^ A v 'V ^ v ^* v .\^A-. V^ • * o ^ t ^ ,0* col'* *b -*«> «b>* * ^ ■o* . »JL« .. V ,*«> , • - ■• . *.* ,6* - • • • '>■=.- ^ ••■ ^ % *••"•• ^° ■^o* £ff: THE AMERICAN TRAVELLER, OR TOURISTS' AND EMIGRANTS' GUIDE THROUGH THE UNITED STATES. CONTAINING BRIEF NOTICES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, 6ITIES, PRINCIPAL TOWNS, CANALS, RAILllOADS, ETC. WITH &abU0 of £3t0tance0. whole Alphabetically Arranged with Direct Reference to the accompanying Map. TENTH EDITION. WITH SEVERAL ADDITIONAL ROUTES, AND A MAP, IN WHICH THE VARIOUS ROUTES DESCRIBED IN THE WORK, ARE REPRESENTED BY APPROPRIATE LINES. BY H? S. TANNER. Neto-@ork : PUBLISHED AT THE MAP ESTABLISHMENT, No. 237 Broadway. 1846. *v Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, By H. S. Tanner, in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the Southern District of New- York. PREFACE. Encouraged by the increased demand for the American Traveller, I have been induced to prepare an enlarged and greatly improved edition of the work ; which now includes a great amount of fresh information regarding the Western States and Territories. This will be found to be the case, not only with respect to the recently organized Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, but also, to a large extent, with nearly all the Western and South -Western States, comprehending the entire Valley of the Mississippi. In some instances the old descriptions have been either greatly modified or written anew. New tables of distances have been added ; fresh accounts of Railroads and Canals have been inserted, and those of an early date corrected. The entire work, in short, has been subjected to a thorough and careful revision, and is thus brought down to the present time, and rendered, I trust, worthy of that approbation of which the rapid sale of the previous editions affords the most gratifying evidence. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. Brevity being an essential quality in a book designed for the pocket of the traveller, I have endeavored to embody within the compass of a small volume, as many facts, and as much useful information, as a due regard to the leading object of the present work would admit. I have therefore omitted all such details and extraneous matters as would only serve to augment the size of the volume, without pro- ducing a corresponding increase of utility. The work will accordingly be found to consist of little else than very concise statements of such facts in relation to the several states, their population, number of counties, area, forms of government, cities, towns, roads, canals, distances, &c as would be most likely to prove useful to, or deserve the notice of the traveller. (iv) Under the head of each city, or large town, is given an account, arranged in tabular form, of all the leading routes from each, distinguishing between those by Steamboats, Railroads, Stages, or Canal-boats, with the distances from place to place, carefully noted. A brief account of the principal objects of curiosity in or near the larger towns, will also be found under the head of each. With regard to the Canals and Railroads of the United States, I have drawn up from the most authentic sources, accounts of those works which will be found under the heads of the respective states. Those accounts will elucidate the extent, points of commencement and termination, and such other facts, as are considered important in reference to the general system of internal improvements in our country. In adjusting the various topics, a plan essentially different from that of any other work has been pursued. It is so fram- ed, that every thing connected with any given point can be found by turning to the place, which, as the work is arranged in alphabetical order, can be done with the utmost facility. Thus, for example, under the head of New-York, a brief description of the state, its sub-divisions, population, area, form of government, physical structure, towns, internal im- provements, &c. is given ; and under those of the cities and principal towns, are statements relative to their positions, number of inhabitants, public buildings, objects of curiosity, &c. closing with copious tables of distances along the various roads, leading from each, in all directions. The object of the present work is to aid travellers and emi- grants in passing through the country, by enabling them to select for themselves, the routes and modes of conveyance most congenial to their wishes ; and thus to avoid the im- position to which they might be subjected, from the mis- representations of persons interested in rival lines of con- veyance. In conclusion, in every department of the work I have endeavored so to combine its various elements as to render it extensively useful to the tourist and emigrant, without en- cumbering it with those extraneous matters which serve no other purpose than to swell out the size and expense of a book. The American Traveller, whilst its price places it within the reach af all, will be found to contain a vast amount of information, both useful and interesting. H. S. TANNER. NEW ROUTES. In preparing the body of the work, the following new routes and statements were omitted. Most of the tables re- late to routes lately established, some of which form import- ant links in the main lines throughout the country. By the aid of these, in connection with the older routes, almost any part of the United States may be reached in the most direct way, either by water or land, or both combined. ROUTES FROM BOSTON. Route from Boston to Alba- Kinderhook, 33 184 ny by Railroad. Albany, 16 200 Framingham, 21 • Worcester, 23 44 From Boston by Railroad to Charlton, 13 57 Providence, 41 Warren, 16 73 New Bedford, 56 Palmer, 10 83 Lowell, 26 Springfield, 15 98 Concord, N. H. 44 Chester, 21 119 Salem, 15 Pittsfield, 32 151 Portland, 74 ROUTES FROM NEW-YORK. Route from Neio-York to Boston by Steamboat to Stonington, and thence by Railroad to Boston. Hell Gate, by S. boat, 9 Flushing Bay, Throg's Point, New Rochelle, L. Stamford, Stratford Point, 4 13 3 16 8 24 17 41 26 67 New Haven, 13 80 Faulkner's Islands, 12 92 Connecticut River, 19 111 River Thames, 14 125 By Railroad. Stonington, 16 141 Kingston, 23 164 Providence, 24 188 Mansfield, 17 205 Boston, 24 229 1* NEW ROUTES. From New York to Boston by Steamboat to Norwich, Conn, and thence to Bos- ton by Railroad. River Thames, 125 New London, 4 129 Norwich, 16 145 Jewett's City, 9 154 Canterbury, 6 160 Westfield, 12 172 Thompson, 12 184 Oxford, 10 194 Worcester, 10 204 Boston, 44 248 From New York to Boston by the Long Island Rail- road, via. Norwich and Worcester. South Brooklyn, 1 East New-York, 5 6 Jamaica, 6 12 Brushville, 3 15 Hempstead, R. R 4 19 Hicksville, 8 27 Farmingdale, 5 32 Deerpark, 6 38 Suffolk Depot, 7 45 Medford, 11 56 St. Georges, 12 68 Riverhead, 7 75 Mattetuck, 10 85 Southhold, 7 92 Greenport, 4 96 (At Greenpoi't passengers take the Steamboat to Nor- wich, a distance of 40 miles.) Norwich, 40 136 Jewett's City, 9 145 Westfield, 18 163 Worcester, 32 195 Boston, 44 239 From New York to Boston by Steamboat to Bridge- port, Conn, and thence by Railroad to Boston. Bridgeport, 60 Newtown, 20 80 New Milford, 16 96 Kent, 12 108 Cornwall, 12 120 Canan Falls, 6 126 West Stockbridge, 28 154 Springfield, 62 216 Worcester, 54 270 Boston, 44 314 From New York to Hartford by Steamboat to New Ha- ven, and thence by Rail- road to Hartford. New Haven, 80 Wallingford, 12 92 Merriden, 6 98 Hartford, 18 116 From New York to Albany by S. boat to Bridgeport, and thence by Railroad to Albany. Bridgeport, 60 West Stockbridge, 94 154 Albany, 41 195 From New York to Easton, Pa. by Railroad to Morris- town, and thence to East- on by Stage. Newark, 10 Morristown, 20 30 - Mendham, 7 37 Chester, 5 42 German Valley, 5 47 Schooley's Mt'n spr'gs 3 50 Mansfield, 9 59 Easton, 15 74 NEW ROUTES. vii New York to Passaic Falls Newark, 10 by Railroad. Elizabethtown, 6 16 Jersey City, 1 Rahway, 3 19 Bergen, 2 3 Matouchin, 6 25 Acquackanonk, 9 12 New Brunswick, 5 30 Paterson and Falls, 5 17 Princeton Depot, 16 46 Trenton, 11 57 Bordentown, 8 65 From New York to Philadel- Burlington, Camden. 10 75 phia by Railroad, via. 20 95 Trenton and Camden. Philadelphia, 1 96 ROUTES FROM ALBANY. From Albany to Boston by Utica, 14 93 Railroad. Whitesboro, 3 96 Kinderhook, 16 Oriskany, 4 100 Chatham 4 comers , 7 23 Rome, 7 107 Richmond, 18 41 Verona Centre, 8 115 Pittsfield, 8 49 Canestota, 11 126 Dalton, 5 54 Fayette, 16 142 Washington, 8 62 Syracuse, 4 146 Chester, 19 81 Camillus, 8 154 Springfield, 21 102 Elbridge, 8 162 Palmer, 15 117 Auburn, 10 172 Warren, 10 127 Cayuga, 9 181 Charlton, 16 143 Bridgeport, 1 182 Worcester, 13 156 Waterloo, 9 191 Framingham, 23 179 Geneva, 9 200 Boston, 21 200 Vienna, 9 209 Canandaigua, 14 223 Victor, 10 233 From Albany to Niagara Rochester, 17 250 Falls, Buffalo, #c. by Churchville, 14 264 Railroad Bergen, 7 272 Schenectady, 16 Morganville, 7 278 Glenville, 4 20 Batavia, 5 283 Amsterdam, 10 30 Attica, 10 293 Tripe Hill, 7 37 Alden, 10 303 Caughnewaga, 4 41 Lancaster, 8 311 Fonda, 1 42 Buffalo, 12 323 Palatine Bridge, 11 53 Black Rock, 2 325 St. Johnsville, 9 62 Tonawanda, 9 334 Little Falls, 10 72 Fort Schlosser, 11 345 Herkimer, 7 79 Niagara Falls, 1 346 Vlll NEW ROUTES. ROUTES FROM TROY. By Steamboat. Little Falls, 81 Albany, 6 Utica, 103 Hudson, 35 Syracuse, 164 Catskill, 40 Montezuma, 198 Poughkeepsie, 77 Lyons, 218 Newburg, 90 Rochester, 262 West Point, 99 Lockport, 326 Sing Sing, 118 Buffalo, 356 Piermont, 127 By Champlain Canal. New- York, 151 Mechanicsville, 12 By Railroad. Fort Miller, 33 Ballston Spa, 24 Fort Ann, 53 Saratoga Springs, 31 Whitehall, 65 Schenectady, 20 By Stage. Utica, 97 Lansingburg, 3 Syracuse, 150 Easton, 20 Auburn, 176 Hartford, 50 Geneva, 212 Whitehall, 66 Canandaigua, 227 Bennington, Vt. 26 Rochester, 254 By Railroad. Attica, 297 Greenbush, 6 Buffalo, 327 Pittsfield, Mass. 55 Niagara Falls, 350 Springfield, 109 By Erie Canal. Worcester, 162 Schenectady, 23 Boston, 206 Canajoharie, 62 ROUTES FROM PHILADELPHIA. From Philadelphia to Rea- ding and Pottsville by Railroad. Manayunk, 8 Morristovvn, 9 17 Trap, 9 26 Pottstown, 11 37 Warrensburg, 6 43 Exetertown, 5 48 Reading, 9 57 Hamburg, 21 78 Port Clinton, 4 82 Schuylkill Haven, 8 90 Pottsville, 5 95 From Philadelphia to New York by Railroad. Camden, 1 Burlington, 20 21 Bordentown, 10 31 Trenton, 8 39 Princeton Depot, 11 50 New-Brunswick, 16 66 Matouchin, 5 71 Rah way, 6 77 Elizabethtown, 3 80 Newark, 6 86 New York, 10 96 NEW ROUTES. IX ROUTES FROM BALTIMORE. From Baltimore to Wash- ington, D. C. by Railroad. Carrolton Viaduct, 2 Elkridge, 6 8 Vansville, 15 23 Bladensburg, 9% 32£ Washington, 6 38£ From Baltimore to Lancas- ter, Pa. by Railroad. Towsontown, .8 Hereford, 17 25 Strasburg, York, Columbia, Lancaster, 15 40 16 56 12 68 12 80 From Baltimore to Frede- rick by Railroad. Pater son Viaduct, Ellicott's, Parrsville, New-Market, Frederick, 10 2 12 30 42 6 48 13 61 ROUTES FROM WASHINGTON, D. C. From Washington to Port Tobacco, and thence to Point Lookout. Piscataway, 16 Port Tobacco, 16 32 Newport, 11 43 Leonardtown, 10 53 Point Lookout, 30 83 From Washington to Pr. Frederick, via Benedict. Piscataway, 16 Bry an town, 18 24 Benedict, 9 43 Pr. Frederick, 8 51 From Washington to Frede- rick, Md. and thence to Fmmitsburg. [Travellers generally take the Steamboat from Washington — proceed to Potomac creek, and thence by land, 14 miles, to Fred- ericksburg, where the Atlantic Railroad re-commences. The distance by this route does not differ materially from the Stage route, as above!] Rockville, 16 Seneca Mills, Middlebrook, Clarksburg, Frederick, Georgetown, Emmitsburg, 8 24 4 28 3 31 15 46 12 58 10 68 From Washington to Rich- mond, Va. by Stage and Railroad. Alexandria, 9 Occoquan, 17 26 Dumfries, 9 35 Aquia, 9 44 Fredericksburg, 14 58 Bowling Green, 21 70 Hanover C. H. 22 101 Richmond, 18 119 From Washington to War- renton, Va. Alexandria, 9 Fairfax Court House, 14 23 Centreville, 8 31 New-Baltimore, 18 49 Warrenton, 6 55 NEW ROUTES. From Washington to Win- chester by Stage. Alexandria, 9 Fairfax Court House, 14 23 Aldie, 24 47 Middleburg, 5 52 Upperville. Paris. Shenandoah river. Millwood. Winchester. 8 60 4 64 4 68 2 70 11 81 ROUTES FROM RICHMOND, Va. From Richmond to Weldon, N. C, by Railroad. This is a portion of the great Southeren Line of Rail- road which extends from Fredericksburg, Va., to Wilming- ton, N. C. Osborn, Petersburg, Stoney Creek, 18 5 23 17 40 Nottoway River, Hicksford, Weldon, 10 50 12 62 20 82 [Passengers for the South, may take the Railroad at Weldon, and proceed to Wilmington 161 miles, and thence to Charleston, S. C, by Steamboat.] From Richmond to York- town, and from thence to Old Point Comfort. Bottoms Bridge, Cross Roads, New Kent C. H. Hackaday's Spring, Williamsburg, Yorktown, Hampton, Old Point, 15 5 20 9 29 13 42 14 56 12 68 20 88 3 91 From Richmond to Harri- sonburg. Louisa C. H. 51 Gordonsville, 15 66 Barbourville, 6 72 From Staunton to the White Sulphur Springs, is 95 miles, by the Stage road. Stannardsville, Magaughytown, Harrisonburg, 15 87 22 109 12 121 From Richmond to Staun- ton, via Charlottesville. Scuffletown, Tuckahoe Creek, Goochland C. H. Columbia, Monticello, Charlottesville, York, Rockfish Gap, Waynesboro, Staunton, 9 17 19 28 3 19 3 101 3 104 12 116 THE AMEEICAN TRAVELLER, EXPLANATION. The figures in parentheses, which follow the name of each placs, thus, " Alabama (247)," indicate its position on the Map, the rhombs of which are numbered consecutively. The various routes described in the work, are delineated on the map by lines, which are explained in the Table of References on the Map. Abbreviations.— Me. Maine ; N.H. New-Hampshire; Vt. Vermont; Mass. Massachusetts ; R. I. Rhode Island ; Ct. Connecticut ; N. Y. New-York ; N. J. New-Jersey ; Pa. Pennsylvania ; D. Delaware ; Md. Maryland ; Va. Virginia ; N. C. North Carolina ; S. C. South Carolina ; G. Georgia ; F. Florida ; Al. Alabama ; Miss. Mississippi ; L. Louisiana ; Ark. Arkansas ; Ten. Tennessee ; K. Kentucky ; Mo. Missouri ; II. Illinois ; In. Indiana ; Mic. Michigan ; O. Ohio ; Wis. Wisconsin ; Io. Iowa ; Can. Canada ; C. H. Court House ; R. River. The great leading roads can be found by referring to the cities and towns through which they pass, thus for example, if the road from Washington to New Orleans be required, turn to the article " Wash- ington," where will be found the route to Richmond, Va. then to that of " Richmond," where the road to Raleigh is given, and so on. Alabama (247), state of, is divided into forty-nine coun- ties, and contained in 1840, a population of 590,756, inclu- ding 253,532 slaves. Its population now (1846) may be estimated at 700,000. Area, 52,000 square miles. Capi- tal, Montgomery. Metropolis, Mobile, Lat. 30°41'. Long. 11° 12' W. General Election, first Monday in August. Legislature meet fourth Monday in October. Constitution formed, 1819. 6 ALABAMA. Government.- The Governor is elected for two years ; salary $3,500 Secretary of State, $1,000 and fees. Treasurer and^ om P troller °f Public Accounts, — salary of each, $ 1,00ft all elected by the Legislature. Legislate e - — The legislative power is vested in two branches. ? Senate and House of Representatives, which together V*e styled the General Assembly of the state of Alabama The japresentatives are elected annually, and are ap- portioned among the different counties in proportion to the white population ; the whole number cannot exceed 100, nor fall enort of 60. The Senators are elected for three years, and »ne third of them are chosen every year. Their number cannot be more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth the number of representatives. Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, in circuit courts, and such inferior courts as the Gen- eral Assembly may, from time to time, direct or establish. The judges are elected by joint votes of both houses of the General Assembly, every six years. The supreme court, which has appellate jurisdiction only, consists of one chief justice and two associate judges ; each receives a salary of $2,500 per annum. It holds its sessions at the capital of the state on the first Mondays of January and June. The circuit court has original juris- diction in civil and criminal cases, and appellate jurisdiction in all appeals from inferior courts ; it is composed of nine judges, one for each of the nine circuits into which the state is divided. Each of the judges receives $2,000 a year except the judge of the fifth circuit, whose salary is $1,500. This court is invested with chancery powers, each judge is chancellor in his particular district. Education. — In addition to the numerous common schools established by the legislature, there are many acad- emies distributed throughout the state, in which the Greek and Latin languages are taught along with the higher branches of an English education. The university of Alabama, incorporated in 1820, is situa- ted near Tuscaloosa, and is now in successful operation. La Grange College, established by the Methodists, is in the nor- thern part of the state, a few miles from Florence, on the Ten- nessee river." Incorporated in 1830. College of Spring-Hill, a Catholic institution, occupies a pleasant situation a few miles ALABAMA. 7 west of Mobile. South Alabama Institute in Perry county, was opened in 1835. Military Force — Consists of ten divisions, each under the command of a major-general; twenty brigades and eighty-one regiments. All able-bodied white men, with some exceptions, from the ages of 18 to 45, are required to perform military duty. The militia assemble four times a year, two days for drill, one for regimental muster and one day for battalion muster. A new organization of the militia of this state is contemplated. Physical Structure. — In the northern part of Alabama, mountains of considerable elevation occur between the valley of the Tennessee and the head waters of the Tombecbee, Black Warrior, &c. Here the forests consist chiefly of oak, ash, hickory, elm, poplar, &c. The central and southern portions of the state, are nearly destitute of mountains, which wholly disappear in the south. The products of the forests here, are similar to those in the north, but interspersed with pine, which increases towards the south, forming, with the long leaved-pine, cypress, gum, swamp oak, holly, &c. the immense forest which still exists there. Rivers. — Tennessee, Alabama, Talapoosa, Coosa, Cahawba, Tombecbee, Black Warrior, Chattahooche, &c. Productions. — Cotton and corn are the chief, rice and sugar. Gold has been found in the northern part of this state. Internal Improvements. — Consist of a rail-road from Tuscum- bia to Decatur on the Tennessee river, length 47 miles. One from Pensacola in Florida to Montgomery on the Alabama: length 190 miles. One from Montgomery to West Point on the Chattahoochee in Georgia. Length 90 miles. Of a canal from Huntsville to Triano on the Tennessee: of a canal from the head of the Muscle Shoals to Florence on the Tennessee. Length 37 miles. Rail-roads are proposed to extend from Daleville to Greensboro, 50 miles. From Erie to Greensboro, 17 miles. From Mobile to the Tennessee river, about 450 miles. From Demopolis to Woodville. From Livingston to Moscow. From Benton to Haysville, 18 miles. Principal Towns. Mobile, Blakoly, Montgomery, Tusca- loosa, Tuscumbia, Florence, Huntsville, &c. Alaqua, Fl. (313.) Alachua Ferry, Fl. (329.) Alatamaha R., G. (304.) Albemarle Sound, N. C. Alatamaha Canal, see Geor- (238.) gia, (304.) Albion, II. (166.) Albany, N. Y. (83.) Capital of the state of New York, 8 ROUTES FROM ALBANY. contains a population of about 35,000. The principal build- ings are : the Capitol in State-street. Academy, in which the lyceum of the Albany Institute is established. City Hall near the capitol, and about 20 churches, some of which are hand- some edifices; theatre, museum, public library, several banks, &c. The canal pier, and basin, deserve particular attention. Steam-boats, stages and canal-boats depart in every direction almost hourly. ROUTES FROM ALBANY. To New York by Steam Schenectady, 19 28 Boats. Amsterdam, 18 46 Miles. Schoharie Cr. 7 53 Coeymans, 13 Caughnawaga, 4 57 Coxackie, 7 20 Canajoharie, 12 69 Hudson, 8 28 Little Falls, 19 88 Catskill, 6 34 Herkimer, 7 95 (thence to Pine Orch Frankfort, 5 100 ard 14 miles.) Utica, 10 110 Red Hook Landing, 11 45 Whitesboro, 4 114 Kingston, 10 55 Rome, 11 125 Hyde Park, 10 65 New London, 7 132 Pokeepsie, 5 70 Canistota, 14 146 Newburg, 15 85 New Boston, 4 150 West Point, 8 93 Chitteningo, 4 154 Peekskill, 10 103 Manlius, 8 162 Singsing, 10 113 Syracuse, 9 171 Phillipsburg, 16 129 Geddesburg, 2 173 New York, 16 145 Canton, 12 185 Jordan, 6 191 To Utica by Rail-Road Weedsport, 6 197 Schenectady, 16 Montezuma, (Lake Amsterdam, 15 31 Port) 9 206 Caughnawaga, 9 40 Clyde, 11 217 Palatine Bridge, 12 52 Lyons, 9 226 Little Falls of Mo- Lock vi lie, 6 232 hawk, 20 72 Palmyra, 9 241 Herkimer, . 7 79 Fairport, 11 252 Utica, 17 96 Pittsford, 8 260 Rochester, 10 270 To Buffalo by Erie Canal. Ogden, 12 282 Troy, 7 Adams, 3 285 ROUTES FROM ALBANY. Brock port, 5 290 Beekmansville, 19 45 Holly, 5 295 Cherry Valley, 7 52 Albion, 10 305 Cooperstown, 12 64 Loch port, 28 333 Burlington, 10 74 Pendleton, 7 340 Smyrna, 20 94 Tonnewanta, 12 352 Deruyter, 21 115 Buffalo, 11 363 Truxtun, 10 125 Cortlandt, 13 138 To Buffalo by Schenectady, by R Stage. Ithaca, 21 159 R. 16 Amsterdam, 16 32 To Socket's Harbor, by Caughnawaga, 11 43 Stage. Palatine Bridge, 11 54 Utica, 96 Manheim, 13 67 Rome, 16 112 Little Falls, 7 74 Fish Creek, 11 123 Herkimer, 7 81 Redfleld, 20 143 Utica, 15 96 Lorain, 16 159 Manchester, 9 105 Adams, 8 167 Vernon, 8 113 Sacket's Harbor, 10 177 Lenox, 9 122 Sullivan, Manlius, 8 130 6 136 To Balls ton and Saratoga by Rail Road. West Hills, 12 148 Skaneateles, Auburn, 14 162 7 169 Schenectady, Ballston, 16 14 30 Cayuga, Waterloo, 9 178 8 186 Saratoga, b" 3b (thence to Lake George Geneva, 6 192 32 miles.) Canandaigua, Bloomfield, 16 208 9 217 To Whitehall, by Champlain Lima, 9 226 Canal. Avon, 7 233 Troy, 7 Caledonia, 8 241 Junction, 2 9 Leroy, 6 247 Waterford, 2 11 Batavia, 10 257 Mechanicsville, 8 19 Pembroke, 14 271 Stillwater, 4 23 Ransom's Grove, 8 279 Bemus Heights, 3 26 Williamsville, 8 287 Schuylersville, 9 35 Buffalo, 10 297 Fort Miller, 5 40 i Fort Edward, 8 48 To Ithaca, by Stage. Kingsbur}', 5 53 Hamilton, 8 Fort Ann, 7 60 Duanesburg, 12 20 Narrows, 6 66 Esperance, 6 26 Whitehall, 6 72 10 ALB ALL To Whitehall, by Stage. Troy, Lansingburg, Waterfbrd, Mechanicsville, Stillwater, Schuylersville, Northumberland, Fort Miller, Fort Edward, Sandy Hill, Kingsbury, Fort Ann, Whitehall, To Montreal, by Stage and Steamboat. Whitehall, as above, 72 fTiconderoga, 23 95 Crown Point, 14 109 Basin Harbor, 12 121 Essex, 9 130 Burlington, 15 145 " S. Hero, 9 154 Plattsburg, 8 162 Chazy, 14 176 Isle au Noix, 15 191 I St. Johns, 9 200 La Prarie, by Stage, 17 217 Montreal, by Steam Boat, 8 225 To Burlington, Vt. via Ben- nington, Middlebury, §c. by Stage. Sand Lake, 11 Berlin, Warm Spring, Pownall, Bennington, Shaftsbury, Sunderland, Manchester, Tinmouth, Rutland, Pittsford, Brandon, Middlebury, Vergennes, Charlotte, Burlington, To Boston, by Union, Lebanon Spring, Pittsfield, Dalton, Peru, Worthington, Chesterfield, Northampton, Hadley, Belchertown, Western, Brookfield, Spencer, Worcester, Farmington, Brookline, Boston, 10 21 8 29 4 33 8 41 8 49 8 57 8 65 18 83 17 100 8 108 9 117 16 133 14 147 9 156 13 169 Stage. 14 7 5 9 9 5 14 4 10 88 14 102 5 107 8 115 9 124 21 145 17 162 4 166 Allegheny Portage Rail R. see Pennsylvania, (130.) Aldboro Bay, U. C. (75.) Aldie, Va. (176.) Allegheny R. Pa. (103.) Allentown, Pa. (133.) A village situated on the right bank of the Lehigh, in Lehigh county, six miles S. W. from Bethle- hem, and fifty-five N. N. W. from Philadelphia. Population about 1800. ALTON. II Alligator Pt. Fl. (328.) Alexandria, N. Y. (34.) Alexandria, Me. (42.) Alexandria, II. (93.) Alexandria, Pa. (128,) Alexandria, Mo. (142.) Alexandria Canal, see Colum- bia, (176.) Alexandria, D. C. (176.) A neat and pleasant city and port of entry, on the right bank of the Potomac, occupies the south- ern angle of the District of Columbia. Population about 9,000. The public buildings are, a Court house, six churches, two banks, &c. (For routes from Alexandria, see Washington, D. C.) Alexandria, L. (294.) Alfred, Me. (63.) Alton, U. (163.) A thriving town of Illinois, on the left bank of the Mississippi, three miles above the mouth of the Missouri. Population about 3,000. Its chief buildings are the state penitentiary, market-houses, several extensive hotels, six churches, masonic lodge, &c. ROUTES FROM ALTON. To St. Louis, by Steam Boat. Ramsay's Creek, 28 67 Missouri River, 3 Clarksville, 8 75 Chateau Island, 9 12 Louisiana, 12 87 St. Louis, 11 23 Saverton, 18 105 Hannibal, 7 112 To New Orleans by Steam Wyaconda, 28 140 Boat. R. des Moines, 22 162 St. Louis, 23 Fort Armstrong, 117 279 Carondelet, 6 29 Prairie Du Chienne, 149 428 Harrison, 23 52 Herculaneum, 1 53 Stage Route to Vandalia. St. Genevieve, 31 84 Upper Alton, 2 Bainbridge, 61 145 Cahokia River, 15 17 Cape Gerardeau, 10 155 Shoal Creek, 20 37 Ohio River, 41 196 Vandalia, 21 58 New Orleans, 1077 1273 To Carlisle To Prairie Du Chienne y by Edwardsville, 13 Steam Boat. Troy, 9 22 Peasau Creek, 9 Clifton, 14 36 Illinois River, 10 19 Shoal Creek P. O. 8 44 Cuivre ** 20 39 Carlisle, 9 53 1* ALS ARKANSAS. To Springfield To Carrollton. Woodburn, 16 Lurton's, 12 Carlinsville, 20 36 Jersey ville, 7 19 Girard, 12 48 Kane P. 0. 5 24 Springfield, 26 74 Carrollton, 9 33 Alston, S. C. (274.) Amsterdam, N. Y. (82.) Amboy, N. J. (134.) Amelia I., F. (318.) America, II. (185.) Amoskeag Canal, see New Amesville, O. (151.) Hampshire, (62.) Amhurst, U. C. (74.) Alachua, F. (315.) Amhurst, N. H. (85.) Armstatia I., F. (330.) Amhurst, C. H. Va. (195.) Annapolis, Md. (177.) Capital of the state, and scat of jus- tice of Anne Arundel county ; is situated on the Chesapeake Bay, and contains the State House, St. John's College, &c. Population about 2750. Distant from Washington 40 miles. Andover, Mass. (85.) Angelica, N. Y. (78.) Ann Arbour, Mich. (73.) Anson, Me. (40.) Antwerp, N. Y. (34.) Appalachie Bay, F. (327.) Andersonville, S. C. (252.) Applington, G. (271.) Arkansas, state of, (220) is divided into 35 counties. Popu- lation in 1830, 30,388, including 4,575 slaves ; in 1835, 58,134.- Area, 60,700 square miles. Capital, Little Rock. Metropolis, Arkansas. Lat. 34° N. Long. 14° 21'' W. General election in August. Legislature meet every two years. Constitution formed, 1836. Government. — The Governor receives 82000 per annum, is elected for four years, but is not eligible more than eight years out of any period of twelve years. Legislature. — Consists of a Senate and House of Represen- tatives, styled the General Assembly ; meets on the first Mon- day in November. The Senate can never consist of more than 33 nor less than 17 members. The House of Representatives of not less than 54, nor more than 100 representatives. Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, (3 judges,) whose jurisdiction is appellate ; circuit courts, county courts, and justices of the peace. The official term of the judges of the supreme court, is eight years ; and those of the circuit court four years. Justices, who are elected by the people, hold their offices for two years. The judges of county courts are chosen by the justices of the peace. ARK BAL 13 Physical Structure. — In the eastern part of the territory it is level, portions of it often inundated ; in the centre, hills begin to show themselves, and further west the country becomes mountainous, though level and elevated plains of considerable extent occur between the ridges. Rivers. — Arkansas, St. Francis, White, Washita, Red, &c. Productions. — Cotton, Corn, Wheat; the Peach, Grape, Plum, and some other fruits flourish in great abundance. Towns. — Little Rock, Arkansas, Point Chicot, St. Francis, Jackson, Batesville, Litchfield, Lewisburg, Helena, Jefferson, Scotia, &c. Arkansas River, Ark. (242.) Arkansas, Ark. (243.) Arlington, Vt. (60.) Armagh, P. (129.) Ash, Va. (176.) Assateague I., Md. (178.) Asheville,N. C. (232.) Ashboro, N. C. (235.) Asheville, Ala. (267.) Atchafalaya R., Lou. (322.) Atchafalaya Bay, Lou. (322.) Athens, P. (106.) Athens, O. (150.) Athens, I', (164.) Athens, T. (230.) Athens, Ala. (247.) Athens, G. (270.) Atkins, Va. (213.) Atlas, II. (142.) Auburn, N. Y. (80.) Augusta, K. (170.) Augusta, Miss. (297.) Augusta, G. (272.) Aurora, N. Y. (80.) Aurora, II. (145.) Aurora, O. (101.) Austenville, Va. (214.) Autauga, Ala. (284.) Averysboro, N. C. (236.) Avon, Me. (39.) Avon, N. Y. (79.) B. Back Bay, Va. (219.) Bainbridge, O. (149.) Bainbridge, G. (303.) Balcony Falls Canal, see Vir- ginia, (195.) Balize, Lou. (325.) Ballston Spa, N. Y. (83.) The Springs at Ballston have long been celebrated for their medicinal virtues, and are re- sorted to by many invalids and others. The waters resemble those of Saratoga, though not so strongly impregnated with the mineral ingredients. There are several good hotels and private boarding houses, reading rooms, &c. in the village, which is justly regarded as one of the most pleasant and salu- brious places of resort in the country. 2 14 BALLSTON. BALTIMORE. ROUTES FROM BALLSTON. Saratoga Springs, 6 Saratoga Lake, 6 Schenectady, by Rail R. 14 Albany, " 30 Waterford, by Stage, Glenn's Falls, Lake George, 22 25 38 Ballsville, Va. (196.) Baltimore, Md. (156.) Is the chief city in Maryland, and the third in point of population in the United States. It occu- pies a favourable position, and appears to much advantage on approaching it from the west. The country immediately in the rear swells into hills, sufficiently elevated to afford an ex- tensive view of the city and its environs, and to render the entire landscape particularly attractive. Population in 1830, 80,625. The objects most worthy of attention, are Washing. ton Monument, at the intersection of Charles and Monument Streets ; it is surmounted by a colossal statue of Washington, elevated 163 feet. Battle Monument in Calvert street. Ex- change in Gay street. City Spring in Calvert street. Peni- tentiary on Madison street. Hospital in the N. W. suburbs. Cathedral ; Custom House ; two Colleges ; University buildings ; Alms House; Court House; two Theatres; Museum; Water Works, &c. &c. ROUTES FROM BALTIMORE. To Philadelphia, by R. Road, Philadelphia, 1 95 via Havre De Grace ,4-c. — — Depot, l To Philadelphia, by S. Boat Back R. 4 5 and Rail Roac I. Gunpowder R. 11 16 Fort M'Henry, 3 Bush R. 7 23 Sparrows Pt. 6 9 Havre De Grace, 12 35 North Pt. 3 12 Charleston, 6 41 Pool's Island, 13 25 Northeast, 3 44 Turkey Pt. 23 48 Elkton, 6 50 Frenchtown, 16 64 Newark Road, 6 56 N. Castle, by R. R. 16 80 Newport, 8 64 Chester, by S. Boat, 17 97 Wilmington, 4 68 Philadelphia, 18 115 Marcus Hook Road, 9 77 Chester, 4 81 To Philadelphia, by Steam Gray's Ferry Viaduct, 9 90 Boat and Canal. Philad'a. R. R. 4 94 Turkey Pt. as above, 48 a[t]@aGC|]|ia r ia&]aKaaaaaGaanL]GQOQQuaaa[ HSOBOtltkiHoaiHz^H^ * J euidsei innnnnnni'inyjju _3 §_) L^merifsj ^. BQUI ^jJuJliUL—irsaau ULJQl m\ REFBRE&CBS. 1 Exchange Cu stom abuse United States Bank 2 Githedral 3 Unitarian Church 4 St. Peter's Do. 5 ft Patricks Do. 6 St Paid* Do. Do. Do. Presbyterian, Do. 10 Methodist Do. XI Centum Luth. Do. 12 Baptist '»<• li J iaa CU E3 C3 C^SS^'J^jlS T i Fav J JJG[~J a a ru -JC^JUGia C~3 1~3 L^J QUJlIUUL aaaaaat LDQOQQUUQUL WIT u .ii. r/iui. I » Presbyt Si^oSbdbay, jqgq (X^sslo ^SfloiifeM? E3 L_J It l.> Illl/tUIUW 10 / nieersitf 17 Hospital m Jims Bouse U> Mspensary .<» Penitentiary • 1 Prison H <<.''"•' Bhun ..» Libra if ft Theatre *5 Museum 2*3 Washington Monnm t it, n ."" if Wmmmu BO Htisonir Ball 3| MaterU'orks ■X. BankofBaltinunv H Al/<•/ Rg laruerfUjures refer to the * and. itSsA 1 I 1 1 ... J ICt-knglL, 1 ^j^CvfvyjjQUiJJJJ L . ga trt-ml ii — innni — I b^ul^hm©:^ Scale of Feet. Soo lOOO tooo BALTIMORE. 15 f Bohemia, 10 58 f Crossing of Patap- "£ | Deep Cut, 5 63 . j SCO, 12 26 g i St. George's, 4 67 | I Sykes, p$ j Gillets run, 3 29 W | Delaware City 5 72 6 35 t New Castle, 6 78 S3 j Parrsville, 5 40 Philadelphia, 35 113 eg j New Market, 6 46 . j Monocacy river, 9 55 To Philadelphia, by Stage. L Frederick, 4 59 Gunpowder V. 14 (Thence to the Pt. of Abingdon, 10 24 Rocks, 11 miles.) Havre De Grace, 10 34 Middletown, 9 68 Elkton, 16 50 Boonsboro, 7 75 Wilmington, 20 70 (Thence to Hagerstown, Chester, 13 83 11 miles.) Philadelphia, 15 98 Williamsport, 12 87 Big Spring, 10 97 To Washington, by Stage. Hancock, 17 114 Elkridge Landing, 8 Prattsville, 18 132 Waterloo, 5 13 'Cumberland, Mt. Pleasant, 21 153 Vansville, 10 23 10 163 Bladensburg, 8 31 1 Petersburg, 25 188 Washington, 6 37 -a « § Smythfield, 4 192 ___ Union, 21 213 To Washington, by Steam Brownsville, 12 225 Boat. o Hillsboro, 11 236 Bodkin Pt. 13 a Washington, 12 248 Herring Bay, 32 45 W. Alexandria, 15 263 Patuxent, 32 77 , Wheeling, 16 279 Pt. Lookout, 20 97 Washington's B. P. 31 128 To Frederick, by Stage. Matthews Pt. 18 146 Ellicotts, 10 Cook's Ferry, 23 169 Lisbon, 12 22 Mt. Vernon. 18 187 Poplar Spring, 5 27 Alexandria, 9 196 Parrsyille, 4 31 Washington, 8 204 New Market, 5 36 Frederick, 11 47 To Wheeling, Va. by Rail r— Road and Stage. To Annapolis, by Stage. r Deep Cut, 2 Patapsco R. 7 Washington road, 3 5 Indian Landing, 14 21 O PS . Still house run, 1 6 Annapolis, 9 30 •— < Patapsco riyer, 4 10 ?■? "3 Ellicott's, 2 12 To Gettysburg, Pa. by Stage. „ Eagle Factory, 2 14 Hoc )kton, 6 16 BAL BED Reisterstown, Westminster, Petersburg, Gettysburg, To York, Govanston, 11 17 12 29 15 44 10 54 Pa. by Stage. Towsenton, Golden Ho. Hereford, Wisebury, Strasburg, York, 2 7 7 14 7 21 2 23 11 34 14 48 Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. See Maryland, (156.) Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road. See Maryland, (156.) Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail Road. See Maryland, (156.) Baltimore and Washington R. Road. See Md. (156.) Bangor, Me. (41.) Banister, Va. (216.) Barataria Bay, Lou. (323.) Barataria Lake, Lou. (323.) Barbourville, K. (211.) Bardstown, K. (189.) Bargaintown, N. J. (158.) Barnegat Inlet, N. J. (158.) Barnesville, O. (151.) Barnstable, Mass. (112.) Barnwell, S. C. (272.) Bartonville, Mo. (162.) Batavia, N. Y. (55.) Batesville, Ark. (223.) Bath, N.Y. (79.) Bath Rail Road. See New York, (79.) Bath, Va. (154.) Bath, N. C. (238.) Baton Rouge, Lou. (308.) Bays T., N. C. (231.) Beaufort, N. C. (258.) Beans Station, T. (211.) Beaver, P. (128.) Beaufort, S. G (290.) Beardstown, II. (118.) Beck's Settlement, II. (144.) Bedford, N. Y. (109.) Bedford, P. (130.) County town of Bedford Co. Pa. is situ- ated among the Allegheny mountains, on the main road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg; 200 miles from the former, and 98 miles from the latter place. Population about 1000. Bedford has long been celebrated for its mineral springs, and is a favorite resort for invalids and others in search of health or pleasure during the summer season. These springs, which are used in chronic diseases, generally, contain carbonic acid, magnesia, sulphate of lime, muriate of soda, carbonate of iron, lime, &c. The water possesses laxative and sudorific powers in a high degree, and often act as an emetic. The accommo- dations here are upon an extensive and respectable scale, and afford to visiters every convenience found in similar establish- ments elsewhere. EEL BLA 17 Bellair, Md. (156.) Belle Fontaine, O. (125.) Belleville, U. (164.) Bellville, K.(187.) Bellefonte, P. (131.) Belfast, Me. (40.) Belfont, Ala. (248.) Belgrade, II. (186.) Beelersville, F. (312.) Bellows Falls Canal, Vermont, (61.) Belmont, P. (107.) Bel pre, O. (151.) Belvedere, N.J. (133.) See Bennetville, S. C (255.) Bennington, Vt. (83.) Benton, Vt. (60.) Benton, Mo. 185. Benton, Miss. (280.) Berkshire, Vt. (37.) Berlin, P. (154.) Berges, N. C. (236.) Berwick, P. (106.) Berkshire, O. (126.) Bertrand, Lou. (277) Bethany, P. (107.) Bethania, N. C. (214.) Bethlehem, P. (133.) In .Northampton county, 50 miles north of Philadelphia. Its inhabitants consist chiefly of Moravians, whose most extensive establishment is fixed here. The town is characterized by a degree of neatness and order, seldom surpassed, which the peculiar regulations and habits of the people enable it to maintain. It is supplied with water from the Lehigh, by means of a forcing pump, erected nearly 80 years since. Beverly, Va. (173.) BigHatcheeR., T. (225.) Big Spring, K. (188.) B. la Fourche, Lou. (323.) Binghamton, N. Y. (81.) Blacksburg, Mich. (70.) Blacksburg, Va. (194.) Black's R. Ark. (204.) Black's Bluff, Ala. (299.) Blackwater, Va. (218.) Blakely.G. (301.) Blakely, Ala. (311.) Blandford, Mass. (84.) Block I., R. 1.(111.) Bloomfield, N. Y. (79.) Bloom field, K. (189.) Bloomfield, Ind. (146.) Bloomington, Ind. (146.) Eloomington, II. (120.) Blountville, T. (212.) Blountsville, Ala. (248.) Boardman, 0.(102.) Boat Yard, or Kingsport, T. (212.) Bogue Inlet, N. C. (257.) Bolivar, Miss. (265.) Bolivar, T. (226.) Bolton, Mass, (85.) Boonville, N. Y. (58.) Boonville, Mo. (161.) Boonsville, Ind. (166.) Bordentown, N. J. (134.) Boston, Me. (19.) Bellows Falls Canal. See Vermont, (61.) Belleplain Rail Road. See Virginia, (176.) Blackstone Canal. See Mas- sachusetts, (85.) 2* 18 BOSTON. Boston, Mass. (85.) Is the- chief city of Massachusetts, and the fourth in magnitude in the United States. It is situated on a peninsula, which extends in a north-east direction from the main land, with which it is connected by several bridges, in addition to the "neck" so called. Its outline is about five miles in extent. There are several thriving villages in the neigh- bourhood of Boston, which may be considered as parts of the city, though under different municipal regulations. The principal of these villages are Charlestown, Lechmere point, the Neck, and South Boston. The objects of interest in and about Boston, are — Tremont house, in Common st, an immense hotel, containing 202 apartments. State house, oppo- site the common, (western part of the city.) Old State house, Court st. Faneucl hall, in Chatham st. Theatre, Federal st. Tremont Theatre. Atheneum. Statue of Washington in the state house. Navy Yard, and Breed's hill, rendered memora- ble by the battle between the British and American forces, on the 17th of June, 1775, commonly called the battle of Bunker's Hill. Besides the buildings devoted to public uses there is in Boston, an usual proportion of splendid private dwellings, churches, and scientific and literary institutions, forming altogether, one of the most attractive places in the Union. ROUTES FROM BOSTON. To Albany by Stage. Dover, 11 15 Brookline, 4 Med way, 12 27 Farmington, 17 21 Mendon, 9 36 Westboro, 10 31 Douglass, 12 48 Worcester, 11 42 Thompson, 14 62 Spencer, 9 51 Ashford, 20 82 Brookfield, 8 59 Willington, 2 84 Belchertown, 19 78 Tolland, 7 91 Hadley, 10 88 Ellington, 5 96 Northampton, 4 92 Hartford, 14 110 Chesterfield, 14 106 Peru, 14 120 To Providence by Stage, and Dal ton, 9 129 thence to New York by Pittsfield, 5 134 Steam Boat. Lebanon Springs, 7 141 Roxbury, 5 Albany, 25 11 Dedham, 5 10 Wrentham, 18 28 To Hartford, by Stage Attleboro, 7 35 Brookline, 4 Pawtucket, 7 42 I I \ ROUTES FROM BOSTON. 19 Providence, 3 45 To Concord, N. H and Pawtuxet, 5 50 thence to Montpelier, Newport, 20 70 Vt., by Stage. Point Judith, 14 84 Medford, 6 New London Harb. 35 119 Stoneham, 4 10 (Thence to New London, Andover, 11 21 4 miles.) Methuen, 4 25 Connecticut R. 14 133 Londonderry, 16 41 Falkner's Is. 19 152 Hookset Falls, 19 60 New Haven Harb. 12 164 Concord, 8 68 (Thence to N. Have n> Boscawen, 10 78 4 miles.) Andover, Vt. 14 92 Blackrock, 19 183 Grantham, 22 114 South port, 5 188 Dartmouth Col. 11 125 Oldwell, 8 196 Stratford, 16 141 West Greenwich, 16 212 Chelsea, 9 150 Throgs Pt. 19 231 Barre, 15 165 New York, 16 247 Montpelier, 9 174 To Taunton, by Stage. To Portland, Me. by Stage. Dorchester, Bridgewater, 7 15 22 Saugus, Danvers, 10 7 17 Taunton, 12 34 Topsfield, 6 23 To Barnstable, by Quincy, Weymouth, Stage. 9 6 15 Rowley, Ncwburyport, Hampton, Portsmouth, 8 31 5 36 9 45 13 58 Hanover, 9 24 York, 9 67 Kingston, 11 35 Wells, 15 82 Plymouth, 6 41 Kennebunk, Pt. 6 88 Sandwich, 18 59 Saco, 10 98 Barnstable, 13 72 Portland, 16 114 To Rutland, Vt. by Stage. Cambridge, 4 Concord, To Newburyport, via by Stage. Salem, Groton, 14 32 Chelsea, 5 Townsend, 9 41 Lynn, 5 10 New Ipswick, 12 53 Salem, 5 15 Keene, 27 80 Beverly, 2 17 Bellows Falls, 20 100 Wenham, 4 21 Chester, 13 113 Hamilton, 2 23 Cavendish 12 125 Ipswich, 5 28 Rutland, 26 151 Newburyport, 10 38 20 BOS BRU To Portland, by Steam Boat. York Harb. 5 77 Point Shirley, 4 Kennebunk H. 12 89 Nabant, 6 10 Fletcher's Neck, 12 101 Marblehead, 6 16 Cape Elizabeth, 13 114 Salem Harbor, 3 19 Portland, 10 124 (Thence to Salem, — 5 miles.) Miscellaneous Routes by Gloucester Harb. 8 27 Steam Boats. (Thence to Gloucester, Fort Warren, 2 4 miles.) Fort Independence, 3 Cape Ann, 10 37 Long Island, 6 Newbury Harb. 16 53 Pt. AldertoH, 10 Boar's Head, 7 GO The Brewster?, 10 Portsmouth Harb. 12 72 Boston and Loicell Rail Road. See Massachusetts, (85.) Boston and Providence Rail Road. See Massachusetts, (85.) Boston and Worcester Rail Road. See Massachusetts, (85.) Boston, O. (101.) Boston, N. Y. (78.) Bowling-green, Va. (176.) Bowling-green, Mo. (141.) Bowling-green, K. (188.) Bowdoinham, Me. (40.) Bowerbank, Mc. (19.) Bow Canal. See New Hamp- shire, (62.) Boydtown Va. (216.) Brandon, Vt. (60.) Brandon, Miss. (280.) Brattleboro, Vt. (84.) Brasstown, N. C. (330.) Brashears, Miss. (280.) Bridge Town, Md. (157.) Brunswick, N. J. (134.) An incorporated city, and seat of jus- tice for Middlesex county, on the west bank of the Raritan river, 34 miles S. W. of New York, and 26 N. E. from Trenton ; population about 7000. Public buildings are, a Court house, Bridgetown, N. J. (157.) Bridgetown, Me. (63.) Bridge Town, D. 178.) Bridgetown, Va. (198.) Bridgewater, Ala. (247.) Bristol, R. I. (111.) Brockport, U. C. (34.) Brockport, N. Y. (55.) Brookfield, Mass. (84.) Brooklyn, C. (111.) Brooklyn, N. Y. (135.) Brookville, Ind. (148.) Brookville,Md.l56.) Brownington, Vt. (37.) Brownstown, Mich. (73.) Brownsburg, T. (225.) Brownsville, P. (120.) Brownstown, Ind. (168.) Brownsville, II. (185.) Browns, G. (250.) Brownsburg, Miss. (295.) Brunswick, Me. (63.) Brunswick, N. J. (134.) BUFFALO. 21 College, seven Churches, two Academies, a Lancasterian school, two Banks, &c. and a fine bridge over the Raritan. The Raritan canal has its eastern termination here, which, with rail and turnpike roads in all directions, affords extensive facilities for commercial purposes. Brunswick, N. C. (256.) Buckstown, Me. (41.) Br van C. H., G. (281.) Buffalo, Va. (172.) Buchannan, Va. (152.) Buffalo, N. Y. (78.) A flourishing city, situated on Lake Erie, and at the western termination of the Erie Canal. Pop- ulation about 16,000. The public buildings are a court-house, several churches, banks, museum, hotels, &c. Stages, steam- boats and sailing vessels, arrive at and depart from Buffalo almost every hour. ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. To Albany, by tht Erie Schenectady, 18 335 Canal. Troy, 21 356 Tonnewanta, 11 Albany, 7 363 Pendleton, 12 23 . Lockport, 7 30 To Albany, by Stage. Albion, 28 58 Williamsville, 10 Holly, 10 68 Ransoms, 8 18 Brockport, 5 73 Pembroke, 8 26 Ogden, 8 81 Batavia, 14 40 Rochester, 12 93 Leroy, 10 50 Fairport, 18 111 Avon, 14 64 Palmyra, 11 122 Lima, 7 71 Lyons, 15 137 Bloomfield, 9 80 Montezuma, 20 157 Canandaigua, 9 89 Jordan, 15 172 Geneva, 16 105 Syracuse, 20 192 Cayuga, 14 119 Manlius, 9 201 Auburn, 9 128 New Boston, 12 213 Skaneateles, 7 135 Canistota, 4 217 Westhills, 14 149 Rome, 21 238 Manlius, 12 161 Whitesboro, 11 249 Lenox, 14 175 Utica, 4 253 Vernon, 9 184 Herkimer, 15 268 Utica, 17 201 Little Falls, 7 275 Herkimer, 15 216 Canajoharie, 19 294 Little Falls, 7 223 Caughnewaga, 12 306 Palatine Bridge, 20 243 Amsterdam, 11 319 Amsterdam, 22 265 22 ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. Schenectada, 16 281 Albany by R. Road, 16 297 To Niagara Falls, by Stage. Blackrock, 1 Chippewa, 16 17 Niagara Falls, 2 19 To Niagara Falls, by Stage, via Manchester. 1 8 9 10 19 2 21 Blackrock, Tonnewanta, Schlosser, The Falls, To Rochester, i Batavia, as above, Bergen, Rochester, Stage. To Erie, Pa. by Stage. Hamburg, 11 Cattaraugus, 19 30 Dunkirk, 15 45 Westfield, 15 60 Burget's town, 16 76 Erie, 14 90 To Erie, and thence to De- troit, by Steam Boat. Cattaraugus, 28 Dunkirk, 13 41 Westfield, 15 56 Erie, 30 86 Bull's Bay, S. C. (291.) Bulltown, Va. (173.) Burksville, K. (209.) Burgettstown, P. (77.) Burlington, Vt. (36.) Burlington, N. Y. (81.) Burlington, N. J. (134.) Burlington, K. (148.) Fairport, 74 160 Cleveland, 30 190 Sandusky, 60 250 Detroit, 75 325 To Hamilton, by Stage. Hamburg, 11 Boston, 12 23 Springville, 10 23 Ellicotville, 16 49 Hamilton, 20 69 To Ithaca, by Stage. Aurora, Warsaw, Perry, Moscow, Geneseo, Dansville, Conhocton, Bath, Jersey, Salubria, Ithaca, 26 8 7 4 18 8 15 41 49 56 60 78 86 20 106 10 116 15 131 20 151 To Ithaca, via Batavia and Cayuga Lake. Cayuga, as above, 119 Union, by Steam B. 6 125 Aurora, by Steam B. 7 132 Milton, " do. 7 139 Ludlowsville, do. 10 J 49 Ithaca, do. 8 157 Burlington, Ind. (146.) Burlington, O. (171.) Burnthorn, Ala. (299.) Bushville, P. (108.) Butler, P. (120.) Buzzard's Bay, Mass. (112.) Byron, G. (302.) Byron, Mich. (73.) CAB CAT 23 Cabin Pt.Va. (197.) Cadiz, K. (207.) Cadiz, O. (127.) Cahawba R., Ala. (261. > Cahawba, Ala. (283.) Calcasiu R., Lou. (306.) Calcasiu Lake, Lou. (320.) Caldwell, N. Y. (60.) Caledonia, Mo. (184.) Calhoun, T. (230.) Cambridge, 0.(127.) Cambridge, Md. (177.) Cambridge, S. C. (253.) Camden, Me. (40.) Camden, N.J. (157.) Camden and Amboy Rail Road. See New Jersey, (134.) Camden, S. C. (254.) Campbellsville, K. (180.) Campbells T. (230.) Campbells, N. C. (255.) Campbellton, G. (269.) CanandaigUa, N. Y. (79.) Canaseraga, N. Y< (58.) Canajoharie, N. Y. (82.) Canadea, N. Y. (78.) Carroll ton, II. (142.) Seat of justice of Greene county, is pleasantly situated on the borders of Spring Prairie — is a thriving place, and is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. Population about 1500. Canfield, O. (102.) Canton, If. Y. (34.) Canton, Ind. (145.) Canton, O. (127.) Canton, Ala. (283.) Canisteo, N. Y. (79.) Cantwell, D. (157.) CantrelPs Ch. Lou. (323.) Cape Ann, Mass. (86.) C. Elizabeth, Me. (63.) Cape Ced, Mass. (86.) Cape Cod Bay, Mass. (112.) Cape Henlopen, D. (178.) Cape May,N. J. (179.) Cape Malabar, Mass. (112.) Cape Girardeau, Mo. (185.) Cape Hatteras, N. C. (239.) Cape Charles, Va. (199.) Cape Henry, Va. (199.) Cape Lookout, N. C. (258.) Cape Fear, N. C. (275.) Cape Fear R., N. C. (235.) Cape St. Bias, F. (326.) Cape St. Joseph, F. (326.) Cape St. George, F. (327.) Cape Vincent, N. Y. (33.) Carrolton, G. (268.) Carlinville, II. (143.) Carlisle, Penn. (131.) Carlisle, Ind. (166.) Carlisle, K. (170.) Carlyle, II. (164.) Carmi, II. (165.) Carman, N. Y. (136.) Carnesville, G. (251.) Carney, G. (305.) CarterBville, Va. (196.) Carthage, N. C (235.) Carthage, N. Y. (58.) Carthage, T. (209.) Casco Bay, Me. (63.) Castine, Me. (41.) Catskill, N. Y. (83.) Catskill and Canajoharie R. Road. SeeN. Y. (82.) Cattaraugus, N. Y. (77.) Catletsburg, K. (171.) Catawba R., N. C. (233.) 24 CAT CHARLESTON. Catawba Canals. See S. Ca- rolina, (254.) Catharinestown, N. tf. (80.) Cavendish, Vt. (61.) Cayuga, N. Y. (80.) Cayuga Lake, N. Y, (80.) Cedar Bay, N. J. (168.) Cedar Inlet, N. C. (258.) Central Rail Road. See Pennsylvania, (132.) Centreville, O. (150.) Centreville, Md. (157.) Centreville, Va. (176.) Centreville, K. (187.) Centreville, Ala. (283.) Centreville, Pa. (103.) Centre, N. Y. (81.) Centre, P. (103.) Ceres, P. (104.) Chataugay, N. Y. (35.) Champlain, N. Y. (36.) Champlain Canal. See New York, (60.) Chambersburg, P. (155.) Chandelleur Isles, L. (325.) Chaplin T., K. (209.) Charleston, N. H. (61.) Charleston, Va. (155.) Charleston, Ind. (168.) Charleston, Va. (172.) Charleston, S. C. (291.) The metropolis of the state of South Carolina, and the sixth city of the Union in point of population. It co'ntained in 1S30, 30,289 inhabitants, includ- ing 15,534 slaves. It is situated on the point of junction of Cooper and Ashley rivers, which here unite and form the outer harbour. The public buildings are : Almshouse in Mazyck street ; the Orphans' Asylum ; Exchange ; Circular Church ; Court-house and City Hall in Broad street ; Medical College in Short street ; Academy of Arts and Circus in Queen street ; South Carolina Society's Hall ; Hospital in Back street, and about twenty churches, some of which are very splendid. ROUTES FROM CHARLESTON. To Hamburg;, Orangeburg, 25 76 by S. C. Rail Road. Conheim, 25 101 To Woodstock, 15 Columbia, 13 114 Summersville, 7 22 Branchville, 40 62 To Savannah, Ga. by Midway, 10 72 Stage. Blacksville, 8 90 Guerin's Ferry, 11 Aiken, 30 120 Parker's, 17 28 Hamburg, 16 136 Pocataligo, 32 60 Coosawhatchie, 6 66 To Columbia, by Stage. Hoggstown, 17 83 Dorchester, 20 Savannah, 23 106 Four Holes Swamp, 17 37 Kerrs, 14 51 ROUTES FROM CHARLESTON. 25 To Savannah, by Steam Oldtown, 8 176 Boat. Wilmington, 8 184 Fort Moultrie, 4 Coffin Land, 6 10 To Fayetteville, N.C. Stono Inlet, 11 21 by Stage. So. Edisto Inlet, 27 48 Quinby Br. 25 St. Helena So. 3 51 Santee R. 19 44 Truncard's Inlet, 21 72 Black Cr. 15 59 Hilton Head, 4 76 Port's F. 34 93 Bloody Point, 18 94 L. Pedee R. 30 123 Savannah, 17 111 Lumberton, 34 157 Fayetteville, 32 189 To Wilmington, N. C. via Georgetown. To Cheraw, by Stage. Jones*, 33 Bedheimer's, 24 N. Santee R. 12 45 Monk's Corner, 9 33 Georgetown, 14 59 Gourdine's F. 25 58 Gr. Pedee R. 26 85 Kingstree, 14 72 Conwayboro, 15 100 Lynch's Cr. 28 100 Lit. River Inlet, 27 127 Darlington, 19 119 Brunswick, C. H. 24 151 Society Hill, 14 133 Brunswick, 17 168 Cheraw, 13 146 Chardon, O. (101.) Charlottsville, Va. (175.) Charlotte, N. C. (234.) Charlotte, T. (207.) Chataugay, L. C. (15.) Chattahochie, G. (269.) Chattahochie River, Ala. (301.) Chattahochie R., G. (250, Chatham, Mass. (112.) Chaumont, N. Y. t33.) Chagrine, O. (101.) Chehaw, G. (286.) Chelmsford, Mass. (85.) Chelsea, Vt. (61.) Cheeks, T. (211.) Chemung Canal. See York, (80.) Chenango Canal. See York, (80.) Cheraw, S. C. (255.) Cherokee, G. (249.) Cherry Valley, N.Y. (82.) Chester, N. Y. (60.) Chester, Vt. (61.) Chester, N. H. (85.) Chester, Pa. (157.) Chester T., Md. (156.) Chesterville, Me. (39.) ) Chesterville, S. C. (253.) Chesterfield, S. C. (254.) Chesapeake Bay, Md. (177.) Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. See Md. (157.) Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. See Md. (157.) Chicago, 11. (95.) New Chickasaws, Miss. (245.) Chichis, Texas, (293.) New Chicot, Ark. T. (262.) Chillicothe,0. (149.) ChipolaF. (314.) 3 26 CHI CINCINNATI. Chippewav, U. C. (54.) Chowan Navigation. See Chiswell, Va. (198.) Virginia, (218.) Chittenango Canal. See New Christianburg, Va. (194.) York, (80.) Christianville, Va. (216.) Cholsonville, Va. (217.) Church, N. C. (257.) Cincinnati, O. (148,) the great emporium of the state of Ohio, was founded in 1789. Its population at present (1839,) is about 42,000, and is rapidly increasing. The public build- ings consist of, a Court-house in Tenth street; four Market- houses ; Bazaar in Third street ; Theatre in Second street ; Banks ; College in Walnut street ; Atheneum in Sycamore street ; Medical College in Sixth street ; Mechanics' Institute in Walnut street; two Museums, one in Main, and the other in Fourth street ; Hospital in Plum street ; Lunatic Asylum ; High school, and about thirty churches. ROUTES FROxM CINCINNATI. To Louisville, by Steamboat. Guyandot, 7 151 Lawrenceburg, 24 GallipoHs, 34 185 Aurora, 4 28 Pt. Pleasant, 3 188 Rising Sun, 7 35 Letart's Is. 29 217 Fredericksburg, 20 55 Belville, 30 247 Vevay, 10 65 Parkersburg, 17 264 Fort William, 10 75 Marietta, 13 277 Madison, 13 88 Newport, 16 293 Westport, 21 109 Sistersville, 17 310 Jeffersonville, 22 131 Elizabethtown, 35 345 Louisville, 1 132 Wheeling, 13 358 Thence to N. Orleans, 1448 Warrentown, 8 366 Miles. See Louisville. Wellsburg, 6 372 Steubenville, 7 379 To Pittsburg, by S. Boats. Fawcetstown, 22 401 New Richmond, 21 Beaver, 19 420 Pt. Pleasant, 5 26 Economy, 9 429 Moscow, 6 32 Middletown, 9 438 Mechanicsville, 3 35 Pittsburg, 11 449 Augusta, 6 41 Ripley, 9 50 To Dayton, by Canal. Maysville, 7 57 Reading, 12 Manchester, 10 67 Hamilton, 16 28 Portsmouth, 36 103 Middletown , 14 42 Burlington, 41 144 Franklin, 6 48 ROUTES FROM CINCINNATI. 27 Miamisburg, 6 54 Brookville, 17 40 Dayton, 14 68 Somerset, 11 51 Rushvillc, 14 65 To Columbus, by Stage Indianapolis, 40 105 Reading, 'lO Sharon, 5 15 To Louisville, by Stage. Lebanon, 16 31 Lawrenceville, 23 Waynesville, 9 40 Madison, 34 57 Xenia, 15 55 Louisville, 38 95 Charleston, 18 73 London, 11 84 To Lexington, by Stage. Georgesville, 12 96 Newport, 1 Columbus, 13 1( Gaines, 12 13 Theobolds, 12 25 To Greenville, by Stage Georgetown, 29 54 Mt. Pleasant, 11 Lexington, 13 67 Hamilton, 12 33 New comb, 18 41 To Chillicothe , by Stage. Eaton, 8 49 Newton, 8 Greenville, 28 77 Batavia, 15 23 To Indianapolis, by Stage. Miami, 15 Harrison, 8 23 Williamsburg, 8 31 Hillsboro, 28 59 Bainbridge, 22 81 Chillicothe, 18 99 Cinthiana, K. (169.) Circleville, O. (150.) Claiborne, Ala. (299.) Clarksburg, Va. (152.) Clarksburg, Md. (155.) Clarksburg, K. (170.) Clarksville, T. (207.) Cleveland, O. (101,) is a place of considerable trade, being situated on the northern termination of the Ohio and Erie Canal. ' ROUTES FROM CLEVELAND. Clarksville, G. (251.) Clarksville, Ala. (298.) Clarktown, N. Y. (109.) Claytonville, G. (251.) Clearfield, Pa. (104.) Clermont, N. Y. (83.) To Buffalo, by Steam Boat. Fairport, 30 Erie, 74 104 Weslfield, 30 134 Dunkirk, 15 149 Cattaraugus, 13 162 Buffalo, 28 190 To Detroit, by Steam Boat. Huron, 50 Sandusky, 10 60 Detroit, 75 135 28 CLI COLUMBIA. To Portsmouth, by Canal. Akron, New Portage, Massillon, Bolivar, New Philadelphia, Gnadenhutten, 9 21 12 14 13 107 Coshocton, Newark, Bloomfield, Circleville, Chillicothe, Piketon, Portsmouth, 26 133 40 173 52 225 11 236 20 256 24 280 27 307 Clinton, N. Y. (58.) Clinton, T. (210.) Clinton, K. (206.) Clinton, Lou. (308.) Clinton, G. (270.) Clover Ball, Va. (174.) Clubfoot Canal. See North Carolina, $58.) Coal M., Pa. (104.) Codorus Navigation. See Pa. (132.) Colchester, C. (110.) Coldcamp, N. C. (256.) Cochecton, N. Y. (107.) Coleman, Lou. (307.) Coleraine, Pa. (148.) Coleraine, N. C. (218.) Coleraine, G. (317.) Coles, Va. (215.) Coles, N. C. (218.) Colington, F. (327.) Coolidge, Ala. (298.) Columbia, District of, (176.) Is divided into two counties. Population in 1830, 39,858. Area, 100 square miles. Capi- tal, City of Washington, Lat. 38° 53', N. The other towns, are Georgetown and Alexandria. Rivers. — Potomac, and its eastern branch. Internal Im- provements. — Alexandria Canal, extends from the point of termination of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Georgetown to Alexandria, 7 miles. Chesapeake and Chio Canal. See Maryland. Baltimore and Washington Rail Roads. See Maryland. Columbia, N. H. (38.) Columbia, Ind. (166.) Columbia, Me. (42.) Columbia, K. (189.) Columbia, P. (132.) Columbia, Va. (186.) Columbia, Mo. (161.) Columbia T. (227.) Columbia, S. C. (254.) The capital of the state of South Carolina, situated on the great road from Washington to New Orleans. The legislative halls, state offices, and S. C. college, are the chief buildings. ROUTES FROM COLUMBIA. To Charleston, by Stage, via. j Conheim, 12 13 Orangeburg, Orangeburg, 25 38 Granby, 1 | Kerrs, 25 63 COL COLUMBUS. 29 Four Holes Swamp, 14 77 Fayetteville, 24 148 Dorchester, 17 94 Charleston, 20 114 To Yorkville, by Stage. Round Top, 10 To Avgus fa, Ga., by Stage. Winnsboro, 19 29 Lexington, C. H. 12 Chesterville, 25 54 Leesville, 17 29 Yorkville, 22 76 Lumkins, 6 35 (Thence to Salisbury, N. C. Lotts, 12 47 74 miles.) Edgefield, 10 57 Augusta, 15 72 To Greensville, by Stage. Lexington, C. H. 12 To Fayelteville, N. C, by Saluda R. 14 26 Stage. Newberry, 17 43 Colonels Cr 16 Belfast, 16 59 Ferry over Wateree, 14 30 Huntsville, 8 67 Camden, 2 32 Laurensville, 9 76 Debrules, 12 44 Reedy R. 19 95 Sanders, 12 56 Greenville, 19 114 Black Cr. 9 65 Cheraw, 22 87 To Winsboro, 29 Boundary, 15 102 — Ruff's Ferry, 39 Laurel Hill, 13 115 — N. Edisto River, 22 Lumber R. 9 124 — M'Cord's Ferry, 33 Columbia, N. C. (238.) Columbiana, O. (128.) Columbia, Ala. (301.) Columbus, Ind. (147.) Culumbus, O. (14").) Capital of the state, founded in 1812. Population, about 7,000, and rapidly increasing. Public build- ings : state-house ; court-house ; state offices ; penitentiary ; deaf and dumb asylum ; theological seminary, &c. ROUTES FROM COLUMBUS. To Cincinnati, by Stage. To Portsmouth, by Stage. Georgeville, 13 Bloomfield, 17 London, 12 25 Circleville, 9 26 Charleston, 11 36 Chillicothe, 19 45 Xenia, 18 54 Piketon, 19 64 Waynesville, 15 69 Lucasville, 13 77 Lebanon, 9 78 Portsmouth, 13 90 Sharon, 16 94 Reading, 5 99 To Athens, by Stage. Cincinnati, 10 109 Lythopolis, 21 3* 30 CONCORD. Green Castle, Lancaster, Logan, Nelsonville, Millville, Athens, 4 25 7 32 17 49 16 65 4 69 7 76 To Wheeling, Va. by the National Road. Hebron, Zanesville, 27 Cambridge, 25 Fairview, 21 St. Clairsville, Wheeling, 101 24 125 10 135 To Portland, by Stage. Worthington, 9 Delaware, 17 26 Norton, 11 37 Bucyrus, 26 63 Portland, 55 118 To Cleveland, by Stage. Granville, 27 Mt Vernon, Loudonville, Wooster, Jackson, Medina, Cleveland, 20 47 24 71 22 93 12 105 12 117 27 144 To Portsmouth, by Canal. Junction, Bloomfield, Circleville, Chillicothe, Piketon, Portsmouth, 7 11 20 24 27 10 17 28 48 72 99 To Cleveland, by Canal. Hebron, Newark, Coshocton, Gnadenhutlen, Bolivar, Massillon, Akron, Cleveland, 34 10 44 40 84 26 110 26 136 12 148 33 181 37 218 Columbus Canal, (149.) Columbus, K. (206.) Columbus, Miss. (265.) Cornells, Ala. (285.) Concord, N. H. (62.) shire. See Ohio, Columbus, G. (285.) Competition, Va. (215.) Coombsville, K. (189.) Compte, Lou. (293.) Capital of the state of New Hamp- ROUTES FROM CONCORD. To Boston, by Stage. Hookset Falls, Londonderry, Methuen, Andover, Stoneham, Medford, Boston, ge- 8 19 27 16 43 4 47 11 58 4 62 6 68 To Montpelier, Vt. by Stage. Boscawen, Andover, Grantham, Dartmouth Col. Stratford, Chelsea, Barre, 10 14 24 22 46 11 57 16 73 9 82 15 97 CONNECTICUT. 31 Montpclier, 9 106 To White Hills, by Stage. Boscawen, 10 Bristol, 22 32 Plymouth, 13 45 Thornton, 12 57 Peeling, 11 68 Bethlehem, 19 87 Mt. Washington, 15 102 To Portsmouth, by Stage. Deerfield, 18 Nottingham, 6 24 Denham, 1Q 34 Newington, 5 39 Portsmouth, 7 46 Concord, N. Y. (83.) Coudersport, Pa. (104.) Concord, N. C. (234.) Cornwall, Can. (14.) Concordia, L. (295.) Copenhagen, N. Y. (58.) Conestoga Navigation. See Conneaught, O. (102.) Pennsylvania, (132.) Connecticut R. (38.) Covington, N. Y. (78.) Connecticut, state of (109,) is divided into eight counties. Population in 1830, 297,711. Area, 5,100 square miles. Capitals, Hartford and New Haven. Metropolis, New Haven. Lat. 41° 19' N. Longitude 3° 58' E. General Election, first Monday in April ; Legislature meet first Wednesday in May ; Constitution formed, 1818. Government. — The Governor is elected annually ; salary $1,100. Lieutenant Governor receives $300 per annum. The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and con- sists of twenty-one senators, and 208 members of the House of Representatives, elected annually, The pay of the former is $2 a day each, and of the latter $1,50 a day. The General Assembly has one stated session every year, alternately at Hartford and New Haven. Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court of Errors, a Superior Court, and such inferior courts as the legislature may establish. The judges are appointed by the General Assembly, and those of the Supreme and Superior courts hold their offices during good behaviour, but not beyond the age of seventy years. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court receives $1,100 per annum. The four Associate Judges $1,050 each. Physical Structure. — The State of Connecticut is naturally divided into three parts by the rivers Connecticut and Housa- tonie. The eastern section is comparatively level, having but few, if any elevations deserving the name of mountains. The middle section, or that portion of the state lying between the Connecticut river on the east, and the Housatcnic on the west, 32 COF CRO is strictly a mountainous region, especially on the N. W. part of it. The third, or western section is, with the exception of the southern portion of Fairfield county, composed almost entirely of hills and mountains, some of which attain to an elevation of 3,500 feet. Rivers. — Housatonic, Saugatuck, Connnecticut, Farming, ton, Thames, Quinebaug, and Shetucket. Towns. — Hartford, New Haven, Middletown, New London and Norwich are incorporated cities ; Bridgeport, Guilford, Killingworth, Newton, Stamford, Stonington, Wat'crbury, &c. Productions. — Indian corn, wheat, rye and other small grains; flax, hemp, &c. &c. Internal Improvements, — Farmington Canal extends from New Haven to the north boundary of the state. It is proposed to continue this canal to Northampton, a further distance of 22 miles; entire length so far as completed 56 miles; Enfield Canal is designed to overcome the Enfield falls in Connecticut river. Length 5§ miles. New York, Providence and Boston Rail Road from Stonington in Connecticut to Providence ; length 47 miles. Worcester and Norwich Rail Road ; length 48 miles. Hartford and New Haven Rail Road, via. Meriden, 35 miles long. Rail-roads are proposed to extend from Hart- ford to Springfield ; Hartford to Worcester, &,c. &c, Coffeeville, Ala. (298.) Cowpens, S, C. (233.) Coteau du Lac, Can. (14.) Conwayboro, S. C. (274.) Connecuh R., Ala. (300.) Cootes Paradise, Can. (54.) Connelsville, Pa. (129.) Conyngham, P. (106.) Constant, N. C. (218.) Covington, II. (164.) Coolidge, Ala. (298.) Cooperstown, N. Y. (82.) Coupee, Lou. (308.) Corydon, v (167,) formerly the seat of government of the state of Indiana. Coopersport, P. (104.) Covington, P. (105.) Cote Saus dessein, Mo. (162.) Coeymans, N. Y. (83.) Coosa, Ala. (267.) Cox's, II. (185.) Coosawatchie, S, C. (290.) Crab Orchard, Va. (213.) Coosa R., Ala. (267.) Crab Orchard, T. (230.) Cottonport, Ala. (248.) Coshatta Village, Ark. (277.) Covington, G. (270.) Crabs Bottom, Va. (174.) Covington, Lou. (309.) Craftsbury, Vt. (37.) Covington, T. (225.) Crawfordsville, Ind. (122.) Covington, II. (164.) Crocket, N. C, (254.) CRO DELAWARE. 33 Croghanville, O. (99.) Crooked Lake Canal, see York, (79.) Cross River, Miss. (296.) Cr. Keys, Va. (217.) Croton, N. Y. (109.) Crown Point, N. Y. (60.) Crow Town, Ala. (249.) Crugers T., Md. (155.) Cuffey T., S. C. (271.) Culbreaths, S. C. 271.; Cumberland, Md. (154.) Cumberland, Va. (197.) N. Cumberland, R., K. (207.) Cumberland R., K. & T. (209.) Cumberland I., G. (318.) Cumberland Gap, Va. (211.) Cumberland and Oxford Canal, see Maine, (63.) Cunningham Id. O. (100.) Currituck Inlet, N. C. (219.) Curwinville, P. (104.) Cuthbert, G. (302.) Duguidsville, Va. (195.) Dalesville, Ala. (301.) Dallas, T. (229.) Damascus, O. (98.) Damascus, P. (107.) Dan Navigation, see Virginia, (215.) Danbury, C. (109.) Danbury, N. C. (215.) Danby, Vt. (61.) Dandridge.T. (231.) Danielsville, G. (251.) Danville, P. (132.) Dansville, N. Y. (79.) Danville, Vt. (37.) Danville, II. (121.) Danville, K. (190.) Danville, Va. (215.) Darlington, S. C. (255.) Darlington, C. H., S. C. (256.) Darien, G. (305.) Davidsonville, Ark. (204.) Davis, Va. (217.) Dayton, O. (148.) Decatur, II. (144.) Decatur, G. (269.) Dedham, Mass. (85.) Defiance, O. (98.) Delaware, state of, (157,) is divided into three counties. Population, 76,739, including 3,305 slaves. Area, 2,200 square miles. Capital, Dover. Metropolis, Wilmington ; Lat. 39° 44' N. Long. 1° 23' E. General election, first Tuesday in October. Legislature meet, first Tuesday in January, bien- nially. Constitution formed, 1792. Government.— Governor, term of office four years ; elected by the people; salary, $1,333, not eligible a second time. Legislature consists of a Senate, nine members. House of Representatives composed of twenty-one members. Judiciary.— Comprehends a court of errors and appeal; a superior court ; a court of chancery ; an orphans' court ; a court of oyer and terminer; and some other minor courts. Physical Structure.— The two southern counties m this state are level. In the northern part of New Castle county 34 DEL DETROIT. hills of considerable elevation occur. One of the most remark- able features in the natural geography of the state, is the noted swamp, situated on the summit of the main ridge, from which the water flows into both the Chesapeake Bay on the West and Delaware on the East. Rivers. — Delaware, Indian, Mispillion Duck, Brandywine, and Christiana creeks, branches of the Delaware, Nantikoke river which flows into Chesapeake Bay. Islands. — Pea Patch, Reedy and Bombay-Hook Island?. Productions. — Wheat, rye, Indian corn, barley, oats, buck- wheat, &c. Towns. — Wilmington, New Castle, Dover, Delaware City, Milford, Georgetown, Lewistown, &c. Internal Improvements. — Chesapeake and Delaware Canal from Delaware to Bohemia; length 13 63-100 miles. New Castle and Frenchtown Rail Road extends from New Castle to Frenchtown ; length 16 19-100 miles. A rail-road to ex- tend from Wilmington to Downingtown in Pennsylvania, and one from Wilmington through the centre of the state to its southern border, are proposed. Delaware, O. (125.) Delhi, N. Y. (82.) Delaware R., P. (134.) Delphi, Ind. (122.) Delaware Bay, N. J. (157.) Dcmopolis, Ala. (283.) Delaware, Va. (1.98.) Demints, U. ( 1 65.) Delaware and Raritan Canal, Denton, Md. (178.) see N. Jersey, (134.) Denny ville, Me. (42.) Delaware and Raritan Feeder, Dennis Cr. N. J. (158.) see N. Jersey, (134.; Deposit, N. J. (81.) Delaware, Ark. T. (260.) Deerfield, O. (101.) Detroit, Mich. (74.) This is the present capital of the state of Michigan. Its population is now (1839,) about 10,000. Founded by the French in 1670. The public buildings are, a legislative hall, market and court houses, churches, state peni- tentiary, theatre, museum, &c. ROUTES FROM DETROIT. To Cincinnati, by Stage. R. Rouge, 6 Brownstown, 10 16 Monroe, 19 35 Perrysburg, 30 65 Fmley, 40 105 Hardin, 31 136 Bellefontaine, 22 158 West Libert} 1 , 8 166 Urbana, 11 177 Springfield, 14 191 Yellow Springs, 9 200 ROUTES FROM DETROIT. 35 Xcnia, Waynesvillc, Lebanon, Reading 1 , Cincinnati, To Buffalo, by Sandwich, Fighting Island Grosse I. Amherstburg, Middle Sister, Bass I. Sandusky, Cleveland, Fairport, Erie, Pa. Westfield, Dunkirk, Cattaraugus, Buffalo, 9 209 1 15 224 9 233 21 254 10 264 Steam Boat. 3 5 8 7 15 4 19 20 39 17 56 19 75 60 135 30 165 74 239 30 269 15 284 13 297 28 325 To Chicago, by Stage. R. Rouge, Ypsilanti, Jackson, Jonesville, Factory, Post O. St. Joseph's River, Edwardsville, Calamic River, Chicago, 10 18 28 11 39 47 86 16 102 50 152 20 172 81 253 14 267 To Chicago, via Montcalm. Schwartzburg, 20 Dexter, 29 49 Montcalm, 25 74 Kalmuzoo, 63 137 Mouth of St. Joseph, 47 184 Chicago by Steam B. 64 248 To Chicago, by Steam Boat. Grants Pt. 12 Horsons I. 18 30 Cottrellville, 8 38 Palmer, 12 50 Bunceville, 6 56 Fort Gratiot, 7 63 White Rock, 42 105 Pt. au Barques, 35 140 Thunder Island, 30 170 Middle L 25 195 Presque I. 60 255 Mackinaw, 55 310 Beaver I. 45 355 Manitou I. 35 390 Chicago, 250 640 To Ft. Howard, Green Bay, by Steam Boat. Beaver I. as above, 355 I. Brule, 30 385 G. Traverse, 10 395 Chambers I. 25 420 Green I. 15 435 Fort Howard, 40 475 To Saginaw, by Stage. Pontiac, 24 Indian Vil. 35 59 [inaw, 34 93 To Fort Gratiot, by Stage. Mt. Clemens, 20 Palmer, 26 46 Bunceville, 6 52 Ft. Gratiot, 7 59 Dickinsonville, Va. (212.) Dittos, Ala. (248.) Dismal Swamp Canal. See Dixmont, Me. (40.) Va. (218.) Dixon's F., II. (93.) DOA E ASTON. Doaks, Miss. (280.) Dobson,N. C. (214.) Doby Inlet, G. (305.) Doctortown, G. (305.) Dagsboro, D. (178.) Donaldsonville, Lou. (308.) Dorchester, S. C. (290.) Dorchester, L. C. (15.) Dover, N. H. (63.) Dover, capital of the state of Delaware, (157.) Dover, Va. (197.) Dover, T. (207.) Downing T., Pa. (133.) Doylestown, Pa. (133.) Drehr's Canal. See S.C. (253.) Drummondton, Va. (199.) Dresden T. (206,) Duanesburg, N. Y. (82.) Dublin, G. (288,) Duerville, N. Y. (36.) Dulatsburg, P. (133.) Dumfries, Va. (176.) Dumfries, Ala. (298.) DundafF, P. (107.) Dunkirk, Va. (197.) Dunlapsville, Ind. (148.) Dunn, Ala. (266.) Duplin, C. H., N.C. (257.) Dwight, Ark. T. (221.) Dyersburg, T. (225.) E. Earleysburg, Pa. (131.) Eastport, Me. (42.) East Andover, Me. (39.) Easton, Pa. (133,) a flourishing town, and seat of justice of Northampton county, situated at the junction of the Lehigh with the Delaware, 56 miles N. of Philadelphia. It contains a court house, jail, academy and two banks, five churches, Lefayette college, academy, bridges over the Delaware and Lehigh, library, &c, with a population of about 4000. ROUTES FROM EASTON. To Mauch Chunk, by Canal. Morrisville, 4 50 Bethlehem, 12 Tullytown, 5 55 Allentown, 5 17 Bristol, 5 60 Berlin, 11 28 Lehighton, 14 42 To Jersey City, by Morris Mauch Chunk, 4 46 Canal. — Hacket's, N. J. 26 To Bristol, by Penn. Canal. Dover, 20 46 Raubsville, 5 Boon ton, 10 56 Monroe, 6 11 Paterson, 16 72 Erwentown, 9 20 Newark, 14 86 Lumberville, 9 29 Jersey City, 14 100 New Hope, 6 35 Taylorsville, 8 43 To Reading, by Stage. Yardleyville, 3 46 Bethlehem, 10 EAS EXE 37 Allentown, Trexlersvillei Kutztown, Reading, 6 16 8 24 9 33 17 50 To Wilkesbarre, by Stage. Wind Gap, 13 Stoddartsville, 27 40 Wilkesbarre, 18 58 To New York, by Stage. Schooley's Mt. Springs* 26 Morristown, 21 47 Newark, 19 66 New York, 10 76 Easton, Md. (178.) East Fork, Ind. (167.) Eaton, O. (148.) Eatonton, G. (270.) Ebenezer, G. (280.) Ebensburg, P. (130.) Edenton, N. C. (218.) Edgar Town, Mass. (112.) Edgefield, S. C. (272.) Edington, Me. (41.) Edinburg, G. (252.) Edisto R., S. C. (273.) Edwardsburg, Mich. T. (96.) Edwardsville, II. (164.) Eddyville,K.(187.) Egnice, N. C. (215.) Elba.N. Y. (36.) Elberton, G. (252.) Elizabeth I., Mass. (112.) Elizabethtown, N.J. (134.) Elizabethtown, K. (189.) Elizabeth, Mo. (162.) Elizabeth, N. C. (256.) Elizabeth City, N. C. (218.) Elkton* T. (227.) Elkton, Md. (157.) Elkton, K. (207.) Elkhart Grove, II. (143.) To Philadelphia, by Stage. Ottsville, 17 Doylestown, 15 32 Willow Grove, 11 43 Philadelphia, 13 56 To Trenton, N.J., by Stage. Bloomsbury, N. J. 8 Flemmington-, 19 27 Pennington, 16 43 Trenton, 8 51 Ellicott, Md. (156.) Ellicottsville, N. Y. (78.) Ellis, N.C. (256.) Ellisville, Miss. (297.) Edisto I., S. C. (290.) Elms, S. C. (290.) Elmore, Vt. (37.) Elyria, O. (100.) Elysian Fields, Miss. (295.) Elyton, Ala. (267.) Emporium, Pa. (104.) Enfield Canal, see Ct.(110.) Englishman's Bay, Me. (42.) Epels, S. C. (254.) Erie Canal, in N. Y. (56.) Erie, Ala. (283.) Ernesttown,U.C.(33.) Erie, Pa. (76.) Errol, N, H. (38.) Essex, N. Y. (36.) Estelsville, Va. (212.) Etowah, G. (250.) Etowah R., G. (250.) Euphrata, Pa. (132) Eutaw Springs, S. G. (273.) Evansville, Ind. (166.) Evansham* Va. (213.) Exeter, N. H. (86.) 38 FLORIDA, Fairfield, C. (109.) Farmville, Va. (196.) Fairfield, 11. (165.) Fayetteville, N. C. (236.) Fairfield, Va. (195.) Fayetteville, T. (228.) Fairfax, Va. (1 75.) Fayetteville, Ala. (266.) Fairfax, Va. (176.) Fayetteville, G. (269.) Fairhaven, O. ( 1 00.) Finley, O. (99.) Fairview, O. ( 1 27.) Fincastle, Va. (195.) Falmouth, K. (169.) Fish house, N. Y. (59.) Falmouth, Mass. (1 12.) Fishkill, N. Y. (109.) Fannctsburg, Pa. (131.) Fisher's I., C. (1 10.) Farmington, Ct. (110.) Flat Rock, Pa. (153.) Farmington Canal., See Ct. Flemington, N. J. (134.) (108.) Flemingsburg, K. (170.) Farmington, Mo. (1 84.) Flint River, G. (302.) Fairingttn, II. (118.) Florida, (313.) The territory of Florida is divided into 20 counties, and has a population of about 44,000. Area 55,680 square miles. Government. — The governor is appointed by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate : — salary, $2,500 per annum. Secretary, — salary, $1,500. The legislative council consists of twenty-seven members, elected annually by the people, on the second Monday in Octo- ber, and meets annually (at Tallahassee,) on the first Monday in October. Judiciary. — There are five judges, appointed by the Presi- dent and Senate — one for each of the five districts into which the territory is divided. The salary of the judges is $1800 per annum, each, except the judge of the Southern District, who receives S'2,300 a year. Physical Structure.— The entire Territory of Florida, with the exception of a small portion west of the Appalachicola, is remarkable lor its level and unbroken surface. No elevation deserving the name of mountain, nor any hill exceeding 300 feet in height, is to be found. In the vicinity of Toloso, a limestone ridge occurs, merely sufficient to give motion to the waters. Natural bridges, common to limestone regions, abound in this section of the territory. Proceeding southward, the ridge just mentioned becomes more depressed, until it reaches thes-ourceoflhe Oclawaha, where it disappears entirely, though similar geological leatures may be traced several miles further B-ulh. All below the 2b° of N. lat. consists of flat lands, sub- FLO FR/V 39 ject to occasional, and a large portion of it, to constant sub- mersion. Rivers. — St. Johns, Escambia, Yellow Water, Choctawhat- chie, Appalachicola, Oclackonnee, Suwannee, St. Mary's, With- lacooche, &c. Bays. — Perdido, Pensacola, Choctawhatchie, St. Andrews, Appalachee, St. Josephs, Charlotte, Gallivans, and Chatham on the Gulf. No bays of any importance exist on the Atlantic side of the territory ; Mosquito Lagoon, Indian river, &c, resemble bays, but like the St. Johns, they are merely expanded rivers, and cannot with propriety be called bays. Productions. — Cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco, indigo, Indian corn, &,c, together with a great variety of garden vegetables. Towns. — Tallahassee, the capital ; Pensacola, St. Augustine, Alaqua, Webbville, Appalachicola, Quincy, Monticello, Jack- sonville, &c. Florida, F. (312.) Florida, Ala. (298.) Florence, Ala. (247.) Fords, Miss. (2.97.) Forsyth, G. (270.) Forlin, Lou. (309.) Fort Gratiot, Mich. (51.) Fort St. Mary, O. (124.) Fort Amanda, O. (124.) Fort Recovery, O. (124.) Fort Portage, O. (99.) Fort Ann, N. Y. (60.) Fort Dearborn, II. (95.) Fort Edwards, II. (117.) Fort Erie, U. C. (77.) Fort Brown, O. (98.) Fort Necessity, O. (125.) Fort Deposit, Ala. (248.) Fort Early, G. (286.) Fort Armstrong, Ala. (249.) Fort Strother, Ala. (267.) Fort Chinnabie, Ala. (267.) Fort Talladega, Ala. (267.) Fort Williams, Ala. (267.) Fort Jackson, Ala. (284.) Fort Mitchell, Ala. (285.) Fort Bainbridge, Ala. (285.) Fort Lawrence, G. (286.) Fort Mimms, Ala. (299.) Fort Crawford, Ala. (299.) Fort Dale, Ala. (300.) Fort James, G. (304.) Fort Gaines, G. (301.) Fort Scott, G. (315.) Fort Barrington, G. (305.) Fort Boy er, Ala. (311.) Fort St. Philip, Lou. (324.) Fowl, T. (314.) Francestown, N. H. (85.) Franconia, N. H. (38.) Franklin, Pa. (103.) Franklin, Va. (174.) Franklin, Ind. (147.) Franklin, K. (208.) Franklin, T. (228.) Franklin, N. C. (231.) Franklin, G. (269.) Franklin, Miss. (295.) Franklin, Lou. (322.) Franklintown, Lou. (309.) Franklinville, G. (316.) Frankfort, II. (186.) 40 FRA GALENA. Frankfort, Ind. (122.) Frankfort, Va. (194.) Frankfort, capital of Ken- tucky, (169.) Franktown, Va. (199.) Fraser, N. C. (217.) Fredericksburg, Ind. (167.) Fredericksburg, Va. (176.) Fredericktown, Md. (155.) Fredericktown, Mo. (184.) Fredericktown, O. (126.) Fredonia, N. Y. (77.) Fredonia, O. (167.) Freehold, N.J. (134.) Freeport, Pa. (129.) Freeport, Me. (63.) Frenchmans B., Me. (41.) French T., Miss. (311.) Friendsville, Pa. (106.) Fulsoms, Miss. (265.) Fryburg, Me. (62.) Foxboro, Mass. (85.) Gainsville, G. (251.) Galvezton, L. (309.) Galena, 11.(66.) Seat of justice of Jo Davies county, and the centre of an extensive lead region, in Illinois. Population about 2,000. ROUTES FROM GALENA. To St. Louis, by Steam L. Platte, Cr. 7 24 Boat. Grant, Cr. 6 30 Mississippi River, 4 Cassville, 14 44 Apple Creek, 14 18 Prairie du Chien, 24 68 Rush Creek, 8 26 Plum Creek, 10 36 To Fort Winnebago, by land. Maradozia, 10 46 Gratiot's Grove, 15 Fort Armstrong, 24 70 Dodgeville, 30 45 Copper Creek, 26 96 Moundville, 14 59 Fort Edwards, 100 196 Fort Winnebago, 54 113 Hannibal, 41 237 Louisiana, 25 262 To Chicago, by land, 169 Illinois River, 72 333 Missouri River, 17 351 To Vandalia, by land. St. Louis, 20 371 Rock River, 65 Peoria, 76 141 To Prairie du Chi en. Springfield, 65 206 N. boundary of 11. 17 Vandalia, 55 261 Gallipolis, O. (171.) Gasconade, Mo. (162.) Gallatin, T. (208.) Gasconade R., Mo. (182.) Gandysville, Va. (153.) Gasaways, 11. (186.) Gap, N. H, (38.) Gates C.H., N. C. (218.) Garland, Me. (40.) Gatewoods, 11. (166.) GEORGIA. 41 Genereau, Mich. (49.) Georgetown, O. (170.) Geneseo, N. Y. (79.) Georgetown, D. (176.) Geneva, N. Y. (80.) Georgetown, S. C. (274.) Georgetown, P. (132.) Georgetown, G. (271.) Georgetown, Pa. (128.) Georgetown, K. (16b).) Georgetown, D. C. (176.) • f Georgia, (270.) The state of Georgia is divided into ninety- nine counties. Population, 516,567, including 217,470 slaves. Area, 61,500 square miles. Capital Milledgeville. Metropolis, Savannah, Lat. 32° 03' N., Lon. 4° 03' W. General election, first Monday in October. Legislature meet first Monday in November. Constitution formed, 1798. Government. — The Governor is elected by the people, for two years ; salary $4,000. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, styled the General Assembly. The members of both houses are chosen annually, on the first Monday in October, and meet on the first Monday in November. One senator is elected for each county, and the number of representatives is in proportion to population, including three-fifths of all the people of colour ; but each county is entitled to at least one but not more than four. Judiciary. — Superior Court, the judges of which are elected by the legislature, for three years, and receive annually $2,100 each. The justices of the inferior courts, and justices of the peace, are elected quadrennially by the people. Physical Structure. — Nearly two-thirds of the state, on the south-east, presents a level aspect, nearly destitute of moun- tains. North-west of the great road leading from Augusta to Columbia, the country becomes mountainous, increasing in elevation as we proceed westward, until it attains a mean altitude of about 1200 feet. This inclined plane, which con- tains the gold region, is suddenly terminated by the Blue Ridge, which separates the waters of the Tennessee from those of the Coosa, &.c. Rivers. — Coosa, Chattahooche, Flint, Suwanee, Santilla, Alatamaha, Ocmulgee, Oconee, Ogechee and Savannih. Productions. — Cotton, rice, timber, tobacco, Indian corn, and fruits in great variety and abundance. Gold and some other minerals. Internal Improvements, consist of a Rail Road partly fin- ished, and in use from Savannah to Macon, length about 200 miles. One from Macon to Forsyth, now in progress, length 25 ; an extension of this road of 60 miles, to meet the 4* 42 GER GRE Western and Atlantic rail-road is contemplated. One from Pecatur, in De Kalb county, to Chatanooga on the Tennessee, now progressing, length 120 miles. One from Augusta to Athens, Madison and Greensboro, respectively; 84 miles of this road, from Augusta to Greensboro, are now in use, and in a short time 20 -miles more to Madison will be completed. This road will be extended from Greensboro, and united to the Western and Atlantic rail-road at Decatur, A rail.road^ from Macon to Columbus, and thence to West Point, on the Chattahooche ; one from the head of steam-boat navigation of the Ocmulgee, to that of Flint river ; and one from Brunswick on the Atlantic coast, to a point in Florida not yet determined, are proposed. The canals are the Savannah and Ogechee canal, which commences at Savannah, and intersects the great Ogechee a short distance above the mouth of the Cannouchee. An extension of this work of 60 miles is proposed to the Alata- maha; and one from Brunswick to the Alatamaha, length 12 miles. Towns. — Savannah, Milledgeville, Augusta, Darien, Macon, Columbus, Washington, Louisville, St. Marys, Greensboro, Sparta, &c. Germantown, Pa. (133.) Grand Lake, Me. (21.) Germantown Va. (195.) Grand Id., U, C. (33.) Germantown, N. C. (238.) Grand R., Mich. (71.) Germantown, N. C. (214.) Granger, O. (101.) Gettysburg, Pa. (155.) Granville, Mass. (84.) Gibraltar Pt., U. C. (54.) Gratz, Pa. (132.) Gibsonport, Miss. (295.) Gr. Egg Harbour, N. J. (158.) Gilboa, N. Y. (82.) Gr. Menan Id., N. B. (42.) Gilead, II. (142.) Gr. Ogechee R., G. (285.) Gilford, N. H. (62.) Greensboro, Vt. (37.) Gilmantown, N. H. (62.) Greensboro, G. (270.) Gloucester, Mass. (86.) Greensboro, Ala. (283.) Gloucester, Va. (198.) Greensburg, Pa. (129.) Glasgow, K. (189. Greensburg, Ind. (147.) Golconda, II, (186.) Greensburg, K. (189.) Goldboro, Me. (41.) Green upsburg, K. (171.) Gold Region, G. (250.) Greenville, II. (164.) Good, N. 0^233^) Greenville, Miss. (295.) Gorham, Me. (63.) Greenville, S. C. (252.) Goshen, N. Y. (108.) Greenville, K. (187.) Governeur, N. Y. (34.) Greenville, O. (124.) GRE HAR 43 Greenville, Ind. (168.) Greenville, Mo. (184.) Greenville, T. (212.) Greenville, N. C. (237.) Greenville, Mis. (295.) Greenfield, Mass. (84.) Greenfield, Ind. (147.) Greenfield, O. (149.) Greensville, Va. (213.) Greensville, Ala. (300.) Green River, K. (187.) Greene C. H., Miss. (298.) Greene, N. Y. (81.) Greencastle, Ind. (146.) Greencastle, P. (155.) Greenock, Ark. (224.) Grinders, T. (227.) Grabb, Lou. (294.) Guildhall, Vt. (38.) Guyandot, Va. (171.) H. Haddam, Con. (110.) Haddensville, Va. (196.) Hadley (south) Canal. See Massachusetts (84.) Hagerstown, Md. (155.) Halifax, P. (132.) Halifax, N.C. (217.) Hallowell, Me. (40.) Halls, N. C. (235.) Hamburg, N.J. (108.) Hamburg, Pa. (133.) Hamburg, S. C. (272.) Hamilton, N. Y. (78.) Hamilton, O. (148.) Hamilton, Miss. (280.) Hamilton, Lou. (278.) Hampton, Va. (198.) Hampton, N. J. (158.) Hampton, Lou. (309.) Hanbyville, Ala. (267.) Hancocks T., Md. (154.) Hannas,N.C. (235.) Hanover, N. H. (61.) Hanover, Va. (197.) Hardin, O. (124.) ! Hardin, O. (125.) Hardinsburg, K. (188.) Hardinsville, (226.) Hardwich, Mass. (84.) Hartford, Md. (156.) Hargroves, Ala. (267.) Harlaem canal, see N. Y. (135.) Harlaem Rail Road, see New York, (135.) Harleesville, S. C. (255.) Harmony, Me. (40.) Harmony, Pa. (128.) Harmony, Ind, (166.) Harperfield, N. Y. (82.) Harpersfield, O. (101.) Harper's Ferry, Va. (155.) Harpshead, K. (187.) Harrington, Me. (42.) Harrisburg, Pa. (132.) Harrisburg, T. (225.) Harrisonburg, Va. (175.) Harrisonburg, Lou. (294.) Harrisville, Va. (217.) Harrisonville, II. (163.) Harrodsburg, K. (190.) Hartford, Con. (110,) one of the capitals of Connecticut, and next to New Haven, the most populous town in the state ; popu- lation 9,789 ; its public buildings consist of the State House, Deaf and Dumb Asylum on Tower-hill, the Lunatic Asylum, College, and several splendid churches. 44 HARTFORD. ROUTES FROM HARTFORD. To New Haven, by Stage. Newington, 6 Worthington, 6 12 Meriden, 6 16 Wallingford, 4 22 North Haven, 9 31 New Haven, 5 36 To New Haven, via Middle- town, by Stage. Stepney, 8 Middietown, 8 16 Durham, 7 23 Northford, 8 31 New Haven, 10 41 To Boston, by Stage. Ellington, 14 Tolland, 5 19 Willington, 7 26 Ashfbrd, 2 28 Thompson, 20 48 Douglass, 14 62 Mendon, 12 74 Med way, 9 83 Dover, 12 95 Brooklyne, 11 106 -Boston, 4 HO To Providence, by Stage. Ashford, as above, ° 28 Potnfret, 14 42 Killingly, 6 48 Providence, 26 74 To New London, by Stage. Glastenbury, 7 Marlboro, 11 18 Colchester, 8 26 New Salem, 7 33 Chesterfield, New London, 6 39 7 46 To Springfield, by Stage. Windsor, 7 Warehouse Pt. 7 14 Enfield, 4 18 Springfield, 10 28 To Worcester, by Stage. Tolland, 19 Stafford Spr. 8 27 Stafford Ch. 2 29 Sturbridge, 23 52 Charlton, 10 62 Worcester, 10 72 To Salisbury, by Stage. Northington, Canton, Winsted, Norfolk, N. Canaan, Salisbury, 9 5 14 12 26 10 36 5 41 7 48 To Litchjield, by Stage. Farmington, 10 Burlington, 9 19 Harwinton, 7 26 Litchfield, 8 34 To Banbury, by Stage. Farmington, 10 Bristol, 7 17 Plymouth, 6 23 Watertown, 7 30 Woodbury, 7 37 Newtown, 15 52 Danbury, 9 61 IIAR ILL 45 Hartford, K. (188.) Hartford, N. C. (218.) Hartford, G. (287.) Hartsville, T. (208.) Harwick, Mass. (112.) Hauppage, N. Y. (135.) Havana, Ala. (246.) Haverhill, N. H. (37.) Havre De Grace, Md. (156.) Haysboro, T. (208.) Hyalts, L. C. (17.) Hazlepatch, K. (191.) Helena, Ark. (244.) Hempstead, N. Y. (135.) Henderson, U. (118.) Henderson, K. (187.) Henderson, N. C. (234.) Hennepin, II. (93.) Henry C. H., G. (269.) Herculaneum, Mo. (163.) Hereford Inlet, N. J. (158.) Herkimer, N. Y. (59.) Hicks, G. (249.) Hickstown, F. (316.) Hicksford, Va. (217.) Hickory Hill, S. C. (289.) Hickory T., Pa. (103.) High Pt. U. C. (74.) Hill, N. C. (217.) Hills West, N. C. (80.) Hillsboro,Ind. (143.) Hillsboro, O. (149.) Hillsboro, N. C. (215.) Hillsboro, N. II. (162.) Hilton Head, S. C. (290.) Hindostan, Ind. (167.) Hogton, N. C. (237.) Hollidaysburg, Pa. (130.) Holmes, F. (314.) Holmesville, Miss. (296.) Holmesville, G. (304.) Holston, R., Va. (213.) Hookset Canal, see N. Hamp- shire, (62.) Hoof Inn, N. C. (238.) Hope, N. J. (134.) Hopetown, N. Y. (80.) Hopkinton, N. Y. (35.) Hopkinton, N. H. (62.) Hopkinsville, K. (207.) Horn T., Va. (199.) Horns, N. C. (256.) Horry, G. (286.) Hot Springs, Ark. (241.) Howards, S. C. (255.) Hudson, N. Y. (83.) Hudson and Delaware Canal % see New York, (108.) Hughsville, Va. (214.) Hulinsburg, Pa. (103.) Humes, S. C. (274.) Huntersville, Va. (173.) Huntingdon, Pa. (130.) Huntingdon, T. (206.) Hunts, N. Y. (79.) Huntsville, N. C. (214.) Huntsville, Ala. (248.) Huntsville Canal, see Ala- bama, (248.) Huntsville, S. C. (253.) Huston, N. C. (254.) Huttonsville, Va. (173.) I. Illinois, state of, (186,) is divided into 82 counties. The population in 1830, was 157,445, but has greatly increased since. Area, 57,900 square miles. Capital and metropolis, Vandalia, lat. 38° 58' N., Ion. 11° 57' W. Springfield in Sangamon county, is to be the seat of government in 1840. General election, first Monday in August, biennially. Legis- 46 ILLINOIS. lature meets first Monday in December every second year. Date of constitution, 18 1 8. Government. — Governor is elected for four years, salary $1000. The lieutenant-governor is president of the senate. The "General Assembly" consists of a senate and house of representatives. The members of the former are elected for four years, and those of the latter biennially ; pay of each, three dollars a day ; meet every other year on the first Monday in December. General election, first Monday in August, biennially. Judiciary. — The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and three associate judges; salary of each $1000. They hold circuit courts also. There is another judge for the circuit north of Illinois river. The court of county commissioners, is composed of three persons, who are elected every two years. Justices of the peace are elected by the people, and hold office four years. There is a judge of probate in each county. Im- prisonment for debt, except in certain cases, is not allowed. Slavery is prohibited by the constitution. Physical Structure. — The whole state is remarkably level, having no mountains, nor indeed any hills of great elevation. In the northern part of the state, a partial change in the sur- face is perceptible ; the country is somewhat broken and undu- lating, but its level character is maintained throughout the whole. The " American Bottom" so called, celebrated for its fertility, extends along the left bank of the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Missouri to Kaskaskia, nearly ninety miles. Prairies and barrens abound to a great extent in this state; probably one half of its surface consists of these natural meadows. Rivers. — Mississippi, Rock, Illinois, Sangamo, Kaskaskia, Ohio and Wabash. Productions. — Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton, lead, &c. Internal Improvements. — These with partial exceptions are merely prospective. An extensive system of improvements has been adopted by the state legislature, and several of the proposed works are in active progress, though but little, com- paratively, is yet in actual use. The following rail-roads are among the state works : — -a rail-road from Cairo, at the conflu- ence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, tothe western terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, passing through the towns of Vandalia, Shelby ville, Decatur, and Bloomington, and thence to Galena. Length about 435 miles. One from Alton to Mount Cdrmel, via Edwardsville, Carlisle, Salem and Albion; INDIANA. 47 length 145 miles. One from Edwardsville to Shawneetown, via. Lebanon, Nashville, Frankfort, and Equality ; length 140 miles. One from Quincy, via. Columbus, M. Sterling, Marad- sia, Jacksonville, Springfield, Sydney, and Danville, to the state line ; length 225 miles. One from the Central R. R. to the state line in the direction of Terre Haute; length about 75 miles. One from Peoria, via. Canton, Macomb, Carthage, to Warsaw on the Missisippi ; length 105 miles. One from Alton to the Central R. R.; length about 75 miles. One from Belville, via. Lebanon, to intersect the Alton and Mt. Carmel R. R. ; length 22 miles. One from Bloomington to Mackinaw, with a branch to the Peoria and Warsaw R. R., and a branch to Pekin, The following rail-roads, undertaken by joint stock compa- nies, will probably be merged in and form parts of the state works : — From a point opposite to St. Louis to the coal mines at the Bluffs, 6 miles. From Jacksonville to Augusta, 22 miles. From Chicago to Des Plaincs, 12 miles. From Naples to Jackson, 22 miles. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, from Chicago to Peru, via Juliet, Dresden, and Otlowa; length 100 miles. Towns. — Vandalia, Edwardsville, Belleville, Carrollton, Al- bion, Kaskaskia, Shawneetown, Springfield, Beardstown^ Ottowa, Galena, and many others. Illinois R., II. (94.) Illinois R., Ark. (200.) Illinois Caml. See II. (94.) Indiana, Pa. (1 29.) Indiana, state of, (166,) is divided into eighty-eight counties, and had, in 1830, a population of 343,031. Area, 36,500 square miles. Capital, Indianapolis; metropolis, New Albany. Lat. 38° 19' N., long. 8° 44' W. Date of Constitution, 1816. General election, 1st Monday in August. Legislature meet, 1st Monday in December. Government — The Governor is elected for three years ; salary $1,500 per annum. Lieutenant-governor is president of the senate, and receives three dollars per day during the ses- sion of ihe legislature. The legislature is called the General Assembly of Indiana, and is composed of a senate, the members of which are elected for three years, and a house of representatives, whose members are elected annually. The number of the former is at piesent 30, and the latter 75. Pay of members of both houses is three dollars a day each. Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, and such other inferior courts as the 48 INDIANA. general assembly may establish. The supreme court consists of three judges, and each of the circuit courts consists of a president and two associates. All the judges hold their office for seven years, if not removed for improper conduct. The judges of the supreme court receive $1500 each per annum, and are appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate. The presiding judges of the circuit courts are appointed by the legislature, and the associates are elected by the people. There are nine presiding judges of circuit courts, Who receive each a salary of $1000. Physical Structure. — The country along the Ohio, from the Wabash to the Miami, and 20 or 25 miles back, presents a broken and hilly appearance ; it is not, however, hilly in the strict sense of the term. The ridges, commonly so called, are mere buttresses which support the elevated plateaus in the rear. These gorges have evidently been occasioned by the abrasions of the streams which have thus formed those dark ravines which abound in this part of the state. In the central portions, the land is less broken, and in the north no moun- tains or hills of any magnitude exist. Rivers. — Ohio, Wabash, White Water, Laugherry, Silver, Indian, the four last are merely creeks. Productions. — Corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, flour, &c, many sorts of vegetables grow in great abundance. Internal Improvements. — A wide range of improvements by canals and rail-roads has been commenced under the auspices of the legislature. Several of the most important works are now in course of construction. They embrace an aggregate of 840 miles of canals, and 90 miles of rail-roads. Included in this estimate, is the Wabash and Erie Canal, 80 miles of Which are now in use. The canals and rail-roads authorized by the state are as follows :— Wabash and Erie Canal, extending from the town of Lafayette on the Wabash, via Delphi, Logansport, Peru, Wabash, Huntingdon and Wayne, to the eastern boundary of the state, and is thence extended by the state of Ohio, to the outlet of the Maumee near the town of Toledo ; length from Lafayette to the Ohio boundary, 127 miles. Central Canal commences at a point on the Wabash and Erie Canal, between Wayne and Logansport, and passes along the valleys of Mississinewa and White Rivers, and through Indianapolis to Evansvilleon the Ohio; length 180 miles. White River Canal, from the intersection of White Water river with the National Road in Wayne county to Lawrence* INDIANA. INDIANAPOLIS. 49 burg ; length 76 miles. This canal is to be extended ultimately so as to unite with the Central Canal. Terre Haute and Eel River Canal, will unite the Wabash and Erie, and the Central Canals; length 40 miles, Madison and Lafayette Rail Road. Length 160 miles, about 50 miles of this road, from Madison to Columbus, are now in use. New Albany and Crawfordsville Rail Road. Length 158 miles. A communication by canal or rail-road is proposed to connect the head of Lake Michigan with the Wabash and Erie Canal, and thus complete the connection between that lake and Lake Erie. Towns. — Indianapolis, the capital ; Vincennes, Lawrence- burg, Aurora, Vev:»y, Madison, Jefferson ville, New Albany, Fredonia, Troy, New Harmony, Richmond, Logansport, La- fayette, &c. &c. Indianapolis, (146.) ROUTES FROM INDIANAPOLIS. To New Albany, by Stage. Spencer, 24 54 Franklin, 20 Bloomfield, 23 77 Edinburg, 10 30 Vincennes, 45 122 Columbus, 12 42 . Brownstown, 25 67 To Vandalia, 11. by Vallona, 3 70 Stage. Salem, 19 89 Belville, 20 Greenville, 24 113 Greencastle R. 17 37 N. Albany, 9 122 Terrehaute, 33 70 (Thence to Louisville, K. Embarrass R. 45 115 3 miles.) Ewington, 25 140 — — Vandalia, 30 170 To Cincinnati, by Stage* — — Rushville, 40 To Covington, by Stage. Somerset, 14 54 Crawfordsville, 50 Brookeville, 11 65 Covington, 29 79 Harrison, 17 82 Miami, 8 90 To Wayne, by Stage. Cincinnati, 15 105 Connerstown, 17 Noblesville, 4 21 To Vincennes, by Stage. Stravvtown, 7 28 Port Royal, 16 Martinville, 14 30 Wayne, 83 111 50 IOWA TERRITORY. To Columbus, O. by Stage. Greenfield, 20 Centreville, 44 64 Richmond, 6 70 Lewisburg, York, Springfield, Columbus, 17 87 16 103 26 129 43 172 Infield, N. C. (217.) Instantur, Pa. (104.) Iowa Territory, (117,) is divided into 20 counties. Popula- tion about 25,000, which is rapidly increasing. Area, 90,720 square miles. Capital and metropolis Burlington. N. Lat. 40° 52'. W. Long. 14° 4'. Organized as a Territory, July 4th 1838. Government. — The governor is appointed by the President of the United States, by and with the consent of the senate ; he is also superintendent of Indian affairs. Term of office three years. Salary $2500 per annum. Judiciary. — The judges (three in number) like the governor, are appointed by the President and Senate, for four years, and perform circuit duties. Legislature. — The legislative power is vested in the gover- nor and assembly, which consists of a council of thirteen members, elected for two years, and a house of representatives of twenty-six members, elected annually. Pay of members $3 a day during the sessions of the legislative assembly. Land Offices, are established at Burlington and Dubuque. Physical Structure. — The vast extent, north and south, of this Territory, which occupies nearly nine degrees of latitude, must impart to it a great diversity of climate and soil. The southern, and especially that portion of the territory which borders on the Mississippi, consists of an undulating and fertile country, mostly prairie, but, along the streams, well supplied with timber. To this part of Iowa emigrants and others at present chiefly direct their steps. The population is, however, extending rapidly towards the west and north. Beyond the region just mentioned, the country becomes more broken and undulating, with an abundance of lakes, ponds and stagnant pools. The only elevation of any importance, yet discovered, is the famous " Coteau de Prairie," an elevated table land, which divides the waters of the Missouri on the west, from those running into the St. Peters and Red rivers on the east. Iowa is supposed to be entirely destitute of mountains, pro- perly so called. Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Des Moines, Iowa, Wabsipi- nicon, Moquockity, Turkey, Upper Iowa, St. Peters, branches IPS KENTUCKY. 51 of the Mississippi and James, Sioux, Nashnebatona and Nan- doway of the Missouri, and Red river, with its numerous branches, which discharges itself into Lake Winnipeg. Productions. — Lead, coal (bituminous), iron, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c. &c. Ipswich, Me. (86.) Irvine, K. (191.) Ithaca and Owego Rail Road. See N. York. Ischua, N. Y. (78.) Isle of Wight, Va. (218.) J. Jackson, Mich. (73.) Jackson, O. (150.) Jackson, Mo. ( 1 85.) Jackson, T. (226.) Jackson, capital of Miss. (280.) Jackson, Ala. (298.) Jacksonville, II. (142.) Jacksonville, G. (303.) Jacksonville, F. (318.) Jacksonburg, O. (148.) Jackson boro, G. (289.) Jacksonboro, S. C. (290.) Jacksonboro, T. (210.) Jaffrey, N. H. (84.) Jamaica, N. Y. (135.) Jamestown, N. Y. (77.) James River Canals, see Virginia, (197.) James R., Va. (197.) Kalamazoo R., Mich. (71.) Kanawha Navigation, see Virginia, (172.) Kanawha R,, Va. (172.) Kankakee R., Ind. (95.) Kaskaskia R., II. (144.) Kaskaskia, Ind (95.) Kaskaskia, 11. (185.) Keene, N. H. (84.) Kentucky, state of, (206,) pulation in 1830, 687,917, James and Jackson R. Canal, see Va. (196.) James I., S. C. (219.) Jamesville, S. C. (273.) Jasper, T. (229.) Jay, Me. (39.) Jefferson, O. (102.) Jefferson, P. (103.) Jefferson, Mo. capital of the state, (161.) Jefferson, Va. (176.) Jefferson, N. C. (213.) Jefferson, Miss. (246.) Jefferson, G. (251.) Jefferson, G. (318.) Jeffersonville, Ind. (168.) Jeffersonville, Va. (193.) Jericho, N. Y. (81.) Jonesboro, II. (185.) K. Kempsville, Va. (218.) Kelleyvale, Vt. (37.) Kenjua, P. (103.) Kennard, G. (302.) Kennebeck R., Me. (40.) Kennebeck R., Me. (64.) Kennebunk, Me. (63.) Kent I., Md. (177.) Kentucky R., K. (191.) is divided into 84 counties. Po- including 165,213 slaves. Area, 52 KENTUCKY. 40,500 square miles. Capital Frankfort, metropolis Louisville. Lat. 38° 18' N. Long. 8° 46' W. General election first Mon- day in August. Legislature meet, first Monday in November. Constitution framed, 1799. Government. — Governor's term of office, four years. Salary $5500 per annum. Lieutenant-governor $6 per day, as presi- dent of the senate ; secretary of state, $1000; auditor, register, and treasurer, each $1,500. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, styled the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The members of the former are chosen for 4 years ; those of the latter annually. The senate consists of 38 members; and the house of representatives of 100. The members of both houses receive $3 per day during the session of the legislature. Judiciary. — The court of appeals consists of a chief justice and two other judges; salary of each $2000. Circuit courts; the state is divided into 16 judicial districts for holding circuit courts. There is a judge for each circuit, who has jurisdiction of law cases over $50, and of chancery cases over £5, and holds three terms a year in each county of his circuit. The salary of the judges of the circuit courts is $1500 per annum. County courts are also held by three or more justices of the peace. Their jurisdiction is over inferior suits. They hear appeals from the decisions of single justices. Physical Structure. — The south-eastern portion of this state borders upon the Allegheny ridge of mountains, some of the spurs and detached ridges of which descend for a considerable distance into it. That part of the state is consequently of a mountainous character, with lofty eminences and deep ravines and valleys between them, affording landscape views of uncom- mon boldness and beauty. Along the Ohio river, and extend- ing from 10 to 20 miles in different places from it, are the " O! 'o Hills," parallel with that beautiful stream. These hills are often high, generally gracefully rounded and conical, with narrow vales and bottoms around their bases. They give to that portion of the state, through which they extend, a very rough appearance. They are covered with lofty forests, and have often a good soil on their sides and summits. The allu- vial bottoms between them and the Ohio, and along the streams which fall into that river, are of the richest kind. Rivers.— Ohio, Big and Little Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Salt, Green, Cumberland, Tennessee, &c. KENTUCKY. KNOXVILLE. 53 Productions. — Indian corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, hemp, tobacco, &c. Internal Improvements. — These consist chiefly of river improvements by dams and navigable pools. Green, Ken- tucky and Licking rivers will, in this way, be rendered navi- gable for steamboats. The rail-roads of the state are, one from Lexington to the Ohio at Portland, via Louisville, a large portion of which is in use ; length 27 miles. One from Henderson to Nashville, Tenn. One from Russelville to Clarksville ; and several others are proposed. The Louisville and Portland Canal designed to overcome the falls of the Ohio, has been in use for many years; length about one mile and a half. Towns. — Frankfort the capital; Lexington, Louisville, Marysville, Greensburg, Augusta, Newport, Covington, Port William, Owenboro, Henderson, Flemingsburg, Washington, Paris, Georgetown, Harrodsburg, Verseilles, Bardstown, Shelby- ville, Russelville, Bowling-green, Princeton, Glasgow, together with others, many of them equally important. Keys, N. J. (158.) Kingston, N. C. (237.) Kilbourns, Vt. (37.) Kingstrce, S. C. (274.) Killingworth, Con. (11 0.) Kings, N. C (237.) Kilpatricks, 11. (164.) Kings, S. C. (289.) Kinderhook, N. Y. (83.) K. George C. H., Va. (176.) Kingston, I). C. (33.) K. & Queens C. H., Va. (198.) Kingston, N. Y. (108.) Kingwood, Va. (153.) Kingston, R. I. (1 11.) Kinsman, O. (102.) Kingston, Md. (178.) Kittanning, Pa. (129.) Kingston, T. (230.) Knoxville, T. (231,) the most important town in East Ten- nessee. Population about 3,000. The public buildings consist of a college, several churches, county offices, &c. ROUTES FROM KNOXVILLE. To Nashville, by Stage. Loveville, 14 Kingston, 23 37 Crab Orchard, 20 57 Sparta, 38 95 Liberty, 32 127 Lebanon, 26 153 5* Nashville, 28 181 To Abingdon, Va. by Stage. Rutledge, 32 Bean's Station, 10 42 Mooresburg, 8 50 Rogersville, 13 63 54 KNO LANCASTER. Kingsport, Blountsville, Abingdon, Va. 26 89 17 106 24 130 To Warm Springs, N. C. by Stage. Dandridge, 32 Newpoit, 15 47 Warm Springs, N. C. 28 75 To Athens, by Stage. Maryville, Madisonville, 29 37 Athens, 15 52 To Clinton, — Jacksboro, — Montgomery, — Tazewell, 18 36 54 50 Knoxville, G. (286.) Kutztown, Pa. (133.) L. Lacadie, L. C. (15.) Lafayette, Ind. (122.) La Grange, G. (269.) Lake Champlain, N. Y. (36.) Lake Ontario, N. Y. (55.) Lake Michigan, Mich. (69.) Lake St. Clair, Mich. (74.) Lake Erie, O. (100.) Lake Borgne, Lou. (310.) L. Ponchartrain, Lou. (309.) L. St. Francis, L. C. (14.) L. of the two Mts. L. C. (14.) L. George, N. Y. (60.) L. George, G. (330.) L. Memphramagog, L. C. (16.) L. Mermentou, Lou. (321.) L. Bernard, G. (286.) Lancaster, N. H. (38.) Louisville and Portland Canal, see Ken. (168.) La Fourche Canal, see Lou- isiana, (323.) Lake Veret Canal, see Lou- isiana, (323.) Lackawaxen Canal, see Pennsylvania, (108.) Lake Drummond Canal, see N. C. (218.) Lancaster Canal, sec Ohio, (150.) Lehigh Navigation, see Penn- sylvania, (133.) Lackawaxen Rail Road, sec Pennsylvania, (107.) Lykins Valley Rail Road, see Pennsylvania, (132.) Loricks Canal, see S. Caro- lina, (253.) Lockhart Canal, see South Carolina, (253.) Lancaster, Pa. (132.) The city of Lancaster, formerly the capital of Pennsylvania, is a large and thriving place, having a population of 7,683, and considerable trade. The great road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the Columbia Rail Road pass through it. Its public buildings are, a court-house, jail, Lancasterian school house, and several handsome churches. ROUTES FROM LANCASTER. To Philadelphia, by Stage. Soudersburg, 8 Coatesville, Downingtown, 17 25 7 32 ROUTES FROM LANCASTER. 55 Paoli, 12 44 Philadelphia, 20 64 To Philadelphia, Road. Soudersburg, by Rail 9 Mine Ridge, 8 17 Coatesville, 12 29 Downingstown, 8 37 Schuylkill river, 29 66 Philadelphia, 3 69 To Harrisburg, by Rail Road. Mountjoy, 12 Elizabethtown, 7 19 Middletown, 7 26 Harrisburg, 9 35 Lancaster, O. (150.) Lancaster, Va. (198.) Lancaster, S. C. (254.) Landisburg, Pa. (131.) Langford, Ala. (298.) La Prairie, L. C. (15.) Lattimore, Miss. (296.) Laughlin T.,Pa. (129.) Lawrenceburg, Ind. (148.) Lawrenceboro, T. (227.) Lawrenceville, S. C. (253.) Lawrenceville, O. (99.) Lawrenceville, II. (166.) Lawrenceville, G. (251.) Lawrenceville, Va. (218.) Lawrenceburg, Pa. (103.) Laurel T., D. (178.) Lead Mines, II. (66.) Lead M., Mo. (163.) Leaf R., Miss. (297.) Lebanon, N. Y. (83.) Lebanon, P. (132.) Lebanon, O. (148.) Lebanon, II. (164.) To Pittsburg Columbia, by Rail R. 13 York, do. 11 24 Abbotstown, do. 15 39 Gettysburg, do. 14 53 Chambersburg, do. 25 78 M'Connellstown, 19 97 Bedford, 31 128 Stoystown, 28 156 Laughlintown, 16 172 Youngstown, 13 185 Greensburg, 10 195 Stuartsville, 13 208 Pittsburg, 19 227 To Reading, by Stage. Ephrata, 13 Adams, 9 22 Reading, 9 31 Lebanon, K. (189.) Lebanon, T. (208.) Lebanon, Va. (212.) Leesburg, V. (155.) Leeds, Va. (177.) Le Flore, Miss. (281.) Lehighton, Pa. (133.) Leicester, Va. (196.) Lenox, Mass. (83.) Leominster, Mass. (85.) Leonard T., Md. (177.) Le Raysville, N. Y. (34.) Leroy, N. Y. (78.) Lewistown, N. Y. (54.) Lewistown, D. (178.) Lewistown, II. (66.) Lewistown, II. (118) Lewistown, Pa. (131 .) Lewistown, Va. (216.) Lewis, Lou. (307.) Lewisburg, Va. (194/> Lexington, N. Y. (82.) Lexington, P. (102.) 56 LEXINGTON. Lexington, K. (169.) The county town of Lafayette county, and formerly the capital of the state, is situated on the elevated ground between the Kentucky and Licking rivers, 77 miles E. S. E. from Louisville. Population about 7000. Its public buildings and objects of interest consist of eight churches, University (Transylvania,) court-house, and many Indian Cemeteries, remarkable for singular construction ; ancient fortifications, &c. ROUTES FROM LEXINGTON. To Louisville by Rail Road. To Elkhorn R., 10 Franklin Co. line, 10 20 Frankford, 7 27 Shelby Co. line, 7 34 Ballardsville road, 28 62 Brownsboro, 12 74 Middletown, 6 80 Louisville, 14 94 To Louisville, by Stage. Frankfort, 24 Shelbyville, 21 45 Middletown, 20 65 Louisville, 12 77 To Nashvill, Ten. Shakertown, 3 Harrodsburg, Perryville Lebanon, New Market, Summerville, Glasgow, Scottsville, Gallatin, Haysboro, Nashville, To Cincinnati, O. Georgetown, 12 Harrisons, 18 30 Theobalds, 11 41 Gaines, 13 54 Cincinnati, 12 66 7 10 10 20 17 37 6 43 20 63 31 94 24 118 33 151 19 170 6 176 Lexington, Va. (195.) Lexington, T. (226.) Lexington, N. C. (234.) Lexington, G. (270.) Liberty, K. (190.) Liberty, Va. (195.) Liberty, S. C. (273.) Liberty, Miss. (296.) Licking R., K. (170.) Licking station, K. (191.) Lincolnton, N. C. (233.) Lincolnton, G. (271.) Lisbon, G. (271.) Litchfield, Con. (109.) Litchfield, K. (188.) Little Kanawha River, Va. (151.) Little Rock, capital of Arkansas, (242,) is situated on the right bank of the Arkansas river, in Pulaski county, of which it is the seat of justice. Population about 1500. LIT LOU ROUTES FROM LITTLE ROCK. 57 To the Mouth of the Arkansas Fort Smith, 25 158 by Steam Boat. Candle Point, 50 To Columbia . Pine Bluff, 25 75 Cross Roads, 18 New Gascony, 17 92 Des Arc, 17 35 Heccatoo, 25 117 L. Red R., 29 64 Arkansas, 45 162 White River, 24 88 Mouth of Arkansas, 44 206 Rock, P. O. 16 104 Strawberry, 12 116 To Fort Smith. Jackson, 17 133 Cadron, 34 Columbia, 15 148 Lewisburg, 13 47 Pt. Remove, 2 49 To Memphis. Dardanelle, 23 62 Bayou Meteau, 12 Takatoka, 6 68 Cache, P. O. 54 66 Scotia, 6 74 Walnut Camp, 19 85 Spaldry Bluff, 14 89 St. Fancis, 34 119 Arkansas Ferry, 25 114 Marion, 30 149 Crawford, C. H. 19 133 Memphis, 10 159 Little Egg Harbour, N. J (158.) Lit. Prairie, Mo. (205.) Little Red R., Ark. (222.) L. Wabash R., II. (165.) Livingston, Miss. (280.) Lockport, N. Y. (55.) Loflus Heights, Miss. (295.) Logansports, Ind. (122.) Logan C. H. Va. (193.) Logan, O. (150.) London, U. C. (52.) Louisiana, state of, (277,) is divided into 33 parishes ; had in 1830, 215,739 inhabitants, including 109,588 slaves. Area, 49,300 square miles. Capital and metropolis, New Orleans, lat. 30° N., long. 13° 1' W. General election, first Monday in July, biennially. Legislature meet, first Monday in January. Constitution formed in 1812. Government. — Governor — term of office four years — salary, $7,500 per annum, Secretary, treasurer, attorney. general, and surveyor-general. London, O. (149.) Long Pt, U. C. (56.) Long Pt., U. C. (76.) Long Lake, N. Y. (59.) Long Island, N. Y. (135.) L. I. Sound, N.Y. (110.) Long Branch, N. J. (135.) Long Bay, N. & S. C. (275.) Longacoming, N. J. (158.) Lorain, N. Y. (58.) Louisiana, Mo. (141.) 58 LOUISIANA. Legislature. — The legislative authority is vested in a senate and a house of representatives, styled the General Assembly of the state of Louisiana. The senators are elected for four years. Their number is 17. The representatives are elected for two years. Their number is at present 50, — pay $6 a day, each. The elections are held on the first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of Juty.. The general assembly elect by joint ballot for governor, one of the two who have received the highest number of the votes of the people. Judiciary. — The supreme court consists of three judges, who are appointed by the governor, with the advice and con- sent of the senate. Pay, $5000 per annum each. This court has only appellate jurisdiction. It sits in New Orleans for the eastern district, during the months of November, December, January, February, March, April, May, June and July. And for the western district, at Opelousas and Attakapas, during the months of August, September, and October. The criminal court at New Orleans has one judge. There are nine district courts and nine judges. The judge of the first district receives $5000 per annum ; the others $3000 a year. The district courts, with the exception of the first, hold in each parish, two sessions a year. The parish courts hold a regular session in each parish, on the first Monday in every month. The courts in the first district, viz: the parish, district, criminal and probate courts, are in session the whole year, excepting the months of July, August, September, and Octo- ber, in which months they hold special courts if necessary. Physical Structure. — There are three very dictinct portions in this state, as it regards soil and surface. 1. The north- eastern part, or the country lying east of the Mississippi and north of Ponchartrain, Maurepas, and Ibberville outlet, embrac- ing the parishes of east and west Feliciana, east Baton Rouge, Washington, St. Helena, and St. Tammany, is hilly, of a sandy soil, covered with pine, possessing fine springs and a salubrious climate. The north-western portion of the state is also generally elevated, some of it very much so. 2. The south- western part, in the Opelousas country is covered with extensive prairies, of great fertility and generally level, or gently undulat- ing. 3. The whole delta, or country lying between the Atcha- falaya (ChafTulio) outlet on the west, and the Ibberville outlet with its continuation in lakes Maurepas, Ponchartrain and Borgne, on the east, is a dead level, and excepting along the margins of the numerous rivers and streams of a variable LOUISIANA. 59 width of from a quarter of a mile to a mile and more, is chiefly continuous swamps, covered with cypress, swamp oak, gum, &,c. This is the character of much of the country bordering the low r er parts of the Red River, and the Ouachita, the Courta- buleau, and other streams. The whole southern line is a low marshy country, scarcely rising above the level of the ocean, and often overflown by the tides. Rising in a most gradual manner, the north-western part even'reaches. the aspect of a mountainous character. The coast is lined with low and sandy islands, separated from the main land by shallow bayous, or stagnant inlets, and covered with stinted live-oak. Rivers. — Mississippi, Red, Ouchita, Alchafalaya, Courta- bleau, Teche, La Fourche, Amite, &,c. Productions — Sugar and rice are the principal, cotton, Indian com, fruits of various sorts. Towns. — New Orleans, Madisonville, St. Helena, B:\ton Rouge, St. Francisville, Franklin, St. Martinville, Opelousas, Alexandria, Natchitoches, &c. Internal Improvements. — Barataria Canal, commences on the Mississippi, 6 miles above New Orleans and passes into the Lafourche, thence into Berwicks Bay. Length of canals 22 miles, entire length including river and lake navigation 85 miles. Canal Carondelet, forms, with the Bayou St. John, a water communication from New Orleans to Lake Ponchartrain, Length of Canal 2 miles. Do. B. of St. Johns, 4 miles. Orleans Bank Canal, from New Orleans to Ponchartrain, length 4| miles. Canal Veret, extends fiom a point on the Lafourche to Lake Veret. Length 8 miles. Several unimportant canals exist in the neighbourhood of New Orleans, and the parishes bordering on the Mississippi : these have been constructed by individuals for private use — The rail roads are — From New Orleans to lake Pontchartrain, length 4^ miles. One from New Orleans to Carrollton, 6| miles. One from New Orleans to Lafayette, 2 miles. One from New Orleans, with the Bayou St. ^ohn, 14 miles long. Rail Roads in Progress. — From Si. Francisville in Loui- siana, to Woodville, in Mississippi, 27 miles long. From New Orleans to Nashville in Tennessee, length of the Louisiana portion, 80 miles. From New Orleans, via the Lake Ponchartrain Rail Road, to Lake Borgne, 20 miles long. 60 LOUISVILLE. From Pount Coupee to Opelousas, 30 miles long-. From Alexandria to Cheneyville, 30 miles. From Port Hudson to Jackson, Clinton, &c. 28 miles. From Clinton to Baton Rouge, 20 miles. Various rail roads, the aggregate length of which is about 300 miles, are proposed. Louisville, K. (168,) situate on the Ohio at the head of the falls ; is a place of considerable trade ; population at present, 20,000. The public buildings are a court house, market houses, eight or ten churches, high school, marine hospital, and several factories of iron, cotton, &c. ROUTES FROM LOUISVILLE. To Lexington, by Stage. Middletown, 12 Shelbyville, 20 32 Frankfort, 21 53 Lexington, 24 77 To Nashville, Ten., by Stage. West Point, 21 Elizabethtown, 22 43 Coombsville, 9 52 Munfordsviile, 21 73 Glasgow, 20 93 Scottsville, 24 117 Gallatin, 20 137 Nashville, 25 162 To Indianapolis, by Stage. New Albany, 3 Greenville, 9 12 Salem, 24 36 Valona, 19 55 Brownstown, 3 58 Columbus, 25 83 Edinburg, 12 95 Franklin, 10 105 Indianapolis, 20 125 To Vincennes, by Stage. New Albany, 3 Greenville, 9 12 Fredericksburg, Paoli, 15 27 18 45 Mt. Pleasant, 25 70 Washington, Vincennes, 18 88 20 108 To Cincinnati, Charleston, by Stage, 13 Bethlehem, 13 26 New London, 8 34 Madison, 12 46 Aurora, 31 77 Lawrenceburg, Cincinnati, 3 80 23 103 To Troy, by Stage. New Albany, 3 Corydon, 16 19 Fredonia, 16 35 troy, 28 63 To Hopkinsville, by Stage. West Point, 21 Philadelphia, 16 37 Hardinsburg, 22 59 Hartford, 36 95 Greenville, 23 118 Hopkinsville, 27 145 ROUTES FROM LOUISVILLE. 61 To Lexington, by RaiUroad. Leavenworth, 17 59 Middletown, 14 Stephensport, 33 92 Brownsboro, 6 20 Rock port, 53 145 Ballardsville road, 12 32 Owensburg, 8 153 Shelby Co. line, 28 60 Evansville, 35 188 Frankford, 7 07 Henderson, 11 199 Franklin Co. line, 7 74 Mt. Vernon, 22 221 So. Elkhorn R. 10 84 Car thage, 12 233 Lexington, 10 94 Shawneetown, 19 252 Cave in Rock, 20 272 To Springfield, by Stage. Cumberland R., 41 313 Shepardsville, 23 Tennessee R., 11 324 Bardstown, J8 41 America, 36 360 Fredericksburg, 10 51 Mouth of Ohio, 11 371 Springfield, 8 59 New Madrid, 65 436 Little Prairie, 30 460 To Pittsburg, by Steam Boat. Memphis, 119 585 West Point, 23 Arkansas R., 172 757 Madison, 11 44 Vicksburg, 284 1041 Port William, 13 57 Natchez, 103 1144 Vevay, 10 67 St. Francisville, 139 1283 Fredericksburg, 10 77 Baton Rouge, 34 1317 Lawrenceburg, 31 108 New Orleans, 131 1448 Cincinnati, 24 132 New Richmond, 21 153 To St. Louis, by Steam Boat. Point Pleasant, 5 158 Mouth of Ohio, as above, 371 Augusta, 15 173 Elk Island, 6 379 Marysville, 16 189 Dogtooth I., 8 387 Portsmouth, 46 235 English I., 14 401 Burlington, 41 276 Cape Girardeau, 11 412 Gallipolis, 41 317 Bainbridge, 10 422 Letart's Rapids, 32 349 Muddy River, 14 436 Belville, 30 379 La Cour, 16 452 Parkersburg, 17 396 Marys R. 14 466 Marietta, 13 409 Saline R. 9 475 Wheeling, 89 490 St. Genevieve, 8 483 Steubenville, 21 511 Ft. Chartres, 12 495 Pittsburg, 79 581 Herculaneum, 19 514 Harrison, 5 519 To New Orleans, by Steam Merrimac R., 7 526 Boat. Carondelet, 12 538 Northampton, 42 St. Louis, 6 544 62 LOU MAINE. Louisvile, G. (271.) Lucas, N. C. (256.) Louisburg, N. C. (216.) Lumberton, N. C. (255.) Louisa, K. (171.) Lumpkin, G. (285.) Lovelace, Lou. (295.) Lynchburg, Va. (195 ) Lower Canada, (12.) Lynhaven Bay, Va. (198.) Lower Marlboro, Md. (177.) Lyons, N. Y. (57.) M. Machias, Me. (42.) Madison, Va. (175.) Mackeysville, N. C. (232.) Madison, T. 229.) Mackinaw, 11. (119.) Madison, G. (270) Macon, G. (287.) Madisonville, K. ( 1 87.) Madison, II. (164.) Madisonville, T. (330.) Madison, Ind. (168.) Madisonville, Lou. (309.) Maine, state of, (18,) is divided into twelve counties, and had, in 1830, a population of 399,462. Area, 38,250 square miles ; capital, Augusta ; metropolis, Portland ; lat. 43° 39' N., long. 6° 39' E. General elections, second Monday in Sep- tember; legislature meet first Wednesday in January; con- stitution formed, 1819. Government. — Tiie governor is elected annually by the peo- ple, salary, $1,500; seven counsellors also elected annually. The legislative power is vested in a " General Assembly," consisting of a senate and house of representatives, members of both elected annually by the people. Judiciary. — Supreme court consists of a chief justice, who receives a salary of $1,800, and two associate judges, salary $1,500 each. Court of common pleas, a chief justice and two associate justices, each receives $1,200 per annum. Physical Structure. — The north-western border of this state consists of a series of steps or escarpments, which follow each other in such rapid succession, as in some places to attain an elevation of nearly 2000 feet in the space of a few miles. This elevation continues with slight interruptions along the entire line from the sources of the Connecticut to its termina- tion in the north-east angle of the state. From these data it will be perceived that the country, forms an inclined plane, having the Atlantic coast for its limit towards the south-east. This plane, however, is much broken by high hills and insu- lated mountain peaks ; examples are presented by Bald Ridge mountain, a spur from the main ridge ; Mt. Bigelow, Saddle- back, Katawdin, and others ; some of these peaks are of great height, especially the one last mentioned. The state may be divided into three grand sections ; the Atlantic section is com. MAINE. 63 paratively level, being much intersected by lakes and other indications of a flat surface; the second or middle section is hilly, and the third, or north-western part is decidedly moun- tainous. Rivers. — Andriscoggin, Kennebeck, Penobscot, St. Croix, St. Johns, Madawaska, Walloostook, &c. Productions. — Lumber, fish, pot and pearl ashes, small grain, provisions, &c. Towns. — Portland, the metropolis; Augusta, the capital; York, Paris, Wiscasset, Bath, Hallowell, Castine Belfast, Ban- gor, Machias, Eastport, &c. &c. Internal Improvements. — Cumberland and Oxford Canal, extends from Portland to Sebago Pond, 20£ miles, whence, by a lock in Songo river, the navigation is extended into and through Brandy and Long Ponds a further distance of 30 miles. Bangor and Orono Rail-road, 10 miles in length. A Rail-Road from Portland to Dover N. H. : one from Ports- mouth N. H. to Portland ; one from Portland to Augusta ; one from Portland to Bangor; one from some point, not yet deter- mined, on the coast of Maine, to Quebec, 227 miles in length, are proposed. Middlesex Canal, see Massachusetts, (85.) Muscle Shoals Canal, see Ala- Manaks, Ala. (284.) bama, (217.) Manahawken, N. J. (158.) Montague Canal, see Massa- Manchester, Vt. (60.) chusetts, (84.) Manchester, S. C. (273.) Mohawk and Hudson Rail. Manchester, K. (191.) Road, see N. York, (83.) Manlius, N. Y. (58.) Miami Canal, see O. (148.) Mansfield, O. (12G.) Mauch Chunk Rail Road, see Mansfield, N. J. (134.) Penn. (133.) Mine Hill Rail Road, see Pa. Mount Carbon Rail Road, see (132.) Penn. (132:) Mansfield, Va. (196.) Mill Creek Rail Road, see Mantua, O. (101.) Penn. (132.) Maramic, Mo. (183.) Morris Canal, see N. Jersey, Maramic R., Mo. (162.) (134.) Marathon, Ala. (247.) Manasquan Canal, see New Marengo, Ala. (283.) Jersey, (158.) Maria ville, Mc. (41.) Monongahela Navigation, see Marietta, O. (151.) Virginia, (152.) Marion, Ind. (123.) Manchester Rail Road, see Marion, O. (125.) Virginia, (1 97.) Marion, Mo. (161.) Malone, N. Y. (35.) Marion, Ala. (283.) 64 MARYLAND. Marion, G. (287.) Martinsburg, Ind. 146. Marion, C. H., S. C. (255.) Martinsburg, Va. (154.) Marksville, Lou. (2.94.) Martinville, N. C. (2 1 5.) Marshville, Va. (152.) Martinsville, Va. ('215.) Marshallsville, Va. (21G.) Martins, N. C. (213.) Martha's Vineyard, Mass. Martins, N. C. (214.) (112.) Marysville, O. (125.) Marthasville, Mo. (163.) Marysville K. (169.) Martinsburg, N. Y. (58.) Marysville, T. (230.) Martinsburg, P. (1 30.) Mary ville, Va. (196.) Maryland, state of, (153,) is divided into 20 counties, and contained in 1830, 447,040 inhabitants, including 102,994 slaves ; area, 11,150 square miles; capital, Annapolis; metro- polis, Baltimore ; lat. 39° 18' N. ; long. 0° 26' E. General election, first Wednesday in October. Legislature, meets, first Monday in December. Constitution formed, 1776 ; amended 1838. Government. — Governor elected by the people, term of office, three years, salary, $4200. Senate, consisting of 2] members, and house of delegates, 79 members, called the General Assembly, meet on the last Monday in December at Annapolis ; pay of members $4 a day, of the speakers, $5 each. The members of the house of delegates are elected annually by the people, on the first Wednesday of October. Judiciary. — Chancery court, chancellor. Court of appeals, chief judge, (salary $2500) and five associate judges, who receive a salary of $2,200 each. Baltimore court, one chief judge, and associate judges; salary of the former $2,400, of the two latter, $1,500 each. Physical Structure. — Eastern section, bordering on the Atlantic ocean and eastern shore of Chesapeake bay, level ; centre, hilly, gradually increasing in elevation, until it meets the western section of the state, which presents little else than a succession of mountain ridges, extending from the Mono- cacy to the western limits of the state. The Back Bone moun- tain, so called, the main ridge of the Allegheney, has a mean altitude of about 2,500 feet, and is the dividing ridge between the waters of the Atlantic and those running into the Ohio. Rivers. — Potomac, Paluxent, Patapsco, Susquehanna, Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanlikoke, &c. Productions. — Tobacco, wheat, some cotton, flax, hemp, &c. &c. Towns. — Baltimore, Annapolis, Frederick, Hagerstown, MASSACHUSETTS. 65 Rockville, Port Tobacco, Upper Marlboro ; and on the eastern shore, Elklon, Chester, Centreville, Easton, Cambridge, &.c. Internal Improvements. — Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, ex- tends from Georgetown to Pittsburg, length as proposed, 341£ miles. A canal 9 miles long, leading from Alexandria to intersect the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, at Georgetown is now constructing. (See District of Columbia.) Port Deposit Canal, is designed to overcome the rapids of the Susquehanna, above Port Deposit, length nearly 10 ms. Canal ut Little Falls of Potomac, 2| ms. long. Canal at Great Falls, built of stone, 1200 yards long. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. extends from Balti- more to Harper's Ferry, on the Potomac, 81 ms. from Baltimore. This road is to be continued to the Ohio river. A road of a single track extends from the main line to Frederick, 3£ ms. Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail Road, commenced in 1830, extends to Havre de Grace; length, 34 ms. Baltimore and Washington Rail Road, length 37 3-4 miles ; this work is now completed. Baltimore and York Rail Road, 59£ ms. long. Wilmington and Susquehanna Rail Road is an extension of the Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail Road, which, with the Philadelphia and Wilmington Rail Road, forms a continuous line from Baltimore to Philadelphia, 93 miles in length, and now in successful operation. Mason's, N. C. (233.) Maysville, Va. (196.) Massachusetts, state of, (83,) is divided into 14 counties. Population in 1830, 610,014. Area, 8750 square miles. Capital and metropolis, Boston, Lat. 42° 22' N. Long. 5° 57' E. Gen- eral election for governor and senators, first Monday in April ; for representatives, in May. Legislature meet, fourth Tuesday in October. Constitution formed, 1780. Government. — Governor, term of office, one year, salary $3,666 67. Lieutenant Governor $533 33. Secretary of com- monwealth, and state treasurer, each $2,000 ; adjutant general, $1,500, who are chosen by joint ballot, from the senators and nine counsellors ; each holds his office for one year. Legisla- ture styled the general Court, is composed of a Senate and House of Representatives. Members of the senate are elected annually on the first Monday in April ; the representatives are elected annually in May. Judiciary. — The judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court, and a Court of Common Pleas, and such others as the General Court may establish. The judges are appointed by the governor and senate, and hold their offices during good behaviour. 6* Ob MASSACHUSETTS. Physical Structure.— The eastern part of the state is gene- rally level, with occasionally an isolated hill. In the central part, between Worcester and the valley of the Connecticut, those hills occur at frequent intervals, until passing to the westward, the lands increase in elevation, and assume the aspect of a mountain region. The mean elevation of Berkshire, the extreme western county of the state, is not less than 1000 feet above tide. This portion is studded with innumerable hills and mountain peaks, some of which rise to a height of 3000 feet above their bases. Rivers. — Housatonic, Connecticut, Pawtucket, Charles, Mer- rimack, &c. Productions. — Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, beans, flaxseed, &c. Towns. — Boston, the Capital ; Salem, Newburyport, Lowell, Worcester, Springfield, Northampton, Greenfield, Piltsfieldj and many extensive towns and villages. Internal Improvements. — Middlesex Canal, extends from Boston to Chelmsford. Length 27 miles. Pawtucket Canal, in town of Lowell, is used both for navigation and for manu- facturing purposes, length 1£ miles. Blackstone Canal, extends from Providence R. I., to Worcester, Mass. length 45 miles. Hampshire and Hampden Canal, see Connecticut. Monta- gue Canal, near the Montague falls in Connecticut river, 3 miles long. South Hadley Canal, round the S. H. falls in the Connecticut, length 2 miles. Worcester Rail Road, 44 miles in length. It is proposed to continue this road to the Connec- ticut, and to construct a branch to Milberry. Boston and Providence Rail Road length 41 miles. Dedham Branch, 2£ miles, Taunton Branch, 11 miles. Boston and Lowell Rail Road, length 26 miles. Quincy Rail Road, used for trans- porting granite from the quarry in Quincy to Neponset river, length 3 miles, branches 1 mile. Andover and Haverhill Rail Road, 15^ miles. Boston and Salem Rail Road, 15 ms. long. Norwich and Worcester Rail Road, 59 miles. Worces- ter and Springfield Rail Road, 54 miles. This road will ulti- mately be extended to the Hudson river. Masacre, I. Ala. (311.) M'Leansboro, II. (165.) Mathews, C. H., Va. (198.) x\I 'Neils, N. C. (235.) Mauch Chunk, P. (133.) M'Minnville, T. (229.) Maumee, O. (99.) M'Kinstry, S. C. (254.) Maumee R., O. (98.) M'Catteums, S. C. (254.) Maysville, II. (165.) M'Gees, Miss. (265.) M'Connelsville, O. (151.) M'Coun's Bluff, Ala. (266.) M'Connelstown, P. (154.) M'Clair, Miss. (280.) MEMPHIS. 67 M'Tntoshs, G. (286.) Mechanicsville, S. C. (255.) MTntoshs C. H., G. (305.) Medina, O. (100.) M'Daniels, Lou. (307.) Medway, Me. (85.) MeadvilJe, P. (102.) Meigsville, O. (151.) Memphis, Tenn. (224,) occupies the site of old Fort Picker- ing, on the left bank of the Mississippi ; situated on the great road from Nashville to Little Rock in Arkansas. Memphis if advancing in commercial importance. Its present population is about 1500, which is rapidly augmenting in number. ROUTES FROM MEMPHIS. Arkansas river Vicksburg, Natchez, St. Francisville, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, To Louisville, by Greenock, Randolph, Fulton, Little Prairie, New Madrid, Columbus, Mouth of Ohio, America, Shawneetown, Carthage, Mt. Vernon, Hendersonville, Evansville, Owensberg, Rock port, Stephensport, Leavenworth Northampton, Meredith, N. Y. (82.) Mercer, P. (102.) Mercersburg, P. (154.) Meridianviile, Ala. (248.) Merrittsville, S. C. (232.) y Steamboat. 172 284 456 103 559 139 698 34 732 131 863 Steamboat. 12 30 42 6 48 57 105 36 141 44 185 17 202 11 213 108 321 19 340 12 332 22 374 11 385 35 420 8 428 53 4P1 33 514 17 531 Louisville, 42 573 To Little Rock, Ark. Marion 10 St. Francis, 30 40 Walnut Camp, 34 74 Cache P. O. 19 93 Bayou Meteau, 54 147 Little Rock, 12 159 To Nashville. Summerville, 43 Bolivar, 24 67 Jackson, 28 95 Huntingdon, 38 133 Reynoldsburg, 29 162 Charlotte, 39 201 Nashville, 39 240 To Florence, Al. Raleigh, 9 Summerville, 34 43 Bolivar, 24 67 Purdy, 30 97 Savannah, 16 113 Florence, 50 163 Metcalfboro, T. (229.) Mexico, Mo. (162.) Micanopy, F. (329.) Miccoton, F. (316.) 68 MICHIGAN. Michigan, state of, (22,) is divided into 40 counties. Popu- lation in 1830, 31,639. Area, 59,700 square miles. Capital and metropolis, Detroit, lat. 42° 20' N. long. 60° 1' W. Gen- eral election, first Monday in October. Legislature meets, first Monday in January. Constitution formed May 11th, 1835. Government. — The governor (salary $2000 a year) and lieutenant-governor are elected for two years. The present governor and lieutenant governor are to hold their offices until the 1st Monday in January, 1838. Legislature. — The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives. The members of the former are chosen for two years, one half of them every year, and to consist, as nearly as may be, of one-third of the number of representatives, who are chosen annually, and cannot be less than 48, nor more than 100. Judiciary. — Consists of a supreme court and such other courts as the legislature may establish. The judges of the supreme court are appointed by the governor and senate for a term of 7 years. Judges of circuit and probate courts, and those of minor courts, are elected by the people for a term of four years. Physical Structure. — The southern part of this territory is very level, or gently undulating. The northern part is more uneven. Along the shore of Huron there are, in places, very high bluffs; and along the east shore of Lake Michigan, are in many places, immense hills of pure sand of from fifty to several hundred feet in height, which have been blown up by the almost constant western winds, sweeping over the lake and the sandy margin on its eastern side. Rivers, — Maumee, Rasin, Huron, Clinton, Black, Saginaw, Traverse, Monistic, White, Maskegon, Kallemazoo, St. Joseph, &c. Productions.*— Corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat; potatoes, and every variety of similar vegetables, grow here in great abun- dance. Towns. — Detroit, Monroe, Frenchtown, Brownstown, Pon- tiac, Ann Arbour, Byron, Montcalm, Niles, Newbury-port, Saginaw, Mackinaw, Port Sheldon, St. Joseph, &c. Internal Improvements. — Central Rail Road, from Detroit to St. Joseph on the east shore of Lake Michigan ; 197 miles long. The section from Detroit to Ann Arbour, 40 miles, is now in use. Detroit and Pontiac Rail Road, 25 miles long. MIC MISSISSIPPI. 69 Erie and Kalamazoo Rail Road, commences at Toledo in Lucas county, Ohio, and is completed from thence to Adrian 33 miles. Branch of Ditto to Havre, 13 miles. Southern Rail Road, from a point on the river Raisin, near Monroe, to New Buffalo, via Hillsdale, Mason, Centreville, Edwardsburg, &c; length about 187 miles. Detroit and Shelby Rail Road, 23 miles long. Palmyra and Jackson Rail Road, 46 miles long. River Raisin and Lake Erie Rail Road, 50 miles. Ypsilanti and Tecumseh Rail Road, 25 miles. A canal, about 18 miles long, connecting the waters of the Saginaw and Grand rivers ; one from Mount Clemens to Sin- gapore, via Pontiac, Howell, Hastings, &c, about 220 miles in length ; and one designed to overcome the Falls of St. Mary, are in course of execution. Michigan, Ind. (96.) Milford, P. (108.) Middle T., Mich. (71.) Millcdgeville, capital of Middle T., N. J. (134.) Geo. (270.) Middle T., O. (148.) Millers T., P. (131.) Middle T., O. (149.) Millgrove, S. C. (274.) Middle T., Pa. (132.) Milhaven, G. (28:).) Middle T., K. (168.) Millheim, Pa. (131.) Middletcwn, N. Y. (82.) Mills, Va. (175.) Middletown, Con. (110.) Millville, N. J. (158.) Middletown, Va. (154.) Millers, Ala. (248.) Middletown, Pa. (128.) Milton, Vt. (36.) Middlebury, Vt. (60.) Milton, N. H. (62.) Middleburn, Va. (152.) Milton, Pa. (106.) Middleboro, Mass. (112.) Mineral Point, Wis. (67.) Mifflin, Pa. (131.) Mines, lead, Mo. (184.) Mikasukie, F. (316.) Miram, Ind. (145.) 10 Mile river, N. Y. (108.) Mississippi R. (92.) Milford, D. (178.) Mississippi, state of, (243,) is divided into 56 counties. Population, 1830, 136,621, including 65,659 slaves. Area 47,680 square miles. Capital, Jackson, metropolis, Natchez. Lat. 31° 35' N., Long. 14° 33' E. General election, first Mon- day and Tuesday in November. Legislature meets, first Monday in January biennially. Constitution formed, 1817. Government. — The governor is elected for two years — salary 63,000 per annum. The secretary of state, treasurer, and auditor receives each $2,000 per annum, and the attorney, general $1,000. 70 MISSISSIPPI. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, styled The General Assembly of the slate of Mississippi. The members of the senate are elected for three years, and the representatives annually. The number of the representatives cannot be less than 37, nor more than 100, as soon as the free population shall amount to 80,000. The senate cannot consist of less than one-fourth nor more than one-third, as many as there are representatives. Judiciary. — High Court of Errors and Appeals, one chief, and two associate judges, salary of each $2,000 per annum. Superior Court of Chancery. Chancellor's salary $2,000. The circuit court consists of a chief justice and eight associate judges — the salary of each $2,000. The state is divided into nine districts, in which the judges of the supreme court severally hold circuit courts. These courts have original jurisdiction in cases where the sum in dispute exceeds $50; and appellate jurisdiction from the courts of justices of the peace, where the sum exceeds $20. They have also criminal jurisdiction. The county of Adams has a separate criminal court, whose jurisdiction however, does not supersede that of the circuit court. Every organized county has a probate court, and a county court held by three judges, of which the probate judge is the presiding justice. This court takes cognizance of offences committed by slaves, &c. The judges hold their offices during good behaviour, but not beyond the age of 65 years. Imprisonment for debt is not allowed in this state, except in cases of a debtor who fraudulently withholds his property from his creditors. Physical Structure. — Along the Mississippi river, at various x distances, there is a line of bluffs, of from 50 to 150 feet in height. The portions which are contiguous to the river, are called by different names, such as Walnut Hills, Grand-Gulf- blutf's, Natchez Bluffs, White Cliffs, and Loftus 1 Heights, &c. The country beyond these bluffs spreads out into a high, beautiful and fertile table-land, gently undulating and pro- ductive. Beyond the fertile belt of land, there stretches from south to north, and reaches eastward to the Alabama line, an extensive district of country, of various soils, but possessing much that is alluvial and fertile. The southern, middle and northern parts of this state, may be said to be beautifully undulating, with numerous ravines and streams. MISSISSIPPI. — MISSOURI. 7 1 In its natural state, in which almost the entire state still is, it was covered with a vast forest of oak, hickory, magnolia, sweet gum, ash, maple, yellow poplar ; cypress in the swampy alluvial Mississippi bottoms, pine, holly, &c. &c, with a great variety of underwood, grape-vines, paw-paw, spice wood, &c. Rivers. — Mississippi, Yazoo, Tombeckbee, Yellowbusha, Buffalo, Big Black, Bayou Pierre, Homochitte, Amite, Pearl, Pascagoula, &c. Productions. — Cotton, tobacco, corn, sugar, the orange, f g, and fruits are abundant. Towns. — Jackson, the capital, Natchez, Monticello, Port Gibson, Shieldsboro, Greenville, Winchester, Washington, Vicksburg, Warrenton, &c. Internal Improvement. — St. Francisville and Woodvitle Rail Road, 27 miles in length. Vicksburg and Clinton Rail Road, length 54 miles. Natchez and Canton Rail Road, 150 miles. Jackson and Brandon Rail Road, 14 miles. Grand Gvlf and Port Gibson Rail Road, 7 miles long. The New Orleans and Nashville Rail Road will pass through this state. Missisinewa, lad (123.) Missouri, state of, (115,) is divided into 62 counties, and had, in 1830, a population of 140,45% including 25,091 slaves. Area, 65,500 square miles; capital, Jefferson; metropolis, St. Louis; latitude 38° 37' north, longitude 13° 14' east. General election, first Monday in August, biennially ; legislature meet first Monday in November, every second year; constitution formed, 1820. Government. — Governor, term of office four years — salary $1500 per annum. Lieutenant-governor is president of the senate. Legislature. — The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and a house of representa- tives. The members of the former body are elected for four years ; the members of the latter, for two years. Every county is entitled to one representative ; but the whole number can never exceed 100 members. The senators are chosen by districts. The constitutional number is not less than 14 nor more than 33. The elections for senators and representatives are held bien- nially ; and for governor and lieutenant-governor once in four years, on the first Monday in August. The legislature meets 72 MISSOURI. every second year (at the city of Jefferson,) on the first Mon day in November. Judiciary. — The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, and such other inferior tribunals as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish. The judges are appointed by the governor, by and with the consent of the senate; and they hold their offices during good behaviour, but not beyond the age of 65 years. The supreme court consists of a presiding judge and two associate judges; the salary of each $1,100 per annum. There arc five circuit courts and as many judges. The salary of each is 1,000 per annum. Physical Structure.— The surface of this state is greatly diversified. The alluvial bottoms are level. In the middle part rises a hilly region, extending from St. Genevieve south- westward into Arkansas, and is the commencement of the Ozark Mountains of that state. The northern part is undu- lating, but no where approaching what may, with propriety be called mountainous. Extensive prairies stretch out on the western and northern parts of this state. Even the St. Gene- vieve hills are marked with this character, and have the appearance, in places, of extensive uncultivated fields. The mine region, which lies about 70 miles south-west of St. Louis, is hilly, and a considerable portion of the state lying south of the Missouri and Osage rivers, is of the same character, and is in many places, marked with flint knobs of consi- derable elevation. The country between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers is delightfully undulating and variegated. The prairies, which are of variable widths, are generally fertile. The Mississippi is skirted with many rich alluvial prairies as well as extensive tracts of heavily timbered land. Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Osage, Meramec, St. Fran- cis, White, &c. Towns. — Jefferson, the capital, St. Louis, New Madrid, Perryville, St. Genevieve, Alexandria, New London, Palmyra, Hannibal, Wyaconda, St. Charles, Florissant, Franklin, Boone- ville, Chariton, &c. Productions. — Corn, wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, tobacco, hemp, cotton, and garden vegetables in great variety. The forests consist of the oak, black and white walnut, yellow poplar, ash, elm, hackberry, hickory, sugar-tree, cypress, yel- low pine, cedar, &c. Internal Improvements. — Rail-roads are projected — From MISSOURI MOBILE. 73 St. Louis to Fayette ; from St. Louis to Bellevue and Mara- me c ; from Hannibal to Huntsville ; from St. Louis to Potosi ; and one from Louisiana in Pike county, to Columbia, in Boone county. Missouri R., (139.) Missouri, (163.) Missouriton, (139.) Mobile, Ala. (311,) the seat of justice for Mobile county, has a population of about 4,000; several handsome churches, cathedral, &c. and is a place of considerable trade. ROUTES FROM MOBILE. To New Orleans. Dumfries, 15 62 Springhill, by stage, 6 St. Stephens, 31 93 Portersville, 24 30 Coffeeville, 18 111 (Thence to New Orleans Demopolis, 87 198 by steamboat and rail- Erie, 30 228 road, 123 miles.) Tuscaloosa, 57 285 To Montgomery, by Stage. To Montgomery, by Steam Taitsville, 35 Boat. Burnt Corn, 52 87 Tombeckbee K., 51 Fort Dale, 45 132 Fort Mimms, 8 59 Montgomery, 48 180 Claiborne, 45 104 Black Bluff, 26 130 To Leakesville, by Stage. Canton, 50 IhO Escatappa R. 28 Portland, 14 194 Chickasawhay R. 20 48 Cahawba, 22 216 Leakesville, 11 59 Selma, 15 231 Vernon, 44 275 To Tuscaloosa, by Stage. Washington, 16 '291 Florida, 31 Montgomery, 10 301 Dumfries, 15 46 '_ — _ St. Stephens, 24 70 To Pensacola, by Steam Clarksville, 14 84 Boat. Choctawcorner, 28 112 Dog R., 10 Whitehall, 40 152 Fowl R., 6 IS Greensboro, 25 177 Fort Bowyer, 18 34 Tuscaloosa, 31 208 Perdido R., 30 64 __ * Baraneas, 15 79 To Tuscaloosa, by Steam Pensacola, 10 89 Boat. ^ Fort Stoddart, 47 74 MONTREAL. To Pensacola, by Stage, Sfc. Blakely, by Steam B. Mobile Bay, Ala. (311.) Mobile Pt., Ala. (312.) Mohawk Indians, L. C. (32.) Monks Corner, N. C. (273.) Monroe, Mich. (99.) Monroe, O. (100.) Monroe, G. (270.) Monroe, T. (209.) Montaug Pt., N. Y. (111.) Montcalm, Mich. (72.) Montezuma, N. Y. (57.) Montezuma, Ala. (300.) Montevalo, Ala. (267.) Bellefontaine, by Stage, Pensacola, 26 37 37 74 Montgomery, N. Y. (108.) Montgomery, T. (210.) Montgomery, Ala. (284.) Monticello, N. Y. (108.) Monticello, K. (210.) Monticello, G. (270.) Monticello, Miss. (296.) Monticello, Ala. (301.) Monticello, F. (316.) Montpelier, capital of Ver- mont, (37.) Montpelier, Ala. (312.) Montreal, L. C. (15,) the most populous city in British America ; by the census of 1 825, it contained 24,787 inhabi- tants ; this number has greatly increased since that time, and now probably amounts to 30,000. The chief objects of interest in and about Montreal, are "the mountain," new cathedral, catholic college, the barracks, hospital, baths, &c, in St. Paul's street, masonic hall, theatre, Nelson's monument, convents, seminary of St. Sulpice, and several churches, public walks, &c. (See map of Montreal.) ROUTES FROM MONTREAL. To Quebec, by Steam (the distances by nearly the same.) St. Sulpice, by Stage, La Valtrie, La Noraye, William Henry, Three River, Genlilly, St. Anne, Pt. aux Trembles, Quebec, i Boat, To Albany, by Steam Boat ind are and Stage. La Prairie, by Stage, 8 27 ' St. Johns, 17 25 5 32 Isle au Noix, 9 34 10 42 o Chazy, 15 49 11 53 m Plattsburg, 14 63 43 96 i- S. Hero, 8 71 14 110 Whitehall, 23 153 Boston, 21 303 'Fort Ann, 14 167 . Sandy Hill, 9 176 To the Falls of Niagara, by Sp Fort Miller, 11 187 Steam Boat, $c. 55 | Stillwater, 18 205 La Chine, 8 Troy, L Albany, 14 219 Cascades, 16 24 6 225 Les Cedres 7 31 Coteau du Lac, 7 38 To Boston, by Stage, via Lake St. Francis, 4 42 Burlington, Vt. Head of ditto. 22 64 St. Johns, 25 Cornwall, 6 70 Phillipsburg, 23 48 Long Saut I. 10 80 St. Albans, 16 64 Chrysler's Field, 17 97 Milton, 13 77 Hamilton, 1 98 Burlington, 12 89 Prescot, 18 116 Richmond, 14 103 Elizabeth town, 14 130 Montpelier, 26 129 Kingston, 48 178 Chelsea, 24 153 Oswego, 58 236 Dartmouth Col. 25 178 Coburg, 74 310 Shaker's Vil, 11 189 Port Hope, 36 346 Andover, 22 211 Toronto, (York), 66 412 Concord, N. H. 24 235 Niagara Vil. 30 442 Hookset Falls, 8 243 Queenston, 7 449 Lon donderry, 19 262 Falls of Niagara, 6 455 Montrose, Pa. (107.) Morristown, N. J. (134.) Mooneys, Ark. (243.) Moore, N. C. (256.) Moorfield, O. (127.) Moorfields, Va. (153.) Moesehead Lake, Me. (19.) Moscow, Mo. (162.) Moosetocmaguntic Lake, Me. (39.) Moundville, Mich. (44.) Mount Holly, N. J. (158.) Mount Joliet, II. (94.) M'Coy, Mich. (48.) Mt. Clemen, Mich. (74.) Mt. Desert Id., Me. (41.) Mt. Maria, Pa. (107.) d Mt. Pleasant, K. (211.) Mt. Carmel, II. (166.) Mt. Sterling, K. (170.) Mt. Salus, Miss. (280.) Mt. Vernon, Me. (39.) Mt. Vernon, O. (126.) Mt. Vernon, 11.(165.) Mt. Vernon, Va. (176.) Mt. Vernon, K. (190.) Moscow, Mo. (163.) Mullins Ford, G. (251.) Munfordsville, K.(189.) Monroe, Lou. (278). Munrows, N. C. (235.) Munsee T., In. (123.) Murfreesboro, T. (228.) Murcellas, G. (305.) 76 NASHVILLE. Murphy, N.C. (215.) Muskingum R., O. (127.) Miamisport, Ind. (123.) Miami R., O. (148.) Maysville, K.(170.) Muysville, Va. (196.) Morgan, N. C. (256.) Morganfield, K. (187.) Morgantown, Va. (152.) Morgantown, K. (188.) Morgantown, N.C. (233. Morganville, Va. (196.) Moulton, Ala. (247.) Nacogdoches, (292.) Nantucket, Mass. (112.) Nantucket I., Mass. (112.) Natches, Miss. (295.) Natchitoches, Lou. (293.) Natural Bridge, Va. (195.) Natural Bridge Va. (212.) Natural Bridge, F. (314.) Nashville, T. (2C 8), the capital and most important town in Tennessee, was founded in 1784, and is a remarkably beautiful city. Population about 8,000. The public buildings are : a court-house, market-house, college, academy, baptist, presbyterian and episcopalian churches, penitentiary, water- works by which the city is supplied with water from the Cumberland, &c. ROUTES FROM NASHVILLE. 7b Florence, Ala. by Stage. Franklin, 18 Columbia, 23 41 Mt. Pleasant, 11 52 Liwrenceburg, 22 74 Florence, 41 115 To Memphis, by Stage. Charlotte, Reynoldiburg, Huntingdon, Jackson, Bolivar, Summerville, Memphis, 39 39 78 29 107 38 145 28 173 24 197 43 240 To Knoxville, by Stage. Lebanon, 28 Alexandria, 18 46 Liberty, 8 54 Sparta, 32 86 Crab Orchard, 38 124 Kingston, 20 144 Loveville, 23 167 Knoxville, 14 181 To Huntsville, by Stage. Nolensville, 17 Gideonville, 21 38 Farmington, 12 50 Fayetteville, 27 77 Hazel Green, 17 94 Huntsville, 12 106 To Lexington, K. by Stage. Haysboro, 6 Franklin, K. 29 35 Bowlinggreen, 2a 57 Monroe, 51 108 New Market, 31 139 Harrodsburg, 34 173 Lexington, 29 202 NEW IVEW HAMPSHIRE. 77 To New Orleans by Steam To Louisville, by Steam Boat. Boat. Hillsboro, 20 Ohio River, as above, 203 Clarkesville, 49 69 Rock Haven, 34 237 Palmyra, 6 75 Shawneetown, 27 264 Dover, 32 107 Carthage, 19 283 Eddyville, 55 162 Mt. Vernon, 12 295 Ohio River, 41 203 Hendersonville, 27 317 America, 47 250 Rockport, 54 371 Memphis, 225 475 Leavenworth, 86 457 Vicksburg, 456 931 Louisville, 59 516 Natchez, 103 1034 — — New Orleans, 304 1338 New Castle and Frenchtown Rail Road, see Delaware, (157.) New Jersey Rail Road, see New Jersey, (134.) Nash C. H., N. C. (236.) Nashua, N. H. (85.) Nelson, K. (169.) Nelson's Ferry, S. C. (273.) Neuson, S. C. (255.) Neuse River, N. C. (236.) New Alexandria, Pa. (129.) Newark, O. (126.) Newark, N. J. (134.) New Berlin, Pa. (131.) New Berlin, N. Y. (81.) New Bedford, Mass. (112.) Newberne, N. C. (237.) Newberrv, S. C. (253.) Newburn, Va. (194.) Newburg, N. Y. (108.) Newburyport, Mass. (86.) Newbury port, Mich. (70.) New Castle, Pa. (102.) New Castle, Ind. (147.) New Castle, K. (168.) Newcastle, D. (157.) New Columbia, Miss. (297.) Newcomers, O. (127.) New Geneva, Pa. (153.) New Hampshire, (62,) is divided into eight counties. Popu- lation in 1830, 269,533. Area, 9,200 square miles. Capital, Concord. Metropolis, Portsmouth, lat. 43° 04' N. long. 6° 11' E. General election, second Wednesday in March. Legis- lature meet, first Wednesday in June. Constitution formed, 1792. Government.— Governor, salary $1,200. Five counsellors, all elected annually. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, called, jointly, the General Court. The members of both are elected annually by the people, on the second Wednesday in March. Judiciary. — Supreme court, consists of one chief justice, salary $1,400 and two associate judges, $1,200 each. Court 7* TS NEW HAMPSHIRE. of Common Pleas, consists of 16 justices, who act in conjunc- tion with the judges of the supreme court. Physical Structure. — Within twenty or twenty-five miles of the coast, the land is nearly level. In the central part of the state it becomes hilly, with an occasional mountain peak or spur, from the elevated region in the north. All above is mountainous, having the White Hills, Moosehillock, Monad- nuc, Kearsarge, Sunapee, Ossipee, and other mountains, which impart to the entire north half of the state, a rugged and broken aspect. Rivers. — Connecticut, Merrirnac, Androscoggin, Saco, Pis- cataqua, &c. Towns. — Concord, Portsmouth, Piscataqua, Exeter, Dover, Meredith, Amherst, Keene, Charleston, Claremont, Haverhill, Plymouth, Lebanon, &c. Productions. — Wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley, flax, stock, provisions, &c. Internal Improvements. — Nashnaand Lowell Rail Road, 15 miles long, to be extended to Concord, N. H. Concord Rail Road. Bow Canal, near Concord, around . Bow falls, three quarters of a mile long. Hookset Canal, at the Hookset fall of Merrirnac, 825 feet in length. Amoskeig Canal, at the falls of Amoskeig in the Merrirnac. Union Canal, passes seven falls in the Merrirnac; length, including pools, nine miles, Sewalls Falls Canal. New Haven, O. (100.) New Haven, C. (110,) one of the capitals of the state of Connecticut. Population, 10,180. On a large open square in the centre of the town, stand the public buildings, state-house, Yale College, and several very handsome churches. The other places worthy of attention are, the observatory, museum, alms, house, and various factories, and the cemetery. ROUTES FROM NEW HAVEN. To New York by Stage Stamford, 9 44 Milford, 11 West Greenwich, 7 51 Slratford, 5 16 Rye, 4 55 Black Rock, 6 22 Mamaronec, 6 61 South port, 5 27 West Chester, 8 69 Saugatuck, 4 31 New York, 15 84 Norwalk, 4 35 ROUTES FROM NEW HAVEN. 79 To New York, by Steam South ington, 6 22 Boat. Farmington, 11 33 Black Rock, 23 Northinglon, 7 40 Southpcut, 5 28 Simsbury, 7 47 Oldwell, 8 36 Granby, 5 52 Stamford Harb. 8 44 West Greenwich, 8 52 To Hartford, by Stage. New York, 35 87 North Haven, 5 Wallingford, 9 14 To Providence, by Steam Meriden, 4 18 Boat. Worthington, 6 24 Faulkner's Island, 16 Newington, 6 30 Connecticut R., 19 35 Hartford, 6 36 New London Harb. 14 49 (Thence to N. London To Hartford, via Middle- 4 miles ) town. Point Judith, 35 84 Northford, 10 Newport, 14 98 Durham, 8 18 Pawtuxet, 20 118 Middletown, 7 25 Providence, 5 123 Stepney, 8 33 Hartford, 8 41 To Danbvry, by Stage. Derby, 10 To Newport, by Stage. Honsatonic Ferry, 3 13 Branford, 8 New Strafford, 4 17 Guilford, 10 18 Newton, 8 25 E.Guilford, 4 22 Danbury, 9 34 Westbrook, 9 31 „ Connecticut R., 6 37 To Granby, by Canal. New London, 17 54 East Plains, 6 Mystic, 8 62 Hamden, 2 8 Newport, 39 101 Cheshire, 8 16 New Hope, Pa. (134.) New Inlet, N. C. (239.) New Ipswich, N. H (85.) New Iberia, Lou. (322.) New Jersey, state of, (134,) is divided into 17 counties. Population in 1830, 320,779, including 2,446 slaves. Area, 7,500 square miles. Capital, Trenton ; Metropolis, Newark, lat. 40° 44' N. long. 2° 45' E. General election, second Tues- day in October. Legislature meets, fourth Tuesday in Octo- ber. Constitution formed, 1776. Government. — Governor, chosen annually, by a joint vote of the council and assembly ; salary, $2,000 per annum ; he is 80 NEW JERSEY. president of the council. The governor, in conjunction with the council, form a court of appeals. Legislature is composed of a legislative council, consisting of 14 members, and general assembly 50 members ; the members of both houses are elected annually. Judiciary. — Supreme court, composed of a chief justice, sal- ary $1200 per annum, and two associate judges, $1100 per annum each. The judges are appointed by the legislature ; those of the supreme court for a term of seven years, and those of the inferior courts for five years. Physical Structure. — All that part of the state which lies south of a line extending from Bordentown to Amboy, is level, partly composed of sea sand, which is entirely destitute of vegetation. Immediately north of this line, an improvement in the surface and general character of the soil becomes visible ; hills appear in rapid succession, forming steps up to the elevated region in Morris and Sussex counties. These, and the adjoining counties are much broken by the ridges of the Alle- gheny mountains, which intersect this part of the state, ranging in a direction from north-east to south-west. Rivers. — Delaware, Hudson, Passaic, Raritan, Millstone, Hackensack, Schencks, G. Egg Harbor, L. Egg Harbor, Mau- rice, Rancocus, Musconecung, Pawlings, &c. Productions. — Wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat, &c. Towns. — Newark, Paterson, New Brunswick, Trenton, Elizabethtown, Belvidere, Bridgetown, Salem, Camden, Mount Holly, Perth Amboy, Morristown, &c, Internal Improvements. — Delaware and Raritan Canal, commences at Bordentown, and extends through Trenton, and along the valleys of the Millstone and Raritan, to New Bruns- wick. Length 43 miles. A navigable feeder 24 miles long has been constructed along the east bank of the Delaware, intersecting the main trunk in the city of Trenton. — Morris Canal, commences at Jersey City, opposite New York, and terminates on the Delaware at Phillipsburg, opposite Easton. Length 101 miles. — Salem Canal, extends from Salem creek to the Delaware. Length, four miles. — Manasquam and Bar- negat Canal, (proposed). — 'Washington Canal, cuts off a con- siderable bend in Manolapan creek, and lessens the distance from Washington to the Raritan river. Length, one mile. — Camden and Amboy Rail Road, commences at Camden, oppo- site Philadelphia, and terminates at South Amboy. Length 61 miles. — Paterson and Hudson River Rail Road, from Jersey city opposite New York, to Paterson, on the Passiac. Length NEW ORLEANS. 81 16 30-100 miles. It is proposed to extend this road to the Morris canal. New Jersey Rail Road, commences on the last mentioned rail-road, about two miles from Jersey City, and terminates at New Brunswick ; length, 31 miles. Camden and Woodbury Rail Road, completed and in use, 9 miles. Elizabeth and Somerville Rail Road, in progress. New Jer- sey and Hudson Rail Road. Delaware and Atlantic Rail Road. And the Morris and Essex, Burlington and Mt. Holly, Belvidere and Delaware, Camden and Mt. Holly Rail Roads, are proposed, and the necessary measures have been taken to ensure their execution. New Echotn, G. (249.) New London, Con. (110.) New London, Mo. (141.) New Lexington, Ind. (168.) New Lisbon, O. (128.) New Lebanon, N. C. (218.) New Milford, Con. (109.) Newmarket, Va. (175.) New Madrid, Mo. (205.) New Mexico, Miss. (279.) New Portland, M. (39.) New Richmond, O. (150.) New Orleans, L. (324,) the great commercial emporium of the Mississippi valley, was founded in 1719, and has about 60,000 inhabitants. The chief objects of interest are the cathedral in Chartres street, College in St. Cloude street, Ursuline Convent in Ursuline street, Orleans theatre, St. Anne street, theatre of St. Philip in St. Philip street, City Hall, Conde street, churches, alms-house, &c. Five miles below the centre of the city is the ground, rendered memorable by the battle of the 8th of January, 1815. ROUTES FROM NEW ORLEANS. To Louisville by Steam Boat. St. Francisville and Pt. Arnauds Point, 13 Coupee, 10 159 Red Church, 9 22 Tunica, 27 186 Destretchens Pt. 12 34 Red River, 22 208 Bonnet Q. Bend, 2 36 Fort Adams, 9 217 B. Quarre Church, 5 41 Homochitto R. 10 227 Cantrels Do. 19 60 White Cliffs, 27 254 Bringicrs, 8 68 Natchez, 17 271 Hamptons, 5 73 Coles Creek, 22 293 Donaldsonville, 5 78 Rodney, 19 312 St. Gabriels, 24 102 Bruinsburg, 4 316 Plaquemine, 6 108 Grand Gulf, and Big- Baton Rouge, 18 126 Black River, 14 330 Thomas Pt. 11 137 Pt. Pleasant, 10 340 Thompson's .Cr. 12 149 Palmyra, 13 353 82 ROUTES FROM NEW ORLEANS. Warrenton, 14 367 To St. Louis, by , Steam Boat. Vicksburg, 10 377 Mouth of Ohio, as above, 991 Yazoo River, 12 389 Tyawappita B. 29 950 Tompkins, 32 421 Cape Girardeau, 13 963 Providence, 26 447 Bainbridge, 9 972 Princeton, 8 455 Muddy R. 13 985 Old River, 48 503 Kaskaskia R. 31 1016 Pt. Chicot, 12 515 St. Genevieve, 17 1033 Arkansas River, 59 574 Chartier I. 11 1044 "White R. 9 583 Herculaneum, 19 1063 Helena, 60 643 Maramec R. 11 1074 St. Francis I. 14 657 Carondelet, 12 1086 35° N. Lat. 48 705 St. Louis. 6 1090 Noncona R. 10 715 Memphis, 4 719 To Balize and Gulf of Mexico, Greenock, 12 731 by Steam Boat. 3rd Chickasaw Bluff, 18 749 Battle Ground, 5 Randolph, 12 761 English Turn, 6 11 Fulton, 6 767 Fort St. Leon, 5 16 Plum Pt. 11 778 Poverty Pt. 18 34 Needhams Cut-off, 26 804 Grand Prairie, 27 61 Little Prairie, 20 824 Fort St. Philip, 9 70 Riddle's Pt. 23 847 S. W. Pass, 9 79 New Madrid, 13 860 South Pass, 2 81 Mills Pt. 28 888 Pass a' Loutre, 2 83 Columbus, 16 904 Balize, 4 87 Mouth of Ohio, 17 921 Gulf, 5 92 America, 11 932 Tennessee R. 36 968 To Natchitoches by Steam Cumberland R. 11 979 Boat. Rock Cave, 41 1020 Red River, as above, 208 Shawneetown, 20 1040 Ouachita, 36 244 Carthage, 19 1059 Bayou Saline, 20 264 Mt. Vernon, 12 1071 Alexandria, 54 318 Hendersonville, 22 1093 Bayou Cane, 60 378 Evansville, 11 1104 Natchitoches, 24 402 Owensburg, 35 1139 Rock port, 8 1147 To Little Rock, by Steam Stephensport, 53 1200 Boat. Leavenworth, 33 1233 Arkansas R. as above, 574 Northampton, 17 1250 Arkansas, 27 601 Louisville, 42 1232 Harrington's, 43 644 (For continuation to Cin- Vaugines, 23 667 cinnati, Pittsburg, &c Little Rock, 81 748 See "Louisville." ROUTES FROM NEW ORLEANS. 83 To Mobile, by Steam Boat and Stage. L. Ponchartrain, by Rail Road, 5 f Pt. Aux Herbes, 15 20 Ft. Coquilles, 7 27 L. Borgne, 1 1 38 Grand Island, 9 47 (5 St. Joseph's Isl. 4 51 e ^ VV. Marianne, 6 57 E. Marianne, 5 62 Cat Island, 10 72 Deer Island, 17 89 Krebsville Har. 18 107 .Portersville, 16 123 Mobile, by stage, 30 153 To St. Stephens, by Stage. Madisonville, Jacksonville, Leakesville, Chickasawhay R. St. Stephens, 32 40 72 66 138 17 155 24 179 To Natchez. Madisonville, by St. Bt. 32 Liberty, by Stage, 69 101 Natchez, " 50 151 To Berwick" 1 s Bay, and thence to Opelousas. Donaldsonville, 78 Veret Canal, 14 92 S. end Canal, 7 99 Lake Palourde, 13 112 Berwick's Bay, 10 122 Franklin, 21 143 Fausse Pt. 27 170 St. Martinsville, 8 178 Opelousas, 36 214 To Nashville, by Stage, via Florence, Ala. L. Pontchartrain, 5 Madisonville, 27 32 Covington, 7 39 Jacksonville, 33 72 Columbia, 30 102 Ellisville, 48 150 Old Church, 47 197 Koomsha, 45 242 Columbus, 68 310 Pikeville, 64 374 Russelville, 30 404 Florence, 22 426 Lawrenceburg, 41 467 Mt. Pleasant, 22 489 Columbia, 11 500 Franklin, 23 523 Nashville, 18 541 New Orleans and Lake Pont- chartrain Canal, see Lou- isiana, (309.) New Orleans and Pontchar- train Rail Road, See Lou- isiana, (309.) New Philadelphia, O. (127.) Newport, N. Y. (55.) Newport, N. H. (61.) Newport, Ind. (145.) Newport, R. 1.(111.) Newport, Mo. (162.) Newport, O. (151.) Newport, T. (231.) N. Paltz, N. Y. (108.) Newtown, Mich. (48.) Newtown, N. Y. (80.) Newtown, N. J. (108.) Newtown, II. (143.) Newville, Pa. (131.) New York, Va. (175.) 84 NEW YORK. New York, state of, (78,) is divided into 56 counties. Popu- lation in 1830, 1,913,508, including 46 slaves. Area, 49,000 square miles. Capital, Albany ; metropolis, New York; lat. 40° 43' N., long. 2° 55 E. : general election at such time in October or November, as the legislature may provide. Legis- ture meet, first Tuesday in January; Constitution formed, 1821. Government. — Governor, term of office two years, salary $4,000. Lieutenant-governor and president of the senate, pay, $6 a day during the session. Legislature — senate consisting of 32 members, who are elected for four years, one-fourth being chosen annually. House of representatives, consists of 128 members, elected annually. Pay, $3 a day. Judiciary. — Court of chancery, one chancellor, $2,500 per annum ; register, &c. The eight circuit judges are vice- chancellors for their respective circuits. Supreme court — chief justice, $2,500 a year, and two associate judges, each 2,500 per annum. There are eight circuit courts, with eight judges, salary of each, $1,600. Supreme court of the city of New York, chief justice and two associate judges, pay of each, $2,500 per annum. Physical Structure. — The eastern part of the state is greatly diversified : the Allegheny mountains pass through this section about 70 miles above the city of New York, cross the Hudson below Newburg, and pass in a north-east direction into the state of Massachusetts. Somewhat farther north, the Catskill mountains may be seen in the distance ; these are the most elevated mountains in the state. There are mountains of great elevation west of lake Champlain, some of which are 3000 feet above the lake. The western part of the state is merely undu- lating, being entirely destitute of such mountains as mark its eastern section. Rivers. — Hudson, St. Lawrence, Mohawk, Delaware, Sus- quehanna, Allegheny, Genesee, Oswego, Black, Osvvegatchie, Raquette, Saranac, &c. Productions. — Wheat, corn, rye, oats, flax, hemp, several kinds of grasses, vegetables and fruit. Iron is found in great abundance, gypsum, limestone, marble, slate, and lead occur in many places. In the centre of the state, salt is made in im- mense quantities. The mineral springs of New York are well known, the chief of which, those at Saratoga, are resorted to by people from all quarters. NEW YORK. 85 Cities and Towns. — New York, (city) ; Albany, the capital, Troy, Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Schenectady, Hudson, New- burg,- Pougbkeepsie, Catskill, together with a large number of incorporated villages, and others not incorporated, having names different from their respective townships. Internal Improvements. — Erie Canal, from Albany to Buf- falo, length, 363 miles. Navigable feeder, 8 miles. — Cham- plain Canal, from the Erie Canal to Whitehall, length inclu- ding feeders and river navigation, 79 miles. — Hudson and Delaware Canal, from Hudson river near Kingston, to the mouth of the Lackawaxen, length, 82^ miles, — Oswego Canal, from Salina to Oswego, length 38 miles. — Seneca Canal, from Montezuma to Geneva, length 21 miles. — Chemung Canal, from Elmyra to Seneca lake, 23 miles; feeder 16 miles.^ Crooked Lake Canal, from Penyan to Seneca lake, 8 miles.^- Tonnawanta Canal, from the Erie Canal, near Wrightsville, to Tonnawanta creek, length 13 miles. Ha r la em Canal, on Manhattan Island, from the Hudson to East River, length 1J miles. Chenanga Canal, from Binghamton to Erie Canal length 97 miles. — Black River Canal, from Rome to the falls of Black river, 35 miles, and feeders 11 miles. — Sodus Canal, from Sodus Bay to Seneca river. Genesee Valley Canal, 107, and feeders 15 miles. Rail-Roads. — Mohawk and Hudson Rail-Road, from Albany to Schenectady, 15 miles. — Schenectady and Saratoga Rail- Road, from Schenectady to Saratoga Springs, 21^ miles. — Catskill and Canajoharie Rail- Road, from Catskill to Canajo- harie (now in progress,) 70 miles. — Ithaca and Owego Rail- Road,29 miles. — Harlaem Rail-Road, on Manhattan Island, 5 miles. — Rochester Rail-Road, (now in progress,) from Roches- ter to a point below the falls of Genesee 3 miles. — Schenectady and Utica Rail-Road, length 78 miles. — Bath Rail-Road, from Bath to Crooked lake, 5 miles. — Rochester and Batavia Rail- Road, (in progress) 28 miles. — Troy and Ballston Rail-Road, 24£ miles. — Brooklyn and Jamaica Rail-Road, 12 miles. — Buffalo and Black Rock Rail-Road, 3 miles. — Buffalo and Niagara Falls Rail-Road, 23 miles. — Lockport and Niagara Falls Rail-Road, 20 miles. — Hudson and Stockbridge Rail. Road. Several other rail-roads are proposed in various parts of the state, portions of some are now in use. New York city, (134.) The commercial emporium of the United States, and metropolis of the state of New York, is 86 NEW YORK. situated at the point of junction of the Hudson and East rivers in N. lat. 40° 42' and E. long. 0° 55' 30" from Washington. The city proper, or that portion where the population is mostly concentrated, occupies the southern quarter of Man- hattan island, the whole of which, including Harlaem, York- ville, and some other villages, is under the jurisdiction of the city corporation, and is identical with the county of New York. The city, together with the suburbs just mentioned, contained in 1830, upwards of 30,000 buildings, and 213,470 inhabitants. The population at this time (1839) may be estimated at 288,000. The densely settled part of the island, or what is called " the city," has an outline of 50,000 feet or ten mijes, nearly. Its principal streets are Broadway, in which most of the retail business is transacted, Greenwich street, Pearl street, Broad, Wall and Chatham streets, the Bowery, Maiden-Lane, &c. &c. The public buildings, and objects of curiosity, are the city hall, in the park, exchange buildings* in Wall street, college, hospital, Clinton hall, in Broadway ; battery, castle garden, N. Y. Institution, academy of fine arts, alms-house, three the- atres, medical college, baths, rooms of the National Academy of Design, masonic hall, in Broadway, house of refuge, or- phan's asylum, lunatic asylum, besides many others, and about 100 churches, some of which are very splendid and capacious. The city government consists of a mayor, ten aldermen, and ten assistants, with an able and effective body of police officers. Steam boats, packets and stages, arrive at and depart from the city, at almost every hour, and for every part of the United States. ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. To Albany, by Steam Boat. Nyack, on Tappan sea, 3 29 Fort Ganeswort, 2 Sparta & State Prison, 3 32 Hamilton's Monument, 2 4 Tellers Point, 2 34 Manhattanville, 3 7 Haverstraw & Croton, 1 35 Fort Lee, 3 10 Stony Point, 3 38 Spuyten Duyvel Cr. 2 12 Verplank's Point, 1 39 Phillipsburg, 4 16 Peekskill, 2 41 Dobb's Ferry, 6 22 St. Anthony's nose, 2 43 Tappan Landing, 3 25 Fort Clinton, 1 44 Tarry town, 1 26 West Point, 7 51 * Since the first edition of this work was issued, the Exchange, and 470 other huildings, have been destroyed by fire. NEW YORK. 87 rows Nest Mt. Butter Hill, Caldwell, Canterbury, New Windsor, Newburg, West side, Fiskill landing, E. S. Hamburg, Hampton, Barnegat, Poukeepsie, Hyde Park, Pclham, Walkill Cr. Rhinebeck, Redhook, L. L. Glasgow, Redhook, U. L. Saugerties, Bristol, Catskill (Thence to Pine Orchard, 14 miles.) Hudson and Athens, Columbiaville, Coxackie, Kinderhook Landing, New Baltimore, Coeymans 59 61 67 68 70 75 80 83 89 90 96 99 100 101 102 9 111 Schodack, Castleton, Albany, 5 116 5 121 3 124 1 125 5 130 2 132 2 134 1 135 10 145 For routes from Albany, see article u Albany." The stage route from N. York to Albany, does not differ materially from the above. To Boston, by Steam Boat. Newtown Creek, 4 Hell Gate, 5 9 Flushing Bay, 4 13 Throgs Point, Cow Neck, New Rochelle L. West Greenwich, Stamford, Old well, Southport, Black rock, Stratford Point, New Haven harb., 3 16 2 18 6 24 11 35 8 43 8 51 8 59 5 64 7 71 12 83 (Thence to N. Haven, 4 miles.) Falkner's Is. 12 95 Hammonasset Pt., 8 103 Connecticut River, 11 114 New London harb., 14 128 (Thence to N. London, 4 miles,) Fishers Is. 5 133 Point Judith, 30 163 Beaver Tail, (Narragan- setbay,) 9 172 Newport, 5 177 Bristol Harb., 10 187 Pawtuxet, 10 197 Providence, 5 202 Boston, by land, 43 245 To Philadephia, via Amboy, fyc. 'Castle Williams, Bedlow's Is. Kills, Ryers Ferry, Newark bay, Elizabethlown pt, Rahway River, Perth Amboy, [ South Amboy, . fSpotswood, 1 | West's, jj ^ Rocky Brook, "13 J Centreville, W ^Bordentown, South 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 25 27 36 40 8 48 4 52 9 61 88 NEW YORK. f Bristol, 10 71 cq J Burlington, 1 72 ^ 1 Point no point, 14 86 L Philadelphia, 5 91 To Philadelphia by Rail Road via Trenton. Jersey City, 1 Hackensack river, 4 5 .Newark, 5 10 Bound Brook, 3 13 Elizabeth town, '3 16 Rahway, 3 19 Matauehin, 6 25 New Brunswick, 5 30 Sand Hills, 9 39 Williamsburg, 7 46 Clarks, 3 49 Trenton, 8 57 Tyburn, 3 60 Tullytown, 3 63 Bristol, 4 67 Dunksville, 4 71 Pennepack Cr, 4 75 Frankford, 4 79 R. R. Deoot, 4| 83f State H. Phila. 2 85| To Philadelphia, via New Brunswick, Sfc. Perth Amboy, S. Bt. 25 New Brunswick," 12 37 © I Kingston, 14 51 $ < Princeton, 3 54 a f Trenton, 10 64 £q S Bordentown, 6 70 ri ) Philadelphia, 30 100 To Philadelphia, by Stage. Newark, 10 Elizabethtown, 6 16 Rahway, 5 21 New Brunswick, 13 34 Kingston, 13 47 Princeton, 3 50 Trenton, 10 60 Bristol, 11 71 Holmsburg, 11 82 Frankford, 4 86 Philadelphia, 5 91 To Easton, Pa. by Stage. Newark, 10 Morristown, 19 29 Chester, 13 42 Schooley's mt. Springs, 8 50 Mansfield, 11 61 Easton, 15 76 To Ithaca, N. Y. Newark, 10 Pompton, 21 31 Snufftown, 12 43 Deckertown, 12 55 Milford, 17 72 Wilsonville, 24 96 Rixes Gap, Pa. 15 111 Montrose, 34 145 OS S Owego, OS." ( Ithaca, 32 177 30 207 To New Haven Con., by stage. West Chester, 15 Mamaronec, 8 23 Rye, 6 29 West Greenwich, 2 31 Stamford, 7 38 Norwalk, 9 47 Saugatuck, 4 51 Southport, 4 55 Fairfield, 3 58 Bridgeport, 4 62 Stamford, 4 66 Milford, 5 71 New Haven, 11 82 NIAGARA. 89 To Montauk PL, by Stage. < Morriches, 10 68 Jamaica, 11 I Quag, 9 77 Dix Hills, 18 29 I S. Hampton, 14 91 Smithtown, 11 40 B. Hampton, 7 98 Carman, 18 58 ' Montauk Pt. 23 121 Niagara, U. C. (54.) Niagara Falls, N. Y. (54.) This stupendous and unequalled work of nature, is formed by a ridge of lime-stone rocks, which is here broken and torn asunder by the waters from the great lakes above. This ridge, as it is improperly called, is a mere shelf, or a succession of steps, from the basin of lake Ontario, up to that of Erie, the difference of level being about 334 feet. The elevation of the great cataract from its brow at the crescent, to the surface of the strait is 158 feet, hence it will be seen that the rapids above the falls have a greater actual descent than the falls themselves. The rapids commence near the Burning Spring, about a mile above the precipice. The inclination of the plane over which the waters pass, increases as it approaches the chute, and thus augments the velocity of the current and the turbulence of its troubled waters. No spectacle can be more sublime, than is presented by the great falls, when viewed in connexion with the rapids above. The high grounds in the rear of Forsyth's hotel, affords such a view. In addition to the falls, there are several interesting objects in their vicinity, which deserve attention; among them may be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of Chippewa creek ; whirlpool, two miles below the falls ; the bridge and platform at Goat Island ; the sorcerer's cave just below the falls; mineral spring | mile below; the battle fields of Chip- pewa, Lundy's lane, and Queenston, Brock's monument, Welland canal, and the villages of Chippewa, Manchester, Lewistown, Queenston, Tuscarora indians, &c. ROUTES FROM NIAGARA. To Montreal, via Lake Onta- rio, by Steam Boat. Sfc. Queenston, 6 Niagara Vil., 7 13 Toronto, (York,) 30 43 Port Hope, 66 109 Coburg, 36 145 8* Oswego, 74 219 Duck's Island, 23 242 Kingston, 35 277 Elizabethtown, 48 325 Prescot, 14 339 Hamilton, 18 357 Long Saut I., 18 375 90 NIC NOR Cornwall, 10 385 Gainesville, 7:54 Lake St. Francis, 6 391 Clarkson* 16 69 Foot of do. 22 413 Parma, 7 76 Coteau du Lac, 4 417 Rochester, 11 87 Les Cedres, 7 424 i Cascades, 7 431 To Buffalo, by Stage^ Canada La Chine, 16 447 side. Montreal, 8 455 Chippawa, 2 Waterloo, 15 17 To Lockport, by Rail Road. Black rock, 1 18 Cayuga Cr. 11 Buffalo, 1 19 Cambria, 3 14 - »» Lockport, 6 20 To Buffalo Am. side by Rail Road. To Rochester, by Stage. Schlosser, 2 Lewistown, 7 Tonnewanta, 11 13 Cambria, 15 22 Black Rock, 9 22 Hartland, 11 33 Buffalo, 1 23 Oak Orchard, 14 47 Nicholasburg, Pa. (129.) Nicholasville, K. (190.) Nickojack,G. (249.) Noblesboro, Pa. (128.) Noblesville, Ind. (123.) Norfolk, Va. (218.) Norridgewock, Me. (40.) Norristown, Pa. (133.) Northampton, Mass. (84.) Northampton, C. H., Va. (199.) Norfield, Mass. (84.) Northwood, N. H. (62.) North West Canal, see N. Carolina, (218.) Northumberland, Pa. (132.) North Carolina, state of, (232,) is divided into 65 counties. Population in 1830, 738,470, including 246,462 slaves. Area, 49,500 square miles ; capital, Raleigh ; metropolis, Newburn, in N. Lat. 35° 06', Long. 0° 6'. General election, no fixed day. Constitution formed, 1776, amended, 1835. Government. — Governor, term of office, two years, salary $2,000 ; is chosen by the qualified voters biennially ; is not eligible more than four years in any term of six years. Secre- tary of state, salary, $800 and fees. Treasurer $1500 per annum : and council of state, who are to continue in office two years. Legislature, — consists of a senate composed of 50 members, and a house of commons, of 120 members; all chosen bienni- ally ; meet every two years. Judiciary. — Supreme court, composed of a chief justice, salary $2,500, and two associate judges, each $2,500, per NORTH CAROLINA. 91 annum. Circuit Court consists of seven judges. All the judges arc appointed by a joint vote of the senate and house of commons. The members of these bodies are elected by the people. Physical Structure. — The state of N. Carolina presents almost every variety of surface. In the east, we find immense flats of sea-sand marsh, swamp and other ailuvious matter, but little elevated above their common parent, the Atlantic ocean. In the centre, hills of nearly all sizes and heights present themselves. These increase in magnitude and number in approaching the western section of the state, which is in every respect a mountain region. Some of the most elevated peaks of the Allegheny system, occur in the counties of Macon, Buncombe, Haywood, Yancy, Lancaster, 13 827 \V. Alexander, 6 39 H Downingtown, ^Philadelphia, 37 264 Wheeling, 16 55 32 296 Pittsboro, N. C. (235.) Plattsburg, N. Y. (36.) Pleasant Valley, N. Y. (36.) Pleasant Grove, Va, (216.) Pleasant River Bay, Me. (42.) Plymouth, N. H. (62.) Plymouth, Mass. (112.) Plymouth, N. C. '238.) Pocomoke Bay, Va. (199.) Pogoi Is., Fl. (328.) Point Alderton, Mass. (86,) Pokanaweethty, Fl. (314.) Pompion, N. J. (108.) Pontiac, Mich. (73.) Poplar Spring, Md. (155.) Portage, N. Y. (57.) Portage, O. (101.) Port Deposit Canal, see Maryland, (156.) Port Genesee, N. Y. (56.) Port Glasgow, N. Y. (57.) Port Barnet, Pa. (103.) POR PORTLAND. 105 Port Allegheny, Pa. (104.) Port Williams, K. (168.) Port Royal, Va. (176.) Portland, (63,) the metropolis of Maine, has a population of 12,600. Several handsome public and private buildings, among the former are a court-house, custom-house, 10 churches, 6 banks, &c. ROUTES FROM PORTLAND. To Boston, by Stage. Saco, 16 Kenncbunk port, 10 26 Wells, 6 32 York, 15 47 Portsmouth, 9 56 Hampton Falls, 13 69 Newburyport, 9 78 Rowley, 5 83 Topsfield, 8 91 Danvers, 6 96 Sangus, 7 104 Boston, 10 114 To Boston, via Salem, by Stage. Rowley, as above, 83 Ipswich, 5 88 Hamilton, 5 93 Wenham, 2 95 Beverly, 4 99 Salem, 3 102 Lynn, 5 107 Boston, 10 117 To Eastport, by Stage. Freeport, 18 Brunswick, 9 27 Bath, 7 34 Wiscasset, 15 49 Waldoboro, 18 67 Warren, Thorn astown, Camden, Belfast, Castine, (by water,) Bluehill, Elsworth, Franklin, Cherryfield, Columbia, Machias, Whiting, Eastport, 9 76 4 80 11 91 18 109 9 118 10 128 14 142 12 154 20 174 12 186 15 201 15 216 15 231 To Quebec, by Stage. Brunswick, Bodoinham, Gardner, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville, Norridgwock, Solon, Moscow, Ferry over Kenne- beck river, Monument, St. Joseph, St. Henry, Quebec, 27 13 40 11 51 4 55 3 58 17 75 16 91 20 111 13 124 17 141 48 189 54 243 28 271 12 283 106 tor RALEIGH. To Alfred. Mt. Washington, 47 88 Buxton, 15 Alfred, 14 29 To Paris. , Windham, 15 To White Hills. Raymond, 11 26 Standish, 17 Otisfield, 11 37 Hiram, 14 31 Paris, 13 50 Boundary line, 10 41 Portland, N. Y. (77.) Portland, Ala. (283.) Portersville, Ind. (167.) Ports, S. C. (274.) Portsmouth, N. H. (63.) Portsmouth and Roanoke Rail Road, see Va. (218.) Portsmouth, O. (171.) Potatoe F., S. C. (274.) Potomac, Md. (154.) Potomac R., Md. (177.) Potomac Navigation, see Virginia, (155.) Potosi, Mo. (184.) Pottsdam, N. Y. (35.) Pottstown, Pa. (133.) Pottersville, Pa. (102.) Poukeepsie, N. Y. (109.) Powelton, Ga. (271.) Prairie du Chien, Wis. (66.) Prairie Bluff, Ala. (283.) Prattsville, Md. (154.) Prestonburg, K. (192.) Prescott, U. S. (34.) Presque I., U. C. (56.) Presque Is., Pa. (76.) Princeton, N. J. (134.) Princeton, Ind. (166.) Princeton, K. (187.) Princess Anne, Md., (178.) Prophetstown, Ind. (122.) Providence, R. I. (111.) Providence and Norwich Rail Road, see R. I. (Ill) Provincelown, Mass. (86.) Prudhomme, Lou. (293.) Prunty, Va. (152.) Puckna, Ala. (267.) Pughtown, Va. (154.) Pulaski, T. (227.) Pultneyville, N. Y. (56.) Purdy, T. (226.) Paris, S. C. (289.) Putnam, Ind. (146.) Quapaw Villages, Ark. (242.) Queenstown, Md. (177.) Quincy, Mass. (86 ? ) Quincy, 11.(141.) Quincy, F. (315.) R. Racoon Spring, K. (191.) Reasville, Ga. (271.) Raleigh, T. (225.) Raleigh, N. C. (236.) Capital of North Carolina, contained in 1830, 1,700 inhabitants. The public houses are, a state- ROUTES FROM RALEIGH. 107 house, court-house, jail, market-house, theatre, two or three banks, two churches, &c. ROUTES FROM RALEIGH. To Richmond, Va. by Stage. Wilmington, 61 158 Louisburg, 35 Warrenton, 23 58 To Columbia S.C. L3wrenceville, 38 96 Fayetteville, 58 Petersburg 1 , 50 146 Laurel Hill, 33 91 Richmond, 21 167 Cheraw, 28 119. Evans Ford, 22 141 To Edenton, by Stage. Lit. Lynches Cr. 21 162 Wakefield, 20 Camden, 12 174 Tarboro, 46 66 Columbia, 32 206 Williamston, 34 100 Jamestown, 11 111 To Knoxville, T. by Stage. Plymouth, 13 124 Branthys, 16 Eden ton, 14 138 Pittboro, 20 36 Ashboro, 34 70 To Netcbern, by Stage. Salisbury, 32 102 Smithfield, 30 Statesville, 27 129 Waynesboro, 24 54 Morgantown, 38 167 Kingston, 26 80 Ashville, 62 229 Newbern, 47 127 Warm Springs, 36 265 Newport, T. 28 293 To Wilmington, by Stage. Dandridge, T. 15 308 Fayctteville, 58 Knoxville, T. 32 340 Elizabeth, 39 97 Raleigh's Bay, N. C. (258.) Ravenna, O. ( 101 .) Rantales, S. C. (290.) Raymond, Me. (63.) Rappahannock R., Va. (198.) Reading, N. Y. (80.) Reading, Pa. (133.) Seat of justice of Berks county. Population in 1830, 5,859. The public buildings consist of a court-house, two banks, county offices, 7 or 8 churches, &c. The inhabitants are mostly Germans, or descendants of Ger- mans. ROUTES FROM READING. To Philadelphia, by Stage. Exetertown, 7 Warrenburg, 5 12 Pottstown, 5 17 Trap, Norristown, Manayunk, Philadelphia, 10 27 9 36 9 45 7 53 108 RHODE ISLAND. To Philadelphia, by Schuyl- kill Canal. Birdsboro, 12 Unionville, 6 18 Pottstown, 3 21 Phenixville, 15 36 Norristown, 12 48 Manayunk, 9 57 Philadelphia, 7 64 To Poltsville, by Schuylkill Canal. Hamburg, Port Clinton, 23 4 27 Schuylkill Haven, Pottsville, 10 37 5 42 Port Carbon, 2 44 To Poltsville, Maiden Creek, jy Stage. 7 Hamburg - , Port Clinton, 8 15 5 20 Orwigsburg, Pottsville, 6 26 8 34 To Middletown, by Union Canal. Berneville, 15 Womelsdorf, 10 25 Stouchstown, 3 28 Myerstown, Lebanon, Tunnel, Swatara river, Quittapahilla R. Middletown, 5 33 8 41 1 42 7 49 11 60 19 79 To Lancaster, by Stage. Adamstown, 9 Reamstown, 5 14 Ephrata, 4 18 Lancaster, 13 31 To Harrisburg, by Stage. Sinking Spring, 4 Womelsdorf, 9 13 Myerstown, 7 20 Lebanon, 6 26 Millerstown, 5 31 Palmyra, 6 37 Hummelstown, 6 43 Harrisburg, 9 52 To Easton, by Stage. Kutztown, 17 Trexlerstown, 9 26 Allentown, 8 34 Bethlehem, 5 40 Easton, 10 50 Reading, O. (148.) Red River, Lou. (294.) Red Church, Lou. (323.) Redheimers, S. C. (273.) Reister, Md. (156.) Renssellaerville, N. Y. (S2.) Reynoldsburg, T. (207.) Rhode Island, state of, (111,) is divided into five counties. Population in 1830, 97,212. Area, 1,300 square miles. Capi- tals, Providence and Newport; metropolis, Providence; lat. 41° 49' N. long. 5° 28' E. General election, April and August. Legislature meets, first Wednesday in May and last Wednesday in October. Date of Charter (from Charles II.) 1663. Officers of the government for one year ; governor, salary RHODE ISLAND. 109 $400; lieutenant-governor, $200 ; secretary of state, fees and $750 ; state treasurer, $450 ; attorney-general, fees. General Assembly. — Senate consists of the governor, lieu- tenant-governor, and eight senators. House of representatives consists of 72 members, elected semi-annually. Judiciary, — is vested in a Supreme Court, composed of a chief justice ($G50 per annum,) and two associate judges ($550 each,) and a court of common pleas, composed of five judges for each county of the state. All the judges are appointed annually by the general assembly. Physical Structure. — No mountains of great elevation exist in this state. In the north-west quarter, hills of considerable magnitude occur, at frequent intervals ; the substratum being composed almost entirely of rocks which frequently exhibit themselves not only on the hills, but in the valleys also. These give to this part of the state a rugged and exceedingly broken surface. The other three quarters may be regarded as level, with slight interruptions occasioned by low hills > these, however, diminish in number and importance as the sea board is approached, and within a few miles of which they terminate altogether. Lakes. — Watchogg and Charles in the south-west. Paw- tuxet and several smaller lakes on the north-west. Rivers and Bays. — Narraganset Bay ; Taunton, Paw tucket, Pawtuxet, Pawcatuck, Charles rivers, &c. Islands. — Rhode, Conmmicut, Prudence and some smaller islands. Productions. — Wheat, rye, eorn, oats, barley, garden vege- tables, cattle, &c. &c. Towns. — Providence, Newport, Bristol, S. Kingston, Paw- tucket, Burrelville, Slatersville, Pawtuxet, &c. Internal Improvements. — Blackstone Canal, (see Massachu- setts.) Stonington Rail Road, extends from Stonington in Connecticut, to Providence, 46 miles in length. A company has been incorporated to construct a Rail Road from Provi- dence to Norwich, in Connecticut. Rhodes, T. (228.) Richland, N. Y. (57.) • Rhinebeck, N. Y. (109.) Richmond, N. Y. (134.) Riceboro, G. (305.) Richmond, Ind. (148.) Richardson ville, S. C. (272.) Richmond, C. H., Va. (J 77.) Richfield, N.Y. (81.) Richmond, Va. (197,) capital and metropolis of Virginia, Population in 1830, 16,085. Public buildings, state-house, 10 110 ROUTES FROM RICHMOND. penitentiary, court house, Virginia armory, theatre, and 8 or 10 handsome churches. ROUTES FROM RICHMOND. To Norfolk by Steam Boat. To Raleigh N. C. by Stage. Warwick, 7 Petersburg, 21 Osborn, 10 17 Notoway R. 32 53 Eppes Island, 22 39 Lawrenceville, 18 71 Windmill point, 11 50 Roanoke R. 19 90 Jamestown, 24 74 Warrenton, 19 109 Burrell's Bay, 13 87 Louisburg, 23 132 Newport News, 15 102 Raleigh, 25 167 Carney Island, 9 111 Norfolk, 6 117 To Norfolk, by Stage. Petersburg, 21 To Baltimore, by Steam Boat. Cabin Point, 26 47 Newport News, as above, 102 Surrey, C. H. 14 61 Fort Calhoun, 8 110 Smithfield, 18 79 Old Pt. Comfort, 1 Jll Nansemond R. 11 90 New ditto, 23 134 Norfolk, 25 115 Rappahannoc R. 22 156 Light Boat, 21 177 To Knozville, Ten by Stage. Cedar Point, 32 209 Powhatan C. H. 32 Sharp's Island, 25 234 Cumberland C. H. 25 57 Herring Bay, 10 244 Lynchburg, 56 113 Thomas' Point, 12 256 New London, 11 124 Bodkin Pt. 20 276 Liberty, 15 139 North Pt. 3 279 Big Lick, 28 167 Fort M'Henry, 7 286 Salem, 7 174 Baltimore, 3 289 Christiansburg, 27 201 Newbern, 17 218 To Washington City by Evansham, 28 246 Stage Mt. Airy, 15 161 Hanover, C. H. 19 Abingdon, 41 302 Bowiinggreen, 23 42 Blountsville, 24 326 Fredericksburg, 22 64 Kingsport, 17 343 Stafford C. H. 9 73 Rogersville, 26 369 Aquia, 5 78 Rutledge, 31 400 Dumfries, 9 87 Knoxville, 32 432 Occoquan, 9 96 Alexandria, 17 113 To Guyandot, via Warm Washington, 9 122 Springs, by Stage. ■ Goochland C. H. 2» RIC ROCHESTER. Ill Columbia, 19 48 To Winchester, via Harrison- Monticello, 17 65 burg, by Stage. Charlottesville, and I 3 78 So. Anna R. 21 University of Va. Louisa C. H. 30 51 York, 19 97 Gordonsville, 15 66 Waynesboro, 6 103 Barboursville, 6 72 Staunton, 12 115 Stannardsville, 15 87 Gap, 17 132 Magaughey T. 23 110 Warm Springs, 36 168 Harrisonburg, 11 121 Hot do. 5 173 Mt. Pleasant, 25 146 White Sulphur Sp. 38 211 Woodstock, 13 159 Lewisburg, 10 221 Strasburg, 31 170 Salt Works, 82 303 Newtown, 11 181 Charleston, 4 307 Winchester, 8 189 Guyandot, 40 348 Richmond, K. (190.) Ridgefield, N. Y. (58.) Ridgeville, Pa. (131.) Ridge, S. C. (272.) R. des Moines, (90.) R.St. Croix, Me. (21.) R. St. Francis, L. C. (16.) R. St. Lawrence, U. C. (33.) River St. Clair, U. C. (51.) River Head, N. Y. (136.) Rivers, S. C. (272.) Roanoke R., Va. (216.) Roanoke Inlet, N. C. (239.) Robbinston, Me. (42.) Robertsville, S. C. (289.) Rochester Rail Road, see N. York, (56.) Rochester and Batavia R. Road, see N. York, (56.) Roanoke Navigation, see N. Carolina & Va. (216.) Room Run Rail Road, see Pennsylvania, (133.) Reading R. R. see Pa. (133.) Rappahannock Navigation, see Virginia, (176.) Richmond and Petersburg Rail Road, see Va. (197.) Richmond and Fredericksburg Rail Road, see Va. (197.) Rochester, N. Y. (56,) a large commercial and manufactur- ing city, in Monroe county, situate on the Genesse river, above the great falls, and six miles from its entrance into Lake Ontario ; founded in 1812 ; population is about 24,000. Public buildings, &c. — court-house, jail, twelve churches, two banks, arcade and observatory, a splendid aqueduct, 804 feet long, and five or six excellent hotels, bath house, &c &c. ROUTES FROM ROCHESTER. To Albany, by Erie Canal. I Palmyra, P ittsford, 10 J Newark, 19 29 8 37 112 ROC RUS Lyons, 7 44 To Niagara Falls. Clyde, 9 53 Parma, by ridge roac n Montezuma, 11 64 Clarkson, 7 18 Jordan, 15 79 Gainesville, 15 33 Syracuse, 20 99 Oak Orchard, 7 40 Manlius, 9 108 Hartland, 14 54 Canistota, 16 124 Cambria, 12 66 Rome, 21 145 Lewistown, 15 81 Utica, 15 160 Niagara Falls, 6 87 Little Falls, 22 182 Canajohane, 19 201 To Utica. Amsterdam, 23 224 Pitts ford, 8 Schenectady, 16 240 Mendon, 7 15 Albany, 28 268 Bloomfield, 5 20 Canandaigua, Geneva, 9 29 16 45 To Buffalo, by Erie Canal. _ Cayuga, 14 59 Ogden, l'i Auburn, 9 68 Adams's Basin, 3 15 West Hills, 21 89 Brockport, 5 20 Lenox, 26 115 Holly, 5 25 Utica, 26 141 Albion, 10 35 Wrightsville, Middleport, 11 9 46 55 To Buffalo, by Stage. Bergen, Lock port, 9 64 • Batavia, 13 33 Pendleton, 9 73 Pembroke, 14 44 Tonnewanta, 10 83 Ransom's Grove, 8 52 Buffalo, 12 95 Williamsville, 8 60 Buffalo, 10 70 Rock R. II. (93.) Rock Pt., Lou. (279.) Rockaway, N. Y. (135.) Rock Haven, 11. (186.) Rockford, N. C. (214.) Rockport, Ind. (188.) Rockville Ind. (145.) Rockville Md. (155.) Rockingham, N. C. (235) Rockymount, Va. (215.) Rogers, Pa. (106.) Rome, N. Y. (58.) Rome, N. Y. (108.) Rome, Ind. (167.) Romney, Va. (154.) Rossville, T. (229.) Rotterdam, N. Y. (58.) Rouse's Point, L. C. (15.) Rowlando, (255.) Royalton, Vt. (61.) Rumford, Me. (39.) Rushville, II. (118.) Rushville, Ind. (147.) Russel, N. Y. (34.) Russelville, K. (208.) Russelville, Ala. (247.) RUT SARATOGA. 113 Rutland, Vt. (61.) Rutledge, T. (211.) Rutherfordton, N. C. (233.) Ryegate, Vt. (37.) S. Saluda Canal, see S. Carolina, (253.) Savannah andOgechee Canal, see Ga. (289.) Seneca Canal, see N. Y. (80.) Schenectady and Saratoga Rail- Road, see N. Y. (83.) Schenectady and Utica Rail. Road, see N. Y. (82.) Schuylkill Navigation, see Pa. (134.) Schuylkill Valley R. Road, see Pa. (132.) Schuylkill Rail-Road, see Pa. (132.) Schuylkill (Little) R. Road, see Pa. (133.) Stonington Rail-Road, see Rhode Island, (111.) Salem Canal, see New Jersey, (157.) South Carolina RaiLRoad, see S. Carolina, (273.) Santee Canal, see S. Carolina, (273.) Sabine Lake, Lou. (319.) Sabine R. Lou. (306.) Sacket's Harbor, N. Y. (57.) Saco, Me. (63.) Sagharbor, N. Y. (136.) Salem, Mass. (86.) Saratoga Springs, N. Y. (60.) The most celebrated of these springs, 7 in number, occupy the central part of Saratoga county, and are about equi-distant from Schenectady and Glenn's falls. Every accommodation is afforded the visiters, by the spacious and elegant hotels, which abound here. The most noted of these are, Congress Hall, near the Congress Springs, United States Hotel, in the centre of the village, the 10* Salem O. (148.) Salem, N. J. (157.) Salisbury, N. H. (62.) Salem, 11. (165.) SaltWorks, 11.(121.) Salt Licks, Lou. (278.) Salt River, Mo. (141.) Salubria, N. Y. (80.) Saltzburg, Pa. (129.) Sandersville, Ga. (288.) Sandusky Bay, O. (100.) Sandusky C. 0.(100.) Sandwich, U. C. (74.) Sandwich, Mass. (112.) Sandy Point, Mass. (112.) Sandy Hook, N. J. (135.) Sandy Hill, N. Y. (60.) Sangamon R. II. (144.) Sangerfield, N. Y. (81.) Santa Rosa I., F. (312.) Santa Rosa Bay, F. (313.) Sautaffe Bay, Fl. (328.) Santee R. S. C. (273.) Santilla R. Ga. (304.) Sapelo Sound, Ga. (305.) Sauk Village, II. (92.) Slate Navigation, ginia, (196.) Shenandoah Navigation, see Virginia, (175.) see Vir- 114 SAVANNAH. Pavilion, near Flat Rock Spring, Union Hall, opposite Con- gress Hall, Columbian Hotel, near the Pavilion, Washington Hall, in the north end of the village, together with some other hotels and boarding houses. There are also commodious bathing houses, circulating library, reading rooms, mineralo- gical cabinet, &c. &c. ROUTES FROM SARATOGA SPRINGS. To Albany, by Rail-Road. Ballston Spa, 6 Schenectady, 14 20 Albany, 16 36 To Albany, via Waterford. Ballston Spa, 6 Waterford, 22 28 Troy, 4 32 Albany, 8 40 To Whitehall, by Stage. Northumberland, 4 Glenn's falls, and Sandy hill, 15 19 Fort Ann, 10 29 Whitehall, 12 41 Savannah, Ga. (289,) metropolis of Georgia. Population in 1830, 7,303. Public buildings, &c. — exchange, banks, academy, several handsome churches, public squares, &c. ROUTES FROM SAVANNAH. To Augusta, by Steam Boat. Argyle Island, 7 Islal. 8 15 Purisburg, 16 31 Beck's Ferry, 5 36 Ebenezer, 10 46 Sisters' Ferry, 19 65 Hudson's Ferry, 25 90 Blanket Point, 5 95 Brier Creek, 16 111 Burton's Ferry, 24 135 Lower 3 runs, 11 146 Steel Creek, 12 158 Limestone Bluff, 13 171 Dog Ferry, 3 174 Demaries Ferry, 11 185 Gray's Landing, 10 195 Walloon's Ferry, 29 224 Augusta, 7 231 To Charleston, by Boat. Fort Jackson, Elba Island, Long I. Bloody Point, Hilton Head, Trancard's Inlet, Fripp's Inlet, St. Helena Sound, S. Edisto Inlet, N. do. do. Stono Inlet, Coffin I. L. House, Fort Moultrie, Charleston, Steam 5 8 3 11 6 17 18 35 4 39 12 51 GO 63 13 76 14 90 11 101 6 107 4 111 To Augusta, by Stage. Abercorn, 17 Ebenezer, 8 25 SAV SOUTH CAROLINA. 115 Jacksonboro, 45 70 [ Jefferson, 20 98 Augusta, 65 135 St. Mary's, 20 118 To Milledgeville, by To Darien, by Stage. Stage Sunbury, 20 Gr. Ogcchee R. 20 Sapelo, 16 36 Statesboro, 29 49 Darien, 12 48 Sandersville, 86 135 ___— Milledgeville, 28 163 To Charleston, by Stage. New River, 14 To St. Mary's, by Stage. Hogtown, 9 23 Bryan, old C. H. 17 Coosawatchie, 17 40 Riceboro, 17 34 Pocotaligo, 6 46 Barrington, 20 54 Parker's Ferry, 32 78 Buffalo Cr. 14 68 Guerin's Ferry, 17 95 Scilla R. 10 78 Charleston, 11 106 Savannah R., Ga. (290.) Schenectady, N. Y. (83.) Scodic Pt., Me. (41.) Seawright, S. C. (273.) Sellers, Pa. (133.) Selma, Ala. (283.) Seneca Ind., U. C. (77.) Seneca L., N. Y. (80.) Shakers, (61.) Shallow Lakes, N. H. (31.) Shandecan, N. Y. (82.) Shawncetown, 11. (186.) Sheffield, Mass. (83.) Shelbyville, 11. (144.) Shelbyville, Ind. (147.) Sherbourne, N. Y. (81.) Shieldsboro, Miss. (310.) Shippensburg, Pa. (131.) Shippingport, II. (94.) Shinersville, (106.) Shirleyburg, Pa. (131.) Shoreham, Vt. (60.) South Carolina, state of, (253,) is divided into 29 districts. Population 1830, 581,458, including 315,665 slaves; area, 31,750 square miles; capital, Columbia; metropolis, Charles- ton ; lat. 32° 45' N. long. 2° 53' W. General election, second Shoal R., II. (118.) Shullsburg, Mich. (66.) Sidney, Me. (40.) Simpsons, II. (186.) Sistersville, Va. (151.) Three Sisters' Islands, Mich. (99.) Skeneateles, N. Y. (80.) Small Pt, Me. (54.) Smith's, II. (186.) Smithport, Pa. (104.) Smithfield, Va. (152.) Smyrna, Del. (157.) Solon, N. Y. (81.) Somerset, Pa. (129.) Somerset, O. (150.) Somerville, N. J. (134.) Sorel, Lou. (322.) Sorrel R., L. C. (15.) So. Bend, Ind. (96.) Sotos, Lou. (277.) 1 3 6 .SOUTH CAROLINA. Monday in October, biennally. Legislature meet, fourth Mon- day in November; constitution formed 1790, since amended. Government. — Governor — term of office two years, salary $3,500, chosen by the general assembly — lieutenant governor, &c. Legislature. — The legislative power is vested in a senate, having 45 members, elected for four years, one-half being chosen biennially ; and a house of representatives, composed of 124 members, elected for two years ; these bodies are styled the General Assembly. Judiciary. — Consists of a court of appeals, composed of three judges, who receive $3,500 per annum, each ; a court of equity, with two judges, styled chancellors, each of whom receives $3,500 per annum; and a court of general sessions and common pleas, six judges, with a salary to each of $3,500 per annum. Physical Structure. — The entire sea coast and for several miles inland, the surface is remarkably level. The soil con- sists of swamps and marshes, interspersed with ridges suffi- ciently elevated merely to escape submersion, some of which are q\iite inaccessible, and are thus rendered useless. After passing the alluvial border, which is marked by the great road leading from Fayetteville to Augusta, the country assumes a more undulating appearance ; the hills increase in number and magnitude, until they become so numerous as to form continu- ous ridges; these continue to enlarge in proceeding westward, and ultimately form the spurs and flanks of the great blue ridge, which here forms a part of the boundary of the state. Rivers. — Pedee, Waceamaw, Little Pedee, Lynches Creek, Santee, Wateree, Catawba, Congaree, Broad, Tyger, Ennoree, Saluda, Cooper, Ashley, Edisto, Combahee, and Savannah. Islands. — North I., Murphey, Cape Roman, Bulls, Dewees, Sullivans, Holly, Johns, Wadmelaw, Edisto, Reynolds, Hunt- ing, St. Helena, Ladies, Port Royal, Hilton Head, &c. &c. Productions. — Cotton, rice, tobacco, fruits, &c. &c. Towns. — Charleston, Columbia, Georgetown, Cheraw, Cam- den, Yorkville, Spartanburg, Pendleton, Abbeville, Edgeville, Hamburg, Beaufort, &c. &c. Internal Improvements. — South Carolina Rail Road, com- mences at Charleston, and terminates in the town of Hamburg, opposite Augusta, entire length, 135-75 miles. It is proposed to construct a branch to Orangeburg, and thence to Columbia, &c, and another to Barnwell C. H. Santee Canal connects the harbour of Charleston with the Santee, length 22 miles. SPA ST. LOUIS. 117 Winyaw Canal, extends from Winyaw Bay to Kinlock Creek, a branch of Santee river, length 7-40 miles. The navigation of the Catawba has been improved by the construction of several small canals. Saluda Canal, extends from the head of Saluda shoals to Granby Ferry on the Congaree, 6-20 miles in length. Dre-hr's Canal, is designed to overcome a fall of 120 feet in Saluda river, length 1 1-3 miles. Lorick's Canal, on Broad river, 1^ miles above Columbia, 1 mile long. Lock- hart's Canal, in Union District, around Lockhart's shoals, in Broad river, 2 3-4 miles long. A rail-road from Charleston to Cincinnati and Louisville, about 600 miles in length, is pro- Spains, Ga. (286.) St. Andrew's Bay, Fl. (314.) Sparta, Lou. (279.) St. Andrew's Sd., Ga. (318.) Sparta, Ala. (299.) St. Augustine, Fl. (330.) Spencer, N. Y. (80.) St. Catharine's Sound, Ga. Spencer, Ind. (146.) (305.) Spillers, Lou. (309.) St. Charles, Mo. (163.) Springfield, Mass. (84.) St. Clairsville, O. (128.) Springfield, II. (143.) St. Clair, Mich. (74.) Springfield, O. (149.) St. Dennis, L. C. (15.) Springfield, Lou. (309.) St. Francisville, Lou. (308.) Springfield, Va. (154.) St. Gabriel, Lou. (308.) Springs, Schooley's Mr., N. St. Helena Sound, S. C. (290.) J. (134.) St. Helena, Lou. (309.) Squam Beach, N. J. (134.) St. Joseph's R., Ind. (97.) St. Albans, Vt. (36.) St. John's R., Fl. (318.) St. Amand, L. C. (16.) St. Louis, Mo. (163,) the metropolis of the state, and seat of justice for St. Louis county, situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 20 miles below the confluence of that river and the Missouri. Its chief buildings are, a court-house, orphans' asylum, hospital, eight or ten churches, a nunnery, theatre, museum, and a depot of the American Fur Company. The position of St. Louis is admirably adapted for commer- cial operations, and the numerous facilities of intercourse with the interior afforded by steam-boats and other means of con- veyance, must ensure to St. Louis a continuance of that pros- perity which has marked its rapid progress thus far. The present population of the city, according to a late census, is 16,207, including, of course, a large proportion of blacks, 118 ROUTES FROM ST. LOUIS. ROUTES FROM ST. LOUIS. To New Orleans, Boat. Carondelet, Harrison, Herculaneum, Fort Chartres, St. Genevieve, Bainbridge, Cape Girardeau, Mouth of Ohio, New Madriti, Little Prairie, Memphis, Arkansas river, Vicksburg, Natchez, St. Francisville, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, byStt 23 1 19 12 61 122 10 132 41 173 65 238 30 268 119 387 172 559 284 843 103 946 139 1085 34 1119 131 1250 To Prairie du Chien, by Steam Boat. Mouth of Missouri, Alton, Mouth of Illinois R Dardenne R., Ramsay's Cr., Clarksville, Louisiana, Saverton, Hannibal, Marion City, Wyaconda, Fort Edwards, R. des Moines, Henderson's R., Copper Cr., Fort Armstrong, Fever R., Platte R., Cassville, 20 23 37 47 85 93 105 18 123 7 130 9 139 19 158 13 171 9 180 52 232 39 271 26 297 66 363 34 397 23 420 Wisconsin R., 24 444 Prairie du Chien, 4 448 To Peru, by Steam Boat. Mouth of Illinois R., 37 Macoupin R., 19 56 Apple Cr., 16 72 Montezuma, 14 86 Augutta, 5 91 Naples, 10 101 Meredosin, 7 108 Lagrange, 9 117 Beardstown, 7 124 Sangamon R., 7 131 Havana, 25 156 Pekin, 31 187 Peoria, 9 196 Little Detroit, 5 201 Rome, 11 212 Columbia, 14 226 Henry, 5 231 Hennepin, 12 243 Peru, 14 257 To Louisville, Boat. Mouth of Ohio, as America, Paducah, Rock Cave, Shawneetovvn, Carthage, Mount Vernon, Hendersonville, Evansville, Owensburg, Rockport, Stephensport, Leavenworth, Northampton, Louisville, by Steam above, 173 11 184 36 220 52 272 20 292 19 311 12 323 22 345 11 356 35 391 8 399 53 452 33 485 17 502 42 546 ROUTES FROM ST. LOUIS. 119 To Independence, Mo. by Steam Boat. Mouth of Illinois R., 37 Belle Fontaine, 3 40 St. Charles, 19 59 Pt. Look-off, 23. 87 Newport, 19 3 06 Griswold &, Pinkney, 6 112 Gasconade, 22 134 Osage, ' 28 162 City of Jefferson, 8 170 Marion, 15 185 Mount Vernon, 15 200 Rocheport, 9 209 Franklin & Booneville, 9 218 Chariton, 30 248 Jefferson, 5 253 Brunswick, 18 271 Lexington, 52 323 Camden, 14 337 Napoleon, 5 342 Sibley, 7 349 Independence, 22 371 To City of Jefferson, by Stage. Pt. Look-off, 35 Newport, 20 55 Griswold, 5 60 Gasconade R., 20 80 Osage R., 26 106 City of Jefferson, 9 115 To Wyaconda, by Stage. St. Charles, 20 Troy, 34 54 Alexandria, 6 60 Tenton's, 4 64 Bowling Green, 22 86 New London, 21 107 Palmyra, 18 125 Wyaconda, 20 145 To Potosi, by Stage. Merrimec R., 16 Herculaneum, 14 30 Potosi, 33 63 To Vandalia, II. by Stage. Collinsville, 14 Troy, 8 22 Hickory Grove, 20 42 Greenville, 10 52 Mulberry Grove, 8 60 Vandalia, 10 70 To Carrollton, by Stage. Alton, 24 Linton's, 13 37 Jerseyville, 7 44 Kane P. O., 6 50 Carrollton, 9 59 To Springfield, by Stage. Alton, 24 Woodburn, 16 40 Carlinville, 21 61 Girard, 12 73 Springfield, 26 99 To Carlisle, by Stage. Illinois Town, 2 French Village, 5 7 Rock Spring, 13 20 Lebanon, 4 24 Shoal Cr. P. O., 19 43 Carlisle, 9 52 To Shawneetown, by Stage. Belleville, 14 Middleton Ferry, 20 34 Nashville, 18 52 Lit. Muddy R. P. O., 33 85 Frankfort, 15 100 Fancy Farm P. O., 9 109 Equality, 27 136 Shawneetown, 15 151 120 TALLAHASSEE. St. Marks, Fl. (315.) St Martin,. Lou. (308.) St. Mary's R., Ga. (317.) St Marv's, Ga. (318.) St. Regis, L. C. (14.) St. Simons I., Ga. (305.) St. Stephens, Ala. (298.) St. Sulpice, L. C. (15.) Stafford, Ct. (110.) Statesboro, Ga. (289.) Stedham, PL (314.) Sterling, II. (145.) Steubenville, O. (128.) Stillwater, N. Y. (83.) Stoddardsville, Pa. (107.) Stockbridge, Mass. (83.) Stockport, Pa. (107.) Stoystovvn, Pa. (130.) Strasburg, Pa., (156.) Strawberry Ferry, S. C. (274.) Stuart T., N. H. (38.) Sturbridge, Mass. (84.) Sturgeon Pt, N. Y. (77.) Sullivan's I., S. C. (291.) Sunbury, Pa. (132.) Susquehanna R, Pa. (105.) Suwanee R., Ga. (316.) Suwanee, Fl. (328) Swansboro, Ga. (288.) Sweatz, Lou. (307.) Swedesboro, N. J. (157.) Syracuse, N. Y. (57.) T. Tallapoosa R. Ala. (278.) Talbot Ft. U. C. (76.) Tallahassee, Fl. (315,) capital of Florida, founded and immediately incorporated as a city, in 1825. Population, about 1500. The public buildings are the capital, some churches, &c. ROUTES FROM TALLAHASSEE. To Pensacola Richardson, 29 45 Salubrity, 10 Suwanee Ferry, 30 75 Aspalaga, 34 44 Dells P., O. 54 129 Chipola, 16 60 Picolati, 65 184 Choctawhatchee R. 47 107 St. Augustine, 22 206 Anderson's, 58 165 Pensacola, 37 202 To Lake Iamony, 9 — Lake Jackson, 4 To St. Augustine. — St. Marks, 21 Gadsden, 16 Taney T., Md., (155.) Tappahannock, Va. (198.) Tarboro, N. C. (237.) Tarleton, O. (150.) Tatesville, Ala. (299.) Tattnall, C. H., Ga. (238.) Taunton, Mass. (111.) Taylorsville, Va. (214.) Taylor, Ga. (289.) Tecumseh, Mich. (73.) Tolland, Ct. (110.) Tennessee R., T. (206.) Tennessee R. Ala. (248.) TENNESSEE. 121 Tennessee, state of, (226,) is divided into 67 counties. Population in 1830, 681,903, including 141,603 slaves. Area, 40,200 square miles. Capital and metropolis, Nashville; lat. 36° 07' N. long. 9° 44' W. General election, first Thursday and Friday in August, biennially. Legislature meet, third Monday in September, every second year ; date of constitu- tion, 1796. Government. — Governor, term of office, two years, salary $2,000 per annum ; legislature is composed of a senate (25 members) and house of representatives, (75 members) styled the General Assembly. The members of both are elected biennially, and receive each $4 a day during the session of the legislature. Judiciary. — The supreme court of errors and appeals con- sists of three judges, salary of each $1,800 per annum, three chancellors, $1,500 each. There are eleven circuits, and a like number of judges, salary of each $1,300 per annum. The judges of the supreme and inferior couits are elected by a joint vote of the two housed of the general assembly. The former for a term of twelve years, and the latter for eight years. Physical Structure. — The most elevated portion of this state is a ridge of mountains which divides it from the state of North Carolina, to which several local names have been applied. The most noted of these arc Unika, Iron, Smoky, Bald, and Stone mountains. These several mountains ibrm a single ridge of the Alleghenics, which, next to the blue ridge on the cast, is the most elevated in the series. In descending the ridge just mentioned, westward, several infe- rior mountains occur at frequent intervals, from which spurs issue in all directions, and thus modify and establish the hydrography of this portion of the state. The same, or nearly a similar configuration, marks the country in the west of the Tennessee river, whose bed, though in a deep valley, is greatly elevated above the level of tide water. A few miles west from and nearly parallel with the Ten- nessee the Cumberland mountain attains its greatest height, and presents a remarkable feature in the geology of this part of the state. The Cumberland mountain, so called, assumes the appearance and is in fact an extensive plateau, elevated, probably, from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the ocean. The mean width of this table land is not less than 40 miles ; the western shelf of the Cumberland plateau, forms, with the exception of 11 122 TENNESSEE. some hills, the last of the numerous elevations which distin- guish the whole of the eastern part of the state, which is emphatically a " mountain region." Immediately west of the Cumberland but few hills are seen, and the country generally begins to assume a level aspect ; further west, the surface continues to decline until it is again broken by the Tennessee, which here intersects the state from south to north ; all beyond is comparatively level, no elevation deserving the name of mountain, existing in the entire space between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. Rivers. — Mississippi, Obion, Forked-Deer, Hatchy and Wolf, branches of the Mississippi ; Tennessee, French, Broad, Holston, Clinch, Hiwussee, Elk, Duck, &c, brunches of the Tennessee ; Cumberland ; Clear fork, Obeys, Caney, and Stones, branches of the Cumberland. Productions. — Wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, corn, cotton, tobacco, hemp, garden vegetables, and fruits of many sorts. Towns. — Knoxvillc, Kingston, Washington, Clinton, Rut- ledge, Newport, Blountsville, &c., in east Tennessee. Nash- ville, Franklin, Columbia, Murfreesboro, M'Minnville, Fayctte- vilJe, &c., in the centre ; and Memphis, Bolivar, Brownsville, Lexington, Jackson, Trenton, Dresden and Rcynoldsburg in west Tennessee. Internal Improvements. — None yet completed. Navigable communication between the waters of the Tennessee and those of the Coosa, are contemplated. A rail-road from the town of Randolph, on the Mississippi, to Jackson in Madison county, 65 miles, and one from Nashville to New Orleans, are proposed, and measures for insuring their early completion, have been adopted. A rail-road extending eastward from Memphis is now in progress. Terre Haute, Ind. (145.) Ticonderoga, N. Y. (60.) Tazewell, T. (211.) Timballier Bay, Lou. (323.) Tessuntee, N. C. (231.) Tioga R., N. Y. (79.) Texas, Mex. (274.) Tolosa, Fl. (329.) Theobald, K. (169.) Tombecbee R., Ala. (282.) Thomasville, Ga. (316.) Tomkinsville, K. (209.) Thompson, Ct. (111.) Towanda, Pa. (106.) Thompson's, S. C. (290.) Towson, Ark. (260.) Thornton, N. H. (62.) Trenton, Me. (41.) Thorntown, Ind. (122.) Trenton, N. Y. (58.) Thurlow, U. C. (32.) TRENTON. 123 Trenton, N. J. (134,) capital of New Jersey. Population about 5,000. The public buildings are, a state-house, two banks, several large cotton factories, &c. ROUTES FROM TRENTON. To Philadelphia, by Rail- Sand Hills, 7 18 Road. New Brunswick, 9 27 Tyburn, 3 Matouchin, 5 32 Tullytown, 3 6 Rahway, 6 38 Bristol, 4 10 Elizabethtown, 3 41 Dunksville, 4 14 Boundbrook, 3 44 Pennepack Cr. 4 18 Newark, 3 47 Frankford, 4 22 Jersey City, 9 56 Rail-Road Depot, 4f 26| New York, 1 57 State H. Philadelphia, 2 2 To New York, by Stage. To Philadelphia, by Stage. Princeton, 10 Tullytown, 7 Kingston, 3 13 Bristol, 4 11 New Brunswick, 13 26 Holmsburg, 11 22 Milton, 13 39 Frankford, 4 26 Elizabethtown, 5 44 Philadelphia, 5 31 Newark, 6 50 New York, 10 60 To Philadelphia, by S. Boat. Lamberton, 2 Bordentown, 4 6 Bristol, 9 15 Burlington, 1 16 Bridesburg, 16 32 Philadelphia, 3 35 To Easton, Pa. by Stage. Penington, 9 Ringoes, 10 19 Flemington, 6 25 Pittstown, 9 34 Hickorytown, 4 38 Bloomsbury, 5 43 Easton, 8 51 To New York, by Rail Road. Clarks, 8 Williamsburg, 3 11 To New York, by Stage and Steam Boat. New Brunswick, as above, 26 Perth Amboy, 12 38 New York, 25 63 To Crosswicks, by Stage. Bloomsbury, 1 White Horse, 3 4 Sand Hills, on C. & A. Rail Road, 2 6 Crosswicks, 3 9 To New Brunswick , by Del- aware and Raritan Canal. Millham, 1 Williamsburg, 10 11 Kingston, 3 14 VZ4: TRENTON. Rocky Hill 2 16 Bordentown, 4 6 Griggstown, 2 18 Blackwells, 4 22 To Saxtonville by Canal. Millstone, 3 25 Yardleyville Ferry, 5 Bound brook, 5 30 Jacobs Creek, 2 7 New Brunswick, 7 37 Titusville, 3 10 Belle Mt. 3 13 To Bordentown, by Dela. Lambertville and ware and Raritan Canal. New Hope, 3 16 Bloomsbury, 1 Prattsville, 5 21 Lamberton, 1 2 Saxtonville, 3 24 Trenton, T. (226.) Troupsville, N. Y. (56.) Trenton, N. C. (237.) Troy, N. Y. (83,) a large and flourishing city, and seat of justice for Renssellaer county. Its population is about 15,000, with numerous elegant public buildings and private dwellings. Among the former are four banks, seven churches, a court- house, &c. ROUTES FROM TROY. To Whitehall, by Champlain Canal. Lansingburg, 4 Anthony's Kill, 10 14 Stillwater, 3 17 Bern is' Heights, 4 21 Fort Miller, 12 43 Fort Edward, 5 48 Sandy Hill, 2 50 Kingsbury, 4 54 Fort Ann, 4 58 Whitehall, 12 70 Tannewanta Canal, see N. York. Troy and Ballston Rail Road, see N. York, (83.) Troy, O. (124.) Troy, Ind. (167.) Troy, Ten. (205.) Truxtun, N. Y. (80.) Truxville, O. (125.) Tuckcrton, N. J. (158.) Tuckersville, Ga. (305.) To Saratoga, by Rail Road. Waterford, 4 Anthony's Kill, 8 12 Round lake, 4 16 Ballston, 8£ 24£ Saratoga, 6 30J (For routes to Montreal, Uti- ca, Buffalo, &c. see" Routes from Albany.") Tulins, Lou. (277.) Tunkhannock,Pa. (107) Turner, N. C.(217.) Tuscaloosa, Ala. (266.) Capi- tal of the state. Tuscaloosa R., Ala. (266.) Tuscumbia, Ala. (247.) Tuscumbia Rail Road, see Alabama, (246.) Tushcacuta, Miss. (246.) UNITED STATES. 125 U. Ufallah, Ga. (301 .) Unadilla, N. Y. (81.) Underwood, Ala. (246.) Union Canal, (85,) see N. H. Underwoods, Miss. (264.) Union, Mo. (163.) Union, N. Y. (83.) Union, S. C. (253.) Union Canal, (132,) see Pa. Union T., Va. (194.) Union, Pa. (153.) Unity, Me. (40.) United States of North America, or "America," as they are termed by foreigners, consist of the following States, Territo- ries and Districts. States. — Maine ; New Hampshire ; Vermont ; Massachu- setts ; Rhode Island; Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; North Caro- lina ; South Carolina ; Georgia; Alabama; Mississippi; Lou- isiana ; Tennessee ; Kentucky ; Missouri ; Illinois ; Indiana ; Ohio; Arkansas and Michigan. Territories. — Florida, Wisconsin and Iowa. Districts. — Columbia ; Mandan ; Oregon ; Osage and Ozark. The Districts of Oregon, Mandan, and Ozark, comprehend the entire region lying west of the states of Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Michigan, and the territory of Iowa. A large portion of Mandan, and nearly the whole of Osage and Ozark districts have been assigned to the emigrating Indians, and are known as " the Indian territory." The whole having a population according to the census of 1830, of 12,835,106, and an area of 2,037,165 square miles. (A more detailed account of the States, &c. will be found under the head of each.) Capital, Washington, lat. 38° 53' N. Metropolis, New York, lat. 40° 43' N., long. 2° 55' E. Congress meet, first Monday in December. Date of Constitution, September 17th, 1787. The elections for President, and members of the Senate and House of Representatives, are determined by the state govern- ments respectively, and occur at different periods. The presi- dent is elected for four years ; the members of the senate for six, and those of the house of representatives, for two years. Government. — The executive department consists of a Pres- ident, who receives $25,000, and a Vice-President, $5,000 per annum. Four Secretaries, who are respectively charged with the duties of the various departments of state, the treasury, war, and the navy. Each of the secretaries receive a salary of $6,000 per annum ; one post master general, $6,000 ; and the attorney general, $3,500. These hold their offices at the will of the President. 11* 126 UNITED STATES. Department of State. — The Secretary of this branch of the government, conducts the diplomatic correspondence at home and abroad; negotiates treaties with foreign powers; dissemi- nates the acts of Congress and all treaties ; grants passports ; has charge of the patent-office, and of the seal of the United States, &,c. &c. The Secretary of the Treasury, superintends all fiscal con- cerns of the government, and, upon his own responsibility, recommends to Congress measures for improving the condition of the revenue, and settles all government accounts, in which he is aided by two comptrollers, five auditors, a treasurer and a register. The General Land Office is a subordinate braneh of this department. The secretary of war has the superintendence of military affairs generally; the erection of fortifications; of making topographical surveys; surveying and leasing the national lead mines, and of the intercourse with Indian tribes. The secretary of the navy issues all orders to the navy of the United States, and superintends the concerns of the navy establishment generally. The board of nav}' commissioners consisting of three officers of the navy, is attached to the office of the secretary of the navy. This board discharges all the ministerial duties of that office. General Post Office. — This department is under the super- intendence of the post master general, who has two assistants. The post master general has the sole appointment of all the post-masters throughout the United States, and the direction of every thing relating to this department. The Legislature, — Consists of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, styled the Congress of the United States ; meet once every year. The Senate is composed of 52 members ; two from each state. They are chosen by the legislatures of the several states, for the term of six years, one third of them being elected biennially. The vice-president of the United States is president of the Senate. In his absence a president pro-tempore is chosen by the Senate. The House of Representatives is composed of members from each of the states, elected by the people for a term of two years. The present number of representatives is 235, and three dele- gates, one from each of the territories. The Judiciary. — The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice, with a salary of $5000 per annum, and six associate justices, who receive annually $1500 each ; one attorney-gen- UTICA. ' 127 era], clerk, marshal, &e. The Supreme Court meets once a year, on the second Monday in January. Circuit Courts. Each of the justices of the Supreme Court, attends also in a certain circuit, consisting of two or more dis- tricts, appropriated to each, and, in conjunction with the judge of the district, compose a circuit court, which is held in each district of the circuit twice a year. The district ceurts are held respectively by the district judge alone. They are com- posed of twenty-eight judges, to each of whom a certain district is assigned. Each of these districts embraces an entire state, except those of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Louisiana and Tennessee, which are divided into two districts each. (For information on the physical structure, productions,&c. of the United States, see the individual states.) University, N. C. (235.) Upperville, Va. (155.) Upper Canada, U. C. (54.) Urbanna, O. (125.) Upper Marlboro, Md. (177.) Urbanna, Va. (198.) Upper Sandusky, O. (125.) Utica, N. Y. (58.) On the right bank of the Mohawk, 96 miles by rail-road, W. N. W. of Albany. Population about 15,000. Utica, like most of the towns in middle and western New York, presents an air of uncommon neatness, which viewed in connection with the vast amount of its business, does not fail to arrest the notice of strangers. The Erie Canal, and the rail road from Albany, westward, pass through the heart of the city, giving life and animation to all its parts. Several hundred persons, chiefly emigrants, daily arrive at and depart from the city, by means of the canals, rail and turnpike roads, which diverge as from a centre, to every quarter of the state. The Trenton Falls, about 14 miles north of Utica, deserve notice. They consist of a succession of cascades formed by the passage over a limestone ridge of the West Canada Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk. The principal fall has a descent of about 70 feet, none gf the others exceed 30 feet in perpen- dicular height. The aggregate fall of the entire series, is about 400 feet, extending in a direction from north to south, nearly four miles. The rock, a slaty limestone, has every appearance of having been abraided by the action of the water, to its top- most stratum. In some places, the sides of the narrow ravine are nearly two hundred feet above the surface of the stream, which is constantly encroaching upon its bed, and sinking deeper and deeper into the solid rock. 128 UTICA— VANDALIA. ROUTES FROM UTICA. To Albany by Canal. To Rochester, by Canal. Frankfort, 10 Whitesboro, 4 Herkimer, 5 15 Rome, 11 15 Little Falls, 7 22 New London, 7 22 Canajoharie, 19 41 Canistota, 14 36 Caughnawaga, 12 53 New Boston, 4 40 Amsterdam, 11 64 Chitteningo, 4 44 Schenectady, 18 82 Manlius, 8 52 Troy, 21 103 Syracuse, 9 61 Albany, 7 110 Geddesburg, 2 63 Canton, 12 75 To Albany, by Rail Road. Jordan, 6 81 Herkimer, 17 Montezuma, 15 96 Little Falls, 7 24 Clyde, 11 107 Palatine Bridge, 20 44 Lyons, 9 116 Caughnawaga, 12 56 Palmyra, 15 131 Amsterdam, 9 65 Piltstbrd, 19 150 Schenectady, 15 80 Rochester, 10 160 Albany, 16 96 Vacasausa B., Fl. (328.) J. Vance, G. (250.) Vandalia, II. (164,) capital of the state of Illinois, tion, 1,500. STAGE ROUTES FROM VANDALIA. Popula- To Terre Haute. Vincennes, 10 97 Ewington, 31 Embarras R. 28 59 To Shawneetown. Terre Haute, 46 105 Salem, 20 Mt. Vernon, 24 49 To St. Louis, Mo. M'Leansboro, 30 79 Shawneetown, 28 107 Greenville, 16 Edwardsville, 33 49 To America. St. Louis, 20 69 Salem, 25 Mt. Vernon, 24 49 To Vincennes. Frankfort, 30 79 Maysville, 45 Vienna, 36 115 Lawrenceville, 42 87 America, 25 140 To Kaskaskia y v iuii. UUIM J. . 1 Elk Hart Grove, 8 78 Carlyle, 28 1 Athens, 10 88 Covington, 10 38 Pekin, 40 128 New Nashville, 8 46 | Little Prairie, 9 137 Kaskaskia, 40 86 Peoria, 1 138 1 Rock River, 76 214 To Galena. 1 1 Galena, 63 277 Springfield, 70 1 Vansville, Md. (156.) Venus, II. (117.) Vareens, S. C. (275.) Vergennes, Vt. (36.) Varennes, S. C. (252.) Vermillion R. II. (120.) Vassalboro, Me. (40.) Vermillion Bay, Fl. (321.) Vermont, state of, (84,) is divided into 13 counties. Popu- lation in 1830, 280,679. Area, 9,800 square miles. Capital, Montpelier. Metropolis, Bennington, lat. 42° 53' N. long. 3° 45' E. General election, first Tuesday in September. Legis- lature meet, second Thursday in October. Constitution formed, 1777. Government — Governor, salary $750 per annum. Lieuten- ant-governor, and a council of 12 persons, who are all chosen annually. Legislature consists of a single body, a house of representatives, the members of which are elected annually, and are styled the General Assembly. Judiciary: — consists of a supreme court, having a chief justice and four associate judge?, and a county court for each county, composed of one of the judges of the supreme court and two assistant judges, all elected annually by the general assembly. A council of censors, (13 persons,) is chosen every seven years, for the purpose of inquiring whether the laws have been faithfully executed, &c. Physical Structure. — Vermont, as its name implies, is a mountainous region, the great Allegheny mountains pass through the entire length of the state, separating the waters of the Connecticut, from those running into Lake Champlain. A few miles east from Middlebury, a spur leaves the main ridge, and passing in a north-eastern course, is successive- ly broken by Onion, Lamcelle and Misisque rivers. The space intervening between the primary and secondary ranges, forms a table-land, having a mean altitude of not less than 800 feet above the surface of Lake Champlain. This plateau, in its turn, supports a multitude of hills and mountain peaks, 130 VIRGINIA. in some places insulated, and in others forming continuous ranges of several miles in extent. Besides the ridges just men- tioned, other mountains of great elevation, occur in the south- western part of the state, altogether presenting a surface exceedingly rough and uneven. Lakes. — Champlain, Memphramagog, Seymour, Westmore, Trout, Bombazine, &c. Rivers. — Connecticut, White, Passumsick, Missisque, La Moelle, Onion, Otter, &c. Islands.— North Hero, South Hero, La Motte, &c. Productions. — Wheat, rye, barley, indian corn, oats, pot and pearl ashes, provisions. &c. Towns. — Montpelier, Bennington, Burlington, Middlebury, Windsor, Woodstock, Rutland, Danville, Fayetteville, Vergeu- nes, St. Albans, &c. &.c. Internal Improvements. — Bellows Falls Canal, around those falls, half a mile long. Waterquechy Canal. White River Canal. All the preceding canals are designed to overcome falls in the Connecticut river. Vernon, N. Y. (58.) Versailles, K. (169.) Vernon, O. (102.) Vevay, Ind, (168.) Vernon, N. J. (108.) Vicksburg, Miss. (279.) Vernon, Ind. (147.) Victor, N. Y. (79.) Vernon, T. (227.) Vienna, Md. (178.) Vernon, Ga. (288.) Vienna, II. (186.) Versailles, Ind. (147.) Vincennes, Ind. (166.) Virginia state of, (193,) is divided into 123 counties. Popu- lation, in 1830, 1,211,272, including 469,724 slaves. Area, 66,624 square miles. Capital and metropolis, Richmond. Lat. 37° 32' N. Long. 0° 26' W. Constitution amended and adopted in 1830. General election, April. Legislature meet, first Monday in December. Government. — Governor elected by the General Assembly — term of office three years, salary $3,333 1-3. Lieutenant- governor, $1,000. Two counsellors, each $1,000. Treasurer and auditor, each $2,000. Legislature, styled the General Assembly of Virginia, consists of a senate and house of dele- gates. The senate consists of 32 members : and the house of delegates of 134, of which 31 are elected by the counties in western Virginia. The legislature meets annually on the first Monday in December, at Richmond, the capital of the state. VIRGINIA. 131 Judiciary. — The court of appeals consists of a president with a salary of $2,750, and four other judges, whose salary is 2,500 each. This court holds two sessions annually, one at Richmond for East Virginia ; the other at Lewisburg in Green- brier county, for West Virginia, including all the counties west of the blue ridge, commencing on the first Monday in July, and continuing ninety days, if business requires it. General court. — The state is divided into ten districts and twenty-one circuits. There are twenty-one judges, — one for each circuit. A circuit superior court of law and chancery is held twice every year in each county and corporation. Physical Structure. — All that portion of the state which lies east of the road leading from Fredericksburg to Petersburg, &c. comprising about 8,000 square miles, is level and but little elevated above the ocean ; some parts of it are constantly, and others occasionally inundated. The country which inter- venes between that just mentioned and the Blue ridge, is much broken, its ascents abrupt and rocky, and presents other cha- racteristics of a mountainous region. West of the Blue ridge, the entire region consists of a succession of elevated ridges, between which, valleys of great fertility occur, these, although greatly depressed below the summits of the adjacent mountains, are elevated several hundred feet above the ocean tides. After passing the Allegheny mountain, the surface is much broken by the action of the waters, as they passed over the surface of that immense inclined plane, and thus formed those deep chasms and ravines, through which the streams gene- rally flow. To this abrasion may be ascribed the mountainous appearance which the western part of the state presents. What appears to be mountains, are however nothing more than but- tresses, which support the table-land in the rear. The natural geography of the state may be thus briefly defined; in the east, level ; in the centre, mountainous ; and in the west, hilly with extensive elevated plains. Bays and Rivers. — Chesapeake Bay, and rivers Potomac, South Branch of Potomac, Shenandoah, Rappahanoc, York, James, Appomatox, Nottoway, Roanoke, Dan, &c. in the east; Ohio, Monongahela, Cheat, Great and Little Kanawha, Elk, Gauley, Greenbrier, New, Guyandot, Sandy, Clinch, Holston, &c. in the western part. Productions. — Wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, tobacco, &.c. Salt is manufactured in large quantities in the western part of the state, gold is found in Spotsylvania, and some of the adjacent counties. 132 VIRGINIA. Towns. — Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, Lynchburg, Fre- dericksburg, Williamsburg, Charlottsville, Fairfax, Warrenton, Leesburg, east of the blue ridge. Winchester, Staunton, Har- risonburg, Warm Springs, Wheeling, Parkersburg, Charleston, Pt. Pleasant, Abington, &c. in the west. Internal Improvements. — James River Canal, is merely a series of 12 locks, which connects the river with a basin at Richmond 80 feet above tide water. From this basin pro- ceeds the Richmond Canal, 25 feet wide, and 4 deep, for 2£ miles, when it unites with the river. Three miles further is a short canal of three locks, around a fall of 34 feet. James and Jackson River Canal and Navigation, commences at the basin at Richmond, and extends to Maiden's Adventure Falls, 30£ miles. Balcony Falls Canal extends along the bank of James River, through a gap of the Blue ridge, length 6-81 miles. An extension of the James River Canal, to Lynchburg, is now in course of execution, and its continuation to Covington is propo- sed. The Roanoke improvement consists of a slack water navi- gation, and extends from the Weldon Canal in N. Carolina to Salem in Virginia, 244 miles. The Dan, Chowan, Slate, Rap- pahanoc, Appomatox, Shenandoah, Potomac, Monongahela, and Kanawha rivers, have been similarly improved. Dismal Swatnp Canal, extends from Deep Creek, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, to Joyce's Creek, a branch of Pasquotank river of Albe- marle sound, length 23 miles. Two lateral canals, one from Lake Drummond, 5 miles in length, which in addition to its uses for the purposes of navigation, serves as a feeder to the main trunk ; and the other 6 miles long, opens a communi- cation between the principal canal, and the head waters of North West river. — Rail Roads. Manchester Rail Road, extends from Manchester to the coal mines, length 13 miles. Winchester Rail Road extends from Harper's Ferry to Win- chester, length 30 miles. Petersburg and Roanoke Rail-Road, extends from Petersburg in Virginia, to Blakely, at the foot of the Roanoke canal, in N. Carolina, length 59-38 miles. A branch from this road leaves the main lines about 10 miles from Blakely, which extends to the head of the rapids of Roanoke, length about 12 miles. Portsmouth and Roanoke Rail Road, commences at Portsmouth opposite Norfolk, passes in a direct course, intersects the Petersburg road 6 miles from Blakely, and terminates in the Roanoke, a short distance below the Petersburg branch, length 80 miles. Richmond and Pe- tersburg Rail Road, length 21-50 miles. Richmond and Fre- dericksburg Rail-Road length 64 miles. A branch leaves this VIRGINIA, WAR 133 road near Hanover court house, and extends to Gordonsville a distance of about 55 miles. Belleplain Rail-Road, extends from Fredericksburg to Belleplain, situated on a branch of the Potomac, (in progress,) length 1 1 miles. The Baltimore and Ohio Rail-Road, after crossing the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, will be carried through Jefferson, Berkeley, Morgan and Hampshire counties of Virginia, and thence pass into Mary- land. The Eastern shore Rail-Road of Maryland will also be ex- tended into Virginia, passing into the peninsula of Accomac and Northampton counties. These sections arc now in pro- Rail-roads from Fredericksburg to Alexandria in the district of Columbia, with a branch to Warrenton ; — From Petersburg to Farmville ; — From Richmond to Danville, via Cumberland C. H., Farmville, Maryville and Banister; — From Danville to Martinsville, thence to Evansham, Abingdon, &c. to unite with the Tennessee Rail-road from Knoxville ; — From Danville to Newbern in Montgomery county ; — From Lynchburg to New- born ; — From Buchannan to Salem, with a branch to Fincas- tle ; — From Covington, the proposed western terminus of the James river canal, to Loop Shoals, on the Great Kanawha ; — From Weldon, in N. Carolina, along the right bank of the Roanoke, to Danville ; — From Orange C. H. to Charlottsville ; and from Gordonsville to Harrison, are proposed. Volina, F. (338.) W. Wabash and Erie Canal, see Carolina, (274.) Indiana, (123.) Winchester Rail Road, see Weldon Canal, see N. Caro- Virginia, (154.) lina, (217.) Wabash R. Ind. (122.) West Chester Rail-Road, see Wabash R. II. (144.) Pennsylvania, (133.) Wacanda, Mo. (117.) Waterquechy Canal, see Ver- Waddington, N. Y. (34.) mont, (61.) Wadesboro, K. (206.) White River Canal, see Ver- Wadesboro, N. C. (234.) mont, (61.) Wallace, Lou. (277.) Wilmington and Downing- Wallingford, Ct. (HO.) town Rail -Road, see Dcla- Walnutgrove, K. (190.) ware, (157.) Walterboro, S. C. (290.) Washington Canal, see New Walton, N. Y. (81.) Jersey, (134.) Wareboro, Ga. (304.) Winyaio Canal, see South Warm Springs, N. C. (132.) 12 134 WASHINGTON. Warm Springs, Va. (174,) a rioted watering place, situated in Bath county, on the western declivity of Spring mountain. The waters, used chiefly for bathing, are characterized by a high and uniform degree of temperature, (972°,) and the pre- sence of sulphuretic hydrogen, and carbonic acid gasses. (For distances between the various watering places in central Virginia, see " White Sulphur Spring.") Warren, Me. (40.) Washington, N. II. (61.) Warren, O. (102.) Washington, Pa. (128.) Warren, Pa. (103.) Washington, O. (149.) Warren O. (128.) Washington, Ind. (166.) Warren, Va.(196.) Washington, Va. (175.) Warrenton, Va. (176 ) Washington, T. (230.) Warrenton, N. C. (216.) Washington, N. C. (237.) Warrenton, Ga. (271.) Washington, N. C. (257.) Warrington, Miss. (279.) Washington, Ark. (260.) Warwassing, N. Y. (108.) Washington, Ga. (271.) Warwick, R. I. (111.) Washington, Ala. (284.) Warwick, Md. (157.) Washington, Miss. (295.) Washington, D. C. (176.) Capital of the United States. Population, 18,827. This city is laid out on a great scale. Its avenues and prin- cipal streets, radiate from centres formed by the various public buildings, and are from 130 to 160 feet wide. Pennsylvania Avenue, which leads from the capitol to the president's house, is the principal place of business, and the great promenade of the city. Many of the other streets are wide and well built. The greater part of the city plot, however, remains unoccupied. The public buildings, &c. are, 1. The capitol, 363 feet in length, with an open area containing 22i acres; cost of the capitol was $2,596,500. 2. The president's house about 1 1-4 mile from the capitol. 3. The public offices, four in number, in the immediate vicinity of the president's house : these buildings are occupied by the four departments of the govern, ment. 4. The general post office. The navy yard is situated on the eastern branch of the Potomac. In addition to the above, which belong to the United States, there are many public buildings, erected by the local authorities of the city and others, among these are ; the city hall, Columbia college, catholic college, market house, theatre, several banks, 17 churches, &c. WASHINGTON. 135 ROUTES FROM WASHINGTON. To Baltimore, by Stage. Bladcnsburg, 6 Vansville, 8 14 Elkridge Landing, 15 2) Baltimore, 8 37 To Dover, Del. Bladensburg, 6 Pawtuxet R., 20 26 Annapolis, 14 40 Broad Cr. (by water,) 12 52 Sharktown, 4 56 Queenstown, 8 64 Centrcville, 7 71 Georgetown, 25 96 Dover, 8 104 To Point Lookout. Welby, 7 Piscataway, 8 15 Port Tobacco, 14 29 Newport, 13 42 Chaytico, 10 52 Leonardtown, 5 57 Great Mills, 11 68 St. Inigoes, 7 75 Pt. Lookout, 10 85 To Richmond, Va. Alexandria, 9 Oecoquan, 17 26 Dumfries, 9 35 Aquia, 9 44 Fredericksburg, 14 58 Bowlinggreen, 22 80 Hanover, C. H. 23 103 Richmond, 19 122 To Winchester, Va. Aldie, Upperville Millwood, Winchester, 24 47 14 61 10 71 13 84 Alexandria, Fairfax C. II . 9 14 23 To Virginia Springs, by Stage. Alexandria, 9 Fairfax C. H. 15 24 Centreville, 8 32 Bull Run, 3 35 Buckland Mills, 11 46 New Baltimore, 4 50 Warrenton, 6 56 Lee's Sulphur Springs, 6 62 Jefferson, 3 65 Fairfax C. H. 12 77 Cedar Mt. 6 83 Rapidan, 6 89 Orange C. II. 7 95 (Thence to Montpelier, seat of Mr. Madison, 5 miles.) Gordonsville, 8 104 Monticello, 16 120 Charlottesville and ) o 193 University of Va. \ York, 19 142 Waynesboro, 6 148 Staunton, 12 16) Jennings N. Mt. 17 177 Cloverdale, 12 189 Green Valley, 11 200 Warm Springs, 13 213 Hot Springs, 5 218 Jackson River, 9 227 Calahan's, 11 238 White Sulphur Sp. 18 256 Sweet Sulphur Sp. 28 284 Salt Sulphur Sp. 1 285 Red Sulphur Spr. 14 299 136 WAS WHEELING. To Frederick, Md. Washington's Birth Simonsville, 7 place, 11 76 Rockviile, 7 14 Ragged Point, 15 91 Seneca, 7 21 Point Lookout, 16 107 Middlebrook, 5 26 Pawtuxent R. 20 127 Hyattstown, Frederick, 8 34 Sharp's Island, 22 149 11 45 Herring - Bay, 10 159 Bodkin Pt. 32 191 Baltimore, 13 204 To Baltimore, by Steam Boat. Alexandria, 8 To Harper's Ferry, by Canal. Mount Vernon, 9 17 Great Falls, 13 Crane Island, 5 22 Seneca Creek, 10 23 Cook's Ferry, 13 35 Peter's Quarry, 17 40 Boyd's Hole, 15 50 Monocacy R. 5 45 Mathew's point, 8 58 Cotoctin, Cr. 12 57 Cedar Pt. 7 65 Harper's Ferry, 12 69 Washiita R., Ark. (241.) Washitta R., Lou. (278.) Waterford, Me. (39.) Waterford, N. Y. (83.) Waterford, Pa. (102.) Waterford, Pa. (131.) Waterford, O. (151.) Waterholes, Miss. (296.) Waterloo, Ala. (246.) Watertown, N. Y. (58.) Watertown, Ct. (109.) Waynesboro, T. (227.) Waynesboro, G. (272.) Waynesboro, N. C. (236.) Waynesville, N. C. (232.) Waynesburg, Pa. (152.) Wayne, Ind. (97.) Wayne, Pa. (133.) Weathersford, Ala. (284.) Weatlotucko, Ga. (285.) WebbviHe, Fl. r (314.) Well, K. (189.) Welfleet, Mass. (112.) Wellsboro, Pa. (105.) Wells, Me. (63.) Wells, Pa. (156.) Wentworth, N. H. (62.) Wentvvorth, N. H. (215.) Westminster, Vt. (61.) Westminster, Md. (156.) Westport, Md. (153.) West Point, N. Y., seat of the United States Military Aca- demy, (109.) Weston, Va. (152.) Westville, Miss. (296.) West Union, O. (170.) West Chester, Pa. (157.) West, N. Y. (57.^ Weymouth, N. J. (158.) Wheeling, Va. (128.) This town is not only important &a it regards population, but is also the leading point in one of the great thoroughfares of thia section of the United States, WHEELING. 137 Its population in 1830, was 5,221, but the number has in- creased considerably since that period. The national road leading from Cumberland to the western capitals, passes through Wheeling ; at this point emigrants and travellers embark on board of steam boats for every part of the western country. ROUTES FROM WHEELING. To Baltimore, by the Road. W. Alexandria, Pa. Claysville, Washington, Hillsboro, Brownsville, Union, Smythfield, Mt. Pleasant, Md. Curnbeiland, Prattsviilc, Hancock, Williamsport, Boonsboro, Frederick, Baltimore, by R. R. National 6 9 12 11 12 21 29 116 10 126 21 147 18 165 27 192 12 204 16 220 59 279 To Columbus, O. by the National Road. St.Clairsville, 10 Morristown, 12 22 Fairvievv, 12 34 Washington, 14 48 Cambridge, 7 55 Norwich, 15 70 Zanesville, 10 80 Hebron, 27 107 Columbus, 28 135 To Chillicothe. Zanesville, as above, Union, Somerset, Rushville, 80 9 89 9 98 8 106 1 Lancaster, 10 116 Tarlton, 14 130 Kingston, 8 138 Chillicothe, 12 150 To Wooster, O. Harrisville, 13 Cadiz, 9 22 New Philadelphia, 33 55 Dover, on Canal, 3 58 Paintville, 18 76 Wooster, 16 92 To Pittsburg. Washington, Pa. 31 Canonsburg, 7 38 Birmingham, 17 55 Pittsburg, 1 56 To Pittsburg, by Steam Boat. Warrcnton, VVcllsburg, Sleubenville, Fawcetstown, Beaver, Economy, Miildletown, Pittsburg, 8 6 14 7 21 22 43 19 62 9 71 9 80 11 91 To Cincinnati, by S. Boat. Elizdbethtown, 13 Sistcrsville, 35 48 138 WHITE SULPHUR SPRING. Newport, 17 65 Portsmouth, 41 255 Marietta, 16 81 Manchester, 36 291 Parkcrsburg, 13 94 Maysville, 10 301 Bellville, 17 111 Ripley, 7 308 Letart's Rapids, 30 141 Augusta, 9 317 Point Pleasant, Va. 29 170 Point Pleasant, 0. 15 332 Gallipolis, 3 173 Cincinnati, 26 358 Guyandot, 34 207 (For continuation to N. Or- Burlington, 7 214 leans, see ' Cincinnati.") White Apple, Miss. (295.) Whitehall, N. Y. (60.) White Hills, N. H. (38.) White Plains, N.Y. (109.) White River, Ind. (123.) White R. Ark. (201.) White Sulphur Spring, Va. (194,) in Greenbrier county, a place of fashionable resort during the months of July, August and September, and the most celebrated among the innumerable mineral springs which abound in the central parts of Virginia. The water is highly charged with sul- phuretted hydrogen gas, which affects the atmosphere at night, to a considerable distance around the spring. ROUTES FROM THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRING. To Washington City. Washington City, 9 256 Callahan's, 18 Jackson river, 11 29 Hot Springs, 9 38 To Guyandot. Warm Springs, 5 43 Lewisburg, 10 Green Valley, 13 56 Shrewsbury, 78 88 Cloverdale, 11 67 Charleston, 8 96 Staunton, 29 96 Barboursville, 36 132 Waynesboro, 12 108 Guyandot, 5 137 York, 6 114 Charlottesville, Monticello, 19 133 3 136 To Richmond Gordonsville, 16 152 Callahan's, 18 Orange C. H. 8 160 Covington, 7 25 Fairfax C. H. 19 179 Colliertown, 25 50 Jefferson, 12 191 Lexington, 8 58 Lee's Sulphur Spring, 3 194 Lynchburg, 40 98 Warrenton, 6 200 Plunterstown, 32 130 New Baltimore, 6 206 Cumberland C. H. 24 154 Centreville, 18 224 Scotisville, 25 179 Alexandria, 23 247 Richmond, 32 211 WILMINGTON. \6\3 To Winchester. From White Sulphur Spring Warm Spring, 43 to Gap, 35 78 Red Spring-, S. S. E. 71 ms. Spring-, 7 85 Sweet Spring, S. S. E. 18 « Harrisonburg-, 22 107 BlueSulp.do.W. N. W.21" New Market, 18 125 Sweet Sul." S. S. W. 28" Mt. Pleasant, 7 132 Salt Snip. " S. S. W. 29 " Woodstock, 13 145 RedSulp. " S.W. 43" Strasburg-, 11 156 Grey Sul. « S. S. W. 50" Winchester, 18 174 Wickford, R. 1.(111.) Wilderness, Va. (176.) Wilford, Ala. (298.) Wilkesbarre,Pa.(l07.) Wilkesville, N. C. (213.) Williamsburg, O. (149.) Williamsburg, Va. (198.) Williamsburg, T. (209.) Williamsburg, K. (210.) Williamsburg, Miss. (297.) Williamsboro, N. C. (21 6.) Williamsport, Pa. (105.) Williamsport, Ind. (121.) Williamston, Vt. (37.) Williamston, Mass. (83.) Williamston, N. C. (237.) Williamstown,N. Y. (34.) Williams, Ark. (259.) Williams, Ala. (311.) Williamsport, K. (169.) Willislon, Vt. (37.) Willowgrove, Pa. (133.) Willstown, Ala. (249.) Wilmington, Vt. (84.) Wilmington, O. (126.) Wilmington, O. (149.) Wilmington, Del. (157,) the metropolis of the state of Dela- ware. Population in 1830, 6,628 ; is now probably 8,000. The public buildings are a city hall, two market houses, three banks, alms house, arsenal, 13 churches, &c. There are in and about Wilmington upwards of 100 extensive manufactories, chiefly on the Brandywine creek. The Brandywine springs are situated about 5 miles west of Wilmington. ROUTES FROM WILMINGTON. To Philadelphia by Stage. Chester, 13 Darby, 9 22 Philadelphia, 6 28 To Philadelphia, by Rail Road. Marcus Hook road, 9 Chester, 4 13 Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia R. R. Philadelphia, 9 22 4 26 1 27 To Baltimore by Rail Road. Newport, 4 Newark road, 8 12 Elkton, 6 18 Northeast, 6 24 14U W IL WISCONSIN. Charleston, 3 27 Red Lion, 7 12 Havre de Grace, 6 33 St. George's, 3 15 Bush River, 12 45 Trap, 4 19 Gunpowder R. 7 52 Cantwell's, 4 23 Back River, 11 63 Smyrna, 10 33 Depot, 4 67 Hamsville, 7 40 Baltimore 1 68 Dover, 5 45 To Baltimore, by Stage. To Philadelphia, by Steam Christiana, 9 Boat. Elkton, 11 20 Delaware R. 3 Havre de Grace, 16 36 Marcus Hook, 8 11 Hartford, 11 47 Chester, 4 15 Gunpowder, 10 57 Lazaretto, 5 20 Baltimore, 15 72 Fort Mifflin, 5 25 Gloucester Point, 5 30 To Dover ,Del. Philadelphia, 3 33 New Castle, 5 Wilsons, Miss. (264.) Wiishire, O. (124.) Wi ichendon, Mass. (84.) Winchester, Ct. (109.) Winchester, O. (124.) Winchester, Va. (154.) Winchester, K. (169.) Winchester, T. (228.) Winchester, Miss. (298.) Wind Gap, Pa. (133.; Windham, Me. ,63 ) Windham, Ct. (110.) Windsor, Vt. (61.) Windsor, Ct (110.) Windsor, N. C. (237.) Winsboro, S. C. (253.) Winyaw Bay, S. C. (274.) Wiscasset, Me. (64.) Wisconsin, Territory of, is divided into 18 counties. Popu- lation, about 30,000. Area, 90,720 square miles. Capital, Madison. Lat. 43° 51' N., Long. 12° 27' VV. Government. — Governor appointed by the President and Senate ; ana secretary, who continue in office two years. Wisconson R., Mich. (44.) Witamky, Fl. (329.) Womelsdorf, Pa. (132.) Woodbury, N.J. (157.) Woodsfield, O. (151.) Woodstock, Me. (39.) Woodstock, Vt. (61.) Woodstock, Va. (175.) Wood vi lie, Va. (197.) Woodville, Miss. (295.) Woodville, Lou. (324.) Wooster, O. (126.) Worcester, Mass. (85.) Worthington, (). (125) Wylicsburg, Va. (216.) Wynlon, N. C. (217.) Wyoming, Pa. (107.) WIS ZAN 141 The judicial as well as the executive officers of the Territory are chosen by the president of the U. States, by and with the consent of the senate. Physical Structure. — Extending from the lat. of 42° 30' to 49° North, with an area, equal in extent, to two of the border- ing- states, the Territory of Wisconsin possesses almost every variety of soil — nothing deserving the name of mountain is found within its limits, and, with the exception of the innu- merable lakes and swamps which abound in the northern part of the Territory, every part of its surface is susceptible of cultivation. Even in the lead districts, where fertility is scarcely looked for, the agricultural products are in no wise inferior to those of other sections of the country. Mines of lead have for many years been worked to great advantage. Copper ore has also been recently found in great abundance, and of superior quality. X. Xenia, O. (149.) Y. Yadkin R., N. C. (213.) York, Pa. (1 56.) Yakunnee, Miss. (282.) York, Va. (198.) Yancyville, Va. (196.) York H., P. (132.) Yazoo R., Miss. (263.) York R., Va. (198.) York, or Toronto, U. C. (54.) Yorkville, S. C. (253.) York, Me. (63.) Youngs, 11. (165.) York, II. (145.) Zanesville, O. (150.) TABLE OF MONEY. 143 TABLE OF THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF MONEY, IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF EUROPE, ESTIMATED IN DOLLARS AND CENTS. The fractional pirts of the cents are decimals. Great Britain. Holland. $ cts. $ cts. Farthing 00,46 Stiver 01,94 Penny 01,85 Scalin 11,64 Groat 07,40 Guilder, or Florin 38,80 Shilling 22,22 Rix dollar 97,00 Crown, or 5 shillings 1 11,16 Ducat 2 07,86 Sovereign, or pound 4 44,44 Gold Ducat 8 00,00 Guinea, 21 shillings 4 66,66 Portugal. France, Re 00,12 Vinton 02.53 Denier 00,08 Testoon 12,50 Sol, or 12 deniers 00,92 Crusade of ex 50,00 Livre Tournois, or Milre* 1 25,00 20 sols 18,52 Moidore 6 00,00 Ecu, or crown, 6 Joannese 8 00,00 livres 1 10,00 Pistole* 10 livres 1 85,17 Italy. Louis d'or 4 44,44 Franc 18,74 Soldi 00,80 Five francs 93,70 Chevelet 03,18 Lire* 15,92 Spain. Testoon 23,88 Croisade 79,60 Maravadie* 00,30 Pezzo of ex* 92,60 Rial 10,00 Genouine 1 36,12 Pistarine 20,00 Pistole 3 20,00 Piaster of ex* 80,00 Dollar 1 00,00 Switzerland. Ducat of ex* 1 10,00 Pistole 3 60,00 Fcnning 00,24 144 TABLE OF MONEY. $ cts. Prussia. Cruitzer 00,92 Sol* 02,77 $ cts. Gulden 55,55 Grosh 00,86 Rix dollar 1 00,00 Coustic 04,32 Austria. Tinse 12,96 Crutzer Grosh JBatzen Gould Rix dollar 00,86 03,14 03,44 51,85 77,77 Ort Florin Rix dollar* Ducat Frederick d'or 15,55 25,92 77,76 2 07,40 3 88,80 Ducat 2 07,40 Russia. Sweden. Atlin 03,00 Stiver 00,72 Grievener 10,00 Copper marc 02,88 Polpotin 25,00 Silver marc 08,64 Poltin 50,00 Copper dollar 11,52 Ruble 1 00,00 Caroline 25,92 Zervonitz 2 00,00 Rix dollar 1 03,70 Ducat 2 07,40 Turkey. Denmark. Mangar 00,28 Skilling 01,04 Asper* 01,12 Duggen 06,24 Parac 03,33 Marc* 16,66 Bestic 05,55 Rix marc 20,83 Estic 11,11 Rix ort 25,00 Solata 22,22 Crown 66,66 Piaster* 88,88 Rix dollar 1 00,00 Caragrouch 1 11,10 Ducat 8 83,34 Xeriff 2 22,20 * These are merely nominal, and not represented by any real coin. •VT' ,0 «*■ cr ^ ^ W o * o <$>