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THE 
 
 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 
 
 TO WHICE ARE ADDED 
 
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 BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF DISTINGUISHED STATESMEN, 
 PHILANTHROPISTS, THEOLOGIANS, ETC. 
 
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 1 tejrm'ie^ in X\xt ^%\\m\% 0^ P^tjlMd, 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 1866. 
 
 \ 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
 
 E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 
 Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Settlements — Lord Baltimore — Godyn— Sir George Calvert- 
 Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore— PRiviLEaES of the Charter 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Leonard Calvert— Father White— George Calvert — St. Clement's 
 Island — Emperor of Piscataway — St. Mary's — Indians — Chapel at 
 St. Mary's 12 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Patent to Sir Edmund Plowden — New Albion — King's Message — 
 Settlers of St. Mary's— Kent Island — First Legislative Assem- 
 bly — Fight on Pocomoke River — Governor Calvert — Lord Balti- 
 more's Conditions of Plantation— Extent of Settlements 16 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CoLONFL Claiborne— Commands to Lord Baltimore— Lord Baltimore 
 organizes his Government— St. George's— The Assembly— The Veto 
 — Tee Right of Title in Kent Island declared to be in Lord 
 Baltimore — Religious Difficulties — Population of St. Mary's 21 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Meeting of the Assembly — Lord Baltimore — Missions of Mati'a- 
 pony, etc. — St. Mary's and St. George's — Colonel Claiborne ap- 
 pointed Treasurer — The Governor — The Indians — Governor Cal- 
 vert — Captain Ingle — Governor Calvert regains St. Mary's and 
 RBDUCES Kent Island 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. PAei 
 
 Colonel William Stone appointed Lieutenant-Governor — Toleration 
 Act — Providence Settlement — Robert Brooke, Esq. — Commissioners 
 
 SENT BY THE COUNCIL OF StATE — TREATY WITH INDIANS — BROOKE'S 
 
 Dismissal — Calvert County — Seizure of Public Records — Battle 
 AT Providence — Josias Fendall appointed Lieutenant-Governor... 29 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Restoration of the Province to Lord Baltimore — St. Mary's County 
 —Quakers— Action of the Lower House of Assembly— Dismissal of 
 Lieutenant-Governor Fendall — Philip Calvert Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor — Settlements of the Eastern Shore — Cornwallis — Somerset 
 County — Naturalization Act — Curious Proceeding in the Assem- 
 bly — Witchcraft 35 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Death op Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore — His Successors — Popu- 
 lation in 1677 — Complaint of the Bishop of London — Lord Balti- 
 more's Reply — Singular Occurrence in the Assembly — King's Or- 
 ders— Morals— Population— Printing-Press 40 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Protestant Revolution — Articles of Impeachment against Lord 
 Baltimore — William and Mary — Governor Copley — Jacobites — 
 Cattle Pestilence — Post between the Potomac and Philadelphia 
 — Conversion of the Indians — King's Library — King's Commands 
 regarding game, etc 43 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Mineral Spring— Charlotte Hall— State-House struck by Light- 
 ning — Rev. Dr. Bray— King's Order, and Reply of the Upper 
 House— Toleration Law— German Emigrants— Death of Charles, 
 Lord Baltimore— Population 48 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Charles, Lord Baltimore— Governor Hart— Claims of the Roman 
 Catholics — Annapolis — Market-House— Arrival of Scotch Pri- 
 80NERS— Baltimore— Pennsylvania Border Difficulties— Survey by 
 Mason and Dixon 53 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. PA«« 
 G&EAT Rebellion suppressed — Rejoicings thereat — Maryland Ga- 
 zette — Commerce — Iron — Death op Charles, Lord Baltimore — Po- 
 pdlation— Lord Fairfax— Boundary Question— Maryland Frontier 
 — Massacre by the Indians 59 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Memorial to the House of Delegates — Fort Frederick — Fort Dn- 
 quesne captured — Taxation — Stone Windmill — Contributions in Aid 
 OP the Sufferers by a Fire in Boston, Massachusetts— The Stamp 
 Act — New State-House — Annapolis — Government House 84 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Dsath of the last Lord Baltimore — First Conference of the Method- 
 ist Church — Population in 1774 — Burning of a Cargo of Tea — 
 Allegiance to the King — Approaching Hostilities— Fifth Con- 
 vention — The Declaration of the Freemen of Maryland — Sixth 
 Convention — Seventh Convention — Eighth Convention — Ninth Con- 
 vention — Charles Carroll — Population 71 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Battle of Long Island — Attack on Baltimore — Repulse of the Enemy 
 — Maryland Troops — State Constitution — Insurrection — Devotion 
 TO the Cause of Independence — La Fayette — Population in 1782 — 
 Peace— United States Congress at Annapolis— Resignation of 
 Washington— The Maryland Line 79 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Tender of Annapolis as the Seat of Government of the United 
 States — Internal Improvements — General William Smallwood — 
 Adoption of the Constitution of the United States— Colonel John 
 Eager Howard— Party Politics— Governors from 1798 to 1812— 
 War declared against Great Britain— Destruction of French- 
 town AND other Places— Defeat of the American Forces at Wash- 
 ington—Attack ON Baltimore — Defeat and Retreat of the British 
 Forces — Francis S. Key — Peace 90 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 IWTERNAL Improvements — Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company — African 
 Colonization — Amending the Constitution — Northeast Boundary 
 Corner-Stone — Revising the State Constitution — The Great Re- 
 bellion — Invasion by the Southern Armies — Battles — Constitu- 
 tional Convention — State Board of Education — Declaration of 
 
 Rights— Invasion— Ransom of Frederick— Governor Swann 99 
 
 1* 
 
b CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. PAQE 
 
 Church of England — Roman Catholics— Lutherans — Puritans — Qua- 
 kers—Presbyterians 106 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 First Act of the Assembly touching Schools — Act for the Support 
 OF Free Schools— King William's Free School— Libraries-Public 
 Academies — Charity School— Colleges— Washington College— St. 
 John's College — University of Maryland — Agricultural College 
 — State Board of Education— State Normal School 109 
 
 BIOORAPHICAL. 
 I. EMINENT STATESMEN: 
 
 Charles Carroll 118 
 
 Samuel Chase 120 
 
 William Paca 121 
 
 Thomas Stone 122 
 
 William Pinkney 123 
 
 William Wirt 125 
 
 Francis Scott Key 128 
 
 Roger Brooke Taney 134 
 
 Henry Winter Davis 136 
 
 II. MILITARY AND NAVAL HEROES: 
 
 John Eager Howard 140 
 
 Samuel Ringgold 142 
 
 Joshua Barney 143 
 
 John Rodgers 144 
 
 IIL EMINENT THEOLOGIANS: 
 
 John Carroll 145 
 
 Thomas John Claggett 147" 
 
 IV. EMINENT PHILANTHROPISTS: 
 
 Moses Sheppard 151 
 
 John McDonogh 155 
 
 V. ARTISTS: 
 
 Charles Wilson Peale 158 
 
 VI. CITIZENS OF MARYLAND WHO HAVE BEEN 
 JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT, AND MEM- 
 BERS OF THE CABINET 160 
 
 THE GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND 161 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Settlements — Lord Baltimore — Godyn — Sir George 
 Calvert — Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore — Privileges 
 of the Charter. 
 
 1. In the last Charter of the London, or South 
 Virginia Company, that of a.d. 1612, its 
 territory is stated to extend northward from 
 Point Comfort, on the Atlantic coast, two hun- 
 dred miles, to the fortieth degree of north lati- 
 tude, which is a little north of the city of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 1612. 
 
 1. What is said of the Charter of 1612? 
 
 Its extent ? 
 
 7 
 
8 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 2. In A.D. 1628 or 1629, William Claiborne, 
 then Secretary of State, and a member of the 
 
 Council in the Virginia Colony, took up, 
 according to the "terms of plantation," and 
 purchased of the Indians and settled with about 
 one hundred colonists, the land known as Kent 
 Island, in Chesapeake Bay. In 1630 this settle- 
 ment, being in the Virginia Territory, sent its 
 Burgesses to the Colonial Assembly. 
 
 3. In October, 1629, Lord Baltimore visited 
 
 ^^^^ Jamestown, the seat of the Colonial Govern- 
 1629. . . 
 
 ment. He is said to have explored at that 
 
 time the country lying on Chesapeake Bay. If 
 
 so, it must have been that part which is south of 
 
 James River, down to the Capes ; for he was at 
 
 home in England in January. The time from his 
 
 arrival at Jamestown to his reaching home was no 
 
 more than the then usual time for making that 
 
 voyage. 
 
 4. In 1629, Godyn, a Hollander, purchased 
 from the Indians the territory on the 
 Delaware River, within the limits of South 
 
 Virginia, extending from Cape Henlopen thirty 
 miles north, reaching near to where Philadelphia 
 now is. Six years previous this region had been 
 
 2. What of William Claiborne ? What did he purchase of the 
 Indians ? What of the settlement in 1630 ? 3. What of Lord 
 Baltimore ? What did he explore ? 4. What of Godyn ? By 
 whom had this region been occupied previous to Godyn's 
 
LORD BALTIMORE. d 
 
 occupied by the Hollanders for trading with the 
 Indians. For their protection they had a fort 
 there, called Fort Nassau. 
 
 5. On his arrival at home. Lord Baltimore 
 applied to the king for a grant of the country 
 south of the James River, extending to 
 
 the bounds of Carolina. For this he obtained a 
 patent signed February, 1631 ; but the Virginia 
 Company brought so powerful an influence to bear 
 against it, that he was compelled to give it up. 
 
 6. He then applied for a grant of the country 
 
 north of the Potomac River, on the Chesa- 
 
 T . T . ,. .' 1632. 
 
 peake ; and m this application he was suc- 
 cessful. Before the patent was made out, how- 
 ever, he died, in April, 1632. 
 
 7. Sir George Calvert, Lord Baron of Balti- 
 more, was a native Englishman, of Norman de- 
 scent. He had been a clerk, and then a mem- 
 ber, of the Privy Council, and was subsequently 
 a Secretary of State. He was a favorite with the 
 king, and was made by him a baron, and given 
 an estate in Ireland, from which he derived his 
 title. In 1624 he became a Roman Catholic ; and 
 in that faith he died. 
 
 8. He was succeeded in his titles and estates 
 
 purchase? 6. What did Lord Baltimore do on his arrival at 
 home in England ? What was the result of his application ? 
 6. For what did he afterwards apply ? 7. What of Sir 
 George Calvert ? What further is said of him ? 8. By whom 
 
10 
 
 MAKYLAND HISTOEY. 
 
 CECILIUS, SECOND LORD BALTIMORE. 
 
 by Cecilius, his eldest son. On the 16th of June, 
 1632, the patent giving him the territory for 
 
 which his father had 
 last applied was signed 
 by the king, who gave it 
 the name of Terra 
 Marise, — that is, Mary- 
 land, — in honor of 
 Henrietta Maria, his 
 queen. 
 
 9. This patent, or 
 charter, was for a ter- 
 ritory described as 
 " hitherto uncultivated 
 and partly occupied by 
 savages," extending from Watkins Point, on the 
 bay, opposite the mouth of the Potomac River, 
 northward to the fortieth degree of north latitude, 
 and from the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay 
 on the east to the Potomac River on the west. 
 
 1 0. This grant included all the territory that is 
 now Delaware, Maryland, all of Pennsylvania to 
 the fortieth degree of north latitude, and a part 
 of West Virginia. Within its bounds were the 
 settlements of Kent Island and of the Holland- 
 ers, which, being cultivated, and not in part occu- 
 pied by savages, were held by those who had 
 
 was he succeeded ? What name was given to the territory by 
 the king? 9. How was this territory described? 10. What 
 
CHURCHES. 11 
 
 colonized there as excepted, and became a source 
 of future difficulties. 
 
 11. This charter made all English emigrants 
 English subjects, with all the rights and privileges 
 of such. It gave them, also, together with Lord 
 Baltimore, authority to make all needful local 
 or provincial laws, without reference to the king 
 or parliament, not conflicting with English law, 
 and provided that no interpretation of the char- 
 ter should be made by which God's holy rites of 
 worship and the true Christian religion should 
 in any wise suffer change, prejudice, or diminu- 
 tion. All churches to be built were to be conse- 
 crated according to the laws of England. Nor 
 was there to be any taxation by the king. 
 
 did it include ? 11. What did this charter make all English 
 emigrants ? 
 
12 MARYLAND HISTORY, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Leonard Calvert — Father White — George Calvert — St. 
 Clements Island — Emperor of Piscataway — St. Mary^s 
 — Indians — Chapel at St. Mary's. 
 
 1. After a series of delays, in March, 1634, 
 _^^ Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Balti- 
 
 1634. .11 1 1 1 n . 
 
 more, with about two hundred colonists, 
 arrived in the Potomac River. These emigrants, 
 all English, consisted, on embarking, of seventeen 
 *^ gentlemen," whose names are given, and their 
 servants, with two Jesuit priests and their two 
 temporal coadjutors. 
 
 2. On their way over, as Father White, one of 
 
 these priests, relates, no one was attacked 
 1633 X 7 7 
 
 with any sickness till Christmas day, when 
 they were in the West Indies. That the day 
 might be more joyfully celebrated, the wine flowed 
 freely. Some who drank immoderately— about 
 thirty — were seized with a fever; and not long 
 after, twelve of them died, of whom two were 
 Catholics, much lamented. These two were of 
 the ^'gentlemen" named. This may show us that 
 
 1. What of Leonard Calvert? IIow many emigrants? 2. 
 What is said of them by Father White ? 3. What of the 
 
INDIANS. 13 
 
 a portion of the emigrants were not Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 3. Before reaching the Potomac, the emigrant 
 ships touched at Jamestown. There, George 
 Calvert, another brother of Lord Baltimore, and 
 one of the seventeen ^^ gentlemen," remained and 
 settled, leaving only fourteen of that class to pro- 
 ceed on their voyage. 
 
 4. While at Jamestown, Governor Calvert sig- 
 nified to Secretary Claiborne that he was now a 
 member of the Maryland plantation, and must re- 
 linquish all relation with and dependence on the 
 Virginia colony, — knowing, at the same time,, 
 that his residence was in Jamestown, that his 
 official connections were there, and that his plant- 
 ation, Kent Island, was neither uncultivated nor 
 partly inhabited by savages, and, consequently,, 
 not within Lord Baltimore's grant. The Secretary 
 laid the demand before the Virginia Council, by 
 whom it was promptly rejected. 
 
 5. Having left Virginia, after landing on St. 
 Clement's Island, in the Potomac, on the 25th of 
 March, 1634, the emigrants soon found that they 
 had not come to a land which was uninhabited, 
 but that within the limits of their patent there 
 were more than twenty Indian tribes, having, it 
 was said, one thousand bowmen. 
 
 emigrant ships ? 4. What occurred while at Jamestown ? 
 What became of the deiuiind ? 5. What was ascertained by 
 
14 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 6. On finding that many of the kings of these 
 tribes were subject to the Emperor of Piscataway, 
 
 Governor Cal- 
 vert thought 
 it best to visit 
 him. He there- 
 fore sailed up 
 the Potomac 
 to that town, 
 which is eighty 
 miles or more 
 from the bay, 
 a little above, 
 but nearly 
 opposite to 
 Mount Ver- 
 non. Apprized 
 of his coming, 
 the Emperor 
 had collected 
 INDIAN. five hundred 
 
 of his warriors to oppose him. After an inter- 
 view with the Governor, however, the Emperor 
 'was so far conciliated, that he said he would 
 neither bid Calvert go nor bid him stay. 
 
 7. Returning, the Governor went down the Po- 
 
 Iho emigrants after landing on St. Clement's Island? 6. 
 What of the tribes ? Where did Governor Calvert now sail ? 
 'How did he meet the Emperor of Piscataway ? 7. Where did 
 
AUGUSTA CAROLANA. 15 
 
 tomac till he came to a river some twelve miles 
 from the bay, which he named St. George's, — 
 now called St. Mary's. Up this river he sailed 
 a short distance to a place which is called St. 
 Mary's. Here was an Indian tribe, whose land 
 he purchased, for which he paid them in axes, 
 hatchets, hoes, and cloth. The tract thus pur- 
 chased was about one hundred and fifty thousand 
 acres, and was named "Augusta Carolana." 
 
 8. The natives readily gave their consent for 
 the emigrants to occupy one part of their town, 
 reserving the other for the present to themselves. 
 The strangers thus obtained at once houses, gar- 
 dens, and fields for their use. At the same time, 
 the Indian men hunted deer and turkeys for them, 
 and the women taught them how to make hominy 
 and hoe-cake of their corn. 
 
 9. Of one of the Indian huts the priests made 
 a chapel. This was the first place of worship in 
 St. Mary's, — though not in Maryland; for at 
 Kent Island there had been a church for four or 
 five years, in which had officiated more than one 
 Church-of-England minister. 
 
 the Governor then go ? What of an Indian tribe ? What was 
 the purchase named? 8. What did the natives then do? 
 What did the emigrants at once obtain? 9. What of one of 
 the Indian huts ? 
 
16 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Patent to Sir Edmund Plowden — Neio Albion — King's 
 Message — Settlers of St. Mary's — Kent Island — First 
 Legislative Assembly — FigJit on Pocomoke River — Gover^- 
 nor Calvert — Loj^d Baltimore's Condition of Plantation 
 — Extent of Settlements. 
 
 1. On the 21st of June, 1634, the king gave 
 
 a patent to Sir Edmund Plowden of a ter- 
 1634. / ... . n . P 1 • 1 1 
 
 ritory which materiaily interiered with the 
 
 one which had been given to Lord Baltimore. It 
 
 embraced the country north of a line running west 
 
 from Cape May to the Potomac, and included, as 
 
 then supposed, the upper part of Kent Island, all 
 
 of Maryland from near Annapolis northward, 
 
 half of Delaware, and part of Pennsylvania. 
 
 2. This was the third grant that the king had 
 made of the same territory. It was named New 
 Albion, and Sir Edmund was constituted its Earl 
 Palatine. He is said to have located his colony 
 not far from Cape May. But he and his colonists 
 were early cut off by the Indians ; and we hear 
 little afterwards of New Albion. 
 
 3. On the 23d of July the king sent word to 
 
 1. What of Sir Edmund Plowden? What, did his patent 
 embrace ? 2. What further of this grant ? 3. What occurred 
 
INDIAN DEPKEDATIONS. 17 
 
 the Governor and Council of Virginia that it 
 was not intended that Lord Baltimore's charter 
 should be any invasion of their chartered rights ; 
 their occupancy of Kent Island was clearly under 
 those rights, and their refusal to yield to Lord 
 Baltimore's claim was sustained by him. 
 
 4. This decision the king communicated to 
 Lord Baltimore, telling him that it was contrary 
 to justice and his true intent to dispossess Clai- 
 borne and his colony of their lands and island. 
 In the following September, nevertheless, Lord 
 Baltimore sent his Governor instructions that if 
 Claiborne would not submit to his government 
 he should be seized and punished. 
 
 5. The settlers at St. Mary's soon found that 
 the place was very unhealthy. As the narrative 
 states, they were taken with a disease somewhat 
 like an ague, — which they called a seasoning^ — 
 of which many died for want of proper care 
 and through their own ill conduct. 
 
 6. At the same time, Kent Island suifered 
 much from the Susquehanna Indians from the 
 north, and the Wicomeses on the south, though 
 they were enemies to each other. Three of the 
 islanders were killed, and more than one battle 
 with these Indians was fought. 
 
 on the 23d of July, 1634? 4. What of this decision? What 
 
 did Lord Baltimore do ? 5. What of St. Mary's ? 6. What 
 
 2* 
 
18 
 
 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 1635. 
 
 7. In February, 1635, it is said that there was 
 held the first legislative assembly of the free- 
 men of the province. They showed that 
 
 they felt called to legislate for themselves, and 
 actually did so. But every act which was then 
 passed, Lord Baltimore vetoed; and all that 
 had been done came to nothing. 
 
 8. In April of this year, being in want of pro- 
 visions, the Kent Islanders sent two boats down 
 the bay, some sixty miles, to the Pocomoke 
 River, to trade with the Indians for corn. But 
 
 they were pursued by 
 a boat from St. Mary's, 
 when a fight occurred, 
 in which one of the St. 
 Mary's men and three 
 of the Kent Islanders 
 were killed, and the 
 boats and crews of the 
 latter were captured. 
 
 9. Governor Calvert 
 then sent to the Gover- 
 nor of Virginia to 
 reclaim Claiborne, — 
 Islanders were, — as a 
 criminal against the laws of Maryland, when not 
 
 GOVERNOR CALVERT. 
 
 whose tenants the Kent 
 
 of Kent Island? 7. What of the first legislative assem- 
 bly ? 8. What took place in April in consequence of the 
 want of provisions? 9. What did Governor Calvert do? 
 
CONDITIONS OF PLANTATION. 19 
 
 one act of the Assembly had been confirmed, and, 
 consequently, there were no laws of Maryland. 
 The Governor of Virginia had been deposed by 
 the Council and sent to England : so that Captain 
 Claiborne, being the highest officer left in the 
 colony, was not to be reached by the Maryland 
 Governor. 
 
 10. Lord Baltimore's ^^ conditions of plantation," 
 so called, issued by him this year, assigned 
 
 to every emigrant from England, bring- 
 ing in five men, one thousand acres of land, with 
 manorial privileges, — subject to an annual quit- 
 rent of twenty shillings ; if he brought in a less 
 number, he should have assigned to him one hun- 
 dred acres for himself, one hundred for each 
 servant, and if he had a wife and children, one 
 hundred for his wife, and fifty for each child 
 under sixteen years of age, subject to an annual 
 quit-rent of two shillings for every hundred acres. 
 
 11. As inducements to emigration, Lord Bal- 
 timore said that the soil was exceedingly rich, 
 and he estimated that each man's labor would 
 bring him forty-nine pounds sterling per annum, 
 while his expenses would be only twenty pounds ; 
 besides which, the planter might be enriched by 
 traffic and commerce. 
 
 10. What new conditions did Lord Baltimore issue? 11. 
 What further inducements did Lord Baltimore offer to eml- 
 
20 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 12. The settlements extending south of St. 
 Mary's very soon reached the creeks and streams 
 in that direction. One of these was called Trinity 
 Creek. It was six miles from St. Mary's, and 
 on its banks was Trinity Church, the first place 
 of Protestant worship on the Western Shore. 
 Afterwards it was removed to St. Mary's ; and the 
 church there still bears the name of Trinity. 
 
 13. In 1636, St. Mary's town had fifty or sixty 
 houses. That its growth was not more rapid, 
 may be accounted for by stating that the 
 
 planters resided on their plantations, many of 
 which had good landing-places, where their pro- 
 duce was laded and the goods received in return 
 were unladed. Each plantation, in fact, was a 
 little town. Instead of cash rents. Lord Balti- 
 more now substituted grain, making seventy pounds 
 of wheat equal to twelve and a half pence. 
 
 grants? 12. How far did the settlements extend? 13. 
 What of St. Mary's in 163G ? What did Lord Baltimore now 
 substitute for cash rents? 
 
COLONEL. CLAIBORNE. 21 
 
 CHAPTER ly. 
 
 Colonel Claiborne — Commands to Lord Baltimore — Lord 
 Baltimore or^ganizes his Government — St. George's — The 
 Assembly — The Veto — The Right of Title in Kent Island 
 declared to be in Lord Baltimore — Religious Difficulties — 
 Popidation of St. Marfs. 
 
 1. In 1637, Colonel Claiborne (so he was now 
 called) went to England ; and with him the 
 Rev. Richard James, who had been the 
 Church-of-England minister at Kent Island. 
 On the colonePs gaining access to the king. 
 Lord Baltimore was commanded by the royal au- 
 thority to molest the Kent Islanders no further, 
 and enjoined that they should be safe in their per- 
 sons and goods. 
 
 2. During this year Lord Baltimore reor- 
 ganized his government, and added to his Gover- 
 nor's Council John Lewger, Esq., whom he made 
 Secretary of State, also, and Keeper of Records 
 and Receiver of Rents. Lewger arrived on the 
 28th of December ; and from this period date the 
 regular records of the province. 
 
 1. What of Colonel Claiborne in 1637 ? 2. When did Lord 
 Baltimore reorganize his government ? When did the regular 
 records of the province begin ? 3, What of the first record ? 
 
22 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 3. Almost the first record is under date of De- 
 cember 31, — that Kent Island had in some measure 
 been reduced to the obedience of Lord Baltimore. 
 Warrants were issued against eleven of the Kent 
 Islanders. Arms against them had failed, and 
 legal measures were now resorted to. But for the 
 time-being these also failed. Such was the regard 
 paid to the king's order by his lordship. 
 
 4. On the 4th of January, 1638, a new hun- 
 dred, named St. Georp-e's, was erected on the 
 
 1638 o / 
 
 west side of St. George's River. This was 
 a Protestant hundred ; and in it was erected a 
 Protestant church at Poplar Hill, where one still 
 stands. Of the seventeen gentlemen who embarked 
 for the province in 1633, twelve at this date were 
 either dead or had left the colony. One of the 
 remaining five died in the following July. 
 
 5. On the 25th of January the freemen of the 
 province met in assembly again, at the Gov- 
 ernor's summons. Those who could not be 
 
 present in person acted by proxy. Some of these 
 " freemen" had been brought over as indented ser- 
 vants, but had served out their time and become 
 landholders. Of this class some became leading 
 citizens in the colony. 
 
 6. To this Assembly Lord Baltimore had sent 
 
 What of warrants, arms, &c. ? 4. What of St. George's ? 
 What further is said of this settlement? 5. What of the 
 meeting of the Assembly ? 6. What did Lord Baltimore send 
 
KENT ISLAND CONFISCATED. 23 
 
 a code of laws to be passed. But they were 
 rejected by a large majority. Some, however, 
 were selected, and, with alterations, were passed. 
 Meanwhile, Governor Calvert, having gathered a 
 sufficient force, sailed up to Kent Island and 
 reduced it to Lord Baltimore's obedience. Colonel 
 Claiborne had not returned from England. 
 
 7. At an adjourned meeting of the Assembly, 
 Claiborne's property in Kent Island was confis- 
 cated to Lord Baltimore's use, and his commander 
 in the battle on the Pocomoke in 1635 was con- 
 demned for murder, and was subsequently executed. 
 All this was clearly contrary to the king's injunc- 
 tion, and done as clearly under an ex post facto 
 law. In due time came Lord Baltimore's veto to 
 every act passed by the Assembly, save those 
 touching Claiborne and his commander. The 
 province had still no statute or provincial laws. 
 
 8. On the 4th of April it was decided by the 
 Privy Council in England, notwithstanding all 
 that the king had ordered, and notwithstanding 
 the express words of the charter, that the title 
 to Kent Island was in Lord Baltimore, it being 
 within the bounds of his province. Claiborne, 
 therefore, for the present, gave up the contest; 
 but it was not yet ended, as we shall see. 
 
 to this Assembly ? What did Governor Calvert do ? 7. What 
 was done at an adjourned meeting of the Assembly? What 
 is said of this action ? What of the veto ? 8. What was 
 
24 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 9. Early m July a difficulty occurred in St. 
 Mary's between some Protestants and Ro- 
 man Catholics ; and the result was that the 
 
 leading Roman Catholic was censured, and fined 
 five hundred pounds of tobacco, because his act 
 was in violation of the Governor's proclama- 
 tion prohibiting unreasonable disputations and 
 offensive speeches about religion. 
 
 10. These disputes had before this been carried 
 to such an extent as to call forth that proclama- 
 tion ; and now fines were resorted to. Father 
 White states that there were frequent causes of 
 discord; and the court records show that more 
 than one-fifth of the people were at law with each 
 other. 
 
 11. The population of St. Mary's was now 
 about three hundred, and that of Kent Island 
 about two hundred. One of the priests and a 
 coadjutor died this year, while the other priests 
 did not escape what Father White calls the pre- 
 vailing sickness. More than one-half, indeed, of 
 the St. Mary's colonists must have suffered from 
 its attacks, and two of the remaining "gentle- 
 men" who came over in 1634 died this year. 
 
 decided on the 4th of April by the Privy Council ? 9. What 
 difficulty occurred in July? 10. What of Father White? 
 11. Population of St. Mary's and of Kent Island? What 
 of the prevailing sickness ? 
 
ASSEMBLY OF 1639. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 Meeting of the Assembly — Lord Baltimore — Missions of 
 Mattapony, etc. — St. Mary's and St. George's — Colonel 
 Claiborne appointed Treasurer — The Governor — The In- 
 dians — Governor Calvert — Captain Ingle — Governor Cal- 
 vert regains St. Mary's and reduces Kent Island. 
 
 1. Ix February, 1639, an Assembly was con- 
 voked. It consisted of the Governor and 
 Council, deputies appointed by the freemen, 
 
 aiid those whom the Governor summoned indi- 
 vidually. 
 
 2. Lord Baltimore now receded from his claim 
 of proposing all the laws to be passed, and con- 
 ceded that privilege to the Assembly ; but he re- 
 served to himself the confirmation or rejection of 
 them. The acts of the last Assembly which had 
 been vetoed were again passed, as well as a num- 
 ber of others. Some of them show that all har- 
 mony between the Indians and the colonists was 
 at an end. Symptoms of discontent had been 
 manifested by all the tribes of the Potomac, and 
 an expedition against the Susquehannas was pro- 
 vided for by the Assembly. 
 
 1. What of the Assembly in 1639? 2. What did Lord 
 Baltimore now do ? Of the Acts of the Assembly ? 3. Of 
 3 
 
26 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 3. The priests, at this date, had missions at 
 Mattapony, on the Patuxent, at Piscataway, on 
 
 AN INDIAN VILLAGE. 
 
 the Potomac, on Kent Island, and at St. Mary's. 
 But the mission at Piscataway was recalled, and 
 the Governor forbade the priests to receive any 
 donations of land from the Indians, ordering, at 
 the same time, that what had been already given 
 should be restored to Lord Baltimore. 
 
 4. Other hundreds besides St. Mary's and St. 
 George's had been established before this, and 
 now another, called St. Clement's, was made, some 
 twenty miles higher up the Potomac. In this 
 hundred was at once erected a third Protestant 
 church in St. Mary's, and there one stands to 
 this day. 
 
 5. In 1639, Colonel Claiborne had returned 
 
 missions? 4. What new hundred? 5. Of Colonel Clai- 
 
INDIANS. 27 
 
 from England ; and he now made a demand on 
 Governor Calvert for the recovery of his debts, 
 as also for his cattle and other property on Kent 
 Island, but was coolly informed that all had been 
 confiscated to the use of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 6. In 1641 the Indians appear to have become 
 permanently fixed in their discontent at the 
 intrusion of the colonists, and gave much 
 trouble, greatly annoying the frontier settlements 
 on both sides of the bay. 
 
 7. In 1642, Colonel Claiborne was appointed 
 
 Kincr's Treasurer in Virginia for life. This 
 
 1642 
 appointment shows him to have been on the 
 
 king's side in the contest between the king and 
 the Parliament. Lord Baltimore, however, stood 
 neuter, and was not allowed to leave the king- 
 dom, even to come over to his province. 
 
 8. In the General Assembly of 1642, the first 
 thing done was to take away from the Governor 
 the power of adjournment and to keep it in the 
 hands of the Assembly : so strong had the people's 
 influence become. Nor was even the control of 
 the expedition against the Indians left, as had 
 hitherto been the case, to the Governor and 
 Council, but it was given by the Assembly to a 
 leader of their own appointing. 
 
 borne? 6. Indians? 7. What further of Colonel Claiborne ? 
 Of Lord B-;ltimore ? 8. What did the General Assembly do ? 
 
28 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 9. The Indians had already invaded the homes 
 of the colonists, and such was the state of affairs 
 that no one able to bear arms was permitted to 
 go any distance from home without them. So 
 great was the alarm that on the 28th of August 
 the Governor issued his proclamation for the in- 
 habitants to take shelter in their block-houses. 
 
 10. Early in 1643, Governor Calvert paid a 
 visit to Eno;land, and was absent till Sep- 
 
 1643. o ? r 
 
 tember of the following year. Towards the 
 end of 1644, Colonel Claiborne, by means of a 
 naval and military force, regained possession of 
 Kent Island, after having been dispossessed 
 of it for five years. Governor Calvert very 
 soon sent an expedition against it, which, how- 
 ever, was not successful. 
 
 11. In the spring of 1645, Captain Ingle, with 
 
 an armed vessel, by direction, it is said, 
 1645. *^ . 
 
 of Parliament, took St. Mary's by surprise. 
 
 Governor Calvert fled to Virginia, and the priests 
 
 and almost all the Roman Catholics were banished 
 
 from the province. Its government was now in 
 
 the hands of the Protestants. 
 
 12. After nearly two years, towards the end of 
 1646, Governor Calvert, having obtained a 
 body of soldiers in Virginia, and being 
 
 9. What of the Indians? Of the alarm? 10. Whut of 
 Governor Calvert and Colonel Claiborne? 11. Of Captain 
 
COLONEL WILLIAM STONE. 29 
 
 assisted by a few loyal friends, returned, and re- 
 gained possession of St. Mary's. By the follow- 
 ing April he had reduced Kent Island under his 
 government, and defeated the Eastern Shore In- 
 dians in a great battle. 
 
 13. On the 9th of June, 1647, Governor Calvert 
 
 died, leaving alive but a single one of the 
 
 1647- 
 original seventeen gentlemen who had em- 
 barked with him for Maryland in 1633. A tem- 
 porary Governor succeeded him. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Colonel William Stone appointed Lieutenant-Governor — 
 Toleration Act — Providence Settlement — Robert Brooke, 
 Esq. — Commissioners sent by the Council of State — 
 Treaty ivith Indians — Brooke's Dismissal — Calvert County 
 — Seizure of Public Records. — Battle at Providence — 
 Josias Fendall appointed Lieutenant- Governor. 
 
 1. On the 17th of August, 1648, Lord Bal- 
 timore appointed Colonel William Stone 
 his Lieutenant-Governor. Stone was from 
 Northampton county, Virginia, and was a Protest- 
 ant. He was appointed on condition of bringing 
 
 Ingle? 12. What occurred two years after ? 13. When did 
 Governor Calvert die ? How many of the seventeen gentle- 
 men now remained alive ? 
 
 1. What of Colonel Stone ? Where was Colonel Stone 
 3* 
 
30 MARYLAND HISTORY, 
 
 into the province five hundred colonists of British 
 or Irish descent; and his oath of office required him 
 not to trouble, molest, or discountenance any one 
 professing to believe in Jesus Christ, and, in par- 
 ticular, no Roman Catholic. 
 
 2. In the Assembly of the following year, 1649, 
 the celebrated Toleration Act, so called, was 
 
 lfi49 
 
 passed. Great pains have been taken to 
 make it appear that this act emanated from Lord 
 Baltimore. But in his commission to Governor 
 Stone we are shown, in his own words, that it 
 was proposed to him. 
 
 3. Of the five hundred colonists engaged to be 
 brought in by Governor Stone, about one hun- 
 dred Protestants, known as Puritans, came from 
 Virginia. These settled on the Severn River, near 
 and around where Annapolis now is. They called 
 the place Providence. The rest came in mainly 
 from Virginia also, and from England. They 
 were mostly, if not entirely, of the Church of 
 Eng:land, and settled on the bay and its tribu- 
 taries south of the Severn down to the Patuxent. 
 They very early had churches near St. Leonard's 
 Creek, at Herring Creek, and near South River. 
 This region was called Anne Arundel county. 
 
 4. On the 20th of September, Robert Brooke, 
 
 from ? On what conditions was he appointed ? 2. What 
 of the Toleraliou Act? 3. Of the five hundred colonists 
 brought in ? Whore had they churches ? 4. What of Robert 
 
CHARLES COUNTY. 31 
 
 Esq., in England, received a commission from 
 Lord Baltimore to be one of the Council in 
 Maryland, and the commander of a county 
 to be created for him, called Charles county, which 
 was to embrace the territory south and southwest 
 of the Patuxent, from the bay up that river as far 
 as where Benedict now is. 
 
 5. Brooke came over with his colonists in the 
 following year. They were all of the Church 
 
 of England ; and w4th them came the first 
 minister of that Church who settled on the West- 
 ern Shore. Their church was not far below Bene- 
 dict, near the Patuxent. 
 
 6. In September, 1651, the government of 
 England being in the hands of the Parlia- 
 ment, its " Council of State'^ sent over com- 
 missioners to receive the allegiance of Virginia 
 and Maryland ; and among these commissioners 
 was named Colonel Claiborne. 
 
 7. In March of the following year two of 
 the Commissioners came to Maryland, and. 
 Governor Stone declining to act under their 
 authority, the government was placed in the 
 hands of a Council, of which Mr. Brooke was 
 made president. Maryland thus a second time 
 fell under the government of the Protestants, and 
 
 Brooke, Esq.? 5. Of his colonists? 8. What did the Par- 
 liament do? 7. What took place in 1652? Under whose 
 
32 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 Colonel Claiborne again came into possession of 
 Kent Island. 
 
 8. In July, 1652, tlie Susquehanna Indians, 
 by treaty, gave up to the province all their ter- 
 ritory on the west side of the bay from the Pa- 
 tuxent River to the Susquehanna, and all on 
 the east side from the Choptank Kiver to the 
 North-East Branch near the Susquehanna. This 
 territory includes the present Talbot, Queen 
 Anne, Kent, Howard, Carroll, Baltimore, and 
 Harford counties, with the greater part of Cecil 
 county. Below the Choptank, however, the 
 Indians kept up hostilities during this and the 
 following year. 
 
 9. In June, 1653, Governor Stone agreed to 
 act under the authority of the Commission- 
 ers, and was reinstated in office. Mr. Brooke, 
 
 however, was dismissed by Lord Baltimore from 
 his Council, and, by his lordship's instructions, 
 Governor Stone reassumed the government under 
 him. There were now two governments in the 
 province, — one in St. Mary's, under Lord Bal- 
 timore, the other in Anne Arundel, under the 
 Commissioners. 
 
 10. On the 3d of July, Governor Stone united 
 
 government did Maryland fall for a second time? 8. What 
 of a treaty with the Indians? What territory was se- 
 cured? 9. Of Governor Stone? Mr. Brooke? Of two 
 governments ? 10. What of Governor Stone ? What of 
 
CALVERT COUNTY. 33 
 
 Mr. Brooke's Charles county with the lower part 
 of Anne Arundel, forming a new county which 
 was named Calvert. In October the Commission- 
 ers called an Assembly, excluding the Roman 
 Catholics and all who had borne arms against the 
 Parliament. At this Assembly, which met in 
 Anne Arundel, the name of Providence was given 
 to Anne Arundel county, and the new county of 
 Calvert was called Patuxent. 
 
 11. Instigated by Lord Baltimore, Governor 
 Stone sought to bring Providence and 
 Patuxent counties under his own jurisdic- 
 tion. In March, 1655, with a military force of 
 about two hundred men gathered in St. Mary's, 
 he marched to Patuxent, seized the public records 
 of the province, and then proceeded to Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 12. There a battle took place with the Provi- 
 dence men, on the neck of land southeast of where 
 the State-house now is, in which Governor Stone 
 was defeated, with the loss of fifty men killed and 
 wounded, and the rest taken prisoners. Thus 
 ended the St. Mary's expedition, and, for the 
 time-being, Lord Baltimore's government in the 
 province. 
 
 13. Lord Baltimore himself, however, did not 
 
 Anne Arundel couniy ? 11. What did Governor Stone do? 
 Where did he march? 12. What of a battle? The result? 
 
34 
 
 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 SO readily give up. On the 10th of July, 
 1656, he appointed Josias Fendall, Esq., his 
 Lieutenant-Governor. The government at 
 
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 MAP OF THE BATTLE-GROUND. 
 
 Providence at once arrested Fendall and threw 
 him into prison ; but he was soon after released, 
 upon his promise, under oath, not to disturb the 
 existing government. 
 
 13. What did Lord Baltimore then do? Who was arrestei 
 What of Fendall's release ? 
 
QUAKERS. 36 
 
 CHAPTER yil. 
 
 Bestoration of the Province to Lord Baltimore — St. Mary's 
 County — Quakers — Action of the Lower House of Assem- 
 bly — Dismissal of Lieutenant-Governor Fendall — Philip 
 Calvert Lieutenant-Governor — Settlements of the Eastern 
 Shore — Cornwallis — Somerset County — Naturalization 
 Act — Curious Proceeding in the Assembly — Witchcraft. 
 
 1. After much negotiation in England be- 
 tween Lord Baltimore and the Commission- 
 
 ers agents, the government or the province 
 was restored to his lordship, under an agreement 
 entered into on the 30th of November, 
 1657, and on the 24th of March following 
 it was formally surrendered to Governor Fendall. 
 
 2. Just previous to the last date, St. Mary^s 
 county was divided, and the northern part of 
 it, from the intersection of the Wicomico River 
 with the Potomac northward, was called Charles 
 county ; and a few months after the name of Provi- 
 dence was changed back to Arundel county, and 
 that of Patuxent to Calvert county. 
 
 3. In July the case of the Quakers came up. 
 They alleged that they were governed by God^s 
 
 1. What negotiations were entered into? When was the 
 government surrendered by Governor Fendall ? 2. What of 
 St. Mary's county? Of Providence? 3. Of the Quakers? 
 
36 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 law and the light within, and not by man's. In 
 carrying out these principles, it was charged, they 
 disturbed the government. They were all, there- 
 fore, ordered to leave the province before the 5th 
 of the following month, under penalty of being 
 treated as rebels and traitors. 
 
 4. In August, 1659, the Quakers having paid 
 no attention to the decree of 1658, they were 
 ordered to be banished, and it was directed 
 
 that if found in the province again they should 
 be whipped thirty lashes at every constable's till 
 they were out of it ; no person was permitted to 
 harbor or conceal them, upon pain of a fine of 
 five hundred pounds of tobacco. This decree, 
 like the former, proved of no effect ; and, though 
 some of the Quakers were imprisoned, the sect 
 greatly increased both in numbers and wealth. 
 
 5. In the year 1660, on the General Assembly's 
 
 beinff convened, the Lower House declared 
 1660 
 
 itself to be the Assembly and highest court 
 
 of judicature, without dependence on any other 
 power. This set aside the authority of Lord 
 Baltimore, and struck away the Upper House. 
 In obedience "to the will of the people," Gover- 
 nor Fendall and two of the Council gave in their 
 
 Wliat did they allege? What were they ordered to do? 4. 
 Did they obey tho order? What further order was issued 
 to compel obedience ? 5. What did the Lower House of 
 
EASTERN SHORE SETTLEMENTS. 37 
 
 adherence and took their seats in the Lower House. 
 The Governor then became its president, and 
 accepted a commission from the Assembly, resign- 
 ing his commission from Lord Baltimore. 
 
 6. This in due time coming to the ears of Lord 
 Baltimore, on the 24th of June he dismissed 
 Fendall, and appointed his brother, Philip Cal- 
 vert, Lieutenant-Governor. Two months after 
 this, he ordered Calvert to arrest Fendall, and on 
 no account to pardon him. "This," said he, "is 
 a positive declaration." But the people were too 
 much in the ascendant : the order could not be 
 executed, and, on his submission, Fendall was 
 pardoned, part of his estate, however, being con^ 
 fiscated. The other leaders were similarly fa- 
 vored. 
 
 7. In 1661 settlements w^ere made in the lower 
 parts of the Eastern Shore, from the adjoin- 
 ing country in Virginia. These settlers were 
 
 of the Church of England. A few years after- 
 wards they were joined by a considerable number 
 of Presbyterians, emigrants from Scotland ; and 
 here, indeed, was the cradle of Presbyterian ism 
 in the United States. During this and the three 
 
 Assembly declare ? How did this affect Lord Baltimore ? 
 Of Governor Fendall? G. What did Lord Baltimore do 
 next ? Whom did he appoint Lieutenant-Governor ? What 
 did he order Philip Calvert to do ? Wh'at resulted ? 7. 
 What settlements in 1661 ? Describe the settlers. 8. Who 
 4 
 
38 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 following years the Indians continued their depre- 
 dations. 
 
 8. In 1662, Philip Calvert was succeeded in 
 
 the government by Lord Baltimore's son 
 1662 
 
 Charles. In the year following, Cornwallis, 
 
 the only remaining one of the seventeen gentle- 
 men who had embarked for Maryland from Eng- 
 land in 1633, went back to his native country. 
 The population of the province was now nearly 
 sixteen thousand. 
 
 9. In 1666 the settlements on the Eastern 
 Shore near Virginia were erected into a 
 county, which was named Somerset, in honor 
 
 of his lordship's sister. Lady Mary Somerset. In 
 the commission given to the magistrates appointed 
 for this county, they were directed, under oath, to 
 inquire, among other things, respecting witchcrafts, 
 enchantments, sorceries, and magic arts. 
 
 10. As showing not only the influx of immi- 
 grants, but also the various nationalities of Avhich 
 the population of the province was composed, 
 other than those of English or Irish descent, it 
 may be here stated that in this year there were 
 naturalized, and, by acts of Assembly, made citi- 
 zens, persons from France, Bohemia, and Spain, 
 and, subsequently, from Holland, Italy, and other 
 
 succeeded Philip Calvert ? What of the last of the seventeen 
 gentlemen? 9. What settlements on the Eastern Shore in 
 1666 ? 10. What of naturalization of citizens ? 11. What cii- 
 
WITCHCRAFT. 39 
 
 countries. This act of 1666 was the first act of 
 the kind passed by any American legislative body. 
 
 11. A curious proceeding of the General Assem- 
 bly may be here noted. On the 1st of May, 
 1666, a member was presented by the Lower to 
 the Upper House, charged with having disturbed 
 the whole House, by calling them papists, rogues, 
 pitiful rogues, puppies, &c. By order of the Upper 
 House, he was brought before it by the sheriff; 
 whereupon he said that he remembered none of 
 the words alleged, but that he was in drink. The 
 Upper House adjudged the answer altogether un- 
 satisfactory, and that no person of full age should 
 take advantage by drunkenness in such a case. 
 It was therefore ordered that he be tied to the 
 apple-tree before the House of Assembly, be there 
 publicly whipped upon the bare back thirty-nine 
 lashes, and be then brought into both Houses of 
 Assembly to ask their forgiveness. 
 
 12, John Connor, it is recorded, in 1674, had 
 
 been convicted and condemned for witchcraft, , ^„, 
 
 1 mi 1674. 
 
 conjuration, sorcery, or enchantment, ihe 
 
 Lower House petitioned for his reprieve, which 
 
 was granted, with this proviso, that the sheriff 
 
 carry him to the gallows, and, the rope being round 
 
 his neck, it there be made known to him how 
 
 rious proceeding in the Assembly ? What judgment was passed 
 upon the offender? 12. What of John Connor and witch- 
 craft ? 
 
40 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 much he was beholden to the Lower House for 
 their intercession. This is the only case of prose- 
 cution for these crimes met with in the Maryland 
 journals of legislation. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Death of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore — His Successors 
 — Popidation in 1677 — Complaint of the Bisliop of Lon- 
 don — Loi^d Baltimore's Reply — Singidar Occurrence in 
 the Assembly — King's Orders — Morals — Population — 
 Printing- Press. 
 
 1. On the 3d of November, 1675, Cecilius, Lord 
 Baltimore, died, aged about seventy, and his 
 son, Charles Calvert, who for the last thirteen 
 
 years had been Governor of this province, suc- 
 ceeded to his titles and estates. He continued to 
 reside in Maryland as its Governor — except during 
 a visit to England in 1677 — for eleven years. 
 The population now is stated to have reached 
 twenty thousand. 
 
 2. On the 7th of July, 1677, the Bishop of 
 London, in a memorial to the Privy Council, 
 stated that in Maryland there was no settled 
 
 maintenance for ministers, the ^vant whereof, said 
 
 1. When did Cecilius, the second Lord Baltimoi-e, die? 
 Who succeeded him? 2. What of the Bishop of London? 
 
CHURCHES. 41 
 
 he, occasioned a total absence in many places of 
 ministers and divine worship, except those of the 
 Koman belief, who were held to amount to not 
 more than one in a hundred of the people. 
 
 3. Lord Baltimore, then in England, was sum- 
 moned to answer the complaint ; and he replied 
 to it, that the Presbyterians, Independents, and 
 Quakers constituted three-fourths of the popu- 
 lation, and that there were four Church-of-Engn 
 land ministers who had a decent subsistence. 
 
 4. In the session of the Assembly of Novem- 
 ber, 1682, the following circumstance oc- 
 curred, which may give us some idea of the 
 temper and the customs of the times. The Lower 
 House refused to receive messages from the Upper 
 by its members having their swords on. The 
 Upper House then voted that no one from the 
 Lower should come in with a message without 
 taking off his hat. This was aimed at some 
 Quakers. The controversy continued some days, 
 but the Upper House at length yielded. 
 
 5. In 1684, Lord Baltimore was ordered by 
 the king to put all the offices in the province 
 into the hands of the Protestants. But he 
 returned to England the same year without doing 
 so, leaving the government of the province in the 
 
 8. What did Lord Baltimore answer ? 4. What occurred in 
 
 the Assembly in 1682? 5. What order was issued by the 
 
 4* 
 
42 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 hands of a commission, of which William Joseph, 
 Esq., was president, under the nominal governor- 
 ship of his infant son, Benedict Leonard Calvert. 
 
 6. In April, 1687, the writ of quo warranto 
 was issued by the king, requiring Lord Bal- 
 timore to show cause why liis charter should 
 
 not be forfeited. Before the proceedings could 
 be terminated, however, the king (James II.) 
 was himself deposed, and fled from England; and 
 thus the charter was saved to the Proprietary. 
 
 7. At the meeting of the Assembly, November 
 14, 1688, the president in his address repre- 
 sented the morals of the province in respect 
 
 to drunkenness, adultery. Sabbath-breaking, and 
 swearing as alarming, and as calling for legislative 
 enactments to furnish a remedy. The Lower 
 House concurred in his statements. The popu- 
 lation now w^as set down as twenty-five thousand, 
 — an increase of nine thousand in the twenty-six 
 years since 1662, when the government had been 
 restored to his lordship. 
 
 8. At this period there was a printing-press in 
 Maryland, and the province had a public printer. 
 We find nothing to show, however, that the press 
 was used for any other than governmental pur- 
 poses. 
 
 king ? Was the order executed ? 6. What did the king then 
 do ? What was the result ? 7. What was the state of morals 
 in the province in 1688? The population ? 8. Printing-press ? 
 
PROTESTANT KEVOLUTION. 43 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Protestant Revolution — Articles of Impeachment against 
 Lord Baltimore — William and Mary — Governor Copley — 
 Jacobites — Cattle Pestilence — Post between the Potomac 
 and Philadelphia — Conversion of the Indians — King's 
 Library — King's Commands regarding Game, d'C. 
 
 1. Ox the 1st of August, 1689, occurred what 
 is known as the Protestant Revolution ^ 
 
 1689. 
 in Maryland, when Lord Baltimore's officials 
 
 surrendered to the Protestants in arms, and the 
 government passed into the hands of a Protest- 
 ant association. This was the third time that the 
 Protestants had come into its possession during 
 the fifty-five years of its existence. 
 
 2. The Lower House, at their last assembly, had 
 presented as grievances, that instead of receiving 
 for rents, &c., tobacco at twopence per pound, 
 according to law, his lordship's receivers demanded 
 money ; that he had failed to appoint naval offi- 
 cers as the law required ; that by his sheriffs he 
 had arrested citizens and carried them before 
 the Provincial Court, at the same time keeping 
 them in ignorance of the charges against them ; 
 
 1. What of the Protestant Revolution? 2. What griev- 
 ances did the Lower House present ? 3. Of articles of impeach- 
 
44 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 that that court was held at a perilous season of 
 the year, &c. 
 
 3. Articles of impeachment were now brought 
 against him for several insolences, misdemeanors, 
 and outrages on the part of his agents, aiming at 
 the subversion of the king's authority here, for 
 endeavoring to obliterate the two shillings per 
 hogshead for the support of the colonial govern- 
 ment, and for misaj)plying some thirty-six thou- 
 sand pounds sterling, and refusing to give any 
 account thereof, — ^^charges,'' said those making 
 them, ^^ which we are able and willing to prove, 
 defend, and maintain/' 
 
 4. They subsequently testified to the Lords of 
 Plantations that no oath to his juajesty was im- 
 posed on any government officer, but only an oath 
 of fidelity to his lordship; that no appeals from 
 the courts were allowed to England, that no arms 
 nor ammunition had been provided for the de- 
 fence of the province, and that fort-duties were 
 appropriated to the Proprietor. 
 
 5. In 1691 the government of the province 
 passed into the hands of King William 
 and Queen Mary, Avho appointed Lionel 
 
 Copley their Governor in Maryland. On his 
 arrival in 1692, he 'called a meeting of the Gene- 
 
 ^ent ? 4. What was testified to the Lords of Plantations ? 
 5. What change was now made in the government by William 
 and Mary ? What did Governor Copley do on his arrival ? 
 
SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 45 
 
 ral Assembly. At this Assembly the second act 
 passed was one making the Protestant religion of 
 the Church of England the established re- 
 ligion of Maryland. Under this law the 
 ten counties were divided by the county justices 
 and freeholders into thirty parishes. 
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 
 
 6. Governor Copley died in the following year, 
 
 and was succeeded by Sir Francis Nicholson. 
 
 1694. 
 In October, 1694, the seat of government 
 
 Avas transferred from St. Mary's to Annapolis, in 
 
 Anne Arundel county, where it still continues. 
 
 One of the troubles of the times was the exist- 
 
 Wliat important act was passed ? 6. What further of Gov- 
 ernor Copley? To what place was the seat of government 
 
46 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 ence of adherents here of the exiled King James. 
 They were called Jacobites, and were consider- 
 able in numbers and influence. 
 
 7. A remarkable pestilence broke out in 1694 
 among the cattle and hogs of the province. The 
 Governor ordered returns to be made to him, by 
 the sheriffs of the counties, of the numbers thus 
 taken off. According to these returns, there had 
 died twenty-five thousand four hundred and 
 twenty-nine cattle, and sixty-two thousand three 
 hundred and seventy-three hogs, being three and 
 one-half to every inhabitant, or more than seven- 
 teen to every family, in the province. 
 
 8. Another fact, of at least antiquarian curiosity, 
 may be here stated. On the 20th of May, 
 1695, proclamation was made of an agree- 
 ment entered into with Captain Perry to be post 
 between the Potomac and Philadelphia eight times 
 a year. Starting from Newton's Point, Wicomico, 
 on the Potomac, he was to go by Allen's Mill (now 
 called Fresh), Benedict, Leonard Town, cross- 
 ing the Patuxent at Mr. Lingan's, by Mr. Lar- 
 kin's, and by South River, to Annapolis ; thence 
 to Kent Island, and by Oxford and Newcastle. 
 The stages were to start on the last Monday in 
 June. This was the earliest mail-route in Mary- 
 removed in 1694? Of the Jacobites? 7. Of a remarkable 
 pestilence ? What did the returns show ? 8. What of a post 
 to Philadelphia ? Describe the route. 9. What of the con- 
 
47 
 
 land. It connected Williamsburg, the seat of 
 government in Virginia, with Philadelphia. 
 
 9. Among the inquiries made by the Board of 
 Trade and Plantations, at this time, of the 
 
 1695 
 
 Governor and Council, it was asked, what 
 methods are best to be taken for the conversion 
 of the Indians ? It was answered that the best 
 way of converting them was by the good example 
 of the English colonists and clergy, and by endea- 
 vors on the part of the whites to learn the lan- 
 guage of the Indians, so as to become capable 
 of conversing with them. 
 
 10. In 1697 the king presented to Annapolis 
 
 a valuable library, the books of which were all 
 
 labelled on the covers. The remains of this library 
 
 .are now in the librarv of St. John's Col- 
 
 ** 1697 
 
 lege. On the burning of the State-House, 
 
 in part, in 1704, the library was removed to King 
 
 William's school; and the books that remained 
 
 were transferred to its successor St. John's, when 
 
 that came into existence in 1784. Many of those 
 
 rare and curious old works are still to be found 
 
 scattered about the State, where they were probably 
 
 loaned more than a hundred years ago. 
 
 11. In this year the Governor received from the 
 
 version of the Indians? What plan was suggested? 10. 
 What of the king's present? Where are the remains of this 
 library now? Whither was it removed on the burning of the 
 State-house? Where are some of these books newfound? 
 
48 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 king a command to send to him all the wild deer, 
 turkeys, and partridges, mocking-birds and other 
 song-birds, and wild animals, that could be pro- 
 cured. It was therefore ordered that as many as 
 possible be obtained, as a token of gratitude to 
 his majesty, who had done so great things for his 
 subjects here. The mocking-birds appear to have 
 specially pleased King William, as the next year 
 he sent for one hundred more of them. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Mineral Spring — Charlotte Hall — State-Hcmse struck hy 
 Lightning — Rev. Dr. Bray — King's Order, and Reply of 
 the Upper House — Toleration Latv — German Emigrants 
 — Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Population, 
 
 1. In 1698 a spring having medicinal proper- 
 ties was discovered in St. Mary's county, at 
 1698. ... ; -^^ 
 
 which a great many poor people soon assem- 
 bled, hoping to be benefited by the use of its waters. 
 Being informed of this, Governor -Nicholson ap- 
 pointed a man to read prayers there every day, 
 sent them Bibles and prayer-books, and, besides 
 other provisions, gave them a lamb every week. 
 
 11. What did the king command in 1697 ? What was or- 
 dered in consequence ? What specially pleased King William ? 
 1. What of a mineral spring ? What did Governor Nichol- 
 
THE STATE-HOUSE. 49 
 
 The place is now known as Charlotte Hall. 
 Soon after this, Nicholson was appointed Gover- 
 nor of Virginia. 
 
 COLONIAL ARMORY, ERECTED 1T06. HOUSE OF BURGESSES, ERECTED ABOUT 
 
 1700. 
 
 2. In 1699 the State-house was struck by light- 
 ning while the Assembly was in session. 
 The flag-staff was splintered, the vane shaken 
 down, the flag burnt, the roof set on fire, the 
 door-posts and window-frames shattered, and seve- 
 ral of the delegates struck down, one of whom 
 was killed. A shower of rain falling immedi- 
 ately, by the exertions of the members the State- 
 
 Bon do? What is the place now called? 2. What about 
 
 lightning ? What damage did it do ? What further of this 
 
 5 
 
60 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 house was saved. A public thanksgiving was 
 ordered soon afterwards. 
 
 3. In 1700, the Rev. Dr. Bray, the Bishop of 
 London's Commissary for Maryland, ar- 
 rived in the province. Soon after he held 
 
 a visitation of the clergy at Annapolis, at which 
 were present eighteen clergymen, ministering in 
 twenty-one of the thirty parishes. Not long after 
 this meeting the Commissary returned to England, 
 for the purpose of furthering in the mother-country 
 the interests of the Maryland church. 
 
 4. The king having directed supplies to be 
 sent to New York from all the colonies to aid in 
 carrying on the Indian War then existing, the 
 Maryland Upper House of Assembly answered, — 
 and the answer shows something of the state of the 
 province, — that the Indians had as easy access to 
 Maryland as to New York, that several nations 
 of them were on the frontier, often committing 
 rapine and murder, Avhich within the last three 
 years had cost the province one hundred thousand 
 
 " pounds of tobacco, and that to raise supplies by 
 a money-tax was impossible, few of the families 
 having so much as five shillings of ready money, 
 and the greater part being without the means to 
 raise it. 
 
 misfortune ? 3. What of Dr. Bray ? For what purpose did 
 he return to England ? 4. What did the king order ? What 
 
ENGLISH TOLERATION ACT. 51 
 
 5. It was set forth, furthermore, that the pro- 
 vince had several times been reduced to „^^ 
 
 1700. 
 great extremities by taxes, to the impoverish- 
 ing and almost entire destruction of men and pro- 
 perty; that great expense had been incurred, 
 which had not yet been discharged, in building 
 a State-house, a free school, and a church; that 
 none but laborers or best men of the province 
 should be sent, and that if they were sent it would 
 lessen the ability to meet the public expenses of the 
 province. In view of this state of aifairs, they 
 asked to be excused from the requisition made 
 upon them. 
 
 6. The law establishing the Church had pro- 
 vided for the toleration of those who were not 
 members of it. But in 1702 the provisions 
 of the English Toleration Act were by express 
 
 law extended to Protestant dissenters ; and the „^^ 
 
 1702. 
 Quakers were therein declared to be entitled 
 
 to the benefit of the English law permitting their 
 
 affirmation to be received, instead of an oath. 
 
 In 1704, however, owing to their proselyting zeal, 
 
 the ministry of the Romish priests was restricted 
 
 in its exercise to private families. 
 
 7. In 1710, many Palatines, or German emi- 
 grants, had come into the province, and they 
 
 reply was sent ? 5. What further ? 6. How was the Eng- 
 lish Toleration Act modified? 7. What of German emi- 
 
62 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 appear to have settled in what afterwards became 
 
 Frederick county. In order to encourage 
 1710. . . . 
 
 their industry, they were released for the time- 
 being from the payment of their assessment in all 
 public levies. From this class of emigrants have 
 sprung the various German denominations of 
 Christians now in Maryland. 
 
 8. On the 20th of February, 1714, Charles, 
 Lord Baltimore, died, aged eighty-four, and 
 was succeeded by his son Benedict Leonard 
 
 Calvert, who had renounced E-omanism and con- 
 formed to the Church of England. The new 
 Proprietor, however, survived his father little 
 more than a year, dying April 16, 1715, some- 
 what above thirty years of age; and with him 
 ended the royal government in Maryland. 
 
 9. During the twenty-six years since Lord 
 Baltimore's government had ceased in the province, 
 two new counties had been erected, and the popu- 
 lation had increased to forty-four thousand, — the 
 increase being more than double that of the pre- 
 vious twenty-six years. 
 
 grants? What have sprung from this class of emigrants? 
 
 8. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore? By whom succeeded? 
 
 9. What of the population at this time ? 
 
LORD BALTIMORE. 53 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Charles^ Lord Baltimore — Governor Hart — Claims of the 
 Roman Catholics — Annapolis — Market-House — Arrival 
 of Scotch Prisoners — Baltimore — Pennsylvania Border 
 Bifficulties — Survey by Mason and Dixon. 
 
 1. Charles, Lord Baltimore, succeeded on 
 his father's death, in 1715, as Proprietor 
 
 of Maryland, and, having been educated a 
 Protestant, and still professing to be one, the 
 government of the province was restored to him 
 by the king. The royal Governor at that time — 
 Governor Hart — was continued by him in his 
 office. The Proprietor's annual income from his 
 land-rents in the province is stated to have been 
 about thirteen thousand dollars. 
 
 2. Taking advantage of Lord Baltimore's resto- 
 ration to the government, the Roman Catholics 
 now claimed an equal part in the government 
 with the Protestants. Several of them were sum- 
 moned before the Governor to show the grounds 
 of their claim. He decided that their claim was 
 contrary to the terms of the charter ; and in this 
 he was sustained by the General Assembly. The 
 
 1. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore? Governor Hart? 
 2. What did the Roman Catholics claim ? How was the claim 
 5* 
 
54 MAKYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 Roman Catholics, consequently, continued, as ^nder 
 the royal government, disfranchised. 
 
 3. Annapolis had now been the seat of govern- 
 ment for more than twenty years. Some eight or 
 nine years before this, a French traveller had said 
 of it that it was a very inconsiderable town; 
 " but,'' he added, " of the few buildings it contains, 
 at least three-fourths may be styled elegant and 
 grand; and female luxury here exceeds what is 
 known in France in the provinces." 
 
 4. In 1717 it was ordered that none of the in- 
 habitants of the city should buy any flesh 
 or fish, living or dead, or eggs, butter, or 
 
 cheese, — oysters excepted, — at their own houses, 
 but should repair to buy the same at the flagge- 
 staffe, on the State-house hill, until such time as 
 there should be a market-house built, on penalty 
 of a fine of sixteen shillings eight pence, current 
 money. The market was to be opened at eight or 
 nine o'clock in the morning, and the drum to 
 beat half of a quarter of an hour, to give notice 
 thereof; and no person was to presume to buy any 
 thing until the drum had ceased beating. The 
 market-days were on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 
 5. In 1721 a cargo of Scotch prisoners came in. 
 
 decided ? 3. What of Annapolis ? What did a French tra- 
 vellei' say of Annapolis? 4. What was ordered in 1717? 
 5. What of a cargo of Scotch prisoners ? Of a second cargo ? 
 
55 
 
 They had been taken at the battle of Pres- 
 ton, six years before, when fighting for the 
 restoration of the Pretender to the throne of 
 Great Britain. A still larger number were brought 
 in after another defeat, thirty years later. They 
 were known as the " king's passengers ;" but many 
 became valuable citizens. The Scotch, indeed, 
 have formed a large element of the population 
 of Maryland, and have been noted for their enter- 
 prise, energy, and success in life. 
 
 6. In 1728 the town of Baltimore was created 
 by an act of the General Assembly, sixty- 
 five years after the first settlement made 
 there. It was located at the head of Patapsco 
 Bay, about twelve miles from the Chesapeake, on 
 sixty acres of land divided into sixty lots. The 
 northwestern corner-lot is that on which St. 
 PauFs Church now stands, and where its three 
 predecessors have stood. Four years after this, 
 the legislature made tobacco and Indian corn a 
 legal tender, the former at one penny per pound, 
 the latter at twenty pence per bushel. 
 
 7. In 1735 began the Pennsylvania border 
 difficulties, which eventually became so trouble- 
 
 What were these prisoners called ? What further of them ? 
 6. What of the town of Baltimore? Where was it located? 
 What of the northwestern corner-lot? What of a legal ten- 
 der ? 7. What of Pennsylvania border difficulties ? What 
 
56 MAKYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 some. In 1681 a grant or charter had been 
 obtained from the king for Pennsylvania, 
 comprising the territory north of Maryland 
 and west of the Delaware River. On examina- 
 tion, it was found that its southern boundary, as 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, 1866. 
 
 laid down in the charter, conflicted with the 
 boundary of Maryland, Penn claiming that his 
 south line was several miles below what Lord 
 Baltimore claimed as his north line. 
 
 8. The difference was so great that the matter 
 could not be settled by the Proprietors themselves, 
 and it was referred to the king. In 1685 a deci- 
 
 dicl Penn claim ? 8. What of these difficulties ? "What deci- 
 
57 
 
 sion was obtained from the Lords of Trade and 
 Plantations, to the effect that Lord Baltimore's 
 grant included only " lands uncultivated and occu- 
 pied by savages," and that the territory along the 
 Delaware had been settled by Christians antece- 
 dently to his grant, and was not included in it. 
 
 9. Had the decision been the same in 1638, 
 Colonel Claiborne would have peaceably re- 
 tained Kent Island. Now, Lord Baltimore 
 
 lost all of Delaware, — one million two hundred 
 and sixty-seven thousand acres, — and fifteen miles' 
 breadth of territory along his entire northern line 
 of boundary, being nearly two million acres. 
 
 10. Owing, however, to circumstances, a final 
 settlement was not effected till 1735, when the 
 king directed proceedings in chancery to be in- 
 stituted. Land-grants in the contested territory 
 had been made at that time by each of the Pro- 
 prietors, and these conflicting grants led to tu- 
 mults, border, excesses, and violence, even to 
 bloodshed. This state of affairs continued for 
 five years. The chancery decision was n6t ob- 
 tained till 1750; and ten years more elapsed be- 
 fore the line between Maryland and Pennsylvania 
 was completed. This line was run by the survey- 
 
 sion was obtained ? 9. What further on this subject? What 
 did Lord Baltimore lose? 10. What of a final settlement? 
 What of land-grants ? To what did these conflicting grants 
 lead ? When was the chancery decision made ? Who were 
 
68 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 ors Mason and Dixon : hence the term Mason 
 and Dixon's line. 
 
 11. The agreement for this survey was made 
 between the heirs of Penn and Calvert, May 10, 
 1732; but the work was not completed till De- 
 cember, 1767, so various were the delays and dis- 
 putes, and so numerous the appeals to the court 
 of chancery in England. 
 
 12. Jeremiah Mason and Charles Dixon were 
 mathematicians and astronomers. They arrived 
 in Philadelphia in November, 1763, and at once 
 proceeded with their work. They employed a car- 
 penter to construct an observatory, which was the 
 first in America. Having fixed the point of in- 
 tersection of the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 Delaware lines, they continued their line due west 
 two hundred and forty-four miles. They met with 
 much opposition from roving bands of Indians. 
 Their company consisted of red men and white 
 men, surveyors, chain-bearers, axe-men, cooks, 
 and baggage-carriers. 
 
 13. At the end of every fifth mile a stone was 
 placed, graven with the arms of the Penn family 
 on one side, and with those of Lord Baltimore on 
 the other. The intermediate miles were denoted 
 
 the surveyors ? 11. Who made the agreement for this sur- 
 vey ? When was it completed ? 12, What of Mason and 
 Dixon? What opposition did they meet? Who composed 
 the surveying party? 13. What was placed at the end of 
 
GREAT REBELLION SUPPRESSED. 59 
 
 by smaller stones, having an M on one side and 
 a P on the other. 
 
 14. The trade of Maryland at this time (1736) 
 employed one hundred and thirty vessels. 
 A large portion of this trade was in tobacco, 
 — which, indeed, was the staple of Maryland. The 
 records, ten years later, show an exportation of 
 fifty thousand hogsheads of tobacco. Wheat and 
 Indian corn, also, were exported in large quan- 
 tities. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Chreat Rebellion suppressed — Rejoicings thereat — Maryland 
 Gazette — Commerce — Iron — Death of Charles, Lord Bal- 
 timore — Population — Lord Fairfax — Boundary Question 
 — Maryland Frontier — Massacre by the Indians. 
 
 1. In 1745 the great rebellion in England was 
 suppressed. This secured the Protestant 
 succession on the throne of England, put an 
 end to the hopes of the last Pretender, and de- 
 livered the kingdom from papal persecution and 
 
 every fifth mile ? How were the intermediate miles denoted ? 
 14. What of the trade of Maryland in 1736? What of ex- 
 ports ten years after this ? 
 
 1. What of the great rebellion in England? What did 
 
60 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 from the fear of invasion from abroad. The news 
 caused great rejoicing in Maryland. The Gov- 
 ernor issued a proclamation for a public thanks- 
 giving, and religious services were held in all the 
 churches. 
 
 2. In Annapolis, and in other places, the sup- 
 pression of the rebellion was celebrated by the 
 
 firing of guns, and by other demonstrations 
 of joy. There was a ball in the evening, the 
 city was illuminated, and a great quantity of punch 
 was distributed among the populace at their bon- 
 fires. The Protestants were jubilant. 
 
 3. This year the publication of the ^' Maryland 
 Gazette" was commenced in Annapolis, by Jonas 
 Green, who for five years had been printer to the 
 province. This paper continued to be published 
 by him during his life, and after him by his de- 
 scendants, for nearly one hundred years. A file 
 of it is in the State library. 
 
 4. From the answers to queries of the Board 
 of Trade and Plantations, in 1748, we find 
 that there were not above fifty vessels owned 
 
 by Marylanders engaged in the trade, but that 
 these carried four hundred tons, and were navi- 
 gated by four hundred men ; that there were a 
 
 this secure ? How was the news received ? 2, What was 
 done at Annapolis ? 3. What of the Maryland Gazette ? 
 4. What of vessels owned by Marylanders, &c. ? Of mines 
 
DEATH OF CHARLES, LORD BALTIMORE. 61 
 
 great many iron-mines, some of which were very 
 good ; that eight furnaces made pig iron and nine 
 bar iron ; and that the white population at this 
 time was ninety-four thousand, and the black 
 thirty-six thousand. The population had been 
 much increased by the influx of Germans. 
 
 5. The number of Indians had greatly de- 
 creased. They had before this begun by degrees 
 to remove from the province; and during this 
 year the great body of them removed from the 
 Eastern Shore to Wyoming and Chemenk, carry- 
 ing with them the exhumed bones of their fathers. 
 
 6. In 1751, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died. In 
 
 1727 he had for a year been Governor of _^, 
 •^ 1751. 
 
 Maryland, and again from 1733 to 1736. 
 
 During his Proprietorship, Worcester county had 
 been erected out of Somerset in 1742, and Frede- 
 rick county, out of Prince George county, in 
 1748. He was succeeded by his son Frederick. 
 
 7. In answer to further inquiries by the Board 
 of Trade and Plantations, in 1754, the num- 
 ber of white inhabitants was stated to be one 
 hundred and ten thousand, and that of the blacks 
 forty-six thousand. Since 1748 two thousand 
 eight hundred Germans had been brought into 
 
 and iron? Of the population in 1748? 5. Of the Indians? 
 6. What of Charles, Lord Baltimore ? What counties were 
 erected during his Proprietorship ? 7. AVhat of the popula- 
 
62 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 the province, and five thousand immigrants from 
 Great Britain and Ireland. Of the Indians of 
 the province there remained only one hundred and 
 forty. The Roman Catholics, as returned by the 
 sheriffs to the Governor, constituted one-twelfth 
 of the population, and their landed estate was 
 shown to be one-thirteenth of the whole. 
 
 8. Lord Fairfax, the proprietor of what is 
 called the ^'Northern neck of Virginia,'' had, 
 without regard to the rights of Lord Baltimore, 
 adopted the northern branch of the Potomac, in 
 the Alleghany Mountains, as his boundary. In 
 1753 Lord Baltimore directed his Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Sharpe, to investigate the matter ; and 
 it was ascertained that the true boundary was the 
 south branch. A protest against Lord Fairfax's 
 aggression was entered, but no attention was paid 
 to it. Sundry attempts were afterwards made to 
 set the matter right ; but to this day it remains 
 unsettled. By this invasion of his charter. Lord 
 Baltimore was deprived of nearly half a million 
 acres of his territory. 
 
 9. The Governor of Canada had, at this time, 
 undertaken to maintain a communication between 
 Quebec and New Orleans, along the Alleghany, 
 
 tion in 1754? Of the Germans, &c. ? Of the Indians? 
 What of the Roman Catholics at this time ? 8. What of Lord 
 Fairfax and the northern boundary ? What did Lord Bal- 
 timore direct? Was this question settled? 9. What of 
 
INDIAN MASSACRE. 63 
 
 Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers. This project was 
 resisted by the provinces of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia ; but their forces were defeated, and the 
 Maryland frontier, in consequence, was left unpro- 
 tected and exposed to the depredations of the 
 savages. 
 
 10. In 1754 Maryland raised two companies 
 for the protection of her border ; and the 
 command of all the forces engaged against 
 
 the French on the Ohio was conferred, by a royal 
 commission, on Governor Sharpe. Early in 1755 
 the troops under General Braddock, numbering 
 twelve hundred men, were defeated, with the loss 
 of sixty-four out of eighty-five officers, and one- 
 half of the men killed or wounded. 
 
 11. This defeat spread terror and desolation on 
 the frontiers, and the panic extended even 
 
 to the Chesapeake. In Frederick county 
 the Indians killed a family of twelve, and soon 
 after fifteen more. Upwards of twenty planta- 
 tions were laid waste, and their occupants mas- 
 sacred or carried into captivity. The savages came 
 within sixteen miles of Frederick. From that 
 place west to the Conecocheague (hon-e-ko-cheeg') 
 River, but two families remained in 1756. 
 
 the Governor of Canada? What resistance was made? 10. 
 What force did Maryland send? Who commanded ? What 
 happened in 1755 ? 11. How was the defeat regarded on the 
 frontiers ? What of the Indians ? 
 
64 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Memorial to the House of Delegates — Fort Frederick — 
 Fort Duquesne captured — Taxation — Stone Windmill — 
 Contributions in Aid of the Sufferers by a Fire in Bos- 
 ion, Massachusetts — The Stamp Act — New State-House — 
 Annapolis — Government Hohse. 
 
 1. A MEMORIAL addressed to the House of 
 Delegates, in 1756, states that the French 
 and their allies the Indians were commit- 
 ting the most shocking barbarities in the back 
 settlements, that the number of popish recusants 
 had greatly increased, that some of these recusants 
 held high offices in the province, that the Jesuit 
 priests had accumulated great wealth, that they 
 were believed to be in correspondence with the 
 French, and were protected from the penalties of 
 the courts. 
 
 2. With these statements before it, the House 
 asked that the penal laws of England be put 
 in force in the province. Their request, how- 
 ever, was not granted. The memorialists then 
 petitioned that the House of Delegates would 
 
 1. What memorial was sent to the House of Delegates? 
 2. What was asked ? Was the request granted ? What fur- 
 
FORT DUQUESNE CAPTURED. 65 
 
 present their grievances to the king and beg his 
 interposition. 
 
 3. Meantime Fort Frederick was built, on the 
 Potomac, near Hancock. In 1758 the pro- 
 
 1758 
 
 vincial troops suffered another defeat; but 
 on the 22d of November Fort Duquesne (now 
 Pittsburgh) was taken, — which ended the war. 
 Maryland had furnished five hundred men for it, 
 besides calling out the Western militia, at the 
 cost of fifty thousand pounds (one hundred and 
 thirty-three thousand dollars). The war being 
 ended, the Governor, by proclamation, ordered a 
 public thanksgiving. 
 
 4. To meet the expenses of the war, the Gene- 
 ral Assembly had resorted to taxation. 
 Among the luxuries taxed are specified, 
 after wines and liquors, and before billiard-tables, 
 bachelors. All of twenty -five years and upwards, 
 worth one hundred pounds and less than three 
 hundred pounds, Avere taxed five shillings, and if 
 worth over three hundred pounds, then twenty 
 shillings, per annum. A list of these was required 
 to be returned to the Governor, annually, by the 
 vestries of the several parishes. This tax was 
 paid for five successive years. 
 
 ther was asked ? 3. Of Fort Frederick ? Of Fort Duquesne ? 
 
 What number of men had Maryland furnished? 4. Of 
 
 taxation ? What were taxed ? How was a list of bachelors 
 
 6* 
 
dt) MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 5. TurniDg from war to the things of peace, 
 we find it recorded that in 17 60 a stone wind- 
 mill was built on the Point, near Annapolis, 
 
 where Fort Severn afterwards stood, and that it 
 was then reckoned to be one of the best mills in 
 the country. It ground twelve bushels in an 
 hour. When the fort was built, the mill was 
 destroyed. 
 
 6. On the 20th of March, 1760, a fire broke 
 out in Boston, which destroyed one hundred and 
 seventy-four dwelling-houses, and as many ware- 
 houses, shops, and other buildings. Two hundred 
 and twenty families were left houseless by this 
 disaster, and property to the amount of one hun- 
 dred thousand pounds sterling was destroyed. 
 The Governor of Massachusetts appealed to the 
 Governor of Maryland for relief. 
 
 7. Governor Sharpe, accordingly, sent out his 
 brief to all the worshipping congregations in the 
 province, requesting them to take up collections 
 for the sufferers, to be returned to him. The 
 returns showed the very liberal response of one 
 thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine pounds 
 and ten pence, — nearly eight thousand dollars. 
 
 obtained? How long was this tax imposed? 5. About 
 a stone windmill? 6. Of a fire in Boston? What did the 
 Governor of Massachusetts do? 7. What did the Governor 
 of Maryland do ? What response was made to the appeal ? 
 
STAMP ACT. 67 
 
 Of this amount, one thousand five hundred and 
 three pounds came from the congregations of the 
 Established Church, one hundred and thirty-four 
 pounds from the Quakers, one hundred and seven 
 pounds from the Presbyterians, seventy-six pounds 
 from the Roman Catholics, seven pounds from 
 the Baptists, six pounds from the Dunkers, and 
 nearly five pounds from the Lutherans. 
 
 8. In 1765 the famous Stamp Act came from 
 England. This produced intense excite- 
 ment. The General Assembly was con- 
 vened at once, delegates were appointed to the 
 Congress at New York, chartered rights were re- 
 declared, the oJSicer for the distribution of stamps 
 was burnt in effigy and compelled to flee from 
 the province, the courts were all suspended, and 
 newspapers ceased to be published. The public 
 offices were compelled by the people to be kept 
 open, even without the stamps, in violation of 
 the act. 
 
 9. In 1768 a number of the parishes undertook 
 to set aside the presentation of ministers to 
 them by Lord Baltimore. Coventry parish, 
 
 in Somerset county, especially resisted; and the 
 case was carried into court in Maryland, and de- 
 
 Who contributed this large sum ? 8. What of the Stamp 
 Act ? What did the Assembly and the people do ? What 
 of the public offices ? 9. What difficulties occurred in 1768? 
 
68 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 cided against it. An appeal, however, being 
 taken to the courts in England, the question 
 was decided in favor of the parish. 
 
 10. The support of the clergy produced at this 
 time much excitement, which was by no means 
 beneficial to them. The clergy were persistently 
 opposed by the laity in the General Assembly, 
 though at the same time a great deal of legisla- 
 tion was effected in favor of the church. 
 
 NEW STATE-HOUSE. 
 
 11. On the 5th of June, Governor Sharpe was 
 succeeded by Robert Eden, Esq., the last pro- 
 
 10. What further excitement? 11. Who succeeded Gov- 
 ernor Sharpe ? What of a new State-house ? What re- 
 
ANNAPOLIS. 69 
 
 vincial Governorr. In 1769 an appropriation 
 
 of seven thousand pounds sterling: was made 
 
 1769 
 by the General Assembly, for building a 
 
 new State-house. The old one was pulled down, 
 and the present one commenced, its foundation- 
 8tone being laid by Governor Eden, March 28, 
 1772. On his striking the stone with the mal- 
 let, a heavy clap of thunder was heard, though 
 not a cloud was to be seen, the day being beauti- 
 fully clear and serene. 
 
 12. Annapolis never acquired a large popula- 
 tion, nor any considerable desrree of commer- 
 
 1769 
 cial importance. But it had at this time 
 
 become conspicuous as the seat of wealth and 
 fashion. The luxurious habits, elegant accom- 
 plishments, and profuse liberality of its inhabit- 
 ants were proverbial throughout the colonies. 
 Said Mr. Eddis, in 1770, "There is not a town 
 in England of the same size which can boast of 
 a greater number of fashionable and handsome 
 women ; and, were I not satisfied to the contrary, 
 I should suppose that the majority of our belles 
 possessed every advantage of a long and familiar 
 intercourse with the manners and habits of the 
 English metropolis." 
 
 markable circumstance occurred at the laying of the corner- 
 stone ? 12. What of Annapolis ? What had it become at 
 this time? What did Mr. Eddis say of Annapolis in 1770? 
 
70 
 
 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 13. Soon after his arrival in Maryland, Gov- 
 ernor Eden purchased of Edmund Jennings, 
 Esq., by whom it had been built, what has since 
 been called the Government House. He added 
 to it the long room and the wings, making it 
 a commodious and delightful residence. From 
 
 GOVERNMENT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Governor Eden it passed into the hands of the 
 State, and has been since occupied by his succes- 
 sors in office. Now, after having been occupied 
 
 13, What did Governor Eden purchase ? How did he add to 
 it? Into whose hands did this house pass? What of it 
 after nearly one hundred years ? 
 
DEATH OF LORD BALTIMORE. 71 
 
 for nearly one hundred years by the Governors 
 of Maryland, it is about to pass into the posses- 
 sion of the United States, as an appendage of the 
 Naval School. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV, 
 
 Death of the last Lord Baltimore — First Conference of the 
 Methodist Church — Population in 177 Jf, — Burning of a 
 Cargo of Tea — Allegiance to the King — Approaching 
 Hostilities — Fifth Convention — The Declaration of the 
 Freemen of Maryland — Sixth Convention — Seventh Con- 
 vention — Eighth Convention — Ninth Convention — Charles 
 Carroll — Populatio n. 
 
 1. In 1771 the last Lord Baltimore died, leav- 
 ing no children by his marriage. By his will, 
 however, his Maryland possessions passed to 
 an illegitimate son, — Henry Harford, — then a 
 minor. At this time the Proprietor's annual 
 revenue from his rents, deducting all his govern- 
 ment expenses, is said to have been sixty-four 
 thousand dollars. Among the people a litigious 
 spirit prevailed. The idea of equality was every- 
 where manifest, and little respect was paid to 
 those in the higher stations of life. 
 
 1. What of the last Lord Baltimore ? His annual income ? 
 
72 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 2. The first Conference of the Methodist Church 
 was held in Philadelphia, June 17, 1773. At 
 this Conference ten preachers were present, 
 
 four of whom had Maryland for their field. They 
 reported their membership in all the provinces to 
 be eleven hundred and sixty, of whom five hun- 
 dred were in Maryland. They claimed to be of 
 the Church of England. They utterly repudi- 
 ated slavery, and would not permit their lay 
 preachers to administer the sacraments. 
 
 3. In 1774, Maryland claimed a population of 
 
 three hundred and twenty thousand. Vir- 
 1774. . . 
 
 ginia and Massachusetts were the only colo- 
 nies which reported a greater number. The 
 Revolution was making rapid progress, and the 
 last provincial General Assembly was held in 
 March of this year. This was succeeded in June 
 by the first provincial convention, by which an 
 association to cease all importations from or ex- 
 portations to Great Britain was resolved on, and 
 also a subscription in each county for the relief 
 of Boston. 
 
 4. On the 19th of October a cargo of tea was 
 burned in Annapolis, in open day, the owners 
 
 Of the spirit of the people? 2. What of the first Conference 
 of the Methodist Church? What did they report? Whal 
 did they claim? 3. Population in 1774? Of the Kevolu- 
 tion? What of the first provincial convention? 4. What 
 
BUENING OF TEA. 
 
 73 
 
 themselves kindling the fire that consumed it. 
 On the 21st of November a second convention 
 was held, by which it Was resolved that every 
 person in the province ouglit strictly and invio- 
 
 BURNING THE TEA-LADEN VESSEL. 
 
 lably to observe and carry into execution the 
 articles of association, and that balls be discon- 
 tinued. On the 3d of December a third con- 
 vention was held, by which it was resolved to in- 
 crease the flocks of sheep, to manufacture linen 
 and cotton, and, among other things, to prosecute 
 no suit at law. 
 
 5. On the 24th of April, 1775, a fourth con- 
 
 of a cargo of tea ? Of the second convention ? The third ? 
 
 5. Of the fourth convention? What recommendation was 
 
 7 
 
74 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 vention was held. By this it was resolved that 
 " King George III. is lawful and right King 
 of Great Britain and of the dominions 
 thereto belonging, and that the people of this 
 province do owe and will bear faith and true 
 allegiance to him." At the same time, par- 
 ticular attention was recommended to be paid to 
 forming and exercising the militia in every 
 county. The 11th of May was set apart as a 
 day of fasting and humiliation. 
 
 6. Every thing now indicated approaching hos- 
 tilities. The busy sound of preparation echoed 
 throughout every settlement, and those who were 
 not infected with the general excitement .were 
 considered enemies to the cause of liberty, branded 
 with opprobrious epithets, and pointed out as 
 victims of public resentment. 
 
 7. A fifth convention met at Annapolis, in 
 July. By this convention it was resolved 
 that the articles of association for the main- 
 tenance of peace, good order, and law should be 
 subscribed by all the freemen of the province, 
 and those who should refuse were to be noted. 
 Forty companies of minute-men, of eighty-two 
 men each, were called for, and all able-bodied 
 
 made? 6. Of approacliing hostilities ? 7. Of the fifth conyen- 
 tion ? What was resolved ? Of minute-men ? Of a Council of 
 
DECLARATION OF FREEMEN. 75 
 
 men, from sixteen to forty-five years of age, were 
 to be enrolled. A Council of Safety of sixteen 
 was appointed to carry on the government, and 
 paper money to the amount of two hundred and 
 sixty-six thousand dollars was issued. The de- 
 claration of the freemen of Maryland, which is 
 subjoined, was made nearly one year before the 
 Declaration of Independence by the Congress at 
 Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. An original copy, 
 with signatures, is kept in the Executive chamber 
 at Annapolis. 
 
 Association of the Freemen of Maryland. 
 
 The long-premeditated, and now avowed, design of the 
 British government to raise a revenue from the property of 
 the colonists without their consent, on the gift, grant, and 
 disposition of the Commons of Great Britain ; the arbitrary 
 and vindictive statutes passed, under color of punishing a 
 riot, to subdue by military force, and by famine, the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay ; the unlimited power assumed by Parliament 
 to alter the charter of that province, and the constitution of 
 all the colonies, thereby destroying the essential securities 
 of the lives, liberties, and properties of the colonists ; the 
 commencement of hostilities by the ministerial forces, and 
 the cruel prosecution of the war against the people of the 
 Massachusetts Bay, followed by General Gage's proclama- 
 tion, declaring almost the whole of the inhabitants of the 
 United Colonies, by name or description, rebels and traitors, 
 are sufficient causes to arm a free people in defence of their 
 liberty, and to justify resistance, no longer dictated by pru- 
 
 Safety? Of the declaration of the freemen of Maryland? 
 
76 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 dence, merely, but by necessity ; and leave no alternative 
 but base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable 
 tyranny. The Congress chose the later, and for the express 
 purpose of securing and defending the United Colonies, and 
 preserving them in safety against all attempts to carry the 
 above-mentioned acts into execution by force of arms, re- 
 solved that the said colonies be immediately put into a state 
 of defence, and now supports, at the joint expense, an army 
 to restrain the further violence and repel the future attacks 
 of a disappointed and exasperated enemy. 
 
 We, therefore, inhabitants of the province of Maryland, 
 firmly persuaded that it is necessary and justifiable to repel 
 force by force, do approve of the opposition by arms to the 
 British troops employed to enforce obedience to the late acts 
 and statutes of the British Parliament ; for raising a revenue 
 in America, and altering and changing the charter and Con- 
 stitution of the Massachusetts Bay, and for destroying the 
 essential securities for the lives, liberties, and properties of 
 the subjects in the United Colonies, And we do unite and 
 associate as one band, and firmly and solemnly engage and 
 pledge ourselves to each other and to America, that we will 
 to the utmost of our power promote and support the present 
 opposition, carrying on, as well by arms as by the Continental 
 association restraining our commerce. 
 
 And as in these times of public danger, and until a recon- 
 ciliation with Great Britain on constitutional principles is 
 effected (an event we most ardently wish may soon take 
 place), the energy of government may be greatly impaired, 
 so that even zeal unrestrained may be productive of anarchy 
 and confusion ; we do, in like manner, unite, associate, and 
 solemnly engage in maintenance of good order and the pub- 
 lic peace, to support the civil power in the due execution of 
 the laws, so far as may be consistent with the present plan 
 of opposition : and to defend with our utmost power all per- 
 sons from every species of outrage to themselves or their 
 property, and to prevent any punishment from being in- 
 
REVOLUTIONARY MEASURES. 77 
 
 flicted on any offenders other than such as shall be adjudged 
 by the civil magistrate, the Continental Congress, our con- 
 vention. Council of Safety, or committees of observation. 
 
 8. At the sixth convention, held on the second 
 Tuesday in September, committees of observation 
 and correspondence were appointed. The provin- 
 cial government being still in existence, this was 
 imperium in imperio. Three of the leading clergy- 
 men of the Established Church left the pro- 
 vince and went to England, and three were ar- 
 rested and imprisoned. The number of Church- 
 of-England clergymen in the province at this 
 time was forty-four ; and of these the larger por- 
 tion were on the side of American liberty. 
 
 9. On the 1st of January, 1776, the seventh 
 convention assembled. Eleven hundred and 
 forty-four men were ordered to be raised for 
 service, but no soldier was to be placed in any 
 civil office. AYilliam Smallwood was appointed 
 colonel, and instructions were given to the depu- 
 ties in Congress. 
 
 10. The eighth convention met on the 8th of 
 May, 1776. Governor Eden was by it requested 
 to leave the province ; and with this request he 
 complied. All oaths taken to the pi^oprietary 
 
 8. Of the sixth convention? Of leading clergymen of the 
 
 Established Church? 9. Seventh convention? Who waa 
 
 appointed colonel ? 10. Eighth convention ? Of Governor 
 
 7* 
 
78 
 
 MARYLAND HISTOEY. 
 
 government were declared null and void. The 
 exercise of official authority was suppressed, pray- 
 ers for the king were directed to be omitted in 
 churches and chapels, and all the powers of 
 government were to be exercised under the au- 
 thority of the people. 
 
 11. On the 18th of June the ninth convention 
 met. Instructions were given to the depu- 
 ties in Congress — Johnson, Paca, Chase, and 
 
 Stone — to concur in declaring the United States 
 
 free and independent; 
 provided that the sole 
 and exclusive right of 
 regulating the internal 
 government of this 
 colony be reserved to 
 the people thereof. 
 Three thousand four 
 hundred of the militia 
 were called out to con- 
 stitute a flying camp, 
 and a new convention 
 was ordered to be 
 
 elected, with power to form a new government. 
 
 12. On the 4th of July, at this convention, 
 
 Eden ? Of oaths ? Exercise of official authority ? 11. Ninth 
 convention ? What instructions were given ? Of the militia ? 
 12. What occurred on the 4th of July, 1776? What was the 
 population at this time ? 
 
 CHARLES CARROLL. 
 
BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 79 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton was elected a deputy 
 to Congress, to supply a vacancy in the delega- 
 tion, and, though not present at the passing of the 
 Declaration of Independence, he afterwards signed 
 it. There were now eighty thousand taxables in 
 the province, — giving a population of three hun- 
 dred and twenty thousand, nearly one-seventh 
 of which was in Frederick county. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Battle of Long Island — Attack on Baltimore — Repulse of 
 the Enemy — Maryland Troops — State Constitution — In- 
 surrection — Devotion to the Cause of Independence — La 
 Fayette — Population in 1782 — Peace — United States 
 Congress at Annapolis — Resignation of Washington — 
 The Maryland Line. 
 
 1. At the battle of Long Island, August 27, 
 
 1776, Colonel Smallwood's battalion was present, 
 
 and of seven hundred and fifty men two ,„^^ 
 
 •^ 1776. 
 
 hundred and fifty-six are said to have been 
 
 killed. On the 14th of August the convention 
 
 for forming a new State constitution had met. 
 
 Frederick county was then divided into three 
 
 1. What of the battle of Long Island ? What of the con- 
 
80 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 counties, — Montgomery, Frederick, and Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 2. Early in March, 1776, a man-of-war sailed up 
 the Patapsco River and attacked Baltimore, at that 
 time a town of six hundred inhabitants. Most of 
 the families, with their effects, were removed into 
 the country. The enemy was repulsed, and the 
 prizes which he had taken coming up the bay 
 were all recaptured. On the 4th of July the 
 British fleet sailed up the Potomac, along the 
 shores of which they plundered and burned dwell- 
 ings, and had several skirmishes. Many tories 
 and negroes, it was said, were on board. 
 
 3. Five companies were raised about this time, 
 in Baltimore and Frederick counties, for the 
 war. At the same time, a number of East- 
 ern Shore companies were sent to the lower part 
 of Somerset county to disarm the disaffected. A 
 number of the inhabitants of Caroline county at 
 one time marched into Dorchester county, where 
 they were joined by some of the inhabitants, 
 and committed various depredations and outrages. 
 
 4. The convention continued in session till the 
 11th of November. During its sittings the 
 State Constitution was formed. The Proprietor's 
 
 vention ? 2. What of a man-of-war ? What became of most 
 of the families ? What of the enemy ? Where did the 
 enemy's vessels go on July 4 ? 3. Of more soldiers ? 4. What 
 
INSURRECTION^'. 81 
 
 government was swept away, a new and inde- 
 pendent government was organized, the Estab- 
 lished Church was broken up, its clergy were 
 deprived of their livings, the vestries were struck 
 out of existence, and many of the churches were 
 closed. 
 
 5. Thomas Johnson, Esq., of Anne Arundel 
 county, was the first Governor appointed 
 under the new Constitution, and its legis- 
 lature met on the 5th of February, 1777. Upon 
 the announced principle that in every State alle- 
 giance and protection are reciprocal, and that no 
 man is entitled to the latter who refuses the 
 former, all who declined to take the oath of 
 fidelity to the State were disfranchised, and sub- 
 jected to a treble tax. 
 
 6. About this time an insurrection of several 
 hundred tories, from Sussex county, Delaware, and 
 Somerset and Worcester, took place near Salis- 
 bury, and was of so threatening a character that 
 Generals Smallwood and Gist, with a Virginia 
 regiment, were sent from Annapolis to quell it. 
 Not long after this, a party of loyalists congregated 
 near Pipe Creek, in Frederick ; but the sight of 
 a party of militia put them to flight. In neither 
 
 furtker of the convention ? 5. Who was the first Governor 
 under the new Constitution ? What principle was announced ? 
 6. Of an insurrection ? Of a party of loyalists at Pipe Creek ? 
 
82 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 instance was any blood shed ; some of the tories 
 were, however, taken and imprisoned, — though 
 they were afterwards pardoned on submission. 
 
 7. Of the forty-five parishes in the State, 
 twenty-eight became vacant by the war. Thirty- 
 seven of the clergy of the old Church remained ; 
 at least twenty-five of these are recorded as 
 having taken the oath of fidelity, and some of them 
 were known patriots. 
 
 8. In 1778, Maryland furnished more than three 
 thousand three hundred regular troops for 
 the w^ar. This was a number, in proportion 
 
 to what was asked for by Congress, one-third 
 greater than that furnished by any other State, 
 except Delaware. 
 
 9. Devotion to the cause of independence was 
 manifested by all classes of citizens. When La 
 Fayette halted in Baltimore, on his way to join 
 the army at the South, a ball was given in honor 
 of his arrival. One of the ladies observing that 
 he appeared sad, inquired the cause. "I cannot 
 enjoy the gayety of the scene,'^ the marquis replied, 
 ^Svhile so many of the poor soldiers are in want 
 of clothes.'' "We will supply them," was the 
 prompt response. 
 
 7. Of the forty-five parishes ? Of the clergy ? 8. How many 
 men did Maryland furnish in 1778? 9. What of the cause 
 of independence ? What of La Fayette ? What response 
 
LA FAYETTE. 
 
 83 
 
 10. The next morning the ball-room was turned 
 into a clothing manufactory. Fathers and lius- 
 
 LA FAYETTE AT THE BALL. 
 
 bands furnished the materials; daughters and 
 wives plied the needle at their grateful task. 
 One lady, with her own hands, cut out five 
 hundred garments and superintended the making 
 of them. Such were the women of the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 11. On the 3d of February, Articles of Con- 
 federation between the thirteen States had 
 been proposed. In these articles Virginia 
 had succeeded in inserting the provision that no 
 
 1780. 
 
 was given? 10. What was done the next morning? 
 11. What occurred on the 3d of February, 1780? What had 
 
84 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 State should be deprived of her territory for the 
 benefit of the United States^ — she at the same 
 time claiming westward to the Mississippi River. 
 Against this the Assembly of Maryland entered 
 their protest, setting forth that this was an unjust 
 appropriation of the public lands won by all, 
 and refused to sign the articles till that clause 
 was stricken out. JSTor were they signed by the 
 representatives of Maryland till 1780; and then 
 it was done under this protest. 
 
 12. In 1782 the population of Maryland, as 
 enumerated by assessors appointed, was found 
 to be one hundred and seventy thousand six 
 
 hundred and eighty-eight white, and eighty-three 
 thousand three hundred and sixty-two colored, — 
 making a total of two hundred and fifty-four 
 thousand and fifty. The population of the State 
 of New York at the same time was two hundred 
 and thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-seven, — more than fifteen thousand less 
 than that of Maryland. 
 
 13. Peace at length was declared, and with it 
 
 came the acknowledgment of our independ- 
 1783 
 
 ence, in September of 1783. In the war 
 
 which had resulted thus gloriously to us, Maryland 
 
 Virginia done ? "What did Maryland do ? 12. What was the 
 population of Maryland in 1782 ? Of New York at the same 
 time ? 13. When was peace attained ? What of Maryland's 
 
Maryland's losses by the war. 85 
 
 had nobly done her jDart. Though no battle had 
 been fought within her borders, her soldiers — num- 
 bering one-twelfth of the forces of the thirteen 
 States — had gone North and South, and of the 
 twenty-three thousand whom she sent out, few re- 
 turned. By emigration to England or elsewhere, 
 in slaves carried off, and in the casualties of war, 
 Maryland had lost sixty-six thousand of her 
 population in seven years. 
 
 14. During the last three years of the war, her 
 land had depreciated in value one-third. Thirty 
 thousand acres were confiscated, exclusive of what 
 belonged to the Proprietor. The war expenses 
 of the State were seven million six hundred thou- 
 sand dollars, — two-thirds of the value of all her 
 real estate. Of specie there remained in circula- 
 tion only one hundred thousand pounds, currency, 
 — two hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars; 
 and her population was reduced to two hundred 
 and fifty-four thousancf. 
 
 15. In December, 1783, the United States 
 Congress assembled in Annapolis. General 
 Washington arrived on the 7th. He was 
 
 met by Major-Generals Gates and Smallwood, 
 and escorted to Mann's Hotel. After having re- 
 
 part in the war ? 14. What had been the effect on Maryland 
 of the last three years of the war? What were the war ex- 
 penses of the State ? What of specie ? 15. Of the United 
 8 
 
MAEYLAND HISTOKY. 
 
 ceived many calls, he visited the President, with 
 whom, and the members of Congress and civil 
 
 GENERAL WASHINGTON. 
 
 and military officers, he dined the next day. On 
 the 10th he gave them a public dinner; and at 
 night a grand ball was given by the General 
 Assembly at the State-house, which was bril- 
 liantly illuminated. There Washington received 
 an address from the city authorities, to which 
 he replied in fitting terms. 
 
 States Congress at Annapolis ? Of General Washington ? Of 
 
WASHINGTON S RESIGNATION. 
 
 87 
 
 16. On the 23d he had a public audience in 
 Congress. On his being seated, the President in- 
 formed him that they had assembled to receive his 
 communications. Thereupon Washington arose, 
 and said that the events on which his resignation 
 depended had taken place. He alluded to the 
 reasons of his acceptance of the command con- 
 ferred upon him, — spoke of the successful termina- 
 tion of the war, as having realized his most san- 
 
 WASHINGTON RESIGNING HIS COMMISSION. 
 
 guine expectations, — of his gratitude to Divine 
 Providence and to his countrymen, increasing upon 
 
 a grand. ball? 16. Of Washington's public audience ? What 
 
88 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 every review, — and of his good fortune in the 
 choice of his confidential officers, — commended all 
 then in the service to the care of Congress, — and 
 closed his official career by commending his 
 country to Almighty God. Then, bidding an 
 affectionate farewell to the august body under 
 which he had served, he advanced, delivered to 
 the President his commission, and resumed his 
 seat. After an address from the President in reply 
 to the Commander-in-chief, the scene closed. 
 
 17. This was all done, as to the United States, 
 in the persons of their representatives, before a 
 thronged assembly of ladies and gentlemen, — but 
 done in Annapolis. Few tragedies, it was then 
 well said, ever drew more tears from so many 
 beautiful eyes, than did this taking leave of Con- 
 gress by General Washington. 
 
 18. Throughout the war the Maryland troops 
 were remarkably efficient, and, under the title of 
 the Maryland line, held a high position in the 
 Continental Army. They were in the battles of 
 Long Island, Harlem Heights, White Plains, 
 Trenton, and Princeton. With the exception of 
 the campaign against Burgoyne, there were no 
 prominent battles in which they did not take an 
 
 communication did he make? 17. What of the audience? 
 18. What of the Maryland troops throughout the war? In 
 
LETTER FROM WASHINGTON. 89 
 
 honorable part, down to the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis at Yorktown. 
 
 19. The following letter will serve to show how 
 highly the general-in-chief appreciated the pa- 
 triotic and liberal efforts of Maryland. The 
 original is carefully preserved in the Executive 
 chamber, in the State-house at Annapolis. 
 
 To Thomas Sim Lee, Gtovernor of Maryland. 
 
 Camp near York, October, 1781. 
 Dear Sir : — 
 
 Enclosed I have the honor of transmitting to your Excel- 
 lency the terms upon which Lord Cornwallis has surren- 
 dered the garrisons of York and Gloucester. 
 
 We have not been able yet to get an account of prisoners, 
 ordnance, or stores in the different departments. But, from 
 the best general report, there will be (ofl&cers included) up- 
 wards of seven thousand men, besides seamen, more than 
 seventy pieces of brass ordnance, and a hundred of iron, 
 with their stores, as also other valuable articles. 
 
 My present engagements will not allow me to add more 
 than my congratulations on this happy event, and to ex- 
 press the high sense I have of the powerful aid which I 
 have derived from the State of Maryland, in complying with 
 my every request to the Executive of it. The prisoners will 
 be divided between Winchester in Virginia, and Fort Frede- 
 rick in Maryland. 
 
 With every sentiment of the most perfect esteem and re- 
 gard, I have the honor to be 
 
 Your Excellency's most obd't and humble serv't, 
 
 G. Washington. 
 
 what battles were they ? 19. What of a letter from the 
 general-in-chief on the subject? 
 8* 
 
90 MAEYLAND HISTOEY. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Tender of Annapolis as the Seat of Government of the 
 United States — Internal Improvements — General William 
 Smallwood — Adoption of the Constitution of the United 
 States — Colonel John Eager Howard — Party Politics — 
 Governors from 179-8 to 1812 — War declared against 
 Great Britain — Destruction of Frenchtown and other 
 Places — Defeat of the American Forces at Washington — 
 Attack on Baltimore — Defeat and Retreat of the British 
 Forces — Francis S. Key — Peace. 
 
 1. At the end of two years, November, 1779, 
 Thomas Sim Lee, of Charles county, was 
 appointed Governor. In 1782 Lee was suc- 
 ceeded by William Paca, Esq., of Harford county. 
 
 During: Governor Paca's administration 
 1782. 
 
 peace was declared ; and then other subjects 
 
 than those of war came up for consideration and 
 
 action. 
 
 2. At the April session of the General Assem- 
 bly in 1783, acting upon a memorial from 
 the corporation of Annapolis, the two houses 
 
 tendered to Congress, for the purposes of the 
 national government, the use and possession of the 
 State-house, the public square, the Governor's house 
 
 1. Who was appointed Governor in 1779 ? Who succeeded 
 him? What of them? 2. What of the tender of Annapolis 
 
INTERNAL IMPEOVEMENTS. 91 
 
 as a residence for the President, thirteen dwelling- 
 houses to be built at the expense of the State, 
 and jurisdiction over the city and people of 
 Annapolis. Congress consequently adjourned to 
 Annapolis, but in October determined on the se- 
 lection of a site on the Potomac, near George- 
 town. 
 
 3. At the session in the following November 
 the Assembly took up the subject of internal 
 improvement, and an act was passed incorpo- 
 rating a company named " The Proprietors of the 
 Susquehanna Canal,'' the object of which was to 
 make the river Susquehanna navigable from the 
 Pennsylvania line to tide-water from the Chesa- 
 peake Bay. The Susquehanna Canal is still 
 in use. 
 
 4. In the November session of 1784 the sub- 
 ject was again taken up, and an act was 
 passed "establishing a company for open- 
 ing and extending the navigation of the river 
 Potomac" from tide-water to the highest place 
 practicable on the north branch, by dams, slack- 
 water canals, &c. This would open a way of 
 travel and transportation between the Atlantic 
 and the growing West, leaving only forty miles 
 
 as the seat of government ? What did Congress do ? 3. 
 What of internal improvements? 4. What other project of 
 internal improvement was afterwards proposed ? What way 
 
92 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 of land-travel before reaching the Ohio. General 
 Washington took great interest in this company, 
 and was its first president. At a later date it was 
 merged in the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company. 
 
 5. At the end of 1785 General William Small- 
 wood became Governor. He was a native 
 
 1785 
 
 of Charles county, and of an old and promi- 
 nent family. He was the first and highest officer 
 appointed by Maryland at the breaking out of 
 the war. He was in at the close of the first 
 battle, — that of Long Island, — as well as in many 
 others, and rose to the rank of major-general. 
 On the expiration of Governor Paeans term of 
 office, General Small wood was put in his place. 
 This was the highest honor his State could confer 
 upon him. 
 
 6. General Small wood was a neighbor of Gene- 
 ral Washington, and his personal friend. Having 
 served out his term of office as Governor, on his 
 way home from Annapolis he had reached a point 
 six miles south of the county-seat of Prince George 
 county, — the hospitable and splendid residence of 
 the Wests, — when he was taken ill and died. He 
 was a faithful, modest, and brave man. 
 
 7. During General Smallwood's administration 
 
 would this open ? 5. What is said of General Smallwood ? 
 Whom did he succeed as Governor ? 6. What is said of 
 Washington and Smallwood ? What were the circumstances 
 
COLONEL JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 93 
 
 the Constitution of the United States was adopted, 
 in September, 1787, and was accepted by 
 the Convention of Maryland on the 28th of 
 April, 1788, by a vote of sixty-three to eleven, 
 after a session of nearly two weeks. 
 
 8. In 1788, Colonel John Eager Howard be- 
 came Governor of the State. He was a 
 
 1788. 
 native of Baltimore county. In the flying 
 
 camp of 1776 he was a captain in the Second 
 
 Battalion of Baltimore and Harford counties. 
 
 In 1777 he was a major in the Fourth Battalion 
 
 of Regulars. In the subsequent arrangement he 
 
 was lieutenant-colonel in the Second Reo:iment, 
 
 from March, 1779. In the battles of Cowpens 
 
 and Eutaw he signally distinguished himself. 
 
 9. Howard was a man whom the people de- 
 lighted to honor. In 1786 he was one of 
 
 1788. 
 the electors of the State Senate. In 1787 
 
 he was a member of Congress; in 1788, Gov- 
 ernor of the State, to which office he was twice 
 re-elected ; in 1791, an elector of the Maryland 
 Senate again ; in 1792, a judge of one of the district 
 courts; in 1796, again a member of the State 
 Senate; in 1797, a member of the United States 
 Senate, to which he was reappointed for a second 
 
 of Smallwood's death ? 7. What of his administration ? 8. 
 Who was Governor in 1788? What of Howard's military 
 career ? 9. What did the people think of him ? What offices 
 
94 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 term. When General Washington accepted the 
 command of the armies of the United States in 
 case of a war with the French, he designated 
 Colonel Howard as one of his brigadier-generals. 
 
 10. Howard was succeeded as Governor, in 
 1791, by George Plater, Esq., of St. Mary's 
 county. Plater died in the same year, and 
 
 his place was filled by Thomas Sim Lee, who had 
 been Governor from 1779 to 1782. Governor Lee 
 was succeeded — 1794 — ^by John H. Stone, Esq., 
 of Charles county ; and Stone was succeeded, in 
 1797, by John Henry, Esq., of Somerset county. 
 
 11. At this time party politics ran high. The 
 
 French Minister had defied the President 
 1794. 
 
 and appealed to the people. The Democrats 
 
 sided with France, and the Federalists stood forth 
 
 in defence of our national rights. Existing treaties 
 
 were declared void, the United States armies were 
 
 increased, and General Washington was placed at 
 
 their head. The storm, however, passed over. 
 
 12. Li 1798, Benjamin Ogle, Esq., of Prince 
 George county, was appointed Governor. 
 He was succeeded, in 1801, by John Fran- 
 cis Mercer, Esq., of Anne Arundel county ; and 
 
 had he filled ? W^hat compliment had Washington in store 
 for him? 10. Who were the successors of Governor Howard 
 down to 1797? 11. What of party politics in 1794? Who 
 was again placed at the head of all the armies of the United 
 
WAR OF 1812. 95 
 
 Mercer, in 1803, by Robert Bowie, Esq., of Prince 
 George county. In 1806, Robert Wright, Esq., 
 of Cecil, became Governor; and in 1809, Ed- 
 ward Lloyd, Esq., of Talbot county. In 1811, 
 Robert Bowie, Esq., was again made Governor; 
 and in 1812, Levin Winder, Esq., of Somerset 
 county. 
 
 13. During Governor Winder's administration, 
 June 11, 1812, war was declared against 
 Great Britain by the United States. This 
 
 was a success of the Democratic party over the 
 Federalists, the Federalists denouncing the war. 
 On the 22d of June the "Federal Republican" 
 office in Baltimore was torn down by a mob. 
 General Lingan was killed, and others were badly 
 wounded and beaten. 
 
 14. In March, 1814, a British admiral sailed 
 up the Chesapeake with twelve vessels, and 
 plundered and burned Frenchtown, Havre 
 
 de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown, at the 
 head of the bay. Women and children did not 
 escape savage and disgraceful outrages. Going 
 down the bay, the enemy lit up its shores and 
 
 States? 12. Who were Governors from 1798 to 1812? 13. 
 What occurred during Governor Winder's administration? 
 What of the office of the "Federal Republican"? 14. What 
 fleet sailed up the Chesapeake ? What towns did they plun- 
 der and burn? What of the women and children? What 
 
96 
 
 MAEYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 waters by night with the light of their incen- 
 diary fires. 
 
 15. On the 24th of August, 1814, the British 
 fleet sailed up the Patuxent River to Bene- 
 
 1814. . 
 
 diet, and there landed four thousand sol- 
 diers, who thence marched to Bladensburg. There 
 
 BOMBARDMENT OF FORT MCHENRY. 
 
 the American forces, hastily gathered, were in- 
 gloriously defeated, and the enemy proceeded to 
 Washington City, where, meeting no opposition, 
 they burned the Capitol, the President's House, 
 the public offices, the navy-yard, and the records ; 
 
 did the fleet do going down the bay? 15. What next of the 
 British fleet ? Where did they laud ? What havoc did they 
 
BOMBARDMENT OF FOET MCHENRY. 97 
 
 after which they returned to the Patuxent, with 
 a loss of upwards of one thousand killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 16. Turning his eyes on Baltimore, on the 
 11th of September the British commander entered 
 the Patapsco, with a fleet of fifty sail and five 
 thousand men. This force was landed at North 
 Point, fourteen miles from the city; and soon 
 after a battle ensued, iii which the British com- 
 mander fell. Failing to take the city by land, 
 on the 13th the fleet bombarded Fort McHenry. 
 The bombardment continued during that day and 
 the following night, but was unsuccessful. Baf- 
 fled by laud and by water, the fleet dropped down 
 the river and bay, destroying along the shores, as 
 before, the property of the defenceless, and were 
 seen no more. 
 
 17. Just previous to the bombardment of Fort 
 McHenry, Francis S. Key, Esq., under a flag of 
 truce, had gone on board the enemy's flag-ship, to 
 obtain the release of a friend who had been ar- 
 rested at Upper Marlboro, and was now confined 
 on board the ship. Mr. Key was detained by the 
 commander till after the bombardment. During 
 the night, and before being released, he composed 
 
 commit? 16. Where did the fleet then go? Where did they 
 
 land ? What was the fate of the British commander ? What, 
 
 was then attempted ? Failing in both attacks, what became 
 
 9 
 
98 
 
 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 that noble national song, which has made his 
 name immortal, ^' The Star-Spangled Banner :" — 
 
 "Oh, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave !" 
 
 On the 24th of December, 1815, a treaty of 
 peace was made, and the war came to an end. 
 
 of the fleet? 17. What of Francis S. Key? Of his famous 
 song? When was peace made ? 
 
INTEENAL IMPROVEMENTS. 99 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Internal Improvements — Chesapeake dh Ohio Canal Com- 
 pany/ — African Colonization — Amending the Constitution 
 — Northeast Boundary Corner-Stone — Revising the State 
 Constitution — The Great Rehellion — Invasion hy the 
 Southern Armies — Battles — Constitutional Convention — 
 State Board of Education — Declaration of Rights — In- 
 vasion — Ransom of Frederick — Governor Swann. 
 
 1. In December, 1815, Charles Ridgely, Esq., 
 of Hampton, Baltimore county, became Gov- 
 ernor of the State. In 1818, Charles 
 Goldsborough, Esq., of Dorchester county, be- 
 came the incumbent of this office. In the follow- 
 ing year — 1819 — Goldsborough was succeeded by 
 Samuel Sprigg, Esq., of Prince George county. 
 Then followed, in 1822, Samuel Stevens, Esq., of 
 Talbot county. 
 
 2. During Governor Stevens's administration 
 internal improvements became an absorbing 
 theme in Maryland. The rich mines of 
 iron-ore, the inexhaustible beds of coal, and the 
 immense quantities of timber in the western part 
 of the State, made it highly important that the 
 
 1. Who was Governor in 1815? In 1818? In 1819? In 
 1822 ? 2, What occurred during Governor Stevens's admi- 
 
100 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 early designs of the Potomac Company should 
 be fully carried out. With this view, a conven- 
 tion of delegates from Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
 and Maryland was held in Washington City, 
 November 6, 1823. Soon after, the Chesapeake 
 & Ohio Canal Company was incorporated. 
 
 3. In 1825, Joseph Kent, Esq., of Prince 
 George county, was appointed Governor. 
 At the session of Assembly of 1831, the 
 
 legislature, "highly approving of African coloni- 
 zation," directed its treasurer to pay one thousand 
 dollars to the American Colonization Society for the 
 colonization of free colored people, and the same 
 sum for each year thereafter. In 1831 the sum 
 was increased for that year to twenty thousand 
 dollars. In 1836 the legislature granted the So- 
 ciety an act of incorporation. 
 
 4. Governor Kent was succeeded, in 1828, by 
 Daniel Martin, Esq., of Dorchester county. 
 In 1829 Martin was succeeded by Thomas 
 
 King Carroll, Esq., of Dorchester county; and 
 in 1830 Daniel Martin was again made Governor. 
 Martin was succeeded in 1831 by George Howard, 
 Esq., of Baltimore. In 1832 Howard was suc- 
 ceeded by James Thomas, Esq., of St. Mary's. 
 
 nistration ? What of a convention ? 3. Of Governor Kent? 
 Of the legislature? What did the legislature direct? 4. 
 Who was Governor in 1828 ? In 1829 ? In 1830 ? In 1831 ? 
 
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS. 101 
 
 5. In 1835, Thomas W. Yeazy, Esq., of Cecil 
 
 county, became Governor. At the Novem- 
 
 1835 
 ber session of the Assembly an act was passed 
 
 amending the Constitution and form of govern- 
 ment of the State. It gave the election of the 
 Governor to the people, instead of to two electors 
 from each county as theretofore; abolished the 
 Council to the Governor ; gave one senator to 
 each county and one to the city of Baltimore, and 
 changed the apportionment of delegates, giving five 
 to Baltimore and to each of two of the counties, 
 four to each of eight of the counties, three to each 
 of the remaining counties, and one to Annapolis. 
 This change was attended by a bitter opposi- 
 tion. 
 
 6. Governor Yeazy was succeeded, in 1838, by 
 Thomas Grason, Esq., of Harford county. 
 
 In 1841, Grason was succeeded by Francis 
 Thomas, Esq., of Frederick county. In 1844, 
 Thomas G. Pratt, Esq., of Prince George county, 
 was made Governor, and in 1847, Philip F. 
 Thomas, Esq., of Talbot county. In 1850,. 
 Thomas was succeeded by E. Louis Lowe, Esq.,, 
 of Frederick county. 
 
 In 1832 ? 5. In 1835 ? What of the session of the Assembly/ 
 of November, 1835? How did it change the mode of elec-- 
 tion of Governor? What else did it do ? What of the oppo- 
 sition to these measures ? 6. Who succeeded Governor Veazy ?' 
 Who was Governor in 1841 ? In 1844 ? In 1847 ? In 1850 ?: 
 9* 
 
102 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 \ 
 
 7. The stone at the northeast corner of Mary- 
 land having been removed, a revision of the 
 survey made by Mason and Dixon was de- 
 termined upon. Commissioners were appointed 
 by the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Penn- 
 sylvania, who, with the aid of Colonel James D. 
 Graham, verified in all important points the work 
 of their predecessors. A slight change was made, 
 which increased by one acre and eighty-seven- 
 hundredths the area of Maryland. 
 
 8. In 1851 a State Convention assembled for 
 the purpose of revising the Constitution. 
 The principal changes were — conforming the 
 
 representations of the counties more to the popu- 
 lation, — giving Baltimore City ten ; to Annapolis 
 none ; to two of the counties, six ; to one, five ; 
 to two, four ; to six, three ; and to the remaining 
 ones, two each ; — making the judiciary elective by 
 the people, and making the sessions of the legis- 
 lature biennial. 
 
 9. Governor Lowe was succeeded, in 1854, by 
 T. Watkins Ligon, Esq., of Howard county. He 
 was succeeded, in 1857, by Thomas Holliday 
 ^Hicks, Esq., of Dorchester county. During Gov- 
 'Crnor Hicks's term of office the great rebellion 
 
 '7. What of the northeast boundary corner-stone? What of 
 the commissioners ? What change was made ? 8. Of the State 
 -convention of 1851 ? The principal revisions ? 9. Who sue- 
 
RIOT IN BALTIMORE. 103 
 
 broke out. On the 13th of April, 1861, Fort 
 Sumter, at Charleston, S.C, was attacked, 
 and surrendered to the Southern army ; and 
 on the 19th following, a terrible riot took place 
 in Baltimore City, in which a number of Massa- 
 chusetts troops, passing through to Washington 
 City, were murdered in the streets. 
 
 10. In December, 1861, Governor Hicks was 
 succeeded by Augustus W. Bradford, Esq., 
 
 of Baltimore county. Maryland did not, 
 as did the States south of her, secede from the 
 Union. Her territory was thrice invaded by 
 the Southern armies. On the 3d of September, 
 1862, with nearly one hundred thousand men, 
 they crossed the Potomac, below Harper's Ferry, 
 into Maryland. On the 14th was fought the bat- 
 tle of South Mountain, northwest of Frede- 
 rick City, and on the 17th, another, at An- 
 tietara, west of the city. Soon after this, the South- 
 ern army retreated across the river into Virginia. 
 
 11. In June of 1863 General Lee again invaded 
 Maryland, with greater numbers than before, 
 crossing the Potomac in Washington county, 
 
 ceeded Governor Lowe? Who was Governor at the com- 
 mencement of the great rebellion ? What occurred on the 
 14th of April, 1861? On the 19th? 10. Who succeeded 
 Governor Hicks? What of Maryland? Of the invasion by 
 the Southern armies ? Where did the enemy enter on the 3d 
 of September, 1862? What occurred on the 14th and 17th 
 
104 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 at Williamsport, and marched through into 
 Pennsylvania. On the 3d of July the terrible 
 battle of Gettysburg took place, and a great vic- 
 tory was gained by the Union troops. Soon after 
 this, the enemy retreated again into Virginia. 
 
 12. In April, 1864, a convention was held for 
 
 a further revision of the State Constitu- 
 1864 
 
 tion. By this convention a registration of 
 
 voters was provided for ; the principle of repre- 
 sentation according to population was adopted; 
 to Baltimore City were given three senators and 
 eighteen representatives, to each county one sen- 
 ator, to two counties six representatives, to two 
 five, to two four, to two three, to two eight, and 
 to four one ; the power of appointing magistrates 
 was restored to the Governor ; and a State Board 
 of Education was created, consisting of the Gov- 
 ernor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of 
 the House of Delegates, and the State Super- 
 intendent of Education. 
 
 13. Besides these changes, it was declared — 
 Article 24th, Declaration of Rights — "that here- 
 after, in this State, there shall be neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment 
 
 of September, 1862? 11. In June, 1863? On the 3d of 
 July ? 12. What of the convention in April, 1864 ? Of the 
 registration of voters ? Of representation ? State Board 
 of Education? 13. What other changes? 14. Of the in- 
 
INVASlbN. 105 
 
 of crime whereof the party shall have been duly 
 convicted ; and all persons held to service or labor 
 as slaves are hereby declared free." 
 
 14. In June, the enemy crossed the Potomac 
 again into Maryland, — in Montgomery county, 
 opposite to Poolesville. South of Frederick a 
 battle took place, when the Union army re- 
 treated. A portion of the enemy made a raid 
 across the country almost to the Chesapeake, and 
 in their way burned the Governor's residence. 
 Returning, they joined those whom they had left, 
 and marched for Washington. There they at- 
 tacked the garrison, but were defeated, and im- 
 mediately recrossed the Potomac. 
 
 15. During July, 1864, several thousand South- 
 ern troops e'ntered Washington and Frederick 
 counties. To save the city of Frederick from 
 burning, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars 
 was paid to General Early ; and nearly one hundred 
 thousand dollars was paid to McCausland, in 
 money and goods, by the citizens of Hagerstown. 
 
 16. In December, 1865, Governor Brad- 
 ford was succeeded by Thomas Swann, Esq., 
 of Baltimore City. 
 
 vasion in June, 1864? What of a raid? What did the 
 enemy then do? 15. What occurred in July? What of 
 Frederick and Hagerstown? Who succeeded Governor 
 Bradford ? 
 
106 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Church of England — Roman Catholics — Lutherans — PurU 
 tans — Quakers — Presbyterians. 
 
 1. The religion of the first settlers of Mary- 
 land — that is, of the Kent Island colony, a.d. 
 1629— was that of the Church of England. In 
 1634, with Lord Baltimore's colony, the Roman 
 Catholics with their priests came into the St. 
 Mary's settlement. Soon after, the Lutherans, 
 from the Delaware, were established in what 
 afterwards became Cecil county. 
 
 2. About 1650 the Puritans settled on the 
 Severn, in Anne Arundel county, and Church-of- 
 Enp-land men established themselves south there- 
 
 o 
 
 from on the bay, and up the Patapsco. Shortly 
 after 1660, the Quakers found a home in Anne 
 Arundel county. About 1665, Presbyterians from 
 Scotland, together with Church-of-England men, 
 settled in Somerset. 
 
 1. What was the religion of the first settlers of Maryland ? 
 Who came in with Lord Baltimore's colony ? What of the 
 Lutherans? 2. Of the Puritans? Of the Quakers? Of 
 the Presbyterians? 3. What further of the Lutherans? 
 
RELIGION. 107 
 
 3. At a later date, Lutherans settled the north- 
 western part of the State. All these denomina- 
 tions were found in Maryland at the time of the 
 Protestant Revolution in 1689; but in all places 
 Church-of-England men constituted the majority. 
 
 4. Lord Baltimore's administration came to an 
 end in the province, and the Protestants acceded 
 to power, in 1689, by an act of the General 
 Assembly. In 1692 the Protestant religion of 
 the Church of England was declared to be the 
 established religion of the colony. 
 
 5. In 1696 it Avas ascertained, from the returns 
 of the sheriffs of the counties, made by direction of 
 the Governor, that one-twelfth of the population 
 of the province were Roman Catholics, and about 
 the same proportion Quakers. The proportion 
 of the Presbyterians, Independents, and Luther- 
 ans, together, could not have been greater. 
 
 6. Those returns also show that in the Esta- 
 blished Protestant Church there were thirty pa- 
 rishes, twenty-five places of public worship, and 
 eighteen ministers. The Quakers had eleven 
 places of meeting, and two preachers reported, and 
 probably eight. The Roman Catholics had eight 
 
 What of all these denominations? 4. What religion was 
 established in 1692 ? 5. What returns of religion were made 
 in 1696? 6. What of the Established Protestant Church? 
 Of Quakers ? Of Roman Catholics ? Of Presbyterians ? Of 
 
108 MAEYLAND HISTOEY. 
 
 chapels and five priests. The Presbyterians had 
 three places of worship and two ministers. The 
 Puritans, or Independents, had probably two or 
 more places of worship, and three ministers. From 
 the Lutherans there are no returns ; but we hear 
 of one church and of one minister. 
 
 7. In 1758 the parishes of the Established 
 Church numbered forty-three, with from seventy 
 to seventy-five places of worship, and forty-three 
 ministers. The proportion of Quakers had not 
 increased since 1696. The Roman Catholics were 
 reported to be one-twelfth of the population, and 
 their taxable property one-thirteenth. From the 
 Presbyterians there are no returns, but their num- 
 bers had increased. The Lutherans had also in- 
 creased in the northwestern part of the State. 
 
 8. Between 1760 and 1770 the Baptists and 
 the Methodists had made a beginning in the 
 province. The former are now, comparatively, 
 not numerous, but the Methodists, including their 
 several divisions, are the largest denomination in 
 the State. 
 
 Puritans ? Of Lutherans ? 7. What of the various churches 
 in 1758? 8. What of the Baptists? Of the Methodists? 
 
EDUCATION. 109 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 EDUCATION IN MARYLAND. 
 
 First Act of the Assembly touching Schools — Act for the 
 Support of Free Schools — King William's Free School — 
 Libraries — Public Academies — Charity School — Colleges 
 — Washington College — St. John's College — University 
 of Maryland — Agricultural College — State Board of 
 Education — State Normal School. 
 
 1. The first act of the General Assembly touch- 
 ing schools was that of 1694. It was an act for 
 the maintenance of free schools, for which purpose 
 a tax was laid on furs, beef, and bacon, exported 
 from the province. 
 
 2. In 1695 this was re-enacted, and the duties 
 laid for the support of free schools were made 
 more specific : — thus, for every bear-skin, nine- 
 pence sterling was levied; for every beaver-skin, 
 four-pence ; for otter-skins, three-pence each ; for 
 wild cats', foxes', minks', fishers', and wolves' skins, 
 one and a half-pence each ; for deer-skins, four- 
 pence per skin ; for muskrat-skins, four-pence per 
 dozen ; for raccoons, three farthings per skin ; for 
 elk-skins, twelve-pence each ; for young bear skins, 
 
 1. What of the first act about education? 2. What re-en- 
 10 
 
110 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 two-pence each. Non-residents were required to 
 pay double these assessments. 
 
 3. The fur-trade of Maryland was at this 
 time large and profitable; and from the above 
 list we may infer the variety of wild animals then 
 found in our waters and forests. From these 
 sources, funds for the support of free schools were 
 derived for nearly thirty years. 
 
 4. In 1696, King William^s Free School was 
 founded in Annapolis. More than fifty thousand 
 pounds of tobacco were contributed by the Bur- 
 gesses of the Assembly to assist in defraying the 
 expenses of the building. Governor Nicholson 
 gave twenty-five pounds sterling a year, while in 
 office, towards the maintenance of the master. 
 The Secretary of State and Council contributed 
 eighteen thousand four hundred pounds of tobacco 
 towards the cost of the building, and one gave 
 two thousand pounds towards the support of the 
 master; another gave ten pounds sterling. The 
 school was afterwards endowed with donations 
 of lands. It continued in operation till after 
 the Revolution, 1776, when it was merged in St. 
 John's College. 
 
 5. In 1698 and 1700, the Rev. Dr. Bray, the 
 
 actment in 1695 ? How were non-residents taxed ? 3. What 
 of the fur-trade ? 4. Of King William's Free School ? What 
 contributions ? What further of this school ? 5. What of 
 
Ill 
 
 Bishop of London^s Commissary for Maryland, 
 sent over libraries to almost all the parishes, for 
 the use of the incumbents; and these were the first 
 libraries formed in the province. Before this the 
 Bishop of London had sent over Bibles and Prayer- 
 books for distribution ; and after the Society for the 
 Propagation of Christian Knowledge was founded, 
 about 1700, it was continually sending over Bibles, 
 Prayer-books, small books, and tracts, to be given 
 away. 
 
 6. In 1723 an act was passed establishing a 
 free school in every county. Accordingly, these 
 schools were erected, endowed, and successfully 
 carried on till the Revolution. Soon after we 
 had achieved our independence, the free schools 
 of Kent and of the two adjoining counties were 
 merged in Washington College, at Chestertown. 
 Those of the four lower counties on the Western 
 Shore were merged in Charlotte Hall, in St. Mary^s. 
 In the other counties, some were incorporated as 
 academies, and others were sold for the county 
 poor. Among the sources of revenue for the sup- 
 port of free schools, about the time of their esta- 
 blishment, was levied a tax of twenty shillings, in 
 addition to what had been paid before, for every 
 
 libraries? Of the Bishop of London? 6. What act was 
 passed in 1723? Of Washington College? Of St. Mary's? 
 What was done in the other counties ? Of revenue ? What of 
 
llii! MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 Irish papist servant, and for every negro imported 
 into the province. 
 
 During this period, many of the parish clergy 
 had classical schools, and there were public acade- 
 mies at Lower Marlboro, Calvert county, the Eden 
 School in Somerset, and the academy at West 
 Nottingham, Cecil county. 
 
 7. In 1750 a charity school was established in 
 Talbot county, by Rev. Thomas Bacon, for 
 maintaining and teaching poor children and 
 
 instructing them in the knowledge and practice of 
 the Christian religion. Liberal subscriptions were 
 obtained, both in the province and in England, 
 in support of this enterprise. Lord Baltimore 
 contributed to the building one hundred guineas, 
 and twenty-five pounds annually. This was the 
 first manual-labor school in Maryland. Here 
 children were taught until the Revolution. In 
 1787 the lands and buildings were conveyed to 
 the trustees of the poor ; and they are now used 
 for the county almshouse. 
 
 8. Since the Revolution, there has been a great 
 deal of legislation for the cause of education. 
 Twenty-six colleges, ninety-two academies, and 
 twenty female academies have been incorporated. 
 
 many parish clergymen ? 7. What of a charity school esta- 
 blished in 1750? What of subscriptions to it? What fur- 
 ther is said of it ? 8. What has been done since the Revo- 
 
COLLEGES. 113 
 
 Four general school laws, and nearly four hun- 
 dred acts concerning common schools, have been 
 passed. 
 
 9. Washington College, in Kent county, one of 
 the colleges already mentioned as having been en- 
 dowed by the State, was incorporated in April, 1782. 
 It was so named after General Washington. He 
 was a liberal contributor to its funds, and one of its 
 first trustees. Before its incorporation it had been 
 the Kent County School, under the charge of Rev. 
 Dr. William Smith, with one hundred and forty 
 students. Ten thousand pounds having been 
 raised for it by private contributions, the General 
 Assembly endowed it with twelve hundred and 
 fifty pounds annually and forever, and the pro- 
 ceeds of sundry things specified. It flourished 
 till 1805, when the State annual donation was dis- 
 continued. Thereafter it had a lingering exist- 
 ence. Since 1856 it has had an annual State ap- 
 propriation of three thousand dollars. 
 
 10. In 1784, St. John's College, at Annapolis 
 was instituted, and had given it the unfinished 
 house built by Governor Bladen about 1746, four 
 acres of land, seventeen hundred and fifty pounds 
 annually from the State, and other proceeds, it 
 being bound to educate, every year, five poor boys 
 
 lution ? 9. What of Washington College ? What of contri- 
 butions ? What is its subsequent history ? 10. What of St. 
 10* 
 
114 
 
 MARYLAND HISTORY. 
 
 free of expense. The funds of King William's 
 School were also given to it. Many of the leading 
 citizens of the State were educated here. But in 
 1805 the State withdrew its support, and thence- 
 forth the college languished. In 1811 an act was 
 passed appropriating one thousand dollars annually 
 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 to the college. St. John's and Washington Colleges 
 were united, under the name of the University 
 of Maryland, in 1784; but in 1805 the act was 
 annulled. The present annual State appropriation 
 is three thousand dollars for the college, and one 
 thousand for the law school. 
 
 John's College? What occurred in 1805 ? In 1811? What 
 
COLLEGES. 115 
 
 11. In 1812 the University of Maryland, in 
 Baltimore, was created with State patronage. 
 This was to consist of literary and classical, medi- 
 cal, law, and theological faculties or colleges : of 
 these the medical has attained high celebrity, under 
 the direction of a succession of distinguished pro- 
 fessors, of whom none perhaps have been more 
 prominent than Professor N. R. Smith. 
 
 12. In 1856 the Legislature incorporated the 
 Agricultural College near Bladensburg, in Prince 
 George county, with an endowment of six thou- 
 sand dollars per annum, fifty thousand dollars 
 having been raised by private contributions. In 
 1865 it received from the United States two hun- 
 dred and ten thousand acres of land, of which 
 only the income on the amount of sales can be ex- 
 pended. In 1866 the State appropriated forty- 
 five thousand dollars for its benefit. It is man- 
 aged by the State Board of Education and seven 
 trustees appointed by the charter. Its buildings 
 are of a high order of architecture. 
 
 13. In 1865 eight thousand dollars were ap- 
 propriated by the legislature, as an endowment 
 for a State Normal School, to be under the direc- 
 tion of the State Board of Education. This has 
 
 further of it? 11. Of the University of Maryland? 12 
 Of the Agricultural College ? Of the State Board of Educa- 
 
116 MAEYLANI) HISTORY. 
 
 been put into operation, with promising pros- 
 pects, in Baltimore for the present. 
 
 14. In 1865 a uniform system of public in- 
 struction was enacted by the General Assembly, 
 in accordance with the provisions of the Constitu- 
 tion. This embraces primary, grammar, and 
 high schools for all the counties, and three col- 
 leges for the State. The high schools receive, 
 each, twelve hundred dollars annual State dona- 
 tion. The primary and grammar schools are free. 
 
 15. These schools are supervised by Commis- 
 sioners, appointed for the city of Baltimore by the 
 Mayor, and for the counties by the State Board 
 of Education. There is a Superintendent of 
 Schools for each county, and a General Superin- 
 tendent for the State. 
 
 16. Many of the teachers in colonial days 
 were men of low attainments in learning, and of 
 lower grade in morals, being convicts and redemp- 
 tioners. The following advertisements, from the 
 "Maryland Gazette," show somewhat the cha- 
 racter and position of private schoolmasters at 
 that period. * 
 
 In the "Gazette" of February 28, 1771, is 
 advertised a runaway servant-man, from Dor- 
 
 tion ? 13, Of the Normal School ? 14. What system was 
 organized in 1865 ? What did it embrace ? 15. How are 
 they supervised? 16. What of teachers in colonial days? 
 
SINGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS. 117 
 
 Chester county, who had followed the occupation 
 of a schoolmaster, much given to drinking and 
 gambling. 
 
 "On February 17, 1774, 
 
 *'T0 BE SOLD, 
 
 "A schoolmaster, an indented servant, who has got two 
 years to serve. 
 
 "John Hammond, near Annapolis. 
 
 " N.B. — He is sold for no fault, any more than we are done 
 with him. He can learn book-keeping, and is an excellent 
 good scholar." 
 
 What singular advertisements appeared in the "Maryland 
 Gazette" ? 
 
BRIEF SKETCHES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 3m of Eminent ^iimm of JKarglani 
 
 Upon the roll of honor Maryland has inscribed many names 
 of patriots, st-atesmen, theologians, and philanthropists, A 
 short biography of a few who shone brightest in this galaxy 
 is given. Of their record the State may be justly proud. 
 
 Let the children emulate the virtues, public spirit, and 
 devout love of country which made their fathers renowned 
 in the national annals. Then the fires of patriotism will 
 never cease to burn brightly upon our altars. 
 
 No names are recorded here but of those who slumber with 
 the honored dead. 
 
 I. 
 
 EMINENT STATESMEN. 
 
 CHARLES CARROLL; SAMUEL CHASE; WILLIAM PACA ; THOMAS 
 STONE; WILLIAM PINKNEY ; WILLI AM WIRT; FRANCIS SCOTT 
 KEY; ROGER BROOKE TANEY; HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton was born at 
 Annapolis, September 20, 1737, and died Novem- 
 
 Where was Charles Carroll born, and when did he die ? 
 118 
 
CHARLES CARROLL. 119 
 
 ber 14j 1832. He was a patriot of the American 
 Revolution, one of the signers of the Declaration 
 of Independence, and the last survivor of that 
 eminent band, having lived to see the Republic 
 increase in population from three millions to over 
 thirteen millions. He was educated in France. 
 His vast estate made him in 1776 the richest man 
 in America; but he risked all his wealth in the 
 cause of political freedom, urging the people to 
 resistance and advising the burning of a vessel 
 which brought tea into the harbor of Annapolis. 
 
 In 1775 he was a member of the committee of 
 observation, and a delegate to the provincial con- 
 vention. 
 
 In 1776 he went with Dr. Franklin, Judge 
 Chase, and Rev. John — afterwards Archbishop — 
 Carroll, to induce the Canadians to unite with the 
 colonies. When he signed the Declaration, he ap- 
 pended the name of his estate, that no other of the 
 numerous family of Carrolls might suffer by his 
 act. In 1788 he was elected a Senator of the 
 United States, and continued in public life till 
 1810, when he retired and devoted himself to 
 the care of his estate. 
 
 July 4, 1828, he laid the corner-stone of the 
 
 What is said of him? Where educa-ted ? Of his estate? 
 What in 1775? In 1776? What did he append to his name ? 
 What in 1788 ? On July 4, 1828 ? How old when he died ? 
 
120 SAMUEL CHASE. 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in the presence of a 
 vast concourse of citizens. He died in the ninety- 
 sixth year of his age, honored — even revered — by 
 the American people. 
 
 Samuel Chase, a signer of the Declaration 
 f>f Independence, and Judge of the United States 
 Supreme Court, was born in Somerset county, in 
 1741. The son of an Episcopal clergyman, he 
 received a thorough education, and at the age of 
 twenty years commenced the practice of the law 
 in Annapolis. He was an ardent patriot, a leader 
 of the friends of liberty, and a member of the 
 Continental Congress of 1774. 
 
 In 1776 he went with the Carrolls on the 
 mission to Canada. On his return, he travelled 
 through Maryland, arousing the people to resist 
 British oppression. Through his eloquence and 
 influence, the delegates were .instructed to vote 
 for the Declaration, of which he was the ardent 
 supporter. 
 
 In 1783 he went as commissioner to England, 
 to recover funds belonging to Maryland, and se- 
 cured payment of six hundred and fifty thousand 
 dollars. He was made Chief Justice of the State 
 
 What is said of Samuel Chase? What of his patriotism? 
 What did he do ? Of his eloquence ? What did he do in 
 
WILLIAM PACA. 121 
 
 Court, and in 1796 was appointed by Washing- 
 ton an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. 
 In 1804 he was impeached for misdemeanor in 
 conducting political trials, but was acquitted by 
 the Senate. 
 
 His reputation is that of a pure patriot and a 
 learned judge. He was sometimes overbearing 
 and irascible. No statesman of the Revolution 
 was more earnest, or contributed more to secure 
 for his State that noble record which she bore in 
 the great struggle for independence. He died 
 June 19, 1811, aged seventy. 
 
 William Paca, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 and signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 was born in Harford county, October 31, 1740. 
 He enjoyed the advantages of a thorough classical 
 and legal education, graduated at the College of 
 Philadelphia, and studied law in Annapolis. He 
 was a member of the provincial legislature in 
 1771, and was eminent for his advocacy of the 
 rights of the colonies, and for his opposition to 
 the tyranny of the king. As a member of the 
 Continental Congress, he affixed his name to the 
 
 1783? What offices did he hold ? What occurred in 1804? 
 What further is said of him ? Where did he die ? 
 
 "What is said of William Paca ? What of his education ? 
 11 
 
122 THOMAS STONE. 
 
 Magna Charta of human rights. He held many- 
 offices of dignity and trust. For two years he 
 was a Senator; from 1778 to 1780, Judge of the 
 Supreme Court; in 1782, Governor of Maryland, 
 to which office he was re-elected in 1786, being 
 then a member of Congress. 
 
 In 1789 he was appointed Judge of the Dis- 
 trict Court of the United States for Maryland, 
 which office he held at the time of his death, in 
 1799. 
 
 He is represented to have been a man of great 
 worth, distinguished for a highly-cultivated in- 
 tellect, for polished manners, and for public and 
 social virtues. The State-house at Annapolis is 
 adorned by a splendid portrait of this eminent 
 citizen and patriot. 
 
 Thomas Stone, the youngest of the Maryland 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, was 
 a lineal descendant of William Stone, who was 
 Governor of the province during the Protectorate 
 of Oliver Cromwell. (See page 29.) He was 
 born in Charles county, in 1743, and received his 
 education under the care of a Scotch gentleman 
 
 What in 1771? What offices did he hold? What in 1789? 
 When did he die? What was his character? 
 
 What is said of Thomas Stone? Of his birth and educa- 
 tion ? Where did he study law ? What is said of him as a 
 
WILLIAM PINKNEY. 123 
 
 of erudition and taste. He studied law at Anna- 
 polis, and commenced its practice at Frederick- 
 town in 1769, but soon removed to Charles 
 county. As a member of the Continental Con- 
 gress, he stood forth a champion of his country's 
 rights and honor. He was again a member of 
 Congress when Washington resigned his office of 
 commander-in-chief, and witnessed that sublime 
 ceremony. 
 
 In 1787 he was appointed a delegate to the 
 convention which formed the Constitution of the 
 United States, but was obliged to decline. He 
 died during the autumn of this year, at the early 
 age of forty-four years, greatly lamented by all 
 patriotic citizens. He was repeatedly a member 
 of the Senate of Maryland, and was in a variety 
 of ways devoted to the liberty and welfare of 
 the colonies. His early death deprived Mary- 
 land of the counsels of a citizen who, by his pru- 
 dence, energy, and wisdom, had won the respect 
 and confidence of all classes of the people. 
 
 William Pinkney, one of the most eminent 
 lawyers and statesmen of Maryland, was born at 
 
 member of tlie Continental Congress ? What in 1787 ? When 
 did he die ? What further is said of him ? 
 
 What is said of William Pinkney? What in 1788? In 
 
124 
 
 WILLIAId PINKNEY. 
 
 Annapolis, March 12, 1764. Early in life he 
 gave indication of unusual talent. At eighteen 
 years of age he commenced the study of medi- 
 cine, but soon abandoned it for the law. His first 
 efforts established his reputation. In 1788 — then 
 
 only twenty-four years 
 old — he was a member 
 of the convention 
 which ratified the Con- 
 stitution of the United 
 States, and subsequent- 
 ly was elected to the 
 House of Delegates, to 
 the Senate, and to the 
 Council. 
 
 In 1796 he was sent 
 to London, by Presi- 
 dent Washington, as 
 Commissioner, and returned in 1804, to be Attor- 
 ney-General of his native State. In 1806 he 
 went to England as minister, returning in 1811, 
 to be Attorney -General of the United States. 
 
 In the War of 1812 he laid aside the toga and 
 girded on the sword, as captain of volunteers, 
 and was severely wounded at the battle of Bla- 
 densburg. He was afterwards a member of Con- 
 
 WILLIAM PINKNEY. 
 
 1796 ? In 1806 ? What of him in the War of 1812 ? In the 
 
WILLIAM WIRT. 125 
 
 gress, minister to Russia, and special minister to 
 Naples. 
 
 In 1819 he was elected United States Senator. 
 Here he was one of the leading orators, and pos- 
 sessed great influence. He advocated the Mis- 
 souri Compromise, by which it was determined 
 that slavery should be excluded from all States 
 erected out of territory north of latitude 36° 30'. 
 It was the unjust violation or repeal of this Com- 
 promise which commenced the agitation which led 
 to the rebellion of 1861. 
 
 Pinkney died February 22, 1822, aged fifty- 
 eight years. He was by general acknowledgment 
 at the head of the American bar, holding the 
 same position as that of Daniel Webster some 
 years later, and now held by an eminent Maryland 
 lawyer and statesman, Hon. Reverdy Johnson. 
 
 William Wirt was born in Bladensburg, 
 November 8, 1772. His father was a native of 
 Switzerland, his mother of Germany. At the age 
 of eight years, he was left an orphan, under the 
 care of his uncle. He attended school four years, 
 and when fifteen years old had completed the 
 
 year 1819 ? What did he advocate ? When did Pinkney die? 
 What is further said of him? 
 
 What is said of William Wirt? What of his early educa- 
 11* 
 
126 
 
 WILLIAM WIRT. 
 
 course of Latin and Greek classics usually taught 
 in the academies. Not having the means of pro- 
 curing a college edu- 
 cation, he taught school 
 for two years. He 
 then commenced the 
 study of law, and at 
 the age of twenty was 
 admitted to practice at 
 Culpepper Court, in 
 Virginia, where he be- 
 came acquainted with 
 JefPerson, Madison, 
 and Monroe. He was 
 Clerk of the House of 
 Delegates, and Chancellor of the Eastern Shore. 
 
 At this time he contracted habits of dissipa- 
 tion, which would have proved his ruin had he 
 not met with James Waddell, an eloquent blind 
 preacher, whose sermons made so great an impres- 
 sion upon him that he was led to embrace a godly 
 life. 
 
 In 1807 he assisted at the trial of Aaron Burr, 
 and displayed learning and eloquence which esta- 
 blished his reputation as one of the leading 
 orators of the day. 
 
 WILLIAM WIRT. 
 
 tion? Of the study of law? Of his dissipation 
 did he do in 1807? What of him in 1816? In 1817? 
 
 ? What 
 Whaf, 
 
WILLIAM WIRT. 127 
 
 In 1816 he was Attorney of the United States 
 for Virginia. In 1817 he was appointed by 
 President Monroe Attorney-General of the United 
 States, which office he held twelve years. Re- 
 tiring from public life, he removed to Baltimore 
 and devoted himself to the practice of his profes- 
 sion. In 1832 he was the candidate of the Anti- 
 Masonic party for the Presidency of the United 
 States. He died February 18, 1834, aged sixty- 
 two years. 
 
 The reputation of Wirt as a scholar and a writer 
 was high. He published several works, of which 
 the ^' Life of Patrick Henry" is the most popular. 
 It has been styled "a, most masterly handling of 
 the pen of biography." 
 
 In all the relations of private life, as a man 
 and as a Christian, he was exemplary, and was 
 regarded with affection and veneration. His bio- 
 graphy has been written by J. P. Kennedy, of 
 Baltimore, one of the most distinguished, learned, 
 and patriotic of the living citizens of Maryland, 
 now ripe in years and honor. 
 
 on bis retiring from public life ? What in 1832 ? When did 
 he die? AVhat of him as a scholar and a writer? In his 
 private life ? What further is said of him ? 
 
128 FRA^NCIS SCOTT KEY. 
 
 Francis Scott Key, the author of the "Star- 
 Spangled Banner/' was a native of Maryland. 
 He was born in Frederick county, August, 1779, 
 and died on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. How- 
 ard, in Baltimore City, January, 1843. 
 
 He graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis, 
 at the early age of seventeen. In his class were 
 Robert Henry Goldsborough, subsequently United 
 States Senator, and his friend, Daniel Murray, 
 Dr. John Shaw, and others, called by their dis- 
 tinguished president his " tenth legion," on account 
 of their brilliant success in their studies. 
 
 Mr. Key, in after-life, loved to go back in 
 memory to these days. In an alumni address 
 of 1827, he said, "Thirty years ago I stood 
 within that [college] hall, with the associates of 
 my early joys and labors, and bade farewell to 
 them, to our revered instructors, to the scenes of 
 our youthful happiness, and received the parting 
 benediction of that beloved and venerated man 
 [Dr. John McDowell] who ruled the institution 
 he had raised and adorned not more by the force 
 of authority than by affection. 
 
 " In a few short years I returned ; and the 
 guides and companions of my youth were gone. 
 
 What is said of Francis Scott Key ? Where did he gradu- 
 ate ? What of Mr. Key in after-life ? What of an alumni 
 
FRA^'CIS SCOTT KEY. 12^ 
 
 and the glory of the temple of science which the 
 wisdom and piety of our fathers had founded was 
 departed. I saw in its place a dreary ruin. I wan- 
 dered over its silent and beautiful green, no longer 
 sacred to the enraptured student, or vocal with 
 the joyous sport of youthful merriment. I sat 
 on the steps of that lonely portico, and beneath 
 the shadow of that ancient tree, that seemed to 
 lament its lost companions; and the dreams of 
 other days came over me, and I mourned over 
 the madness that had worked its desolation.^' 
 
 After leaving college, he studied law, and be- 
 came a member of the bar in Frederick. Soon 
 after, he married, in Annapolis, the youngest 
 sister of Governor Edward Lloyd, and removed 
 to the District of Columbia. There he attained 
 to high prominence in the neighboring county 
 courts, and in the United States Supreme Court, 
 where from the first he received flattering and 
 encouraging notice from Chief- Justice Marshall. 
 
 In person, Mr. Key was above the medium 
 height, and slender in form. His voice was so- 
 norous, but flexible and pleasing. His articula- 
 tion was distinct, and his gestures were natural 
 and graceful. His self-possession was complete, 
 and his style of speech was clear, chaste, and 
 
 address in 1827 ? What after leaving college ? Of his per- 
 
130 FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 
 
 beautiful. As au orator^ he had few equals, and 
 fewer superiors. 
 
 His mother had obtained from him a promise 
 to read Wilberforce's "Practical View of Chris- 
 tianity," a copy of which she gave him. Some 
 time after, when going to a neighboring county 
 court, he put the book in his travelling-bag. 
 While at that court, mindful of his promise, — 
 for devotion to his mother was a prominent trait 
 of his character, — at the first leisure hour at night 
 he took it out and read it. On his return home, 
 the next morning he called his family together 
 and knelt with them in prayer. His decision 
 was made ; his interest in the subject of religion 
 was fixed ; and his after-life showed how deep was 
 that interest and how earnest and permanent was 
 that decision. 
 
 At that time, Mr. William Meade, afterwards 
 Bishop of Virginia, was studying for the ministry, 
 under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Addison, — 
 Mr. Key's pastor. Mr. Meade and Mr. Key 
 were kindred spirits, aud a lifelong friendship 
 bound them to each other. John Randolph had 
 been their companion ; and, in all his eccen- 
 tricities, they enjoyed his unbounded confidence 
 and regard while life lasted. 
 
 son ? What of his mother ? Of Bishop Meade ? What oc- 
 
FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 131 
 
 Soon after Mr. Key's religious decision was 
 matured, his thoughts were turned towards the 
 ministry, and a correspondence took place between 
 him and the Rev. Dr. Kemp, rector of St. Paul's, 
 Baltimore. The doctor offered him the asso- 
 ciate rectorship of the parish ; but circumstances 
 transpired which prevented him from accepting. 
 He, however, officiated as reader on Sunday after- 
 noons, for some years, in a vacant church near the 
 city. 
 
 Mr. Key was a genuine poet. One of his effii- 
 sions, "The Star-Spangled Banner,'' will cause 
 his name to be ever remembered by his country- 
 men. An account of the circumstances under 
 which it was composed was written by his brother- 
 in-law, the late Chief-Justice Taney. 
 
 The incidents are here related, that the youth 
 of Maryland may know the history of "The 
 Star-Spangled Banner," the song which thrills 
 the hearts of patriots and has been sung by tens 
 of thousands on the battle-field of freedom. 
 
 The British troops, returning to their ships after 
 having burned the public buildings and records at 
 Washington, while passing through Prince George 
 county arrested Dr. Beanes, a well-known and 
 influential citizen. Mr. Key obtained permission 
 
 curred soon after Mr. Key's religious decision ? Of his fa- 
 mous song? Of the incidents related? The British troops ? 
 
132 FEANCIS SCOTT KEY. 
 
 to visit the admiral and endeavor to procure the 
 release of the prisoner. 
 
 While on this errand, Mr. Key was detained 
 with the fleet, until an attack about to be made 
 upon Baltimore should be over, but was placed 
 on his own vessel, under » guard of marines. 
 He remained on deck during the night, watching 
 every shell as it was fired, and waiting with in- 
 tense anxiety for the dawn of day. 
 
 As the light came, he turned his glass towards 
 the fort, and saw that " our flag was still there.'' 
 Under the excitement of the night-watch, "The 
 Star-Spangled Banner" was composed. Brief 
 notes were pencilled upon the back of a letter 
 while the enemy was retreating, and the song was 
 finished in the boat on the way to the shore. 
 
 It was immediately printed in handbill form, 
 and distributed among the citizens of Baltimore, 
 who, we trust, will always sing with enthusiastic 
 patriotism, — 
 
 " The Star-Spangled Banner, oh, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave !" 
 
 The hymns written by Mr. Key are found in 
 nearly all the hymn-books of our country, and 
 show the character of his piety, — which was not that 
 of sentimentalism or outward form ; it was active. 
 
 Of his detention ? Of the morning ? What further of the 
 
FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 133 
 
 A hint of suifering poverty in his neighborhood 
 called forth his personal attentions and his money, 
 as did also the work of missions and the Sunday^ 
 school, with a class of which he was present the 
 Sunday before his death. 
 
 When the Colonization Society was organized, 
 he was its earnest advocate, and travelled widely 
 to enlist an interest in its cause. He stood side 
 by side in this regard with Henry Clay, Cald- 
 well, Fitzhugh, Mercer, Stockton, and other emi- 
 nent public men. He deplored the existence of 
 slavery, and was proverbially the colored man's 
 friend. He was his standing gratuitous advocate 
 in the courts, pressing his civil rights to the extent 
 of the law, and always ready to brave odium, or 
 even personal danger, in his behalf. 
 
 Mr. Key was a polished Christian gentleman, . 
 — hospitable, cheerful, social, and widely known 
 both in his civic and professional reputation. He 
 was an orator, a poet, a patriot, and a philanthro- 
 pist, — one whose memory Maryland delights to 
 honor. 
 
 Bong ? Of his hymns, &c. ? Of the Colonization Society ? 
 What further of Mr. Key ? 
 
 12 
 
134 
 
 ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 
 
 Roger Brooke Taney, whose ancestors on 
 both sides were among the early settlers of Mary- 
 land, was born in Cal- 
 vert county, on the 1 7th 
 of March, 1777, and 
 was educated at Dick- 
 inson College, Carlisle, 
 where he graduated in 
 1795. In the spring 
 of 1796 hecommenced 
 the study of the law at 
 the city of Annapolis, 
 and was admitted to 
 the bar here in the 
 spring of 1799. 
 On his return to his native county he was, in 
 the fall of the same year, elected to the House of 
 Delegates; and, having removed in 1801 to Frede- 
 rick City, he was, in 1816, elected a member of 
 the Senate of Maryland, and continued in that 
 body until 1821. 
 
 In 1823 he removed to the city of Baltimore, and 
 in 1827 was appointed Attorney-General of Mary- 
 land by the Governor and Council, though belong- 
 ing to a different political party. He continued 
 
 ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 
 
 What is said of Roger B. Taney ? What on his return to 
 his native county? What occurred in 1816? In 1823 and 
 
ROGER BROOKE TANEY. 135 
 
 to hold the office of Attorney-General of Mary- 
 land until June, 1831, when he was appointed 
 Attorney-General of the "CTnited States. This 
 office he resigned in September, 1833, upon being 
 appointed Secretary of the Treasury. His nomi- 
 nation for that position was rejected by the Senate 
 in June, 1834; and he then resumed the practice 
 of his profession. 
 
 During the brief period that he held the .office 
 of Secretary of the Treasury, the Senate had an 
 anti-administration majority, which favored the 
 renewal of the charter of the United States Bank 
 and opposed the policy of removing the deposits 
 of government funds to local banks selected by 
 the Secretary. This subject caused much debate 
 between the political parties then known as Whigs 
 and Democrats. 
 
 In 1835 Mr. Taney was nominated as Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court; but the Senate, 
 being still opposed to the President, did not act 
 upon the nomination. In March, 1836, upon the 
 death of Chief-Justice Marshall, Mr. Taney was 
 confirmed by the Senate (which had changed its 
 political majority) as Chief- Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, upon his nomination to 
 that office by President Jackson. He took his seat 
 upon the bench of the Supreme Court of the 
 
 1827 ? What appointment in June, 1831, &c. ? What about 
 
136 HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 United States in January, 1837, retaining this 
 position until his death, which took place, in 
 the city of Washington, on the 12th of October, 
 1864, in his eighty-eighth year. Since the found- 
 ation of the government there have been six 
 Chief Justices, two of whom — Marshall and Taney 
 — held the seat for sixty-four years, from 1800 to 
 1864. 
 
 Mr. Taney was esteemed for his high moral 
 and religious character, as well as for his legal 
 attainments. Though reaching an unusual age, 
 he retained the vigor and clearness of mind 
 which characterized his earlier years, and was 
 able to occupy his seat upon the Supreme bench 
 almost to the day of his death. 
 
 Henry Winter Davis, a distinguished states- 
 man, and perhaps the most gifted orator of his 
 time, was born in Annapolis, August 16, 1817. 
 
 His father — Rev. Henry Lyon Davis — a man of 
 imposing person, great dignity of character, and 
 varied and profound learning, was President of St. 
 John's College, and rector of St. Ann's Church. 
 
 the United States Bank? What occurred in 1835? In Oc- 
 tober, 1864? How was Mr. Taney esteemed? 
 
 What is said of Henry Winter Davis ? Of his father ? Of 
 
HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 137 
 
 His mother — Jane Brown Winter — was a iady 
 of graceful and simple manners, highly educated, 
 and possessing great 
 conversational powers. 
 Under such teaching 
 and inspiration was the 
 young mind of Davis 
 formed, and his bril- 
 liant genius developed. 
 
 His education began 
 very early. He once 
 playfully said, " I could 
 read before I was four 
 years old ; though 
 much against my will.'' 
 During youth, he was much devoted to out-door 
 life, and with his companions roamed the country, 
 not always successful as a sportsman, but becoming 
 familiar with nature and developing his splendid 
 physical constitution. 
 
 His academic and collegiate life was passed at 
 Howard, — a school near Alexandria, — and at 
 Kenyon College, in Ohio. In those days Ken- 
 yon was surrounded by vast forests, — a garden of 
 letters in a wilderness of nature. 
 
 During his first college vacation, he devoted 
 
 HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 his mother ? Of his education 
 12* 
 
 Of his academic and col- 
 
138 HENEY WINTER DAVIS. 
 
 himself to laborious study, completing the studies 
 of the sophomore year, and at the opening of the 
 next session he passed the examination for the 
 junior class. 
 
 While at college his father died, and left him 
 without a counsellor. With very limited means^ 
 young Davis struggled on. He circumscribed his 
 wants, and denied himself every luxury. So 
 rigid was his self-denial, and so strong his desire 
 not to tax the kindness of his aunt, that he brought 
 his annual expenses within the sum of eighty 
 dollars. 
 
 His father left him a few slaves. These he re- 
 fused to sell, preferring to toil, rather than to secure 
 ease by doing what he thought to be wrong. He 
 never accepted a cent of their wages, and always 
 told them they could have a deed of manumis- 
 sion whenever the law would allow it. Thus 
 sincere was his opj^osition to slavery. 
 
 Completing a thorough course at the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia, Mr. Davis entered upon the 
 practice of the law in Alexandria. In 1850 he 
 went to Baltimore, and immediately became promi- 
 nent in social, professional, and political life. 
 Young men of ability gathered about him, and 
 made him a centre of influence. 
 
 lege life ? Of his first college vacation ? What occurred 
 while at college ? Of his father's slaves? Of the practice 
 
HENRY WINTER DAVIS. 139 
 
 He was elected as Representative to the thirty- 
 fourth, thirty-fifth, and thirty-sixth Congress, by 
 the American party, and to the thirty-eighth, by 
 the loyal citizens of the city of Baltimore. He 
 ranked among the ablest debaters of the House, 
 and, whenever he spoke, commanded universal 
 attention. 
 
 The private life of Henry AVinter Davis was 
 spotless. His habits were regular and abstemious. 
 He was a member of the Episcopal Church, 
 always attended divine service on Sunday, and 
 devoted the remainder of the sacred day to reli- 
 gious reading. 
 
 He died in Baltimore, after a brief illness, 
 Saturday, December 30, 1865, in the forty-ninth 
 year of his age. In him Maryland lost one of 
 her most gifted citizens, and the nation one of 
 her most able, eloquent, and fearless defenders. 
 
 Resolutions condoling his death, and recording 
 his patriotic virtues, were passed by various State 
 legislatures. By request of Congress, a eulogy 
 upon his life and character was delivered in the 
 Hall of the House of Representatives, by Senator 
 CressAvell, February 22, 1866. A monument will 
 be erected to his memory. 
 
 of law ? Of his election to Congress ? Of his private life ? 
 Of his death ? What resolutions on this sad event ? What 
 of his patriotism ? 
 
140 JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 
 
 He was a fearless advocate of human rights, 
 and a sincere friend of the African race. He 
 planned the political movement which resulted 
 in giving to his native State a free Constitution, 
 and was regarded as the leader of those loyal 
 citizens who during the rebellion kept Maryland 
 firm in her place in the Union. For this he is 
 entitled to the gratitude of thousands who were 
 saved from the perils and desolations of san- 
 guinary war. 
 
 II. 
 MILITARY AND NAVAL HEROES. 
 
 JOHN EAGER HOWARD; SAMUEL RINGGOLD; JOSHUA BARNEY; 
 JOHN RODGERS. 
 
 John Eager Howard. — This renowned 
 Revolutionary soldier and statesman was born in 
 Baltimore county, June 4, 1752. In 1776 he 
 commanded a company in the flying camp, under 
 General Mercer, and took part in the battle of 
 White Plains. He was with General Washington, 
 as major of a Maryland regiment, in the battles 
 of Germantown and Monmouth. As lieutenant- 
 colonel he was with De Kalb in the South, and 
 fought at Camden, South Carolina. 
 
 What is said of John Eager Howard ? Where was he with 
 
JOHN EAGER HOWARD. 141 
 
 At the battle of Cowpens, January 17, 1781, he 
 turned the fortune of the day, and secured a vic- 
 tory for the Americans, by a gallant bayonet 
 charge. This was the first occasion during the 
 war in which the bayonet was effectively used by 
 the Americans. At one period of the day Colonel 
 Howard held the swords of seven British officers 
 who had surrendered to him, one of whom, Gene- 
 ral O'Hara, clung to his stirrups, asking for quar- 
 ter. In testimony of his valor, he received from 
 Congress a silver medal. 
 
 He commanded the Second Maryland Regiment 
 at Eutaw Springs. In the effort to dislodge the 
 enemy, his command was reduced to himself, a 
 single commissioned officer, and thirty men. With 
 this little band he was returning to the charge, 
 when he received a wound, from which he never 
 entirely recovered. 
 
 Colonel Howard was highly esteemed by the 
 people of Maryland. He held the office of Gov- 
 ernor three years. He was United States Senator 
 six years. In 1798 he was selected by Washing- 
 ton as one of his brigadier-generals, war with 
 France being then expected. 
 
 In 1814, when Baltimore was threatened by the 
 British, the martial spirit of the veteran patriot 
 
 Washington ? With De Kalb ? What is said of the battle of 
 Cowpens? Of Eutaw Springs ? How was Colonel Howard 
 
142 SAMUEL RINGGOLD. 
 
 revived, and he was active in preparing for 
 defence, declaring that he would rather see his 
 property in ashes, and his sons in their graves, 
 than capitulate to the foe. 
 
 He died October 12, 1827, aged seventy-five 
 years, universally lamented. Of Howard, General 
 Greene said that "" he deserved a statue of gold no 
 less than Grecian and Roman heroes.'^ 
 
 Samuel Ringgold, an officer of the regular 
 army of the United States, was born near Hagers- 
 
 town, in Washington 
 county, A.D. 1800. 
 Having received a 
 thorough military edu- 
 cation at West Point, 
 he was commissioned 
 second lieutenant when 
 only eighteen years old. 
 He was much esteemed 
 .by General Scott, under 
 whom he served as 
 aide-de-camp. For 
 gallant conduct in the 
 
 SAMUEL RINGGOLD. 
 
 esteemed by the people of Maryland ? What did he do in 
 1814? When did he die ? 
 
 What is said of Samuel Ringgold ? How was he esteemed 
 
JOSHUA BARNEY. 143 
 
 Florida War against the Seminole Indians, he 
 was brevetted major. 
 
 Major Ringgold organized a corps of flying 
 artillery, which he brought to a high degree of 
 efficiency. His battery was stationed at Fort Mc- 
 Henry, near Baltimore, and attracted the attention 
 of citizens and strangers, who witnessed with ad- 
 miration the rapidity and precision of the evolu- 
 tions. 
 
 He was killed at Point Isabel, in Texas, May 
 11, 1846, during the war with Mexico. His fu- 
 neral in Baltimore was attended by a large num- 
 ber of citizens and soldiers, and witnessed by vast 
 crowds of people. 
 
 The mansion where Ringgold was born is now 
 the College of St. James. 
 
 Joshua Barney, a commander in the United 
 States navy, was born in Baltimore, July 6, 1759. 
 He loved the sea, and made several voyages before 
 he was sixteen years old. In 1775 he was mas- 
 ter's mate on the sloop-of-war Hornet, and, while 
 recruiting for volunteers, carried the first United 
 States flag seen in Maryland. At the age of 
 
 by General Scott ? What did he organize ? What of his 
 battery at Baltimore ? Where was he killed ? What of the 
 mansion of the Ringgold family ? 
 
 What is said of Joshua Barney ? What of his fights ? 
 
144 JOSHUA BARNEY. 
 
 seventeen he was made lieutenant for gallant con- 
 duct. 
 
 He was engaged in many naval fights during 
 the Revolutionary War, and was twice taken pri- 
 soner. He was kept in England for some time, 
 but at length escaped, and reached Philadelphia 
 March, 1782. He was appointed to the command 
 of the Hyder Ali, a small vessel of sixteen guns, 
 with which he captured the General Monk, of 
 twenty guns, after a fight of less than half an hour. 
 
 In 1795 he was appointed captain in the French 
 navy, but resigned his commission and returned 
 home in 1800. During the War of 1812 he com- 
 manded the Chesapeake flotilla. He also took 
 part in the battle of Bladensburg, in which he was 
 severely wounded. In 1815 he was sent on a 
 mission to Europe. He died in 1819, while on 
 his way to Kentucky, aged sixty years. He was 
 a thorough seaman, of indomitable courage, rough 
 but impetuous, but possessing good principles and 
 a kind heart. 
 
 He was in public service forty-one years, fought 
 twenty-six battles, and was voted a sword by the 
 legislature of Pennsylvania and one by the cor- 
 poration of Washington. 
 
 What of the Hyder Ali? When was he appointed captain? 
 What occurred in 1812 ? In 1815 ? When did he die ? How 
 long had he been in public service ? 
 
JOHN RODGERS. 145 
 
 John Rodgers, an eminent naval commander, 
 was born in Harford county, 1771. He entered 
 the navy as lieutenant in 1798, and continued in 
 the service till his death, in 1838. He was a 
 gallant and valuable officer, rendering efficient 
 service in battle and on shore. His first fight was 
 with a French frigate, which he captured and 
 brought into port. With a very weak prize crew, 
 he kept down the prisoners, who were inclined to 
 mutiny, and worked the ship through a gale of 
 three days' continuance. 
 
 He had command in the war with Tripoli, and. 
 was actively engaged during the War of 1812.. 
 For many years he served as President of the 
 Board of Navy Commissioners. 
 
 III- 
 EMINENT THEOLOGIANS. 
 
 JOHN CARROLL; THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 
 
 John Carroll, born at Upper Marlboro in 
 1735, was an eminent prelate of the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church, and the first Archbishop of the 
 
 What is said of John Rodgers? Of his first fight? What 
 tf Tripoli ? What further of him ? 
 What is said of Archbishop Carroll? Where educated?' 
 13 
 
146 
 
 JOHN CARROLL. 
 
 United States. He was educated in France, and 
 when ordained a priest gave his estate to his 
 
 brother and took the 
 vow of poverty re- 
 quired by the Society 
 of the Jesuits. 
 
 At the beginning of 
 ihe Revolution he left 
 an honorable position 
 in England, and re- 
 turned to America to 
 share the trials of his 
 countrymen. He went 
 with his cousin Charles 
 Carroll of Carrollton, 
 and Benjamin Franklin, on a mission to Canada. 
 He returned with the latter, with whom he 
 formed a warm and enduring friendship. He 
 was consecrated bishop in 1789, in England, and 
 had the title of Bishop of Baltimore. He was of 
 a kind and liberal spirit, much loved and respected 
 by all denominations of Christians. Since him 
 there have been four Archbishops of Baltimore. 
 He died December 3, 1815, at the advanced age 
 of eighty years. During the episcopate of Car- 
 
 ?CH3ISHCP Ca-<BOLL 
 
 What did he do at the beginning of the Revolution? What 
 (•f his mission ? When was he consecrated bishop ? When 
 did he die? Of the Cathedral at Baltimore? 
 
THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 
 
 147 
 
 roll the Cathedral in Baltimore was commenced. 
 This was for many years the most costly ecclesias- 
 tical building in the United States. It contains 
 two valuable paintings presented by the King of 
 France. 
 
 The Right Rev. 
 Thomas John Clag- 
 GETT was born October 
 2, 1743, near Notting- 
 ham, Prince George 
 county. He was the 
 son of the Rev. Thomas 
 Claggett, who died 
 rector of William and 
 Mary parish, Charles 
 county, in August, 
 1756. His mother 
 died soon after his 
 
 birth. Left thus early an orphan, he was placed 
 under the care of the Rev. Mr. Eversfield, his 
 uncle, rector of the parish where he was born. 
 After having been prepared therefor at the Lower 
 Marlboro Academy, in Calvert county, he became a 
 member of Princeton College, New Jersey, where 
 
 BISHOP CLAGGETT. 
 
 What is said of Bishop Claggett ? Of his father and 
 mother ? Whither did he go after the death of his parents ? 
 
148 THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 
 
 he graduated in September, 1764. Having pur- 
 sued a course of theological study under Mr. 
 Eversfield, he repaired to England, and was or- 
 dained there as deacon, by the Bishop of London, 
 September 20, 1767, and as priest, October 11, 
 1767. 
 
 Bishop Claggett's ancestor, Mr. Thomas Clag- 
 gett, had come over from England and settled in 
 Calvert county as early as in 1671. He was the son 
 of Colonel Edward Claggett, of London, a ma- 
 ternal ancestor of whom had been Lord Mayor of 
 London, and a paternal ancestor. Lord Mayor of 
 Canterbury. Finding descendants of his ancient 
 relatives there, Mr. Claggett prolonged his stay in 
 England nearly a year, with great pleasure and 
 advantage to himself. 
 
 On his return to Maryland in the spring of 
 1768, he was placed in charge of St. Ann's Church, 
 Annapolis, during a vacancy in the rectorship, and 
 in March, 1769, he became rector of All Saints 
 parish, Calvert. There very early in his min- 
 istry he succeeded in building a large new church, 
 which still remains. Soon after this he married 
 Miss Gantt, the daughter of one of his parish- 
 ioners. 
 
 Where was he educated ? Where was he ordained ? What 
 is said of Mr. Thomas Claggett ? How long did he stay in 
 England? What charge had he on his return? In 1769? 
 What did he accomplish early in his ministry ? Of his mar- 
 
THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 149 
 
 Mr. Claggett had entered the ministry in the 
 troublous and exciting times preceding the Revolu- 
 tion ; but he was found on the side of American 
 liberty ; and was placed on the county committee 
 of correspondence. When, however, in its pro- 
 gress the convention wished to absolve the clergy 
 from their canonical oaths, he conscientiously re- 
 fused to comply, and performed the usual services 
 at the point of the bayonet, but soon after re- 
 moved to his estate in Prince George county. On 
 the death of the old rector, he took charge of the 
 parish, though invited to the charge of Queen 
 Caroline parish, in Anne Arundel, and to that also 
 of St. Thomas, Baltimore county. The result of 
 the contest with Great Britain he hailed as a 
 "glorious revolution." In 1786 he became the 
 rector of St. James parish, Anne Arundel county, 
 and while there, in 1792, was made Bishop of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland, 
 and soon after removed to his estate in Prince 
 George, where he was also rector of the parish 
 again. He continued in his episcopate till his 
 death, which took place in 1816, at the age of 
 seventy-three. 
 
 In 1800, when the seat of government was 
 
 riage ? What is said of his patriotism? What parishes did 
 he next have charge of? What one in 1786? When was he 
 made bishop? When did he die? What distinction was 
 
 13* 
 
150 THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. 
 
 removed to Washington, Bishop Claggett was 
 elected Chaplain of the Senate. To check the 
 progress of infidelity, he preached in the Capitol 
 a course of sermons on " the truth of the Christian 
 system." These lectures were attended by Presi- 
 dent Jefferson. The bishop's tall and command- 
 ing figure, and, in old age, his long snowy hair and 
 benignant countenance, attracted the attention of 
 all who saw him. 
 
 He was a man of genial manners, and yet of 
 great decision ; a fine scholar ; a thoroughly evan- 
 gelical Christian ; ^nd a laborious, self-sacrificing 
 minister. In the discharge of the duties of his 
 episcopate he was greatly hindered by a want of 
 support from his diocese, as in some years what 
 he received did not suffice to pay his travelling 
 expenses ; and in his later years he suffered from 
 frequent and protracted attacks of illness. Much 
 of his life was spent in troublous times ; but his 
 devotion to the church of his charge was credit- 
 able to himself, and constitutes his eulogy. 
 
 conferred upon him in 1800? What of his appearance 
 What of his characteristics ? 
 
MOSES SHEPPARD. 161 
 
 EMINENT PHILANTHROPISTS. 
 
 MOSES SHEPPARD; JOHN McDONOGH. 
 
 On the tomb of Howard, who died in Kherson while visit- 
 ing the hospitals and endeavoring to improve the condition 
 of prisons, is inscribed this epitaph : — 
 " He lived to do good." 
 
 This may be said of all who devote their wealth to alleviate 
 the sufferings of humanity or to increase the comforts of the 
 poor. The citizens whose lives are here recorded, began life 
 as poor boys. They remembered the poor when, by God's 
 blessing upon their labors, they became rich. The asylum 
 and institute reared by the philanthropy of Sheppard and 
 McDonogh will be among the grandest monuments of which 
 Maryland can boast. 
 
 Moses Sheppard. — This good and unobtru- 
 sive man was born in 1773, and died February 
 1, 1857, aged eighty-four years. It was not until 
 he was dead that the world knew of the grand de- 
 sign which he had entertained through life. His 
 object was, by diligence in business and by pru- 
 dent economy, to acquire the means to do good to 
 his fellow-men. 
 
 What is said of Moses Sheppard ? What was his object in 
 business ? What of his earliest recollection ? What did he 
 
152 MOSES SHEPPARD. 
 
 His earliest recollection of himself was as a 
 child on an earthen floor in a log cabin near Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 When quite young, he served in a store at 
 Jericho Mills, kept by Jesse Tyson. In 1793 he 
 came to Baltimore, and worked in a grocery and 
 provision store on Cheapside. His good beha- 
 vior, diligence, and integrity won the confidence 
 of his employer, and the poor orphan boy be- 
 came successively chief assistant, partner, and sole 
 proprietor. 
 
 Retiring from the grocery business, he esta- 
 blished a small manufactory for cotton seine-twine, 
 which was continued several years after it had 
 ceased to be profitable, because he did not wish 
 to throw out of employment many aged women 
 who without it would have been dependent upon 
 charity. 
 
 By practising rigid economy, and exercising a 
 judicious discretion in his investments, he in- 
 creased his fortune to the sum of six hundred 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 His religious sentiments were those of the So- 
 ciety of Friends, and his attendance upon meet- 
 ing was constant almost to the time of his death. 
 
 do when quite young ? What in 1793 ? Of his good be- 
 havior ? What did he do next ? What of his economy ? Of 
 his religious sentiments ? In whom did he manifest a warm 
 
MOSES SHEPPARD. 163 
 
 He always manifested a warm interest in the 
 colored people, and was an early and liberal friend 
 of the colonization cause. This was appreciated 
 by the colonists; and a vessel now^ sails under the 
 Liberian flag, called the "Moses Sheppard, of 
 Monrovia/' 
 
 After he died, the purpose for which he had 
 labored so diligently and lived so prudently was 
 found to be to benefit those afflicted creatures who 
 most need sympathy and protection. He wished 
 the experiment to be tried, to ascertain how much 
 good can result from close attention, with ample 
 means, to every thing which can alleviate the con- 
 dition of the insane. 
 
 We give on the following page a representation 
 of the business entrance of the asylum w^hich 
 bears his name, now in course of erection. It will 
 be a splendid edifice, a noble monument to the 
 memory of a good man, and a true philanthropist. 
 
 The plan of the building was suggested by 
 Dr. D. T. Brown, who visited Europe to examine 
 insane hospitals with special reference to their 
 being curafive in construction and administration. 
 Much more space is afforded to the patients than 
 is customary in such institutions. 
 
 The structure is fireproof throughout, and great 
 
 interest? What of a vessel? What was discovered after his 
 ieath? What experiment did he wisli tried? What of the 
 
154 MOSES SHEPPARD. 
 
 care has been directed to ventilation, warming, 
 and tlie supply of water. In addition to the 
 
 SHEPPARD ASYLUM. 
 
 usual arrangement of wards, there is a convales- 
 cent department, which affords the comforts and 
 conveniences of a first-class country residence. 
 Free from all appearances of restraint, it offers 
 to the inmates facilities for probationary treat- 
 ment before they finally return to their homes. 
 
 The grounds attached to the asylum comprise 
 three hundred and seventy-five acres, which are 
 being adorned and provided with roads and paths 
 
 asylum ? Of the plan of the building ? What further of this 
 structui'e ? Of the grounds ? 
 
JOHN M^DONOGH. 155 
 
 for exercise, that patients may have every advan- 
 tage without the exposure of riding or walking 
 on public highways. 
 
 John McDonogh, the founder of the Mc- 
 Donogh Institute for the Relief of Destitute Boys, 
 was born in Baltimore, December, 1779, and died 
 in New Orleans, October 26, 1850. His father 
 fought under the "Father of his Country" in the 
 hottest battles of the Revolutionary struggle for 
 liberty and equal laws. Young McDonogh re- 
 ceived, from pious parents, a plain and virtuous 
 education. 
 
 In 1803 he removed to New Orleans, and en- 
 gaged in mercantile business with distinguished 
 success. 
 
 In the War of 1812 he served in the ranks, 
 under General Jackson, burning with zeal to 
 drive the invading army from the shores of the 
 Republic. 
 
 Unmarried, and with no expensive tastes or 
 habits, he soon became wealthy. His invest- 
 ments were chiefly in real estate near New Or- 
 leans, which he felt confident would rapidly in- 
 
 What is said of John McDonogh ? Of his father ? What 
 of his education ? What did he do in 1803 ? In 1812 ? What 
 of his tastes and habits ? Of his investments ? What was 
 
156 JOHN M*:^^DONOGII. 
 
 crease in value. He acted upon the principle 
 that ^Mand will not talvc Avings and fly away, as 
 silver and gold and government and bank stocks 
 often do." This is a maxim well worth remem- 
 bering. 
 
 John McDonogh owned numerous slaves, among 
 whom were the mechanics who built his houses. 
 These slaves were lodged in warm and comfort- 
 able houses, were provided with strong and de- 
 cent clothing, kept hogs and fowls of their own, 
 and cultivated what ground they needed in vege- 
 tables. 
 
 They were governed in patriarchal style. The 
 church was the court-room. All offenders were 
 tried by a jury of slaves, and the only authority 
 exercised by the master was to confirm, mitigate, 
 or remit the penalty. 
 
 These slaves were faithful and industrious. 
 They kept the Sabbath-day holy, and finally, 
 by their own extra labor, purchased their freedom, 
 and on the 11th of June, 1842, sailed for Liberia, 
 seventy-nine in number. 
 
 Mr. McDonogh was always a friend of the 
 black man, and advised his slaves to ''return to 
 the land of their fathers, that they might have 
 none to molest or make them afraid.'^ 
 
 his maxim ? What of his slaves ? How were they governed ? 
 What advice did he give them? How did he dispose of his 
 
JOHN MCDOXOGH. 157 
 
 By will, he devised all his property to the 
 cities of Baltimore and New Orleans, for the sup- 
 port of free schools for the poor of both sexes, 
 irrespective of color. In these schools certain 
 branches are to be taught, the Holy Bible is to be 
 used at all times, singing-classes are to be esta- 
 blished, and the children instructed in a know- 
 ledge of their duty to God and to man. 
 
 By litigation, the estate has suffered great dimi- 
 nution, so that the benevolent plans of the liberal 
 projector cannot be fully realized. 
 
 About five hundred thousand dollars will be 
 the share of Baltimore City, with which an insti- 
 tution will soon be established. 
 
 A monument was erected to the memory of 
 John McDonogh, July 13, 1865, in Greenmount 
 Cemetery, by the authorities of Baltimore and 
 New Orleans, in the presence of a large assem- 
 bly. 
 
 A dedicatory address was delivered by the Hon. 
 John H. B. Latrobe, from which has been compiled 
 this brief narrative of a philanthropist who walked 
 among men as a faithful Christian, who lived and 
 labored that he, like his Master, might do good. 
 His asylum for poor orphan children will be a 
 
 property? How did his estate suffer? What will be the 
 ^hare of Baltimore city ? What of a monument to his mem- 
 ory ? What did he direct in his will ? 
 U 
 
158 CHARLES WILSON PEALE. 
 
 monument more enduring than the finely-chiselled 
 marble, and will tell with silent eloquence of the 
 man who lived to do good. In his will, he re- 
 quested that the children who are provided for 
 by his bounty may annually visit his grave and 
 place flowers thereon. 
 
 V. 
 ARTIST. 
 
 CHARLES WILSON PEALE. 
 
 Charles Wilson Peale, an American paint- 
 er, was born in Chestertown, Kent county, April 
 16, 1741. He was by trade a saddler, but, having 
 an almost universal genius, he followed at different 
 times the occupations of watch and clock maker, 
 silversmith, preserver of animals, dentist, and 
 public lecturer. 
 
 He received instruction in the art of painting 
 from Hesselius, a German, to whom he gave a 
 saddle for the privilege of seeing him paint. 
 
 Peale made for himself a violin and a guitar, and 
 was the first dentist in America who prepared sets 
 of enamel teeth. In all these arts he was chiefly 
 self-taught. 
 
 What is said of Charles Wilson Peale ? Who instructed him 
 in the art of painting ? What further is said of him ? What 
 
CHARLES WILSON PEALE. 159 
 
 By the aid of friends, he went to London in 
 1770, and was a pupil of the renowned Benjamin 
 West. Returning to America, he established him- 
 self first in Annapolis, but afterwards settled in 
 Philadelphia, where for many years he was the 
 chief portrait-painter in North America. 
 
 Mr. Peale was a patriot, and commanded a 
 company in the battles of Trenton and German- 
 town. He was opposed to slavery, and, as a mem- 
 ber of the legislature of Pennsylvania, urged the 
 passage of an emancipation act. 
 
 In 1785 he commenced in Philadelphia the 
 celebrated Peale's Museum, which for many years 
 was the largest and most valuable collection of 
 natural curiosities in the United States. The 
 principal attraction was an entire skeleton of a 
 mammoth. He also established a museum in Bal- 
 timore. Mr. Peale died, after a life of extraor- 
 dinary exertion and temperance, in 1827, aged 
 eighty-five years. His son Rembrandt was an 
 artist of great merit. 
 
 of his sojourn in London? What did he do on his return? 
 What of his patriotism 1 What of his museums? When did 
 he die? What of his son? 
 
160 MEMBEES OF CABINET. 
 
 NAMES OF CITIZENS OF IVIARYLAND WHO HAVE 
 
 BEEN JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT, 
 
 AND MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 
 
 Judges of the Supreme Court. 
 
 Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice, appointed 1836. 
 
 Robert H. Harrison, Associate Justice, " 1789. 
 
 Thomas Johnson, Associate Justice, " 1791. 
 
 Samuel Chase, Associate Justice^ " 1796. 
 
 Gabriel Duval, Associate Justice, " 1811. 
 
 Members of the Cabinet. 
 
 James McHenry, Secretary of War, appointed 1796. 
 
 Benjamin ^TODji^^T, Secretary of the Navy, " 1798. 
 
 Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy, " 1801. 
 
 Robert Smith, Attorney- General, " 1805. 
 
 Robert Smith, Secretary of State, " 1809. 
 
 William Pinkney, Attorney-General, " 1811. 
 
 William Wirt, Attorney- General, " 1817. 
 
 Roger B. Taney, Attorney -General, " 1831. 
 
 Roger B. Taney, Secretary of the Treasury, " 1838. 
 
 John Nelson, Attorney- General, " 1843. 
 
 Reverdy Johnson, Attorney- General, " 1849. 
 
 John P. Kennedy, Secretary of the Namj. " 1852. 
 
GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND, 
 
 161 
 
 THE GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 
 
 The Great Seal is committed to the care of the 
 Governor, and is kept in the Executive chamber 
 in the State-House at Annapolis. Its impression 
 is attached to all laws and important documents, 
 also to proclamations issued by the authority of 
 the General Assembly or the Governor. 
 
 These proclamations always conclude with the 
 following words: — "Given under my hand and 
 the Great Seal of the State." 
 
 Cecilius, Baron of Baltimore, obtained his char- 
 ter for the province of Maryland, June 20, 1632, 
 when he appointed his brother Leonard to go with 
 
 What is said of the Great Seal ? For what purpose is its 
 impression used? How do all proclamations conclude? 
 14* 
 
162 GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 
 
 the colonists in the character of Governor. Leon- 
 ard Calvert brought with him a seal, with which 
 to authenticate his official acts. 
 
 In 1643, one Richard Ingle, who had lately 
 come into the province, devised a plot by which to 
 deprive Lord Baltimore of all right to the gov- 
 ernment. During this rebellion. Ingle managed 
 to get possession of the Great Seal, and with it 
 authenticated his acts, so as to give them the sem- 
 blance of law. 
 
 On August 12, 1648, Lord Baltimore issued a 
 commission, providing a new Great Seal to take 
 the place of that which had been treacherously 
 and violently taken away from the province by 
 Kichard Ingle. This seal he committed to the 
 custody of Captain William Stone, and thus de- 
 scribes it : — 
 
 " On the one side thereof is our figure in armor, 
 on horseback, with our sword drawn, and our hel- 
 met on, and a great plume of feathers ; the horse- 
 trappings being adorned with our paternal coat 
 of arms, and this inscription about that side of the 
 seal, — viz.: Cecilius absolutus dominus Terra 
 Marise et Avalonise, Bar5 de Baltimore. 
 
 "On the other side is engraven a scutcheon, 
 wherein is our paternal coat of arms, — to wit, six 
 
 What of Baron of Baltimore's seal ? Of Richard Ingle ? Of 
 the commission of August 12, 1648 ? What was on one side ? 
 
GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 163 
 
 pieces impaled with a band dexter counterchanged, 
 quartered with a cross buttoned at each end, the 
 whole scutcheon being supported with a fisherman 
 on the one side and a plowman on the other, 
 standing upon a scrowl, wherein is engraven our 
 paternal motto, viz. : ffatti maschij jparole Femini 
 (manly acts rather than womanly words). 
 
 ^^ Above the scutcheon is a count palatine's cap, 
 and over that a helmet, with our paternal crest on 
 the top of it, which is a ducal crown with two 
 half bannerets set upright on it. Behind the 
 scutcheon is a large mantle, and about that side of 
 the seal is this inscription : Scuto bonce voluntatis 
 tuce coronasti nos; meaning. With the shield of thy 
 good will hast thou crowned us -/^ referring to the 
 kindness of the king, who so liberally granted the 
 charter by which Lord Baltimore became proprie- 
 tor of Maryland. 
 
 This was declared to be the Great Seal until 
 otherwise ordered. When the province came 
 under Cromwell's Commissioners in 1651, this 
 seal was lost or stolen, and in 1658, Lord Balti- 
 more sent over another by Fendall, his Lieutenant- 
 Governor, who arrived in February. 
 
 This seal was used until 1726. We then find 
 the following on the title-page of the Acts of the 
 
 What on the other ? Motto ? What above the scutcheon ? 
 Inscription? What is said further of this seal? How long 
 
164 
 
 GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 
 
 General Assembly of that year. It will be seen 
 to be quite diiFerent, in many respects, from the 
 one above described. George 
 II. became King of England 
 in that year. This seal is 
 continued on the title-page 
 of the Acts of General As- 
 sembly each year successively 
 down to 1765. In that year 
 we find the former Great 
 Seal, which was continued down to the Revolution. 
 In 1776, by the first Constitution of the State, 
 the Council was authorized to adopt a seal. It is 
 presumed that this duty was discharged by adopt- 
 ing the seal of 1658, which was continued until 
 1854, when, by act of Assembly, the eagle with 
 expanded wings was substituted as a crest, instead 
 of the ducal crown and bannerets. 
 
 The seal now is like the engraving at the head 
 of this subject. 
 
 was it used ? What seal was used after this ' 
 seal of 177G? What change in 1854? 
 
 What of the