<^ 9<. & f.^'o.% ^%<^' v^*^■.,%'"•'' v^*^^■.-%'»"* v^*^•.,%'°•'%^^ \ MEMORIALS OF THE Society of the Cincinnati MASSACHUSETTS. BY FRANCIS S. DRAKE. BOSTON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 1873. -a Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, bj' THE MASS. SOCIETY OF THE C1^•CI^•^•ATI, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at "V^'afhiiigtoii. CAMliRIDGE: I'KESS OF JOHN WILSOX AXD SON :2^ o > C. Extract from the Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Massa- chusetts Society of the Cincinnati. July 4, 1871. On motion of Samuel C. Cobb, " A committee of three, to con- sist of Messrs. Homans, Williams, and Lothrop, was appointed with full authority to make the necessary arrangements, and to employ such person or persons as they may think expedient for the publication of a new edition of the Institution and Pro- CEKDINGS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY OF THE CINCIN- NATI, up to the present time, including a revised and correct catalogue of the present members, the expense attending the same to be paid from the funds of the Society." Subsequently, on motion, Mr. Cobb was added to, and made the chairman of, the Committee. •Kommitttf of ^3ubltcation. Samuel C. Cobb. Charlks D. Homans. Samuel K. Lothkop. Alexander Williams. Y/ P R E F A C E. *' I ^HE original members of the Society of the Cin- -*- cinnati having long since passed away, — and few even of the second generation remaining to oc- cupy their places, — it seems tit and proper that their successors should gather up their scattered records and place them in a permanent and acces- sible form. Not only is it due to them as members of this time-honored association, but their claim rests upon a far higher and broader ground, that of having been among the founders of our republic, and the achievers of our national independence. In preparing this volume, the writer has been obliged to glean from many and various sources. The Kevolutionary rolls and papers at the State House have been drawn upon ; the Society's archives have been thoroughly examined ; letters, diaries, and other papers in the possession of descendants of original members have been consulted ; many printed volumes, including files of old newspapers, have been searched for any scrap of information, however slight, which might be of use ; and the collections, printed and in manuscript, relating to family history and gen- VI PREFACE. ealogy, in the library of the New-England Historic Genealogical Society, have been freely used and have been of material assistance in the preparation of the biographical portion of the work. That no traces of some of the original members have been found is matter of regret, and is doubtless owing to their early decease without descendants, or to their having emi- grated to the AVest. The memoir of General Knox has assumed larger proportions than was originally intended, partly be- cause of the importance of the subject, and partly from the abundance of the materials furnished by his grandson, the worthy President of the Society. Another no less important reason is that no biog- raphy of that distinguished man has hitherto been published ; and it has seemed but just, therefore, that the Society which he founded should recognize in this manner their obligation to his memory. It should be borne in mind in reading Knox's letters that the greater part of them exist only in the origi- nal rough drafts, and hence occasional inaccuracies and ungrammatical expressions will be noticed, which the letters themselves would probably not contain. Having linished the task assigned him, the author cannot refrain from congratulating the Society upon the fact that its timely action has been the means of collecting and preserving the records of so many of its original members. To this result My. Samuel C. Cobb, the Chairman of the Committee on Publi- cation, and Mr. Alexander Williams, one of its PREFACE. Vii members, have essentially contributed : the former, by procunng the action of the Society in the prep- aration of the memorial volume; and the latter, by his successful efforts to enrich and embellish it with portraits of its members. To both these gentlemen, who have in many ways been helpful, as well as to the other members of the Committee, and to all who have aided him in his labors, the author returns his grateful acknowledgments. Boston, 11 June, 1878. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. /gen. WASHINGTON tofacp the title /eight pages KNOX'S ORIGINAL DRAFT 6 i BARON STEUBEN 18 4 MAJOR-GEN. HENRY KNOX 91 BIRTHPLACE OF GEN. KNOX 93 n/HOME of GEN. KNOX 195 V CAPT. LOUIS BAURY 222 V A. L. BAURY, D.D 223 \ GOV. JOHN BROOKS 237 J GEN. HENRY BURBECK 245 J MAJOR-GEN. DAVID COBB 258 ^ LIEUT. EBENEZER DAVIS 275 ^ CHARLES S. DAVEIS, LL.D 279 4 GOV. WILLIAM EUSTIS 299 ,, JOHN HOMANS, M.D 336 J GEN. AVILLIAM HULL 341 >/ GEN. HENRY JACKSON 360 ^ MAJOR JOHN LILLIE 373 ^ GEN. BENJAMIN LINCOLN 375 ^ REV. SAMUEL KIUKLAND 387 A JOHN PICKERING, LL.D 421 -I COL. J. W. SEVER 447 J MAJOR SAMUEL SHAW 451 J ROBERT G. SHAW 455 [ JOHN C. WARREN, M.D 498 TWENTY PAGES AUTOGRAPHS 567 CONTENTS. PAfiE Historical Sketch of the Society 3 Annals of the Massachusetts Society 45 Memoir op General Henry Knox 91 Biographical Notices of Members 209 Officers of the General Society 521 Officers of the Massachusetts Society 522 Honorary Members 523 Members of other Societies, joining by Removal and Residence 523 Members elected, Admission not completed 524 Monthly Pay of Revolutionary Officers 524 Address of Present Members 525 Act of Incorporation 528 By-Laws and Rules 530 Ballots cast at the First Election 533 Extract of a Letter from Jefferson 534 Members of the French Society 535 Bibliography of the Cincinnati Society 537 Paddock's Artillery Company 541 Instructions to Henry Knox 544 Inventory of Cannon, &c 544 Knox's Artillery Regiment, 16 Mai-ch, 1770 54(3 Disposition of Troops at New York (Aug. 9-27, 1776) . . 547 Order of March to Trenton 547 Defences of the Delaware, 9 Aug. 1777 549 Opinion upon Storming Philadelphia, 26 Nov. 1777 . .■ . . 550 CONTENTS. Ordnance for the Siege of Yorktown o52 Address of the Army to Washington, 14 Nov. 1783 .... i^^iS Thanks of the Governor and Council of New York to Knox, 18 Dec. 1783 554 Letters of Knox to La Fayette 555 Letter of Washington to Knox, 28 Feb. 1785 556 Extracts of Knox's Letters to Washington on the Fomnation of the Federal Government, &c 557 Knox's Estimate of his Annual Expenses in 1785-1787 . . , 563 Strictures upon General Knox 563 HISTORICAL SKETCH SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. HISTORICAL SKETCH SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. "VJINETY years ago, at the cantonment of the Ameiican army at Newburgli, on the picturesque banks of the Iliidson, an impressive scene was being enacted. After an eight years' contest, independence had been won ; and though its terms had not lieen definitely settled, and Sir Guy Carleton still held the city of New York, the pre- liminaries of peace had been signed. The war-worn veterans who had for so long a period successfully breasted the bayonets of a numerous and dis- ciplined foe, and who, half fed, ill clad, and worse paid, had, many a time and oft, encountered and vanquished those still more terrible enemies, poverty, hunger, and disease, — notably at Valley Forge, — these patriots, wor- thy of the eternal gratitude of posterity, were to be dis- banded, each to be remanded to the farm or M^orkshop he had quitted, many with broken health and ruined constitu- tions, and nearly all penniless and destitute. This was the sorest trial they had yet experienced, — the thought that all their sacritices and sufferings were to remain unrequited by that country whose safety and in- dependence they had secured. Its gross injustice, no less than its ingratitude, was almost too much, even for such 4 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE tried and approved patriotism as theirs. They naturally looked forward with solicitude to the carving out of a new career in an impoverished country, after the long disuse of hand and brain in the arts of peace, for which camp life had in a measure unfitted them : and they gave way to feelings of gloom and despondency. In this hour of darkness and dismay, while their just demands for arrearages of pay were met by a temporizing policy and complaints of an exhausted exchequer on the part of Congress, the turbulent and mutinous spirit of the camp was excited to the most dangerous pitch by the famous " Newburgh Addresses." The anonymous writer, since known to have been Major John Armstrong, after i)ointing out Avith great skill and eloquence the grievances of the army and the failure of all its efforts for their redress, proposed a last remonstrance to Congress, presenting to it this alternative : " If peace, that nothing shall separate you from your arms but death. If war, that, courting the auspices and inviting the direction of your illustrious leader, you will retire to some unsettled country, smile in your turn, and mock when their fear Cometh on." It is at this critical moment that the character and influence of Washington stand out most conspicuously. With exquisite tact and judgment he determined to guide and control the threatening storm, and, at the meeting called by his order at the same time and place as that proposed in the paper above alluded to, he read an address, so clear and convincing in its style and so dignified and patriotic in its sentiments as to calm the general agitation, and which, transmitted to Congress, produced the passage of resolves, on the 22d of March, 1783, commuting the half pay for life to five 3'ears' full pay at the close of the war. An interesting incident occurred at this meeting. SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. O When Washington rose to read his address, the most pro- found silence pervaded the assembly. As he put on his spectacles he said, " You see, gentlemen, that I have not only grown (jray but blind in your service." This simple remark under such circumstances had a powerful effect upon the assemblage. Such was the posture of affairs, and such were the con- tending emotions in the breasts of the army, when the association was formed which, to mark their veneration for that celebrated Roman between whose situation and their own they found some similitude, they denominated " The Society of the Cincinnati." Judge Marshall, in his " Life of Washington," thus describes the emotions and feelings which gave it birth : — " Of the sentiments with which the officers of the American army contemplated a final separation from each other, those only can be incapable of forming an idea who are strangers to* the choicest feelings of the hnman heart. Conspicuous in virtuous suffering, in danger, and in glory, attached to each other by com- mon exertions made in a severe struggle for the attainment of a common object, to part for ever they deemed a calamity too afflicting to be supported. The means of perpetuating those friendships which had been formed, and of renewing that endearing social inter- course which had taken place in camp, were universally desired ; . . . some expedient which might preserve the memory of the army, while it cheered the officers who were on the point of sepa- rating with the hope that their separation would not be eternal ; that at distant intervals they might still communicate with each other, that the bonds by which they were cemented would not be totally dissolved, and that for many beneficent purposes the ])atri(jts of the American army would still form one great society." The first question concerning the order — its paternity — is now definitely settled. It has been variously ascribed to General Knox, Baron Steuben, and Caj)tain Shaw. The supposed share of the latter in its production arose from b HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE the fact that, as secretary of the first meeting to consider" it, he made the cojiy of the Institution which Colonel Pick- ering long afterward remembered to have seen in Shaw's handwriting, and which led him to assign to Shaw the authorship. That Steuben was not its originator is sufficiently shown by his own letter, given upon a subsequent page, and by the subjoined proof. Among the original papers of General Henry Knox now in the possession of his grandson, Rear-Admiral Thatcher, is one in the handwriting of Knox, a facsimile of which is here given, indorsed " Rough draft of a society to be formed by the American officers and to be called ' the Cincinnati.' West Point, 15 April, 1783." It covers eight foolscap pages and exhibits various erasures and interlineations, but is in substance the same as the present institution. Knox was therefore unquestionably the founder of the Society. " Ever noted for generous impulses," says Mr. Irving, " he suggested as a mode of perpetuating the friendship thus formed, and keeping alive the brotherhood of the camp, the formation of a society composed of the officers of the army. The suggestion met with universal concurrence and the hearty approbation of Washington." That the idea was not new to him is shown in the fol- lowing extract from the diary of Jefferson : — "March 16, 1788. — Baroa Steuben has been generally sus- pected of having first suggested the idea of the self-styled Order of Cincinnati. But Mr. Adams tells uie that in the year 1770 he had called at a tavern in New York to dine just at the moment when the British army was landing at Frog's Neck. Washington, Lee, Knox, and Parsons came to the same tavern. He got into conver- sation with Knox. They talked of ancient history; of Fabius, who used to raise the Romans from the dust; of the present contest, &c. ; and Knox, in the course of conversation, said he should wish for i/h tlAl,t^uJ^I~ •'/C •■ e^ /•7>t-^^ /L^^^.n^,i^ /n^iU^ ^;^/L^ d-^'^ ^4«^3^^«s^:; /^tfc l£-^H^*1t,'-^T.ft^* ^yWj^^u^ /^.^<**tM-> ./ ^^/ fC/^i^" /^/ ^1 - ^ /'^•>-Vf: ,/ /'^i V^i-& /«- 1-»^ €^-^f O'^ttZ- ^tc^^^L^ CL^^' .«2Ls^^,^;„^ ^V.^ /,^«^ /6«^ ^-^X^ Cf-C . y^^ >st^^ ,,^^^/^,/^/^/ ^i^^^^^-n^ '•***J^ ,/^ ^" V • //^ "/ y -^^ ^-LZ A-^r^ ^..^«S^. ■,"'> 3 .^ ■^. /w^.v^ A^^^^''^ k^ '^2<«-^ fu^ S ^ - ^^ —yr C IC^^ ^tl.Zj^ ^t^ii^,L ^<.6/^ ^/^"u ^ Wr^\ ■; _^-i'L^/<^ /'w /it::, -i^/'.^^z-r ^^,^> V^/*»-7-_ 'y^t^/z-'^r^ '.-t^,^ e<-fcC \,.'.,^- '^f ' ' ■' ' -7. '/Ix^ 7/^uJ^' 0"' ■ ;t- ^N^ M SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 7 some ribbon to wear in his hat or in his button-hole, to be trans- mitted to his descendants as a badge and a proof that he had fouglit in defence of their liberties. He spoke of it in such precise terms as showed he had revolved it in his mind before." (Comp. Works, ix. 367.) This was some months previous to Steuben's arrival in America. Dr. Gordon, who was a correspondent of the General, says in his "History of the American Revolution : " — " General Knox, with the good intention of reconciling the minds of his military brethren to the private life on which they were soon to enter, projected the plan before the circulation of the anonymous papers through the army in March, 1783. When the dangerous design of these had been frustrated b}'^ the prudence of the Com- mander-in-Chief, Knox imparted his proposals to certain officers, and afterwards to the several regiments of the respective lines." On May 10, 1783, a meeting of the general officers, and one officer from the line of each regiment, was held at the cantonment on Hudson River, Baron Steuben presiding, and proposals for establishing the Society were considered. They were referred to a committee, consisting of Major- General Knox, Brigadier-General Hand, Brigadier-General Huntington, and Captain Shaw. This report, in the handwriting of Shaw, their secretary, made three daj^s later, was unanimously accepted, and the Institution as revised by them was carried into complete effect with little opposition, and is still in force. It is as follows : — HISTOllICAL SKETCH OF THE INSTITUTION. " It having pleased the Supreme Governor of the Universe, in the disposition of human affairs, to cause the separation of the colonies of North America from the domination of Great Britain, and, after a bloody conflict of eight years, to establish them free, independent, and sovereign states, connected, by alliances founded on reciprocal advantage, with some of the greatest princes and powers of the earth ; " To perpetuate, therefore, as well the remembrance of this vast event, as the mutual friendships which have been formed under the pressure of common danger, and, in many instances, cemented by the blood of the parties, the otficers of the American army do, hereby, in the most solemn manner, associate, constitute, and com- bine themselves into one society of friends, to endure as long as they shall endure, or any of their eldest male posterity, and, in failure thereof, the collateral branches who may be judged worthy of be- coming its supporters and members. '' The officers of the American army, having generally been taken from the citizens of America, possess high veneration for the char- acter of that illustrious Roman, Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus ; and being resolved to follow his example, by returning to their citizenship, they think they may with propriety denominate them- selves THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. "The following principles shall be immutable and form the basis of the Society of the Cincinnati. " An incessant attention to preserve inviolate those exalted rights and liberties of human nature for which they have fought and bled, and without which the 'high rank of a rational being is a curse instead of a blessing. " An unalterable determination to promote and cherish, between the respective states, that union and national honor so essentially necessary to their happiness and the future dignity of the American empire. / SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. () "To render permanent the cordial affection subsisting among the officers: This spirit will dictate brotherly kindness in all things, and particularly extend to the most substantial acts of beneficence, according to the ability of the society, towards those officers and their families who unfortunately may be under the necessity of receiving it. "The general society will, for the sake of frequent communica- tions, be divided into state societies, and these again into such dis- tricts as shall be directed by the state society. " The societies of the districts to meet as often as shall be agreed upon by the state society, those of the states on the fourth day of July, annually, or oftener, if they shall find it expedient, and the general society on tiie first Monday in May, annually, so long as they shall deem it necessary, aud afterwards, at least once in every three years. " At each meeting the principles of the Institution will he fully considered, and the best measures to promote them adopted. " The state societies will consist of all the members resident in each state respectively ; and any member removing from one state to another is to be considered, in all respects, as belonging to the society of the state in which he shall actually reside. "The state societies to have a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and assistant-treasurer, to be chosen annually, by a ma- jority of votes, at the state meeting. " Each state meeting shall write annually, or oftener, if necessary, a circular letter to the other state societies, noting whatever they may think worthy of observation respecting the good of the society or the general union of the states, and giving information of the officers chosen for the current year. Copies of these letters shall be regu- larly transmitted to the secretary-general of the society, who will record them in a book to be assigned for that purpose. " The state society will regulate every thing respecting itself and the societies of the districts consistent with the general maxims of the Cincinnati, judge of the qualifications of the members who may be proposed, and expel any member who, by conduct inconsistent with a gentleman and a man of honor, or by an opposition to the interests of the community in general, or the society in particular, may render himself unworthy to continue a member. " In order to form funds which may be respectable, and assist the 2 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE unfortunate, each officer shall deliver to the treasurer of the state society one month's pay, which shall remain for ever to the use of the state society ; the interest tmly of which, if necessary, to be appropriated to the relief of the unfortunate. " Donations may be made b^' persons not of the society, and by members of the society, for the express purpose of forming perma- nent funds for the use of the state society, and tiie interest of tliese donations appropriated in the same manner as that of the month's pay. " Moneys, at the pleasure of each member, may be subscribed in the societies of the disti-icts, or the state societies, for the relief of the unfortunate members, or their widows and orphans, to be appro- priated by the state society only. " The meeting of the general society shall consist of its officers and a representation from each state society, in number not exceed- ing five, whose expenses shall be borne by their respective state societies. "In the general meeting, the president, vice-president, secretary, assistant-secretary, treasurer, and assistant-treasurer general, siiall be chosen, to serve until the next meeting. " The circular letters which have been written by the respective state societies to each other, and their particular laws, shall be read and considered, and all measures concerted which may conduce to the general intendment of the society. " It is probable that some persons may make donations to the general society, for the purpose of establishing funds for the further comfort of the unfortunate, in which case such donations must be placed in the hands of the treasurer-general, the interest only of which to he dis[)Osed of, if necessary, by the general meeting. " All the officers of the American army, as well those who have resigned with honor, after three years' service in the capacity of officers, or who have been deranged by the resolutions of Congress, upon the several reforms of the army, as those who shall have con- tinued to the end of the war, have the right to become parties to this Institution ; provided that they subscribe one month's pay and sign their names to the general rules, in their respective state societies, those who are present with the army immediately, and others within six months after the army shall be disbanded, extra- ordinary cases excejited ; the rank, time of service, resolution of SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 11 Coni:fress hy whicli any have been deranged, and place of residence, must be added to each name ; and as a testimony of affection to the memory and the offspring of such officers as have died in the ser- vice, their eldest male branches shall have the same right of be- coming members as the children of the actual members of the society. " Those officers who are foreigners, not resident in any of the states, will have their names enrolled by the secretary-general, and are to be considered as members in the societies of any of the states in which they may happen to be. " And as there are, and will at all times be, men in the respective states eminent for their abilities and patriotism, whose views may be directed to the same laudable objects with those of the Cincin- nati, it shall be a rule to admit such characters as honorary members of the society, for their own lives only; provided always that the number of honorary members in each state does not exceed a ratio of one to four of the officers or their descendants. " Each state society shall obtain a list of its members, and at the first annual meeting the state secretary shall have engrossed on parchment two copies of the institution of the society, which every member present shall sign, and the secretary shall endeavor to pro- cure the signature of every absent member ; one of those lists to be transmitted to the secretary-general to be kept in the archives of the society, and the other to remain in the hands of the state secre- tary. From the state lists the secretary-general must make out, at the first general meeting, a complete list of the whole society, with a copy of which he will furnish each state secretary. " The society shall have an Order by which its members shall be known and distinguished, which shall be a medal of gold, of a proper size to receive the emblems, and suspended by a deep blue ribbon two inches wide, edged with white, descriptive of the union of France and America, viz. : — 12 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF THE " The principal figure k C I N C I N N A T U S, Three senators presenting him with a sword and other military ensigns ; on a field in the background, his wife standing at the door of their cottage ; near it a plough and instruments of husbandry. Round the trliole, OMNIA KELIQUIT SERVARE REMPUBLICAM. On the reverse. Sun rising ; a city with open gates, and vessels entering the port. Fame crowning Cincinnatus, with a wreath inscribed, VIRTUTIS PREMIUM. Below, Hands joined, supporting a heart, witii the motto, ESTO PERPETUA. Round the whole, SOCIETAS CINCINNATORUM INSTITUTA A. D. 1783." The society, deeply impressed with a sense of the generous as- sistance this country has received from France, and desirous of per- petuating the friendships which luive been formed, and so happily subsisted, between the officers of the allied forces in the prosecution of the war, direct that the president-general transmit, as soon as may be, to each of the characters hereafter named, a mednl contain- ing the order of the society, viz. : — His Excellency the Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister Pleni- potentiary, His Excellency the Sieur Gerard, late Minister Plenipoten- tiary, Their Excellencies — The Count D'Estaing, The Count de Grasse, The Count de Barras, The Chevalier de Touches, SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 13 Admirals and Commanders in the Navy, His PLxcellency the Count de Rochambeau, Commander-in- Chief, And the generals and colonels of his army, and acquaint them that the society does itself the honor to consider them members. Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing Institution be given to the senior officer of each state line, and that the officers of the re- spective state lines sign their names to the same, in manner and form following, viz.: — " We, the subscribers, officers of the American army, do hereby voluntarily become parties to the foregoing Institution, and do bind ourselves to observe, and be governed by, the principles therein contained. For the performance whereof we do solemnly pledge to each other our sacred honor. " Done in the Cantonment, on Hudson River, in the year 1783." That ihe members of the society, at the time of subscribing their names to the Institution, do also sign a draft on the paymaster-gen- eral in the following terms (the regiments to do it regimentally, and the generals and other officers not belonging to regiments, each for himself, individually), viz.: — " To John Pierce, Esquire, Paymaster- General of the United States. " Sir, — Please to pay to treasurer for the state association of the Cincinnati, or his order, one month's pay of our several grades respectively, and deduct the same from the balance which shall be found due to us on the final liquidation of our accounts, for which this shall be your warrant." That the members of the several state societies assemble as soon as may be, for the choice of their president and other officers ; and that the presidents correspond together and appoint a meeting of the officers who may be chosen for each state, in order to pursue such further measures as may be judged necessary. That the general officers, and the officers delegated to represent the several corps of the army, subscribe to the Institution of the general society, for themselves and their constituents, in the manner and form before prescribed. That General Heath, General Baron de Steuben, and General Knox, be a committee to wait on his excellency the commander-in-chief, 14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE with a copy of the Institution, and request him to honor the society by placing his name at the head of it. That Major-General Heath, second in command in this army, bi^ — and he hereby is — desired to transmit copies of the Institu- tion, with the proceedings thereon, to the commanding officer of the Southern army, the senior officer in each state, from Pennsylvania to Georgia inclusive, and to the commanding officer of the Rhode Island line, requesting them to communicate the same to the officers under their several commands, and to take sucii measures as may appear to them necessary for expediting the establishment of their state societies, and sending a delegation to represent them in the fij'St general meeting, to be holden on the first Monday in May, 1784. The meeting then adjourned without day. Major L'Enfant, an accomplished engineer and drafts- man, furnished the designs for the decorations, which were executed in Paris under his supervision. The insignia of the Order is a bald eagle of enamelled gold, bearing upon its breast a niedallion charged as follows : on the obverse the principal figure is Cincinnatus ; three senators present him wi'th a sword and other military ensigns ; he is reclin- ing upon his plough, and at his side are minor implements of husbandry. On the reverse, the sun rises over a city with open gates, vessels are seen entering the port, and in the midst Fasne crowns Cincinnatus with a wreath in- scribed " Virtutis prcemiutn.'" Below, hands joined support a heart, with the motto, '■'■Esto peiyetua.^'' The whole is pendent to a blue ribbon edged with white, descriptive of the union between France and America. Around the principal charge is the legend, " Omnia relinquit servare vempuhllcajny This meeting was held at Steuben's head-quarters ; and at a subsequent meeting held at the Cantonment on June 19, 1783, his Excellency the Commander-in-chief was requested to officiate as President-general until the first SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 15 General Meeting, to be held on the first Monday in May, 1784. At the same time, Major-General McDougall was elected Treasurer-general, and Major-General Knox Secre- tary-general. The place of assembly — the new building at the Can- tonment — had been struck by lightning a few nights be- fore the meeting during a violent storm, and its flag-staff shivered ; " an event," says Alexander Johnston, " omi- nous of the storm brewing from another quarter against the Cincinnati." Necessarily exclusive, the association at once excited the hostility of those who envied the fame of its members ; of the civilians who could have no place in its ranks ; and of theorists at home and abroad, who feared it might jeopar- dize the social and political equality they anticipated for the republic. The chief opposition it encountered, how- ever, was on account of the hereditary succession to its membership. The assault was, as usual in such cases, more active than the defence ; and a strong feeling was aroused against the Society both in Europe and America. Some of the officers themselves refused to join the Society on account of its anti-democratic character ; and General Heath, whom General McDougall irreverently styled the " Duke of Roxbury,"' tells us that he " hung back for some time," and only came in "lest it should be said to his posterity that their ancestor was guilty of some misconduct which deprived him of his badge." He was opposed to any insignia or badge of distinction, asserting that it would only serve to mark them in an unfavorable light with their fellow-citizens ; never met with the Society, and subsequently wrote to the Secretary-general to erase his name from the Institution. Before proceeding to consider the objections of its oppo- nents, let us see what Knox himself says of its intention 16 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE and of its first reception. He writes thus to his friend, General Lincohi : — " West Point, 21 May, 1783. " Impressed with the belief that you were expected in camp every day, I have omitted to write to you for some time past. "I wanted to converse with jou upon many thiiifrs, among which is the establishment of the Society, the proposed Institution of which is contained in the enclosed paper. The intention is pure and un- corrupted by any sinister design ; the sole objects, the union of tlie States, as far as the humble influence of the othcers may extend, and to erect some lowly shelter for the unfortunate against tlie storms and tempests of poverty. " Peruse it with this view, and let me know your opinion. " The Commander-in-chief and almost all the officers are warmly in favor of it, and the matter will be executed by the corps here in a few days. Our friend General Heath is, however, to be excepted from the number. With a sagacity peculiar to himself, he thinks through the mist he sees spirits and hobgoblins of liideous forms, and no popularity. " How shall we get your signature ? " Colonel John Trumbull, the painter, having applied for admission to the Society, and suggested his desire to fur- nish for it a suitable device, Knox writes him as follows : — " West Point, 5 July, 1783. "I am happy that you approve of the Society of the Cincinnati. I am certain that there cannot be a dissentient voice to your ad- mission, and luive mentioned the matter to General Huntington, who will propose you at the next meeting of the Society of the State of Connecticut, of which he is president. " Perhaps we have been too hasty in the adoption of tlie medal ; but we have made an addition lately designed by M. L'Enfant, of the Corps of Engineers. It is the bald eagle, with the emblems of Cincinnatus upon his breast. There is a beauty in the design, as the bald eagle is peculiar to America, and is the crest of the arms of the United States. It is j^ossible, however, that your friend Mr, West, whose mind has been in the habit of thinking upon these sub- SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 17 jects, may strike out something still more rich and beautiful. I shall therefore be under obligations to you to remember the matter, and if you could engage him in it, to transmit me the result, which I will lay before the Society." Washington, in a letter to the Count cle Rochambean, dated 29 Oct., 1783, speaks of the institution of the Cin- cinnati in these words : — " Sir, — The officers of the American array, in order to perpet- uate that mutual friendship which they contracted in the hour of common danger and distress, and for other purposes which are men- tioned in the instrument of their association, have united together in a society of friends under the name of Cincinnati ; and, having honored me with the office of president, it becomes a very agreeable part of my duty to inform you that the Society have done themselves the honor to consider you and the generals and officers of the army which you commanded in America as members of the Society. " Major L'Enfant, who will have the honor to deliver this letter to you, will execute the Order of the Society in France, amongst which he is directed to present you with one of the first Orders that are made, and likewise with Orders for the other gentlemen of your army, which 1 take the liberty to request you would present to them in the name of the Society. As soon as the diploma is made out, I will have the honor to transmit it to you." The most important published attack upon the Cincin- nati in the United States was made by Judge JEdanus Burke, of South Carolina, in a small pamphlet of twenty- eight pages, which appeared in October, 1783, with this title, " Considerations on the Society or Order of Cin- cinnati," &c., by Cassius ; with the epigraph, " Blow ye the Trumpet in Zion." This ably written tract was designed to awaken the apprehensions of the people and to direct their resent- ments against the Society, and recommended legislative interference. 3 18 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE " Perceiving in the order," says Judge Marshall, in the work already quoted, " the foundation of an hereditary order, whose base, from associating with the military the chiefs of the powerful fami- lies in each State, would acquire a degree of solidity and strength admitting of any superstructure, he portrayed in that fervid and infectious language which is the genuine offspring of passion the dangers to result from the fabric which would be erected on it." The astute South Carolinian could discern appalling dangers lurking within this brotherly and beneficent association, — a peril wholly imaginary ; yet he failed to see the real danger to the republic in the aristocratic class of planters around him, — a class which in our day became all-powerful, and which from this same State of South Carolina sounded the tocsin for a convulsion which seriously threatened the life of the nation, shaking it to its very centre. This piece produced a profound impression. Committees of some of the State legislatures reported adversely to the organization ; that of Massachusetts declaring it " danger- ous to the peace, liberty, and safety of the Union," while Rhode Island threatened with disfranchisement such of her citizens as were members of the Society.* The Governor of South Carolina, in a speech to the Assembly, pointed out its dangers, and exhorted them to vindicate themselves from the reproach of having fought, not for the deliver- ance of their country, but for the attainment of honors and gaudy distinctions. Its effect upon Steuben is suffi- ciently apparent in the following characteristic letter from the baron to Knox : — * Tlie statement of Mirabeau, that Rhode Island did actually disfranchise such of her citizens as were members of this Society, has been frequently repeated by American writers ; but a careful examination of the archives of that State shows the assertion to be erroneous. GEN BARON STEUBEN feam aTL origiul pjctnre. in the TJe^T York OrtT-BdILi ^ cc^v.o-n o/^ VZ^^^^^ // ^n*iir becoming at least perpetual ; and as the part of this work which concerns the inheritance of honors contains, perhaps, some new ideas, ... I thought proper to leave this tract in the order in which ii was origi- nally thrown, before the inheritance of the dignity was fibolished ; a circumstance which does not alter the state of the questic ' o much as some persons would affect to believe. " The idea, and indeed the substance, of this work, is t; .n a pamphlet which appeared in Philadelphia two years ago, '• Con- siderations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati,' supposed to be written by ^danus Burke, p]sq., one of the chief justices of the State of South Carolina." This piece ]Mirabeau undertook, at Franklin's request, to translate, taking his work with him to London, in a state of great progress, in August, 1784, and publisliirig it on the 30th of September following. His own opinion of its merits he gives in a letter to the critic Mauvillon, in which he says : " I confess that I set some value upon it. It appears to me that in this work there is good philosophy, feeling, and good oratory : the part relating to the deco- rated patriciate seems to me new, and I cannot but think that the subject has been examined in all its bearings. It is, of all I ever wrote, that with which I am least dissat- isfied.'''' Both Burke and Mirabeau erred in supposing that the sharing of a few ribbons and medals among the heroic founders of a great republic could overthrow it the very day after its foundation ; and this, too, by causes of ruin which generally arise only daring the lengthened progress of time, the forgetfulness of principles, the desuetude of SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 23 laws, and the corruption of morals. Both were in error also in making Steuben " grand master " of the Order, and Burke throws all the odium of his objections on him as a foreigner. As Mirabeau's tract is quite rare, and as it embodies the principal objections of Burke and others, and moreover as it serves to show better than any thing else can .the feel- ings and sentiments of the opponents of the Society, we subjoin a ' few extracts. At this distance of time we can smile at the fears which the new Order then excited. It must nc" , however, be forgotten that the situation of affairs i Europe, where a great social and political revolu- tion was in its birth-throes, made the friends of liberty especially sensitive with regard to any thing w^hich they feared might endanger our republican institutions, — insti- tutions which, still in their infancy, required, as they sup- posed, to be jealously watched and to be guarded with the utmost solicitude. Thus does Mirabeau predict the baleful result of the Order upon the people : — " It is," says he, " an institution which must shortly undermine the public weal, their liberty, and their country ; strip the middle and lower ranks of life of all influence and of all importance, con- sign them to the most palpable contempt, and reduce them to the completest nullity ; or at best to the sad privilege of murmuring, when it will be too late to remedy the evil. So blind, so thoughtless are the multitude ! " (p. 2.) Here is where the shoe pinches civilians : — " Military force has been the sole object of their thoughts, because it was the mighty instrument of their pr.>jects. With this view it was that the inheritance of honor was leserved to none but military men. In the true spirit of a praetorian band they scrupled not to be unjust towards the most distinguished of their coadjutors who were prevented from taking arms by duties no less important. They have presumed to judge that the glory of the head ought to 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE be subordinate to that of the arm; and that the descendants of the civil officers, the projectors and framers of their present consti- tutions, sufficiently honored by a temporary distinction, ought after- wards to be confounded in the vulgar mass of plebeians." (p. 4.) But HOW comes the grand indictment, to sustain which he finds proofs in the foundation of Roman aristocracy and the nobiUty of modern Europe : — " The institution of the Order of Cincinnatus is the creation of an actual patriciate and of a military nobility, which will ere loiig^ become a civil nobility, and an aristocracy the more dangerous because, being hereditary, it will perpetually increase in the course of time, and will gather strength from the very prejudices which it will engender ; because, originating neither in the constitution nor the law, the law has provided no means to control it, and it will immediately overbear the constitution of which it forms no part ; till the time shall come when, by repeated attempts, made some- times clandestinely and sometimes openly, it will at length have incorporated itself into the constitution , or when, after having tor a long time sapped its foundations, it will in the end overturn and utterly destroy it." (p. 5.) The danger lurking beneath decorations and insignia is next pointed out : — " Such is the fatal power of opinion and of the little passions of the human heart, that the most trivial ornaments have helped to rivet the chains of nations, and have ennobled and rewarded the servitude of the great, the better to aggravate the servitude of the poor ; that even the color of a ribbon and the form of a star affect the character and disposition of men's minds, excite respect or meanness in some, and pride in others ; widen or contract the dis- tances between men, and seem to bring forward glaring to the sight that artificial inequality which usurpation and insolence originally impressed upon the imaginations of the weak and abject. . . . " All external signs are formidable and produce a great effect upon the weak imaginations of men. By striking their sight, one may at pleasure inspire them with any passions. By external signs it is that religion, fanaticism, sovereignty, rebellion, and faction SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. '25 maintain an ascendant over the understandings of men and hurry away. a headlong multitude whose senses overpower their reason. By external signs have been prepared and accomplished many state revolutions, in favor as well of liberty as of tyranny. External signs muster in a moment under the same banner thousands of men who were but now dispersed ; inspire them with one will, one soul ; and precipitate them all together towards one and the same object. . . . All distinguishing signs which may serve suddenly to assemble a numerous body of men, which may create a partial interest in the public interest, wliich may se()arate a certain nuniber of citizens from the body of their fellow-citizens, are by their effects much more formidable in a republic than in a monarchy. . . . All outward marks of distinction are repugnant to the spirit of a republic. Liberty has an elevated pride which all distinctions offend. In her presence nothing must be eminently conspicuous : all must be confounded in one undistinguished mass. She cannot even behold these ornaments without terror: if they are worn by only one description of citizens, her terror redoubles. . . . But if the solitary body of men who dare thus to distinguish themselves from their fellow-citizens be a body of soldiers, all is lost." (pp. 9-12.) Here is the prophetic warning: — " In less than a century this institution which draws a line of separation between the descendants of the Cinciiuiati and their fellow-citizens will have caused so great an inequality, that the country, which now contains none but citizens perfectly equal in the eye of the Constitution and of the law, will consist altogether of two classes of men. Patricians and Plebeians." (p. 22.) " This order, which America beholds with indifference, will, when consolidated by time, convert the children of our military chiefs into a distinct, a privileged, and a commanding race. Lying poets and fawning orators will prostitute their eloquence to confer the honors of an apotheosis on the parricides who will have enslaved their country. The rest of the citizens will be nothing but an obscure, spiritless, degraded, and degenerate rabble, unworthy of regard, and devoted to oppression." (p. 38.) And in conclusion he says : — •' Let the Legislature blast this destructive institution of an artificial and (which is its masterpiece) a decorated nobility. But 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE before she dart the lightning of her vengeance, before she extirpate the name of tlie Cincinnati, let her admonish her children ; let her say: 'The patriotic views and pious projects which seduced you will some time or other be the disguise of a political conspiracy of military commanders, — a conspiracy dangerous to the public weal, and therefore criminal. . . . The honors and exclusive privileges of an hereditary order are a formal usurpation of sovereignty; for they are an invasion of the Constitution,' " &c. (p. 47.) John Adams was of the o^^inion that the formation of the Society was " the first step taken to deface the beauty of our Temple of Liberty ; " and Jay, Jefferson, and Gerr}^ were hostile to it. Samuel Adams expressed his fears that the members of the Order, by becoming the joint proprietors of large tracts of land and peopling their ter- ritories with multitudes from Germany, Avho would live in military service and fealty to their landlords, might in time revive the old feudal system. How greatly he mis- took the essentially democratic genius of the German character ! ■Even the sensible and clear-sighted Franklin suffered himself to be swept along by the current which set so strongly against the Cincinnati. He writes thus to his daughter, Mrs. Sarah Baclie : — " Passy, 26th January, 1784. "My dear Child, — Your care in sending me the newspapers is very agreeable to me. I received by Captain Barney those relating to the Cincinnati. My opinion of the institution cannot be of much importance. I only wonder that when the united wisdom of our nation had, in the articles of confederation, manifested their dislike of establishing ranks of nobility by authority either of the Congress or of any particular State, a number of private persons should think proper to distinguish themselves and their posterity from their fellow-citizens, and form an order of hereditary knights in direct opposition to the solemnly declared sense of their coun- try ! 1 imagine it must be likewise contrary to the good sense of most of those drawn into it by the persuasion of its projectors, who SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 27 have been too much struck with the ribbons and crosses they have seen hanging to the button-holes of foreign officers. And I sup- pose tho>e who disapprove of it have not hitherto given it much opposition from a principle somewhat like that of your good mother relating to punctilious persons, who are always exacting little ob- servances of respect, — that ' if people can be pleased with small matters, it is a pity but they should have them.' " In this view, perhaps, I should not myself, if my advice had been asked, have objected to their wearing their Tibbon and badge themselves according to their fancy, though I certainly should to the entailing it as an honor on their posterity. For honor worthily obtained (as that for example of our officers) is in its nature &. per- sonal thing and incommunicable to any but those who had some share in obtaining it. Thus among the Chinese, the most ancient and from long experience the wisest of nations, honor does not descend, hut ascends. If a man from his learning, his wisdom, or his valor, is promoted by the emperor to the rank of mandarin, his parents are immediately entitled to all the same ceremonies of respect from the people that are established as due to the mandarin himself; on the supposition that it must have been owing to the education, instruction, and good example afforded him by his parents, that he was rendered capable of serving the public. I wish, therefore, that the Cincinnati, if they must go on with their project, would direct the badges of their Order to be worn by their fathers and mothers instead of handing them down to their children. It would be a kind of obedience to the fourth commandment, in which God enjoins us to honor our father and mother, but has nowhere directed us to honor our children [then follows a demonstration of "the absurdity of descending honors, making it appear that 1,022 men and women will have contributed to the formation of one knight of the ninth generation "]. " I hope, therefore, that the Order will drop this part of their project, and content themselves as knights of other orders of Europe do with a life enjoyment of their little badge and ribbon ; and let the distinction die with those who have merited it. . . . For my own part I shall think it a convenience, when I go into a company where there may be faces unknown to me, if I discover by this badge the persons who merit some particular expressions of my respect. 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE "The gentleman who made the voyage to Fi-ance to provide the ribbons and medals has executed his commission. To me they seem tolerably done, but all such things are criticised. Some find fault with the Latin, as wanting classical elegance and correctness; others object to the title as not properly assumable by any but Washington and a few others, who served without p;iy. Others object to the bald eagle, as looking too much like a dindon, or turkey. For my own part, I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen as the representative of our country : he is a bird of bad moral character ; he does not get his living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead tree, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labor of the fishing hawk ; and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish, and is bearing it to his nest for the support of his mate and young ones, the bald eagle pursues him, and takes it from him. With all this injustice, he is never in good case; but, like those among men who live by sharping and robbing, he is gen- erally poor and often very lousy. Besides, he is a rank coward : the little kirtg bird, not bigger than a sparrow, attacks him boldly, and drives him out of the district. He is therefore by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America, who have driven all the kivg birds from our country ; tliough exactly fit for that order of knights which the French call cheval- iers d'industrie." Of the condition of public sentiment in NewEngland Knox writes thus to Washington : — " Boston, 21 Feb. 1784. ... "The Cincinnati appears (however groundlessly) to be an object of jealousy. The idea is, that it has been created by a foreign influence in order to change our form of government ; and this is strengthened by a letter from some of our ministers abroad. Burke's pamphlet has had its full operation. The cool, dispassionate men seem to approve of the institution generally, but dislike the hereditary descent.* The two branches of the legislature of the State have chosen a committee 'to inquire into any associations or combi- nations which have [been] or may be formed to introduce nndue distinctions in the community, and wiiich may have a tendency to create a race of hereditary nobility contrary to the confederation of SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. 29 the United States and tlie spirit of the Constitution of this Com- monwealth.' They have not reported, and perhaps will not. The same sentiments pervade New England. The Society have had a respectable meeting in Boston on the 16th inst., at which General Lincoln presided : General Heath was not present. A committee was chosen to attend the General Meeting at Philadelphia next May, — General R. Putnam, Colonel Cobb, Lieutenant-Colonel Hull, Major Sargent, and myself. Probably two only will attend. It was thought prudent not to make any honorary members at present." The allusion at the beginning of Knox's letter to Steu- ben, which follows, will be readily understood by refer- ence to the baron's letter on page 19. " BosTo\, 21 Feb. 1784. . . . " roz : — 1. The Day, and all who celebrate its auspicious return. 2. The President of the United States. 3. The Vice-President and Congress. 4. Our ancient and brave ally, the nation of France. May tyi-ants feel the force, and freemen the protection, of their resistless arms. 5. Our Brethren of the Cincinnati this day assembled through the United States, whom neither time nor distance separates from our affections. 6. Our Brethren in France. May the sprig which they gathered in America add lustre to the rich crown of laurels their valor has acquired. 7. The Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the American Army, by whose valor we were enabled to keep the field. 8. The memory of those who have fallen in defending the rights of mankind. Revered on earth, may they be rewarded in heaven. 9. The Governor of" Massachusetts. 10. La Fayette. May the Genius of Liberty give him light in darkness, and wings instead of shackles. IL The American Flag. May our commerce meet no obstacle but the wind, no resistance but the water. 12. The brave Kosciusko, — an electric spark of French fire to tlie people of Poland. 13. The gallant De Noailles, who fought by our side. 14. The principles of Civil Freedom well understood and honestly practised by all mankind. 15. May the people of France enjoy ages of rejjose, under a government firm as the energy of their arms, and free as the spirit which inspires their courage. 16. AVashington, the President of our Society. After a long and glorious campaign, may he retire to safe quarters and full j^ay, — the gratitude and affection of his fellow -citizens. Ordered, that no member have the right to vote on the business of the Society until he is twenty-one years of age. Also, that the Standing Committee distribute the CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 61 entire annual interest of the funds, not otherwise appro- priated by the Society, among the unfortunate members or then' widows or orphans ; and, that distant objects may not suifer from a want of information of , the time and place of distribution, the committee were instructed to give j)ublic notice of their meetings for this purpose ; to whom applications might be made, and the money when granted should be paid ; in order that the bounty might be as equally and extensively shared as originally contemplated by the Institution. 1798, July 4. On General Henry Jackson's motion, an address was voted to the President of the United States, on the critical and alarming state of the country as it respected the French Republic, pledging the Society to support and defend the government. 1799, July 4. At this meeting, a letter dated May 23, from the South Carolina Society, was read ; also the fol- lowing extract from the Journals of the Cincinnati of the State of South Carolina : " March 4, 1799. The Com- mittee who were appointed at the last meeting to digest the report of the Committee for perpetuating the Society, as agreed tlie 25tli ult., reported the same, which was read, adopted, and is as follows : — Report. — " That it be recommended as a line of conduct for tliis Society in future to observe, should the General Society not think proper to adopt a system for perpetuating the same : — " 1. That all the sons of original members, and all the male descendants of any original members, whether such descent be derived through a male or female branch ; or of such officers as, having served with rei^utation, died during the last war; or having been entitled to become members, died within six months after the army was disbanded, who may be judged worthy of becoming its members and supporters, — may be elected into this Society, on application, after attaining the age of twenty-one years, j^i'ovided three-fourths of a legal Quarterly Meeting are in his favor. That 62 ANNALS OF THE each member so elected shall pay into the hands of the treasurer, for the use of the fund, the sum of thirty dollars. "• 2. That all the officers, commissioned, staff, or brevet, who have served in the army or navy of the United States, since the peace with Great Britain, for six years, and who still continue therein, or who, after having served as aforesaid for six years, left the ser- vice with reputation, or who shall have been deranged by any act or resolution of the Congress of the United States, after having served with reputation for three years ; and all those who are or shall hereafter be appointed to a command in the array or navy of the United States, commissioned, brevet, or staff, and who shall have served therein with reputation for six years, or who shall be deranged by any act or resolution of Congress after a service with reputation for three years, — may be admitted into this Society, upon application, by election, provided three-fourths of a legal Quarterly Meeting are in his favor, and upon payment of one month's pay into the treasury of this vSociety, according to the respective ranks of the applicants for admission. " 3. No election shall be valid without the name of the candidate shall be openly proposed at a regular quarterly meeting previous to the ({uarterly meeting at which the ballot shall be held." The Standing Committee of the Society of the Cin- cinnati of Massachusetts, to whom was referred the above report, and also a circular letter from the General Meeting at Philadelphia, May 24, 1799, report as follows: — "By the first Institution of the Society, formed a.d. 1783, the officers of the American army associated ' to endure as long as they shall endure, or any of their eldest male posterity^ and in failure thereof the collateral branches who may be judged worthy of becoming members.' By this Institution, the eldest male branches of officers who died in the service had also a right to become members. "In the year 1784, an alteration of the original Institution was proposed by the General Meeting, and transmitted to the several State societies. By this constitution the hereditary succession was done away, without substituting any means of preserving the exist- ence of the Society. "On the 4th of July, 1784, the Institution, 'as altered and amended,' was accepted by the Society of Massachusetts. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 63 "July 4, 1786, the Massachusetts Society voted as follows; viz., ' That the vote of the Society, passed July 4, 1784, accepting the Institution as altered and amended, be reconsidered so far as to give instructions to the delegates to be chosen to the next General Meeting respecting the said Institution.' "In April, 1787, instructions were given providing that vacancies should be supplied by elections from the oldest male heii'S of deceased members, and that no alterations should be made by virtue of which the funds could be removed from the possession and control of the vState societies. These instructions were, in substance, again given in 1789. In 1793 the General Meeting recommended to the State societies to pass votes rendering valid the proceedings of seven States present at a General Meeting. " By which it appears that, as the vote of Massachusetts, accepting the Institution as altered and amended, was afterward reconsidered, and as a number of the other State societies did not accept the same, the Society rests on the original Institution of a.d. 1783." The Committee propose the following votes for the con- sideration of the Society : — " 1. In lieu of the hereditary succession provided by the original Institution, it is the opinion of this Society that vacancies should be supplied by an election of members by ballot, in which the eldest male heir of a deceased officer should be considered the candidate, and that the assent of three-fourths of the members present at a regular meeting should be necessary to his admission ; and in case such candidate should fail to be admitted by the before-mentioned majority, the next eldest male heir should become the next candi- date, and so on until an election should be elfected. " 2. That all such alterations and amendments of the Institution of the Cincinnati as shall be concurred in by the representatives of seven State societies present in the next General Meeting shall be obligatory, and inviolably observed by every State society ; excepting that no alteration or amendment shall be made or become obligatory by virtue of which the funds shall be removed from the possession and control of the State societies. " 3. That the delegates to the next General Meeting be furnished with an attested copy of the preceding votes for their instruction and government ; and that in any other alterations which may be 64 ANNALS OF THE proposed the Society confide in their discretion and judgment to make such decision as shall promote the honor and interests of the institution." This report was accepted and confirmed by the Society. 1800, January 15. At a special meeting it was ordered " that the members of the Society continue to wear a black crape cockade in the hat till the 5th day of July next, as a badge of mourning for their deceased President-general, George Washington ; " and " that the Standing Com- mittee appoint some member of the Society to deliver an oration at the annual meeting on the fourth of July next, commemorative of the American Revolution, and of the virtues and talents which distinguished the eventful life of the illustrious Washington." (It does not appear that an oration was delivered in accordance with this vote ; that before the town authorities, 4th July, was delivered by Joseph Hall, Esq.) 1800, July 4. Ordered, that the Standing Committee procure three hundred printed copies of the original Insti- tution, together with the names of the original members of the State association. From the " Centinel " of July 5, we take the following : — "After the f^hoice of officers, the Society sat down to an elegant, entertainment, and recognized anew the friendships formed in the hours of peril, in the following toasts: — 1. The Day. Immortality to the intrepid column of enlightened statesmen who gave it birth. 2. The memory of our deceased President-general, who led the advanced guard, and so well brought up the rear, at the close of the Revolutionary campaign. 3. The Societies of the Cincinnati this day formed into messes through the United States, to participate the full rations of Peace and Independence. 4. The President of the United States. May he turn the flanks of his enemies, press down their centre, throw their wliole line into con- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 65 fusion, capture their standards, military chest, and artillery, and burn their ba^ifajje. 0. Our Citadel, — the Constitution of the United States. May its foundation be always found too deep to be sapped by faction, and its ramparts too elevated to admit a lodgement from the scaling ladders of Ambition. 6. Our Envoys to France. May the Flag of Truce they carry honorably terminate the Gallic campaign. 7. The Governor and Commonwealth of Massachusetts. A grand division, conspicuous for discipline and prompt obedience to orders. 8. May the enemies of true Republicanism be formed into a corps of camp color men, and never obtain a discharge. 9. Our Foreign Members who have survived the disasters of their country. May those of them who have been engaged upon the Forlorn Hope soon get back into safe quarters. 10. The memory of our departed brothers, who fell to secure the triumph of principles in which we this day rejoice. 11. Their Widows and Orphans, May we be always ready to share provisions with them, divide our month's pay, and assist in getting them well hutted. 12. The Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Revolu- tionai'y Army. Ready to strike tents at the beating of the general, with three days' provisions cooked, canteens filled, and march off" quick time to oppose any attack upon the liberties of our country. 13. Agriculture, Commerce, and Arts, Manufactures and the Fisheries. 14. May the pirates of the ocean, whatever flag they may dis- play, meet the rewards of their infamy. 15. The American Fair. May honor and success always accom- pany their generous efforts in the recruiting service. 16. Washington! our late file-leader. May we follow him in slow time to the permanent cantonment, and be all found near his Head-quarters at the final Roll-call." 1801, July 4. Ordered, that the Standing Committee consist of fifteen members, and that seven members form a quorum for granting money. No person to be admitted a member of the Society until he shall have attained the age of twenty-one. 66 ANNALS OF THE 1802, July 5. Ordered, that persons hereafter admitted, in right of succession, as members, subscribe a form of declaration, to the effect that they are sons or next eldest male heirs of deceased members, and that they will be governed by the rules of the Societ}^. At the annual meeting in 1803, the Standing Committee was "' instructed to prefer a memorial to the Legislature for an act of incorporation to enable the Society the better to hold and manage their funds." The act was joassed 13 May, 1806. See Appendix. (The only other State Society Avhich has been incorporated is that of Pennsyl- vania, chartered in 1792.) At the annual meeting in July, 1805, the Standing- Committee to whom was referred the petition of General Rufus Putnam, and our other brethren resident in the State of Ohio, — praying that a certain proportion of this State Society's funds, equal to what they, the petitioners, originally subscribed and paid in, may be refunded and transmitted them for the purpose of forming a fund for a Society of Cincinnati, which they have thought proper to create in that State, — after having maturely considered the subject of said petition, and given it all that deliberate and candid attention justly due to their distant and respected brothers, unanimously report adversely to the said petition, for the following reasons : — " 1. By tlie Constitation of the Society it was clearly intended to. form one family of brethren, to consist of thirteen cantons, and no more, for ever. Nor is there any provision, either expressed or im- plied, given either to the General Meeting or to either of the State societies, to create any additional society, or to transfer any part of the original funds for this purpose. '' 2. The stock of the Massachusetts Cincinnati was expressly subscribed and paid into the treasury for the exclusive use of the members of that State Society, so long as they should continue members, and no longer. Couhl a i'Qw individuals detach them- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 67 seh'es and erect another State society, others might withdraw themselves and funds, and erect branches in the same State; and thus the strength and respectability of the original institution would be weakened, and one of its most important objects be defeated. " 3. Should the request of the memorialists be acceded to, we should set a precedent which might render us obnoxious to the cen- sure of other State societies, and our authority so to act disputed and denied by the General Society, and thus a spirit of discord be introduced to the infinite detriment of that union upon which the common good of our institution is so dependent. " Whilst bound to state this our dissent to a novel, and what we must consider an irregular proposal, we wish our worthy brethren of Ohio, our faithful comrades in honor and in toil, to be assured of our unabated friendship ; that we hold their subscriptions as a sacred deposit for their benefit, in common with the other members ; and that if misfortune at any time should compel an application for pecuniary aid, we will most cheerfully and promptly give to it all the weight which the individual would be entitled to were he an inhabitant of any part of this Commonwealth." 1806, July 4. Regulations were adopted, which in 1811 were incorporated into the By-laws of the Society. Aug. 5. Ordered, by the Standing Commitftee, " That as a mark of respect to the memor}^ of our deceased friend and brother, Thomas Edwards, Esq., our Secretary, and judge-advocate-general of the late Revolutionar}^ army, the Society be requested to attend his funeral on the morrow." Oct. 13. The Society, in testimony of their sense of the faithful services of General Henry Jackson, as their Treasurer for twenty-three years, " in which time their funds have been preserved in a manner equally honorable to him and satisfactory to the Society," voted him "a silver cup not exceeding two hundred dollars in value," engraved with the arms of the Society and the following inscription : — 68 ANNALS OF THE July 4, 1806. The Massachusetts Society of Cincinnati To General Henry Jackson, In testimony of their sense of his faithful services as their Treasurer from the year 1783 to 1806. This cup, procured in Europe, was not received by the Society until Feb. 1810, some months after Jackson's decease. Nov. 21. The Standing Committee recommended to the members of the Society to wear bhick crape on the left arm for thirty days in testimony of their affection and respect for their deceased friend, Major-General Henry Knox, late Vice-president-general of the Society. 1808, July 4. The Committee, to whom were referred letters from Lieutenant-Colonel Bayard and others at Pittsburg, and also of Matthew McConnell and others at Philadelphia, on the su])ject of an application to Congress for compensation on account of the depreciated currency, in which they were paid the commutation of five years' pay, reported it " not expedient to join in the application." " 1809, Jan. 6. The Standing Committee of the Cincinnati hav^e the painful task of announcing to the Society the death of their old friend and companion, General Henry Jackson. His services and his usefulness as a member of the institution from its earliest estab- lishment as an active member of the Committee ; as the Treasurer, who has preserved and managed the funds for nearly 26 years, are recorded in the prosperity of the Society and in. the grateful hearts of his brother officers. Sensible of his worth and afflicted by his death, the Committee recommend an observance of the following votes as the last token of respect from his surviving brethren : — " That the Society walk in procession at the funeral of their late Treasurer, General Henry Jackson, on Saturday next; that the usual emblem of mourning be attached to the Bach/e of the Society, and that black crape be worn on the left arm." CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 69 1810, May 9. Upon receiving news of the death of the President of the Society, General Benjamin Lincoln, ordered that the Society attend his funeral at Hingham, on Friday, and that they wear black crape on the left arm for thirt}^ days, July 4. General John Brooks was chosen President, to supply the place of General Lincoln, who had presided over the Society from its organization in 1783, to May, 1810, with the entire approbation of every member, and the grateful tribute of his surviving comrades, for his happy guidance and affectionate attentions during so long a period. The thanks of the Society were presented to Dr. Eustis for his long services as Vice-president of the Society, In this connection an anecdote is furnished by the " Reminiscences " of General W, H. Sumner : — " Brooks and Eustis, two old cronies of the Revolution, were (long) on unfriendly terms. The difference was caused by the election of Brooks as President of the Cincinnati, a vacancy having occurred while Eustis was vice-president of it, and absent from the country, I think. The blame of the election could not be thrown upon Brooks, however, for he had no thought of being placed in that situation when the ballot was thrown. But afterward, when the observation was made (o Eustis that it was not Brooks's fault that this was done, ' I know it,' he replied ; ' but it was his fault that he accepted it : he ought not to have done so.' "The friends of both exerted themselves to bring about a recon- ciliation ; and, an interview being arranged, ' they did not embrace each other merely as old friends, but they shook hands so heartily, and the intercourse was so familiar — the one calling the other " John," and the other calling l^ustis " Doctor," and sometimes " Bill " — that they parted with as friendly feelings as had existed between them at any former period.' " 1811, July 4. By-laws were reported and accepted by the Society. 70 ANNALS OF THE In 1812, the Society caused a volume of its Institution, proceedings, and list of members to be prepared, four hun- dred of which were printed. 1813, July 4. Dr. Stephen Thayer having presented to the Society a portrait of General Henry Jackson, the Secretary Dr. Townsend thus acknowledged the gift: " Sir, — The Secretary of the State Society of Massachu- setts has been specially instructed to return you their thanks for the portrait you have been so good as to present them, of the late General Henry Jackson, their former Treasurer, and to assure you that they shall preserve it as a precious relic, annually to remind them how nuuh they are indebted to the integrity and care of that excellent deceased officer and brother.*' 1817, July 4. The Society proceeded in a body to the Exchange Coffee House, the head-quarters of James Mon- roe, President of the United States, then visiting Bos- ton, and presented to him the following congratidatory address : — "Siij, — "While meeting- you as one of our most distinguished brothers, permit us especially to thank you for furnishing an oppor- tunity of saluting another chief magistrate of the United States taken from our ranks, and to offer you all the assurance of respect and affection which it becomes a society like ours to present, and which we pray you to accept as flowing from hearts first united by the powerful sympathies of common toils and dangers. " Althongh time is f^\st reducing our original associates, we trust that while one remains he will never desert the standard of freedom and his country, nor our sons forget the sacred duties their sires had sworn to discharge. We fought to obtain security, self-government, and political happiness ; and the man who can approve both the principles and the means can never be indifferent to the social desif^ns wdiich such a warfare contemplated, for among those pur- poses were included the restoration of good humor, good manners good neighborhood, political integrity, with a sjiirit of mild and manly patriotism. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 71 " We congratulate you, as the highest representative of our be- loved country, that party animosity has on all sides so far subsided before the day-star of sound national policy, and we look with con- fidence to a wise and liberal administration of the presidency to produce its termination. And now, sir, on bidding you a long fare- well, — for from our lessening number such another occasion can scarcely again occur, — we join our best wishes that you shall seek a retreat from the honorable fatigues of public energies in which so large a portion of your life has been employed, that your retirement may be accompanied by the applause of the wise and the concurrent blessings of a prosperous and united Republican Empire." To this address tlic President made the following reply : — " The affectionate address of my brothers of the Cincinnati awakens in my mind the most grateful emotions. " No approbation can be more dear to me than that of those with whom I have had the honor to share the common toils and perils of the war for our independence: we were embarked in the same sacred cause of liberty, and we have lived to enjoy the reward of our common labors. Many of our companions-in-arms fell in the field before our Independence was achieved, and many less fortuuate than ourselves lived not to witness the perfect fulfilment of their hopes in the prosperity and happiness of our country. You do but justice to yourselves in claiming the confidence of your country, that you can never desert the standard of freedom. You fought to obtain it in times when men's hearts and principles were severely tried ; and your public sacrifices and honorable actions are the best pledges of your sincere and devoted attachment to our excellent Constitution. "May your children never forget the sacred duties devolved on them, to preserve the inheritance so gallantly acquired by their fathers. May they cultivate the same manly patriotism, the same disinterested friendship, and the same political integrity which has distinguished you, and that unite in perpetuating the social concord and public virtue on which the future prosperity of our country must so essentially depend. I feel most deeply the truth of the melancholy suggestion, that we shall probably meet no more. 72 ANNALS OF THE Wliile, however, we remain in life, I shall continue to hope for your countenance and support, so far as my public conduct may entitle me to your confidence ; and, in bidding you farewell, I pray a kind Providence long to preserve your valuable lives for the honor and benefit of our country." The Society then accompanied the President to the Old South Meeting House, where the annual oration was de- livered ; after which, in compliance with an invitation from the supreme executive, they paid their respects to the Governor and Council of the Commonwealth at the State House, where they partook of a sumptuous collation, at which the President was an honored guest. In 1822 occurs the first instance of the election of a " cousin and nearest male relative," to succeed a deceased mendjer. We take from the '' Centinel " of July 6, 1822, the fol- lowing : — " The Society held their annual meetings at the Exchange Coffee House. The few [original members] who remain may be consid- ered as the I'ear guard of the old army. Twenty-four of these grey- headed veterans, with their adopted sons, amounting to about as many more, dined together, where a most excellent table was spread by the liberal and skilful hand t)f Mv. Bradstreet. After toasts in honor of the dny, the memory of AYashington, the President of the United States [Monroe], the Governor and Commonwealth, and the memory of Lincoln and Knox, the President rose and read to the Society a letter from their old friend La Fayette, desiring par- ticularly to be remembered to the members of the Cincinnati, and he was accordingly toasted with renewed feelings of friendship and affection. Other toasts were then drank to — ' The Army wdiich achieved our Lidependence. Death has thinned its ranks, but its form is protected by the shield of immortality.' " Tlie Constitution of the United States. "The survivors of the Revolutionary Army; some of them have wounds to speak their merits : may their country not be deaf to ' those eloquent moutlis.' CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 73 " Our sister States in the South. May the time soon come when their songs of liberty shall no longer mingle with the sighing of slaves." Dr. James Thacher volunteered the following : — '"We wear but one coat at a time.' To explain this sentiment Dr. T. related the following anecdote : ' When Arnold fled from West Point, having got safe himself on board the Vulture sloop-of- w^ar, he turned to his barge's crew, and said, " JNIy lads, if you choose to join the British with me, I will take care of you and make you corporals in the service; and you (turning to the coxswain), I'll make you a sergeant." " I thank you, sir," said lugersoU, " I never wear two coats at a time." ' " In the " Gazette " we find this account of the annual meeting held July 4, 1823 : — '' This veteran corps took the field again in honor of the day, and established their head-quarters at the Excliange Coffee House, where they had full rations and flowing canteens. '' They went through the old evolutions of friendly salutes, and per- formed the manual exercise of cordially sliaking each other by the hand. Old military scenes and the toils of eight campaigns passed in review. Bunker Hill was fought, Burgoyne and Cornwallis taken, the enemy beat at Monmouth, and huts built to starve in at Valley Forge. The old officers were rechosen, some recruits entered, and after organizing and marshalling the corps they com- menced a vigorous attack upon the formidable and well-supplied batteries of Mr. Hamilton by a full charge of knives and forks. It was no sham fight, and the works were soon carried amidst shouts and wine shed. The shouts were uttered in the form of toasts, as follows : — ''The President of the United States. " Governor Eustis and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. " The memory of Generals Lincoln and Knox. " La Fayette. " The reward of old soldiers: if not received in another world, — alas ! poor Yorick ! " Tiie memory of General Henry Jackson, our old Treasurer. 10 74 ANNALS OF THE " The Spanish Patriots. May they have for leaders a Washington and a Knox. " By Major Jackson, an old artilleryman : May we not over- charge our old pieces, and never lieat them liotter than they were at Monmouth. " By his Excellency Governor Eustis, who, with his aids, passed a social hour with the party : Ancient friendships and the recollec- tion of Revolutionary limes. "By Mr. Tudor: The monument to be erected at Bunker's Hill. May it be worthy of the cause and of the men it is intended to consecrate, and of the prosperity and glory their exertions have produced. " After the President [Ex-Governor Brooks] had retired : Our beloved President and late excellent Governor. Revered by all, beloved by all, may he be covei-ed by divine benedictions as he is covered with glory. " There were twenty-five original members present, and about thirty descendants." 1824, Jul}' 4. At tlie annual dinner npon this occasion, " the Society," says the record, " were gladdened and delighted by the presence of their old and respected com- panion in arms, General William North, the pleasure of whose society gave a zest to the early recollections of the old members of the Societ}^, and offered a brilliant model for the contemplation of its junior members.'" Upon I^a Fayette's arrival in Boston, in August of this year, the Society joined in the procession which received him on his entrance into the city. He was escorted by the Boston regiment to the head of the mall on Tremont Street, where the scholars of the jjiiblic schools were drawn u]:» to receive him. Taking up his residence in the mansion on the corner of Beacon and Park Streets, he appeared upon the balcony, with Governor Eustis and Ex- Governor Brooks on either side of him, clad in their old continental uniforms, while the troops composing the escort passed in review. An additional interest was lent CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 75 to this scene by the fact that these old brothers-in-arms, Brooks and Enstis, had made the visit of the gaUant Frenchman the occasion for pubHclj burying an old ani- mosity. On Friday, the 26th of August, the Society proceeded in a body to the head-quarters of General La Fayette, where the following address, from the pen of General Brooks, was read to him : — "Sir, — The Society of Cincinnati of Massachusetts seize the earliest moment, after your arrival in this city, of extending to you the hand of friendship and affection. We offer you our most cordial congratulations on your safe arrival again, after a lapse of forty years, on the shores of our favored country, — once the tlieatre of our united toils, privations, and combats with a powerful foe ; now the peaceful domain of a great, a free, and independent people. "We hail you, sir, in unison with the millions of our fellow- citizens, — we most respectfully hail you as a statesman, as a philan- thropist, and as the earlj^, inflexible, and devoted friend not only of our beloved country, but of the sacred principles of civil liberty and human rights. But we greet you under more tender and hallowed associations in the endearing relation of a brother soldier who, in the ardor of youth, commenced in the field with us your career of glory in the holy cause of liberty and American Independence. But here recollections crowd upon us too powerful for utterance. Words would but mock the deep emotions of our hearts, should we attempt to express them in contemplating the character, attributes, and services of the paternal chief under whose auspices we trod together the field of honor. To the profound veneration and love for his memory which penetrates your bosom, we refer you as a tran- script of our own. It would be vain to imagine the joy that would swell the great mind of Washin2;tou, were he still livinnj, to recoff- nize with our nation the generous disinterestedness, the glowing ardor, the personal sacrifices, and. the gallant achievements of his much-loved La Fayette. " But it is equally vain to endeavor on this occasion to exclude such reflections from tlie mind, or to deny it the melancholy pleasure of lingering on the solemn reality, that not a single individual of the 76 ANNALS OF THE general staff of the army of the American Revolution survives to participate in the joy that your presence in the United States has awakened. " To us it is peculiarly grateful that you are permitted, after the lapse of so long a period, to witness the consummation of the prin- ciples of our Ilevolutiou. You will perceive, sir, that the hopes and predictions of the wise and good men who were your particular associates in the arduous struggle have heen fulfilled, have been surpassed. You will behold a great people united in their prin- ciples of jurisprudence, cemented together by the strong ties of mutual interests, and happy under the fostering influence of a free and energetic government. " You will therefore allow us to reiterate our felicitations on your safe ai'rival among ns, and to welcome you once more to the good land which your youthful valor contributed to elevate and distin- guish. May your future life be tranquil and happy, as your past has been useful, uniform, and glorious." To this address La Fayette thus replied: — " Amidst the inexpressible enjoyments which press upon my head, I could not but feel particularly eager and happy to meet my beloved brothers-iu-arms. "Many, many, I call in vain; and at their head our matcliless paternal chief, wiiose love to an adopted son I ain proud to say you have long witnessed. " But while we mourn together for those we have lost, while I find a. consolation in the sight of their relations and friends, it is to me a delightful gratification to recognize my surviving companions of our Revolutionary army, — that army so brave, so virtuous, so united by mutual confidence and affection. That we have been the faithful soldiers of independence, freedom, and equality, — those three essential requisites of national and personal dignity and happi- ness ; that we have lived to see these sacred principles secured to this vast republic, and cherished elsewhere by all generous minds, — shall be the pride of our life, the boast of our children, the comfort of our last moments. Receive, my dear brother soldiers, the grateful thanks and constant love of your old companion and friend." The "■ Gazette " gives the iblluwiug interesting par- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 77 ticulars concerning the Society's proceedings on the memorable celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Amer- ican Independence, July 4, 1826 : — " The veterans of the Revolutionary army, and the sons of ' renowned sires,' united in celebrating the National Jubilee, on Tuesday, at the Exchange Hotel in this city. On the call of the roll, u|)wards of 40 answered; 20 of vvhona were original members;' the most of whom are over 70 years of age. Their recollections were most interesting, and their feelings, excited by i-eflecting upon past scenes and witnessing the present welfare and happiness of their beloved country, of a proud and grateful character. A spirit of hilarity and joy prevailed throughout the day. One of the mem- bers present had not attended for 40 years. At 12 o'clock the Society proceeded to the State House to offer their gratulations of the day and the occasion to the Supreme Executive of the Common- wealth. At half-past three they sat down to dinner at the Exchange, whei-e they found better rations, and more ahundant, too, than they could obtain ' fifty years ago.' They remained together until 7. In the course of this period they were honored by a deputation from a large and highly respectable company of the citizens of Boston, ' the Cradle of Liberty,' who came in and congratulated the Society on the national happiness and glory which this jubilee witnessed. This mark of attention was immediately reciprocated, and a toast offered to the citizens by a committee of the Society ; viz., ' Boston, where American liberty was born.' Among the toasts were: — " The cause of Civil Liberty in every part of the globe. " The memory of Washington. " The memory of the late President of the General Society of Cincinnati, C. C. Pinckney. " The memory of Governor Brooks, the honest statesman. " Lincoln, Heath, Knox, Shepard, — their memory is precious in our hearts, as sincere patriots and brave warriors. " The truly venerable John Adams. One of the earliest to assert, and one of the ablest to defend, the Independence of America. [Mr. Adams made his glorious exit on this the oOth anniversary of Independence.] " The memory of Samuel Adams, one of the noblest patriots of Massachusetts, correct in principle and firm in pur[)ose." 78 ANNALS OF THE 1825, July 4. Dr. David Townscnd was chosen Presi- dent in place of General John Brooks, deceased. The Society honored the memory of this patriot and statesman by its vote of ^Nlarch 2, recognizhig "his public services and private virtues, and especially his faithful and honor- able discharge of the duties of I'resident of this Society during the period of fifteen successive years, in Avhicli he manifested the same piu-c and ardent devotion to the interests of his Revolutionary compatriots, and to the cause of civil liberty, by Avlueh liis whole life had been invariably distinguished." Ordered, that the Society attend his fu- neral, and wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. 1828, July 4. At the annual dinner, which was this year set at Fenno's Hotel in Cornhill Square, the Society ••' were joined," says its record, " by several old members whom they had not met for many years, among mIioui were Colonel Trumbull [the painter] of New York, Colonel Rice of Vermont, and General John K. Smith of ]Maine ; and adjourned after a social afternoon (during Avhich they Avere honored by a visit from his Exeellency the Governor and suite, agreeably to invitation) spent amidst grateful recollections of the past and anticipations of future national l)lessings and prosperity." At the annual meeting in 1829, Major Judah Alden was chosen President in place of Dr. David Townscnd, Avhose decease was duly noticed. 1833. Suitable resolutions of the Standing Committee, elicited by the decease of Major Daniel Jackson, Vice- President, and John Callender, Secretary of the Societ}-, expressed its high sense of their services and characters. Of the latter, President Baury has recorded that he was "• the life of the Society, and the soul of Concert Hall. . . . That clarion voice has long been silent." CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 79 18B4, July 4. Resolutions were read and adopted, relative to the decease of La Fayette, " the consistent and uniform friend of civil li1)erty, for whose public and private virtues, for whose heroic deeds and generous sacrifices for the welfare of mankind, his memory will be cherished in our hearts with sentiments of the highest respect." A copy of the resolutions, together with a let- ter of condolence, was forwarded by the Society to the bereaved family. General Benjamin Pierce, in a letter to the President of the Society, dated 26 June, 1837, resigning the Vice-Presi- dency in consequence of a paralytic shock in th(! pveccdiug February, thanks the members for the kindness and atten- tion received at their hands, " having," says he, " for a long time passed the happiest day of almost every year in the circle of its members ; " and concludes l)y expressing the hope that " no distribution of its funds may take place while there shall be a widow or the immediate family of any officer standing in need of assistance." 1843, June 17. The Society participated in the cele- l)ration on this day of the completion of Bunker Hill Monument. A grand procession, composed of the military, various associations, delegations from the States, members of the national and State governments, including the President of the United States, and about one hundred of the veterans of the Revolution, moved from the State House to Monument Square. Daniel Webster was the orator, and at least one hundred thousand people had assembled upon the spot. And when, after remarking, "It is not from my lips, it could not be from any human lips, that that strain of eloquence is this day to flow most competent to move and excite the vast multitude around me : the powerful speaker stands motionless before us," he ])aused and pointed in silent admiration to the lofty 80 ANNALS OF. THE and imposing structure, the applause was loud and pro- longed. 1845, July 4. Captain James Sever was elected Presi- dent in place of Major Judah Alden, deceased, whose worth is thus recognized in tlie records of the Society : — " It havino; pleased Almighty God to remove from this world the soul of the late venerable President of this Society, Major Judah Alden; and whereas his deatli has diminished by one more those few links which visibly unite us to the times and deeds of our Fathers; and whereas this deceased brother of our Fathers was one of those few men whose stern honesty prove that ' an honest man's the noblest work of God ;' and also whereas our deceased President was in a direct line, and was in local habitation a descendant of those original settlers whose feet first pressed the stern bosom of Plymouth Rock, — therefore Resolved, That we contemplate our loss with sadness and solemnity, as one of no ordinary character; and further Resolved, That we cling to our original members with more tenacity, more respect, and more affection, the more dimin- ished they become ; and also Resolved, That we sincerely sympathize with the family of our veteran and venerable brother, and tender to them our cordial condolence." At this meeting it was voted to admit to honorary mem- bership, " for life only, those who shall be hneal descend- ants or representatives of those who were distinguished by eminent military virtue and service in the Revolutionary Avar." Under this rule there have been admitted : William H. Prescott, grandson of Colonel William Prescott, of Bunker Hill fame (1845) ; Dr. John C. Warren, nearest descendant and representative of General Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill, and son of Dr. John Warren, who was a surgeon in the Revolutionary army (1847) ; and Hon. Daniel Webster, son of Hon. Ebenezer, who was a captain, and fought at Bennington. No others have ever been placed on its honorary roll ; and at the annual meetmg, July 4, 1847, it was ordered that such election does not CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 81 confer the right of an original member, nor give an hon- orary member any title to any portion of the funds of the Society ; neither is he entitled to vote, nor eligible to ofi&ce. 1846, July 4. Colonel Henry Burbeck was elected President, in place of Captain James Sever, whose char- acter and services are properly noticed in the Society's records. In the volume of Records of the Society, from which much of the material for these annals has been taken (page 215), will be found a statement by Dr. William Eus- tis of the origin of this Society, so far as it came under his own knowledge and observation. The original docu- ment, found among his papers, and presented by Judge Eustis, of Louisiana, to the Society, in whose archives it is preserved, appears to have been written long after the event occurred. He first heard of an association among the officers from Captain Richmond, formerly of the Mary- land line, then aide-de-camp to Major-General Gates, some time after the orders of Congress for disbanding the army were known in the camp at New Windsor and West Point, in 1783. A week or ten days after learning this, he heard of a similar design among the officers at West Point, " not long before the proposals came out from which were formed the articles that now make the Institution of the Society." * 1848, Oct. 3. At a special meeting called on account of the death of President Burbeck (the last of the original members who held that office), appropriate resolutions were passed, and a delegation appointed to attend his * The want of certain knowledge upon this subject among even the best informed members of the Society seems surprising ; but it is undoubtedly owing to the reticence and rare modesty of Knox with reference to his own actions and merits. Concerning the origin of the Society, see ante, pages 6 and 7. 11 82 ANNALS OF THE funeral at New London, Conn. This aged veteran, then in his ninety-fourth year, and wlio had been thirtj'^-eight years in the military service of his country, sent to the Society, June 8, 1848, the following sentiment, which was read at the annual dinner : — " The original * Society of the Cincinnati,' — the forlorn hope in establishing the Independence of these United States of America. By their example may their successors labor to preserve and per- petuate the liberties that their patriotism acquired." A granite obelisk has been erected to the memory of General Burbeck by this Society, in the new Cedar Grove Cemetery, near New London, Conn. 1849, July 4. Robert G. Shaw was chosen President of the Society. At the annual dinner, among many interest- ing reminiscences of the patriots of the Revolution, par- ticularly those by Dr. Warren, Mr. Thomas Jackson read the eulogium pronounced by the late Hon. Harrison G. Otis, in the Legislature of Massachusetts, on Major-Gen- eral Heath, " the companion of Washington, the honest patriot, the Christian soldier ; " and it was voted to have the same inserted in the Record Book of the Societ}^ At the meeting on July 4, 1851, a most feeling and eloquent tribute was paid by Rev. A. L. Baury to the memory of Thomas Jackson, many years Secretary of the Society, whose " manly honesty, Saxon simplicity, genuine rectitude of purpose, and earnest philanthropy " entitle him to grateful remembrance. " His worth," says Mr. Baury, " shall not be forgotten among us, nor moss shall gather nor oblivion rest upon the name and memory of Thomas Jackson." 1852, July 6. The death of the Vice-President, Dr. Joseph Prescott, the last survivor of the original members^ was suitably noticed ; the resolutions upon the occasion bearing testimony to his learning, ability, and merit, as well as to his courteous and gentlemanly bearing. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 83 Oct. 26. Resolutions appropriate to the occasion, the decease of Hon. Daniel Wel)ster, an honorary member, were passed at a meeting specially called for this purpose. 1853, July 4. Charles S. Davies, of Portland, was chosen President of the Society, to succeed Robert G. Shaw, deceased. Resolutions were passed attesting Mr. Shaw's active benevolence and warm sympathies, closing with this eloquent allusion to his monument : " We see it rising in the distance in beautiful symmetry, and the Angel of Mercy overshadowing it. Our brother's own heart has been the architect thereof : it is the ' Asylum for the Orphans of Sailors.' " It was also voted, that for six months the members wear badges of mourning at all their meetings. y^ 1854, July 4. The rules respecting the succession and admission of members, adopted at the General Meeting of the Society at Baltimore, May 17, were unanimously adopted by the Society of Massachusetts, as the basis of future action. These provide that each Society shall have the full right and power to regulate the terms and qualifica- tions for the admission of members, providing that admis- sion be confined to the male descendants of original members (including collateral branches) ; or to the male descendants of such officers of the army or navy as may have been entitled to admission, but who failed to avail themselves thereof within the time prescribed ; or to the male descendants of such officers of the army or navy of the Revolution as may have resigned with honor, or left the service with reputation ; or to the male collateral rela- tive of any officer who died in service, without leaving issue ; and that the male descendants of those who were members of State societies which have been dissolved may be admitted into existing societies. 1855, July 4. Ordered, that the amount to be paid to the Society by members admitted under the new ordinances V- 84 ANNALS OF THE adopted at the last meeting be $340. This amount was in 1872 increased to $700, an amount suj)posed to represent the pecuniary value of each share in the Society's funds, these havmg originated in the contribution by each officer of one month's pay of his grade in the army.* It is proper here to say that this fund has ever been regarded as a sacred trust for the purposes for which it was originally contiibuted. 1856, July 4. Ordered, that such new member as had no ancestor who had joined the Society at its original forma- tion, and who neglects or refuses to pay the entrance money, shall thereby cut off his own claim and the claim of any descendant to admission at a future time until the amount has been paid. The same rule applies to such members as shall pay in part and not in whole. And it was further ordered, in 1858, that such delinquent member shall not be considered as acquiring or having acquired any more than a life interest in said Society, nor be regarded as trans- mitting any claim, right, interest, or privilege whatever, until the specified sum has been paid. At this meeting the Society took appropriate notice of the decease of their distinguished honorary associate. Dr. John C. Warren. 1858, Nov. 23. President Davies addressed the Society, j)aying a feeling tribute to the memory and services of its late Treasurer, Adams Bailey ; the Society also expressing its sense of bereavement by appropriate resolutions. In 1859 a new edition of the Institution, Proceedings, &c., was printed for the Society. 1862, July 4. The committee appointed to consider the subject of grants of pecuniary aid to the original members and their descendants, and as to the pohcy to be hereafter * For the amount of pay of each grade, see Appendix. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 85 observed in making them, after expressing the opinion that the term " orphan " was used by the founders of the Society in an extended sense, meaning by it their children after their decease, without reference to their being mmors, reported the following rule, which was adopted : — " That all grants of aid hereafter to be made b}^ the Standing Committee shall be confined to the children of original members, and to such members and the widows and children of such members ' as may be under the neces- sity of receiving it.' " A resolution of this meeting expresses its regret at the death of a venerable associate. Rev. David Smith, of Con- necticut, aged ninety-five ; " the last link which connected the men of the present generation with the men of the Revolution." 1865, July 4. At the annual meeting, resolutions ex- pressive of the sorrow of the members at the loss of their President, Charles S. Davies, and of the Assistant-Treas- urer, John Bryant, were jDlaced upon the Society's record. Rev. Alfred L. Baury, D.D., was chosen President, and died in December following. Resolutions of respect to his memory, and m recognition of the value of his services to the Society, were passed, and transmitted as usual to the family at the annual meet- ing, July 4, 1866, at which time Colonel James W. Sever was chosen as his successor. 1870, July 4. Suitable resolutions were adopted and placed on record, testifying the respect of the Society for its deceased Vice-President, Dr. Wmslow Warren ; also for the late Franklin Pierce, former President of the United States, Dr. B. F. Hey wood and Zibeon Hooker, late mem- bers of the Standing Committee. 1871, July 4. Resolutions of respect for the memory of the late President, Colonel James W. Sever, and of sym- 86 ANNALS OF THE patliY with his widow, were adopted ; and an eloquent and touching tribute was paid to his memoiy by Dr. Samuel Hart, of Brooklyn, N.Y., his classmate and life-long friend. At this meeting Rear-admiral Henry Knox Thatcher was elected President. 1872, July 4. The Vice-President, Samuel C. Cobb, on behalf of the special committee appointed in 1871 to pre- pare a new edition of the Institution and Proceedings of the Society, presented a catalogue of the members, com- piled by Mr. Francis S, Drake, and asked for further time to prepare the proposed memorial volume. Dr. Samuel Hart, of Brooklyn, N.Y., read a written communication on Revolutionary Claims, drawn up by the Rev. Dana Clayes, who afterward addressed the Society verball}- on the subject. The triennial meeting of the General Society was this year held in Boston, INIay 29th ; and they were the guests of the Massachusetts Society, by Avhom they were entertained at a banquet given in their honor. At this meeting all the existing State Societies were represented. In closing this brief record of the Society, something should be said relative to its beneficent operations. Three of its Treasurers, of whom General Henry Jackson was the first, Robert Williams, and the present incumbent, William Perkins, have administered its finances for periods of about twenty-five years each; and have, by judicious management, so uicreased its funds as to enable the Society to carry out the benevolent design of its founders in a highl}' creditable and satisfactor}" manner. The number of beneficiaries, wliich fifty years ago was nearty ninety, had in 1847 decreased to fifty, and is now but about twenty-five. These include a very few of the CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 87 children of the original members ; and while in 1847 they received on an average but about $30 each, they now re- ceive annually over $80 each. During the treasurership of Mr. Perkins, $44,000 have been distributed among the beneficiaries. Of such a record the. Society may well feel proud, and to its continuance as an association for objects so praise- worthy no better wish can be uttered than to apply to it the motto of the Society itself, Esto Perpettja ! Officers of the Society for 1872-73. President. Admiral HENRY KNOX THATCHER. Vice-President. SAMUEL CROCKER COBB. Secretary. CHARLES DUDLEY HOMANS, M.D. Treasurer. WILLIAM PERKINS. Assistant-Treasurer. HON. HENRY AUGUSTUS PEIRCE. Assistant-Secretary . LEONARD CROCKER BOWLES. Standing Committee. Rev. E. M. P. Wells, D.D. E. S. Moseley. H. Bancroft. A. Williams. C. W. Storey. Rev. S. K. Lothrop, D.D. G. Daveis, M.D. W. R. Lee. B. A. Gould. B. H. Greene. J. Pickering. Gen. H. J. Hunt. LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE MAJOR-GENERAL HENRY KNOX. 12 LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE MAJOH-GENERAL HENRY KNOX. /^F the well-known truth, that Revolutionaiy epochs ^-"^ are prolific of great men as well as of exalted ideas, that period of the histor}^ of our own country which marks its transition from a state of colonial dependence to that of an independent nation presents a striking example. Prominent in the remarkable group of which Washington forms the grand central figure, and second to none in the esteem, the confidence, and the affection of that illustrious man, with possibly the single exception of La Fayette, his adopted son ; trusted and leaned upon by him as a stanch and tried suj)port in moments of anxiety, diffi- culty, and danger ; sharing with him in every conflict of the Revolution in which that great leader was per- sonally engaged, — such was Henry Knox, who rose by the simple force of his character and abilities from the condition of a volunteer to the highest rank in the army, that of major-general. Placed at once by his genius and merit at the head of an important branch of the military service, — the artillery, — he discovered powers admirably suited to its requirements, and which cannot perhaps be better shown than by contrasting the feebleness and inefficiency of that arm at Bunker's Hill with its ter- rible efficacy in the trenches of Yorktown. Inferior, perhaps, as a general to Greene, between whom 92 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. and himself the closest ties of friendship existed, he was happier in living to witness the benefits conferred by their toils and sacrifices in the establishment of a constitutional government, a result which, as the head of the war depart- ment, he was indefatigable in his efforts to bring about ; while under his auspices was achieved also Wayne's memorable victory over the Indians, which gave peace and security to the West, and opened to settlement that immense region destined to be the centre of Western civilization. While few of our Revolutionary patriots are more worthy of the love and admiration of posterity, there are very few to whose memory so little justice has been accorded. None engaged in the noble cause of freedom with more ardor and enthusiasm ; and none with more entire dedication of all the powers of body and mind, both of Avhich were unusually vigorous. The paternal ancestors of Knox were from the Low- lands of Scotland, a place bearing that name being found on the southern border of the Clyde, Avithin the barony of Renfrew. John Knox, the great reformer, was a native of the neighboring district of East Lothian, where the name is still numerous and respectable. During the reign of James I., many Scotch Presbyterians settled in the north of Ireland, whence numbers of them subsequently emigrated to America, whose descendants were conspicuous in the cause of liberty during the Revolutionary war. In the year 1729 some of these emigrants landed in Boston, bringing with them their pastor, John Morehead, and founded in Bury Street a religious society, which was the origin of the Federal Street Church, afterward the scene of the labors of the eloquent Channing. It is remarkable that the first two names found on the baptismal records of this society, of which the parents of Knox were members, are those of ANCESTRY. 93 Knox and Campbell. The tradition in the family of Knox was that they came from the vicinity of Belfast, Ireland, and that William, his father, was a native of St. Eustatia, one of the West Indies. He was married at Boston, on Feb. 11, 1735 (O.S.), by Rev. Mr. Morehead, to Mary, daughter of Robert Campbell ; was a ship-master, and the owner of a wharf and a small estate on Sea Street, near Summer, miiitllsiiiiflnil BIRTHPLACE OP OENEKAL KNOX. which he was in 1756 compelled by misfortune to relin- quish, and in 1759 went- to St. Eustatia, where he died March 25, 1762, aged fifty years. His widow, Mary, died in Boston, Dec. 14, 1771, aged fifty-three. Henry, the seventh of ten sons, of whom only four attained to manhood, was born July 25, 1750. His two elder brothers, John and Benjamin, went to sea, and never returned, but were believed to be living in 1769. William, the youngest, born in 1756, some time consul at Dublin, was afterward a clerk in the employ of his brother while Secretary of War, and died insane about the year 1797. 94 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. The house in which Knox was born is still standing, and is opposite the head of Drake's Wharf, on Sea Street. It has the gambrel roof common to houses of that period, and was once surrounded by a garden, which has since given place to dwellings. Some changes have taken place in it, as will be observed upon comparing its present ap- pearance with the engraving, which is copied from an old drawing, and preserves its former features. At present a portion of the old house is covered by a modern structure ; the doorway has been altered, and a low wooden building intervenes between it and the street. Here the family resided until 1758. Losing his father about the time when he had completed his grammar-school course, young Knox, upon whoiji the care of his widowed mother and younger brother now devolved, was fortunate in being employed by Messrs. Wharton & Bowes, booksellers, in CornhilL* The excellent Mr. Nicholas Bowes supplied the place of a father to him, keeping a strict eye upon his morals and forming him in early life to habits of industry and regu- larity. Long afterward he was enabled to repay a portion of his debt to his early benefactor, the widow of Mr. 5owes having become the recipient of his bounty. Among the many estimable traits of Knox's character, that from which in after life he derived the purest satisfaction was the recollection of his attentive and affectionate solicitude for his widowed mother. Possessing an inquisitive mind and an ardent thirst for knowledge, Knox was not slow in availing himself of the advantages around him for its acquisition, and thus ob- tained a knowledge of the French language and also of * In 1761 they took the stock and stand of Daniel Henchman, situated on the south corner of what is now State and Washington Streets. Wharton died about 1768 ; Bowes, in 1790. BOSTON MASSACRE. 95 military science, for which he early developed a strong inclination. He was also fond of studying the illustri- ous examples of antiquitj^ in the pages of Plutarch, and, as Dr. Eliot tells us, " gave early presages of future •eminence." Of a robust and athletic frame, and an enterprising and resolute character, he was foremost in the contests between the North and South Ends, two rival sections of Boston, to the latter of which he belonged ; and it is related that once, during the celebration of Pope's Night, the wheel of the carriage wliich sustained the cumbrous pageant having given way, Knox, to prevent the disgrace sure to result from its non-appearance and the consequent triumph of the adverse party, substituted his own shoulder and bore the vehicle without interruption through the conflict.* On the evening of the affray of the 5th of March, 1770, which took place in King Street, known as " The Boston Massacre," Knox endeavored to keep the crowd away from the soldiers, and when Captain Preston came upon the ground, " took him by the coat and told him for God's sake to take his men back again, for if they fired his life must answer for the consequence ; he replied he was sensible of it, and seemed in great haste and much agitated." Knox saw nothing to justify the use of fire- arms, and with others remonstrated against the use of them. One result of this lamentable affair was to intensify the hatred of the citizens toward the " bloody backs," as * The 5th of November was set apart for these pageants, which are thus described : An effigy of the Pope and another of the Devil were borne through the streets by a mock procession, and finally were conmiitted to the flames amid the shouts of the surrounding multitude. The rival processions always encountered one another, usually in or about Union Street, and engaged in a pitched battle, ending in the capture of one of the popes and the rout of his supporters, tlie rival effigies being finally made a bonfire of. The Revolution put an end to these displays. 96 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. they styled the red coats, two regiments of whom were upon the demand of the people removed from the town to the castle. Having attained the age of twenty-one, Knox quitted his emjiloyer and began l)usiness on his own account. From Edes and GilFs " Gazette " of July 29, 1771, we take the following : " This day is opened a new Lon- don Bookstore by Henry Knox, opposite Williams' Court in Cornhill, Boston, who has just imported in the last ships from London a large and very elegant assortment of the most modern books in all branches of Literature, Arts, and Sciences, (catalogues of which will be pub- lished soon,) and to be sold as cheap as can be bought at any place in town. Also a complete assortment of stationery." " Knox's Store," says General Henry Burbeck, a con- temporary, " was a great resort for the British officers and Tory ladies, who were the ton at that period," and Harrison Gray Otis long afterward described it as " one of great display and attraction for young and old, and a fashion- able morning lounge." Intelligent, amiable, and patriotic, he was a general favorite, and seemed in a fair way to become a prosperous merchant. The gathering storm of the Revolution, however, loomed dark and threatening in the sky ; and ere long the Boston Port Bill, which put a sudden stop to the prosperitj^ of the town, involved also that of our young bookseller. One of Knox's business correspondents was James Rivington, the Tory bookseller and editor of New York, who sent him (28 July, 1771) five chests of tea, which he understands is very scarce in Boston, and begs him " to put them into such hands in the deepest confidence [this tea had paid no duty, hence the injunction of secrecy], as may be able to complete the sale of them as soon as JAMES RIVINGTON. — LONGMAN. 97 convenient." Knox declined the commission, and in Sep- tember Rivington orders its delivery to a Mr. Palfrey. Rivington, having sent him three hundred " Other Side the Question" (an answer to the " Friendly Address "), under date of 1 Dec. 1774, writes thus : — " ' The Friendly Address' I do not send to you, for fear of hurting your interest: it was forwarded to Messrs. Mills & Hicks to be printed. My reasons for not troubling you with these very warm, high-seasoned pamphlets is that your very numerous friends on the patriot interest may be greatly disgusted at your distributing them ; but if you are not so very nice, as I supposed, from the state of your interest, &c., and are willing to have these sort of articles, I will secure them for you from time to time. Pray explain yourself on this head directly, for I mean to show every expression of my attention to you." As Knox was thorouglily identified with the ardent sons of liberty, we can easily imagine his reply. His first purchase of books of Thomas Longman and Sons of London, dated 22 April, 1771, amounted to £340, and up to December, 1772, they had reached a total of <£ 2,066. After this there was a great falling off from political causes, concerning which he writes Longman in November, 1774, as follows : — "Sir, — I have received yours per Captain Callahan, and the books in good order, also the magazines to August inclusive. I am sorry it is not in my power to make you remittance jjer this oppor- tunity, but shall do it very soon. This whole continent have entered into a general non-importation agreement until the late acts of par- liament respecting this government, &c., are repealed, which will prevent my sending any ordei'S for books until this most desirable end is accomplished. I cannot but hope every person who is con- cerned in American trade will most strenuously exert themselves, in their respective stations, for what so nearly concerns themselves. I had the fairest prospect of entirely balancing our account this fall ; 13 98 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. but the almost total staguatiou of ti'ade, in consequence of the Boston Port Bill, has been the sole means of preventing it, and now the non-consumption agreement will stop that small circulation of busi- ness left by the Boston Port Bill. I mean the internal business of the province. It must be the wish of every good man that these unhajjpy differences between Great Britain and the Colonies be speedily and finally adjusted. The influence that tlie unlucky and unhappy mood of politics of tlie times has upon trade is my only excuse for writing concerning them. The magazines and new pub- lications concerning the American dispute are the only things which I desire you to send at present." During the occupancj' of the town by the British, and while Knox was with the besieging army, his store, with many others, was robbed and pillaged ; and though long after the war he Jionorably paid Longman a portion of his debt, yet, owdng to grave financial embarrassments, a part remained unsettled at his decease. Upon making this last payment of 11,000 guilders (about XI, 000), Knox, under date of 15 Dec. 1793, writes thus : — "It is but justice to myself to say, that while I experience the strongest sensations of gratitude for your forbearance and liberality, that it is with extreme inconvenience that I pay so heavy an arrear for property destroyed by events whi(?h I could no more control than I could the great operations of natui-e, [nor] am I more responsible for them : I mean the war. In paying you, I feel inclination and duty blended together. Had my pecuniary situation admitted of the measure, you should long ago have received the amount due." At the age of eighteen, Knox, in obedience to a strong- natural l)ent, joined a military compan}^ ; and when the " Boston Grenadier Corps " was formed by Captain Joseph Peirce, he was one of its founders and was second in command. The splendid uniform, military appearance, drill and efficiency of this corps, which made its first parade June 8, 1772, under Captain Peirce, gave it high renown, and elicited the warm encomiums even of BOSTON GRENADIER CORPS. 99 the British officers. Its members, Knox included, had volunteered as a guard over the tea ships : and Governor Gage had been struck by their martial bearing on the occasion of his public entry into Boston in May, 1774. Knox was aided in drilling and disciplining the corps by its orderly sergeant, Lemuel Trescott, afterward a major, and one of the best officers in the Continental Army ; and each man was from five feet ten to six feet in height. By conversing with the British officers who frequented his bookstore, by earnest study of military authors and by careful observation of the soldiery in Boston, he soon attained great proficiency in the theory and practice of the military art. While on a gunning excursion among the islands in Boston harbor (24 July, 1773), he lost, by the bursting of his fowling-piece, the two smaller fingers of his left hand, a defect he was accustomed to cover up b}^ the folds of a handkerchief, and which, in Stuart's half-length portrait in Faneuil Hall, is skilfully concealed by resting the hand on a cannon.* It was about a month after this occurrence that Knox, who was an uncommonly good-looking officer, and pos- sessed also a fine military bearing, attracted the attention of his future wife. This is related, on the authority of • General Burbeck, as having taken place " at the next par- ade of the corps, when Lieutenant Knox appeared with the w^ound handsomely bandaged wdth a scarf, which of course * Other portraits of Knox are that by C. W. Peale and the one by Edward Savage, from which the engraving accompanying this volume is taken. Concerning this picture. Savage writes to Knox from London, Jan. 2-2, 1792: — " Agreeable to your request, I have sent by Mr. West the half-dozen prints from the original portrait which you did me the honor to sit for. . . . I was much flattered by Mr. AVest, historical painter to his Majesty, as he knew it to be ray first performance on. copper, and without any assistance. " No. 29 Charles Stkeet, Middlesex Hospital." 100 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. excited the sympathy of all the ladies." The good im- pression thus made was improved by the young lady's visits to his bookstore, and an acquaintance soon sprung up, which ripened into mutual love and esteem, and resulted in a true and happy union.* Her father, Thomas Flucker, Esq., "a high-toned loyalist, of great family pre- tensions," and Secretary of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, was exceedingly averse to the match, as indeed were all of the young lady's aristocratic connections, who were Tories, while Knox's sympathies were, as was well known, strongly enlisted in behalf of his countrymen. Indeed, the match is said to have wanted little of an elopement on this account, her friends regarding her social prospects as ruined by her wedding one who had embraced the rebel cause. The consequences Avere depicted to her in lively colors, and without any softening of the shades. She was told that, while her sisters were riding in their coaches, she would be eating the bread of poverty and dependence ; that there could be but one issue to the conflict ; and that the power of Great Britain was overwhelming. Disre- garding all these well-meant Avariiings, the young lady, who had fully adopted the vicAvs and feelings of her future husband, resolved to follow the fortunes of him to whom her heart had been given. Here is a brief glimpse of their courtshij) : — KNOX TO MISS FLUCKER. "Monday Evening, Marcli 7, 1774. " What news ? Have you spoken to your father, or he to you, upon the suhject? What appearance has tliis [to us] grand affair * Mr. Otis, whom we have before quoted, says : " Miss Flucker was dis- tino-uished as a A^oung lady, of high intellectual endowments, very fond of books, and especially the books sold by Knox, to whose shelves she had frequent recourse." MARRIAGE. — JOINS THE ARMY. 101 at your house at present ? Do you go to the ball to-morrow evening ? I am in a state of anxiety heretofore unknown. I wish the medium of our correspondence settled, in order to which I must endeavor to see you, when we will settle it." Love, as usual, triumphed over all obstacles ; and in the " Gazette " of June 20, 1774, the marriage was thus an- nounced : — " Last Thursday (the 16th), was married, by the Rev. Dr. Caner, Mr. Henry Knox of this town, to Miss Lucy Flucker, second daughter to the lion. Thomas Flucker, Esq., Secretary of the Province." The young couple at once commenced housekeeping, but their domestic enjoyments were seriously interrupted by the events of the 19th of April, 1775 : and just one year from the day of his marriage Knox quitted Boston in disguise (his departure having been interdicted by Gage), accompanied by his wife, who had quilted into the lining of her cloak the sword with which her husband was to carve out a successful military career. Large promises had been held out to Knox to induce him to follow the royal standard, as it was thought of consequence to prevent so talented a young man from attaching himself to the pro- vincials ; but his patriotism was as sincere as it was ardent, and he did not for a moment hesitate, but embarked heart and hand in the patriot cause. Repairing at once to the head-quarters of General Ward at Cambridge, he was actively engaged in reconnoitring service on the memorable 17th of June, and upon his reports the general's orders were issued. After the battle, his wife having been safely bestowed at Worcester, Knox, while declining any particidar commission, lent his aid in planning and constructing works of defence for the various camps around the beleaguered town, at the same time acquiring skill as an artillerist, and was thus occupied for 102 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. some months. In this employment, the comparative profi- ciency he had acquired, by seizing every chance occasion for mastering that branch of military science, was of sen- sible service to his country, then greatly in need of skilled engineers ; and it also proved the stepping-stone to his future distinction. The chief work constructed by him was the strong redoubt crowning the hill in Roxbury, known as Roxbury Fort, the site of Avhich is now covered by the Cochituate Stand Pipe. A few extracts from his letters to his wife and to his brother during the siege are here given, from the first of which it appears that his skill and activity had attracted the notice of Washington only three days after he had taken the command of the army : — " Roxbury (Lemuel Childs's), " Tliursda}^ Morning, (J o'clock (July 6, 1775). " Yesterday, as I was going to Cambridge, I met the generals [Wasliington and Lee], who begged me to return to Roxbury again, whicli I did. When they had viewed the works, they expressed the greatest pleasure and surprise at their situation and apparent utility, to say nothing of the plan, which did not escape tlieir praise." " Watektoavx, July 9. " General "Washington fills his place with vast ease and digtiity, and dispenses happiness around him. General Lee will become very popular soon. I am obliged to go to Cambridge to wait on General Washington, and promised to be there by seven o'clock. I am now half past that time." " Monday, July 11. " I go to Roxbury and Cambridge in the morning, and return here every evening for the sake of Mr. Jackson's company. We are here in a very decent private house, — Mr. Cook's, near the bridti^e. . . . You heard, I suppose, by our neighbor Curtis that our people burnt Brown's houses on Boston Neck, except the store? It was a brave action, and well performed. Tlie regulars were in such trepidation in Boston and on the lines that I perfectly believe 750 men would at that time [have] taken the full possession of the SIEGE OF BOSTON. 103 town. The new generals are of infinite service in the army. They have to reduce order almost from a perfect chaos. I think they are in a fair way of doing it. Our army still ' affect to hold the army besieged,'* and will effectually continue to do so." " August 9, 1775 "(General Thomas's Head-quarters, Koxbury). " I was yesterday at Cambridge. Generals Washington and Lee inquired after you. I dined at General W.'s. While I was there, the navy prisoners whom I wrote to you about yesterday came there on horses. There wei-e seven ; viz., one lieutenant,! one doctor, one master, and four midshipmen, — all handsome, genteel-looking men. The officers were disposed of genteelly for the present, and are soon to be sent into the country." To his brother William, 25 Sept. 1775 : — " Last P^-iday Lucy [Mrs. Knox] dined at General Washington's. Last Saturday, let it be remembered to the honor and skill of the British troops, that they fired 104 cannon-shot at [our] woi-ks, at not a greater distance than half point blank shot, — and did what? Why, scratched a man's face with the splinters of a rail-fence! I have had the pleasure of dodging these heretofore engines of terror with great success ; nor am I afraid they will [hit me ?], unless directed by the hand of Providence." On page eighty-six of John Adams's autobiograph}^, he says : " Colonel Knox had been a youth who had attracted my notice by his pleasing manners and inquisitive turn of mind, when I was a man in business in Boston ; " and on the same day (Oct. 1, 1776) he writes to Knox, request- ing his sentiments upon a plan for the establishment of a military academy in the army. The following letter, writ- * A phrase in Gage's irate proclamation of June 12, which caused much merriment in tlie American camp. t John Knight, afterward an admiral. They were taken at Machias ; and tlie question as to tlie treatment to be accorded them led to the memo- rable correspondence upon the subject between Washington and the British commander, Gage. lO-i LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. ten while in attendance upon Congress, still further evinces Mr. Adams's appreciation of him : — JOHN ADAMS TO KNOX. "Philadelphia, Nov. 11, 1775. " I had the pleasure of a letter from you a few days ago, and was rejoiced to leurn that you have at last determined to take a more important share than you have done hitherto in the conduct of our military matters. I have been impressed with an opinion of your knowledge and abilities in the military way for several years, and of late have endeavored, both at camj), at Watertown, and at Pliihi- delphia, by mentioning your name and character, to make you more known, and consequently in a better way for promotion. " It was a sincere opinion of your merit and qualifications which prompted me to act this [lart, and tlieretbre I am very happy to be able to inform you that I believe you will very soon be provided for according to your wishes ; at least you may depend upon this, that nothing in my power shall be wanting to effect it. It is of vast importance, my dear sir, that 1 should be minutely informed of every thing which passes at the camp while I hold a place in the great Council of America ; and therefore I must beg the favor of you to write me as often as you can by safe conveyances. I want to know the name, rank, and character of every officer in the army, — I mean every honest and able one ; but more especially of every oflicer who is best acquainted with the theory and practice of forti- fication and gunnery. What is comprehended within the term Engineer ? and whether it includes skill both in fortifications and gunnery ; and what skilful engineers you have in the army ; and whether any of them, and who, have seen service, and when and where. "I want to know if there is a complete set of books upon the military art in all its branches in the library of Harvard College, and what books are the best upon those subjects." On Nov. 2, Washington writes to Governor Trumbull respecting the Avant of competent engineers, and says : '^ Most of the works which have been thrown up for the defence of our several encampments have been planned APPOINTED COLONEL OF ARTILLERY. 105 by a few of the principal officers of the army, assisted by Mr. Knox, a gentleman of Worcester." And to the President of Congress on the 8th of the same month : — "The council of officers are unanimously of opinion that the com- mand of the artillery should no longer continue in Colonel Gridley ; and knowing of no person better qualified to supply his place, or whose appointment will give more general satisfaction, I have taken the liberty of recommending Henry Knox to the consideration of Congress." Gridley, a veteran of the French war, was incapacitated by age and infirmity for active service ; and the next in rank, David Mason, offered to serve as lieutenant-colonel of the artillery regiment if Knox might be appointed colonel. There were a number of young officers of merit in that branch,* but they joined unanimously in making this request ; and he was accordingly commissioned by Congress colonel of the artillery regiment on Nov. 17, 1775. His commission did not reach him, however, until after his return from Ticonderoga.f The want of heav}^ ordnance, witli which to drive the * Many of these oiBcers, among whom were John Crane, Ebenezer Stevens, Winthrop Sargent, and others, who became distinguished, were trained in Paddock's ardilery company, formed in 1763 by David Mason. Paddock, who succeeded Inm in the command in 1768, brought it to a high state of efficiency ; but being a Tory left Boston witli the British troops, and died in the Isle of Jersey, 25 March, 1804, aged seventy-six. t It seems not a httle singular tiiat one who had never been even a private of artillery, nor had the advantages of a military school, should have been selected for the eminently practical role of chief of artillery of the army. His fitness for the position was, however, conceded at once and without question, and was afterward abundantly manifested. A return of the artillery regiment, consisting of twelve companies, dated 3 March, 1776, gives 635 men. The field-officers were — Henry Knox, colonel ; WiUiam Burbeck, first lieutenant-colonel ; David INIason, second lieutenant-colonel; John Crane, first major; John Lamb, second major. 14 106 ■ LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. enemy from Boston, was felt to be one of serious concern ; and to the enterprising and fertile mind of Knox belongs the credit of having conceived and successfully executed a project by which the besieging army was supplied with the means for effecting that important object. This plan, which was approved by Washington, was to procure from Fort Ticonderoga the needed cannon and stores, and to transport them on boats and sleds to the camp at Cam- bridge. Armed with the necessary instructions from the com- mander-in-chief, and accompanied by his younger brother, William, then nineteen years of age, and who was of great service to him in this enterprise, Knox left the camp at Cambridge on Nov. 15, and, after a brief visit to his wife at Worcester, reached New York on the 25th. After traijsacting his business there, he started northward on the 28th, "glad," as he writes in his diary, "to leave New York, it being very expensive." He reached Albany Dec. 1, and Ticonderoga on the 5th. From this place he began his laborious and difficult journey homeward on the 9th, having put on board some small craft, such ordnance and stores as were essential and could be safely transported. He was assisted in his arduous labors by General Schuyler, and after undergoing much hardship and suffering, and encountering numerous obstacles as well as the annoy- ances and vexations incident to so hazardous an enter- prise in the midst of a severe winter, he finally had the satisfaction of reaching camp on Jan. 24, 1776, and of receiving the congratulations of the commander-in-chief upon the important service he had thus rendered the army and the country. While crossing the Hudson on the ice, one of the cannon fell into the river near the landing. It was recovered on the following day, with the assistance of the people of Albany, in return for which service Knox christened her " The Albany." ENCOUNTERS ANDRfi. 107 This achievement stamped the character of Knox for boldness, enterprise, fertOity of resource and genius, sup- plied the means for fortifying Dorchester Heights, and vin- dicated the judgment of Washington in selecting him for the important and responsible duties of the artillery and ordnance departments.* A memorable incident of this journey was his encounter with the gallant but unfortunate Andr^. The latter, who had been taken prisoner by Montgomery at St. John's, was on his way to Lancaster, Pa., to remain there until exchanged, while Knox was pursuing his way northward. Chance made them one stormy winter night inmates of the same cabin on the border of Lake George, and even of the same bed. Though of opposite political attachments, they had much in common. Their ages were alike ; each had given up the pursuits of trade for the military profession, of which each had made a study ; e^nd their tastes and aims were similar. They parted on the morrow with strong mutual sentiments of regard and good-will, arid their inter- view left an indelible impression on the mind of Knox. The respective condition of the two was not mutually made known until just as they were about to part ; and when Knox, a few years later, was called on to perform the painful office of a judge upon that tribunal which con- demned Andre to death, the memory of their meeting gave additional bitterness to that unpleasant duty. To Washington he wrote on Nov. 27, from New York, earnestly recommending that cannon for the army be cast there, "where it can be expeditiously and cheaply done." * " For expenditures in a journey from the camp round Boston to New York, Albany, and Ticonderoga, and from thence, with 55 pieces of iron and brass ordnance, 1 barrel of flints, and 23 boxes of lead, back to camp (includ- ing expenses of self, brother, and servant), £520.15. 8f." — Knox's Account- book, (For schedule of cannon, &c., see Appendix.) 108 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. And on Dec. 17, from Fort George : — "I returned to this place on the 15th, and brought with me the cannon, it being nearly the time I computed it would take us to transport them here. It is not easy to conceive the difficulties we have had in getting them over the lake, owing to the advanced season of the year and contrary winds ; but the danger is now past. Three days ago it was very uncertain whether we should have gotten them until next spring ; but now, please God, they must go. I have had made 42 exceeding strong sleds, and have provided 80 yoke of oxen to drag them as far as Springfield, where I shall get fresh cattle to carry them to camp. The route will be from here to Kinderhook, from tlience to Great Barrington, and down to Springfield. I have sent for the sleds and teams to come here, and expect to begin to move them to Saratoga on Wednesday or Thurs- day next, trusting that between this and then we shall have a fine fall of snow, which will enable us to proceed further, and make the carriage easy. If that shall be the case, I hope in sixteen or seven- teen days' time to be able to present to your Excellency a noble train of artillery." From Albany, 5th Jan. 1776 : — - " I was in hopes that we should have been able to have had the cannon at Cambridge by this time. The want of snow detained us some days, and now a cruel thaw hinders from crossing Hudson River, which we are obliged to do four times from Lake George to this town. The first severe night will make the ice on the river sufficiently strong ; till that happens the cannon and mortars must remain where they are. These inevitable delays pain me exceed- ingly, as my mind is fully sensible of the importance of the greatest expedition in this case. . . . General Schuyler has been exceedingly assiduous in this matter. As to myself, my utmost endeavors have been, and still shall be, used to forward them with the utmost des- patch." And on the same day he writes to his wife : — "... A little about my travels. New York is a place where I think in general the houses are better built than in Boston. They are generally of brick, and three stories high, with the largest kind APPEARANCE OF NEW YORK. — ALBANY. 109 of windows. Their churches are grand ; their college, workhouse, and hospitals most excellently situated, and also exceedingly com- modious ; their principal streets much wider than ours. The people, — why, the people are magnificent : in their equipages, which are numerous ; in their house furniture, which is fine ; in their pride and conceit, which are inimitable ; in their profaneness, which is intolerable ; in the want of principle, which is prevalent ; in their Toryism, which is unsufferable, and for which they must repent in dust and ashes. The country from New York to this city [Albany] is not very populous, — not the fifth part so much so as in New England, and with much greater marks of poverty than there. The people of this city, of which there are about 5,000 or 6,000, are, I believe, honest enough, and many of them sensible people, — much more so than any other part of the government which I've seen. There are four very good buildings for public worship, with a State House, the remains of capital barracks, hospital, and fort, which must in their day have been very clever. (It is situated on the side of a hill.) " Albany, from its situation, and commanding the trade of the water and the immense territories westward, must one day be, if not the capital, yet nearly to it, of America. There are a number of gentlemen's very elegant seats in view from that part of the river before the town, among them I think General Schuyler's claims the preference ; the owner of which is sensible and polite, and I think has behaved with vast propriety to the British officers who, by the course of war, have fallen into our hands. Certain of them set out from this for Pennsylvania yesterday, among whom was General Prescott, who has by all accounts behaved exceedingly ill to Colonel Allen of ours, who was taken at Montreal. Here is also Major Gamble, who wrote the letters from Quebec which were published last summer. There are in all about sixty commissioned officers, besides about twenty of the Canadian noblesse, who appeared as lively and happy as if nothing [had] happened. One or two of the officers I pitied, the others seemed concerned, but not humbled. The women and children suffer amazingly at this advanced season of the year. It is now past twelve o'clock, therefore I wish you a good night's repose, and will mention you in my prayers." On the night of the 4th of March, 1776, under cover of a furious cannonade from Knox's batteries at Cobble Hill, 110 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. Lechmere's Point, and Roxbniy, General Thomas took possession of Dorchester Heights commanding the town and harbor of Boston, which he so strongly fortified that Howe, the British commander, though he made prepara- tions to attack him on the following day, dared not do so, and was consequently obliged to evacuate Boston on the 17th.* Reinforcements were immediately sent to the northern army ; and the remainder of Washington's force was, early in April, moved to New York, which was soon to become the theatre of active operations. Knox's engineering talents were now called into re- quisition in Connecticut and Rhode Island ; and previous to his arrival in New York, on the 30th of April, he wrote to Washington and to Mrs. Knox several letters, from which we extract as follows : — TO WASHINGTON. "Norwich, 21 April, 1776. " lu passing through Provideuce, Governor Cooke and a number of the principal people were very pressing for me to take Newport in my way, in order to mark out some works of defence for that place. The spirited conduct of the colony troops posted there, in driving away the king's ships, alarmed the whole colony for the safety of its capital. Knowing your Excellency's anxiety for the preservation of every part of the continent, I conceived it to be my duty to act in conformity to your wishes, especially as I could get to Norwich as soon as the stores which set out on the 14th. Accord- ingly I went to Newport, and marked out five batteries, which, from the advantageous situation of the ground, must, when executed, render the harbor exceedingly secure. " Lieutenant-Colonel Burbeck declined complying with your Ex- cellency's orders, alleging that the province had settled on him four shillings sterling per day during life, after the war was over, which, if * The Fluckers accorapanieil the royal troops to Halifax, and sailed thence to England, where the father and mother of Mrs. Knox both died : the former, in March, 1783 ; the latter, in December, 1785. INSPECTS NEW LONDON HARBOR. Ill he went out of the province, he might perhaj^s lose.* Lieutenant- Colonel .Mason, who came with the ordnance to this town, being in ill health, I have permitted to go by land." TO WASHINGTON. " New London, April 24, 1776. "Sir, — In consequence of your Excellency's directions, I am employed in looking at and getting the necessary information re- specting the harbor, in which I shall spare no pains. I mentioned to your Excellency Newport harbor, which, in conjunction with this, will, when fortified, afford a safe retreat to the American navy or their prizes in any wind that blows. They are equally con- venient for ships coming from sea ; and if the wind is not fair to go into one harbor, they may go into the other. The artillery and stores are all embarked, together with the remaining company of my regiment, and have been waiting for a fair wind two days. " Admiral Hopkins is still in this harbor, and I believe will be obliged to continue here some time. He has this day received in- telligence that four ships and two brigs are off Montauk Point and Rhode Island, stationed in such a manner that but one appears at a time, and each able to come up to the assistance of the others. The captain of the ' Cerberus' was on Block Island yesterday, and told a man there that he was waiting for Admiral Hopkins, and expected in four days to be joined by Captain Wallace and his squadron." In a letter to his wife he thus describes Admiral Hopkins : — " I have been on board Admiral Hopkins's [ship], and in company with his gallant son who was wounded in the engageme'nt with the ' Glasgow.' The admiral is an antiquated figure. He brought to my mind Van Tromp, the famous Dutch admiral. Though anti- quated in figure, he is shrewd and sensible. I, whom you think not a little enthusiastic, should have taken him for an angel, only he swore now and then." * This officer remained in Massachusetts and never rejoined tlie regiment. He was many years commander at Castle William, and died in Boston, 22 July, 1785, aged sixty-nine. 112 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. To protect New York city, Washington was compelled to hold Kingsbridge, Governor's Island, Paiilus Hook, and the Heights of Brooklyn. For all these posts, separated by water, some of them fifteen miles apart, he had, early in August, but about 10,000 men fit for duty, beside Knox's regiment of artillery. Most of the cannon in the field- works were of iron, old and honey-combed, broken and defective.* On July 11th Knox writes to his brother: — " Dear Billy, — I received your affectionate letter by the y)ost, for which I thank you. In consequence of a false report, my Lucy and her babe are at Stamford or Fairfield, where she writes me she is very unhappy, and wants to return here again, which would make me as unhappy in contemplating the idea which you had of her flight as if it was real. Indeed, the circumstances of our parting were extremely disagreeable. She had, contrary to my opinion, stayed too long. From the hall window, where we usually break- fasted, we saw the ships coming thi-ough the Narrows, with a fair wind and rapid tide, which would have brought them up to the city in about half an hour. You can scarcely conceive the distress and anxiety that she then had. The city in an uproar, the alarm guns tiring, the tioops repairing to their posts, and every thing in the [height] of bustle ; I not at liberty to attend her, as my country calls loudest. My God, may I never experience the like feelings again ! They were too much ; but I found a way to disguise thens, for I scolded like a fury at her for not having gone before." To MrS; Knox, at Norwalk or Fairfield, loth July: — " I thank heaven you were not here yesterday. Two ships and three tenders of the enemy about twenty minutes past three weighed anchor, and in twenty-five minutes were before the town. We had a * On June 10, Knox reported to ^Yashington tliat there were mounted, and fit for action in the city and neighboring posts, 121 heavy and light can- non, requiring for their service 1,'210 men. His regiment, present and fit for duty, numbered (including 50 officers) 520. He therefore recommends that it be immediately raised to tlie required number by draught from the other battalions. BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 113 loud cannonade, but could not stop them, though I believe we damaged them much. They kept over on the Jersey side too far from our batteries. I was so unfortunate as to lose six men by accidents, and .a number wounded. This affair will be of service to my peojjle : it will teach them to moderate their fiery courage." August 11th, he again writes her: — " You wish to know how I pass my time. I generally rise with or a little before the sun, and immediately with a part of the reg- iment attend prayers, sing a psalm, and read a chapter in [the Bible at] the Grand Battery. General Putnam constantly attends. I despatch a considerable deal of business before breakfast. From breakfast to dinner I am broiling in a sun hot enough to roast an egg. Some- times I dine with the generals, "Washington, Putnam, Stirling, «&;c. ; but I am mortified that I haven't had them to dine with me in return. However, that cannot be. I go to bed at nine o'clock or before, every night." Knox's quarters Avere at the battery near those of Wash- ington, with whom he crossed over to Long Island daily, in the discharge of his duty. He thus writes to his wife of the disaster of Aug. 27th : — " About two o'clock in the morning (yesterday) the enemy atfcacked the woods in front of our works on Long Island, where our riflemen lay. They attacked with a chosen part of the Hessians, and all the light infantry and grenadiers of the army, and after about six or seven hours' smart skirmishing our people fell back in front of our works. The enemy lost nearly one thousand killed. We lost about the same number killed, wounded, and taken pris- oners, among whom are General Sullivan and Lord Stirling. Gen- eral Parsons was missing until this morning, when he returned. I met with some loss in my regiment : they behaved like heroes, and are gone to glory. I was not on the island myself, being obliged to wait on my Lord Howe and the navy gentry who threatened to pay us a visit." 15 114 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. To the same Sept. 5tli: — " We want great men, who when fortune frowns will not be dis- couraged. God will I trust in time give us these men. The Con- gress will ruin every thing by their stupid parsimony, and they begin to see it. It is, as I always said, misfortunes that must raise us to the character of a great people. One or two drubbings will be of service to us ; and one severe defeat to the enemy, ruin. We must have a standing army. The militia get sick, or think themselves so, and run home ; and wherever they go, they spread a panic." On the 15th of September the army of General Howe effected a landing at Kip's Bay, about three miles above the city, the evacuation of which, already in progress, was hurriedly completed by the Americans. Knox, who had for some days been engaged in removing the ordnance and stores, left the city about twelve o'clock to join General Washington. Encountering Silliman's brigade, retreating in great confusion in the vicinity of Corlaer's Hook, he lost time in attempting to rally the fugitives, , with whom he then threw himself into Fort Bunker Hill, an unfinished work near the site of the present Centre Market, where he " thought only of a gallant defence." Colonel Aaron Burr, who was one of Putnam's aids, riding up, assured the troops that a retreat was practicable, and led them in safety to the Bloomingdale road, near what is now 60th Street. Knox, who was almost the last to leave the city, escaped capture only by seizing a boat and making his way by water. His arrival at Harlem, where great anxiety was felt for his safety, was greeted with a shout of welcome, and by an embrace from Washington. To his brother he writes on the 19th : " My constant fatigue and application to the business of my extensive department has been such that I have not had my HOWE'S BAD GENEEALSHIP. 115 clothes off once o' nights for more than forty days." And again : — " Heights of Harlem, 8 miles from New York, Sept. 23d. " You, with our other friends at Boston, are anxious for our sit- uation and wish to know it exactly. It is my lot, and it has been so invariably since I have been in the army, to be in an exceeding busy department. This I mention not by way of disHke, but as an excuse for any seeming negligence or remissness in wi-iting to you. . . . The general leading features or outlines of what has already happened have, almost ever since I have been this way, been fully impressed on my mind. Islands separated from the main by nav- igable waters are not to be defended by a people without a navy against a nation who can send a powerful fleet to interrujit the com- munication. We had one chance to defend New York. I don't know whether to call it a whole chance. I think I cannot with propriety : it was only part of a chance, which was by being com- pletely victorious on Long Island. Even had this event taken place, they could have burnt the town by their shipping : this is indis- putable, in my opinion. They in their first attack on Long Island, lost us by our own fault in not guarding the passes, made such lodgement near our works, that they were not obliged to leave more than five thousand men to guard them. This would have left fifteen thousand men at least to have made a push up the North River, and landed in our rear and fortified. Had they taken this measure, which in good policy they ought to have done, they might at one stroke have reduced the whole army to the necessity of becoming prisoners without being able to fight in the least. But in this and several other capital matters they have not acted the great war- riors : indeed I see nothing of the vast about them either in their designs or execution. But, good God, if they are little, thou knowest full well we are much less, and that nothing less than the infatuation of the enemy and the almost immediate interposition of thy providence has saved this rabble army. " The general is as worthy a man as breathes, but he cannot do every thing nor be everywhere. He wants good assistants. There is a radical evil in our army, — the lack of officers. We ought to have men of merit in the most extensive and unlimited sense of the word. Instead of which, the bulk of the officers of the army J 116 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. are a parcel of ignorant, stupid men, who might make tolerable soldiers, but [are] bad officers ; and until Congress forms an estab- lishment to induce men proper for the purpose to leave their usual employments and enter the service, it is ten to one they will be beat till they are heartily tired of it. We ought to have academies, in which the whole theory of the art of war shall be taught, and every other encouragement possible given to draw persons into the army that may give a lustre to our arms. As the army now stands, it is only a receptacle for ragmuffins. You will observe I am chagrined, not more so than at any other time since I've been in the army ; but many late affairs, of which I've been an e} e-witness, have so totally sickened me, that unless some very different n)ode of conduct is observed in the formation of the new army, I shall not think myself obliged by either the laws of God or nature to risk my reputation on so cobweb a foundation. " The affair of last Monday (battle of Harlem Plains) has had some good consequences towards raising the people's spirits. They find that if they stick to these mighty men they will run as fast as other people. We pursued them nearly two miles. About fifteen hundred of our troops engaged ; of the enemy, about the same num- ber. The grounds on which we now rest are strong, I think we shall defend tliem : if we don't, I hope God will punish us both in this world and the world to come, if the fault is ours. Pay Mrs. Crane, Avife to Major Crane, fifty dollars, and inform her that the Major is in a fair way to do well. He is in high esteem in the army, and the loss of his services much regretted by me.* The * Crane liacl, a few days before, been wounded in the foot by a shot from Captain Wallace's frigate, which he was cannonading. John Crane was born at Braintree, Mass., 7 December, 1744, and died at Whiting, Me., 21 August, 1805. He was a housewright ; was one of the " Tea Party," and lived in a house still standing in Tremont Street, Boston, opposite Hollis Street. He removed to Providence in 1774, and there raised a company of artillery, with which he joined Gridley's regiment in the summer of 1775, with the rank of major. He received the same commission in Knox's regiment, Jan. 1, 1776, and raised in the following year and commanded throughout the war a regiment of continental artillery. Colonel Crane was one of the mem- bers of Paddock's artillery company before the war, and distinguished him- self upon several occasions during the contest, being honorably mentioned by General Sullivan during the Rhode Island expedition. After the war he carried on the lumber business in Washington County, Me. FORT WASHINGTON. — GREENE'S LETTER. 117 scoundrel Hessians took my baggage-cart, with the great part of my necessary matters, which I find very difficult to replace at present." He wi'ites him also an account of the action of Oct. 28th : — " Near White Plains, 32 miles from New York, 1 Nov. 1776. " Last Monday, the enemy with nearly their whole force ad- vanced upon the hills Tibove us ; and soon after ten o'clock in the morning, with a large part of their army, began a most furious attack on a hill (Chatterton's) on our right, where we had about one thousand posted under General McDougall, which they carried with considerable loss. Our loss was not very great. Our men had no works, and were not timely reinforced, owing to the distance they were from the main body. The enemy's having possession of this hill obliged us to abandon some slight lines thrown up on White Plains. This we did this morning, and retired to some hills about half a mile in the rear. The enemy are determined on something decisive, and we are determined to risk a general battle only on the most advantageous terms. We are manasuvring, in which I think they are somewhat our superiors." The loss of Fort Washington, which took place on Nov. 16th, was a serious blow to the Americans. General Greene's mortification at the event, as well as his reasons for endeavoring to hold that post, are given for the first time in this highly interesting letter to his friend Knox : — "Fort Lee, Nov. [17], 1776. "Your favor of the 14th reached me in a melancholy temper. The misfortune of losing Fort Washington, with between two and three thousand men, will reach you before this, if it has not already. His Excellency General Washington has been with me for several days. The evacuation or reinforcement of Fort Washington was under consideration, but finally nothing concluded on. Day before yesterday, about one o'clock, Howe's adjutant-general made a demand of the surrender of the garrison in the general's name, but was answered by the commanding officer that he should defend it 118 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. to the last extremity. Yesterday morning. General Washington, General Putnam, General Mercer, and myself went to the island to determine what was best to be done ; but just at the instant we stepped on board the boat the enemy made their appearance on the hill where the Monday action was, and began a severe cannonade with several field-pieces. Our guards soon fled, the enemy advanced up to the second line. This was done while we were crossing the river and getting upon the hill. The enemy made several marches to the right and to the left, - — I suppose to reconnoitre the fortifica- tions and lines. There we all stood in a very awkward situation. As the disposi- tion was made, and the enemy advancing, we durst not attempt to make any new disposition ; indeed, we saw nothing amiss. We all urged his P^xcellency to come off. I offered to stay,* General Putnam did the same, and so did General Mercer; but his Excellency thought it best for us all to come off together, which we did, about half an hour before the enemy surrounded the fort. The enemy came up Harlem River, and landed a party at head-quarters, which was upon the back of our people in the lines. A disorderly retreat soon took place ; without mucii firing the people retreated into the fort. On the north side of the fort there was a very heavy fire for a long while ; and as tliey had the advantage of the ground, I apprehend the enemy's loss must be great. After the troops retreated in the fort, very few guns were fired. The enemy approached within small-arm fire of the lines, and sent in a flag, and the garrison capit- ulated in an hour. I was afraid of the fort : the redoubt you and I advised, too, was not done, or little or nothing done to it. Had that been complete, I think the garrison might have defended themselves a lonf wliile, or been brought off". I feel mad, vexed, sick, and sorry. Never did I need the consoling voice of a friend more than now. Happy should I be to see you. This is a most terrible event: its consequences are justly to be dreaded. Pray, what is said upon the occasion ? A line from you will be very acceptable. I am, dear sir, your obedient servant, N. Greene. " No particulars of the action as yet has come to my knowledge. [Mem. on the back.] I have not time to give you a description of the battle. [Addressed :] To Coll" Henry Knox, White Plains. CONFIDENCE OF KNOX. 119 In this unfortunate affair, the artillery regiment lost about one hundred men, including Captain Pierce. Then followed the evacuation of Fort Lee and the memorable retreat of Washington's little army through the Jerseys, " protracted for eighteen or nineteen days in an inclement season, often in sight and within cannon-shot of his enemies, his rear pulling down bridges and their van build- ing them up," delaying them till midwinter and impas- sable roads should close the campaign. On Dec. 13th, Howe, believing that the American force would melt away at the near expiration of their engagements, returned to his winter quarters in New York, leaving Colonel Donop with his Hessians and the 42d Highlanders to hold the line from Trenton to Burlington. At this critical moment, when even the calm soul of Washington trembled for his country's freedom, Knox was one of those who strengthened his hand and encouraged his heart ; and his letters written in the darkest periods of the war show that he never yielded to despondency, but confidently anticipated its triumphant issue. Washington now resolved to strike a blow that should cripple his enemy and revive the sinking spirit of his countrymen. He crossed the Delaware, Knox superin- tending its passage, and by his stentorian voice making- audible the orders of his chief above the fury of the blast, and surprising the post at Trenton captured the entire garrison. After this victory, Knox and Greene were in favor of following it up by marching upon New Bruns- wick. Washington was inclined to adopt this course, but the generality of the other officers opposed it, an opposi- tion they afterward regretted. His account of this and the subsequent brilliant affair at Princeton is given in the foUowinG[ letters to Mrs. Knox : — 120 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " Delaware River, near Trenton-, Dec. 28, 1776, near 12 o'clock. "My dearly beloved Friexd, — You will before this have heard of our success on the morning of the 26th instant. The enemy, by their superior marching, had obliged us to retire on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, by which means we were obliged to evacuate or give up nearly all the Jerseys. Soon after our retiring over the river, the preservation of Philadelphia was a matter exceed- ingly precarious, — the force of the enemy three or four times as large as ours. However, they seemed content with their success for the present, and quartered their troops in different and distant places in the Jerseys. Of these cantonments Trenton was the most considerable. " Trenton is an open town, situated nearly on the banks of the Delaware, accessible on all sides. Our army was scattered along the river for nearly twenty-five miles. Our intelligence agreed that the force of the enemy in Trenton was from two to three thousand, with about six field cannon, and that they were pretty secure in their situation, and that they were Hessians, — no British troops. A hardy design was formed of attacking the town by storm. Accord- ingly a part of the army, consisting of about 2,500 or 3,000, passed the river on Christmas night, with almost infinite difficulty, with eigliteen field-pieces. The floating ice in the river made the labor almost incredible. However, perseverance accomplished what at first seemed impossible. About' two o'clock the troops were all on the Jersey side ; we then were about nine miles from the object. The night was cold and stormy ; it hailed with great violence ; the troops marched with the most profound silence and good order. " They arrived by two routes at the same time, about half an hour after daylight, within one mile of the town. The storm continued with great violence, but was in our backs, and consequently in the faces of our enemy. About half a mile from the town was an advanced guard on each road, consisting of a captain's guard. These we forced, and entered the town with them pell-mell ; and here succeeded a scene of war of which I had often conceived, but never saw before. The hurry, fright, and confusion of the enemy was [not] unlike that which Avill be when the last trump shall sound. They endeavored to form in streets, the heads of which we had previously the possession of with cannon and howitzers ; these, iu SURPRISE OF THE HESSIANS. 121 the twinkling of an eye, cleared the streets. The backs of the houses were resorted to for shelter. These proved inefTectual : the musketry soon dislodged them. Finally they were driven through the town into an open plain beyond. Here they formed iu an instant. During the contest in the streets measures were taken for putting an entire stop to their retreat by posting troops and cannon in such passes and roads as it was possible for them to get away by. The poor fellows after they were formed on the plain saw them- selves completely surrounded, the only resource left was to force their way through numbers unknown to them. The Hessians lost part of their cannon in the town : they did not relish the project of forcing, and were obliged to surrender upon the spot, with all their artillery, six brass pieces, army colors, &c. A Colonel Rawle com- manded, who was wounded. The number of prisoners was above 1,200, including ofRcers, — all Hessians. There were few killed or wounded on either side. After having marched off the prisoners and secured the cannon, stores, &c., we returned to the place, nine miles distant, where we had embarked. Providence seemed to have smiled upon every part of this enterprise. Great advantages may be gained from it if we take the proper steps. At another post we have pushed over the river 2,000 men, to-day another body, and to-morrow the whole army will follow. It must give a sensible pleasure to every friend of the rights of man to think with how much intrepidity our people pushed the enemy, and prevented their forming in the town. " His Excellency the General has done me the unmerited great honor of thanking me in public oi'ders in terms strong and polite. This I should blush to mention to any other than to you, my dear Lucy ; and I am fearful that even ray Lucy may think her Harry possesses a sjiecies of little vanity in doing [it] at all." " Trenton, 2d Jan. 1777. " We are collecting our force at this place, and shall give battle to the enemy very soon. Our people have exerted great fortitude, and stayed beyond the time of their enlistment, in high spirits, but want rum and clothing. Will it give you satisfaction or pleasure iu being informed that the Congress have created me a general officer — a brigadier — with the entire command of the artillery?* * His commission was dated Dec. 27, 1776, the day following the victory of Trenton, but before the news had reached Congress. That body had previously resolved to augment the artillery to a brigade of four regiments. 16 122 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. If so, I shall be happy. It was unsolicited on my part, though I can- not say unexpected. People are more lavish in their praises of my poor endeavors than they deserve. All the merit I can claim is industry. I wish to render my devoted country every service in my power; and the only alloy I have in my little exertions is, that it separates me from tliee, — the dearest object of all my earthly hap- piness. May Heaven give us a speedy and happy meeting. " The attack of Trenton was a most horrid scene to the poor inhabitants. War, my Lucy, is not a humane trade, and the man who follows [it] as such will meet with his proper demerits in another world." " MoRKiSTOWN, Jan. 7, 1777. " My dkarest Love, — I wrote to you from Trenton by a Mr. Furness, which I hope you have received. I tht^n informed you that we soon expected another tussle. I was not out in my conject- ure. About three o'clock on the 2d of January, a column of the enemy attacked a party of ours which was stationed about one mile above Trenton. Our party was small, and did not make much resistance. The enemy, who were Hessians, entered the town pell- mell^ pretty much in the same manner that we had driven them a few days before. " Nearly on the other side of Trenton, partly in the town, runs a brook (the Assanpink), wliich in most jjlaces is not fordable, and over which through Trenton is a bridge. The ground on the other side is much higher than on this, and may be said to command Trenton completely. Here it was our army drew up, with thirty or forty pieces of artillery in front. The enemy })U8hed our small party through the town with vigor, though not with much loss. Their retreat over the bridge was thoroughly secured by the artil- lery. After they had retired over the bridge, the enemy advanced within reach of our cannon, who saluted them with great vocifera- tion and some execution. This continued till dark, when of course it ceased, except a few shells we now and then chucked into town to prevent their enjoying their new quarters securely. As I before mentioned, the creek was in our fiont, our left on the Delaware, our right in a wood, parallel to the creek. The situation was strong, to be sure ; but hazardous on this account, that had our right wing been defeated, the defeat of the left would almost have been an inevitable consequence, and the whole thrown into confusion or jjushed into the Delaware, as it was impassable by boats. BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 123 " From these circumstances the general thought it best to attack Princeton, twelve miles in the rear of the enemy's grand army, and where they had the 17th, 40th, and ooth regiments, with a number of draughts, altogether perhaps twelve hundred men. Accordingly, about one o'clock at night we began to march and make this most extra manoeuvre. Our troops marched with great silence and order, and arrived near Princeton a little after daybreak. We did not surprise them as at Trenton ; for they were on their march down to Trenton, on a road about a quarter of a mile distant from the one in which we were. You may judge of their surprise when they discovered such large columns marching up. They could not pos- sibly suppose it was our army, for that tliey took for granted was cooped up near Trenton. They could not possibly suppose it was their own army returning by a back road ; in short, I believe they were as much astonished as if an army had dropped perpendicularly upon them. However they had not much time for consideration. We pushed a party to attack them. This they repulsed with great spirit, and advanced upon another column just then coming out of a wood, which they likewise put in some disorder; but fresh troops coming up, and the artillery beginning to play, they were after a smart resistance totally put to the rout. The 17th regiment used their bayonets with too much severity upon a party they put to flight ; but they were paid for it in proportion, very few escaping. Near sixty were killed on the spot, besides the wounded. We have taken between three and four hundred prisoners, all British troops. They must have lost in this affair nearly five hundred killed, wounded, and prisoners. We lost some gallant officers. Brigadier-General Mercer was wounded : he had three separate stabs with a bayonet. A Lieutenant-Colonel Fleming was killed, and Captain Neil of the artillery, an excellent officer. Mercer will get better.* The enemy took his parole after we left Princeton. We took all their cannon, which consisted of two brass six-pounders, a considerable quantity of military stores, blankets, guus, &c. They lost, among a number of other officers, a Captain Leslie, a son of the Earl of Leven and nephew to General Leslie : him we brought off, and buried with the honors of war. " After we had been about two hours at Princeton, word was * Mercer's wound proved mortal, and he died on the r2th. 124 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. brought that the enemy were advancing from Trenton. This they did, as we have since been informed, in a most infernal sweat, — run- ning, puffing, and blowing, and swearing at being so outwitted. As we had other objects in view, to wit, breaking up their quarters, we pursued our march to Somerset Court House, where there were about thirteen hundred quartered, as we had been informed. They, however, had marclred off, and joined the army at Trenton. We at first intended to have made a foi-ced march to Brunswick ; but our men having been without either rest, rum, or provisions for two nights and days, were unequal to the task of marching seventeen miles further. If we could have secured one tliousand fresli men at Princeton to have pushed for Brunswick, we should have struck one of the most brilliant strokes in all history. However, the advantages are very great : already they have collected their whole force, and drawn themselves to one point, to wit, Brunswick. " The enemy were within nineteen miles of Philadelphia, they are now sixty miles. AVe have driven them from almost the whole of West Jersey. The panic is still kept up. AYe had a battle two days ago with a party of ours and sixty Waldeckers, wlio were all killed or taken, in Monmouth County in the lower part of the Jerseys. It is not our interest to fight a general battle, nor can I tliink under all circumstances it is the enemy's. They have sent their baggage to Staten Island from the Jerseys, and we ai-e very well informed they are doing the same from New York. Heath will have orders to march there, and endeavor to storm it on that side. ' There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood leads on to victory.' For my part, my Lucy, I look up to lieaven and most devoutly thank the great Governor of the Universe for producing this turn in our affairs; and the sentiment I hope will so prevail in the hearts of the people as to induce them to be a peo- ple chosen of Heaven, not to give way to despair, but at all times and under all circumstances never to despair of the Common- wealth." After the battle at Princeton, Knox recommended tlie march to Morristown, which he had observed to be a good position. The army would be on the enemy's flank, and might easily change its situation if requisite. His earnest importunities prevailed, and winter quarters were there PLANS DEFENCES OF THE NORTH RIVER. 125 established. He was then sent on a mission to the east- ward, to see to the casting of cannon and the establish- ment of laboratories, during which he visited his wife at Boston, whence he writes to the commander-in-chief, under date of Feb. 1st : — " After my letter to General Greene from Springfield of the 26tli ult., I set out for this place, in order to provide such materials as were necessary to carry on the various branches connected with the laboratory and ordnance establishment. Upon my arrival here, I was much surprised at the very extraordinary bounty offered by the State ($86§) for recruits for the service. Part of a regiment, consisting of four hundred men with a detachment of one hundred and fifty artillery, marches to-morrow and next day for Ticonderoga. The enlistments in this town have been exceeding rapid. General "Ward is here, but whether he acts as a councillor of the Massachu- setts or a continental general is difiicult to say. There must be one battalion of artillery raised in this State ; for all the old artillery- men, who have been two years in the service, and acquired some experience, are from this town and colony. If the Congress should still adhere to Brookfield in preference to Springfield, it will delay every thing for three or four months. I wrote General Greene from Springfield that it was the best place in all the four New Eng- land States for a laboratoi-y, cannon foundry, &c., and I hope your Excellency will order it there." In the following May we find him associated with Greene in planning the defences of the North River. On the eighth, Mrs. Knox writes him from Sewall's Point (Brook- line, near Boston), wheTe she with her babe had been undergoing inoculation for the small pox: — " I have no company here but Madame Heath, who is so stiff it is impossible to be sociable with her, and ]\Ir. Gardner the treasurer, so that you may well think what I feel under my present anxiety." And a few days later she writes from Boston : - 126 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. "A French general (Ducoudray), who styles himself commander- in-chief of the continental artillery, is now in town. He says his appointment is from Mr. Deane, that he is going immediately to head-quarters to take command, tliat he is a major-general and a deal of it. Wlio knows but I may have my Harry again ? This I am sure of, he will never suffer any one to command him in that department. If he does, he has not the soul which I now think him possessed of." To liis wife, Knox writes from Morristown, on May 20tli : — " From the present information it appears tliat America will have much more reason to hope for a successful campaign the ensuing summer than she had the last. Our forces come in pretty fast, and are disciplining for the war. We are well supplied with arms and ammunition of all species : this, with the blessing of Heaven, will assist us much ; but, I am sorry to say it, we seem to be increasing most rapidly in impiety. This is a bad omen, but I hope we shall mend, though I see no immediate prospect of it. . . . Though your parents are on the opposite side from your Harry, yet it's very strange it should divest them of humanity. Not a line ! My God ! what stuff" is the human heart made of ? Although father, mother, sister, and brother have forgotten you, yet, my love, your Harry will ever esteem you the best boon of Heaven." Again from Camp Middlebrook, 21st June, 1777 : — " We have the most respectable body of continental troops that America ever had, no going home to-morrow to suck, — hardy, brave fellows, who are as willing to go to heaven by the way of a bayonet or sword as any other mode. With the blessing of Heaven, I have great hopes in the course of this campaign that we shall do some- thing clever. I think in five days there will not be an enemy in the Jerseys ; but I fear they will go up the North River, where per- haps they may plague us more. The inhabitants here appeared as one man, and as people actuated by revenge for the many rapes and murders committed on them. The Congress have taken some precious steps with regard to Mr. Ducoudray. They have resolved MONSIEUR DUCOUDRAY. 127 that Mr. Deane has exceeded his commission, and that they cannot ratify his treaty with Mr. Diicoudray. Pretty this ! — to bring a gen- tleman 1,200 leagues to affront him." " Camp Pompton Plains, 13 July, 1777. " The letter which I wrote to Congress, to know whether they had appointed Mi-. Ducoudray, has, in conjunction with the letter of Generals Sullivan and Greene, produced a resolve purporting ' the said letters to be an infringement on the liberties of the people, as tending to influence the decisions of Congress,' and expecting that we make acknowledgments to them for 'so singular an impro- priety.' Conscious of the rectitude of my intention and of the contents of my letter, I shall make no acknowledgments whatever Though my country is too much pressed at present to resign, yet perhaps this campaign will be the last. I am determined to con- tribute my mite to the defence of the country, in spite of every obstacle." These officers neither resigned nor made the required apology ; and Congress having decided not to ratify Mr. Deane's engagement, the difficulty was removed. Wash- ington had written to the President of Congress and to Mr. R. H. Lee, a member of that body, that the apj^oint- ment of Ducoudray would cause the retirement of General Knox, " one of the most valuable officers in the service, and who, combating almost innumerable difficulties in the department he tills, has placed the artillery upon a footing that does him the greatest honor ; " and he further charac- terizes him as " a man of great military reading, sound judgment, and clear conceptions." The opening movements of Sir William Howe's cam- paign for the acquisition of Pliiladelphia are thus described in Knox's letter to his intimate friend and life-long corre- spondent, Harry Jackson, at Boston : — " Camp Midolebrook, 21 June, 1777. " General Howe on the 14th put his whole army iu motion. He had for a long time past beeu collecting his force from Rhode Island, 128 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. New York, Staten Island, &c. The boats upon which he designed to cross the Delaware as a bridge were fixed on wagons, besides which he had a large number [of] flat-bottom boats fixed on wag- ons to transport to the Delaware. These boats with the necessary apparatus, wagons to convey the baggage and the ammunition wao-ous, &c., swelled the number of his wagons to perhaps 1,000 or 1,100, a great incumbrance lo an army not very numerous. As I have before written, our position was exceeding good, and while we continued on it the passage to the Delaware would be rendered extremely precarious, and to attack us in camp was an event much to be wished. However, something was to be done. General Sul- livan was posted at Princeton, with a force pretty respectable in itself, but not sufficient to stoji General Howe's army ; and he might by a forced march push a column between Princeton and us, and cut off General Sullivan's communications at least ; but, our intel- ligence being pretty good, the general directed Sullivan to take post about four miles from Princeton, in such a manner that the surrounding him would be impracticable. We also had a party at Milstone, as a cover for the ammunition to Princeton. This was a dangerous post from its proximity to the enemy, but rendered less so by the extreme vigilance which we recommended, and which the officer commanding particularly obeyed. Matters were thus sit- uated on the morning of the 14th, when we discovered that the party at Milstone was attacked. Support was immediately sent to cover the retreat of the party, when it was discovered to be the enemy's main body, as the same body of observation posted there were obliged to retreat '■ jiretty quick.' The enemy took position. Our whole army was immediately ordered under arms, ready to be put in motion ; but the conduct of the enemy rendered it unnec- essary, for instead of immediately pushing for the Delaware, distant about twenty-five miles, or attacking General Sullivan, he set down on the ground and instantly began to fortify in a very strong posi- tion ; but it was not till the next day that we discovered their works. Their conduct was perplexing. It was unaccountable that people who the day before gave out in very gasconading terms that they would be in Philadelphia in six days should stop short when they had gone only nine miles. The intelligence was pretty good with respect to their designs, yet it was too imperfect with respect to their numbers to warrant an attack on ti'oops so well disciplined, HOWE'S RETROGRADE MOVEMENTS. 129 and posted as they were. We also in the course of a day or two discovered that they had not moved with any baggage, even tents and the most necessary, but had come out with an intention of drawing us into the plain ; had left their immense number of wag- ons behind them, but even in this kind of ostentatious challenge they omitted not one precaution for their own safety. They had Brunswick and the Earitau River on their right, secured by eight or ten strong redoubts. At Brunswick the Raritan bends, and runs a little way north, and then turns nearly west. This they had in their front secured by strong redoubts at Middlebrook. Their left was secured by the river Milstone, which empties itself into the Raritan near Bound Brook : from their right to left was about eight miles. "In this situation they continued until early in the morning of the 19th, continually at work throwing up redoubts. We had a large body of riflemen, under Colonel Morgan, perpetually making inroads upon them, attacking their pickets, killing their light-horse ; and beset them in such a manner, assisted by the militia, that Mr. Howe, instead of marching to Philadelphia, found himself almost block- aded in an open flat country. Nothing could exceed the spirit shown on this occasion by the much injured people of the Jerseys. Not an atom of the lethargic spirit that possessed them last winter, — all fire, all revenge. The militia of Pennsylvania likewise turned out universally, so that had Sir William put his attempt into exe- cution, we should probably had twenty-five or thirty thousand militia upon his back, besides the most respectable body of conti- nental troops that ever were in America. " These things being fully represented to General Howe, he thought it proper to take himself and light army back to Brunswick again, and accordingly marched about one o'clock in the morning of the 19th, without beat of drum or sound of fife. When his army had gotten beyond the reach of pursuit, they began to burn, plunder, and waste all before them. The desolation they committed was horrid, and served to show the malice which marks their conduct. " The militia, light-horse, and riflemen exhibited the greatest marks of valor, frequently taking prisoners within two hundred yards of their encampment. Their loss must be at least one hundred killed and wounded and taken prisoners, among whom are two lieuten- ants of grenadiers of the ooth, and a cornet of light-horse, and a number killed, two sergeants taken. This little march of General 17 130 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. Howe's fully proves that no people or country can be permanently conquered where the inhabitants are unanimous in opposition. " What his next manoeuvres may be I can't say, but we suppose the North River ; there I believe he will be also disgraced. The motive for belief that the North River will be the scene of his operations is, that intelligence is received that Mr. Burgoyne is about crossing the lakes to Ticonderoga, and General Howe must make an attempt to push for a junction. The enemy from all appearances and advices are upon the eve of evacuating the Jer- seys. Times are much altered for them from last fall. The people are unanimous in opposing them : just now four thousand marched off to harass the enemy ; as many more will go down towards Brunswick this afternoon." The subsequent events of the campaign of 1777 in the vicinity of Philadelphia are detailed by Knox in the fol- lowing letters to his wife and others of his correspondents at Boston: — TO MRS. KNOX. " Bevekhout, 8 miles north of Morristown, 26th July, 1777. " General Howe has sailed from the Hook, we suppose for Phila- delphia, therefore we are now marching that way. If he is not goiug [there], then Boston must be his object. We intercepted a letter from him to General Burgoyne, purporting that the expedition up the North River is given up for one to Boston. This letter was designed to fall in our hands, in order to deceive. We suppose he will be at Philadelphia near as soon as we : we are now four days' mai'ch from it. Upon the whole, I know he ought, in justice to his master, to go either up the North River or the eastward, and endeavor to form a junction with Burgoyne: therefore (if he is not a fool) he will operate accordingly ; but we are bound to Philadel- phia upon this supposition, and it's very reasonable." " Derby, 7 miles below Philadelphia, 25tli Aug. 1777. " The army yesterday marched through the city of Philadelphia. Their excellent appearance and marching astonished the Tories, who are very downcast on the respectability of the army. I was so HOWE LANDS AT THE HEAD OF ELK. 131 unhappy as to be absent at this time. General Greene and myself begged the favor of his Excellency's permission to pay a visit to Bethlehem, distant about forty miles, to purchase some things for my dear, dear Lucy. The weather was extremely hot, and we set out at four o'clock in the afternoon, and arrived next morning at nine. An express from the general was waiting for us, with orders to return immediately : he had rode all night. However, we first visited all parts of this singularly happy place, where all the inhabi- tants seem to vie with each other in humility and brotherly kind- ness. We joined the army, after a most fatiguing jaunt of a hundred miles yesterday, about an hour after they had passed through Phila- deljDhia." " WiLMiNGTOx, Del., 1 Sept. 1777. " The enemy have landed at the head of Elk, in Maryland, about twenty miles from this. Whether they intend to advance or not is at present uncertain. We shall remain here a kw days ; and if they will not come to us, we shall go to them. It is supposed the enemy intend for Philadelphia ; if so, they will meet with a stout opposi- tion. I am at this moment president of a court-martial to try an officer of General Howe for recruiting in the Jerseys." " Camp near Schuylkill, 13 Sept. 1777. " My dear girl will be happy to hear of her Harry's safety ; for, my Lucy, Heaven, who is our guide, has protected him in the day of battle. You will hear with this letter of the most severe action that has been fought this war between our army and the enemy. Our people behaved well, but Heaven frowned on us in a degree. We were obliged to retire after very considerable slaughter of the enemy : they dared not pursue a single step. If they advance, we shall fight them again before they get possession of Philadelphia ; but of this they will be cautious. My corps did me great honor : they behaved like men contending for every thing that's valuable." * * " The regiment of artillery with their general behaved with their usual coolness and intrepidity. Some of them could scarce be prevailed on to quit their guns, even when surrounded by the enemy and forsaken by our in- fantry. The Boston boys did themselves great honor. I rode up to Captain Allen in the beginning of the action. Young Cooper was with him at the same gun, and a number of our Boston lads : they seemed in high spirits." — Extract of a Letter from ar/mtlrman of distinction in Philadelphia, Ltd. Chronicle, 2 Oct. 1777. 132 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. We insert here the account of tlie battle of Brandy- wine, written by Knox to the President of the Council of Massachusetts : — " Camp near Schuylkill, 13tli Sept. 1777. " Sir, — I do myself the honor to transmit to you an account of an action which happened between the American and the British troops, the 11th instant, on the heights of Brandy wine. " Brandywine is a creek which empties itself into the Delaware, near Wilmington, about thirty miles from Philadelphia. On the 9th instant our army took post about eleven miles up this creek, having it in front at a place called Chad's Ford, that being the most probable route by which the enemy would endeavor to pass to Philadelphia. The enemy on the 10th advanced to Kenuet Square, within three miles of our advanced parties, and at eight o'clock in the morning of the 11th a considerable body of their army appeared opposite to us. Immediately a heavy cannonade commenced, and lasted with spirit for above two hours, and more or less the whole day. Our advauced light corps, under General Maxwell, engaged the advanced parties of the enemy on the other side of the creek with success, having twice repulsed them, and entirely dispersed a body of 300 Hessians. This light corps was engaged with their advanced parties almost throngh the day. At the same time this body advanced opposite to our army, another large column, consisting of the British and Hes- sian grenadiers, light infantry, and some brigades, took a circuitous route of six miles to our right, and crossed the creeks at the forks of Brandywine. His Excellency General Washington, notwith- standing his utmost exertions to obtain intelligence, had very con- tradictory accounts of the numbers and destination of this column until it had crossed the creek six miles to our right. He imme- diately ordered General Sullivan's, Lord Stirling's, and General Stephen's divisions to advance and attack them. This was about three o'clock p.m. These divisions, having advanced about three miles fell in with the enemy, who were also advancing. Both sides pushed for a hill situated in the middle. "The contest became exceedingly severe, and lasted without intermission for an hour and a half, when our troops began to give way, having many of them expended all their cartridges. " His Excellency, who in the beginning of this action galloped to BATTLE OF BRANDTWINE. 133 the right, ordered Greene's division and Nash's brigade from the left ; but, the distance being so great, the other divisions had retreated before they ai'rived. However, they formed, and were of the utmost service in covei'ing the retreat of the other divisions, particularly Weedon's brigade of Greene's division, which behaved to admiration in an excessive hot fire, checked the British grenadiers, and finally, after dark, came off" in great order.* " While this scene was acting on the right, the enemy opened a battery on the left of seven pieces of cannon opposite to one of ours of the same number. General Wayne, with a division of the Penn- sylvania troops, having Maxwell's light corps on his left, and Nash's brigade (which was afterward drawn off to support the right wing) on his right, formed the left wing. The enemy's batteries and ours kept up an incessant cannonade, and formed such a column of smoke that the British troops passed the creek unperceived on the right of the battery, on the ground which was left unoccupied by the withdrawal of Nash's brigade. " A very severe action immediately commenced between General Wayne and the enemy, who had now got possession of a height opposite to him. They made several efforts to pass the low grounds between them, and were as frequently repulsed. Night coming on, his Excellency the General gave orders for a retreat, which was regularly effected without the least attempt of the enemy to pursue. Our troops that night retired to Chester, and will now take 2)0st in such a manner as best to cover Philadelphia. " It is difficult at present to ascertain our loss ; but, from the most particular inquiry I have been able to make, it will not exceed seven hundred or eight hundred killed, wounded, and missing, and ten field-pieces. * In a letter to Rev. Dr. Gordon, then about leaving for England, Avhere his History of the American Revolution was to be published, Knox, iinder date of New York, 11th March, 178G, gives the composition of Weedon's brigade, which behaved with conspicuous gallantry' at Brandywine. In it were Colonel Walter Stewart's Penns^^lvania regiment, and the Virginia regiments of Colonel Spotswood (3d), Lieutenant-Colonel Hendricks (<3th), Colonel Ed. Stevens (10th), and (14th) Colonel Lewis, who was afterward wounded at Guilford, where he commanded a brigade of niihtia. Knox fur- nished the Doctor with other materials for his work, and closes his letter thus : " I observe," he says, " the printers are exceedingly angry with you at Boston for the intention of printing it [Gordon's History] in Great Britain, and some of the squibs are republished here." 134 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. '• It is a common practice in war to diminish our own loss and magnify that of our enemy ; but, from my own observation and the opinion of others, their loss must be much greater than ours." TO MRS. KNOX. PoTTSGROVE, 24 Scpt. 1777. " I wrote you on the 13th. The same day we crossed the Schuyl- kill, in order to try the issue of another appeal to Him xoho directs all human events. After some days' manoeuvring, we came in sight of the enemy, and drew up in order of battle, which the enemy declined ; but a most violent rain coming on obliged us to change our position, in the course of which nearly all the musket cartridges of the army tliat had been delivered to the men were damaged, con- sisting of above 400,000. This was a most terrible stroke to us, and owing entirely to the badness of the cartouch-boxes which had been provided for the army. " This unfortunate event obliged us to retire, in order to get supplied with so essential an article as cartridges, after which we forded the Schuylkill, in order to be opposite to the enemy ; accord- ingly we took post at a place called Flatland Ford. '' A defensive war is the most ditficult to guard against, because one is always obliged to attend to the feints of the enemy. To defend an extensive river when it is unfordable is almost impossible ; but when fordable in every part, it becomes impracticable. On the afternoon of the 21st the enemy made a mosf rapid march of ten or twelve miles to our right: this obliged us to follow them. They kindled large fires, and in the next night marched as rapidly back and crossed at a place where we had few guards, and pushed towai'ds Philadelphia, and will this morning enter the city without opposition. We fought one battle for it, and it was no deliciency in bravery that lost us the day. Philadelphia, it seems, has been their favorite object. Their shipping has not joined them there. They will first have to raise the clievaux de frise in the Delaware, and defeat the naval force there, which is considerable. " The troops in this excursion of ten days without baggage suffered excessive hardships, — without tents in the rain, several marches of all night, and often without suiiicient provision. This they endured with the perseverance and patience of good soldiers. Generals Smallwood, Wayne, McDougall, and a considerable body of militia. ANOTHER BATTLE EXPECTED. 135 will join us to-day and to-morrow. This day we shall move towards Philadelphia, in order to try the fortune of another battle, in which we devoutly hope the blessing of Heaven. I consider the loss of Philadelphia as only temporary, — to be recovered when expedient. It is no more than the loss of Boston, nor, in my opinion, half so much, when the present trade of the latter be considered. It is situated on a point of land formed by the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, so that it would [have] been highly improper to have thrown ourselves into it. " If the enemy do not get their shipping up soon, and go into Philadelphia, they will be in a very ineligible situation. I do not in the present circumstances consider Philadelphia of so much con- sequence as the loss of reputation to our arms ; but I trust in God we shall soon make up that matter. Billy* is well, and undergoes the hardshi^js of the campaign surprisingly well, and they are neither few nor small." TO COLONEL HENRY JACKSON.f " Camp at Metuchin, 20 miles from Philadelphia, 3d Oct. 77. "My dear Harry, — The enemy are now encamped at Phila- delphia and its environs for about six miles. The Delaware frigate was given up to them in a manner scandalous to relate. The crew, it's said, after they had fired one broadside at a battery which was erecting near the city, ran her ashore, and gave her up to the Britons. The crew were principally foreigners. Our army has had several reinforcements of militia, &c., since the late action. I hope for better success in the next ; and an action we shall most assuredly have before they or we go into winter quarters." * His brother William had joined him in July, as his secretary, and behaved with spirit a few days later at Gerniantown. t Jackson liad been appointed colonel of one of tlie additional continental battalions to be raised in Massachusetts, and numbered the 16th. He was born in Boston in 1748, and died tliere 4 Jan. 1809; commissioned colonel 12 Jan. 1777 ; distinguished at Monmouth, in Sullivan's Khode Island cam- paign, and at Springtield, N.J. ; and commanded tiie last body of continental soldiers disbanded in 1784 ; major-general first division Massachusetts niilitin, 1792-96 ; and, as United States agent, superintended the construction of the frigate " Constitution." Jackson was the intimate friend and correspondent of Knox, for whom he acted as a business agent in many important transactions. Many of his letters, which are exceedingly interesting, are preserved in the Knox Papers. 136 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. Washington having been reinforced by troops from Peekskill on the Hudson, and knowing that Howe had weakened his army by detachments for the reduction of the posts on the Delaware, resolved to attack his main division at Germantown. The following account of the battle of Germantown was written by Knox to Hon. Artemas Ward, President of the Council of Massachusetts Bay. " Artillery Park, Perkeomy Creek, Oct. 7, 1777 (27 miles from Philadelphia). " Sir, — I shall endeavor to give you a short authentic account of an attack made by our army ou the British army, lying at Ger- mantown, six miles from Philadelphia, on the morning of the 4th instant. "At six o'clock on the evening of the 3d, the army, under his Excellency General Washington, began their march in four columns on as many roads towards the enemy ; the nearest column had to march fourteen, and some twenty, miles. By marching all night, the columns arrived a little after break of day [opposite] to the respective posts of the enemy assigned to them. The attack com- menced by forcing their pickets, which were soon reinforced in front by all the light infantry of tlie line and other troops. After a smart action, these were obliged to give way, our troops pressing on with great spirit and good order. " The different attacks being made at the same time distracted the enemy's attention so much, that after about an hour's engage- ment they began to give way on every part ; but, most unfortunately for us, a fog which had arisen about daybreak became so exces- sively thick from the continued firing that it was impossible to discover an object at twenty yards' distance. " This was the unhappy cause of our losing the victory after being in possession of it for near two hours, and having driven the enemy above two miles from the place where the engagement begun, quite through their encampment. In this unusual fog it was im- possible to know how to support, or what part to push. At this instant, the enemy again rallied and obliged part of our troops to retire ; and after a smart resistance, the retreat of the line became BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. 137 general. The enemy followed with caution, and we came off with- out the loss of a single piece of cannon or any thing else, except one empty ammunition wagon, the engagement from beginning to end being about two hours and forty minutes. " Our loss in killed, wounded, and missing, is not fully ascertained, but will not exceed five hundred or six hundred. We had a very considerable number of officers of merit killed and wounded. Brigadier-General Nash, of North Carolina, mortally wounded by a cannon-ball taking off his thigh. " The enemy's loss, we hear from pretty good authority, is very considerable. General Agnew killed. Sir William Erskine wounded. This is the first attack made during this war by the American troops on the main body of the enemy ; and had it not been [for] the unlucky circumstance of the fog, Pliiladelphia would probably have been in our hands. It is matter worthy of observation that in most other countries which have been invaded one or two battles have decided their fate ; but America rises after a defeat ! " We were more numerous after the battle of Brandywine than before, and we have demonstration of being more numerous now than before the 4th. Our men are in the highest sj^irits, and ardently desire another trial. I know of no ill consequences that can follow the late action ; on the contrary, we have gained considerable expe- rience, and our army have a certain proof that the British troops are vulnerable." In a letter to Mrs. Knox he says : "To tliis cause [the fog], in conjunction with the enemy's taldng possession of some stone buildings in Germantown, is to be ascribed the loss of the victory. We brought off the greater part of our wounded." TO MRS. KNOX. " Camp, 24 miles from Philadelphia, 13th Oct. 1777. ..." I send you this by Captain Randall, who has the misfor- tune to be again made a prisoner, after being slightly wounded in seven or eight places. " The matter you mention about i-ations cannot be complied with, 18 138 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. and I thank God I have too much reliance on his divine providence . to have any of those misgivings and foi'ebodings of which my dear Lucy seems so apprehensive. I trust the same Divine Being who brought us together will support us. The enemy have not yet re- duced our obstacles in the river Delaware below Philadelphia, and consequently have not got their shipping up to the town. They have made several efforts, but hitherto in vain, in one of which we took two officers and fifty-six privates prisoners. If the enemy cannot get their shipping up, Philadelphia is one of the most ineligible places in the world for an army surrounded by rivers which are impassable, and an army above them. We have been pi'etty quiet since the action of the 4th ; but we have yet tolerable prospects and hopes to winter in Philadelphia. I mean our army ; for how- ever clouded the prospect may be, yet I have sanguine hopes of being able to live this winter in sweet fellowship with the dearest friend of ray heart. Ere you receive this, you will receive the account of the loss of Fort Montgomery, which I own to you is in my opinion exceedingly heavy, but it must stimulate us to make greater exertions. America almost deserves to be made slaves for her non-exertions in so important an affair. . . . Observe, my dear girl, how Providence supports us. The advantages gained by our Northern army give almost a decisive turn to the contest. For my own part I have not yet seen so bright a dawn as the prospect, and I am as perfectly convinced in my own mind of the kindness of Providence towards us as I am of my own existence." TO THE SAME. "Camp, 10 miles from Philadelphia, Nov. 3, 1777. . • . . " The enemy have not yet been able to drive our galleys away, or storm or batter our forts with success. We have lately had a storm, which has ruined their batteries and works erected agahist Fort Mitilin. Since they had two men-of-war burnt on the 23d in the river, and were defeated the 22d at Red Bank, they have appeared quite silent in deeds, but not so in words. They have been very angry for our feiix de joie, which we have fired on the several victories over Burgoyne, and say that by and by [we] shall bring ourselves into contempt with our own army for propagating such known falsehoods. Poor fellows ! nothing but Britain must triumph." OPPOSES AN ATTACK ON PHILADELPHIA. 139 On the 15th of November, after the fall of Fort Mifflhi, Knox, with De Kalb and St. Clair, was sent to provide for the security of Red Bank. This post, known as Fort Mercer, fell, however, after a brave defence on the 18th. In the council of war on Oct. 26, and again on Dec. 3d, Knox opposed the project of an attack on the enemy's lines at Philadelphia, giving on the day last named these reasons : " Our entire want of clothing ; the impossibility and impracticability of surprising 10,000 veteran troops in a well fortified city ; the impossibility of our keeping the field to besiege their works and city regularly, being almost totally deficient in warlike aj^paratus for so arduous an enterprise ; and the uncertainty of obtaining a suffi- cient number of militia to warrant the enterprise." He proposed that the army go into winter quarters, with the right at Lancaster and the left at Reading, provided a sufficiency of houses and good cover could be had there ; if not, that it should be hutted about thirty miles from Philadelphia, near the Schuylkill. The army wintered at Valley Forge, somewhat nearer the city ; and Knox took advantage of the cessation of active operations to visit his wife at Boston. A picture of the privations of the army during this memorable winter is given in the following letter from Greene to Knox : — " Camp, Vallky Fokge, 26th Feb. 1778. " The army has been iu great distress since you left it. The troops are getting naked ; they were seven days without meat, and several days without bread. Such patience and moderation as thej' manifested under their sufl^erings does the highest honor to the magnanimity of the American soldiers. The seventh day they came before their superior officers, and told their sufferings in as respectful terms as if they had been humble petitioners for special fiivors. They added that it would be impossible to continue in camp any longer without support. Happily relief arrived from the 140 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. little collections I and some others had made, and prevented the army from disbanding. We are still iu danger of starving. Hun- dreds of our horses have already starved to death. The committee of Congress have seen all these things with their own eyes. They have been urging me for several days to accept the quartermaster- general's appointment, his Excellency also presses it upon me exceedingly. I hate the j^lace, but hardly know what to do. 1 wish for your advice in the atfair, but am obliged to determine imme- diately." Mrs. Knox arrived in camp at Valley Forge on May 20, 1778, soon after the news of the alliance with France had heen received. She was attended from New Haven by General Arnold, who was of great service to her dur- ing her journey, and remained with the army until it was disbanded. At the battle of INIonmouth, which occurred on June 28th, and of which he ever after spoke with much pride, Knox reconnoitred in front, rallying the retreat, and bring- ing up the rear with a brisk fire from a battery planted in the night, directed by his brigade adjutant, the chevalier Mauduit Duplessis. Of the services of this arm, Wash- ington, in general orders, says he "'can with pleasure inform General Knox and the ojfficers of the artillery that the enemy has done them the justice to acknowledge that no artillery could have been better served than ours." To his brother and to his wife, Knox wrote the partic- ulars of this battle, and of the events which preceded it: — TO HIS BROTHER WILLIAM. HorEWELL Township, New Jersey, 4 o'clock A.M., 25th June, 1778. "The enemy evacuated Philadelphia on the 19th. Lucy and I went in, but it stunk so abominably that it was impossible to stay there, as was her first design. The enemy are now at Alien Town, about ten miles southeast of Princeton, and we are at about six HOWE EVACUATES PHILADELPHIA. 141 miles north [of] Princetou, so that the two armies are now about nineteen or twenty miles apart. AVe are now on the march towards them, and their movements this day will determine whether we shall come in close contact witffeach other. We have now very numerous parties harassing and teasing them on all quarters. Desertion prevails exceedingly in their army, especially among tlie Germans. Above three hundred German and English have de- serted since they left Philadelphia. Had we a sufficiency of num- bers, we should be able to force them to a similar treaty with Burgoyne ; but, at present, have not quite such sanguine hopes. If general actions had no other consequences than merely the killed and wounded, we should attack them in twenty-four hours. But the fate of posterity, and not the illusive brilliancy of military glory, governs our Fabian commander, the man [to whom], under God, America owes her present prospects of peace and happiness." TO MRS. KNOX. "June 29, near Monmouth Court House. "My dearest Love, — I wrote you some few days ago that a day or two would determine whether we should have an engage- ment with the Britons. Yesterday, at about nine o'clock a.m., our advanced parties under General Lee attacked their rear while on the march towards Shrewsbury, upon which their whole army, except the Hessians, came to the right about ; and, after some fight- ing, obliged him to retire to the main army, which was about two miles distant. The enemy advanced with great spirit to the attack, and began a very brisk cannonade on us, who were formed to receive them. " The cannonade lasted from about eleven until six o'clock, at which time the enemy began to retire on all quarters, and left us in possession of the field. We have had several field officers killed, and a considerable number of others. Colonel Ramsay, Mrs. Ram- say's husband, was taken prisoner, and this morning released on his parole. I have had several officers killed and wounded. My brave lads behaved with their usual intrepidity, and the army gave the corps of artillery their full proportion of the glory of the day. " Lideed, upon the whole, it is very splendid. The capital army of Britain defeated and obliged to retreat before the Americans, 142 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. whom they despised so much! I cannot ascertain either our or the enemy's loss, but I really think they have lost three times the number we have. I judge from the field of battle, whicli, to be sure, is a field of carnage and blood : tiiree to one of the British forces lie there. The Britons confess they have never received so severe a check. The enemy took a strong post, about a mile from the place of action, to dislodge them from which, as it was dark, would cost too many men, and by which they covered the retreat of their arm3^ After having been fighting all day, and one of the hottest I ever felt, they decamped in the night and marched off with the utmost precipitation, leaving a great number of their wounded, both officers and men, in our hands. We have sent out large bodies in pursuit, but I believe they will not be able to come up with the main body. • . . The number of deserters, since they left Phila- delphia, must exceed eight hundred. The march has proved to them a most destructive one, and is very ill-calculated to give Sir H. Clinton any eclat. He may storm Fort Montgomery, but is very ill-calculated, in my opinion, to be at the head of a large army. "My friend, Harry [Jackson], crossed over from Philadelphia, and was in the unfortunate \_i.e., early] part of the day. I saw him once on the field, for a moment: he appeared much fatigued. His regiment had a few killed and wounded, and is reported to have behaved well." TO HIS BROTHER TVILLIAM. " Camp Brunswick, 3d July, 1778. ..." The enemy inclined more to their right than we expected, and took the road to Sandy Hook, instead of the supposed one to South Amboy. " A body of Jersey militia, amounting to near 2,000, had en- deavored to retard them, by taking up the bridges, felling trees, and harassing their flanks and rear. Beside these, his Excellency General Washington had detached several large bodies for the same purpose, all of which, except Colonel Morgan, were, on the 28th ult., united under General Lee, who early on that morning advanced to Monmouth Court House with the intention of attacking the cover- ing party by left fiank, the main army moving on at the same time to support him, although it was some miles in the rear. The parties BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 143 under General Lee, instead of finding a covering party as was expected, found their whole army or the greater part of it. After some manoeuvring, cannonading, and some other circumstances, which are not yet sufficiently explained, it was thought proper by General Lee to retire until it met the main army, which it effected without much loss. The army was drawn up on advantageous ground to receive the enemy, who advanced to the attack with considerable impetuosity, and began a brisk cannonade, which was returned with becoming spirit. The action of the musketry was various, and with intermissions until about six o'clock, when we pushed the enemy off the field. . . . Their whole loss may amount to about ten or twelve hundred killed, wounded, and prisoners. His Excellency, the General, has done the corps of artillery and me the honor to notice us in general orders in very pointed and flattering terms. Indeed, I was highly delighted with their coolness, bravery, and good conduct. The effects of the Battle of MonmoiUh will be great and lasting. It will convince the enemy and the world that nothing but a good constitution is wanting to render our army equal to any in the world." From letters to his brother at various times we extract as follows : — " Camp, White Plaiks, 14th Sept. 1778. ..." AVe wish to know where Lord Howe is, as it might be some clew to the designs of the enemy ; though as to dangerous de- signs, they have none, I am persuaded, nor never had, except to themselves. It is improper for a person in my station to speak thus, were it to be divulged ; but I do not believe there ever was a set of men so perfectly disqualified, by a total and profound ignorance of every thing that ought to constitute the characters of leaders of an army to conquest. I beg you not to imagine that by depreciation of their abilities I mean to exalt our own. God forbid ! I shall say nothing about it but only this, that we never set our- selves up as great military men. I believe they [the enemy] are about to quit the continent, and perhaps only wait for their last orders to effect it." 144 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " PuiLADELPiiiA, 3 Feb. 1779. ..." We are in great want of lead. The Board of War have desired me to write to Boston to inquire what quantity can be gotten there and at the neighboring towns, and at what price. I wish you to make the inquiry, or rather to get some person to make it for you, as the gentlemen speculators may suspect from your con- nection that you want it for the public, and advance their prices in proportion. Write me the result speedily as possible, so that I may communicate it to the board. ... I am glad you have gotten into the old store. I thank you for the little pamphlet. The girls are the same everywhere, — at least some of them: they love a red coat dearly. Arnold is going to be married to a beautiful and accomplished young lady, — a Miss Shippen, of one of the best families in this place." " Feb. 13. ..." You will see in the papers some highly colored charges against General Arnold, by the State of Pennsylvania. I shall be exceedingly mistaken if one of them can be proven. He lias returned to Philadelphia, and will, I hope, be able to vindicate himself from the aspersions of his enemies." " Pluckemin, 28 Feb. 1779. ..." You wish to know my business to Philadelphia. It was merely to get the ordnance department better regulated. Besides the satisfaction of having the business of the jiublic done better, the only advantage that will result lo me will be some pay expressly for the management of the ordnance department in the field. I undoubtedly might have at first stipulated for some pecuniary ad- vantages for myself; but I know not how it is, I do not approve of money obtained in the public service : it does not appear to me, in a war like ours, to be right, and I cannot bring myself to think differently, altliougli poverty may be the consequence. We had at the Park [of artillery], on the 18th, a most genteel entertainment given by self and officers. Everybody allowed it to be the first of the kind ever exhibited in this State at least. We had about seventy ladies, all of the first ton in the State, and between three and four hundred gentlemen. We danced all night, — an elegant PRIVATEERING SPECULATIONS. 145 room. The illuminating, fireworks, &c., were more than pretty. It was to celebrate the alliance between France and America." " March 13. "I am sorry for the loss of the vessel you mention, but not dis- couraged. I hope the little vessel will at least make up for her. I wrote to you to try something, by way of adventure, in the ' General Arnold.' She is a good vessel and commander. ... I am exceedingly anxious to effect something in these fluctuating times, which may make us lazy for life. You know my sentiments with respect to making any thing out of the public. I abominate the idea. I could not, at the end of the war, mix with my fellow- citizens with that conscious integrity, the felicity of which I often anticipate." Knox seems to have been unfortunate in his privateer- ing specuhxtions, vessel after vessel in which he had a share being captured by the eneni}^, some of them with valuable cargoes and just as they were entering port. " Pluckemin, N.J., 7 May, 1779. " If we are to believe Rivington's paper of May 1, we are to have bloody work this summer. They swear by monstrous big oaths they will exterminate us this campaign. However that may be, we at present have but little apprehensions of it, although, from a variety of corroborating circumstances, we expect we shall have a much more active campaign than the last." In a later letter he says : — " The whole army have moved up to this place [Middlebrook] to cover the almost infinitely important posts in the highlands, which we do in so effectual a manner that, were the enemy much stronger than they are, I should be in no pain for the safety of the posts. The enemy have established themselves so securely at King's Ferry that we shall not be able to dislodge them at present. Perhaps a future and more important operation may involve the posts at King's Ferry in its fall. The enemy expect reinforce- ments, and we, with the blessing of Heaven, expect to baffle their utmost efforts. We expect every thing from the discipline and good- ness of our troops ; but probably we shall want some assistance from our brethren." 19 146 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. Of the warmth of Knox's affection for his friend Gen- eral Lincoln, his letters give ample evidence. Here is an extract from one written just after the capture of Charles- ton by Sir Henry Clinton, where Lincoln and his army became prisoners. " The great defence made by you and your garrison in field for- tifications will confer on you and them the esteem and admiration of every sensible military man. I hope and believe that Congress •will most unequivocally bestow that applause which you have so richly merited. No event, except the capture of Sir H. Clinton and his army, would give me more pleasure than to see you. He is now in force at Springfield, below Morristown." And at a later period he writes : — " The first moment I had the happiness of being acquainted with you I conceived a high degree of friendship, which uniformly has increased as I became more intimate, until the present period. I consider the confidential manner in which we have indulged as one of the happy circumstances of my life, and in all events of grief or joy there i^ no man from whose friendship I should more readily expect the most cordial balsam, or whose bosom would more cheer- fully expand in a participation of my hajipiness." The French army under the Count de Rochambeau, des- tined to co-operate with the Americans, arrived at Newport in July, 1780 ; and on Sept. 21st, Knox, with Washington and La Fayette, visited the French general and admiral, de Ternay, at Hartford, to concert the details of a plan of operations. While returning from this meeting, they heard of Arnold's treason, and immediately hastened to West Point. Knox was one of the board of general officers which tried and condemned Major Andre to death as a spy, a sentence which the usages of war compelled them to pro- nounce, but which was especially distasteful to him since CHASTELLUX VISITS THE CAMP. 147 that chance meeting on Lake George, narrated on a pre- vious page, when they had made each other's acquaintance under such peculiar circumstances. In the Latter part of November, the Chevalier de Chas- tellux, a major-general in Rochambeau's army and a mem- ber of the French Academy, visited the American camp at New Windsor. From his Travels, published a few years later, we extract the following interesting particulars of this visit. In the morning while at breakfast, horses were brought and orders given for the men to get under arms, and the chevalier and Washington repaired to the camp, where they were received by General Knox at the head of his artillery. This was exhibited in fine order, formed in the foreign manner, each gunner at his post ready to fire. Knox politely apologized for not firing a salute, on account of the troops on the other side of the river, which had been put in motion by a previous order, and whom he was afraid of giving some alarm. Returning from a subsequent tour to visit the general officers of the line at their respective quarters with La Fayette, they met with Knox, who brought them back to head-quarters by the nearest way through a wood, where they fell into a road leading to his retired residence. This was a little rural spot where Mrs. Knox had passed part of the campaign ; and here the chevalier found what he called a real "family," formed besides the general and his wife of a httle girl of three years and an infant of six months. The wretched situation of the army at this time, which culminated in the mutiny of the lines of Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey, is graphically described in this extract from Knox's letter to his brother, dated Dec. 2, 1780: — 148 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " We depend upon the great Author of Nature to provide sub- sistence and clothing for us through a long and severe winter; for the people, whose business, according to tlie common course of things, it was to provide the materials necessary, have either been unable or neglected to do it. The soldier, ragged almost to naked- ness, has to sit down at this period, and with an axe — perhaps his only tool, and probably that a bad one — to make his habitation for winter. However, this, and [being] punished with hunger into the bargain, the soldiers and officers have borne with a fortitude almost superhuman. The country must be grateful to these brave fellows. It is impossible to admit of the idea of an alternative." In January, 1781, he was sent by Washington to the Eastern States to represent the suffering condition of the troops with a view to their relief, and on the 14th ar- rived at Boston with the news of the mutiny of the Penn- sylvania hne. An active campaign was now pLanned which, with the aid of our allies, it was hoped would be decisive. Wash- ington, on Feb. 16, wrote to Knox, instructing him to procure the articles necessar}' to a " capital operation against New York, or against Charleston, Savannah, Pen- obscot, &c., in case of inability to undertake the siege of the first and principal object." Knox in reply promised his utmost efforts to obtain the requisite supplies, but details the great want of proper material for such an operation, and complains of the Board of War for neglecting his repeated requisitions. "Powder," he says, "is an article of which we are so deficient that, when a reasonable quan- tity shall be appropriated for the use of the important posts in the highlands (which ought and wiU be furnished under all circumstances), there will literally none remain." The following letters and extracts of letters throw light upon the occurrences of this eventful campaign. CONFERENCE WITH KOCHAMBEAU. 149 TO WILLIAM KNOX. " Wethersfield, 20 May, 1781. "I am here, my clear brother, having arrived last evening with his Elxcellency the General and General Duportail to meet Count Rocharabeau and Admiral Barras, upon some matters of great con- sequence. We came here last night. The French gentlemen will be here to-morrow, and we shall probably depart in two days after." And on the 25tli he writes him : — " We have not finished our business until this morning. Count Rochambeau left us yesterday, and we shall set out in about one hour, and shall expect to reach New Windsor to-morrow evening." At this important meeting the plan of the subsequent campaign was discussed, and as far as possible decided on, the primary object being New York. WASHINGTON TO KNOX. " Head-quarters, New Windsor, May 28, 1781. " As you are perfectly acquainted with the measures which have been concerted with the Count de Rochambeau, I have only to request that you will be pleased to make all the necessary estimates of articles wanted in your department, and also put the whole busi- ness for the operation (so far as is within your reach) in the best train of execution which our embarrassed circumstances vvill^ossibly admit. Under the present appearances of an evacuation of New York, I think it will be [proper] to draw the stores from the east- ward rather than from the southward." TO WILLIAM KNOX. " Camp at Puillipsburg, 10 miles from King's Bridge, 20 July, 1781. " Lucy, with her sweet children, has gone up the river with Mrs. Cochran, on a visit to some fixmilies. I suppose she will proceed as far as Albany ; after which, I think, she will sit down in Jersey for the remainder of the campaign. Although we are not bad in ac- 150 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. commodating ourselves to our circumstances, yet I sensibly feel the inconveniences we labor under, to accumulate in proportion to the increase of our family. I sincerely pray God that the war may be ended this campaign, that public and private society may be re- stored. . . . The vile water-gruel governments which have taken place in most of the States are totally disproportioned to the exigencies of the war, and are productive of sentiments unworthy an energetic republic. However, I hope we shall wade through. '' I cannot, in justice, omit paying some compliments to our State. The policy appears to be enlarged and liberal ; and the exertions greatly surpass, at this present time, any State in the union. The same tone, sentiments, and exertion pervading all the States, would indisputably render this the last campaign. " Tiie enemy lately sent some ships up the river with an intent to interrupt our communication by water with West Point, but they yesterday retired without effecting any thing of consequence." TO MRS. KNOX. " Camp, near Dobbs Feret, 3 Aug. 1781. ..." Yesterday was your birthday. I cannot attempt to show you how much I was affected by it. I remembered it, and humbly petitioned Heaven to grant us the happiness of continuing our union until we should have the felicity of seeing our children flourishing around us, and ourselves crowned with virtue, peace, and years, and that we both might take our flight together, secure of a happy im- mortality. ..." All is harmony and good fellowship between the two armies. I have no doubt, when opportunity offers, that the zeal of the French and the patriotism of the Americans will go hand in hand to glory. I cannot explain to you the exact plan of the campaign : we don't know it ourselves. You know what we wish, but we hope more at present than we believe." FROM WILLIAM KNOX. "Boston, 22 Aug. 1781. " I suppose, from necessity, you are obliged to speak much French, which, you having long since learnt the theoretic part, I should imagine, from a little practice, would come easy to you. GREENE'S LETTER. 151 " If I recollect, the Compte Rochambeau doesn't speak a word of English, nor do the two brothers Viomenil, Marquis Laval, or Compte St. Maime. The two counts Deux Fonts, on the other hand, speak [it] pretty well ; and the most amiable General Chastellux, a merveille. If you have opportunity, I am sure you must be very intimate [with] General C, if the two characters of the man of letters and polite gentleman are recommendations. I know nobody who can be more strongly recommended. I have reason to speak of the civility of all the gentlemen I have named, and of many which I have not, and who belong to that army, but more particularly of those shown me by the Chevalier Chastelhix, at whose petits soiipers I was invited two evenings out of three when at Newport. I mention this as being a particular mark of his attention, for the being invited to dine is a common compliment from him to recommended strangers ; but the evening circle is always selected." FROM GENERAL GREENE. " Head-qdakters, High Hills, Santee, Aug. 17, 1781. " My dear Friend, — If accounts are true, that New York is seriously invested, you must be the hero of the day. Methinks I hear the cannon roar while I am writing. The shells and the shot fired from the besiegers and besieged must make a terrible rattling. The splendor of such a siege will sink our puny operations into nothing. But, after you have done at New York, it is to be hoped you will come to the southward and unfetter the poor unfortunate inhabitants of Charlestown. I should be happy to see my old friend, McDougall, in the field of speculation. How goes on his chapter of difficulties ? The siege of New York, I imagine, will afford him a large collection of materials. Where is Howe, with his nose ? has he left off his port, or forgiven the boy that insulted it so grossly at Morristown ? The story is told even in this country ; and I declare, upon my honor, I did not bring it here. " Where is the noble Earl [Stirling] ? I hope he's had an oppor- tunity to review the ground on Long Island : and, I presume, every officer of note in the French army has heard in detail the partic- ulars. We have had a report here that General Howe and he had had a duel, but I did not believe it. Honest fellows, what have they to quarrel about ? 152 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " I am sending aide-de-camp after aide-de-camp to get news from the northward. I am not a little apprehensive the people on the road will think the Southern army is broken up. " I beg you will present Mrs. Knox with my most affectionate regards ; and I hope you will not get in the way of a four-and- twenty pounder, but will return to her with whole bones. My com- pliments to honest Shaw." And again : — " Sept. 29, 1781. "My dear Friend, — Where you are I know not, but if you are where I wish you, it is with the General in Virginia ; the pros- pect is so bright and the glory so great, that I want you to be there to share in them. I was in hopes you would have operated seriously against New York, which would have been still more important ; but as your operations are directed another way, I take it for granted means were wanting to play the great game. " We have been beating the bush, and the General has come to catch the bird. Never was there a more inviting object to glory. The General is a most fortunate man, and may success and laurels attend him. We have fought frequently and bled fi-eely, and little glory conies to our share. Our force has been so small that nothing capital could be effected, and our operations have been conducted under every disadvantage that could embarrass either a general or an army. " I long to see you, and spend an evening's conversation together. Where is Mrs. Knox ? and how is Lucy and my young god-son, Sir Harry ? I beg you will present my kind compliments and best wishes to Mrs. Knox. " How is my old friend, Colonel Jackson ? — is he as fat as ever, and can he still eat down a plate of fish that he can't see over ? God bless his fat soul with good health and good spirits to the end of the war, that we may all have a happy meeting in the North. Please to give my compliments to your brother, and tell him we are catching at smoky glory while he is wisely treasuring up solid coin." On the 19th of August, Washington, learning of the expected arrival of the lleet of De Grasse, marched his CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. 153 army to the southward, having aliancloned the attempt upon New York, in order to operate, in conjunction with the French military and naval forces, against Lord Corn- walhs in Virginia. He reached Williamsburg on Septem- ber 14, and, accompanied by Rochambeau, Chastellux, Knox, and Duportail, immediately repaired to the fleet of De Grasse, and a plan of co-operation was arranged on board the " Ville de Paris." Expecting an attack from a British fleet not much inferior to his own, and thinking his station within the Chesapeake unfavorable for a naval combat, the French admiral a few days later designed to put to sea with his fleet in quest of the British. This alarmed the American commander, who despatched La Fayette and Knox to entreat him to preserve his station, in which they fortunately prevailed. The following letters, relating to the investiture and siege of Yorktown, are not uninteresting, that to Mr. Jay, our minister to Sjjain, giving a full account of the Virginia campaign : — TO WILLIAM KNOX. "Head of Elk, 8 Sept. 1781, " I rob my business of one moment to inform you that our army is here, and will, with all its stores, proceed down the Chesapeake in three days. Our prospects are good ; and I shall hope to inform you, in fifteen days, that we have had Cornwallis completely in- vested. The Count de Grasse's squadron is a noble one, and will prevent the enemy's escape by water. I hope we shall do it by land. " Lucy leaves her daughter in Philadelphia, and in five or six days will set out for Virginia to reside with Mrs. Washington." TO MRS. KNOX AT MOUNT VERNON. " Camp before York, 1 Oct. 1781. " We came before York on the 28th, on the 29th nearly com- pleted the investiture ; but yesterday the enemy evacuated their 20 154 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. outposts, which gives us a considerable arlvantage in point of time. Our prospects are goocl, and we shall soon hope to impress our hauglity foe with a respect for the continental arms." TO MRS. KNOX. "Camp before York, eight o'clock a.m., 19 Oct. 1781. " I have detained William until this moment that I might be the first to communicate good neics to the charmer of my soul. A glorious moment for America ! This day Lord Cornwallis and his army march out and pile their arms in the face of our victorious army. The day before yesterday he desired commissioners might be named to treat of the surrender of his troops, the ships, and every thing they possess. He at first requested that the Britons might be sent to Britain, and the Germans to Germany ; but this the General refused, and they have now agreed to surrender prisoners of war, to be kept in America until exchanged or released. They will have the same honors as the garrison of Charleston ; that is, they ^c^ll not be permitted to unfurl their colors, or play Yankee Doodle. We know not yet how many they are. The General has just requested me to be at head-quarters instantly, therefore I cannot be more particular." TO JOHN JAY. " Camp before York, in Virginia, 21 Oct. 1781. " The enemy's operations in these States, though not carried on with great armies, compared with those of 177G and 1777, yet were so formidable as to dispel every force which the country of itself was capable of opposing. This rendered it necessary for America to march its army here, or give up the Southern States as lost. It appears, also, to have been the opinion of the French Court, as Count de Grasse gave intelligence of his intention of arriving at the Capes of Virginia. Our previous views were New York. The dispositions were made on the Hudson's River for the attack of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia, and every thing has suc- ceeded equal to our sanguine wishes. "This important affair has been effected by the most harmonious concurrence of circumstances that could possibly have happened : a fleet and troops from the West Indies, under the orders of one of the SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 155 best men in the world ; an army of American and French troops, marching from the North River, — five hundred miles, — and the fleet of Count de Barras, all joining so exactly in point of time as to render what has happened almost certain. " I shall not enter into a detail of circumstances previous to the collection of our force at Williamsburg, twelve miles distant from this place, which was made on the 27th ult. On the 28th we marched to the camp, and on the 29th and 30th we completed the investiture of York. A body of American militia, Lauzun's legion, and some marines from the fleet of Count de Grasse, at the same time formed in the vicinity of Gloucester, so as to prevent any incursions of the enemy into the country. From the 1st October to the 6th was spent in preparing our materials for the siege, bringing forward our cannon and stores, and in reconnoitring the points of attack. On the evening of the Gth we broke ground and began our first parallel within six hundred yards of the enemy's works, un- discovered. " The first i:)arallel, four redoubts, and all our batteries were finished by the 9th, at two o'clock r.M., when we opened our bat- teries and kept them playing continually. On the night of the 12th we began our second parallel, at three hundred yards' distance from the enemy. And on the night of tlie 14th we stormed the two redoubts which the enemy had in advance of their main works. The gallant troops of France under the orders of Baron de Vio- menil, and the hardy soldiers of America under the Marquis de la Fayette, attacked separate works and carried them in an in- stant. This brilliant stroke was effected without any great loss on our side: the enemy lost between one and two hundred. This advantage was important, and gave us an opportunity of perfecting our second parallel, into which we took the two I'edoubts. On the 1 Gth, just before day, the enemy made a sortie, and spiked up some of our cannon, but were soon repulsed and driven back to their works. The cannon were soon cleared ; and the same day our batteries in the second parallel began the fire, and continued without intermission until nine o'clock in the morning of the 17th October, ever memorable on account of the Saratoga affair, when the enemy sent a flag, offering to treat of the surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester. The firing continued until two o'clock, when com- missioners on both sides met to adjust the capitulation, which was 156 LIFE OF HENEY KNOX. not finished and signed until twelve o'clock on the 19th. Our troops took possession of two redoubts of the enemy soon after, and about two o'clock the enemy marched out and grounded their arms. " The whole garrison are prisoners of war, and had the same honors only as were granted to our garrison at Charleston, — their colors were cased, and they were prohibited playing a French or American tune. " The returns are not yet collected ; but including officers, sick, and well, there are more than seven thousand, exclusive of seamen, ■who are supposed to amount to one thousand. There are near forty sail of topsail vessels in the harbor, about one-half of which the eneniy sunk upon different occasions ; about two hundred pieces of cannon, nearly one-half of them brass ; a great number of arms, drums, and colors are among the trophies of this decisive stroke. The prisoners are to be sent into any part of this State, Maryland, or Pennsyl- vania. The consequences will be extensively beneficial. The enemy will immediately be confined to Charleston and New York, and reduced to a defensive war of those two posts, for which they have not more troops in America than to form adequate garrisons." Knox's skill and activity in providing and forwarding heavy cannon for the siege of Yorktown caused Washing- ton to report to the President of Congress that " the resources of his genius supplied the deficit of means ; " and he was complimented in general orders after the sur- render, and recommended for promotion. Chastelhix, in his " Travels in Nortli America," also pays him a high compliment. " We cannot," he says, " sufficiently admire the intelligence and activity with which he collected from different places and transported to the batteries more than thirty pieces of cannon and mortars of large calibre, for the siege." Again he says: "The artillery Avas alwa3'S very well served, the general incessantly directing it and often himself pointing the mortars : seldom did he leave the batteries. . . • The English marvelled at the exact fire and the terrible execution of the French artillery; and we marvelled no less at the extraordinary progress of the CONGRATULATIONS OF GREENE. 157 American artillery, and at the capacity and instruction of tlie officers. As to General Knox, but one-half has been said in commending his military genius. He is a man of talent, well instructed, of a buoyant disposition, ingenuous and true : it is impossible to know him without esteeming and loving him." In a letter to Knox, of March 30, 1782, he thus manifests the warmth of his friendship : — " My sentiments will always meet yours, and I hope that I shall not be excelled in serving America and loving General Knox. Let ns be brothers in arms, and friends in time of peace. Let the alliance between our respective countries dwell in our bosoms, where it shall find a perfect emblem of the two powers : in mine, the seniority ; in yours, the extent of territory. " I depend upon your faith, and pledge my honor tliat no interest in the world can prevail over the warm and firm attachment with which I have the honor to be De Chastellux." General Greene thus congratidates his friend u|)on the victory at Yorktown : — " Head-quarteks at the Round 0, 10 Dec. 1781. "My dear Friend, — Your favor of the 1st November has just come to hand. Whatever sweet things may be said of me, there are not less said of you. Colonel Lee, who lately returned from the Northern army, says you are the genius of it, and that every thing is said of you that you can wish. I will not wound your deli- cacy by repeating his remarks. Your success in Virginia is brilliant, glorious, great, and important. The Commander-in-chief's head is all covered with laurels, and yours so shaded with them that one can hardly get sight of it. " I long to be with 3"ou, our spirits are congenial and our prin- ciples and sentiments the same. A long distance separates, and alas ! I fear, with you, we shall not have a happy meeting for a long time to come. But be assured my esteem and affection are neither lessened by time nor -distance ; and I hope at some future day, when tlie cannon shall cease to roar, and the olive-branch appears, we shall experience a happy meeting. Your great success in Virginia 158 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. gives me the most flattering hopes that this winter will terminate the war.* " P.8. — Don't be surprised if you hear I attempt the siege of Charleston ; nor must you be disappointed greatly, should we fail." In March, 1782, Knox find Gouverneur Morris were appointed commissioners to arrange a cartel for a general exchange of prisoners ; to liquidate the expenses of their maintenance ; and to provide for their subsistence in future. They met the British Commissioners — General William Dalrymple, whom Knox had formerly known as com- mander of the 14th Regiment in Boston, and Andrew Elliot, Esq. — at Elizabethtown, N. J., on the 30th ; but the differences upon essential points were so great, no arrange- ment could be effected, notwithstanding the earnest and persevering exertions of the American agents. They transmitted the account of their proceedings to Washing- ton, who thus replied : — '•I should do injustice to my own feelings on this occasion if I did not express something beyond my bare approbation of the atten- tion, address, and ability exhibited by you, gentlemen, in the course of this tedious and fruitless nejzotiation. The want of succeeding in the great object of your mission does not, however, lessen in my estimation the merit which is due to the unwearied assiduity for the public good, and the benevolent zeal to alleviate the distresses of the unfortunate, which seem to have actuated you on every occasion, and for which, I entreat, you will be pleased to accept my most cordial thanks." In the following letter to Washington, Knox refers to the obstacles the commissioners had encountered, and acknowledges his obligations to him for his promotion as a major-general, which took place on the 22d of March, 1782, dating from 15 November, 1781 : — APPOINTED TO COMMAND AT WEST POINT. 159 KNOX TO WASHINGTON. " Baskenridge, 21 April, 1782. " "We have at last left Elizabethtown. Our stay there was unreasonably protracted by the frequent references to New York. " We have very good reason to believe that all the important propositions made by us were discussed in New York by a council of general officers. . . . PLvery circumstance we observed tended to convince us that we never shall obtain justice or equal treatment from the enemy but when [we are] in a situation to demand it. ..." Your Excellency knows the importance and value of the intelligence you obtain through the medium of Elizabethtown. In my opinion, nothing but the importance of this would counter- balance the evils which arise from continuing a post there. If all exchanges of prisoners were made by the North River, it would be better, and prevent much improper communication, which unavoid- ably prevails at present. "I have received a letter from General Lincoln, informing that Congress have been pleased to promote me in the manner most flattering to my wishes, founded upon your Excellency's letter from Yorktown. "I cannot express how deeply I am impressed with a sense of your kindness, and the favorable point of view in which you have regarded my feeble attempts to promote the service of my country. I shall ever retain, my dear General, a lively sense of your goodness and friendship, and shall be happy indeed if my future conduct shall meet with your approbation." In July, Knox, who had been inspecting the fortifica- tions of West Point, informed Washington by letter of its inability to stand a siege, and of the deficiencies in its magazines, buildings, &c. ; and, on being appointed to the command of that post on Aug. 29, set himself vigorously at work to strengthen and complete the works. In his letter of instructions, Washington thus evinces his appreciation of Knox : " I liave so thorough a confidence in you, and so well am I acquainted with your abilities and activity, that I think it needless to point out to you the great out- lines of your duty." 160 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. The discontent of the army respecting the arrearages of its pay was increased by the prospect of its being ere long disbanded, without adequate provision by Congress for a settlement ; and it manifested itself in audible murmurs and complaints, which threatened serious consequences. In December, 1782, a committee of officers was chosen to draft an address and petition to Congress. This was drawn up by Knox, its chairman, and contained a state- ment of the amounts due them ; a proposal that the half- pay for life should be commuted for a specific sum ; and a request that security should be given by the government for the fulfilment of its engagements. General McDougall, with Colonels Brooks and Ogden, were deputed to bear this memorial to Congress, which l)ody, in January, 1783, passed resolves concerning it, indefinite in their character and unsatisfactory to the officers. The disappointment and irritation felt at this result produced the famous " Newburg Addresses," by which the feelings of the officers were wrought up to the highest pitch. At this point the strenuous exertions of Knox were joined with those of Washington, in composing the dis- contented and mutinous spirit which appeared ; and at the meeting of officers held March 15th, at which Wash- ington by a patriotic and impressive address allayed the storm which threatened the peace of the country, Knox moved the resolutions thanking him for the course he had pursued and expressive of their unabated attachment, and also declaring their unshaken reliance on the good faith of Congress and their country, and a determination to bear with patience their grievances till,. in due time, they should be redressed. The subject was again considered in Con- gress, and the commutation and other provisions asked for in the memorial were granted. DISCONTENT OF THE ARMY. 161 The extracts from Knox's letters, given below, present a faithful picture of his sentiments and those of the army upon this subject, and upon the still more important one, — a stronger and more responsible government. TO GENERAL LINCOLN. " 20 Dec. 1782. " I am, and I believe the whole array are, perfectly in sentiment with you respecting a commutation of half-pay. The accounts up to the present period ought to be settled by somebody. The State settlement for the reasons you have given must be preferable. The expectations of the army, from the drummer to the highest officei's, are so keen for some pay, that I shudder at the idea of their not receiving it. The utmost period of sufferance upon that head has arrived. To attempt to lengthen it will undoubtedly occasion com- motions. The gentlemen sent with the address have been unable to raise the money for their expenses, until yesterday. The army will have anxious moments until they shall know the result." TO GOUVERNEUR MORRIS. " 21 Feb. 1783. " The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one conti- nental body looking up to one sovereign. This would have pre- vented much heai't-burning at the partialities which have been practised by the respective States. They know of no way of bring- ing this about, at a period when peace appears to be in full view. Certain it is they are good patriots, and would forward any thing that would tend to produce union, and a permanent general consti- tution ; ... but they must be directed in the mode by the proper authority. "It is a favorite toast in the army, 'A hoop to the barrel,' or ' Cement to the Union.' America will have fought and bled to little purpose if the powers of government shall be insufficient to preserve the peace, and this must be the case without general funds. As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is, to have a conven- tion of the States to form a better Constitution ? This appears to us, 21 162 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. who have a superficial view only, to be the more efficacious remedy. Let something be done before a peace takes place, or we shall be in a worse situation than we were at the commencement of the war." TO GENERAL MtDOUGALL. " West Point, 21 Feb. 1783. " I received the report signed by you and Colonel Ogden, copies of which have been distributed to the different parts of the army. The business, instead of being brought to a close, seems more re- mote from a decision than it was before the application to Congress. The complex system of government operates most powerfully in the present instance against the army, who certainly deserve every thing in the power of a grateful people to give. " We are in an unhappy predicament indeed, not to know who are responsible to us for a settlement of accounts. " Posterity will hardly believe that an army contended incessantly for eight years under a constant pressure of misery to establish the liberties of their country, without knowing who were to compensate them or whether they were ever to receive any reward for their services. It is high time that we should, now we have a prospect of peace, know whether the respective States or the whole, aggre- gately, are to recognize our dues and to place them upon such prin- ciples as to promise some future benefit. Much has been said about the influence of the army : ... it can only exist in one point, that to be sure is a sharp point, which I hope in God will never be directed but against the enemies of the liberties of America. . . . " It will take much time to change or amend the present form [of government] : must our accounts, therefore, remain unsettled until this shall have been considered and decided upon ? I think not. " My sentiments are exactly these. I consider the reputation of the American array as one of the most immaculate things on earth, and that we should even suffer wrongs and injuries to the utmost verge of toleration rather than sully it in the least degree. But there is a point beyond which there is no sufferance. I pray sin- cerely we may not pass it. ... I have not taken the sense of the army upon your report ; that is, I have not called any number of officers together upon this subject, because, as no decision has been made, nothing they can say will, in the least, forward the matter. I ardently wish you may be able to fix the rate of commutation, and OPPOSES VIOLENT MEASURES. 163 have a person appointed to settle the accounts of the army, and then have a reference to the respective States, to become responsible for the sums which may be found due upon both principles of accounts and commutation of half-pay. "You will readily perceive I mean this as a private letter, nay, more, a confidential one." TO THE SAME. " West Point, 3 March, 1783. " The army are impatiently waiting the result of your mission. I earnestly wish it may produce more than it at present seems to promise. I am certain nothing is wanting on your part to bring the matter to a happy termination. It is enough to sicken one to observe how light a matter many States make of their not being represented in Congress, — a good proof of the badness of the present Constitution. " Your view of the sentiments of the people on a prospect of peace is a just representation of what we are to expect after that event. However, let them first do the army justice, and we shall demand a very small pittance of their gratitude, and little shall we find it. To McDoiigall he again writes on the 12th, two days after the appearance of the " Newburg Addresses : " — '' I sincerely hope we shall not be influenced to actions which may be contrary to our uniform course of service for eight years. The men who, by their illiberality and injustice drive the army to the very brink of destruction, ought to be punished with severity. "The measures we can take to remedy our evils are not known to me. I know not how by any violence we can obtain a settle- ment of accounts, and have the half-pay placed upon proper prin- ciples, except by the applications we have made. Endeavor, my dear friend, once more to convince the obdurate of the awful evils which may arise from postponing a decision on the subjects of our address." TO GENERAL LINCOLN. " West Point, 3 March, 1783. "I most earnestly conjure you to urge that every thing respect- ing the army be decided upon before peace takes place. No time 164 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. ought to be lost. Let the public only comply with their own prom- ises, and the army will return to their respective homes the lambs and bees of the community. But if they should be disbanded pre- vious to a settlement, without knowing who to look to for an adjust- , ment of accounts and a responsibility of payment, they will be so deeply stung by (he injustice and ingratitude of their country as to become its tigers and wolves." And again, on the 12th: — "The officers are waiting impatiently the result of General McDougall's mission. Their impatience is almost heightened into despair. Papers have been distributed by unknown persons, call- ing the body of the officers together yesterday in the new building, accompanied by an address calculated to rouse the officers to re- dress their own grievances. The Commander-in-chief requested that the meeting might be postponed until next Saturday. What will be the result, God only knows. Congress ought not to lose a moment in bringing the affiiirs of the army to a decision. Push the matter instantly, my dear sir, with all your might and main." On the 16th he writes : — "The meeting was had yesterday. The occasion, though in- tended for opposite purposes, has been one of the happiest circum- stances of the war, and will set the military character of America in a high point of view. If the people have the most latent spark of gratitude, this generous proceeding of the army must call it forth. For these reasons, I think the proceedings ought to be published. Can you not have this done immediately? If so, forward some hundred copies to the army. The General's address is a masterly performance." It was at this time that Knox, in order to perpetuate the friendships formed by the officers of the army, so soon to be disbanded, and at the same time to create a fund for their indigent widows and orphans, founded the Society of the Cincinnati, each officer upon joining contributing to FOUNDS THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY. 165 its treasury one month's pay. Washington was chosen its President, and Knox Secretary ; and the French ad- mirals, generals, and colonels who had served in America were also constituted members. Its Institution, which was the work of Knox, was car- ried into effect, with some slight amendments, in May, 1783. One of its features aroused considerable hostilitj^, and gave rise to much discussion. This was the provision by which the eldest male heir succeeded to a vacant mem- bership, and which was vehemently assailed as introducing an order of nobility into the re^^ublic. Time has refuted the calumnies to which the Society was subjected ; and its career of beneficence, still active, testifies to the wisdom as well as to the benevolence of its founder. Knox con- tinued its secretary until the year 1800, and in 1805 became vice-president. He was also vice-president of the Massachusetts branch in 1783. Knox had been left by Washington in command of the army on August 26, and in November he began the deli- cate and arduous task of disbanding it. The evacuation of New York by the enemy gave rise to the following cor- respondence between the respective commanders : — WASHINGTON TO KNOX. "Rocky Hill, 23 Oct. 1783. " The arrival of the definitive treaty aod the evacuation of New York have been so long delayed as to interfere very materially with our arrangements for the celebration of peace. ... I think, there- fore, that it will be best to defer it until the British leave the city, and then to have it at that place, where all who choose to attend can find accommodation. " Sir Guy Carleton some time since informed me, through Mr. Parker, that he should leave New York, in all, next month, prob- ably by the 20th ; and that when the transports which were gone to Nova Scotia returned, he should be able to fix the day. This 166 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. notice may be short ; and, as it is best to be prepared, I wish you to confer on the subject with Governor Chnton, and liave every neces- sary arrangement made for taking possession of the city on their leaving it. You will please to report to me the arrangements you may agree on. " Enclosed I transmit you copy of a proclamation of Congress for the dissolution of the army : you will please to publish it to the troops under your orders." KNOX TO SIR GUY CARLETON. " West Point, 9 Nov. 1783. " Sfr, — By your Excellency's verbal message, transmitted through Mr. Parker to his Excellency General Washington, ex- pressing your expectations of being able to withdraw his Brittauic Majesty's troops from New York in the course of the present month ; and by recent reports from there, it appears probable that the period is fixed for that event. In this case, I flatter myself your Excel- lency will see how necessary it may be for the protection of the city and its inhabitants, that it should be immediately occupied by some American forces. I have received his Excellency General Washington's directions on this head, and I have consulted with his Excellency Governor Clinton, who is too unwell to take any meas- ures himself, but is exceedingly desirous that every arrangement shoukl be made which would induce to good order until the civil authority of the State should be established. " Having the command of the military in this quarter, and being assured of your Excellency's perfect disposition to insure the safety of the city, I have taken the liberty to address you upon this point, and to request the honor that you would favor me in season with the information of the precise time when you may please to relin- quish the jurisdiction of the posts now in your possession, as the troops for the before-mentioned purpose would principally be drawn from the neighborhood of this post. I hope it will be a sufficient apology for requesting five or six days' notice previous to the em- barkation of the last of your corps. " Captain Lillie, my aide-de-camp, will have the honor to deliver this letter and receive your Excellency's answer." EVACUATION OF NEW YORK. 167 SIK GUY CARLETON TO KNOX. " New York, 12 Nov. 1783. " Sir, — I have this day commiiuicated to his Excellency General AVashington, by letter, my intention of relinquishing the posts at King's Bridge and as far as McGowan's Pass, inclusive, on this Island on the 21st instant; to resign the possession of Herrick's and Hampstead with all to the eastward on Long Island, on the same day ; and, if possible, to give up this city with Brooklyn on the day following, and Paulus Hook, Dennys's, and Staten Lsland as soon after as may be practicable, reserving only with respect to New York that, if any of our ships should happen to want repairs after the town is evacuated, we shall still have the free and unin- terrupted use of the Ship Yard, under the direction of such officer as the Admiral shall appoint, as long as it may be requisite for that purpose. " Major Beckwith, my oldest aide-de-camp, who waits upon you with this letter, will communicate such other particulars as may be necessary for your further information." On the 25th of November the British army evacuated the city ; and Knox, at the head of the American trooj^s, took . possession. The principal officers of the army yet remaining in service assembled, on Dec. 4, at Fraunce's Tavern to take a final leave of their beloved chief. Wash- ington entered the room where they were all waiting, and taking a glass of wine in his hand he said, " With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable." Having drunk, he continued : " I cannot come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will come and take me by the hand." Knox who stood nearest to him turned and grasped his hand ; and while the tears flowed down the cheeks of each, the Commander-in-chief kissed him. This he did to each of his. officers, while tears and sobs stifled utterance. 168 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. Upon his return to West Point, Dee. IStli, Knox was officially thanked by Governor Clinton and the Council for his attention to the rights of the citizens of the State of New York, and for his zeal in preserving peace and good order since the evacuation. The following letter to Washington explains itself : — "West Point, 29 Sept. 1783. " Sir, — I bejT leave to state to your Excellency, and through you to the honorable Congress, that the unavoidable expenses aris- ing from the command of this post and its dependencies have greatly exceeded any emoluments of office arising from my rank in the army ; and that, in order to support my station with some propriety, so as not to reflect disgrace upon the public rank I sus- tain, I have been obliged to make use of my private resources to a considerable amount. "That it has uniformly been customary, from the peculiar expenses of the command, to allow the emoluments of a major- o-eneral commanding in a separate department, and that said allow- ance was withdrawn a short time previous to your Excellency's ordering me on the command. It may be unnecessary to enter into a detail of circumstances which have rendered my com- mand as expensive as that of my predecessors. It is sufficient that I can easily prove that it has been so. I therefore honestly hope to have the same compensation. " 1 pray that your Excellency would have the goodness to place this request before Congress in the manner that you may think it deserves." In consequence of this application, Congress, on the 30th of October, allowed him the pay of a major-general in a separate department, during his command at West Point. This gave him an additional sum of ninety dollars per month from Sept. 1st, 1782, amounting to $1,350. He retained command of that post until early in January, 1784. With Washington he continued to keep U]^ an active MASTER GENERAL OF ORDNANCE. 169 correspondence, whicli terminated only with the death of his chief, whose efforts were not wanting when, as in the present case, it seemed likely that they could be of service to his friend who desired to continue to serve his country in the capacity in which he could be most useful. KNOX TO WASHINGTON. " West Point, 17 Sept. 1783. "My dear General, — I canuot refrain from commuuicating the joy I feel, and the pleasure manifested by the officers iu gen- eral, upon the noble testimony of gratitude exhibited by Congress in their resolve concerning the Equestrian Statue. This permanent evidence of their sense of your services will iUustrate their virtue and honor more than whole columns of panegyric. " I am daily solicited for information respecting the progress of the officers' petition for a new State w^estward of the Ohio. . . . Were the prayer of the petition to be granted, the officers in a very few years would make the finest settlement on tiie fron- tiers, and form a strong barrier against the barbarians. " I have had it in contemplation for a long time past, to mention to your Excellency the idea of a master general of ordnance. But I hesitated, and finally declined it in my last opinion to you upon a peace establishment, lest it might be concluded that I was endeav- oring to create a post for myself. But the resignation of the min- ister of war eventual upon the definitive treaty of peace, and his opinion that no successor will be appointed, joined to the necessity of having some person responsible to Congress, .seem to combine to render such an officer peculiarly necessary, who should principally reside near Congress to execute orders as they should think proper for the dignity or security of the republic. It is a well-known fact that so complex and extensive a business as the formation of an ordnance and its numerous dependencies, the manufacture of small arms and accoutrements, must be the work of much time, and can only be efi'ectually prepared in profound peace. " Congress have evinced so much wisdom and magnanimity in their conduct, that it cannot be doubted that they will make the most substantial arrangements for future exigencies consistent with their revenues and the nicest economy. 22 170 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " The abundant experience I have had of your Excellency's kindness and friendship has induced me to communicate this in confidence. I beg leave at the same time to remark, that, although my expectations and wishes are for private life, yet if any office similar to the above should be formed upon the broad scale of national policy, I might, if thought worthy, find it convenient to give it my zealous assistance. I mention this matter more readily from a remembrance of your favorable recommendations for the office of Secretary at War." AVASIIINGTON TO KNOX. "Rocky Hill, 2d Nov. 1783. " General Lincoln's resignation has been offered, and accepted by Congress. ... I have conversed with several members of Congress upon the propriety, in time of peace, of uniting the offices of Secie- tary at War and Master of Ordnance in one person, and letting him have the command of the troops on the peace establishment, not as an appendage of right, — for that I think would be wrong, — but by sepai'ate appointment at the discretion of Congress. Those I have spoken to on tlie subject seem to approve the idea, which, if adopted, would make a handsome appointment. I will converse with others on this head, and let you know the result. My wishes to serve you in it you need not doubt, being with much truth " Your most affectionate " George Washington." knox to washington. " West Point, 3d Jan. 1784. ..." I have discharged all the troops but those specified in the enclosed return. I believe I did not mention to your Excellency my ideas of the pay for the offices that might be associated ; viz., the duties of the Secretary at War, Master of Ordnance,* and charge or command of any troops wliich might be retained in ser- vice. It appears to me, and I hope tliat I fairly estimate the expenses and trouble, that the pay and emoluments of a major- general in a separate department free of any encumbrances would not be an unreasonable appointment. Should Congress think proper to honor me with an offer of these offices associated together, I should be willing to accept them upon the above terms ; but I COMMISSIONER TO THE PENOBSCOT INDIANS. 171 should do injustice to myself and family to accept of any employ- ment wliicli would not prevent my involving myself. " Having brought the affairs here nearly to a close, I shall soon depart for Boston, for which place Mrs. Knox and her little family set out from New York on the 10th ult. I should do violence to the dictates of my heart were I to suppress its sensations of affec- tion and gratitude to you for the innumerable instances of your kindness and attention to me. And, although I can find no words equal to their warmth, I may venture to assure you that they will remain indelibly fixed. I devoutly pray the Supreme Being to con- tinue to afford you his especial protection." In Januar\v 1^784, Knox arrived at Boston, and took np his residence in Dorchester.* With General Lincohi and George Partridge he was in June appointed by the General Court of Massachusetts a commissioner to treat with the Penobscot Indians, in order to induce them to relinquish their lands from the head of the tide forty miles up the river. They were also in- structed to examine whether the people under the govern- ment of Nova Scotia had encroached upon the territories of Massachusetts, and to settle the Eastern boundary line, a dispute having arisen as to which was the river St. Croix intended by the treaty with Great Britain. The commis- sioners having performed the duty assigned them made their report a few months later. From Paris La Fayette writes to Knox on Jan. 8, 178-1 : — " It has been to me a great happiness to hear from you ; and while we are separated, I beg you will let me enjoy it as often as possible. You know my tender affection for you, my dear Knox, is engi-aved * The house in which Knox lived may still be seen a short distance beyond the Second Congregational Church, on the upper road to Milton. It was formerly owned b^' a Mr. Jones. It has long been the property of the Welles family, bankers of Boston and Paris, and was for one or more years the summer residence of Daniel Webster. 172 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. in my heart, and I shall keep it as long as I live. From the begin- ning of our great Revolution, which has been the beginning of our acquaintance, we have been actuated by the same principles, im- pre>sed with the same ideas, attached to the same friends, and we have warmly loved and confidentially intrusted each other. The remembrance of all this is dear to my heart ; and from every motive of tenderness and regard, I set the greater value by the happiness of your possession as a bosom friend. I have been much employed in rendering America what service I could in the aiFairs of her commerce. AVhat I can do must be entirely done before the spring, when 1 intend embarking for my beloved shores of Liberty. My delays in Europe are owing to motives of American public ser- vice. . . . Dunkirk, L'Orient, Bayonne, and Marseilles have been declared free ports of America." When the gallant Frenchman visited Boston in October, 1784, he was met at Watertown, on the 15th, by a number of the officers of the late continental army, headed by Knox ; and together they sat down to an elegant repast provided for the occasion. On the following day he ^Vas waited on by them with an address by Knox, to which the marquis made a suitable reply. A more general welcome was extended by the citizens on the 19th, when a public dinner was given in his honor, at Faneuil Hall, at which many persons of distinction, among them seventy-tive officers of the Revolutionary army, were present. Congress having, on March 4, 1785, fixed the salary of the Secretary of War for the future at $2,450, proceeded on the 8th to elect Knox to that office. He thus replies to the letter of the Secretary notifying him of his elec- tion : — TO CHARLES THOMSON, ESQ., SECRETARY OF CONGRESS. "Boston, 17 March, 1785. « SiRj — I have had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 9th instant, informing of the honor conferred on me by the APPOINTED SECRETARY OF WAR. 173 United States in Congress assembled, in electing me Secretary of War, and enclosing the ordinance for ascertaining the powers and duties of the office, the act establishing the salary, and the minnte of the election. " I have the most grateful sentiments to Congress for this distin- guishing mark of their confidence ; and I shall, according to the best of my abilities, attempt to execute the duties of the office. I shall have a perfect reliance upon a candid interpretation of my actions, and I shall hope that application to business and propriety of inten- tion may, in a degree, excuse a deficiency of talents. " My affiiirs here will require my personal attention the latter end of May and beginning of June, and I hope to be indulged with a few weeks' absence at that time, provided it can be granted without jjublic injury. In the mean time, I shall endeavor to be at New York about the 12th of next month." And from Boston he wrote to Washington on the 24th, acquainting him with his appointment, from which letter we extract as follows: — " You may probably have heard that Congress have been j^leased to appoint me Secretary at War. I have accepted the ai>pointment, and shall expect to be in New York about the 15th of next month. From the habits imbibed during the war, and from the opinion of my friends that I should make but an indifferent trader, I thought, upon mature consideration, that it was well to accept it, although the salary would be but a slender support. I have dejiendence upon an unwieldy estate of Mrs. Knox's family, and upon the public cer- tificates given for my services ; but neither of these is productive, and require a course of years to render them so. In the mean time, my expenses are considerable, and require some funds for their suj)- ply. Congress have rendered the powers and duties of the office respectable; and the circumstances of my appointment, without solicitation on my part, were flattering, nine States out of eleven voting for me. I do not expect to move my family to New York until June next." Washington in reply, under date of June 18th, saj's: " Without a compliment, I think a better choice could not have been made." 174 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. It is impossible to read without emotion the following lines from a letter written by General Greene a short time before his death, which occurred on June 19th. It bears Knox's indorsement : " This is the last letter I ever received from my truly beloved friend, General Greene." The first paragraph refers to two pieces of cannon pre- sented to him by order of Congress, upon which Knox had caused appropriate inscriptions to be engraved. Its closing request received Knox's earnest and friendly attention : — " Mulberry Grove, 12 March, 1786. " I thank you for the polite attention you are paying to my pub- lic trophies ; but I have been so embarrassed and perplexed in my private affairs for a long time past, which originated in the progress of the war, that I have but little spirit or pleasure on such subjects. My family is in distress, and I am overwhelmed with difficulties ; and God knows when or where they will end. I work hard and live poor, but I fear all this will not extricate me. . . . Please to give me your opinion upon sending George [his son] to the Marquis La Fayette, agreeable to his request. Let your answer be as candid as I trust your friendship is sincere." The disturbances in Massachusetts having assumed a serious aspect, in October we find Knox at Springfield, providing for the security of the arsenal there. To a request from General Shepard of the State militia for per- mission to use the arms and stores of the United States there collected, Knox replies on Jan. 27, 1787, that in case the insurgents should demonstrate an intention of seizing the arsenal or any of the stores, and it could not other- wise be successfully defended, " part might be taken for the protection of the remainder, to be returned the instant the danger should subside." With Washington, Rufus King, Stephen Higginson, General Lincoln, Nathaniel Gorhara, and other prominent Federalists, he kept up an active correspondence ; and in the letters which follow he describes vividly the state TROUBLES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 175 of feeling in Massachusetts, during the period of Shays's insurrection, the formation of the Federal Constitution and its adoption by that State, a period of intense excite- ment, especially to one possessing his ardent temper and strong convictions upon the great questions at issue. TO AVASHINGTON. " New Yoek, 23 Oct. 1786. ..." I have lately been far eastward of Boston on private busi- ness, and WHS no sooner returned here than the commotions in Mas- sachusetts hurried me back to Boston on a public account. " Our ^jolitical machine, composed of thirteen independent sover- eignties, have been perpetually operating against each other and against the federal head ever since the peace. The powers of Con- gress are totally inadequate to preserve the balance between the respective States, and oblige them to do those things which are essential for their own welfare or for the general good. The frame of mind in the local legislatures seems to be exerted to prevent the federal constitution from having any good effect. The machine works inversely to the public good in all its parts : not only is State against State, and all against the federal head, but the States within themselves possess the name only without having the essential con- comitant of government, the power of preserving the peace, the pro- tection of the liberty and property of the citizens. On the very first impression of faction and licentiousness, the fine theoretic government of Massachusetts has given way, and its laws [are] trampled imder foot. Men at a distance, who have admired our systems of government unfounded in nature, are apt to accuse the rulers, and say that taxes have been assessed too high and collected too rigidly. This is a deception equal to any that has been hitherto entertained. That taxes may be the ostensible cause is true, but that they are the true cause is as far remote from truth as light from darkness. The people who are the insurgents have never paid anv or but very little taxes. But they see the weakness of government : they feel at once their own poverty conqjared with the opulent, and their own force, and they are determined to make use of the latter in order to remedy the former. '• Their creed is, that the property of the United States has been 176 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. protected from the confiscations of Britain by the joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to be the common property of all ; and he that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equality and justice, and ought to be swept from the face of the earth. In a word, they are determined to annihilate all debts public and private, and have agrarian laws, which are easily effected by the means of unfunded paper money, which shall be a tender in all cases what- ever. The numbers of these people may amount, in Massachusetts, to one-fifth part of several populous counties ; and to them may be added the jieople of similar sentiments from the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshii-e, so as to constitute a body of twelve or fifteen thousand desperate and unprincipled men. They are chiefly of the young and active part of the community, more easily collected than ke2)t together afterwards. But they will prob- ably commit overt acts of treason, which will compel them to embody for their own safety. Once embodied, they will be constrained to submit to discipline for the same reason. " Having proceeded to this length, for which they are now ripe, we shall have a formidable rebellion against reason, tlie principle of all government, and against the very name of liberty. " This dreadful situation, for which our government have made no adequate provision, has alarmed every man of principle and prop- erty in New England. They start as from a dream, and ask what can have been the cause of our delusion ? What is to give us security against the violence of lawless men ? Our government must be braced, changed, or altered to secure our lives and property. We imagined that the mildness of our government and the wishes of the people were so correspondent that we were not as other nations, recpiiring brutal force to support the laws. "But we find that we are men, — actual men, possessing all the turbulent passions belonging to that animal, and that we must have a government proper and adequate for him. " The people of Massachusetts, for instance, are far advanced in this doctrine, and the men of property and the men of station and principle there are determined to endeavor to establish and protect them in their lawful pursuits ; and, what will be efficient in all cases of internal commotions or foreign invasions, they mean that lib- erty shall form the basis, — liberty resulting from an equal and fii-m administration of law. WANTED, — A STRONG GOVERNMENT. 177 " They wish for a general government of unity, as they see that the local legislatures must naturally and necessarily tend to retard the general government. We have arrived at that point of time in which we are forced to see our own humiliation, as a nation, and that a progression in this line cannot be productive of happiness, private or public. Something is wanting, and something must be done, or we shall be involved in all the horror of failure, and civil war without a prospect of its termination. Every friend to the liberty of his country is bound to reflect, and step forward to pre- vent the dreadful consequences which shall result from a govern- ment of events. Unless this is done, we shall be liable to be ruled by an arbitrary and capricious armed tyranny, whose word and will must be law. "The Indians on our frontiers ai"e giving indisputable evidence of their hostile intentions. Congress, anxiously desirous of meeting the evils on the frontiers, have unanimously agreed to augment the troops now in service to a legionary corps of 2,040 men. This measure is important, and will tend to strengthen the principles of government, if necessary, as well as to defend the frontiers. I mention the idea of strengthening government as confidential. But the State of Massachusetts requires the greatest assistance, and Congress are fully impressed with the importance of supporting her with great exertions." TO STEPHEN HIGGINSON. " New York, 28th Jan. 1787. " The zeal of the people of Boston and the lower country in favor of government is a good sign, and will probably produce the results expected from it. But, supposing the present disorders quieted, some measures will be necessary to prevent a repetition of them. Although the patriotism of individuals may restore [to] government its former tone, some more certain princijile than zeal will be re- quisite to retain it. Massachusetts, by an exertion in the present instance, may even acquire a temporary vigor ; but the poor, poor federal government is sick almost unto death. " But one feeble sign of life for upwards of two, almost three months past. No Congress but for part of one day. How things are to be worked up so as to produce by its ordinary operations a remedy for the numerous existing disorders, or be made adequate to 23 178 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. the great purposes of a nation, which, considering its vast resources, ought to be a dignified one, it is ditficult, if not impossible, to con- jecture. " A convention is proposed by Virginia, and acceded to by Penn- sylvania, Jersey, probably New York and South Carolina, to consult on some plan to prevent our utter ruin. Perhaps this convention originated, and has been imbued with ideas, far short of a radical reform. Let this have been the case, may it notwithstanding be turned to an excellent purpose ? Our views are limited in all things, we can only see from point to point at a time. If men — great men — are sent to the convention, might they not assist the vision of the Southern delegates in such a manner as to induce the adoption of some energetic plan, in the prosecution of which we might rise to national dignity and happiness? " Should the convention agree on some continental constitution, and propose the great outlines, either through Congress, or directly to their constituents, the respective legislatures, with a request that State conventions might be assembled for the sole pui'pose of choos- ing delegates to a continental convention in order to consider and decide upon a general government, and to publish it for general observance in the same manner as Congress formetl and decided upon the articles of confederation and perpetual union, would not this, to all intents and purposes, be a government derived from the people and assented to by them as much as they assented to the confederation ? If it be not the best mode, is it not the best which is practicable ? If so, one would conclude that it ought to be em- braced. " The Southern States are jealous enough already. If New Eng- land, and particularly Massachusetts, should decline sending delegates to the convention, it will operate in a duplicate ratio to injure us by annihilating the rising desire in the Southern States of eflfecting a better national system, and by adding to their jealousies of the designs of New England. " I have dwelt on this subject to you, in order that if your senti- ments should correspond with mine, that you should influence a choice of delegates of such characters as would possess the ability of pointing out the road to national glory and felicity." FEDERAL CONVENTION PROPOSED. 179 TO GENERAL LINCOLN. "New York, 14 Feb. 1787. " While I thank you for your kind communication of the 5th inst., I most heartily congratulate you on the successful events con- tained therein [the supjjression of the Shays] insurrection. Were not your military reputation already highly established, your ma- ncEuvres would have elevated it ; but, circumstanced as you are in the opinion of your friends and the world, Shays's rebellion is not a field in which you could gather fresh laurels. It will be a sufficient satisfaction to you that you have dissipated a cloud that threatened a violent storm. " The convention proposed by the commercial convention last September, to meet in Philadelphia in May next, engrosses a great portion of the attention of the men of reflection. Some are for and some against it ; but the preponderance of opinion is for it. None of the New England States have yet chosen, and it aj^pears quite problematical whether any will choose unless Massachusetts. The convention will be at liberty to consider more diffusively the defects of the present system than Congress can, who are the exec- utors of a certain system. If what they should think pro2:>er to propose, after mature deliberation, should require the assent of the people of the respective States, which is supposed necessary in an original compact, the convention would recommend to the respective legislatures to call State conventions for the sole purpose of choos- ing delegates to represent them in a continental convention, in order to consider and finally decide on a general constitution, and to pub- lish the same for observance. If a differently constructed repub- lican government should be the object, the shortest road to it will be found to be the convention. I hope, therefore, that Massachusetts will choose, and that you, IMr. King, and Mr. Higginson should be three of the delegates." TO RDFUS KING. " New York, 15tli July, 1787. " I am happy the convention continue together without agitating the idea of adjournment. If their attempts should prove inadequate to effect capital alterations, yet experience will be gained, which may serve important purposes on another occasion. 180 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. " The conduct of France in establishing provincial assemblies is seized with great eagerness by the advocates for the State systems, as a reason against any alterations. But they do not bring into view the strong cement of the royal authority supported by 200,000 soldiers. " The State systems are the accursed thing which will prevent our being a nation. The democracy might be managed, nay, it would remedy itself after being sufficiently fermented ; but the vile State governments are sources of i^ollution, which will contaminate the American name perhaps for ages. Machines that must produce ill, but cannot produce good, smite them in the name of God and the people. "Eight States in Congress, — they yesterday passed with great unanimitjf a system of government for the western territory." TO LA FAYETTE. " New York, 24 Oct. 1787. " You will have received, long before this period, the result of the convention which assembled in Philadelphia during the month of May. These propositions being essentially different in many respects from the existing confederation, and which will probably produce different national effects, are contemplated by the public at large with an anxious attention. The discussions are commenced in the newspapers and in pamphlets, with all the freedom and liber- ality which characterize a people who are searching, by their own experience, after a form of government most productive of hap- piness. To speak decisively at this moment of the fate of the proposed constitution, characterizes effectually the person giving the opinion. Habituated as I have been for a long time to desire the con- solidation of the powers of all parts of this country, as an indispen- sable requisite to national character and national happiness, I receive the propositions as they are, and from my soul I wish them God speed ! The transition from wishing an event, to believing that it will happen, is easy indeed. I therefore am led to a strong per- suasion that the proposed government will be generally or univer- sally adopted in the course of twelve or fifteen months. " In desiring that the proposed government may be adopted, I would not have you believe that I think it all perfect. There are several things in it that I confess I could wish to see altered. But STATE OF PARTIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 181 I apprehend no alterations can be effected peaceably. All the States represented agreed to the constitution as it stands. There are substantial reasons to believe that such an agreement could not again be produced even by the same men." TO WASHINGTON. " New York, 14 Jan. 1788. "The Massachusetts convention were to meet on the 9th. The decision of Connecticut will influence, in a degree, their determi- nation, and I have no doubt the constitution will be adopted ; but it is at this moment questionable whether with a large majority. There are three parties existing in that State at present, not exceed- ingly different in their respective numbers, but greatly differing in wealth and ability. " The first is the commercial part of the State, to whom are added all the men of considerable projDerty, the clergy, the lawyers, in- cluding all the judges of all the courts ; and all the officers of the late army, and the neighborhood of all the great towns, are of this I^arty. Its strength in point of numbers may include three-sevenths of the whole State. This party are for the most vigorous govern- ment. Perhaps many of them would have been more pleased with the new constitution, had it been still more analogous to the British Constitution. " The second party are the Eastern part of the State, lying beyond New Hampshire, and formerly the province of Maine. This party are mostly looking toward the erection of a new State ; and the majority will adopt or reject the new constitution, as it may facilitate or retard their designs, without much regard to the great merits of the question. This party may not be far less than two-sevenths of the State. " The third party are the insurgents and their favorers, the great majority of whom are for an annihilation of debts, public and in-'i- vate, and therefore cannot approve the new constitution. This party may be more than two-sevenths. " If the first and second party agree, as will be most probable, and also some of the party stated as in the insurgent interest, the con- stitution will be adopted by a great majority, notwithstanding all exertions to the contrary. " Mr. Samuel Adams has declared that he will oppose it, to the 182 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. very great disgust of the people of Boston, his constituents. It is said Boston was about to take some spirited measures to prevent the effect of his opposition. It is probable the debates will be lengthy, and that the convention will sit one month before they decide." The following from Rufus King to Knox slieds new light on the history of the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution in Massachusetts, which event took place on February 6tli. By it we see that the Federalists in the Convention, under the able leadership of Rufus King and Theophilus Parsons, secured the support of Governor Hancock, who also presided over the deliberations of that body, by an adroit appeal to the special foible of the gov- ernor, — vanity. Upon such apparently trivial causes do the destinies of nations sometimes turn ! " Boston, 3 Feb. 1788. "Dear General, — Hancock has committed himself in our favor, and will not desert the cause. Saturday's 'Centinel' will give you an idea of his plan. The Federalists are united in that system ; and, as Adams has joined us on this jjlan, we are encour- aged to think our success is jjrobable. " Gerry keeps close at Cambridge, and his adherents have made no motion for his recall. Mr. Hancock's propositions were yester- day committed to a committee of two members from each county : they meet to-day, and we hope favorably from their deliberations, a majority being Federalists. " Tlie final question will probably be taken in five or six days. You will be astonished, when you see the list of names, that such a union of men has taken place on this question. Hancock will here- after receive the universal support of Bowdoin's friends, and ive tell hi»i that if Virginia does not unite, which is problematical, that he is considered as the only fair candidate for President." In a letter to La Fayette, dated New York, 26 April, 1788, Knox, after reciting the facts and probabilities respecting the adoption of the Federal Constitution, goes on to say : — EDUCATION OF GENERAL GREENE'S SON. 183 " As to Eliode Island, no little State of Greece ever exhibited greater turpitude than she does. Paper money and Tender Law engross her attention entirely: this is, in other words, plundering the orphan and widow by virtue of laws. " Mrs. Greene and her little family you so kindly inquire after are seated at Wethersfield in Connecticut, under the ausjaices of our friend. Colonel Wadsworth. IMrs. Greene is most honorably and indus- triously employed in the education of her children. Colonel Wads- worth is anxious George should be sent to France, to which Mrs. Greene consents. It is possible the young gentleman may be ad- dressed to your care in the course of one or two packets hence." On the 15th of May, he writes to him again upon this subject, as follows : — " Mr. Barlow of Connecticut, author of the poem entitled the ' Vision of Columbus,' whom I recommend to your kindness, will deliver you this letter, and also he will present to you the son of our late esteemed friend. General Greene. "I am perfectly imjjressed with the belief that you will place him in such a situation as will at the same time impress the best morals and the most enlarged information. " The classics and modern languages, as being the work of mem- ory, will probably constitute his first studies, together with learning the necessary personal exercises to form his manners. Mathematics, geography, asti'onomy, and the art of drawing will follow of course. " I flatter myself that, by being entirely removed to a new sphere, he will necessarily imbibe the habits which are in circulation there, and that he will be formed on such a scale as to be an honor to the memory of his father, and the j^ride of his mother and his other friends. " His disposition is good, and in my opinion, with a proper edu- cation, he promises to make a worthy cliaracter : certain I am that under your auspices he will possess the best chances for hap- piness." 184 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. One of his early playmates and friends, Rev. David McClure, writes as follows : — " East Windsor, Dec. 22, 1788. "Dear Sir, — On the footing of that juvenile friendship and acquaintance witli you with wliich I have been honored, and which was kept alive to our riper years, I now do myself the pleasure to address a line to you, to assure you of my respectfid and affection- ate remembrance of you, and of the satisfaction with which I some- times call to mind those scenes of innocent amusement and play in which we were mutually engaged when we were boys. " I have often thought of our attempts to imitate the man who flew from the steeple of the North Church, by sliding down an oar from the small buildings in your father's house-yard at Wheeler's Point ; and by letting fly little wooden men from the garret win- dow on strings. Have you forgotten that diversion ? " I have often rejoiced with gratitude that the Supreme Disposer of all events has preserved you through the dangers you have encountered, and made you so great a blessing to your country, for whose happiness and glory your labors have been directed. May you ever possess that increasing esteem and affection from your coun- try which your services and merits entitle you to. " I am settled agreeably in this place, five miles from Hartford, in which I have lived more than two years, and to wliich I removed from my former jjarish in Hampton, New Ilampshire." To which Knox replies : — " New York, 25 Jan. 1789. "My dear Sir, — Your esteemed favor of the 22d ult. gave me the most sensible pleasure. Our juvenile sports, and the joy- ful sensations they excited, are fresh in my mind ; and what to me renders the remembrance peculiarl}^ precious is, that I always flat- tered myself that our hearts and minds were similarly constructed. " Our situations, however, have been widely different. You have been deeply exploring the natural and moral world, in order to im- press on the minds of your fellow-mortals their relative connection with the great scale of intelligent being ; leading them by all the powers of jiersuasion to happiness and humble adoration of the MRS. KNOX A LEADER OF SOCIETY. 185 Su25reme Head of the universe ; while I have been but too much entangled with the little things of a little globe. But, as it is part of my belief that we are responsible only for the light we possess, I hope we have both acted our parts in such a manner as that a reflection on the past will give us more pleasure than pain, and that we shall possess a well-grounded hojie of a happy immortality. " My brother William, who is with me, is the only one beside myself left of my father's family." * During Knox's career as Secretaiy of War, Mrs. Knox was one of the leaders of fashionable society at the seat of government, and as such attracted considerable notice. From the manuscript Journal of Dr. Manasseli Cutler, under date of July 7, 1787, we extract as follows. The worthy doctor was evidently unaccustomed to the coiffure of the fashionable lady of that day. " Dined with General.Knox [at New York], introduced to his lady and a French nobleman. Marquis Lotbiniere. Several other gentle- men dined with us. Our dinner was served in high style, much iu the French taste. Mrs. Knox is very gross, but her manners are easy and agreeable. She is sociable, and would be agreeable, were it not for her affected singularity in dressing her hair. She seems to mimic the military style, which to me is very disgusting in a female. Her hair in front is ci-aped at least a foot high, much in the form of a churn bottom upward, and topped off with a wire skeleton in the same form, covered with black gauze, which hangs in streamers down to her back. Her hair behind is a large braid, and confined with a monstrous crooked comb." * This brother writes from London (26 June, 1783): "I have a very respectable set of acquaintances in tliis country as well as in France. Among the number here is the very respectable and venerable General Oglethorpe. I passed Sunday and Monday with his family at their country house. He desired me through you to make his very particular compliments to General Washington, of whose virtues and talents I have the pleasure to find he has the highest opinion." William Knox soon afterward became subject to occasional fits of derange- ment, and died about 1797. 24 186 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. "July 19. " Uinecl with General Knox ; about forty-four gentlemen, officers of the late continental army, and among them Baron Steuben. General Knox gave us an entertainment in the style of a prince. Every gentleman at the table was of the ' Cincinnati ' except my- self, and wore his appropriate badge." Mrs. William S. Smith writes from New York in 1788 to her mother, Mrs. John Adams: — " General and Mrs. Knox have been very polite and attentive to us. Mrs. Knox is much altered from the character she used to have. She is neat in her dress, attentive to her family, and very fond of her children. But her size is enormous : I am frightened when I look at her ; I verily believe that her waist is as large as three of yours at least. The general is not half so fat as he was." From Griswold's " Republican Court " we take the fol- lowing : — " Mrs. Knox had been one of the heroines of the Revolution, nearly as well known in the camp as her husband. She and her husband were, perhaps, the largest couple in the city, and Ijoth were favorites, he for really brilliant conversation and unfaiHng good humor, and she as a lively and meddlesome but amiable leader of society, without whose co-operation it was believed by many be- sides herself that nothing could be properly done in the drawing- room or the ball-room, or any place indeed where fashionable men and women sought enjoyment. The house of the Secretary was in Broadway, and it was the scene of a liberal and genial hospitality." Upon the formation of the new government in May, 1789, Knox was continued in his post of War Secretary by Washington.* " To his past services and an unques- tioned integrity," says Judge Marshall, " he was admitted to unite a sound understanding ; and the public judgment as well as that of the chief magistrate pronounced him in * His commission bears date Sept. 12, 1789. PLAN FOR A MILITIA. 187 all respects competent to the station he filled." One of his first acts was to provide for his friend, General Lin- coln, to whom, on August 4, he wrote as follows : " Al- though I do not conceive the office of Collector to the Port of Boston adequate to the merits of m}' friend, yet, as it is the best thing that can be offered at present, I sincerely congratulate you on the apj)ointment." The framing of a militia sj^stem for the country received the early attention of the Secretary. He had, in April, 1783, communicated to Washington his ideas upon this subject, to the effect that there should be a uniform system and annual encampments ; each State to have an arsenal and a suffi- cient quantity of arms and ammunition ; that the United States should have some troops for the security of the frontiers, and at West Point, " the key to America, which has been so advantageous in the defence of the United States, and is still so important in that view, as well as of preserving the Union ; " that a complete system of military education should be formed and adopted ; that there should be three military academies where the United States arsenals are, — one in the Northern, one in the Middle, and one in the Southern States ; and that a code of military laws should be framed and inspectors ajjpointed by Con- gress, who should annually examine the academies and report to Congress. Knox's " Plan for the General Arrangement of the Militia of the United States," reported to Congress 18 March, 1786, provided for the embodiment of all male citizens from eighteen to sixty, into three classes, — " The Advanced Corps," " The Main Corps," and " The Re- served Corps ; " the form to be that of the legion ; each legion to consist of 153 commissioned officers and 2,880 non-commissioned officers and privates, and to be com- manded by a major-general. The failure of this plan is 188 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. partly attributable to the unpropitious circumstances of tbe times. Of that prepared b}^ him in January, 1790, similar in its general features to the preceding one, his friend. General Lincoln, gave him, at his request, this opinion : — " Though it would make ours the strongest militia in the world, the people will not adopt it here, if I know Massachusetts. The ex- pense, i")ay of officers, no pay of men, the burden on masters, calling the youth indiscriminately, disfranchisement for a time in certain cases, officers excluded from actual service, subjection to a draft for a service of three years, &c., will be magnified here, and damn the bill." Colonel Jackson also informed him that his plan was not very well received in Massachusetts. The opinion of mili- tary men abroad seems to have been favorable to Knox's plan, as is seen in this extract from a letter from General Miranda, the South American patriot, whose acquaintance he had made in Boston in 1784 : * — "London, Feb. 2, 17^1. " I thank you for your estimable letter of the 6th September, 1790, that your brother delivered to me here. I am very happy to see the flourishing state to which North America is grown, and wish that my own poor miserable country in the South could say the same. They can only answer : — ' Video mellora provoqtce, deteriora sequor.^ " I have seen with great pleasure your plan for the establishment of a militia, &c. General Melville, and some other professional men here that have considered the same subject, admired it very much ; and I perfectly agree with you, that the form of the Roman Legion * Francisco de Miranda was born in Caracas about 1750. He travelled on foot through a great part of America and Europe ; was a general of division under Dumouriez, in 1792-93 ; was afterward engaged in abortive attempts to shake off the Spanish yoke from his native province, and having been betrayed by Bolivar to the Spaniards ended his days in a dungeon at Cadiz, in 1816. INDIAN AFFAIRS. 189 is infinitely superior to any other organization or military arrange- ment we know yet." The legionary formation was for a time adopted as the regular establishment of the United States; but the jilan for the militia, though it had the approval of Washington, was not regarded with favor, and a system less onerous as well as less energetic was at length adopted. The policy to be pursued towards the various Indian tribes of the United States demanded a largfe share of Knox's attention, and in it he was guided by enlarged and liberal views. In the minutes which he furnished for the President's speech, in October, 1791, he advocates an impar- tial administration of justice towards them, suggests that the mode of alienating their lands should be properly defined and regulated, and that the advantages of commerce and the blessings of civilization should be extended to them ; and that proper penalties should be provided for such law- less persons as shall violate the treaties with them. " A system," he goes on to say, " producing the free operation of the mild principles of religion and benevolence towards an unenlightened race of men would at once be highly economical and honorable to the national character." A treaty with the Creek Nation of Indians was signed on Aug. 7, 1790, by Knox, as sole commissioner, in behalf of the United States ; and by Alexander McGillivray and twenty-three chiefs, in behalf of the Creek nation, by whom an extensive territory claimed by Georgia was re- linquished to that State. McGillivray was at the same time commissioned a brigadier-general in the army of the United States. The unsuccessful expeditions of Harmar in 1790, and of St. Clair in 1791, against the North-western Indians, were followed, in 1794, by the victorious campaign of Wayne, and by the treaty of GreenviUe in August, 1795, 190 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. by which peace was established, and the post of Detroit, together with a considerable tract of land, ceded to the United States. The friends of Jefferson then Secretary of State, and the partisans of the French Kevolution, assailed with malig- nant hostility the administration of Washington ; and Knox as its firm supporter, and while the operations against the Indians were yet unsuccessful, came in for a large share of vituperation and calumny. Among the many ardent and devoted friends of Knox was Major Samuel Shaw, a fel- low-townsman, and his aide and secretary during the war, and who was deservedly held by him in the highest esteem. "When Major Shaw returned [from a foreign voyage], in 1792," says his biographer, Hon. Josiah Quincy, " and witnessed the assaults party spirit was making upon his early patron and constant friend, a man he so loved and respected, his indignation, heightened by the sentiment of gratitude, was irrepressible, and on April 15th he wrote Knox as follows : — " What shall we say, my clear friend, to a certain publication, which, under the title of ' Strictures, Sfc.,' fabricated in Boston, is now circulating here, and no doubt has made its appearance with you ? The shameful violation of decency and truth, the virulence and rancor of his remarks on the Secretary at War, show the wickedness and malice of the author of this production in such glowing colors, as must expose him to general contempt and de- testation. Hapj^y must you feel, — thrice happy am I in the re- flection, — that so long as the American name shall last, yours will be handed down with distinction in the list of the ' valued file ; ' and the artillery, which formed under your auspices equalled every exigence of war, will ever be regarded as the child of your genius. Well do I remember the honorable testimony of the gallant La Fayette amidst the thunder of our batteries on the lines at Yorktown. ' We fire,' exclaimed he, with a charming enthusiasm, ' better than the French' (and faith we did too). To this I made a suitable objec- tion. His reply was, — ' Upon honor, I speak the truth ; and the PROPOSES TO RETIRE. 191 progress of your artillery is regarded by everybody as one of the wonders of the Ixevolution.' Shame, then, to this infamous scrib- bler ! and let his heart burst under the idea that your country has derived the most substantial benefit from your services ; that the good and wise acknowledge your merit ; and that Humphreys was not less just than poetical in characterizing by a single line the man to whose abilities he had been witness in the various events of a long and trying war : — 'Ere Steuben brought the Prussian lore from far, And Knox created all the stores of war.' " Under date of May 10, 1794, Knox writes to Jackson : — ..." I am extremely anxious that it * should be completed in the course of the year, although I have fears that I shall not be able to go there this summer. The new corps of artillery, the frigates, the fortifications, — all new business added to my former employ- ments, together with the incessant ajiplication indispensably required by the political state of affairs in which I have more share than I am well qualified for, — form to a cloud which almost obscures my prospect of getting away in any thing like due season. I cannot leave my situation in this critical state of affairs. The services of my whole political life would serve, in the opinion of those who I esteem, in no degree to form a counterbalance to my quitting at tills crisis. I therefore must stay until the storm shall have passed, or I be wrecked in the general catastrophe threatened by various causes. " You mention the commissary of military stores. This office Mr. Hodgdon has been possessed of in a different shajie for several years, and has it now. I should hope something may occur which would be agreeable to you ; but my own opinion is, that neither you nor I ought to be in public life, but [should] make some exertions whereby we may better our fortunes. Whether I shall ever have * Alluding to his mansion-house at Thomaston, begun in 1793, and fin- ished tlie next year, at a cost of not far from §15,000. Local tradition, usually unreliable, has greatly exaggerated this, as well as otlier facts connected with the mansion and its occupants. For instance, it said, among other things, tliat the house cost §50,000 ; that one hundred beds were made, an ox and twenty sheep often slaughtered in a week ; and that twenty saddle horses and corresponding carriages were kept to accommodate guests and sojourners. 192 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. sufficient time to lay a practical scheme for such an undertaking I cannot tell, but certainly not while I remain in public life." Knox succeeded in procuring for his old friend the ap- pointment of United States naval agent, and, as such, he superintended the building of the " Constitution," one of the six frigates the construction of which was ordered by the Act of 27 March, 1794. The outrages of the pirates of the Mediterranean on the persons and property of our citizens, together with the importance of providing defences for our extensive sea- board, forcibly impressed Knox's mind with the necessity of a naval force. Jefferson and himself were the only sup- porters in the cabinet of the establishment of a nav}", but his endeavors were at length carried into effect by his san- guine confidence in its success and his strenuous efforts for its accomplishment. The result soon vindicated the wis- dom of the measure, and our navy has ever since been identified with the glory and prosperity of the country. Knox performed the duties of both departments with equal zeal and ability until the imperious claims of private in- terest compelled him to turn his attention to the long- neglected concerns of his family. The expenses of his open hospitality far exceeded the limited compensation of his office, and he had for some time been determined to retire from public life. As early as in September, 1792, writing to his daughter Lucy re- specting this subject, he says : — " Having arrived, or nearly so, at the summit of human age and vigor, and being ere long to slope my down-hill course, objects appear exceedingly different to my view from what they used to do in my ascent. . . . All my life hitherto I have been pursuing illusive bubbles which burst on being grasped, and "tis high time I should quit public life and attend to the solid interests of my family, so that they may not be left dependent on the cold hand of charity ; RESIGNS THE SECRETARYSHIP OF WAR. 193 and in order to retire with reputation, it was indispensably neces- sary that I should not aftbrd subject for calumny to feed upon, by neglecting for a moment the services belonging to my station. I wish for ease, but in order to enjoy it I must make some exertions for pecuniary objects." The President had expressed a desire that he would re- main with him till the close of his own official career, and had from time to time induced him to continue, but at length reluctantly accepted his resignation. The follow- ing correspondence ensued : — KNOX TO WASHINGTON. "Philadelphia, 28 Dec. 1794. "Sir, — In pursuance of the verbal communications heretofore submitted, it is with the utmost respect that I beg leave officially to request you will please to consider that, after the last day of the present month and year, my services as Secretary for the Depart- ment of War will cease. " I have endeavored to place the business of the department in such a train that my successor may without much difficulty com- mence the duties of his station. Any explanations or assistance which he may require shall be cordially afforded by me. " After having served my country nearly twenty years, the greatest portion of which under your immediate auspices, it is with extreme reluctance I find myself constrained to withdraw from so honorable a situation. " But the indispensable claims of a wife and a growing and numerous family of children, whose sole hopes of comfortable com- petence rest upon my life and exertions, will no longer permit me to neglect duties so sacred. " But, in whatever situation I shall be, I shall recollect your con- fidence and kindness with all the fervor and purity of affection of which a grateful heart can be susceptible." 25 194 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. WASHINGTON TO KNOX. "Philadelphia, Dec. 30, 1794. '* Sir, — The considerations which you have often suggested to me, and are repeated in your letter of the 28th instant, as requiring your departure from 3^our present office, are such as to prechide the possibility of my urging your continuance in it. " This being the case, I can oidy wish that it was otherwise. I cannot suffer you, however, to close your public service without uniting, with the satisfaction which must arise in your own mind from a conscious rectitude, my most perfect persuasion that you have deserved well of your country. My personal knowledge of your exertions, while it authorizes me to hold this language, justifies the sincere friendship which I have ever borne for you, and which will accompany you in every situation of life. Being, with affectionate regard, Always yours." Leaving Philadelphia on June 1, 1795, he visited his native town, where, on the 12th, he was invited to a pub- lic dinner by his friends and fellow-citizens. Continuing his journey, he was publicly welcomed on the 22d by the people of Thomaston, where he had fixed his future resi- dence. He at once applied himself to the cultivation and improvement of an extensive tract of land in the then dis- trict of Maine, called the Muscongus or Waldo j^atent, part of which Mrs. Knox inherited from her grandfather, General Waldo, and the residue of which he had bought of the other heirs. It lay between the Kennebec and Penob- scot rivers, included those of Muscongus and St. George, and comprised a large portion of what are now the counties of Lincoln, Waldo, and Penobscot. As much of this land was in the possession of squatters, it was a task of no little difficulty to quiet their pretensions ; but his firm yet con- ciliatory course eventually overcame all obstacles. His hberality and beneficence, together with the improvements EESIDENCE AT MONTPELIER. 195 which he suggested and carried into eifect, soon rendered his residence among them a blessing felt and acknowledged by all. Prior to his removal, a splendid mansion had been erected at the head of St. George's River, having a de- lightful prospect in front, extending eight or ten miles down that river ; and in this charming spot, to which he gave the name of Montpelier,* in the society of his wife and children, and of the distinguished visitors who from time to time enjoyed his hospitality, Knox enjoyed a larger share of happiness than he had probably ever known before. His wife, who was truly his congenial spirit, was also well satisfied to retire from scenes of gayety and fashion to the privacy of domestic life and the loved society of her children. She is described as having been, even in her latter days, when upwards of sixty, a remarkably fine- looking woman, with brilliant black eyes, and a blooming complexion. Her style of dress, which was somewhat peculiar, and her dignified manners, gave her the appear-' ance of being taller than she really was. " Mrs. Knox," says the Duke de la Rochefoucauld Liancourt, " is a lady of whom you conceive a still higher opinion the longer you are acquainted with her. Seeing her in Philadelphia, you think of her only as a fortunate player at whist ; at her house in the country you discover that she possesses sprightliness, knowledge, a good heart, and an excellent understanding." Of her daughter (after- ward Mrs. Thatcher), he says, that " at their house in Maine she lays aside her excessive timidity, and you admire alike her beauty, wit, and cheerfulness ; " and of the General, " he is one of the worthiest men I have ever known : lively, agreeable ; valuable equally as an excel- * Tliis elegant residence is no longer standing, and its site is now occu- pied by the station of the Knox and Lincoln Railway. 196 LITE OF HENRY KNOX. lent friend and as an engaging companion." Among liis distinguished guests were Senator Bingham and his family, and several French refugees of celebrity, such as Louis Phillipe, Talleyrand, the Count de Beaumetz, and the Duke de Liancourt. The latter, whose wardrobe was re- plenished by the munificence of Knox, is said to have ex- claimed despondingly one day wliile here, as he struck his forehead with his hand, " I have three dukedoms on my head, and not one whole coat on my back." Knox wrote him as follows from Boston, in July, 1797, and the duke responded by again visiting him the next September : — " My dear Duke, — I have received with peculiar sensibility your kind letter of the 2d of this month. Under every vicissitude of human affairs I shall love and esteem you as a brother. You are not truly informed of my having a hatred for the French nation. Their great qualities of gallantry and magnanimity are above, far above, my eulogy. But as it relates to this country, they are acting under a mistaken impression of our being attached to the British nation. I hope time and better information will lessen the resent- ment of France against this country : it cannot be for their happi- ness or ours that we should quarrel. ... I have been detained here by a variety of circumstances until this time, but more particularly in attending our legislature, who have unintentionally wronged me out of nearly 40,000 acres of my best land high up Penobscot River. I have succeeded with one branch, but could not quite succeed with the other ; but I shall finish the affair next session. I shall go [to St. George's] in five days. My affairs there flourish, but want my presence there for the summer. I cannot express how delighted and charmed I should be by having the happiness of receiving you there." Knox entered largely into brickmaking, and the manu- facture of lime and lumber, and also carried on an exten- sive mercantile business under the management of Captain Thomas Vose, a gallant officer of artillery, at first as clerk, and afterward as partner. These and other varied indus- PECUNIARY TROUBLES. 197 tries which he carried on brought to the place and gave employment to large numbers of mechanics and other emi- grants, who became permanent residents of Thomaston, and who stimulated the growth of the town. He also attempted to introduce improved breeds of cattle and sheep ; and as early as 1796 undertook the business of ship-building, and several coasters were launched and kept running in his employ. To facilitate his lumber opera- tions, Knox purchased the right to improve the navigation of George's River, and completed locks of sufficient capac- ity for the passage of rafts and gondolas at the several falls in Warren, opening the navigation of the river as far up as the mills in Union. His jDlans and projects of im- provement were more suited to his exjjansive mind than to his actual resources, he being for the most part of the time while there greatly embarrassed by want of money ; and they consequently resulted more advantageously to others than to himself. These pecuniary troubles culmi- nated in 1798, and caused for a short time some distress to his indorsers. Generals Lincoln and Jackson, who were, how- ever, amply secured from loss by assignments of valuable land. A few extracts from his later letters will afford some glimpses of passing events, and of his domestic life and feelings. Thus to his friend Jackson, under date of July 9, 1795, only a few days after his arrival at St. George's, he writes, " We had a small company on the 4th of July of upwards of five hundred people ! " On this occasion a general invitation had been given to the people of the town and neighboring settlements to inspect the General's mansion and partake of its hospitalities. Tables were set in the piazzas, and " the house and grounds were vocal with music and conversation." To AVashington, under date of Boston, 15 January, 1797, he writes : — 198 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. ..." The loss of two lovely children on which you condole in your letter has been recently renewed and increased by the death of our son [Washington], of seven years old. Unfortunate, indeed, have we been in the loss of eight children, requiring the exercise of our whole stock of philosophj^ and religion. "■ We have lately come from St. George's to pass the winter in this town. Indeed, this is our general plan : we may, however, as we grow older, find it inconvenient. We are distant about two hundred miles by land, which we may easily ride in six days when the snow is on the ground ; or with wheels, with a very little im- provement of a small part of the road. I am beginning to experi- ence the good effects of my residence upon my lands. I may truly say that it is more than doubled in its value since I determined to make it my home. The only inconvenience we experience is the want of society : this will probably lessen daily. Our communica- tion by water to this town is constant and cheap. We can obtain transportation here cheaper than the same article can be carted from my store to the vessel. This egotism would require an apology to any other than you." His last letter to Washington is dated 22d December, 17U1), eight daj'^s after that illustrious man had breathed his last : — " I am here [Thomaston], and should be more hapi)y in my pursuits than I have ever been, were some embarrassments entirely dissipated. But this will require time. My estate with indulgence is competent, and greatly more, to the discharge of every cent I owe. All who are here unite with me in presenting to Mrs. Washington our affectionate remembrance. I may not wish you the greatest blessing by wishing you a long life, because I believe that while you continue here you are detained from a much better condition. But I pi-ay fervently that your days on earth may be days of felicity, without clouds, sickness, or sorrow." TO GENERAL DAVID COBB. "MoNxrEHER, 22 March, 1800. " Returning from Boston on the 1 4th, I found your letter. I per- ceive no cause of regret at the dejiarture of our old chief. He BRIGHTER PROSPECTS. 199 exhibited a most glorious setting sun ; and the people of the United States have exhibited human nature in its brilliant attitudes by their gratitude. His death and the testimonials of respect will be an excellent stimulus to future patriotism. . . . " You mention that your spirits are not good. For God's sake bear up against the devil of Gloom. Put yourself in motion. Visit even me if you can find nothing better. Get Willich, a new- author on diet and regimen ; but, above all, get — on horseback. " I was in Boston twelve days. My affiiirs progress well. I shall have bright days yet. My daughter had been there for two months. She returned with me. Mrs. K. and Caroline stayed at home, wdiich to me is, after all, the most agreeable place, provided I had you and a few other friends near me. " Bonaparte, what a glorious fellow ! how completely he has averted the monster anarchy and mad democracy ! I hope in God that no fanatic will assassinate him, which is to be dreaded." TO MRS. KNOX AT BOSTON. " MoNTPELiER, 20 Nov. 1801. " Whether your not getting a house is good or bad, I will not determine. With my habits, a lodging-house will be execrable, and yet feelings must give way to judgment. In either case we must be economists. Although our prospects will be greatly brightened by the revolution of our settlers, yet very little ready money at present. Therefore prenez (jarde as to expenses. Although the throng of our visitors have passed, yet we generally have eight or ten per day, and commonly from five to ten at night. Our son * is a cause of infinite solicitude. He is not here, nor have I received a line from him. At present the proposition of sending him to the East Indies or Canton appears like giving him a passport to eternity or to in- finite misery." Upon the declaration of war with France, in 1798, under the Presidency of John Adams, Washington, who was ap- * Henry Jackson Knox, his only surviving son, was a niitlsliiiinian in the navy in 1798-1800. He was nominated as a lieutenant by President Adams in June, 1799, but was not confirmed by the Senate. 200 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. pointed lieutenant-general, named as his seconds Hanailton, C. C. Pinckney, and Knox, in the order mentioned. The latter was greatly mortified at being placed after those who, during the war, had been his juniors in rank, and declined to serve. He wrote to Washington a remon- strance, which the latter sent to Hamilton, with a letter, delicatel}^ intimating a disposition favorable to Knox. Hamilton, in rej^l}^, reluctantly acquiesced in " any ar- rangement which Washington might deem for the general good ; " and at a later period endeavored, in a letter to Knox, from which we make an extract, to throw the re- sponsibility upon others. Warm-hearted and placable, Knox cherished no animosity against him, and when he heard of his death broke out into violent and uncontrol- lable emotion. HAMILTON TO KNOX. " Nkvv York, March 14, 1799. " My judgment tells me I ought to be silent on a certain subject, but my lieart advises otherwise, and my heart has always been the master of my judgment. Believe me, I have felt much pain at the idea that any circumstance personal to me should have deprived the public of your services or occasioned to you the smallest dis- satisfaction. Be persuaded, also, that the views of others, not my own, have given shape to wdiat has taken place, and that there has been a serious struggle between my respect and attachment for you and the impression of duty. This sounds, I know, like affectation, but it is nevertheless the truth. In a case in which such great public interests were concerned, it seemed to me the dictate of reason and propriety not to exercise an opinion of my own, but to leave that of others who would influence the issue to take a free course. In saying this much, my only motive is to preserve, if I may, a claim on your friendly disposition towards me, and to give you some evidence that my regard for you is unabated." Neither the absorbing nature of his private affairs nor the pecuniary and other obstacles which constantly im- PUBLIC DUTIES. — DEATH. 201 peeled liis extensive plans for the improvement and set- tlement of the conntry aronnd him, could prevent his performance of those public duties which his fellow-citi- zens from time to time imj^osed upon him. We find him appointed, April 6, 1796, a commissioner for the United States for settling the Eastern boundary on the true river St. Croix ; from the year 1801 a member of the General Court; and on June 2, 180-1, he was appointed one of the council of Governor Strong, by whom he was much con- sulted in important affairs, and like whom he was inde- pendent and firm in political sentiment, while at the same time conciliatory and tolerant. General Knox was exceedingly fond of the society of men of learning, talent, and wit, and had an extensive correspondence with many of the eminent men of his time both in Europe and America. At the time of his decease he had a handsome collection of not less than 1,585 vol- umes, 364 of which were in the French language. Next to that of Benjamin Vaughan, Esq., of Hallowell, his was the largest and best private library in the district of Maine- He received the honorar}^ degree of Master of Arts, from Dartmouth College, in 1793 ; and 16 December, 1805, was made a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. We come now to the close of the career of this truly noble and estimable man. Had he been permitted to at- tain the usual age of man, which his vigorous constitu- tion seemed to render probable, the cloud that rested upon the latter part of his life would undoubtedly have been dispelled ; and the rise in the value of his property would have enabled him to realize all his anticipations, and to have left his family in opulence. It was otherwise or- dained. A sudden and unlooked-for accident cut him off in the midst of his usefulness, to the sincere regret of all 26 202 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. who knew him. His neighbors mourned his loss as a pubhc benefactor ; but to his immediate family the stroke was unexpected and overwhelming. The event occurred on Saturday, Oct. 25, 1806, after an illness of a few days. It was occasioned by his ha^^ng swallowed a chicken bone, which caused a mortification, and was from its nature incurable. He was entombed on the following Tuesday with military honors, amid the largest concourse of citizens ever seen in that vicinity, and a eulogy was pronounced by the Hon. Samuel Thatcher. The House of Representatives of Massachusetts, on Jan. 10, 1807, unanimously passed resolutions of respect to his memory, which, with a letter of condolence from the speaker, Hon. Perez IMorton, was sent to the widow. Mrs. Knox died June 20, 1824. Out of twelve chil- dren, nine of whom died in childhood or infancy, only three survived their father : Lucy F., b. 1776, d. 12 Oct. 1854, who m. Ebenezer Thatcher (H. U. 1798) ; Henry JacTcson, b. 24 May, 1780, d. Thomaston, Me., 1830 ; and Caroline, who m., 1st, James Swan, of Dorchester; 2d, Hon. John Holmes, of Maine. Both the latter died. with- out issue. The surviving children of Mrs. Thatcher are Admiral Henry Knox Thatcher, and Caroline F., widow of Benjamin Smith, of Newburg, N.Y. The personal and mental characteristics of General Knox are thus described l)y William Sullivan in his " Familiar Letters:" — " He was a large, full man, above middle stature ; his lower limbs inclined a very little outward, so that in walking his feet were nearly parallel. His hair was short in front, standing up, and powdered and queued. His forehead was low ; his face, large and full below ; his eyes, rather small, gray, and brilliant. The expression of his face altogether was a very fine one. " When moving along the street, he had an air of grandeur and PERSONAL HABITS AND TRAITS. 203 self-complacency, but it wounded no man's self-love. He carried a large cane, not to aid his steps, but usually under his arm ; and sometimes, when he happened to stop and engage in conversation with his accustomed ardor, his cane was used to flourish with, in aid of his eloquence. He was usually dressed in black. In the summer, he commonly carried his light silk hat in his hand when walking in the shade. When engaged in conversation, he used to unwind and replace the black silk handkerchief which he wore wrapped around his mutilated hand, but not so as to show its disfigurement. " When thinking, he looked like one of his own heavy pieces, which would surely do execution when discharged ; when speaking, his face had a nobld expression, and was capable of displaying the most benignant feeling. This was the true character of his heart. His voice was strong, and no one could hear it without feeling that it had been accustomed to command. The mind of Knox was powerful, rapid, and decisive, and he could employ it continuously and effectively. His natural propensity was highly social, and no man better enjoyed a hearty laugh. " He had a brilliant imagination, and no less brilliant modes of expression. His conceptions of the power and glory of the Creator of the universe were of an exalted character. The immortality of the soul was not with him a matter of induction, but a sentiment or fact, no more to be questioned than his own earthly existence. He said that he had through life left his bed at the dawn, and had been always a cheerful, happy man." Says Thacher in his " Military Journal," in speaking of Knox : — " Long vfiW he be remembered as the ornament of every circle in which he moved, as the amiable and enlightened companion, the generous friend, the man of feeling and benevolence. His conver- sation was animated and cheerful, and he imparted an interest to every subject that he touched. In his gayest moments he never lost sight of dignity ; he invited confidence, but repelled familiarity. His conceptions were lofty, and no man ever possessed the power oY embodying his thoughts in more vigorous language : when ar- dently engaged, they were peculiarly bold and original, and you inevitably felt in his society that his intellect was not of the ordinary 204 LIFE OF HENRY KNOX. class ; yet no man was more unassuming, none more delicately alive to the feelings of others. He had the peculiar talent of rendering all who were with him happy in themselves, and no one ever more feelingly enjoyed the happiness of those around him. His feelings were strong and exquisitely tender. In the domestic circle they shone with peculiar lustre ; and if at any time a cloud overshadowed his own spirit, he strove to prevent its influence from extending to those that were dear to him. He was frank, generous, and sincere, and in his intercourse with the world uniformly just." " The conversation of General Knox," says another writer, " was itself a feast. He was affable without famiharity, dignified without parade, unposing without ar- rogance." His features were regular, his Grecian nose prominent, his complexion florid, liis hair naturally dark, and his e3es sharp and penetrating, seldom failing to recognize a coun- tenance they had once rested upon. His frame was well proportioned and muscular, inclining to corpulency; and while at West Point, in August, 1783, he weighed 280 pounds. A firm l)eliever in the truths of Christianity, and a lil)- eral supporter of its institutions, he regarded the future as a progressive state of existence, and held in slight esteem the distinctions of creeds and sects; "for," says Dr. Thacher, " his charity was as diffusive as the globe, and extensive as the family of man." He could hear others praised without envy, and delighted to enumerate the good qualities of men in public life. His public spirit was displayed by encouraging schools, locating and repairing roads, promoting the erection of a place of public religious worship, and by exciting an at- tention to agriculture among his neighbors. He gave the piece of land which is now the principal cemetery in Thomaston ; a large pulpit Bible, still in use by the Con- CONCLUSION. 205 gregational Church there ; and the first bell that ever called together the worshippers of that town, and which is still hanging in the First Baptist Church. Of his numerous private charities we record but one. On June 23, 1797, he drew up and headed with iifty dollars a subscription for the daughters of the French ad- mh-al, Count de Grasse, who had been driven from their estates in the West Indies, and who were then in Boston in a state of destitution. It must be borne in mind that at this time he was himself in great distress for money. We have thus sketched, briefly and imperfectly it is true, the principal events and the leading characteristics in a career well worthy the study and imitation of mankind. One of its lessons is so especially applicable to our own times, that we commend it to those of our countrymen occupying stations of public trust. It is found in the letter to his brother WilHam (^ante, p. 61), in which he says : " You know my sentiments with respect to making any thing out of the public : I abominate the idea. I could not [otherwise], at the end of the war, mix with my fellow- citizens with that conscious integrity, the felicity of which I often anticipate." Many have been as courageous in the field, many as wise and patriotic in council, but few have united to these the still rarer virtues, a spotless integrity, and a noble out- spoken manliness of character, in a higher degree than the subject of this brief memoir. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Josiai) SliJiJOtt-* He was of Andover; was com. ensign 10 Oct. 1781 ; and was in Sprout's (2d) reg. in 1783. He is probably the person of the name b. in Andover 29 Dec. 1759, who d. Lemington, Vt., Feb. 1837. He was b. Andover, Mass., 12 Aug. 1749; d. Salem, 9 Aug. 1813 ; Avas a lieut. in Farnum's Co. of Col. Eben. Francis's reg. at Bennington, Vt., 16 Fel). 1777 ; was com. captain 28 May, 1778, in Tupper's (11th) reg. ; in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 1781-83 ; and was maj.-gen. 2d div. of Mass. militia, 1797-1801. After the war he became a merchant in Salem, and was a humane, honest, and useful citizen. Succeeded by his grandson, Stephen Abbott Chase. The descent of Capt. Abbott from George^ Abbot, who came from Yorkshire about 1640, settled in Andover in 1643, and d. Dec. 1681, was through his eldest son John^- b. 2 March, 1648, d. 19 March, 1721, who m. Sarah, dau. of Richard Barker; Stephen^ b. 16 Mar. 1678, d. 27 May, 1766, and Sarah, dau. of Ephraim Stevens; and Stephen* (his father), b. 1709, d. Nov. 1768, and Mary, dau. of George Abbot. Capt. Abbott, by his second wife, Mary Badger, had — Polly, who m. Abijah Chase, Salem, and had Stephen Abbott. Betsey, b. 4 Nov. 1778, m. Henry Chase, Salem. Hannah, b. 8 Nov. 1780, m. John Sneathing, Salem. * Tlie names of original members are in black letter. 27 V 210 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was b. Roxbuiy, Mass., 29 June, 1758, d. Peekskill, N.Y., June, 1793 ; H. U. 1775 ; surgeon's mate in Wesson's (9th) reg. 1777-80; com. surgeon 11 May, 1781 ; in Tup- per's (6th) reg. 1783. His descent from Henry ^ Adams, who d. in Braintree, Mass., Oct. 1646, was through Henry^^ b. 1604, killed in Medfield by the Indians 25 Feb. 1G75-6, and Elizabeth Paine, killed by accident in 1676; Henry^ b. Medfield 19 Nov. 1657, and Prudence, dau. of John Frary ; Henry,* b. 1702, who m. Jemima, dau. of Hon. Joshua Morse, of Medfield; Rev. Amos^ (his father), b. Medfield 1 Sept. 1728 ; H. U. 1752 ; settled pastor of the First Church, Roxbury, 1753; d. Dorchester, 5 Oct. 1775; m. 18 Oct. 1753, Elizabeth, dau. of Dea. Henry Prentice. The other children of Rev. Amos were : Rev. Thomas, minister of Camden, S.C., who d. there 16 Aug. 1797; and Sarah, m. 6 Oct. 1789, to Giles Richards of Boston, who left numerous de- scendants. Jutraij ^Itrrn. He was b. in Duxbury, Mass., 3 Oct. 1750, on the farm still occupied by a descendant of John Alden, the pilgrim, who settled there in 1631. At the commencement of the war he was an officer of the minute company in Duxbury, and also its clerk ; was com. ensign in Cotton's reg. in May, 1775 ; lieut. in Bailey's reg. in 1776 ; capt. in the same 1 Jan. 1777 ; served through the Avar, and at its close received the brevet of major. While at Roxbury, in Jan. 1776, he accompanied Col. Learned into Boston with a flag of truce. They were met at the enemy's outposts by some British officers, who in- quired the news from Quebec, and were informed by them of Montgomery's defeat. Alden inquired of a colonel why they did not come out and make the troops at Roxbury a visit. " Ah," replied he, " we should have to think of that some time first." CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 211 He was dexterous in the use of arms, possessed a fine manly form and great physical strength, and was a skilful, brave, and prudent officer. Vice-President Mass. Soc. Cin. 1825-29 ; President from 1829 until his death, 12 Mar. 1845. In 1780 he m. Welthea, dau. of Dea. Peleg Wads- worth, who d. 3 Mar. 1841, te. 81. His descent from Hon. John Alden} who m. Priscilla Mullins, and d. 12 Sept. 1686, ae. 87, was through Capt. Jonathan^ b. 1627, d. Feb. 1697, and Abigail Hallet; Col. John,^ b. 1680, d. 24 July, 1739, and Hannah Briggs ; Col. Briggs * (his father), b. 8 June, 1723, d. 4 Oct. 1796, and Mercy Wadsworth. The children of Maj. Judah and Welthea Alden were — LuciNDA, 5 Dec. 1780, m. Ca2)t. Sylvanus Smith. John, 2 Nov. 1784, who inherited the old homestead, m. Mary Winsor, and had : 3fary, 28 Oct. 1811 ; John, 14 Apr. 1813, who m. a Brewster ; Henry, 3 Nov. 1815, who m. Sarah Ann Wood- ward. Briggs, 6 Oct. 1786. Mercy, 24 Sept. 1788, m. H. R. Packard, and d. 1840. Judah, 11 Aug. 1790, d. la Dec. 1792. Welthea, 13 Aug. 1792, m. Wm. James of Scituate. Hannah, 4 Jan. 1795, d. 1804. Judah, 9 June, 1797, d. 20 Apr. 1806. Mary Ann, 12 Mar. 1801. Samuel, 24 Jan. 1803, a physician of Bridgewater. He was b. New Gloucester, Me., 29 Aug. 1759 ; was a lieut. and paym. in Marshall's (10th) reg. in 1777 ; com. capt. 12 Oct. 1782; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1783. He resided in New Gloucester, Me., which he represented in the Me. legislature in 1800-2 ; and was a Justice of the Peace in Cumberland Co. from 1801 to his death in Sept. 1819, at the Insane Asylum, Charlestown, Mass. His descent from Joseph,^ who came to Gloucester in 1674, d. 6 Oct. 1724, ae. 71, who m. in 1680 Rachel Griggs, was through 212 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Joseph:"- b. 1G81, d. 6 Apr. 1750, who m. Mary Coit ; Capt. Wil- liam^ (his father), b. 1717, an early settler of New Gloucester, who had 13 children. Of Tyringham, was a lieut. in Fellows's reg. at the siege of Boston, May, 1775 ; first lieut. in Asa Whitcomb's (6tli) reg. 1776 ; com. capt. 16 Oct. 1776 ; in Wigglesworth's, afterward Calvin Smith's (13th) reg. 1777-80 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. from 1781 until promoted major, and deranged 1 Aug. 1782. He was a pensioner, living in Mass. in 1820, but d. soon after, as a son, Ezra, of Whiting, Vt., applied for admission to the Soc. in 1823. Jotijam ^mcs. He was b. Bridgewater, Mass., 15 Oct. 1743 ; was a sergt. from May to 31 Dec. 1775 in D. Lothrop's Co. of Bailey's (2d) reg. ; also in Jacob Allen's Co. of Cary's reg. in N. Y. 9 Aug. 1776 ; com. lieut. in Bailey's reg. 1 / Jan. 1777 ; and on the fall of his capt. (Jacob Allen), at Stillwater, took command of the company, and retained it until the peace. He resided in VV. Bridgewater until about 1802, when he removed to Middlefield, Otsego Co., N.Y., where he d. 9 May, 1812. He was twice m., but left no descendants. His descent from William ^ of Braintree, b. G Oct. 1 605, d. 1 1 Jan. 1654, and Elizabeth Hay ward, was through John:" b. 24 Mar. 1647, d. W. Bridgewater 1726, and Sarah, dau. of Dea. John Willis; Capt. Thomas,'' b. 21 Feb. 1682, d. 3 Feb. 1737; Solomon^ (his father), b. 16 Jan. 1709, d. 12 July, 1745. He was com. 2d lieut. in Crane's artillery 1 Feb. 1777, 1st lieut. 13 Sept. 1780 ; taken prisoner 1 June, 1779 at CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 213 Fort La Fayette on the Hudson near Stony Point, and exchanged 19 Mar. 1781. He d. at Cambridgeport, Mass., 14 Mar. 1816, se. 67. A dan. Elizabeth Rush was living in Boston in 1850. Samuel ^rmstronfl. He was b. Boston 10 Aug. 1754, d. there 10 Dec. 1810. With his brother John and his father (Col. John), he was in the battles at Brooklyn and at Harlem, where the latter was killed. Com. ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 1 Jan., and lieut. 7 Oct. 1777 ; adjutant same reg. 1 June, 1778 — 31 Dec. 1779 ; lieut. and paym. from 1 Jan. 1780 to the peace. He joined Maj. Dearborn's light infantry at Stillwater 12 Sept. 1777, and was in the battles with Bur- goyne, and endured the privations of Valley Forge. Assist. Sec. Mass. Soc. Cin. 1798-1806. He was the son of Col. John Armstrong and Christian Bass, who descended from John Bass and Ruth Alden. His brother, Capt. John, was the father of Lieut.-Gov. Samuel T. Armstrong. Six members of this family served in the war of 1812. By his wife Nancy, only dau. of Major Josiah Allen (b. 21 Sept. 17G5, d. 11 Apr. 1829), he had 8 sons and 3 daughters. Samuel, who succ. to membersliip in the Soc. James, d. 28 July, 1848, leaving children. George W., b. Boston 22 Feb. 1792, d. 23 Mar. 1867. He was a lieut. 40th U. S. reg. in the war of 1812. Eliza Caroline. SAMUEL ARMSTRONG. Eldest son of Lieut. Samuel, b. Boston 5 Feb. 1786 ; app. ensign 4th U. S. inf. 15th April ; 2d lieut. Sept. 1812 ; 1st lieut. Mar. 1814 ; served in the battle of Tippecanoe, and was afterward successively aide to Generals Porter and Scott. He succ. to membership in 1811, and d. (unm.) in service at Governor's Island, 8 Sept. 1819. 214 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE SAMUEL FROST ARNOLD. Son of Thomas Arnold and Sally, eldest dan. of Capt. Samnel Frost, an original member, to whom he sncc. in 1833. He was b. Framingham, Mass., 28 Jan. 1813, and d. 2 Nov. 1835. LEONARD ARNOLD. Brother of Samuel Frost Arnold, whom he succ. in 1841. He was b. in Framingham 21 July, 1817, resides in Somer- ville, and 25 Oct. 1842, m. Irene G. Clarke, by whom he had — Thomas Franklin (who' styles himself L. Fnink Arnold), b. 4 Sept. 1845, merchant of Boston ; and Irene Adelaide, b. 19 Nov. 1850, d. June 21, 1854. He was b. Stockbridge, Mass., in 1751 ; grad. Yale Coll. 1767 ; entered the army early in 1775 as a lieut. in Pater- son's reg. at the siege of Boston ; com. capt. (same reg.) 5 Nov. 1775 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. from 1777 until promoted major 6 Jan. 1780, afterward in Putnam's (5th) reg. ; and retired from the service with reputation 1 Jan. 1783. He d. at Lee, Mass., 25 Aug. 1791, leaving a wife and three children. Joijn Austin. He was a conductor of military stores from 1 Jan. 1777 ; was com. 2d lieut. in Crane's artillery 17 May, 1780 ; and d. a few years after the war. THOMAS AUSTIN. Eldest brother of Lieut. John, whom he succ. in 1792 ; deceased. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 215 He was b. Scituate, Mass., 27 Jan. 1749, soon after which his parents removed to West Bridgewater. His intelligence and diligence enabled him, with only a com- mon education, to inform himself thoroughly respecting public questions ; and when the struggle for liberty began, his mind was made up as to his future course. Entering the reg. of Col. John Bailey (2d) in 1775 as quarter- master, he was com. paym. with the rank of lieut. 1 Jan. 1777, and capt. 1 Nov. 1778, serving until the close of the war. He then became a farmer in his native town, where his land was a model of neatness and good hus- , bandry. He officiated as a schoolmaster, and in other positions of trust; was Assist. Sec. of the Mass. Soc. Cin. in 1808, and Assist. Treas. in 1809-24 ; and in 1810 was app. steward of the U.S. Marine Hospital, Charlestown, Mass., where he d. 26 July, 1824. He was an honest, indus- trious, and punctual man ; possessed a cheerful temper, and " appeared," says a contemj)orary, " to be always exerting himself to make all about him happy, and is the happiest old man I ever knew." His descent from Thomas^ Bailey, who was of Boston in 1G43, and with his wife Ruth was of Weymouth in IGGl, was through his eldest son John? who removed to Scituate ab. 1670; was admitted freeman 1G84; m. Sarah, dau. of Gowin and Elizabeth (Ward) White of Plymouth, 25 Jan. 1 672, and d. 1718. His second sou Joseph^ b. Oct. 1679, m. Miss Adams, a granddau. of the pilgrim John Adams, and had eight children, the youngest of whom was Adams* (father of Capt. Adams), b. 1722, who m. in 1746 Sarah, dau. of Jonathan, Jr., and Sarah (Field) Howard. Capt. Bailey m. 17 June, 1779, Mary, dau. of Nathaniel and Mary (Otis) Little, b. 16 Nov. 1749, d. 21 Mar. 1821. Her ancestor Thomas Little came to Plymouth from Cumberland, Eng.^ it is said, in 1630, and 19 Apr. 1633, m. Ann, dau. of the pilgrim Richard Waz'ren. The personal beauty of Mrs. Bailey, which is a 216 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE tradition in the family, was one of her least attractions ; and while taking a warm interest in the passing and public events of the times in which she lived, she yet found her whole life and hapjiiness in her family, upon which was centred and lavished all her affection. ADAMS BAILEY. He was the only child of Capt. Adams Bailey, an origi- nal member of the Society, whom he succ. in 1825 ; was h. Scituate 28 Apr. 1789, d. Boston, 20 Nov. 1858. He received a Boston school education, and was subsequently an assistant to his father in the Marine Hospital at Charles- town. In 1815 he was app. to an office in the Boston , Custom House, being first a clerk and afterward deputy collector, and remaining until Oct. 1857, with the excep- tion of the years 1841-43. As an officer, he was remark- ably prompt and accurate. Although politically opposed to a great majority of merchants and others who had occa- sion to meet him at the Custom House, yet, such was his facility in the disjDatch of business, his suavity of manner, and accommodating disposition, that he was universally popular, and party asperity never desired his removal from the post he filled so acceptably. He was Assist. Secretary of the Society in 1834-51, and Secretary from 1851 until his death. From the resolutions of the Society which this event called forth, we quote the following : — " He inherited from his father the genuine spirit of this institu- tion ; and the othce of secretary, to which he was last elected, he held most acceptably until his death. lie was the honored suc- cessor of Edwards and Townsend, and Callender and Jackson, and like them he loved to give assiduous attention to its benevolent and charitable ministrations." He m. Ellinor, dau. of Col. John and Susannah (Herbert) Hath- orne of Salem, 25 Dec. 1815. She d. 9 Sept. 1852. Her father, a descendant of Justice Hathorne, of Salem witchcraft memory, was CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 217 for many years a merchant in Salem. She possessed a gifted and cultivated mind, and a cheerful and amiable disposition, which was tested by many years of suffering as an invalid. Two sons and two daughters survived their parents. ADAMS BAILEY. Eldest son of the preceding, to whom he succeeded in 1860 ; resides in New York City. He was b. Hanover, Mass., 14 Sept. 1752, d. tliere 12 May, 1820. His father, Col. John Bailey, of Hanover, was lieut.-col. of Thomas's reg., which marched to Roxbury in Apr. 1775 ; succ. Thomas as col. 1 July, 1775, and com- manded the 2d Mass. reg. until 31 Dec. 1780, with repu- tation. Luther was adjutant of his father's reg. in 1775 ; lieut. and quartermaster in 1776 ; was com. capt. 7 July, 1777, and served through the war with high rank as an officer. This reg. was one of those that fortified Dorchester Heights on the night of March 4, 1776 ; took part in the operations in and near New York in the foUoAving summer and autumn ; in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth ; and also in the campaign ending in the surrender of Burgoyne. He was accomplished in manners, and easy and pleasant in conversation and address, and was usually chairman of public meetings in his native town. The descent of Luther Bailey from Thomas,^ of Boston in 1G43, and Ruth his wife, was through John - and Sarah (White) Bailey ; John,^ b. 5 Nov. 1673, d. Hanover June, 1752, who m. 19 Feb. 1700, Abigail, dau. of Dea. Samuel Clapp ; John,'^ b. 23 May, 1703, d. 28 Sept. 1778, who m. 11 Apr. 1723, Elizabeth Co wen ; Col. John^ (his flither), b. 30 Oct. 1730, d. 27 Oct. 1810, who m. 18 Oct. 1750, Ruth Randall. She d. 3 June, 1820, te. 90. 28 /> 218 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Liitlier m. 21 Oct. 1784, the accomplislied Miss Silvester Little, who d. 27 June, 1788, vs. 35, leaving two daughters who d. in child- hood. CALVIN BAILEY. Brother of Capt. Luther, whom he succ. in 1824 ; was b. Hanover 1760, d. Bath, Me., 1835. He was a clock- maker by trade, and an ingenious workman, and was an upright and honest man. By his wife Sarah, dau. of Col. John Jacobs of Scituate, who d. Hanover 24 Nov. 184G, x. 82, he had — LuciNDA, 11 July, 1794, m. Stephen Curtis of Scituate 181G, and d. 1818. Bernard Calvin. Edwin, 7 May, 1798, d. s. p. Aug. 1828. Luther and Martin, 29 Aug., d. Sept. and Nov. 1798. Capt. Henry, 2 Aug. 1801, m. Sarah Gardner IG Jan. 1832, lives in Quincy. Eliza, 5 July, 1803. . Sarah, 20 Aug. 1805, m. Lemuel Dwelley, Jr., of Hanover. BERNARD CALVIN BAILEY. Son of Calvin, whom he succ. in 1801 ; b. Hanover, Mass., 17 May, 1796 ; removed, in 1815, to Bath, Me., where he still resides ; became a successful merchant and ship-owner; ]\Iayor of Bath 1853-51 ; and is President of the Marine National Bank of Bath. He m. 20 May, 1820, Jane Doten Donnell of Hanover, who d. Bath 14 Dec. 1871. Their children are — Sarah Jane, Feb. 1821, m. George Davis in 1841. Col. Samuel Donnell, 20 July, 1825. LuciNDA, May, 1829. He was of Templeton, Wore. Co., Mass., and d. at Wor- cester 4 Nov. 1827, se. 75. He belonged to a company of CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 219 minute-men, which was in the Lexington battle ; was in Moore's Co. of Nixon's reg. in May — Dec. 1775 ; in Andrew Haskell's Co. of Marshall's reg., and engaged in fortifying Boston Harbor in 1776 ; sergeant in Abel Holden's Co. of Nixon's (6th) reg., and com. ensign 12 Nov. 1777 ; com. lieut. in Capt. P. Clayes's corap. 20 Apr. 1781; in C. Smith's (6th) reg. 23 Apr. 1782; discharged 3 Nov. 1783 ; served in the campaign against Burgoyne. In his application for a government pension, he stated that he was worth fB400 when he entered the service, in the course of which that sum had been entirely expended. Jetrutijan J3alTrU)in» He was b. Woburn, Mass., 13 Jan. 1732, d. Brookfield, Mass., 11 June, 1788. He was a captain in the expedition to Crown Point in 1755 ; prominent in the Provincial Con- gress of Massachusetts in 1774-75 ; active in planning the defensive works around Boston in 1775 ; com. assistant engineer, rank of capt., 16 Mar. ; lieut. col. (continental establishment) 26 Apr. ; and col. of engineers 3 Sept. 1776, to 26 Apr. 1782. He gave XlOO to Leicester Academy. His descent from Henry Baldwin^ of Charlestown in 1G40, after- ward of Woburn, who m. 1 Nov. 1G49, Phebe, dau. of Ezekiel Richardson, d. 14 Feb. 1698, was through Henry^ b. 15 Nov. 1GG4, d. 7 July, 1739, who m. 4 May, 1692, Abigail Fisk ; Isaac''' (his father), b 20 Feb. 1700, who m. 24 Mar. 1726, Mary Flagg. LUKE BALDWIN. Only son of Col. Jeduthan, whom he succ. in 1809 ; d. in 1832. His son John A., of Dunstable, N.H., applied for membersliip in 1834. lEtJencjer J^allanttne. He was com. surgeon's mate in Nixon's (6th) reg. 20 May, 1780 ; and was a pensioner, living in N. Y. in 1820. Probably son of Rev. John Ballantine, of Westfield, Mass. 220 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE mniliam piutrson JJallattr. Was of Amesbuiy, and d. Dec. 1814, leaving a widow, Keziah, who d. at Hoj^kinton, N.H., 3 June, 1832. Cap- tain in James Frye's (Essex) reg. May — Dec. 1775, and in Bunker's Hill battle ; in Asa Wliitcomb's (6th) reg. 1776 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1777-79, and in campaign against Burgoyne ; com. major in July, 1779, and in Bige- low's (15th) reg. until disch., 1 Jan. 1781. He possessed a good estate at the commencement of the war, but at its close found himself, througli his efforts in its behalf and successive losses, nearly reduced to poverty. His health was also so much impaired that he became depressed to that degree as to be unable to take care of his remaining property. He left several sons and one daughter. JOHN OSGOOD BALLARD. Eldest son of William H., whom he succ. in 1841 ; d. Hopkinton, N.H., Apr. 1854, te. 86. He taught school for many years, married in 1800, and engaged in business, but failed in 1819, and afterward kept a boarding-school. REV. EDWARD BALLARD, D.D. Eldest son and only child of John O., whom he succ. in 1855 ; b. Hopkinton, N.H., 1805 ; d. rector of St. Paul's (Protestant Episcopal) Church, Brunswick, Me., 14 Nov. 1870. He was in early life a school-teacher. He was Secretary of the Maine Hist. Society, was a contributor to its published Collections, and was well versed in the Indian languages and early history of that State. Received the degree of D.D. from Trinity College in 1865. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 221 Jamts JSancroft. His ancestors settled ab. 1640 in the north-west part of Lynn, called Lynn End, now Lynnfield, where he was b. ab. 1756, and d. Boston 2 Apr. 1803. Com. ensign in Bridge's reg. May, 1775, and present at Bunker's Hill and siege of Boston ; com. lieut. in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 12 May, 1780, and served through the war. He then settled in business as a grocer in Boston, and was for some years prior to his death an Inspector of the Customs in that city. James his jfiither, b. ab. 1732, d. Aug. 1814, was a housewright and farmer, and is said to have behaved with great bravery in the Lexington battle. Lieut. Bancroft m. ab. 1783 Sally Parsons of Leicester, who d. 1795, sc. 41, and had — James. Henry. Charles, 19 Apr. 1788, d. Montreal, Canada, 1834, m. Mary Ann Jones of Barre, Mass., and had Henri/, Charles, and James. Henry d. leaving children ; Charles is a Prot. Ep. clergyman at Montreal, with a family ; James is a bank officer at Hamilton, Canada, and has no children. Sally P., IG Jan. 1790, resides unm. Brooklyn, N.Y. Harriet, 24 Sept. 1793, m. Benj. C. Cutler, Brooklyn, N.Y. JAMES BANCROFT. He was b. Lynnfield 30 Dec. 1784 ; succ. to his father's membership in 1809 ; and was a merchant in Phila., where he d. 13 Mar. 1855. He m. Rebecca Smith of Phila., and left a dan., who m. Elias Baker of New Brunswick, N..J. She d. leaving two young sons, James B. and Frederick Baker. HENRY BANCROFT. He was b. Lynnfield 9 Aug. 1786, succ. his bro. James in 1856, and d. 15 Aug. 1872. He m. Oct. 16, 1821, Ehza 222 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Motley, and had two sons, who d. nnm. ; and a dau., who m. m 1841 Cyrus Wakefield, of Wakefield, Mass., and who has no children. Joel JJaiioto. He was b. Readmg, Ct., 24 Mar. 1755 ; d. Zarnowicke, Poland, 22 Dec. 1812 ; Yale Coll. 1778 ; app. chaplam in 1778; in 3d Mass. brigade 1782-83; U. S. Consul to Algiers 1795-97 ; Ambassador to France 1811-12 ; author of the " Colurabiad," and of many other poetical and political writings. His " Hasty Pudding" attained great j)opularity ; and his patriotic songs, which were much in vogue in the camp, were of great service to the cause. He was an active Whig, and a meml)er of the commit- tee of correspondence. Com. lieut.-col. of Bradford's (14th) reg. 19 Nov. 1776 ; deranged 1 Jan. 1781, and d. Falmouth, Mass., 13 June, 1813, ce. 81. He was descended frcnn Col. William} of Sandwich, through Nathan,^ who removed to Chihnark ; and William,^ b. 1702, who m. Anne Mayhew. He m. 4 June, 1761, Mercy Bourne, and bad: Anne, 17G2 ; Mary, 17G4; and Love, 1775. Houis 33aurg trt iSclUriiJt. He was b. Fort Dauphin, St. Domingo, 16 Sept. 1753, d. Middletown, Ct., 20 Sept. 1807. Educated at the military school of Brienne, France, and became a planter in St. Domingo. As captain commandant of a corps of volunteer chasseurs, he took part in the siege of Savannah under D'Estaing in 1779, and continued in the service until the close of the war, receiving several wounds. In 1787 he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Lincoln during the suppression of Shays's insurrection. /jC*-oi^^^^ ^€^^ t^anJjO ^^ 1^. } ' ?()oc, hau/yy, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2'23 His father John Baury was a captain of cavalry, and his mother Marie Jane Guillotin de la Vigerie was a relative of the celebrated Dr. Guillotin of Paris. Louis Baury m. in 1784 Mary, dan, of Elisha and Sarah Clark of Middletown, Ct., and gr.-dau. of Hugh Hall, a well-known Boston merchant. His eldest son Francis fell at the age of 17, while acting as aide to Gen. Rochambeau in St. Domingo, in March, 1802. FREDERIC BAURY. Son of Louis, whom he succ. in 1813 ; b. 1792 ; app. midshipman 1809 ; attached to the " Constitution," and in that frigate when she escaped from a British squadron, in 1812 ; also at the capture of the " Guerriere " and of the "Java;" promoted to lieut., and attached to the " Wasp," Capt. Blakeley, when she captured the " Rein- deer," in 1814. For this service Congress voted him a sword, presented after his death to his brother, Rev. A. L. Baury. He was in the " Wasp " in her memorable action with the " Avon," and at the time she was lost, in Sept. 1814, being then in the 23d year of his age. ALFRED LOUIS BAURY, D.D. Dr. Baury was the fourth son of Louis Baury de Bel- lerive, an officer of the Revolutionary army, and Mary, daughter of Elisha and Sarah Clark of Middletown, Ct., where he was born, 14 Sept. 1794. He received his early education at Bacon Academy, Colchester, Ct. In 1809 he became a clerk in the service of Mr. Josiah Williams, of Middletown ; and in 1814 began business there for himself, which, two years later, he transferred to Tar- borough, N.C., where he passed three winters. Being frequently called upon, in the absence of a clergy- man, to make addresses at funerals and to read the burial service, he urged upon the people the establishment of 224 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE public "worship there, "with success ; and in 1818 returned to New England, and began the study of theology "with Dr. Titus Strong, of Greenfield, Mass. He removed soon after to Guilford, Yt., where he became a lav reader, and was instrumental in establishing there the parish of Christ Church. Sept. 28, 1820, he was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Griswold, but continued to officiate at Christ Church till May, 1822. Here his ministrations were both attractive and impressive ; and his memory is still cherished. Removing to Newton, Mass., he was in July, 1822, chosen rector of St. Mary's, continuing in its charge until 21 Apr. 1851, having been ordained priest 28 Nov. 1822. Mr. Baury, on retiring from this post, did not lay aside the ministerial office. As early as 1832 he began to exer- cise a supervision of the ancient parish of St. Paul's, in Hopkinton ; and after his retirement from the full duties of the pastoral office, he continued to officiate there, when the parish was not otherwise supplied, till the day of his death, which took place in Boston, 26 Dec. 1865. He also undertook the care of the glebe belonging to this parish, acting as attorney for the '* Society for the Projja- gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," which has held this property in trust since 1742. In 1855-58 lie was rector of St. Mark's Church, Boston, dividing his time between this and St. Paul's Church, Hopkinton. From 1833 to 1843 he was secretary of the convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Mass. As treasurer of the " Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Deceased Clergymen of the Diocese of Mass.," its funds were, through his exertions, largely increased. He received the degree of A.M. from Yale College in 1848, and that of D.D. from Norwich University in 1865 ; admitted as successor of his brother Frederic in 1823. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 225 He was chosen Vice-President of the Cincinnati 4 July, 1858, and President in 1865. In 1847 he was made a corresponding member of the New England Historic- Genealogical Society. Dr. Baury published, in 1811, a sermon on the occasion of the funeral of " Zibeon Hooker, an Officer of the Revolu- tionary Army ; " and a sermon entitled an " Historical Sketch of St. Mary's Church, Newton, Lower Falls, being the 25th anniversary of the incumbent's first officiating in that church," in 1847. As a preacher, he was clear and impressive, modelling liis style upon that of the old English divines. In his personal appearance he was tall, erect ; in figure and movement, graceful and dignified. His fine, classical feat- ures, his silvered hair, his urbane, courteous, yet cordial manners, rendered him an agreeable companion ; and he will long be remembered in Boston as one of the best specimens of a gentleman of the old school. Dr. Baur}^ was married 1 July, 1829, to Mary Catharine, daughter of Daniel Henshaw, of Middlebury, Vt., who, with one son and three daughters, survives him. FREDP:RIC FRANCIS BAURY. Second son of Alfred Louis, whom he succ. in 1867, and Mary Catharine (Henshaw) Baury, niece of David Hen- shaw, Sec. of the U. S. Navy, was b. 20 Feb. 1843. En- tering the Volunteer Navy, he was made acting master's mate 14 Aug. 1861 ; promoted to acting master in Apr. 1862, for gallantry in the engagement of the U. S. frigate "Congress" with the rebel ram " Merrimac," — the first combat with an iron-clad ship on record ; present in the various attacks on Charleston, S.C., from 1862 to 1864 ; promoted in Sept. 1864, to acting volunteer lieut., and attached to the " Colorado ; " and present at both attacks 29 226 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE upon Fort Fisher, Wilmington, N.C., in the Last of which, while leading a company of marines to the assault, he was shot through the body. Honoral)ly discharged 8 Feb. 1869, and now a resident of New York City. He was the youngest of six brothers ; was born at TJx- briclge, in the county of Worcester, Sept. 1756, and when very j^oung came with his father to Taunton. His father, Nicholas Baylies, was a native of Shropshire, England. Elizabeth Park, his mother, was from Newton. Thomas Baylies, the grandfather of Judge Baylies, emi- grated from England about the year 1728. Judge Baylies was graduated at Harvard College in 1777, and immediately entered the Revolutionary army as lieutenant ; and his first service, after recruiting, was on the Hudson. Appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Lincoln in Dec. 1777, he encountered in that capacity all the hardships of the Southern campaigns. He was in the battle of Stono, participated in the unsuccessful attem})t of Gen. Lincoln and the Count d'Estaing to storm Sa- vannah, and underwent all the horrors of the siege of Charleston. In this service he became closely connected with John Laurens, the Bayard of the American army. Laurens once prevailed uj^on him to join in an attempt to capture a British armed schooner with a small boat rowed by six negroes ; and, strange to say, the enterprise was successful ! The schooner was captured by these young officers and the negroes without a fight. The crew of the schooner, unknown to them, was in a state of mutiny. He represented Laurens as having a fascination of manner, power of persuasion, and a military enthusiasm which none could resist. All yielded to the determined energy of his CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 227 spirit, and followed him, without hesitation, even when he led them to the most desperate enterprises. When Gen. Lincoln capitulated, jNIajor Baylies became a prisoner of war ; and as soon as his exchange was effected, he rejoined the army. On the night when the lines were laid out before Yorktown, he was a witness to one of those gusts of passion on the joart of Washington which sometimes unsettled the equanimity of a temper generally under perfect control. It was occasioned by the neghgence of the engineer, whose duty it was to designate the lines, and who was absent. The general and himself were for a long time within " point blanc " shot of the enemy's works, uncovered. He was also in attendance upon Washingi;on in the trenches when the cannon-ball from the British works covered the chaplain's hat with sand, of which such a ludicrous account is given amongst the anecdotes of that period. After the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Gen. Lincoln was appointed the first Secretary of War; and Major — then Lieutenant-Colonel — Baylies having been app. aide to Washington 3 May, 1782, remained in liis family until tlie termination of the war, after which he spent some time at Mount Veruon. Li 1784 he returned to the North, and married a daughter of Gen. Lincoln. When the pres- ent government went into operation under the Constitu- tion, he was appointed collector of the customs for the port of Dighton. Under the Restrictive System, he resigned the office. Li 1810 he was appointed, by Gov. Gore, Judge of Probate for the county of Bristol. This employment was entirely foreign to his previous pursuits ; but he soon ac- quainted himself with its multifarious details, and acquired an accurate and critical knowledge of the whole code of probate laws, — expounded them with clearness, precision, 228 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE and even technical accuracy. Just, upright, impartial, and humane, he fulfilled every function of his office with the most scrupulous fidelit3^ In 1814 he was elected by the General Court of Massa- chusetts a member of that celebrated body known by the name of the Hartford Convention. In 1834, at the age of 78, and in the full vigor of his mental faculties, he resigned the office of Judge of Probate ; retired from all public emplo} ments, and d. at his residence in Dighton, 26 Apr. 1843. When he left the army, his health was much impaired : he held to life by a slender thread, which the slightest accident might have broken ; but, by the habit of strict regularit}^ and temperance, he reached a great age, with a constitution rather strengthened than enfeebled by the progress of years. The vigor of his mind never failed ; his perceptions were clear and acute ; his conversation marked with strong sense, abounding with anecdotes and interest- ing reminiscences of the Revolution, exhibited, almost to the last days of his hfe, the liveliness of youtli, without any of the garrulity of age, — always tasteful, animated, and correct. His children were — Edmund. William. Amelia. Benjamin Lincoln. EDMUND BAYLIES. Succeeded, as the eldest son of Hodijah, in 1857, and resides in Taunton, Mass. He m. Eliza Ann Payson, of Charlestown. Children : — Elizabeth, who m. AVyckham Hoffman of N.Y. Ruth, who m. Maturin Livingston of N.Y. Edmund Lincoln, May, 1829, II. U. 1850, d. Geneva, Switzer- lanfl, 1869, m. Natalie E., dau. of Robert Ray of New Y^ork, and had : Edmund, Walter Cabot, Cornelia Prime, and Ruth. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 229 First lieiit. in Joseph Ward's (25th) reg. 1775-76 ; com. capt. in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; served to the close of the war, and d. a few years afterward. HORACE BINNEY, LL.D. He was the son of Barnabas, a surgeon in the Revolu- tionary army and a member of the Pennsylvania Society, b. 1751, grad. Brown U. 1774, who settled in practice in Phila. after the war, and d. 21 June, 1787. Horace was b. Phila. 4 Jan. 1780 ; H. U. 1797 ; admitted a member of the Mass. Soc. in 1796 ; became eminent at the Phila. bar ; Avas a member of the Pa. Legislature in 1806-7; M. C. 1833-38 ; many years a director in the U. S. Bank ; re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from H. U. in 1827 ; and was Vice-Pres. of the General Societ}^ in 1844-48. The descent of Horace Binney from John^ of Hull, 1079, and wife Mercy, was through John^^ b. 31 May, 1680, who m. 3 May, 1704, Hannah, dau. probably of the second Thomas Paine, d. 30 June, 1759 ; Capt. Barnabas,^ b. 22 Mar. 1723, m. Avis, dau. of Wm. Engs, d. Demarara ab. 1774; and Surgeon Barnabas* (his father), who m. Mary, dau. of Henry Woodrow of N.J. She d. 3 Feb. 1824. He was a house wright in Boston; was com. lieut. in 1776 ; 2d lieut. in Crane's artillery 10 Sept. 1778 ; was reg. quartermaster in 1783 ; and d. 1792, leaving a widow, Dor- cas, and six children. She was living in Boston in 1837, 8B. 81. His grandson, Joseph, applied in 1844 for a gov- ernment pension. ROBERT BLAKE. Eldest son of Lieut. Edward, whom he succ. in 1809 ; was a painter by trade, and resided in Boston, where he d. ab. 1854. 230 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was of Sutton, Mass. ; com. captain in Wesson's (Otli) reg. 1 Mar. 1777 ; and d. a pensioner in N.Y. city, 9 Aug. 1821. (talti) moHtt A lieut. in the N. Hampshire line ; joined the Mass. Soc. in 1788. After the war he was a merchant of Boston, and Avas drowned in the harbor while on a gunning excur- sion, 12 Aug. 1789. He was b. Boston 10 March, 1757, d. IMachias, Me., Sept. 1813. Com. ensign in Paterson's reg. 1776 ; lieut. and adjutant 28 Feb. 1779, and served in the light in- fantry comp. attached to Vose's (1st) reg. throughout the war. He was present at Saratoga, Monmouth, and York- town, and commanded the first company that entered N.Y. city on its evacuation by the British in Nov. 1788 ; was a brave and efficient officer, and on leaving the army, in 1784, received the brevet of captain. • He settled in Machias, Me., in 1788 ; was its postmaster and toAvn clerk at the time of his death, and was also clerk of the courts of Washington County. He was a true patriot and an honest man. It is said that, while Gen. Gage held Boston, young Bowles met at his Aunt Lynde's, in Salem, with some British officers, who solicited him to enter his INIajesty's service, and that, young as he was, he resisted the temptation. His descent from John Bowles,^ of Roxburyin IGoi), and Eliza- beth, dau. of Isaac Heath, was through Rev. John^^ bap. 17 June, 1G53, IL U. 1G71, a representative and speaker of the house in 1090, d. 27 Mar. IG'Jl, who m. Sarah EUot, only child of Rev. John ; Maj. John,^ b. 15 Mar. 1G85, H. U. 1702, d. 28 Mar. 1737, who m. 10 Sept. 1706, Lydia, dau. of Col. Saral. Checkley ; Joshua* (his father), CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 281 b. 3 May, 1722, d. 31 Aug. 1794 who m. Mary, dau. of C'apt. Ealph Ilartt, a noted shiiDbuilder of Boston. Ralph Hart Bowles m. in 1788 ITannah, dau. of Re\\ Josiah Crocker, pastor of the first church in Taunton, a woman of great energy of character, and much esteemed for her many virtues. She d, Roxlun-y !•* July, 1848, a^. 82. Her mother was the sister of Gen. David Cobb and also of Sarah, wife of Hon. Robert Treat Paine, a signer of tlie Deel. of ludep. Her bro. Capt. Joseph Crocker was the first Assist. Sec. of the Soc. The children of Ralph and Hannah were — Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus. Hannah Crocker, 20 Apr. 1791, d. in infimcy. Stephen Jones, 7 July, 1 793, merchant, d. Roxbury 20 Mar. 1846,m. Elizabeth Thorndike, dau. of Col. Joseph Wallace, Jr., of Harrington, Me., and had : Elizaheth Wallace, 3 Mar. 1829 ; Stephen Wallace, 21 Dec. 1835 ; John Eliot, 21 Aug. 1842, d. 26 Feb. 1853 ; Lnctj B., 8 Nov. 1845. Leonard Crocker, Sept. 179G. AVm. Ralph Hart, Sejit. 1799, d. 1851. Mary Jones, May G, 1802, m. Fred'k A. Burrall, merchant of New York, d. 1845. LUCIUS QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS BOWLES. He was the eldest son of Ralph Hart Bowles, whom he succ. m 1814 ; was b. Machias, Me., 6 Mar. 1789, d. unm. Roxbury, July, 1843. After an apprenticeship to John West, bookseller m Boston, he removed to Montpelier, Vt., and while there commanded a company which marched to Plattsburg in 1814, and served to the end of the war. He was afterward a publisher in New York and subsequently resided in Machias, where he was senator, from Washington Co., for one or more years. LEONARD CROCKER BOWLES. Third son of Ralph Hart Bowles, succ. his bro. L. Q. C. Bowles, in 1860 ; Assistant Secretary since I860 ; b. Machias, Me., 12 Sept. 1796 ; publisher in Boston. He 232 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE m. 7 Oct. 1824, Catharine Cusbing, eldest dau. of Martin Lincoln of Hingham, gr.-dau. of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln of the army of the Revolution. Their children are — Mary Elizabeth, who m. William Crosby, bookseller of Boston. Cathakink Leonard. ' Martin Lincoln, merchant, Boston. Samuel JSo toman. He was b. Lexington, Mass., 2 Dec. 1753, d. 28 June, 1818, "Wilkesbarre, Pa. He enlisted at the commencement of the Revolution ; was an ensign in Greaton's (3d) reg. ; com. lieut. in Vose's (1st) reg. 22 Apr. 1782 ; served at Lexington, and in many battles of the war ; and, as com. of the guard, walked arm in arm with Andre to the place of that officer's execution. He moved to Wilkesbarre ab. 1789. Capt. 11th U. S. Infantry 8 Jan. 1799 — June, 1800. His descent from Nathaniel^ of Watertown, 1030-37, who d. 21 Jan. 1082, and his wife Anna, was through Francis^- who m. 20 Sept. IGGl, Martha Shennan, andd. Cambridge Farms 10 Dec. 1087, ae. 57 ; Joseph,'' b. 18 May, 1 074, d. 8 Apr. 1702, and Phebe ; Thoddeus * (his father), b. 2 Sept. 1712, who m. 2 Dec. 1730, Sarah, dau. of Dea. Joseph Loring. He m. in Phila. 3 Nov. 1784, Eleanor Ledlie, whose parents were from Ireland, and had a family of children, some of whom have been quite distinguished. ^nticcto JJiMtifortr. Son of Hon. Gamaliel ; b. Duxbury, Mass., 2 June, 1745, d. there 1 Jan. 1837 ; H. U. 1771 ; paym. in Bradford's (14th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777-31 Dec. 1780 ; lieut. 2G Nov. 1779 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1 Jan. 1781, until discharged, 10 Apr. 1782. He was afterward a teacher. By his wife, Mary Turner, of Pembroke, he had one son. Dr. James Harvey, who d. Duxbury, 28 Feb. 1863, s. p. In 1864 Robert F., commander U. S. N., gr.-gr.-son of Seth, brother of Lieut. Andrew, was elected as his successor. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 233 His descent from Gov. William ^ Bradford was througli Maj. William;' b. 17 June, 1624,d. 20 Feb. 1703 ; Lieut. Samuel;' h. 1GG8, d. 11 Apr. 1714, m. July, 1689, Hannah, dau. of Gamaliel Rogers; Hon. Gamaliel* (his father), b. 18 May, 1704, d. 24 Apr. 1778, who m. 30 Aug. 1728, Abigail Bradford. iKamalid JJcaTifoftr. He was b. Duxbury, Mass., 2 Sept. 1731, d. there 9 Jan. 1807. Like his father, Hon. Gamaliel Bradford, he was a man of eminence and worth in his town, serving it in various capacities, and was intrusted with its highest hon- ors. During the period of 1756-58 he commanded a com- pany, and in 1775 held the rank of major. As a magistrate of the county, he was one of those who presented an address to Gen. Gage, for which act he afterward asked the forgiveness of the town, and signed a recantation of sentiments. Jan. 1, 1777, he was com. col. of the 14th continental reg. which he commanded until the close of the war. He was also col. of militia, and for some years the representative of the town. Col. Gamaliel m. 10 Mar. 1757, Sarah Alden. Children: — Perez, 14 Nov. 1758, m. Judith Cooper, and had ^SawweZ and Judith, who m. a Huntington. Sophia, 16 Nov. 1761, d. 2 Feb. 1855. Gamaliel, 4 Nov. 1763. Alden, 19 Nov. 1765. Sauah, 24 Feb. 1768, m. Wm. Hinckley. Jerusha, 30 Jan. 1770, m. Ezra Weston. Daniel, 27 Dec. 1771, m. Sarah Drew. Gershom, 3 Feb. 1774, m. Sarah Hinckley, and d. 8 Aug. 1844. ALDEN BRADFORD, LL.D. Third son of Col. Gamaliel, whom he succ. in 1812 ; b. Duxbury, 19 Nov. 1765 ; d. Boston, 26 Oct. 1843 ; H. U. 1786 ; tutor at H. U. 1791-93 ; pastor of a Congregational Church, at Wiscasset, Me., 1793-1801 ; Clerk Mass. Su- 30 234 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE preme Court ; Secretary of State of Massachusetts, 1812- 24 ; some time a bookseller in Boston ; author of " His- tory of Massachusetts," " New England Biography," and many other works ; received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin Coll. 1803. He m. in 179o Mary Stevenson. Their children were — Margaret Boies, 28 May, 179G. Wm. John Alden, 19 Nov. 1797, H. U. 181 G, d. 1858. Lucy Ann, 14 Sept. 1800, m. Henry Dwight. Thomas Gamaliel. Duncan, 15 Aug. 1804, H. U. 1824. Isabella Thomas, 25 Ajir. 180G. Sarah, 28 Apr. 1808. John Robinson, Sept. 1813, d. 1828, THOMAS GAMALIEL BRADFORD. Second son of Alden, whom he succ. in 1859 ; b. 13 Dec. 1802 ; H. U. 1822 ; resides in Boston. (Bfamalifl JSraTifotTJ. Second son of Col. Gamaliel ; b. Duxbury, 4 Nov. 1763, and received his early education under the care of Hon. George Partridge. At the age of thirteen, he accompa- nied his father to the American camp ; Avas com. ensign in his reg. in 1779 ; lieut. 3 Sept. 1780 ; and remained in ser- vice until 1783, when he was in Brooks's (7th) reg. After the war, he followed the sea as a means of livelihood, making a voyage to France in 1784. In 1798 he was offered the command of the frigate " Boston " by President Adams, but declined the appointment. While command- ing a merchant-ship, in 1799, he was attacked in the Mediterranean by four French privateers, whom he suc- cessfully resisted. In the following year, in beating off two large French armed vessels, he received a wound in the thigh, which rendered amputation necessary. Quitting CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 235 the sea in 1808, he was in 1813 app. warden of the State Prison ; and d. Boston, 7 Mar. 1824. In 1820 he received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard University. By his wife, Elizabeth Hinckley, he had — Dr. Gamaliel. George Partridge, H. U. 1825. Sarah, m. Samuel Ripley. John B. Elizabeth. Margaret S., m. S. Ames. Daniel N., d. 1821. Hannah R, m. A. H. Fiske. Martha T., m. J. Bartlett. DR. GAMALIEL BRADFORD. Eldest son of Capt. Gamaliel, whom he siicc. in 1824 ; b. Boston, 17 Nov. 1795 ; H. U. 1814. At the age of twelve, he accompanied his father on a voyage to Europe, and was for nine months a student in a Catholic seminary, at Mes- sina. He was for one year an assistant teacher in the Boston Latin School ; attended the medical lectures at the U. of Edinburgh in 1819-20, and on his return began practice as a physician in Boston. During the winter of 1824-25, he delivered an excellent course of lectures on physiology in Boston, in connection with Dr. John Ware. He gave up practice in 1827 ; superintended a large brew- ery in South Boston until 1833 ; and from that time till his death, 22 Oct. 1839, was superintendent of the Mass. General Hospital. Dr. Bradford was a frequent contrib- utor to the journals and periodicals of the day ; and his address to the Mass. Temperance Society, his Letter to Fletcher, Sprague, and Otis on Slavery, and his speech on Slavery before a committee of the Mass. House of Representatives in 1831, were published in pamphlet form. In March, 1821, he m. Sophia, dau. of Col. Nathan Rice, by whom he had — Harriet, 2 Feb. 1827, d. 16 Feb. 1828. Francis, 2 Feb. 1829, d. -. Gamaliel, 15 Jan. 1831. Sarah, 9 May, 1833. 236 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE GAMALIEL BRADFORD. Eldest son of Dr. Gamaliel, whom he siicc. in 1852 ; b. Boston, 15 Jan. 1831 ; H. U. 1849 ; resides at Grantville, Mass. Son of Robert Bradford, of Kingston, gr.-son of John, who was the oldest gr.-son of Gov. William ; b. Plymouth, Mass., 1750, d. Belpre, 0., 1823. He was in the battle of Bunker's Hill, was engaged in nearly all the pitched bat- tles fought in the Eastern and Middle States, and closed his military career at Yorktown. Com. ensign in Bailey's V/ (-cD i'6g. 1776 ; lieut. and quarterm. 1 Jan. 1777, and capt. 21 June, 1779. He received, with many other officers of light infantry, under the orders of La Fayette, the gift of an elegant sword, which was in 1854 in the hands of his only surviving son, O. L. Bradford, of Wood Co., Va. He was one of the early pioneers to Ohio, hav- ing emigrated to Marietta in 1788, and settled at Belpre in 1789. By an epidemic, in 1792, he lost all of his chil- dren but one. He m. Keziah, dau. of Nathaniel Little, of Kingston. Josijtia JSramljalL Com. ensign in Bradford's (14th) reg. 1777 ; lieut. 5 Feb. 1779 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1783 ; d. before 1812. (J^riflcu JSrtflijam, £^M. He was the son of Francis and Phebe (Ward) Brigham, of New Marlboro', Mass. ; was siu-geon's mate in Warner's reg. 1 Aug. 1777; com. in Bailey's (2d) reg. 25 Apr. 1781. He m. Eleanor Soide, and resided after the war, as a prac- tising physician, in Schoharie, N.Y., where he d. about 1815^ '3J®m.^j igm(5)®;ESo "^^^^y-zr^LY, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 237 Son of Capt. Caleb and Rutli ( Albree ) Brooks ; was b. in Medford, Mass., and was baptized 31 INIay, 1752. His father was a farmer, and his mother was a woman of superior personal and mental attractions. Their son was taught the rudiments, and initiated into Latin and Greek, at the town school, where his companion and friend was Benjamin Thompson, afterward the cele- brated Count Rumford, with whom he kept up a corre- spondence until the death of the count. At the age of fourteen he was received into the family of Dr. Simon Tufts, who educated him for his profession, the skill of the instructor and the industry of his pupil supplying the deficiencies of a collegiate education. He early showed a taste for military affairs, and raised and commanded a boy's company which he trained and exercised in the doctor's grounds. At the age of twenty-one he commenced the practice of medicine in Reading, where in 1774 he married the beautiful Lucy Smith. The Revolutionary storm Avasnow gathering ; and Brooks, who had gained some additional military knowledge by carefully observing the British troops in Boston, was chosen captain of the minute-men of Reading. At their head he marched on the memorable 19th of April, and in the vicinity of Concord met the British on their retreat. Perceiving that they had to pass a bridge and cause- way, and must call m their flank guards, he took a position behind a barn and stone wall, and fired on them with effect as they passed the narrow defile. Hanging on their rear and flanks, he pursued them to Charlestown Neck, shielding his .own men so judiciously as to lose none. The 238 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE talent and bravery he displayed on this occasion procured his promotion, and on Jan. 1, 1776, Congress appointed him major of Col. Charles Webb's (19th) regiment. He had been chosen major of Bridge's regiment in May, 1775. On the night of the 16th of June, 1775, he volunteered his services in intrenching Bunker's Hill and in watching the movements of the enemy, and on the morning of the 17th was sent by Col. Prescott to Gen. Ward at Cambridge for reinforcements. Being obliged to perform this duty on foot, he could take no part in the glorious achievements of the day. Brooks was soon remarked as an excellent disciplinarian, and the corps he commanded were distinguished during the whole war by their superior discipline, evinced by their gallant conduct in battle and by their regularity in retreat. The 19tli was present at the siege of Boston and the re- treat from Long Island, and in the battle of White Plains so ably covered the retreat as to receive the acknowledg- ments of Washington for its gallant conduct. This regi- ment was included in the division Avhich, under Gen. Lee, reinforced Washington on the right bank of the Delaware. Major Brooks bore his share of the hardships of the win- ter campaign, and remained with the regiment until the term of its enlistment had expired. Jan. 1, 1777, he was made lieut.-col. of Michael Jack- son's (8th) regiment, which he commanded in consequence of the disability of its colonel. Joining the Northern army, he volunteered with his command in August for the relief of Fort Stanwix, then attacked by Col. St. Leger ; and to Brooks belongs the merit of having planned the successful ruse by which that object was effected. The siege raised, and the savage au^vilii^i'ies of the British army dispersed, the detachment returned to the main army on the Hudson. Gen. Gates having stationed himself on Bemis Heights, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 239 Biirgoyne took up a position within two miles of him, and fortified liis camp. On the ground between the two armies, on the 19th of September and 7th of October, two of the severest battles of the Revolutionary war were fought. On the 19th Lieut.- Col. Brooks occuj)ied the extreme left of the American line, and was engaged with the German troops. His regi- ment was the last to quit the field. In the still more important and severely contested action of the 7th of October, Brooks's regiment was particularly conspicuous. He turned the right of the enemy's encampment, and stormed the redoubt occupied by the Germans. Their commander, Col. Breyman, was killed, and the works were gallantly carried, his regiment remaining masters of the ground. In Col. Trumbull's picture of the surrender of Burgoyne, Brooks is a prominent figure. Brooks's conduct in this battle is thus described by an eye-witness : " When the Colonel saw that the decisive moment had come, he lifted his sword in the air and cried, ' Follow your Colonel at double quick ! ' He immediately led the way to the top of the intrenchments, crying, '■Come on, come onP They did come on ; and a most bloody and violent con- flict ensued, in which they decided the fate of the day." Brooks then joined the army under Washington, and while at Valley Forge was designated by the latter to assist Baron Steuben in bringing into practice his new sys- tem of military tactics. When the British evacuated Philadelphia, Washington marched in pursuit. At Monmouth, June 28, 1778, the two armies came in conflict ; and Col. Brooks, as adju- tant-general to Gen. Lee, was prominent in the events of the day. Nov. 11, 1778, he was commissioned lieut.- col. commanding the 7th continental regiment, fonnerly Alden's. After the troops had again taken post on the 240 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE banks of the Hudson, Brooks was employed under Steuben as inspector, in which position he rendered valuable service, acquired the confidence of Washington, and established an enviable reputation alike for military science and personal qualities. This was especially shown upon the appearance of the Newburg letters in March, 1783. Washington, to whom this was a most anxious moment, addressed the officers, exhorting them to withhold their countenance from the suggestions they contained. Col. Brooks was one of the committee of officers who expressed their views upon this subject in resolutions, the importance of which in quieting tlie excitement of the army at this critical moment cannot be overestimated. " On this occasion the Commander-in-chief rode up to Brooks with intent to ascertain how the officers stood affected. Finding him, as he expected, to be sound, he requested him to keep his officers in their quarters, to pre- vent them from attending the insurgent meeting. Brooks replied, ' Sir, I have anticipated your wishes, and my orders are given.' Washington, with tears in his eyes, took him by the hand and said, ' Col. Brooks, this is just what I expected from you.' " Like most of his brothers-in-arms. Brooks retired in pov- erty from the service of his country, and at once resumed his profession in Medford and its vicinity, as the successor of his old friend, Dr. Tufts. In 1786 he was made maj.-gen. 3d division Mass. militia, and in 1798 was nominated a brig.-gen. of the pro- visional army, but declined. He was frequently chosen a representative to the General Court ; and as a member of the Convention of 1788, by which the Constitution of the U. S. was adopted, gave to that measure a hearty support. He took part in the debates upon this question ; and, by CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 241 pointing out the difference between " a consolidation of the States and consolidation of the Union," he evinced a forethought and sagacity indicative of the sound practical statesman. For several years he was a senator for the county of Middlesex, and a member of the executive council ; U. S. Marshal for the district of Mass. 1701-96 ; and appointed 20 Dec. 1796, Inspector of the Revenue for Sur- vey No. 2, in the district of Mass. During the war of 1812, Gov. Strong appointed him adjutant-gen. of the State. From 1816 to 1823, Brooks was Governor of Massachu- setts, bringing the State to a good degree of internal har- mony, and allaying party animosities, — a task for which he was admirably fitted. His addresses to the legislature dis- play large and liberal views of the policy of the State. In the language of Chief Justice Parker, " he maintained the dignity of the office, and thereby honored the people who bestowed it ; receiving all distinguished strangers with be- coming attention and courtesy. Bred in the best school of manners, — a military association of high-minded, accom- plished officers, — his deportment, though grave and digni- fied like Washington's, was nevertheless warm and affection- ate. In the chair of state, when receiving the gratulations of a happy people on the birthday of their independence ; on the military field, reviewing our national guard, the militia ; at his own humble but honored mansion, taking to his breast his early friend, ' the nation's guest,' — what young- man of taste and feeling could be unmoved at his soldierly air, his graceful demeanor, covering but not impairing the generous feelings of a warm and affectionate heart ! He was one of the last and best samples of that old school of manners, which, though it has given way to the ease and convenience of modern times, will be regretted by some, as having carried away with it many of the finest and most delicate traits of social intercourse." 31 242 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE As a physician he ranked in the first chxss of practitioners, possessing in an eminent degree those qualities which were calculated to render him the most useful in his professional labors, and the delight of those to whom he administered relief. Plis mind was well furnished with practical knowl- edge, and he Avas sympathetic, patient, and attentive. After his voluntary retirement from the chair of state, he still continued to serve the community in various im- portant capacities, continuing to his death president of the Mass. Medical Society, of the Washington Monu- ment Society, of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, and of the Mass. Bible Society. He was the first Secre- tary of the Cincinnati of Massachusetts (1783-86), before whom he delivered the first of the orations, July 4, 1787 ; was its President from 1810 to his death, which occurred Mar. 1, 182.5 ; and was Vice-President of the General Society, 1811-25. From the University at Cambridge he received the honorary degree of A.M. in 1787, in 1810 that of M.D., and that of LL.D. in 1817. His descent from TJtumas ^ Brooks who came as supposed from Suffolk, Eug., settled in Watertovvn 1631, and finally in Concord in 1636, where he d. 21 May, 1667, was through Caleb;^ b. 1632, d. 21) July, 1696; Menezer,^ h. 24 Feb. 1670, d. 11 Feb. 1743, m. Abi- gail, dau. of Dr. Thomas Boylston, who d. 26 May, 1756, a?. 82; Caleb* (his father), b. 8 July, 1694, d. 21 Nov. 1766, m. 2d Ruth Albree, 1 Mar. 1750. He m. Lucy Smith, who d. 26 Sept. 1791, x. 38. They had — LucY,^ 16 June, 1775, m. 2 Oct. 1803, Rev. John O'Kill Stuart of Kingston, C. W., d. 1813, leaving one child Geo. O'KiU Stuart, who has been INIayor of Quebec. Alexander Scammell.^ J0HN,6 20 May, 1783, fell at the battle of Lake Erie 10 Sept. 1813, unm. He began to study medicine, but afterward entered the navy, and was killed in the action with an English squad- ron, a cannon-ball having severed one leg from his body at the hip. ' CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 243 ALEXANDER SCAMMELL BROOKS. He was the only surviving son of Gov. John Brooks, whom he succ. in 1825 ; b. Medford, 19 Oct. 1781 ; killed 19 Dec. 1836, by a steamboat explosion, at St. John's bar, coast of Florida. App. first lieut. U. S. light artillery, 3 May, 1808 ; cupt. 3d artillery, 12 Mar. 1812 ; brevet major, for gallantry at Plattsburg, 11 Sept. 1814 ; major 3d artil- lery, 26 Apr. 1832 ; lieut.-col. 4th art. 6 Apr. 1835. Succ. by Alex. Brooks Keyes, his grand-son. He m. 28 May, 1817, Sarah Turner, of Boston. Their children were — John, who d. a Passed Midshipman U. S. N., 4 June, 1843. Lucy, who m. 30 May, 1843, lion. Edward L. Keyes, of Dedham. They had : Caroline Florence, 23 Mar. 1844; Alexander S., and George Stuart his twin, 2G July, 1846 ; Edivard Livingston, 26 Sept. 1848. He was b. Quincy, Mass., Apr. 1757, d. Newton Corner, Mass., 1 Sept. 1844. Private in the Co. of minute-men of Capt. P. B. Adams, in Dec. 1774 ; corporal in Jacob Loud's Co. of Greaton's reg. 1775; transferred to Thayer's Co. of Whitney's reg. 1776 ; sergeant in Judah Alden's Co. of Bailey's (2d) reg. 1777 ; com. ensign in Bailey's 28 Sept. 1777 ; com. lieut. in Vose's (1st) reg. 21 Mar. 1782; disb. 3 Nov. 1783. He was in several battles preceding that of Saratoga, where he was wounded by a musket-ball in the right shoulder ; served in Vose's light inf. reg. under La Fayette, in the Virginia campaign ; was in several skir- mishes, including those of Hot Water Springs and Green Springs, and was at the siege of Yorktown. He m. Feb. 1789, Hannah Parker of Roxbury, and had : Eliz- ABiiTH ; Frederick W. S. A. ;*and Catharine, who d. young. 24+ BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE FREDERICK W. S. A. BROWN. Eldest son of Ebenezer, whom he succ. in 1845 ; b. 1792 ; master of signals in Boston Harbor for twenty-five years, and d. Boston, 5 July, 1850. He was b. Lexington, Mass., 25 July, 1753 ; com. lieut. in Gridley's art. in 1775 ; in Kjiox's in 1776 ; capt. -lieut. in Crane's in 1779 ; after the war, was an innholder in Con- cord until 1789, when he removed to Virginia, and settled on the Ohio River, giving to the place the name Brown- ville, and was living there on a government pension in 1820. He is credited with a service in the army of three years and six months, to 28 May, 1779. His descent from John Brown,^ of Watertown, 1G32, d. 1636, oe. 36, and his wife Dorothy, was through John^'h. Enghmd, 1631, who m. 24 Apr. 1655, Esther or Hester Makepeace; Joseph,^ b. 1677, d. 11 Jan. 1764, who m. in Watertown, 15 Nov. 1609, Euhaniah Wellington ; Benjamin * (his father), bap. 3 July, 1720, d. 1801, m. 22 Dec. 1742, Sarah, dau. of Wm. Reed. JOHN BRYANT. Nephew, by a sister, of Lieut. David Mason, Jr., whom he succ. in 1802 ; merchant of Boston of the firm of Bryant and Sturgis, and d. there 5 Feb. 1865, se. 84. Assistant Treasurer of the Society 1846-65. Dr. Henry Bryant, his second and only living son, succ. him in 1865, but did not qualify, and d. in 1867, te. 47. Com. lieut. in Baldwin's reg. of artificers, 1777 ; com. 1st lieut. in Parker's Co., same reg., 12 Nov. 1779; after- * Never contributed his montli's pay to tlie Society. c:^^^^^ (^y^^^u^^u^:^ CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 245 ward in Hazen's reg. He d. in Boston, 8 Oct. 1804, leaving a widow (Ruth) and five children. ^sa JSuUartr. He was born Sherborn, Mass., 27 Apr. 1758, d. 1804-5, leaving no child. He was a private in Benj. Ballard's Co., Jona. Brewer's reg., in May — Dec. 1775, and present at Lexington and Bunker's Hill ; com. ensign in S. Brewer's 12th reg. 7 Oct. 1777 ; lieut. in Sprout's (12th) reg. 5 July, 1779. His descent from Benjamin -^ Bullard, of Watertown in 1637, was through Benjamin,"^ one of the first settlers of Sherborn, who d. 1689, and Martha Fairbank of Dedham ; Capt. Samuel,^ b. 26 Dec. 1667, d. 10 Dec. 1727, who m. June, 1690, Deborah, dau. of James Atherton; Lieut. Benjamin,'^ b. 16 Feb. 1697, d. 1762, m. 20 Dec. 1721, Miriam, dau. of Sanmel Morse; Col. Samuel^ (his father), b. 2 Aug. 1729, d. 5 March, 1807, m. 10 July, 1754, Mary, dau. of James Coolidge. JAMES BULLARD. He was b. Sherborn, Mass., 20 Jan. 1813, and succ. Asa, as grand-son of his elder bro. Adam, in 1859. He inherited the homestead in Sherborn, m. Elizabeth M. Lothrop, b. 15 Aug. 1817, and has — Edward B. Agnes H. Marietta L. Carrie I. The following letter, written by Gen. Burbeck, when in his ninety-third year, to Charles S. Davies, Esq., of Portland, dated Aug. 20, 1846, comprises the principal events of his career : — " My native place is Boston, where I was born in the year 1754. I spent the early part of my life at Old Castle William (now Fort Independence, Boston Harbor), with my father, who was the second officer in command. My education was not such as can be ob- 246 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE tained now in the same situation of life, but on a par with the rest of the officers in general. As they obtained the object they de- sired (viz., the indejDendence of the country), a classical education could not have done more or better. I attended the common writ- ing-school of the day, eighty years ago, under the sujierintendence of ' Master Tileston,' but for the principal part of my education 1 am indebted to my father. " When the battle of Lexington took place, I was in Boston, where every boat and means was taken to prevent the inhabitants from leaving the town. In a short time provisions grew scarce, and regulations were then made for the citizens to leave ; and, a pass being given, their trunks, &c., were examined by Britisli officers, for arms of all kind. My father l)eing proscribed, and in the pay of the British ordnance department, by a previous arrangement some time before made his escape by crossing to Noddle's Island (now East Boston) to C\imbridge, and reported himself to the ' Commit- tee of Safety,' or ' Provincial Congress,' of which Dr. Joseph War- ren was chairman or president. " I left Boston soon after, as a member of a family of my ac- quaintance, and proceeded to Cambridge ; there joined my father, who was making arrangements for a laboratory to prepare ammu- nition, &c. I then joined a company of volunteers, commanded by Captain Ilorton (with two six-pounders). On the 19th May, 1775. I received a commission, signed by Dr. Joseph Warren, which I think is one of the oldest commissions in the Revolutionary service. I was appointed a lieutenant in the Massachusetts line, commanded by Colonel Richard Gridley, and again appointed on the 1st Janu- ary, 1776, a lieutenant in a regiment of artillery in the Massachu- setts line of the continental army, commanded by Colonel Henry Knox. Again appointed the 1st January, 1777, a captain-lieutenant in a regiment of artillery in the Massachusetts line, commanded by Colonel John Crane. Was promoted to a captaincy in said regiment and line the 12th September, 1777, and continued in that regiment to the end of the war, 1 783, at wliich time the army was disbanded and I returned to private life with the brevet rank of major. During the campaign of 177'), I remained with the army at Cam- bridge. In April, 177G, I marched with the army to the city of New York, and remained with it until the evacuation, September, 1776. During the diffiirent operations of that year I was at White CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 247 Plains and New Jersey, &c. In the year 1777 I joined the army at Saratoga, remained with it a short time, and was ordered to join the main array in Pennsylvania, under the command of General Washington, and was with it during the different engagements at Brandywine, Germantown, &c., and closed the campaign at Valley Foi'ge. In 1778 I marched with the army from Valley Forge through New Jersey, and was engaged at the battle of Monmouth. I remained with the army at White Plains during the campaigns of 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783, in the States of Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. In October, 178G, I was again called into service, and appointed a captain in a battalion of artillery, com- manded by Major John Doughty. In 1787 and 1788 I was sta- tioned at West Point, inactive. In August, 1789, I was ordered with my company to join General Lincoln, Colonel Humphries, and Mr. Griffin, to Georgia, as commissioners to form a treaty with the Creek nation ; but through some misunderstanding the treaty failed. The next year it was again renewed, and accom- plished in New York. 1 then returned to New York, and raised a company. Was ordered back to Georgia, and built a foi't on St. Mary's river, then the boundaries of the United States. I remained in command until June, 1792 ; then, being promoted to a major, I joined the army at Pittsburg, raised for the defence of the fron- tiers, under the command of General Anthony Wayne. On the 3()th April, 1793, we took boats and floated down the Ohio river to Legionville, and there spent the winter. In October (same year), the army marched six miles in advance of Fort Jefferson, 80 or 90 miles from Cincinnati, into the enemy's country. On the 23d December, 1793, I was ordered with a detachment, consisting of eight companies of infantry and one of artillery, with orders to take possession of the field of action of the 4th November, 1791, and there to fortify and establish a post, which was called Fort Re- covery. After completing the work, and recovering two brass field- pieces, which were sunk in a branch of the river Wabash, near the battle-ground, and collecting a great number of skulls (say 200), also many bones, we paid the last respects to those who fell on the 4th November, 1791, by three times three from the same artillery that was lost on that fatal day, but now recovered by this detach- ment of the legion. I returned to the cantonment, and received a handsome compliment in general orders for my services. In Au- 248 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE gust, 1794, the army marched into the enemy's country. On the 20th of that month an action took phice, which resulted in the total defeat of the Indians ; and a peace took place, with a surrender of all the posts of ours in their possession. In September, 179G, I went with two companies to take possession and command at Fort IMackinaw, where I remained until 1800. I was then ordered to Washington, from whence I superintended the forts from Norfolk to Portland until the war of 1812, when I commanded at New York, Newport, New London, and Greenbush. At the close of the war in 1815, not being retained on the peace establishment, I returned to private life, a poor citizen, after serving my country for nearly 40 years. I have resided in this place with my wife ever since 1815, and have had G children, 4 of whom are now living." Gen. Burbeck was President of the Mass. Soc. Cin. from 184G to his death. He was buried at the Cedar Grove Cemetery, New London ; and over his grave the Society- erected a handsome granite monument, under the direction of a committee consisting of Hon. Robert G. Shaw, Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, and Rev. A. L. Baury. Upon the front of the obelisk, on a shield, is the following inscription: — BRIGADIER-GENERAL HENRY BURBECK, Born in Boston, JNIass., June 8, 1754; Died at New London, October 2, 1848. Upon the cube on which tlie obehsk stands is en- graven : — The IMassachusetts Society of the Cincinnati dedicate this mon- ument to the memory of their late honored President. He was an officer of the United States from the commencement of the Revo- lutionary war until near the close of his life. By a patriotic and ftuthful discharge of the high and responsible duties of a gallant soldier and an exemplary citizen, lie became as justly and emi- nently distinguished as he was rightfully and universally respected. Erected MDCCCL. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 249 Col. Wm. Burbeck, his father, was of English parentage, but b. Boston, 1715. and d. there 22 July, 1785. He was a carver, and his work is still visible on the Corinthian pillars in King's Chapel. He studied gunnery and artillery, and was many years stationed as gunner at Castle William in Boston Harbor. He was lieut.-col. of the artillery in the winter of 1775-76, and subsequently resumed his post at the Castle. Gen. Henry, by his wife Lucy E. Rudd, had : Susan Henrietta, 23 Sept. 1815, m. Lieut. E. Kibby, and d. 15 Sept. 1839; Char- lotte Augusta, 8 Mar. 1818; Henry Wm., 31 May, 1819, d. 19 Feb. 1840 ; Mart Elizabeth, 7 Mar. 1821, m. Chandler Smith, N.Y. ; William Henry ; John Cathcart, 1 Feb. 1826, resides in New London, Ct. WILLIAM HENRY BURBECK. Eldest son of Gen. Henry, whom he succ. in 1850; b. New London, 3 Oct. 1823 ; resides in that city. Jolju 33untam» He was b. Ipswich, Mass., 10 Dec. 1749 ; was a lieut. in Warner's Co. of Little's reg. at Bunker's Hill, and in the battles of Brooklyn, Trenton, and Princeton ; com. capt. of light infantry in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and in the battles with Burgoyne, relief of Fort Stanwix, l)attle of Monmouth, and capture of Stony Point ; served under Greene in 1780, and under La Fayette in Virginia, and was in the storm and capture of the British redoubt at Yorktown ; com. major 9 Jan. 1783. Col. John Brooks, who com. the 8th in the absence of Col. M. Jackson, said of Burnam that he was one of the best disciplina- rians and most gallant officers of the Revolution. He was one of the founders of Marietta, O., in 1788, and owned a valuable estate at the mouth of the Muskingum River ; but left it, and settled in Derry, N.H., where he died 8 June, 1843. In 1872 John J. Doland was adm. as his successor. His descent from Dea. John^ BurnJiam, Sen., of Ipswich, 1635, who d. 5 Nov. 1694, and Mary his wife, was through ^o/m,^ who d. 1716, 32 250 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE and Sarali ; John,^ who m. Ann, dau, of Capt. Thomas Choate ; Samuel'^ (his father), who m. 17 Nov. 1743, Martha Story. Maj. John m. Abigail Collins, by whom he had — Samuel, a sea captain, com. a privateer in the war of 1812, lost at sea. Eliza, who m. John Doland. Abigail Maria, m. Jonathan Ireland. Charles, d. young. John, a merchant in Cincinnati, d. in Dunbarton of consurajition, and left two daus. : one m. Groesbeck of Cincin,, and the other a Gallagher. George, b. 1802, d. 1 Jan. 18ol, m. 1828 Eliza A. McNiel, and has four sons. He was of Stoughton, Mass., where he d. in Jan. 1785. In May, 1775, he was an ensign in Heath's reg. ; was a lieut. in Greaton's (24th) reg. at siege of Boston ; com. eapt.-lieut. in Crane's artillery 1 Jan. 1777, and served through the war. JJof|« ©allentrer. He was the son of Eliezer Callender, of Boston, and d. Alexandria, Va., in Oct. 1797. He was a member of Pad- dock's Artillery Co. before the Revolution, and com. a com- pany of artillery belonging to Gridley's reg. at the battle of Bunker's Hill. Having expended all his cartridges early in the action, a supply of six-pounder cartridges was sent him for his four-pounder guns, and he ordered his men out of the range of the enemy's shot, so that the car- tridges might be reduced, and thus enable him to resume his fire. At this moment Putnam rode up, ordered him back, and charged him with cowardice, upon which charge a court-martial, held shortly after the battle, sentenced him to be cashiered. He then joined Capt. John John- ston's Co., and in May, 1776, appears on the roll of Capt. Pierce's Co., in N.Y., as a " cadet." In the battle of CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 251 Brooklyn, L.I., 26 Aug. 1776, he was wounded, his superior officers killed ; and he took command of the pieces, which were served Avith great coolness, courage, and effect until its close, when he was taken prisoner. Washington, as soon as he was exchanged, directed the sentence of the court-martial to be erased from the orderly book, restored him to his rank, and gave him command of several important stations. Capt.-lieut. in Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777, to the close of the war ; in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778. After the war he was a merchant in Virginia. JOHN CALLENDER. Son of Capt. Eliezer, of Virginia, and nephew of Capt.- Lieut. John, whom he succ. in 1802. Assist. Sec. of the Society 1806-8 and 1809-21 ; Sec. 1821-33. He was b. Boston, 4 Feb. 1772 ; entered the Latin School in 1779 ; grad. at H. U. 1790 ; was an attorney, representative in the Mass. Legislature, and clerk of the Sup. Judicial Court ; was a lieut. in the Boston Light Infantry on its institution in 1798 ; and delivered the oration before the town authori- ties of Boston, July 4, 1797. Of him it was said by Rev. Dr. Baury : " He was the life of the Society and the soul of Concert Hall, That clarion voice has long been silent." He d. Boston, 20 Nov. 1833. Eliezer, his father, m. 23 Nov. 1768, Elizabeth, sister of Gov. Gore. John m. 23 Nov. 1794, Catharine Templeman of George- town, Md. ; had no issue. Of Boxford ; sergeant in Putnam's (5th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. ensign and quartermaster 1780 ; com. lieut. (same reg.) 7 May, 1782. He resided in Haverhill after the war, and was a government pensioner, and living in 1820. 252 BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Of Haverhill, son of Jeremiah and Eunice (Taylor) Carleton ; b. 1742, d. Litchfield, N.H., June, 1816. He served in the Provincial army at Louisburg ; entered the Revol. army in Apr. 1775 ; was ensign and quartermaster in Sargent's (16th) reg. in 1776 ; lieut. in Bigelow's (15th) reg. 1777 ; transferred to McFarland's (invalid) reg. in Dec. 1778, in consequence of general debility, and granted half- pay. After the war, he taught mathematics in Boston and elsewhere ; and published maps of N.H., Mass., and the U.S., and treatises on mathematics and navigation. He was a noted pedestrian. His widow Lydia was living in Francestown, N.H., in 1822. SILAS CASEY. Major-General Silas Casey was b. in East Greenwich, R.I., 12 July, 1807. His grandfather Silas, an extensive importing merchant before the Revolution, and his father Wanton, who was educated in France during Franklin's residence there, were natives of the same place. His grandmother, Coggeshall, descended from John Wanton, Governor of Rhode Island in the reign of George I. His maternal grandfather. Major Nathan Goodale, a valuable officer of the Revolutionary arni}^, to whom he succ. in the Society in 1870, and his mother, Elizabeth, were natives of Brookfield, Mass. Silas was celebrated in his youth for adventurous feats ; was educated at the academy in his native town, and at West Point ; and on graduating 1 July, 1826, Avas app. brevet 2d lieut. in the Seventh Infantry, stationed at Fort Towson, Ark. Wliile here, he led a small party in a successful skirmish with some marauding Indians, whom he surprised and defeated with * Never contributed his month's pay to tlie Society. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 253 loss. His subsequent commissions are as follows : 2d lieut. Second Infantry, 1829 ; assist, com. subsis. Feb. 1836 ; 1st lieut. June, 1836 ; capt. July, 1839 ; bvt.-major for Contreras and Churubusco, 20 Aug. 1847 ; bvt.-lieut.-col. for Chapultepec, 13 Sept. 181T ; lieut.-col. 9th Inf. 3 Mar. 1855 ; brig.-gen. of vols. 31 Aug. 1861 ; col. 4tli Inf. 9 Oct. 1861; bvt.-brig.-gen. U.S.A., andmaj.-gen. vols, for Fair Oaks, 31 May, 1862; bvt.-maj.-gen. U. S. A. 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services during the Rebellion. During the Florida war he was app. captain, and com- mis. in a reg. of Creek Indian volunteers. He rejoined his company in Jan. 1840, and having distinguished himself in the battle of Pilaklikaha (19 Apr. 1842) was recom- mended by Col. Worth, his commander, for the brevet of major. He was actively engaged in Mexico in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco ; and at the storming of the Castle of Chapultepec, while leading his men through a ter- rible fire, was severely wounded in the abdomen when near the Mexican batteries, a wound Avhich confined him to his bed for a month. For his services and conduct in the war with Mexico, he received a beautiful silver vase from the inhabitants of his native town, and a resolution of thanks from the Legislature of R.I. In Nov. 1851, while sta- tioned in California, Casey attacked and defeated the Coquille River Indians, whom he completely subdued. In 1854 he was president of a board of officers which corrected and revised Hardee's light infantry tactics ; and also of that which adopted a manual for Colt's revolver pistol. In Mar. 1856, Lieut.- Col. Casey, in a campaign of 25 days, completely subdued the Puget Sound Indians in Washington Territory. Pending the controversy between the U. S. and the British Government respecting the boundaries of each in that territory, Lieut.-Col. Casey, in obedience to orders, occupied and fortified San Juan Island, 254 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE which place was, by agreement between Gen. Scott and the British authorities, afterward occupied jointly by the two nations. This question has been recently settled in favor of the U. S. by the arbitration of the Emperor of Germany. On arriving in New York, in Aug. 1861, he repaired to Washington, offered his services to government in sup- jDressing the Rebellion, and was assigned to the duty of organizing into brigades, discij^lining, and instructing the volunteer troops arriving there. On Mar. 20, 1862, he was assigned to the command of a division in the army of the Potomac, and accompanied it under Gen. McClellan to the Peninsula. Having been, contrary to his advice and opinion, ordered to Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), where his division was within six miles of Richmond, without support on either flank, — " pushed like a wedge into the presence of the enemy," — he commenced work energetically, — dig- ging rifle-pits and cutting abatis, to strengthen as much as possible his false position. Here, on May 31, Casey was attacked by an overwhelming force under Gens. Longstreet and Hill ; and, after a severe conflict of three hours, was driven from his position, with a loss of 1,430 in killed, wounded, and missing, out of a total force of less than 5,000 men. Says an eye-witness: "The veteran warrior Casey had been in the thickest of the fight, direct- ing and animating ; . . . and nearly one-third of his com- mand had found a soldier's death, or were maimed and helpless from the figlit." Besides his promotion. Gen. Casey received the thanks of the legislature of his native State for his bravery and skill in this battle. On June 30 he was relieved from the command of his division by Gen. McClellan, and ordered to the White House on the Pamunke}, where he successfully performed the duty of evacuating that depot, destroying CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 255 those supplies that coiihl not be taken away. On Aug. 11 he was again pkced on duty to receive, organize, and instruct the volunteers arriving at Washington; and on this date the system of tactics for the U. S. army by Casey was adopted by the government. During his period of duty in Washington, Gen. Casey equipped, organized, and in a preliminary maimer instructed about 300,000 volun- teer troops, a service of great importance to the country, admirably performed. He Avas in July, 1868, retired, at his own request, after active service for 12 years, and now resides in Brooklyn, N.Y. On July 12, 1840, he m. Abby P., dau. of Hon. Dutee J. Pearce of Newport, R.I. She d. in Washington City 10 Mar. 1862, leaving five surviving children ; and July 12, 1861, he m. Florida Gordoii of Washington. Of France ; com. lieut. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 24 Apr. 1779 ; aide to Gen. Duportail ; in 3d reg. 1783. IHattijcU) . 10 June, 1710, d. Jan. 1708, m. 2d Abigail Gleason, 28 May, 1740. Peter m. Jan. 178.">, Polly Xixon, and had : Polly, 22 July, 1785, m. Harris of Bridgeport, Vt. ; Sophia, 2b Sept. 1786, d. unm. 1804 ; Naxcy, 5 June, 1788, d. young; Amy, 23 Mar. 1790, m. Hemmen- way, and d. young ; Daxa ; Fraxcis, bap. June, 1794, m. Crowfoot, Vt. ; Geouge, bapn July, 1796, m. in Shelburne, Vt. ; SuKEY, bap. Nov. 1798, d. 1802. Ri:v. daxa clayes. He was b. Framhigham, Oct. 1792 ; succ. his father, Capt. Peter, in 1844 ; Middleb. Coll. 1815 ; Andover Sem. 1820 ; ordained 4 July, 1821 ; Pastor Congregational Church in Meriden, N.H., 1821-37 ; Home Missionary in Vassalboro', Industry, Jefferson, &c.. Me., 1841-51 ; resides in Wakefield, Mass. 33 7 258 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He Wiisb. in Attleborough, Mass., 14 Sept. 1748 ; d. Bos- ton, 17 i^pril, 1830 ; H. U. 176G. The celebrated INIaster Marsh, of Old Braintree (now Quincy), j)repared him for college. After his graduation, he commenced the study of medicine, under Dr. Perkins, and was engaged in suc- cessful practice in his native place, when the Revolutionary movement began, in which he was an early and prominent actor. He was secretary of the Bristol Co. Convention in 1774 ; and, as a member of the General Court convened in Oct. 1774, was the colleague of Robert Treat Paine, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Early in 1777 he was commissioned lieut.-col. in Henry Jackson's (16th) reg., in which he encountered some hard service, particu- larly at S23ringfield, N.J. ; at Monmouth ; and at Quaker Hill, R.I., where he led what may be called a forlorn hope, to delay with 20 men the progress of the Hessian cavahy. His activity, talent, and high military qualities- attracted the attention of the Commander-in- chief, who, on 15 June, 1781, appointed him one of his aides, in which capacity he participated in the capture of Cornwallis. He remained in this position until 1784, having also been com. lieut.-col. commanding the 5th reg. (late Rufus Putnam's) 7 Jan. 1783, and a brig. -gen. by brevet. After the Commander-in-chief took leave of the army. Col. Cobb passed considerable time at Mt. Vernon, as a member of Gen. Washington's military family. Next to the high personal regard which he entertained for the General, was his great admiration of Lady Washington, whom he was fond of quoting as his beau-ideal of womanly grace and loveliness. It is said Gen. Washington usually retired to his library from the dinner-table, where he often engaged in social conversation. On one occasion, when Col. Cobb /^i^^^^ CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 259 was witli him there, Gen. Washington broke the silence by sa3dng he felt a great solicitude about the prospects of the people of Massachusetts. " The climate," said he, " is cold and trying, the soil sterile and unproductive. The best crop AA-ould be of stones : you can raise a few onions, perhaps, but little else. While we in Virginia are favored with a most salubrious climate, and with a soil as rich and productive as the sun ever shone upon." Col. Cobb replied : " Sir, we have our heads and our hands." Gen. Washington then smiled, an unusual thing for him to do. Surely, what would New England, with its cold and in- hospitable climate, and its uninviting soil, have been to- day, but for the heads and hands of its early inhabitants ? Returning to his home early in 1784, Col. Cobb resumed his profession, and was in that year app. to the bench of the Court of Common Pleas, where he continued 12 years, and was also maj.-gen. of the 5th div. Mass. militia in 1786-93. During the insurrectionary movements in Massachusetts in 1786, when the courts of justice were threatened by lawless and desperate men, determined to impede the pro- cesses of the law for the collection of debts, Judge Cobb resolved to support the court and the laws. " The militia were ordered out. The robe of the judge was thrown aside, the martial garb resumed. Court day arrived. Sounds ominous and threatening arose from the mob ; but when the citizen-soldiers were seen steady at their posts, extended in double lines from the doors of the court- house, — when the resolute demeanor of the commander was observed, — the tone of defiance sunk to that of re- monstrance, and the general was entreated to withdraw his soldiers. ' Away with your whining ! ' was his deter- mined and memorable reply. ' I will hold this court if I 260 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE hold it in blood. I will sit as a Judge, or I will die as a General.' In an instant all was qnieted : the mob stole off secretly and silently, and the laws triumphed." A somewhat similar scene was enacted in October of the same year, upon the opening of the session of the Supreme Court. " On one side of the village [Taunton] was posted a large body of armed insurgents : on the other, the supporters of government, the defenders of the laws. The cannon were planted, the matches were lighted and waving. Had the government selected for their com- mander one who was either rash or timid, that peaceful village might have witnessed transactions equal in atrocity to the most horrible of the French Revolution. The re- si)onsibility Avas great, but the man was equal to the emer- gency. He drew a line with his sword on the ground, and said to the rebel leader, 'Pass that line and I fire, the blood be upon your own head.' Again the laws tri- umphed : the court sat in peace, the insurgents dispersed ; and from that day to this, in that county, not an arm has been raised to resist the civil authority." Elected in May, 1789, sole representative of Taunton to the General Court, he was at once chosen speaker, retain- ing that position until 1793, when he became a member of the Third Congress. In 1795 he settled with his family in Maine, as agent of the " Bingham Purchase ; " and in 1799 was appointed agent of the proprietors of Goulds- boro'. Me. In 1802 he was made a senator from the eastern district, and was immediately elected president of that body, a post he held for three years. He was in 1808 elected to the council ; Avas Lieut.-Gov. of Mass. in 1809 ; was one of the Board of Military Defence during the war of 1812 ; Chief Justice C. C. P. for Hancock Co. in 1803-9 ; and maj.-gen. of the loth div. of the State militia in 1813. He took CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. ' 261 up his final residence in Taunton in 1820. Gen. Cobb received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from New Jersey College in 1783, and from Brown University in 1790 ; was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Mass. Medical Society, and was Vice- President of the Mass. Society of the Cincinnati in 1810. Gen. Cobb was the parent of the flourishing academy at Taunton ; and, whenever any public good was to be effected, was active and efficient, contributing from his own resources to the full extent of his means. As a phy- sician, he was sagacious, learned, and eminently successful. As a soldier, he was fearless and inti'epid, calm and collected in danger, rapid and decisive in judgment, and prompt in execution. To the courts he brought a competent knowl- edge of the law. Although he was not a lawyer, his clear perceptions and strong sense enabled him to detect sophis- try, and to remove the impediments with which artifice and legal ingenuity too often contrive to embarrass the progress of justice. A Federalist in politics, he was dis- tinguished for his love of order and his attachment to the Constitution. As the presiding officer of a public body, he was unrivalled. Graceful and dignified in his deport- ment, he despatched the public business with ease and facility, and won by his impartial performance of the duties of the chair the praise even of his adversaries. His man- ners and disposition were pleasing ; his wit and humor, his fund of anecdote, and above all his powers of conversation, his vivacity, and flow of language, made him the delight of his friends, and a most acceptable guest at the social board. Hon. Joseph Williamson, of Belfast, Me., thus describes the general's appearance and manners : " In stature he was large, and had a full face and over-awing eye. He was hasty in temper, and expressed himself wdth much energy and a most commanding voice. I have heard him 262 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE order a lawyer to silence, and to his seat, with a power of voice and feeling that was almost overwhelming. On a certain occasion, supposing that an attorney at the bar was guilty of a fraudulent act, he exclaimed with great force, while on the bench, ' A dishonest lawyer ! he is worse than the devil, for he violates personal confidence and a sacred oath ! ' His costume was that of the Revolution. When he attended court, he wore a tri-cocked hat, broad-backed coat, a single-breasted jacket w4th pocket-flaps, breeches with bands and buckled at the knee, and high white top- boots. He walked with a measured gait, his military air having become second nature." His descent from Austen ^ or Augustine ^ Cohh was through Mor- gan;^ b. 29 Dec. 1673, d. 30 Sept. 1755, m. 22 May, 1735, Esther Hodges ; Thomas ^ (his father), who m. Lydia, eklest dau. of James Leonard of Taunton. Col. David m. in 17GG Eleanor Bradish, and had — Eleanor, 23 Mar. 1767, m. James Hodges, d. 30 Oct. 1842. Betsey, 5 June, 1768, d. Apr. 1830, m. P2benezer Smith. Thomas, 29 Jan. 1772, d. Oct. 1844, m. Abby Hall. William Gray, 10 Feb. 1773, unm., killed 4 Nov. 1791, in battle with the Indians, being an ensign under Gen. St. Clair. Eunice, 17 Nov. 1774, d. 6 June, 1826, m. 1792 Hon. S. S. Wilde, and had nine children. Mary, 26 July, 1776, d. 17 Oct. 1851, m. Col. John Black, of Ellsworth, Me. David, 3 Apr. 1778, unm., killed by Indians on N. W. Coast, 24 Oct. 1794. Sally, 15 Jan. 1780, d. ai. ab. 17. Ehenezer Bradish, 30 Oct. 1781, d. bef. 1840. Henry Jackson, 18 Dec. 1784, d. unm. July, 1848. Geo. Washington, 14 Jan. 1790, m. Abby Crocker, dau. of Hon. Samuel of Taunton. After d. of bro. David in 1794, G. W. prefixed David to his name ; d. 27 Feb. 1832. His children were: George Thomas; Samuel Crocker, m. 1848; Elizabeth Baylies, m. Baylies Sanford of Boston ; Sarah Crocker, m. Curtis Guild of Boston. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 263 SAMUEL CROCKER COBB. Son of David G. W., grand-son of Gen. David, whom he succeeded in 1856 ; b. in Taunton, 22 May, 1826. He is a prominent merchant of Boston ; was an alderman of tlie city of Roxl)ury in 1861 and 1862, and of Boston in 1868 ; is now president of the Roxbury Charitable Society, and holds other imjjortant public trusts. He has upon various occasions manifested his active interest in the wel- fare of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati ; was its Secretary from 1865 to 1871 ; and since that date has been its Vice-President. He married Aurelia L. Beattie in 1848. Has no children. dittos (itOflSUJfU. He was b. Haverhill, Mass., 2 Oct. 1752; d. Dover, N.H., 28 Jan. 1826. Ensign in his brother's (Capt. Thomas) Co. in Col. S. Gerrish's reg. in May, 1775 ; lieut. in L. Baldwin's reg. in 1776 ; com. capt. in Wesson's (0th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; served to the end of the Avar, having been present at the siege of Boston, and the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth. Representative of Dover in the N.H. Legislature in 1807-10, 1812, 1814-15 ; and in the senate in 1818-20. His descent from John ^ Cogswell, of Ipswich, who came from London in 1635, d. 29 Nov. 1G69, and his wife Elizabeth, was throngh William,'^ b. 1619, d. ab. 1700 ; John,'' b. 1650, d. ab. 1710, and wife Hannah; Nathaniel* of Haverhill (his father), b. 19 Jan. 1707, d. 23 Mar. 1783, who m. 31 Jan. 1739, Judith, dan. of Joseph -Badger, by whom he had 19 children, eight of whom served in the Revohitionary army. Amos m. 20 Nov. 1785, Lydia (Baker), widow of Capt. S. Wallingford, and had — Sophia, 20 July, 1786, m. J. M. Currier of Dover, d. 18 Sept. 1817, leaving several children. 7 264 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Elizabeth, 8 June, 1788, d. 18 Nov. 1804. Francis, 16 Apr. 1790, m. Elizabeth Smith of Boscawen. Abkjail, 2i) Oct. 1701, m. Dr. Smart of Kennebuiik, and d. 2 June, 1827. Lydia, 30 May, 1793, m. Hon. Paul Wentworth 30 Mar. 1814. Samuel CtoflsUJcU. A relative of Amos and Thomas ; com. lieut. in H. Jack- son's (16th) reg'. 1 July, 1777 ; clep. judge advocate in Brooks's (7th) in 1783. K\)onun Coflstflrll. He was elder bro. of Amos ; b. Haverhill, Mass., 4 Aug. 1746 ; d. Gilmanton, N.H., 3 Sept. 1810. Capt. in S. Ger- rish's, afterward L. Baldwin's reg. 22 June, 1775 ; present at Bunker's Hill and siege of Boston ; com. maj. in Vose's (1st) reg. 21 Feb. 1777, serving to the close of the war. At the peace he settled in Gilmanton, N.H., where he was frequently selectman, and was chief justice of C. C. P. from 1784 to 1810. He m. 2G Feb. 1770, Ruth, dau. of Gen. Joseph Badger, and had — Natiianikl, b. 19 Jan. 1773, d. Red River, La. or Ark., Aug. 1813; Dartm. Coll. 1794. Judith, who m. Hon. Nathaniel Upham of Rochester. Thomas, killed in the war of 1812, at Chateauguay, N.Y., 2G Oct. 1813. William. Fkancis, b. 24 Apr. 1787, Dartm. Coll. 1811, a lieut. in tlie army, and d. Plattsburg, N.Y., 8 Dec. 1812. Pearson, Frederick, and Alfred. JPijomas fL^ollin (tontiv. He was b. Boston, 1757, d., Pawtucket, R.I., 29 Aug. 1833. Com. 2d lieut. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 1 Feb. 1777; adjutant, 27 Oct. 1778—9 Apr. 1779 ; com. 1st lieut. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 265 1 Mar. 1779; reg. qiiarterm. 1 Jan. 1782 — July, 1784 ; paj-m. from May, 1783 ; distinguished at Quaker Hill, R.I., in Aug. 1778, and at Springfield, N.J., in June, 1780 ; and was a brave officer and a good disciplinarian. He had a facetious disposition and an unfailing fund of good humor. He m. in June, 1789, Polly Aborn, of Patuxet, and removed to R.I. in 1797. His dau., Mary Ann Howe, was living in Dec. 1851. He was b. Weston, Mass., 12 Mar. 1751 ; d. Portland, Me., 27 Oct. 1823. Before the Revolution he was a butcher in Boston, and a member of Paddock's Artillery Co. ; com. 1st lieut. Knox's art. 1 Jan. 1776 ; capt. in Crane's art. 14 Mar. 1778. The night before the battle of Monmouth, he slept on a gun-carriage, and dreamed that his lieut. was shot through the body, precisely as he himself was in the battle that ensued. HORATIO GATES COOK. Only son of Capt. David, whom he succ. in 1824 ; b. 1784, d. Portland, Me., ab. 1862. Of Danvers ; was an ensign in Hutchinson's reg. in 1775- 76 ; lieut. in Putnam's (5th) reg. 1777-82 ; com. capt. in Sprout's (2d) reg. 7 Jan. 1783 ; removed to Ohio in 1788 ; and was living at Warrenton, O., in 1807. Samuel (Snooper, Of Boston ; was living in Georgetown, D.C., in 1839, aged 82. He was one of the famous " Tea Party ; " com. 2d lieut. Crane's art. 1 Feb. 1777 ; quartern!. 14 May, 1778 ; lieut. and adjutant, 1783. Inspector of pot and pearl ashes in N.Y. city and county, 1808-30. Probably father of Samuel Cooper, adj.-gen. U. S. A. (1852-61). 34 266 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was son of Andrew and Elizabetli Craigie ; b. Bos- ton, 7 June, 1743 ; d. Cambridge, Mass., 19 Sept. 1819. Apothecary gen. of the army, 1 Jan. 1777-31 Dec. 1780 ; originally a member of the N.Y. Society. March 5, 1791, he purchased the Vassal estate (Washington's head-quar- ters), for <£3,750, and made it his residence. It is now the house of the poet Henry W. Longfellow. He was one of the projectors and corporators of the bridge from West Boston to Lechmere's Point, Cambridge, designated by his name. Joijn (tvant. Col. Crane, commander of the Massachusetts reg. of artillery in the continental service during the Revolu- tionary war, was b. Braintree, Mass., 7 Dec. 1744, and d. at Whiting, Me., 21 Aug. 1805. His education was scanty, and we first find him following the trade of a house car- penter in Boston, his shoj) and residence in Tremont Street, opposite Hollis, being Avhile we write (April, 1873) in jjrocess of demolition. One of the famous " Tea Party," in Dec. 1773, his career came near being prematurely ended, by the fall of a chest of tea upon his head, which knocked him senseless. Some of his companions, supposing him killed, secreted the body under a pile of shavings in a carpenter shop, adjoining the wharf near which the ves- sel lay ; but, having received no serious injury, he soon recovered. He was a member of the artillery company of Adino Paddock, famous for having furnished a large number of valuable officers to that arm of the service in the Revolu- tionary army, among whom may be named Ebenezer Ste- vens (also one of the " Tea Party "), William Perkins, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 267 Heniy Burbeck, John Lillie, and David Bryant. It was composed wholly of mechanics, and was distinguished for its discipline and skill. House building- and many other branches of industry having been paralyzed by the " Boston Port Bill," which went into operation on June 1, 1774, Crane with his part- ner, Ebenezer Stevens, went to Providence, R.I. Here, upon receiving the news of the battle of Bunker's Hill, they raised two companies of artillery, with which they marched to Roxbury, and joined Gridley's reg.. Crane receiving the com. of major, and Stevens that of captain, in the R.I. " Train." Crane was constitutionally bold and daring, as well as ambitious of military glory ; and, possessing a remarkably keen vision, was exceedingly skilful as an artillerist, a tal- ent he had frequent opportunities to display during the siege of Boston, one of which occurred soon after his arri- val in camp. On July 8, 1775, a little after two o'clock in the morning. Majors Tupper and Crane, with a number of volunteers, attacked the British advanced guard at Brown's House, on Boston Neck, routed them, and burned two houses. This was regarded as a very " brave action," and " well performed." During the siege he commanded a breastwork on Boston Neck. Com. maj. in Knox's art. reg. 1 Jan. 1776, he accompa- nied the army to New York ; and while cannonading a Brit- ish frigate which was running past his batteries at Corlaer's Hook, on Sept. 14th, was severely wounded by a cannon- ball, which carried off a part of his foot, disabling him for several months, and finally causing his death, the wound having reopened. Com. col. 1 Jan. 1777, he raised a reg. in Mass., officered chiefly of those who had been trained under Paddock, Gridley, and Knox ; a corps not exceeded in discipline, valor, and usefulness by any in the service. 268 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE It was principally employed with the main army, and near the person of the Commander-in-chief, and was relied on as an essential auxiliary in the most important battles. No military organization in that army participated in so many eventful scenes or won more laurels. Besides the actions of the main army, portions of it were with Sullivan in the R.I. campaign, with Gates at Saratoga, and in the heroic defence of Red Bank on the Delaware. He was brevetted a brig.-gen. 30 Sept. 1783, and after the peace formed a partnership with Maj. Lemuel Trescott, in the lumber business, at Passamaquoddy, Me., in which they were unsuccessful. The connection was dissolved, and he finally settled in Whiting, Washington Co., Me. " Col. Crane," says Gen. Burbeck, " possessed great reso- lution, energy, and courage, and was at the same time per- fectly cool and gentlemanl}- in danger ; in short, he was Gen. Knox's factotum in cases of emergency." Though entitled to a pension on account of his wound, which had to some extent disabled him, he was too high spirited to accept such assistance ; but ill health and poverty finally overcame his scruples, and just previous to his death he made his application. His descent from Henry '^ Crane of Dorchester, b. 1624, was through Ebenezer^ of Milton, b. 10 Aug. 1665, who was in the Canada Expedition of 1G90, and Mary Tolman ; Ahijah ^ (his father), who m. 3 Mar. 1733, Sarah Field, who d. 3 Sept. 1742, and 2d, 7 Jan. 1743, Sarah Beverley. Their children were Col. John, Abijah, and Miriam. Col. Crane m. in 1767 Miss Wheeler, and had — JoHX, 1768, d. 1835. Abijah. Isaac. Alice, 1770, d. 1841, m. William Allan, Mehitable, 1779, d. 1846, m. John Allan. Charlotte, 1782, d. 1840, m. Horatio Gates Allan. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 269 Of Hanover, N.H. ; surgeon of Vose's (1st), afterward of C. Smith's (6th) reg. (1T81-83) ; d. 1805. JOHN HUNTINGTON CRANE, Only son of Surgeon John Crane, whom he succ. in 1809 ; b. Hanover, N.H., 1780 ; d. Louisville, Ky., 26 Sept. 1822 ; Dartm. Coll. 1799. He read law, began practice in Strafford, Vt., removed to Boston, and afterward to San- dusky, O., and finally to Louisville, Ky. He never married. He was son of Rev. Josiah, of Taunton ; b. 24 Feb. 1749, d. 13 Nov. 1797; H. U. 1774 ; com. lieut. in Grea- ton's (3d) reg. 16 Sept. 1778; resigned 24 July, 1781, having performed four years and nine months' service in the army. First Assist. Sec. of the Society, 1794-98. His descent from William^ Crocker, of Scituate in 1G36, and wife Alice, was through Josiah^^ b. Barnstable 1 9 Sept. 1 647, d. 2 Feb. 1698, who m. Melatiah, dau. of Gov. Thos. Hinckley, 22 Oct. 1668; Josiah,^ h. 8 Feb. 1684, d. 10 Oct. 1721, who m. 10 Apr. 1718, Desire Thacher ; Rev. Josiah * of Taunton (his father), b. 30 Oct. 1719, d. 28 Aug. 1774, and Rebecca, dau. of Ebenezer Allen. Joseph m. 15 Apr. 1779, Hannah, dau. of Rev. Samuel Mather of Boston, b. 27 June, 1752, d. 10 July, 1829. Their children were : Hannah Mather, 26 Oct. 1780, m. Samuel Parker, and d. 13 Nov. 1832. Samuel Mather, 10 May, 1783, d. 9 Mar. 1852. Rebecca Allen, 6 Dec. 1784, d. 15 Apr. 1837. Joseph Allen, 13 Jan. 1786, d. Sept. 5, 1786. Joseph Allen, 1 Oct. 1787, d. 30 Apr. 1817. Maria Stevens, 17 Apr. 1789, d. 29 Jan. 1791. William Shaw, 19 Mar. 1790, d. 25 Sept. 1805. Maria Stevens, 28 Aug. 1791, d. 14 Feb. 1796. James Bowdoin, 25 Feb, 1793. Eliza Clark, 15 Feb. 1795, d. 22 May, 1870. 270 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE SAMUEL MATHER CROCKER. Eldest son of Capt. Joseph, whom he succ. in 1804 ; b. 10 May, 1783 ; d. Milford, Mass., 9 JNIar. 1852 ; H. U. 1801. He practised Law successively in Douglas, Uxbridge, Fitch- burg, and Milford, Mass. SAMUEL MATHER CROCKER, Eldest son of S. M. Crocker, whom he succ. in 1855 ; resides in Milford, Mass. jFlorcncc a^roiulcg. Sergt. in John Johnston's Co. Knox's art. in Feb. 1776 ; 2d lieut. in Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. 1st lieut. 1 Oct. 1778. A certificate from Gen. Knox, dated West Point, 12 July, 1783, says of Lieut. Crowley, " that in the discharge of his duty he has at all times approved him- self an attentive, brave, and intelligent officer." He was living in Boston in 1793. ■Natfjanirl Cusljinij. He was b. Pembroke, Mass., 8 Apr. 1753 ; received a common school education, and learned the trade of a house- carpenter, which he followed near Boston when the Revo- lutionar}^ war broke out. Com. a lieut. in Trescott's Co. of Brewer's reg. in July, 1775 ; first lieut. same Co. in A. Whitcomb's (6th) reg. Jan. 1776; capt. in Paterson's, afterward Vose's (1st) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; in Rufus Put- nam's reg. in 1780 ; brigade major, 1 Dec. 1781 ; engaged in many battles and skirmishes, and noted as a most suc- cessful partisan officer. In May, 1780, while stationed at the outposts of the so-called " neutral ground " between Kingsbridge and White Plains, N.Y., he surprised and cap- tured a detachment of De Lancey's corps of Tories, and being pursued by Col. Simcoe's mounted rangers rej)ulsed CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 271 the attacks of that officer, and reached his post unmolested, with all the prisoners. For his bravery and skill in this affair, he was highly complimented by the Commander-in chief. After the war, he removed from Boston to Marietta, O., where, soon after his arrival in Aug. 1788, he was com. by Gov. St. Clair as a capt., and in 1797 colonel of the first reg. of militia. One of the founders of the Belprd colony in 1789, and d. there in Aug. 1814. His descent from Matthew'^ Ousliing, of Hingham, 1G38, b. 1588, d. 30 Sept. 16 GO, and his wife Nazareth Pitcher, was through John,^ b. 1627, who was an assistant in 1689-91, d. 1708, who m. in 1656 Sarah, dau. of Nicholas Jacob; John,Jr.^, b. 28 Apr. 1662, d. 1737, Judge of the Sup. Court, who ni. 20 May, 1687, Deborah Loring of Hull ; Elijah,'^ b. 2 Mar. 1698, who m. EHzabeth Barker in 1724 ; Elijah, JrJ" (his father). He m. in Nov. 1775, Elizabeth Heath, by whom he had six sons and six daughters : of these were Nathaniel, Henry, Varnum, Thomas, Sally, and Elizabeth, all of whom m. and settled in Ohio. Gen. Thomas Humphrey Cushing was b. Pembroke, Mass., in Dec. 1755. He was a sergeant in his brother Nathaniel's company in 1776, and was in Arnold's naval battle on Lake Champlain ; com. 2d lieut. in Paterson's, (afterward Vose's) reg. 28 Mar. 1777; 1st lieut. 12 Jan. 1778, and was taken prisoner 14 May, 1781. App. captain 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791, serving under Gen. St. Clair ; major 1st sub. legion, 3 Mar. 1793 ; inspector, 24 Feb. 1797 ; adjutant and inspector of the army, 1 Apr. 1802 ; col. 2d Inf. 7 Sept. 1805 ; adj. -gen. and brig.-gen. 2 July, 1812, and commanded at Stonington, Ct., when the attack of the British squadron under Admiral Hardy was repulsed in 1814 ; collector of the port of New London from Jan. 1815 until his death, 19 Oct. 1822. He fought a duel with Mr. Lewis, M. C. from Va., in which his life \ 272 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE was saved by his watch, which was struck by his adver- sary's ball. An account of Gen. Cushing's trial by court- martial was published in 1812. J3cn|amin Buna. He was b. Boston, 24 Feb. 1752 ; d. unm. in that city, 3 Apr. 1836. Lieut, in Wigglesworth's (13th) reg. ; com. 1st lieut. 1 Feb. 1778 ; in Sullivan's campaign in R.I., and served through the war. His descent from Richard^ Dana, of Cambridge, 1640, d. 2 Api'il, 1690, m. ab. 1648 to Anne Bullard, was through Benjamin^' b. 20 Feb. 1660, d. 13 Aug. 1738, m. 24 May, 1688, Mary Buckminster ; Benjamin,^ b. 28 Apr. 1689, lived in Brighton, d. 5 June, 1751, m. 23 July, 1724, Anna Francis ; John^ (his father), b. 10 July, 1725, d. 26 Dec. 1793, m. in 1748 Abigail Smith. ISAAC DANA. Only surviving bro. of Benjamin, succ. him in 1837 ; b. 9 Dec. 1768 ; was a carpenter by trade ; and d. in Water- town in 1837. He m. Hannah Fisher, and had — Ann, 24 Apr. 1795. Roxanna, 22 Dec. 1806. Sakah C, 14 Apr. 1800. Jane E., 19 Dec. 1807. Hannah, 25 June, 1802. Emeline, 5 June, 1810. Benjamin, 16 June, 1804. Isaac, 27 Sept. 1812. BENJAMIN DANA. Eldest son of Isaac, succ. him in 1846 ; b. 16 June, 1804, d. in 1865 ; m. Martha Stratton. Josljua Banfoi'Uj, Son of Joshua, who commanded a battalion at the battle of Bennington ; was b. in Western (now AVarren), Mass., 26 Nov. 1759 ; d. Pittsfield, Mass., 30 Jan. 1837. Young Danforth, who was qualifying himself for college when the llevolutionary war began, entered his father's CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 273 company as its clerk at the age of 15, discharging at the same time the duties of surgeon's mate. He yvas made ensign in 1776 ; lieut. and paymaster in 1778 ;^lst lieut. Sprout's (12th) reg. 28 July, 1780 ; and in 1788 was in Sprout's (2d) reg. Present at the siege of Boston, 1775-76 ; surrender of Burgoyne, 17 Oct. 1777 ; winter quarters at Valley Forge, 1777-78 ; battle of Monmouth, 28 June, 1778 ; Sul- livan's R.I. campaign, 1778 ; and in 1781 commanded for some months a post on the Hudson near Tappan Bay, and was engaged in several skirmishes with the enemy. In May, 1784, he removed to Pittsfield and engaged in business with Col. Simon Larned. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Paterson, 1787 ; postmaster of Pittsfield from 17H4 to his death ; several times a representative in the legislature ; Associate Justice of the Co. Court of Sessions •1807, and its Chief Justice in 1808; U. S. Marshal for the 18th Dis- trict, also Principal Assessor and Collector of the U. S. Revenue (app. by Mr. Madison) ; member of the Gov- ernor's council in 1827-28 ; and also held many town offices. Capt. in McCobb's reg. U. S. vols. Nov. 1812 ; capt. 45th U. S. Inf. Apr. 1814 — June, 1815. By Ills first wife Salome, dan. of Hon. David Noble of Williams- town, m. 15 Jan. 178(3, who d. ;!<) Jan. 1837, he had — Maria, 6 April, 1792. Henrietta, 20 Oct. 1793. Harriet D., 8 Dec. 1795. Joshua Noble. Amelia, 4 July, 1801, who m. Roberts. Georgk Washington, a teacher. ) „ . Samuel Adams, 5 May, 1804, d. 1866. \ Salome, 23 Apr. 1808. * Frances E., 24 Nov. 1810. 35 274: BIOGRAPPIICAL NOTICES OF THE REV. JOSHUA NOBLE DANFORTH, D.D. Eldest son of Joshua, whom he siicc. in 1843 ; b. Pitts- field, Mass., 1 Apr. 1798; d. Newcastle, Del., 14 Nov. 1861; AVms. Coll. 1818 ; D.D. of Del. Coll. 1855. He studied theology at Princeton ; was licensed by the Pres- bytery of New Brunswick ; was settled successively at Newcastle, Del. (1825-28), Washington, D.C. (1828-33), Lee, Mass. (1834-38) ; and Alexandria, Va. (second church) ; and at the time of his death was agent of the Colonization Society, and had been prominent in the Tem- perance Reform. He left only one son, who was insane. JJapijcti) Banicls. Of Holliston ; I). 1738, d. ab. 18UG. Lieut, in Joseph Read's (13th) reg. at siege of Boston ; com. capt. in Nixon's (Oth) reg. 27 Mar. 1777, and served to the end of the war. Son of Samuel and Experience Adams Daniel, and (probably) grand-son of Robert of Medfield, who settled in Sherborn prior to 1710, and who was (probably) grand-son of Robert of Cambridge. Japlieth m. Melatiah , who was living in 1812, as. 72, and had — Cynthia, 17 May, 1765. OsiMUS, 28 Dec. 1768. Amariah, 28 Nov. 1770, m. 1794 Olive Ryder, and resided at Palmyra, Portage Co., O. Sabka, 10 Sept. 1772. Japheth, 14 Aug. 1777, m. Betsey Rider, 1800. Melatiah, 2 Nov. 1779. Samuel II9art)S- Was of York, Me., where he d. early in 1807. Capt. in Scamman's reg. in May, 1775 ; in Prescott's reg. in 1776 ; YI-.Sx-a&rtBos CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2'75 in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. major in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1 Nov. 1778 ; afterward in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. He left a widow Mary, and a son Reuben, who d. in 1808, leaving a widow and three young children. CHARLES HENRY DAVIS. LL.D. Admiral Davis, admitted in 1813 to succeed Capt. Con- stant Freeman, was b. Boston, 16 Jan. 1807 ; A.M. of H. U. 1825, LL.D. 1868 ; app. midshipman U. 8. N. 12 Aug. 1823 ; lieut. 3 Mar. 1831 ; commander, 13 June, 1854 ; capt. 15 Nov. 1861; rear-adm. 7 Feb. 1863; fleet capt. in Dupont's expedition against Port Royal, and distinguished in operations on the Mississippi River at Memphis and Vicksburg ; eminent also as a mathematician and physicist, and has contributed various papers to scientific journals upon Tidal Currents, the Law of Deposit, &c. ; founder of the American Nautical Almanac, which he superintended from 1849 to 1856 ; supt. Naval Observatory, Washing- ton, D.C., 1865-67 ; com. South Atlantic Squadron 1867-69 ; now (1873) comdt. of navy yard at Norfolk, Va. His father, Daniel Davis, an eminent lawyer of Boston, m. Lois, dau. of Capt. Constant Freeman. Ebenezer Davis or Davies — the name appears in both forms — was born in the little village of Newton, in the south-eastern corner of New Hampshire, about the year 1753. His father was a farmer, who, according to family tradition, removed to some part of Worcester County, Mas- sachusetts. His mother was a Miss Stuart, probably of Scottish descent. He had two younger brothers : William, who served in the Revolutionary war, and afterwards lived in Haverhill, Mass., until his death ; and Charles, who died in the West Indies. 276 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE The name of Davis was borne by several of the early settlers of Haverhill, from one of whom the subject of this notice was probably descended. In spite of some little family opposition, Mr. Davis took up arms with the very earliest in the cause of the colonies. The alarm of the memorable 10th of April, 1775, which roused the whole province, called ont the minnte-men of Bradford, who, under Capt. Nathaniel Gage, marched promptly to the vicinity of Boston, and served seven days. J\Ir. Davis, who was then living in Bradford, was a private in this company, with which he soon after enlisted in Col. James Frye's regiment of eight months" men from Essex County. The regiment was stationed at Cambridge ; and a portion of it, under Lieut.-Col. Brickett, formed a part of the original detachment which, on the night of June 16, under command of Col. Prescott. occupied Breed's Hill, and threw up the famous redoubt. Mr. Davis took part in the conflict of the next day, in which his regiment suffered a loss of fifteen killed and thirty-one wounded. On the 1st of January, 1776, Mr. Davis seems to have re-enlisted, as a sergeant, under Capt. Joshua Read, in the regiment of Col. James M. Varnum, of Rhode Island. This corps remained with the beleaguering force until the fall of Boston, wlien it was ordered, with the main Ijody of the army, to New York, and followed the fortunes of Wash- ington through the whole of the checkered campaign of 1776. Mr. Davis M'as at the battle of White Plains, and also at Trenton and Princeton. On the 25th of March, 1777, he enlisted as a sergeant under Capt. Samuel Carr, in the 9th regiment of the Massachusetts line. Col. James Wesson, and served in that capacity until March 2, 1779, Avhen he was promoted to the rank of ension. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 277 He fought at Branclj^wine and Germantown in 1777,* and in 1778 at Monmouth, where his regiment formed a part of Wayne's brigade in Gen. Lee's command, and Col. Wesson received a severe wound. On the 1st of January, 1781, the regiment was consoli- dated with that of Col. Henry Jackson. In the autumn, Ensign Davis was at Yorktown, as assistant commissary of issues to the first brigade of light infantry ; a fine corps, which, it will be recollected, did good service in the siege under La Fayette. There is reason to believe that he was at this time attached to the picked regiment of New Eng- land light infantry, which, under command of Major Nathan Rice, formed a part of the brigade. In 1782 we find Ensign Davis on tlie roll of Col. Michael Jackson's regiment, the redoubtable " bloody eighth." On the 3d of September, 1781, a board was appointed to arrange the rank of tlie subaltern officers of the Massa- chusetts line, and in their report he appears as the eighth on the list of ensigns. On the 15th of March, 1782, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In the following year he was lieu- tenant in Capt. John Hobby's company of the -Sd regiment, Col. Greaton ; and by the return of April 16, 1783, he ap- pears as brigade quartermaster. He had thus served his country Avith credit for eight years, through the whole of her desperate struggle for independence, and had fought in every battle at which Washington had himself been present. On the conclusion of the war, Lieut. Davis retm^ned to Bradford, where he was married, in July, 1785, to Pris- cilla, daughter of Deacon Ebenezer and Priscilla (Kimball) * Col. Wesson's reg'iment is said to have licen at Saratoga witii Gates's Northern armj-, in 1777. Tlie Hon. Charles S. Daveis, liovvever, stated ex- plicitly tliat his father was at Brandywine and Germantown, and that he was not at Saratoga ; and he often reiterated the fact that his father served in every battle in which Washington was engaged. It is not easy now to har- monize these conflicting statements. 278 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Griffin, of that town. At about this time he removed to Portland (then called Falmouth), where he built a house on Free Street, and passed the remainder of his life. His wife died with her infant child ; and ]Mr. Davis, on the 28th of July, 1787, was married at Portland to her younger sister, Mehitable, by whom he had one son, the late Hon. Charles Stewart Daveis, President of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati. In 1786 Mr. Davis's name appears among the signatures to the petition of the inhabitants of Falmouth Neck for the incorporation of Portland, and that it might be made the shire town. He is said to have been on the commit- tee to name the toAvn, and held several small offices after the incorporation. On the 11th of June, 1798, he was appointed at a town meeting on a committee to " procure labor and materials to erect necessary defences, and to superintend the erection of the same." Mr. Davis cherished an ardent fondness for military life, and was anxious to take part in the French Revolution. On the 5th of February, 1787, he was commissioned cap- tain in the sixth division of the ^Massachusetts militia ; and a letter is preserved, written by him on the oth of Jiuie, 1798, to Major-Gen. Shepard, then in Congress, asking the influence of the latter with the President to obtain for him a commission in the new army then raising by the government. He died in the prime of life, on the 14th of November, 1799, aged about forty-six years, exactly one month before his great Revolutionary chieftain. His wife survived him, and on the 7th of November, 1800, Avas married to John McLeUan, of Portland. She died on the 21st of April, 1823, at the age of fifty-five 3'ears. Capt. Davis is described as a man of fine personal appearance and manners, with a military bearing, tall and well ])i-o]H)rtioned, and, as a young man. athletic and dX^-'^L^ ^&-^ ^Q^.AloUCy^^^-^^j<:/ CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 279 active. He adhered in his dress to the fashions of the old school, — the cocked hat and small-clothes of colonial days. A member of the Federalist party, he steadily sup- ported Washington at the polls, as he had so often done on the field of battle. CHARLES STEWART DAVEIS. Charles Stewart Daveis, the only son of Capt. Ebenezer Davis and his wife Mehitable Griffin, was born in Port- land, Me., on the 10th of May, 1788. By his father's early death, in 1799, he was left at the age of eleven years to the care of an excellent mother. After receiving the rudiments of his education .in his native town, he was sent, in June, 1802, to Phillijjs Acad- emy, Andover, where, under the instruction of its prin- cipal, Mark Newman, he was fitted for college. In 1803, he entered Bowdoin College, then in its infancy, and grad- uated in 1807, at the head of its second class. As the class at Commencement comprised only three members, each of them was obliged to take two parts, in order to fill up the programme. Mr. Daveis delivered a poem on " Tradition," and a valedictory oration on the " Infirmity of Theory," in the conclusion of which he alluded with much feeling to the recent death of the President, Dr. McKeen. On leaving college, in Aug. 1807, Mr. Daveis entered the law office of Nicholas Emery, Esq., of Portland ; and, after three years of diligent stud}^, was in 1810 ad- mitted to the bar, as an attorney of the Court of Common Pleas. Dismissing some vague thoughts he had enter- tained of seeking his fortune in the ever-attractive West, he opened an office in Portland, Avhere he remained dur- ing the whole of his long professional career. The bar of Cumberland County was renowned for 2S0 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE talent ; and Mr. Daveis came into successful competition Avith very able lawyers, among Avhom he took a high rank, distinguishing himself by the learning of his legal argu- ments, and the convincing power of his addresses in jury cases. AVhile lie was well versed in the principles of the Com- mon Law, it was in the less known branches of Equity and Admiralty that he acquired his chief reputation. He was almost the first in the State to devote attention to equity practice, of which the older members of the bar were generally ignorant and distrustful ; and his acquire- ments in this branch were highly esteemed by Judge Story, who was his warm personal friend, and for whom he cher- ished the strongest admiration. He was an eminent admi- ralty lawyer, fearlessly espousing, at the risk of his personal safety, the cause of the sailors, who were then regarded when at sea as little better than slaves ; a condition of things which he, in conjunction with Mr. Justice Ware, the learned and able Judge of the United States District Court, did much to amend. On the 1st of June, 1815, jNIr. Daveis was married at Exeter, N.H., to Miss Elizabeth Taylor Oilman, youngest daughter of the Hon. John Taylor Oilman, Governor of New Hampshire, and his wife Deborah, daughter of Major- (ien. Nathaniel Folsom, of Exeter. In 1818, on the election of Samuel Fessenden as major- general of the twelfth division of ^Massachusetts militia, Mr. Daveis accepted a position on his staff, as division inspector, which he retained until 1827, when, on the accession of his personal friend, Enoch Lincoln, to the office of Governor, he received from the latter an appoint- ment as his senior aide. It Av^as at this time that he first took an active part in connection with the controversy, with which for many CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 281 years he was so intimately associated ; and of the history, facts, arguments, and condition of which he has heen pro- nounced on good authority to have known more than any other man in the state or nation. This was the dispute relating to the north-eastern boundary of Maine, which had been for many years pending between the United States and Great Britain, but was now suddenly brought to a crisis by the action of the Provincial authorities of Xew Brunswick, in serving legal process on American settlers in the disputed country ; and especially in arresting on his own land, granted to him by the States of Maine and Massachusetts, one John Baker, a citizen of the former State, whom they carried to Fredericton for trial. Gov. Lincoln promptly despatched Col. Daveis as special agent of the State, bearing a letter to Sir Howard Douglas, the Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, to obtain information with regard to these aggressions, and to demand the release of Baker. Proceeding to St. Ste- phen's, Mr. Daveis hired horses and a guide, and set out across the country for Fredericton, a distance of over eighty miles, arriving on the 25th of Nov. 1827, after a journey of four days through the wilderness, performed partly on horseback and partly on foot, over miserable roads. The Governor declined to recognize him in an official capacity ; but he was treated with the most distin- gaished politeness, during his stay, by the members of the government, officers, and gentry of the place. After some delay, owing to the Governor's illness, Mr. Daveis pro- ceeded to Houlton and Woodstock, and collected what evidence he was able, in the absence of official recognition, to obtain, in relation to the British aggressions. In Jan- uary, 1828, he returned to Portland, and on the 31st of that month presented to Gov. Lincoln a report setting forth at length the information that he had acquked on the 36 282 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE subject. The mission had proved unsuccessful, and Baker was tried and convicted in spite of all remonstrances. The controversy, in accordance with the Treaty of Ghent, and by virtue of a convention between the two governments, was now submitted to the arbitration of the King of the Netherlands ; and the Hon. Albert Galla- tin, and Judge Preble, of Portland, were appointed com- missioners to prepare the American case. Judge Preble, who was sent as minister to the Hague, was anxious to avail himself of Mr. Daveis's valuable services in the capacity of Secretary of Legation, an office Avhich the lat- ter declined. He consented, however, on the earnest solici- tation of the Judge, to accept an appointment as special confidential agent of the United States, to take charge of the materials of the American case, and to lay them before the arbiter. Sir Howard Douglas, recalled from New Brunswick, was charged by the British government with a similar mission. Mr. Daveis sailed from New York for Havre on the 11th of January, 1830, and on the 13th of March reached the Hague, where he employed himself vigorously in assisting to prepare the case for presentation. After completing his duties here, he made a brief trip to England and Scotland, in the course of which he spent much time attending the courts at Westminster Hall, and the debates of Parliament, and also had the opportunity of making the acquaintance of some of the most eminent men of the period. On the 11th of July he sailed from Liverpool, and reached Boston in safety, after a long A^oyage. The unsatisfactory' award of the arbiter — being a mere suggestion of a compromise — was not recognized as bind- ing by the United States. The question remained open ; and, after some disheartening years of ill-conducted and fruitless negotiation, a bill was at length introduced into Congress, providing for a survey by national authority of CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 283 the disputed border line. Anxious to secure its passage, the Hon. Edward Kent, at this time Governor of Maine, with the advice of his council, on the 25th of April, 1838, commissioned Mr. Daveis under the great seal of the State as a special agent to co-operate with the Maine delegation in Consrress in securing that result, and also to attend to some other matters connected with the controversy. Mr. Daveis reached Washington on the 10th of May, and devoted himself ardently to the work. The results were eminently favorable. A general interest in the subject was awakened ; and, although the bill was laid on the table, resolutions reported in the Senate by the Hon. James Buchanan were unanimously adopted in both branches, strongly maintaining the right of Maine in the contro- versy. Of Mr. Daveis's efforts Gov. Kent says : " I think I can confidently say that no agent or envoy ever labored more diligently or more intelligently or efficiently than he did during that warm summer of 1838. ... By his ear- nest persuasions, he induced both Mr. Webster (on the 4th of July) and Mr. Buchanan, and others, to espouse our cause distinctly and earnestly, in strong speeches. He alone brought the whole question out of its narrow locality in the State into a national matter, regarded as one of interest to the whole conntry, involving questions of peace and war, which were fast becoming imminent and peril- ous. ... I have always believed that Maine owed more to him than to any other man in thus bringing the whole subject before the nation and compelling action." In a letter addressed to Mr. Daveis, under date of July 15, 1838, Gov. Kent says : " You have breathed into them the breath of life, and have done more to advance our cause, and place this matter on its true basis, and bring the administration to a right position than any other man has ever done. I am more than satisfied ; I am delighted, not more with the success than with the skill and indefatigable 284 BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE and persevering and able manner in which you have pre- sented and enforced our right." Mr. Daveis submitted to the Governor a lengthy and valuable report of his mission, which was laid before the legislature. The following year, the draft of a convention having been received from England, the Secretary of State, Mr. Forsyth, made a special visit to Maine, to learn the views of the leading men. With this object, at the President's suggestion, Gov. Fairfield and Senator Williams of the dominant party, and Ex-Governor Kent and Mr. Daveis as representatives of the Whig opposition, were invited to a private conference. They met Mr. Forsyth at Port- land on the 18th of June, and, after a harmonious con- sultation for two days, drew up and signed a paper, disapproving the British proposition and the counter- project of the American government, and emljodying their own views in the matter. In 1841, Mr. Daveis, being a member of the State Sen- ate, as chairman of the joint special committee on the North-Eastern Boundary, submitted on the 30th of March an able and dignified report of fifty-five pages, accom- panied with a series of resolutions breathing a spirit of calm and unflinching determination, which were adopted unanimously in the Senate, and in the House by a large majority. In May, he was summoned to a private confer- ence on the subject, at Boston, with Mr. Webster, then Secretary of State. The following year. Lord Ashburton's special mission, resulting in the Treaty of Washington, closed the vexed question for ever. In this last act of the drama. Mr. Daveis took no part. During the long years in which he was identified with the controversy, his feelings had become warmly enlisted on the side of his native State ; and he was recognized as one of the most uncompromising and zealous advocates of her rioht. It was not unnatural CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 285 therefore that, while acquiescing in the result, he could not give his cordial approval to the terms of settlement. In politics Mr. Daveis was a Federalist, and afterwards an ardent Whig. Unlike most of his political associates, however, he admitted the justice of the war of 1812. In 1840, he was elected to the State Senate, of which he was an influential member ; presiding at its organization, and serving as chairman of the joint special committee on the North-Eastern Boundary, and also as chairman of the joint standing committee on the judiciary. In 1848 he was a warm and active supporter of Gen. Taylor for the Presidency, and was nominated on the Whig State ticket for Elector-at-large, but was beaten by a considerable plurality, the State casting its vote for Gen. Cass. In the midst of his engrossing public and professional duties, Mr. Daveis never failed to find time for literary pursuits, in which he delighted and excelled. A diligent student, gifted with fine abilities and a rare memory, he acquired an eminent reputation for scholarship, and especially for his familiarity with classical lore. He wrote much, and, in his earlier j^ears, often in verse ; and was a frequent contributor to the newspapers and periodicals of the time, including occasionally the " North American Review." He also delivered many pubhc addresses, charm- ing his hearers by the grace of his manner no less than by the beauty of his language. His productions were classical and scholarly, elaborately prepared, and carefully adapted to express the most delicate shades of meaning. His legal studies seem, however, at first, to have left him less time than he could have wished for such pursuits ; for in 1809 he writes to his friend, Mr. James Savage, "• My Lord Coke has proved almost too much for Dan Apollo, and the charms oi. belles-lettres have been almost lost in the shades of black letter." His eminent literary abilities were first brought to 286 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE pul)lic notice by an elegant and classical oration on Greek Literature, delivered in Sept. 1808, at Bowdoin College, before the Peuciuian Society, of which he had been among the founders ; and afterwards published in the Monthly Anthology, prefaced with a most complimentary editorial note. This oration procured him an invitation to contrib- ute to that fastidious publication, and an election as cor- responding meml)er of the Anthology Club. Among his other public addresses may be mentioned an oration deliv- ered to the Federal Republicans of Portland, July 4, 1812 ; a historical oration at Fryeburg, May 19, 1825, on the hundredth anniversary of Lovewell's Indian fight ; an ora- tion delivered, at the request of the citizens' committee, on the 9th of August, 1826, on the death of Adams and Jefferson ; and a second Fourth of July oration at Portland, in 1831. In 1858 he wrote for the New Hampshire His- torical Society a memoir of Gov. Gilman, which was read at Exeter on the hundredth anniversary of the Governor's birth, Dec. 19. On the death of Judge Story, ^Nlr. Daveis drew up a series of beautiful and feeling resolutions, which were adopted at a meeting of the Bar of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Maine, held at Portland, Oct. 1, 1845. Mr. Daveis was an ardent student of American histoiry, and collected mucli material for a life of Gen. Knox, which was to have formed one of the concluding series of Mr. Sparks's biographies, and for which the General's family papers were j)laced at his disposal. Professional duties, however ; the extended scope of the work, embrac- ing a sketch of the artillery service during the Revolu- tionary war ; and, linally, an attack of paralj'sis, — indefi- nitely postponed the completion of this cherished design, which, though perhaps never formally renounced, remained at last unfulfilled. To his Alma Mater Mr. Daveis always cherished a strong CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 287 attachment, and served her faithfully for many years. In 1820 he was chosen a member of the Board of Over- seers, of which he was several years Vice-President ; and in 1836 he became one of the Trustees, retaining the position until induced b}- declining health to resign it in 1864. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Societ}^ of which he was for many years Corresponding Secretar}', and later Vice-President and President. On the 1st of Sep- tember, 1835, on the formation of the Alumni Society, of which he was chosen the first President, he delivered an oration, which was highly praised by Judge Stor}-, as " full of strong and vivid thought," and pronounced to " add to his former efforts a new claim upon the gratitude of the scholars of the country." In Sept. 1839, at the inaugura- tion of President Woods, Mr. Daveis delivered a Latin address, which was responded to by the President. He also wrote, for the dedication of the new King Chapel at Brunswick, an able and valuable address on the histor}^ of the college, which was delivered on the 1st of September, 1854. In 1844 he received from the college the degree of Doctor of Laws. Mr. Daveis was in 1828 elected a member of the Maine Historical Society, and was subsequently chosen a corre- sponding member of the Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire Societies, and an honorary member of those of New York and Georgia. In 1814 he was chosen an honorary member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard Col- lege, there being then no chapter of the Society at Brunswick. In the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, Mr. Daveis always felt the warmest interest, and for many years took a very active part. Elected a member in 1809, at the age of twenty-one years, as successor to his father, he was in 1839 chosen a member of the standing com- mittee, on which he served until 1 851, when he was elected 288 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Vice-President. In 1853, on the death of Robert G. Shaw, Esq., he was chosen President of the Society, and was suc- cessively re-elected to that office until his death in 1865. He prepared, by direction of the Society, a new edition of its " Institution and Proceedings," which in 1859 was ordered to be j^rinted. He was often chosen delegate to the meetings of the General Society, and in 1854 was elected Vice-President-General, an office which he retained until his death. In 1859 he wrote for Appleton's Cyclo- pffidia a historical account of the Society. After his death, appropriate resolutions were passed at the General Meet- ing at Trenton, May 9, 1866, and by the State Society at Boston. In his active career, Mr. Daveis was suddenly arrested, on the 28th of Api'il, 1850, by a stroke of paralysis, which partially deprived him of the use of his right side. He so far recovered as to be able to resume his ever-busy pen and to mingle once more in society, but he never returned to the practice of his profession. Ten years later, on the 8d of April, 18<)0, his wife died after a long period of feeble health. Mr. Daveis survived her nearly five years, under the constantly increasing burthen of bodily infirmity, enduring with unmurmuring Christian resignation the in- activit}^ so wearisome to an energetic and social spirit, until the 29th of March, 1865, when, in his native town, on the site of his father's old home, he quietly breathed his last, at the age of seventy-six years. Mr. Daveis was a man of earnest religious character, the beauty and sincerity of which were amply attested by his whole life, and most of all by the last sad years of fee- bleness and bereavement, borne with heroic and touching resignation. His faith was unquestioning, and his rever- ence for sacred and lofty things profound. Of a truly chivalrous nature, he combined in a rare degree manly enero'v and fearlessness with a womanlv tenderness and CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 289 purity ; commanding the sincere respect of all, and the warmest affection of those whose privilege it was to know him well. Though an untiring worker, he always found time to assist those who were deserving of aid, especially young men. His manners were dignified, courtly, affable ; and, under whatever provocation, always eminently those of a Christian gentleman. He was not prone to entertain extreme views, and his bearing towards his opponents Avas ever respectful and courteous. In social life his conversation sparkled with wit, and with classical quotations and anecdotes, of which he pos- sessed a large fund. He was of middle height, slender and graceful, elegant in figure, and very agile in his move- ments. His head was of an intellectual cast, with large dark eyes, high forehead, and a mouth of much sweetness of expression. Mr. Davies had five children ; namely, — John Taylor Oilman, M.D., of Portland. Edward Henry, a member of tlie bar in Portland, and editor of some volumes of law reports. Mary Cogswell, who m. the Rev. David Greene Haskins of Cambridge, Mass. Anna Ticknor, who m. Charles Jones of Portland. Caroline P]lizabeth, who d. in infancy, Dec. 14, 1827. JOHN TAYLOR OILMAN DAVEIS, M.D. Eldest son of Charles S. Daveis, whom he succ. in 1865 ; b. Portland, Me., 21 Mar. 1816, d. there 9 May, 1873. He was educated at the Round Hill School ; at the academies of Portland and Exeter and at Harvard Univer- sity (class of 1836), and was one of the Sophomore Class the whole of which was dismissed for rebellion. He then studied medicine at the U. of Pennsylvania, where he grad. in 1837, and at Boston, and began practice in 1840 in his native city, where he resided until his death. He received the lion, degrees of M.D. (1837) and of A.M. 37 290 BIOGRArHICAL NOTICES OF THE (1858) from Bowel. Coll. He m. 11 Oct. 1847, Frances Ellen Gordon, by whom he had three daughters, two of whom survive. Janus SJabi's. Of old Deerfield or Conway, Mass. ; d. Amity, Alleghany Co., N.Y., in Aug. 1817, pe. ab. 72. Com. lieut. in Grea- ton's (3d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777. He served seven years, and was present at the surrender of Burgoyne and of Coru- wallis ; was afterward a farmer in Whitestown, Oneida Co., N.Y. ; and about 1809 he settled in Scio, now Amity, Alle- ghany Co., residing on the farm of his son Henry until his death. The descent of his wife, Irene Ticknor. from Sergeant William ^ Ticknor, of Scituate, b. Kent, Eng., often selectman of Scituate, and an officer under Gen. Cudworth, in Philip's War (1G75), who m. 29 Oct. 165G, in Boston, Hannah, dau. of John Stockbridge, (she d. 16G5), was through Williomi- b. 1G64, m. 169G Lydia, dau. of Dea. Joseph Tilden, and removed to Lebanon, Ct., in 1710 ; John^ (her father), b. 1G99, d. 1751, m. at Lebanon, Ct., in 1724, Mary Bailey, and had nine children, of whom Irene (b. 1747, d. Aug. ISlo) was the eighth. Hon. George Ticknor, LL.D., author of the "• History of Spanish Literature," was a descendant of Joliu? The children of James and Irene (Ticknor) Davis, all of whom were b. in Mass., were — James, who was a waiter in his father's company ; and who d. near Geneva, N.Y., leaving a number of children. Cyrus, of Seneca Falls, N.Y. Harry, a farmer, and deacon of the Baptist Church in Scio, who had ten children. Charles, farmer, also of Scio ; one of the storming party which, in the war of 1812, took Fort George, U.C., and d. there in 1814, leaving a wife and G children, one of whom, Henry, now resides in McGregor, Iowa. LuciNDA, who m. Levi Stanhope. Puii.iNDA, who m. Hyde. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 291 Of Kingston, Mass. ; d. Norway, Me., in 1816. Entered the army as a private in Peleg Wadsworth's Co., Cotton's reg. 6 May, 1775 ; was serg.-major of Pope's Co., Shepard's (4th) reg. 22 Jan. 1777 to 3 Jan. 1778, when com. ensign ; com. lieiit. and adjutant same reg. 14 Apr. 1780 ; and served to the end of the war, having been present at Bemis's Heights, Monmouth, and Quaker Hill, R.I. He removed to Norway in 1814. WILLIAM P. DAVIS. Eldest son of John, succ. him in 1810, deceased. His bro. Thomas was living in 1850. Of New Marlboro', Mass. ; d. in western N.Y., ab. 1827, while on a visit to a son. Lieut, in Wiggiesworth's (13th) reg. 1777 ; in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778 ; com. capt. in Marshall's (10th) reg. 1 Jan. 1783. He was a portly, noble-looking man, and was remarkably kind-hearted. Son of Setli and Mary (Waterus) Dean, m. in 1741. By his wife Abigail he had — Harvey, 16 Aug. 1778. Pauline, 21 May, 1782. Chauncey, 5 Apr. 1784. Isaac, 8 Feb. 1786. Fanny, 14 Mar. 1790. Ednah, 19 Feb. 1794, m. David Thomas of Aurora, N.Y. Lucius Q. C, 7 May, 1796. HENRY ALEXANDER SCAMMEL DEARBORN. He was b. Exeter, N.H., 3 March, 1783 ; d. Portland, 29 July, 1861. His father, Gen. Henry Dearborn, studied and practised medicine, served with distinction in the Rev- olutionary army, at the close of which he was col. of the 292 BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE 1st N.H. reg. ; was marshal of Me. 1789 ; M. C. 1793-97 ; Secretary of War, 1801-9 ; Sen. Maj.-Gen. U. S. A. and Com.-in-chief of the Northern Department, 1812-13 ; and minister to Portngal, 1822-21. The son spent two years at Williams College, graduated at William and Mary Col- lege in 1803 ; studied law under Wm. Wirt, afterward with Judge Story, and practised awhile in Salem and Port- land. He afterward superintended the erection of forts in Portland Harbor ; was dep. coll. under his father, and succ. him as collector of the port of Boston in 1813-29 ; com- manded the troops in Boston Harbor in 1812, the Anc. and Hon. Art. Co. in 1816 ; brig. -gen. Mass. militia, 1814 ; was a member of the Mass. Constitutional Convention of 1820 ; a representative in the Mass. Legislature from Roxbury in 1830 ; member of the executive council in 1831 ; M. C. 1831-33 ; adj.-gen. of Mass. 1834-43 ; mayor of Roxbury, 1847-51. He was active in originating and forAvarding many useful works, among them Bunker Hill Monument, the Hoosac Tunnel, and the beautiful cemeteries at Mount Auburn and Forest Hills. Author of " Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea," 3 vols. 8vo, 1819; "Let- ters on the Internal Improvement and Commerce of the West," 1839 ; and the Life of the Apostle Ehot. His un- published manuscripts, amounting to more than 100 vols., include a harmony of the Life of Christ ; History of Bun- ker Hill Battle ; treatises on Architecture and Political Economy ; a diary in 45 vols. ; and Lives of Col. Wm. R. Lee, Commodore Bainbridge, and Gen. Henry Dearborn, the latter of which is in 11 vols. He was a very industrious and a very i^opular man ; his house was the abode of hospitality ; every important private and public enterprise received his patronage ; and he was a member of the American Academy and other scientific bodies. In 1811 he delivered the Fourth of July oration for the Bunker Hill Association. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 293 His father was an original member of the N.H. Society. He became a member of the Mass. Soc. in 1832, and was President of the General Soc. in 1848-51. His descent from Godfrey ^ Dearborn, one of the original settlers of Exeter, with Wheelwright, in 1G39, who d. 4 Feb. 1(586, and Dorothy, widow of Philemon Dalton, was through Henry^ b. prob. in Eng., d. 18 Jan. 1725, a_\ 92, who m. 10 Jan. 1GG6, Elizabeth Merriam; John^ b. 10 Oct. 1G6G, d. 22 Nov. 1750, who m. 4 Nov. 1G89, Abigail Bachelder ; Simeon,'' h. ?>Y July, 170G, d. 13 Sept. 17GG, who m. 5 Dec. 1728, Sarah Marston ; Gen. Henrij^ (his father), b. North Hampton, N.H., 23 Feb. 1751, d. Roxbury, Mass., G June, 1829, who m. 28 Mar. 1780, Dorcas Osgood. He m. at Salem, 3 May, 1807, Hannah Swett, dan. of Col. Wil- liam R. Lee, and had — Julia Margaretta, 22 Jan. 1808, m. 23 Jan. 1834, Hon. Asa W. H. Clapp of Portland. Henry George Ralegh, 22 June, 1809, m. G July, 1840, Sarah Thuiston. Civil engineer, resides Boston Highlands. William Lee, 12 June, 1812, Engineer Croton Water Works. Of Woburn ; lieiit. in Wood's Co. L. Baldwin's reg. 1775-76 ; com. capt. in Wesson's (9th) reg. 1 Mar. 1777 ; in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. in 1788. He m. 16 Nov. 1769, Elizabeth Wyman of Woburn. She d. 28 Feb. 1780, ffi. 31 yrs. 6 ms. Of Beverly ; pensioner, living in N.Y. in 1820 ; com. lieut. in Marshall's (10th) reg. 15 Dec. 1778 ; in Vose's reg. in 1783. JOHN J. DOLAND. Of Lawrence, Mass. ; grandson of Maj. John Biirnam, whom he succ. in 1872. Son of Eliza (Burnham) and John Doland. 294 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was adjutant in Paul D. Sargent's (16th) reg. 1775-76 ; acting major of brigade (Sargent's), Oct. 1776 ; com. capt. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 1777 ; Inspector of Boston Custom House many years, and until his d., 23 June, 1816, se. 63. Of Pennsylvania; d. PhHa. 29 May, 1821. Com. 2d lieut. in B. Roman's Pa. art. 25 Mar. 1776 ; 1st lieut. 15 May, 1776 ; capt. in Crane's art. reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; served through the war. Transferred to the Pa. Society. He was b. Kingston, Mass., 13 June, 1747, d. there 18 May, 1824. In early life Major Drew was engaged in ship-building, the occupation of his ancestors for many years. Member of Wadswortli's Co. of minute-men, and marched on receiving the Lexington alarm. Com. 2d lieut. in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 July, 1775 ; 1st lieut. 1 Jan. 1776 ; capt. same reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; major, 7 Jan. 1783 ; present at the siege of Boston, Dorchester Heights, battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth, and at the sur- render of Burgoyne ; one of the court which tried Joshua Hett Smith as an accomplice of Andre. Postmaster of Kingston for many jeavs previous to his death ; represen- tative in the General Court, 1795, 1797, 1803, and 1804 ; app. Justice of the Peace in 1797. Previous to the war of 1812-15, he was an agent of the government to super- intend the erection of forts in Plymouth Harbor and at Fairhaven. He was a punctual attendant at the annual meetings of the Cincinnati, and was, in the absence of the President, frequently called to the chair. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 295 Distinguished for activity of mind as well as of bod}', he sustained also the reputation of a brave and discreet officer, and merited and received the approbation and esteem of all with whom he was associated. His descent from John ^ Drew of Devonshire, Eng., and of Ply- mouth, ab. 1G60, d. 29 July, 1721, a;. 79, and wife Hannah, was through Samuel,'^ b. 1G78; Cornelius^ (his father), who m. Sarah Bartlett. He m. 3 Dec. 1772, Hannah Brewster, a descendant of Elder Wm. She d. 13 Apr. 1832. They had — Nathaniel, 22 Aug. 1773, d. 11 Sept. 1775. Hannah, 3 Jan. 1776, m. Oct. 1803, Eli Cook, d. 13 Dec. ISGl. Seth. Christiana, 1783, d. 29 July, 1794. Sylvia, 30 Sept. 1785, m. 11 Apr. 1805, Thos. Cushman, d. 22 Nov. 1865. Francis, 29 July, 1788, m. 18 Apr. 1816, Joanna Bradford; 2d, 27 Sept. 1827, Lucy Sampson; 3d, 6 Feb. 1834, Betsey South- worth. He d. 9 Dec. 1862. Had Mary, Joanna, and Eliza- beth F. SETH DREW. Son of Major Seth, whom he succ. in 1824 ; b. Kingston, Mass., 6 Jan. 1778, d. 20 Jan. 1854. Deacon Drew, who was one of the main pillars of the Baptist Society of King- ston, represented that town in the Legislature of Mass. in 1835-37 and '42, He was a highly respected, useful, and philanthropic citizen. He m. 17 Nov. 1803, Mary, dau. of Elisha Washburn, who d. 1 Jan. 1868. They had — Thos. Bradford, 18 Sept. 1804, d. 15 Aug. 1826. Clement. Christiana, 28 Feb. 1809, m. Levi S. Prince, Oct. 1832. Job Washburn, 30 Sept. 1811, m. 22 Dec. 1833, Mary Ann Bailey, d. 17 Oct. 1869. Christopher Prince, 27 June, 1815, m. June, 1841, Rebecca Simmons. 296 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Eliza, 28 June, 1817, m. 22 Nov. 1838, Lysander B.irtlett, Jr. Hannah Cook, 22 Dec. 1819, m. 24 Nov. 1853, John Keely of Haverhill. Sktii, 15 May, 1822, m. 5 Nov. 1848, Emily F. Robbins. Eli Cook, 17 Feb. 1825, m. Harriet K. Eaton of Middleboro'. CLEMENT DREW. Son of Seth, whom he succ. in 1854 ; b. 27 Nov. 180G ; dealer in ^picture-frames, Boston. He m. in 1829 Elizabeth Teal, and has — Caroline E., 1G Aug. 1830. George Henry, 21 Sept. 1833. Jofjn 23u«&'eltr. Com. surgeon of Crane's artillery, 30 Sept. 1782. iUciijamin 2£atou. He was h. Marbleliead, Mass., 1755 ; com. 2d lient. Crane's art. 1 Feb. 1777 ; served through the war ; and was inspector of customs at Boston for some years, and until his d., 20 Aug. 1819. He m. 15 Mar. 1781, Ann, dau. of Shippie Townsend of Boston, and sister of Dr. David Townsend, an original member of the Society. They had — Nancy, 12 Oct. 1782, m. 31 Oct. 1809, James Moorfield of Bos- ton, who had: Ann Townsend, G Jan. 1811, m. 27 May, 183G, George Eaton ; Martha Brennan, m. Rev. Charles A. Farley, of Boston ; Elizabeth, m. Charles W. Storey, of Boston ; Mary, is unm. David, 2 Apr. 1784, d. 12 Sept. 1784. Betsey, 27 Sept. 1785, d. unm. 9 Nov. 1857. Sarah, 30 Mar. 1789, m. Abraham Gamage, d. s. p. 25 Aug. 1845. AnijAH, 3 Aug. 1791 ; Alexander, 27 Oct. 1792 ; and Mary, 27 Apr. 1795, all d. unm. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 297 George and Ann Townseud Eaton have A7i7i Moorfield, Charles Marvin^ and Haimah Andrews. Rev. C. A. and Martha B. Farley have Frank Moorfeld. His great-grandson, Charles Marvin Eaton, of Grantville, is now (1873) an applicant for membership. ^Tijomas IStJtnattfs. He was b. Boston, 1 Aug. 1753, and entered the Latin School in 1760. After graduating at H. U. in 1771, he read law in the office of John Williams of Boston, and was admitted to practice in that town. Com. lieut. in H. Jack- son's (16tli) reg. 31 May, 1777 ; brigade-maj. in R.I. Sept. — Dec. 1778 ; lieut. and advocate, 1 Jan. to 21 Sept. 1781 ; app. by Congress judge advocate-general of the army, 28 Sept. 1781 ; in Sprout's (2d) reg. 1783. After the war, he resumed practice in Boston, held some local offices, and d. there 4 Ausc. 1806. He delivered the oration before the Society 4 July, 1792, and was its Secretary from 1786 to his death, on which occasion the Society voted to attend his funeral in a body. He was a useful and exemplary citizen, and a man of sterling integrity of character. His ancestors were from Wales, where Thomas his gr.-grandfather was b. 1670. He m. 1785 Sarah Lewis, youngest dau. of Ezekiel Cloldthwait; 2d, 19 June, 1802, Polly Jewett, who d. in 18.35, a;. 80 yvs. 9 mos. Children : — Sarah Lewis, 2 Mar. 1787, m. 1810 James L. Edwards, a lieut. of marines U. S. N., who served in the frigate " United States," when she captured the " Macedonian," and in other engagements ; afterward a Commissioner of Pensions at Washington, D.C., and who d. in 1867, aj. 84. Elizabeth, Thomas, and Goldthwait, who all died young. Mary Ann, Aug. 1792, m. 1822 Franklin Sherrill. John and William Eustis, both living in Portland in 1872, 38 298 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOHN EDWARDS. Eldest son of Thomas, wliom he succ. in 1839 ; b. Bos- ton, 6 Nov. 1.802. He went to Portland in 1814 as an apprentice to Arthnr Shirley of the " Gazette," which, with his bro. Wm. E., he afterward purchased, changing its name to the " Advertiser." This paper he sold in 1836, when he bought the Bangor " Whig." After an absence of three years he returned to Portland, where he now resides, and established the " Bulletin," and has since been connected with other journals. He m. Sarah Merrill of Portland, and had — Charles, Snperintendent of Construction in the Lightliouse Establishment, 1st District, in the emj^loy of the U. S. ; resides in Portland. John, Jr., West Point iNIilit. Acad. 1851 ; served through the war of the Rebellion, brevetted lieut.-col. U. S. A.; now a resident of Florida. Henry, manufacturer and merchant, Chicago, lib Hjariai) 2£fllcston. Of Lenox, Mass. ; d. there 12 Jan. 1822, x. 68. Ensign and quarterm. in Vose's (1st) reg. until com. lieut. and paym. 30 Aug. 1780. A magistrate of Lenox after the war. Sarah, his widow, was living in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1854. He was b. Haverhill, Mass., in 1748, d. there 11 Dec. 1832. On the " Lexington alarm," he joined Samuel Clements Co. as a private ; was ensign in Eben. Francis's reg. 3 Feb. 1777 ; lieut. and quarterm. in Tapper's (11th) reg. in 1780 ; com. capt. in j\Iarshall"s (10th) reg. 27 Oct. 1780. He served at Bunker's Hill, at Valley Forge, and l^/U/'^'nyf^^j/^ y CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 299 in the campaign ending in Burgoyne's suiTender. Wash- ington observed of Capt. Emerson that he was "a brave officer, a good disciphnarian, and never lost his temper." He resided at the old family homestead until his death. His descent was from Tl/jc/foeZ, who settled in Haverhill in 1656, who m. Hannah Webster. Their eldest dau. Hannah, of heroic memory, m. Thomas Duston. He m. Mary Whittier, who d. 7 Sept. 183"). They had — Polly, 7 Oct. 1784. Susannah, 1 May, 1786. Nathan, 18 July, 1788, d. 27 Nov. 1814. Ruth, 21 Jan. 1790. Nathaniel, 30 Dec. 1792, d. New Orleans, 4 Jan. 1834. Henry. HENRY EMERSON. Eldest son of Capt. Nehemiah, whom he succ. in 1843 ; b. Haverhill, 27 Oct. 1794 ; forty years a merchant of Cin- cinnati, where he died, 27 Sept. 1858. NATHANIEL W. EMERSON. Eldest son of Henry, whom he succ. in 1863. Resides in Cincinnati. SSpljraim ISmrrg. Of Bradford ; d. Newbury, Mass., 27 Sept. 1827. En- sign in Wigglesworth's, afterward C. Smith's (13th) reg. 1777, and served in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778; com. lieut. and paym. 10 Apr. 1779 ; in Tupper's (6th) reg. 1783. His son John, b. 1790, was living in George- town, Mass., in 1867. SSaClUcim IZnntiUy ^M,y %1LM. He was b. Boston, 10 June, 1753 ; was educated under Master Lovell, having entered tlie Boston Latin vSchool in 1761, and was grad. at Cambridge in 1772. He studied 300 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, and on the day of the Lexington battle he repaired to tlie scene of action, and assisted in dressing the wounds of some of the militia. At Warren's solicitation, he was com. surgeon of Gridley's art. reg. 19 Apr. 1775 ; and 1 Jan. 1777, was com. hospital surgeon and physician, occup3'ing during the remainder of the war the house of Beverley Robinson, a Loyalist, who had joined the British, situated on the Hudson River opposite West Point. A part of this house was the head- quarters of the traitor Arnold, and there his infamous treason was planned. In all the duties pertaining to his office Dr. Eustis was found faithful, humane, and indefati- gable. His urbanity and social (qualities led him to an acquaintance and friendly intercourse with many persons of high rank and respectability of character. He was at one time offered a commission in the line of the army as lieut.-col. of artillery, by Gen. Knox ; but he j)i'eferred the medical department, where he might improve in the knowledge of his profession. He was one of the last of the medical staff who remained in the service, and at the close of the war commenced practice in Boston. Li 1786-87, he was a volunteer surgeon in the army of Gen. Lincoln, which quelled Shays's rebellion. In 1788 he became a member of the General Court, taking a con- spicuous part in the debates during six or seven years in succession ; served for two years on the Board of Coun- cillors ; was a member of Congress in 1800-5, and again in 1821-23 ; was a zealous advocate of the administration of President Madison, and was app. by him in 1809 Sec- retary of War, which office he resigned on the surrender of Hull's army in 1812. Jn 1815 he was app. minister to Hol- land, and was Gov. of Mass. in 1823-25, dying in Boston while in office on Feb. G, 1825. Vice-Pres. of the Soc. in 1786-1810, and again in 1820, and delivered the oration CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 301 before the Soc. 4 July, 1791. He received the honorary- degree of LL.D. from H. U. in 1823, and received literary honors from other colleges. He was a member, and for some time a counsellor, of the Mass. Medical Society. Dr. Eustis possessed a heart replete with humane and social feelings, and his hospitable and graceful manners rendered his house — the Gov. Shirley mansion in Roxbury — a happy resort to his friends and to strangers. His descent from William ^ Eustis (estate administered on 3 Jan. 1694-95) and wife Sarah, who d. 12 June, 1718, x. 74, early set- tlers in Boston, was through William,^ h. 25 Feb. 1G60-G1, d. 10 Feb. 1736-37, who m. 29 Oct. 1688, Sarah, dau. of Thomas Cut- ler, who d. 28 June, 1748, ae. 85 ; Benjamin,^ housewright, will proved, 9 Jan. 1761, who m. 4 Mar. 1713-14, Katharine, dau. of George Ingersoll; Benjamin^ (his father), housewright, and a lieut. in the A. and H. Art. Co., b. 16 Apr. 1720, who m. in Cambridge, 11 May, 1749, Elizabeth, dau. of Abraham and Prudence (Han- cock) Hill. She d. 30 May, 1775, se. 47. William m. Caroline, dau. of Woodbury Langdon of N.H., who survived him many years. No issue. WILLIAM EUSTIS. Eldest son of Gen. Abraham and nephew of Gov. Wil- liam, whom he succ. in 1848 ; was b. Boston, 1 Dec. 1810, and grad. at West Point Mil. Acad, in 1830. Entering the 8th U. S. Inf., he became 1st lieut. of dragoons in June, 1836 ; capt. Mar. 1845, and served in the Mexican war; resigned, 4 Aug. 1849. Civil engineer and city surveyor of Natchez, Miss., in 1866 ; resides in Natchez. Of Westminster, Mass. ; d. Oct. 1821. Ensign in Put- nam's (5th) reg. 1777-81 ; com. lieut. 25 Apr. 1781 ; in Vose's (1st), 1783. By wife Dorcas, who survived him, he had — David, living in Thomaston, Me., in 1840. Sarait, m. a Collier, living in Oxford, Me., in 1864. 302 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Ensign in Bigelow's (15th) reg. 1777 ; com. lieut. 2 Apr. 1779; in (5th) reg. in 1783. Sonatijan jFclt. He was b. Dedham, Mass., Apr. 1718 ; d. Wrentham, Mass., 5 Nov. 1800. Served in Pond's Co. at the battle of Lexington ; com. lieut. in Shepard's (4th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; capt. same reg. 14 Oct. 1781 ; Avas in Brooks's reg. in 1783, and after the war returned to his farm Avith a constitution broken down by hardship and exposure in the service. He m. 18 Nov. 1784, Eunice Brastow. She d. 1802. They had — Patty, 29 Sept. 1785, m. Everett, d. Attleboro'. Oliver. JosEPn, 13 Nov. 1788, m. Anna Maria Foote, d. Savannali 30 Jan. 1861. Nancy, 5 Apr. 1793, m. John C. Proctor, d. Boston 20 Sept. 1865. OLIVER FELT. Eldest son of Jonathan, Avhom he succ. in 1826 ; b. Wrentham, 20 March, 1787, d. there 5 Nov. 1846. Col. Felt was prominent in town affairs, represented Wrentham several years in the State Legislature ; was a member of the State Senate in 1845, and was a colonel of militia. He m. Ahnira Sliopard. His eldest son Oliver S. d. in 1838, and his son Oliver S. d. in 1869. He had also J. A. Felt, mer- cliant of Boston ; and Anxie E. B. Felt. ^TotJias iFrntallr. Of Kittery, Me. ; d. there about Sept. 1784. Capt. in Scamman's reg. 1 May, 1775, and present at siege of Bos- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 303 ton ; in Phinney's reg. 1 Jan. 8 Dec. 1776 ; com. major, 6 Nov. 1776, in Brewer's reg. ; com. lieut.-col. in M. Jack- son's (8th) reg. 6 Mar. 1779 ; in (10th) reg. 1782-83. James IStriuartrs JJiirr jFinlci?. Com. surg eon in Bigelow's (15th) reg. 25 Feb. 1778 ; in (5th) reg. in 1783. Received the honorary degree of A.M. from Brown U. in 1803. Samuel jFiulrg. Com. surgeon in Bradford's (14th) reg. 10 Ajn-. 1778 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1782-83. Joscpij jFisitc, ^.B. He was b. Lexington, Mass., 24 Dec. 1752 ; d. 25 Sept. 1837. Having studied medicine and begun to practise at the opening of the Kevolutionary war, he was com. sur- geon's mate in Vose's (1st) reg. 1777 ; surgeon, 17 Apr. 1779 ; served in the army seven years, and was present at the surrender of Burgoyne and of Cornwallis. Dr. Fiske was a member of the Mass. Med. Soc. His descent from David ^ Fiske, of Watertown, 1637, was through David,'^ h. 1624, d. 14 Feb. 1710, who m. Lydia Cooper; David,^ b. 1 Sept. 1648, d. 23 Oct. 1729, who m. Sarah ; Robert,'' b. 8 May, 1681, d. 18 Apr. 1753, m. 27 May, 1718, Mary Stimpson ; Joseph'' (his father), b. 18 Oct. 1726, d. 8 Jan. 1808, m. 13 Dec. 1751, Hepzibah Raymond. Hem. July 31, 1794, Elizabeth Stone, b. 13 Nov. 1770, d.'e Mar. 1849. They had — Elizabeth, 15 June, 1795, m. Richard Fisher, and d. in Bloom- ingdale, N.Y., 28 Mar. 1834. JOSKPH. Jonas Stone, 9 May, 1799, d. 23 March, 1828, m. Pamela Brown, and had 2 children. Sarah Ann, 18 May, 1802, d. 27 Dec. 1825. Franklin, 16 Oct. 1804, d. 23 Mar. 1868. Elmira, 24 June, 1808, d. 22 Jan. 1834. 304 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOSEPH FISKE. Eldest son of Dr. Joseph, whom he succ. in 1839 ; b. Lexmgton, Mass., 9 Feb. 1797, d. there 4 May, 1860; member Mass. Med. Soc. He m. 12 Nov. 1829, Mary Gardner Kennard of Eliot, Me., b. 17 Oct. 1795, and had — Joseph Alexander, 8 Mar. 1830, m. Love Langdon Dodge of JNIethnen, and lives at Lawrence. Timothy Kennard, 5 Ang. 1833, m. 25 Dec. 1857, Barbara Peters. Com. ensign in Yose's (1st) reg. 23 Oct. 1781 ; living in Blue Hill, Me., in 1799. Cora, ensign, 15 Jmie, 1781 ; in (Gtli) reg. in 1782-83. Of Cape Ann ; d. in the West Indies, 16 Dec. 1793. Com. ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. ; lieut. 6 Oct. 1780, and served to the close of the war. His widow Lucy was living in Gloucester in 1801. Two daus. and a son, aged seven years, were living in 1796. He was b. Watertown, 1 Feb. 1756, d. there 31 Dec. 1823. Lieut, and adjutant in Wigglesworth's (13th) reg. in 1777-78 ; in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778 ; com. capt. same reg. 20 June, 1779 ; in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783. Selectman of Watertown in 1790 and 1792. Edmvnd, his grandfather, was of Newton, m. Mercy 1718, d. 14 Oct. 172G. Kdmund. his father, b. Newton 23 Sejit. 171i», CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 305 was a cordwainer of Watertown, m. 17 Mar. 174.5, Abigail Whitney. John m. 8 Jan. 178 — , Mary Cooke of Newton, and had — Charles, b. 1 Nov. 1782, killed in a duel. Harriet, 10 Sept. 1784, m. Wm. Smith of Lowell. Elizabeth, m. Charles Smith of Quincy. Maria, 14 Dec. 1787, m. Britton of Oxford, N.H. John. JOHN FOWLE. Son of Capt. John, whom he siicc. in 1824 ; b. Water- town, 3 Nov. 1789, killed 25 Apr. 1838, by the explosion of steamer " Moselle " on the Ohio River. Com. 2cl lieut. 9th Inf. 9 Apr. 1812 ; 1st lieut. Apr. 1813 ; capt. June, 1814, and wounded in the battle of Niagara; maj. 3d Inf. 4 Mar. 1833 ; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. 25 Dec. 1837. Instructor in infantry tactics at West Point Milit. Academy, 1833-38. By Pauline Cazenove of Alexandria, D.C., he had a dau. who m. Henry F. (Smith) Durant. (Jtonstant jFrccman. He was bapt. at Charlestown, Mass., 27 Feb. 1757, and entered the Boston Latin School in 1766. Com. lieut. in Knox's art. in 1776 ; capt. -lieut. in Crane's art. 1 Oct. 1778 ; app. capt. 2d U. S. Inf. Mar. 1791, — declined ; com. maj. 1st artillerists and engineers, 28 Feb. 1795 ; lieut.-col. 1st art. 1 Apr. 1802; bvt.-col. 10 July, 1812; mustered out on reduction of the army, 15 June, 1815. Accountant of the Navy Department at Washington, and fourth audi- tor from Mar. 1816 to his d., 27 Feb. 1824. His descent from Samuel^ Freeman, of Watertown, 1630, was through Samuel;^ b. 11 May, 1638, d. Eastham 30 Jan. 1712, who m. 12 May, 1658, Mary, dau. of Constant Southworth ; Constant,^. b. 31 Mar. 1669, d. 1745, who m. 11 Oct. 1694, Jane Treat; Constant,^ b. 25 Mar. 1700, d. 1759, who m. 20 Oct. 1726, Ann 39 306 BIOGKAFHICAL NOTICES OF THE Lark in ; Constant, Jr. ^ {hia father), who m. 23 Sept. 1754, Lois Cobb, and had Col. Constant and Rev. James Freeman, D.D. Admiral C. H. Davis, son of Hon. Daniel Davis and Lois, sister of Col. Constant Freeman, succ. him in the Society. fi)omas 3I9aij(38 iFi'crman. Son of David and Abigail (Davis) Freeman ; b. Barn- stable, Mass., 25 Mar. 1757; com. ensign in Bradford's (14th) reg. 31 Jan. 1777 ; lieut. 1 Apr. 1778 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. in 1783. Grandson and legatee of Mrs. Bethia Gorham, of Barnstable, widow. His mother, a widow, was appointed his guardian, 11 July, 1769. Her will, 18 Sept. 1788, gives to her sister Lucy Garrett, and to Sarah, wife of Isaiah Parker, all her property, in ease her son T. D. Freeman does not return. Samuel iFrinfe* He was the son of Dr. John, and grand-son of Rev. Thomas Frink, the first ordained minister of Rutland, Mass., and was b. there in 17G3. Entering the army in 1780, he was com. ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 5 July, 1782, and d. Paxton, Mass., 1846. He m. 1790 Ester Nichols of Carlisle, and had — John Adams, Kennebec, Me., 1809. resides in Paxton, Mass. Isabella, Rutland, Mass., 1815, m. Ebenezer Parker, and resides in Holden, Mass. Alice, b. 1818. Samuel, b. 1820. Samuel jFt:ost, He Avas b. Framingham, Mass., 13 July, 1752 ; entered the army in 1776 ; com. lieut. in Nixon's (6th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; lieut. and adjutant, 1778-79 ; adjutant and paym. 1780-81, continuing in the latter capacity until 1784 ; com. capt. 12 Oct. 1782. He was four yeai's a selectman, and a CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 307 trustee of the Frainingham Academy, and d. there 1 Nov. 1817. Slice, by S. F. Arnokl. His descent from Thomas'^ Frost, of Sudbury, who m. 12 Nov. 1668, Mary Goodridge, was through Samuel,^ b. 23 Nov. 1686, d- 2 Aug. 1736, who m. 1 Feb. 1710-11, Elizabeth Rice; SamueP (his father), b. 13 Dec. 1715, d. 12 Mar. 1799, who m. 19 June, 1750, Rebeckah How. He m. 3 Sept. 1787, Mary Heard of Way- land. They had — Sarah, 28 Dec. 1788, m. in 1809 Thos. Arnold. Rebeckah, 28 Apr. 1791, d. an. 38. Mary, 25 Apr. 1793, m. Chapin Allen. Abigail, 4 Apr. 1795. Clarissa, 23 May, 1797, m. Henry How of Sudbury. Hannah, 15 Aug. 1799. Harriet, 17 Feb. 1802, m. Reuben Hunt. Eliza, 12 Oct. 1804, m. Ransom, lives in Me. Julia Ann, 12 Mar. 1807, m. Joseph Taylor of Kennebunk. iScnIamin jFtoti^inflljam. He was b. Boston, Mass., 6 Apr. 1734 ; d. Charlestown, Mass., 19 Aug. 1809. He was a cabinet-maker ; served in Gridley's art. in the war of 1756-63, and was a capt.-lieut. in his reg. in 1775, and in Knox's in 1776 ; com. capt. in Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777 ; served through the whole war, and was wounded at Germantown. Son of Benjamin and Mary (Edwards) Frothingham, m. 4 May, 1762, Mary, dau. of John and Judith (Upham) Deland, and had — Mary, 17 Feb. 1763, d. unm. 22 Oct. 1829. Esther, 17 Dec. 1764, d. 1765. Elizabeth, 22 Feb. 1767, d. young. E)sther, 7 Jan. 1770, m. Rev. Daniel Emerson of Hollis, d. 14 Mar. 1849. Sarah, 19 July, 1772, m. Seth Sweetser of Newburyport. Benjamin, bapt. 3 Apr. 1774, d. 1 Oct. 1775. Benjamin. Hannah, d. 23 Aug. 1830, «. 51. 308 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE BENJAMIN FROTHIXGH AM . Eldest sou of Benjamin, whom he succ. in 18:26 ; h. Charlestown. d. there Aug. 1882. le. oO. He was a cabinet- maker, and d. a bachelor. jfrriirnrfe jfrnr. He was b. -Vndover, i' June. 1700 ; d. a pensioner in X.Y. city, oO Jan. 1828. Com. ensign in Vose's (^Ist) reg. 1 Feb. 1781 to 8 Xov. 1788 ; capt. 1st U. S. artillerists and engineei-s. 2 June. 1794 — 1 June. 1802. Son of John, of Amlover. m. June. 1780. Margaret, dan. of Capt D:miel Maokay. They had: Margarkt 0.. b. 1708. who m. Forman : and Daniel Mackat. who joined the N.Y. Society in 188»\ and was succ. by hi? son I^reden'cl- on his decease. 8 Feb. 18o9. 5ioim jFuUrr. Of Sherborn, Rurland County. "S't. : living in 1820. Lieut, in Bradford's Cl4th~) reg.: com. capr. 1(3 Apr. 1780: in H. Jackson's i^Mli) reg. in 1788. Conductor in Knox's art. reg. in 1776 ; lient. and ad- jutant in Crane's art. 1777 : com. capt. -lient. 22 Feb. 1780. .^ntirru) vi^arrrtt. Of Barnstable, where he was a pensioner ; living in 1820. Ensign in Brooks's {^ItK) reg. in 1780 : com. lieut. 25 Oct. 1781 ; in 6th reg. 1788. "J^ichard Garrett. oiB-Arnstahle. ra. in 1721 Ehzabeth Stevens of Rochester. Mass.. and had Andreir. b. 12 Oct. 1723. who in 1753 m. Temjiei-auce Parker. The latter I suppose to be the parents of Lieut. A. G." — Letter of Ber. Fredericl Freeman. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 309 Jof)n (GtotQt, Capt. George was h. Braintree, Mass., 1751. He was one of those who, disguised as Indians, helped to destroy the tea in Boston Harbor in 1773 ; was com. ensign in Gardner's, afterward Bond's (25tli) reg. May, 1775 ; 2d lieut. Jan. 1776 ; 1st lieut. Apr. 1776 ; 1st lieut. Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777 ; capt.-lieut. 1 Oct. 1778. He served from the commencement to the close of the* war ; was present at the siege of Boston ; was instrumental in saving the boats and baggage of Sullivan's retreating army at Chambly, 15 June, 1776, and in protecting the rear ; and was wounded in the leg, at the defence of F(jrt Mifflin, on the Dela- ware, in Nov. 1777, by a ball from the " Augusta," 64, from which he afterward suffered severely, and finally died from its effects. Capt. George was a faithful soldier ; so much so, as to acquire from his comrades the sobriquet of " Captain Particular." He was a devoted patriot, a man of high moral character, and a finished gentleman, frequent])- acting as escort to Mrs. Knox at West Point when the General was engaged. When Washington vis- ited Massachusetts, he was saluted by Capt. George from the doorway of his house, which his lameness did not allow him to leave, the General stopping his carriage to speak with him. After the war, he, with Capt. Thomas Vose and Major Daniel Jackson, engaged in business in Watertown, in which he continued until his death, 22 Jan. 1820. He was the son of John George and Pliipjjs; and m. 29 Oct. 1787, Margaret, dau. of Capt. Wm. Main of Charleston, S.C. She d. Thomaston, Me., 8 Sept. 1854, se. 9.5. They had — William Main, 29 Oct. 1789, lost at sea. John, Jr., 2 July, 1791, d. 9 July, 1833. Sarah Main, 2 Dee. 1792, rn. 28 Oct. 1819, Ch. Merrill of Thomaston. 310 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Marianne, 2 Sept. 1794, m. 30 Sept. 1822, John O'Brien of Thomaston, Me., cl. 23 Sept. 1870. Lucy Jones, 10 Sept. 1796, m. Clinton Thayer of Watertown, d. 18 June, 1821. Margaret, 16 Mar. 1803, m. 1824 Hon. John Ruggles of Thomaston, who is now (1873) living, at the age of 84. Of Rhode Island ; d, Charlestown, Mass., 6 Nov. 1818, ae. 68. Com, adjutant of Glover's (14tli) reg. 1 Jan. 1776; capt. 12 Mar. 1776; maj. 29 July, 1778; com- mandant of Washington's body-guard, 1776-79 ; in Sprout's (2d) reg. in 1782-83 ; slightly wounded at the capture of one of the British redoubts at Yorktown. In 1798, Gen. Knox recommended him for lieut.-col. -commandant of a regiment about being raised, saying: "No officer of the late American army would discipline and command a regi- ment with better effect." He m. Jan. 1787, Catharine, dan. of Stephen Hall of Boston. A dau. Catharink N. m. A. C. Park. ALEXANDER HAMILTON GIBBS. Eldest son of Major Caleb, whom he succ. in 1819. He was b. Boston, 2 Aug. 1791 ; was a merchant of Roxbury ; capt. Ancient and Hon. Art. Co. in 1823 ; and d. 5 Mar. 1827. Of Brookfield ; ensign in Putnam's (5th) reg. ; com. lieut. 17 Apr. 1782. Subsequently joined the N.Y. Soci- ety, and was living in N.Y. with a government pension in 1820. Left a widow, Ruth, who was living in 1840. Katijan (SJootrale. He was b. Brookfield, Mass., 11 Nov. 1744. His early years were spent upon a farm in Rutland, where he also CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 311 learned the trade of a brick-mason, thus laynig the founda- tion for a vigorous, muscuhir frame, which enabled him in after years to undergo the fatigues and hardships to which he was exposed. About 1770, he removed with his wife and three children to Brookfield, where he purchased a farm, upon which he resided when the war of the Revolu- tion began. He had taken an active part in the organi- zation of the volunteer " minute-men " of that day, and was one of the first to join the army around Boston, after the Lexington fight. In July — Nov. 1775, he was a lieut. in David Brewer's reg. stationed at Roxbury. On March 15, 1776, he was com. a 1st lieut. in Bond's (25th) reg., which, in April folloAving, he accompanied to New York, where he was detached for service in the engineer depart- ment under Lieut.-Col. Rufus Putnam, while his regiment proceeded to take part in the invasion of Canada. Em- ploj^ed in constructing works to protect New York, he took part also in the other operations for its defence. Com. capt. 1 Jan. 1777 in Rufus Putnam's (5th) reg., with which he joined the army of Gen. Gates, near Stillwater, N.Y., then opposing the invasion of Gen. Burgoyne. The woods being filled with hostile savages, no information could be obtained respecting the enemy until Capt. Good- ale voluntaril}^ undertook to perform this hazardous duty, in which, however, he succeeded perfectl}^ having pene- trated the hostile camp and brought off six prisoners, be- sides gaining the desired information. His success induced Gen. Gates to continue him in this kind of duty, in which he had, before the surrender of Burgoyne, captured 121 prisoners from the enemy. In the battle of Oct. 7, at Saratoga, Putnam's regiment was prominently engaged. Toward the close of the action, the 5th and 6th (Nixon's) regiments, under the command of Putnam, stormed in front the redoubt which was in advance of the extreme right of 312 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE the British line, which was occupied by the German troops of Col. Breyman, at the same moment that Jackson's (8th) reg., led by Lieut. -Col. Brooks, entered on its left and rear. Burgoyne having made a retrograde movement after the battle, a pursuit was ordered by Gen. Gates ; Capt. Goodale, with a party of volunteers, leading the advance. It was soon found that the enemy was strongly posted, instead of being on the retreat ; and the troops were recalled, not, however, until Capt. Goodale had cap- tured an advanced party of the British, consisting of one officer and thirty-five men. Before retreating, a party of volunteers cut adrift some boats loaded with Burgoyne's stores, which were tied to the right bank of the Hudson. This bold act " was accomplished chiefly through the fear- less activity of Capt. Goodale, who was noted for daring exploits." On the 17th of October Burgoyne surrendered. In* the latter part of August, 1778, Capt, Goodale was ordered to hold an important point near Valentine's Hill, an advanced position of the force under Gen. Charles Scott, who watched the British outposts near King's Bridge, N.Y. Here he was attacked on the 30th by an overwhelming- force under Lieut.-Cols. Simcoe and Emmerick ; and after a brave and determined resistance, prolonged until two- thirds of his small party were slain or disabled, he was wounded and taken prisoner. After his return home, in the latter part of 1780, he suffered from a long sickness, no doubt induced by the horrible prison life to which he had been subjected. After recovering, he continued in service throughout the war, and became entitled to half-pay, commutation, and bounty land ; but failed to receive the promotion to which his important services and his suffer- ings full}^ entitled him, holding the rank of major by brevet only. After the war, he bought a farm in Brookfield, and was remarkable for his industry and skill in its manage- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 313 ment. This he sold, however, early in 1788, on associating himself Avith "The Ohio Company," and removed with his family to Marietta, whence he went in Apr. 1789, to Belpre. His removal to Ohio was performed in a novel manner, the wagon containing his household goods and part of his family being drawn by a team composed of three cows and a bull, which he had previously trained to work together, and with which the journey was performed with ease and in as short a time as it could have been with oxen. This stock, which he had carefully selected, after- ward became highly celebrated in south-eastern Ohio, where it was known as the " Goodale breed." Soon after his arrival, in Aug. 1788, he was appointed by Gov. St. Clair a captain of light infantry ; and on the erection at Belpre, in 1790, of a stockaded fort to protect the settlers from the Indians, this work, which was called the " Farmer's Castle," was placed under his command. This having become overcrowded, early in 1793 a palisaded work containing two block-houses was built about a mile below it, called " Goodale's Garrison," in which he placed his family about Feb. 20, 1798. On Mar. 1, while at work in a clearing about forty or fifty rods from the garri- son, he was surprised and carried o& captive by a party of Indians. His fate was not known until years afterward, when three of this same party informed Col. Meeker at Detroit that they had seized, gagged, and carried off a man whose description exactly answered that of Major Goodale. They intended to take him to Detroit and get a large ransom for him ; but somewhere on the Miami, or at Sandusky, he fell sick and died. This was a severe blow to his family, and also to the little isolated community of vvhi*^h he was the life and soul. " His memory," says Judge Barker, one of the early colonists, "was for many . •.. ;',.-,! and green in the hearts of his contemporary 40 314 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE pioneers, and is still cherished with respect and affection by their descendants." His descent from Mohert ^ Goodale, b. England, 1 603—4, who with his wife Katherine left Ipswich, Eng., Api\ 1634, and settled in Salem, was through Zac/iariah,~ b. Salem, 1639, who m. Elizabeth^ dau. of Edward and Mary Beauchamp ; Jokn,^ b. 10 Aug. 1681, went to Marlborough, Mass., ab. 1702, d. 11 May, 1752, who m. 8 Sept. 1703, Elizabeth, dau. of John and Elizabeth (Baker) Witt of Lynn, who d. 29 July, 1738; Solomon'^ (his father), b. 24 May, 1707, d. 1744-45, who m. 18 May, 1732, Anna, widow of Samuel Walker, dau. of John and Anna (Whittaker) Hinds. He m. 11 Sept. 1765, Elizabeth, dau. of John and Susannah (Gates) Phelps of Rutland (b. 1 Apr. 1743, d. Franklinton, O., 24 Jan. 1809). None of his sons married or had issue. Five of his daus. m., one settled in E.I. and the other four in Ohio. They all had issue, and left numerous descendants. Sarah, 28 May, 1766. Samuel, 1 Feb. 1768, d. 23 Dec. 1770. Timothy Wake, 21 Feb. 1770. Elizabeth, 7 Oct. 1772, who m. Wanton Casey. Susan, (probably) 1774. Cynthia, 31 July, 1775. Theodosia, (prob.) 1777. LiNCOilN, 25 Feb. 1782. Lauretta, (prob.) 1784. LINCOLN GOODALE, M.D. He was b. Brookfield, Mass., 25 Feb. 1782 ; was for many years a physician of Columbus, O., and succ. his father, Capt. Goodale, in 1830. He d. unm., and was him- self succ, in 1870, by Gen. Silas Casey, son of his sister Elizabeth and Major Wanton Casey. jFi'ancis 2Lc JSaron CSootrlm'n. He was b. in a town adjoining Plymouth, Mass., ab. 1760, d. Frankfort, Me., 19 Feb. 1816. He was com. sur- geon's mate of Bradford's (14th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; was CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 315 in H. Jackson's (9th) reg. in 1781 ; in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783. Removing to Frankfort, Me., in 1796, he prac- tised medicine there until his death (which was caused by being thrown from his carriage) ; and was also a justice of the C. C. P. of Hancock County (1811), and a judge of the Sup. Court. He m. at Plymouth, Mass., in July, 1787, Jane, eldest dau. of Rev. Chandler Robbing. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD. Capt. Benjamin Gould, the grandfather of B. A. Gould, was b. Topsfield, Mass., 1751; d. Newburyport, 1841. Ensign in Little's reg. and wounded 19 Apr. 1775 : took part in the battles of Bennington, Stillwater, and Saratoga ; and was at West Point at the time of Arnold's treason, which he was one of the earliest to detect. His father, Benjamin Apthorp, b. Lancaster, Mass., 15 June, 1787, d. Boston, 24 Oct. 1859, was editor of the first American editions of Virgil, Ovid, and Horace. He was b. Boston, 27 Sept. 1824 ; H. U. 1844 ; received a degree from Gottingen in 1848 ; and studied at European universities under Airy, Arago, Encke, and Gauss. Re- turning, he established and maintained for 12 years the " Astronomical Journal ; " and while in charge of the longitude work of the U. S. Coast Survey (1852-67) perfected the method of longitude determinations by means of the electric telegraph. He organized the Dudley Observatory in Albany in 1856-59. During the war he had charge of the Statistical Department of the Sanitary Commission, and at its close published the " Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers," a work of vast labor, containing an immense collection of materials relative to the physical statistics of man. In 1862-65 he had charge of the unreduced work of the Washington Observatory, covering a period of more than 12 years. I 316 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Now (1873) Director of the National Argentine Observa- tory in Cordoba, which he has constructed and organized. President of Amer. Asso. for Adv. of Science in 1868, and member of various scientific societies and academies of Europe. Many of his astronomical investigations have been published. Adm. in 1864 under the rule adopted by the Gen. Soc. in May, 1854. He m. in 1861 Mary Apthorp, only dau. of Josiali Quincy, Jr., and lias four daughters and one son, Benjamin Apthorp, b. 8 Feb. 1870. He Avas b. Roxbury, Mass., 10 Mar. 1741, d. there 16 Dec. 1783. Before the war he was a trader in Roxbury, and a brigadier with the rank of lieut. in the Governor's Horse-guards (1774). ]\Iajor and lieut. -col. of Heath's reg. early in 1775 ; col. (24th, late Bond's), 1 July, 1775 ; and of the 3d continental reg. Mass. line, until com. brig.-gen. 7 Jan. 1783. In the following Oct. he returned, home on account of sickness, and died a few weeks after- ward. He performed several daring exploits during the siege of Boston. On the night of 2 June, 1775, he carried off from Deer Island 800 sheep and lambs, together with a number of cattle ; and on July 12th, with 136 men, he went to Long Island, and burnt the barns and other build- ings, and stores collected there. His reg. was ordered to Canada in Apr. 1776 ; but rejoined Washington's army in Dec. just before the battles of Trenton and Princeton ; and was in Nixon's brig, in the operations and battles ending with the surrender of Burgoyne. He was a mem- ber and an officer of Christ Church, Boston, of which his brother James was rector. He was the son of John and Catharine Greaton • ud i v» 17(>0 ni. Sarah, dau. of Richard and Ann Humphreys. B'x \, li d. I Aug. I CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 317 1759, se. 59 ; Ann d. 20 Apr. 1753, as. 33. Mrs. Sarah Greaton, b. 9 Aug. 1742, m. 2d Samuel Ridgway, and d. 14 May, 1822. John and Sarah had — Ann. 6 Dec. 1762, m. 23 Feb. 1784, Samuel Heath of Roxbury, and d. 28 Nov. 1830, s. p. Richard H. LuCRETiA, 20 Dec. 1769, d. unm. 12 Oct. 1857. John, 30 Sept. 1771, d. 26 Apr. 1772. Katy, 27 Jan. 1773, d. Mar. 1859, m. a Dana of Boston, s. p. Sally, 7 Dec. 1774, d. 13 Sept. 1775. Sally M., 13 Feb. 1781, m. Joseph Heath, d. s. p. Mar. 1863. Harriet, 19 Sept. 1782, d. 7 Sept. 1783. John, 31 Oct. 1783, d. 17 Sept. 1791. He was b. Boston, 1761; d. iinm. in N.Y. city, in Feb. 1815. James, his father, brother of Gen. John, was b. 10 July, 1730, d. 1773 ; Y. C. 1754. He was a Prot. Episc. clergyman ; was rector of Christ Church, Boston, in 1759-67, and from 1767 to his death of the church at Huntington, L.I. He m. in Boston Mary, dau. of John, and gr.-gr.-dau. of the celebrated Rev. John Wheelwright, a founder and the first minister of Exeter. His widow, after his decease, m. Dr. B. Y. Prime, and d. Mar. 1835, -en. 91. John W. Avas com. ensign in Greaton's (3d) reg. 16 July, 1782, and after the war commanded a merchant ship. He joined the N.Y. Society by transfer in 1796, and was succ. in that Society by his nephew John W. • James, second son of Rev. James, b. Huntington, L.I., 14 Sept. 1773, d. N.Y. city 16 Nov. 1824, m. in 1804 Elizabeth Gatton 1 'orrist^r, and left 2 sons and 4 daughters The sons were — jAMts Monroe, 19 Nov. 1820, d. 9 June, 1834. ,JoHN "VVheelavright, 1 Jan, 1823, succ. his uncle in the N.Y. *y ; resides in Brooklyn. He is now (1872-73) acting ,i': of the N.Y. Soc, and was in 1872 one of its delegates 318 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE to the General Society. Has two sons, John IF., b. 23 Mar. 1855, and James H., b. 1 Jan. 1864. Son of Gen. John ; b. Boston, 8 Aug. 1765 ; d. N. Or- leans, in Jul}^, 1815. Com. ensign in Greaton's (3d) reg. 30 Nov. 1781 ; app. lieut. 23d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791 ; severely wounded in St. Clair's battle with the Miami Indians, 4 Nov. 1791 ; capt. Feb. 1793—1 June, 1802. He m. 1st, 6 Feb. 1787, Sarah Bourn, who d. Sept. 1798, in the Western Terr., and left a dau. Lucretia A., now (1873) living at Jamaica Plains, Mass. ; and a son, John, who d. in 1866, in Charles- ton, S.C., leaving an unm. dau. now residing there. This son was adm. a member of the Society in 1816. Lucretia A. Greaton has in her possession a miniature portrait of her grandfather, the General. iFvancis <&ttt\i. He was b. Charlestown, Mass., 1750; d. Boston, 5 Sept 1831. Com. 2d lieut. in Paterson's reg. 27 Mar. 1777 1st lieut. Vose's (1st) reg. ; com. capt. 30 Aug. 1780 deputy muster-master in R.I. 12 Feb. 1778 — 12 Jan. 1780 Left the army, 3 Nov. 1783. Vice-Pres. Mass. Soc. Cin 1829-31. Son of Wm., of Charlestown, whose father came to that place, m. a Sloan, and afterward returned to England, and d. there. Shortly afterward, his widow returned to America, and Wm., his father, was b. on the passage. Capt. Green m. 1st Brown, and had sev- eral children, none of whom survived. His 2d wife was Mary, dau. of Benj. Henderson. She d. Boston, 27 Aug. 1810. His 2d son, Ellis B., was a captain in the Mexican war. BENJAMIN HENDERSON GREENE. Third son of Capt. Francis, whom he succ. in 1853 ; b. 1802 ; resides in Boston, where was formerly a book- seller and publisher. Assist. Sec. Mass. Soc. Cin. 1859-63. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 319 HORACE GREEN, M.D., LL.D. He was b. Chittenden, Vt., 2-i Dec. 1802, cl. at Green- mount, Sing Sing, N.Y., 29 Nov. 1866. M.D. of Micl- dleb. Coll. 1824 ; LL.D. of U. of Vt. 1853 ; Prof. Med- Coll. Castleton, Vt., 1840-43 ; and in the N.Y. Med. Coll. 1850-60. He studied medicine in Rutland, in Phila., and in Paris, and practised in Rutland and in N.Y. city. Dr. Green was the author of several medical works ; and was one of the founders in 1850 of the N.Y. Med. Coll. His father, Dr. Zeeb, who d. Brandon, Vt., in 1821, was one of four brothers from Winchendon, Mass., all of whom were at Bunker's Hill, where two of them, one of whom was Major James, were mortally wounded. He was in the bat- tles of Bunker's Hill, White Plains, Bennington, and Sara- toga. The second brother, Nathan, a lieut., was killed at Monmouth. Dr. Green was admitted a member in 1858, under the rule adopted by the Gen. Soc. in May, 1854. He m. 1st (20 Oct. 1829) Mary Sigourney Butler, by whom he had — Anna Sophia, 27 Apr. 1832. He m. 2d (27 Oct. 1841) Harriet Sheldon Douglass. Children : — Sarah Douglass, 19 Nov. 1842. Harriet Sheldon, 27 Aug. 1844. Catharine Douglass, 5 July, 1846, d. 7 July, 1847. Horace Douglass, 1 Jan. 1848. Henry Loomis, 16 Mar. 1849. Mary Walton, 7 Nov. 1850, d. 6 Feb. 1854. John Douglass, 4 June, 1852, d. 11 Aug. 1853. George Walton, 9 May, 1854. Edmund, 26 Feb. 185G, d. 17 Sept. 1856. Lucia Butler, 25 Mar. 1857. Of Haverhill ; d. there 28 Mar. 1833. He entered the Revolutionary army as a private in Jan. 1776 ; was in 320 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE 1777 app. ensign in Smith's (13th) reg. ; com. lieut. 13 Feb. 1778. He was at the battle of Harlem Heights, the bat- tles with Burgojaie, Sullivan's campaign in R.I., bore the standard of his reg. at Monmouth, and was in the battle of Brooklyn Heights, and the memorable retreat from Long Island. He was the son of William, of Havei-hill, after whose death he kept the " Sun " tavern, in that town. He left 2 daughters, Mrs. Plummer, Mrs. Balch ; and a son, Samuel. SAMUEL GREENLEAF. Eldest son of William, whom he succ. in 1834 ; resides in Haverhill. Joijn , Lydia, daugliter of Rirhard and Lydia (Trowbridge) CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 327 Dana. She d. Woburn. 8 May, 1808. They had (all born in Woburn) — Harriet, 20 Sept. 1784, d. 25 Jan. 1817. Amklia, 30 Apr. 1786. Elizabeth Cotton, 8 Oct. 1787, d. 13 Oct. 1865. Edmund Trowbridge. Frances Maria, 2 Oct. 1792. Elmira, 3 June, 1794, d. 10 Oct. 1857. :Mary Augusta, 21 Oct. 1798, d. 13 Mar. 1869. EDMUND TROWBRIDGE HASTINGS Only son of John, whom he succ. in 1839; b. Woburn, Mass., 15 May, 1789 ; d. Medford, Mass., 13 May, 1861. EDMUND TROWBRIDGE HASTINGS. Eldest son of E. T. Hastmgs, whom he succ. in 1863 ; b. Cambridge, Mass., 3 Mar. 1816 ; resides in Medford, Mass. mmiium pKatlj. He was b. Roxbury, Mass., 2 Mar. 1737, on the estate settled by his ancestor in 1636, and was bred a farmer. His fondness for military exercises led him, in 1754, to join the Ancient and Hon. Artillery Company, which he commanded in 1770, having previously been made a capt. in the Suffolk reg., of which he became col. in 1774. In 1770 he wrote sundry essa3'S in a Boston newspaper, signed " A Military Countryman," on the importance of military discipline and skill in the use of arms. He was a member of the General Court in 1761, and in 1771-74 ; engaged with zeal in the Revolutionary contest ; was a delegate to the Provincial Congresses of 1774-75; and was a member of the committees of correspondence and of safety. Appointed a Mass. brig.-gen. 8 Dec. 1774 ; maj.-gen. 20 June, 1775; brig.-gen. (continental army) 22 June, 1775 ; maj.-gen. 9 Aug. 1776. He rendered great service in the pursuit of the 328 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE British troops from Concord, 19 Apr. 1775, and in organiz- ing the rude and undisciplined army around Boston ; and with his brigade was stationed at Roxburj during the siege of Boston. After its evacuation, he accompanied the army to New York ; opposed the evacuation of that city, and near the close of the year 1776 was ordered to take command of the posts in the Highlands. In 1777 he was intrusted with the command of the eastern department, and had charge of the Saratoga (con- vention) prisoners. In June, 1779, he was ordered to the command on the Hudson, where he was stationed till the close of the war. Returning to his farm, he became a delegate to the convention that adopted the Federal Consti- tution in 1788 ; State senator, 1791-92 ; Judge of Probate for Norfolk Co. 1793 ; and in 1806 was chosen Lieut.-Gov. of Massachusetts, but declined the office. He d. 24 Jan. 1814. In his " Memoirs," written by himfeelf, and published in 1798, Gen. Heath says of himself: "'He is of middling stature, light complexion, very corpulent, and bald- headed." This volume contains interesting and valuable records of the events of the war. Heath, though not a great general, and though somewhat tinctured with vanity, was an honest, upright, and patriotic man. His descent from William -^ of Roxbury, who came from London in the " Lion," arr. IG Sept. 1632, with his wife Mary and 5 children, and d. 29 May, 1652, was through Peleg^^h. Eng., who ni. Susannah King, d. from a wound, and was buried 18 Nov. 1671 ; Capt. William,^ b. 30 Jan. 1664, m. 11 Nov. 1685, Hannah, dau. of John Weld, d. 3 Nov. 1738 ; Samuel* (his father), b. 27 Dec. 1701, m. 3 Dec. 1733, Elizabeth Payson, d. 23 Sept. 1763. He m. 19 Apr. 1759, Sarah Lockwood of Cambridge, who d. 10 Oct. 1814, «. 78. They had — Samukl, 9 Mar. 1760, d. 24 Sept. 1841. m. 23 Feb. 1784. Ann. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 329 eldest dau. of Gen. John Greaton. She d. 28 Nov. 1830, a?. 69, s. p.- William, 23 Sept. 17<)2, d. 8 Mar. 1836, ra. 18 June. 1789, Elizabeth, dau. of Joshua Spencer. She d. 2 Oct. 1820. Sarah, 29 July, 1764, m. 25 Nov. 1783, Capt. John J. Spooner ; 2d, Col. Isaac S. Gardiner of Brookline (3 June, 1801). She d. 15 Sept. 1832. Joseph, 2 Apr. 1766, d. 5 July, 1842. He m. 18 Dec. 1798, Naomi, dau. of Col. Joseph Vose, d. 21 Sept. 1810; m. 2d Hannah Murdock. Henry, 31 May, 1769, d. 16 Mar. 1773. The children of Joseph and Hannah (Murdock) Heath were : Samuel Davis (name changed to Wm. Samuel) ; PeJeg, 17 July, 1813: Elizabeth. 17 Feb. 1819. WILLIAM SAMUEL HEATH. Son of Joseph, and grandson of Gen. Wm. Heath, whom he succ. m 1844 ; b. Roxbury, 20 July, 1812 ; m. 24 Sept. 1844, Mary, dau. of Luther Sanderson ; d. 12 June, 1860. They had — Mary Sanderson, 28 Oct. 1845. William Henry, 20 Feb. 1849. Caroline Sherwood, 18 Sept. 1853. Joseph, U Mar. 1856. JSrnjamin ?3^fsU)ootr. He was b. Shrewsbury, Mass., 25 Oct. 1746 ; H. U. 1775 : d. Worcester, Mass., 6 Dec. 1816. He learned the trade of a carpenter, but resolved to gain an education, and, entering Harvard College, became remarkably proficient in mathematics. In May, 1775, he was com. lieut. in Nixon's reg. ; com. lieut. and paym. Nixoii's (6th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; capt. 10 Apr. 1779, and served through the war, being present in the campaign against Burgoyne, and was active and efficient in allaying the discontent of the army in 1782. In 1784 he returned to the management of 42 330 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE his farm ; was judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Worcester Co. 1802-11 ; many years a county magistrate ; twice chosen an elector of President ; and was frequently an arbitrator, executor, and guardian ; and was an officer of many charitable and religious associations. Assist. Treas. of the Society in 1788. He was son of Phinelias of Shrewsbury, and gr.-son of Deacon John of Concord. By his wife. Mehitable, dau. of Elisha God- dard of Sutton, he had — Mehitable. Nathaniel Moore, merchant, b. July, 1788, m. 16 Sept. 1816, Caroline Sunnier of Boston, and d. Richmond, Va. Elizabeth. Benjamin F. Joseph. Lucy, Apr. 1796, d. Nov. 1796. Nancy, 7 Feb. 1798, d. 30 Aug. 1814. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN HEYWOOD, M.D. Son of Benjamin, whom he succ. in 1858 ; b. Worcester, Mass., 21 Apr. 1792 ; Dartm. Coll. 1812 ; M.D. of Yale Med. Coll. 1815. He was a practising phj'sician in Wor- cester ; was for twenty years the partner of Dr. John Green ; was for several years a member of the Worcester city government, and d. there 7 Dec. 1869. He m. 1st Nancy, dau. of Dr. John Green, 2S Sept. 1820; 2d, Elizabeth R., her sister, 23 June, 1837. They had — Frederick, 30 June, 1825, D. C. 1845, M.D. 1848, d. St. Mig- uel, Central America, 20 Aug. 1855 ; John Green, grad. Camb. Sci. School. 18()4, admitted to succ. his father in the Society, in 1871. Of Dracut ; son of Maj. Ephraim, an early settler there ; ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. ; com. lieut. 14 Sept. 1780, and served through the Avar ; afterward a justice of the peace, and until 1814 higli sheriff of Middlesex County. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 331 Com. lieut. in H. Jackson's (9th) reg. 25 Oct. 1779 ; in Sprout's (2d) reg. in 1783 ; d. Boston, 16 July, 1801, se. 45, leaving a widow Ann, who d. in 1816. Com. lieut. in Marshall's (10th) reg. 30 Jan. 1777; afterwards com. capt.-lieut,, and having received a wound which disqualified him for active service he was trans- ferred to the Invalid Corps.* He was before the war a member of Paddock's Art. Co. ; was fife-major of Knox's art. in 1776 ; com. 1st lieut. Crane's art. 22 Feb. 1780 ; was also inspector and superin- tendent of music, and d. Savannah, Ga., in Apr. 1788. Com. 1st lieut. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 1777 ; capt.- lieut. in 1778, and served in .Sullivan's R.I. campaign ; adjutant in Col. Gimat's light inf. reg. ; com. capt. (9th reg.) 24 July, 1781 ; brigade inspector of Muhlenburg's brigade, at Yorktown ; in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783-84 ; U. S. Marshal for the district of Maine, 1794-99 ; d. Port- land, Me., 1802, leaving a widow Hannah. JAMES THACHER HODGE. Grandson of Dr. James Thacher, whom he succ. in 1864. He was b. Newburyport, Mass., 12 Mar. 1816 ; d. by the foundering of a steamer in which he was a passenger, in a gale on Lake Superior, 15 Oct. 1871 ; H. U. 1836. Emi- * His month's pay was never given to the Society. 332 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE nent as a mineralogist and geologist, and had been for many years occupied in surveys of the coal, copper, and other mineral regions of the U. S., Canada, and Nova Scotia. Assisted Dr. Jackson in the survey of the pubHc lands of Mass. and Me., in 1836-38 ; and Prof. H. D. Rogers in the survey of Pa. He contributed to '^Appleton's New American Cyclopaedia " (1857-63) 1,200 articles, and was subsequently engaged in scientific explorations in Califor- nia, Arizona, Ohio, &c. He was the son of Michael Hodge, a hiwyer of Newburyport, and Betsey Hayward Elliot, widow of Daniel A. Elliot of Savan- nah, and dau. of Dr. James and Susannah Tliacher of Plymouth, who d. 27 Feb. 1871. He m. in Plymouth, 3 Feb. IHif), Mary Spooner, dau. of John and Deborah Russell, and had — Elizabeth Thacher, 7 Nov. 184G. John Russell, 26 Nov. 1.S47. James Michael, 3 Apr. 1850. Mary, 17 Dec. 1854 He was b. Wreutham, Mass., 10 Feb. 1748, d. 30 Jan. 1834. Com. lieut. in Shepard's (4th) reg. 1777 ; capt. 14 Apr. 1780. He was a volunteer 20 Apr. 1775, and left the 7 army in June, 1783, having been in the actions at Long Island, Harlem, Frog's Point, White Plains, Danbury, Saratoga, White Marsh, Brandywine, Monmouth, and Rhode Island, and in several Indian scouts. His descent from Thomas,^ of Dorchester, in 1G45, a proprietor of Sherborn in 1662, who d. 11 Apr. 1705, and Hannah Shepard his wife, was through Eleazer,^ 20 Dec. 1660, d. 28 Feb. 1725-26, who m. Sarah Pond of Dedham; Daniel? 8 May, 16'J9, who re- moved to Wrentham ab. 1722, and m. Elizabeth Clark of Medfield ; David^ (his father), 10 June, 1726, d. 17!)o, who m. Lydia Bragg, 22 Jan. 1746-47. She d. 8 Sept. 1767. In 17S4 he m. Margai'et, dau. of Dr. .Tohn Druce of Wrentham- Children : — CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 333 John Drtjce, a teacher, b. 30 Oct. 1785, d. 21 Oct. 1835, unm. Chandler, b. 2 Jan. 1787, resided in Newark, IS J., had a dau., wife Deborah, d. 1856. David Lyman, b. 2 Jan. 1795, m. Mary Tuite at Cincin., O., d. s. p., St. Louis, Mo., 4 Sept. 1844. Of Barre, Mass. ; d. ab. 1803. 2d lieiit. of Whitcomb's (6th) reg. 1776 ; lieut. in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1777 ; capt. 1780. Taken by the Indians in 1778, while serving in the Northern army, and held some time in captivity to the permanent injury of his health. Son of James Holden and Brown of Barre. Of Sudbury ; d. N.Y. city, 3 Aug. 1818, se. 67. Com. adjutant of John Nixon's reg. 19 Apr. 1775 ; present at Bunker's Hill and siege of Boston ; com. capt. in T. Nixon's (6th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and served through the war. Se- lectman in ]\Iarlborough in 1783. By his wife Thankful, who survived him, he had — Thankful, b. 1783. William, b. 1785. Ann, b. 1787. Jonas, b. 1781). Mary, living in 1848. He was b. Concord, Mass., 1753 ; was adjutant and lieut. of Joseph Read's reg. 21 Apr. 1775 ; ensign in Nixon's reg. sixteen months, and until com. 2d lieut. 17 Apr. 1778 ; com. 1st lieut. 13 Apr. 1780 ; in C. Smith's (6th) reg. 1781-82 ; present at tlie battle of Bunker's Hill ; one of the storming party at Stony Point; brigade major in C. 334 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Greene's brigade in Sullivan's division in R.I. campaign of 1778-79, and served to the end of the war. He then settled in Holden, but removed to Leicester before 1804, and d. there 13 Mar. 1828. He m. Zipporah Hall in 1789. She d. Jan. 1827. He left a son Amasa, who has numerous descendants. Of Sudbury; d. Newark, N.J., 19 Apr. 1823, £e. 69. Com. 2d lieut. Nixon's (6th) reg. 22 Dec. 1777 ; 1st lieut. 6 June, 1779 ; served from 1776 to 1783 ; was during three years an officer in Washington's life-guard, enjoying in a peculiar degree the confidence of his chief, and experienced much hard service. He was b. Marlboro', Mass., 27 Dec. 1739 ; removed with his father to Petersham in 1753, and served in the old Fnench war (1756-63). He was one of the minute-men of 1775 ; and in July, 1776, was in Holman's reg. in N.Y. ; also in the battles of Harlem and White Plains. Com. 2d lieut. in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. early in 1777 ; 1st lieut. 11 Mar. 1778 ; served till the end of the war, after which he settled in New York, and was a pensioner, living there in 1820. His gr.-father, John, of Newton (prob. gr.-son of Jo/m, of Dor- chester, 1634, and son of Nathaniel), m. Elizabeth, dau. of Thomas Park; Jonas, his father, b. 12 May, 1711, d. ab. 1768; m. 2d Bathsheba Ivory, who d. ab. 1762. Ivory Holland had — Wilkes. Jonas, secretary and treas. of Union College, from 1833 to the close of his life, in 1839, whose son, Alexander, i-esides in N.Y. city. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 335 The younger brother of Ivory ; b. Shrewsbury, Mass., 19 Nov. 1752 ; private in Hohnan's reg. in 1776, and after- ward sergeant-major in his bro.'s company ; com. ensign in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. 7 Nov. 1777; lieut. 18 Sept. 1780 ; present at Harlem, White Plains, and Saratoga ; and some time paym. and clothier of his reg. In 1784, and again in 1793, he was engaged in surveys of Maine lands ; settled on a farm in Petersham in 1785, representing the town in the General Court in 1788 and 1789 ; removed to Belchertown in 1790, which he represented in 1794 ; and finally removed to Maine in 1800, and settled in Orono. Capt. of militia, and active in suppressing Shays's insurrec- tion in 1787-88, of which he wrote an account, contained in an extended manuscript memoir of his own life. He d. Bangor, Me., 21 May, 1844. He was an honest, industrious, and benevolent man. He m. .3 .Tan. 178.5, Lucy Spooiier. They had — Lucy Spooner. 30 Sept. 1786, m. Luther Eaton, who d. 1832, leaving four daughters and one son, Luther, b. ab. 1822, a civil engineer, and superintendent of the Bangor and Piscata- qua Raih'oad. LucRETiA, 11 July, 1789. Eliza Winslow, 15 Nov. 1792. Bathsheba Ivory, b. 18 Apr. 1803. Charles Tttrner. CHARLES TURNER HOLLAND. Only son of Park Holland, whom he succ. in 1862 ; b. Eddington Bend, near Bangor, 25 June, 1806 ; resides in Foxboro', Mass. He m. 1st, 28 Nov. 1844, Josephine C, dau. of Leonard Shavr of Fall River, who d. 15 Feb. 1852; 2d, May 8, 1854, Elizabeth 336 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE P., sister of his first wife, and widow of Isaac R. Shepherd. Cliil- dren : — Josephine Park. Eliza Winslow, b. 1858. 3tsnt fk}olliuUt. Lieut, in Vose's (1st) reg. ; com. capt. 21 Mar. 1782 ; in H. Jackson's (4th) reg. in 1783. He d. 20 Jan. 1831, in Burlington, Vt., leaving a widow, Clarissa. Dr. John Homans was the second son and third child of Capt. John Homans, who was b. 25 Oct. 1703, and who came to this country from North Forland, Kent Co., Eng., about 1720. He was master and part-owner of a ship voyaging between London and Boston, and brought over in 1734 the bell of the Old South Church, the gift of Thomas Hollis of London, nephew of the benefactor of Harvard Coll. of the same name. After repeated voy- ages, and the acquirement of a small fortune by mercantile ventures, he settled in Boston, whence in a few years he removed to Dorchester, where he spent the rest of his life in the improvement of his estate. He took an active interest in the events immediately preceding the Revolu- tion, and on Jan. 4, 1773, he was made by vote of the town one of the committee of correspondence to com- municate with similar committees of other towns in regard to concert of action, &c. Capt. Homans m. in 1725 Mrs. Hannah Osborn of Bristol, R.I., who d. 1747, leaving no children. In 1748 he m. 2d Elizabeth Alden, by whom he had eleven children. He d. suddenly in 1778, while walk- ing about his farm. Dr. John was b. Dorchester, 8 Apr. 1753. He was pre- pared for college in the Boston Latin School ; grad. at !}{]®KaARIlSc. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 337 H. U. in 1772, and studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Gardner, of Boston. With Dr. Holbrook of Dorchester and others, he dressed the wounds of those injured at the battle of Bunker's Hill on the evening following the action. On 1 Jan. 1776, he was com. surgeon of Col. Paul Dud- ley Sargent's (16th) reg., and from 18 Dec. 1776 to the period of his resignation, 4 Aug. 1781, was surgeon of Sheldon's (2d) reg. of light dragoons. He was with the army in the actions at Harlem and White Plains, and in those which preceded the surrender of Burgoyne, as well as in many other engagements ; was some time commissary of his reg., and during the latter part of his term of ser- vice was stationed on the Hudson. After leaving the army, he practised medicine in Boston ; but, liis health failing, he set sail from Boston in June, 1800, to make a voyage, in the hope of regaining it, but died suddenly on the third day after leaving port. He m. in 1785 Sally, dau. of James Dalton, Esq., a prominent citizen of Boston, who survived him till 1843. They had two children : one, a dau. who d. young ; the other, a son John. JOHN HOMANS, M.D. Only son of Dr. John, whom he succ. in 1840 ; b. Bos- ton, 18 Sept. 1793 ; d. there suddenly, 17 Apr. 1868. He was brought up in Boston and Dorchester, was fitted for college at Andover, and grad. at Har. Coll. in 1812. En- tering immediately ujjon the study of medicine, he took his degree of doctor in 1815 ; married in 1816 ; and, after a short stay in Worcester, established himself in practice in Brook- field, then the largest town in Worcester County. He soon obtained a large practice throughout the country, and was highly esteemed by all classes. He represented Brookfield 43 338 BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE in tlie legislature for one or more terms, and filled various other offices with general satisfaction. By the advice of his joreceptor and friend, Dr. John Gorham of Boston, he was induced to remove to that city, where he established himself in the spring of 1829. Here he soon obtained a large practice, and made a great many friends. He was Pres. of the Mass. Med. Soc. for two years, and was one of the standing committee of the Society of the Cincin- nati, in whose objects he always manifested the greatest interest. In June, 1816, he m. Caroline, dau. of Dudley and Eleanor (Clark) Walker, of Boston, to whom he had become engaged three yeai's before. She d. 10 July, 1867, after a married life of 51 years. They had 12 children, of whom 5 survived them, viz. : — Charles Dudley. George Henry, a captain in the 45th Mass. reg., in the war of the rebellion, b. 12 Mar. 1828, unm. John, 25 Nov. 1836, H. U. 1858, physician and surgeon of Boston, assist, surgeon in the regular army through the civil war, who m. 4 Dec. 1872, Helen Amory, only dau. of William Perkins, Esq., Treasurer of the Cincinnati. And two daughters, both unm. CHARLES DUDLEY ROMANS, M.D. Eldest son of Dr. John, whom he succ. in 1869 ; b. Brookfield, Mass., 25 Dec. 1826 ; H. U. 1846 ; a physician and surgeon of Boston, and since 1871 Secretary of the Society of the Cincinnati. He m. 6 May, 1856, Eliza Lee, dau. of Samuel Kirkland (H. U. 1825), and Mary Lyman (Buckminster) Lothrop of Boston. Chil- dren living : — John, 15 Mar. 1857. Caroline, 5 June, 1866. Ziiiton fL}oottv. Son of William and Sarah Hooker; b. Medfield, INIass., 12 Feb. 1752 ; d. Newton, Mass., 24 Dec. 1840. Member CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 339 of the Medfield company of " minute-men " in 1775. During tlie Bunker's Hill battle, his drum was pierced by a bullet, and he seized the musket of a fallen companion and rushed into the thickest of the fight. For this act he was soon afterward promoted to an ensigncy; was com. lieut. in Putnam's (5th) reg. 11 Apr. 1780, and served until 1783. Mr. Hooker was a man of strict integrity and great moral worth, and was never known to be at variance with any human being. He ra. in 1779 Sarah Barber, by whom he had — ZiBEON. Etsey, m. Charles Bemis. Adolphus. Brayton, d. in Newton, unm. Harlow, d. s. p. Sarah, m. Wm. Heard. George, m, and resides Newark, N.J. Charlotte, m. Silas Warren of Boston. Adeline, m. Oliver Hill, resides in Newton. Laura, d. unm. ZIBEON HOOKER. Eldest son of Zibeon, whom he succ. in 1841 ; b. Sher- born, Mass., 6 Apr. 1780, d. there 7 Dec. 1869. ^ He m. Mary Stearns of Hopkinton, who d. 26 Feb. 1832, and had — HiRAJi, b. 1805, d. , has a son, Hiram H., who resides in Cambridge. Mart Ann, 180G, m. Jacob Pratt. George B., 17 Apr. 1808, m. Hannah Kimball, resides in Sher- born. Laura, 1809, m. Thomas Gould. Sybil, 1811, m. David Daniels. Harrison G. O., 1812, m. Mira Whitney. Zibeon, 1814, d. unm. 1830. Oliver B., 1816, resides N. York. 34:0 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE David Stearns, 1818. Hannah T., 1819, m. Aaron Weeks. Harlow, 1824, m. Sophronia Travis. Thankful W., 1826, d. unm. Sarah E., 1829, m. Lucius Cook. Com. ensign in Vose's (1st) reg. 2 Apr. 1781 ; in Smith's (6tli) reg. 1781-83 ; living on a government pension in Conn, in 1820. i^ici)ael (JSatiricl f^outiin. He was a lieut. in Bigelow's (15th) reg., serving in R.I. in 1778-79 ; was com. capt. 28 June, 1779, and. was an active and zealous partisan officer ; capt. and dep. quartern!, under Gen. St. Clair in 1791, and d. in Feb. 1802, in Al- bany, where he was superintendent of U. S. military stores. He was a Frenchman of singular manners and character, and of remarkable personal appearance. (See Thacher's " Military Journal," page 433.) J^ici^artr Surcotnt ?l^oU)c* He was b. Boston, and d. there 22 Jan. 1793. Com. ensign in Shepard's (-Ith) reg. 21 June, 1782 ; app. lieut. 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791 ; capt. 2d sub. legion to rank from Nov. 1792. THOMAS HOWE. Eldest and only surviving bro. of R. S. Howe, whom he succ. in 1803 ; b. Boston, 1763, d. there 9 Aug. 1824. RICHARD SURCOMB HOWE. Eldest son of Thomas Howe, whom he succ. in 1825 ; d. in 1825-26. THOMAS HOWE. Only surviving son of Thomas, whom he succ. in 1828 ; d. Boston, 1 May, 1829, sd. 31. ?rt ;.^^^-^ From a Painting hy Gilbert Stuart, painted in 1823. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 341 Gen. Hull was the fourth of seven children of Joseph Hull of Derb}^ Conn., and was born June 24, 1753. He entered Yale College at the age of fifteen, and graduated with honor in 1772, having the English oration assigned to him. He first taught a school, and afterwards studied law at Litchfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1775. In April of that year he was chosen captain of the first company raised in Derby, and marched with Col. Webb's regiment to Cambridge. Here Capt. Hull re- mained during the siege of Boston, and his regiment formed part of the force which, by occupying Dorchester Heights, compelled the British troops to evacuate the town of Boston. After this event, Washington removed his army to Long Island. Col. Webb's regiment was engaged in the battles of Brooklyn and White Plains, and for its con- duct in the latter it received the particular thanks of the Commander-in-chief. In Dec. 1776, at the brilliant affair of Trenton, where Washington captured a consider- able force of Hessians, Capt. Hull acted as field ofiicer of the regiment, the lieut.-colonel and major both being absent. On Jan. 1, 1777, he was com. major in the 8th Mass. regiment, of which Michael Jackson was colonel, and John Brooks lieut.-colonel. Before the battle of Princeton, where Washington out-manoeuvred Lord Cornwallis, Major Hull was detached with a small force to observe and impede the progress of the enemy. Major Hull skirmished with the British advance guard during the whole afternoon, and so delayed the enemy that Washington was materially assisted in his escape. After the army was placed in winter quarters, Major 342 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Hull was ordered to Boston to recruit the regiment. In Apr. 1777, lie marched with 300 recruits to Ticonderoga, to join Gen. St. Clair at that post. Here St. Clair was attacked by an overpowering force under Burgoyne, and was obliged to retreat to the Hudson River and join Gen. Schuyler, a movement which excited a great clamor against him. Major Hull wrote a letter defending St. Clair, which was published in the newspapers of the day. Gen. Schuy- ler was also obliged to retreat before Burgoyne, to the west bank of the Hudson. In this retreat. Major Hull com- manded the rear guard ; and, though fiercely attacked by the British and Indians, he made a successful resistance. For his conduct on this occasion Major Hull received the thanks of Gen. Schuyler. In the battles of the 19th of September and the 7th of October, 1777, which resulted in the capture of Burgojaie's army by Gates, Major Hull took part. On the morning of Sept. 19, he commanded a picket guard of 250 men in front of the left wing of the camp, which afterward, by order of Gen. Arnold, was ;:einforced with 300 more, and held its ground from noon until dark, losing 150 men in killed and wounded. On the 7th of October, jNIajor Hull again commanded the advanced guard in front of the left wing ; and when about noon Burgoyne moved from his camp to attack the Americans, Major Hull was ordered to join his force of 250 men to three regiments of Arnold's right wing and Morgan's riflemen to oppose him. This was so success- fully done, that both the first British line, and the sec- ond under Frazer which came to the support of the first, were driven back to their camp. The next day Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga, where he was obliged to surrender. After this event his regiment was ordered to join Gen. Washington near Philadelphia, and in De- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 343 cember the army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Major Hull was at this time selected for one of the assistants of Baron Steuben, who brought to the army as its inspector general the discipline and drill of Frederick of Prussia, under whom he had served. On the 19th of INIay, 1778, Major Hull was with a de- tachment sent by Washington to reinforce the Marquis La Fayette, who was hard pressed by the British at White- marsh, near Philadelphia. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28th, the 8th Massachusetts regiment was commanded by Major Hull, the colonel being invalided, and the lieut.- colonel acting as adjutant to General Lee. The advan- tage was with the Americans ; but it was not a victory, owing to the misconduct of Lee. In the winter of 1779, Lieut. -Col. Brooks being absent on leave. Major Hull was in command of the regiment, which was ordered to Poughkeepsie, at that time the seat of the State Govern- ment, for winter quarters. Hardly were they established, when orders came to move to Kingsbridge, on the lines near New York. This produced great discontent in the regiment, a remonstrance written by the non-commissioned officers was addressed to the Commander, and it was feared by the officers that the men would refuse to march. Major Hull immediately paraded the regiment, arrested the ring- leader, whom he had tried by court-martial, and punished in the presence of the regiment, which then commenced its march to White Plains. Here Major Hull remained the whole winter, with 400 men ; and being eighteen miles in advance of the American forces, and in the face of the whole British army, his safety depended on constant vigilance. The service was so severe, that 200 men, with officers, were sent from the arm}^ every ten days to relieve one half the detachment. Major Hull himself visited his 344 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE outposts every day, riding about twenty miles during the day, and as much every night. He was never surprised. In June, 1779, Washington stationed most of his troops in the Highlands ; and Major Hull was emplo3-ed in build- ing four forts near West Point, when on the 14th of July he was ordered to join his corps to the forces of Gen. Wayne, for the capture of Stony Point. In the assault which followed, on the night of the loth, ISIajor Hull's detachment from the 8th Mass. resriment was in the rioht column, which was led by Wayne himself. The assault was made with the bayonet, not a shot being fired, except by a party under Major Murfee, who were ordered to open fire on the opposite side of the fort, to distract the atten- tion of the garrison. It was not a surprise, as has been stated by some historians, as the attack was made under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry, which commenced before the storming columns reached the fort. On Aug. 12, 1779, Major Hull was promoted to the rank of lieut.- coL, and was transferred to the 3d Mass. regiment. About this time the appointment of aide to Gen. Wash- ington was offered to Col. Hull, which would have been accepted but for the remonstrance of Baron Steuben, who requested him to retain his situation as inspector, which he did during the year 1780. In Jan. 1781, Col. Hull asked permission to attack the British post at Morrisania, on the East River, which was held by Col. De Lancey, with a force of about 500 Loyalists. Washington granted leave, though he expressed himself not sanguine of success. Six hundred men were assigned to Col. Hull for the enterprise, which was to march thirty miles over bad roads, with swollen streams to be crossed, and attack a nearly equal force about four miles in the rear of a large part of the British army. These impediments so much delayed the march, that the plan of a surprise failed. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 345 and the enemy were on the alert when Col. Hull reached Morrisania. A short conflict ensued, which resulted in the defeat of the Loyalists, with the loss of fiftj^-two pris- oners, sixty horses, and a number of cattle. The barracks were set on fire, with a great quantity of forage belonging to the British army ; and, though hotly pursued, Col. Hull with his prisoners retreated in safety to the American lines. For the successful conduct of this expedition Col. Hull received the thanks of Washington and of Congress. In July, 1781, Col. Hull was stationed with his regiment in the Highlands, under Gen. Heath, and was appointed adjutant and inspector-general of the army at West Point, and performed the duties of these offices until the summer of 1783, when, hostilities having ceased, he was ordered with eight companies of infantry to West Chester, to pro- tect the inhabitants of that region from the refugees and Tories, until civil government should be organized. On the 25th of November, 1783, Avhen the British troops evacuated New York, Col. Hull commanded the troops which escorted the Commander-in-chief into the city, and was complimented by him on the excellent appearance and high state of discipline of his troops. On the 4th of December, when Washington took leave of his officers in New York, Col. Hull was in command of the military escort ; and when, by direction of Congress, Gen. Washington disbanded the army, with the exception of one regiment and a corps of artillery, Col. Hull was selected by him for lieut.-col. of the regiment. In 1784 Col. Hull was sent by the government to Que- bec, to demand possession of forts Niagara, Detroit, and Macinac, which, by the treaty, should have been delivered up a year before. The British commander, however, de- clined to give them up. Col. Hull established his residence in Newton, Mass., in 44 346 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE 1786, and here he commenced the practice of the law. When the mihtia was called out m that year, for the sup- pression of Shays's rebellion. Gen. Lincoln was placed in command, and Col. Hull accompanied him as a volunteer. In Jan. 1793, Col. Hull was appointed by the President a commissioner to make arrangements with the Canadian government for a treaty with the Indians in the western country, with whom the United States were at war. He was instructed to remonstrate against their infraction of treaty pledges, and also against the practice of supplying the Indians with arms and ammunition for use against a friendly nation. Gov. Simcoe was civil, but was indisposed to enter into these questions, which were happily set at rest by Wayne's victory over the Indians that year. In the winter of 1798, Col. Hull was in England, and the spring he passed in France, where he Avitnessed the proceedings of the revolutionary tribunals in Paris. Soon after his return to Boston, he was appointed by the Governor judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and was elected major-general of the third division of the militia of the State. He was likewise elected senator in the State legislature. These positions he held until in 1805 he was appointed Governor of Michigan Territory, by President Jefferson. He was also appointed Indian agent, an office which was then connected with that of executive magistrate. In 1805, with the exception of a small strip of land about Detroit, the islands of Macinac and Bois Blanc, and a piece of ground opposite Macinac, six miles by three in extent, all the present State of Michigan, as well as most of Ohio and Indiana, was in the possession of the Indians. Gov. Hull made a treaty with them in 1807, by which they ceded to the United States an extensive territory on the south-eastern side of Michigan, in payment for which annuities were granted to the tribes. Many of the chiefs. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 347 however, headed by Tecumseh, refused their assent to this treaty ; and it was believed by the traders and agents that an extensive league was being formed against the Ameri- cans, to include all the tribes east of the Mississippi. In Feb. 1812, Gov. Hull being in Washington, accounts came to him from Detroit, that the Indians were becoming hos- tile, and he urged the necessity of a military force for the protection of the inhabitants of that exposed frontier. War with Great Britain was imminent. The President called upon the Governor of Ohio to furnish twelve hundred militia, prepared for actual service. The command of these troops, with the rank of brig.-gen., was offered to Gov. Hull by the President, but was declined. Col. Kingsbury, of the 4th U. S. Inf., was then ordered to take the command, but fell sick on his way to Washington. Gov. Hull, on being again applied to, reluctantly accepted the appointment, with no other object, as he stated, than to march the troops to Detroit for the protection of the inhabitants against the Indians. At this time the Lakes were in possession of the British, the Indians were their allies, and the inhabitants of Canada outnumbered twenty to one the people of JNIichigan. In three separate memorials addressed to the War Department in 1809, 1811, and 1812, Gov. Hull had urged the neces- sity of a fleet on Lake Erie. Gov. Hull, who was now also a brig.-gen., at once pro- ceeded to Dayton to take command of the troops. These consisted of three regiments of militia under the command of Cols. McArthur, Findley, and Cass. They were badly armed and half clothed, and neither the State of Ohio nor the General Government had made any provision for their equipment. On the 10th of June, at Urbana, Gen. Hull was joined by Lieut.-Col. Miller with a part of the 4th Infantry, consisting of three hundred effective men, making his force then fifteen hundred, which was the largest 348 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE number lie liad at any time under his command. From Urbana the distance to Detroit was more than two hun- dred miles, through a wilderness. A road had to be cut through the forest by the army ; bridges, causeways, and block-houses were built, and the latter provided with gar- risons, which labors were borne by the army with patience. The rapids of the Maumee were reached about the end of June ; war was declared by the United States on the 18th, but Gen. Hull received no information of it until July 2, fourteen days afterwards, though the British commander at Maiden had heard of it by letters franked by an American cabinet officer. In consequence of the delay in transmit- ting to Gen. Hull this important intelligence, a vessel in which he had shipped baggage, important stores, intrench- ing tools, and the invalids of the army, was taken by the British. On the 5th of July the small army arrived at Detroit. On the 9th orders were received from Washington, dated fifteen days before, authorizing Gen. Hull to commence offensive operations ;• and on the 12tli he crossed the river into Canada. Gen. Hull there intrenched himself, issued a proclamation to the Canadians, and detached Col. Mc- Arthur to pursue the Indians who were in the neigh- borhood, and to go to the river Thames for provisions. He returned on the 17th with two hundred barrels of flour and some military stores. Meantime, events were occurring which threatened to make the position of the American army a very dangerous one. These were, first, the fall of Macinac, which had been taken with its garrison of sixty men by a force of 625 Canadians and Indians. By this event all the Indians of the North-West were encouraged to unite against the Americans; and a body of sixteen or seventeen hundred Indians and North-West company-men were soon on their march for Maiden. A second source of danger was the CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 349 interruption of Gen. Hull's communications with Ohio. Lake Erie was commanded by a British fleet, and there were no American armed vessels upon it. The wilderness between Detroit and Ohio was filled with hostile Indians ; and there was no other source besides Ohio whence supplies or reinforcements could come. Gen. Hull had in many letters to the administration insisted on the occupation of the lakes as essential to military success, and had a right to believe that, if ordered on this duty, he would be supported with a naval force ; but none was provided till two years after the fall of Detroit. Hearing that some cattle were on the way from Ohio, intended for his army. Gen. Hull detached Major Van Home with two hundred and fifty men to bring them into camp ; but the party was attacked by the Indians, and entirely defeated. Thirdly, according to the original plan of the campaign, it was determined that Canada should be invaded both at Detroit and Niagara. The charge of one of these invasions had been given to Gen. Hull, and he had thus far performed his part. He had cut his road through the wilderness and had invaded Canada. He did this, relying on promised support. He had asked for a fleet on Lake Erie, co-operation at Niagara, and reinforce- ments from Ohio ; and he was disappointed in all. As early as June 26, Gen. Dearborn was ordered to Albany to prepare a force for actual service in the direc- tion of Niagara, Kingston, or Montreal ; but so great was the confusion in the War Department, that Dearborn did not know whether or not he was to command at Niagara. On the 26th of July the Secretary of War directs Gen. Dearborn to co-operate with Gen. Hull at Niagara, and Dearborn writes on the 28th, asking : " Who is to have command in Upper Canada ? " No troops being collected at Niagara, and having no need of troops in that quarter, Gen. Brock, the British commander, was able to send rein- 350 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE forcements to Maiden. No movement being made by the Americans on Lake Champlain, Sir George Provost was able to send troops to Upper Canada ; and, instead of co- operating with Gen. Hull, as he was ordered. Gen. Dear- born acceded to an armistice, proposed by Sir George Provost, by which he agreed that the troops opposed to each other at Niagara should act on the defensive only, thus allowing Brock to send reinforcements to Maiden, while he deprived himself of the power of aiding Gen. Hull by demonstrations on the Niagara frontier. Gen. Hull found himself therefore entirely deprived of the promised assistance. Under these circumstances, the safety of his army demanded the reopening the commu- nications with Ohio. Gen. Hull therefore recrossed the river on the 7th of August, leaving a sufficient force intrenched to hold the British shore. The same day Col. Miller was detached with 600 men to open the road towards Ohio. About fourteen miles from Detroit, he met with a body of British and Indians, whom he defeated ; but such were the difficulties of the road, that Col. Miller was obhged to return without effecting his object, although he was within eighteen miles of the river Raisin, where there was a large convoy of provisions under Col. Brush. On the 14th Gen. Hull sent off Cols. McArthur and Cass with another detachment, to try by another road to reach Col. Brush, and escort him to De- troit with the supplies for the army. While these operations were taking place in the American camp. Gen. Brock was moving to the relief of Maiden with a force of 550 men. At that place, he was joined by Tecumseh with 1,000 warriors ; and on the 16th he sent to Gen. Hull a summons to surrender, which the general refused ; and that afternoon fire was opened upon Detroit from Sandwich, which was returned by an American bat- ter}"^ of 21-pounders. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 351 Early the next morning, Brock crossed the river about five miles below Detroit, his landing being protected by a large force of Indians and two ships of war. His intention was to wait in a strong position covered by his ships; but, hearing of the absence of Cass and McArthur, with five hundred men, he decided on an immediate attack. He was preparing for an assaidt, when Gen. Hull surrendered the place. His defence for taking this step rests on the following propositions: — 1. An army in the situation of that of Gen. Hull on the 16th of August, 1812, cut off from its supplies, and with no adequate means of opening its communications, must inevitably fall. 2. That, in this situation, to fight would have been a useless expenditure of life, and would have unnecessarily exposed the in- habitants of the territory to Indian cruelties. 3. That this situation was not his fault, but that of the Govern- ment, of Gen. Dearborn, and of circumstances for which no one is probably responsible. 4. That the troops of Gen. Hull on the IGth of August were much inferior in number to those of his antagonist. 5. That the provisions of the army were nearly exhausted, and no further supplies could be obtained.* To most of the country, who were ignorant of the true state of affairs, the news of the surrender came without warning, and the excitement was great. The Federalists, who opposed the war, made use of this disaster to show that they had been right, and threw the blame upon their opponents and the administration. At first the Govern- ment scarcely attempted to defend itself ; but it soon found * It would occupy too much space to give the details which prove these propositions : they may be found in the following works, from which most of this memoir has been compiled : — Eeport of Trial of General Hull at Albany, 1814 ; Memoirs of the Cam- paign of 1812, by William Hull ; Military and Civil Life of General Hull, by his daughter, Mrs. Campbell, and his grandson, James Freeman Clarke. 352 BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE a man ready to assist it to throw the whole blame of the dis- aster upon the imsiiccessfiil general. This was Col. Cass, who went to Washington and wrote his celebrated letter of Sept. 10th, 1812, which has been the principal source of all subsequent charges against Gen. Hull, and was even received as evidence on his trial. The object of the letter was to show that the whole blame was chargeable to the commander ; that he wanted neither men nor supplies, and that the British might have been defeated with perfect ease but for the cowardice of the general. This letter was published extensively, and had great effect on the public, who did not know that Col. Cass had written both to his brother-in-law and to Gov. Meigs, only a few days before the surrender, that the army was in want of every thing, and must perish unless assisted. As soon as Gen. Hull was exchanged, he was placed under arrest, and charges for capital offences were brought against him. A court-martial, of which Gen. Wade Hampton was president, was summoned to assemble at Philadelphia, where Gen. Hull appeared for trial. But this court was dissolved by President Madison, without reason assigned. After Gen. Hull had been another jeav under arrest, a new court was assembled at Albany, Jan. 3d, 1814, of which Gen. Dearborn was appointed president. Both the construction and the proceedings of this court were unfair to the accused. The man whose errors or miscon- duct had been a principal cause of the disaster was its president, and most of its members were young officers of no ex]3erience, some of them aides of Gen. Dearborn, and under his patronage. The proceedings of the court were unfair, the opinions of witnesses being received in evi- dence ; and although the best legal assistance was afforded to the prosecution, the counsel for the accused was not allowed to address the court. Charges of treason, cowardice, and neglect of duty were CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 353 exhibited against Gen. Hull, and he was found guilty of the two latter, and sentenced to be shot. President Madison approved the sentence, but remitted the execution of it. There was no need of its execution. The object was gained, which was to screen the adminis- tration from disgrace or ruin. Some victim was necessary, and the unsuccessful general became the scapegoat for the President and his party. Gen. Hull was acquitted of the charge of treason. The charge of cowardice was substan- tiated by the Opinions of the militia officers, who thought that the general looked, on the day of the surrender, as if he was terrified. After the court-martial in 1814, Gen. Hull returned to his farm in Massachusetts, where he passed the remainder of his life in agricultural pursuits. It was not until 1824 that Gen. Hull was able to procure from the War Department copies of documents necessary for his vindication, all his papers having been lost by the capture and burning of the vessel by which they were sent from Detroit to Buffalo. He then published " Me- moirs of the Campaign of 1812," which, where they were read, had the effect of changing public opinion, formed as it had been from the statements of government newspapers, and military men, who like Lewis Cass had risen on the downfall of Gen. Hull. In 1825 a public dinner was given to Gen. Hull by leading men of Boston, to express their sympathy and respect for him. The same year he visited his native town of Derby, Ct., where he was received with much atten- tion ; but the fatigues of the journey brought on an ill- ness, which proved fatal. He d. Nov. 25, 1825, aged 72 years. Gen. Hull was a man of fine personal appearance, and of polished address, combined with frank and soldierly 45 354 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE manners. He was of an amiable and kindly temper, and his latter days of trial were much soothed by an affec- tionate family. His descent from Richard ^ Hull, made a freeman of Mass. in 1G34, of New Haven in 1G31), d. 1G62, was through Dr. John,- bapt. 24 May, 1G40, first of Derby, afterward of Wallingford,. where he was a large Umdholder, d. 6 Dec. 1711 ; Joseph,^ b. 1662, d. 1744, m. in 1691 Mary, dau. of secretary Isaac Nicholls, who d. 1733 ; Joseph,* b. 1G94, a farmer, many years member of the Gen. Assembly; Josejyh^ (his father), b. 1728, d. 1775, who m. in 1749 Eliza Clark of Lyme. (Com. Isaac Hull was grandson of this Joseph.) He m. in 1781 Sarah, only dau. of the Hon. Abraham Fuller of Newton, who survived him less than a year. They had a family of seven daughters, and one son, Capt. A. F. Hull, 9th U. S. Infantry, who was killed at the battle of Lundy's Lane, July, 1814, ae. 28. Eebecca Parker, dau. of Gen. Hull, m. 18 May, 1805, Samuel Clarke. They had Samuel C. Clarke, adm. a member of the So- ciety in 1829 ; Rev. James Freeman Clarke, D.D. ; and four other children. lEpljraim Pfunt. He was b. Watertown, Mass., 5 Nov. 1758 ; d. Albany, 16 Oct. 1805 ; brother of Capt. Thomas Hunt. Com. lieut. in H. Jackson's (9th) reg. 9 Aug. 1781. He left a widow, Catharine, two sons, and a dau. in Albany. His descent from Enoch ^ Hunt, of "Weymouth, a first settler, was through Ephraim^- d. 22 Feb. 1686-87, oe. 77, and Anna Richards; Thomas,^ oi Boston, b. 1648, d. 11 Feb. 1721-22, who m. Judith Torrey ; Samuel,* of Watertown, b. 9 Feb. 1689, d. 1774, m. Mary Langdon, 24 Apr. 1712; John^ (his father), b. 19 Nov. 1716, d. 19 Jan. 1777, and Ruth Fesseuden. STIjomas ?i^unt. He was b. 17 Sept. 1754, d. at Bellefontaine on the Mis- sissii^pi, 18 Jan. 1809. Ensign m Bond's (25th) reg. 1775 ; CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 355 lieut. in 1776 ; com. capt. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 1 Mar. 1779. He fouglit at Lexington, Bunker's Hill, and at Stony Point, where he received a bayonet wound, and in Wayne's Indian campaign in 1794 ; was app. capt. 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791; maj. 2d sub. legion, Feb. 1793; trans- ferred to 1st Inf. Nov. 1796 ; lieut.-col. 1st Inf. Apr. 1802 ; col. 11 Apr. 1803. He m. 16 Aug. 1784, Eunice, clau. of Samuel and Abigail Wel- lington, bapt. 11 Dec. 1768. They had — George, 1785, d. early. Henry Jackson, 19 Nov. 1788, d. Sept. 1826. Ruth, 7 June, 1790, m. 1808 Dr. Abraham Edwards of N.J. George, 28 Sept. 1791. Thomas, 30 Jan. 1793, d. in U. S. Army, at Detroit, 1838. Abigail Wellington, 23 Jan. 1797, m. Col. Josiah Snelling, U. S. A. John .Elliott, 11 Apr. 1798. Samuel Wellington, 5 Nov. 1799, d. 11 Sept. 1829. William Brown, 16 Nov. 1800, d. 1839. Charles C. Pinckney, of Galena, 111., 29 Mar. 1802. Mary LeBaron, 6 Nov. 1803, m. Capt. Joseph Gleason. Eliza Mitchell, 18 Dec. 1804, m. James G. Soulard of St. Louis, afterward of Galena. HENRY JACKSON HUNT. Son of Samuel Wellington (an officer in the U. S. army) and Julia (Herrick) Hunt, and grandson of Col. Thomas Hunt, whom he succ. in 1867 ; was b. Detroit, Aug. 1819 ; West Point, 1839. Entering the artillery, he was com. 1st lieut. (2d reg.) 18 June, 1846 ; capt. 28 Sept. 1852 ; major (5th reg.), 14 May, 1861 ; brig.-gen. U. S. Vol- unteers, 15 Sept. 1862 ; lieut.-col. 3d art. 1 Aug. 1863 ; col. 5th art. 4 Apr. 1869. In the war with Mexico, he was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco (for which he was brev. capt. 20 Aug. 1847), and Molino del Rey, where he was twice wounded ; 356 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE storming of Chapultepec (for which he was brev. major, 13 Sept. 1847), and in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, 14 Sept. 1847. During the Rebelhon he served in the defence of Fort Pickens, Fha., Apr. — June, 1861 ; battle of Bull Run, Peninsular campaign of 1862 ; app. chief of art. of the army of the Potomac, 5 Sept. 1862 ; in the battles of South Mountain (14 Sept. 1862), Antie- tam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (May 24, 1863), Gettysburg (for which he was brev. col. 3 July, 1863) ; in the Richmond campaign, 4 Apr. 1864 to 9 Apr. 1865 ; and engaged in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and siege of Petersburg, and brev. maj-gen. U. S. Vols. 6 July, 1864; brev. brig.-gen. and brev. maj.- gen. U. S. A. 13 Mar. 1865, for gallantry at the siege of Petersburg, and in the campaign terminating with the sui'render of the insurgent army under Gen. R. E. Lee. He m. Emily C, dau. of Col. R. E. De Russy. She d. 12 May, 1857, iv. 2.J. They had two children. He was b. Boston, 1760, d. there 21 Aug. 1784 ; com. ensign in H» Jackson's (9th) reg. 18 June, 1781. His descent from John ^ Hurch of Boston, 1G3'J, d. 23 Sept. 1690, and wife Mary, was through Jacoh^^ of Charlestown, 1670, d. 7 Sept. 1694, oe. 41, who m. 21 Dec. 1675, Ann Willson ; Jacoh;' b. 21 Sept. 1676, d. 23 Sept. 1749, who m. Eliza Tufts ; Jacoh^'' d. Bos- ton, 1768, who m. (in London) Eliza Mason ; and John ^ (his father), b. Boston, 9 Dec. 1727, H. U. 1747, sec. to Gov. Wentworth of N.H., member of the Prov. Council, d. 1809, who m. in 1755 Eliza Foster. ro tern, of that CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 399 body. He Ijecame an officer in the militia at an early clay, and finally rose to the rank of major-gen., in which capac- ity he was in the U. S. service in 1812, and commanded the militia at the battle of Plattsburg, 11 Sept. 1814, with such credit as to merit the commendation of the State Legislature and the presentation of a sword. For thirty- eight years he was treasurer of the county, and was Pres- ident of the Clinton Co. Bible Society, and of the County Temperance Society. ZMilliam fHoor. He was com. 2d lieut. in Crane's art. 9 Sept. 1778, and served to the end of the war. Re-entering the service, he was com. a lieut. 1 May, 1787 ; com. lieut. of art. 29 Sept. 1789 ; and d. in 1791 at the river St. Mary's, Ga., leaving no descendants. 2UiUiam ^Hoorc. Of Oxford, Mass. ; d. there 6 Aug. 1819 ; H. U. 1767. Ensign in Ebenezer Francis's reg. in 1776 ; capt.-lieut. in Shepard's (4th) reg. in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778 ; com. capt. 15 June, 1779, and served through the war. JStni'amin fHocflan. Com. surgeon's mate in Vose's (1st) reg. 21 Mar. 1782; dischargedTo Oct. 1783. His widow, who lived at Ben- nington Centre, Vt., applied for a government pension in 1859. Of Epsom, N.H. ; d. St. Albans, Vt., in Jan. 1810, se. 76. 1st lieut. of Dearborn's Co. in Stark's reg. at Bunker's Hill ; com. capt. 1st N.H. reg. 8 Nov. 1776 ; major, 24 Mar. 1780-83. 400 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Silas J*lotton. He was the son of Silas and Martha Morton of Ply- mouth ; b. 21 July, 1752 ; d. Pembroke, Mass., 25 Mar. 1840. Entering a Plymouth company of minute-men early in 1775, he was com. lieut. in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and left the army a bvt.-capt. 30 Oct. 1783. Present at the siege of Boston, surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, storming of Stony Point, and at West Point at the time of Arnold's treason. He was often confidentially employed as bearer of despatches, and at the close of the contest, in recog- nition of his merit, was the recipient of a sword from Congress, which is now in the possession of the family. He m. 5. Jan. 1792, Elizabeth, dau. of Robert Foster of King- ston, and had — Elizabeth Foster, 23 Oct. 1792, m. 6 Dec. 1821, AYm. P. Ripley of Plymouth, d. 19 Dec. 1822, leaving one dau.. Silas, 2 Aug. 1794, d. 1872-73. Cakoline, 30 May, 1796, m. 11 Mar. 1821, Robert Briggs of Boston, and has surviving 3 sons and 3 daughters. George AVashington, 1G Aug. 1798, m. Jan. 1821, Sarah H. Carter of Augusta, Me., d. 25 Sept. 18G2. One son and two daughters surv. Sarah Foster, 27 Dec. 1800, m. 3 May, 1825, Wm. C. Bar- stow of Pembroke. Has surv. 2 sons and 3 daughters. Mary Ann, 10 Dec. 1803, unm. Lucia Davis, 9 June, 1806, m. 20 Feb. 1825, Isaac Folsom of Me. Has surv. 2 sons and 3 daughters. Harriet, 19 May, 1810, m. 23 Apr. 1832, Caleb C. Gilbert of New Bedford, no issue. EDWARD STRONG MOSELEY. He was b. Newburyport, Mass., 22 June, 1813. Ebe- nezer his grandfather, a direct descendant from John Moseley, or Maudesley, of Dorchester, 1630, freeman 1638-39, was b. 19 Feb. 1741, at Windham, now Hampton, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 401 Ct. ; grad. Y. C. 1763 ; oi'dained in Sept. 1767, to a ministry among the Western Indians, as missionar}^ of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in N. E. Com. capt. in Apr. 1775, in Israel Putnam's (3d Ct.) reg., which he accom- panied to Cambridge, and was in the battle of Bunker's Hill. In 1777 the Governor authorized him to raise 1,092 men to join the army at Providence under Gen. Spencer, and he was app. one of the captains. Col. of the 5th Ct. reg. in 1789, 1790, and 1791. He represented Windham during the latter part of the Revolution and for some years subsequently^ and d. 20 Mar. 1825. His son, Hon. Eben- ezer, b. 21 Nov. 1781, grad. Y. C. 1802, settled in Newbury- port ; was col. (6th) reg. Mass. militia in 1813-14 ; rep- resentative and senator of Mass., and Master in Chancery ; president of the Essex Co. Agricultural Society ; and filled many positions of public trust and honor. Edward Strong, his eldest son, was admitted in 1867 a member of the Society, under the rule of May, 1854 ; was engaged for many years in the East India trade, and is president of the Mechanic's National Bank, Newburyport, and of the Institution for Savings. In 1870 he received the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale College. The descent of Ebenezer S. Moseley from John^ of Dorchester, fl. 1661, and wife Elizabeth, was through J%omas,"^ d. 22 Oct, 1706, who m. 28 Oct. 1658, Mary, dau. of Thomas Lawrence of Iling- ham ; Ebenezer,^ b. 4 Sept. 1073, who m. Hannah Weeks; Rev. Samuel," b. 15 Aug. 1708, d. 26 July, 1791, 11. U. 1729, ord. pas- tor 2d church in Windham (now Hampton, Ct.), 15 May, 1734, who m. 4 July, 1734, Bethiah Billings, widow of Rev. Wm. Bill- ings and dau. of .Joseph Otis, Esq. ; Col. Ebenezer,^ b. 19 Feb. 1741, d. 20 Mar. 1825, who m. 14 Sept. 1773, Martha Strong, sister of CtOv. Caleb Strong ; Hon. Ebenezer ^ (his father), who m. 17 June, 1810, Mary Ann, dau. of Edward Oxnard (H. U. 1767). Edward S. Mosele}^ m. 5 Feb, 1839, Charlotte Augusta, dau. of Rev, George T. Chapman, D,D., and had — 51 402 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE George Chapman, 19 May, 1841, d. G Dec. 1848. Edward Augustus, 23 Mar. 1846, m. 13 Apr. 18G9, Catharine M. Prescott. Charles Willtaji, 24 Dec. 1847. Mary Alice, 14 Mar. 1850. Frederic Strong, 19 Mar. 1852. Arthur Chapman, 19 Mar. 1854, d. 19 Apr. 1854. Charlotte Augusta, 2G Mar. 185G. Georgian A Oxnard, 22 Apr. 1858, d. 2 Mar. 18G5. Samuel pigrCdt. Of Watertown, Mass. ; was a private in A. Crafts's Co. of Bond's reg. in 1775 ; com. lieut. and quartermaster in Sprout's (12th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; 1st lieut. 5 Sept. 1780 ; in 2d reg. in 1783 ; pensioner, living in Vt. in 1820. Married 11 Apr. 1786, Martha Brewer of Waltham, who was living in 1817. Natt)anicl tJ^ason. He was of Berwick, Me. ; enlisted in 1775 as orderly sergeant of a company raised in South Berwick ; was com. lieut. in Vose's (1st) reg. 1 Aug. 1779; quarterm. 1 Feb. 1782 ; and was brevet-capt. at the close of the war. A curiously engraved powder-horn which he had at Ticon- deroga, Nov. 1776, when in the 18th (Phinney's) reg., is preserved. He d. in South Berwick, 27 July, 1818, ce. 72. His wife, Betsey JNIanning, d. in June, 1837. Tliey had — Sabina, who m. Moses Grant, and had G sons and 1 daughter. Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, b. 4 June, 1791, d. 1872 (elected a member of the Society in 18G9), m. 7 July, 1825, Sarah W., dau. of Richard Garland, a Revol. soldier of Bartlett, N.H. (b. 28 Apr. 1794). Hope, m. nannuli Hubbard, and had 3 daughters and 1 son. Ji}tnvs Kelson. Ensign and quarterm. in Vose's (1st) reg. ; com. lieut. 15 Mar. 1782 ; in 3d reg. 1783. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 403 He was b. Ct. 1733 ; removed in early life to Saugus, Mass. Was com. by Gov. Pownall, 20 Feb. 1760, an en- sign in Ruggles's (1st) battalion serving in the French war ; was capt. of a Lynn Co. in May, 1775 ; in Mansfield's reg. and in Hatchinson's reg. at the siege of Boston and invasion of Canada ; major in 1776 ; lieut.-col. of Put- nam's (5th) reg. 17 May, 1777 ; present at Burgoyne's surrender, and served with honor throughout the war. He settled in Salem in 1784 ; in 1791 was app. Collector U. S. Revenue for a portion of Essex Co. ; and d. 7 Apr. 1798. An obituary notice of Col. Newhall speaks thus : " He served his country with fidelity and honor ; and in civil and domestic life the character of an honest man, faithful friend, tender husband, and kind parent, was most con- spicuous in him." lie m. 1st Sarah Fuller of Lynn; 2d, Eliza Breed, widow of Albert Gray, and had — Thomas. Samuel. Gilbert, 10 Oct. 1775, d. 15 Oct. 18G3, who followed his father's business, and kept a livery stable. Joseph, a tinsmith, who d. unm. THOMAS NEWHALL. Eldest son of Col. Ezra, whom he succ. in 1802 ; b. Sau- gus, 1754 ; d. Salem, 1 Jan. 1832. He m. 30 Dec. 1783, Mehitable Cheever (b. 23 July, 1762, d. 12 Jan. 1830), and had — Thomas, 12 Oct. 1784, lost at sea, Oct. 1811. Sally, 7 Jidy, 1787, d. 3 Dec. 1787. Lyman, 3 Feb. 1790, d. in infancy. Samuel, 3 May, 1792, lost at sea, Oct. 1811. Dudley S., 4 July, 1794, d. Illinois, 7 Dec. 1842. 404 BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Sarah, 31 Jan. 1797, m. 8 May, 1820, Wm. S. Wait, d. Illinois, 14 Sept. 18G5. Charlotte, 2 Oct. 1799, d. 14 Oct. 1801. Edward A. II., 5 Dec. 1802. Benjamin L. Newhall, grandson of Ezra, app. for adm. in 1872. He entered the Boston Latin School hi 1766 ; served two years and seven months in Crafts's art. reg. as a lie at., afterward in the navy until 1783, and was twice a prisoner ; in Capt. S. Nicholson's frigate in the Delaware ; and in the " Deane " in May — Nov. 1782. App. lieut. 2d U. S. Inf. 4 INIar. 1791 ; capt. 7 Nov. 1791, but had been killed 4 Nov. 1791, in St. Clair's battle with the Miami Indians. Adm. a member of the Soc. in 1786. HENRY NEWMAN. Eldest brother of Samuel, whom he succ. in 1802 ; b. Boston, 1756 ; d. 28 Nov. 1811 ; Boston Latin School, 1764. He m. Deborah, dau. of Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Gush- ing, who d. 9 May, 1845, i,e. 82. HENRY NEWMAN. Eldest son of Henry, -whom he succ. in iSlo ; d. Boston, 28 July, 1861, a3. 78. .Samuel tUCicijoIson. He was b. Chestertown, eastern shore of Md., 1743 ; d. senior officer of the navy, at Charlestown, Mass., 29 Dec. 1811. He was a lieut. under Paul Jones in the action between the " Bon Homme llichard " and " Serapis ; " was made a capt. 17 Sept. 1779, and early in 1782 com- manded the " Deane " of 32 guns, in which he cruised successfully, taking among other prizes 3 sloops of war wdth an aggregate of 41 guns. Again com. capt. on the reorganization of the navy, 10 June, 1794, and was the tirst CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 405 commander of the frigate " Constitution," which was built and launched under his supervision. Com. Nicholson m. at Ten Hills Farm, 9 Feb. 1780, Mary Dowse, a niece of Sir John Temple. She d. IG Apr. 1815, vd. 57. Chil- dren : — Ann Temple, 28 Jan. 1781, m. Greene, d. Norwalk, Ct., 6 May, 1853. Samuel, 19 Apr. 1783, d. 25 Sept. 1798. Joseph, 3 Oct. 1784, d. Phila. 29 Aug. 1821. Robert Dowse, 7 Apr. 1786, d. 12 Dec. 1798. Edward Dowse, 15 Dec. 1787, d. 14 July, 1807. Nathanii^l Dowse, 14 Feb. 1790, d. Dedham, Mass., 24 June, 1822. Maria, 13 Feb. 1794, d. 10 Jan. 1859. James, 18 Sept. 1795, d, Lagrange, 18 Oct. 1822. Elizabeth Templk, 13 Nov. 1797, d. Boston, 25 Sept. 1798. Elizabeth Rebecca, 10 Mar. 1800. He was 1). Framingham, Mass., 7 May, 1736 ; d. on the passage from Boston to Portland, 12 Aug. 1800. Chris- topher, his father, came to Framingham from the South, and m. ab. 1726 Mary Sever. John, his elder bro., b. 11 Mar. 1727, was a soldier at the capture of Louisburg, in 1745 ; a captain at the battle of Lake George, 8 July, 1758 ; led a company of minute-men from Sudbury in the battle of Lexington ; commanded a regiment at Bunker's Hill, and was severely wounded ; com. brig.-gen. 9 Aug. 1776, and commanded the first Mass. brigade at Stillwater, where a cannon-ball passed so near his head as to impair permanently the sight of one eye and the hearing of one ear. In poor health, he resigned his com. 12 Sept. 1780 ; removed to Middlebury, Vt., ab. 1803, and d. there 24 Mar. 1815. Col. Thomas Nixon was an ensign in the French war (1756-63) ; capt. of minute-men, and present at the battle of Lexington in 1775 ; lieut.-col. of his 406 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE brother's (Col. John Nixon's) reg. at the siege of Boston ; col. of the 6th continental reg. from 9 Aug. 1776, to 1 Jan. 1781 ; distinguished in the battles precedhig Bur- goyne's surrender in Oct. 1777, and served to the close of the war with bravery and efficiency. He removed to Southboro' about 1784. By his wife, Bethia Stearns, he had — Gate, 31 July, 1758, in. AVm. Stowell of AVorcester, moved to Paris, Me., and d. 1842. Thomas. Asa, 17 Aug. 17G7, d. 1 Dec. 1771. Hannah, 21 Sept. 1772, ra. John Nichols of Southboro'. Bethiah, d. Southboro', 19 Mar. 1823. THOMAS NIXON. Only son of Col. Thomas, whom he succ. in 1802 ,• b. Framingham, Mass., 19 Mar. 1762, d. there 4 Jan. 1842. He was a fifer at the Concord fight ; quartern!. -sergeant in his father's reg. until discharged, 1 Dec. 1780 ; and was two years a selectman of Framingham. He m. IG May, 1790, Lydia Hagar, of Marlboro', who d. 21 May, 1822. Children: — Warukn. Otis, 11 Mar. 1796, who m. Swain, and moved to Ohio. SuKEY, 23 Nov. 1797, d. unm. 3 Aug. 1828. Reny, 25 Nov. 1799, d. unm. 29 Jan. 1824. WARREN NIXON. Eldest son of Thomas, whom he succ. in 1843 ; b. Framingham, 9 Mar. 1793, d. there 4 Nov. 1872. He was a farmer and also a teacher ; eleven years a selectman, and also a Justice of the Peace. He m. May, 1818, Salome Rice of Wayland. Children now (1873) living: — Marcellus (now an applicant for admission to the Society) and three dauglUers. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 407 Gen. William North was b. Fort Frederic, Pemaquid, Me., 1755 ; d. N.Y. city, 3 Jan. 1836. After his father's death, his mother removed with him to Boston, where he entered the Latin School in 1764, and was on the breaking out of the war employed in the counting-house of a mer- chant. On May 9, 1776, he was com. 2d lieut. in Gill's Co. of Crafts's reg. of art. ; capt. in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 10 May, 1777 ; distinguished at Monmouth ; aide to Baron Steuben in 1779, and a favorite "of that officer, whom he aided in his system of disciplining the army ; and j^res- ent at the surrender of Cornwallis in Oct. 1781. He was app. inspector of the troops remaining in service in 1781 ; was several times elected to the Legislature of New York ; was speaker of the assembly ; U. S. Senator in 1798, and a conspicuous Federalist ; and was one of the first canal commissioners of New York. App. in 1798 by President Adams, during the quasi war with France, adjutant and inspector-gen. of the army, with the rank of brig. -gen. Baron Steuben, who " loved him like a son for his unre- served devotion, for his jovial and amiable disposition, and for his energy and zeal," made him one of his executors, and bequeathed to him one-half of his estate, and the sword and gold box given him by the city of New York. John North, his immigrant ancestor, b. West Meatli, Ireland, came to America in 1730 with his wife Lydia, and settled in Har- rington, at Pemaquid, Me., and d. 1740. His son, Capt. John (father of Gen. Wm.), came over with his father in 1730 ; removed to St. George's River ; was captain of Fort Frederic and Fort St. George's during the French and Indian war ; judge of the C. C. P. of Lincoln Co., app. 1760; d. 26 Mar. 1763. He m. Elizabeth Lewis, who d. ; 2d, 31 July, 1746, Elizabeth, dan. of James Pitson of Boston. She d. 24 June, 1789. 408 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE William North m. 14 Oct. 1787, Mary, dau. of Hon. James Duane, who d. 11 May, 1813. Children: — Frederic Wm. Steuben, 14 July, 1788, d. 1789. Marie, 12 Aug. 1789, d. 8 June, 1812. James Duane, 28 Jan. 1791, d. May, 1792. Elizabeth, 1792, d. unm. 8 June, 1845. William Augustus Steuben, 1 Feb. 1793, m. in 1823 Mar- garet Bridged. 7 Nov. 1845 (Un. Coll. 1812), left 3 children. Adelia, 14 Ma)^, 1797, m. Major Henry Saunders, U. S. A. Com. ensign, 19 Oct. 1781 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. in 1783 ; settled in Belpre, O., in 1789, from western Mass. ; was a pensioner, living in N.Y. in 1820 ; and d. soon after- ward, leaving a large family. A nephew, Henry Jackson Oliver, was living at Broad Alban, Montgomery Co., N.Y., in 1827. He was b. near Boston, 1738 ;. d. jNIarietta, ()., in May, 1810. His parents, who were from the north of Ireland, took him when quite young to Barre, where his early years were passed on his father's farm. He had a good educa-. tion, and was a teacher when the war broke out, as well ' as a lieut. of a company of minute-men, with which he marched to Cambridge in Apr. 1775. Com. capt. in Doo- little's reg. 12 June, 1775, and present at the siege of Boston in James Reed's reg. in 1776 ; com. major, 1 Nov. 1777, in Greaton's (3d) reg. ; brigade major in 1780 ; Javt.-col. in 1782. He was engaged in the battles with Burgoyne, and especially in storming the German in- trenchments, 7 Oct., under C-ol. Rufus Putnam, to whose reg. he was then attached. Celebrated as a discipli- narian, and for a time acted as adjutant-gen. of the Northern division of the army. After the war, he bought a farm at Conway, Mass., and volunteered in 1786-87 in CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 409 the suppression of Shays's insurrection. In 1788 he was ^^ a founder of Marietta ; and in 1789, with Major Haffield White and Capt. John Dodge, he erected a saw and grist mill on Wolf Creek in Waterford, the first mills ever built in Ohio. He was a principal leader in this settlement, and active in its defence against the Indians ; was a represen- tative of Washington Co, in the Territorial Legislature in 1798, and one of the five councillors ; was President of the Territorial Council in 1800-3 ; col. of the 2d reg. terr. militia ; and a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He m. about 1775 Molly Walker, by whom he had a large fam- ily of children. His son William, b. Conway, 1771, was living in Wethersfield, Henry Co., 111., in 1849. He was b. 12 Nov. 1755 in Sharon or Litchfield, Ct. ; d. Newburyport, Mass., 21 Feb. 1837. He studied for a pro- fession. Receiving a warrant from Gov. Hancock as 2d lieut. in Crane's art. 7 Nov. 1781, he was com. by Con- gress, 17 Jan. 1782, also acting as paym. until 1783 ; and was afterward a merchant in Newburyport, where he held many municipal offices. LTp to 1833 he always attended the 4th of July meetings of the Society. He m. Jane, dan. of Matthew Perkins, and a sister of Jacob Perkins, the inventor. She d. 25 Oct. 18 1 5. Children: — Henry, 29 June, 1787, d. 1 July, 1815. Anne, 5 Jan. 1789, d. unm, 3 Nov, 1797. Benjamin, 8 Mar, 1791, d. 11 Oct, 1821. Nathan, 6 Dec. 1792, d. 4 Jan. 1795. Eben, 8 Sept. 1795, d. 28 Dec. 1818. Marie, 26 Sept. 1798, d. 8 Aug, 1814, William, 8 May, 1802, d, 8 Aug, 1802. Thomas, 15 Mar, 1807, d, 17 Mar. 1807. By his 2d wife, Mrs. Mary (Wylie) Knapp, who d. 28 Mar. 1835, he had — 52 410 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Jane Mary, 14 Jan. 1821, m. , d. 23 Jan. 1SG2. Henry Pardee m. in 1810 Fanny Long, dau. of Robert and Ruth (White) Long, grand-dau. of Judge Phillip White of N.H. She d. 1 July, 1814. Their child, Fanny Maria, b. 10 Oct. 1812, m. 27 Mar. 1834, William E. Currier of Newburyport, and d. 8 Aug. 1859. Their children were : 1. Henry Pardee ; 2. Marie Lonrj ; 3. Lewis Aiif/usfns ; 4. Rufus Choate ; 5. Frederick G. ; 6. Fanny Jane ; 7. Winfeld Scott ; 8. Wallace Bruce ; 9. Georgiana Au- gusta ; 10. Adelaide Wilhelmina. JSenJatnin parser. Of Andover ; d. 1801. Com. lieut. in Wesson's (after- ward H. Jackson's 9th) reg. ; served five years, and re- tired 1 Jan. 1783. He was the son of Daniel Parker ; was b. Boston, 3 June, 1760; d. Petersburg, Va., 8 Dec. 1798. Present with his brother Daniel at Bunker's Hill ; com. 2d lieut. in Crane's art. 13 Sept. 1777 ; 1st lieut. 2 Aug. 1780 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. 1781-83. After the war, he was a mer- chant in Petersburg, Va. Daniel, his bro. (H. U. 1773), d. Salem, Mass., in Dec. 1821. He was a 2d lieut. in Knox's art. 1776 ; was afterward in Brooks's (Tth) reg., and subsequently taught a grammar school in Salem. His descent from John ^ Parker, of Biddeford, England, one of the comp. of Richard Vines who took lands at the mouth of the Saco River, purchased in 1650 of the Indian Sagamore, Robert Hood, " Parker's Island," at the mouth of tbe Kennebec, d. in 1C60, was through John,- b. 1034, killed by the Indians at Casco in 1690, who bought of tlie Indians in 1059 a large tract of land on the west side of the Jvennebee, including what is now Phipsburg (his father his wife, and bro. were all killed by the Indians) ; Daniel,^ b. 1667, d. 1694, who moved to Charlestown ; Isaac,^ b. 1692, d. 1742; Dcuiiel^ (his fatlier), b. 1726, d. 1785, wdio removed during the Revol. war to Salem, and who m. Margaret Jarvis. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 411 ISAAC PARKER, LL.D. Brother of Elias, whom he siicc. in 1830 ; b. Boston, 17 June, 1768. He was the eighth son of Daniel and jNlar- garet (Jarvis) Parker ; gracl. at H. U. in 1786 ; studied kiw in the office of Judge Tudor ; settled as a lawyer suc- cessively in Castine, Portland (1801), and in (1806) Bos- ton ; was a member of Congress from Maine in 1797-99 ; U. S. Marshal for that district, 1797-1801 ; President Mass. Constitutional Convention, 1820, and took a spirited part in its debates when in committee of the whole ; Professor of Law in H. U. 1816-27 ; Judge Supreme Court of Mass. 1806-14 ; and Chief Justice from 1814 to his death, 26 July, 1830. He was a member of many of the societies in and about Boston, the American Academy, the Bible Society, and others, and was always willing to perform his share of the labor incident to such offices. " For more than a quarter of a century he was one of the most influ- ential men in the Commonwealth of Mass. This influence was noiseless and constant : it was found in the temples of justice, the halls of legislation, in the seminaries of learn- ing, at the ballot-boxes, on 'Change, in the social circle, — everywhere. He had genius without eccentricity, and learning without pedantry. In him firmness was united to flexibility, and delicacy with decision." He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from H. U. in 1814. He m. Rebecca Hall of Boston, and had Edward W. and seven other children. EDWARD WILLIAM PARKER. Eldest son of Isaac, whom he succ. in 1831 ; b. Castine, Me., 5 May, 1795 ; resides at Hyde Park, Mass. He has a son, James G., in California. ■412 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was the sou of Capt. John Patorson ; was b. Farm- ington, Ct., 1743 ; d. Lisle, Broome Co., N.Y., 19 July, 1808 ; Y. C. 17G2. He was a practising attorney, and Justice of the Peace ; and about 1771 moved with his wife's father, Deacon Josiah Lee, to Lenox, Mass. ; member of the Provincial Congress of 1774-75. The news of the battle of Lexington reached Berkshire at noon the next day, and at sunrise tlie following morning Paterson's reg. of minute-men Avas on the way to Cambridge, where it was emplo3^ed in constructing the first redoubt thrown up on the lines about Boston. On the day of the Bunker's Hill battle, his reg. defended Fort No. 3 in Charlestown, a work of their own construction. After the evacuation of Boston* Col. Paterson was ordered to Canada, where a part of his reg. was engaged in the disastrous affair of the Cedars ; after the retreat from Canada, the reg. joined Washington just in time to take part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He was com. brig.-gen. 21 Feb. 1777 ; was distinguished at Saratoga and at Monmouth ; was a member of the board of officers that tried Major Andre, and remained in service to the close of the war. Dur- ing Shays's rebellion, 1786-87, Gen. Paterson headed a detachment of the Berkshire militia, ordered out for its Broome Co., N.Y., he became Chief Justice of the County suppression. Subse(i[uently, removing to Binghampton, Court ; was four ^-ears a member of the Assembly ; mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1801 ; member of Congress, 1803-5 ; and was Vice-Pres. of the Mass. Soc. Cin. in 178o-8G. He m. 176G, Elizabeth Lee. They had — JosiAH Lee, 8 Oct. 17G6, m. Jan. 1788, Clarissa, dau. of Geu. Caleb Hyde. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 413 Hannah, m. Eggleston. Polly, cL S. Carolina, unm. Ruth, Aug. 1774, m. 14 Nov. 1797, Ira Seymour of Lisle. Betsey, d. unm. John Piekce, 5 May, 1787, m. 16 Sept. 1809, Sally Osborn. Maria, 1789, m. Apr. 1808, Samuel Kilborn of Spencerport, N.Y. He was b. Bedford, Mass., 7 Dec. 1742 ; d. 1829. Pres- ent at Bunker's Hill ; com. lieut. in Alden's (afterward Brooks's 7th) reg. ; and was in the battles with Burgoyne, and in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in northern N.Y. His first wife, Elizabeth Pearl, m. 9 Feb. 1764, d. 11 Mar. 1776 ; his second, Sarah Pearl, m. 18 Mar. 1780, d. Feb. 1847. Joiju Inciter. He was the son of Isaac and Mary (Hardy) Peirce ; b. Boston, 28 Sept. 1750 ; d. unm. at Fort McHenry, Walnut Hills, near Vicksburg, Miss., 22 July, 1798, of a climatic disease, contracted while in garrison at Fort Adams, left bank of the Mississippi River, at which place he had been for some time stationed. Com. lieut. in Knox's art. in 1776 ; 2d lieut. in Callender's Co. Crane's art. 12 Sept. 1777 ; capt.-lieut. 12 Sept. 1778, serving in Rhode Island. He saw much active service, commencing with the siege of Boston and ending only with the close of the war in 1783. Re-entering the service of his country under the Confed- eration, he was com. lieut. 1 May, 1787 ; lieut. of art. 29 Sept. 1789 ; capt. Oct. 1791. Isaac Peirce, his bro. (b. 25 Dec. 1753, d. 27 Feb. 1781), was aide-de-camp to Major- Gen. Gates, with the rank of major. His youngest bro., * Did not contribute his montli's pay to the Society. 414 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Hardy Peirce (h. 20 July, 1756), was a Kent, in Knox's art., and was killed at Fort Lee, 5 Nov. 1776. His descent from Thomas,^ of Charlestown, 1634, freeman G May, 1635, d. 7 Oct. 1666, jc. 83, and wife Elizabeth, was through Thomas,^ b. Eng., who was in Woburn as early as 1G43, many years select- man of W., and styled " Sargent Thomas Peirce," d. 6 Nov. 1683, who m. Elizabeth (d. 5 Mar. 1688) ; Samuel,^ b. 7 Apr. 1656, free- man 1684, who m. 9 Dec. 1680, Lydia Bacon; Isaac,* b. Boston, 22 Mar. 1687, a freeman and entitled Esq., m. 5 May, 1708, Grace, dau. of Lewis Tucker of Casco ; Isaac ^ (his father), b. Boston, 12 Oct. 1722, d. there 11 Dec. 1811, who m. 5 Jan. 1745, Mary Hardy of Salem, and had 8 children. JOSEPH PEIRCE. Eldest brother of John, whom he sncc. in 1808 ; b. Bos- ton, 25 Dec. 1745 (the North Church, P)Oston, chime of bells was first rung Christmas Day, 1745) ; d. there 1 Jan. 1828 ; Boston Latin School, 1756. Boston gave to the cause of the Revolution no family more patriotic, devoted, and self-sacrificing, than that of Isaac Peirce, 2d, and his four sons here noticed. Joseph, tlie elder, was a promi- nent merchant of the town, a man of great integrity, and possessed considerable influence with his fellow-citizens. Feeble health and a 3'oung and increasing famih^ prevented his taking an active part in the struggle for liberty, Avhich, however, received the aid both of his purse and his influ- ence. From his store on the north side of State Street he witnessed the " Massacre " of 5 Mar. 1770. Li connection with the sufferings of the inhabitants of Boston during the siege, he often spoke of the fact that rats were eaten occa- sionally to appease hunger. He was the founder of the Provincial "(rrcnadier" corps, and its commander on the occasion of its first parade, 8 June, 1772 ; Henry Knox, afterward major-gen. and Secretary of War, being second in command. The s})lendid uniform, military appearance, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 415 drill, and efficiency of this corps, are of traditional renown. It elicited the commendation of the British officers then in Boston, and received the special notice of Gov. Gage on his public entry into Boston in May, 1774. He was the friend and correspondent of Gen. Knox, with whom he was afterward associated in the proprietorship of large tracts of land in Maine. Knox's letters to him were, un- fortunately, lost in 1811, by the burning of a store in which they were deposited. Mt. Peirce, from his personal acquaintance with the leaders of the Revolution and the principal officers of the army, and having himself participated in the early events of the contest, was, in his old age, full of remin- iscences and anecdotes relating to them ; and was, conse- quently, a most interesting and instructive companion. His son, Joseph Hardy Peirce, succ. him in the Society in 1828, but omitted to qualify himself by making the usual declaration. He was b. Boston, 8 Mar. 1773 ; Avas a merchant and supercargo, and made several foreign voyages ; was Secretary of the Board of War of Mass. in 1812-14; clerk of the Municipal Court, 1816-30; agent of Mass. for claims against the General Government, growing out of the war of 1812 ; and was lost at sea, while on the passage from New York to Mobile and New Orleans, in Dec. 1831. Joseph m. 6 Apr. 1771, Ann, dan. of Col. Thomas Dawes. Chil- dren : — Joseph Hardy. Ann, 11 Aug. 1774, d. 10 Oct. 1800, m. Rev. John Lathrop, D.D., of Boston, whose dau., Ann Peirce, m. Thomas Motley. They were the parents of Hon. J. Lothrop INIotley. Hanxah Daaves, 3 Jan. 1783, m. Thos. P. Kettell, d. 1856. Elizabeth Somes, 25 Oct. 1787, m. Fitch Pool Putnam. Maria Peirce, Oct. 1789. 416 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Children of Joseph Hardy and Frances Temple (Cordis) Peirce (m. Dec. 1701): — Joseph, 9 May, 1792, d. 3 Sept. 1823. Frances, 17 Jan. 1794, m. 24 Oct. 1810, Henry Gray, d. 22 Mar. 1830. Delia, 16 Feb. 1796, m. 1851, Gen. J. L. C. Amee. Marcia, 29 Ai)r. 1797, m. Tlios. Blanchard (celeb, inventor), d. 15 Nov. 1861. Marcus TuIUus, 17 May, 1799, m. 28 Apr. 1830, Sarah C. E. Wood, d. 17 Apr. 1833. Constantius, 9 May, 1801, m. 25 Nov. 1823, Mary Steer, d. while a captain of volunteers in the Texan war of indepen- dence. Isaac, 21 Jan. 1803, d. 1863. Laura, 28 Apr. 1804, m. 6 Sept. 1825, Capt. S. M. Holland. Ann, 30 Apr. 1805, m. 22 Sept. 1835, E. A. West. Mar^j Elizabeth, 31 Mar. 1807, m. E. F. Hall. Henry A. John, 6 Aug. 1812, m. . Harcbj, 21 Mar. 1814, d. 1 May, 1838. HENRY AUGUSTUS PEIRCE. Son of Joseph Hardy, and grandson of Joseph Peh-ce, Avhom he succ. in 1856 ; b. Dorchester, Mass., 15 Dec. 1808. Educated at the public schools of Boston, excepting for a period of about one year while a member of Mr. Gideon F. Thayer's school. In Oct. 1824, at the age of sixteen, he embarked in the " Griffin," commanded by his brother Marcus T. Peirce for a voyage to the N. W. coast, a country now known as the Territory of Alaska, where he was engaged in tlie fur trade until the year 1829, when he sailed for Honolulu, where he resided as a merchant until his return to Boston, with a moderate fortune, in 1842. Here he became an extensive merchant and ship-owner, engaged in commerce with the Hawaiian Islands, Russian settlements in Asia, California, jNIanila, and China. Dur- incT the civil war he encountered severe losses ; and in 1867, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 417 having, withdrawn in a great measure from business, he settled in Yazoo Co., Miss., as a cotton planter. Owing to unj^ropitious seasons, and also to unfortunate speculations in the cotton market, he lost nearly all the remainder of a once large fortune, accumulated by so much of toil and enterprise. Through the interest of Hon. Hamilton Fish, President Gen. of the Soc. and Secretary of State of the U. S., he was in May, 1869, app. U. S. Minister, resident at Honolulu, Hawaiian Isles, in which capacity and place he now resides. Assist. Treas. of the Soc. since 1865. He m. 5 July, 1838, Susan R. Thompsou. Childreu : — Ella Augusta, 3 Oct. 1839, m. Frederick Clapp of Green- field, Mass. Henky Makcus, 23 Nov. 1846. He was b. Groton, Mass., 27 July, 1750 ; d. Peter- borough, N.H., 22 Nov. 1809. Com. capt. in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 5 Dec. 1779 ; wounded in the left arm, and afterward a pensioner. He m. Hannah, dau. of Gen. Henry Woods, of Pepperell. He was b. Boston, 1742 ; was a mechanic, and before the Revolution was a member of Paddock's Art. Co., in which Avere trained many valuable officers in that branch of the service. At the battle of Bunker's Hill he was a lieut. in Callender's Co., of which, after the court-martial and temporary disgrace of that l)rave officer, he was made cap- tain. Com. capt. in Knox's reg. of art. 1 Jan. 1776 ; in Crane's reg. of art. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. major of the same, 12 Sept. 1778 ; served through the war, and present at the 53 418 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE siege of Boston ; stationed at " Grenadiers "battery, N.Y., in June, 1776 ; at Harlem Heights in Oct. 1776 ; at Peek's and Fish Kill, Dec. 1776 ; Whitemarsh, Nov. 1777 ; Val- ley Forge, 1777-78 ; in Sullivan's R.I. campaign, 1778 ; in charge of the park of artillery and military stores at Providence, Nov. 1779 — fall of 1781; and afterward at West Point. On Nov. 10, 1785, he was app. to the com- mand of the Castle in Boston Harbor, then belonging to the State of Mass., and continued in command with rank of lieut.-col. until its cession in 1798 to the U. S. Col. Perkins d. of yellow fever at Boston, 27 Oct. 1802. His descent from Edmund'^ Perkins, of Boston, 1675, who d. ab. 1 693, and wife Susannah, widow of John Howlett, dau. of Francis Hudson, was through Edmund,^ b. 6 Sept. 1683, who m. Mary Far- ris ; William^ (his fother), and Elizabeth, dau. of William Palfrey of P>oston. He m. 20 Dec. 1763, Abigail Cox. Children : — William, lost at sea ab. 1792 ; no issue. Samuel. Abigail, m. Benj. Weld of Boston, d. Brunswick, Me. IClizabeih, d. unm. at Brighton, Mass. Ann, b. Providence, R.I., m. Samuel Rogers of Boston, d. Brighton, Mass. Henry, b. Boston, d. at sea ; no issue. Charles .Tames, b. Boston, 17 June, 1784, d. Rio Janeiro, 26 Aug. 1817 ; no issue. La Fayette, b. Castle Island, Boston Harbor, 26 Mar. 1786, M.D. (II. U. 1814), m. Dorcas, dau. of Benj. Abbot, 30 Dec. 1817 ; had six children. SAMUEL PERKINS. Eldest son of Col. William, whom he succ. in 1804 ; Assist. Treas. 1835-41 ; Treas. 1841-45 ; b. Boston, 2 Sept. 1770; d. Roxbury, Mass., 1 Aug. 1846. When about thirteen yeai's old he became an apprentice to Major John Johnston, portrait painter ; and at nineteen began the paint- ing business, chiefly on houses and ships, and continued it CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 419 till abovit 1815, when he undertook to paint carpets. He built a large factory for this business in Roxbury, which he carried on for some years. President of the Mass. Char- itable Mechanics' Asso. in 1825 and 1826. Samuel Perkins m. 16 May, 1793, Elizabeth, dau. of Nathaniel Call of Boston, and had five sons, four of whom d. without issue, and six daughters. WILLIAM PERKINS. Eldest son of Samuel, whom he succ. in 1847 ; Treas. of the Soc. since that date ; b, Boston, 4 Oct. 1804 ; re- sides in that city, where he has long been a prominent and successful merchant. He m. 2 Nov. 1835, Catharine Callender, dau. of John Amor}' ot Dorchester. Children : — James Amory, 9 Jidy, 1836, H. U. 1856, 1st lieut. 24th Mass. Vols., killed at Morris Island, S.C, 26 Aug. 1863 ; no issue. William Edavard, 23 Mar. 1838. Robert Shaw, 6 July, 1842, d. 8 June, 1873. Helen Amory, 25 May, 1846. ANDREW P. PERRY. Grandson of Poladore Hamlin, and great-grandson of Africa Hamhn, whom he succ. in 1872 ; a teacher ; re- sides in Boston. i^ntrcciD Jitters. He was b. Medfield, Mass., 24 Jan. 1742 ; d. West- borough, Mass., 5 Feb. 1822. He enlisted from Mendon as capt. in Col. Joseph Read's reg. in May, 1775 ; com. major in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com.- lieut.-col. of Bigelow's (15th) reg. 1 July, 1779 ; present at the siege of Boston, invasion of Canada, surrender of Bur- goyne, and continued in service until 1 Jan. 1781. He m. 30 Mar. 1768, Beulah Lovett. Children (all b. in Men- don) : — 420 BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE LovETT. Silvia, 8 Nov. 1783. Daniel, 27 July, 1770. Hannah, 14 Mar. 1786. Sibyl, 4 Sept. 1772. LOYETT PETERS. Eldest son of Col. Andrew, whom he succ. m 1824 ; b. Mendon, Mass., 19 Jan. 1769 : d. Westborough, 15 Jan. 1863. He m. Mary Plympton, and had — Beulah Lovett, 2 Apr. 1797. Andrew, 11 Mar. 1799, d. iinm. 11 Apr. 1840. Augustus, 7 Nov. 1800, d. Brookfield, Mass., 1847, m. at Roches- ter, N.Y., Oct. 1830, Lucy Pollard, and had John Lovett. Onslow, 1 Mar. 1802. Mart Plympton, 26 May, 1804. William, 5 Mar. 1807. Daniel, 9 Nov. 1808. John, 26 Dec 1810. JOHN LOVETT PETERS. Son of Augustus, and grandson of Lovett, whom he succ. in 1866 ; b. Detroit, Mich., 11 Jnl3% 1831 ; resides in Worcester, Mass. He m. 29 Dec. 1859, Mary Frances Eddy. Children : — William Curtis, b.N. Brookfield, Mass., 10 Feb. 18G1. John Eddy, b. Worcester, Mass., 17 Oct. 1866. Lewis ArorsTUs, 22 July. 1869. Josrpij Jlfttntflin. Com. ensign in Scamman's (afterward E. Phinney's) York reg. in May, 1775, and present at the siege of Bos- ton ; capt. in L. Bakhvin's reg. 1775-76, and in the opera- tions in N.Y., and battles of Trenton and Princeton ; com. major in Wesson's (0th) reg. 26 July, 1779 ; in Vose's reg. 1781-83 : and died soon after the war. y^y^^/Zl^ iy^^/^^ CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 421 Com. ensign in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 1777 ; com. 1st lieiit. 14 Oct. 1781 ; aide-de-camp to Gen. Paterson, and com. capt. 30 Sept. 1783 ; received half pay on account of wounds. He m. Feb. 1789, at Charleston, S.C., Susannah Frances Barksdale, and d. 7 Jan. 1810, at Spring Island, S.C. Com. lieut. in Wigglesworth's (13th) reg. 22 Oct. 1777 ; served in SulHvan's R.I. campaign, and wounded there (1778) ; in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783. He d. Baltimore, Md., in Sept. 1827, se. 80, leaving a widow who survived him nearly 30 years. His dau. Mrs. Eliza Spinola was hving in N.Y. in 1850. Com. lieut. 20 June, 1777, in H. Jackson's (16th) reg., and considered by him " one of the best officers in the line ; " in Mellen's (3d) reg. 1783 ; app. capt. 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791 ; killed, 4 Nov. 1791, in the battle under Gen. St. Clair with the Miami Indians. JOHN PICKERING, LL.D. He was b. Salem, Mass., 17 Feb. 1777. His father, Col. Timothy Pickering, an original member of the Pa. Soc, was b. in that town, 17 July, 1745 ; d. there 29 Jan. 1829 ; H. U. 1763. Admitted to the bar in 1768, he became the champion and leader of the Whigs of Essex Co., and first opposed an armed resistance to the British troops when (26 Feb. 1775) he, while a col. of militia, at the drawbridge in Salem prevented their crossing to seize some military stores. In 1775 he was app. a judge of C. C. P. for Essex Co., and sole judge of the Maritime Court for the 422 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE middle district. Joining- Washington in N.J. in the fall of 1776 with his reg., he was in May, 1777, made adj. -gen. of the army ; was made a member of the Board of War in Nov., and succeeded Greene as quarterm.-gen. 5 Aug. 1780. After the war he resided in Philadelphia, and in 1786 was sent by the goyernment to adjust a controversy between various claimants to the Wyoming settlement, in the course of which he was very roughly handled. He favored the adoption of the Federal Constitution in the Pa. Convention : was postmaster-gen. of the U. S. 7 Nov. 1791 — 2 Jan. 1795 ; Secretary of War, Jan. — 10 Dec. 1795 ; Secre- tary of State, 10 Dec. 1795 — 12 May, 1800; returned to Salem at the close of 1801 : U. S. Senator, 1803-11 ; mem- ber of the Board of War of Mass. during the war of 1812-15; and M. C. 1815-17. He was a leader of the Federal party in the U. S., a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of Pa. in 1790, and was active in pro- moting the cause of education. He M^as a talented writer, a brave and patriotic soldier, and a disinterested, able, and energetic public officer. Plain and unassuming in manner, he excelled in conversation. John Pickering, distinguished as a writer on law and philology, studied law in Phila. ; was in 1797 app. Secre- tary of Legation to Portugal ; was two years in London as private secretary to Rufus King, U. S. Minister ; and prac- tised law in Salem from 1801 to 1827, when he settled in Boston, where he was City Solicitor from 1829 until his death, 5 May, 1846. Though he had a large practice, his great industry and economy in the use of time made him one of the most profound scholars of the country and even of the age. He \yas three times representative from Salem, twice a senator from Essex and once from Suffolk Co., and was a member of the Executive Coun- cil. In 1883 he v.'as a member of the connuission for CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 423 revising the Statutes of Mass. In 1806 he was elected Hancock Prof, of Hebrew in H. U., and at a later day was invited to the chair of Greek Literature. President of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of the Oriental Soc. of Boston, and a member of many scientific and literary bodies in Europe. In 1843 he was admitted a member of the Mass. Soc. of Cin. He was the author of numerous treatises upon philology, being more or less familiar with twenty-two different languages. His prin- cipal work was a Greek and English Lexicon, begun in 1814, but not finished until 1826. His descent from John ^ Pickering^ of Ipswich in 1634, of Salem in 1637, b. Eng. ab. 1615, d. ab. 1655, and his wife Elizabeth, was through John^ who d. 5 May, 16!J4, se. 56, who m. 1657, Alice, dau. of Wm. Flint; John^ b. 10 Sept. 1658, d. 19 June, 1722, and wife Sarah ; Deacon Timothy^ d. 7 June, 1778, ib. 75, his wife d. 1784; Col. Timothy^ {\ih f-ither), who m. 8 Apr. 1776, Rebecca, dau. of Benjamin White of Boston. He m. Sarah White. Children : — Mary Orne. John. Henry WnrrE. JOHN PICKERING. Eldest son of John, whom he succ. in 1867 ; has been for many years a stockbroker in Boston ; resides in Salem. JScnjamin pCcrce. He was b. Chelmsford, Mass., 25 Dec. 1757. Losing his father when he was but six years of age, he labored on the farm of his Uncle Robert until Apr. 25, 1775, when he enlisted in Ford's Co. of Bridge's reg. and was in the battle of Bunker's Hill. Orderly-serg. of M. Jackson's (8th) reg., he was promoted ensign for gallantry at Bemis's Heights, 7 Oct. 1777, and was com. lieut. 7 July, 1782. He was, while a prisoner in N.Y., grossly insulted by a British officer, whom he ran through the body in a duel, 424 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE after the evacuation of tliat city. In 1786 he commenced clearing land for a farm in the valley of the Contocook River, N.H. ; was a representative to the General Court in 1789-1802 ; successively major, col., and (in 1805) brigadier-gen. of militia ; member of the Council, 1803-9 and 1814-18; sheriff of Hillsborough, 1809-14 and 1818-23 ; Gov. of N.H. in 1827 and 1829 ; Vice-Pres. of the Mass. Soc. Cin. from 1836 to his death at Hillsborough, N.H., 1 Apr. 1839. His descent from Thomas,^ of Woburn, 1643, many years select- man of W., and styled " Sargent Thomas Peirce," b. Eng., d. 6 Nov. 1G83, who m. Elizabeth (d. 5 Mar. 1G88), was through Stephen,^ b. 16 July, 1651, who settled at Chelmsford, and his wife Tabitha ; Stephen,^ one of the purchasers of Woualancet's possessions, south- west of the Merrimac, known as Wamesit, on which he afterward settled ; Benjamin* (his father), of whose 10 children he was the 7th. He m. 24 May, 1787, Elizabeth, dau. of Isaac Andrews, who d. 13 Aug. 1788, as. 20. He m. 2d, in 1789, Anna, dau. of Benjamin Ivendrick of Amherst. She d. Dec. 1838, dn. 70. Children : — Elizabeth Andrews, m. Gen. John McNeil, d. Mar. 1855. Benjamin K. Nancy M., m. Gen. Solomon McNeil, d. 27 Apr. 1837, se. 44. John Sullivan, lieut. in the war of 1812, d. Detroit, 1825. Harriet B., m. Hugh Jameson of Boston, d. 24 Nov. 1837, ge. 37. Charles Grandison, d. Utica, N.Y., 5 June, 1828, a?.. 25. Franklin. Charlotte, d. in infancy. Henry Dearborn, 19 Sept. 1812. BENJAMIN KENDRICK PIERCE. Eldest son of Gen. Benjamin, whom he succ. in 1841 ; b. Hillsborough, N.H., 21 Aug. 1790 ; d. N.Y. city, 1 Apr. 1850. App. 1st lieut. 3d U. S. artillery, 12 Mar. 1812 ; capt. Oct. 1817 ; major, 1 Oct. 1823 ; 1st art. 11 June, 1836 ; brevet lieut.-col. for distinguished service at Fort Drane, Florida, in which he commanded, 21 Aug. 1836 ; colonel of a reg. of CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 425 Creek moimted vols, in Fla. war, 29 Oct. 1836; lieut.-col. 1st art. 19 Mar. 1842. FRANKLIN PIERCE. Son of Gen. Benjamin and bro. of Col. B. K. Pierce, whom he succ. in 1852; b. Hillsborough, N.H., 23 Nov. 1804; d. Concord, N.H., 8 Oct. 1869; Bowd. Coll. 1824. He studied law under Levi Woodbury ; was admitted to the bar in 1827 ; practised first at Hillsborough, and about 1838 removed to Concord. In 1833-37 he was a member of Congress ; was a U. S. Senator in 1837-42 ; refused the offices of Attorney-Gen. and Secretary of War tendered him by President Polk ; vigorously supported the annexa- tion of Texas ; was appointed col. 16th U. S. Inf. 1846 ; brig. -gen. 3 Mar. 1847 ; joined the army of Gen. Scott in the valley of Mexico, and was severel}' injured by the fall of his horse upon his leg, 19 Aug. 1847. In the winter of 1850-51 he presided over the N.H. Constitutional Con- vention. Nominated by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore, he was chosen President of the U. S. for the term of 4 Mar. 1853-57, receiving 254 electoral votes to 42 for his Whig competitor Gen. Scott. His administra- tion was signalized by the acquisition from Mexico of Arizona ; the orgaidzatioa of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, by which the Missouri Compromise Act was repealed ; and by the troubles in Kansas caused by the efforts to make of it a slave state. The latter part of his life he passed in the practice of law at Concord. He m. Jane Means, dau. of Rev. Jesse Appleton. Henry Dear- born Pierce, his bro., is now (1873) an applicant for admission to his place in the Society. 54 426 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOSIAH PIERCE, JR. Of Portland, Me.; was admitted in 1859 under the rule adopted in May, 1854. His maternal grandfather Arche- laus Lewis of Westbrook, Me., enlisted as a sergeant in Jonas Sawyer's Co. of E. Phinney's reg. in Apr. 1775; was com. ensign (same reg.) 1 Feb. 1776 ; present at the siege of Boston ; promoted to lieut. 18 Apr. 1770 ; was lieut. and adjutant in Vose's (1st) reg. from 1 Jan. 1777, till his resignation, 20 Feb. 1779 ; and was a member Mass. Legislature from Falmouth in 1801. JJcnjamtn l^itxt. Of Douglass, Mass. ; was an ensign and afterward lieut. in Joseph Read's (13th) reg. at the siege of Boston ; cap- tain in Nixon's (6th) reg., com. 16 Oct. 1780, disbanded 1 Jan. 1788. He removed before 1788 to Pittstown, N.Y. Ksaac pope. Of Medford ; was a lieut. in Cotton's (Plymouth) reg. in May, 1775 ; com. captain in Shepard's (4th) reg. 1 Jan., 1777; com. major of 8d reg. 12 Oct. 1782; d. Wells, Me., in June, 1820, se. 80, leaving a widow Olive, who in 1827 was li\ing at the age of 80. He was of Welsh ancestry; b. Boston, 1748; d. Mai- den, Mass., 8 May, 1827. Before the war he was a tailor, and a member of Paddock's Artillery Company ; was a cap- tain of artillery in Gridley's regiment, and in the battle of Bunker's Hill and siege of Boston ; com. captain in Knox's artillery, 4 Jan. 1776, and in the battle of White Plains ; com. major in Greaton's (3d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; aide to Gen. Lincoln at Saratoga ; and com. lieut.-col. of Crane's CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 427 artillery reg. 15 July, 1777, in which he continued until disbanded in 1783. After the war, he removed to Bolton, Worcester Co., Mass., where he kept a store and also carried on a farm, — both unsuccessfull3^ Losing his first wife, Rebecca SnelUng, about 1794, he afterward married Mrs. Sarah Sargent, a niece of Rev. Ehakim Willis of Maiden, in which place he resided till his death. He was an inspector of customs in Boston, and walked from Maiden and back every day except Sunday, from 1789 until after he was 84 years old. His children were — John Snellixg. William, b. 1783, H. U. 1803, taught school and preached, and d. early in 1827. Ebenezer Willis, idiotic. REV. JOHN SNELLING POPKIN, D.D. Eldest son of Col. John, whom he sacc. in 1827 : b. Boston, 19 June, 1771 ; d. Cambridge, Mass., 2 Mar. 1852 ; H. U. 1792 ; Greek tutor at Harv. Univ. 1795-98 ; Pro- fessor of Greek, 1815-26 ; Eliot Professor of Gr^ek Lit- erature, 1826-33, and received the honorary de^^ree of D.D. from that University in 1815 ; pastor of the Federal St. (Unitarian) Church, Boston, 1799-1802 ; and of the First Church, Newbury, 1804-15. JSnilamiu JJoutis porter. He was the son of Major Billy Porter ; was b. Beverly, Mass., 20 Sept. 1763; d. Camden, Me., 18 Aug. 1847. After completing his academical course at Byfield Acad- emy, he studied medicine with his uncle Dr. Jones, a sur- geon in the continental army ; was com. surgeon's mate in Tupper's (11th) reg. 10 Apr. 1780 ; in H. Jackson's (4th) reg. in 1783 ; afterward practised medicine successively 428 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE in Scarboro', Westbrook, and Portland, Me. ; and became a partner with Hon. William King in the lumbering busi- ness in Topsham, whence, in the fall of 1829, he removed to Camden, Me. He sustained severe losses in consequence of the embargo, and b}^ the freshet of 1814 on the Andro- scoggin River. Prior to this, he was one of the Governor's council, and was also senator from Lincoln County. Dr. Porter was a man of rare conversational powers and great suavity of manners. Honorary A.M. of Bowd. Coll. 1809 ; Fellow and Treasurer, 1806-15. He m. Elizabeth L., sister of Hon. Eufns and Hon. William King, and had six children, of whom were — Hon. Charles R., of Bath. RuFUS J. King of^ Kingfield, Me. Bkn.tamin Jones, postmaster of Camden, Me., in ISi'iU. Of Sterling ; b. 1752, d. 1844. Com. ensign in Bigelow's (15th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777; com. lieut. 1 Mar. 1779; lieut. in Drew's Co. of Shepard's (4th) reg. 1 Sept. 1781 — 31 Dec. 1782; in H. Jackson's (4th) reg. in 1783. His dan. Betsey m. Keyes. ,rc)EL PRATT. Eldest son of Joel, whom he succ. in 1845 ; b. Sterling, Mass., 2 Mar. 1789. d. there 13 Sept. 1868. His only son, Major James A. Pratt, d. 14 Dec. 1870, a^. 43. There are several grandchild ven now living, one of whom bears his name. Joel Pratt. Joijn J^ras- He was com. ensign of Silas Weld's Co. in E. Phin- ney's reg. 1 Apr. 1776 ; lieut. in Bigelow's (15th) reg. in Sullivan's Rhode Island campaign in 1778 ; com. captain, 5 July, 1779. in Sprout's (12th) reg. ; app. to command of CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 429 Block House at Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 11 Mar. 1781. He joined the New York Society by transfer, and d. in N.Y. city in Sept. 1812. WILLIAM PITT PREBLE. Son of Hon. Wm. Pitt Preble and Nancy Gale, dau. of Lieut. Joseph Tucker, whom he succ. in 1845; b. Port- land, Me., 19 Apr. 1819; is a lawyer; clerk of the U. S. District Court, Portland, and a prominent mason. He m. 1 July, 1846, Harriet M. T Mussey. Children : — Henry, 25 Apr. 1853. Wallace, 17 Aug. 1857. William Pitt, 1 Oct. 1854. Earnest, 5 June, 1860. He was the son of Dr. Jonathan and Mary (Vassall) Prescott, b. Halifax, N.S., 6 Jan. 1762, d. Great Barring- ton, Mass., 1852, being the last survivor of the original members of the Mass. Society, of which he was Vice-Presi- dent in 1846-49. He was for a few years at school in Bos- ton, then at Ncav Haven, and subsequently at Esopus on the Hudson River. Entering the General Army Hospital as a student of Dr. Brown, he was at the age of seventeen appointed hospital mate. He was in the action at Ticon- deroga, and in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in 1779 ; was com. surgeon's mate in 1781, and served two years in Gen. Greene's army in the Carolinas. After the war, he practised medicine in Halifax, N.S. His descent from John ^ Prescott, of Boston and W^atei-town, 1640, and Mary Platts, was through Captain Jonathan j- b. Water- town ab. 1643, d. 5 Dec. 1721, who m. (2d) Elizabeth, dau. of John Hoar of Concord, 23 Dec. 1 675 ; Dr. Jonathan,^ b. 5 Apr. 1677, d. 28 Oct. 1729, who m. 9 July, 1701, Rebecca, dau. of Hon. Peter Bulkeley ; Jonathan,* b. 3 June, 1 702, settled in Littleton, and wife Mary; Dr. Jonathan^ (his father), b. 24 May, 1725, d. Hali- fax, N.S., Feb. 1810, m. Mary, dau. of Hon. Wm. Vassall of Cam- It rd Ice. 430 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Dr. Joseph m. Abigail Whidden, dau. of John and EHzabeth (Longfellow) Whidden of Halifax, N.S. Children : — Charles "William Eustis, b, 10 Feb. 1795, d. 12 Apr. 1849, who m. 13 Feb. 1816, Mary Arabella, dau. of Elisha Calkins of Liverpool, N.S. Their dau. m. Hon. James M. Bullock of Shelbyville, Ky., whose son, Frederick Prescott Bullock, is now (1873) an applicant for admission to the Society. He was com. 1st lieut. in Crane's artillery, 12 Sept. 1778 ; was commissary of ordnance and military stores at West Point, Dec. 1788 — Dec. 1788 ; afterward joined the N.Y. Society. Jitifus Putnam, He Avas b. Sutton, Mass., 9 Apr. 1738. Losing his father when he was seven years of age, he was sent to live with his maternal grandfather in Danvers. From 1747 to 1753, he lived with his step-father, Capt. John Sadler of Upton, who denied him all opportunity for instruction ; but by in- dustry and perseverance he taught himself the rudiments of knowledge. He learned the trade of millwright to which he was apprenticed in 1754, also working on a farm, and became renowned for strength and activity, attaining at the age of 18 the full stature of a man six feet high. During the French war he served as a private in Ebenezer Learned's company, and in a company of rangers in the campaign of 1757 ; in Joseph Whitcomb's Co. of Rug- gles's ■ reg. in that of 1758, and was present at the battle of Ticonderoga ; as orderly sergeant of Page's Co. Ruggles's reg. in the campaign of 1759, in which Ticonde- roga and Crown Point were taken from the French ; and in that of 1760, as ensign in Willard's reg. In 1761 he resumed his old occupations of millwright and farmer, to Avhich he added that of a surveyor. In 1765 he m. and CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 431 settled in North Brookfield, M^here his family resided until 1780, when he purchased a large farm in Rutland, Mass. He emplo^'ed his leisure hours in the study of geometry, and soon became versed in practical surveying, in which he was engaged for some years in the neighboring towns. In 1772-73 he visited Florida as agent for " The Mihtary Company of Adventurers," who, after his report of the exploration had been made, resolved to prosecute the set- tlement of their lands in that region, — an enterprise, however, which signally failed. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, he was made lieut.-col. of David Brewer's reg., and at once set to work tracing out lines in front of Roxbury toAvard Boston, and in various places in the vicinity, particularly at Sew- all's Point ; although he had never read a work on fortifi- cation, all his knowledge having been acquired by working under British engineers. Many of the defences of Rox- bury, Dorchester, and Brookline were of his construction, and especially the fort on Cobble Hill. In December he went to Newport, R.I., where he planned a battery that commanded the harbor, also a work at Howland's Ferr3^ When in the winter of 1775-76 it was determined that Dorchester Heights should be fortified, the eartli was, from the severity of the season, so deeply frozen as to prevent a lodgement being made in the usual way. " Providentially," as he considered it, in a book on field engineering, which he accidentally found at Gen. Heath's head-([uarters, mention was made of " chandeliers." These were made of stout timbers ten feet long, into which were framed posts five feet high and five feet apart, placed on the groiuid in .parallel lines, and the open spaces filled in with bundles of fascines^ strongly picketed together ; thus forming a movable parapet of wood instead of earth. They were speedily prepared, silently placed in position on 432 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE the night of March 4th, and on the morning of the 5th the British troops were astonished to see a formidable battery where, the evenmg before, no trace of a defence was to be seen. This was the immediate cause of the evacuation of Boston, which took place on the 17th ; and on the 31st he was ordered to New York, taking Providence and Newport on his way, where he assisted in the construction of ad- ditional defensive works. He reached New York about April 20, and was immediately authorized, as chief en- gineer, to fortify New York, Long Island, Fort Lee, Fort Washington, Kingsbridge, &c. Com. by Congress Colonel of Engineers, 5 Aug. 1776, he rendered himself extremel}- serviceable to the Commander-in-chief in this department, during the active campaign that followed, but resigned the post on being com. col. of the 5th (Mass.) continental resr. in the following November. With this reg. he took an active part in the campaign agaist Burgoyne, especially in storming the German redoubt near the close of the battle of Saratoga, on Oct. 7, 1777. In this aifair Col. Putnam commanded the 5th and 6th (Nixon's) regiments. The moment that orders were given to storm, he moved rapidly across an open field, under a murderous fire of grape and musketry, and entered the woi-ks in front, at the same moment that Learned's brigade, in which Jack- son's (8th) reg. led by Lt.-Col. Brooks was stationed, entered on the left and rear. Col. Putnam then advanced into the wood toward the enemy's enclosed redoubts on their right flank, where he remained until toward morn- ing. Gen. Learned having withdrawn all the other troo]3s without notif\'ing Col. Putnam of his design, leaving him unprotected in the occupancy of the wood. After Bur- goyne's surrender, Nixon's brigade, to which he was attached, went into ^^inter quarters at Albany. In the following year he was engaged in laying out and con- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 433 structing a chain of forts and redoubts at West Point, the principal of which, " Fort Putnam," was named for him. On July 10, 1779, he made a reconnoissance of Stony- Point, his full and intelligent report of which service made to Washington, on the 14th, no doubt contributed greatly to the success of the attack on that post, which immediately followed. He was shortly afterward app. to the command of a reg. of light inf. in Wayne's brigade. In May, 1780, he commanded an advanced detachment on Croton River, watching the movements of the enemy, whose light dra- goons, under Tarleton Simcoe and De Lancey, had for- merly inflicted severe losses on American detachments in this service. The constant watchfulness of Col. Putnam saved him from any disaster of this kind. He was also busily employed, as agent for his brother officers, in inter- ceding with Congress and with the Legislature of Mass. for a redress of their grievances, especially their want of pay and clothing. Com. brig. -gen. 7 Jan. 1788, and remained in the army till its final reduction in June following, when he joined his family in Rutland, Mass. In 1783 he joined with the other officers of the Northern States in petitioning Congress for a grant of land in the Western country, and, in a communication addressed to Washington on the same subject, originated the excellent system of laying out and surveying the public lands in townships of six miles square. In 1785 the Legislature of Mass. app. him on the com- mittee for the sale 5f their Eastern lands, and also super- intendent of the surveys to be made, which duty he satisfactorily performed. On Jan. 10, 1786, Gens. Put- nam and Tupper issued a public notice for the formation of " The Ohio Company." In Jan. 1787, he joined Gen. Lincoln at Worcester as a volunteer aide, to suppress the Shays insurrection ; and in May was chosen to represent Rutland in the General Court. In Nov. 1787, he was app. 55 434 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 0¥ THE superintendent of the aifairs of the Ohio Company, rehiting to the settlement of their lands north-west of the river Ohio ; and in Apr. 1788, began, with a part}^ of forty emi- grants, chiefly from Mass., the settlement of Marietta, the first permanent white settlement in Ohio. In 1789 he was app. a Judge of the U. S. Court for the North-west Territory ; and in Nov. 1790, he removed his family to Marietta. App. a brig.-gen. in WajTie's army, 4 May, 1792 ; on Sept. 27, 1793, he made a treaty of peace at Post Vincent, by which eight of the Wabasli tribes were detached, from the hostile Indians, thus lessening their strength ; and resigned his com. in the following February. He M'as surveyor-general of the U. S. lands in 1796-1803 ; and. was a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1803. In 1798 he was one of the founders of " Mus- kingum Academy," the first in the State ; and in 1801 was app. one of the trustees of the Ohio University at Athens. He d. at Marietta, 4 May, 1824. His descent from Jo/ui,^ of Salem in 1634, who came from Aston Abbots, near Ayle.sbury, in Co. Bucks, Eng., d. 30 Dec. 1662, and wife Priscilla, was through T/iomas,'^ b. Eng. 1618, d. 5 May, 1686, freeman 1642, m. 17 Oct. 1643, Ann, dau. of Edward Holyoke ; Edward^^ bapt. 9 July, 1654, d. 1747, freeman 1690, m. 14 June, 1681, Mary Holten ; EUsha^ (his father), b. 3 Nov. 1685, d. June, 1745, who m. Susanah, dau. of Jonathan Fuller of Dan vers, and who was a cousin of Gen. Israel Putnam. He m. in Jan. 1765, Persia, dau. of Zebulon Rice of Westboro', Mass., by whom he. had a large family of children. She d. in 1 820. His son, Edwin, b. Brookfield, 9 Jan. 1776 (Dick. Coll., Pa., 1797), lawyer and judge in Ohio, d. Putnam, O., 17 July, 1843. He was at the commencement of the Kevolution, and had for many years previously been, an inhabitant of Bos- ton ; was an oificer of artillery at the siege of Boston, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 435 having entered the service Apr, 24, 1775 ; was com. 1st lieut. in Knox's art. 1 Jan. 1776 ; was promoted to capt.- lieut. the same year, and resigned 1 May, 1779, at which date he held the rank of capt. in Crane's reg. He Avas- stationed at Fort Stirling on Long Island, and was engaged in the battle of 27 Aug. 1776 ; was captured at Paoli, while endeavoring to bring off his guns, 22 Sept. 1777, when Wayne was surprised by Gen. Grey. While endeavoring to effect his escape on this occasion, he was knocked down and stabbed in eight places. He was shortly afterward wounded at Germantown, and left for dead. He com- manded a merchant ship out of New York after the war, and was a partner with Major Samuel ShaAv in the Can- ton trade. He d. in N.Y. city in Jan. 1811. Com. ensign in Vose's (1st) reg. 15 June, 1781 : in 6th reg. in 1783 ; d. before 1812. Com. ensign in Brooks's (7th) reg. ; com. lieut. 16 Apr. 1780 ; transferred in 1783 to H. Jackson's (4th) reg. ; also reg. and brigade quartermaster. He resided at Williams- town, Mass., some time prior to 1806, when he removed to Salem, Washington Co., N.Y., where he d. 20 June, 1838, se. 84. He left Jgsiah and William H., of Salem, N.Y. f^tnvs MtititL He was ensign and quartermaster of Armand's legion from 1 Apr. 1778, to 31 Dec, 1779; paym. (same corps), Jan. — Dec. 1780 ; afterward jiromoted to lieut. He was a sergeant in Fernald's Co. of Phinney's reg. in 1775: com. lieut. 13 Nov. 1776; com. capt. in Sprout's 436 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE (12th) reg. 14 Oct. 1780 ; brigade major, 14 May to 1 Dec. 1781 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. in 1782-83. ' He d. in 1784. His eldest son, Timothy, of Cornish, Me., was thirty-five years a preacher, and in 1838 was admitted a member of the Society, bnt did not <|ualify. Nat!) an iXitt, He was the son of Rev. Caleb Rice ; was b. Sturbridge, Mass., 2 Aug. 1754 ; d. Burlington, Vt., 17 Apr. 1834 ; H. U. 1773. AVhen the Revolutionar}^ war broke out, he was a law student in the office of John Adams ; was a lieut. and adjutant in Greaton's (24th) reg. at the siege of Boston : was aide to Gen. Lincoln, with the rank of major, 7 May, 1777 — 31 Dec. 1780; brigade inspector, Aug. — Dec. 1780; was attached to Scammell's light inf. reg. at the siege of Yorktown, and commanded the reg. after the death of that officer. Com. lieut .-col. during the quasi war Avith France, in 1798-1800, and stationed at Oxford, Mass. He resided in Hingham, Mass., and after- ward in Burlington, Vt. Col. Rice was prompt in the discharge of his official duties, gentlemanly in his deport- ment, and highly esteemed for his noble bearing and social qualities. His descent from Edmund^ Rice, b. Eng. ab. 1594, settled at Sudbury 1639, d. Marlboro', 3 May, 1663, was through Joseph'^ and Martha, who d. 4 Jan. 1668-69 ; Caleb,^ b. 19 May, 1666, d. 5 Jan. 1738-39, who m. 21 May, 1696, Mary Ward of Marlboro'; Rev. Caleb * (his fother), b. 13 Dec 1712, H. U. 1730, first minister of Sturbridge, Mass., from 29 Sept. 1736. to his d., 2 Sept. 1759, who m. Priseilla Payson. He m. 1st (12 Feb. 1781) Mariel Leavitt, who d. Iliugham. 7 Jan. 1790 ; 2d (16 Jan. 1791), Sophia, dau. of Joseph Blake. She d. Jan. 1814, a;. 52. Children : — Charles, 28 Nov. 1781, d. 17 Aug. 1799. Sali.v. bapt. 21 Sept. 1783. m. John Piiine. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 437 Caleb, 5 Dec. 1784, H. U. 1803, d. Hingham, unm., 1849. Priscilla, 11 June, 1786, m. Alvan Foote of Burlington, Vt, d. there 5 Sept. 1841. Mariel, 13 July, 1788. d. unm. 23 June, 1837. Nathan. John Blake, 25 Mar. 1792, d. Hingham, 9 Dec. 1795. Sophia Blake, 12 Feb. 1797, m. Dr. Gamaliel Bradford. NATHAN RICE. Third son of Col. Nathan, whom he succ. in 1849 ; b. Hingham, Mass., 27 Dec. 1789 ; d. Jacksonville, Fla., while on a journey for his health, 5 Mar. 18o2. He re- sided at Cambridge, Mass., and was many years a partner in the mercantile house of Rice and Thaxter, Boston. He m. at Boston, 27 May, 1817, Elizabeth N., dau. of Dr. Levi Lincoln, who d. at Hingham, Mass., 3 Oct. 1848, ss. 52. Children : — Elizabeth L., 13 May, 1818. Carolixk p., 27 Sept. 1820, m. 27 May, 1844, Rev. J. F. W. Ware, d. 18 Sept. 1848. Helen W.,21 Sept. 1822, m. 10 Oct. 1850, Rev. J. F. W. Ware. Charlks Leavitt, G Oct. 1825, d. se. 6 months. Nathan Payson. Sophia Thaxter, 8 July, 1832, m. 10 Oct. 1855, Wm. H. Gor- ham. Benjamin Thaxter. 7 Feb. 1839. NATHAN PAYSON RICE, M.D. Eldest son of Nathan, whom he succ. in 1852 ; b. Cam- bridge, Mass., 26 May, 1828 ; H. U. 1849 ; received his medical degree in 1853 ; practised medicine in New Orleans ; member Mass. Medical Society. (©liijcr Mitt, He was b. Sudbury, Mass., 26 July, 1752 ; was the son of William and Mary (Estabrook) Rice, and was a de- scendant of Edmund Rice of Sudbury. Ensign in Wes- 438 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE son's (9tli) reg. 1777; com. lieut. 5 Sept. 1781, in H. Jackson's reg. ; in the 4th reg. in 1783. He m. ab. 1785 Abigail Willard of Walpole, N.H., where he kept a store ; but, losing both his wife and a dan., he removed to Ohio, and settled in 1789 in Belpre, which he assisted in sur- veying and laying out. ^fjtlalj Bicijiirtrson, ^M, He was b. East Medway, Mass., 30 Aug. 1752 ; d. Med- way, 10 May, 1822. He studied at H. U. in 1770-72; entered the Revolutionary army as mate to Dr. Samuel Whitwell, surgeon in Greaton's (3d) reg. in 1775, and was surgeon from 6 Nov. 1776, to 1 Jan. 1781, in R. Put- nam's (5th) reg. On June 1, 1779, he was captured at Fort La Fayette, on the Hudson River, near Stony Point, and was some time a prisoner on Long Island. During his imprisonment, his sister, Mrs. Cutler, whose husband was a Tor}^, ministered to his wants and relieved his necessi- ties. He afterward settled in his native town, where he was eminent as a physician, and also as a botanist, and where he educated many young men for the medical pro- fession. In .1787 he was again called into the service of his country, to aid in the suj^pression of Shays's rebellion. He m. Mary Daniels, who d. Mar. 1854, se. 98. Children : — Betsey, 2 Apr. 1773, m. Capt. Lewis Wheeler of Medway. Joseph, 24 Apr. 1775, d. 1 Nov. 1825. m. Anna, dau. of Oliver Adams. Abuah, 21 Nov. 1781, m. Olive, dau. of Dr. Pond. Mercy, 2 May, 1783, m. John Stedman. Charlotte, 28 July, 1785, d. 5 Oct. 1795. AbiGatl, 31 July, 1787, m. 1st Asa Thayer; 2d, Zech. Lovell. Mary, 20 Mar. 1789, unm. Eliza, 2 July, 1791, m. Sylvanus Adams. Tryphena, 9 June, 1794, m. J. P. Leland of Sherborne Jeremiah Daniels, 1796, m. Laurena Beal. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 439 HORACE RICHARDSON. Son of Joseph and grandson of Abijah, whom he succ. in 1845 ; b. Medwa3% 23 Sept. 1795 ; m. Catharine Draper ; deceased. GEORGE DRAPER RICHARDSON. Eldest son of Horace, whom he succ. in 1857 ; b. Med- way, 18 Sept. 1823 ; resides in Stoneham, Mass. Next in succession is Horace Richardson, of West Roxbury. He was b. Mass., and d. Nashville, Tenn., in Jan. 1813. Prom, from sergt. to ensign in H. Jackson's (16th) reg. 24 Apr. 1779 ; com. lieut. 9th reg. 14 Apr. 1782. He was a merchant at Wilmington, N.C., in 1784-90 ; capt. in the U. S. Army, 1794-1800. He was b. Duxbury, Mass., 29 Nov. 1751 ; d. 18 Oct. 1841, at Kingston, Mass., whither his family removed in 1759. He was com. 1st lieut. in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777; lieut. and adjutant in 1780; brigade quartermaster Paterson's (2d) brigade, 1783. Son of Capt. Hezekiali and Abigail (Hunt) Bobbins. He m. 13 Jan. 1785, Hannah Tilden. Children: — Joseph Tilden, D Oct. 1785, d. Kingston, Mass., 27 Feb. 1856. RuFtJS, 9 Aug. 1787. d. at sea, 10 Nov. 1810. Marcia, 21 May, 1790, m. Charles Otis, 10 Jan. 1816, d. Mason, N.H., 22 Nov. 1848. Kenelm, 28 Feb. 1792, m. Lydia Otis, 7 May, 1823, d. at sea, 2-i Dec. 1830. George, 2 Mar, 1794, d. New York, 2 AjDr. 1848. Lucia, 4 Nov. 1800, m. N. B. Bobbins, 22 Dec. 1830, d. Cin- cinnati, 23 July, 1867. William, 21 Apr. 1803, m. Mary A. Fisher, Apr. 1837, d. Bos- ton, 4 Apr. 1842. Harvey, 15 Feb. 1807, m. Catherine Riggerson, 5 Feb. 1844, d. Sonora Co., Cal., 27 Aug. 1857. 440 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOSEPH TILDEN RIPLEY. Eldest son of Hezekiah, whom he succ. in 1843 ; b. 9 Oct. 1785 ; d. Kingston, Mass., 27 Feb. 1856. NATHAX BACON ROBBINS, JR. Grandson of Hezekiah Ripley, and son of Capt. N. B. Robbins ; succ. Joseph Tilden Ripley (his uncle) in 1858 ; b. Plymouth, Mass., 31 July, 1831 ; accidentally drowned at Rochester, Minnesota, 1 July, 1859 ; Williams College, 1856 ; a lawyer of Rochester, and a member of the Con- stitutional Convention of Minnesota. KENELM BOBBINS. Grandson of Hezekiah Ripley, and bro. of N. B. Rob- bins, Jr., whom he succ. in 1863 ; b. Plymouth, Mass., in May, 1839 ; grad. at West Point, 1863 ; app. 2d lieut. 5th cavalry, 11 June ; brevetted 1st lieut. for gallantry at Brandy Station, Va., 1 Aug. 1863 ; 1st lieut. 12 June, 1864 ; severely wounded at Opequan, 19 Sept. 1864, and brevetted capt. ; capt. 4th Inf. 22 Jan. 1867 ; d. Jackson, Miss., 28 Feb. 1870. Hicijavtr iJrooUe Hoijccts. He was a capt. of South Carolina art. ; was aide to Gen. Lincoln in 1782 ; app. capt. 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar. 1791 ; major 3d sub. legion, 28 Feb. 1793 ; d. 19 Jan. 1797. Of Wrentham ; d. there Mar. 1787, leaving a son, Oliver, of Roxbury. Com. lieut. in Putnam's (5th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; afterward promoted to capt. He was b. Gloucester, Mass., 1755 ; d. Lisbon, Me., Nov. 1816. He enlisted as a private in his father's com- CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 441 l)any, fought at Bunker's Hill, and in many important battles, and continued in service to the end of the war, having been com. ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 15 June, 1781. He commanded a compan}^ in quelling Shays's insurrection, and was a skilful and courageous officer. His widow Lydia, b. 1753, was living in Northfield in 1836. His descent from John ^ Rotve, who settled iu Gloucester in 1651, d. 9 Mar. 1602, and wife Bridget, was through John{- d. 25 Sept. 1700, who m. 27 Sept. 1663, Mary Dickerson ; Stephen,^ 1675, d. 28 Apr. 1731, whom, in 1699 Martha Low; John^h. 1714, set- tled at Sandy Bay, and m. Mary Baker in 1736 ; Jolin^ (his father), 1). 1737, d. ab. 1800, who m. Sarah Pool. He was b. Kingston, Mass., 25 Apr. 1719, d. there 7 July, 1823 ; H. U. 1771. Com. 2d lieut. in Bradford's (14th) reg. 31 Jan. 1777 ; 1st lieut. and quartermaster, 13 Apr. 1780 ; in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1782-83. He settled in Kingston after the war. His descent from Henry ^ Sampson, one of the " Mayflower " pilgrims, freeman of Plymouth 1637, an early settler of Diixbury who d. 24 Dec. 1684, was through Stephen^^ who d. 1714-15, and wife Elizabeth; Benjamin,^ b. 1686, d. 19 Apr. 1758, settled in Kingston, Mass., and m. 19 Mar. 1716, Rebecca, dau. of Jacob and Lydia Cook; Cornelius* {h\s Either), b. ab. 1724, d. Mar. 1796, who m. 1747, Desire, dau. of Benjamin Crocker of BarnstaV)le. He m. 1794, Rebecca Hawley, who d. 27 June, 1844. Chil- dren : — Benjamin, 19 Aug. 1795, d. unm. 22 Oct. 1832. Harriet, 7 Aug. 1797. m. 1st Charles Fisk ; 2d, Charles Adams. Rebecca, 4 Nov. 1799, m. Crocker of Barnstable. Lucy, 18 Aug. 1801, m. Hobson. In California. He was b. Gloucester, Mass., 1 May, 1753 ; d. New Orleans, 3 June, 1820 ; H. U. 1771. At the beginning 50 442 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE of the war he was caj)t. of one of his father's ships, but entered the army as a lieut. of art. 7 July, 1775 ; was com. capt.-lieut. in Knox's art. 1 Jan, 1776 ; capt. in Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777. He was present at the siege of Boston, battles of Harlem (15 Sept. 1776), Trenton (in Glover's brigade), Brandyvvine, Germantown, and Monmouth ; and at the close of the Avar was aide to Gen. Robert Howe, and a bvt.-major. In 1786 he was app. Surveyor of the North-western Territory ; its Secretary in 1787 ; and was Gov. of the Miss. Terr, in 1798-1801. He was adjutant- gen, of St. Clair's army, and in the battle of Nov. 4, 1791, with the Miami Indians, was severely wounded, receiving two bullets in his body which he carried till his death ; and was app. adjutant and inspector-gen. of Wayne's army in 1792, but declined.. He finally became a planter, and resided a few miles from Natchez, calling his plantation Gloster Place ; and was just on the eve of removing to Phila., when he died of gout in the stomach. He was many years president of the Bank of the State of Miss., and amassed a handsome estate. His descent from William,^ of Exeter, Eiig., who m. Mary Epes, was through William,'^ b. Exeter, Eng , came to Gloucester pre- vious to 1G78, (1. before June, 1707, who m. 21 June, 1677, Mary, dau. of Peter Duncan; Co\. -Rpes,'^ b. 12 July, ICyO, d. G Dec. 1762, who m. 1 Apr. 1720, Esther, dau. of Florence and Christian Ma- carty; Wint/rrop* (his father), b. 6 Mar. 1727, d. 3 Dec. 1793, who ra. Judith, dau. of Thomas and Judith Saunders, 5 Apr. 1750. By his 2d wife, Mary Williams, widow, nee JMackintosh, m. 24 Oct. 1798, he had — William Fitz Winthrop. b. Natchez, 6 Dec. 1799, H. U. 1817, d. Phila. Oct. 1822. George Washington. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 443 GEORGE WASHINGTON SARGENT. He was the son of Winthrop, whom he succ. in 1835 ; was b. at Gloster Place, near Natchez, 2 July, 1802 ; H. U. 1820 ; and was shot in his house, 10 May, 1864, by soldiers, and d. on the 13th. The soldiers were robbers, who were soon afterward convicted and executed. He m. 7 Dec. 1824, Margaret J. Percy (b. London, Eng., 4 June, 1802). Children : — Winthrop, b. 23 Sept. 1825, d. Paris, 18 May, 1870. He m. Sarah Ellery, dau. of Ignatius Sargent, and had one son, Igna- tius, b. 18 Apr. 1852. Robert Percy, 7 May, 1827. Mary, 21 Jan. 1829. Gkorgk, 5 Mar. 1831. Jane Percy, 25 Aug. 1833. Annie, 4 Jan. 1837, d. 5 Dec. 1841. 213EiUiam Mar. 1864. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 457 Gardiner Howland, m. Cora Lyman, d. 1 May, 18G7. Joseph Coolidge, d. a Catholic priest, 10 Mai*. 1851. Elizabeth Willard, m. Daniel Augustus Oliver, d. 14 Feb. 1850. QuiNCY Adams, m. Pauline Agassiz. William Henry, d. in infancy. Marian, m. Frederick Richard Sears, d. 9 Mar. 1855. FRANCIS GEORGE SHAW. Eldest son of the foregoing, whom he succ. in 1858; b. in Boston, 23 Oct. 1809. Educated principal!}^ at the Latin School ; at sixteen entered H. U. as Sophomore, but left at close of first Junior term to enter the counting- room of his father, whose j^artner he became after some years spent in the West Indies and in Europe. Retired from active business in 1840 ; translated " Consuelo," and other works of George Sand ; " The Life of Charles Fou- rier," and various writings of the Phalansterian School ; Zschokke's "History of Switzerland," and other books; was President of the National Freedman's Relief Associa- tion, and of the New York Branch Freedman's Union Com- mission ; and now resides on Staten Island. He m. 9 June, 1835, Sarah Blake, dau. of Nathaniel Russell and Susan (Parkman) Sturgis, and grand-niece of Major Samuel Shaw. Of their children — Anna, m. George William Curtis. Robert Gould, b. 10 Oct. 1837 (19 Apr. 18G1, private 7th Reg. N.Y. National Guard ; 28 May, 2d lieut. 2d Reg. Mass. Vols. ; 8 July, 1st lieut. ; 10 Aug. 1862, captain of same regi- ment; and 17 Apr. 1863, colonel 54th Reg. Mass. Vols., col- ored), m. 2 May, 1863, Anna Kneeland Haggerty, and was killed 18 July, 1863, leading the assault on Fort Wagner, S.C. Susanna, m. Robert Bowne Minturn. Josephine, m. Charles Russell Lowell, Jr. (14 May, 1861, capt. 6th U. S. Cavalry ; 15 Apr. 1863, col. 2d Mass. Cav. ; 19 Oct. 58 458 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE 1864 brig.-gen. vols.), who d. 20 Oct. 1864, of wounds re- ceived at the battle of Cedar Creek, Va., the day previous. Ellen, m. Francis Channing Barlow (19 Apr. 1861, private 12th Reg. N.Y. Mil. ; 3 May, 1st lieut. ; 9 Nov. lieut.-col. 61st N.Y. Vols.; 14 Apr. 1862, colonel ; 19 Sept. brig.-general ; 5 Aug. 1864, bvt. major-general; Mar. 1865, major-general vols.) He was b. Westfield, Mass., 1 Dec. 1737, d. there 11 Nov. 1817. He possessed only such a common-school edu- cation as was attainable 100 years ago. Enlisted as a pri- vate in the army engaged against the French and Indians in 1756 ; became a lieut. in 1758, and a capt. in 1759. He was lieut.-col. of Danielson's reg. in 1775 ; of E. Learned's reg. 1 Jan. 1776 ; was com. col. 4 May, 1776, and com- manded the 4th reg. throughout the war, in which he saw much active service, participating in twenty-two engage- ments. He was present at the siege of Boston ; the evacua- tion of Long Island ; was wounded at Frog's Point, N.Y., 18 Oct. 1776, by a musket-ball through the neck ; was in the campaign ending in Burgoyne's surrender ; commanded a brigade in the battle of Monmouth ; and established a high character for bravery, sound judgment, and humanity. As major-gen. of the Hampshire County militia, he protected the U.S. arsenal at Springfield when threatened by the insurgents under Shays in Jan. 1787. Upon the advance of the latter on the afternoon of the 25th to attack him. Gen. Shepard, after twice ordering them to retire, and warning them of their danger if they proceeded, discharged his cannon upon the centre of the rebel column, which immediately broke and fled in confusion, leaving three of their number dead, and a fourth mortally wounded. This was the only hostile collision during the rebellion, and its effect was such as to effectually pave the way for Gen. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 459 Lincoln's subsequent successful operations, by which this apparently formidable movement was in a short time en- tirely subdued. Gen. Shepard was a member of Congress in 1797-1803, a member of the Executive Council in 1788-90, and held other public trusts. By his wife Sarah, who d. in Jau. 1820, x, 87, he had — William. Noah. Wareham, b. Dec. 1773, living in June, 1853. NOAH SHEPARD. Son of Col. William, whom he succ. in 1832 ; b. West- field, 20 Feb. 1769 ; d. before 1849. His widow, Sophie D., d. 1864. Son of Col. William ; b. Westfield, Mass., 1761 ; d. in Canandaigua, N.Y., in July, 1823. Com. ensign in his father's (4th) reg. 1 Jan. 1781. His widow Fanny, b. 1771, was living in Canandaigua, in 1832. Sianiel .^l^ute, pl.B* He was the son of Rev. Daniel Shute, D.D. (H. U. 1743), who d. 1802, se. 80; was b. Hingham, Mass., ab. 1755 ; H. U. 1775 ; com. surgeon in H. Jackson's (Ith) reg., 14 Apr. 1782 ; afterward a physician in Hingham, where he d. 18 Apr. 1829. DANIEL SHUTE. Son of Dr. Daniel (H. U. 1812 ; M.D. 1815), a phy- sician of Hingham, who d. there in 1839, and grandson of Surgeon Daniel, whom he succ. in 1852 ; resides in Hingham. 460 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was b. Lebanon, Ct., in Jan. 1746 ; d. New Marl- borongli, Mass., 1816. He removed to Berkshire, Mass., in 1770. Enlisted as a private in Sowles's Co. of Fellows's reg. in Ma}', 1775 ; was ensign in Noah Allen's Co. of Asa Whitcomb's reg. 1 Jan. — 27 Nov. 1776, and present at Ticonderoga ; com. lieut. 28 Nov. 1776 ; in M. Jack- son's (8th) reg. in 1777-79 ; com. capt. in Smith's (13th) reg. 30 Mar. 1779 ; present at Bunker's Hill, siege of Bos- ton, capture of Burgoyne, Sullivan's R.I. campaign, and the battle of Monmouth, and at the close of more than eight years' service was the oldest capt. in the Mass. line. He m. in Nov. 1766, Sarah, dau. of Seth Dean. Children : — Rev. David. Betsey, who m. Aaron Adams. Sarah, m. Ezekiel Foster. Walter Deax, who m. a dau. of Rev. Shuon Waterman of Plymouth, Ct. Lucy P., m. Elisha Lewis. Almiua. Fanny, m. Rev. Pitkin Cowles of Canaan, Ct. Laura, m. Rev. Jacob Catlin of New Marlborough. REV. DAVID SMITH, D.D. Eldest son of Capt. Ebenezer, whom he succ. in 1846 ; b. Bozrah, Ct., 13 Dec. 1767 ; d. New Haven, Ct., 5 Mar. 1862 ; Y. C. 1795 ; licensed to preach in Oct. 1796 ; pas- tor First Congregational Church, Durham, Ct., from 15 Aug. 1799, to Jan. 1832. In 1830 he received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton College. For many years he re- ceived youth into his family and fitted them for college ; and, besides his professional employments, cultivated a farm with good judgment and success, laboring with his own hands, and rising at early dawn. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 461 He in. 1 st Betsey Marsh, by whom he had — David Marsh. 2(1, Catharine, dau. of Rev. Dr. E. Goodrich. Their children were — Catharine, who m. Henry L. Ellsworth. Elizur Goodrich. Elizabeth Marsh. Chaunoey Goodrich, b. 17 Oct. 1807, d. 27 Sept. 1825. Simeon Parsons, b. 31 July, 1809, d. 6 Feb. 1848. He was com. capt. in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 6 Oct. 1780, and was living in Maine on a government pension in 1820. He was 2d lieiit. in Whitcomb's reg. at the siege of Boston ; was com. lieut. and adjutant of Wiggiesworth's reg. (13th) 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. capt. 12 Feb. 1778, and in Sullivan's R.I. campaign and the battle of Monmouth, in which he commanded Shepard's reg. and was brig.-major ; served in the light infantry at the siege of Yorktown, and was some time aide to La Fayette, and was conspicuous in the army for bravery and prudence. He d. Portland, Me., 7 Aug. 1842, se. 89. Sally, his wife, d. 2 Feb. 1 837, a. 68. He had four daughters and three sons. HENRY SMITH. Eldest son of John Kilby, whom he succ. in 1846 ; b. Portland, Me., 12 Sept. 1794 ; d. Raymond Village, Me., 10 Jan. 1871. f By his wife, Jane E. Waite (b. 2 Nov. 1799, d. 18 July, 1864), he had — William H., 30 Nov. 1824, resides in Raymond, Me. Alonzo a., 25 Sept. 1843, private Co. F. 25th Me. reg., d. Arlington Heights, 9 Dec. 1862. 462 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Of Barre, Mass. ; was com. 1 Mar. 1778, lieut. in R. Putnam's (otli) reg. ; afterward adjutant. Supposed liv- ing in 1823. He was b. in 1756 ; d. Wareham, Mass., 20 June, 1848. He joined the army 1775 ; was com. dieut. 27 Mar. 1780, in Marshall's (10th) reg. ; in 6th reg. in 1783. He was present at Long Island, White Plains, Saratoga, Trenton, Stony Point (one of the forlorn hope), Monmouth, and Yorktown. The traitor Arnold once saved his life. Mr. Smith with others, being in pursuit of Indians, were sur- prised by their ambushed foes, when Arnold rode up, and clinching him by the shoulder rode off with him, making a successful escape, although his hat and clothing were pierced with balls fired by the Indians in pursuit. Every one of his comrades on this occasion were killed. Mr. Smith left one son. He was b. Shhley, Mass., 1746, d. there 12 May, 1830. Lieut, in Whitcomb's reg. May — Dec. 1775; in Little's reg. at the siege of Boston ; com. capt. in Bigelow's (15th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and served in Sullivan's cam- paign in 1778 ; in 5th reg. 1783. By liis wife Agnes, who survived him, he had — SiLVANUS, 11 Oct. 17G6. Ruth, 28 Jan. 1768. Hugh, 23 July, 1769. L'ucy, 6 Sept. 1772. Daniel, 8 Sept. 1773. Jerusha, 30 Sept. 1775, d. 30 Dec. 1789. Agnes, 7 Nov. 1777. Nancy, who m. McAlister, and d. 1865. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 463 Simeon cSmitii, Lieut, in Paterson's reg. in May — Dec. 1775; capt. in 1783 ; living on a government pension in N.Y. in 1820. JOHN JOHNSTON SOREN. Son of John and Sarah (Johnston) Soren, and eldest grandson of John Johnston, whom he succ. in 1840 ; b. Boston, 18 Oct. 1803 ; cashier Boylston National Bank ; resides in Boston. He m. 3 June, 1828, Fanny Wales, (b. 2 Apr. 1809), and has several children. ■Simeon Spring, He was the son of William Spring, of Newton ; b. 20 Jan. 1752, d. before 1812. Com. ensign in Shepard's (4th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; lieut. 20 Mar. 1779 ; in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778. 2£ljencier Sprout. He was the son of Col. Ebenezer Sprout of Middle- boro', where he was b. 9 Feb. 1752, and became like his father an uncommonly tall and portly man. In his youth he assisted his father upon the farm, and learned survey- ing, entering upon the struggle with Great Britain with a vigorous frame, and well fitted to undergo the toils and hardships of the field. Entering the ai-mj'" a captain, he soon became major in Cotton's reg., in which he served at the siege of Boston, and held the same rank successively in Learned's and in E. Francis's reg. in 1776 ; was com. lieut.-col. of Shepard's (4th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; lieut.-col. commanding the 12th reg. 29 Sept. 1778, and continued in service with credit to himself and the regiment to which he was attached, until the close of the war. He was in Glover's brigade at Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth, 464 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE and in Sullivan's campaign in R.I. in 1778-79 ; and, being a noted disciplinarian, was made an inspector of brigade under Steuben. He was second in command of the de- tachment which under Gen. Robert Howe, in Jan. 1781, quelled the mutiny of the New Jersey line, — a dis- agreeable duty, but one which was promptly and ably performed. After the war he married Catharine, dau. of Commodore Whipple of Providence, where he engaged in mercantile business ; but, being entirely unacquainted with mercantile affairs, he soon failed. In 1786 he was app. a surveyor of Western lands ; and in 1787, on receiving the same appointment from the Ohio comjjany, led a party of mechanics to the mouth of the Musldngum, where they arrived 7 Apr. 1788, and began the settlement of Mari- etta. Col. Sprout, who was six feet four inches high, and well proportioned, received from the Indians, on account of his tall and commanding person, the name of " Big Buck- eye," the origin of the phrase now applied to natives of Ohio. He was fourteen years sheriff of Washington County (1788-1802), and was also colonel of militia, superintending during the Indian war the military posts at Belpre, Waterford, and Marietta. In disposition and temperament he was cheerful and animated ; exceedingly fond of company and of repartee ; much attached to horses and dogs ; and was very kind-hearted. His later years he devoted to cultivating the earth, an occupation for which he ever retained a strong predilection. He d. at Marietta in Feb. 1805. His descent from Robert ^ Sprout (or Sprout), one of Cromwell's officers, who went to Jamaica, whence. in 1660 he came to Scituate, Mass., purchased the homestead and other lands in Middleboro' in 1711, and d. there in Dec. 1712, and who m. Elizabeth, dau. of Henry Sampson of Duxbury, was through Lieut. Ehenezer^ b. 1676, d. 28 Sept. 1726; Col. Ebenezer^ (his father), b. 1718, d. 23 Jan. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 465 1786. He was a col. of militia, and was for some years a member of the General Court. Mary, sister of Ebenezer and Thomas, m. Lieut. Wm. Torrey, a member of the Cincinnati Society. His only child, Sally, m. Judge Solomon Sibley of Detroit. They had Ebenezer Sproat SiUey, Col. U. S. A., who served in the war with the Florida Indians, Mexican war, and war of the Rebel- lion ; and Henry H., b. Detroit, Feb. 1811, governor of Minnesota. THOMAS SPROUT. Eldest brother of Ebenezer, whom he succ. in 1809 ; b. 1 Oct. 1756 ; d. 3 Feb. 1833. He served some time in the army, married 8 Oct. 1788, Mary Briggs of Pembroke, Mass., and had — Nabby, 11 July, 1789, m. 10 May, 1813, Peter H, Peirce. Earle. EARLE SPROUT. Son of Lieut. Thomas Sprout, whom he succ. in 1843 ; b. Middleboro', Mass., 5 Sept. 1800 ; d. 9 May, 1864. He m. 9 Feb. 1836, Bethania Weston. They had — Mary, 3 Mar. 1837. Henry Hamilton, 10 Apr. 1842. Thomas Campbell, 20 Mar. 1849 (Y. C. 1871). a2Iiniam i, b. 24 Apr. 1791, d. Illinois, neither of whom had issue, and the flimily of Capt. William is now extinct. WILLIAM TAYLOR. Eldest son of William, whom he succ. in 1841 ; b. Rowe, Mass., 29 Mar. 1789 ; d. Southampton, 111., 23 Aug. 1859. He was a col. of militia ; was prominent in town affairs, and represented Rowe in the Mass. Legislature. James ^i)nti)n% ^M. He was b. Barnstable, Mass., 4 Feb. 1754 ; d. Plymouth, Mass., 24 May, 1844. His mother. Content Norton, was a grand-daughter of Gov. Coggeshall of R.I. He studied medicine under Dr. Abner Hersey of Barnstable ; joined the hospital department of the army at Cambridge, 15 July, 1775, as surgeon's mate ; was attached in Feb. 1776, in the same capacity, to Asa Whitcomb's reg., with which he served in the Northern campaign ; app. to the General 476 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Hospital, Northern department, 1 Apr. 1777 ; com. surgeon to Gibson's (1st) Va. reg. 10 Nov. 1778 ; transferred to Henry Jackson's (16th) reg. 1 July, 1779 ; to the light infantry reg. of Scammell during the Yorktown cam- paign ; and on leaving the army, 1 Jan. 1783, settled in the practice of medicine in Plymouth, Mass. Member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of the Mass. Med. Soc, and in 1810 received the honorary degree of M.D. from Harvard Univ. He devoted much time to literary and antiquarian pursuits, and, besides his writings on medical and agricultural subjects, was the author of a " History of Plymouth;" "Military Journal kept during the Revolutionary War" (a work of great value); and " Medical Biography." His descent from Antony ^ Thacher, of Salisbury, Eng., of Ips- wich, Mass.. 1G35, of YarmoiUh 1639, d. there 1667, and Eliza- bedi Jones, Avas through John,^ b. 17 Mar. 1639, d. 8 May, 1713, who m. 6 Nov. 1661, Rebecca, dau. of Josiah Winslow ; Col. John,^ b. 28 Jan. 1674-75, d. Barnstable, 17 Mar. 1764, who m. Desire Sturgis Dimmock; John* (his father), b. 25 June, 1703, d. Sept. 1785, who ra. 28 Nov. 1734, Content Norton of Chilmark. He m. Susannah Hayward of Bridgewater. Children : — Betsey, m. Elliot of Georgia, and had Catharine and Jane, and 2d Michael Hodge of Newburyport, and had James T., who succ. Dr. Thacher in the Society. Susan, m. Capt. Wm. Bartlett of Plymouth, and had John Bart- lett of Boston. James Hersey, d. young. Xatijanicl JTijadjcr, He was a son of the distinguished patriot, Oxenbridge Thacher and Sarah (Kent) Thacher, and was a bro. of Rev. Peter and Rev. Thomas Thacher. His great-grand- mother, Theodora, was dau. of Rev. John Oxenbridge, who quitted England for conscience' sake. He was com. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 477 ensign in H. Jackson's (16tli) reg. in 1778 ; lieut. 9th veg. 7 Oct. 1781; in Tupper's (6th) reg. in 1783. In Apr. 1780, he was captured by the enemy. He was of Dunstable, and d. unra. before July, 1809. His descent from Rev. Thomas ^ Thacher, b. Eng. 1 May, 1 620, came to N. E. with his uncle Antony in ] 635, pastor " Old South " Church, Boston, from 1G70 to his d. 15 Oct. 1678, who m. Eliza, dau. of Rev. Ralph Partridge of Duxbury, was through Rev. Peter^ of Milton, b. Salem, 18 July, 1651, H. U. 1671, d. 17 Dec. 1727, who m. 21 Nov. 1677, Theodora Oxenbridge ; Oxenbridge,^ b. 17 May, 1679; H. U. 1608, d. 19 Oct. 1772 ; Oxenbridge, Jr." (his father), b. 1720, H. U. 1738, d. 8 July, 1765. REV. THOMAS THACHER. He was an elder brother of Nathaniel, whom he succ. in 1812 ; H. U. 1775. He was the second son of Judge Oxenbridge Thacher, and was settled pastor of the Third Church, Dedham, 7 June, 1780, continuing until his d. 19 Oct. 1812, se. 56. He delivered a eulogy on Washington, 22 Feb. 1800. Several of his discourses were printed, among them a century sermon in 1801. He was a man of somewhat unpolished manners, and was never married. GEORGE McDONOGH THACHER. Eldest son of Judge Peter O. Thacher, who was second son of Rev. Peter, brother of Lieut. Nathaniel and Rev. Thomas, whom he succ. in 1854 ; b. Boston, 5 Mar. 1809, d, there 2 June, 1858. He was for many, years Consul for Denmark in Boston, and a merchant there. His mother was Charlotte I. McDonogh. His wife was Sarah E. Williams. GEORGE WASHINGTON THACHER. Only son of George M. Thacher, whom he succ. in 1860 ; b. Boston, 16 June, 1837 ; d. Fort Delaware, 13 Sept. 1864, 478 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE the last of his name and race. Being the only son of a "vvidoAv, the law exempted him from serving in the army, but he volunteered to join the "Old Massachusetts 6th" reg., and laid down his life in the service of his country. CHARLES THACHER. He was son of Charles, a merchant of Boston, and grand- son of Rev. Peter, brother of Nathaniel Thacher, and succ. George W. Thacher in 1805. He was b. Boston, 15 Apr. 1815; d. there, unm., 23 Mar. 1869. Educated at the Boston Latin School and at H. U. (1834) ; studied medi- cine in Boston and in Paris (1837-39), and practised some years ; but was afterward a wholesale dealer in periodical literature, — a business which was finally merged in the Amer. News Co. He died in the same house that had been for fifty years his home. He had a twin brother, William, and a sister, Mrs. M. E. Holmes. HENRY KNOX THATCHER. Eldest grandson of Gen. Knox, whom he succ. in 1843 ; b. Thomaston, Me., 26 May, 1806. His mother, Lucy Flucker, the general's eldest child, b. 1776, m. ab. 1803, Hon. Ebenezer Thatcher, and d. at Montpelier (Thomas- ton), 12 Oct. 1854. Young Thatcher was a pupil in the Boston schools ; entered the U. S. navy, 4 Mar. 1823, as a midshipman in the frigate " United States," Capt. Isaac Hull, and cruised in various national ships until com. capt. in 1861, having been com. lieut. 28 Feb. 1833, and com- mander 14 Sept. 1855. When the Rebellion began, he was ordered to the " Constellation," in which he cruised twenty months on the coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean ; com. commodore, 3 July, 1862, and placed in command of a portion of the Southern blockading fleet, with the " Col- orado" as his flag-ship ; took part with the " Colorado" in CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 479 both attacks on Fort Fisher (Dec. 1864, and Jan. 18G5), in which he commanded the 1st division; ordered to the West Gulf blockading squadron in Feb., and took part in the capture of Mobile (12 Apr. 1865). The defences of this city were of the most formidable character. The rebels had 400 guns of heavy calibre in position ; the shoal waters for mUes around were strewn with torpedoes, and the entrance to all the rivers flowing into the bay were fenced with double rows of heavy "piles." Their works were eight miles in extent. The rebel fleet fled up the Tom- bigbee, but was pursued, and compelled to surrender to Com. Thatcher. He was occupied for more than a 3^ear in making arrangements for the disposal of the captured naval property ; was promoted to rear-admiral, 25 July, 1866, and was from the spring of that 3-ear until Aug. 1868, in command of the North Pacific squadron. He was retired 26 May, 1868, and was until 1870 Port-Admiral of Ports- mouth, N.H. Admiral Thatcher became Vice-President of the Society in 1870, and President in 1871. Residence, Winchester, Mass. He ra. Susan C, dau. of Andrew Croswell, M.D., of Plymouth, Mass. No issue. JOSEPH HENRY JACKSON THAYER. He was b. Boston, 24 Jan. 1801 ; succ. Edward Jackson in 1826, and now (1873) resides in Bangor, Me. Sarah Jackson, his mother (b. Brookline, 9 Nov, 1765, d. 1809), dau. of Rev. Joseph of Brookline, who was only brother of Gen. Henry Jackson, m. Atherton Thayer, and after his d. his bro., Dr. Stephen Thayer, a druggist of Boston. They had Sarah Jackson, who m. her cousin, Ebenezer Coddington Thayer of Braintree, and Joseph Henry Jackson, who m. Susan H. Snow, and has no issue. Joljn STfjontcrs* He was the son of Dr. AYilliam Thomas ; was b. Ply- mouth, Mass., 1 Apr. 1758 ; joined the army as surgeon's 480 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE mate at Cambridge in 1775 ; was com. surgeon of Wesson's (9tb) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; in 8th reg. in 1783. After the war he settled in the practice of medicine at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., where he d. 30 Oct. 1819, leaving a son and a daughter. He possessed a remarkable faculty for mimicry, and could repeat a Yankee story with genuine humor. Son of Dr. WiUiam (b. Boston, 1718, d. 1804) and brother of Surgeon John ; b. Plymouth, Mass., 1755, d. there 19 Aug. 1838. He was a cooper by trade, and before the war was a member of Paddock's Art. Co. of Boston ; com. 2d lieut. in Knox's art. 16 Mar. 1776 ; capt. in Lamb's (2d) reg. of art. 26 Oct. 1779, and served at Yorktown. Recommended by Gen. Knox as a major in the army in 1798. JOHN BOIES THOMAS. Son of Judge Joshua, brother of Capt. Joseph, whom he succ. in 1849 ; b. Ptymouth, Mass., 28 July, 1787, d. there 2 Dec. 1852 ; H, U. 1806. He was a lawyer ; was clerk of the Courts of Plymouth County for about thirty-eight years ; was seventeen years president of the Old Colony Bank, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1820. His successor is John T. Stoddard. iCijatrtrcus JE^ijompson, He was b. Brimfield, iNIass., ab. 1746 ; d. Lisle, Broome County, N.Y., 1819. After studying medicine, he removed to Lenox ; served as a surgeon in the army during the Revolution, and was present at Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown, and the surrender at Yorktown. He subse- quently practised medicine at Lisle until his death. He m. Betty (Whitlock), widow of Col. Brewer of the Revol. army, and had four sons : — CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 481 Jonathan, who with his entire family d, at the same time of yellow fever, at Natchez, Miss., in 1818. "William, b. Lenox, Mass., 15 Jan. 1786, physician, who ra. Lucy, dau. of Major Manning, d. Pontiac, Mich., 10 July, 18G7. Had 5 sons and 2 daughters, of whom Charles H., a physician of Lebanon, Pa., b. Lisle, N.Y., 20 Aug. 1809, is now (1873) an applicant for adm. to the Society. Jamfs ^istialc. He was com. ensign in Heath's reg. in May, 1775 ; lieut. in Bond's, afterward Greaton's, 1775-76 ; at the siege of Boston and invasion of Canada ; com. 1st Kent, of Greaton's (3d) reg. 1 Apr. 1777; capt. 3 Ma}-, 1778; present at the surrender of Burgoyne, and served through the war. He d. Walpole, Mass., 13 Nov. 1832, a3. 86. His wife Sybil, dau. of Seth Chirk of Medfield, d. there 18 Mar. 1785, te. 28. Com. lieut. in Hazen's ("Congress's Own") reg. 1 Jan. 1777; served through the war; transferred to the N.Y. Society ; and d. N.Y. city, 8 Oct. 1831. His succ, the eminent chemist and botanist, Dr. John Torry, d. N.Y. city, 10 Mar. 1873. asadliam ^orrcg. He was the son of William, of Plymouth; b. 30 Oct. 1751 ; d. Pembroke, Mass., 22 Oct. 1828. Com. 1st lieut. and adj. in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and served through the war, after which he settled in Pembroke, Mass. He was descended from Lieut. James Torrey, of Scituate, 1640. He m. 1 Feb. 1784, Mary, sister of Col. Ebenezer Sprout. Chil- dren : — AYiLLiAM. Betsey. Haviland. 61 482 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE WILLIAM TORREY. Eldest son of William, whom he siicc. in 1846 ; b. Pem- broke, Mass., 11 Mar, 1785; removed early in life to Bath, Me., where he was a merchant, and afterward city clerk from the date of its incorporation; and d. there 29 Mar. 1867. He left a son, William, b. Bath, Me. He was the son of Jacob, the son of Deacon Jonathan, and Mary (Campbell), town of Oxford, Mass., where he was b. 20 Oct. 1755. He was an ensign in Shepard's (4th) reg. ; com. lieut. 27 May, 1782, and was in Sprout's (2d) reg. 1783. He was a man of elegant person and accom- plishments, and his love of military life surpassed that of either of his brothers Salem or Sylvanus, both of whom served in the Revolutionary army. Dazzled by the victories of Bonaparte in Italy in 1797, he left home with the inten- tion of joining him, declaring that it was the highest am- bition of his life to serve with such a chief, and was never afterward heard from. His descent from William,^ of Salem, 1640, was through Jacobj^ and Catharine Symonds ; Johnf b. 1658, d. 1740; Deacon Jona- than^ b. 1691, d. 1771 ; JacoV^ (his father). David, son of Shippie Townsend (who d. 31 Aug. 1798), by his second wife, Mrs. Ann Balch, dau. of Dea- con Jonathan Kettell of Charlestown, Mass., was b. in Boston, 7 Jan. 1753, and d. there 13 Apr. 1829. He grad. at H. U. in 1770, receiving from that institution the de- gree of M.D. in 1813. Dr. Townsend studied medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, and was at Cambridoe in 1775. After the battle CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 483 of Bunker's Hill, he assisted in dressing the wounded, and remained at Cambridge until commissioned by the colony of Massachusetts Bay, 12 July, 1775, as surgeon in Col. Jonathan Brewer's reg. Jan. 1, 1776, he was commissioned surgeon 6th reg.. Col. Asa Whitcomb. In Mar. 1777, he was app. senior surgeon in the General Hospital of the Northern department with the army for the invasion of Canada. On the reorganization of the army, under the resolve of Congress, to take effect 1 Jan. 1781, he received a com- mission, 10 Oct. 1780, signed by S. Huntington, President of Congress. Reappointed, 9 Oct. 1781, to date 10 Oct. 1780, signed by Thomas McKean, President of Congress, as surgeon General Hospital Department. Under another organization he received an appointment in 1782 from Gen. Lincoln, Secretary of War. He remained with the army till its final disbandment at Newburg, after which he practised his profession with reputation in Boston for many years. He was Secretary of the Society in 1807-21 ; Vice-Pres. 1821-25 ; Pres. 1825-29. Dr. Townsend m. 24 May, 1785, Elizabeth Davis, by whom he had nine children. DAVID S * TOWNSEND. Eldest son of Dr. David, whom he succ. in 1830 ; b. Boston, 9 Apr. 1790, d. there 28 Jan. 1853 ; H. U. 1809. Com. 1st lieut. 9th U. S. Inf. 6 July, 1812 ; capt. 13 May, 1813 ; lost his right leg at Chrystlers Fields, Canada, 11 Nov. 1813 ; major and acting adjutant-gen. 27 July, 1814 ; battalion paym. 29 Apr. 1816 ; paym. May, 1821. Assist. Treas. of the Society, 1841-45 ; Treas. 1845-47. He m. 7 Nov. 1816, Eliza, dau. of Hon. Elbridge Gerry, by whom he had five children. * Not an initial, but employed to distinguish him from otiiers bearing the name of David Townsend. Hon. Franklin B Hough and Isaac P Davis are instances of a similar kind. 48-i BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE EDWARD DAVIS TOWNSEND. Son of David S, whom he succ. m 1870; b. Boston, 22 Aug. 1817 ; West Point Military Acad., and com. 2d lieut. 2d U. S. art. 1 July, 1837 ; 1st lieut. 16 Sept. 1838 ; adj. 7 July, 1838 ; assist, adj.-gen., rank of capt., 8 Aug. 1846 ; major, 15 July, 1852 ; lieut.-col. 7 Mar. 1861 ; col. 3 Aug. 1801; adj.-gen. U. S. A., rank of brigadier-gen., 22 Feb. 1869. He served in Florida during the war with the Seminoles, 1837-38 ; and during the Rebellion of the seceding States as chief-of-staff to Lieut.-Gen. Scott, Mar. 7 — Nov. 1, 1861 ; as assist, adj.-gen. 1861-63, and as acting adj.-gen. of the army, 1863-65. Brev. brig. -gen. U. S. A. 24 Sept. 1864 ; and brev. major-gen. U. S. A. 13 Mar. 1865, for faithful, meritorious, and distinguished service during the Rebellion. He m. 9 May, 1848, Ann Overing, dan. of Col. R. D. Wain- wright, U. S. Marine Corps. His eldest son, Thomas G., is now 2d Kent. Gth U. 8. Inf. He was of Worcester, and d. there in Apr. 1795. He was com. capt.-lieut. in Knox's art. 1 Jan. 1776 ; capt. in Crane's art. 1 Jan. 1777, and at the close of the war was the oldest capt. in the line of artillery. He served at the siege of Boston, battle of Long Island, and in many engagements during the war. His widov/ Mar}', b. 1747, was living, in 1830. His daughters Abigail and Eliza were living in Boston in 1850. Htmutl ^rfscott. He was b. in 1751 ; d. Lubec, Me., 10 Aug. 1826. He served his time with Hopestill Capen, a carpenter in Bos- ton, and was orderly-sergeant of Capt. Joseph Peirce's Co. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 485 of Boston " Grenadiers," and with Lieut. Henry (after- ward Gen.) Knox brought it to a high state of proficiency. He was a captain in Jonathan Brewer's reg. at Bunker's Hill ; was com. major of Henry Jackson's (16th) reg. 20 JNIay, 1778, and served through the war with the reputa- tion of an excellent disciplinarian and an active and vigi- lant officer. On Oct. 3d, 1781, he with 100 men crossed the Sound to Long Island, surprised Fort Slongo, and brought off its garrison with a quantity of arms, ammu- nition, clothing, &c. He commanded a battalion of light infantry under La Fa3'ette, enjoyed the confidence of Washington, and was an upright, humane, and patriotic man. Li 1783 he was in Brooks's reg. ; app. major 2d U. S. Inf. 4 Mar.; resigned, 28 Dec. 1791; app. col. of inf. 9 Apr. 1812, — declined; Collector of U. S. Revenue for Machias, Me., 1808-11 ; and of Passamaquoddy, Me., 1812-18. Probably a descendant of WiUtam -^ Trescott, a freeman of Dor- chester in 1613, through Joh^' who d. there in 1741, va. 80. His 1st wife, Susannah, d. 14 July, 1804, ae. 50 ; Rebecca, his 2d wife, d. Lubec, Me., 21 Apr. 1836, k. 74. He was ensign in Joseph Read's reg. at the siege of Boston ; com. lieut. and adj. in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. 11 June, 1777 ; capt. 18 Oct. 1780. Died before 1812. 2Ltit!jcr ^roUiijritrtje, He was b. Framingham, Mass., 3 June, 1756 ; d. Albany, 19 Feb. 1802 ; com. heut. in Brooks's (7th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; adjutant (same reg.), 1780-83 ; brigade quarterm. 1783. His descent from T7wmas,^ who came from Taunton, Eng., to Dor- chester, as early as 1636, settled in New Haven in 1639, returned 486 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE to Eng., and d. Taunton, 7 Feb. 1G72, was through James^ b. Dor- chester, 1G36, d. 22 May, 1717, who m. 30 Jan. 1674, Margaret, dau. of Deacon John Jackson; Thomas,^ b. 9 Dec. 1677, d. ab. 1725, in New London; John,'^ b. 1701-2, d. 10 May, 1772, and Mehetable Eaton; Thomas^ {h\^ father), b. 1 Apr. 1734, d. 12 Jan. 1804, and Hannah Perry. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of Major John Tillman, who d. Detroit, Oct. 1845, ai. 84. Children : — Hannah, 18 June, 1782, d. 1816. Edmund A., 14 Dec. 1784, d. 1816. Jonathan Valentine, 14 Feb. 1787, d. 1787. Eliza S., 18 Dec. 1788. Jonathan Thomas, 21 Mar. 1791, d. 1815. Stephen Van R., 4 July, 1794, resides near Deti-oit. Margaret, 24 June, 1796, d. 1800. Ann Maria, 6 Sept. 1798, d. 1800. Charles C, Dec. 1800, resides Detroit. Joscpij ^Tucfeer, He was, Aug. 19, 1775, app. 2cl lieut. in Capt. Francis Shaw's Co. to be raised in Gouldsboro', Narraguagiis, Number Four (now Harrington) and Pleasant River, for the defence of the sea coast (District of Maine) ; was com. ensign in Brooks's (7th) reg. in 1777; lieut. 9 Feb. 1780, and was paym. in 1780-83. During the war he visited York, Me., in company with his relative. Commodore Samuel Tucker, then superintending the construction of a 20 gun-ship called the " Minerva," which was intended by her owner, Capt. John Stone, for a " letter of marque." He there made the acquaintance of Mary, dau. of Capt. Stone, who was a descendant on her mother's side from Gov. Bradstreet of Mass., married her, and purchasing the wharf and other property of his father-in-law remained there and established himself in business. He was Col- lector of Customs for the Port of York, from 1793 to 1804 ; town treasurer for many years and until his death CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 487 (ab. 1812), and influential in town affairs. His successor in the Society is Wm. Pitt Preble, Esq., of Portland. Of the two daughtei's and only children of Lieut. Tucker, Mary Ann, the younger, ra. Louis A. de Creney, a French political refu- gee, and a man of education, and d. 1836 ; the elder, Nancy Gale, m. 7 Sept. 1810, Judge William Pitt Preble, who d. Portland, Me., 11 Oct. 1857, sa. 73, who had two daughters and one son. SSa^iHi am Cutror, He was b. Boston, 28 Mar. 1750, d. there 8 July, 1819 ; H. U. 1769. Deacon John Tudor his father, who was brought by his mother from Devonshire in 1715, was for about forty-two years treasurer of the Second (Old North) Church, Boston, and d. in 1796, se. 86. He was by trade a baker, and was an honorable and useful citizen. Wil- liam after his graduation studied law with John Adams ; was admitted to the bar, 27 July, 1772, and became emi- nent in the profession. As colonel and judge-advocate- general of the army, he was, from 29 July, 1775, to 1778, attached to the staff of the Commander-in-chief, after which he resumed practice in his native city. In 1777 he conducted with marked ability the defence of Col. David Henle}^, arrested on the accusation of Gen. Burgoyne for military oppression, and tried by a court-martial. Henley, who had charge of the Saratoga prisoners, was acquitted, in spite of the eloquence of Burgoyne, who did his utmost to procure his conviction. Col. Tudor was a member of the House and Senate of Mass., and in 1809-10 Secre- tary of State. Vice-Pres. of the Soc. of the Cin. in 1811-19, and delivered the 4th of July oration before that body in 1790. One of the founders of the Mass. Hist. Soc. He delivered an elegant and spirited oration on the Boston Massacre, 5 Mar. 1779, and a discourse before the Mass. Charitable Fire Society in 1798. 488 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He m. 5 Mar. 1778, Delia Jarvis, who d. Washington, D.C., 17 Sept. 1843, 06. 90. They had three sous and two daughters : one of whom m. Robert Hallowell, Gardiner ; tlie other m. Charles Stew- art, afterward commodore U. S. N. WILLIAM TUDOR. Eldest son of William, whom he succ. in 1820 ; b. Bos- ton, 28 Jan. 1779 ; d. Rio Janeiro, 9 Mar. 1830 ; H. U. • 1796. He projected in Dec. 1814, and for some time edited the " North American Review," which still holds its place as the leading American critical periodical ; was the agent of his brother Frederic, founder of the ice traffic with tropical climes in Nov. 1805 ; and was after- ward engaged in other commercial transactions in Europe. He also founded the Boston Athenaeum in 1807, and origi- nated the present Bunker's Hill Monument. He was a member of the Mass. Legislature ; in 1823 was app. consul at Lima ; and in 1827 was aj)p. cliarge d'affaires at the court of Brazil, where he negotiated a treaty, his last public service. Li 1809 he delivered the 4th of July oration at Boston, and in 1810 he prepared the Phi Beta Kappa address for Harvard University. Besides his con- tributions to periodical literature, he was the author of " Letters on the Eastern States," " Life of James Otis," and " Gebel Teir." FREDERIC TUDOR. Brother of William, whom he succ. in 1834 ; b. 4 Sept. 1783; d. 6 Feb. 1864. Founder of the ice trade and a distinguished horticulturist. His eldest son, Frederic, b. 1845, H. U. 1867, a railroad engi- neer by profession, was admitted to succ. his father in the Society in 1871. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 489 Eldest son of Gen. Berjamin TupjDer ; b. Chesterfield, Mass., 1763 ; d. Marietta, O., 25 Dec. 1808. He was with his father in the engagement on the North River in Aug. 1776 ; was com. lieut. and adjutant in his father's (11th) reg. 26 Sept. 1780 ; served through the war, and removed to Ohio in 1788. He was b. in that part of Stoughton, Mass., now called Sharon, in 1738, being the youngest of eight children of his parents, seven of whom were sons. His father died when he was quite young, and he was apprenticed to a tanner in Dorchester named Witliington. At sixteen he went to Easton, and labored on a farm until after his marriage in 1762, when he removed to Chesterfield. He served two or three years as a private soldier in the French war (1757-63), and during two or three winters kept a dis- trict school in Easton. On the breaking out of the Revo- lutionary war he was a lieut. of militia. Joining the army in Cambridge as major of Fellows's reg. in May, 1775, he with 300 men went to Lighthouse Island, 31 July, 1775 ; attacked the British guard, which was killed or captured ; and burnt all the buildings. Com. lieut.-col. of Ward's reg. 4 Nov. 1775 ; of John Bailey's reg. 1 Nov. 1776 ; col. 11th reg. 7 Jul}^ 1777 ; transferred to the 10th, 8 Jan. 1781, and to the 6th on Oct. 30, 1782. He was present at the siege of Boston ; the battles with Burgoyne and at Monmouth, where he had a horse killed under him ; was app. inspector of Paterson's brigade, 29 Mar. 1778 ; and at the close of the war was made a brig. -gen. by brevet. In Aug. 1776, he commanded a number of gunboats or galleys on the North River, and had a spirited engagement with 62 490 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE some British ships, in which officers and men behaved witli great bravery. After the war he returned to Chestertiekl, which he represented in the Mass. Legislature. With Gen. Rufus Putnam lie originated and founded the " Ohio Com- pany," and made the first surveys of lands north-west of the Ohio in 1786. Returning from this duty, he actively assisted Gen. Shepard in quelling Shays's rebellion ; remov- ing with his family to Ohio, he arrived at Marietta Aug. 9, 1788 ; engaged actively in promoting the plans and inter- ests of the Ohio Company, and was a justice of the quorum of the first civil court in the North-west Territory from Sept. 9, 1788, to his death in June, 1792. He m. at Easton, 18 Nov. 1762, Huldah White, who d. Spring- field, now Putnam, O., 21 Feb. 1812. They had seven children, three sons and four daughters : — Anselm. Edward White, brig.-gen. of Ohio vols,, serving under Harri- son in 1812, who d. Gallipolis, O., 1823. Col. Benjamin, d. Putnam, O., 1815, who left a son, Edward W., of Putnam, O. RowENA, m. Winthrop Sargent, and d. Marietta, 1790. Sophia, m. Nathaniel Wyllis of Ct., d. Oct. 1789. Minerva, m. Col. Ichabod Nye, d. Marietta, Apr. 1836. JonatJjau i^untci\ He was of Scituate ; lieut. in Marshall's (10th) reg. 1777; com. capt. 4 Oct. 1780; in Putnam's (5th) reg. in 1783 ; and was a pensioner, and living in Scituate in 1820. His descent from Humphrey^ Turner, o^ Plymouth, 1628, after- ward of Scituate, d. 1673, and Lydia Garner, was through John{- Sen., b. Eng., m. 12 Nov. 1645, Mary, dau. of Jonathan Brewster ; Jonathan^ b. 20 Sept. 1646, who m. Martha, dau. of Elisha Bes- bedge ; Jesse ^ (his father). CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 491 PEREZ TURNER. Eldest son of Perez, son of Jonathan, whom he succ. in 1827 ; resides in South Scituate, Mass. He was the son of Capt. Marlboro and Mary (Curtis) Turner, of Hanover, Mass. ; was bapt. 30 July, 1757, and was a pensioner, living in 1824. Ensign in Bailey's (2d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; com. lieut. 10 Aug. 1781 ; in 5th reg. in 1783. His descent fi'om T/iomas^ Turner, of Hingham, 1G39, who m. 6 Jan. 1652, Sarah, dau. of Thomas Hyland, and d. Nov. 1688, was through Thomas^^ of Scituate, 1680; Caleb,^ h. 1691; CajJt. Marlboro'^ (his father). He m. 7 Jan. 1790, Deborah Stockbridge. l^elcfl burner.* He was of Scituate ; was lieut. and quartern!, in Mar- shall's (10th) reg., served four years, and d. before 1812. He was com. captain, 8 May, 1776 ; in Bradford's (14th) reg. 24 Apr. 1779; in H. Jackson's reg. 1781-82; in Brooks's reg. 1783. After the war he joined the N. Y. Society by transfer, and d. before 1812. His descent from Humphrey^ of Scituate, was through Thomas ^ and Sarah Hyland ; Thomas ^ and Hannah, dau. of Edward Jack- son ; Ephraim* (his father), b. 1693, and Dorothy Fay. * His month's pay was never contributed to the Society. 492 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE 22lijal) Vont. He Avas the son of Elijah and Sarah (Bent) Vose ; was b. Mihon, Mass., 24 Feb. 1744, d. there 19 Mar. 1822. Cap- tain in Heath's, afterward Greaton's (24th) reg. early in 1775; present at the siege of Boston, and promoted to major ; com. lieut.-col. of the reg. of his brother Joseph (1st), 21 Feb. 1777, and served with credit through the war, in which four of the brothers were engaged. Moses and Bill, younger brothers, both held responsible stations, the latter being a paymaster. His descent from Robert^ Vose, of Dorchester, who d. 16 Oct. 1683, iTB. 84, was through Echcard;- who d. 29 Jan. 1716, lb. 80, and wife Abigail; Kathaniel,^ h. 17 Nov. 1672, d. Oct. 1753, who m. 1696, Mary Belcher; Elijah* (his father), b. 1707. He liad two children, Elijah and Ruth, who m. Eben Breed of Cliarlestown. HON. ELIJAH VOSE. Eldest son of Elijah, whom he su?c. in 1822 ; b. Milton, Mass., 1 Jan. 1790 ; d. Boston, Mass., 12 Aug. 1856. HON. HENRY VOSE. Eldest son of Hon. Elijah, whom he succ. in 1860 ; H. U. 1837 ; associate justice of the Superior Court of Mass. from 1859 to his death, in Boston, 17 Jan. 1869. FRANCIS VOSE. Grandson of Col. Elijah and brother of Hon. Henry, whom he succ. in 1870 ; resides in Boston. He was b. Milton, 7 Dec. 1739, d. there 22 May, 1816, on the estate which had been in possession of the family CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 493 since 1654. He was chosen col. of the district militia in Nov. 1774 ; and was also major of Heath's Suffolk reg. On 27 May, 1775, he collected a force of 60 men and burnt the lighthouse, destroying the hay and other stores at Nantasket and on the islands in Boston Harbor, much to the annoyance of Gen. Gage, then beleaguered with his army in Boston. Com. lieut.-col. of Greaton's (24tli) reg. 4 Nov. 1775, and accompanied it after the evacuation of Boston to Canada ; com. colonel 1st IMass. reg. 21 Feb. 1777, and joined the main army under Washington in New Jersey a few weeks later ; was present at Monmouth, and in Sullivan's campaign in R.I. in 1778; app. col. (17 Feb. 1781) of a reg. of light infantry, with which he participated in the siege of Yorktown and surrender of CornwalHs, and at the close of the war was made brig.-gen. by brevet. He passed the rest of his days upon his native farm. He m. 5 Nov. 1761, Sarah, dau. of Josiah Howe. Children: — Sarah, 29 July, 17G2, m. Dr. George Osgood of Andover. Makgaret, 4 Nov. 1763, m. Ezekiel Savage. Dolly, 20 Nov. 1765, m. Davis Sumner. Nancy (twin with Dolly), m. Elisha Sumner, and had Gen. Ed- win Vose. Solomon, 22 Feb. 1768, d. Augusta, 11 Aug. 1809. Naomi, 31 Oct. 1769, m. Joseph Heath. Joseph, 19 Oct. 1771, d. unm. Aug. 1825. Isaac D., 22 Oct. 1773. Elijah, 28 July, 1775. Elizabeth Eliot, 2 Oct. 1782. JosiAH Howe, 8 Aug. 1784, d. N. Orleans, 15 July, 1845. ISAAC D. VOSE. Third son of Joseph, whom he succ. in 1816 ; b. Milton, 22 Oct. 1773 ; d. a Avidower without issue at Norfolk, Va,, 2 Oct. 1835. 49J: BIOGRx\PIIICAL NOTICES OF THE RUFUS CHANDLER VOSE. Son of Solomon and Elizii P. (Chandler) Vose, and grandson of Col. Joseph ; succ. Isaac D. Vose in 1837 ; b. 29 June, 1798; merchant at Augusta, Me.; adjutant-gen. of the State m 1838, and d. ab. 1842. He m. Mary, dan. of Judge Bridge of Augusta, by whom he had six children. REV. JA]\IES GARDINER VOSE. Son of Col. Josiah H. and grandson of Col. Joseph Vose : succ. R. C. Vose in 1865; his father, a merchant of Augusta, and afterward col. of the 4th U. S. Infantry ; m. in May, 1808, Charlotte Cushing of Boston. James G., their youngest child, was b. Augusta ab. 1830 ; Y. C. 1851 ; Andover Tlieol. Seminary, 1854 ; ordained a Con- gregational clergyman, 20 Oct. 1857 ; Professor of Rhetoric at Amherst College, 1856-1)5 ; since then pastor of the Benefit Street Church, Providence. srijomas Tout. He was the son of Jonathan and ]\Iary Vose, of JNlilton ; was b. 8 May, 1753 ; and d. Thomaston, Me., 28 Dec. 1810. He was com. 2d lieut. in Thomas Peirce's company of Gridley's art. reg. 8 May, 1775 ; transferred, 1 Jan. 1776, to Knox's art. reg. ,• com. 1st lieut. Crane's art. reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; capt. (same reg.) 2 Dec. 1778 ; was one of the offi- cers who guarded Major Andre prior to that officer's exe- cution, and was in many of the prominent battles of the war, continuing in the service six months after the dis- banding of the army. He then entered into mercantile business in Watertown, Mass., with his companions-in- arms. Major Daniel Jackson and Capt. John George, but removed in 1787, at the solicitation of his friend Gen. Knox, CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 495 to Thomaston, Me., where he was associated in business with the general until 1804. Their friendship commenced during the war, when he was often selected to escort Mrs. Knox, considered by a young officer as a gratifying proof of his commander's favor. He superintended the build- ing of the Knox mansion, attended at the bedside of his dying friend, and was one of the appraisers of his estate. Capt. Vose was three years surveyor of the port of Thom- aston, and superintended in 1809 the erection of the fort on George's River, Me. He was a man of fine physical development and remarkable strength ; and possessed great executive business ability and judgment and high moral worth. He m. in 1784 Sarah, dau. of John, and sister of Capt. John George of Quincy, who d. Thomaston, Me , 20 Feb. 1835, a3. 79. Children : — Mary, 2G Sept. 178.3, d. 2 Jan. 18.34, m. IG May, 1811, Capt. Archibald Kobinsou. Sarah, d. 1793. Margaret, d. 1793. Lucy, b. 23 Apr. 1791, m. 30 .Jan. 1815, Capt. Wm. Henderson, of Cushing, Me., d. 19 July, 1825. Thomas, d. 1793. Sarah George, 4 Oct. 1794, m. Dea. James Partridge. Thomas P., b. 13 Sept. 1796, d. unm. 10 May, 1832. William, 24 Dec. 1798, resides in Thomaston. James, 23 Mar. 1800, m. 10 Jan. 1833, Sophia Andrews of War- ren, Me., resides Thomaston, Me. His son, Thomas 0., resides Charlestown Navy Yard. He was of Lancaster, and was living on a government pension in 1820 ; Avas an ensign in Marshall's (10th) reg. ; was com. a lieut. 4 Oct. 1780, and was in the 6th reg. in 1783. 496 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was com. a lieut. and iDaym. in Sliepard's (4tli) reg. in 1777 ; was retired, 1 Jan. 1783, after serving through the entire period of the war ; and d. in 1802. He m. Abi- gail, sister of James Lovell, who survived him. He enlisted as a sergt. in N. WatkinS's Co. of E. Phin- ney's reg. in 1775 ; was com. ensign, 15 Apr. 1776 ; was com. lieut. in the 12th reg. in 1777 ; capt. 15 July, 1779 ; in 2d reg. (Sprout's) in 1783, and served to the end of the war. He d. Windsor, Mass., in Jan. 1834. He was b. Salem, Mass., 29 Jan. 1760 ; d. Rumford Point, Me., 5 Mar. 1849. After some years' service in the army, during wdiich he took part in several battles, and finally in the light inf. at the siege of Yorktown, he was com. ensign in Vose's (1st) reg. 18 Jan. 1782. He was attached to the corps of La Fayette, and was pre- sented with a sword by the IVIarquis at the close of the war. He always referred with pride to the fact that he welcomed Washington at the Theological Seminary in behalf of the people of Andover, when the President visited that town. He d. and was buried on the same day with his son Joseph H. WILLIAM H. WARDWELL. Son of Josepli H., and grandson of Lieut. Joseph, whom he succ. in 1857. He is a photographer in Boston. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 497 He enlisted as a corporal in Fernald's Co. of E. Phinney's reg. in 1775 ; was promoted to sergt. 17 Apr. 1776 ; was com. ensign in S. Brewer's (12th) reg. in Mar. 1777; lient. in Sprout's (12tli) reg. 7 Apr. 1779, and served through the war, at the close of which he was in Vose's (1st) reg. He was the son of James and Mercy (Otis) Warren, of Plymouth ; b. 1747 ; d. unm. in Lynn, Mass., 6 Sept. 1821. His mother, a woman of considerable literary taste, was a sister of the celebrated orator, James Otis ; and liis father was President of the Provincial Congress in 1775, and afterward speaker of the House of Representatives. James, Jr., was a lieut. in the Revolutionary navy, in which, up to May, 1780, he had served four years ; was adm. a member of the Society in 1796, and prior to his removal to Lynn was for some years postmaster of Plymouth. He grad. H. U. 1776. His descent from Richard^ Warren, the Pilgrim, who d. 1628, and his wife Elizabeth Marsh, who d. 1673, was through Nathaniel^-^ who d. 1667, who m. Sarah Walker (d. 1700) ; James,^ b. 1G65, d. 1715, who m. in 1687 Sarah Doty (d. 1715) ; James,'^ b. 1700, d. 1757, m. ,1724, Penelope Winslow ; James ^ (his father), b. 1726, d. 1808, and Mercy (Otis), d. 1814. HENRY WARREN. Only brother of James, whom he succ. in 1825 ; b. Ply- mouth, 1764, d. there 6 July, 1828. He was for many years collector for the district of Plymouth, and was emi- nent for his social qualities and for hospitality. He m. in 1791 Mary, dau. of Pelham Winslow, and a descend- ant of Peregrine White, who d. 1828. Cliildren: — 63 498 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Marcia Otis, m. John Torrey. Wins LOW. Pelham Winslow, m. Jeanette Taylor, d, 1848. Charles Henry, m. Abby B. Hedge. James, d. young. Mart Ann, d. 1834. Richard, m. Angelina Greenwood. George, m. Elizabeth Hedge. Edward James, m. Mary P. Coffin. WINSLOW WARREN, M.D. He was the eldest son of Henry, whom he succ. in 1829 ; H. U. 1813 ; M.D. (University of Pennsylvania) 1817 ; practised medicine in Plymouth ; d. there 10 June, 1870. Vice-President Mass. Soc. Cin. 1866-70. He m. Mar- garet Bartlett. WINSLOW WARREN. Only son of Dr. Winslow and Margaret (Bartlett) Warren; succ. his father in 1870; H. U. 1858; LL.B. Cambridge Law School, 1861 ; is a counsellor-at-law in Boston, and resides in Dedham, Mass. He was an ensign in Bigelow's (15th) reg. : was com. lieut. in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. 19 May, 1782 ; and was living on a government pension in N.Y. in 1820. JOHN COLLINS WARREN, M.D. Eldest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Collins) Warren, and nephew of Gen. Joseph Warren ; was admitted in 1854 under the rule adopted in May of that year, having been elected an honorary member in 1847. He was b. Boston, 1 Aug. 1778, d. there 4 May, 1856 ; H. U. 1797. He studied medicine with his father, a distinguished prac- titioner, and in the hospitals of London and Paris ; began y:^, ^ Professor or' Anatomy Harvard Universitv from 1806. to 1846 CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 499 practice in Boston in 1802, and became especially eminent as a surgeon, being in 1846 the first to use ether in surgical operations. He was assistant professor of anatomy and surgery in H. U. in 1806-15 ; full professor in 1815-47, and afterward emeritus professor ; was one of the founders of the Mass. General Hospital in 1820, and principal surgeon in daily attendance until his death ; was also a founder of the McLean Asylum for the Insane ; was Pres- ident of the Mass. Medical Society in 1832-36, and of the Boston Society of Natural History at his death ; and was a member of the principal scientific bodies in America and Europe. He devoted much of his later life to the natural sciences ; and his collections in comparative anatomy, osteology, and paleontology, one of the largest and most valuable private collections in the world, included the most perfect mastodon known to exist. He was an ardent friend to temperance, and for many years President of the Mass. Temperance Society. He was chiefly instru- mental in founding, and was from 1828 associate editor of the " Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," and wrote and published many treatises upon medical and other subjects. His " Life, with Autobiography and Journals," by Edward Warren, was published in two vols, in 1860. His descent from John ^ Warren, who came to Charlestown in 1630, and who was probably the father of Peter f b. 1G28, d. Bos- ton, 15 Nov. 1704, who m. 1 Aug. 1660, Sarah, dau. of Robert Tucker of Dorchestei', was through '^osepA,^ b. 19 Feb. 1663, d. Roxbury, 13 July, 1729, who m. Deborah, dau. of Samuel Williams ; Joseph," b. 2 Feb. 1696, d. 25 Oct. 1755, who m. 29 May, 1740, Mary, dau. of Dr. Samuel Stevens, and who was the father of Gen. Joseph and Dr. John Warren. He m. 17 Nov. 1803, Susan Powell, dau. of Hon, Jonathan Mason, who d. 3 June, 1841. Children: — John, b. 16 Sept. 1804, d. young, Susan Powell, 23 July, 1806, m. Charles Lyman, 4 Apr, 1827. 500 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Jonathan ]\L4.son. James Sullivan, 21 Nov. 1812, m. 27 Aug. 184G, Elizabeth Lin zee Greene. Mart Collins, 19 Jan. 1816, m. 2G Oct. 1842, Thomas Dwight. Emily, 10 May, 1818, m. William Appleton, 9 Oct. 1845. JONATHAN MASON WARREN, M.D. Son of Dr. John C, whom he succ. in 1863 ; b. Boston, 5 Feb. 1811, d. there 19 Aug. 1867. He received his medical degree from H. U. in 1832 ; practised medicine in his native city, and was the author of numerous monographs on special subjects, the latest of which, " Surgical Obser- vations, with Cases and Operations," was finely illus- trated. He m. 30 Apr. 1839, Anna, dau. of Hon. B. W. Crowninshield. JOHN COLLINS WARREN, M.D. Only son of Dr. J. M. Warren, whom he succ. in 1871 ; received bis medical degree in 1866 from H. U., where be had grad. A.B. in 1863 ; and is a physician of Boston. He was an ensign in Fellows's reg. in May — Dec. 1775 ; lieut. in Ward's (21st) reg., and present at the siege of Boston ; afterward in Wesson's (9th) reg., of which he was com. capt. 26 Jul}^, 1779 ; in Greaton's (3d) reg., and captured near White Plains, N.Y., 3 Feb.- 1780, by Col. Norton ; in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783. He d. in Lincoln, Mass., in Mar. 1828, sd. 83. He was an ensign in John Nixon's reg. in 1776 ; lieut. in T. Nixon's (6th) reg. in 1777 ; com. capt. 13 Apr. 1780 ; left the army in 1783; and d. a government pensioner, 21 July, 1819. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 501 He was of Holden, Mass., and was living on a govern- ment pension in 1823, at tKe age of 80 ; was a lieut. in Ebenezer Francis's reg. in 1776 ; com. capt. in Shepard's (4tli) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; retii'ed, 1 Jan. 1783. Daniel ^SHetter- He was an ensign and afterward 2d lieut. in Bailey's (2d) reg. ; com. 1st lieut. 30 Aj>r. 1782; in Sprout's (2d) reg. 1783; d. Sanford, Me., 1 Feb. 1827. Hltsf)a 223[cninflton* He was an ensign, and 26 July, 1782, was com. lieut. in Greaton's (3d) reg. ; and d. ab. 1801 in Concord, Mass., leaving a widow Lucy. ELISHA WELLINGTON. Eldest son of Lieut. Elisba, whom he succ. in 1804 ; b. Concord, Mass., 11 Feb. 1781 ; deceased. iScnfamin 231cUs, He was an ensign in Yose's (1st) reg. in 1777 ; was com. lieut. 4 May, 1780, served till 1783, and d. 3 June, 1828, leaving a widow Lucy, who d. Boston, 5 Feb. 1865, £e. 84. Jamts 2[23eas. James, afterward named James A. Wells, son of Ashbel and Abigail (KeUog) Wells, was b. Hartford, Ct., in 1760, d. there 23 Feb. 1806. He was quite delicate as a boy, being the only feeble one of those who lived to maturity out of a large family of children. Notwithstand- ing this circumstance and his extreme youth, he was urgent 502 BioGRArmcAL notices of the to join the army on the outbreak of the Revohitionary war, a course which his parents strongly opposed, but in which he persisted, and to which they at length consented. Join- ing the Mass. 4th (Shepard's) reg. at Boston in 1776, he was com. lieut. in Tupper's (11th) reg. 16 Oct. 1780 ; and was in H. Jackson's (4th) reg; in 1783. Returning to Hartford, he entered upon mercantile pursuits ; but be- came embarrassed, and finally lost his capital, with many others who made haste to be rich at that time. This family has been represented in the four general wars of our countr}^ : the Revolution, war of 1812, Mexican war, and war of the Rebellion. He m. Lucy, dau. of David Bull, and had 4 sons and 4 daugh- ters, viz. : — Elizabeth, m. Rev. Christopher J. Lawton of Marion, and had 5 children, one of whom, Thomas Scott Lawton, served in the Mexican war. Charlotte, d. yoiuig. Eleazer M, p. James, d. young. James. Ja3IES B. Mary, m. Henry W. Nelson of Castine, Me., and had 3 sons, one of whom, Lieut. Franh Hoivard Nelson, was killed at Williamsburg, Va., 6 May, 1862. REV. ELEAZER MATHER PORTER WELLS, D.D. Eldest son of James, whom he succ. in 1829 ; b. Hart ford, Ct., 4 Aug. 1793. He served in the Connecticut militia in the war of 1812, and was educated at Brown University, from which he was expelled in 1819, for re- fusing to give information against a class-mate ; after- ward, however, receiving his degree. He was licensed as a Congregational minister, Mar. 18, 1823, after studjdng theology at the Bangor Theol. Instit. ; officiated some time CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 503 at Plymouth, and in 1824-26 at Calais, Me ; ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, 7 June, 1826 ; priest, 21 June, 1827 ; officiated some months at Christ Church, Gardiner, Me. ; then took cliarge of the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders at Boston, where he labored six years (27 Dec. 1827-34) ; founded what is now known as the Farm School on Thompson's Island in 1834, and in 1835 established a school of his own, called the School of Moral Discipline, at City Point, South Bos- ton. Here he worked hard for some years, until his health and strength completely failed him. After a year's rest his health was restored ; and in Dec. 1844, he took charge of the City Mission in Boston, his present post of labor. Having purchased the St. Stephen's House, adjoining the St. Stephen's Church property, he added it to the Mission, 20 Jan. 1847, and gave a deed of the house and land to the Corporation. He was the son of Francis Wells and Susannah Welsh (widow of Ebenezer) ; was b. Cambridge Farms, 23 May, 1754 ; and d. Boston, 30 Oct. 1799. He was com. 2dlieut. in Knox's art. reg. 1 Jan. 1776 ; capt. in Crane's art. reg. in 1778 ; and left the army in 1780, after a service of five years and three months. Became a member of the Society in 1788. His father, Francis Wells, son of Francis and Mildread, b. Lond., 8 Apr. 1691, m. (2d) Susannah, dau. of John and Elizabeth Allen of Boston. He came to Boston with his first wife, Mary Elton, and three children, in the ship " Hampstead Gaily," of which he was master and owner, arriving 12 Aug. 1723. Elizabeth, his dau., m. Gov. Samuel Adams. Their dau. Hannah, toward the close of 1780, was m. to Capt. Thomas Wells. Children: — Samuel Adams. Elizabeth, who m. Dr. John Randall of Stowe, Mass., and had Elizabeth, John, Belinda, Maria, and Anna. 504 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE Thomas, who m. 1st Belinda, clau. of Col. Lull of "Windsor, Vt. ; and 2d (5 Aug. 1821), Anna Maria Foster of Gloucester, Mass. Theyhad Belinda ; Thomas Foster, who m. Sarah, dau. of Joseph Morrill of Roxbury ; Samuel Adams, m. Angelina P. Bates of Springfield, Mass. ; William Vincent, author of Life of Samuel Adams, b. 2 Jan. 1826 ; Anna 3Iaria. SAMUEL ADAMS WELLS. 'Eldest son of Capt. Thomas, whom he succ. in 1808 ; b. Boston, 1787 ; d. Dorchester, Mass., 12 Aug. 1840. He was a tenacious advocate of the Democratic party ; was Corresponding Sec. of the " Republican Institution ; " and was a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1820. President of the Atlas Insurance Company, Bos- ton. He delivered the oration 4 July, 1819, for the Washington Soc, and prepared a manuscript life and correspondence of his grandfather, Samuel Adams, in 3 vols., which he sold to Hon. George Bancroft. By his wife Margaret Gale he had — Samuel Adams. Elizabeth. Hannah. James, a merchant in New York city. Catharine, who m. O'Reilly. George. He was from Brookline, and after the war settled in Marlborough, Mass., where he d. 15 Oct. 1809, ae. 72. He was major and afterward lieut.-col. of Loammi Bald- win's reg. ; raised and commanded the 9th reg., of which he was com. col. 1 Jan. 1777 ; was present at the siege of Boston, operations near New York (1776), relief of Fort Schuyler in Aug. 1777, battles of Trenton, Sara- toga, and Monmouth. At the latter engagement he was in Wayne's brigade, and was severely wounded b}^ a cannon-ball which peeled the muscles from his back almost from shoulder to shoulder. He had — CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 505 William, who had one dau. and three sons, the eldest of whom was James-, Stephen, b. 1775, d. Marlborough, Mar. 1850; and a dau. who m. Spur. He was the son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Aspinwall) White ; was b. Brooldine, Mass., 27 Nov. 1758 ; d. Sa- vannah, Ga., 9 Jan. 1812. Com. ensign in M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 1777 ; lieut. 6 Mar. 1778, and served nntil 1783. Removing to Savannah, Ga., in 1785, he became Register of Probate, and was for some years naval officer there. He was b. Danvers, Mass. ; d. ab. 1817, near Waterford, O. He was lieut. of a company of minute-men at the battle of Lexington ; lieut. and adj. in Hutchinson's reg. at the siege of Boston and invasion of Canada ; was in Francis's reg. at Hubbardton ; was a capt. at Trenton ; com. capt. in R. Putnam's (5th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and in the battles ending with Burgoyne's surrender, and served to 20 Sept. 1783, when he returned to his home in Salem, having been some time in the commissary department under Col. Pickering. On 3 Dec. 1787, he led from Salem the advance guard of pioneers in the settlement of Marietta, O. ; afterward erected Mills at Wolf Creek, and finally settled near Waterford. His son Pelatiah left William Haffield and several daughters. He was b. Lancaster, Mass., 24 Feb. 1760 ; d. Washing- ton, D.C., 3 Sept. 1810. He belonged in 1775 to a min- ute-company in Billerica, a few miles north of Lexington ; and on the morning of the 19th of April marched side by side with his father (who had served in the French 64 506 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE war of 1756-63) and an elder brother Timotliy (who became a captain in the Revolutionary army) to the latter place, and shared in the running fight which the British had to maintain in their retreat from Concord. Immedi- ately joining the army at Cambridge, he was under Arnold at Lake Champlain in 1776, and with Gates's army in the campaign of 1777 against Burgoyne, during which he was com. ensign ; com, lieut. in Sprout's (12th) reg. 5 July, 1779; adjutant, 1780 ; present at Yorktown. He retired to private life at the peace, re-entering the service on the increase of the army in 1808 as lieut.-col. 4th Inf. ; was com. adj. and inspector of the army, 17 July, 1809 ; and 31 Dec. 1809, col. of the 5th Inf. He had, while adjutant, pre- served the orders issued to the army ; and a portion of these, entitled " Revolutionary Orders of Gen. Washington," was published in 1841 by his son Gen. Henry Whiting. His descent from Rev. Samuel^ Whitmg, b. Boston, Eng., 20 Nov. 1597, who came to N. Eng. 26 May, and was pastor of the first church at Lynn, Mass., from 8 Nov. 1636, to his d. 11 Dec. 1679, and his wife Elizabeth, only dau. of the Rt. Hon. Oliver St. John, was through Rev. Samuel^- b. Skirbeck, Eng., 25 Mar. 1633, H. U. 1653, minister of Billerica, Mass., from 11 Nov. 1663, to his d. 28 Feb. 1713, who m. 12 Nov. 1656, Dorcas, dau. of Leonard Chester; Oliver,^ h. 9> Nov. 1665, a magistrate and representative of Billerica, d. 22 Dec. 1736, who m. 22 Jan. 1690, Anna, dau. of Capt. Jonathan Danforth; Samuel,* h. 6 Sept. 1702, d. 4 Nov. 1772; Timothy^ (his father), of Lancaster, b. 24 Feb. 1732, d. 12 July, 1799, who served in the French war, and who with his sons Timothy and John was present at the battle of Lexington. Col. Whiting's children were — Timothy D., b. 1785, d. 1851, s. p. (captain). Julia, 1787 — 1817, s. p. Henry, gen. U. S. A., a brave officer and elegant scholar, b. 1788, d. 16 Sept. 1851. Sophia, d. 1853, s, p. Fabius (major U. S. A.), d. 1842, s. p. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 507 Maria, b. 1794 Solon, b. 1797. Caroline Lee b. 1800, authoress, m. 1825, Professor N. M. Hentz, cl. 1856. Among the children of Gen. Henry Whiting are Henry Macomh, U. S. A., and Waiiam Danforth, U. S. N. Samuel 2imi)itU)cll, ^M. He was b. Boston, 1753 ; cl. Newton, Mass., Nov. 1791 ; N.J. Coll. 1774. He studied medicine under Dr. James Lloyd; was some time surgeon's mate in Greaton's reg. ; was com. surgeon of M. Jackson's (8th) reg. 1 Jan. 1777, and served through the war. He delivered the oration before the Society, 4 July, 1789. He m. in 1783 Lucy Tyler of Boston. Children : — Lucy, who m. Amasa Park, 1797. John Tyng, 22 Nov. 1784. Samuel, 28 July, 178G (of the firm of Whitwell, Bond, & Co., auctioneers). Elizabeth, 27 Nov. 1788. He enlisted in Vose's (1st) reg. in which he was ser- geant (in Cushing's Co.) in 1778 ; was promoted to ensign, and 11 May, 1781, was com. lieut., serving until the army was disbanded. He d. Boston, 4 Dec. 1794, £6. 36. EBENEZER WILD. Eldest son of Ebenezer and Abigail Wild ; succ. his father in the Society in 1814, and d. Chelsea, Mass., 10 July, 1869. CHARLES TIDD WILD. Eldest son of Ebenezer, whom he succ. in 1871 ; resides in Chelsea. 508 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE He was the son of Rev. Abraham and Anna (Buckmin- ster) Williams, of Sandwich, w^here he was b. 10 Feb. 1754 ; was com. 2d lieut. in Whitcomb's reg. in 1776 ; lieut. 12th reg. 1777; capt. 29 Sept. 1778; and was brigade major in 1783. He was an original member of the " Ohio Company," and d. in Sandwich in 1795. His descent from Abraham '^ Williams, a proprietor of Marlboro' in 1GG3, d. 29 Dec. 1712, who m. Joanna, dau. of William and Elizabeth Ward, was through William,- d. 30 Aug. 1702, and wife Elizabeth; Col. Abraham,^ b. 15 Apr. 1695, d. 10 July, 1781, who m. (2d) 22 Dec. 1725, Elizabeth, dau. of Robert Breck, who d. 13 Jan. 1729 ; Rev. Abraham'^ (his father), b. 25 "Feb. 1757, d. Fram- ingham, 8 Aug. 1784, H. U. 17-44, minister of Sandwich from 1749, whom. 1751, Anna, dau. of Col. Joseph Buckminster. He m. 4 Jan. 1786, Abigail, dau. of Nathaniel Freeman of Sandwich, who d. ab. 1834. Children: — Anna Buckminster, who m. William Cottrell of Delhi, O. Caroline, m. Cottrell, and was living in Cincinnati, O. Patit, b. 1789, m. Ellis Nye of Fairfield, Me. He was the son of Jonathan Williams, of Lebanon, Ct. ; was b. 11 Oct. 1749 ; d. Schoharie, N.Y., 1 July, 1847, aged 98. Entering Paterson's (afterward Vose's) reg. in Apr. 1775, he was com. 2d lieut. in Sept. 1776 ; 1st lieut. 25 Oct. 1777 ; and was acting capt. of Jeremiah Miller's Co. from June, 1779, until disbanded in 1783. He was on duty in 11 of the 13 States and in Canada; was present at Bunker's Hill, the campaign ending in Burgoyne's surrender, Valley Forge, Monmouth, and at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown ; made prisoner by the Indians in the battle of " The Cedars," 20 May, 1776, he was robbed by them of his clothing and kept in CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 509 confinement 10 days, when he was exchanged. He was again captured by the enemy in 1780 near West Point. At the capture of the two British redoubts at Yorktown, he was under the immediate command of Col. Laurens, who took his men between the redoubts under a heavy fire, taking them in reverse and cutting off the retreat of the garrison. The fire of the enemy was so ill-directed that Laurens did not lose a man. He removed about 1808 to Canandaigua, N.Y. His descent from Robert'^ Williams, of Roxbury, 1G37, cl. 1 Sept. 1693, ae. 86, and wife Elizabeth Strathara, who d. July, 1674, was through Deacon Samuel,^ h. Eng. ab. 1632, d. 28 Sept. 1698, who m. 2 Mar. 1654, Theoda, dau. of Deacon William Park ; Fark,^ b. 11 Jan. 1677, d. 1757, and Priscilla, who d. 1742,33.71 ; Ubenezer* who settled in Lebanon, Ct., and m. Mary, dau. of Andrew Veach ; Jonathan ^ (his father), who m. 26 Sept. 1744, Mary Whitney. He was an ensign in Prescott's reg. at Bunker's Hill ; was a 1st lieut. in 1776 ; com. capt. 7 July, 1777, in the 12th reg., and was in Vose's (1st) reg. from 1781 to its dis- bandment, 3 Nov. 1783. He belonged in Groton, Mass., and d. there 1 July, 1822, se. 81, leaving a widow, Mary (Everett). Children: — John, 28 Dec. 1770, d. 19 Oct. 1773. Molly, 7 July, 1772, d. 24 Sept. 1773. John. QuiNCT, 10 Oct. 1775. Molly, 19 Oct. 1777, d. 7 Nov. 1777. LuciNDA, 22 Nov. 1780. Molly, 22 Sept. 1782, d. 22 Feb. 1784. Lewis, 19 July, 1784. Clarissa, 13 Jan. 1786. Everett, 26 Apr. 1788, d. 7 June, 1788. Persis, 19 May, 1789. Everett, 26 Apr. 1791. 510 " BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOHN WILLIAMS. Eldest son of John, Avhom he succ. in 1826 ; b. Groton, Mass., 1 Apr. 1774 ; d. m Dover, Mass., leaving a widow, Sally B., who was aged 77 in 1859. He was the son of Jeremiah and Catharine (Payson) Williams ; b. S]3ringfield, Mass., 24 Mar. 1753 ; d. Green- wich, Mass., 21 Apr. 1819. He was an ensign in Asa Whitcomb's (6th) reg. in 1776 ; was com. capt. in Grea- ton's (3d) reg. 1 Jan. 1777 ; served through the war ; and during the rebellion of Shays was intrusted by the Secre- tary of War, Gen. Knox, with the command of the U. S. arsenal at Springfield. He left no issue, and was succ. in the Society by his grand-nephew, Henry Howell Williams. His descent from Robert^ of Roxbury, was tlirougli Stephen,^ b. 8 Nov. 1G40, d. 15 Feb. 1720, who m. Sarah, dau. of Joseph AVise; Joseph,^ b. 24 Feb. 1682 ; Jeremiah,^ b. 5 Oct. 1718, d. 17G2, who m. 1743, Catharine Payson. HENRY HOWELL WILLIAMS, JR. He was the son of Henry Howell and Sally, dau. of Ed- ward Payson Williams, the elder brother of Captain Joseph, whom he succ. in 1826 ; and was b. Roxbury, Mass., 1 Mar. 1804. After an apprenticeship with H. H. Tuckerman in the dry-goods business, in Cornhill, Boston, he finally suc- ceeded Ezra Dyer in the same business and locality. Being unsuccessful, he removed to Charleston, S.C., ab. 1829, and d. there 22 Sept. 1868. He m. 8 June, 1838, Anna E. Prince, who d. 26 Sept. 18G8. Children : — Henry Howell, 9 May, 1839 now (1873) an applicant for CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 511 admission to the Society, m. 20 Dec. 1866, Susan Jane Robin- son. Has Henry Hotvell, b. 4 Nov. 1867. Nancy Burnap, 30 Aug. 1840, m. 17 Jan. 1863, S. N. Brown. Gilbert Fearing, 10 Aug. 1842, an Eijiscopal clergyman. Harriet Elizabeth, 23 May, 1845, d. 15 Apr. 1847. Harriet Ardelia, 23 Feb. 1848. He was the son of Robert and 'Ann (Boylston) Wil- liams, and was b. in Boston, 24 July, 1753. He entered the Boston Latin School in 1762, graduated at H. U. in 1773, studied medicine six months under Dr. Warren, but did not pursue it on account of his aversion to the sight of blood, and was, when the Revolutionary war broke out, master of the Roxbury Latin School. The State of Mas- sachusetts having been empowered by Congress, in Sept. 1776, to raise, besides her quota of fifteen continental bat- talions, three additional ones, Cols. Wm. R. Lee, Henry- Jackson, and David Henley were aj^pointed to raise and command them. These three organizations were, on 9 Apr. 1779, incorporated into one under Col. Henry Jack- son ; and Mr. Williams, who had been aj)pointed paymaster in Lee's on 3 June, 1777, received a new appointment in Jackson's as regimental clothier, 5 Apr. 1779 ; ensign and paymaster, 24 Apr. 1779 ; was promoted to 1st lieut. 12 Apr. 1782, and at the close of the war paid off the 4th, 9th, and 16th regiments, which had previously been con- solidated, and which, under Col. Henry Jackson, formed the last body of troops retained in service, being finally disbanded in June, 1784. Jackson's regiment was con- spicuous for its soldierlike appearance and discipline ; and, having been raised in Boston and mostly officered by na- tives of that town, was called the " Boston " regiment. It took part in the battles of Monmouth and Springfield, 512 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE N.J., and in Sullivan's R.I. campaign. Mr. Williams served as a volunteer under Gen. Lincoln in suppressing Shays's rebellion in Feb. 1787, and on the 20th of May following he married Bethiah, daughter of David Pearce. Mr. Pearce, who was a native of Gloucester, followed the sea in early life, and by his industry and enterprise became one of the first merchants in the place. During the Revo- lutionary war he carried on privateering with great suc- cess, and was for many years after the war largely and prosperously engaged in a variety of mercantile enterprises. His career was one of uninterrupted prosperity up to the age of 70, when a series of misfortunes reduced him from affluence to bankruptcy, and he d. in May, 1818, r te. 82. In 1791 Mr. Williams, who was then a merchant on Long Wharf, Boston, and part-owner of the ship "Com- merce," sailed in her to the East Indies. On the night of July 10th, 1792, the ship, while on her way from Madras to Bombay, went ashore in the night on the Arabian coast near Cape Morbet, her company, except- ing three persons who were drowned in the attempt, reaching the shore in safety. Almost immediately after landing they were stripped and plundered of nearly every thing by a large party of Arabs ; and, naked and destitute as they were, they endeavored to make their way to Mus- cat, distant some 500 miles in a direct line. Their route lay through fields of burning sand, and over rocky and precipitous mountains affording neither food nor water, exposed naked in the daytime to a scorching sun and in the night to cold and heavy dews, and also to the constant depredations of thieves and robbers. On the ninth day Mr. Williams, whose shoes had been taken from him the day before, gave out, and was left to die, as was supposed, his companions covering him with branches of the prickly CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 513 thorn tree to keep off the jackals, and pursumg their way. He, however, revived sufficiently after their depart- ure to return to a spring they had just left, where he caught some frogs, and stayed till he was a little recruited. After enduring the greatest extremities of human suffer- ing, he finally succeeded in bargaining with an Arab to take him on his camel to Muscat, whence he returned home by way of Bombay and Enghmd, reaching Boston in 1794. Mr. Williams ever afterward avoided all men- tion of this distressing subject, fraught as it was with recollections of so painful and revolting a character. Eight of the seventeen white men in the ship survived the terrible hardships and privations of the journey. The journal of their travels and sufferings b}- Daniel Saunders, Jr., edited by Dr. William Bentley, was published in Salem in 1794. Mr. Williams resumed mercantile busi- ness, which he carried on successfully in Boston after his return ; Avas a selectman of the town from 1811 to 1817 ; and was Treas. of the Soc. of the Cincinnati from 1811 until his death, which occurred 16 Nov. 1834, at his resi- ^ dence on Fort Hill. Tlie following letter from La Fayette was addressed to INIr. Williams in reply to a communication from some of the surviving officers of the arm}', soliciting his influence in support of their just claims upon Congress : — L.v Gkange, Nov. 24, ]825. My dear Brothers and Companions-in-Arms : It would be superfluous to tell you that your letter from Boston, June 20th, has excited my warmest feelings, and that during my too short stay in the United States I have not lost sight of its most interesting object. But as it is probable the matter alluded to will be taken up towards the middle or before the end of the session, I have thought it was no impropriety on my part, and there might be motives, was it only from a sense of duty as well as of affection, 05 514 BIOGEAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE to address some friends on the occasion, namely, those you have mentioned, and also the President, whose personal sentiments on this our business I cannot question. Among the advantages I have derived from the immense bounty in my behalf of the people and their representatives in Congress, I would reckon the first of them the gratification to think it has fur- nished my dear comrades a successful argument to forward their claims. Accept the afi'ectionate regard, love, and wishes of your old companion-in-ai-ms. La Fayette. To Daniel Jackson, Francis Green, Kobekt Williams, Revolutionary Officers, Boston. His descent from Robert ^ and Marjary Williams, of Boston, was through Bobertf b. 30 Apr. 1691, d. 15 June, 1758, who m. 27 Nov. 171. J, Sarah ; Robert^ (his father), b. 1 Sept. 1727, d. 7 Mar. 1807, m. Mar. 1750, Ann, dau. of Benjamin and Elizabeth Boyls- ton, b. 29 Aug. 1729, d. 6 Feb. 1805. By his first Avife Bethiah, dau. of David Pearce of Gloucester, m. 20 May, 1787, he had — Kobekt Pearce. George, 27 June, 1791. Charles. Harriet. He m. 2d (20 Dec. 1803) Hannah, dau. of James and Eleanor (Campbell) Jameson of Maine, who d. G May, 1819. Children: — Eleanor Jameson, who m. Walter Baker of Dorchester, and who is the only surviving child of Robert. Horace. Sidney Boy'lston. George. He m. 3d (29 July, 1821) Sarah, dau. of James Maxwell, and widow of Christoplier Barker, and had — Sidney Boylston, who d. in Montreal. ROBERT PEARCE WILLIAMS. He Avas the eldest son of Robert, whom he succ. in 1837, and was b. Boston, 11 Mar. 1788. He began the bookselUng business with his brother Charles, under the style of R. P. & C. Williams, in 1801, and continued for thirty-five years to hold an honorable place in the trade in Boston. This firm pul)lished the works of Benjamin and CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 515 others on architecture ; a fine edition of the Book of Common Prayer, and other publications of the Episcopal Church ; the works of Peter Pindar, in four volumes ; and Shakspeare's works, in five volumes, carefully printed by J. T. Buckingham. During the financial crisis of 1837 they succumbed, and Robert P. moved with his family to St. Louis, where he carried on the book business, dying there 22 Apr. 1851. He m. in Apr. 1814, Nancy Bliss, clau. of Ebenezer and Eleanor Whitney of Belchertown (b. 2G June, 1790). They had — Nancy, 27 Jan. 1815. Eliza, 18 Nov. 1816, d. July 7, 1832. Alexander, Aug. 24, 1818. Harriet, Nov. 1, 1820, d. Nov. 11, 1845. Emily, Mar. 13, 1823. Clarissa Whitney, Jan. 2G, 1825. Robert, June 25, 1827. Thomas Penhallow-, Oct. 18, 1828. Mary Penhallow, Feb. 21, 1831. ALEXANDER WILLIAMS. Eldest son of Robert P. Williams^ whom he succ. in 1862, is a bookseller of Boston, where he was b. 24 Aug. 1818. Mr. Williams in 1839 commenced in Boston the newspaper and periodical business, then in its infancy, but which, stimulated by cheap issues of the novels of Charles Dickens, Bulwer, and others, soon attained extensive proportions, the sales of a single day being counted by thousands. This business, which is now carried on by the American News Company, has reached the enormous sum of twelve million dollars per annum. Mr. Williams is the present occupant of the " Old Corner Bookstore," proba- bly the oldest brick building in Boston, and one of its noted landmarks, bearing the date of 1712. It stands on the corner of Washington and School Streets, and has long- been the resort of the literati of Boston and vicinity. Dickens and Thackeray have been among its visitors, as 516 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE well as our own Longfellow, Hawthorne, Emerson, Holmes, and Lowell. Hem. in Coliasset, 6 Mar. 1844, Elizabeth Collier, b. 7 Feb. 1822. Children : — Robert, b. 26 May, 1846. Hklen Maria, 5 Apr. 1849, d. 15 Apr. 1854. Mary Lewis, 28 Aug. 1851. Alexander, 8 May, 1855. Charles Collier, 17 Sept. 1857. Joucitljan WiUxQ, Com. ensign, 19 Oct. 1781 ; in Vose's (1st) reg. in 1783. John, eldest son of John and Eliza (Mason) Winslow, was I). Boston, 29 Sept. 1758, d. there 29 Nov. 1819. He was before the war a clerk in the hardware store of his uncle, Jonathan Mason, deacon of the Old South Church, who kept on the east side of Washington Street, opposite Williams Court, and who, as the custom then was, lived over his store. John was in Boston during its occupation by the British troops in 1775 ; was the one who recognized Gen. Warren's body the day after the battle of Bunker's Hill ; and he also buried the communion plate of the Old South Church in the cellar of his uncle's house to prevent its falling into the hands of the British. Being desirous of getting away from Boston, he enlisted on a British ves- sel bound for Newport, R.I., at which place he deserted ; Avas app. by Gov. Trumljull deputy paymaster, rank of lieut., in the Northern depaitment, and accompanied Mont- gomery to (Quebec ; was com. captain in Crane's reg. of artillery, 8 June, 1777 ; was present at White Plains, and in the battles euding with the capture of Burgoyne at Saratoga, remaining in the artillery until discharged, 5 Nov. 1778. LTpon two occasions, during the retreat from Quebec and from Ticonderoga, he saved the books, public chest, and papers belonging to the army, losing his own CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 517 valuable baggage and wardrobe. An incident of this re- treat that he afterward related was that he had taken two golden guineas from his pockets, looked at them and put them back, being unable to buy a spoonful of meal with them. At the request of his uncle, he became his partner in the hardware business, which he afterward car- ried on upon his own account. Losing his property in 1810 by an unexpected failure, his embarrassments con- tinued during his life. His honor and integrity, however, remained unquestioned, and the people placed him seven years successively (1812-19) in the responsible office of County Treasurer. He was captain of the Ancient and Honorable Art. Co. in 1792 and 1798 ; was chosen brig.- gen. of the Boston legionary brigade in 1799 ; and in 1809 was chosen maj.-gen. of the first division Mass. mihtia, but did not accept. He was also a member of the legisla- ture ; was Assist. Treas. of the Society in 1794-1809 ; Treas. in 1809-11. His descent from John^ (bro. of Gov. Edward) Wiiislow,b. 1597, came over in the " Fortune " in 1G23, d. Boston, Oct. IG74, who m.' Mary Chihon, was through John,^h. ab. 1627, d. Oct. 1G83, and wife Elizabeth; John;^ b. 22 May, 1669, d. 1 Jan. 1694-95, who m. Abigail Atkinson, 18 June, 1689 ; John,^ b. 30 Dec. lG93,'d. at sea, 31 Oct. 1731, m. 21 Sept. 1721, Sarah Pierce; John^ (his father), b. 5 Mar. 1725, d. 29 Sept. 1773, who m. V2 Mar. 1752, Eliza Mason. He m. 21 May, 1782, Ann Gardner (b. 26 July, 1755 d 12 Nov. 1836). Children: — John. Joshua Henry, 9 Dec. 1784, d. at sea, 19 Mar. 1805. Andrew Gardner, 17 Aug. 1786, d. 21 Feb. 1788. William Pratt, 15 Mar. 1788, d. at sea, 27 Jan. 1817. Mary Ann. 6 May, 1790, living in Woburn. Elizabeth Jane, 11 Apr. 1792, m. 22 Ajir. 1808, James Ful- lerton Trott, who d. 24 Nov. 1822, Andrew Gardner, 2 Mar. 1795, m. 1 Jan. 1826, Hannah Bow- man of Bath, Me. Constant Freeman, 15 Mar. 1797, d. at sea, 28 Dec. 1820. Edward, 11 Aug. 1799, a sailor, d. Boston, 12 Dec. 1857. 518 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE JOHN WINSLOW. Eldest son of John, whom he succ. in 1822 ; b. Boston, 27 Feb. 1783 ; d. Behnont, Mass., 20 Aug. 1868. He m. 27 Oct. 1808, Sally Spear Bray (b. 3 Mar. 1787, d. 18 Oct. 1844). Children: — John, 10 July, 1809, m. 21 Oct. 1835, Margaret Hall of Liver- pool, Eiig., and had John and Ann Jane. William Henry, 25 July, 1810, d. 31 Oct. 1833, m. Sarah H. Wyman. Chahles Edward, 31 Jan. 1812, d. 23 May, 1837, m. 31 Jan. 1834, Mary A. Trull, and had Charles Henry. OziAS Goodwin, 30 May, 1813, d. 3 Dec. 1842, m. 15 Nov. 1838, Julia Martineau, and had Nathan Foster, b. 18 Oct. 1839. Sauaii Ann, 5 Apr. 1815, d. unm. 23 July, 1842. Horatio Bray, 28 Apr. 1818, d. unm. 1 Nov. 1840. George Chapman, 11 May, 1820, d. uum. 19 Jan. 1845. Andrew Gardner, 24 June, 1822, d. unm. 27 Dec. 1844. Caroline Louisa, 14 Sept. 1824, d. unm. 27 Dec. 1841. CHARLES HENRY WINSLOW. Son of Charles Edward, and grandson of John Winslow, whom he succ. in 1870 ; b. Boston, 11 June, 1835 ; is a carpenter, and resides in Belmont, Mass. He was the first in that town wlio enlisted in the union army when the Rebellion broke out, having joined the Boston Light Artil- lery Co., Capt. Cook, 20 Apr. 1861, and served with it in Maryland four months. He was then engaged at the arsenal at Watertown until 23 Dec. 1863, when he enlisted in the 11th Mass. battery, with which he served in cam- paign of 1864-65 in Virginia, from the Wilderness to the surrender of Lee. He was promoted to corporal for gal- lant conduct in the battle at Preble House on the Weldon Railroad ; was com. 2d lieut. 5th Mass. cavalry, 18 Nov. 1864, and was among the first to enter Richmond, 3 Apr. CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 519 1865. He was mustered out at Clarksville, Tex., 18 Oct. 1865. fie m. 22 Mar. 1859, Jennie P. Dawson. Children: — John Edward, b. Boston, 1 Jan. 1860. Maybell Josp:pniNE, b. Belmont, 27 July, 1865. €ijristopi)cr SSaootiijriTiflC. He was a capt.-lieut. in Wiggles worth's (13th) reg. in Sullivan's R.I. campaign in 1778 ; was com. eapt. same reg. 10 Apr. 1779, and was in Mellen's (3d) reg. in 1783. He d. in Newcastle, Me., in Mar. 1825. His widow Sarah was living in Hallowell in 1871. Samuel ffSHootrtoavtr. He was the son of Rev. Samuel, of Weston, Mass. ; was b. there 11 July, 1756 ; H. U. 1776. He was surgeon's mate in Shepard's (4th) reg., and was transferred to Crane's artillery, 24 May, 1782. In Feb. 1784, he settled in Newburg, N.Y., and d. there 29 Mar. 1785. He m. in Feb. 1784, Martha Horton, and left a son who d. in infancy. His descent from Richard^ Woodtvard, of Watertown, 1634, freeman 1635, b. 1589, d. 16 Feb. 1664-65, and wife Rose, who d. 1662, JE. 80, was through George;' b. Eiig. 1621, d. 31 May, 1676, and wife Mary; John,^ b. 28 Mar. 1649, will dated 26 Feb. 1727-28, who m. (2d) Mary Bancroft of Reading; Ebenezer,* b. 12 Mar. 1690-91, who m. 26 .Jan. 1716, Mindwell Stone; Rev. Samuel^ (his father), b. 1 Feb. 1727, H. U. 1748, d. 5 Oct. 1782. He had beside Surgeon Samuel and several daughters, a son Warham (1765-1804), a merchant of Charleston, S.C. Joijn Feoman. He Avas ensign in Shepard's (4th) reg., com. 10 Feb. 1778 ; lieut. 15 Apr. 1780 ; and in the campaign in R.I. under Sullivan. He was Inspector of Customs at Newport from 1790 to his death, 12 July, 1827, £e. 72. His widow Martha was living there in Nov. 1841, se. 88. 520 ADDENDA. Baylies, Hodijah (p. 22G), lieut. iu H. Jackson's reg. 1 Feb. — 1 Nov. 1777. Cogswell, Samuel (p. 2G4), was of WincUiam, Ct., and d. before 1812. Hall, James (p. 320). James, bis fatber, believed to have come from Scotland, was of Hingbam as early as 1740 ; was a sbip- wrigbt, and built and launcbed vessels in Cohasset. Capt. James, who was six feet two inches in height, and well made, was engaged in the battles of White Plains, Brandywine, and Monmouth. All three, who have represented this family in the Society, have met their death by accident. Capt. James walked out of an open win- dow in the Exchange Coffee House, Boston, in his sleep, breaking his ankle, and d. from mortification after its amputation ; and bis son George d. in consequence of an injury to bis spine, caused by a fall from a wharf. Hall, George (p. 321), followed the sea from boyhood, and later in life was engaged in the fishing business. When quite a young man, he was presented with the Humane Society's gold medal for saving the lives of a shipwrecked crew on Cohasset Rocks. He had James, Isaac, and Henry K. Hancock, Belcher (p. 322). Did not contribute his month's pay to the Society. Hill, Jeremiah (p. 331), was from Billerica. Lincoln, Theodore, H. U. 1785 (p. 385), was neither a lawyer nor a Judge of Probate, as stated : so says his son Thomas. OFFICERS itneral Sonxtu of \\)t Cinrinniitt. N. B. — The following list is incomplete between the years 1787 and 1825 : — Date of Election. 1783. 1784. 1787. 1799. 1800. 1805. 1811. 1825. 1829. 1839. 1844. 1848. 1854. 1857. 1866. 1872. 1788. 1784. 1787. 1790. 1799. 1802. 1825. 1829. 1832. 1838. 1851. 1857. 1863. 1872. President. George Washington Vice-President. Alexander Hamilton Horatio Gates . . Thomas Mifflin . Alex. Hamilton . Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney Henry Knox . ,, „ „ . John Brooks Thomas Pinckney . . . Aaron Ogden , Aaron Ogden Morgan Lewis Morgan Lewis William Shute William Popham .... Horace Binney Henry A. S. Dearborn . . Hamilton Fish . Hamilton Fish Charles S. Daveis ?) >y >j »> j> „ „ James W. Sever . „ , James Simons . . Secretary. Henry Knox. William Jackson. Alex. W. Johnston. Thomas McEuen. Treasurer, Alexander McDougall William McPherson Allan McLane . . John Markland Joseph Warren Scott j> y> t) Tench Tilghman . . Assistant Secretary. Assistant Treasurer. Otho H. Williams . , George Turner Wm. McPherson . Nathan Dorsey . William D. Bell . John Markland . Alex. W. Jolmston. Thomas McEuen . John Markland. ,, „ • Jos. Warren Scott. „ „ . William Jackson. . John H. Markland. N George W. Harris 66 John McDowell. William B. Dayton. 522 OFFICEES ITassnrljiisctts Sorietg of tjje Ciitdnuati. PRESIDENTS. Elected. Benjamin Lincoln 1783 John Biiooics 1810 Daa'id Toavnsend 1825 JuDAH Alden 1829 James SinER 1845 Henry Burbeck 1846 Robert Gould Shaw 1849 Charles Stewart Daveis 1853 Alfred Louis Baury 1865 James Warren Sever 1866 Henry Knox Thatcher 1871 VI CE-PRESIDENTS. Elected. Elected. Henrv Knox 1783 Benjamin Pierce . . . 1836 John Paterson 1785 James Sever . . . . 1839 William Eustis 1786 Henrv Sewall . . . . 1845 David Cobb . 1810 Joseph Prescott . . . 1846 William Tudor 1811 James Lovell . . . 1849 William Eustis 1820 Charles Stewart Daveis . 1851 David Townsend 1821 Alfred Louis Baury . . 1853 Judali Alden . 1825 James Warren Sever . 1865 Francis Green 1829 Winslow Warren . . . 1866 Daniel Jackson . 1832 Henry Knox Thatcher . 1870 John Hart . . 1834 Samuel Crocker Cobb . 1871 TREAS URERS. Henry Jackson .... 1783 Samuel Perkins . . 1841 John Winslow .... 1809 David S. Townsend . . 1845 Robert Williams .... 1811 William Perkins . . . . 1847 Robert Gould Shs iw . 1836 CINCINNATI OF MASSACHUSETTS. 523 ASSISTANT Benjamin Heywood . . 1783 Jolui Winslow . 1794 Adams Bailey . . 1809 Robert Gould Shaw . . 1825 Samuel Perkins . . . 1835 TREASURERS. David S. Townsend John Pickering . John Bryant . Henry A. Peirce . Elected. 1841 1845 1846 1805 SECRETARIES. John Brooks , . . . . 1783 Adams Bailey .... 1851 Thomas Edwards . . . . 1786 James Warren Sever . 1859 David Townsend . . . . 1807 Samuel Crocker Cobb . . 1865 John Callender . . . . 1821 Charles Dudley Homans . 1871 Thomas Jackson . . . 1834 ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Joseph Crocker . 1794 Thomas Jackson . . 1821 Samuel Armstrong . 1798 Adams Bailey .... 1834 John Callender . 1800 James Warren Sever 1851 Adams Bailey .... 1808 Benj. Henderson Greene 1859 John Callender . . . 1809 Leonard Crocker Bowles 18(i3 HONORARY MEMBERS. *William Ilickling Prescott, LL.D., 1845. *John Collins Warren, JNI.D., . . 1847. *Daniel Webster, LL.D., . . . 1851. MEMBERS OF OTHER STATE SOCIETIES, JOINING BY REMOVAL AND RESIDENCE. Binney, Horace, LL.D., Pa. *Blodget, Caleb, N.H. *Clark, Lieut. Joseph, N.H. *Craigie, Andrew, Apothecary- Gen., N.Y. *Dpai-born, Col. Henry, N.H. *Donnell, Capt. Nath'l, Pa. ^Pickering, Col. Timothy, Pa. *Reidel, Lieut. Henry, S.C. * Deceased. 524 MEMBERS ELECTED, ETC. MEMBERS ELECTED, ADMISSION NOT COMPLETED. 1787. *Tueker, Samuel . . . 1788. *Litlisow, William . . *Wi what flints you can. S AN INVENTORY OF CANNON, &c., BROUGHT FROM TICON- DEROGA, DECEMBER 10, 1775, AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THEIR TRANSPORTATION. MORTARS AND COHORNS. Brass ' Iron • 2 Cohorns 4 do. 1 mortar. 1 do. do. do. do. do. Dim. of bore. ^ 8i Ft. & ins. of length. 1—4 1—1 2—0 2-0 Weight. Total w'ht. 150 300 100 400 300 300 300 300 6i 1—10 600 600 10 3— 6 1800 1800 lOi 3— 6 1800 1800 13 3 (average) 2300 6900 Iron AN INVENTORY OF CANNON, ETC. 545 HOWITZERS. 1 8 3—4 15.2.15 15.2.15 1 81 8—4 15.2.15 15.2.15 2 (16) CANNON. Brass 350 2800 600 1800 2000 2000 .3.18 1800 2500 15,000 2500 10,000 2800 28,000 4000 28,000 5000 15,000 8 3 pounders 32V 3 — 6 3 6 do. 3iV 4—6 1 18 do. 5i 8—3 1 24 do. 51^ 5—6 (6 6 do. 0^0 9—7 I 4 9 do. 4,*^ 8—4 Iron p, were I of opinion that your reputation would suffer the least injury by it. I fully believe that it would not. But I believe that should you attend the Convention, and not meet the Cincinnati, that it would sorely wound your sincere friends, and please those who dare not avow themselves your enemies. 9 April, 1787. . . . It is the general wish that you should attend. It is conceived to be highly important to the success of the propositions of the Convention. The mass of the people feel the inconveniences of the present govern- ment, and ardently wish for such alterations as would remedy them. The Convention appears the only means to effect the alterations peaceably. If that should be unattended by a proper weight of wisdom and chai'acter, so as to carry into execution its propositions, we are to look to events and force for a remedy. Were you not then to attend the Convention, slander and malice might suggest that force would be the most agreeable mode of recourse to you. AVhen civil commotion rages, no purity of character and services, however exalted, can entirely shield from the shafts of calumny. On the other hand, the unbounded confidence the people have in your tried patriotism and wisdom would exceedingly facilitate the adoption of any important alterations that might be proposed by a Convention of which you were a member, and, as I before hinted. President. ... I have a letter from the Marquis de la Fayette of the 7th of Feb- ruary. He looks forward to military employment in this country for the reduction of the western posts and Canada. But one might venture to predict that no such operations will be undertaken until the government shall be radically amended : at present we are all imbecility. 14th Aug. 1787. . . . Although I frankly confess that the existence of the state govern- ments is an insuperable evil in a national point of view, yet I do not well see how in this stage of the business they could be annihilated ; and per- haps, while they continue, the frame of government could not with pro- priety be much higher toned than the one proposed. It is so infinitely preferable to the present constitution, and gives such a bias to a proper line of conduct in future, that I think all men anxious for a national gov- ernment should zealously embrace it. The education, genius, and habits of men on this continent are so 71 562 LETTERS. various, and of consequence tlieir views of the same subject so different, that I am satisfied with the result of the Convention, although it is short of my wishes and of my judgment. But when I find men of the purest intentions concur in embracing a system which, on the highest delibera- tion, seems to be the best which can be obtained under present circum- stances, 1 am convinced of the propriety of its being strenuously supported by all those who have wished for a national republic of higher and more durable powers. 3d Oct. 1787. . . . Every point of view in which I have been able to place the subject induces me to believe that the moment in which the Convention assembled and the result thereof are to be estimated among those fortunate circum- stances in the affairs of men which give a decided influence to the happi- ness of society for a long period of time. Hitherto every thing promises well. The new constitution is received with great joy by all the commer- cial part of the community. The people of Boston are in raptures with it as it is, but wcftdd have liked it still better had it been higher toned. I trust in God that the foundation of a good national government is laid. A way is opened to such alterations and amendments from time to time as shall be judged necessary ; and the government, being subjected to a revision by the people, will not be so liable to abuse. The first legislature ought to be the ablest and most disinterested men of the com- munity. Every well-founded objection which shall be stated in the course of the discussions on the subject should be fairly considered, and such fundamental laws enacted as would tend to obviate them. New York, 10th Feb. 1788. . . . The constitution has labored in Massachusetts exceedingly more than was expected. The opposition has not arisen from a consideration of the merits or demerits of the thing itself as a political machine, but from a deadly principle levelled at the existence of all government what- ever. The principle of insurgency expanded, deriving fresh strength and life from the impunity with which the rebellion of last year was suffered to escape. It is a singular circumstance that in Massachusetts the prop- erty, the ability, and the virtue of the State are almost solely in f^vor of the constitution. Opposed to it are the late insurgents and all those who abetted their designs, constituting four-fifths of the opposition. A few. very few indeed, well-meaning people are joined to them. The friends of the constitution in that State, without overrating their own importance, conceived that the decision of Massachusetts would most probably settle the fate of the proposition. They therefore pi-occM'ded most cautiously, ESTIMATE OF EXPENDITURES. 563 and wisely debated every objection witli the most guarded good nature and candor, but took no questions on the several paragraphs, and thereby prevented the establishment of parties. This conduct has been attended with the most beneficial consequences. It is now no secret that, on the opening of the Convention, a majority were prejudiced against it. ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURES OF KNOX AND FAJkllLY IN NEW YORK, 1785, 1786, AND 1787. (IGiox, Mrs. Knox, his brother William, four or jive children, two female servants, one girl without wages, and two German hoys, indented sei'vants.) Daily food, averaged at 205. York currency, per day . . . £365 House-rent and taxes, including £20 rent of stable . . . 215 Keeping 2 horses, 4^. per day ... 73 Repairs of carriage and harness, and shoeing horses ... 15 Wine 100 24 extra dinners annually, £5 each 120 Servants, 2 women at $8 per month 38 8s. 2 men at the same (for clothing ind. servants) . . 38 8a-. Clothing for self and family 100 Schooling for my children 60 Furniture 50 Contingencies, including charities, subscriptions, &c. ... 80 Fii-ewood 60 £1,314 16s. Salary 980 £334 16s. 27 Aug. 1787. STRICTURES UPON GENERAL KNOX. Mr. Parton, in his paper upon Washington's cabinet in the " Atlantic Monthly " for Jan. 1873, does great injustice to the abilities of Knox. He asserts that Knox was acquainted with only one subject (war) ; that he was not a man of capacious or inquisitive mind ; that he was one who must take his opinions from another mind or not have any opinions ; that he was in the cabinet of Washington " the giant shadow of his m 564 STRICTURES UPON GENERAL KNOX. diminutive friend Hamilton ; " and that his original remedy for the ills of the Confederaey was to extinguish the State governments and establish an imposing general government with plenty of soldiers to enforce its decrees. The question naturally arises, How came such a man in Washington's cabinet? Did Washington read men so badly that after a fourteen years' intimacy in camp and council, having had frequent occasion to test his capacity not only as a soldier, but as a diplomatist in conferences with the French generals and admirals ; Avith Carleton the British commander ; in allaying the discontents of the army and in disbanding it ; and not only that, but having witnessed his career as War Secretary for four years preceding his presidency, — that after all this experience he could have been so egregiously deceived ? How came he to retain him in a position for which, according to Mr. Parton, he was so signally unfit? This problem admits, after all, of a simple explanation. It is found in the hostility of Mr. Jefferson to Knox, arising solely from political antagonism, and which Mr. Parton seems to have fully imbibed. This bias may still further be accovmtecl foi' by a habit into which Mr. Parton has, perhaps unconsciously, fallen, of magnifying and overestimating his heroes, and by way of contrast of belittleing and depreciating the char- acter and abilities of their political rivals or opponents. The fact that such an erroneous judgment could have been made shows conclusively the existence of a want which we have endeavored, in the present vol- ume, in some slight degree to supply. The letters and papers of General Knox render it evident that he was well informed not only upon military matters, but that upon such subjects as politics, finance, and government, his opinions were sought and valued by many of the best minds of the time. If Mr. Parton is right, then Rufus King, Judge Marshall, Governor Strong, Alexander Hamil- ton, and Washington were all wrong. As an illustration of the capacity and originality of Knox, we commend to Mr. Parton's examination his plan for a general government (ante, page 559). Many persons who read this paper for the first time will be surprised to leain that practically the leading outlines of this plan are embodied in our system of govern- ment ; and they may also suspect that in those particulars wherein it varies from the present form, as in the length of the presidential term (seven years) and the choice of president by Congress, rather than by the present perverted electoral college system, this narrow-minded man of one idea saw nearly a century ago what we are now just beginning to see. That Hamilton and Knox, the two Federalists in the cabinet, should gen- erally agree, is not at all strange ; nor is it strange that such agreement should occur with respect to measures to which Jefferson and his anti-federal MAR 2 7 STRICTURES UPON GENERAL KNOX, 565 colleague, Randolph, were hostile. That they did not always agree was evident upon the question whether the French Convention was a legiti- mate body, and upon the more vital subject of the establishment of a navy, upon both of which questions Knox carried his point against Ham- ilton's opposition. It is most certainly true that Knox, in common with the great majority of the thinking men of the time, saw and deprecated the weakness and imbecility of the Confederation, and earnestly desired a government which could make itself respected at home and abroad, and which could develop the resources of the country^ and promote national unity. To this end he labored assiduously ; and his letters, which are replete with sound and practical views upon these great questions, furnish a sufficient refutation of such ill-considered judgments as those we have pointed out. Cambridge : Press of John Wilson and Son. u- FAC-SIMILE OF AUTOGRAPHS ORIGINAL MEMBERS SOCIETY OF CINCINNATI FOR THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 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