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 COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr 
 
WAYS OF WAR AND 
 PEACE 
 
Ways of War 
 and Peace 
 
 by 
 Delia Austrian 
 
 D 
 
 Stanhope-Dodge Publishing Company 
 U. S. A. 
 
 Larchmont, N. Y. 
 1914 
 
^ 
 
 Copyright 1914 
 
 by 
 
 DELIA AUSTRIAN 
 
 JUL2i 1915 
 
 ©CI,A406802 
 
 
THIS BOOK IS 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 TO MY MOTHER 
 
 With Whom I Have Enjoyed Much of the Beauty and Charm 
 
 of Europe and Also, Unfortunately, Have Seen the 
 
 Honors and Sonows of War 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Foreword 9 
 
 Students' Hostel in Paris 21 
 
 Paris, Past and Present 28 
 
 How Would You Like to Be a Refugee ? 35 
 
 What Mobilization Means 79 
 
 The Price of War and the Price of Peace 96 
 
 Some Questions Answered as to the Causes of the War. . 105 
 
 What the World- War Will Mean to Womankind 114 
 
 Ask Your American Friends How It Feels to Be Without 
 
 Money 125 
 
 What the Queen of Holland Is Doing to Preserve Peace. . 138 
 What Royal Women Are Doing While Their Husbands 
 
 Are at War i44 
 
 What Will the Royal Children Do if Their Parents Are 
 
 Put Out of Business? 151 
 
 William II at Qose Range I57 
 
 King George V, Head of the Allies 171 
 
 Two Russian Cities 182 
 
 Christmas Without a Santa Claus 196 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 As I advance in years I look upon life as a good deal 
 of a paradox ; at times it seems to be a mass of contra- 
 dictions of love and hate, of friendship and enmity, of 
 truths and falsehoods, of war and peace. In the same 
 flash of time countries are throttling others ; other na- 
 tions are straining themselves not only to soften the 
 hardships created by an international war, but to help 
 feed, care for and dry the tears made by the havoc 
 of slaughter. 
 
 A most striking instance of this statement happened 
 a few days before the outbreak of the war. Through 
 a mutual friend, while in Bavaria, I learned that Miss 
 Anna Eckstein, an American woman, who has devoted 
 her life to the world's peace movement was visiting her 
 home in Coburg Saxe-Weimar. It was a short dis- 
 tance from where I was staying, and I asked Miss 
 Eckstein if she would come to me. The answer to my 
 invitation was that much as she would love to see me 
 we should have to defer our meeting to some other 
 time. She was starting to make a tour of the Rhine 
 cities, where she was going to give important talks on 
 the work that was being done to encourage the world's 
 
 9 
 
10 Foreword 
 
 peace. This would take most of her time until the 
 early fall, when she was going to a peace congress in 
 Vienna. She said that I might help her by forming 
 two local centers in Chicago for the signing of many 
 petitions pledging ourselves for the peace idea plat- 
 form. I had not much more than read this letter and 
 put the petitions away for safekeeping when the word 
 came that the great war was declared. 
 
 Time and again during the storm and stress of war 
 this incident appeared as the greatest of paradoxes. 
 Here was a young woman who has consecrated her 
 life, her talents, energy and friendships for the pur- 
 pose of making the idea of world peace more than a 
 chimera. Her efforts have failed for the time being, 
 because monarchs and statesmen, goaded on by a 
 foolish idea for stronger empires and more possessions, 
 had thrown their nations against each other, resulting 
 in the most cruel and disastrous upheaval of modern 
 times. Many of the world's nations are hurling their 
 tremendous armies with their siege-guns, bombs, 
 mines, air-crafts, submarines and navies at each other. 
 Awful and tremendous are these gigantic masses of 
 destruction. What they accomplish or fail to accom- 
 plish will be forgotten when the work of such women 
 as Miss Anna Eckstein and Baroness von Suttner are 
 inscribed in glory. 
 
Foreword ii 
 
 It was merely by chance I had the pleasure of meet- 
 ing these two brilliant women at the time of the 
 World's Peace Congress at The Hague. Miss Eck- 
 stein had come as a delegate from America bringing 
 petitions of three million names, signed by American 
 men and women, including many of the foremost pro- 
 fessors, students, writers, artists, capitalists and work- 
 ers in all lines of industry. Though born in Germany, 
 she had come to America because she realized that 
 our country believes in peace more than it does in war. 
 For many years she worked entirely with the peace 
 movement in Boston. But she soon saw the need of 
 educating the young people to the ideals and prin- 
 ciples of peace. She made a campaign of this country, 
 talking from pulpits and platforms on what the peace 
 idea and ideal would mean for society the world over. 
 
 This educational campaign was interrupted for a 
 short time when Miss Eckstein went to take the Amer- 
 ican petitions to The Hague. She attended the round- 
 table talks, afternoon teas and receptions, where time 
 and again she showed that war, besides being futile 
 was the most reckless extravagance of modern times. 
 The cost of feeding and supporting a soldier would 
 keep a child in school ; the cost of a siege-gun would 
 pay for the building of a school house, and the building 
 of a battleship would give a country a new university. 
 
12 Foreword 
 
 She showed them time and again that besides suffering, 
 war meant the destruction of a nation's best manhood. 
 It is the strong and energetic and the brilliant minds 
 that are picked for soldiers. It is the weak and old 
 men along with women and children that usually sur- 
 vive to suffer the hardships and the heartaches made 
 possible by war. It was at one of these international 
 receptions that I had the pleasure of hearing Miss 
 Eckstein express some such ideas. She spoke of the 
 work of The Hague Tribunal, and had such con- 
 fidence in the sincerity of the governments and their 
 representatives that she thought any question of vital 
 importance might be settled there rather than that 
 rulers should enchain civilization and throw nations to 
 the dogs of war. 
 
 Later, through a foundation by Mr. Edwin Ginn, 
 the publisher of Boston, Miss Eckstein went to Europe 
 for the purpose of preaching the gospel of peace. She 
 talked in schools, theatres and concert halls before 
 large audiences composed of school teachers, and 
 school children, government officials and working peo- 
 ple. But her chief purpose was to educate the school 
 children in the larger, more wholesome ideas of peace. 
 Some of the most spacious and handsomest halls in 
 Germany were put at her disposal, and some of the 
 most influential German officials presided at her meet- 
 
Foreword 13 
 
 ings. She was equally well received, and was wel- 
 comed with the same enthusiasm in France, Italy, 
 England and the North countries. She hoped to carry 
 this propaganda into Japan, India and Africa. At the 
 same time she was working to carry a petition of thirty 
 million names, signed in all parts of Europe and the 
 United States, to The Hague. This stupendous work 
 was almost finished when the war broke out. 
 
 It was at The Hague that I first heard Bertha von 
 Suttner, a well-known Austrian writer and lecturer. 
 She became world-famous as the author of "Lay 
 Down Your Arms," which won for her the Nobel 
 Peace Prize. Her theme at The Hague was "Combat- 
 ting Dueling in Germany." She told of the way the 
 sons of officers and of the aristocracy at an early age 
 were instructed to look upon dueling as an important 
 part of their education. The more cuts, the more 
 glory, for it was splendid experience for the more 
 terrible combat of war. A deep gash in a man's face 
 made him better looking, for it showed that he had 
 plenty of courage. She was gathering a strong pe- 
 tition signed by men and women of many nationalities 
 against this wicked pastime. It was a few years later, 
 in Chicago, that I heard Bertha von Suttner speak 
 on the war in the Balkans. She explained that it 
 was only a small spark in a greater conflagration. It 
 
14 Foreword 
 
 was being patched up, not settled, and unless the 
 United States used her persuasive and moral influence 
 these issues would burst forth in an international 
 conflagration. This prediction has become a reality, 
 though Baroness von Suttner did not live to see the 
 day. 
 
 For many years America has had a large National 
 Peace Society. Though it originated in Boston its 
 members were composed of men and women living in 
 all parts of the United States. Besides promulgating 
 a philosophy of peace, through congresses and pamph- 
 lets, its delegates have gone to all the important Euro- 
 pean congresses. This organization was instrumental 
 in influencing the United States to intercede in the 
 Russo-Japanese war; it was instrumental in making 
 The Hague Tribunal a well-organized body. It in- 
 spired Carnegie to give to The Hague Congress a 
 building as beautiful as the ideals and purposes of 
 the Congress were noble and just. 
 
 Many of our greatest American statesmen and schol- 
 ars have combatted peace measures and advocated 
 stronger armies and navies. Other men of promi- 
 nence in all parties have striven to keep our country in 
 friendly relations with other powers, making treaties 
 a worthy substitute for strong, military forces. 
 
 On the other hand there are those who say that the 
 
Foreword 15 
 
 only way to safeguard our country is to have a navy 
 and army in keeping with its size and dignity. Our 
 present army and navy mark us as a second-rate 
 power. 
 
 There are just as many thinking men and women 
 who say that if a man carries a loaded revolver it is 
 bound to go off some day. It may be justly used in 
 self-defense, but it is more than likely to injure an 
 innocent person. Mr. Bryan's recommendation of 
 treaties backed up by a year of consideration when 
 differences take place is considered a safer method. 
 
 These are all steps in the right direction, but they 
 must be extended if this is to be the last war of any 
 real importance that the world shall ever see. All 
 action is based on thought, and much of our wrong act- 
 ing of today is based on wrong thinking. There will al- 
 ways be different nationalities, just as there are vari- 
 ous languages, religions, political parties and economic 
 views. Only a fool can say that French is a better 
 language than Italian or German. Only the narrow- 
 minded will say that the Protestant religion is better 
 than the Catholic or Jewish faiths. The same is true 
 of nations. The French, the English, and the Ger- 
 man all have their just place. The French lead the 
 world in making certain articles better than all other 
 countries. In certain other articles we must look for 
 
i6 Foreword 
 
 superiority to the Germans, while for others to Eng- 
 land and the United States. The time has come when 
 national jealousies must give place to internationalism. 
 When the interests of all the countries must be greater 
 than the interest of any one country. There is an 
 energy and competition that is to be recognized as 
 healthy and praiseworthy and necessary, and there is 
 a hectic energy based on envy that is short-sighted. We 
 are so interdependent these days that few things can 
 happen in one corner of the world but before night it 
 is heralded to the other end. A great war cannot 
 be waged on one continent but many of its bad effects 
 are felt upon the others. 
 
 It is foolish to believe that the time will come when 
 nations can carry out their work and plans without 
 having their differences. Nations always have had and 
 shall continue to have differences. But these shall be 
 settled as amicably as they are between individuals. 
 Just as there are courts and judges to listen to indivi- 
 dual grievances, so there must be an international 
 court and judges to settle international disputes and 
 nations, like individuals, shall be forced to abide by 
 their decisions. For nations must be trained to under- 
 stand that the interests of humanity are greater than 
 the interests of any one people. Until they can accept 
 this point of view, naturally they should be assisted 
 
Foreword 17 
 
 by international courts and by an international army 
 and navy to enforce the decisions of such a court. 
 Work must be constructive, for there is not enough 
 money and natural resources in the world that so much 
 shall be squandered for any such extravagant pastime 
 as war. There is a moral force and conscience in 
 the world, no less than in heaven. The noble, unself- 
 ish work done by Bertha von Suttner and Anna Eck- 
 stein are evidences of this fact. The Hague Tribunal 
 is also an expression of the same ideal. Internationalism 
 is higher than nationalism, and must be the platform 
 of civilization. But to make peace work and inter- 
 nationalism more than a byeword they must be backed 
 by an international court with its lawyers and judges 
 and its decisions protected by an international army 
 and navy to enforce the decisions agreed upon by the 
 different nations and their representatives. 
 
 There were few men in America who did more for 
 the peace work of this country than Dr. Edward 
 Everett Hale. As Edwin D. Mead says of him, "He 
 stood for citizenship, he stood for education, he stood 
 for international peace and friendship. We called him 
 in the later years of his life the Nestor of our peace 
 cause in America." He made his church a temple of 
 that cause. He said there should be no modern church 
 which did not have among its regular standing com- 
 
i8 Foreword 
 
 mittees a committee on International Justice, and such 
 a committee he founded in this church. Baroness von 
 Suttner and Baron d'Estournelles de Constant both oc- 
 cupied his pulpit. 
 
 Dr. Hale worked extremely hard to organize a Bos- 
 ton committee on International Justice. 
 
 Dr. Hale and Anna Eckstein were the two fountains 
 of inspiration for Edwin Ginn, of Boston. Life had 
 taught him that real riches and power only have value 
 as they work for social uplift. He was sure of this 
 after he met Miss Eckstein and saw the great work 
 and effort she was expending to promote ideas of peace 
 in the schools of this country and abroad. She influ- 
 enced him to set aside one million dollars ; the income of 
 the money was to be used for this purpose. He was so 
 impressed by her work that he asked her to give all of 
 her time to educating the teachers and children in 
 Europe as well as in our country in the ideas of 
 peace. 
 
 Dr. Hale was his other great inspiration in all the 
 great peace ideas. His first address in behalf of the 
 peace cause was made at Mohonk Lake, at one of the 
 Mohonk Conferences in International Arbitration, and 
 there his last address was made. His first address was 
 made in 1901, although Mr. Ginn was present at the 
 Mohonk Conference as a listener in 1897 and 1899. In 
 
Foreword 19 
 
 1901 he gave his first address, and he confessed that 
 Dr. Hale had influenced him greatly in this work. In 
 this talk he said that modern wars are due to mutual 
 distrust on the part of the nations and great arma- 
 ments. This distrust can only be removed by education 
 and the right kind of co-operation. The great menace 
 is the enormous armaments. The tremendous armies 
 and monstrous navies have become far more a provo- 
 cation and danger than a defense. He told the people 
 at the Mohonk Conference : "We are confronted by the 
 military class, the war power, with unlimited resources 
 of wealth and men, and we can never overcome these 
 obstacles except as we perfect a great organization to 
 meet them. It will not do to leave this work to be 
 done by a few. An adequate counteracting influence 
 could not be exerted simply by men who could give 
 to the cause only shreds and patches of their time. We 
 must make this a well-organized crusade; there must 
 be men devoted to the cause, as Sumner, Garrison and 
 Phillips were devoted to the cause of anti-slavery: 
 men who would give all their time to it. And the cause 
 must have a financial backing such as it had never had 
 before. I should like to see a fund of one million dol- 
 lars established before we marshal our forces. We 
 spend hundreds of millions a year for war ; can we not 
 afford to spend one million for peace?'* 
 
20 Foreword 
 
 He soon afterward gave fifty thousand a year for 
 this work, and a million bequeathed for the cause at his 
 death. He welcomed Norman AngeU's great work, 
 called "The Great Illusion," which brought home to 
 the business men of the world the futility of war. 
 
 He was also a friend and admirer of Samuel B. 
 Capen, the head of one of the two chief Boston peace 
 societies. Mr. Capen was president of the Massachu- 
 setts Peace Society, and also a trustee of the World 
 Foundation. It was as a representative of the World 
 Peace Foundation that Mr. Capen went on his journey 
 around the world. 
 
 Edwin D. Mead is also one of the great pioneers in 
 America's earnest effort that has worked incessantly 
 for international peace. He was at one of the peace 
 congresses in Europe when the war broke out. He 
 has been one of the prime movers of the Boston Peace 
 Society, and president of the organization. He has 
 attended most of the important congresses in this 
 country and in Europe. It was also through his efforts 
 that a branch of the National Peace Movement was 
 founded in Chicago. 
 
STUDENTS' HOSTEL IN PARIS 
 
 Among the many pleasant reminiscences of Paris, 
 few are nearer to Americans than the Students' Hostel. 
 This home was founded by a number of wealthy 
 American and English women. 
 
 It was started because art students and pupils of 
 music had long felt the need of proper protection in 
 Paris. This need was compelled for two reasons — the 
 good hotels in Paris are expensive and they do not give 
 the home life necessary to students in a foreign country. 
 
 To this end the Students' Hostel was founded. It 
 began in a simple way, and it took several years of 
 experimenting to put it on a sure foundation. The club 
 was started as a lunchroom for American business 
 women. Here they came and had luncheons at rea- 
 sonable prices and found a place to rest. Before long 
 the place was inadequate, and the Young Women's 
 Christian Association, aided by a number of wealthy 
 American women and a few English women, bought 
 out this place with the idea of enlarging it. They had 
 no sooner taken the place over when they discovered 
 that the building was inadequate for their plans. 
 They searched Paris for the right sort of accommoda- 
 
 21 
 
22 Peace and War 
 
 tions, and were about to give up in despair when they 
 found a large, roomy building in the Boulevard St. 
 Michael. They negotiated with the owner, and after 
 offering liberal inducements the building became their 
 own. It was some time before they were enabled to 
 take possession of the place, as the entire building had 
 to be remodeled. 
 
 It was only by chance that I came upon this or- 
 ganization one day in July, walking home from the 
 Sorbonne. The name "Students' Hostel," written on 
 a large poster placed at the gate, attracted my atten- 
 tion and I rang the doorbell. The door was soon 
 opened by a maid, who explained to me that the Stu- 
 dents' Hostel" was a hotel for American and English 
 girls studying in Paris. I asked if I might speak to 
 the Secretary, and I was led up one flight of stairs 
 to an attractive office. Miss Richards welcomed me 
 in a kindly voice, saying, "We are always glad to meet 
 American girls. I shall be pleased to explain to you 
 the purpose of our work. This is a hotel, not a chari- 
 table organization, though it was founded through the 
 aid of wealthy American and English women. We 
 hope to make this hotel self-supporting in a few years, 
 though it could not be accomplished in the beginning. 
 We have more than a hundred girls living here. The 
 greater part are studying French in the Sorbonne, 
 
Students' Hostel in Paris 23 
 
 though a few are devoting their time to the study of 
 painting and music. 
 
 **Most of the girls who come here are delighted with 
 our arrangements, for they enjoy all of the indepen- 
 dence of a hotel and the comforts and the social life 
 found in the home. They may come for the entire 
 winter or stay a week, as they like. All we demand 
 are letters of introduction from two people of influence 
 and from the minister of the church which they attend. 
 Three dollars and fifty cents per week is the price set 
 on a room, though a girl may have more luxurious 
 apartments if she wishes. A dollar and a half more 
 pays the weekly board, while we have spacious bath- 
 rooms where baths may be had for ten cents. Every 
 day at four o'clock tea is served in the tea-house during 
 the winter months, and in the gardens when the 
 weather permits. This is given without extra charge. 
 
 *Tn order to make the Hostel as serviceable as pos- 
 sible to all, a fee of one dollar a year is set as member- 
 ship. This entitles a girl to the use of the library, to 
 take advantage of the French conversations held and to 
 attend all the weekly entertainments. There is no 
 limitation put on creed, excepting that the girls who 
 live in the home are expected to attend Sunday after- 
 noon services held here and prayer-meeting once a week. 
 They pass their evenings as they think best — studying, 
 
24 Peace and War 
 
 reading, listening to lectures, and enjoying splendid 
 concerts given in our home by well-known artists." 
 
 When this explanation was ended, I was shown 
 through the home. The first room entered was the 
 dining-hall. The room was filled with many small 
 tables covered with snow-white linen and dainty china. 
 A girl could not have wished for more in her own 
 home. Across the hall was a small room with a com- 
 fortable lounge, called the rest-room, where girls can 
 retire to rest after meal hours, or when they come 
 home from their day's study. But the real rest-room 
 is the Hbrary, furnished with plenty of lounges and 
 large easy-chairs. The bookcases contain more than 
 five hundred English and foreign books. Some of these 
 were bought with money raised by private entertain- 
 ments. But the greater number were given through 
 donation parties by friends invited to come and spend 
 the evening in the Students' Hostel, some form of en- 
 tertainment being prepared for them. The price of 
 admission was a book they had read and were willing 
 to donate to the library. The Secretary explained : "The 
 first time we ventured on one of these donation parties 
 we questioned the results, but our friends are so gen- 
 erous in supplying us with books that hardly a winter 
 goes by without our having one of these with results 
 that have far exceeded our expectations. 
 
Students' Hostel in Paris 25 
 
 Several nights in the week there are lectures given 
 by well-known writers and scientists ; some of these 
 are only free to the boarders of the Hostel ; to others, 
 friends are invited. Weekly concerts are given. The 
 programs are made up by professionals and students 
 of the Hostel who are studying music. One evening 
 a week and Thursday afternoon are set aside for re- 
 ceptions, when the Secretary and the students receive 
 their friends. 
 
 The second floor is given over to bedrooms. It 
 would be difficult to find more attractive bedrooms in 
 any American College. The rooms are large and well 
 lighted, decorated with artistic wall paper and curtains 
 to match. One part of the room is filled with a couch, 
 used as a place of rest by day and a bed at night. The 
 rest of the furnishings of the rooms include student's 
 table, a lamp and several comfortable chairs. The re- 
 mainder of the furnishing is done by the students 
 themselves. Many of the walls are hung with gay 
 posters, banners, and photographs of friends. Most of 
 the girls have only one room, though a few who are 
 studying music find the sitting-room necessary. Before 
 leaving Miss Richards, I inquired who were the women 
 who had done most to make this delightful home pos- 
 sible. She answered that would be hard to say, as there 
 have been many, and some do not care to have their 
 
26 Peace and War 
 
 work known. It was only after I pressed the question 
 a second time that she answered, "Well, I suppose 
 Miss Hoff is the American girls' best friend in Paris. 
 Helen Gould (I do not know her married name) has 
 always given our home warm support, and last year 
 when she traveled in Italy she established a Students' 
 Hostel in Rome. But one thing I wish you would tell 
 our girls at home. That this is a hotel and not a chari- 
 table organization, and a woman who stops here need 
 not feel she is sacrificing her spirit of self-reliance and 
 independence. All we try to offer is a comfortable 
 home at prices within the reach of most American 
 girls who come over to study in Paris. We make an 
 effort to do two other things; to try to give the right 
 protection so necessary to girls who live in the French 
 capital alone, and comradeship we all need when living 
 in a foreign land. Five dollars a week is what a girl 
 must count on to live here. 
 
 "Besides home and board, we have French classes 
 for our girls conducted by able instructors for a small 
 tuition; these teachers give private lessons, and when 
 it is desired to coach girls for their examinations in 
 the Sorbonne. 
 
 "The students of music are not neglected. Certain 
 hours of the day are set aside for practicing. We have 
 weekly concerts at home and make an effort to get re- 
 
Students' Hostel in Paris 27 
 
 duced rates for our girls when any of the great halls 
 offer concerts that are worth while. 
 
 ''Yes, we are trying to do much for our girls who 
 come here to study painting. Many of them wish to 
 live in the Latin Quarter and they find it really im- 
 possible to obtain the comforts that they are used to at 
 home. Here they can enjoy the art student's life and 
 have protection. Many discover that they are not 
 ready to enter the Ecole des Beaux Arts; as for the 
 large studios, they do not always offer enough in- 
 dividual attention for the student. For these we have 
 a large, well-built studio of our own, where classes are 
 conducted by some of the best masters of Paris." 
 
 Before leaving the Hostel I was invited into a gar- 
 den gay with roses and carnations and the merry voices 
 of happy girls. They were gathered in little groups, 
 drinking tea, chatting French, and discussing the work 
 they had accomplished that day. A pretty American 
 girl approached me, saying, "Will you have tea, bread 
 and butter?" In a few minutes she brought me tea 
 on a pretty Chinese tray. 
 
 We laughed and chatted in turn, telling of our work 
 and aspirations. As we sat in the beautiful twilight of 
 that summer day we never dreamed that Paris would 
 be threatened in a few weeks and the Students' Hostel, 
 so dear to American artists and students, would be- 
 come deserted. 
 
PARIS, PAST AND PRESENT 
 
 I hate to think of Paris in a sombre tone, for Paris 
 Hkes to be gay at all times. It is the natural tempo of 
 the city, for whatever may be the follies of this Parisian 
 capital, she is always beautiful, lively and gay. Her 
 large, wide boulevards are now deserted, except for 
 an occasional regiment of French and English troops 
 that hurry along, or now and then an auto-car speed- 
 ing up the boulevard carrying some high officials on 
 an important mission. 
 
 Most of the fine shops in the Avenue de L'Opera and 
 the Rue de La Paix are closed and heavily shuttered 
 while their handsome stock of pearls and other jewels, 
 fine dresses and furs, are hidden in vaults and put away 
 in packing trunks. Even at noontime, when the streets 
 are usually thronged with the working-girls hurrying 
 to their luncheon or out for a half an hour's exercise, 
 the streets are deserted except for the appearance of 
 some tired-looking shopgirl trying to earn a few cents 
 in spite of present conditions. The beautiful hotels, 
 always crowded this time of the year, are empty except 
 for a few Americans who are lingering, waiting for a 
 boat to take them home. The large cafes on the boule- 
 
 28 
 
Paris, Past and Present 29 
 
 vard are all closed. It is only the small tea-rooms and 
 bars that dare hope for any business. 
 
 The smart people who live out near the Bois have 
 heard too much about German Zeppelins to venture 
 out on a beautiful day, and forbid their nurses taking 
 the children into the park. It is only the poorer people 
 in the Latin Quarter who insist in taking their children 
 in the beautiful gardens of the Luxembourg for an 
 airing. As night falls, the people gather in crowds to 
 watch the skies. They have let their imaginations 
 dwell so long on Zeppelins and bombs that many im- 
 agine they see these awful implements of war when 
 they are watching harmless stars. 
 
 At the other end of the city, they gather round the 
 Eiffel Tower, which now bears the highest artillery 
 in the world. Here are placed immense machine guns. 
 Up at Montmartre, the people gather in little circles 
 to read the letters they have received from their soldier 
 boys and to discuss the possibility of Paris being cap- 
 tured. They have forgotten all about their once lively 
 dance-halls and cabarets. There are but few artists 
 left in this quarter now, for they have either gone home 
 or to the front, while the women and children amuse 
 themselves reading the last extra or listening to an 
 organ-grinder giving them many patriotic airs for a 
 few sous. 
 
30 Peace and War 
 
 How lonely and sad these vacant streets and boule- 
 vards look, contrasted with their appearance on the 
 I5tli of July, which is France's national holiday. Then 
 there was dancing on nearly every street corner, made 
 livelier by the throwing of confetti, careless laughter 
 and much kissing. The Queen of Beauty ruled then, 
 while now havoc and the cruelties of war are in su- 
 premacy. Except for a few soldiers and officers mov- 
 ing up and down in the Bois, that splendid park is 
 quite deserted. The famous cafes, such as Madrid 
 and Armoneville, have closed their doors. It is hard 
 to imagine that these restaurants were visited by no 
 less than five thousand people during an afternoon of 
 the races. Less than two months ago, the great mar- 
 kets of Paris were crowded with country people hurry- 
 ing in with their carts, horses and mules. In a short 
 time they had distributed their splendid supply of 
 meats, vegetables, fruits, flowers and small merchan- 
 dise without and within. By seven o'clock the place 
 was crowded with women of all social classes and 
 wealth. Now the great crowds have dwindled, for the 
 markets only display the barest necessities and the 
 women only come and buy as they actually need them. 
 
 It is said that thousands of women have been thrown 
 out of employment, for more than sixty per cent, of 
 the women in Paris were working women. No sooner 
 
Paris J Past and Present 31 
 
 had war been declared than most of the small shops 
 closed their doors and this threw hundreds of women 
 out of work. A few of the leading dressmaking es- 
 tablishments carried their main business over to Lon- 
 don, but they could not give employment to all their 
 people. A few of the large stores kept open for a 
 while, but soon their men were called to the front and 
 so their business did not pay. I wonder what has be- 
 come of the great numbers of designers and artists 
 who were dependent on foreign purchase for their live- 
 lihood? Occasionally a pale, haggard girl passes by, 
 as though she was seeking employment in a designer's 
 studio or in an artist's atelier. But business is at a 
 standstill and there is only employment for a very few 
 out of many. 
 
 The flower markets which always made Paris so at- 
 tractive have vanished, even the famous flower mar- 
 ket in front of the Madeleine. It is only an occasional 
 old woman who has the courage to try to earn a few 
 pennies by selling roses or lilies of the valley. 
 
 The streets lack all energy, even in the afternoon, 
 when there is so much energy in Paris. The women 
 have neither the courage nor the money to start off on 
 any shopping trips. The French women now appear 
 in simple attire and are limiting their shopping to the 
 few things they need. Many have been deprived of 
 
32 Peace and War 
 
 their large incomes, are managing to do their own 
 houswork and are looking after their children, while 
 those who can still afford things are busy working for 
 the Red Cross, visiting the hospitals and craches. 
 
 Even more deserted is the Latin Quarter with the 
 Sorbonne called the Medicine and at the Ecole des 
 Beaux Arts. Usually at this time of the year they 
 are busy with their annual house-cleaning preparatory 
 to receiving the many students that come from Amer- 
 ica, England, Poland, Russia and Germany. Their 
 doors are closed so tightly this year they certainly will 
 not be opened. The gaiety of the Latin Quarter is now 
 a thing of the past. A few soldiers sipping their cof- 
 fee out of doors is a commonplace picture for the 
 gay-hearted artists that once promenaded the street 
 with their pretty models and coquettes. There is now 
 no dancing nor merry-making up at Montmartre, the 
 real artists' quarter. The streets are now so deserted 
 they are excellent dens for thieves and robbers, for 
 gone are even the venders with their push-carts who 
 made a noise as they hawked their wares. Even the 
 museums and picture galleries are closed, and the only 
 public buildings left open are those being used for 
 military purposes. The few women and children seen 
 on the street look frightened and worried. Any jar 
 or noise seems to promise danger. 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 33 
 
 Sunday is like any other day, except that crowds of 
 people hurry to the Madeleine or Notre Dame to beg 
 for peace or for war to be over. All the stalls on the 
 Seine are closed and the strand is vacant except for the 
 soldiers that patrol up and down. All the cab-drivers 
 left in Paris are either old men or women who find it 
 hard to earn a few francs a day. 
 
 The country looks almost as deserted. Many a beau- 
 tiful farm has gone to waste because there is no one 
 to look after the harvest. Still, the women and chil- 
 dren are doing their level best working on the farms 
 and doing all they can to save their vegetables and 
 grain. 
 
 Many of the vineyards have been trampled on by 
 regiments of soldiers and most of the lovely cham- 
 pagne country is ruined. The hardest blow of all was 
 the news that the famous cathedral at Rheims had been 
 destroyed and all the famous buildings had either been 
 laid in ruins or seriously damaged. The cathedral is 
 supposed to have the finest rose window left in France 
 and it was considered the finest piece of Gothic archi- 
 tecture. It was in this cathedral that Charles the Tenth 
 was crowned and that the lovely Maid of Orleans saw 
 the coronation of Charles VII which marked the ful- 
 fillment of her vision. The beautiful Church of Saint 
 Jacques has commemorated her life in beautiful 
 
34 Peace and War 
 
 stained glass windows, while the museum, rich in 
 treasures that memorialize her life, has also been de- 
 stroyed. It is not therefore to be wondered at that 
 the poor French people who love their country so well 
 are brokenhearted as they look out on the approaching 
 night, wondering what will happen next. 
 
HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE A REFUGEE? 
 
 How would you like to be a refugee for four weeks, 
 fleeing from the horrors and hardships of war ? How 
 would you like to be cut off all this time by mail and 
 cable from relatives and friends? How would you 
 like to be many thousand miles from home, with little 
 money and no credit, trying to meet your obligations 
 and at the same time sharing the little you have with 
 those less fortunate than you are? 
 
 This is a brief summary of my experience won from 
 the war. The situation looked so hopeless because the 
 war came like a thunderbolt out of a clear sky. I was 
 at Bad Kissingen in Southern Bavaria when the news 
 came that Austria was threatening Servia with war. 
 Though some of the alarmists were confident that this 
 meant the beginning of a world war, the German 
 papers assured the nations that everything was being 
 done to confine the war to Austria and Servia. Even 
 the Austrian Emperor had said that his country had 
 started the war and it was up to him to work out his 
 own salvation. 
 
 I was therefore more surprised when the word came 
 on Saturday that Russia had mobilized for the pur- 
 
 35 
 
36 Peace and War 
 
 pose of crossing the German frontier. This mere threat 
 seemed to paralyze most of the Americans who were 
 busy taking their cures in this Bavarian resort, for 
 until then they had only heard war spoken of at far 
 range. Many of them went mornings and afternoons 
 to the Kurgarten and tried to drown their sorrows in 
 the beautiful strains of the Viennese orchestra, which 
 they listened to in a listless way. The thought upper- 
 most in their minds was how would we get out if 
 Russia really declared war on Germany? 
 
 The most panicky and energetic got busy and left, 
 but most of the Americans tried to pull themselves to- 
 gether and to wait for further developments. Our 
 unsteady nerves and heavy hearts were reassured by 
 the articles in all the German dailies saying that they 
 were doing their level best to stay out of the fight and 
 to keep the war confined to Austria and Servia. The 
 foreign diplomats, even of England, gave the same re- 
 assuring reports. This promise of good faith and 
 friendship was given out on Saturday, so on Sunday 
 when word came that Russia had been mobilizing for 
 three days to cross the German frontier, it came as a 
 shock. But Germany still tried to ward it off by grant- 
 ing Russia twelve hours to give some sort of explana- 
 tion for this work. This Russia did by sending some 
 of her forces across the German frontier. 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 37 
 
 By noon on Sunday our sanitarium was in a pande- 
 monium of excitement, as it became known that many 
 German officers were being recalled and were busy 
 packing their trunks to catch the first afternoon train 
 back to the Prussian capital. 
 
 I tore down-stairs two steps at a time. In the hall- 
 way I met a German countess weeping in real sorrow 
 while her grandmother was trying to console her. When 
 I inquired the reason for all this grief the grandmother 
 said that her grandsons were officers and had been 
 called to their different regiments. 
 
 In the dining-room that noon there were one hundred 
 and seventy-five worried men and women of many dif- 
 ferent nationalties. They were plotting and planning 
 how they could escape the war, or at least get to their 
 homes. The Germans had soon decided to leave with- 
 out any delay for Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich and other 
 German cities so they could tell each other goodbye 
 before the men started for war. 
 
 The Russian merchants and bankers were alarmed 
 and they started for St. Petersburg and Moscow to 
 escape being made prisoners in Germany. There were 
 two Persian princes who hurried to the minister of war 
 and obtained permission to take out their auto-car and 
 started for Lucerne that very afternoon. Many Ameri- 
 cans who had auto-cars with them made the same move 
 
38 Peace and War 
 
 trying to get to Berlin, The Hague or London, but most 
 of these were shot at before they had gone very far. 
 The two Persian princes barely escaped being shot as 
 Turkish spies. 
 
 In less than two hours only thirty-five guests were 
 left in the sanitarium ; most of these were Americans 
 and Russians who were wondering if they had not 
 made a mistake by staying. They were comforted 
 when they heard the next day that most of the people 
 who had left had not gotten very far. 
 
 The thought that we were living in a military coun- 
 try on the eve of one of the world's greatest wars was 
 just a little nerve-racking. That afternoon we took 
 a carriage drive through the woods to one of the neigh- 
 boring towns. It was a beautiful summer's day, and 
 it was hard to think that a terrible war was about to 
 break over this placid scene. The picture was made 
 more attractive by the many peasants out for their 
 usual Sunday holiday in their large farm wagons. 
 These carts were crowded with German families of the 
 usual size, children, parents and grandparents. Though 
 they did not look jovial, the expression of their coun- 
 tenances never indicated that they realized that a great 
 war was pending. 
 
 It was after five when my mother and I returned to 
 the sanitarium that afternoon. I had been resting less 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 39 
 
 than a half-hour in the large hall when a head-waiter 
 came and threw an extra bulletin in my lap, which read 
 that Germany had mobilized and declared war. 
 
 The men seated near me turned pale ; they were too 
 stunned to make any comment on the situation. I 
 waited until I had calmed myself and then I bounded 
 up to my room. My mother was resting at the time, 
 and by the way I tore into the room she must have 
 thought a tiger was about to break loose from the zoo. 
 
 "It's all up! It's all up!" I cried, as I sounded a bell 
 for a porter to come and help me pack my book-trunk. 
 I cleared the bureau drawers and the tables and he 
 commenced to pack with as much enthusiasm as though 
 we were going off to join a regiment. Then I pro- 
 ceeded to take the dresses out of the wardrobe and 
 began to pile everything high on the beds. 
 
 ''Have you gone crazy ?" my mother said, only to get 
 the determined answer, "No, but we are off tomorrow," 
 as I continued to add more clothes to the great pile. I 
 proceeded to explain that I had engaged a Swiss man 
 to take us across the frontier and then we would de- 
 cide whether to go to Holland, Belgium or England. 
 
 While talking and working, I failed to notice that 
 one of the nurses had been in the room giving my 
 mother some medicine and had overheard the conver- 
 sation. I was also unaware of the fact that she had 
 
40 Peace and War 
 
 gone down-stairs and told the head-doctor that I was 
 informing the patients that Germany had declared war. 
 He sent up one of his assistants, who said that I was 
 creating a panic in his sanitarium. His remarks in 
 German, translated into English, were somewhat like 
 the following: 
 
 "You are an egoist to create all this excitement ; don't 
 you know that the maids are out in the hall crying?" 
 
 I answered that I was sorry if any of the women 
 had been made hysterical by the news but I was in no 
 way responsible for the war. 
 
 I soon saw that it was as difficult to combat the 
 egotistical in peace as in war, so I decided to sit steady 
 and await an opportunity. The next morning I went 
 down at six-thirty to see what the fifty thousand guests 
 were doing and how they took the situation. The place 
 about the music-stand was packed with Germans and 
 German-Americans who were listening to such strains 
 as ''Der Wacht am Rhein," "Deutchland iiber Alles," 
 intermingled with our own "Star Spangled Banner." 
 The only comment made on these strains were the cries 
 of "Hoch ! Hoch !" from time to time. At the other end 
 of the grounds was another mob of men and women 
 reading the extra bulletin that a Russian regiment had 
 crossed the frontier and Germany had declared war. 
 The men had a worried look and the women were pale 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 41 
 
 and anxious, but all showed magnificent control. There 
 were no cries heard of "Down with Russia !" or "Down 
 with France!" Many of these Germans were still 
 filled with hope that Sir Edward Grey would bring 
 these foreign powers to a satisfactory understanding. 
 
 It was not until Tuesday that the first men enlisted 
 and martial law was proclaimed. A large part of the 
 promenade was roped off and guarded by petty officers. 
 Nobody crossed this plot of ground under penalty of 
 being shot. 
 
 The proclaiming of martial law was a new experi- 
 ence for me, so I stood behind the ropes for hours at 
 a time, seeing the young men come to the front, take 
 the oath and enlist. The first regiments were only 
 boys, still unmarried, living in romance rather than 
 actuality. But I soon decided that it was not as hard 
 for them to bid their sweethearts goodbye as it was 
 a little later for fathers to bid their wives and several 
 clinging children farewell. A week later it was even 
 harder to see the old men, many of whom had served 
 in the war of '70 and '71, gladly come forth again to 
 join the rank and file. More than twenty-five thou- 
 sand men enlisted in a week. They ranged from nine- 
 teen to forty-five and came from all conditions of life ; 
 the richest and the poorest alike were eager to go and 
 fight and if necessary to die for their country. They 
 
42 Peace and War 
 
 were impatient to change their civilian uniform for 
 the earth-color uniforms. It was pathetic to see some 
 of them hand over their old suits to their wives, for I 
 wondered if they would ever use them again. But they 
 seemed hopeful as they moved on, singing their favor- 
 ite military strains. Each regiment had its favorite 
 song ; with one it was "Der Wacht am Rhein," with an- 
 other "Deutchland iiber Alles." 
 
 This continued for a week, until twenty-five thousand 
 men had been called out from Bad Kissingen and sur- 
 rounding country. Most of these were farmers who 
 had to drop their work before the harvesting of their 
 grain. This work was turned over to women and chil- 
 dren, while young boy scouts came and volunteered to 
 work on the farms. The men were called into the dif- 
 ferent regiments mornings, noons and afternoons, until 
 I wondered if it would ever stop. They marched off 
 only to form new regiments. As I climbed the hill one 
 day a middle-aged, kindly woman said to me in a 
 choked voice, *T am giving everything I have in this 
 world to this war, my husband and five sons. Four 
 of them are to fight against France and two against 
 Russia." She controlled her grief as she spoke, but it 
 was not hard to see that her heart was broken. Many 
 of the men working in our place were called out with- 
 out getting a chance to tell wives or mothers goodbye. 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 43 
 
 while one man confessed modestly that he was to be the 
 father of a first child in less than two months. In a 
 week's time the male population was so depleted that it 
 was hard to find a man walking in town or out in the 
 fields. The few young men left were so ashamed they 
 had not been taken that they hastened to explain that 
 they belonged to the Landsturm and that they would 
 be called out during the next two weeks. That most 
 of them went willingly is shown by the fact that in a 
 week's time Germany had over a million in arms. When 
 a young man was refused by one ministry of war he 
 applied to another and did not give up until he had been 
 refused five or six times. Even the tear-stained faces 
 of mothers and sweethearts did not influence these 
 young men from rallying around their flag. These 
 German women were perfect Spartans and were glad 
 when they had four or five sons to give to their coun- 
 try. They are trying to do their best to fill the gaps 
 made by husbands and sons in homes, in the fields and 
 in the shops, taking their positions in stores, in banks 
 and on street cars. 
 
 In a few days these peaceful Bavarian people settled 
 down to their daily routine. They were not surprised 
 when France as well as Russia declared war on them, 
 for it was what they naturally expected. But the news 
 that England also had declared war came as a terrible 
 
44 Peace and War 
 
 shock. This news fanned the fire into a terrible flame 
 and goaded the Germans on to a point where they felt 
 they must lose all or win all. 
 
 Although the Americans were sympathizing with all 
 this sorrow they had plenty of worries of their own. 
 By half-past eight in the morning and at three in the 
 afternoon, there were such crowds of people gathered 
 before the small banks and ticket agents that it was 
 next to hopeless to get in without being crushed, even 
 if one wanted tickets or money. The Germans, Rus- 
 sians and English were foremost in these crowds, for 
 the Germans felt they had to get home while the Rus- 
 sians or English wanted to escape being taken prisr 
 ers. Being an American, I felt that I was well protected 
 until one morning I was stopped by a German and was 
 accused of being a Russian. One day two of these men 
 stopped me and I understood enough of what they were 
 saying to know that they wanted to prove that I was 
 a spy. Fortunately I had my passport with me, and 
 that was enough to prove that I was an innocent Amer- 
 ican looking for friends and money instead of working 
 with bombs. 
 
 The Americans in our sanitarium were fairly quiet 
 until the word came that the banks were closed; at 
 least, they would only give out money on German let- 
 ters of credit. This information was aggravated by 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 45 
 
 the fact that England had closed the cable in Germany. 
 Paradoxical as it may seem, it was strange to us that 
 the days moved on just the same, the days multiplied 
 themselves into a week, and we had a board-bill staring 
 us in the face with no prospect of money. I thought 
 our host might be kind enough not to present us with 
 a bill at the end of the week, but it came in just as 
 usual. I was so angry that I left it there for a week 
 without looking at it. I soon made up my mind if I 
 could not get out of Germany the best thing to do was 
 to bring some money into Germany. 
 
 I had some friends living in Frankfurt to whom I 
 confided our distress. I do not know which was more 
 difficult, keeping up a German conversation over the 
 telephone or assuring them I was hard presssed for 
 money. After a dozen serious conversations over the 
 'phone, backed up by a number of German postals, I 
 got two hundred and fifty dollars from one and seventy- 
 five dollars from another. I also got two letters from 
 friends, one from Berlin and the other from Dresden, 
 asking if I needed help, and I hoisted the signal of dis- 
 tress in a hurry. Only a small part of this money could 
 be kept as a reserve fund, as we now owed two weeks' 
 board. Fortunately the banks had opened again and 
 our government had sent instructions to give us money 
 on our letters of credit, using their own discretion. I 
 
46 Peace and War 
 
 had to wait all day until I could get near a bank, and 
 then the cashier said one hundred and fifty dollars 
 was all we needed. When I explained it was not 
 enough he became angry and accused me of calling him 
 names. He made a terrible fuss in his bank and for a 
 few moments I though he would have me arrested. 
 The question of money was only one of the many dif- 
 ficulties. Germany was so excited by the presence of 
 spies in her midst that she at times accused the twink- 
 ling stars of being bombs thrown into the air. Deter- 
 mined to rid her country of spies, she sent policemen ac- 
 companied by watchdogs to search the Russians and 
 to find out the whereabouts of the others. One morn- 
 ing we were notified we must all present ourselves at 
 the schoolhouse where we were to exhibit our passports 
 or other credentials. It was really a funny sight to 
 watch nearly two hundred thousand Russians and 
 Americans trying to force a way into a small school- 
 house. When the work first started, the soldiers and 
 first aides tried to arrange the throng in single, double 
 and triple files, but after half an hour's venture the 
 rope gave way and the people found themselves where 
 they started. I was soon tired with the overpowering 
 mob and went home to begin all over in the afternoon. 
 After two hours hard work we had gone from the first 
 step to the inner door. The actual work went more 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 47 
 
 quickly, for when the recorder saw passports marked 
 with the red seal of Washington, D C, he was satisfied 
 and asked few questions. 
 
 When the German mail man did not appear for a 
 week it gradually dawned upon us that we were not 
 getting our mail and we wanted to know the reason 
 for this. We soon found out that if England had closed 
 the cables Germany had closed the mail, and that we 
 could not have our letters that were marked U. S. A. 
 until they had been opened and read. Some of the 
 more energetic Americans went to the German minister 
 of war and complained. This complaint was sent on to 
 Berlin. After a week's fuming and worrying they 
 were told that they must go and have their pictures 
 taken. Every one who wanted his mail had to pay 
 fifty cents for a small, ugly-looking picture made pay- 
 able in advance. They presented it at the ministry of 
 war and only a small number were allowed through the 
 gates at a time. The most daring of the soldiers 
 teased the Russians about their names, and even had 
 the impudence to tease the unmarried girls about their 
 age. By the time they had pasted the pictures upon the 
 papers, the funny-looking scrawl looked like certificates 
 worthy of a rogue's gallery. After these minor details 
 had been attended to the question paramount in our 
 minds was : "How could Uncle Sam bring all his chil- 
 
48 Peace and War 
 
 dren home?" There was a rumor Jhat one of our war- 
 ships, "The Tennessee," was to be dispatched to the 
 other side to deliver money and good cheer. We heard 
 that she was also authorized to buy ships, but we won- 
 dered if ships could be bought, and, if they could be, 
 would not the other nations raise objections. A group 
 of successful business men in our sanitarium delegated 
 themselves as captains and pilots for an unknown ship 
 and began studying the map of Europe. There was a 
 great diversity of opinion as to which way we should 
 go if we went in a body. First they recommended 
 Switzerland, only to find out that Switzerland had 
 closed her gates because she feared a food famine. Then 
 they suggested Italy, but this was vetoed because Italy 
 is hard to reach from Bavaria and the ships sailing 
 from Italy are very small. One of their happiest sug- 
 gestions was Belgium, until they heard that Belgium 
 had been drawn into the war against her will. I think 
 a few recommended England, but this was promptly 
 vetoed because England was at war and the channel 
 was choked with mines. Strangely, no one thought of 
 Holland. In the leisure moments they busied them- 
 selves taking up a collection for the Red Cross and 
 sending important messages to Gerard, our ambassa- 
 dor in Berlin. He consoled them by saying there was 
 no immediate danger and recommended that we send 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 49 
 
 for our consul in Coburg. After patiently waiting a 
 few more days our vice-consul appeared. 
 
 He was shut up for several hours with a delegation 
 who had invited him down. I have no idea what trans- 
 pired at that important meeting, for no new work was 
 undertaken to get us out of Germany. He was busy 
 telling us about his hardships and that it had taken him 
 thirty hours to make a five-hour trip. He got busy 
 looking after the passports of those who were fortu- 
 nate enough to have them and making a record of those 
 who wanted them. He promised to get them emer- 
 gency passports signed with the biggest red seals he 
 had. As he spoke to each one of us in turn he asked 
 for the name of some relative or friend in the United 
 States, adding that if anything happened to us he could 
 notify our friends at home. When the Americans wor- 
 ried him about how we should get home, he asssured us 
 that transports would be sent over in due time to get 
 us all back safely. 
 
 On hearing this, my mother brought me before the 
 vice-consul and asked him what he thought of our 
 going to Holland by way of Berlin. The very ques- 
 tion seemed to frighten him, for he argued that if it 
 took thirty-two hours to make a five-hour trip, it might 
 take weeks to go from Bavaria to Holland. He was 
 sure that some of the tracks had been pulled up and 
 
50 Peace and War 
 
 that some of the rails and bridges might be laid with 
 bombs. He argued that even if we escaped these dif- 
 ficulties we might be thrown out on the fields any time 
 and might have to run miles crossing the frontiers. He 
 said that the small coupes were so crowded with peo- 
 ple that he had seen men and women stand at the sta- 
 tions for hours while the more fortunate ones were 
 crushed into third-class coupes or into baggage cars. 
 My mother was then resolved not to move until our 
 government should send transports to take us home and 
 we should go home in a private car. I said nothing, 
 but had my eyes set on Holland as my goal. 
 
 A few days later I happened to go into the Holland 
 American agency and told the man to wire to Rotter- 
 dam and see if he could get us a room. To my sur- 
 prise and delight I was informed the following week 
 that we could have a whole cabin on the Rotterdam, 
 sailing on the 29th of August. Then my mother re- 
 fused to pay the fifty dollars down, for she was con- 
 fident that the Holland American ships would not run. 
 I kept her in the office to hold the telegram while I 
 tore up hill to consult a successful business man from 
 St. Louis as to whether I should pay fifty dollars down 
 on what seemed to be a good chance. He argued that 
 woman's intuition was often better than a man's rea- 
 son and that I should follow out my original plan. I 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 51 
 
 won my mother over to our way of thinking by telling 
 her what she had still left in American Express checks 
 and that she could use them instead of money. When 
 we had secured a cabin I felt as rich as John Bull does 
 since he has secured control of the English Channel. 
 Hardly a day passed but I looked at the ticket to see 
 that it had not been lost. Then I began to tell people 
 at the sanitarium and wired my friends in Berlin ad- 
 vising them how to get out of Germany. 
 
 By this time the first mobilization was over and there 
 was an interim of about ten days before the calling of 
 the Landsturm, which meant the boys from twenty-one 
 to twenty-five and the men from forty to forty-five. 
 
 The ticket agent told us that we could go at any time, 
 that the longer we waited the worse it would become, 
 and that by delay we were considerably reducing our 
 chances for getting away. He could sell us tickets for 
 a stretch but that there were no more through tickets 
 to be had. In contradiction to this statement, the doc- 
 tor who had the sanitarium said that he had been at 
 a committee meeting of the railroads and they admitted 
 that there were many hardships in trying to get away 
 at present. Every day I noticed men and women hur- 
 rying to the station carrying their hand luggage, and 
 letting the maids from the pensions carry their small 
 trunks. 
 
52 Peace and War 
 
 There was an Hungarian couple at our sanitarium 
 who had been waiting for weeks to get back to Buda- 
 pest. One day the woman told me she had bought pro- 
 visions for five days and they were going to start the 
 next morning, for she thought they could make the trip 
 in five days. This gave me new courage, for I be- 
 lieved that if she could get back to Budapest I could 
 get to Berlin. At the same time I heard that long- 
 distance telephone connections with Berlin had been 
 reopened. After trying for some hours, I made a con- 
 nection and got some friends who were stopping there. 
 To my surprise, they told me that our Embassy in Ber- 
 lin had chartered a special train and they were to be 
 oflf in the morning. Still, I did not give up hope that I 
 would meet them in Holland. The next morning I 
 went off and bought two dress-suitcases and a straw 
 basket, which were to hold my most prized treasures. 
 I put on my good spring suit, jammed three good 
 dresses and more than a dozen waists, set aside one 
 winter hat, and a cape to carry on my arm. Then I 
 proceeded to unpack the jewelry case and put the jew- 
 elry into satchels. 
 
 By the time I was ready to get my Swiss courier he 
 was gone, so I had to take a swarthy German, who had 
 acted as interpreter at the post-office, as a substitute. 
 When the doctor called that afternoon and saw a 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 53 
 
 stranger in my mother's room he wanted to know what 
 he was doing. I admitted that we were planning to 
 leave the next day and intended taking him as our 
 aide. Another storm broke on the calm, for the doctor 
 argued that neither was my mother strong enough nor 
 I courageous enough to make the journey alone. I said 
 little but thought much, and was determined that it 
 must be now or never. I ate up in my room that eve- 
 ning, for I did not want to talk it over with anybody 
 and wanted to finish on my own impulse. Our cham- 
 bermaid, Marie, was both surprised and worried when 
 she heard that we were going, and said : "Think over it 
 well, for the geheimrath knows best." That night I 
 was so feverish that I could not sleep and I told my 
 mother that she must decide for herself, but that my ad- 
 vice was for her to go. In the morning there was an- 
 other discussion as to whether I should take my French 
 books and notebooks. My mother and maid said that 
 if they were found on me I would be arrested as a spy, 
 but I was determined to take a chance and I am glad 
 now that I did. 
 
 A strange incident occurred that morning when the 
 Swiss man whom I had at first secured returned, and 
 the German appeared a few minutes later. Our maid 
 and a porter favored the Swiss man, so I compromised 
 by paying the other man five dollars for his trouble. 
 
54 Peace and War 
 
 I left my mother to pack the odds and ends and to give 
 the final decision that we were going while I went back 
 to the minister of war to get the permission to leave. 
 We took our luncheon in our room as we did not wish 
 to be bombarded with questions, but a number of 
 friends heard that we were going and they came to 
 wish us Godspeed, brought us candy and cookies, and 
 begged us to take letters to friends across the sea. 
 
 When we reached the station we found it guarded 
 and patroled by soldiers and no one could pass the 
 gate without showing both a ticket and pass. It was 
 even more difficult to get three seats in a coupe, for a 
 Russian family was taking care of a sick man and said 
 they had only places for their nurses. When we ven- 
 tured into another compartment a German woman 
 with her grandson tried to keep us out. After we had 
 become friendly she admitted her reason was that I 
 looked like a Russian and she refused to ride in the 
 same compartment with a Russian woman. 
 
 We only rode a short distance when we had to get 
 down and wait for another train going toward Berlin. 
 We loaded up our compartment with six bottles of 
 strawberry selzer, as we were more thirsty than hun- 
 gry. At six o'clock we found ourselves seated in a 
 small primitive station restaurant crowded with people. 
 Among them were several active officers and a num- 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 55 
 
 ber of retired officers on their way to Berlin. After 
 supper I was talking with one of the petty officers, who 
 said that they were hopeful though they knew they had 
 hard battle ahead. Moreover, they would never forget 
 the friendly attitude America had shown them in this 
 terrible world war. It was twelve o'clock before we 
 were allowed to go through the gates and another hour 
 before our train pulled out. The conductor explained 
 that we would have to wait an hour until an Italian 
 train had passed. He suggested that we should take 
 great care in crossing the railroad tracks and when we 
 got into our seats we should not change, the reason I 
 do not know. There were signs posted on the window, 
 "Keep your heads in and beware of bombs." This 
 frightened my mother so that she would not move, but 
 I was too curious to see what was going on outside to 
 obey orders. For one hour a half-dozen guards went 
 over the tracks looking for bombs and then they came 
 into our coupe looking for spies. At one o'clock we 
 were wondering if we would ever reach Berlin without 
 being blown up with bombs. I had a weird, strange 
 feeling, for I saw heads now and then bobbing up in 
 the distance. I thought they were ghosts at first, but 
 finally discovered that they were only cavalrymen 
 riding in the baggage car. It was nearly four o'clock 
 when I became so exhausted that I could keep awake 
 
56 Peace and War 
 
 no longer and slept for an hour and a half in an up- 
 right position. My travelling companions, including my 
 mother and a Norwegian woman going to Christiania, 
 were more fortunate in this respect. We had break- 
 fast at Weimar, and I could hardly think of this lovely 
 Saxon city and the center of German culture, the home 
 of Goethe and Schiller, being disturbed by war. The 
 large station was crowded with soldiers watching for 
 spies. As usual, one of the soldiers believed that I was 
 a Russian, and he was surprised to find my passport 
 identified me as an American. I should not have 
 minded being thought a Russian if they had not looked 
 upon the most unsuspected people of Russia as spies. 
 We reached Erfurt, which is known as the garden of 
 Germany, for its beautiful flowers. Here my mother 
 introduced me to a handsome German boy, seventeen 
 years old, who had volunteered and was hurrying to 
 Kiel to be accepted into the navy. 
 
 That day we counted thirty-two transports carrying 
 German soldiers toward France, and it was only after 
 I had seen them that I knew what German organiza- 
 tion meant. In the baggage car was the cavalry — 
 every man to his horse, and all had been instructed that 
 consideration for horses came before themselves. The 
 cannon and other field provision were on tracks, but I 
 was told that the powder and dynamite was carried at 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 57 
 
 night instead of in daytime. There were many auto- 
 mobiles with Red Cross doctors and officers accom- 
 panied by chauffeurs, who were to carry them into the 
 enemy's country. Everywhere one met courage and 
 enthusiasm. Essential marks showed printed in chalk 
 on trains — "We shall eat our Christmas dinner in 
 Paris" and "It is a short way from Berlin to Paris." 
 
 After luncheon I walked through the town down into 
 the deep valley, where hundreds of young men were 
 lying in the grass waiting to be enrolled that after- 
 noon. At the end was a garden with a large house 
 which was being turned into a hospital for wounded 
 soldiers, and I saw a number of Red Cross nurses and 
 doctors getting things into shape. At three o'clock 
 a military train came along carrying soldiers to Berlin. 
 There was only one coupe vacant and that contained a 
 high officer and another high official. The officer was 
 kind enough to get out and make room for us. It was 
 long after twelve o'clock when we reached Berlin, and 
 we noticed that the big bridges connecting the city were 
 well protected with soldiers. Thousands of women 
 and children were waiting to see the American refugees 
 hurrying to Berlin, or soldiers hastening to spend a few 
 hours with relatives before they went to war. Except 
 for these great crowds at the station there was no dis- 
 order, and it was hard to imagine that the Prussian cap- 
 
58 Peace and War 
 
 ital was in the throes of such a mighty war. Our hotel 
 was out in the Thiergarten, the loveHest part of Berlin, 
 and was cool even in summer weather. The hotel man- 
 ager was a Dutchman, and he had great sympathy with 
 the American refugees. He was kind enough to say that 
 if he met any Americans he would keep them there as 
 long as they wanted to stay on credit. Next morning, 
 bright and early, we hurried off to the Embassy, which 
 is a handsome and imposing building near to the Ger- 
 man Embassy. Though it was only half-past nine, there 
 were more than three hundred people waiting to get in. 
 A number of young officials were trying their best to 
 line the people up in double files and to keep order. 
 Here again I had great difficulty in proving my iden- 
 tity. It was only after I showed my passport that I 
 was allowed to enter. Within the doorway there was 
 a jolly negro trying to keep the women happy — his aide 
 was a German who was doing his best to try and keep 
 order. This was no light task, as our Embassy was 
 looking after the affairs of the English, French and 
 Russians along with its own. A number of college 
 boys waiting to be returned home had offered their 
 services and were assisting the clerks in their work. 
 Our Embassy had been so overburdened with work that 
 Mrs. Gerard was there all day long helping her hus- 
 band. This work included giving out of passports, the 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 59 
 
 O. K.-ing of passports, selling of tickets on special 
 trains and the giving out of money to stranded Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 The expressions of the people waiting outside seemed 
 to say I care for nothing save ''Home, Sweet Home" or 
 "Take me back to Grigsby's station." After getting 
 our passports signed we were told to come back next 
 day for our tickets for the special train. In the mean- 
 time we had to turn over our passports to the German 
 minister of war and get them back at our own Em- 
 bassy. The rest of the time was put in visiting a few 
 of the galleries left open, watching the great crowds of 
 people that surged around the Emperor's house, try- 
 ing to get a glimpse of him, and in trying to get the 
 latest news of war from our own papers. Sunday 
 morning I went up to the Dom Church, the great 
 church of Berlin, which was packed to the doors with 
 German men and women bent in solemn prayer. For 
 the Landsturm had been called out that morning and 
 thousands of men knew that they would have to be off 
 to the war in the morning. At noon, when the many 
 church doors were thrown open, thousands of people 
 passed out, the men with heads uncovered, the women 
 pale and earnest, but all resigned and willing to do their 
 best. All eyes were bent to the palace, for the lowered 
 flag showed that the Emperor was at home making his 
 
6o Peace and War 
 
 preparations for leaving that night. This was the first 
 day for a week that there had been quiet around the 
 palace. Until Sunday thousands of people were gath- 
 ered all day long singing the Kaiser's favorite songs 
 and shouting "Hoch! Hoch!" every time they caught 
 a glimpse of him, and especially when he ventured out 
 on the balcony to make a speech to his people. That 
 afternoon hundreds of people gathered with their chil- 
 dren in the Thiergarten to enjoy the animals and to lis- 
 ten to the military band play many patriotic airs. This 
 was the last peaceful Sunday that hundreds of hus- 
 bands spent with their families. Next morning many 
 a tired woman commenced to work to help the Red 
 Cross, and to put the different hospitals and royal 
 homes that had been turned into hospitals ready for the 
 wounded soldiers. The Empress did her share, and the 
 Crown Princess gave one of her palaces for this work. 
 On every street corner there were young girls and 
 women hard at work getting contributions for the Red 
 Cross. Berlin became so deserted of men that it was 
 next to impossible to find men salesmen in the shops, 
 while they were even trying the women out as con- 
 ductors on the street cars. The banks were more than 
 half emptied of their clerks and the police work was 
 being done by the older men. 
 
 Our special train that was to take us to Holland left 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 6i 
 
 on Tuesday, so we had to be at the Embassy on Monday 
 for our tickets. Though the tickets were not sold until 
 eleven o'clock that morning, by nine many were waiting 
 patiently to put in their orders. There were first, sec- 
 ond and third class tickets sold, but these could only be 
 bought by Americans. I tried to get one for our Swiss 
 courier, but I was told that this was a special train for 
 Americans, and so I had to leave him behind. As I 
 look back to those few days spent in Berlin, many pleas- 
 ant incidents in the midst of the Prussian capital in the 
 throes of a world war recur to mind. One of these 
 was the approach of the Kaiser, accompanied by a high 
 government official, as they rode through the Branden- 
 burger Thor along Unter den Linden to the ministry 
 of war. He was simply swarmed by his people, who 
 yelled, "Unser Kaiser ! Unser Kaiser ! Hoch ! Hoch !" 
 Although he appreciated their loyalty and patriotism, 
 his face showed great care and worry and he seemed to 
 have grown ten years older in a few weeks. 
 
 A pathetic incident was the great crowds of people 
 who came and went out of the Dom Church Sunday 
 morning, where they went to pray for strength and 
 resignation. The crowd was so great that only Ger- 
 mans were allowed to enter church that morning. It 
 was an inspiring sight to see men of all ages, accom- 
 panied by their wives, children or sisters, come out with 
 
62 Peace and War 
 
 resolute faces, realizing the danger but determined to 
 give their all for the cause. 
 
 It was Tuesday afternoon that our special train was 
 ready at five o'clock to take us from Berlin into Hol- 
 land. Though the train was not ready much before 
 five, hundreds of anxious Americans were on the plat- 
 form by three in the afternoon. Most of them had 
 plenty to do in the two hours before our train pulled 
 out. Some had to look after their trunks, make sure 
 that they were being placed in the baggage car, while 
 those who were not fortunate enough to have trunks 
 with them discussed at length the probability or lack 
 of probability of ever having their luggage again. 
 There were many people lost in the crowds ; mothers 
 had to look for their children, wives for their husbands. 
 A large delegation of newspaper men and publishers 
 appeared with high mounds of literature on the war, 
 begging the Americans to see that this reading matter 
 should be scattered broadcast in our country. Even 
 more interesting were the crowds of American women 
 left behind, who brought all the way from one to a 
 dozen letters, asking us to post them when we reached 
 New York. Many had tears in their eyes as they 
 asked this favor, and not a single man or woman on 
 that special train was hard-hearted enough to refuse. 
 Among the number of women who came to me with 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 63 
 
 letters was a sweet-faced brunette about thirty. She 
 said that she had just made her debut in Berlin with 
 much success as a singer. This was what she had told 
 her husband, along with the fact that she was living in 
 a nice pension where she had become acquainted with 
 a well-known tenor and his family, who were taking 
 good care of her until she would be able to come home. 
 She gave me all this information because her letter was 
 written in German, and she feared I might not take it 
 unless I knew its contents. In less than a quarter of 
 an hour's time she returned with a large bouquet of 
 roses, saying this was a mere expression of her appre- 
 ciation. 
 
 Our train pulled out at five o'clock sharp with much 
 yelling and waving of handkerchiefs and fans. Out 
 of this noise one heard the cry, "Godspeed!" "Give 
 my love to all the dear ones at home!" "Good luck!" 
 "Auf wiedersehen !" which was answered by the refrain 
 of the song, "Deutchland uber Alles !" 
 
 This special train was packed with anxious-look- 
 ing men, women and children. They seemed so happy 
 to get out of a land of war into one of peace, that they 
 never grumbled at the thought of sitting in a day coach 
 thirty hours without any sleep except what they got 
 napping. 
 
 All along the line we saw beautiful fields waiting for 
 
64 Peace and War 
 
 the harvest to be taken in by the women and children. 
 They were doing their best to supplement the work of 
 their fathers and older brothers. Whenever they no- 
 ticed our train pass and realized that we were Ameri- 
 cans they waved their hands and shouted in friendly 
 greeting. Our coupe had four seats, so by taking turns 
 every one got a chance to rest an hour or two. 
 
 It was not until two o'clock the next day that our 
 train reached Bentheim, which is on the Dutch frontier. 
 Our train did not pull up to the platform as usual, so 
 all the passengers in turn had the pleasure of taking a 
 three-foot leap. This was the German side, so our lug- 
 gage had to be examined before we could pass over the 
 Dutch frontier. There were only two ticket windows 
 for nearly three thousand people, so we were wedged in 
 like sardines. There were no porters to carry our hand 
 luggage, so we had to hoist it on as best we could. A 
 short ride brought us to the Dutch frontier, where we 
 were all told to get down and have our luggage, even 
 to our hand luggage, examined again. As we could not 
 get any porters many of us refused to get down, with 
 the plea that we were refugees and not tourists. 
 
 When the custom officials saw that some of us stood 
 firm, they boarded the train and examined our things 
 in a superficial way. The more obedient, who did as 
 they were told, fared badly by their obedience. There 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 65 
 
 was such a mix-up inside that many came back minus 
 valises, dress-suitcases, carry-alls, steamer coats, and 
 even lost their seats in their coupes. The passengers 
 were divided between Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The 
 Hague. A large number of these were without steamer 
 passage, but they were hurrying to Rotterdam deter- 
 mined to get something, even if it was steerage. There 
 were plenty who had boarded our train without a dol- 
 lar in their pockets beyond a railroad ticket to help 
 them out, and they were trusting to good luck or what 
 friendships they might make on the way for help. 
 Many were loud in their praise of Mr. and Mrs. Gerard 
 for the friendly advice and the financial aid they had 
 been given by them. In spite of the hardships endured 
 by the financial embarrassment, loss of trunks, lack of 
 sleep, there was much humor and joviality, which is so 
 valuable to the American people in difficult situations. 
 It was after one o'clock when we reached Wassenaar, 
 a small suburb of The Hague. The hotel had been 
 originally built for a golf club. It was a large, red brick 
 building, set in a beautiful garden with such wonderful 
 flowers as only Holland can grow. Surrounded by this 
 splendid wealth of scenery, it was hard to imagine our- 
 selves in the midst of countries that might be racked 
 and ruined by war. The next morning we visited the 
 Palace of Peace, handsome but imposingly simple. As 
 
66 Peace and War 
 
 we looked upon its splendid rooms, decorated with pic- 
 tures dedicated to peace, it seemed a blasphemy to God 
 and man that such a building should remain if men are 
 to fight out their differences with the cruel weapons of 
 modern warfare. For a short time we abandoned these 
 disquieting thoughts and visited some of the lovely 
 Dutch shops, where we found a few inexpensive sou- 
 venirs for our friends who were anxiously awaiting us 
 at home. We had our luncheon in a quaint Dutch 
 restaurant where dainty sandwiches and Dutch cakes 
 were served on the prettiest of Delft china. 
 
 Then we hurried to our Embassy to find out if the 
 Tennessee had landed, as we all expected letters and 
 hoped for money from home. One of the clerks said 
 that the Tennessee was expected in England that day 
 and would probably reach the Dutch coast in a day or 
 two. Our Embassy was crowded with Americans ask- 
 ing for passports, money and information. Mr. Van 
 Dyke and his clerks, assisted by boy scouts, were work- 
 ing overtime to gratify all these demands. 
 
 A number of our clerks looked anxious that after- 
 noon, as gossip had it that the German Consul had been 
 called back to Berlin that day, and if Holland were 
 thrown into war she would flood her entire country in 
 less than twenty-four hours' time. Our men thought 
 it was an exaggerated rumor, but still they were advis- 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 6y 
 
 ing people to leave Holland as early as possible. As 
 we hurried along the streets and past the vacant lots, 
 we saw hundreds of soldiers going through their daily 
 exercises so that they could join the regular army when 
 needed. 
 
 There was a great crowd of people waiting before 
 the palace, anxious to see their Queen start off for a 
 daily drive. Soon the automobile appeared, carrying the 
 Queen and a friend for a drive out in the woods. 
 Though she has grown older she is as sweet and girl- 
 ish as ever. Her friendly smile shows that she has the 
 determination to meet cheerfully the most difficult 
 situations that may confront her before the war 
 is finished. 
 
 We were about to take the 'bus up to our hotel when 
 one of our friends stopped us and said, "Are you will- 
 ing to leave tonight if I can secure passage for us four 
 on the Ryndam?" I was so surprised by this question 
 that I thought our friend, who had been studying in 
 one of the German clinics, was losing his mental bal- 
 ance as a result of overstudy and war talk. 
 
 "Go tonight!" I exclaimed. "Why, we only came 
 at one o'clock this morning. No, indeed; war or no 
 war, I want one week of rest in this lovely, peaceful 
 country." 
 
 "This is no time to romance," he explained. "You 
 
68 Peace and War 
 
 can enjoy pastoral beauties in our own U. S. A. There 
 is talk that Holland may go to war tonight. If she does 
 she certainly will flood the country before she stands 
 for any nonsense such as Belgium has." With this he 
 helped us into the 'bus and boarded the five-o'clock 
 train for Rotterdam, to take his chance of getting four 
 tickets at the eleventh hour. 
 
 When I got on to my splendid terrace window over- 
 looking the garden I was ready to sell out at any price. 
 I argued that it was better to be shot than to go crazy, 
 and I knew that fifty-six hours without sleep or three 
 days and nights without sleep in a week was too much 
 of a strain. The beauty of these rosebeds and ponds 
 seemed to comfort my jaded nerves more than the 
 happy thoughts of home. 
 
 So I took tea on the terrace and forgot all about an 
 ocean voyage until the face of my watch announced it 
 was six o'clock and time to pack. By seven our little 
 party of three were ready for supper, but we had no 
 idea whether we were going to stay that night. We 
 had two auto-cars for our party of eight, in case the 
 added four joined the two couples who had passage se- 
 cured on the Ryndam. 
 
 Our friends waited until nine and then they got 
 ready to go, fearing that they might miss their boat 
 if they were detained any longer. They suggested that 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 69 
 
 they would give all the assistance they could, even to 
 besieging the captain to wait a little longer. 
 
 By ten the guests started to retire and most of the 
 lights had been put out. The doctor's wife, who was a 
 young married woman, tried to read an exciting story 
 in one of the English monthlies, but she was so wor- 
 ried about her husband I am confident she did not 
 know a word she was reading. 
 
 We tried to get the Holland American line at Rotter- 
 dam but the wires were not working — were out of 
 order. Shortly before twelve o'clock we got a tele- 
 graph message sent over the telephone which said, 
 "Tell the Americans to come to the Ryndam at once." 
 The message sounded so strange, and, being unsigned, 
 we feared it might be a plot to get us and that we were 
 being suspected as spies. This did not frighten the doc- 
 tor's wife, who insisted on going and looking for her 
 husband. We gave orders for the automobile to be 
 called, and the man answered he did not want to make 
 an hour and a half trip at that time of night. I an- 
 swered that he must come around at once and set his 
 price. It was nothing more nor less than forty dollars, 
 and he insisted on having every gulden of it before he 
 would turn the crank of the car. There were a num- 
 ber of other delays, for we could not find a porter, and 
 the room waiter refused to carry our baggage to the 
 
70 Peace and War 
 
 car. Then the manager had promised to take us to 
 Rotterdam, but he said it was too late for him to ven- 
 ture out in such times, and it was only when we offered 
 the house porter a five-dollar bill that he consented to 
 sit on the box with a revolver in his hip pocket. 
 
 Then our punctilious proprietor delayed us with our 
 bill, for he was more anxious that he should not charge 
 us one cent too much or too little than that we should 
 catch our boat. We were even further delayed by fee- 
 ing the help, who still stood around for their tips while 
 our escort explained that money spoke in war times. 
 
 Finally we were off, and certainly this midnight ride 
 compares favorably with Paul Revere's famous ride. 
 I do not know how many kilometers we covered per 
 hour, but I do know that if anything had bounced 
 against us or we against anything we would not have 
 lived to tell the tale. We went through deep woods, 
 dark streets, through small villages and through long, 
 narrow dams at breakneck speed. We had the right of 
 way except for the tolls that had to be raised, for the 
 soldiers watching at a distance and for an occasional 
 drunkard that tumbled into the streets. We went so 
 fast that every time our automobile took a bridge it 
 flew several feet into the air. It was only kind Provi- 
 dence watching over us that saved us from being shot 
 as spies — at least being taken prisoners. It was one 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 71 
 
 o'clock when we entered the Holland American office 
 and gave up a good cabin on the Rotterdam for two 
 berths in the auxiliary cabin on the Ryndam. 
 
 As we came on board we saw our ambassador, Mr. 
 Van Dyke, tell some of his friends goodbye and wish 
 them Godspeed. We stopped to hear some people ex- 
 claim, "My, that was a splendid speech — I guess he is 
 sorry he is not going home — well, if a man wishes to 
 be an ambassador he must do his duty and watch his 
 people — I wonder how many of us will take his advice 
 and keep neutral in thought on this trip." As soon as 
 we got on board we found that ours was not a choice 
 cabin. It was one of the forty cabins made in a week 
 in the hold of the boat usually made to keep the trunks. 
 
 I decided not to go to our cabin that night, as it was 
 nearly two o'clock before the boat pulled out, and then 
 we sat around and chatted some time about the mines 
 in the channel and the possibility of our boat striking 
 one and being blown to pieces. When we tired of sit- 
 ting on deck we went down into the dining salon and 
 slept on benches in impromptu manner. To tell the 
 truth of the matter, we were reaching a point where a 
 few hours seemed a luxurious amount of sleep. Many 
 who did not find the early morning air too brisk 
 camped out on steamer chairs outside. 
 
 Next morning my mother and I went down to see 
 
"jz Peace and War 
 
 what our cabin was like. After reaching the lower 
 deck we had to climb down a small ladder to get to 
 our room. The company had tried to make the hold 
 attractive by arranging palms and flowers around the 
 walls. The center of the hall was usurped by trunks, 
 for about one-third of the first-class passengers had 
 been fortunate enough to save their baggage. Some of 
 the flat trunks were useful, for they served as chairs 
 and benches when our cabins became too crowded 
 during the day. 
 
 Much to our surprise, we found that our small cabin 
 was designed for four people, though it was only large 
 enough for two during the day. I gave my mother the 
 lower berth, and then the question became pertinent 
 how was I to scramble into the upper one. I made 
 many futile attempts trying to bolt and then taking a 
 turn at the ladder. I succeeded in reaching the last 
 step, but only went so far as bumping my head against 
 the ceiling when I tried to crawl in. 
 
 The lady who had the other lower berth soon saw 
 that my efforts were futile, and since she was extremely 
 slight she kindly offered me her lower berth. Un- 
 known to the authorities, we sent the fourth occupant 
 into our friend's room and reduced the number to three. 
 Thus we had one less person in our room than the rest 
 of the people in the auxiliary cabin, but we found out 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 73 
 
 that there were just two too many when rough weather 
 came. 
 
 Though everybody on board that boat had said the 
 day before they were willing to ride steerage and to 
 suffer all conceivable hardships without complaint, pro- 
 viding they could get away from warlike Europe, our 
 captain confessed that he never met so many complain- 
 ing people at one time in his life. 
 
 This was just a little annoying to him when he re- 
 membered that he had already been placed as a naval 
 officer on a Dutch man-of-war, and he had only been 
 recalled because he knew where the mines lay, and the 
 company felt he was competent to steer our ship safely 
 out of the harbor. 
 
 Many of the passengers only muttered in a low voice 
 as long as they were in the channel, for they feared the 
 floating mines, though not a single mine broke loose 
 and floated near our vessel. We were met by a number 
 of English naval war boats. The ugliest of these was 
 a small torpedo boat which stopped us before we were 
 out of the English Channel. Our boat cried "Halt !" as 
 soon as we saw this little English racer coming toward 
 us with her guns leveled toward our bow. As soon as 
 we were near enough to hear her words one of her of- 
 ficers gave the following queries : ''Where do you 
 come from ?'^ "From Holland," was the prompt reply. 
 
74 Peace and War 
 
 "What have you on board ?" "A cargo of humans," an- 
 swered the captain, loud and clear. 
 
 "Where are you bound for?" came the pertinent 
 answer. 
 
 "For New York," they were told. Then came the 
 fearless command : 
 
 "You may follow me to Scilly Island, where we will 
 examine your papers, and if they are satisfactory you 
 may go on unmolested." 
 
 It was just luncheon time when our boat stopped 
 and two of the English officers came on board to ex- 
 amine our papers. Before going up to the bridge he 
 went down into the hold and looked at the baggage and 
 into the cabins. After examining our papers carefully 
 they found the nearest approach to German enemies 
 were naturalized German Americans. With English tact, 
 they chatted with some of the men awhile and then 
 went down the side of the boat and were off. 
 
 We encountered a number of English men-of-war on 
 our way out of the English Channel but were only 
 held up twice. As soon as they saw our papers signed 
 up by the first man-of-war they let us go very promptly. 
 As soon as we got out of the channel away from mines 
 and men-of-war our tired, jaded refugees began to nag 
 the purser from early morning till late at night. There 
 were those who said that they consented to go steerage 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? 75 
 
 because they thought steerage was fixed up like first 
 cabin. When they saw that their complaints were futile 
 they sent over one socialist leader to have it out with 
 the overworked purser. The passenger exclaimed: 
 'T tell you it is an outrage, we are not immigrants but 
 good American citizens. I do not look like an influen- 
 tial man here but I am a strong factor in the socialist 
 party in New York, and I will make this company look 
 sick when I get there." 
 
 In marked contrast to this burly, rough man was the 
 refined New England woman, a professor in one of 
 our leading girls' colleges. She begged the purser to 
 try and find three berths for her and two of her col- 
 leagues in either the first or second cabin, and 
 asked if he in the meantime would see that the steerage 
 was cleaned up and made a little more comfortable. A 
 few days later I saw this professor walking on the 
 first promenade deck telling some of her friends she 
 felt like a culprit taking a first-class berth while her 
 friends were left behind. More than a half-dozen 
 worthies were brought over from the third cabin to the 
 first. A college girl was among this number, who had 
 been travelling with her brother. She had gotten into 
 our cabin by mistake, and when I explained to her that 
 her room was around the corner she begged me to 
 leave her things in our room until she found her cabin, 
 
76 Peace and War 
 
 and she said : "I was in hysterics for joy when my 
 brother took me out of the third class, and I know I 
 shall die if I have to go back there." 
 
 There was a talented blind boy pianist who had been 
 travelling with a friend giving concerts abroad and a 
 committee of wealthy men brought him into the first 
 class ; be had such a sweet, kind face, I am sure he was 
 as uncomplaining among the steerage as he was after 
 he had been provided with a comfortable berth. 
 Though there were not enough first-class cabins for 
 all the women and children found in the third, the com- 
 mittee of wealthy men went down every day and saw 
 that the steerage was kept as clean as possible. But 
 there were just as many complaints among the first- 
 class passengers, for those down in the auxiliary cabins 
 tried to get rooms on the promenade deck, or at least 
 have the privacy of their own rooms. Most of them 
 who were at all comfortably placed found their com- 
 plaints useless. 
 
 Gradually these passengers became more resigned, 
 for we had five days of rough weather, and many of 
 them were too seasick to worry about where they could 
 lay their heads. A few of the humorous people on 
 board soon discovered that the auxiliary cabins were 
 all marked four hundred, so we dubbed ourselves "The 
 Four Hundred" ; because of the flowers we dubbed it 
 
How Would You Like to Be a Refugee? yj 
 
 the Palm Garden or the Ritz Carlton. As soon as the 
 weather moderated some of the enthusiastic women 
 were busy getting up a Red Cross collection for Ger- 
 many. Then there was a petition gotten up by some 
 German Americans, thanking the Germans for the 
 kindly treatment the Americans had been accorded. 
 The men in the meanwhile occupied themselves won- 
 dering if the stock exchange had been closed, dis- 
 cussing the merchants' marine and the duty of our in- 
 creasing the navy. 
 
 One night we had a terrible electric storm which 
 was a beautiful sight. It was so strong it fairly lit 
 up the rooms, but every time a crash came we thought 
 our end was near. The women, who were most afraid 
 of the storm felt doomed ; they got dressed and went up 
 into the upper cabin, concluding that they would rather 
 be shot at by cannon than to be drowned at sea. The 
 climax to all of our troubles was the making out of our 
 declaration and being held in quarantine at Ellis Island. 
 Many objected to this treatment and argued that they 
 were good American citizens and not immigrants. 
 This was not much more than a form, for the health 
 officers only glanced at our papers. It is strange what 
 an influence this war had on women's consciences. 
 There was not one woman who had been born in this 
 country, though she had lived abroad several years, that 
 
yS Peace and War 
 
 wished to call herself a non-resident. In spite of 
 heavy luggage lost the women were so glad to get 
 home that they made most honest declarations. As 
 our boat landed the dock was so packed it was hard 
 to distinguish our friends among the thousands stand- 
 ing on land waving their hands and shouting a welcome 
 home. Since we only had dress-suitcases left our bag- 
 gage was soon inspected, and in less than a half-hour 
 later we found ourselves in a comfortable New York 
 hotel. It only took a hurried breakfast and a refresh- 
 ing bath to make me soon forget my own hardships. 
 Still, I shall never forget the suffering I saw as I fled 
 from the horrors of war, and I am now confident that 
 the expression "War is hell" is as sure and true as the 
 fact that there are stars in heaven. 
 
WHAT MOBILIZATION MEANS 
 
 Have you ever been to war? Unless you can boast 
 of the Civil War or the Spanish-American War this 
 question may sound futile. 
 
 Have you ever seen a manoeuvre ? Unless you have 
 been an invited guest at one of the French or German 
 manoeuvres you have but a faint idea of what a gigan- 
 tic review for active military service is. 
 
 Have you ever seen a mobilization? Probably not, 
 unless you were one of those who rallied around our 
 flag in the Spanish- American War or in the late Mexi- 
 can crisis. 
 
 Much as you may have read how the European coun- 
 tries have been gathering their forces, it is all a faint 
 picture compared with the actual gigantic work that 
 has been taking place during the early periods of the 
 war. 
 
 Until I had seen a small part of this tremendous 
 work, I had always thought of mobilization as the task 
 of gathering a certain number of regiments led by their 
 officers, and sending them off with their horses, cannon 
 and provisions to a point of attack. Though these are 
 all a small part of a great undertaking, mobilization is 
 
 79 
 
8o Peace and War 
 
 2l gigantic, living, breathing, throbbing force, where 
 millions of men may act in concerted action and still 
 every individual must play a small part in this melo- 
 dramatic action. 
 
 I was fortunate enough to have been in Germany 
 when the word was sounded that Russia was mobiliz- 
 ing, and that Germany would do the same unless Russia 
 gave her some satisfactory explanation for her aggres- 
 sive action. 
 
 When no answer came, at least no satisfactory reply, 
 a declaration was made that Germany was mobilizing. 
 What did this mean? It meant the bringing together 
 of the most perfectly trained and equipped military 
 force of modern times. For just as England has seen 
 to it that she may retain the proud title of ''Commander 
 of the Seas," Germany has been equally proud of her 
 magnificently equipped military forces. 
 
 It may take years to answer the question whether 
 this army was being organized and trained for aggres- 
 sion to make other nations bow to Germany's will, or 
 whether the intelligence of the German nation realized 
 that the issue at stake during the Franco-Prussian War 
 had not been threshed out and would have to be an- 
 swered later. For, as Bismarck said in a conversation 
 with the interviewer, W. B. Richmond, "Germany is 
 a new empire and it must be protected from possible 
 
What Mobilisation Means 8i 
 
 assault by one or two or both powers, one to the east, 
 the other to the west of us. You must remember that 
 the next war between France and Germany must mean 
 extinction for one. We He between two lines of fire ; 
 France is our bitter enemy and Russia I do not trust. 
 Peace may be far more dishonorable than war, and for 
 war we must be prepared. Therefore, while Germany's 
 very life as a nation is at stake, I cannot give the at- 
 tention that I would otherwise wish to as regards the 
 encouragements of the arts of peace, however much I 
 may believe them to be, as you say, necessary to the 
 highest development of the nation as a whole." 
 
 The German people of all classes were familiar with 
 this prophecy, therefore they were not surprised, and 
 more, they were prepared, when Russia and France 
 in turn threw down the gauntlet of war. In most of 
 the cities and towns you heard the familiar words 
 spoken by men of all ranks, "Well, it doesn't matter 
 much; it had to come, today or tomorrow, only the 
 allies had planned to wait three years longer ; then the 
 French soldiers would have their three years' service 
 and the Russian Army would have been reorganized. 
 The allies thought that we might be found napping, 
 but we are pretty well awake, and it is to be a fight to a 
 finish." 
 
 Therefore, when the word mobilization was spoken 
 
82 Peace and War 
 
 throughout Germany it was more than a call. It meant 
 that every boy and man capable of carrying a gun was 
 more than ready — he was dead anxious to join his 
 regiment and die for his country. Whatever a man's 
 rank might be, whatever his daily occupation was, and 
 however responsible the work, he forgot it all in the 
 eagerness to go to the front. One day I happened to 
 be in a large bank in Berlin when the president received 
 his call. He read it as though he were getting an 
 an invitation to a Bankers' Association banquet instead 
 of its being a call to go to the front. He had all his 
 affairs in shape to go, and after a short talk with some 
 of the directors and a friendly goodbye to his asso- 
 ciates, he closed his large roUtop desk, put his hat upon 
 his head and was off. 
 
 I chanced to be in a restaurant in Berlin one day 
 when I noticed a group of soldiers already dressed in 
 their dark gray uniforms drinking their afternoon 
 coffee and smoking their cigars leisurely. Between the 
 puffs of smoke, I heard the following conversation: 
 "Shooting down Frenchmen will be rather different 
 work than singing Sigfried and Tannhauser at a thou- 
 sand dollars a night." 
 
 "You musn't be so mercenary," answered another. 
 "A campfire and a bed on the ground will make me 
 appreciate the comforts of a New York hotel another 
 
What Mobilisation Means 83 
 
 season, more than the other, while sauerkraut and 
 Wiener wurst are fair exchange for lobster a la New- 
 burg and chicken patties." 
 
 While a third piped up, "I know I will have a more 
 enthusiastic audience when I sing the Wacht am Rhine 
 to my regiment than I have when I sing Rigoletto on 
 first nights in New York." 
 
 The same enthusiasm was shown by painters, sculp- 
 tors and writers of all kinds. What was a thought on 
 paper, on canvas or in stone now compared with the 
 privilege of doing service for one's country ! 
 
 While the first regiments were being called out, more 
 than one million reserves had offered themselves frei- 
 willig. They were willing to go and take any place, 
 even the most dangerous, in any regiment, just as long 
 as they could serve their country. 
 
 One day I met a hairdresser who had two sons ; the 
 one had been called into service and the other had en- 
 listed and was to be called out in two weeks. When I 
 asked the father if he did not object to having both 
 sons leave he said, "It is better to have them go than 
 to have them grumbling every day at home because 
 they cannot help the fatherland." 
 
 A few days later I met two young men on a train. 
 They were tired, dirty and impatient. The explanation 
 for all this was that they had offered themselves at 
 
84 Peace and War 
 
 a neighboring ministry of war and were refused be- 
 cause there were too many reserves on hand. 
 
 About the same time a young girl told me seven of 
 her relatives had been called into service. One of her 
 brothers-in-law was disqualified, for he had been hurt 
 while doing his one year military service. Still he was 
 determined to go, and applied at six different ministries 
 of war before he was finally accepted to help build up 
 the Landsturm. 
 
 More than two-thirds of the great physicians and 
 surgeons of Germany are in the war. Many of these 
 are volunteers. Those who are too old for active ser- 
 vice are doing their duty in hospitals or in the Red 
 Cross field. But many who could do this lighter work 
 are fighting in their regiments. As one well-known 
 German physician said to me, "No, indeed, I want to 
 go with my regiment. When my country is at peace I 
 am willing to look after the sick, but now it is time for 
 me to fight. I wish it were today, for two days seems 
 like two months when a man is ready to go." 
 
 I saw another physician work all day until nine 
 o'clock in the evening ; though he had received his com- 
 mission at seven, he continued his work as though noth- 
 ing had happened. Then he gathered a small package 
 of papers which probably contained important letters 
 and money, which he handed over to the physician in 
 
What Mobilisation Means 85 
 
 the institute. He then hurried to his room and put on 
 his miHtary clothes — they were those of a third-class 
 military officer. The change in costume seemed to 
 make a different man of him. He was no longer a 
 physician but a war hero. He bade each one goodbye 
 in turn, even to the scrub- women, saying he hoped that 
 they would all meet again next year, and then he hur- 
 ried to his room to get a few hours of sleep as he had 
 to leave at five next morning. The only care he had 
 on his breast was what would become of his mother — a 
 dear old lady of seventy, whom he loved very much — 
 if anything should happen to him. 
 
 One day while walking across the country road, I 
 stepped up to a farmer and said: ''When do you go 
 to the war?" 
 
 "Next week," came the blunt reply. 
 
 "And who will do your work while you are gone?" 
 
 "What's a buxom wife and four sturdy children 
 good for if they can't do a man's work when he is off 
 at war?" 
 
 The same readiness to go before they were called 
 was as paramount among university students as it was 
 among the farmers and merchants. A corps of young 
 Heidelberg students offered themselves and asked that 
 they be taken in one regiment. This wish was sent 
 to the Emperor and was granted them. Even the 
 
86 Peace and War 
 
 younger students were too much fired by the desire to 
 help to stay at home. One day I came across a young 
 boy seventeen years old, hurrying with full might 
 to get to Kiel, where he had an appointment on a naval 
 boat. He was a handsome, sturdy lad of fine feeling, 
 but he felt it was necessary to fight, and if need be to 
 die for his country. He explained that he was the only 
 son of a widowed mother, but even his great love for 
 her could not check him. 
 
 Even the younger boys ranging from the age of 
 fourteen to sixteen felt that they were shirking their 
 duty because they could not go. I heard one young 
 boy say to his grandmother, "Isn't it too bad I am only 
 fourteen; if I were only two years older I might do 
 something for my country." 
 
 "Be patient, and your turn will come," said the old 
 lady, good-naturedly. 
 
 This eagerness to go was a great aid in hurrying the 
 mobilization. Hundreds of officers who were oflf on 
 their summer vacation hurried back without an in- 
 stant's delay. In all the cities, and even in the small 
 towns and villages, the commons and kurgartens were 
 turned into training-grounds for the reservists, and 
 meeting-places for those enlisted. 
 
 Though I saw more than fifty thousand men called 
 out in one Bavarian center, in two weeks' time every 
 
What Mobilisation Means 87 
 
 man was there to take the oath and to get his military 
 clothes at the very minute appointed. As they donned 
 their blue military uniform, they had no idea that 
 another special suit was awaiting them when they 
 should get into active service. 
 
 There were hundreds of thousands of earth-colored 
 uniforms kept in reserve that no one knew anything 
 about, except the ministry and the highest German offi- 
 cials. There was no disorder, no wasting of time, no 
 asking of foolish questions — every man was a unit in a 
 great whole. From a common soldier to the highest 
 officer, they were ready to do their work intelligently 
 and enthusiastically. The only emotion they showed 
 was an impatient enthusiasm to get across the German 
 frontier and into active service as soon as possible. 
 They knew that this war was to be one of life and 
 death and a fight to the finish, but all fear was for- 
 gotten in a hope of being able to do something for their 
 country. They often explained the situation by draw- 
 ing two circles, one within the other — one very large, 
 and one extremely small — as they said, "When you 
 come again Germany is bound to look like one of 
 these circles." 
 
 When the mobilization was ordered, every farmer 
 brought his horses to the town, where they were in- 
 spected. The horses found strong enough for battle 
 
88 Peace and War 
 
 were taken, and the others were sent back to the farm. 
 The same thing happened to the automobiles — they 
 were taken without a word of notice — the government 
 kept those that they wanted and returned the others. 
 
 Though hurrahs, songs and laughter mingled with 
 the tramp of feet as fifty thousand soldiers formed in 
 line and hurried to the front, this was only a small part 
 of a great picture. All day long in Berlin we saw 
 officers flying along in automobiles hurrying to the 
 ministry of war to get their instructions, and then 
 hastening off to the front. They all seemed ready and 
 self-reliant. 
 
 The nights were not wasted in Berlin, where they 
 were used for manoeuvres to try out the forty or more 
 Zeppelins which Germany owns. Even the passenger 
 Zeppelins, known to many Americans for the trips they 
 made through the Black forest, have been turned into 
 war dirigibles. Count Zeppelin himself had offered 
 his personal services to take charge of his invention. 
 It was said new factories were being opened to turn 
 out two new air-crafts each month. Though the 
 Krupp works at Essen had been working right along 
 making new siege-guns and special bombs for Ger- 
 many, it was said that the factory had put on a large 
 force of men who were working night and day to make 
 an added supply of ammunition. On my way from 
 
IV hat Mobilization Means 89 
 
 Bavaria to Prussia I saw a number of automobiles fly- 
 ing across the country carrying their officers to the 
 front. Now and then a ZeppeHn flew overhead prac- 
 ticing before it should venture into France or Russia. 
 
 Most interesting of all were the military trains, 
 forty-two in number, packed with soldiers and their 
 officers. Though some of them were wedged so tight 
 they had little moving space, they laughed, smoked, 
 and waved good-naturedly as they were being hurried 
 across the frontier. 
 
 I saw many regiments hurried, at meal-time, into 
 depots. They were led across into open fields where 
 large, wooden houses with many wooden benches had 
 been erected. The work was being done under con- 
 tract, and in this way thousands of soldiers were fed 
 in a short time. 
 
 The baggage cars were crowded with cavalrymen 
 and their horses. Though their horses and the straw 
 in the car were immaculately clean, these soldiers were 
 less well off than the infantrymen in the third-class 
 coupes, for it seemed to me that the horses were get- 
 ting more than their share of the room. 
 
 Besides these regular coupes, there were many 
 freight cars which carried all kinds of canned goods 
 and other provisions. Others carried a great number 
 of small collapsible boats, which are used as pontoons 
 
90 Peace and War 
 
 in crossing rivers. More interesting than all this were 
 the cannons. Some of these were the common can- 
 nons, while now and then loomed a great siege-gun. 
 
 I was told that the cannon-balls, bombs and other 
 explosives were carried into the country at night, as 
 they did not want to take any chance of igniting and 
 killing the soldiers. 
 
 Besides those designed for active warfare, many 
 were used to carry messages over the battlefields and 
 for the Red Cross service. I saw dozens and dozens 
 of handsome automobiles lined up on these car-trucks 
 carrying messengers and doctors across the frontier. 
 
 But German mobilization means every precaution 
 possible for their country as well as foreign aggression. 
 Now and then I passed gangs of workmen making 
 ditches and trenches, repairing railroad tracks and lay- 
 ing new ones. Every station was guarded by one or 
 more sentries, according to its size. They kept their 
 eyes on every passenger who went in and out of the 
 station, and when they were the least bit doubtful they 
 asked for one's passport on short notice. I shall never 
 forget a picture of the morning I breakfasted at six 
 o'clock in Erfurt. I and some friends were just seated 
 at table when a sentry approached us and asked for 
 our passports. He scrutinized each one carefully, and 
 when he was satisfied we were not spies he left us and 
 
What Mobilisation Means 91 
 
 approached a group of Russians. They looked as ex- 
 hausted as they were frightened as they explained they 
 had gotten permission to go home. When they reached 
 the frontier they were told they could not go across, 
 and they found so many of their countrymen on the 
 border that there was not half room enough for them, 
 and they were on their way back. 
 
 Everywhere there were vigilant watchers looking 
 for spies. Some were so alert that they tried to make 
 Russians out of harmless American refugees, while 
 others went so far as to accuse them of being spies. 
 I myself was sometimes accused of being a Russian, 
 and had hard work to prove my identity. Those Amer- 
 icans who had the daring to venture out in their auto- 
 mobiles got the worst of it. The soldiers on watch 
 thought nothing of shooting at their cars and taking 
 the innocent occupants prisoners. A gentleman and 
 his wife who went from Baden-Baden in the Black 
 Forest to Bad Kissingen were shot at and arrested five 
 times before they got there. Word was brought to 
 the village that some French spies were coming and 
 that they should wait for them. The mob was there 
 to greet them with pitchforks and axes, and when they 
 saw the French car the peasants were sure that these 
 were the people they were after. 
 
 The case became more complicated, as none of the 
 
92 Peace and War. 
 
 party, including the chauffeur, could speak German, 
 and only understood their gesticulations — not their 
 threats and volleys. They were only saved from being 
 shot by the appearance of two officers who, after exam- 
 ining their pockets carefully, found some American pa- 
 pers and letters. Still, these officers did not wish to rely 
 on their own judgment, and so they took their prisoners 
 to the burgomeister. He explained that he could not 
 give any opinion until he took their films from their ko- 
 dak and had them developed. Their innocence rested on 
 the kind of pictures they had taken. As the woman 
 told her story, she said, 'Tt was only a miracle that 
 her husband hadn't taken pictures of soldiers, as that 
 was his favorite kind of photography." 
 
 Next day the burgomeister returned the kodak and 
 the developed films, explaining lie was sorry he had 
 detained them, and he did not see any reason why 
 they should not go on. So he sent the soldier who 
 had been guarding them day and night to act as their 
 protector. 
 
 They had only gone a short way when they were 
 arrested in another town, and they had to go through 
 another trial to prove their innocence. They said 
 that their experience in being arrested was becoming 
 commonplace by the time they reached their destina- 
 tion. Some of these guards were so vigilant that they 
 
IVhat Mobilisation Means 93 
 
 lost their heads completely and accused innocent 
 women of all ages as spies. 
 
 I was traveling on a train one day when I heard a 
 terrible noise in a neighboring coupe. Word had been 
 telegraphed that there was a Russian spy dressed as a 
 German officer. In his coupe there sat an American 
 man and his wife and a German friend, and they were 
 accused of being his accomplices. Some of the mob 
 boarded the train, leveled revolvers in their faces, and 
 were ready to drag them all off, when they were 
 stopped by some higher officials. After half an hour's 
 questioning and searching of pockets, the Americans 
 were let go, and the foreigner was taken off and shot 
 as a spy. 
 
 Vigilant as were the officials about catching every 
 spy, they were equally anxious to protect the lives of 
 every innocent man and woman, especially the Amer- 
 icans. At night our trains were never allowed to 
 start off until the rails had been carefully inspected, to 
 see that there were no bombs on the track, and not the 
 smallest bridge was left unguarded. 
 
 After the regular army was called out, there was a 
 lull for ten days, and then came the starting of the 
 Landsturm. These included the young boys and those 
 ordinarily considered too old for active service. Some 
 of these were sent right to the front, and others were 
 
94 Peace and War 
 
 put into six weeks' training ready to fill in the gaps 
 when they should be needed. 
 
 There is no feeling of rivalry in the Germany army, 
 for every man feels he has a post to fill and that he 
 can do a small part in winning a real victory. As they 
 love to explain, every man is equal on the battlefield, 
 whether he be a prince or only a poor peasant boy, 
 whether he be a general or a common soldier ; as they 
 march on to death or victory day after day, and week 
 after week, they are inspired by the words: ''Unser 
 Gott, unser Vaterland, und unser Kaiser" — "Our God, 
 our Fatherland, and our Emperor." 
 
 It was this inspiration that made the Reichstadt 
 vote ninety million dollars at once. It was that which 
 called the socialist party along with the democrats to 
 arms. It was that which made the Emperor tell his 
 people: "I forgive everything — we are all Germans." 
 It has been this inspiration that changed small petty 
 states into a large imperial government. It was this 
 inspiration that changed a strong German horde into 
 a people that loved culture, art and education. It was 
 their patriotism that made them brandish the sword in 
 one hand because they feared their enemies and still 
 kept their other hand and brain free to work for social 
 uplift. They have created cities of which they may 
 well be proud, adorned with beautiful theatres, opera- 
 
The Price of War and the Price of Peace 95 
 
 houses, parks, statues and public gardens. Patriotism 
 was the fount at which they drank, and it has created 
 such master minds as Goethe, Schiller, Wagner and 
 Gerard Hauptmann. 
 
 I believe that a nation that loves home and fireside 
 and romance as much as do the Germans energized a 
 great standing army for protection and not for war. 
 I believe that their methods may have been wrong, 
 but that their heart was right; for a nation that has 
 faith in God, in their ruler, and in their country, a 
 nation that spends its energy for music and beauty, may 
 be misunderstood, but such a people cannot hate their 
 fellow-men. 
 
THE PRICE OF WAR AND THE PRICE OF 
 
 PEACE 
 
 When word was given that the German Empire had 
 declared war, it was known that she had nine hundred 
 thousand men at a cost of two hundred and fifty 
 million dollars on hand. But the mobilization of her 
 several million troops at the end of the first week in- 
 creased the cost to many times that amount. This 
 did not frighten her, as her chest at Spandau had been 
 swelled from thirty millions to ninety millions. This 
 was enough to last for three months. When it was 
 found out the other day that the war would last for 
 some months longer, the National Bank of Germany, 
 along with many other German banks, raised enough 
 money on bonds to keep Germany going until after 
 Christmas, without making a war loan, though the 
 cost to France and England is somewhat less individu- 
 ally, still it amounts to nearly the same when the two 
 countries are taken together. A conservative cost of 
 the war per day is fifteen millions, of which Germany 
 is said to spent eight millions. 
 
 Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, the French economist, esti- 
 
 96 
 
The Price of War and the Price of Peace 97 
 
 mates that each of the greater belligerents is spending 
 an average equivalent to $200,000,000 monthly. 
 
 In presenting these figures to the Academy of Moral 
 and Political Sciences today (October 17th), he said 
 that he considered it probable that the war would con- 
 tinue for seven months from August ist. 
 
 Accordingly, the five greater powers engaged were 
 committed to an expenditure of $7,000,000,000. Each 
 of the smaller states, including Japan, will have ex- 
 penses of from $600,000,000 to $800,000,000 to meet. 
 
 "One might say that the war will cost the fighting 
 powers roughly from $9,000,000,000 to $10,000,000,- 
 000," M. Leroy-Beaulieu continued. "These figures, 
 which do not take into account the losses of revenue 
 during hostilities, will be met. 
 
 "The larger part of the savings of the world will be 
 absorbed by the taking up of national loans, and eco- 
 nomic progress will be seriously checked." 
 
 These figures are only a small part of the entire 
 cost. It is not unusual to read of thirty to fifty thou- 
 sand men being slaughtered in one great engagement, 
 and about the same number being taken prisoners. 
 
 Germany has in three months already put more than 
 three millions into actual combat, with a reserve of two 
 millions, and she can raise ten millions if necessary. 
 On the other hand, the allies say if Paris is lost it 
 
gS Peace and War 
 
 must be retaken; if one million of allied reinforce- 
 ments are not enough to accomplish it, there will be 
 two millions and three millions. 
 
 These numbers represent the flower of European 
 civilization, for only the sane and healthy are valued in 
 war. These men include hundreds of the ablest sci- 
 entists from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, from the 
 private and government laboratories in Berlin, Frank- 
 furt and Freiburg. 
 
 Along with these are the great professors of all the 
 sciences and the liberal arts, many of whom are world- 
 renowned in the great universities of Europe. In- 
 cluded in this magnificent rank and file are the 
 painters, sculptors, musicians, along with the cele- 
 brated architects. These men rise to the tens and 
 hundred thousands, and every time one of these men 
 goes down we are reminded of the fact that he may 
 never be replaced, and it will take many centuries to 
 give back a little of the culture and genius they 
 represent. 
 
 But the backbone of a nation is its agricultural force. 
 The German farmers and foresters are a pride to their 
 nation. Nearly every one of these has been called or 
 volunteered in the ranks and files, and already many 
 thousands have been food for the cannon and guns. 
 Their wives and children are trying hard to do their 
 
The Price of War and the Price of Peace 99 
 
 part to replace the work, but all they can give is a 
 feeble effort. 
 
 The same is true of France, which has the richest 
 fields in the world. Most of the soil yields two har- 
 vests. These farmers take wonderful pride in their 
 farms and truck-gardens, and when the great painters, 
 Millet and Corot, dedicated their genius, they found 
 worthy subjects for their brush. I have traveled 
 through miles of this farmland in France, and its 
 beauty was a splendid poem of what God had helped 
 man to do. Much of the rich vineyard and cham- 
 pagne country has been destroyed by war and neglect, 
 and it will take years of hard toil before it can be 
 repaired. 
 
 When this war was less than two months old, whole 
 towns, such as Louvain, Bruges and Rheims had been 
 laid in waste. This destruction has meant the loss of 
 thousands of homes, public buildings, churches and 
 cathedrals, and priceless works of art. 
 
 It has also meant the destruction of many miles of 
 railroad, river and ocean transportation, and the clos- 
 ing of thousands of factories. 
 
 It has called forth a sudden demand for certain 
 quantities of ammunition, horses, wagons, hospital sup- 
 plies, fuel, food and clothing, with a great increase in 
 prices on these products. 
 
100 Peace and War 
 
 Credit, which has been the natural and easiest way 
 to carry on business between individuals and nations, 
 has been put at naught. As a result, paper and silver 
 have depreciated in value, and people begin to want 
 gold, for in war gold is the only medium of exchange 
 one can be sure of. Unfortunately, at the present time, 
 there is not enough gold to do the world's business, 
 and owners of securities, day after day, have been 
 trying to sell their stocks and bonds for gold. 
 
 In many countries the governments have had to de- 
 clare moratorium, which means that none need pay 
 their rent and debts until further notice. 
 
 The world's trade has been paralyzed; as a result, 
 most of the stock exchanges of the world have had to 
 shut down. The New York Stock Exchange and the 
 Chicago Board of Trade are included in this number, 
 because if they kept open the foreign countries would 
 exchange their shares and bonds for gold, and much 
 of our gold would be carried to the other side. 
 
 Because of our added diplomatic responsibilities 
 abroad, we have had to raise one million dollars, and 
 also two and a half millions for the Americans stranded 
 on the other side. Many of our factories have closed 
 because they dealt in a heavy export trade and for 
 which at present there is no demand. Most noticeable 
 in these trades are the manufactures of cotton, of 
 
 Ji 
 
The Price of War and the Price of Peace loi 
 
 metal, agricultural and other machinery, copper and 
 lubricating oils. Many others of our industries are 
 without the goods which they import from abroad, in- 
 cluding silks, wines, hides and skins, dyes, nitrate of 
 soda, china, etc. 
 
 This war has been such a jar to industrial condi- 
 tions that many manufacturers are reducing their 
 daily output considerably, while others who have a 
 capital are afraid to invest, and are hoarding it in the 
 banks. 
 
 Though it is impossible to say how long this war 
 will last, one thing is sure, the loss to trades the world 
 over is great and will increase as time goes on. Worse 
 still than the loss of trade and productive labor is the 
 fact that actual capital is being destroyed, being really 
 burned up. 
 
 When the war is over there will be an enormous war 
 debt to pay, and the loans on money will be high. 
 This destruction of wealth and property means that 
 many of the countries of the world will be poor for 
 fifty years at least, and the value of railroad and other 
 stocks in America and Europe will depreciate. 
 
 When the men of the world return to work, there 
 will be a great fall in prices because of the greater 
 amount of productive work, and it may result in a fall, 
 at least a temporary fall in wages, though wages will 
 
102 Peace and War 
 
 increase after things are once more established. This 
 war may be a boon to the financial and industrial life 
 of our country and give us many new marts of trade 
 in commerce, but while the war lasts it will mean 
 financial strain and hard times in many industries. It 
 certainly will cripple European life, civilization and 
 culture for fifty years. 
 
 The game of war is a dangerous and expensive one ; 
 it means the building of great war-boats, torpedoes 
 and other submarines, as well as air-destroyers, along 
 with the manufacture of bombs, mines, powder, etc. 
 This war shows that the game is being played on such 
 colossal scale that it may take many millions every 
 year to add to the army, navy and air-craft. It is 
 not to be forgotten that a great man-of-war costs from 
 three to five million dollars, and a good torpedo boat 
 many hundred thousands. The shooting of a cannon 
 ball of a siege-gun means an expenditure of three 
 thousand dollars for each fire, and it takes four shots 
 to pierce a heavy fortification. The siege-gun can 
 only be used about thirty times, and then it is useless. 
 If this game of war is to be continued, it will mean 
 the burning up of capital, depriving men and women of 
 every luxury and many necessities for much of the 
 energy of the world, and no less of the money must 
 be used to that end. Do you not hear a song more 
 
The Price of War and the Price of Peace 103 
 
 beautiful than the cries and groans of war? Do you 
 not hear the call of life and creation, the making of 
 more homes and the caring for those homes? Many 
 hundred years ago men knew the game of war and 
 practiced it, because they were savages, and in this way 
 earned their livelihood. It was only after they rose from 
 savages and barbarians to civilized men that they laid 
 their bows and arrows aside to cultivate the arts of 
 peace. On all sides are seen results of this work — in 
 busy factories, in the laying of cables, in the building of 
 railroads, in their engineering feats, and in the stretch- 
 ing of wires overhead. Their towns grew until they 
 became cities and capitals, made splendid by fine pave- 
 ments and sidewalks, adorned with many handsome 
 public buildings, gates, fountains, statues, etc. A tes- 
 timony of all this beauty and energy is seen in such 
 capitals as Berlin, Paris, London and Washington. 
 These cities have given pleasure to millions of people, 
 and this beauty has had large commercial value to 
 these countries. These capitals are a pride to the 
 people who live there, and a never-forgotten pleasure 
 to those who have spent happy days visiting their li- 
 braries, picture galleries, museums and gardens. Two 
 of these cities, Berlin and Paris, are splendid examples 
 of what can be done where there is plenty of civic 
 pride. Berlin is a symbol of law and order in its large, 
 
104 Peace and War 
 
 well-kept streets, splendid gardens and imposing pub- 
 lic buildings. Paris is a woman's city — it breathes 
 with joy and artistic grace. This note is symbolized 
 on a sunny afternoon at the Place de la Concorde, and 
 in the Bois in the springtime, when you see thousands 
 of happy children at play. 
 
 These two cities, along with our own beautiful 
 capital adorned with its many handsome avenues, pub- 
 lic buildings and private mansions, testify for uplift 
 and civic pride. It will be impossible to have many 
 beautiful cities and to improve our civic conditions 
 if we go on playing this awful game of war, which 
 means the destruction of capital and what man has 
 made. But if we disarm and make other nations dis- 
 arm after gratifying the most immediate needs, there 
 will be plenty of money left for libraries, great and 
 small, libraries for the city, and libraries for the town, 
 for museums and galleries, for public universities, 
 for parks and gardens adorned with statues and foun- 
 tains, for the building of bridges and the making of 
 good roads. These are the things that are beautiful 
 and worth while. They are the complement to nature's 
 work and God's work, and the sun will glorify them 
 during the day and the stars will bless them at night, 
 for creation and not destruction is the purpose of this 
 universe. 
 
SOME QUESTIONS ANSWERED AS TO THE 
 CAUSES OF THE WAR 
 
 The questions uppermost in the minds of many 
 people are: "How will the war end? When will it 
 end ? Who is in the right ? and Who is in the wrong ?" 
 
 Since our country has declared neutrality, there is 
 only one thing for every sensible American to do — 
 to have sympathy for every man who has been called 
 to the front, and for every family left worrying and 
 in want at home. 
 
 There are a number of questions that enter into this 
 war. Foremost among these is militarism. There 
 is not a country at war today that believes that a 
 government is made for its people, their theory being 
 that a people belongs to its government. Therefore it 
 is the interest of the country, not the interest of the 
 individual, that counts. This idea is part and parcel 
 of the old feudal form of government, where there 
 were a few mighty feudal lords and many vassals or 
 dependents. These dependents lived on the estates of 
 their lords and got their sustenance from them. In 
 turn they had to swear life and death allegiance to 
 their lords, fight for them in times of danger, accom- 
 
 los 
 
io6 Peace and War 
 
 pany them on crusades and amuse them in time of 
 peace in jousts and tournaments. 
 
 Though feudalism as a form of government is no 
 longer fashionable, it still survives in spirit. Thou- 
 sands of men are employed in Europe in different ways 
 by their governments or by their monarchs, and they 
 are in honor bound to fight for these kings and princes. 
 In times of danger, these men are employed on rail- 
 roads belonging to the government, working in pal- 
 aces or on royal estates, or in the army. There are 
 many old towns in Europe where you see feudal pal- 
 aces perched on high hills or overhanging crags. 
 These were protected by drawbridges, moats or great 
 encircling walls. All that remain of their past glory 
 are the deserted ruins, mouldered walls and draw- 
 bridges, but the spirit of these feudal rulers still re- 
 mains. They now live in capitals in the winter and 
 on lovely estates in the summer. They have from five 
 to twenty estates apiece. Many of these places are 
 only used a few weeks out of the year. Their perma- 
 nent residences are adorned with priceless furniture, 
 tapestries and ornaments. These are kept up by a 
 retinue of servants, while even those that are occupied 
 for a short time call for plenty of care and expense for 
 their maintenance. 
 
 Hard though it is to believe, there are palaces that 
 
As to the Causes of the War 107 
 
 have been twenty years in the process of building and 
 are still not completed. When a new monarch comes 
 to the throne it is not unusual to have his palace re- 
 furnished from top to bottom. Entertaining at these 
 courts means a great expenditure of money, for their 
 china-closets are crowded with priceless china, finest 
 glass, silver and gold service for all occasions. Though 
 the menus planned for any of these state affairs are 
 costly, the great extravagance comes in the fine wine- 
 cellars, rare fruits, and the hot-house flowers used for 
 decorations. I have walked over royal estates for a 
 half-day without reaching their limit. The place in- 
 cluded summer houses, pagodas, alleys, private prome- 
 nades, stables and carriage-houses. 
 
 More than one royal stable in Europe has more than 
 two hundred royal carriages. Among these are coro- 
 nation coaches, state coaches, funeral coaches, guest 
 coaches and private coaches. The finest of these are 
 lacquered with silver and gold, while the harnesses and 
 whips are made of real silver and gold. The private 
 carriages include landaus, victorias, and a great num- 
 ber of fine automobiles. Many of these are used only 
 a year or two, and then are sold or exchanged for 
 others. 
 
 Even more splendid are the stables, which include 
 fine horses and beautiful ponies gathered from many 
 
io8 Peace and War 
 
 parts of Europe and the Orient. The caring of these 
 horses involves much work and cost. I have seen as 
 many as a hundred men at work caring for one of 
 these royal stables. Some of these horses have rare 
 pedigrees and need excUent care. They are not used 
 on all occasions — some are kept for state functions, 
 others for private use, and still others for military 
 practice. 
 
 A court is not complete without handsome corona- 
 tion jewels to be worn at coronations and great state 
 balls. These include priceless crowns studded with 
 diamonds, pearls, sapphires ; vieing with these are 
 ropes of pearls, pearl and diamond rings, high orders 
 set with diamonds, rubies and emeralds, and gold 
 swords with hilts set with brilliants and rubies. 
 
 A country might have all these things, and still she 
 would be lacking in dignity unless she had her own 
 royal guard. These stand watch day and night to 
 guard the palace, and to change guards is accompanied 
 with so much ceremony that it often takes an hour's 
 time. If it takes a royal guard of nearly a thousand 
 men to protect a palace, it requires a good-sized stand- 
 ing army and navy to protect any of these royal coun- 
 tries. The newest of these countries can boast that 
 her army is not an integral part of her government. 
 Even France, which is a republic in name, is a military 
 
As to the Causes of the War 109 
 
 form of government ; it is the army and the army man 
 that has the last word to say. 
 
 A part of this royal system of government is coloni- 
 zation. Just as Spain counted her power and wealth in 
 her colonies, so do most of the other European powers 
 do so today. England gets much of her strength and 
 wealth from her colonies— they work for her, give her 
 men in times of danger, and permit her to control the 
 channel with courage and boats. Her imperialism gave 
 her the courage to tell us that she claimed certain 
 rights to the Panama Canal because of the Hay- 
 Pauncefote treaty. Though India and Canada have 
 brought her much wealth and strength, many say that 
 she has looked upon Java, Holland's rich possession, 
 with an envious eye, while much of her friendship for 
 France is based on her African possessions. 
 
 Though France has not an enormous population, she 
 always speaks of her need of more territory which she 
 has found in Morocco, while even the smaller coun- 
 tries, such as Belgium and Holland, have valued their 
 colonies as their greatest prize. 
 
 Germany is the last of the great powers to look for 
 colonies. This she has done because she found her 
 own territory too small for her growing population. 
 After looking about carefully, she found out the easiest 
 way to enlarge her territory was to get more control 
 
1 10 Peace and War 
 
 in Africa. The question was finally settled when 
 France gave her a small part of the Congo. This was 
 done almost at the price of the sword and the bayonet, 
 and France and England then decided that they would 
 cry halt if Germany tried for any other extension 
 of territory in Africa. At the same time France had 
 not forgotten that she had given Alsace-Lorraine to 
 Germany by the treaty of 1871, and she hoped to get 
 it back again some time in the future. 
 
 Russia and Austria had not been friends for many 
 years, and Germany increased this feeling for herself 
 when she made an alliance with Austria in 1879. 
 Russia had always looked upon Austria as her chief 
 enemy, and she was greatly irritated by Germany's 
 alliance. Russia thought by joining hands with France 
 she would offset the power of Germany and Austria. 
 The Triple Entente thus faced the Triple Alliance. 
 
 England, isolated from the continent of Europe, was 
 not worried by the triple alliance until she saw Ger- 
 many spring up as a great commercial nation. She 
 looked upon Germany as her chief commercial rival, 
 for she saw the trade-mark "Made in England" grad- 
 ually being supplanted by that "Made in Germany." 
 
 English merchants managed to tolerate German 
 merchants in the markets of Europe, but when Eng- 
 land saw that Germany was beginning to build up a 
 
As to the Causes of the War 1 1 1 
 
 strong sea-power, she was determined to offset her by 
 courting the dual alliance of France and Russia. The 
 terms of her agreement with these two powers have 
 never been published, but it was probably arranged that 
 if Russia or France should ever get in any serious 
 difficulty, England would mediate for them. This was 
 to be a protection to England, and a check to Germany 
 on the one side and the Balkan states on the other. 
 For Servia had not forgotten that Austria had annexed 
 Bosnia and Herzegovnia in 1908. By stepping for- 
 ward in the list against Austria, Servia became, as it 
 were, a protector to the Balkans, and a thorn in 
 the side of Austria. She did this because Bosnia is 
 inhabited by people of Serb speech. Russia, while act- 
 ing as a protector of Servia, saw the advantage of 
 using Servia as a cat's-paw. The murder of the Aus- 
 trian prince and princess by the Servian government, 
 backed by Russian influence, was merely the match 
 that set the powers of Europe fighting together. 
 Whether the conflagration should spread beyond Servia 
 depended on Austria and Russia's attitude. Austria 
 hoped to confine the fight to Servia, while Russia 
 showed her warlike attitude by mobilization. In mobi- 
 lizing, Russia showed a hostile attitude toward Aus- 
 tria and Germany. After the Russian general mobili- 
 zation became known in Germany, the imperial ambas- 
 
112 Peace and War 
 
 sador at St. Petersburg was instructed, on the 31st of 
 July, to explain to the Russian government that Ger- 
 many declared the state of war as counter-measure 
 against the general mobilization of the Russian army 
 and navy, which must be followed by mobilization if 
 Russia did not cease its military measures against 
 Germany and Austria-Hungary within twelve hours, 
 and notified Germany thereof. 
 
 As the time then given to Russia had expired with- 
 out the receipt of reply to the Emperor's inquiry, the 
 Emperor ordered the mobilization of the entire army 
 and navy on August the first at five p. m. The Ger- 
 man ambassador at St. Petersburg was instructed that 
 in the event of the Russian government not giving a 
 satisfactory reply within the stated time, he should de- 
 clare that Germany considered itself in a state of war 
 after a refusal of her demands. However, a confirma- 
 tion of the execution of this order had been received, 
 Russian troops crossed the frontier, and marched into 
 German territory. A few hours later France mobi- 
 lized, and the next day opened hostilities. 
 
 There were still hopes that England would come to 
 the fore and settle the dispute. She said that she 
 would remain neutral, providing Germany did not 
 touch French coast, Russian coast, and respected the 
 neutrality. of Belgium. But Germany did not see how 
 
As to the Causes of the War 113 
 
 to make this promise and still meet her two formidable 
 enemies, and thus a world-war began. 
 
 Just as it will take time to say who will be the win- 
 ner and who the loser by this war, so it will take time 
 to say who was responsible for this condition. For na- 
 tions as well as for individuals, supremacy becomes 
 mere madness when it is gained by guns and battle- 
 ships. This bellicose system may once have been pop- 
 ular when piracy and feudalism prevailed, but this 
 military peace, which trembles and rumbles all the time, 
 forewarns earthquakes. 
 
 It was an American who made the peace palace a 
 reality. It must be America again who will make 
 eternal peace more than a promise. When the time 
 comes for the stopping of this awful carnage and 
 bloodshed, America must insist that every nation in 
 the world shall lay down her arms and that they shall 
 change their men-of-war into merchant marines for 
 the benefit of mankind. This is the fulfillment of the 
 building of the Panama Canal. 
 
WHAT THE WORLD- WAR WILL MEAN TO 
 WOMANKIND 
 
 Have you ever stopped to think what this world-war 
 will mean to womankind? While thousands of Ger- 
 mans, Russians, French and English are daily slaugh- 
 tered, wounded or captured, what does this mean to 
 the thousands of women who are patiently waiting for 
 their return? 
 
 Though the fewest of the European women want 
 war, or are in any way responsible for it, they are 
 taught to believe that every man belongs to his country 
 first and to his family afterwards. If you were in 
 Germany during this life-and-death struggle you would 
 certainly find out that the German women are natural 
 or at least trained Spartans. They are confident in 
 the belief that however much a man is needed at home, 
 he is more necessary to his country when she is in 
 danger. This is the belief of rich and poor alike — 
 the Kaiserin and the Crown Princess hold to this 
 ideal. No less than the poorest Bavarian peasant 
 woman, the Kaiserin and the Crown Princess were at 
 Potsdam when the war broke out. They did not suffer 
 their husbands' return to Berlin alone, but came into 
 
 114 
 
What the World-War Will Mean to Womankind 115 
 
 the city with them, drove through the city, and were 
 recognized by the people as part protectors of the 
 country. Whenever the Emperor came out on the 
 balcony to address his people, he was accompanied by 
 his wife. She showed so much self-control and de- 
 termination that many of the people said they had two 
 rulers instead of one. 
 
 When the Landstrum were called out it was rumored 
 that the Emperor was going to leave Berlin for the 
 front that very evening. One of the Kaiserin's inti- 
 mate friends asked her what she would do while the 
 Emperor was gone. 
 
 "What shall I do?" was the sensible reply. "But 
 stay at home and look after all my children ; this means 
 all the women and children in the land who need me, 
 as well as all the soldiers who are brought back 
 wounded." That these were not idle words is shown 
 by the fact that as soon as war was declared the 
 Empress gave forty thousand dollars out of her own 
 private fortune to the Red Cross. Ever since the war 
 started she has spent all her leisure time visiting the 
 different Red Cross hospitals to see that all the soldiers 
 were getting the proper food and attention. Her work 
 has not stopped here; she went to all the markets to 
 see that all the provisions possible were being brought 
 in to the people, and that food should not be raised 
 
ii6 Peace and War 
 
 above the ordinary prices. Though the Crown Princess 
 is a happy mother of four lovely boys, as soon as the 
 war broke out she and her children accompanied the 
 Crown Prince to the palace. As she drove through the 
 streets, she was received with the same enthusiastic 
 cries as her husband, for she is greatly beloved by her 
 people, and they knew that she would do her duty at 
 home while her husband was leading his division to 
 war. Her lovely face was brightened by the usual 
 happy smile, showing that she was ready to do her 
 part rather than to thrust her burdens on the world. 
 She turned over one of her palaces at once as a hos- 
 pital, and took personal charge of the work herself. 
 She is doing as much work as the Red Cross nurses, 
 and, though her husband has been in many dangerous 
 positions since the war broke out, she has never shown 
 any personal anxiety. That the Emperor appreciates 
 this is shown by a telegram he recently sent to his 
 daughter-in-law : 
 
 "I rejoice with thee in the first victory of William. 
 God has been on his side and has most brilliantly sup- 
 ported him. To Him be thanks and honor. I sent to 
 William the Iron Cross of the second and first class." 
 
 The other daughters-in-law of the Kaiser have 
 shown the same courage and forbearance. Princess 
 
What the World-War Will Mean to Womankind 117 
 
 Eitel Friedrich said goodbye to her husband with as 
 much enthusiasm, while the youngest, Joachim, who 
 has just been married, was hurried to the church for 
 a second marriage before the war. Even the young 
 Princess Louise, who is the mother of a young baby, 
 had to say farewell to her beloved husband who went 
 to join his regiment. She went up to visit her mother 
 for a few days in Berlin, and then hurried home to 
 look after her baby and the people. 
 
 Their example has been followed by all the princesses 
 of Germany who, besides acting as regents while their 
 husbands are gone, are giving all their time to Red 
 Cross centers. Hardly had the war been declared when 
 thousands of women of all classes offered themselves to 
 different Red Cross centers. When told that they had 
 never had any training in Red Cross work they begged 
 for some menial position, such as supplying the soldiers 
 with food and drink as they came in and out of the 
 
 stations. 
 
 Many have applied to the dietary cooking schools, 
 where they are doing special cooking for the soldiers, 
 and now they are glad that they were taught to cook 
 
 at home. 
 
 Many of the maids in private homes are too impa- 
 tient to stay and do their routine work, and they have 
 also gone to the Red Cross centers without pay. As 
 
ii8 Peace and War 
 
 one maid said, in a small Bavarian town, "How can I 
 see others working for their country while I stay on 
 and work for myself? Though I have only two hands 
 to give, I give them willingly for the Red Cross work. 
 I can clean rooms and scrub floors, if I cannot do any- 
 thing else." 
 
 This same determination and courage came to the 
 women when they told their husbands and sweethearts 
 goodbye. In the small towns the women and girls 
 waited for hours to see their husbands and sons go 
 out. Though their hearts may have been heavy, their 
 faces wore happy smiles, as they shouted : "Alas, fare- 
 well !" or an enthusiastic : "Auf Wiedersehen." In 
 their own homes they showed the same courage and 
 determination, as one girl said to me, "I was coming 
 home with my sweetheart yesterday, and I couldn't 
 help but cry just a little when I told him goodbye, but 
 my sister-in-law never shed a tear when her husband 
 left. She got his things ready in a hurry, and, when 
 he went down the street, she took her child on her arms 
 and stood in the window waving to him until he was 
 out of sight." 
 
 One German woman had six children and her hus- 
 band go to war, and when one of her friends tried to 
 console her, she answered: "My only regret is that I 
 haven't six more to give to my country." 
 
What the World-War Will Mean to Womankind 119 
 
 The officials' wives have shown the same splendid 
 daring. Many of them are young married women with 
 babies. They hurried to Berlin with their husbands 
 to visit with them a day or two before the men should 
 be called into active service. They were seen walking 
 with them unter den Linden, or dining with them in 
 restaurants. They talked of everything but war, and 
 when the time came to say goodbye they hurried to 
 the trains and bade them goodbye, as though they were 
 only going on a short trip. The families in need of 
 support, while husbands and brothers are gone, have 
 found much protection in daughters and sisters. Thou- 
 sands have taken up men's work in the cities and in 
 the country. They are working long hours to fill the 
 gaps in banks, postoffices and railroads. Most of the 
 drygoods stores turned over the positions in the family 
 to a wife or daughter so that the family may not need. 
 Even girls offered themselves as conductors and motor- 
 men on street cars. They proved themselves compe- 
 tent for conductors, but they found the work of motor- 
 man too strenuous. 
 
 The women on the farms have been working long 
 hours for their children, sometimes weakening under 
 their load to bring in the rich harvest. 
 
 Though the Belgian men showed that they had splen- 
 did courage in fighting for their principle of neutrality, 
 
120 Peace and War 
 
 the real heroines were their women. In more combats 
 than one, when they saw their men worsted, they seized 
 the guns and swords strewn on the battlefields and even 
 fought in hand combats with their enemies and would 
 not give up even when worsted. When their houses 
 and towns were on fire they refused to retreat. The 
 consort of the king of Belgium, though she has three 
 little children of her own, has given a large part of her 
 private fortune and most of her time trying to provide 
 her people with food and shciter. 
 
 Though Holland was the first to mobilize when war 
 was declared. Queen Wilhelmina insisted, through her 
 ministers, that her country was to keep perfect neutral- 
 ity. This she has reiterated time and again. As she 
 says, "Not that I have so much fear for the horrors of 
 war, but I do not wish to see my women and children 
 sufifer the hardships resulting from war." 
 
 The French women have the reputation of being 
 timid and light-hearted, but this war shows they have 
 plenty of courage and self-control. When war first 
 broke out in France some of the people, especially in 
 the large cities, were hysterical, for they had not for- 
 gotten the experiences suffered in the Franco-Prussian 
 war. But the courage shown by the women to do or 
 die, soon brought a great reaction of self-control. Hun- 
 dreds of women were seen promenading in the woods 
 
What the World-War Will Mean to Womankind 121 
 
 or sitting at the cafes just as though nothing important 
 had taken place. Many of the wealthy French women 
 in Paris and in the suburbs turned their beautiful 
 homes into hospitals for wounded soldiers. Thousands 
 of others have formed Red Cross centers. The more 
 experienced in nursing hurried to get commissions 
 following their husbands to the battlefield, while hun- 
 dreds of less fortunate have been sewing at home 
 or in schools. They have also been busy providing 
 food and clothing for destitute families. 
 
 The English women are more isolated by their posi- 
 tion, still they have not been lacking in providing 
 their men with the few comforts that war can offer. 
 They have formed Red Cross centers, gone off to nurse 
 their soldiers and offered their services on battleships. 
 
 Though America has not been in the war her women 
 have not been negligent in doing their part to allay 
 the suffering and hardships of combat. No sooner 
 was the rumor of war given than did the National 
 Red Cross of America start a campaign for the pur- 
 pose of sending Red Cross nurses and supplies to all 
 great centers of Europe. This involved many techni- 
 cal difficulties as well as plenty of work and expense. 
 For, besides painting the ship white, it was understood 
 that the entire crew was to be American men. They 
 had to get plenty of money together so as to make 
 
122 Peace and War 
 
 the work efficient. Before fitting out their supplies 
 they canvassed the different countries of Europe, find- 
 ing out what were the especial needs of the different 
 armies. They heard that one country was in special 
 need of stretchers, a second absorbent cotton, a third 
 hospital gauze. 
 
 Thousands of Americans living abroad have joined 
 the Red Cross centers of the cities in which they were 
 living and are giving much of their time and money to 
 strengthening the work. 
 
 Others who were in the war zone and waiting neces- 
 sary accommodations to get home, interested them- 
 selves forming circles among their friends and giving 
 their contributions to the general store, while the wives 
 of our different ambassadors have stood at their post 
 giving of their strength and fortunes to needy and 
 destitute Americans, who daily come to them in dis- 
 tress. When advised that they should return home for 
 safety they answered that their places were at the side 
 of their husbands. 
 
 This is an epitome of what woman has done to re- 
 lieve suffering, but what does war mean to her? It 
 means the useless sacrifice of those that are nearest and 
 dearest. It means the breaking of the nearest of the 
 family ties, of the love and protection that makes these 
 homes happy and complete. This war is daily creating 
 
What the World-War Will Mean to Womankind 123 
 
 heartaches and wounds for thousands of women and 
 children that can never be compensated by any possible 
 glory of war. This war will create millions of tear- 
 stained faces, millions of breaking hearts that can never 
 be comforted nor ever be made joyous. Even when 
 these young widows reach an age when their hair will 
 be tinged with white, they can never forget the hard- 
 ships that are now being made by this ruthless combat. 
 These women may yoke their backs to the burden and 
 bear their suffering in silence, but the grief will be 
 greater for being suppressed. The pictures of daily 
 suffering are too dramatic and too intense to be for- 
 gotten in a year or in a lifetime. Millions of these 
 women have gone through the trials and sufferings of 
 child-birth with a joy in their hearts that they could 
 be the proud mothers of good families. These same 
 mothers are now being forced to give these sons for 
 useless slaughter so that the greed of nations can be 
 appeased. 
 
 But the hardships will not end with the loss of life, 
 it will mean the sacrifice of every luxury, every com- 
 fort and even the bare necessities of life for thou- 
 sands and thousands of women. The main support 
 of their family gone, they will have to offer them- 
 selves as bread winners for their families. Thousands 
 of good businesses and factories have already been 
 
124 Peace and War 
 
 swept to the ground, and thousands more will be de- 
 stroyed before this war is ended. Millions of unpro- 
 tected women and girls will cry for work, but after 
 cities and towns are destroyed there will be little left 
 for those in need. 
 
 But there will be other hardships for these many 
 unprotected mothers and daughters. Thousands of 
 families have worked and saved for years to buy small 
 homes and farms which they might call their own, and 
 these have been destroyed like beautiful grain by a 
 horrible gale. Thousands of others have saved for 
 years to possess small fortunes, and these have all been 
 destroyed. 
 
 O, thinking woman, woman of all lands, do you call 
 death, destruction of life and property, glory of war? 
 Did God create human lives and fertile lands to have 
 them all fall before the greed of man ? If He had done 
 this, He would be an unjust God, but since His watch- 
 word is "Glory to God in the Highest, Peace on Earth, 
 goodwill to men," it is your duty, mother of the race 
 to come, to cry halt to this awful carnage, to make your 
 watchword in your prayer brotherly love instead of 
 brotherly hate. For if there is one God, there is one 
 brotherhood, and all humanity can only be linked to 
 that God by brotherly love. 
 
ASK YOUR AMERICAN FRIENDS HOW IT 
 FEELS TO BE WITHOUT MONEY. 
 
 If "war is hell," then to be in a strange country with- 
 out credit and funds is certainly purgatory. If you do 
 not believe this to be true, ask any of your friends who 
 happened to be in the war zone and they will cer- 
 tainly corroborate my story. 
 
 Though I was grief-stricken by the news that the 
 great powers of Europe had decided to wage a world- 
 war, I knew that this feeling was intensified when the 
 banks of Germany refused to recognize any foreign let- 
 ters of credit. 
 
 I should not have had a dollar to my name had my 
 mother been well, but as she was quite sick I went to 
 the bank twice that week, for I thought if she were 
 worse later I could not leave her. We had just paid 
 a week's board-bill and I vowed that we should not 
 pay another until the banks gave us more money. I 
 was so angry when I saw another week sneak round 
 and another bill appear, that I left it unopened on 
 my bureau for a week. 
 
 Before long I realized that being angry would do 
 no good. I must hustle and get some credit. The first 
 
 125 
 
126 Peace and War 
 
 few days it was hopeless, for there was a perfect run 
 on the two small banks in our town ; sometimes there 
 were several hundred people waiting at the doors for 
 them to open. Most of these were Russians and Poles 
 trying to get the money out of the banks and to hurry 
 home before it was too late. 
 
 One day I worked my way through the crowd and 
 got to the cashier's desk, where I was refused. The 
 clerk said that he would give me change, but since 
 England had made war it was foolish to take their 
 checks, as it might be months before he could cash 
 them. I saw it was foolish to argue the point, but I 
 was furious, as up to this time he had been so solicitous 
 about our having enough money. 
 
 The clerks at the other bank were even more dis- 
 agreeable. They were all right to the Germans, but 
 they treated Americans as a lot of dead-beats, who 
 were more accustomed to travel on credit. 
 
 But I was comforted by the fact that though there 
 were plenty of wealthy men in our sanitarium, they 
 were all in the same box. There were a half-dozen 
 millionaires whose united fortunes represented at least 
 fifty million dollars, but they could not raise five hun- 
 dred dollars on it. They said little, but the serious- 
 ness of their faces showed they thought much. If 
 they ever knew what poverty meant it was so many 
 
How It Feels to Be Without Money 127 
 
 years ago that they had forgotten all about its sting. 
 These tight circumstances did not bring out the soft, 
 kind side of their nature, it seemed to make them skep- 
 tics instead. They were silent and taciturn, and acted 
 as though a short conversation indicated a "financial 
 touch." 
 
 One of our multi-millionaires, who poses as a splen- 
 did church-worker, never let his acquaintanceship ex- 
 tend beyond a nod or a "how do you do," as though he 
 thought a warmer friendship meant financial aid. 
 
 He was traveling with a friend who had less in for- 
 tune, but more heart. His friend promised to look after 
 mother and me, but somehow the philanthropist put a 
 damper on the promise. 
 
 I then turned to a wealthy brewer and he said 
 that he would O. K. our bills if we did not get 
 the money. This remained a promise, for he never was 
 tested to put his promise into execution, though he 
 did go into the bank one day and tell the clerk to 
 give us twenty pounds more. 
 
 It came about, after worrying and waiting a week, 
 in this way : The word came that our government had 
 arranged so that we were to get some money on our 
 letters of credit. After standing out in the hot sun 
 a half-day the bank clerk gave my mother and me one 
 hundred and fifty dollars on two letters of credit. I ob- 
 
128 Peace and War 
 
 jected, saying that we were entitled to one hunded and 
 fifty dollars apiece. The clerk replied curtly that the 
 money to be paid out was at his discretion. The one 
 hundred and fifty dollars was intended for traveling ex- 
 penses until we should reach Berlin. He did not seem 
 to take cognizance of the fact that we had a two weeks' 
 board-bill to pay before we should get that far. 
 
 When I appeared with my mother a few days later 
 in quest of more money he was furious, as he accused 
 me of calling him a d — thing, though I had only ac- 
 cused him of being a disagreeable person. 
 
 It looked for a while as though the bank clerk was 
 determined to have me arrested for calling him a bad 
 name. I afterward learned that even in homes of 
 peace you can be arrested for calling bad names and 
 the offence becomes worse in war times. I was afraid 
 that he might accuse me next of being a spy, so I made 
 my escape and never saw the man again. The brewer 
 and my mother finally quieted him and he gave us 
 twenty pounds, or one hundred dollars, more. Some of 
 the men finally arranged so that they got a few hun- 
 dred dollars every week, at least enough to pay their 
 board. 
 
 But I consoled myself by saying that there were 
 some who had less credit than we had. There was 
 an American man who. had lived for years in China, 
 
How It Feels to Be Without Money 129 
 
 and he said that he could not get a dollar. A Chicago 
 lawyer took pity and shared his fifty pounds with him, 
 trusting to fate to get some more. 
 
 After realizing fully that I could not get any money 
 from the small bank, and in such desperate times it 
 was foolish to depend on promises for aid, I decided 
 to campaign for more money. 
 
 Just before the cables had been closed, I had been 
 advised from home to seek advice and financial aid, 
 if necessary, from two men in Frankfurt ; the one I had 
 met six months before and the other I did not know. 
 At first I thought I would take a train and go up to 
 Frankfurt to shorten the process of borrowing money. 
 Though it is only a five hours' trip, under ordinary 
 circumstances, from where I was, it had been pro- 
 longed to a fourteen hours' journey. I did not want to 
 trust to the mail, as less then ten per cent, of the letters 
 written were being received. I was glad to find out 
 that I could wire for twenty-five cents, as money was 
 too precious to be wasted on long distance messages, 
 and it broke my heart every time I had to send a cable. 
 
 One evening I decided to find our Frankfurt friend. 
 I soon discovered I had undertaken a large contract. 
 When I looked in the directory I could not find his 
 business address. I was about to give up in despair 
 when the happy thought came that I might find it in 
 
130 Peace and War 
 
 the telephone book. I found the name, Heilburg, 61 
 Beethoven strasse. It's fortunate that many of the 
 streets in Germany are named after the composers 
 and artists, for though I had only been there once, I 
 remembered they Hved on a musical street. 
 
 After waiting a half -hour I got my party, and had 
 as much difficulty in making him remember who I was 
 as I had in holding an intelligible German conversa- 
 tion over the 'phone. I thought the man would drop 
 at the 'phone when I asked him for two hundred and 
 fifty dollars, and he compromised on half the amount. 
 Though his intentions were the best, it took a week's 
 hard telephoning every day until I actually had the 
 money in my hand. 
 
 In the meanwhile I had received another cable from 
 home telling me to call up a certain banker in Frank- 
 furt. When I approached him on the same subject 
 on the 'phone, he said he had never heard my name 
 before, and I could not expect him to hand out money 
 to a person he did not know. I acquiesced in his state- 
 ment and said that his brother in America was a great 
 friend of my brother. To this he answered he be- 
 lieved all I said was true, but did not see how he could 
 loan me money without being authorized. Finally 
 we compromised on seventy-five dollars, and he prom- 
 ised to let me have more if I sent our letter of credit. 
 
How It Feels to Be Without Money 131 
 
 I refused to do that, as I knew it would only be lost 
 in the mail. 
 
 I decided that I had enough to pay my board-bill 
 for the next two weeks and that was a good deal more 
 than others had, many of whom were living on credit 
 or paying with checks and drafts. There were two 
 or three of our guests who did not have dollar to their 
 name, for all the English and French credit had been 
 cut off. At the end of two weeks I saw my funds be- 
 ing depleted and I decided it was necessary to start on 
 another campaign. In the meantime I had received 
 a letter from a cousin in Dresden and I answered that 
 I could use a little money. That week she sent me 
 two hundred dollars, which paid our board-bill and 
 debts accrued on telephone, telegraph and cable mes- 
 sages. When I left I still owed one week's board- 
 bill. At first it looked as though our host did not in- 
 tend to let us go without paying, but when he saw 
 I was firm about paying no more he yielded, and said 
 the rest could be paid after we got home. Money was 
 so tight there for four weeks that anything beyond 
 spending a penny for a newspaper was considered fool- 
 ish extravagance, and I scolded my mother one day for 
 spending twenty-five cents for flowers. Every time 
 I took a carriage to make a long business journey 
 I considered myself wicked, and a carriage ride for 
 
13a Peace and War 
 
 pleasure was out of the question. The only extrava- 
 gance I knew was giving some money to the Red Cross 
 society and some generous tips to the men who went 
 off to the war. At times I thought I should forget 
 how to shop if I ever reached the point where I had 
 plenty of money of my own. 
 
 The condition of Americans in Berlin was not much 
 better. I met friends with less than a dollar in their 
 pockets. A doctor and his wife had come up from 
 Carlsbad to Berlin with a quarter between them. Here 
 they were fortunate enough to meet a friend who 
 loaned them two hundred and fifty dollars for a ticket 
 and traveling expenses. 
 
 There was a professor and his wife who were trying 
 to get a second-class ticket on a Holland-American 
 boat, though they only had twenty-five dollars in their 
 pockets. They trusted to luck for their ticket and their 
 money. Good fortune favored them, for an their way 
 from Berlin to Holland they met a Southern man, who 
 helped them get their ticket and paid for it. 
 
 Every day dozens of young girls who had been study- 
 ing abroad, and teachers off for a summer's holiday, 
 presented themselves at the German Embassy, telling 
 their hard-luck stories of how they were down to the 
 last cent, and that they would have to be home by the 
 time school opened. 
 
How It Feels to Be Without Money 133 
 
 Mrs. Gerard took care of many of these cases herself 
 and saw to it that they were provided with third-class 
 tickets. 
 
 At the hotel where I was stopping I met an Ameri- 
 can lady with three daughters. She said that they had 
 enough funds to take them home in four weeks by the 
 strictest kind of management. The mother and the 
 two young girls had taken over the task of doing the 
 family washing in the bathtub, while the eldest girl was 
 earning one dollar a day for stenographic work at the 
 Embassy. A little later I met two girls who had been 
 in Hamburg. They managed to pay their board and 
 part of their tickets by helping the council out there. 
 
 I soon found out that even with money in my pocket, 
 it was hard to make money count, for when it came 
 to getting change they would only give you paper 
 money of small denominations. Gold was the only 
 thing that spoke, and silver was as much at a premium 
 as paper was worthless. I found many people who 
 were going without their next meal because they could 
 not get their paper money changed. I went on a shop- 
 ping expedition for an hour one morning, just to get 
 a hundred marks changed. I was told that thousands 
 of Americans were stranded in Switzerland, who were 
 without a dollar and without a ticket. As a friend 
 wrote to me, "It is a pitiable sight to see so many of 
 
134 Peace and War 
 
 our American women and children, including artists, 
 invalids, school teachers, and mothers with families, 
 who have been educating their children in Switzerland, 
 driven almost to destitution. They come back with 
 tears in their eyes from Swiss banks, because the clerks 
 try to find any possible flaw in their drafts and refuse 
 to honor their letters of credit. Even the more gen- 
 erous of these bankers have only a few hundred dol- 
 lars a week on which to do business. 
 
 "Those of us who are living in Swiss families and 
 boarding houses are fortunate, for the Swiss people 
 are intelligent to understand our predicament and to 
 feel sorry for us. But many have been living in fash- 
 ionable hotels, where the prices mounted immediately 
 when tourists came piling in by the hundreds. These 
 proprietors expect to have their bills paid weekly, 
 which means that many of their guests are without a 
 dollar. I am sure that more than one wealthy woman 
 has parted with more than one handsome piece of jew- 
 elry to pay a week's board bill for herself and her chil- 
 dren. The question uppermost in every one's mind is, 
 "When will the Tennessee with its chest of two hun- 
 dred million dollars arrive, voted by Congress for the 
 relief of Americans ?' 
 
 "I am sure that the greatest hardships are being 
 known by those who have been living in the mountain 
 
How It Feels to Be Without Money 135 
 
 resorts in Switzerland, where they have been cut off 
 from all communication. I have seen a number of such 
 people come staggering into our town carrying dress- 
 suitcases, exhausted for want of food and sleep." 
 
 On our boat coming home there were a number of 
 destitute cases, men and women without a dollar to 
 their name. After a few days a committee of wealthy 
 men got up a fund to help them out. The day before 
 our boat landed a New York Citizens' Club sent word 
 to our captain that they should look up the destitute 
 cases and they should be provided with money when 
 they reached New York. Among the cases presented 
 some were worthy and some were not. One woman 
 made her plea that she had been separated from her 
 husband a few years before, as a reason for getting 
 money, though she had plenty to take her home. 
 
 The American women had been made destitute by 
 losing all their baggage and can count their material 
 wealth in dress-suitcases. The first time I decided 
 to start for Holland the railroads were allowing tour- 
 ists to take their trunks with them, but two weeks 
 later they said they would not be responsible for any 
 baggage taken. The most daring took a chance, only 
 to leave their luggage in the stations. I saw stations 
 that were piled high with five thousand and more 
 American trunks. Some of the people were fortunate 
 
136 Peace and War 
 
 to get their trunks to the frontier, only to lose them on 
 the boundary line. My mother and I left eight trunks 
 on the other side. These are divided between France 
 and Germany. Still we are glad that they are dis- 
 tributed in this way, for however the war goes, we 
 ought to get some of our belongings. On our boat I 
 heard that there are nearly a hundred thousand Ameri- 
 can trunks in Paris and the same number in London. 
 Unless these trunks are regained, many a woman will 
 have to content herself with two dresses and one hat 
 this winter. 
 
 On our boat many a woman bewailed the loss of her 
 trunks, as she said, "J^st to think, this is my first trip 
 to Europe and I haven't got one thing to show for it. 
 It has been the dream of my life to say I owned a 
 Paris dress and hat. A hundred dollars is a good deal 
 to pay for a hat and a dress, but certainly they were 
 worth it, if I only had something to show for it. 
 
 "I didn't mind for myself, but it doesn't seem like 
 being away unless you have presents for the family at 
 home. I had bought my sisters each a handsome 
 evening bag, mother a handsome scarf and father a 
 beautiful amber pipe." 
 
 These hard straits are in marked contrast with the 
 luxurious way in which Americans have been traveling 
 and living abroad the last ten years. Our steamers 
 
Houi It Feels to Be Without Money 137 
 
 have reached a point where they were perfect ocean 
 palaces, comparable with the finest New York hotels. 
 The hotels in Europe have been transformed from 
 simple boarding houses to marble palaces, equipped 
 with every luxury and comfort. A room and bath in 
 any first-class hotel brought seven dollars a day and 
 a suite of rooms at thirty was not considered extreme. 
 Many of the restaurants were so fine and fashionable 
 that they didn't even print prices on their bills of fare. 
 
 In the summer resorts ten years ago, a hotel keeper 
 boasted of having an omnibus to take the people to the 
 station, an elevator and a few bathrooms. To-day these 
 simple hotels have been transformed into perfect pal- 
 aces. Golf links, tennis courts and tango teas. The 
 Americans are in no small part responsible for these 
 high prices and foolish luxuries. These hard times, 
 experienced in the war zone, may result in bringing 
 them to their common sense, so that they can again 
 enjoy the simple living. 
 
WHAT THE QUEEN OF HOLLAND IS DOING 
 TO PRESERVE PEACE 
 
 If you were only in Holland for a few days you 
 would find out that Wilhelmina is the best ruler in 
 Europe and one of the ablest stateswomen. No sooner 
 had Europe gone to war than she had her government 
 give orders for mobilization. Little Holland was the 
 first after the declaration of war to declare neutrality, 
 and they have kept their faith in not giving aid nor 
 showing any partiality to either side. This has been 
 no small task, for England has been pressing her on 
 one side to join the allies and Germany would like to 
 use her in a material way, especially in the bringing 
 in of food supplies. England has time and gain made 
 charges that she was assisting Germany in spite of 
 her neutrality. On the other hand England has several 
 times seized food supplies that belonged to Holland, 
 saying that she was importing them to send them on 
 to Germany. 
 
 In spite of these difficulties, such as seizing Dutch 
 boats, because they carried Germans and Austrians 
 going home to fight for their country, the Queen of 
 
 138 
 
Queen of Holland and Peace 139 
 
 Holland, backed by her country, has shown an abund- 
 ance of common sense. 
 
 At a recent opening of Parliament she addressed her 
 people, saying she hoped she could keep perfect neu- 
 trality. This they would do unless they were forced 
 into the war, for both she and her people wanted peace 
 more than anything else in the world. 
 
 In order to maintain this peace in an honorable way, 
 she, sided by her ministers, has done everything in 
 her power to make a bold stand should one or the other 
 of the nations cross the boundary. 
 
 When in Holland a few weeks ago, I had the good 
 fortune to cross one of the Dutch frontiers. The 
 boundary was well guarded with men to see that none 
 of the marching men nor contraband of war should be 
 carried across the border. 
 
 The entire standing army and a large part of the re- 
 serves, nearly a hundred thousand men in all, are scat- 
 tered between the cities and the boundaries. It is said 
 that she can call a much larger force to the front 
 in case of actual warfare than she has at present. In 
 nearly all the large cities, such as The Hague, Amster- 
 dam and Rotterdam, I saw a large number of young 
 men going through all kinds of military tactics. They 
 were learning how to drill, how to fire, how to dig 
 ditches and build impromptu forts in haste. 
 
140 Peace and War 
 
 That Holland is determined to make a bold stand 
 and fight for her rights if needed, is shown by the fact 
 that she has mined her coast and dynamited her bridges 
 so that she can cut her dams on short notice. 
 
 There was such a rumor the day we were at The 
 Hague. It had been falsely rumored that the Ger- 
 man Consul had been recalled that day and that the 
 country would be flooded within twenty-four hours. 
 
 The Dutch took little credence of these wild rumors, 
 and continued their business and went through their 
 work of mobilizing in the same quiet, energetic way 
 In spite of their delicate position, there is not a country 
 in Europe that seemed less interested in the war than 
 this north country. The hotel-keepers were too busy 
 looking after the welfare and comforts of tired Ameri- 
 cans to take time to discuss war. The shopkeepers 
 were too busy supplying the tourists who had any 
 money left with old Dutch silver and delftware to 
 worry about the war. While the steamship company 
 were too occupied enlarging their boats with auxiliary 
 cabins, getting extra crews and recalling their cap- 
 tains, who had already been sent to the front, to 
 bother their heads about war scares. It may be a mere 
 coincidence, still it is a strange one, that some of the 
 persecuted forefathers fled from England and remained 
 in Holland until they came to our America. It is just 
 
Queen of Holland and Peace 141 
 
 a little strange that an American gave such a hand- 
 some peace palace to the world, and it should find its 
 place in Holland. It is no less strange that the Queen 
 of Holland and her ministers have taken such an ac- 
 tive part in all the peace movements. In the last few 
 weeks they have been most energetic in succoring 
 Americans who fled from Germany and Austria, and 
 she has been most active in getting these refugees 
 home. 
 
 As I saw the Queen of Holland leave her palace 
 one afternoon in an automobile, the crowds waiting 
 about her palace to greet her showed that she is near 
 and dear to all her subjects. The fact that she was not 
 surrounded by any soldiers or civil service men shows 
 that she has nothing to fear from assassins. Every 
 man in the crowd took off his hat as a mark of respect, 
 while the women greeted her with shouts and the wav- 
 ing of handkerchiefs. 
 
 Though she is the third richest ruler in Europe, she 
 refuses to indulge in any foolish extravagance. Her 
 palace at The Hague is pretty, but simple, while she 
 finds the one in Amsterdam too large and too expensive 
 for common use. She spends a large part of her own 
 private fortune for providing Creches, an old people's 
 home. She is never so happy as when she finds among 
 her people an energetic mother with a good-sized 
 
142 Peace and War 
 
 family. The one great unhappiness in Queen Wil- 
 helmina's girlhood was that she wanted children and 
 was deprived of having them. Her mother and friends 
 say that she has grown ten years younger since she 
 had her little daughter. She is the pride of her moth- 
 er's heart, though the Queen makes every effort to see 
 that she is not pampered by herself or her subjects. 
 
 Although Queen Wilhelmina is fonder of her home 
 and more interested in the welfare of her subjects than 
 she is of public life, she is a splendid stateswoman and 
 diplomat. 
 
 She never signs any paper, whether it is important 
 or unimportant, without carefully studying its con- 
 tents. There is little about the history of her people 
 or her kingdom that she does not know, for she be- 
 lieves much of her ability as a ruler depends on her 
 knowledge of the past history of her country. She is 
 very proud of her own ancestors and her people, be- 
 cause she says that they have been brave at sea and at 
 home and have always aimed to play fair. She has 
 not been blind to the fact that her neighbor, England, 
 has been jealous of some of her colonies, especially 
 of Java. But she does not believe in worrying about 
 that fact. 
 
 On the other hand, she is also aware that in the 
 past Germany dreamed of some day uniting Holland 
 
Queen of Holland and Peace 143 
 
 to her own territory, if not by conquest by the coming 
 of a German heir. The Queen smiles when she thinks 
 of the Dutch people becoming English or Germans, 
 for she says they are too fond of flowers, windmills, 
 cows and meadows to be anything but good Dutch 
 people. The Queen of Holland realizes that her people 
 are divided in their feeling in this war. The peasants 
 and the fisherfolk feel that they have more to gain by 
 being friends of England, and they are strong pro- 
 English in their feeling. The aristocratic party sym- 
 pathizes with Germany, either because they have large 
 business interests in Germany or they are related by 
 inter-marriage. Though the Queen of Holland is 
 married to a German prince, her attitude is one of 
 neutrality in thought and action. Whenever any of her 
 politicians or friends try to get her frank opinion 
 she changes the subject by talking of home affairs, 
 such as "How is your lovely wife and your family?" 
 Because she is interested in the things nearest to her 
 country and to her heart, she develops the trades of her 
 people instead of spending their money for building 
 great bulwarks of defense against the enemy that may 
 want to devour her. She places more confidence in 
 the men of her country and their loyalty, aided by her 
 dams and dykes, than in a large costly army and navy. 
 
WHAT ROYAL WOMEN ARE DOING WHILE 
 THEIR HUSBANDS ARE AT WAR 
 
 It is a well-known fact, that in case of war, monarchs 
 have a new responsibility thrown upon them, for they 
 become commanders of the army along with their 
 executive duties. Most of these direct their cam- 
 paigns from their own royal palaces and from the 
 ministry of war. An exception to this is that of Albert 
 First, third king of Belgium, and the Emperor of 
 Germany. 
 
 When King Albert saw that his country was being 
 attacked, and his people in danger, he took command of 
 the army and left his wife to guard his three lovely 
 children. Crown Prince Leopold, aged thirteen ; Prince 
 Charles, aged eleven, and the little Princess Marie 
 Jose, aged nine. It was with trepidation and great 
 grief that he told his young and beautiful Queen Eliza- 
 beth, of Belgium, formerly Princess of Bavaria, good- 
 by. She reminded him that her courage and determina- 
 tion had in no small part contributed to the recon- 
 struction of the commerce, finance and order of their 
 kingdom. If she had done this much she certainly 
 could look after her own family now and do her part to 
 
 144 
 
What Royal Women Are Doing 145 
 
 ease the suffering of her people. She showed that 
 this was more than a promise, for as soon as orders 
 came for the evacuation of Brussels she and her 
 children left the palace and sought a new and simple 
 home in the heavily fortified town of Antwerp. This 
 queen, who had endeared herself to her people by her 
 heroism and thoughtfulness, was determined to do her 
 duty now as she has always done since her husband 
 came to the throne. Wasting no time, she planned for 
 the comforts of her children for the time she would 
 be gone, and then enrolled as a Red Cross nurse. She 
 has entered thousands of homes, left grief-stricken by 
 the horrors of war, and has comforted thousands of 
 heart-broken wives and mothers. Kind words are only 
 a small part of her methods. Where they have been 
 destitute for want of money and food she has made 
 every effort to see that they were relieved of these 
 material wants. Not discouraged by the fact that she 
 can get but a limited amount of money from the public 
 treasury at this time, she uses most of her private 
 fortune to carry on her work. In towns where she has 
 visited and found families left shelterless, by the burn- 
 ing and sacking of homes, she has worked with tre- 
 mendous energy to get these families into safe quarters 
 and paid the rent herself. She has found work for 
 hundreds of women to do in the fields and has given 
 
146 Peace and War 
 
 Red Cross work to many more, paying them out of her 
 own purse. The Empress of Germany was not crushed 
 by the news that Germany was about to enter into a 
 world war. When her husband appeared on the royal 
 balcony and made his address to his people she was at 
 his side, and though her face looked careworn there 
 was no sign of weakening. While he was busy con- 
 sulting with high government officials and ministry of 
 war she was equally energetic doing her part to organ- 
 ize the Red Cross work throughout her empire. She 
 at once gave thirty thousand dollars to the national 
 fund, and from time to time has added to the general 
 contribution. It is said that the Emperor wept when 
 he heard there was no alternative but war and ex- 
 plained to his sons that they must all go to the front 
 at once, but his consort showed no sign of weakening, 
 as she told her sons, one by one, good-by, and even 
 when the Sunday night came and she had to bid fare- 
 well to her husband. She busies herself all day sewing 
 for the Red Cross and visiting the many hospitals in 
 Berlin, to which thousands of wounded soldiers are 
 brought. 
 
 Though the Crown Princess Cecelia has had the 
 reputation of being worldly-minded and fond of all 
 out-door sports, ever since the war broke out she has 
 shown that she has a very serious side to her make-up. 
 
What Royal Women Are Doing 147 
 
 She was in Potsdam with her four boys when the war 
 news came, and when the Crown Prince hurriedly 
 made up his mind to go to Berlin, she and the children 
 accompanied him. When they drove through the 
 streets thousands of her country women greeted her 
 with shouts and tossing of flowers and her happy, 
 sweet manner, so free from fear, did much to inspire 
 them with added courage. She drove to the station 
 with her husband when he went to join his regiment, 
 and instead of shedding tears she laughingly suggested 
 that he write her and the children a love letter every 
 day. Then she busied herself looking after the palace 
 she had given over for a hospital, looking after every 
 detail of its furnishing. Though she has four children 
 of her own, who take much of her time, she never lets 
 a day pass without visiting this hospital in person and 
 makes it a point to see that every need of the wounded 
 soldiers is gratified. She has given much enthusiasm 
 to her two sisters-in-law, along with many thousands 
 of German women, in their Red Cross efforts. Because 
 of her energy there are few circles of women in Berlin, 
 even to the American women living there, who are not 
 doing Red Cross work. 
 
 Though Holland was the first country to mobilize its 
 army after war was declared, the Queen of Holland 
 explained to her people that since Holland was a peace- 
 
148 Peace and War 
 
 loving country, it would keep the strictest neutrality. 
 Though the country has been goaded on by the 
 promises of gains on both sides, their little Dutch 
 ruler has refused to allow her people to do the slight- 
 est thing that might break her neutrality. Though 
 not a week has passed since the war began, without 
 there being rumors that Holland was about to be 
 thrown into the arena of war and the country to be 
 flooded, Queen Wilhelmina tends to her affairs of 
 state and goes about her social duties just as though 
 Europe were in a state of perfect tranquility. On 
 the opening of Parliament, the other day, she dis- 
 cussed conditions and expenses caused by the war 
 and explained that whatever this mobilization might 
 cost they would continue to enforce this principle of 
 neutrality. 
 
 Queen Mary, of England, has always enjoyed the 
 reputation of being a good mother and a capable 
 housekeeper, rather than a social leader, since her 
 husband came to the throne. But ever since war was 
 declared, in England, she has been tremendously active 
 in doing her share to supervise and enlarge the Red 
 Cross work. Though she never discusses the war with 
 her husband or friends she spends every bit of her 
 leisure making the rounds through all the hospitals 
 in London, which are looking after wounded soldiers. 
 
What Royal Women Are Doing I49 
 
 Very wealthy, in her own right, she has contributed 
 quite a fortune to increasing the number of hospitals 
 in London and adding to the Red Cross staff. Her 
 approach is always known by the many bundles she 
 brings with her. More than once she has heard a 
 sick soldier ask for something special to eat, a new 
 pipe or a book, and she makes it a point the next day 
 to see that his wish is gratified. Though she has 
 the reputation of being reticent among her friends, she 
 never goes through a ward without passing a personal 
 remark to every one of the wounded soldiers. Every 
 one of her acquaintances at court is doing Red Cross 
 work, and many of them have entered into actual 
 nursing on the battlefield largely through their queen's 
 
 initiative. 
 
 Though Queen Elena of Italy is a Montenegrin 
 princess, she has discouraged her people from joining 
 the Allies, after they had promised neutrality. At 
 times this is no easy matter, as all of Italy seems eager 
 either to join the German flag or the standard of the 
 Allies. Though it would seem that the Queen might 
 share the prejudices of her people, still she has not 
 forgotten the promises her country has made to Ger- 
 many and Austria. Because of this fact she allows 
 nobody in her presence, whether friends or employes 
 in her home, to enter into a discussion of the present 
 war. 
 
150 Peace and War 
 
 It is also well known that Roumania only needs a 
 spark to catch the flame, believing it may be possible 
 for her to get something out of this present upheaval, 
 but their sensible Queen Carmen Sylvia is using her 
 talented pen to speak the word of peace, while her 
 daughter-in-law is employing her schools of sewing to 
 contribute their part to the national Red Cross work. 
 The lovely Queen of Greece never loses an opportunity, 
 and up to the present time has been a potent factor 
 in keeping her country out of war. Though America 
 has no queen to inspire us to the needs of suffering 
 humanity in this crisis, through the initiative of many 
 noble women, a Red Cross ship was fitted up at great 
 expense to bring money, nurses and hospital supplies 
 to all the Powers at war. Hundreds of circles are busy 
 at work in many of our cities sewing for the National 
 Red Cross Society, or for some special Red Cross 
 center. Thousands of women, made refugees by the 
 war in Europe, many of whom are still unable to get 
 home, are giving much of their time and as much 
 money as they can afford to the Red Cross work. No 
 less important has been their work of praying that 
 war shall end and peace shall once more be established. 
 For these women are determined that, if their voice 
 counts, life shall never again be destroyed by war. 
 
WHAT WILL THE ROYAL CHILDREN DO IF 
 
 THEIR PARENTS ARE PUT OUT OF 
 
 BUSINESS? 
 
 It has been rumored time and again that there is a 
 possibility of most of the monarchs being put out of 
 business by this war. The question then presents 
 itself: "What may happen to their children?" Cer- 
 tainly if the Emperor were to be exiled, his sons have 
 been so well educated that they will have no trouble 
 in making a living at home or abroad. All except the 
 youngest one, Prince Joachim, have visited one or 
 the other of the German Universities. They are well 
 versed in the history of all countries as well as the 
 literature and fine arts, so they would have little trouble 
 in offering themselves as exchange professors in some 
 of our large American universities. Certainly their 
 culture and information as to the real causes of the 
 war would be valuable, and it would also do much to 
 bring the two countries into closer and friendlier rela- 
 tions. 
 
 If the Crown Prince did not favor this idea he would 
 be counted an asset with his charming wife and their 
 lovely family, both in our diplomatic society in Wash- 
 
 iSi 
 
152 Peace and War 
 
 ington and among the most ultra society of Newport, 
 For both the Crown Prince and his charming wife are 
 very fond of Americans and have always shown a 
 decided interest for everything American including 
 the tango, ragtime, golf and tennis. 
 
 If the Czar of Russia should be put out of business 
 he would find that his young heir would have to be- 
 come more of an athlete and less pampered to be 
 popular among young American boys, especially if he 
 ever aspired to an American university. Still the 
 Czarina's daughters are so beautiful and charming 
 they would soon be made welcome wherever they went. 
 Their perfect manners and careful education would 
 make them noticed anywhere and they are all beautiful 
 dancers. 
 
 The Prince of Wales, much like his grandfather. 
 King Edward, is a born diplomat and might certainly 
 make himself valuable at our diplomatic court in 
 Washington. Diplomacy is his natural bent, though he 
 has felt it his duty to study the tactics of the navy. 
 He has traveled much and has made it a point to study 
 the life of a people wherever he has gone. His younger 
 brothers have had a fine military and naval training 
 and could certainly become officers in our own navy. 
 His sister, the Princess Mary, is as charming as she is 
 unspoiled. Clothes and jewels play a small part in 
 
What Will the Royal Children Do? 153 
 
 her life. She is a great reader and fond of travehng. 
 Her bringing up might show many an American 
 mother how to bring up a daughter, heir to wealth 
 and position, without being spoiled. 
 
 If the King of Italy were to be put out of business 
 along with the others, his family, as neighbors, would 
 be a pleasure anywhere, for both his little daughters 
 and his two sons are as unspoiled as any children 
 could be expected to be. They ride horseback, climb 
 mountains, and fish and enjoy any kind of outdoor 
 life without being a nuisance to their people or those 
 about them. 
 
 The Queen of Belgium has three young children, 
 just like steps. Though they are the loveliest among 
 the royal children, they are the least spoiled. When 
 their mother assumed the duties of housewife in 
 Brussels, she surrounded her children with plain, 
 wholesome conditions. The late King Leopold had 
 robbed the palace of much of its splendor, but this 
 sensible Queen was pleased to see that her children 
 could be brought up in a plain atmosphere. Her two 
 boys are splendid sailors and would have no trouble in 
 entering the naval academy in our own country, while 
 her little daughter knows all about housekeeping and 
 is a beautiful sewer. She would certainly be a prize 
 to any young man looking for a sensible wife. 
 
154 Peace and War 
 
 Though kings sometimes have queer ideas as to 
 what is best for their country, they, advised by their 
 wives, nearly always train their children in a plain, 
 sensible fashion. Though they are surrounded by 
 luxury, they enjoy very little of it themselves. Before 
 they are very old their hours are filled with study of 
 some kind, and they are given little time for play. 
 Their days are crowded with military tactics, studies 
 of their own and foreign countries, and diplomatic 
 relations. An hour or two of rest a day is considered 
 sufficient recreation and their summer vacations are 
 limited to weeks instead of months. 
 
THE GERMAN EMPEROR 
 AT CLOSE RANGE 
 
WILLIAM II AT CLOSE RANGE 
 
 A great deal has been said about the firing lines of 
 the different European countries, but little is known 
 of the war lords at close range. Though I have never 
 hobnobbed with royalty I have lived for long stretches 
 of time in the different capitals and cities of Europe, 
 especially in Berlin. There I have seen the Emperor 
 and most of his family. 
 
 I have seen William II driving through the Bran- 
 denburger gate hurrying from his city. I have seen 
 him taking five-o'clock tea with his wife, his sons and 
 their wives at Sans Souci, in Potsdam. I have seen 
 him addressing his people out on the balcony of his 
 palace after war had been declared. 
 
 In these three instances I saw three different types 
 of man; the statesman, the father of a happy home, 
 and the war lord. 
 
 He is more than average tall and well built, still in 
 the prime of life. His strong body and healthy color 
 mark him as a man alive with energy. 
 
 He stands for the famous Hohenzollern, challenging 
 eyes, full lips, retrousse mustache and imperious air. 
 Still, as I looked at him more closely, I noticed that 
 
 157 
 
158 Peace and War 
 
 his left arm is withered — almost of no use. In spite of 
 this hindrance he is an excellent, easy horseman, as 
 much at home in the saddle as are his great generals. 
 When at manoeuvres he has been known to sit nine 
 hours at a time without any feeling of exhaustion. 
 He proves himself no less energetic when hunting, 
 which has been a favorite pastime for years. He has 
 made a record of shooting for hours at a time without 
 feeling much fatigue, even when bringing-down game 
 two a minute. 
 
 He has made hundreds of speeches on all subjects, 
 that showed a gift of natural eloquence as well as 
 a keen and impetuous nature. He believes in the 
 divine mission of the Hohenzollern. As he expresses 
 it: "It is a tradition in our house to consider our- 
 selves as designed by God to govern the people over 
 which it is given us to reign. Every day I think of 
 ways of helping you, but you must help me, not by 
 means of the opposition parties that you have so often 
 rightly combated, but by explaining to your sovereign 
 and having confidence in him." 
 
 Bismark disputed the Emperor's right to act direct- 
 ly with his ministerial colleagues, citing a decree attri- 
 buting to the Prime Minister alone the responsibility 
 for official acts and prescribing that no important meas- 
 ure should be adopted without prior submission to him. 
 
William II at Close Range 159 
 
 It is to his army that he looked for greatest strength 
 and support. "In my army we are made one for the 
 other, and we shall remain closely bound whether God 
 gives us war or peace. It is the soldier and the army, 
 not majorities and parliamentary decisions, that have 
 forged the unity of the German Empire." 
 
 He has a thorough knowledge of engineering and 
 electricity, paints pictures, plays chess, and he does 
 all this with the use of his one hand. He feels that 
 all these things are his avocations, an outlet for his 
 energy. With his great talent for organization, he 
 realized that a country to be prosperous needs factories 
 and plenty of trade schools. He was absorbed in the 
 trade and commercial schools along with the school of 
 forestry, which have had an international and enviable 
 reputation, and which has made Germany one of the 
 great industrial powers of modern times. He gave 
 every incentive to have his men stay at home in en- 
 couraging all kinds of factories, lake, and water ways, 
 the building of canals, ocean liners and merchant 
 marine. For it was the increasing of the numbers of 
 ocean liners and merchant marine that made German 
 merchandise popular and well-known in most of the 
 ports of the world. 
 
 He has kept abreast of the times regarding the manu- 
 factures in England and the United States. He has 
 
i6o Peace and War 
 
 always taken an active interest in the machinery and 
 electrical contrivances used in American factories and 
 in the home. 
 
 Every year he sent many men to this country to 
 study the methods employed in our shoe factories, 
 tanneries, cotton mills, our electrical appliances and 
 telephone services. As a result many of the German 
 factories have the best of American machinery, Ameri- 
 can mechanics at the head, and they have worked out 
 their telephone service, typewriters, adding machines 
 and cash registers after our designs. Though the Em- 
 peror spent much of his time enlarging the army and 
 navy, he considered these as a safeguard to his country, 
 but it is the commercial interests of Germany he has 
 at heart most. 
 
 He loved to read about the Panama Canal and to 
 hear people discuss it, for he recognized it as the great 
 engineering feat of the century. He would rather 
 had it said that Germany had built the Panama Canal 
 than that she had organized the largest and strongest 
 army in Europe. So eager was he to know all these 
 things that he mastered six languages fluently. He 
 began his day's work at seven and continued it until 
 five, with a short interval for his noonday meal and 
 afternoon drive. Though he often had a few intimate 
 
William II at Close Range i6i 
 
 friends to supper, his evenings usually finished with 
 work which lapsed way into midnight. 
 
 Though the Emperor is often blamed as having 
 precipitated the war, the point is overlooked that 
 Servia, backed by Russia, was trying her utmost to 
 disintegrate Austria. When Austria made war on 
 Servia without consulting Germany, it was the war 
 party in Germany that held it was up to Germany 
 to help her ally. The Emperor of Germany was luke- 
 warm in this matter. He felt that the war should be 
 confined to Austria and Servia. He was surprised and 
 grief-stricken when he returned to Berlin and learned 
 what had happened. It was only after he learned that 
 England and France were backing Russia that he con- 
 sidered the war justifiable. 
 
 As he said, when he made his speech from the bal- 
 cony, he hoped that German swords should only be 
 drawn to protect the fatherland. But after war was 
 once declared he showed, by the way he talked and dis- 
 cussed war matters with his generals, that he was a 
 worthy pupil of the great Von Moltke, and a first- 
 hand strategist. For he had not forgotten Von 
 Bulow's plea to his countrymen, that under no cir- 
 cumstance would France pardon or forget the seizure 
 of Alsace Lorraine by the victorious Germans of 1870. 
 On this head he writes : 
 
1 62 Peace and War 
 
 ''When we consider our relations with France, we 
 must not forget that she is unappeased. So far as 
 man can tell, the ultimate aim of French policy for 
 many years to come will be to create necessary con- 
 ditions which to-day are still wanting for a settlement 
 with Germany, with good prospects of success." 
 
 Of Anglo-German relations Bismark wrote: "Eng- 
 land is certainly disquieted by our rising power at sea 
 and our competition which incommodes her at many 
 points. Without doubt there are still Englishmen 
 who think that if the troublesome German would dis- 
 appear from the face of the earth England would only 
 gain by it. But, between such sentiments in England 
 and the fundamental feeling in France, there is a 
 marked difference which finds corresponding ex- 
 pression in politics. France would attack us if she 
 were strong enough. England would only do so if she 
 thought she could not defend her vital economic and 
 political interests except by force." 
 
 Though Europe was on the brink of war time and 
 again during the twenty-six years of his reign, the 
 Emperor always cast his vote for peace, as one of our 
 great statesmen, William H. Taft, said on the twenty- 
 fifth anniversary of the Emperor's reign: "The proof 
 of the pudding is in the eating. When the German 
 Emperor went upon the throne and developed his 
 
William II at Close Range 163 
 
 independence of Bismark and his intention to exercise 
 his own will in the discharge of his high functions, 
 there were many prophecies that this meant disturb- 
 ance of the peace of Europe. Instead of that the 
 truth of history requires the verdict, that considering 
 the critically important part which has been his among 
 the nations, he has been for the last quarter of a cen- 
 tury the greatest single individual force in the practi- 
 cal maintenance of peace in the world." 
 
 Likewise Theodore Roosevelt says of him, he was 
 "The one man outside this country from whom I 
 obtained help in bringing about the Peace of Ports- 
 mouth, was his Majesty William II. From no other 
 nation did I receive any assistance, but the Emperor 
 personally and through his Embassador in St. Peters- 
 burg, was of real aid in helping to induce Russia to 
 face the accomplished fact and come to an agreement 
 with Japan — an agreement the justice of which to both 
 sides was conclusively shown by the fact that neither 
 side was satisfied with it. 
 
 "This was a real help to the cause of international 
 peace, a contribution that far outweighed any amount 
 of mere talk about it in the abstract, for in this, as 
 in all other matters an ounce of performance is worth 
 a ton of promise." 
 
 Though Emperor William has been accused of hav- 
 
164 Peace and War 
 
 ing precipitated the war, he was off on his yacht tak- 
 ing a vacation when the murder of the Austrian nobles 
 took place, and Germany faced the question of war 
 through her alliance. It is said that the Emperor 
 broke down and sobbed like a child when he met his 
 sons in his study after war had been declared. 
 
 As Andrew Carnegie recently explained: "The 
 Kaiser himself is a marvelous man, possessed of won- 
 derful ingenuity. He has done more good for Ger- 
 many than any other man before him. He has built up 
 a great foreign commerce and a marvelous internal 
 business." 
 
 The trouble was started by the German military caste 
 that rules the country. They are responsible for the 
 war. The Kaiser gathered around him a group of men 
 who, unknown to him, acted in concert, and in his 
 absence took the action that could not be altered. 
 
 The Kaiser has always been devoted to his home and 
 his children. He has given much time to their educa- 
 tion, for he believes firmly, "Spare the rod and spoil 
 the child." Though he has the reputation of being 
 severe, he is far more lenient with other people's 
 children than his own. 
 
 His sons were trained to serve in the army quite 
 like the sons of the poorest peasants, and when the 
 war broke out they were the first to hurry to their 
 
William II at Close Range 165 
 
 regiments. Though one of his sons had just been 
 married, he had to leave his bride Hke all other young 
 lovers. 
 
 The Empress has been a splendid check on the 
 Kaiser's strong and determined nature, for though she 
 is submissive and tender, she has great poise and is 
 extremely restful. She has never worried him about 
 her domestic affairs and still she has taken a keen 
 interest in all his doings. 
 
 The Crown Prince is different from his father in 
 build, as he is in all other respects. He is tall and 
 slight, good-looking and gracious, and acceptable to 
 his people. Next to taking an active interest in his 
 wife and children, America appeals to him most. 
 
 Though he is much more of a soldier than a diplomat 
 or statesman, he is more democratic than his father, 
 and he is tremendously popular with his people on that 
 account. This he has shown to his men ever since he 
 went to the front; the comfort of his soldiers is con- 
 stantly before him. He makes it a point to see that 
 his men are provided with socks and shoes. When a 
 student at the University of Bonn he had the reputation 
 of being a good mixer. In spite of his fair hair and 
 blue eyes he has always been closer to the war party 
 than has his father. He is a fearless horseman and 
 has a deep knowledge of military tactics. The Crown 
 
i66 Peace and War 
 
 Prince received his first military training when he was 
 hardly large enough to mount a horse. He and all 
 his brothers have continued this training all through 
 their boyhood. First the Crown Prince went to the 
 Prince's Academy Military School at Ploen, and com- 
 pleted this work at Danzig. Though a severe leader, 
 he has always been the idol of his regiment, for he 
 never asks his people to do the things he is unwilling 
 to undertake himself. 
 
 He has always been as popular with women as with 
 his soldiers. He is exceedingly fond of American 
 women and has been admired by many an attractive 
 American girl. Several times he had his heart set on 
 taking one for a wife, but his father showed him the 
 impracticability of such a venture. But he is extremely 
 fond of his home and devoted to his wife and four love- 
 ly boys. They are splendid comrades, much more so 
 than the average German woman is with her husband. 
 When the war broke out Princess Cecilie said that she 
 would join her husband at the front just as soon as she 
 could. One of the dispatches sent by way of The Hague 
 from Berlin says that Cecilie, the German Crown 
 Princess, accompanied by her two eldest sons, left 
 Berlin to join her husband at his headquarters in 
 France. She proposed personally to bestow decora- 
 tions upon officers of her dragoon regiment. Though 
 
William II at Close Range 167 
 
 the Crown Princess is naturally delicate, having in- 
 herited tubercular tendencies from her father, she 
 and her husband, along with the children, devote much 
 of their time at winter sports in Switzerland. She 
 and her children toboggan, ski, skate on the ice, and 
 partake of all winter sports. She is so fond of exer- 
 cise that she sometimes neglects the question of hand- 
 some costumes. On more than one state occasion she 
 has had to devise something in a hurry because her 
 wardrobe had run low. She takes more pains selecting 
 her sporting costumes than her evening toilettes. The 
 first time the Emperor laid eyes on her he was charmed 
 by her beauty and grace ; as he told one of his friends, 
 "I might look the kingdom over and I could not find a 
 lovelier wife for my son." 
 
 She is no less beloved by her mother-in-law, the 
 Empress. When she should come to the throne the 
 Empress imagined she would be spoiled, as she was 
 used to having her own way. To her surprise she 
 found the Crown Princess a capable home-maker and 
 an ideal mother. She loves to ride and romp with 
 her four children, and she is the liveliest of the number. 
 From the time the war broke out until the present 
 moment she has never shown the least sorrow at 
 being alone with her children. Her one great ambition 
 has been to allay the suffering of her people. She is a 
 
1 68 Peace and War 
 
 great favorite with her brothers-in-law and sisters-in- 
 law. When the young Princess Victoria Louise fell in 
 love with Prince Ernst, the Duke of Braunschweig, the 
 young girl confided the secret to her sister-in-law, who 
 did more than her share to bring the romance to a 
 happy issue. When one of the Crown Prince's brothers 
 fell in love with one of his mother's ladies in waiting, 
 the Crown Princess took her under her wing and thus 
 allayed the Emperor's displeasure. Though Prince 
 Eilet's wife has the name of being haughty, she has 
 never shown that disposition with the Crown Princess, 
 with whom she is on friendly terms. 
 
 The Emperor hates pomp and display, and all his 
 family follow his precepts in enjoying a simple home 
 life. They are seen to best advantage in their lovely 
 gardens at Potsdam, having five-o'clock tea on the 
 lawn, happy and care-free away from the pomp of the 
 court. 
 
 He is equally proud and happy with his other 
 children, August Wilhelm, Oscar, Adelbert and 
 Joachim. Like the patriarchs of old he takes himself 
 seriously, too seriously, happy in devoting his whole 
 energy and intelligence to his people. 
 
KING GEORGE V 
 HEAD OF THE ALLIES 
 
KING GEORGE V, HEAD OF THE ALLIES 
 
 It is true that King George V of England and the 
 British Empire is one of the chief figures among the 
 AlHes, which inckide England, France and Russia. It 
 is true that his father, King Edward, was largely re- 
 sponsible for the making of the Entente, or treaties, 
 with the Allies, but he no sooner came to the throne 
 when he renewed them and brought France and Russia 
 into more intimate relation than they had ever been. 
 
 It was the last week of April of this year that King 
 George V and Queen Mary made a short official visit 
 to Paris. It was a week of splendid festivities. The 
 temporary residence of the British rulers was furnished 
 with the finest of Gobelins, Beauvais tapestry and fur- 
 niture. All the main avenues and principal thorough- 
 fares from the Gare Saint Lazare out to the Bois were 
 richly decorated with English and French flags and 
 bunting. From the time the royal pair made their 
 entry until they started for home they were greeted by 
 millions of French and English. The streets were 
 crowded all day long with men and women shouting 
 themselves hoarse with "Vive le Roi, et vive la Reine !" 
 
 The royal pair were feted with receptions, luncheons 
 
 171 
 
172 Peace and War 
 
 and costly banquets. The intervals were filled with 
 special performances at the opera and the theatre. 
 There were kinemacolors and moving pictures showing 
 the important incidents in the history of the royal pair, 
 especially the Durbar of India. A small English daily 
 was published giving all the doings of the royal pair 
 while in Paris and even at home. 
 
 There were a number of important diplomatic meet- 
 ings between King George and M. Poincare, the 
 French President. The papers reported that King 
 George had made it clear to the French people he 
 wished to continue the friendship that has existed for 
 nearly a century between the countries, and to 
 strengthen the alliance which King Edward had cre- 
 ated. By the time the royal pair were ready to make 
 their departure King George had won the reputation 
 of being a great statesman and good diplomat. This 
 he showed in his friendly attitude towards Russia. It 
 was probably in good faith made by France that Eng- 
 land accepted a friendly attitude towards Russia, for 
 they had been suspicious of the Czar and his govern- 
 ment, fearing that they had designs upon India. An- 
 other diplomatic stroke was the treaty that had been 
 made by King Edward with Japan to protect British 
 interests in the Pacific. 
 
 These royal visits and treaties show that England 
 
King George V, Head of the Allies 173 
 
 had brought herself into closer diplomatic relations 
 with the continent than she had ever done. Until the 
 last fifty years England tried to keep herself as isolated 
 from the European continent as she could. It was 
 only after the Franco-Prussian war, when Bismarck 
 suggested a treaty with Austria, that England com- 
 menced to look around for some allies to offset this 
 power. This feeling grew stronger when Germany 
 began to increase and strengthen her navy. For Eng- 
 land covets the title of being mistress of the seas, just 
 as Spain did during the time of the Spanish Armada. 
 
 King George has shown himself an equally able dip- 
 lomat and statesman at home. This was especially 
 noticeable when on February 11, 1914, he opened one 
 of the most momentous Parliaments in British history. 
 The Irish crisis was the principal problem during the 
 session, and in his speech his majesty spoke of the 
 question in such momentous words as these: 'This 
 question, unless handled now with foresight, judgment 
 and in the spirit of mutual concession, threatens grave 
 future difficulties." 
 
 The king was supported in his opinion by Walter 
 Asquith, who has been the firm champion of home rule. 
 He predicted civil war in case the demands of Ireland 
 were not satisfied, and taunted the government with 
 pusillanimity in the face of the recent events in South 
 
174 Peace and War 
 
 Africa. He then moved an amendment to the reply to 
 the speech from the throne "that it would be disastrous 
 for the House to proceed further with the government 
 for Ireland until the measure had been submitted to 
 the judgment of the country." He showed his calm 
 judgment and steady hand when the threatened Ulster 
 uprising took place by proposing home rule for all of 
 Ireland that wished it. 
 
 These radical moves were the more surprising, for 
 King George was spoken of as a strong conservative 
 when brought to the throne. This was seen by the 
 patience the Queen and he showed during the corona- 
 tion in England and India. They were spoken of as 
 mere figures by the Liberalists because they went 
 through the endless festivities from the great proces- 
 sion to the numerous banquets with a smile, with words 
 of patience and good cheer. It was the first time in 
 many centuries that an English King and Queen had 
 made a long trip to India to partake in their coronation 
 festivities at Delhi and Calcutta. They wished to re- 
 new the pledge made by the late Queen Victoria when 
 she assumed the title of Empress of India, emphasizing 
 the incorporation of the great peninsula into the British 
 Empire that all her Indian subjects were the children 
 of the Great White Queen. They showed that this was 
 more than a promise when they reached Bombay on 
 
King George V , Head of the Allies 175 
 
 the 4th of December, 191 1. At half-past nine they 
 and their royal suite drove out to the fete grounds, 
 adjoining the Bombay Gymkhana building. Here in 
 an open space some 26,000 children had been drawn 
 up in a large semicircle, over against the centre of 
 which was a dais for the King and Queen. As their 
 majesties drove up at a quarter to ten, four selected 
 groups of children belonging to the European, Urdu, 
 Gujarati and Marathe schools sang each two verses 
 of the National Anthem in their own tongue. Though 
 they sang in their own tongue and danced their native 
 dances, they shouted ''Long live the King and Queen" 
 as enthusiastically as would have done the same size 
 body of English children. 
 
 The coronation at Delhi took place on the 12th of 
 December. The royal pavilion was used as a centre of 
 a semicircle, with a radius of about 240 yards erected 
 round the circumference for spectators. All around the 
 base of the mound ran a processional road, so that 
 their majesties could drive under the eye of the on- 
 lookers. From the southern margin of this road was 
 erected a huge stand with seating accommodations for 
 ten thousand spectators. The stand was protected by 
 a steep, sloping roof, ornamented with Oriental cupolas. 
 The royal pavilion rose from a broad base in three tiers 
 and ascended by broad stairways to a central platform 
 
176 Peace and War 
 
 surmounted by a huge gilt dome. The royal dais was 
 protected by a canopy of crimson velvet, trimmed with 
 crimson and gold fringe. At the royal approach the 
 principal officials and the ruling chiefs took their places 
 at the base of the stand. They were dressed in their 
 rich Oriental silks of orange shot with gold or silver 
 ornamented with armlets of gold, jeweled swords, price- 
 less brooches, orders set with rubies and emeralds and 
 diamond ornaments fastened in their caps. The arena 
 was crowded with British and Indian cavalry, hand- 
 somely trapped in gold and red velvet. There was a 
 long procession of English cavalry and marines, en- 
 larged by a great number of native cavalry. It was 
 shortly before noon that their majesties appeared at 
 the entrance. The approach was made known by a 
 salute of loi guns. They were welcomed by the great 
 throng present, every one rising to his feet, and they 
 drove round the grand stand showing themselves to all 
 present. They were welcomed by great shouts of joy 
 with singing and music, British and Indian airs inter- 
 mingling. After their majesties were seated on the 
 throne surrounded by their suite and attendants, the 
 King rose and announced the ceremony of his corona- 
 tion in person to his subjects in India. He ended his 
 promise of good faith by these words : "To all present, 
 feudatories and subjects, I tender my loving greetings." 
 
King George V, Head of the Allies 177 
 
 Then the Viceroy came forward and expressed his 
 homage, bowing low thrice as he approached the 
 throne. He was followed by the ruling chiefs of 
 Hyderabad, Baroda, Mysore, Kashmer, Rajputana, 
 Central India, etc. These were led by the Nizam, who 
 were dressed entirely in black, except for the yellow, 
 mitre-like heeaddress. After them came the chief 
 justices and judges of the High Court, the Viceroy's 
 legislative council, the governors and lieutenant-gov- 
 ernors. The ceremony lasted for more than an hour, 
 and was extremely picturesque. The British officials 
 dressed in staid blue uniforms made a suitable back- 
 ground for the rich Oriental costumes and priceless 
 jewels worn by the Indian princes. Their salutations 
 were no less interesting than their costumes, as they one 
 by one approached the dais in turn expressing their 
 promise of homage. Some used the gesture of throw- 
 ing earth on the head once or oftener ; others simply 
 bowed. The Rajput chiefs almost without exception 
 laid their swords first at the feet of the King-Emperor 
 and then at the Queen-Empress with deep obeisance. 
 Most interesting of all were the chiefs of Bhutau and 
 of Sikkim, who after bowing reverently, brought out 
 two while shawls, such as they use to drape the images 
 of their most sacred gods, and spread them before their 
 King and Queen. There were other festivities included 
 
178 Peace and War 
 
 in the Durbar, one of which consisted of a great 
 banquet to 173 of the most distinguished British and 
 native guests. There was the same display of rich 
 Oriental dress and elaborate, shimmering jewels. The 
 next day the King reviewed his native and British 
 troops, awarding the most valiant of his officers the 
 Albert medal. The King held a levee of his officers 
 while the Queen-Empress received 120 ladies of the 
 families of the ruling chiefs. 
 
 Another splendid royal entertainment was a large 
 garden party in the fort of Delhi. There were groups 
 of entertainers and jugglers. These interspersd freely 
 with great lords and ladies and splendid cavalry and 
 infantry. Their majesties soon appeared and took their 
 place on the ramparts, where they received the im- 
 mense throng. The same ceremony was repeated at 
 Calcutta. While there the King divided his time be- 
 tween the polo grounds and the public hospital. At 
 Nepal the King and his party hunted and they were 
 successful in laying low a good bag of tigers. 
 
 Shortly after their coronation the King and Queen 
 showed that they are fond of many of the mediaeval 
 traditions. They restored the Order of the Bath and 
 laid much stress on the Knight of the Garter. The 
 Knights of the Garter have a beautiful chapel at Wind- 
 sor, where each has a stall. 
 
King George V, Head of the Allies i^g 
 
 Though King George inherits the diplomatic quali- 
 ties of his father, he has little sporting blood in him. 
 He keeps a racing stable and has many fine horses. 
 He also attends to all the large races, but he does little 
 betting, because the Queen is opposed to gambling. 
 He is fond of all outdoor sports, such as tennis, golf 
 and polo, and he encourages his sons in these pastimes 
 by joining with them at these sports. 
 
 Queen Mary is an ideal companion for King George. 
 For she believes that to be a good Queen means first 
 a devoted wife and mother. She is interested in all 
 the King's affairs, whether it is a coronation in England 
 and India or caring for the wounded soldiers in the 
 hospitals in London. She is fond of good living and 
 dressing, but she is opposed to everything that suggests 
 foolish extravagance. After the coronation she was 
 greatly opposed to the refurnishing of Buckingham 
 Palace. Though she is supposed to wear her state 
 gowns once, she has them remodeled time and again. 
 She objects to modern dancing, especially the hobble 
 skirts. She likewise frowns upon the light-hearted 
 American social leaders, who before her day were so 
 popular at court. When King George ascended the 
 throne the Queen asked him not to smoke anything 
 beyond an occasional cigarette, nor to drink, to bet, 
 nor to have ladies at his club. 
 
i8o Peace and War 
 
 The royal family has an ideal home life in London 
 and in the country. Much of their time is given over 
 to sports in fine weather and reading aloud in bad 
 weather. At Sandringham they have great droves of 
 pigeons, which the entire family love and care for. 
 
 Little was known of the Prince of Wales until he 
 became of age and inherited his title. He went through 
 this difficult ordeal with ease and grace. He was 
 educated by Mr. Hansell, an English tutor. Later he 
 studied at Osborne and Dartmouth. He did his year's 
 service as a petty officer and went through the disci- 
 pline and hardships of the common marine. When the 
 war broke out he offered himself for active military 
 service, and was greatly disappointed because he was 
 not accepted. His brothers are being educated in the 
 same simple and unspoiled fashion. His oldest brother, 
 Prince Albert, was born in 1895. He entered the Naval 
 College at Osborne, remained there for two years and 
 then spent two years at Dartmouth. The younger 
 brothers are George, Henry and John. Princess Mary 
 has had her teachers at home; she is a well-educated 
 girl, who has given more time and thought to her 
 study of languages and music than to clothes. She 
 was given her first evening gown for the coronation 
 and her first jewelry when she was sixteen. She will 
 not be allowed to make a formal debut until she is of 
 
King George V, Head of the Allies i8i 
 
 age. The Queen insists that her daughter shall be 
 trained to become an intelligent mother and capable 
 housekeeper before she marries. When she does, it 
 must be a love match. For Queen Mary was engaged 
 to the Duke of Clarence, and after six weeks of court- 
 ship he died. Shortly after she was engaged to his 
 brother. Prince George. 
 
 Though England and Germany are fighting each 
 other with a death's grip they are closely related. The 
 Emperor is a cousin of King George, and it is 
 said that both King George and Emperor William 
 wanted to bring the two families together. It looked 
 as though the promise would become a reality, for 
 the King and Queen were present at the marriage of 
 the Emperor's daughter — Victoria Luise — to Prince 
 Ernest of Brunswick. The Germans say that the 
 label, *'Made in Germany" instead of "Made in Eng- 
 land," along with Germany's sympathizing with the 
 Boers, are the causes of their animosity, while the Eng- 
 lish say that German imperialism and militarism are to 
 be crushed once and for all time. 
 
TWO RUSSIAN CITIES 
 
 Though Moscow is an old city, great effort and large 
 sums of money have been spent making the place mod- 
 ern and attractive. Everywhere are the houses sur- 
 rounded with trees and gardens brilliant in color and 
 laid out with exquisite care. 
 
 That the city is old is shown because it is irregular 
 and without plans, but there are new sights at every 
 turn. The city is inclosed by a number of old gates. 
 Passing under an ancient gate one reaches a narrow 
 street suggesting an Eastern town. Then crossing the 
 Red Place, one passes through the Holy Gate to the 
 platform of the Kremlin. This part of the town is as 
 old as it is interesting. It is more picturesque because 
 of the large square and round towers surmounted by 
 spires. The walls on one side are skirted by the river. 
 A splendid effect in color is had by the gold and silver 
 domes shimmering against the brilliant green, blue and 
 red of the sky. A magnificent view is had from Spar- 
 row Hilll ; the ascent is made by a steep and tortuous 
 road. From this point the river looks like a silver belt 
 girding the city. On the opposite side the wooded hills 
 run steeply down to the water. 
 
 182 
 
Two Russian Cities 183 
 
 The general view of Moscow is brilliant and grand. 
 The many-colored roofs give richness to the picture. 
 From the middle rises the fortress of the Kremlin, the 
 many churches send up a forest of dome-capped towers. 
 The Kremlin speaks of many centuries, as it was 
 founded 800 years ago. The principal place is the 
 Kittye Gorod in front of the Spasskie Gorod. It is 
 entered by a vaulted road, where is seen a handsome 
 and a world-famous bell, supposed to have been cast 
 in 1800. A great quantity of gold and silver was used 
 in the making ; the height from the summit to the base 
 is i6y2 feet, while the greatest thickness is 22 inches. 
 
 Another interesting feature is the Museum of the 
 Imperial Treasures. The interior is wonderfully light 
 and graceful. In the first hall are resplendent ban- 
 ners and suits of ancient armor; the other halls are 
 filled with many costly treasures. There are gold, sil- 
 ver, agate and crystal vases, silver tables and gold 
 plate of every description. 
 
 The city proper is as unusual looking as the fortress. 
 It is a lozenge shape, lying northeast and southwest. 
 In the center of this is an octagonal area inclosed by a 
 second line of ramparts or walls. This part is really 
 the city ; beyond is a suburb laid out in gardens densely 
 inhabited. Within the octagon is a third area called 
 the "Chinese City." Its southern wall is washed by 
 
184 Peace and War 
 
 the small river Moskya. This is a southern barrier 
 of the Kremlin and is a fortress of nearly triangular 
 shape. The two outer walls are modern in style. The 
 city is laid out in a succession of concentric zones 
 which start from the Kremlin. The streets are hilly, 
 therefore the tram cars are drawn by four and six 
 horses. 
 
 Then there are the droskys — vehicles set on either 
 side with no support to the sides or to the back. But 
 the peasants consider the tiligae their national vehicle. 
 It is a rough sort of basket fixed on four or six poles. 
 Primitive though these carts are, they are well adapted 
 to the hilly and uneven roads. In the street one sees a 
 motley crowd of venders, myriads of women with 
 bright-colored kerchiefs over their heads, street- 
 hawkers, beggars and priests in long, black, flow- 
 ing robes. The streets are lined with cobble stones 
 and bowlders and low, white houses, mostly one-story 
 high. 
 
 Moscow has a number of pretty parks ; the Petropki 
 Park is the most noted. A part is ornamented with 
 flower-gardens and statues, and the remainder is 
 woodland. At the entrance are some pretty summer 
 villas built of wood and ornamented with fretwork. 
 
 Moscow, like all others in the empire, is rich in 
 churches and shrines. The most sacred of all these 
 
Two Russian Cities 185 
 
 minor chapels is the Iversky Virgin, situated at the 
 gate. The exterior walls are made of imitation mala- 
 chite ; the roof is a sky-blue cupola spangled with gilt 
 stars. The facade is panelled with paintings of saints, 
 framed in embossed brass ; in front is a platform raised 
 three steps from the ground. The number of wor- 
 shipers and visitors to this shrine are so many it was 
 found necessary to make the steps of iron. When the 
 Czar arrives at Moscow, the first thing he does is to 
 worship at the shrine. Another interesting church is 
 that of Vasseli Blagemor, which occupies one end of 
 the place with its bouquet of fantastic cupolas and 
 spires built by order of Ivan the Terrible. This church 
 is considered unusual because there are two chapels in 
 the basement. Above are nine chapels. The interior 
 glitters with hundreds of brass tapers that are always 
 lighted. The image, which is the usual Byzantine 
 type, is a dark brown color. It has a big jewel on 
 the brow, another in each shoulder and a net of real 
 pearls on the brow. Because of the many styles of 
 architecture and the many chapels, this is considered 
 the most original church in the world. The belfry 
 building is a curious mixture of styles. The tower is 
 Arabian and Byzantine, with a suggestion of Indian 
 on the fourth story. 
 
 The palace is in the form of a square. The state 
 
i86 Peace and War 
 
 apartments are particularly rich and are in good taste. 
 The hall of St. George is 200 feet by 65 wide and 58 
 high. The handsomest of the state apartments is the 
 banqueting hall. The ceiling is splendidly decorated 
 and the windows richly draped. The hall is large 
 enough to accommodate 200 guests. The service is 
 wonderfully beautiful ; most of the food is served in 
 gold vessels. 
 
 Not far off is the Tower of Ivan Veliki, which 
 serves as a campanile for three cathedrals and has 
 thirty-four bells. The largest is 65 feet in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 The city is ornamented profusely with statues and 
 triumphal arches ; the most splendid is the Arch of 
 Triumph. This is made of marble and is surmounted 
 by a beautifully carved statue of Liberty, while the 
 arch is ornamented with handsome bas reliefs. 
 
 Moscow has a number of attractive suburbs. One 
 of these is Ostaukea ; it is well laid out and has many 
 handsome buildings. This place is especially well 
 known for the splendid churches made of stone and 
 marble. 
 
 ' Moscow, beside having a great deal that is beauti- 
 ful, is interesting because the old and new meet in an 
 unusual, almost grotesque, fashion. They are not 
 apart, as in Paris, London and many other European 
 
Two Russian Cities 187 
 
 capitals. They jog hand in hand as unevenly as the 
 streets on which they stand. 
 
 The traveler to whom St. Petersburg is unknown, 
 imagines the city as ancient, picturesque and irregular. 
 But it is laid out as regularly as many American cities. 
 It is an ancient city, dressed in a new guise. It is 
 situated along the Neva, with many modern buildings 
 and parks on the one side, churches and old buildings 
 
 on the other. 
 
 The location of the city is not attractive ; it is built 
 on several islands in the delta. The ground is so low 
 in many places that the buildings have to be raised on 
 piles. This morass was changed into a splendid city 
 by Peter the Great, who was insistent that he was go- 
 ing to train himself and his people to a fondness for 
 the sea. As a child he had been frightened by the 
 sudden rushing of a cascade, and for years he could 
 not see water without trembling and fear. When he 
 was grown, he said, "I shall build St. Petersburg here 
 without bridges, tliat our people may be constantly 
 on the waters of the Neva, crossing and recrossing." 
 Since this time the city has grown and expanded 
 greatly, and bridges are a necessity. The St. Nicholas 
 is a large, massive, stone structure built on huge, 
 granite piers. Three other bridges are large floating 
 
1 88 Peace and War 
 
 structures which span the river in the summer, but are 
 removed as soon as the river is frozen. 
 
 On one side of the river are many pleasant sum- 
 mer homes and cottages surrounded by beautiful 
 flowering gardens. On the other side are the barracks 
 and the poorer part of the city. 
 
 Most of the public buildings are placed in a public 
 square, so they are seen with little difficulty. At one 
 end is the large senate and synod ; before it stands the 
 colossal equestrian statue of Peter the Great. To the 
 south of the Admiralty, the most important part of the 
 city is seen, the Bolshar Storma or Greater Side. To- 
 wards the west lies the Basilius Island with the large 
 splendid exchange, the important Academy of Sciences 
 and the university. 
 
 The city is divided into four large divisions, sepa- 
 rated by the Great and Little Neva and by the Great 
 Nefka. The great side includes the court, the nobility 
 and nearly half the population. Here many of the best 
 streets and some of the handsomest residences are seen. 
 The streets are broad and w^ell paved. Here are 
 spacious and well-built houses, while beyond are a 
 succession of magnificent palaces. This need not 
 sound strange, as there are no European cities having 
 so many princes and palaces. Even the dwellings of 
 the poor have a showy magnificence about them. 
 
Two Russian Cities 189 
 
 Everything is built on a gigantic scale. It is not un- 
 usual to find a house occupied by two hundred families, 
 but they are not built high, two stories being the aver- 
 age height. Building a home in this city is usually an 
 expensive affair. The driving of the stakes alone often 
 costs hundreds of dollars. 
 
 But the palaces of the princes and nobility are 
 usually as beautiful as the other homes are plain and 
 unattractive. Here are found richly hand-carved fur- 
 niture, splendid jade and malachite vases. There is 
 so much of everything that it is really overpowering. 
 The royal palaces are large and furnished at great cost. 
 The Annitschoff palace is inhabited more by the pres- 
 ent imperial family than the Tauride palace. The 
 former stands on the great Pr'pektin, the neighborhood 
 of the Fontanka, and closes the brilliant range of 
 palaces in the street. It was originally built by Eliza- 
 beth. Some years ago it was bought as one of the 
 Emperor's abodes. It is handsomely built, though it 
 has no historic significance. 
 
 A part of the court are usually here in residence, 
 and it is here that the Emperor holds many of his most 
 important councils. Those who saw the Winter Palace 
 before the fire recall the mass of wealth devoured by 
 the conflagration. In six hours priceless furniture, 
 ornaments and rare pictures were destroyed. 
 
190 Peace and War 
 
 The Hermitage is the San Souci of St. Petersburg. 
 This was built by Catherine and used for her retreat 
 after her work and that of her courtiers was done for 
 the day. This palace is surrounded by beautiful shade 
 forests, refreshed by fountains and pleasant grottoes. 
 On cool days concerts and theatricals were given 
 within the palace, while in the warm weather these 
 were held out of doors ; beautiful music and rare voices 
 resounded through the forest then. 
 
 The people in Russia do not object to the cold, un- 
 inviting houses. Pleasant days bring thousands into 
 the streets below. The Nevsky Prospect is a splendid 
 street that intersects all the rings of the city. It winds 
 its way between the handsome residences, pierces the 
 Chamber of Commerce and touches the poorest parts 
 of the city. Here all types of Russian life are seen, 
 from the proudest nobility, driving in their auto-cars 
 and handsome carriages, to the poorest peasants liv- 
 ing in one of those immense, densely crowded apart- 
 ment buildings. The scene in this portion of the street 
 at about midday may challenge comparison with any 
 street in the world, and the spectacle is enhanced by 
 the magnificence of the decorations. Besides the hand- 
 some residences, there are many large shops and cafes 
 offering recreation to the crowds promenading up and 
 down. 
 
Two Russian Cities 191 
 
 St. Petersburg has a number of large summer gar- 
 dens, which are an adornment to the city and offer a 
 pleasant rest to thousands in warm weather. The 
 Summer Garden is the largest and most attractive of 
 these. Everywhere are the large, well-shaded benches, 
 thronged with matrons, while the children play in the 
 sand and cat<:h their balls. On one side of the Summer 
 Garden is the Tzariziuski Lug, or Field of Mars. Now 
 these resorts are well nigh destitute of men. 
 
 There are a number of buildings in St. Petersburg 
 that are worth noticing. Of these the Exchange is 
 certainly the most prominent. It stands on the farthest 
 point of Vassili Ostroff, with a large open space before 
 it, and it is reared on an elevated foundation. The 
 granite quays on either side give solidity, while a long 
 flight of granite steps leads down to the river. The 
 space before the building is decorated with two im- 
 mense columns, supporting the prows of ships cast in 
 metal and erected to the memory of Mercury. The 
 building is of immense proportions and took twelve 
 years to build. The great hall is lighted from above, 
 while at either end and on both sides are spaces in the 
 forms of arcades. There is an altar at one end, and 
 a light is always kept burning for the pious merchants, 
 who offer up a prayer before they commence the under- 
 takings of the day. 
 
192 Peace and War 
 
 The Hermitage Museum is a veritable treasure 
 prison ; there is a large picture gallery, one of the finest 
 and most celebrated in Europe. The collection in- 
 cludes a large number of Dutch cottages, such as Van 
 de Meer and Ostada painted. 
 
 The gallery is equally rich in the old Italian and 
 French masters. A most interesting part of the col- 
 lection are the treasures that were once housed at Mal- 
 maison. When the Emperor Alexander was in Paris, 
 he visited the divorced consort of Napoleon, who spoke 
 of the property that remained to her and the insecurity 
 of the possession. To protect it until it could be re- 
 claimed, Emperor Alexander bought the treasure and 
 took it to Russia. 
 
 The Foundling Hospital is another of the public in- 
 stitution of which the people are justly proud. 
 Though Russian, it is under German supervision. The 
 place is extremely large; this is necessary, for it is 
 never without 5,000 or 6,000 children. The principal 
 buildings are in St. Petersburg, where the children are 
 kept a few weeks. They are then sent to the peasantry 
 in the country, where they remain until they are six 
 years old. The girls return to St. Petersburg, while 
 there is a branch for the boys at Gatshina. The build- 
 ing at St. Petersburg is much more of a palace than a 
 foundling home. The main building is composed of 
 
Two kiisstan Cities 193 
 
 what was formerly the palace of Prince Bohinski and 
 Count Rasumoffski. 
 
 When the children are grown they are relieved 
 from all obligations toward the institution. The boys 
 are easily provided with positions in the trades' and 
 imperial factories; the girls are given positions as 
 teachers and governesses. 
 
 Though St. Petersburg has fewer churches than 
 Moscow, it has churches of all denominations and 
 every style of architecture. Here are seen Grecian, 
 Byzantine, old Russian, new European architecture 
 and what not. The handsomest of these is St. Isaac's 
 Church. The church is large and imposing without. 
 Inside it has many handsome decorations, costly pic- 
 tures of saints and gold crosses. 
 
 The roof is supported by granite monoliths from 
 Finland, buried for centuries in deep swamps. They 
 are crowned with capitals of bronze and support the 
 enormous beam of a frieze formed of six polished 
 blocks. But the cupola is the crowning glory to all 
 this splendor. It is made of copper and overlaid with 
 gold that glitters like the sun on a mountain. 
 
 The Russian capital is most attractive on a pleas- 
 ant summer evening. The scene presented by the 
 Exchange, the university buildings, the Academy of 
 Arts, the Corps ae Cadets and the Academy of 
 
194 Peace and War 
 
 Sciences, surrounded as they are with well-kept green- 
 sward and splendid flower beds, present an inviting ap- 
 pearance. The river is lined with sailing craft of 
 nearly every description, devoted to pleasure. It has 
 several fine steam yachts which are used by members 
 of the club for making trips up the gulf. On a sum- 
 mer's evening as one sits on the balcony of the English 
 Club or strolls up the quay, listening to the band in the 
 garden of the Summer Palace, the swift-moving pas- 
 sengers in their gayly trimmed barks made a pretty 
 sight against the splendid buildings and gilded spires 
 of the churches. 
 
 Not all the beauty of St. Petersburg lies in this 
 one island. The city is in a delta and is surrounded 
 by a whole chain of islands. The wildest and least in- 
 habited is Neva, visited principally by seals and wolves. 
 Then there are the Volny Islands, the Truktanoff 
 Islands, and some others. These are swampy and over- 
 grown with birch and scarcely known by name to many 
 Russians. They contain magazines and are used for 
 powder and other stores. The most interesting of 
 these are the Gardens Islands, which at one time were 
 covered with scrubs, but Alexander and Nicholas saw 
 in them possibilities for raising flowers, and they have 
 gradually been transformed into splendid islands. 
 Yelagin belongs almost exclusively to the court; it is 
 
Tzvo Russian Cities 195 
 
 occupied by a chateau and beautiful gardens. The 
 court Hve here in the spring and early summer, when 
 the gardens blaze with brilliant colors. The houses are 
 certainly modest looking. The most interesting feature 
 is that they are built on the bank of the rivers and in 
 different styles of architecture ; one Gothic, a second 
 Italian and a third Chinese. The hothouses are won- 
 derfully supplied with cut and exotic plants and the 
 peasants' cottages are filled with splendid window 
 boxes. 
 
CHRISTMAS WITHOUT A SANTA CLAUS 
 
 Have you ever stopped to think what Christmas 
 would mean with no Christmas tree nor Santa Claus? 
 Still, this year many thousand children will have a 
 heavy heart instead of a happy Christmas tree. Many 
 thousands have lost their fathers in war and their 
 homes have been destroyed. 
 
 Many others have their fathers at war, and the 
 mothers, with their large families of children, are 
 struggling from day to day to keep the wolf from the 
 door. Deprived of many necessities, they cannot enjoy 
 the cheapest luxuries. Under the inspiration of some 
 of our newspaper publishers, a Xmas ship was fitted 
 out with toys of every description, including dolls, 
 baby-buggies, cradles, games, books and finery and 
 sent to the children of every land. This number in- 
 cludes the French, English, Belgians, Germans, etc. 
 
 These gifts are not enough to make every child 
 happy, but they will do much to ease the heartaches 
 and disappointments. 
 
 There are few countries where Christmas has as 
 much significance as it does in Germany. For Ger- 
 many is the home of the fir-tree, and the finest of 
 
 196 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 197 
 
 these are kept for the winter holidays. In the late 
 fall you see a great many of the woodmen out in the 
 woods laying low the fir-trees. A few weeks later 
 they have been shipped in great wagon-loads into every 
 German city and town. 
 
 For many months the many toy-makers are busy 
 making doll's houses, kitchens, kitchen utensils, dishes, 
 a large variety of building-blocks and those puzzles 
 and games that have made the toy-makers of Nurem- 
 burg and the city of Nuremburg famous. In the 
 homes busy mothers are working day and night mak- 
 ing Leppkincuhen, tarts, cakes, cookies, etc. The extra 
 minutes are filled hurrying to the grocers to buy 
 candles, fruits and nuts for the tree. 
 
 These are all preliminaries for the dressing of the 
 tree, which is beautifully decorated with many candles, 
 shimmering balls, small ornaments, figured candies, 
 stockings jammed full with fruits and candies. Then 
 the children get out their presents which they have 
 bought and made for their parents, brothers and sis- 
 ters, and these are dedicated to the tree. 
 
 The children are warned if they play unfair and 
 try to see Santa Claus he will punish them by taking 
 their toys away, and perhaps he may never come to 
 see them again. 
 
 Though in most Christmas homes the trees are 
 
198 Peace and War 
 
 trimmed several days ahead of time, it is on Christmas 
 eve that the children gather to sing their favorite airs, 
 such as "O Tannenbaum," and to say their prayers. 
 Then the father makes an address to Santa Claus, 
 reminding him of those that have been good and sug- 
 gesting, when necessary, that there might be an im- 
 provement in the behavior of some of the children. 
 The children are then allowed to see the tree arrayed 
 in all its glory. They dance around the tree for some 
 time, and suddenly every one appears to hold his 
 breath. 
 
 For Santa Claus appears, dressed in his heavy travel- 
 ing-coat, with his fur cap pulled down over his head 
 and jingling his bells as he comes along. The servants, 
 where there are not too many, come in to join in the 
 festivities and get their presents from the trees. If 
 there are relatives or friends who have no Christmas 
 trees of their own they are often invited to join in 
 the merry-making. The tree is kept lit for three or 
 four days, and is looked upon as an emblem of good 
 fortune and cheer. They gaze and gaze upon this 
 brilliantly lit tree, brilliant with light, festive with frost, 
 silver, gold and many colored globes, as though it had 
 been waved into the room by some beautiful little 
 fairy. Joy hangs on every branch, a bright glow comes 
 from hundreds of tips. 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 199 
 
 Though the absence of the Christmas tree is the 
 greatest grief to the children, the loss is heightened 
 by the neglect of Santa Claus. This old man is so 
 grieved by this awful carnage and slaughter that he 
 even forgets his obligations to his children of many 
 lands. Many million children all the way from Nor- 
 way to Japan will miss the fellow with that great 
 beard, his mischievous smile, and bushy eyebrows, half 
 covered by the cap pulled down over his eyes. 
 
 The children of Belgium will miss him as much as 
 will the Germans. Though the Christmas tree is scarce 
 in Belgium, Santa Claus is greatly beloved by them. 
 Weeks before his coming the children are busy writ- 
 ing him letters telling him all about their good deeds, 
 their wishes and their hopes, that they will not be neg- 
 lected. The parents work hard to keep his coming 
 a secret, but their little ones are so impatient they 
 struggle to keep awake nights seeing what Santa Claus 
 intends to bring them. Once in a great while they 
 see him climbing down the chimneys, putting their 
 toys before the grate and piling them high in their 
 stockings. The parents make a hard fight to see that 
 their children are remembered with some simple gift, 
 for they know that their children are heartbroken 
 if they are neglected altogether. An English author, 
 S. R. Littlewood, tells the following story about a Bel- 
 
200 Peace and War 
 
 gium child's grief because she had been neglected by 
 Santa Claus, the story of the poor widow and her 
 daughter Julie: "It was Christmas Eve, but there 
 was no Christmas party, no cakes and toys and imps, 
 for they were penniless and starving. They had wan- 
 dered through the snow all day and there was no 
 one who would help. Weary and forlorn, numbed with 
 the cold and fainting with hunger, they came back 
 to their bare little attic with its broken windows, its 
 hard pallet bed. But Julie kept up a brave heart. She 
 had not lost faith. She, like the other children, would 
 hang out her torn stocking. This she did and she 
 prayed that Santa Claus would not forget; and while 
 her mother slept she lay awake, wondering whether 
 after all Santa Claus would come. She waited and 
 waited, and sometimes she grew afraid, and even the 
 sound of her breath startled her in the darkness and 
 the silence. But it seemed that Santa Claus would 
 never come. The old stocking hung limp and empty. 
 As night wore on the air grew keener. The wind 
 blew through the roof above her head, she could see a 
 star shining. As it twinkled there alone in the far 
 off depths of the sky, it seemed to be flashing her a 
 message — a message of hope. Never had she seen so 
 beautiful a star. Whilst she lay gazing it seemed to 
 grow larger and more glorious. Could it be that it 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 201 
 
 was coming nearer? At last it seemed to be close 
 at hand — to fill the whole sky with light that streamed 
 through the little gap above her and made a splendor 
 even in that wretched garret. And now she sees that 
 it not really a star, but a little company of angels wing- 
 ing their way together to earth. In the midst is a 
 chariot, drawn by white horses with wings and pos- 
 tillioned by a cherubim, and in the chariot — yes, it is 
 Santa Claus. Just over the house the chariot and its 
 escort stopped, the rent in the roof widened and Santa 
 Claus came down. Gently, lovingly as a father, he took 
 Julie in his arms, wrapped her in his great furred 
 coat, set her in the chariot beside him and with the 
 throng of angels soared heavenward again, and the 
 rustle of their wings was like the music of the wind. 
 All the while the poor widow was sleeping, and when 
 she awoke in the morning she found the stocking 
 still empty and the form of her little daughter lying 
 by her side — but it was cold and still. The poor widow 
 kissed the lifeless lips and closed the tired eyes, which 
 even yet gazed upward to where, through the roof, a 
 tiny star could be seen, faintly glimmering through the 
 dawn. For all her tears she found comfort in her 
 heart, for she knew that Santa Claus had come indeed, 
 and had brought for little Julie the greatest gift of 
 all." 
 
202 Peace and War 
 
 There are thousands of such little Julies in Belgium 
 weeping because they are destitute of homes, father 
 and Santa Claus' visit. Though the English children 
 are sympathizing with their little Belgian friends, this 
 great war has put a damper on their holiday spirits. 
 In hundreds of homes the fathers are fighting for the 
 defense of their country ; in many more they are out 
 of work. So, in Merry England there is little merri- 
 ment on this blessed Christmas day. The children are 
 trying to be happy with the few gifts given by their 
 little American and European friends. But they are 
 sad when they recall the tall, heavily-laden trees, so 
 beautifully lighted that some of the longest tapers 
 seemed to reach the stars. 
 
 The absence of trees and presents is only a small 
 part of their loss. For only those who have eaten 
 a Christmas dinner in England can understand what 
 Christmas day is without the feast. The great roasts 
 are simmering and crackling on the spits, while the 
 vegetables of potatoes, chestnuts and peas are boiling. 
 These are accessories to the jams, jellies, pumpkin pies, 
 plum pudding, fruits and nuts. Several hours are 
 needed at least to consume such a dinner, and several 
 days are needed to get over the effects of such a feast. 
 
 Though the Norse countries, including Norway, 
 Sweden and Holland, are neutral, they, along with the 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 203 
 
 others, are suffering from the most terrible calamity of 
 the century. The Norse people call their friend Senter 
 Klaas. He comes to them with white horses and flying 
 sleighs that carry him over the house-tops to drop his 
 gifts down the chimney-stacks. Though Senter Klaas 
 has done his level best to visit these children this year, 
 as usual, he is bringing fewer Christmas trees with him 
 — and his bag is lighter. Instead of carrying kites, 
 sleighs, skates, boats and Dutch dolls, his presents in- 
 clude caps, overcoats, shoes, mittens, dresses and 
 aprons for those pretty Norse girls. Many of the 
 Swiss cities and towns are so high up in the cold, 
 snow-covered Alps, that many American children are 
 unfamiliar to them. But this sister-republic, which 
 loves freedom, honor and integrity, should be ex- 
 tremely dear to every patriotic little American. The 
 Swiss are hard-working people, and rich and poor 
 alike in Switzerland rear their children in the same 
 simple, unspoiled fashion. But Christmas is a week 
 for real merry-making in Switzerland. Children and 
 grown-ups alike are busy making visits to relatives 
 and friends. Those from the mountains come down 
 into the lowlands, and those from the villages into the 
 cities. In every small hamlet the stations are crowded 
 with trees and Christmas boxes being shipped in every 
 direction. Mothers and daughters are using every 
 
204 Peace and War 
 
 spare moment dressing dolls, and trimming dolls' 
 houses for younger children. While the fathers and 
 older brothers are equally busy making watches, 
 sleighs and wooden Noah's arks for the younger boys. 
 Switzerland is world-famous for its fir and pine trees, 
 so the Christmas trees are often large enough to bear 
 the gifts of several families. The trees are beautifully 
 trimmed with lights, gold and silver balls and plenty of 
 angels and grotesque figures, fashioned of wax and of 
 sugar. The feast and merry-making continues for 
 three and four days in most Swiss homes. The grown- 
 ups and children are stuffed with goodies, including 
 chickens, jellies, candied fruits, nuts, raisins and cakes. 
 When they can eat no more they start off for a moun- 
 tain climb or to skate on the ice, only to return a few 
 hours later to continue their feast. They are comforted 
 by the thought that they will only know high thinking 
 and plain living for the rest of the winter. This Christ- 
 mas will be the harder to bear because it is the evening 
 star in the Swiss horizon. Switzerland is being so 
 heavily taxed this year by keeping her men on the 
 frontier that the people have little money for Christ- 
 mas-giving. The tall trees will be few, the small trees 
 will be decorated with only a few candles and trim- 
 mings, while the gifts will be limited to clothes and 
 school books for the girls and boys. The Christmas 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 205 
 
 dinner will be a great deal smaller, with fewer goodies 
 than in other years. 
 
 Though Russia is so far away from Santa Claus' 
 home and workshops, Russian children get their full 
 quota of toys, such as sleighs, skates and dolls. Costly 
 dolls, with real hair and handsome clothes, for the 
 children of the nobles and aristocratic classes, and 
 pretty peasant dolls for the middle classes and the 
 peasants. Bobsleighs and skates of different qualities 
 for the boys of rich and poor, but this matters little 
 as long as they are bobsleighs and skates. 
 
 The children of Southern lands, from Spain, France 
 and Italy, know little about St. Nicholas and his own 
 day of celebration three weeks before, but to them 
 Santa Claus means much as part of the Christmas 
 feast itself. In the streets and in the shops hundreds 
 of children gaze longingly and lovingly at the bebe or 
 bambino in Italian. They beg to be taken to the great 
 cathedrals in Paris, in Madrid, in Florence and in 
 Rome, to see that wonderful Christ-child lying in the 
 manger, protected by the sheepfold, the peasants and 
 the Wise Men. They go home and ask their parents 
 to give them a bambino such as they saw in the manger. 
 Some get handsome babies dressed in rich swaddling 
 clothes; others are given tiny wax dolls, but they are 
 comforted in the thought that it is the baby they saw 
 
2o6 Peace and War 
 
 in the manger. The finest of these dolls come from 
 France. About five millions are made every year and 
 are sent to Paris, where they are dressed in the latest 
 styles. Shortly before Christmas prizes are offered to 
 the costumers dressing the finest dolls. In the great 
 shops days are set aside when this large number of 
 handsome dolls are shown to the children. Many a 
 heart beats as those happy, sunny eyes gaze on the 
 lovely-made dolls, dressed in faultless fashion. The 
 boys have their exhibits of mechanical toys, including 
 aeroplanes, trains, motor cars and many others of the 
 sort. These dolls are sent to all parts of the world, 
 and many find a lasting beloved home with little Amer- 
 ican girls. 
 
 Santa Claus is known to be a very old man, with 
 plenty of snow-white hair and loving eyes, but he has 
 different qualities and characteristics in every land. 
 When the early colonists came from Europe to Amer- 
 ica they brought their different ideas with them, and 
 together they molded a new character. He loves old 
 and young alike, and generous folks most of all. He 
 knows no difference in nationalities and creeds — he 
 loves the Protestant, the Catholic and the Jewish child 
 equally. He loves American children, nor no less than 
 the German, French, English, Russian and Italian chil- 
 dren. He tells them that they are all children of one 
 
Christmas Without a Santa Claus 207 
 
 Father, belong to one great family, and have one 
 Home. The joys of one are the joys of all, and the 
 sorrows of one are the sorrows of all. Because of this 
 teaching, many millions of Americans are sad this 
 Christmas, and their prayers are that every heart 
 should be filled with love and peace, instead of hatred. 
 To make this a living promise, many an American 
 child has asked to share his Christmas gifts with some 
 friend across the sea, and some have offered all their 
 Christmas gifts to sad, lonely children in Europe. 
 Though every great thinker and writer teaches us to 
 love our fellow-men, Dickens, more than all others, 
 gave us the impulse of loving kindness within and with- 
 out the household bonds. He taught that each little home 
 was a world's great family, of which we are all chil- 
 dren together. With the glow not of log-fires, but of 
 warm hearts, he scared away the Christmas ghosts 
 and Christmas goblin that had crowded round in the 
 gloom of the centuries. With an outburst of human 
 tenderness he challenged the cold and darkness, not 
 of winter alone, but of the grave itself. For, as Santa 
 Claus kneels by millions of his children he whispers 
 these are all my children, one of God's many emblems 
 of hope, in innocence and beauty ; born in human love, 
 chosen as God's messenger to spread the promise of 
 peace and brotherly love. 
 
OTHER VOLUMES IN 
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