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 AN ORATION 
 
 delivered Before 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF IMP 
 
 Of 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 AT 11*9 SlBVBNTri AJSTNtXAXu MEETlKTa, 
 
 Meld in tl*« Rotunda, on the 4th of July, 18*4 
 
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 Jfl" FR^.VJKX/.V .«T/.VtfJt. 
 
 j>RiNTtl) BY OftDER OF f H £ SOCHfy 
 
 CHARLOTTESVILLE : 
 
 PRINTED AT THE OF FICE OF T HE INTELLIGENCER. 
 
 1844. " 
 
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AN ORATION 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF ALUMNI 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 AT ITS SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING, 
 
 Held in the Rotunda, on the 1th of July, 1844 
 
 UF FRJIJVKLIJY JfllJYOR. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE SOCIETY 
 
 CHARLOTTESVILLE : 
 
 FRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE INTELLIGENCEFw. 
 
 1844. 
 
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 3 1 14- 5 or 
 
ORATION. 
 
 The anniversary of our national jubilee is come, and the nation's 
 
 {*oy seeks expression in civic pomp and military pageantry, in waving 
 manners and martial music, in eloquence and in song. Unnumbered 
 tongues proclaim, to-day, the glad anthems of our gratitude to the heroes 
 whose struggles made us free; and recite, in glowing language, the story 
 of their sufferings and trials, their zeal and fortitude, their victories and. 
 reverses, their virtues and their deeds. The nation's heart is tuned to 
 patriotic love, and it needs but the patriot's hand to touch its chords to 
 draw forth strains of celestial music. Fit is the day, and fit our mood 
 to lull the stormy cares of life, and hush the fierce demons of party spirit, 
 while we commune together on all that is purest, noblest, and best in 
 man ; and drawing nigh around the altars of our country's love, endea- 
 vor to catch a new spark from the flame which burned in the hearts of 
 .our forefathers. 
 
 Americans have consecrated the birth day of our national indepen- 
 dence to themes of uumingled patriotism; and hallowed by the time- 
 honored custom which calls on us once in each revolving year to bury 
 .the animosities of political strife, and unite around a common shrine — 
 to enter the temples of liberty, and renew our vows of patriotic devo- 
 tion — and to commemorate, by appropriate celebrations, the integrity of 
 our statesmen, the courage of our soldiers, and the firmness of our peo- 
 ple, during the revolutionary struggle. Easy and delightful would be 
 the task of leading yourthoughts through the stirring scenes of that event- 
 ful period, so full of all that rouses and charms the heart. I turn reluc- 
 tantly from that much-trodden path, to the consideration of an humbler 
 and Jess-glowing theme. I might fan the flame of our national vanity, 
 by high-wrought eulogy on the worth of our ancestors, and over-strained 
 panegyric on the perfection of our systems of self-government ; but that 
 vanity is inflamed enough already, and needs no further fanning. — Or, 
 1 might paint a picture of our future destiny, and gild it with all the bright 
 colors of prosperity, liberty and happiness; but the future belongs not to 
 man, and its visions .are dark, uncertain and unprofitable. I claim your 
 attention to graver subjects — to thoughts on some of the elements of In- 
 dividual and National Honor — a theme which carries us back to the past 
 for its examples, brings us to the present to behold its blessings, and pro- 
 mises us its rewards in the future. Such a theme cannot be inappropri- 
 ate to a day which is dedicated to the celebration of no.ble and illustrious 
 deeds, and the return of which recalls to our minds so many instances of 
 honorable and virtuous conduct. 
 
 The indefinite character of the subject will, I fear, involve me in some 
 unavoidable confusion of language, unless I may be allowed, even at the 
 
hazard of philosophical accuracy, to speak of honor, both as a kind of 
 applause which we bestow on others, distinguishable from mere glory ; 
 and also, as a moral principle operating on ourselves, and impelling us 
 to the practice of virtue; in which latter sense it should, perhaps, be 
 called the desire of honor. I shall speak of it in both senses ; but to 
 avoid repetition, shall leave the context to explain in which sense the 
 term is used, in each particular case. 
 
 The ancients, with a just perception of emblematical propriety, built 
 the temple of honor without an entrance, except through that of virtue, 
 But, alas ! virtue itself was to them a hidden mystery ! Their philoso- 
 phers groped their way through the darkness of nature in pursuit of 
 moral truth, until lost in the vague confusion of their own conceptions, 
 they exclaimed in despair— "What is truth?" The pale and sickly 
 lamp of the human intellect shed a ray too feeble to penetrate the thick- 
 ribbed darkness which hung upon the moral world. But the sunbeams 
 of inspiration have now dispelled the gloom of that night, and kindled 
 into blaze the mid-day of knowledge, in which we may read upon 
 the heavens in letters "of living light, the lessons of eternal truth.— 
 « Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to 
 them.*' This great maxim,, though often trodden down by the heedless 
 foot of man, though often evaded by the cunning ingenuity of his mind, 
 though often perverted by the wickedness of his heart, has not been, 
 and cannot be, annihilated. The impress of Jehovah is stamped upon 
 it— it is eternal. Time, may bury it beneath the ruins with which he 
 strews his pathway ; but, like the fabled bird, it will arise into new Hie, 
 and with brighter plumage and stronger wing, soar a sublimer flight to- 
 wards the regions of eternity. Write it upon the arches of the temple 
 pf honor, and twine it round the altars of virtue; for without it the one 
 is an idle show, and the other an empty name. We need not the 
 aid of metaphysical subtlety, to draw the line of distinction between 
 Glory and Honor. The former is that mead of applause, which we 
 give to all that is grand, illustrious and imposing in human conduct, 
 without regard to the manner or the consequences of its achievement ; — 
 the latter, is the award of approbation, which the love and grati- 
 tude of mankind bestow on an eminent display of those virtues which 
 adorn and bless society. Glory dazzles us by its brilliancy — Honor wins 
 us by its purity. Glory strikes our minds with wonder and admiration — 
 Honor touches our hearts with love and esteem. The one soars in the 
 loftiest and dreariest regions of self-love, her wings often dripping with 
 gore, and her feet stained with crimes ; — the other walks in the vallies 
 of philanthropy, leaning on the arm of virtue, and showering blessings 
 on the abodes of men. Glory delights in the din of battle, the havoc of 
 war, and the hot incense of man's applause— Honor seeks, in the per- 
 formance of duly, the approval of a good conscience. Glory is the er- 
 ratic meteor, which flits athwart the spheres, startling us by its glare, 
 and inspiring us with awe, terror and amazement — Honor i's the genial 
 light which beams with serene and steady ray, and gives health, beauty 
 and life to all it shines on. Contemporaneous examples are not wanting, 
 both of ancient and modern times, to illustrate the distinction between 
 Glory and Honor. Cato of Utica, and Julius Caesar, in rank, in ago, 
 in eloquence, in genius were equal, " sed alia alii." The fame of each 
 is immortal — the one living embalmed in our hearts^-the other, ri vetted 
 ur memories. In Cato, we contemplate with pleasure his pure life. 
 
his stoic temperance, his magnanimous friendship, his stern Integrity;, 
 
 and his firm patriotism; while we turn away with loathing from the 
 meanness, the dishonesty, the rapacity, the profligacy and the debauch- 
 ery of Caesar. The virtues of Cato cast a reviving lustre over the wa- 
 ning embers of his country's liberty — that liberty expired beneath the 
 vices of Ca?sar. We delight to honor the name of Cato — history will 
 not let us forget the glory of Csesar. 
 
 Buonaparte and Washington were both the heroes of a revolution in 
 their country's affairs — in nothing equal, save in the immortality of their 
 fame. Who shall say that the measure of Napoleon's glory is not full ? 
 Do we not see him a nameless youth — a subaltern officer — a victorious 
 General— a haughty Emperor — a stern despot, in such quick succes- 
 sion that we scarce note his approach, until he stands before us in gi- 
 gantic proportions? Like a speck in the heavens, at first scarce seen, 
 presently attracting us by its waving outline and gilded colors — anon 
 growing darker and more threatening — then veiling the sun and shroud- 
 ing the sky — and at last bursting upon us in all the terror of storm, ri- 
 ving the solid mountains with its lightning, and shaking the firm earth 
 with its thunders. He rises up out of the foamy billows of the French 
 revolution, like some mighty Sea-God sent to lash the wild surges of de- 
 mocratic fury into the calm of despotism. His fame reverberated from 
 shore to shore, in tones louder than the peals of his own artillery, till 
 echo grew weary of the sound, and men every where trembled at his 
 name. He seems a veiled messenger of destiny, scourging his race with 
 death and avoc — obliterating the land-marks of nations, overturning hoary 
 dynasties, and establishing ephemeral kingdoms : But lift up the veil, 
 and gaze upon the man, and Ave shudder at the deformed mass of false- 
 hood, impiety, murder, cruelty, treachery and treason. Love, honor, 
 justice, peace, liberty — all the blessings, and all the virtues, lie bleeding 
 at his feet, trampled in the dust to lilt him up to greatness. — Rivers of 
 blood, and hecatombs of slaughtered thousands, are the reeking monu- 
 ments that mark, his course; the wail of the widow and the orphan, the 
 cries of the wounded and the dying are the melancholy music which 
 heralds his march. Look at Marengo and Austerlitz, and twine for his 
 brow, if you will, a chaplet of undying glory, but weave into it no em- 
 blems of honor, lest his crimes wither them, and his garlands fade for- 
 ever. 
 
 Washington, in extent of fame, is the equal of Napoleon ; in all that 
 makes fame honorable, a sightless distance high above him. Every virtue 
 claims a share in his noble character, the vices only stand far aloof. Jus- 
 tice and truth, firmness and wisdom, courage and patriotism, benevo- 
 lence and piety, make up its exact proportions, its graceful lineaments, 
 and its lovely features. The triumphant armies of England could not 
 damp his courage — insuperable difficulties could not shake his resolu- 
 tion—the brightest visions of ambition and power could not tempt him 
 from the path of duty. He lifted the destiny of his country's freedom 
 on his shoulders, and" ample was his Atlantean strength to bear the pre- 
 cious burden high above every difficulty, and far beyond every danger. 
 History furnishes us no character at once so illustrious and so pure— su 
 exalted and so unsullied. 'Tis vain to eulogise the name of Washing- 
 ton — a name too grand for song, too sublime for eloquence; we may 
 place it on the highest pinnacle of fame, yet sigh in disappointment for 
 some loftier point to place it on. 
 
6 
 
 The fame of Napoleon, won without virtue, and polluted by crime, 
 is but as dross, compared with that of Washington. It is glory in both 
 cases ; but in the one false, in the other true; in the one a fit subject for 
 our execration, in the other a noble example for our imitation. The one 
 is mere glory, the other genuine honor — choose ye between them. 
 
 The desire of honor, considered as an active principle of human con- 
 duct, enters into all the ramifications of social duty. It is the principle 
 which impels us to the performance of the duties of life, in all its varied 
 relations, making the friend trusty, the citizen correct, the judge upright, 
 the soldier faithful, the statesman incorrupt, woman chaste, and man 
 honest. It is the brightest jewel in the monarch's crown, the fairest 
 flower in the hero's chaplet, a gem of pearly beauty even in the hovels 
 of poverty and despair. How happy a theme for the consideration of 
 young men about to enter on the theatre of life ! When Christo- 
 pher Columbus sailed from the harbor of Palos, on his first voy- 
 age of discovery, amid the prayers and supplications of the multi- 
 tude assembled on the shore, he embarked upon an unknown and un- 
 travelled ocean, but he carried with him the unerring load-stone, faith- 
 ful to direct his course upon its trackless waves. In all the vicissitudes 
 of calm and storm, of sunshine and darkness, the needle would be still 
 true to its office. How much did its possession diminish the dangers of 
 that daring and perilous voyage ! Happy would it be for frail human na- 
 ture, if, when we embark on the stormy sea of life, we could secure 
 some such moral guide, some sure index which, when tossed on its bil- 
 lows, should, like the mariner's compass, point us still to the polar star 
 of happiness. Is not this principle of honor, chastened by religion, such 
 a guide? Will it not infallibly lead us to distinction, contentment and 
 happiness? Take it then with you, young men, into the world you are 
 about to enter on, and whether the sunshine of prosperity light up your 
 way, or the clouds of adversity lower thick above it, look still to its in- 
 dex, and follow where it points. 
 
 The precepts of honor must be looked fur in that golden rule before 
 announced — " Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do 
 ye even so to them." 'Tis vain to look for them elsewhere ; and vain- 
 est of all to seek them in what is popularly called the code of honor — 
 that absurdest relic of a semi-barbarous age, a code founded neither in 
 wisdom, justice nor religion, — not in wisdom, for it subjects all offences 
 to the same penalty ; not in justice, for it puts the injured at the mercy of 
 the offending party ; not in religion, for it makes man the avenger of his 
 own wrongs, while Heaven has said, " vengeance is mine, I will repay.'* 
 It deals out the same measure of redress to the grossest outrages and the 
 slightest insults. It grants the same hard terms to abused confidence, 
 betrayed friendship, insulted chastity, and to the most trivial affronts. — 
 It looks with the same eye on the wretch who seduces my daughter, and 
 the stranger who treads on ray toe; and offers me the life of either at the 
 hazard of my own. Unwise as it is in the judgment it pronounces, it is 
 still more unjust in the execution of its sentence, for it gives the wrong- 
 doer every advantage. Instead of weighing justice in an equal balance, 
 poised by the firm hand of wisdom, it leaves the final decision to blind 
 chance, having first, however, ordered the chances to be in favor of 
 guilt, not of innocence. But unwise and unjust as it is, it is still more 
 incompatible with the precepts of religion, for it legalizes deliberate mur- 
 der, inculcates premeditated revenge, sanctions disobedience to the laws. 
 
and teaches man to break the tenderest and holiest ties of filial, parental 
 and conjugal affection in defence of empty and idle punctilio. It mea- 
 sures tne feelings by the worn-out standard of a savage age, which 
 reckoned physical courage, a contemptible instinct of our nature, as 
 strong in the wild-boar and the bull-dog as in man, above moral courage, 
 one of the noblest fruits of education and refinement. The practice of 
 duelling, the legitimate offspring of this code, is wholly inconsistent with 
 every principle of genuine honor. Would that public opinion could be 
 waked up to expel from among us this last relic of feudal barbarity. In 
 this age of refinement, a man should cease to purchase impunity for 
 meanness by a readiness to risk his own life or to take that of another ; 
 and society should expel from its bosom, Avith scorn and indignation, 
 the wretch who insults or injures his fellow-men, instead of fostering 
 and cherishing him, if he can stand the point of a sword or the click of 
 a trigger. There is another kind of spurious honor, which is, if possible, 
 even more baneful and deleterious than this — whereby politicians and edi- 
 tors of political newspapers are allowed to deceive and gull the people 
 in their vocation with impunity, if they can manage to keep clear of the 
 pillory and gallows in their dealings and intercourse with men. These 
 immaculate geutry would fain keep two codes of morality — the one for 
 private and the other for public use : the misfortune is that they are too 
 apt to carry both in their pockets, and have none in their hearts. Strange 
 and preposterous idea, that he who betrays a public trust, can be faith- 
 ful in a private one, or that he who is false to his country can be true to 
 his friends. Yet do we often hear that such an editor or such a politi- 
 cian is a correct and honorable man, but is not to be trusted in politics. 
 Away with this perverse notion of honor, which has converted the free- 
 dom of the Press, that mighty palladium of our rights, into a common 
 sewer of billingsgate, slander and falsehood, and driven honorable states- 
 men from the councils of the nation to make way for knavish and black- 
 guard politicians. 
 
 Need I dilate on the rewards of honor'? We shall find them in the 
 approbation of the wise and good, in the sweet solace of a sound con- 
 science, and in the benignant smiles of approving heaven. It links our 
 names with Hampden, LaFayette and Washington; and, by that chain 
 of immortal coil which circles round the great and good of every age, it 
 binds us to the hearts of millions yet unborn ; and when joined, to a holy 
 faith, it helps to anchor our hopes on that happy shore where the righte- 
 ous Abraham reposes in the bosom of his God. 
 
 I cannot leave the subject of individual honor without addressing a 
 word to the female part of my audience. The principles of honor must 
 be instilled in*e the mind in early hfe, before the weeds and brambles of 
 care and vice choke up its v-irgin soil, and you my country women, must 
 do the work. Plant it, then, in the hearts of your sons, yea, and of your 
 daughters too, in the spring-time of youth, water it with the soft tears 
 of maternal love,, and support it by the fervency of your prayers, and rest 
 assured that you, while you live, and your country, long, long after you 
 are gone, will reap the rich harvest of its blessed fruits. 
 
 Nations are but masses of men, united into societies by accidental or 
 natural circumstances ; and their conduct, being subject to the influence 
 of the same impulses, motives and passions which control individuals, 
 must be judged by similar rules. To notice all the subjects of national 
 honor., would be an endless task,, toilsome to me, and tedious to you ; — 
 
8 
 
 permit me to call your attention to some 1 of those which lie most promi- 
 nent on the surface. A system of wise and just legislation, which has 
 for its object the protection of persons and property — the preservation of 
 liberty — the restraint of licentiousness and disorder — the punishment 
 of crime, and even-handed justice between man and man, cannot fail to 
 reflect the most exalted honor upon national character. Insecurity of 
 personal privileges and the rights of property, is the certain harbinger of 
 oppression, rapine and nitrrder, which sever" the bonds of the social com- 
 pact, and recall the„ chaotic anarchy of a state of nature. No cause 
 tended more than this to retard the advance of civilization during the 
 middle ages, when might gave right, and the best title was the strongest 
 arm and the longest sword. While the history of that period is replete 
 with instruction on this subject, it fills the mind with gloomy forebodings 
 of the future destiny of man. The human intellect, after culminating 
 in the zenith of its glory and power, seems to sink into a hopeless and 
 interminable night. And do we not tremble at the thought that that night 
 may come again ? May there not be successions of day and night in the 
 moral, as in the physical world? May not the sun of civilization be 
 doomed to rise to a certain meridian, and then sink again, and setting, 
 leave the world in darkness? And if so, is it morning, noon, or evening 
 now ? Is the course of our generation still upwards*, or have we reached 
 the zenith, and must we soon descend? There are signs in the heavens, 
 which portend convulsions in the social system. While legitimacy, in 
 one half of Europe, is tottering before the onward and resistless march 
 of the equality of conditions; despotism in the other half is curbing with 
 iron fetters this rising spirit of the age. The rivals must meet ere long 
 in mighty conflict — tremendous, fearful and terrific will be the strugg'e. 
 But when the storm ceases, when its thunders are hushed, its clouds 
 roll away and peace hangs her bow upon the skies, we shall behold 
 again, the star of man's destiny — either rising in the east with renewed 
 lustre, or shorn of its beams and setting in the west. If in that strug- 
 gle the spirit of despotism triumph, the sable curtains of moral darkness 
 will overshadow the heavens, and man must prepare to sleep another 
 long night of slavery and despair. But if victory light on the banners 
 of equality, a new impulse will be given to the march of civilization, 
 the sunshine of moral improvement will grow brighter and brighter, and 
 Freedom, clapping her wings with joy., will begin a new flight onwards 
 and upwards— ceaseless and eternal. 
 
 To preserve that freedom of action which is necessary to give life to 
 energy, and contentment to home,, and at the same time to restrain it 
 within such bounds as to prevent disorder and licentiousness, is one of 
 the most difficult problems in legislation. Fancy, in her aerial dreams, 
 may delight to dwell on the Utopian scenes of a state of nature, when 
 man roved the wild forest in the uncontrolled enjoyment of natural rights, 
 with no objects of life but the gratification of his appetites, and no law 
 but his own s'avage will — but reason teaches us that no such condition 
 of things could exist. Man is formed for society, holds all his righ's, 
 under the social compact, and has never lived without its pale. The 
 king of beasts has an indisputable, natural right to hunt, pursue, over- 
 take and slaughter his prey, regardless of the sufferings of the victim ; 
 but man belongs to a higher order of creation, and has lost this brutal 
 right in the blessed bonds of society. What is natural right, but supe- 
 rior power— the right of the strong to prey upon the weak ? The chief 
 
9 
 
 object of social organization is to control this natural power by the re- 
 straints of law. Yet any restraint upon the powers of the individuals, 
 not necessary to the safety and protection of thef- whole, is a species of 
 tyranny, making society a curse, and man a slave. Freedom of action 
 when repressed within wholesome bounds is a mighty instrument of 
 mental and moral improvement, and when uncontrolled, the source of 
 most direful evils — thus the power of steam, when chained to our cars 
 gives us the " wings of the morning that we may dwell in the uttermost 
 parts of the earth," and when it bursts from its shackles, becomes the 
 speedy messenger of destruction and death. While the honor and liber- 
 ty of the nation require that too much restraint shah not be put on the 
 natural powers of the citizens, its peace and safety demand enough to 
 ensure order and obedience to the laws. Democratic institutions seem 
 to foster in a peculiar manner the spirit of insubordination and licentious- 
 ness. «*It buds in our nurseries, blooms in our schools, and bears its 
 deadly fruits in the bosom of society. It led to the frightful tragedy 
 enacted on that lawn a few years ago, which robbed this institution of 
 one of its brightest arnaments, and sent a young man forth into the world 
 with the brand of Cain stamped on his forehead, and the remorse of hell 
 knawing^at his heart. The recent mobs in Philadelphia are another in- 
 stance of this fell spirit's work, during which the authority of law was 
 defied, social order yielded to brutal force, the rights of persons and pro- 
 perty were violated, and even the sanctity of God's holy temple invaded, 
 Ages of quiet order cannot wipe out the foul reproach of the few brief 
 hours during which the fury ol a mob triumphed over the authority of 
 law. Bright is the honor of that nation whose laws are so ordained in 
 wisdom, and executed injustice, that the natural powers of man which 
 are productive of good, are cherished and developed, while only the evil 
 and vicious ones are restrained and subdued. 
 
 The French revolution is another example of the spirit of licentious- 
 ness, destroying at one fell swoop every vestige of national honor. It is 
 an event without any parallel in the annals of man's history. The tor- 
 nado sweeping over the face of nature, tearing off her robes, and scat- 
 tering ruin, desolation and death along its path ; or the earthquake en- 
 gulphing cities, shaking the solid earth, levelling the lofty mountains, 
 and filling up the caverns of the mighty deep, are faint emblems of its 
 wild fury. The demons of civil discord were let loose to rend the vitals 
 of society, and the floodgates of hell lifted high to deluge the nation with 
 crime. Not only was all human law abrogated, but Deity itself defied, 
 and a common prostitute, crj>wrred the Goddess of Reason, usurped the 
 throne of Jehovah. Fearfully and bitterly has France expiated her 
 crimes ; and at last, scourged with many woes, and stricken with many 
 wounds, she has resumed her stand among the nations of the earth, hap- 
 py if her passage through the fiery ordeal has purged away her dross, 
 and prepared her for the enjoyment of rational freedom. Deep is the 
 national disgrace when but a portion of the people rebels against law 
 and order. But when the whole nation becomes a mob, throws off eve- 
 ry restraint, and runs riot in the excess of unbridled license, the stain is 
 indellible ; like murdered Duncan's blood upon the Queen's hand, the 
 " damned spot" will not out. 
 
 To remove obstacles from the path of genius, and dispel the clouds which 
 surround it — to nurse it when struggling with adversity, and waft it on 
 amid the gales of prosperity — to burst the fetters which chain it to the 
 9. 
 
10 
 
 earth, and nerve its wings for lofty flights into the pure empyrean where 
 truth 
 
 " Sits, 
 High-throned above all height" — 
 
 fo garnpr up the rich treasures of its discoveries, and pour the effulgence 
 ot its light on future aces, are among the noblest and most honorable offi- 
 ces of government. Built on this foundation, national honor stands un- 
 shaken, amid all the shocks of time. Misfortune may obscure its null 
 ancc, disaster may veil its light, or disgrace may dim its ray in total dark- 
 ness, yet will men in far distant ages, look back with grateful hearts to 
 pay the tribute of honor to the nation which has been the patron of ge- 
 nius. What remains of Athens and Rome, but the trophies of their ge- 
 nius? Athens, once the seat of learning, the school of the world, the 
 home of freedom and the birth-place of science — Athens is no more. — 
 Time has flapped his w r ingover her, and her citadel is in ruins, the wor- 
 shipper of Mahomet has polluted her temples, ignorance sits enthroned 
 in her philosophic halls, and slavery has put its chains upon her chil 
 dren. Where is the mistress of the world 1 The Coliseum stands, but 
 where is Rome? W r here her victories, and her"treb!y-hundred triumphs" 
 ■ — her conquering legions — her mighty captains — her vassal nations, and 
 her boundless territories? The foot-step of the savage has defiled her 
 soil — the Goth and the Vandal have clipped the wings of her far-soaring 
 eagles— heathen hordes and Christian armies have stripped her of her 
 glory— 
 
 " The Niobe of nations ! there she stands 
 Childless and crownless." 
 
 Athens and Rome would be known to us only as heaps of ruins, like 
 Balbec and Palmyra, had not the genius of their sons immortalized the 
 story of their greatness. Their wealth, their power, their governments,. 
 even their languages have passed away, but have not been, and eannol 
 be forgotten — tiie genius of Thucydides and Tacitus hovers over them 
 still— the fire of Demosthenes and Cicero still kindles the flame of 
 their glory — and the music of Homer and Virgil is still heard amid their 
 crumbling ruins. 
 
 We behold in Spain an instance of a nation redeemed from almost to- 
 tal infamy by one bright spot— by a single instance of successful encour- 
 agement given to noble enterprise. That nation, from being at one time 
 a first rate power, has sunk into insignificance. Her bowels torn by in- 
 testine feuds, and her strength paralysed by angry factions, she lies gasp- 
 ing for breath, while her greedy neighbors are only restrained from divi- 
 ding her rich inheritance among themselves by the fear of each other. — 
 The haggard ghosts of the victims of the inquisition rise up against her, 
 and, with maimed tongues and tortured limbs demand the penalty of 
 superstition and persecution— and the blood of innocence shed upon the 
 plains of Peru and Mexico cries aloud to heaven against her for ven 
 geanee. But Spain, the kingdom of Isabella— that paragon of noble 
 queens— Spa n r the patron of Columbus, the discoverer of America. ■•, 
 honored yet, Who can forget that we owe to Spain., debased and disho 
 
11 
 
 nored as she is, the discovery of the new world ? And such a world, m 
 fresh, so beautiful, so rich, so grand — 
 
 " Where 
 Nature wantons as in her prime, and plays at will 
 Her virgin tricks." 
 
 No event has conferred greater blessings on the human race, than the 
 discovery of America. The extension of the Roman Empire, preparing 
 the way for the dissemination of the gospel by universal dominion — the 
 art of printing dispelling the clouds of ignorance, and casting the light of 
 knowledge over a benighted world — the invention of gunpowder, en- 
 trenching civilization behind impregnable barriers — and the reformation 
 of Luther, bursting the thraldom of the mind, and purging religion from 
 its corruption, alone can be compared with it. The individual honor of 
 this bright deed all belongs to Columbus, the greatest benefactor of man 
 kind. A hero, whose laurels all bloomed in peace, and bore no fruit of 
 evil. Nor eloquence, nor poetry, nor science, nor the sword opened his 
 bright way to glory, yet is he first among the greatest. Undeterred by 
 disappointment, undaunted by difficulties, undismayed by dangers, rely- 
 ing solely on the heaven-born impulses of his own mighty genius, he led 
 the way acrose the wide wilderness of unfathomed waters, and gave to 
 man a hemisphere. But the national honor is all Spain's. What have 
 not Genoa and Portugal lost by neglecting the genius of Columbus 1 
 His services were offered to them, and declined. Spain undertook a 
 scheme which those nations, though far better skilled in navigation than 
 herself, yet deterred by the magnitude of its dangers, had refused to em 
 bark in. She succeeded, and the honor is all her own; and, so bright is 
 its lustre, that it shines still with unclouded rays, amid the gloom which 
 js settling so thick around her, and must continue to shine till time's un- 
 ceasing footsteps wear creation out. 
 
 Of all the vices that degrade mankind, the meanest and most detesta- 
 ble is falsehood. It sears the heart, scathes all its fine feelings, and dries 
 up in it the sources of honorable action. It fills our gaols with felons, 
 and scourges society with cheating, treachery, fraud, and all sorts of 
 crime. Can nations lie and cheat — aye, but call it not so. Frederick 
 the great pledged himself by all that could make a treaty solemn and 
 binding, to observe with good faith the pragmatic sanction, by which 
 Maria Theresa ascended the throne of Austria. Yet, touched by none 
 of those tender sympathies which clustered round that young queen,, 
 led on by his own grasping ambition, and tempted by her weak- 
 ness, he invaded her defenceless territories. The horrible calamities of 
 the seven years war, during which the nations of Europe combined 
 against him, and Prussia was over-run, her towns pillaged, her fields de- 
 vastated, and her people slain, were the fearful consequences of his gross 
 want of faith. This vice has come to blot our escutcheon— till now un- 
 sullied. The doctrine of repudiation, promulgated in one of our sister 
 states, has nipped with blight and mildew the laurels of our national honor. 
 Our citizens must hang their heads with shame, and our name be a by- 
 word and reproach among nations until this stain is wiped out. It is 
 vain to say that we have been cheated by our agents; the fact that they 
 were our own agents, selected by ourselves, estops the plea. Justice de- 
 mands the punishment of the guiltv agents, not of the innocent suffer- 
 
12 
 
 ers by the fraud. Thanks to heaven ! Virginia is free from this stain. — 
 She weeps over the soiled banner of her sister as it trails in the dust, but 
 r .joicesin her own bright honor. Sons of Virginia! keep that honor bright, 
 let not blot nor stain tarnish her fair name. Contrast the refusal of Mis- 
 sissippi to pay her debt with the recent voluntary loan of the citizens of 
 Holland to their King — and how does the youthful republic suffer by the 
 contrast. Has freedom polluted the hearts of her sons? No, no! — 
 Freedom refines and ennobles the heart of man. But I greatly fear that 
 a misapprehension of democratic power- has laid the foundation of this 
 evil disgrace. The fatal error is abroad that the majority of to-day is 
 omnipotent, and must not be ruled by that of yesterday. Farewell to 
 freedom, to justice, to all our glory, if this doctrine prevail ! The ma- 
 jority of mere numbers has no inherent right to rule even in the absence 
 oi established governments, for then the right to rule is a question of pow- 
 er, and all history teaches us that the greatest power does not always re- 
 side with the greatest number, but is often transferred by wealth, talents, 
 or skill, to the minority : while in all established governments the funda- 
 mental law must be supreme, and rule over both the majority and minor- 
 ity. Admit the doctrine that the majority is omnipotent and uncon- 
 trollable, and democracy is only the despotism of many masters, and 
 may bring as grinding oppression as the tyranny of an autocrat. Un- 
 der republican institutions especially, where the tendency is ever strong- 
 est to the domination of the majority, is it necessary to cling to the doc- 
 trine that the law alone is supreme. This is the sheet anchor of our 
 hopes, the basis of rational freedom, the best security for chartered rights, 
 lor peace and order, and all that is solid and good in society ; without it 
 the social compact is abrogated — power is the only test of right — and ty- 
 ranny reigns, whatever be the form of the government. 
 
 Without pretending to decide whether man has any innate sense of 
 good and evil, teaching him by intuition the difference between right and 
 wrong, it will, I think, be admitted on all hands, that there are certain 
 great fundamenat truths which the wants of every society lead it to 
 adopt; — these form the basis of international law. And, however con- 
 ventional our notions of justice may be, the honor of a nation demands 
 a strict compliance with the rules of that law; any infraction of them, 
 only being the more dishonorable from the fact, that there is no tribunal 
 to enforce its precepts, and the appeal must consequently ever be to vio- 
 lence and the sword — letting slip the dogs of war to mangle the peace of 
 society. Yet is there a remote sanction of the great principles of nation- 
 al equity in this — that a nation rarely reaps any fruits of injustice, at all 
 commensurate with its evils. The God of battles having announced 
 these moral truths amid thunders and shakings of the earth, "does not al- 
 low them to be violated with impunity ; and, Avhen the appeal is made 
 to him, rarely fails to visit with heavy retribution, flagrant and wilful 
 infractions of them. The awful calamities which befel the nations that 
 participated in the division of Poland, is a signal instance of the ven- 
 geance with which the All-Wise Disposer of human events punishes 
 violations of national law. While Prussia, Austria and Russia were 
 busily engaged in securfng the spoils of that most flagitious act of injus- 
 tice, the storm of the French revolution was brewing around them. 
 They lost the lucky moment to arrest its dangers, and, when too late to 
 be prevented, it burst upon them with irresistible and overwhelming ru- 
 
13 
 
 in. Prussia, the most greedy of the three, was the greatest sufferer— 
 the battle of Jena, the peace of Tilsit, and years of bondage w< re 
 her punishment. Austria, in the devastation of her fields, the loss of 
 her territory, and the surrender of her capitol, and Russia in the defeat of 
 her armies, the slaughter of her people, and the conflagration of Mos- 
 cow, both reaped the penally of their injustice. Dreadful as were the 
 calamities which Napoleon inflicted on these nations, we cannot contem- 
 plate them as the punishment of their crimes, without a feeling of 
 grateful pleasure at the thought, that there is a mighty arm which ruli s 
 over the destiny of man, and punishes with terrible vengeance the viola- 
 tions of national law. 
 
 The loveliest virtue that adorns the character of man is charity— the 
 noblest ornament of individual, the brightest wreath of national honor. 
 To succour poverty, to relieve want, to pluck the thorn from woe, to 
 bear up the tottering steps of decrepitude, to open the world of mind 
 where nature has closed its avenues, and to pour the light of hope into 
 regions of despair, are the monuments of its work — monuments, com- 
 pared with which, the pyramids of the Pharaohs, or the grandest struc- 
 tures of Grecian and Roman architecture, are insignificant and con- 
 temptible. The ancients erected their baths, their aqueducts, their por- 
 ticos, their temples, their theatres and their palaces, on a scale of mag- 
 nificent grandeur, and decorated them with all the beauties of sculptuie 
 and art. But we look in vain among them for their charitable institu- 
 tions — their hospitals for the afflicted, and their asylumns for the desti- 
 tute. The solid masonry and wide-mouthed cannon of our forts, or our 
 gallant navy bearing the star-spangled banner in triumph on every sea, 
 and snatching victory from the paws of the British lion, are proud sub- 
 jects of national gratulation ; but they remind us of the injustice and op- 
 pression of man, of the slaughter and havoc of war, and are not themes 
 of as sweet contemplation, as the humble works of philanthropic charity, 
 which bind up the wounds of misfortune, and dry the weeping eyes of 
 woe. Shame to that government which can leave charity to lreeze in 
 the cold bosom of individual exertion, instead of sheltering her under its 
 .own broad wings, or which lets her halt on the feeble and crippled sup- 
 port of private effort, instead of bearing her aloft in the strong arms of 
 national protection. 
 
 We come to the last subject to which I shall call your attention— the dis- 
 semination of knowledge among the people, and 1 shall dismiss it with 
 a very few remarks, not from any under-valuation of its importance — 
 far from it. But because the length of this address, already extended 
 too far, warns me that I may tax your patience too long. The nation 
 which neglects the education of its citizens cannot fill the measure of 
 national honor, however the wisdom of its laws and the equity of its 
 conduct may entitle it to respect, or lead it to prosperity. Neither are 
 the order and peace, the prosperity and liberty of a nation safe, unless 
 they rest on the firm foundation of the virtue and intelligence of the peo- 
 ple. Men must know their rights before they can maintain them • and 
 " how shall they know except they be taught?" and who shall teach 
 them but the nation ? Can one man unfold the massive doors that shut 
 in the treasures of knowledge, or roll back the clouds of ignorance and 
 error which rest upon the people? There is need of much wisdom in 
 the selection of a system of popular education. Want of time forbids 
 me to enlarge on the merits and faults of those which have been tried. I 
 
14 
 
 can only siy that any system whicKlooks merely to intellectiial improve- 
 ment, which seeks only the cultivation of the capacities q£ the mind, 
 without refining the Feelings of the heart, is sadly defective. It may 
 b .-;ir the fruit of knowledge, but it may be that fruit whose mortal taste 
 is the source of evil; to bring forth good fruit, the tree of knowledge 
 must be planted in the heart, and moral culture must prune its rankness, 
 lill round its roots, and water its dry places with the dews of heaven. 
 
 My work is done. Young men, the honor of the nation will soon be 
 confided to your hands. Prepare yourselves to keep it. Build high 
 your vigil-tires, feed them well with the oil of virtue and religion, watch 
 them with sleepless vigilance, and tend them with untiring toil, that 
 when the time comes for you to pass your ward to those who shall suc- 
 ceed you, the jewel of American honor may go from your hands as pure 
 and unsullied, as it came to us from the Father of his country. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF ALUMNI, 
 
 AT ITS SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 
 
 University of Fa., July 3, 1844. 
 
 According to the order of adjournment at its last meeting, the Society of 
 Alumni of the University of Virginia, met this day in the eastern hall of the 
 Rotunda. Many members from the surrounding country, and some from 
 distant parts of the State were present, and reported themselves. In the ab- 
 sence of the President, the 1st Vice President, Franklin Minor, Esq., took 
 the chair, and called the Society to order. 
 
 The proceedings of the last meeting of the Society were read by the re- 
 cording Secretary, and having been approved, were signed by the presiding 
 officer. 
 
 Th. Wood, Esq.., Treasurer of the Society, made his annual report, rela- 
 tive to the condition of the finances of the Society, which was approved and 
 received. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Jno. B. Minor, Resolved, that the Treasurer of the So- 
 ciety be, and he is hereby instructed to lend the funds of the Society on good, 
 and safe security, to collect the interest semi-annually, and lend that on like- 
 terms. 
 
 The term of office for which the officers of the Society had been elected 
 expiring with the present meeting — 
 
 On motion of Mr. P. Carr, Resolved, that the Society do now proceed to 
 ;thc election of officers for the next two years. The election of President 
 sbeine first in order : 
 
15 
 
 Mr. Truehe.4e-t nominated It. C. Stanard, ol* Richmand City. 
 
 Mr. Jno. B. Minor nominated Wm. Daviel, of Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Mr. G. W. Carr nominated R. M. T. Hunter, of Essex co., Va. 
 
 And on balloting, Mr. Hunter was found duly elected. 
 
 Ch. L. Mosby, Esq., of Lmchburg, Va., was nominated, nnd elected 1st 
 Vice President, and Jno. B. Minor, Esq., of Albemarle co., Va., 2d Vice Pre- 
 sident of the Society. 
 
 On nominations severally made, P. Carr, E*q. was re-elected recording 
 Secretary, and Th. Wood, Esq., of Albemarle, Treasurer of the Society 
 
 Mr. J. H. Gilmer offered a resolution, with a view to the alteration of the 
 mode of nomination, and election of members, which, after amendment and 
 debate had thereupon, was, upon motion of Mr. Th. Wood, referred to a 
 committee ot three with instructions to report during the next sitting of the 
 Society. 
 
 And the chair appointed the following gentlemen ns the committee under 
 the foregoing resolution, viz : Professors Geo. Tucker, and J. L. Cabell, 
 and Th. Wood, Esq. 
 
 On motion of Mr. P. Carr, Resolved, that the Society will at this time 
 proceed to the nomination of candidates for the offices of Orator, and Alter- 
 nate Orator for the next annual meeting, postponing the election of the same 
 to the session of the Society to be held to-morrow. And the following gen- 
 tlemen were acccordingly placed in nomination : 
 
 Wm. Daniel, Esq., of Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 Wm. Ballard Preston, Esq., of Montgomery co., Va. 
 
 R. C. Stanard, of Richmond Cily, and 
 
 Z. Collins Lee, of Baltimore. 
 
 There being no other business before the Society at this session, on motion 
 of Mr. Wood, the Society adjourned to meet to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock. 
 
 Thursday, July 4th, 1844. 
 
 The Society met, according to adjournment, F. G. Ruffin, Esq., of Alb. 
 Co., the 2d Vice President, in the chair. 
 
 Th. Wood, Esq., in the absence of the chairman of the committee, re- 
 ported, that the committee to which was referred on yesterday, the subject 
 of the alteration in the mode of nomination, and election of members, had 
 considered the same, and deemed it inexpedient to report any alteration 
 therein, and the committee were, on motion, discharged from the further 
 consideration of the subject. 
 
 The committee on nominations, through Mr. Jno. B. Minor, their chairman, 
 reported the names of various gentlemen for membership, who, having gra- 
 duated in one or more of the Schools of the University, and intending to 
 leave the institution finally, were upon nomination, elected members of the 
 Society of Alumni. The committee, through their chairman, further made 
 report, that they had endeavored to ascertain the names of all gentlemen 
 qualified for membership, and if any had been omitted, it had arisen, not from 
 negligence, but from the difficulty of discovering from amongst so many, 
 those gentlemen who would not return to the University. 
 
 The Society proceeded to the business next in order, viz : the election of 
 an Orator, and an Alternate Orator, from the nominations already made. 
 And on balloting, Wm. Daniel, Esq., of Lynchburg, Va., was found duly 
 elected Orator, and Wm. Ballard Preston, Esq., of Montgomery co., Va., Al- 
 ternate Orator for the next annual meeting of the Society. 
 
 On motion of Mr. J. F. Montgomery, Resolved, that the Society do now 
 adjourn, to meet again this afternoon at 5 o'clock. 
 
 The Society then repaired to the Hall of the Rotunda, to witness the ex • 
 ercises incident to the termination of the annual session of the University, 
 
16 
 
 At their close, Franklin Minor, Esq., who had been elected Alternate Ora- 
 tor at the last annual meeting of the Society, delivered before the Society, 
 and in presence of the Visitors of the University, its Faculty, and Students, 
 and a large and intelligent auditory, an able, eloquent and instructive dis- 
 course upon National and Individual Honor, their connexion and mutual de- 
 pendence. 
 
 Evening Session. 
 
 The Society resumed its session according to the order of adjournment, F. 
 G. Ruffin, Esq., 9d Vice President, in the chair — 
 
 On motion of Mr. Franklin Minor, Resolved, that hereafter, any person 
 nominated for membership, shall be admitted a member of the Society, un- 
 less a majority of the members present shall vote in the negative. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Franklin Minor, Resolved, that a committee of three 
 be appointed to wait on the Hon. Wm. C. Rives, one of the honorary mem- 
 bers of the Society, and request him to deliver an address before the Society 
 at its next annual meeting — 
 
 And the Chair appointed the following gentlemen, as the committee under 
 the resolution just adopted, viz : Messrs. F. Minor, J. H. Gilmer, and Wm. 
 W. Minor. 
 
 The committee, after consultation, reported that Mr. R. had manifested 
 a deep interest in the welfare and continued prosperity of the Society, and 
 had responded to the resolution of the Society, by authorizing them to inform 
 that body, that he would either accede to their wishes himself, or obtain as 
 his substitute, some other gentleman, whose services would be equally ac- 
 ceptable. 
 
 On motion of Mr. G. W. Randolph, Resolved, that a committee of three 
 be appointed, with instructions to report at the next annual meeting of the 
 Society, any amendment of the Constitution, in regard to the nomination and 
 election of members, which they may deem advisable. And the chair ap- 
 pointed the following gentlemen, as the committee under the foregoing reso- 
 lution, viz: Messrs. G. W. Randolph, Wm. B. Rogers, and I. H. Gilmer 
 
 On motion of Professor J. L. Cabell, Resolved, that Franklin Minor, Esq., 
 be requested by the Secretary of the Society to furnish a copy of his Oration 
 for publication. 
 
 On motion of Professor J. L. Cabell, Resolved, that the Secretary cause 
 the proceedings of this meeting of the Society to be published in connexion 
 with Mr. Minor's Oration in the form of an appendix to the same, and that 
 he also request the Richmond and Washington papers to publish a condensed 
 report of the proceedings of this meeting. 
 
 On motion of Mr. J. B. Minor, Resolved, that the Secretary of the Socie- 
 ty cause as many copies of Mr. M.'s Oration, and the accompanying proceed- 
 ings to be published, as he may deem expedient, and that he be authorized to 
 draw upon the Treasurer for any amount necessary to defray the expense of 
 publication. 
 
 On motion of Mr. J. B. Minor, Resolved, that when the Society anjourns, 
 it will adjourn to meet at the University on the 3d day of July, 1845. 
 
 And the Society adjourned accordingly. 
 
 F. G. RUFFIN, 2d V. P. 
 
 P. Carr, Sec'y.