penn, W., conference with Indians, relievo, 70. Pensions Com., no. Perry's Victory on Lake Erie, P., 86. Places of Historical Interest, 210. Plant Houses, 162. Pocahontas saving life of Smith, re- lievo, 70. Police, Metropolitan, 208; Capitol, III. Political Divisions D. C, 7. Population, District, 9. Washington, 4. Postmasters-General, 153. Post Office, City, xii. Capitol, 112; Sen., 89; H., 112. Post Office, General, 151 ; Postmas- ters-General, 153; The Dpart- ment, 158. Post Offices and Post Roads Com., 109, H2. Potomac, Falls of, 217, 218. the drive to, 217. River, 48. President's House, 120; Grounds, t2o ; Conservatories, 122 ; Sta- bles, 122 ; Exterior, 120; Interior, 122, 124 ; History, 125 ; Presi- dents, 126 ; The Executive, 126 ; Portraits, 122-124 ; State China. 124. President's Room, Capitol, 94, 95. Printing Com, 105, 112. Private Land Claims Com., 105, 113. Privileges and Elections Com., 105. Progress of Civilization, S., 66. Propagating Garden, 41. Providence General Hospital, 204. Public Buildings and Grounds Com., 105, 112. Public Lands Com., io6, no Railroads, viii, 54. Railways and Canals Com., 106. Raleigh, relievo, 70. Rawlins Square, 37. -— S., 39 Reception Room, Sen., 90. Refectory, Sen., no ; H., 112. Reform School, 228. Reporters' Gall— -y (press). Sen., 105 ; H.. n2. Reporters' Rooms (official), Sen., 80. Representatives, Hall of, loi ; Old Hall, 96. Offices, 102. Reservations, 21,22. Reservoir — see Aqueduct, 217. High Service, 212. Resignation of Washington, P., 79. Restaurants, viii. Retiring Room, Representatives, Cap- itol, 102, 103 ; Reporters', 105, io6 ; Ladies, Sen., 105 ; H., 106. Revision of the Laws Com., 107, 112. Revolutionary Claims, 105. Rock Creek, 11, 15. Bridge, 53, 214. Rock Creek Church and Cemetery, 224. Rotunda, 70 ; Statuary, 70 ; Relievos, 70 ; Historical paintings, 70-79 ; Canopy, 80; Allegory, So; Frieze, 70 ; Ascent of the Dome, 83. Rules Com., no, 112. School, Reform, 228. Franklin, 200, 202 ; Seaton, 202; Wallach, 202 ; Jeffiirson, 202. Colored, 202 ; Sumner, 202. History of, 202. Scott Square, 36. Winfield, S., 23, 36, 223. Senate, 120. Chamber, 91 ; Offices, 95. Presidents of, 119. I Sergeant-at-Arms, Sen., Room of, 89; H., 102. Settlement of America, S., 66. Sewers, 32, 33. Sherman, Roger, S., 97, 98. Signal Office, 139. Signing the Emancipation Proclama- tion, 100. Smithsonian Inst'n, 178 ; Downing Vase, 178; Building 180 ; Objects, 180; Secretaries, 181; History, 181 ; National Museum, 182, 188. Soldiers' Home, 222. Speakers, H., 119; Office, 102 ; Gal- lery of, 102. Squares — Lafayette, 34; McPherson, 35 ; Scott, 36 ; Farragut, 36 : I Franklin, 37; Judiciary, 37: I Rawlins, 37 ; Mt. Vernon Place, 1 37 ; Green, 38 ; Lincoln, 38 ; Stanton Place, 38. , St. Ann's Infant Asylum, 205. ! St. Elizabeth's, 229. j St. John's Hospital, 205. ' St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asylum.aos. St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asy lum, 205. 250 INDEX. Stables, President's, 133. Staircases, Sen., E., 86, 87; W., 95. H.j E., 100; W., 106: Bronze, 90. State, Department of, 127; Archives, 128; Objects of Interest, 128; Secretaries, 130 ; History, 130. Secretaries of, 130 ; Photographs, 130. Stationery Room, Sen., 96. Statistics, District, 10; Vital, 10; In- dustry and Wealtli, 10. Statuary — See name of subject. Statuary Hall, 96, 98. Steamers, ix. Store Rooms, 103, 106, 112. Storming of Chepultepec, P., 95, 105. Street Cars, viii. Street Railways, 54. Streets, 24, 25, 30 ; renomenclaiure, 31. Sub-basement, Sen., 113; H., 114. Sumner School, 201. Supreme Court of the United States, 83, 84 ; Chamber, 84 ; Busts of Chief Justices, 84 ; Sessions of, 84; the Chamber when occupied by the Senate, 85 ; Chief Justices, 85 ; The Judiciary, 85 ; Robing Room, 85; Offices, 86; Confer- ence Room, 110; Files, no. Surrender of Burgoyne, P., 77. Surrender of Cornwallis, P., 78. Telegraph, 54. Official, Sen., 86; H., 100. Press, Sen., 105; H., io6. Territorial Delegates, 112. Territories Com., 109, 112. Theatres, xiv. Thomas, S. and Circle, 33, 39. Tiber, 16,32. Time, difference of, xx. Topography, District, 12, Washington, 15. Transportation Com., 105. Treasurj- Department, 131 ; Objects of Interest, 131, 132; Cash room, 131 ; Vaulu, 132 ; Photographer's Office, 132; Coast Survey, 135; Portraits of Secretaries, 135 ; History, 135. Treaty of Peace, F., 109. Triangles, 37. Trumbull, Jonathan, S., 97, 98. Undercroft, The, 114. Universities — Georgetown, 213, 214; Columbian, 219, 220; Howard, 2x9, 221. Uniontown, 228. Vault, 114. Van Ness Mansion, 9, 210. Vault or Undercroft, 114. Vehicles for hire, xii. Vestibule, Sen., 89, no; Main Build> ing, 67, 96, III ; H., 100, iia. Vice Presidents U. S., list of, 119. Vice President's room, 91. Views of Washington, 15. Wallach School, 201. War Claims Com., 113. War Department, 129, 136 ; Secr^ tary's office, 136; Headquarters of the Army, 136; Portraits of Generals, 136, 138 ; Paintings of life on frontiers, 136; Sketches of the War, 136; Mexican Sketches, 138; Library, 138; Flag room, »39 ; Signal Office, 139 ; the De- partment, 139. Secretaries of, gallery of, 137, S., 66. Washington, Defenses of, 233. Differences of time, xx. Distances from, xix. Fort, 231. Washington City a Virgin Capital, x ; Geographical location, 2 ; Selec- tion of site, 2 ; Distances, xix, 4 ; Area, 4; Government, 4; Finan- ces, 4 ; Population, 4; Statistics, 10 ; Foreign Capitals, 4 ; Topog- raphy, 15; Plan of City, 16; Ex- ecution of, 18 ; Origin of plan, 19 ; History of, 235. Washington, Geo., P., Peak's, 91 ; Vanderlyn. 98 ; Stuart, 99, 122. Washington, Geo., S., Greenough, 60, 61 ; Mills, 21, 39 ; Houdon's copy of, 99; early statue pro- posed, 18. Tomb of, 231. Martha, grave of, 231. Washington National Monument, 192. Washington, Views of, 3, 7, 17. Water supply, 46 ; Early schemes, 48; Aqueduct, 217; Experimen- tal surveys, 219. Wayland Seminary, 221, 222. Ways and Means Com., 100. Webster, D., P., 128. West, Benj., P., 99. Westward Ho, 102. Wharves, 50. Georgetown, 214. White House — see Prest's House, lao Williams, Roger, S., 97, 98. Winder's Building, 170, Winthrop, John, S., 97, 99. Young Men's Christian Zoology, District, 13. n, 199.