k^ I «* N, \ 41' fj" iOij *^tih^^fi THE HERO SERIES Class J,A543 Bnnk ^< Goipghtl^°_i. COPYRIGHT DEPOSn^ THE HERO SERIES A Nineteenth-Century Crusader BY Charles Edward Locke Author of " Freedom's Next War FOR Humanity" ' > » ,3 , 5 ) J ) ■) CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & PYE NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS THE LIBRARY ©F 0©NGRESS, Two Copies Receiveu MAY. 5 1902 COI»YRI«HT ENTRY CLASS ^XXo, N©. COPY 8. COPYRIGHT, 1902, CHARLES EDWARD LOCKE ^ A Nineteenth-Centitry Crttsader " How truly it is in man, and not in his circum- stances, that the secret of his destiny resides !" — Gladstone. " Study the history of the American Revolution. That is an extraordinary history. It is highly honor- able to those who brought that Republic about. In this country we have happily had to a great extent, and I hope we shall have it still more, what is called local self-government. That has been the secret of the strength of America. You have in America these two things combined, the love of freedom and respect for law, and a desire for the maintenance of order ; and where you find these two things combined, you have the elements of national excellence and national greatness." —Gladstone. A Nineteenth-Century Crusader TN our effort to measure the full stature of the brave men who are to win the victories of our next war and to gather inspiration for the inevitable conflicts before us as a Nation, let us place by the side of our Washington, the Great Commoner of the Anglo-Saxon peoples, England's Grand Old Man. The perspective of the years is doubtless in- dispensable to the truest delineation of charac- ter. It has been said that the world does not know its greatest men; but that Mr. Gladstone easily led the majestic procession of true man- hood, was graciously acknowledged by even his stoutest opponent. John Bright upon one oc- casion magnanimously paid a choice tribute to his political rival. Speaking to a fond mother whose little son had never seen Gladstone, Mr. Bright said, 'Take him to see the greatest Englishman he is ever likely to look upon." A 5 6 William Ewart Gladstone really great man belongs to all nations and gen- erations, and this is pre-eminently true of William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstone was well born. His father, Sir John Gladstone, belonged to the middle class, and was a successful grain-dealer in Liverpool. In that city William Ewart was born December 29, 1809. Sir John was diligent and religious, and a man of strong convictions and sterling in- tegrity. William's mother was conscientious, affectionate, and devotedly pious. From such a secure citadel did young Gladstone descend into the battlefields of life. Unequal, indeed, is the conflict of that boy who does not have behind him a mother's prayers and a father's con- fidences. He was well trained! Entering Eton at twelve years of age, he passed finally to Oxford, where he was graduated at twenty-two, having distinguished himself in mathematics, the lan- guages, and oratory, and at his graduation re- ceiving the double-first honor, an achievement very rarely won. His embarkation into public life took place the next year, 1832, when he was elected to the House of Coimmons from Newark, through the support of the Duke of Newcastle, whose son was Gladstone's warm personal friend at the university. In 1834, by the invitation of A Nineteenth-Century Crusader 7 Sir Robert Peel, he was given a place in the Cabinet, where, from the beginning, he exhibited extraordinary capacity for statesmanship. He was well married! At thirty years of age he wooed and won beautiful Catherine Glynne, of noble Welsh descent, who, through all the eventful years of the great man's career, was a loving and constant companion. Gal- lantly did her eloquent husband say of her in a public address, ''No words of mine will suffice to express the debt I owe to her." A beautiful illustration of her wifely devotion appears, when on one occasion in getting out of a carriage, Mr. Gladstone accidently closed the doors on his wife's fingers; but she concealed her severe pain lest her suffering might disturb him in the great speech he was about to deliver. Eight children blessed their happy home. Their mar- ried life continued unbroken for nearly fift3^-nine years. When the power of this towering Hercules is being estimated, the influence of his bright family circle, remote from London discords and Westminster burdens and antagonisms, must be granted a conspicuous place. In this Utopian retreat, now restoring his physical vigor by the heroic exercise of the woodman; and again, hid- den among his fifteen thousand volumes, where, as an omnivorous reader and voluminous writer, 8 William Ewart Gladstone he indulged his penchant for literature; and, at other times, as the priest of the fireside, sitting with wife and children, regaled by the fragrant incense of fondest devotion arising from each heart; in such a blissful Eden this mighty son of Manoah gathered giant strength for the sweeping triumphs of his public life. After a while discriminating biographers and painstaking historians will tax their largest powers of analysis and expression as they write the romantic chapters of this noble life; and let none expect even to approach an adequate pre- sentation of his thrilling theme who does not possess the rare combination of Boswell's de- votion, Macaulay's magic, Parkman's pigments, and Bancroft's industry. Mr. Gladstone was ambitious! But ambition is not a sin! Are we not urged to "covet ear- nestly the best gifts." He was not ambitious in the obsolete sense of fawning for votes. To a company of schoolboys he once said: "If a boy ran, he ought to run as fast as he could; if he jumped, he ought to jump as far as he could." We are all but children of larger growth. Mr. Gladstone practiced his own gos- pel, but there was an entire absence of grasping and greed. He was busy and indefatigable ! He did with A Nineteenth-Century Crusader 9 his might what his hand found to do. In i860, when installed as Lord Rector of Edinburgh University, he said to the students, "Believe me when I tell you that the thrift of time will re- pay you in after life with a usury of profit be- yond your most sanguine dreams, and that the waste of it will make you dwindle alike in in- tellectual and moral stature, beneath your dark- est reckonings." He possessed a taste for minutiae and skill in the manipulation of details. Besides caring for the multitude of duties in- cident upon onerous official position, he found time by retiring late and rising early, a most rigid regard for ''the thrift of time," to write great books like "Studies in Homer," "The Church and State," "The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture," besides numberless pungent pamphlets and timely magazine articles, surpass- ing many men who devote themselves entirely to literature, in the productions of his trenchant pen. No man in England since John Wesley was so versatile and voluminous as Mr. Glad- stone. He possessed a lofty sense of justice, truth, and righteousness. Combined with honor and manliness, he was a strategical tactician and an invincible debater. His characteristic tenacity, when believing in the justice of his claim, ap- lo William Ewart Gladstone pears in that familiar incident when he presented to the Queen an official document, which, when she refused to affix her name, he said, ''Your Majesty, you must sign." Victoria indignantly replied, "Mr. Gladstone, do you know who I am? I am the Queen of England!" "Yes, your Majesty," replied the Premier, "but do you know who I am? I am the people of England, and you must sign this document." And she signed it. Another incident is said to have occurred at Windsor Castle, just after Mr. Gladstone's party had secured a victory. In conversation with the Duke of Devonshire, the Queen de- clared she would not have Mr. Gladstone back in the premiership. "Then," said the duke, "your Majesty must abdicate." Mr. Gladstone was appointed. With prophetic vision Mr. Gladstone saw coming events, and prepared for them. He once said, "You can not fight against the future," and most of his great movements astonished England because they seemed premature. Prince Albert used to urge the young men of Great Britain tO' find out the purpose of God in the age in which they lived, and then fit themselves quickly and enthusiastically into the plans of the Omnipotent. Mr. Gladstone seemed to be A Nineteenth-Century Crusader ii almost inspired as he prepared his nation for the inevitable march of ideas. Those who ridiculed him as a fanatical visionary, in a little time after, as ardent admirers, were willing to adore him as a seer. About the time of our Civil War, Walter Bagehot, in sentences chaste and somber, wrote concerning Mr. Gladstone, "W^ar is often neces- sary." ]\ir. Gladstone had announced himself as uncompromisingly against war, and as pro- foundly of the opinion that all domestic and international antagonisms could be settled by the more Christlike institution of arbitration. Bagehot boldly enters the role of adviser, and counsels Gladstone to alter his policy, and use the processes of war, when necessary; and then ventures the prophecy that if his advice is fol- lowed, "Gladstone may leave a great name; but if not, not." Bagehot's essay, to-day, deserves a place among the curiosities of the antiquarian. Bagehot was blind where Gladstone's vision was clear as the noonday. Gladstone's greatness consisted in being able to think ahead of his age. Gladstone's greatest achievements were won in plans for the amelioration of his fellow-man. He was a courteous and knightly exponent of the principles of human liberty. Shortly after his debut in the Commons, he joined fervently 12 William Ewart Gladstone with Sir Robert Peel in the repeal of the cruel corn-laws by which a heartless monopoly was terrifying and starving the people. From that day until the time of his resignation at eighty- five years of age, he made, not only England, but the whole world, indebted to him, by es- pousing and carrying forward philanthropic en- terprises and wholesome legislation. Through his heroic endeavor, the burdens of taxation were removed from the toiling masses. He cordially supported the Geneva Arbitration by which war between England and America was averted. He secured the enfranchisement of the artisan and the peasant, and thus liberated the white slaves of Britain. He abolished the possibility of pur- chasing military promotions, relegating that ancient absurdity to the limbo of long-deserved oblivion. He disestablished the Irish Church, and by so doing initiated a movement which will not end until Church and State shall be sepa- rated in all the United Kingdom. He opened the great universities to students of every creed, and made the common schools available to the poorest families. For some years he was the courageous champion of Home Rule for Ireland, not hesitating to defend the unpopular side of this question even to the loss of the premiership. He possessed strong convictions and daunt- A Nineteenth Century Crusader 13 less courage. John Bright asked, "Who equals him in courage and fideUty to his convictions?" No Roman gladiator ever stood more unflinch- ingly before his foes! Again and again did he bravely and unselfishly throw fame, fortune, and future into the wide chasm of the forum. But each time, as the breach closed, faltering friends and vituperative enemies rallied again to his side, only to become once more estranged as this modern Moses led this modern Israel nearer to the Canaan of a perfect government. There was nO' stronger evidence of the super- lative courage of this brave man than his ability and audacity to change his public attitudes as his convictions on great subjects were modified. Four decades ago one historian blandly re- marked, "Mr. Gladstone is a problem; no one knows what he will do next." Not even his most prejudiced opponents believed that these alterations were to subserve the wily schemes of an intriguing demagogue. The honesty and candor of Gladstone disarmed such criticism. He says of himself: 'T went to Oxford a Tory, and came out a Tory. I did not learn there how to set due value on the imperishable and inestimable principles of human liberty." When the mighty truth broke full-orbed upon his understanding, he fearlessly declared himself an 14 William Ewart Gladstone enthusiastic Liberal. On the great questions of Disestablishment, Home Rule, Slavery, and House of Lords, he was diametrically opposed to the positions which he had once ingeniously defended. He never allowed his partisanship to obscure his conscience. His deep convictions made him an orator. His inimitable voice, his mellifluous diction, his invulnerable logic, his bubbling humor, and his oratorical impulse were all valuable accessories, but they were only the graceful setting for a brave and brilliant championship of what he con- ceived to be right. Eloquence is thought incar- cerating the soul of the orator. When the speaker gives himself with his words, then his utterances breathe and leap and soar and glow with life energy. Orators are not tailor-made! No machine can be constructed for the manu- facture of a true orator. Eloquence pure and electrifying may be expected when some noble soul endeavors to persuade the idolatrous masses to leave the bestial worship of debasing images, and follow him by safe paths to trembling Sinais. Orators appear as men are willing to relinquish the quietude of Midian for the conflict and dan- gers and sacrifices of Arabia! This modern Moses talked with God and prevailed with men. He was a defender of the faith. In book A Nineteenth-Century Crusader 15 and magazine, in Parliament and on the plat- form, he manfully and logically and eloquently and convincingly protected the Church. In the House of Commons, in 1881, referring to the Holy Scripture, he said, ''Guided by that light, the Divine Light, we are safe." In all the mutations and surprises and caprices of English history during the last sixty years; in all the storms, fierce and destructive, which have crashed and roared, Mr. Gladstone stood, like Hollyhead Lighthouse, with a firm grip upon the Bed-rock of Ages; not free from mistake, of course, but entirely beyond the sus- picion of forsaking his post of duty as a servant of the Most High. A few years ago he is re- ported to have said: "The older I grow, the more confirmed I am in my faith and religion. I haA^e been in public life fifty-eight years, and for forty-seven years in the Cabinet of the British Government, and during those forty- seven years I have been associated with sixty of the master-minds of the country, and all but five of the sixty were Christians." Mr. Gladstone's religious life was not char- acterized by a fruitless passivity, which has left his age in some doubt concerning his standard of ethics and his doctrinal belief. So gallant and aggressive was his defense of Christianity that i6 William Ewart Gladstone some future generation will seriously consider whether he was not greater as a theologian and propagating apostle of Christianity than as a statesman and economist. Mr. Gladstone fervently believed that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. When a Colorado col- lege boy was being troubled with doubts, he remarked to his pastor that he would like the testimony of Mr. Gladstone concerning the per- son of Christ. In reply to a letter from the thoughtful clergyman, this answer, brief in words, but voluminous in thought, was received : "All I write, and all I think, and all I hope, is based upon the Divinity of our Lord, the one central hope of our poor, wayward race. "W. E. GlvADSTON^." The mighty truth which has transformed the ages, built into this earnest man's life, lifted him into the highest altitudes of greatness. A Mont Blanc in the picturesque uplands of lofty human character, he was ma,de great by the doctrines he espoused; and he made those truths more attractive by the adornment of his life and logic. Choice spirits ministered to the old leader as he sat in the lengthening shadows. Genius, manliness, eloquence, history, poesy, and truth A Nineteenth-Century Crusader 17 discoursed to him the music of a well-spent life. His declining years beautifully fulfilled the fa- miliar lines of the greatest American poet: **ror age is opportunity no less Than youth itself, though in another dress. And as the evening twilight fades away, The sky is filled with stars invisible by day." 2 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion "The Anglo-Saxon is the only race that thinks by nations instead of by railway stations. Where the English-speaking race gets in, barbarism goes out." — Frances Willard. "English-speaking people have always been the freest people, the greatest lovers of liberty the world has ever seen. Long before English history properly begins, the pen of Tacitus reveals to us our forefathers in their old home-land in North Germany, beating back the Roman legions. Our Germanic ancestors were the only people who did not bend the neck to these lords of all the world besides." —Allen. "The days when Europeans will march up to Chinese troops in position, or in defense of position, and sweep them away like flies, will soon be over. ' ' — General (Chinese) Gordon. The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion j^ "T^HE greatest Mohammedan mosque in the venerable city of Damascus was once a sacred Christian church. Over one of the dis- carded entrances, cut in the stone by the devout Christian builders, are the words, "Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and thy dominion endureth throughout all generations." The Moslem marauder has not thought it worth while to obliterate this prophetic sentiment. But this is the notice that the God of the ages has served upon all the Paganism and unbelief and sin of the world. Jehovah does not sleep; he works out his mysterious plans. Truth is not dis- mayed; the struggle may be long, but victory is the more secure. These are great days through which we are passing. The old century closed as it com- menced, with the clashing of opposing forces. The opening of the new century witnesses old and new civilizations in sharp combat. As all the nations of the world are turning 21 22 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion anxious faces toward the far East, and seeking to be represented by army and warship and dip- lomat, we reverently ask the question, ^'What shall be the mission of the Anglo-Saxon in these unexpected crises?" What part shall our own Nation play in what may prove to be one of the tragedies or triumphs of history? And what is the true meaning of this mighty uprising? Who is the Anglo-Saxon, and what right has he to be considered in the struggle of nations? Civilization slipped down from the hoary high- lands of Bactria into the lowlands of Hindoostan; it then moved westward, tarrying long enough to build its towers in Persia, its temples in Greece, its tombs in Egypt, and its thrones in Rome. Thence into the Germanic tribes and Britain it steadily made its way. Contempo- raneously with the shimmering of Bethlehem's star, influences were started in Northwestern Eu- rope by which the world was helped in its prepa- ration for the Manger Messiah. At the battle of Teutoburg Forest in the year 9, three Roman legions were annihilated, and their general, Varus, driven to suicide. The successful march of Rome was thus permanently checked, and Arminius, the victorious warrior, became not only the savior of his country, but he made the Teutonic peoples the ancestors of the most The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 23 powerful and cultured and Christian nations the world has yet seen — the Anglo-Saxons. One historian says, *'In the blow by the Teutoburg Wood was the germ of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, the germ of the surrender of York- town." Charles Darwin wrote: "All other series of events — the culture of Greece, the Empire of Rome — only appear to base purpose and value when viewed as subsidiary to the great stream of Anglo-Saxon emigration tO' the West." There have been three great Anglo-Saxon in- vasions. The first, in the fifth century, when the Saxons and the Angles from the banks of the Elbe and the shores of the Baltic went over to Britain, expelling the Celts, the native inhabitants of this island, and laying the foundation for the magnificent English Nation, whose history, from Egbert and Alfred to Elizabeth and Victoria, has been the most remarkable for progress and con- quest in all annals of nations. The second Anglo-Saxon invasion took place when our forefathers, inheriting the fondness for freedom from Arminius and Alfred, sought on the shores of a new country an asylum where they could worship God as their consciences dic- tated. Here on our shores have been the great- est struggles of the years, and here the most influential victories have been achieved. 24 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion We are now witnessing the third Anglo- Saxon invasion. I stood upon the rocky prom- ontories of the Golden Gate a few months ago, and saw an army of invasion leave the sunset coast of our Republic for the Orient. \ The new mission of America is but an en- largement of the old mission, "To proclaim lib- erty throughout all the land." It has remained for the people of these commencement-of-the- century days to read a new meaning into Bishop Berkeley's couplets: ** Westward the course of empire takes its way; The first four acts already past, The fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is its last." Our forefathers bravely followed the guiding star to the summit of the Alleghany Mountains, and fixed the western boundary of the new Re- public. But the years pushed the frontiers west- ward until the sweeping waters of the great Mississippi were reached. And when at last, against the prophecies and expectations of Amer- ican statesmen, the plains were crossed by the intrepid pioneer, autocractic and indignant makers of laws defiantly announced that the crest of the Rocky Mountains would forever re- main the western boundary of the Nation. But The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 25 westward still, steadily and gracefully, moved that point of light, until at last it mingled its silver beams with the golden glories of the sun- set coast. Once more with composed assurance the statesmen announced the farther boundary of America to be the embroidered strands of our Western States. And even modern magi did not discern through the crystal air of our western shore that the star of empire was not standing motionless, and had not ceased its noiseless flight, but westward still pursued its steady course. It was not until war-clouds had dark- ened our national sky that it was seen that the star of empire was fitfully gleaming above a Pacific Archipelago. As a Nation we are the creatures of that star, and we can do nothing less than recognize its leadership and keep up with its aerial flight; for some day it will belt the earth with bands of light, and the star of em- pire, which — may I say it? — is the Star of Bethle- hem, will lead our Nation and the whole world to the portals of the King where liberty and light and truth shall reign in an eternity of beauty and perfection; and the star itself shall become a jewel in the diadem of Christ, to shine with fadeless luster forever and forever] In this third Anglo-Saxon invasion England 26 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion and America are most closely allied. Political antagonisms can not keep these two countries forever apart. Americans inherited from their English ancestors a love for freedom; the Revo- lutionary War was the logical sequence of the subjugation of the Briton by the Angles and Saxons. Had the mother country been a little less rigid in her treatment of her transatlantic progeny, the wars of 1776 and 1812 might have been averted. It was a blunder in statesman- ship. Many English people believed with Burke, that "to prove Americans ought not to be free, we are obliged to depreciate the value of free- dom itself, and to deride some of those feelings for which our ancestors have shed their blood." And many citizens of Great Britain heartily ap- plauded Lord Chatham when he said in ParHa- ment: "My Lords, you. can not conquer Amer- ica. It is the struggle of free and virtuous pa- triots! If I were an American as I am an Eng- lishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my country I would never lay down my arms — never — never — never!" The success of the American Colonists was a defeat for a mistaken foreign policy; but it was a supreme victory for the true Anglo-Saxon spirit of liberty and prog- ress. Some Americans gave Canon Farrar a window in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, the The Last Anglo-Savon Invasion 27 founder of Virginia. The distinguished divine invited Mr. Lowell to write the inscription. This is the quatrain he furnished: "The New World's sons, from England's breast we drew Such milk as bids remember whence we came ; Proud of her past, from which our present grew. This window we erect to Raleigh's name." The mission of England and America to the world is a divinely-appointed responsibility. From his home in Britannia the Anglo-Saxon has moved in two- steady streams, one westward, the other eastward; and the present great crisis in the far-away East will be more easily under- stood and solved, because, after centuries of progress in opposite directions, the Anglo-Saxon forces are about to be united in the Antipodes; and, for the first time in the history of civiliza- tion, the Anglo-Saxon has encircled the globe. "Blood is thicker than water.'' The sis:nifi- cant and prophetic emphasis put upon this old saying by Commodore Tattnall has never been forgotten by America and England, and might be profitably recalled by the warriors and anarch- ists of the Flowery Kingdom to-day. When the Chinese made an unjustifiable attack upon the British fleet approaching Pekin on the Pei-ho River on June 19, 1859, the gallant American 28 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion commodore disregarded all the laws of neutral- ity, and hurried to the reHef of the EngHsh com- mander, declaring as he did so that "blood is thicker than water." There are no ties so strong as those of kinship — blood-ties; by those Eng- land and America are united to-day ; and, because of consanguinity and mutual principles and affin- ities, there is a providential union ; and what God hath joined together man can not keep asunder. Whether there shall be an alliance offensive and defensive between England and America, or an Anglo-Saxon federation, or an informal alli- ance, sober and trained statesmen must decide. It is certain that not only sentiment and affinity, but positive obligation to heaven and mankind rolls upon the powerful and Christian Anglo- Saxon the supreme duty of the hour, to form such a union as shall soften the asperities of the Eastern nations and open the Celestial Empire to the progress of the West, and at the same time preserve to China her integral rights and na- tional unity. England and America can give to the world a universal language — an indispensable vehicle to progress. They can give to the nations their customs and commerce, both of which are great civilizers. They can bless the world with mighty systems of education — common schools and in- The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 29 stitutions of higher education. It is the mission of these Anglo-Saxon peoples to disseminate the principles of freedom. Of course it is true that some nations, as some men, can not stand free- dom; they confound it with Hcense; but there is ever a survival of the fittest; and if there are some victims, there are many more to whom larger privileges mean larger characters. England and America must teach to the na- tions of the world respect for womanhood. The strength of the Anglo-Saxon race lies in the honor and protection which are ever accorded to the women. Then, too, these two magnificent countries are under obligation to take their re- ligion to the world — a religion which in its con- quests of love and light has won for itself the supremest place in the faiths of the world. Pagan nations are languishing for the truth and the temples of Christianity. Our ancestors in Britain would have fallen a prey tO' their ene- mies had they not by their conversion to Chris- tianity added loftiness of faith to steadiness of nerve. What has made Great Britain and the United States increasingly strong is the need and the right of every nation; and it is within the power of these Christian peoples to carry the secret of life to the nations of the world. Before many years shall have passed, Eng- 30 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion land and America, closely and more closely allied, can dictate terms to the nations, and usher in that glad morning when there shall be universal peace and the disarmament of the world. Perhaps it is not so far away as now appears, when only such armies and navies as will be necessary to perform police duty will be needed on the earth. In the progress of Chris- tianity that day will certainly come when swords shall be beaten into plowshares and spears into pruning-hooks ! Whether it shall be accepted as expansion or denounced as imperialism, whether political plat- forms shall defend or defy, this last Anglo-Saxon invasion is consistent with the movements of history, and is in response to the law of progress. The slumbering giant of the great Mongolian Empire has at last awakened, and the uprising in China was but a fierce and bloody protest against the law of progress. Here are more than 40opoo,ooo of people who have successfully resisted the overtures of an Occidental civiliza- tion. The reader of Chinese history is filled with wonder and surprise. China has had its philos- ophy and religion, its arts and its mechanics, and yet, until within a generation, has been practically a hermit nation, refusing to accept the conclusions of science and to surrender a The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 31 degrading paganism. For seven or eight decades self-sacrificing teachers have sought to bring the Hght of the gospel to these deceived people; science and philanthropy have endeav- ored to introduce treatnient of disease and kind- ness to the poor; and invention and commerce have been aggressive until there are now 3,000 miles of telegraph already constructed, uniting all the nineteen provinces with the national capital, Peking; and 3,000 miles of railroad pro- jected, a portion of which is completed. China has had continuous authentic history for forty centuries. The first real character in Chinese history was the Emperor Yu, who ruled 2204 B. C. The Chinese are supposed to be the descendants of Shem, the eldest son of Noah. They settled on the banks of the Yellow River, and established a kingdom coeval with Baby- lonia and Egypt, and before Abraham came out of Chaldea. They were a flourishing people be- fore Nineveh or Thebes or Troy was founded; before Israel was enslaved in Egypt, or Nebu- chadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem, or Alexander wept for other worlds to conquer. China has endured while all the great em- pires of the past arose and fell. While mighty and opulent and cultured nations have decayed, China has successfully resisted and defied dis- 32 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion integration and death. Like the obeHsk at On, it stands out in its majestic loneHness, the pride and the puzzle of the ages. The storms which have dismantled other nations have seemed but to have added fiber and endurance to the Celes- tial Empire. Their unique history has been dis- turbed by more than a score of dynasties and by countless revolutions, and yet this strange people include to-day nearly one-third of the earth's population. Instead of a people almost extinct, overcome by the decrepitude of age, they have appalled the civiHzed world with their cruel military operations, and have presented to the Occidental nations a problem for solution which will tax the wisdom and courage and patience of all statesmen. The world is now in one of the greatest crises of history; a mighty epoch is being turned. Shall the Caucasian be dominated by the yellow race? Shall the Mongolian be exterminated? What is the imminent duty of nations? Is the Chinaman worth saving? And countless other questions are upon the lips of the serious student of events. The recent cruel uprising is Christianity's opportunity so to manifest its true spirit as that an entrance shall be opened into China which will do more for the civilizing of that people The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 33 than all the grasping schemes of avaricious na- tions to divide this long-lived empire. They are a reverential people. Their re- ligion consists in rites and ceremonies rather than in doctrines and principles. The basis of government and society seems to be the fifth commandment — filial devotion. Obedi- ence to parents and respect for old age are everywhere persistently inculcated and prac- ticed. Herein lies the secret of whatever of virtue and permanency may be found among the Chinese. When a man reaches eighty years of age his name is reported to the emperor, and a yellow robe is presented to him as a mark of imperial respect, on the presumption that his life must have been virtuous or it would not have been prolonged. Ancestral w^orship is uni- versal. All bow at the shrine of the past, and everything new is heresy. Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, which are respectively ethical, metaphysical, and materialistic, furnish the basis of the moral and religious life of the people. There is much in these systems which is admirable and helpful. The people have a strong religious nature, as appears in their super- stitious practices, in their festival days, in their regard for the dead, and in the little shrines in the homes where tapers are ever burning. 3 LtfC. 34 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion All that China needs to make it a progressive and useful nation is Christianity, with her in- stitutions. They are a more promising people than were our ancestors in Britain before their conversion to Christianity through the preach- ing of Augustine and the graceful influence of Queen Bertha, the wife of Ethelbert. They have won their right, by venerable age, to everything which Occidental nations can do for them. Con- fucianism, with its negative virtues, and Bud- dhism, with its intangible mysteries, have been tried, and found wanting. May China not be the nation which is to be born in a day? There is a tradition that the Apostle Thomas carried the gospel first to China. As early as 1288, Pope Nicholas sent missionaries to China. The last century, commencing with Morrison and Milne, has seen much earnest labor in behalf of the Chinese, and the results have been most grat- ifying. There is a God in heaven who has not for- gotten the Chinaman. Far away, about the year 60 A. D., it is recorded that a company of Chinese envoys started westward to learn about a Messiah who they had heard had appeared under western skies. As they passed the bor- ders of India they encountered a company of Buddhist priests, who persuaded them that it The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 35 was Buddha of whom they had learned and whom they sought. Thus was Buddhism intro- duced into China, and Christianity was pre- vented. Perhaps the Celestial Empire was not ready, the fullness of time for it had not come. But they were not to be omitted from the con- stituency of the Cross. Hopefully does the rapt and optimistic Prophet Isaiah tell of the days when the Gentiles shall hear the gospel: "Listen, O isles^ unto me; and hearken, ye people from afar." ^'Go forth; to them that are in darkness show yourselves; . . . and these from the land of Sinim." Scriptural philologists agree that Sinim refers to China. It is, therefore, the duty of Christian America and Christian Europe to adopt such methods in dealing with the Chinese as shall make the entrance of Christian- ity more easy and speedy; and we will fail in the greatest opportunity aflorded to the Church since Pentecost if China should be dismembered, its people destroyed, its provinces despoiled, and its national life ruined. In an interview which a Methodist bishop had with Li Hung Chang, three or four years ago, the distinguished viceroy said: "Say to the American people for me, to send over more men for the schools and the hospitals, and I hope to be in a position both to aid them and protect 36 The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion them." Progressive China wants, the institu- tions of Christianity. The sleeping giant has awakened to find his country thus besieged by progressive influences, and in the present crisis there is one mighty effort to throw off the power of the foreigner, that China may return to the characteristic inertia of former centuries. But it is too late! Time and truth have been patient with this tardy people. No nation can build across the path of progress, and expect to be forever let alone. China must either allow transformation, or it will suffer annihilation. The Britons, who did not flee in the first invasion, were merged into the Anglo-Saxon, and contributed elements of strength to their conquerors. In the second invasion, the indigenous people of America re- fused to assimilate with the white man, and have been exterminated. If China adopts the demonstrated principles of a thrifty civilization, with its religion, its institutions, and its am- bitions, it is destined yet, perhaps, to become a people whose history may go on when other less staid and settled nations shall have worn out with avarice and vice. In this awful crisis the Anglo-Saxon must come to the frenzied Chinaman with overtures of peace. The yellow man must not be increas- The Last Anglo-Saxon Invasion 37 ingly angered by threatenings that his massive empire shall be partitioned among the powers, but he must be assured of his rights and of national protection, if he will, with his colossal empire, join the sisterhood of nations and brotherhood of races, and busy himself with the employments of peace and the freedom and progress of the individual citizen. •!•#•#• imanity, By Charles Edward Locke. FREEDOM'S NEXT WAR FOR HUMANITY By CHarles Erd^ward LocKe TN his introductory chapter, the author states the pur- pose of his discussions. After referring to America in her new role of propagator and defender of hberty, and to the recent victories won by the Stars and Stripes for oppressed humanity, he says : "As we have fought a war for humanity, for peoples of other blood and language, so if our Nation shall be perpetuated we shall be compelled to wage a war for the oppressed and victimized portions of our own citizenship. . . . While, therefore, as a Nation, we are pro^ddentiall}'- led to assist struggling peoples in their contention for their personal rights, we must not be unmindful of paramount interests at home, which if neglected will speedily shorten our career as propagators of liberty, and exhibit the Ameri- can Republic to the world as a pitiable spectacle — a Nation which could save others, but which could not save itself. ' ' SPECIFICAIIONS.— Size, 5>^ X 8 inches. 300 pages. Gilt top. |25 Deckle edges. Bound in cloth, extra. Price, poSt-paid, I' CINCINNATI: JENNINGS CEX PYE NE^Sr YORR: EATON CSl MAINS THE HERO SERIES M series of exquisite little booklets of high lit" erary merit, with fine half-tone frontispieces, bound in exceedingly dainty but durable cloth bindings, stamped in white and gold, and beau= tifully printed on fine paper. ««««««« Price eacK, 23 cents net. Postage, 3 cents. 1. A HERO— JEAN VAUEAN, - By William A. Quayie " Fine analysis, elegant diction, and faithful portraiture are here." 43 pages. Frontispiece— "Jean Valjean." 2. THE TYPICAL AMERICAN, - By Charles Edward Locke "A breath of inspiration." " Replete with interest." 28 pages. Frontispiece — "Washington and his Family at Home." 3. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, ... By Samuel G. Smith "A literary style that rises at times to noble eloquence." 32 pages. Frontispiece — Statue of the Great Emancipator. 4. THE GENTLEMAN IN LITERATURE, By William A. Quayie "Abounding in flashes of brilliant criticism and tokens of literary discernment." 32 pages. Frontispiece — Portrait of the Author. 5. A NINETEENTH-CENTURY CRUSADER, By Charles Edward Locke " Fresh and breezy." " It will inspire, please, and reward every reader." 37 pages. Frontispiece — A portrait of Mr. Gladstone. 6. KING CROMWELL, - - . -By William A. Quayie "Treated with grace and the power of a glowing enthu- siasm." 43 pages. Frontispiece — "Cromwell before the Portrait of the King." CINCINNATI: JENNINGS CgL PYE NEW YORR.. EATON CgL MAINS ^/^AV p; - intlt^ MAY ^ 5 1902 1 COPY DEL. TOCAT.DiV. MAY 5 1902