THE WAR. ADMINISTRATION 4 v 4 #*^ %aa I ---.-3^^ L<~K Book_ ' itPiKioiiT i ■K.v-.rr. THE WAR ADMINISTRATION An ILLUSTRATED PRESENTATION of PRESIDENT WILSON'S MEMORABLE WAR ADDRESS, TOGETHER with a BRIEF ACCOUNT of the PAST CAREERS and CHARACTERISTICS of THE PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT and THE MEMBERS of the CABINET, into whose HANDS HAS BEEN COMMITTED the CONDUCT of THE SIXTH GREAT WAR of THE UNITED STATES PUBLISHED BY PERRY WALTON BOSTON, MASS. • 1917 '■ m^^ms^ ^ssfj^^^^^^^s^^sm^ T!„- Brochure has been prepared l>y direction "f the Walton Adverl Printing Company Boston, M • FEB 27 1913 Bl PI leli\ \\ VI !"\ A%^> \ FOREWORD The purpose of this brochure is to present in a convenient and attractive way President Wilson's great war address, and also to tell the reader something about the men into whose hands has been entrusted the management of this nation's part in the war. It contains such illustrations as are necessary to the subject. Every effort has been made to obtain accuracy and to secure the best pictures of the President, Vice-President and the Members of the Cabinet. The compilers hope the book will be of per- manent interest, not alone because of the Presi- dent's wonderful address, which has become a document of world-wide interest, but also be- cause the brochure is a miniature reference work as to what kind of men the President, Vice- President, and Members of the Cabinet are. We hope that you will find it well worth pre- serving in your library. TABLE OF ( ON TENTS in. is nspna > pass / / ' - ring hi* War Addn -i Prologi I 7 Presideni Wilson's Wab \l.[>K> — 'Int PRESIDENT President Tin \ [< i I'nt-ini \t 18 I / - tideni lit 'I in \\ Mi Cabinet ... Picture of tin Cabinet and President -i\ It..i i i.i Lansing, Secretary oi Sun -.'^ Pictun qf tin S< ^:i William Gibbs McAi .Secretari oi mi. Treaburi -4 Pictun of tin Secretary qf Iht Treasury -i.~> Thomas Watt Gregory, Attornet-Generai Pictun qf tin Attorney-General . -i' JosEPHUs Daniels, Secretari oi the Navi 30 Pictun of thi Secretary qf the Navy -i'.i David Franklin Houston, Secretary "i Agriculture S] Pictun (if tin Secretary qf Agricultun 38 William Bauchop Wilson, Secretari oi Labob l Pictun qftiu Secretary qf Labor :>3 William < ox Redfield, Secretari oi Commerce ... 34 Pictun S5 Alberi Sidnki Burleson, Postmaster-Generai Pictun of tin Postmaster-General :>7 Newton Dierl Bakes, Secretari <•> Wab / •/tin Secretary qf War :(«» Franklin Knighi Lane, Secretari "i nu [nteriob 41 Pictun "j tin Secretary qf tiu Interior 40 The entrance of the United States into the World War marks an epoch not alone in the history of this nation, but also in that of the world. Circumstances have obliged the United States to abandon its policy of refusing to participate in foreign affairs, and to become a potent member of the family of nations, with a duty to perform and a standard to uphold in the affairs of the world. The exact moment when the United States abandoned its time- honored policy of Non-participation and adopted the newer one of Internationalism had a dramatic setting. The scene was in the Capitol at Washington, where the joint session of Congress gathered to listen to the address in which President Woodrow Wilson asked this government to declare that a state of war existed between it and the Imperial German Government, and the time was between eight and nine o'clock on the evening of April '2. In the Chamber, besides the Senators and Congressmen, the Vice- President and Members of the Cabinet, were many of the foreign ambassadors, together with a representative gathering of the citizen- ship from all parts of the country. In sentences which were as remarkable for their dignity as for their logic, and with a sublimity of thought which will go far into the future, the President reviewed the causes which led us to the momentous step, summarized what the circumstances meant to us and, with prophetic vision, pointed out the course for the nation to follow. He asked Congress to declare that a state of war existed between this nation and Germany, because of Germany's action in sinking our merchant ships, and requested authority to place the army and navy on a war footing, and to take such further action as circumstances might demand. Both houses of Congress passed a war resolution by overwhelm- ing majorities, and on April 6, at the White House, the President signed the formal declaration of war. He changed with the strokes of his pen the present administration from a peaceful one into the fifth war administration since the adoption of the Constitution. Loans to the extent of $7,000,000,000 were voted, steps rushed for the thorough preparation of all land and sea forces and the pro- tection of our harbors, and a conference entered into with Great Britain and France for the purpose of co-operating with the Allies for the successful prosecution of the war. Upon the shoulders of the men who compose the Wilson Adminis- tration now rest tasks which will affect the welfare of this country and the world for centuries to come. Such being the present national circumstances, it is a matter of much interest to the people of this country, and to the people of the world, what sort of men are now in charge of the administration of this government. What do they look like? Where did they live ancUwhat did they do before they came into national office? The text and illustrations of this book will help you to know them.^We pr great speech. - /A .-&hzr7lfc&a PRESIDENT WILSON'S WAR ADDRESS Before the Senate and House of Representatives, April 2, 1917 Gentlemen of the Congress: I have called the Congress into extraordinary session because there are serious, very serious, choices of policy to be made, and made immediately, which it was neither right nor constitutionally permissible that I should assume the responsibility of making. On the 3d of February last I officially laid before you the extraor- dinary announcement of the Imperial German Government that on and after the first day of February it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterra- nean. That had seemed to be the object of the German submarine warfare earlier in the war, but since April of last year the Imperial Government had somewhat restrained the commanders of its under- sea craft, in conformity with its promise, then given to us, that pas- senger boats should not be sunk and that due warning would be given to all other vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy, when no resistance was offered or escape attempted, and care taken that their crews were given at least a fair chance to save their lives in their open boats. The precautions taken were meagre and hap- hazard enough, as was proved in distressing instance after instance in the progress of the cruel and unmanly business, but a certain degree of restraint was observed. The new policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their flag, their character, their cargo, their destina- tion, their errand, have been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board, the vessels of friendly neutrals along with those of belligerents. Even hospital ships and ships carrying relief to the sorely bereaved and stricken people of Belgium, though the latter were provided with safe conduct through the proscribed areas by the German Govern- ment itself and were distinguished by unmistakable marks of iden- tity, have been sunk with the same reckless lack of compassion or of principle. I was for a little while unable to believe that such things would in fact be done by any Government that had hitherto subscribed to humane practices of civilized nations. International law had its origin in the attempt to set up some law which would be respected and observed upon the seas, where no nation has right of dominion and where lay the free highways of the world. By painful stage after stage has that law been built up, with meagre enough results, indeed, after all was accomplished that could be accomplished, but always with a clear view, at least, of what the heart and conscience of mankind demanded. "- % It ESI 1 \ I WILSON w \ l; ADD RES! This iiiiiiiiiimii of ridit the German Government ha> swept aside, under the plea <>f retaliation and necessity and because it liar of respect for the understandings that were supposed tu underlie the intercourse of the world. I am aot now thinking of the loss of property involved, immense and serious as that i-. but only <>f the wanton and wholesale destruc- tion of the li\<- of non-combatants, men, women ami children, en- gaged in pursuits which have always, even in the darkest periods of modern history, been deemed innocent and legitimate. Property can be paid fur; the lives of peaceful ami innocent people cannot be. The presenl German submarine warfare against commerce i- a war- fan- against mankind. It i- a war against all nation-. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in way- which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of. but the ships and people of other neutral ami friendly nation- have been sunk and overwhelmed in the water- in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge i- to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away, (lur motive will not In- revenge or the victo- rious assertion of the physical might of the nation. Imt only the vin- dication of ridit. of human ri l;Ii t . of which we are only a single champion. When I addressed the Congress on the 26th of February last I tl -lit that it would suffice to assert our neutral rights with arm-. our ridit to use the seas against unlawful interference, our ridit to keep our people safe against unlawful violence. Mut armed neutral- ity, it now appears, i- impracticable. Because submarines are in effect outlaw-, when used as the German submarines have been used against merchant shipping, it i- impossible to defend ships against their attack- a- the law of nation- ha- assumed that merchantmen would defend themselves against privateers or cruisers, visible craft giving chase upon the open sea. It is common prudence in such circumstances, grim necessity indeed, to endeavor to destroy them before thej have shown their own intention. They must be dealt with upon sight, if dealt with at all. 111. German Government denies the ridit of neutral- to use arms at all within the area- of the -ea which it ha- proscribed, even in the defence of ridit- which no modern publicist has ever before questioned their ridit to defend The intimation i- conveyed that the armed guards which we have placed on our merchant ships will be treated a- l.eyond the pale of law and subject to be dealt with as pirate- would li<- Armed neutrality i- ineffectual enough at best; in such circumstances and in the face of such pretensions it i- worse than ineffectual; it is likelj only to produce what it was meant to prevent; it is practically certain to draw us into the war without P A I l i \ I SI - ■ J WAR ADDRESS either the rights or the effectiveness of belligerents. There is one choice we cannot make, we are incapable of making; we will not choose the path of submission and suffer the most sacred rights of our nation and our people to be ignored or violated. The wrongs against which we now array ourselves are no common wrongs; they cut to the very roots of human life. With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my con- stitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war against the Government and people of the United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it; and that it take immediate steps not only to put the country in a more thorough state of defence but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war. What this will involve is clear. It will involve the utmost prac- ticable co-operation in counsel and action with the Governments now at war with Germany, and, as incident to that, the extension to those Governments of the most liberal financial credits, in order that our resources may so far as possible be added to theirs. It will involve the organization and mobilization of all the material resources of the country to supply the materials of war and serve the incidental needs of the nation in the most abundant and yet the most economical and efficient way possible. It will involve the immediate full equipment of the navy in all respects, but particularly in supplying it with the best means of dealing with the enemy's submarines. It will involve the immediate addition to the armed forces of the United States, already provided for by law in case of war. of at least 500.000 men, who should, in my opinion, be chosen upon the prin- ciple of universal liability to service, and also the authorization of subsequent additional increments of equal force so soon as they may be needed and can be handled in training. It will involve also, of course, the granting of adequate credits to the Government, sustained, I hope, so far as they can equitably be sustained by the present generation, by well conceived taxation. I say sustained so far as may be equitable by taxation, because it seems to me that it would be most unwise to base the credits, which will now lie necessary, entirely on money borrowed. It is our duty, I most respectfully urge, to protect our people, so far as we may, against the very serious hardships and evils which would be likely to arise out of the inflation which would be produced by vast loans. In carrying out the measures by which these things are to be accomplished we should keep constantly in mind the wisdom of interfering as little as possible in our own preparation and in the equipment of our own military forces with the duty — for it will be a very practical duty — of supplying the nations already at war with Germany with the materials which they can obtain only from PAGE ELEVEN PRESIDENT WILSON'S WAR ADDRESS us <>r by niir assistance. They are in the field and we should help them in every way to be effective there I shall take the liberty <>f suggesting, through the several executive departments of the Government, for the consideration of your com- mittees, measures for the accomplishment of the several obji have mentioned. 1 hope thai it will be your pleasure to deal with them as having been framed after very careful thought by the branch of the Government upon whom the responsibility of conducting tin- war and safeguarding the nation will most directly fall. While we do these things, these deeply momentous things, let us !»■ very clear, and make very clear to all the world, what our motives and our objects are. My own thought has not been driven from it- habitual ami normal course by the unhappy events of tin- last two months, ami 1 do not believe that tin- thought of tin- nation has been altered or clouded by them. I have exactly the same things in mind now that I had in mind when I addrt d the Senate on the 22d of January last; tin- same that I hail in mind when I addi tin- Congress on tin- 3d of February ami on tin- 26th of February. Our objecl now. as then, i- to vindicate the principles of peace ami justice in tin- lit.' oi Hi.- world a- against selfish ami autocratic power, and to set up among the really free ami self-governed peoples of the world such a concert of purpose and of action a- will henceforth insure ll bservance of those principles. Neutrality i- no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world i- involved and the freedom of its peoples, and tin- menace to that peace and freedom lies in tin- existence of autocratic govern- ments, harked by organized force which i- controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people. We have -en the last of neutrality in such circumstances. We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of .• luct and of responsibility for wrong done -hall I bserved among nation- and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of o-ture of affairs which will give them an opportunity to strike and make con- quest. Such designs can he successfully worked out only under cover and where no one ha- the right to ask questions. Cunningly contrived plans of deception or aggression, carried, it may be, from generation t.. generation, i an he worked out ami kept from the light onh within the privacy of courts or behind the earefullj guarded x&X PRESIDENT WILSON WAR ADDRESS confidences of a narrow and privileged class. They are happily im- possible where public opinion commands and insists upon full infor- mation concerning all the nation's affairs. A steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government c>uld be trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants. It must be a league of honor, a partnership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its vitals away: the plottings of inner circles who could plan what they would and render account to no one would be a corruption seated at its very heart. Only free peoples can hold their purpose and their honor steady to a common end and prefer the interests of mankind to any narrow interest of their own. Does not every American feel that assurance has been added to our hope for the future peace of the world by the wonderful and heartening things that have been happening within the last few weeks in Russia'-' Russia was known by those who knew her best to have been always in fact democratic at heart in all the vital habits of her thought, in all the intimate relationships of her people that spoke their natural instinct, their habitual attitude toward life. The autocracy that crowned the summit of her political structure, long as it had stood and terrible as was the reality of its power, was not in fact Russian in origin, character, or purpose; and now it has been shaken off and the great, generous Russian people have been added, in all their naive majesty and might, to the forces that are fighting for freedom in the world, for justice, and for peace. Here is a fit partner for a League of Honor. One of the things that has served to convince us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting com- munities, and even our offices of government, with spies and set criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries and our com- merce. Indeed, it is now evident that its spies were here even before the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of conjecture, but a fact proved in our courts of justice, that the intrigues which have more than once come perilously near to disturbing the peace and dislocating the industries of the country, have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, and even under the personal direction of official agents of the Imperial Government accredited to the Government of the United States. Even in checking these things and trying to extirpate them we have sought to put the most generous interpretation possible upon them because we knew that their source lay, not in any hostile feeling or purpose of the German people toward us (who were, no doubt, as ignorant of them as we ourselves were), but only in the selfish designs of a Government that did what it pleased and told its people nothing. But they have played their part in serving to convince us at last that that Government entertains no real friendship for us, and means to act against our peace and security at its convenience. That it means to stir up enemies against us at our very doors the P A G E T II I l> T E E N PRESIDENT WILSON'S W A R ADDRESS intercepted note to the German Minister at Mexico City i- eloquent r\ idence. W< are accepting 1 1 1 i — challenge of li.»-tilo purpose because we know thai in such a Government, Following such methods, we can never have ;i friend; and thai in the presence of it- organized power, always lying in wait to accomplish we know not what purpose, can I"- in. assured security for the democratic governments >>f the world. \\<- are now about to accepl the gage of battle with this natural foe to liberty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the nation to check an>f false pretence about them, tip Bghl thus for the ultimate peace of 1 1 it- world and fur the liberation of it- peoples, the German peoples included: fur the riidit- of na- n at ami small, and the privilege of men everywhere t<> i : their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made- safe fur democracy. It- peace must U- planted upon the tested foundations <>f political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. W< seek no indemnities fur ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are l>ut one of the champions of the riL'ht- of mankind. We shall In- satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom <>f nations i be fighting for. I have said nothing of the Governments allied with the Imperial menl <>f Germany because they have not made war upon us <>r challenged us to defend our riidit and mir honor. The Austro- Hungarian Government has, indeed, avowed it- unqualified indorse- ment and acceptance of the reckless and lawless submarine warfare, ! now without disguise by the Imperial German Government, and it has therefore 1 1« > t been possible f<>r tlii- Government t<> receive Count Tarnowski, the Ambassador recently accredited t" tlii- G eminent by the Imperial and Royal < iovernment <>f Austria-Hungaiy; but that Government has not actually engaged in warfare against citizens of the United States on the seas, and I take the liberty, for the present at least, of postponing a discussion of <>ur relation- with the authorities at Vienna. We enter tlii- war only where wi clearly forced into it because then- are no other means of defending our rights. It will be all the easier for us to conduct ourselves as belligerents in a high -pirit of right and fairness because we act without animus, not in enmity toward a people or with the desire to lirinL' any injury or disadvantage upon them, l>ut only in armed opposition t<> an irresponsible Government which has thrown aside all considera- tions of humanity and of right and i- running amuck. WILSON W A R ADDRESS We are, let me say again, the sincere friends of the German people, and shall desire nothing so much as the early re-establishment of intimate relations of mutual advantage between us, however hard it may he for them for the time being to believe that this is spoken from our hearts. We have borne with their present Government through all these bitter months because of that friendship, exercising a patience and forbearance which would otherwise have been impos- sible. We shall happily still have an opportunity to prove that friend- ship in our daily attitude and actions toward the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy who live among us and share our life, and we shall be proud to prove it toward all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government in the hour of test. They are most of them as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other fealty or allegiance. They will be prompt to stand with us in rebuking and restraining the few who may be of a different mind and purpose. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern repression; but, if it lifts its head at all, it will lift it only here and there and without countenance except from a lawless and malignant few. It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a tear- ful thing to lead this great, peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts — for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, every- thing that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other. m PAGE F I F T E E p T 11 E P RESID E N T kRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON is the twenty-eighth President of the United States. II< brought to the adminis- tration of the office a more thorough knowledge of the theory ivernment than any of his predeci rs and a practical experi- ence gained while President of Princeton and Governor of Sew Jersey. In his earliest hook. "Congressional Government," ami in hi- later one on "Constitutional Government," be has defined the features "f cur government; and according to his conception the President should to-day till the role <'f legal executive, party leader, and national representative of the whole people. And despite the opinions of the makers of the Constitution, who held that the Presi- dent should be merely an executive with veto power, this tripartite rule has Keen th.- .in.- tilled by all our great Presidents. Wilson's Southern birth and ancestry and hi- Northern experience make him, a- no President ha- been since the Civil War. the repre- sentative equally i»f the North and the South. Me was horn December 28, 1n.">»;. in Staunton. Virginia, a town of five thousand people in the famous Valley of Virginia, of a Scotch- Irish ancestry made up of editor- ami clergymen. Hi- father. Joseph Buggies Wilson, was a Presbyterian minister, ami hi- mother Jessie W Irow, the daughter of a Scotch Presbyterian min- ister. Although President Wilson did not know hi- letters until he was nine year- old, his father'- practice of spending some time every Sunday afternoon imparting all kind- of knowledge to hi- young -on gave Wilson a fund of general information far beyond hi- year-. After a boyhood -pent in Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia, South Carolina, where hi- father had pastorates, he entered Davidson College, North Carolina, hut soon left to go to Princeton, where he was graduated in ls7!>. taking hi- A.M. degree in 1882. Many degrees from other colleges and universities have since been con- ferred upon him. a- follow-: Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1886, R 1902; 1.1.1?.. University of Virginia. 1882; 1.1. I> . Lake Forest, issT. Tulane, 1898, Johns Hopkins, 1902, Rutgers, 1902, University of Pennsylvania, L903, Brown, L903, Harvard. 1907, William-. 1908, Dartmouth, L909; Litt.D., ^ ale, 1901. Upon leaving Princeton, he studied law and practised at Atlanta. Georgia, during 1882 ami 1883. Becoming interested in th'' prac- tice ami theory of government, particularly in America, he wrote hi- tir-t and most fa us hook on "Congressional Government," which attracted such wide and favorable attention that he was called bj Bryn Mawr College in lss.'. t,, be Associate Professor of History and Political Economy, a chair which he held unt when he was called to a like chair at Wesleyan University The, in is'.io he became Professor of Jurisprudence and Politic- at Prince- ton, and filled the .hair until Augusl 1. 1902, when he was I President of the University, which he resigned October 20, 1910, to become < lovernor ol v i While President of Princeton, he introduced th.- preceptorial system bj which each -Indent i- brought under the immediate THE PRESIDENT influence, mentally and morally, of a graduate tutor. His efforts to democratize the eating clubs by bringing them under the supervision of the college authorities met the successful opposition of the wealthy undergraduates and graduates. And further efforts to democratize the students by establishing them in a quadrangle system by which groups of upper and lower classes would be brought together in a more democratic social relationship met an opposition that split in twain the Alumni and Faculty, and caused much bitterness of feeling. In his splendid address to the Alumni of Pittsburgh Mr. Wilson voiced his policy as follows: — "I have dedicated every power that there is within me to bring the Colleges that I have anything to do with to an absolutely demo- cratic regeneration in spirit, and I shall not be satisfied — and I hope you will not be — until America shall know that the men in colleges are saturated with the same thought, the same sympathy, that pulse through the whole body politic." This controversy lifted Wilson into such a favorable position before all America that New Jersey elected him governor, in 1910, on the Democratic ticket. And during his term as governor he broke the power of a corrupt machine, brought to enactment an excellent direct primary act, a drastic corrupt practice act, an Employers' Liability and Workingmen's Compensation Law which works auto- matically, and the creation of a public service commission with power to fix rates. His conduct as governor was such that people everywhere began to talk of him as a Presidential candidate, and he was elected Novem- ber .">, 1912, taking office March 4, 1913. Such in outline was the career of our President before he reached the White House. What is his appearance, and what manner of man is he? In person he is tall, spare, and wiry; has a determined face that is unusually severe in repose, but which relaxes in a winning smile when he is pleased or amused. His eyes are a keen gray-blue. In one of the limericks which he often composes in his lighter moments he describes himself as follows: — "As a beauty I am not a star, There are others more handsome by far; But my face — I don't mind it, For I am behind it; The people in front get the jar." His deliberate and systematic character is shown by the condition of his desk, which always is "arranged as neatly and methodically as a surgeon's instruments." At the conclusion of writing he will take from the drawer a piece of chamois skin, carefully wipe his pen, return the cloth to the drawer, and finally cover his ink-bottle. He is a prodigious worker, and his wide reading ranges from the latest poem to the most erudite philosophy. He can discuss equally well Kipling's latest poem, Chesterton's most recent paradox, changes in the religious world or the trend of philosophy or politics, meet and draw inspiration from the common people or break a lance in discus- pa <; i: E V E Y T E E N T HE VIC E P H E SIDE N T si. hi with tli<- most learned. Not only i- be a finished speaker, but he also has an assured place in bterature a- an essayist. Hi- high rank as a literary man is attested by Miss Perry, who says that Wilson's best writing i~ in such essays as "The Truth of the Blatter mi being Human" and "Mere Literature." Edmund Burke, Walter Bagehot . < lharles Lamb, Boswell's "Johnson," Augustine Birrell, ami William Wordsworth have been the influences that have ulded Wilson's literary style. His favorite poem i~ Wordsworth's "Happy Warrior"; ami his favorite sport, golf. Ami. finally, President Wils,,n is a member f Political and Social Science, American Historical A iation, American Economic A»n- ciation, Corresponding Member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, ami tin- author <>f many literary ami historical essays, a well as "Congressional Government: A Study in American Poli tie-," -The Mat.- Elements of Historical and Practical Politics," "Division ami Reunion, 1829 89," "George Washington," and A History ..f the American People.' T ii i: vie i: P i; i. - i D i N T ^OME one ha- said that genius is the capacity for taking pains, which is (inly another way of saying that he who handles well the details gains capacity for the larger things. It i~ certain that the able way in which Thomas Riley Marshall handled the small things which came his way as a country lawyer caused the big things tn seek him and claim him. II.- «as for years a clear-thinking, bard-working country lawyer. going ami coming in his unostentatious, simple way about the streets ,,f Columbia City. Indiana, with an office over a dry-goods store in a Krick block not far from the county court-house, and li\ ing in a comfortable frame house with broad, maple-shaded piazza in front. He was a "good neighbor, good story-teller, good lawyer, good citizen, and good friend." runs one description. " And si, he came From prairie cabin up to ( lapitol. The conscience of him testing every st r ,,ke 'I'o make Ins deed the measure of a man." might well lie written of him as it was of Lincoln. "I have had no career." said In- to on.- of his interviewers, "and the storv of my life is a short one " He was born at North Manchester, Indiana. March 14, 1854. his father being Daniel M Marshall, a country physician, ami his mother, Martha \ Patter Marshall. He is of Revolutionary stock He attended the common school, and then went to Wabash College ..t Crawfordsville, where he received his \ I'. r \ i, i i i i. ii i i i v S THE VII E I' RES! D E N T lii> A.M. degree in 1876, and his LL.D. degree in I •»««». Notre Dame University gave him an I.I. D. in 1910, and the University >>f Pennsylvania likewise honored him in 1911. He ~t u. ;it Columbia City. Entering the law linn ..f Marshall, McNagny \ Clugston, he became the leading partner, ami continued to !><• bead <>f tin- linn until 1!>IM). when In- became governor. Si Mm "Tom" Marshall and his epigrammatic way of putting things became known all over Indiana. Il>- married in 1895 Lois I. Kim- sey, who, under her Father, was Deputy Clerk of Steuben County, Indiana. A- Marshall early took an active part in the Democratic politics .if Li- town, li<- was made in ls:>ti chairman uf the Democratic party r was entirely unexpected, fur tin- Fort Wayne Journal • tie, while Mr Marshall was on his annual vacation at Petoskey, Michigan, unknown to Marshall, appeared with the leading edi- tnrial 1 ming him fur governor. Tin- boom swept the State, ami he was elected. While governor, he opposed a protective tariff. ^i 1 fur the election a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Gamma Delta, the University, the Country, ami the [ndianapolis Literary Clubs, ami i- a thirty-third degree Mason. He has no children. In person he is five feet eight inches tall, weighs liu pounds, has blue-gray eyes, and dresses well. He has no sports i>r pastimes, though he does enjoy a game of baseball. His motto i-. "Be content." Be enjoys comedy or light opera, and reads detective stories and stories uf adventure. /• i / r w B N T 1 T II I. WAR C AB1 N E T Till War Cabinet "f Presidenl Wilson is the same, with the exception "f three members, a> at the beginning of lii- tir-t administration. The places of Secretaries Bryan and (Jarri- son, who resigned, and "f Attorney-General McReynolds, who was appointed to the United States Supreme Court, have been filled by the appointment of Robert Lansing as Secretary of State, Newton 1). Baker as Secretary of War. and Thomas W. Gregory as Attorney- General. TheCabinet now comprises the following: Robert f^tnsing, tary of Mat.-; William (■. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury; Thomas W. Gregory, Attorney-General; Josephus Daniels, Secre- tary of the Navy; David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture; William 15. Wilson, Secretary of Labor; William < Redfield, Sec- retary of Commerce; Albert S. Burleson, Postmaster-General; Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; and Newton I>. Baker, Secretary of War. Mr. Maker is the youngest member, forty-five; Mr. Redfield, fifty-nine, is the oldest; while Presidenl Wilson, who i- sixty, is older than any of his Cabinet. All the members of the Cabinet are men <»f force, courage, independence, and experience in affairs. Several have served in Congress. Seven of the ten were educated a* lawyers, of the three not educated f< >r the law, William ('. Redfield, Secretarj of Commerce, was a manufacturer of machinery, W. B. Wilson, Secretary <>f Labor, a labor leader, and Di David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture, was long connected with agricultural affairs and agricultural colleges. William G. McAdoo, Secretary "f the Treasury, was creator of the new "public- be-pleased" policy of Public Service Corporations, an attitude toward the public which he introduced when president <>f the Hud- son River 'runnel System, known as the "McAdoo tubes." Josephus Daniels, Secretary df the Navy, was editor of the News and Ob- server of Raleigh, one of the most influential papers in the South. R0B1 III I W-IV. i ',iri/ of Stat< Robert Lansing has hen the representative of the United States before international courts <>f arbitration more frequently than any other living American. Indeed, according to a foreign authority lie has had greater experience in international arbitration and has appeared oftener before international tribunals than any other lawyer now alive. V Gne-looking, courteous, and pleasant gentleman, with a kindly smile that lights up hi* shrewd graj eyes and thoughtful face Mr Lansing is one of the most modest and unassuming of men. attrac- tive and refined in appearani e, full of quiet geniality and warm human sympathy, and glad to be helpful to all who approach him with a worthy case. He is an enthusiastic devotee of Izaak Walton and spends |>art of his summers with rod and line. He also plays a ame of i.'olf Few outside a circle of intimate friend- know, however, that he is a poet of no mean talent and also skilful with 1 II I W A B < A 1! I N K T his pencil and brush. In a word, the versatile Secretary <>f Mate is .1 finished workman in all to which he sets hand <>r brain. Mr. Lansing was born in Watertown, New York, in 1864. Upon his graduation from Amherst College, in Ism), be studied law, and in lssii started practice with his father in Watertown, taking also an active pari in the local Democratic organization. In 1892 his long experience in international law, when he was appointed by • tary of State Blaine associate counsel f'>r the United State- in the Fur Seal Arbitration case. !!<• became counselor for the Chinese and Mexican legations al Washington in hni. and two year- later tary of State Olney selected him as counsel to represent the United State- before the Behring Sea Claims Commission. Mr Lansing has also rendered valuable services to his country as solicitor fur the United State- before the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal in 1903, as counsel for the United Stale- in l<>l»i at The Hague in the Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration case, del. -ate to the Fur Seal Conference al Washington in 1911, and counselor f>>r the State Department in various diplomatic negotiations with Great Britain. In 1912 Secretary Knox appointed him agent fur the Government in the American and British Claims Arbitration, which position he held when named by President Wilson as Counselor foi the Department of Slate in March, 1914. The theory <>f inter- national law interests him as much as it- practice, and in 1906 he assisted in founding the American Society of International Law. Hi- has been and -till i- an editor of Hi.' American Journal q) I national Law, and i- author of a text book on .i\il government entitled "Government, It- Origin, Growth, and Form in the United Stat.--." With this vast experience in the field of international Ian it i- not strange thai Mr. Lansing was selected a- Counselor for the Stat.- Department, from which it was but a short and logical -t<-|> to the portfolio of Secretary of Stat.-, to which office he was ap- pointed in June, It' 1 5 W III. I \M GIBBS Mi \D00 I William GibbsMcAdoo" tunnelled "himself into prominence. His imagination, persistence, courage, and financial ability were respon- sible for the Hudson River Tunnel- and the Hudson Terminal Building. He was an early supporter of President Wilson, and was vice-chairman of the Democratic Campaign Committee of 1912 M« \d,i,. was born October SI, 1m;::. near Marietta, Georgia, -i' an excellent Southern family, that had been ruined by the Civil War Hi- father. William G. McAdoO, M \ . II. I> . "a- a judge, a soldier in the Mexican and Civil War-, and District Attorney - General of Tennessee. The loss of hi- estate forced the father to take a | irofe— ..r-hip in the University of Tennessee, «h.-r<- young McAdoo was matriculated, but left at the end of the Junior year becau f a lack of famih means, and took ., clerkship in the United T hi: WAR < a 1; i \ i i States Circuil Court. While a clerk, he studied law, and was ad- mitted t<> the liar in 1885 at Chattanooga. He then went to Knox- ville t<> run a small s tree I electric railway; ami. when it went into the hand- df a receiver, In- became Division Counsel in Tennessee fur the Centra' Railroad and Banking Company ami the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, and thus secured the railroad experience which was later in In- used to such advantage. And finally, when In- was 1<--- than thirty, he began to practise law in New \..rk. where a few years later he funned a partnership with William McAdoo no relative . who had Keen an Assistant - tary of the Navy in the Cleveland Administration and also police commissioner in New York. The partnership was finally dissolved in 1902, when McAdoo became interested in the suburb transit problems. A- he lived in New Jersey, the ferry delay- impressed him with the need of a tunnel, and he organized tie- Sew York \ New Jersey Railroad. In 1902 I.,- acquired the rights of the old tunnel under the Hudson, which had been begun in 1st V. and in 1908 he was elected president of tie- Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Company, the corporation that operates the tunnel system. After many diffi- culties "f both a financial and engineering nature he completed the lir-t tunnel under the Hudson River between Eioboken, New Jersey, and Sixth Avenue ami Ninth Street, New Y..rk. March s. 1904. Hi- frank attitude toward the public a- well a- hi- consideration lor it- ri^ht- and demand- marked a new era in corporation manage- ment. Hi- prominence in finance and hi- management <>f large enterprises gave him just the experience needed in the treasury office. Strange t" say, a few years ago In- bought at [rvington, New York, five acre- and a tim- old house, adjoining an estate that had belonged to Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury and the founder of our financial system. Mr. McAdoo ha- been married twice and i- the son-in-law of President Wilson. llloM \- \\ Ml GR1 GOR^ < neral Tin una- Watt Gregory owe - his distim tion to a remarkable record a- prosecutor of law-breaking trusts in Texas. With a local repu- tation already made a- an able and successful lawyer, the State of Texas engaged him ami R. I.. Batts, hi- law-partner, to prosecute the Water- Pierce Oil Company, a subsidiary of the Standard oil Company, for violation- of the -trict Texas anti-trust law-. After a stirring legal battle which drew the attention of the whole nation. Mr. Gregoi beat tl itesl of the trusts and for ,-d the Waters- Pierce Oil Company to paj $2.000.1 in tin.-- to the Mate of Texas This case won him a position among the tir-t of American law \ ers, and led later to hi- employment by the Federal Government. Mi Gregory was horn in Crawfordsville, Lowndes County, Mis- sissippi, November (i. 1861, and i- tl..- -,„, ,,f a Confederate veteran. He wa- reared a- an outdoor bo) whose favorite implements were the li-l,,,,: rod and gun. M tie- COUntrj School he attended he £nr-«- in the record time of two years, Ik- t.K)k a spei ial course at the University of Virginia, where he nx >l with tin- future Attorney-General McReynolds and gained high honor- in debating. Apparently a distinguished career as a public <.rat..r lay before the young Southerner, bul to !.i- fri.-ml-' surprise he gave up public speaking and in 1885 opened a law office in Austin, Texas. lli- ability soon began to make it-. -If f.-lt. Before I.mil' he was recog- nized as one of Texas' leading lawyers. The anti-trusl agitation which began in Texas about this time l;.\.- Mr. Gregory hi- chance for national distinction. The famous case against the Waters- Pierce Oil Company made Mr. Gregory's reputation as a "buster" of "bad trusts." Soon after President Wilson's inauguration the Federal Government engaged him to take charge of tin- l.-L'al end of the New England railroad situation. He delved for sixteen months into the affair- of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company, and finally so straightened out the tangle that he won commendation from all. When Attorney-General McReynolds was advanced to the Supreme Court, Mr. Gregory's distinguished service m.-t a fitting reward in his appointmenl on August 29, 1914, as Attorney -General of the United Stat.--. He has never sought public office, declining appointments as assistant attorney-general of Texas and J sti the United States Court. Mut In- ha- always been interested in political campaigning in Texas ami i- a close friend of President Wilson's friend, Col I E. M. House. Educational and church alfair- in- terest him a- well a- law. politics, ami outdoor sports. Ho "a- at our time a Regent of tin- University of Texas ami Trustee of Austin Presbyterian Tl logical Seminary. He married Mi— Julia Nalle of Austin, Texas, in 1893, ami i- the father of four children. Mr. < iregory i- an alert-looking gentleman >ark- ling gray eyes, ruddy complexion, and strongly built figure indicate a lover of the great outdoors, ami whose incisive speech ami pene- trating glance reveal the traim-.l thinker and man of atTair-. Quiet, modest, low-voiced, pre i-<- ami -low of speech, In- possesses all the warm courtesy of the typical Southern gentleman, His hatred of "brass-band methods" and publicity i- the reason why so fellow citizens an- familiar with lii- brilliant rar.-.-r. Hon- esty and fearlessness -him- from lii- clear gray eyes. At tin- Uni- versity of Texas lu- participated in baseball a- well a- debating, and was a founder of the locally famous "Tarantula Club." He is an easy ami effective -|><\ik.-r. with remarkable ability at picking • •ui the important facts from a ma-- of evidence. An enthusiastic baseball ami football "fan." a golfer, an expert wing -hot. and with a particular fancj for flj fishing. Mr. Gregory is the best type of all-round man whose mental activities an- matched bv phvsical ment. / ii / \ / ) 1 II E WAR < A IS 1 N E T J0SEPH1 - DANIELS Mr. Daniela is perhaps the most picturesque character in the Cabinet. In summer he always wear- a linen suit, low collar, black Bowing ti<\ and white socks. He doesn't agree with Shakspere'a "Beware of entrance to a quarrel," bul i- thoroughly in accord with the conclusion, "But being in, bear 'I thai the opposed may beware of thee." Daniel- is a fighter from the call of time to the « !•-< i- i. . n of the referee, and then be would like to _■.> on. He showed this spirit in the conduct of th<' Raleigh Xews and Observer, one of the most fearless and best-known papers in the South. He once criti- cised Federal District Judge T. It. Purnell for the latter's acts while receiver of a railroad, and was arrested for contempt and put in "jail." the jail being a room in a hotel where he was in custody of a United States marshal. Here he was k«-pt four or five day-. and wrote his editorials, signing them "Cell S65." He did not hesitate to assert also that the governor of the State was conspiring to bankrupt the property and throw it into the hand- of a receiver. He was lined $20,000, and retorted he would "rot in jail" before he would pay a rent. An appeal was taken, and the tine reunite,! lie was National Committeeman from North Carolina, member <>f the De cratic Campaign Committee and head of the Publicity Bureau of the Democratic Committee, and long a personal friend of Mr. Bryan. Mr. Daniels was horn Maj 18, 1862, at Washington, North Caro- lina; studied at the Wilson North Carolina Collegiate Institute, ami when he was eighteen went on the Wilson Advance; studied law, was admitted to the bar, but did not practise. He started a paper in Wilson, No,tl, Carolina, hut later purchased the Raleigh (hniu- icle, and ran it in opposition to the Sews and Observer, giving the \ and Observer such a fighl that it »;i- glad to consolidate with Daniels as editor. From 1887 to 1893 he was Stat.' printer of North Carolina, and for two year- was chief clerk of the Interior Depart- ment, under Hoke Smith, Secretarj of the Interior in Cleveland's second administration. Ex-President of North Carolina Editorial Association, twice delegate to the Democratic National Conventions, member of the Democratic National Executive Committee from No,i|, Carolina, and Trustee of University of North Carolina Hi- wife. Adelaide Worth Bagley, i- a sister of Ensign Worth Bagley, who was second in command of the torpedo boat "Win-low." and wa- killed while trying to capture a Spanish gunboat at Cardenas, < ill. a. in [898 /////■/ ) THE W A R C A B I N E T DAVID FRANKLIN HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture Like President Wilson, Mr. Houston has spent most of his life educating young men, but has given particular attention to agricult- ure, and therefore is thoroughly ecpiipped for his position in the Cabinet. His career may be briefly summarized as follows: — He was born in Union County, South Carolina, February 17, 1866, and graduated from South Carolina College in 1887. After graduating he became a tutor in ancient languages, and a year later was appointed superintendent of schools at Spartansburg, South Carolina. From this position he went in 1891 to Harvard, where he studied economics and political science in the Graduate School until 1S94. He was then called to the University of Texas to be- come Associate Professor of Political Science and later Dean of the Faculty, and finally in 1905, President of the University. He was also from 1902 to 1905 President of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. He was called in 1908 to St. Louis to become Chancellor of Washington University, a position he held when offered the Cabinet position. He received an A.M. degree from Harvard in 1892, an LL.D. from Tulane University in 1903 and the Univer- sity of Wisconsin in 1906. He is a Fellow of the Texas State His- torical Society, a member of the American Economic Association, member of Southern Educational Board, Trustee of the John L. Slater Fund, and a member of the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission. He has written "A Critical Study of Nullification in South Caro- lina." WILLIAM BAUCHOP WILSON Secretary of Labor Mr. Wilson, who holds the Cabinet position. Secretary of Labor, that was created March 4, 1913, by the signature by President Taft of the Act of Congress creating it, came to the position with a labor union card in his pocket and the confidence of all working-men. Not only was he Secretary -Treasurer of the United Mine Workers of America from 1900 to 1908, but he has served three terms in Con- gress, so that he has a knowledge of public work as well as an intimate acquaintance with the needs of labor. He was born at Blantyre, Scotland, April 2, 1862. His father, Adam Wilson, a coal miner, came to this country in 1870, and settled at Arnot, Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Mr. Wilson went to work in the coal mines when but nine years old, and at eleven he held a junior card in the Mine Workers' Union. He had many positions in the union before securing the secretary-treasuryship. Despite the lack of school advantages he took every moment to read and study, and has made himself a man of fine intellect and much in- formation, with considerable literary and oratorical powers. He was elected to the Sixtieth Congress from Blossburg, Pennsylvania, where he now has a farm, and was re-elected to the Sixty-first Con- ^ c / v. ♦ r AiyZ r/K • T II K W A I! C A It I N E T having more votes than all the other candidates. The Demo- crats made him Chairman <>f the Committee on Labor. He was defeated for the Sixty-third Congress l>y the combined opposition cf the Republican and Progressive tickets. While in Congress, be was an aggressive and forceful debater on labor questions, and was listened to with much attention and his arguments had great weight. He proved himself to !><• a man of broad human sympathy and fine character. And. when the new Department of Labor was created, he was at once chosen to till it. He is married, and has nine children. WIU.IWl ( <>\ REDFIELD Mr. Redfield, who is a wealthy manufacturer, came int<> promi- nence in the debate over the tariff Kill during Taft's administration, -\\nw im: liinisclf to be an authority upon not only the practical, l>ut the theoretical side <>f commercial subjects. His speeches on the tariff made a great impression all over the country, and he lias come to !»• an authority upon the subject. He lias travelled all over the world, and rv.-ryu here has been a close observer "f commercial and economic affairs. He lias been mentioned not only for the governorship i N Y<>rk. but was als,, spoken of as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency. He has made a careful study of business c utions at home and abroad, and holds that labor in America needs no tariff protection, as the skill of American labor more than compensates for the lower wages paid by other countries, because the greater efficiency of the American workman produces more and better products in the same time than the cheaper foreign labor. He was born in Albany, New York, June L8, 1858, went to Pitts- field in 1867, and studied at the Pittsfield High School. He moved to v \ ork in 1877, and went into the making of iron ami steel forg- ings and tools in Brooklyn, Ww Vork.in 1883, where he has for years Keen prominent politically, socially, and commercially. He has for a number of years Keen President of the J. II. Williams Company, the Sirocco Engineering Company, Vice-President of American Blower • ompany, ami Director Equitable Life Assurance Society. In 1902 he was appointed by Borough President Swanstrom Commissioner of the Public Works of Brooklyn, and in 1896 he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventh New York District, and in lull became a member of the Sixty-second '"njr" from the Fifth District. While in Congress, he strenuously advocated a lower tariff, particularly on food products, and during the Sixty-third ress made one of the ablest speeches delivered against the duty voolens. I., 1912 he went to the Far East, Japan, and the Philippines, and wrote a senes ,,f letters upon labor ami commerce that were very enlightening, lie was President of the Platbush hoys' Club. Law- ■ nl Athletic Club, Knickerbocker, and the Field Club of r. i] lyn, New York. His wife was Miss Elsie Mercein Fuller, of Brooklyn. Thej have two children. His chief pleasure is music. P A G I l li I R i T H K W A B < A B I N E T U.IU.KI SIDNEY B1 EtLESON Postmaster-General Mr. Burleson is th.-fir-t Texan to have a Cabinet office. He was a member "f Congress for fourteen years, sat in the Sixty-third Congress, and was a prominent member ol the Committee on Agri- culture and the Committee on Appropriations. He could have been < hairman oi the < lommittee on Agriculture, but declined, as h<- was more interested in the Appropriations Committee. As chairman of thi Sub-committee in charge <>f the District of Columbia budget, he was long popularly known as * * 1 1 1 • - Mayor of Washington." Mr. Burleson was born In San Marcos, Texas, June 7. 1863, and was educated at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, Baylor University of Waco, and the University <>f Texas. 11<- studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1885, serving as A ss i sta n t City Attorney of Austin, Texas, from 1885 to 1890. [n 1891 he «ii- appointed bj the governor Attorney for the Twenty- sixth Judicial District, and was elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress, ami served as Congressman until hi- selection as Postmaster- General. He »;b National Committeeman from Texas and on the Campaign Committee which elected Wilson in 1912. During the campaign of 1912 he was in charge ol the Seven Democratic Speakers Bureau in the West. NEWTON DIEHL BAKER II at Newton l>. Baker is the youngest member <>f the Wilson Cabinet. Of all its members he is the one most like the President in habits of thought and intellectual traits. He has a brain that work- 1 iU«- lightning, a gift <>f fluent speech that charms In- li.-ar.T-. and an intimate knowledge <>f literature from Chaucer t<> Alfred Noyes While he i- somewhat interested in gardening, he cares little for outdoor sports, for his favorite amusements are of a mental char- acter. He is conversant with the Greek tragedies and occasionally indulges in Latin phrases in speaking. Such i- the charm >>f his manner and easy grace of hi- diction that he instantly wins and holds the respectful attention <>f an audience A deep student t<> whom there is no greater joy than that t<> be found in the pi .i 1 book, he is pre-eminently the intellectual tj |»- of public man. It was Mr Baker's good fortune in early life to take a lecture c ,ni-i political administration at Johns Hopkins under Woodrow Wilson, and -it at table with him at a boarding-house in Baltimore. \l ially attracted by their similar intellectual tastes and attain- ments, the ful - o War and President formed a friend- ship pregnant with significance for the future. But the two did not met again, after Mr Baker's graduation, until the fortune- of a political campaign a few years ago in Massachusetts brought them • i as speakers from the sn platform. /■i(./ i n I i: I ) SIX T II K w A B i \ B I S I. I Despite bis high intellectuality the Secretary of War is by no means a cold and aloof person. 1 1 « - i- full to overflowing with hearty, warm human sympathy, and his kindly manner and Kri^lit lmm- was offered the portfolio of Secretary of the Interior, bul declined, desiring to complete his second term as Mayor. A correspondence begun about this time between the President-Elecl and the Mayor led gradually to Mr. Baker'- becoming an unofficial adviser ol Mr. Wilson, and so. when the former retired to private law practice at the conclusion of his second mayoralty term and a vacancy occurred in the Cabinet, Mr. Wilson was quick to take advantage of the opportunity to make the distinguished Ohio statesman a member of his official family. Mi Baker's ambition has been to be the highest type of lawyer and a champion of the masses against every form of spe rial pri\ ilege. He i- a member of many peace societies, but does not believe in peace at any price. Neither i- he an extremist in matter- of military preparation. "I do not think.'' he says, "peace will come through passive resistance on the part of any one nation, hut I think a really great nation can afford to wait a long while an. I give a great many benefits of doubts before going to war." i ii i i; i ) ^ \ \ V. THE WAR CABINET FRANKLIN KNIGHT LANE Secretary of the Interior The Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Franklin Knight Lane, entered the Cabinet from the Chairmanship of the Interstate Commerce Commission. As a member of the Interstate Commission, he always took a progressive stand, holding that the Commission should have the power to say where new railroads should be located and that legislation should make it possible for investors to know "the purpose for which money was wanted and to be assured of the soundness of their investment." He also advocated imprisonment for guilty directors. Mr. Lane was born on Prince Edward Island, July 15, 1864, and was the son of Dr. C. S. Lane. Graduating from the University of Cali- fornia in 1886, he studied law and began practising in San Francisco in 1889. In 1897 he was elected Corporation Counsel of San Fran- cisco, holding the office until 190 L 2, when he became the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor. In 1903 he received the Demo- cratic vote for United States Senator. He became a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1905, and was also a member of the International Railway Commission representing the United States Government. One of his views is that a National Commission should regulate all business enterprises engaged in Interstate Com- merce. This he believes is the best cure for trust evils. His wife was Miss Anne Wintermute, of Tacoma, to whom he was married in 1893. P A G E F R T Y - N E