Ilibrary OF congress/ # # J ^/u^/t. Vxz:^. J — # UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. | JOSEPH CILLOTT'S Steel F*eiis. THE MANUFACTURERS' BRANCH HOUSE, 91 Jolm Street, ISTe-w "Vork, IS AT ALL TIMES FULLY SUPPLIED TVITII A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF THOSE FOR SALE TO THE TRADE, AND MAT BE HAD OF ALL STATIONERS. HENRY 01VEj\, Agen t. L. MCINTOSH, Importei* and Miaimfactiirex* OF CLOAKS AND MANTILLAS, 332 CANAL STREET, NEW YORK. Always on hand a seasonable and complete assortnent of the above articles. The Trade Supplied on Liberal Terms. THE BOSTON REMEDY! VEGETABLE OUTTHEITT i Is perfectly free from any mercurial matter or injurious particles, and in no case will its application interfere with the remedies that may be prescribed by a regular physician. 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L » l M»JJ » l lll I |i ^i| i W»tgLLBUH.B-mHB«B ' . I.U \t\:Mmr-' it mjj mi m m . mnamwam,m„„^w^ LAWRENCE, BRADLEY & PARDEE, NEW HAVEN CONN. Nos. 61 & 67 Chapel Street. COACHES, COUPES, B AEOUCHES, BKETTS, CHAEIOTEES, PHO- TONS, BUGGIES AND CAEEIAGES 0F=-; EVEKY DESCHIPTION p-S CONSTANTLY ON r/7f HAND, X; / \ AT THE FACTORY, AND AT THE REPOSITORY, NEW-YORK. ALSO, MANUFACTURERS OF Boynton's Land Regatta Carriage, DESIGXKD FOK THE Use of Students, Regatta Clubs, Public and Private Parks, Agricultural Fair Grounds, Slc. 8lc. THESE CARRIAGES MAY BE USED SEPARATELY OR IN TRAINS. JOHN R. LAWRENCE, WM. H. BRADLEY, WM. B. PARDEE. / NIAGARA FALLS AND SCENEKY: TOGETHEE WITH GENESEE FALLS, TRENTON FALLS, MONTMORENCI FALLS, RIVER OTTAWA, RIVER SAGUENAY, THE CITY OF QUEBEC EOUTE DOW]^ THE ST. LAWKENCE THE ■VrUOLE DESCEIBitD AXD ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTy ENGRAVINGS, NEW YORK: ALEX. HARTHILL AND COMPANY, 20 NORTH WILLIAM STREET. Sold by Booksellers and News Agents everywhere. 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Table giving Pronunciation of the names of 8000 distinguished psrsous of Modern Times. Peculiar use of words and Terms in the Bible. With other new features, together with all the matter of previous «idtions. In One Volume of 1750 Pages. Price $6.50. Sold by all Booksellers. " GET THE BEST." " GET THE BEST." C. 8l G. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass. COK"TE]S"TS. PAGE NIAGARA. Suspension Bridge 6 The Falls 8 The River and Goat Island 15 Cave of the Winds '. 10 Goat Island 10 Bath Island 10 Biddle's Stairs 10 Terrapin Bridge 10 Prospect Tower 10 Three Sisters 10 Fort Schlosser 12 Point View 12 Sail on the Steamer 12 Ferry House 12 Burning Springs 12 Table Rock 12 Termination Rock 12 Whirlpool 13, 15 Lundy 's Lane 13 Devaux's College 14 Devil's Hole , 14 Brock's Monument 14 Queenstown Heights 14 Routes to the Falls 14 PAGE Horse-Shoe Fall ir. Below the Falls 16 American Fall 17 Looking towards Lake Ontario 17 Brock's Monument is •♦« Abraham, Plains of 51, 53 Falls of Montmorenci 49 Genesee Falls 20 Indian Lorette 54 Lake St. Charles 54 Montreal to Ottawa 41 Montmorenci Falls 49 Ottawa S7 Plains of Abraham 51, 55 Quebec 50 River Saguenay 47 Route down the St. Lawrence 21 St. Lawrence, Route down the 21 Saguenay, River 47 Thousand Islands 25 Trenton Falls 18 Illustrated Time Indicator 62 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. PAGE KIAGARA. Bird's Eye View of Niagara 5 Suspension Bridge 6 " " Track View 8 American and Horse-Shoe Falls 9 Terrapin Tower 11 Table Rock 11 Horse-Shoe Fall, from below 16 The River below the Falls 16 Burning Springs 13 Whirlpool 15 Bridge across the Rapids 15 American Fall, from Canada Side 17 Niagara, looking to Lake Ontario 17 General Brock's Monument 18 Genesee Falls 20 Trenton Falls 19 The High Falls 19 The Cascades 19 Ottawa Citt 38, 39 Upper Town 39 PAGE Lower Town 38 Locks at Ottawa 42 Montmorenci Falls 49 city of quebec. View from Point Levi 50 « " the Citadel 51 Wolfe and Montcalm's Monument 52 THE ST. LAWRENCE. View from Brockville, C. W 26 Steamer Descending the Rapids 30 Rafts going down the Rapids 33 Steamer going down Long Sault Rapids.. . 29 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF NIAGAEA.' THE NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. W O P O t-H w p-i CO P cc The above sketch represents the great International Bridge, which spans the Niagara, and joins the United States with Canada. Its length, from tower to tower, is 821 feet 4 inches. Erected at a cost of about $400,000 (£80,000 stg.). The lower floor or road- way- is used for foot passengers, carriages, carts, etc., same as any ordinary road. The upper floor is for railroad traffic e.xclusivelj'. Across this bridge, the trains of the Great Western Railroad of Canada and the various railroads of New York State, travel, each train drawn very slowly, by a light pilot engine. From a report, by Mr. Roebling, Engineer, on this gigantic structure, we copy the fol- lowing particulars: — "The base and towers on the New York side, contain 1350 cubic yards, which weigh about 3,000 tons. Add to this weight of the superstructure of 1,000 tons, and we have a total of 4,000 tons, in a compact and solid mass. " There are 4 cables of 10 inches diameter, each composed of 3640 wires of small No. 9 6 NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. gauge, 60 wires forming one square inch of solid section ; making tlie solid section of each ■ cable 60.40 square inches, wrapping not included. " Each of the four large cables is composed of seven smaller ones, which I call strands. Each strand contains 520 wires. One of these forms the centre, the six others are placed around it — the 520 wires forming one strand of endless wire, obtained by splicing a num- ber of single wires. The ends of the strands are passed around and confined in cast-iron shoes, which also receive the wrought-iron pin that forms a connection with the anchor chains. " The wire measures 18.31 feet per pound, and the strength, therefore, is equivalent to 1640 lbs. per single wire, or nearly 100,000 pounds per square inch. " Assuming the above average strength, the aggregate strength of the 14,560 wires com- posing the four cables, will be 23,8'7 8,400 pounds. But their actual strength is greater, because the above calculations are based upon a minimum strength of the individual wires. We maj- assume their aggregate ultimate strength at 12,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds each. " Both ends of the bridge rest upon the cliffs, and are anchored to the rock. As far as supported by the cables, I estimate its weight at less than 1000 tons, which includes the weight of cables between the towers, and the pressure of the river stays below. " There are 624 suspenders, each capable of sustaining thirty tons, which makes their united strength 18,720 tons. The ordinary weight they have to support is only 1000 tons. A locomotive of thirty-four tons weight, including tender, spreads its weight, by means of the girders and trusses, over a length of no less than 200 feet. Of course the greatest pressure is under the engine, and is there supported by no less than twenty suspenders. If, by any accident, a sudden blower jar should be produced, the strengtli of the suspenders will be abundant to meet it. " A change of temperature of 100° causes a difference in the level of the floor of two feet three inches. The lower floor, or river stays have enough of slack, or deflection, to adjust themselves under these changes. The only difference will, be, that they are tighter in winter than in summer; consequently, that the equilibrium of the bridge will be less affected by passing trains in cold weather than in warm. " Droves of cattle are, according to the regulations, to be divided off into troops of 20, no more than three such bodies, or 60 in all, to be allowed on the bridge at one time. Each troop is 1o be led bj^ one person, who is to cheek their progress in case they should start off on a trot. " In my opinion, a heavy train, running at a speed of 20 miles an hour, does less injury to the structure, than is caused by 20 heavy cattle under a full trot. Public processions, marching to the sound of music, or bodies of soldiers keeping regular step, will produce a still more injurious effect." The charge for passing over the bridge, on foot, is 25 cents — going and returning. Car- riage $1.00, with 25 cents for eacli passenger inside. The promenade, during a hot day, on the foot-path of the bridge, is deliciously cool, from the breeze which generalljr blows up or down the gorge of tlie river. The views looking towards the Falls, from different points on the bridge, are also exceedingly good, presenting to the stranger the picture of Niagara Falls, as they are represented in many engravings which are given of them, aad even the best of them, after all, only can give a very faint idea of the great reality. Suspension Bridge is the station where all the emigrant trains bound for the western states stay over — generally for some hours. Refreshment rooms to suit all classes arc to be met with both inside and outside of the railroad station. Average charge, 25 cents per meal. ij SUSPENSION BRIDGE, FALLS OF NIAGARA. NIAGARA StrSPENSION BRIDGE — RAILROAD TRACK VIEW. THE FALLS OF NIAGARA. [Distant from New York, 440; Quebec, 585; Philadelphia, 441 ; Baltimore, 632; Toronto, 50; Buffalo, 22 miles.] To attempt to convey the faintest impression of the unspeakable magnitude and magnificence of the Falls of Niagara almost borders on pre- sumption. They have been clad with a brilliant halo of imagination since we first hoard of their existence, at school. The pen, the pencil, and photography, have all been laid under contribu- tion, for the purpose of describing and illustrat- ing the mighty cataract. The powers of word- paiuting have been wielded by the literateur, the preacher, and the poet, to furnish suitable representations of the " world's wonder." Fu- tility and failure have been written upon every attempt. The thunder of waters is inexpressi- ble by human language ; but yet, to be admired it needs only to be seen; and the deep impres- sion th.at is stamped upon the mind of every spectator that stands before the stupendous scene of Niagara, will never be erased from the tablets of memory. Who shall ever forget that moment when he leapt from the cars, bounded, with all the impatience of a curiosity cherished from earliest infancy, down the declivity, and the Bublime scene burst upon his astonished vision? The eye wandered up and down "the Rapids," rushing, for a mile above the Falls, in tumultu- ous madness, fretting and eddying, whirling and twirling, rumbling and tumbling, pell-mell, in precipitate confusion ; fell then upon the pure, pellucid waters, that soothed themselves into a solemn sweep as they moved, with the majesty of irresistible might over the lofty precipice, with the deafening roar of gratulation at their safe descent ; and last, not least, upon the beau- teous bow that capped and crowned the glowing scene resplendent with magnificence and re- dolent of transcendent sublimity. But instead of straining the capabilities of language, by heaping metaphor on metaphor, in a listless endeavour to describe the inde- scribable, let us act as cicerone to the tourist, and leave him to drink inspiration from the voice of the living waters themselves. We may here notice that the Falls are formed by the United waters of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie, which all meet in the River Niagara, at the eastern ex- tremity of Lake Erie, from which it pursues its 8 NIAGARA FALLS. course for about 22 miles, where it is divided, by Goat Island, into two falls — the one forming a fall in a straight line, called the American Fall, as it falls on the United States side of the River, and the other in a sort of semi-circular form, or, as it has been called, the Horse-Shoe Fall, on the Canada side of the river. The American Fall is about 900 feet wide, with a descent, in one unbroken sheet, of 163 feet per- pendicular. The Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall is about 2000 feet wide, with a fall of 158 feet. The total descent of the water from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario is 334 feet. Such is the great action of the water upon the precipice over which it falls — as well as upon the embankments upon both sides of the river — it is estimated that about one foot is worn away annually, and that the falls have receded during the course of ages — es- timated by geologists at 37,000 years — from Qucenstown, 7 miles below, to where they are at present. With these preliminary remarks, we shall proceed to describe the most important objects of interest, addressing ourselves as if the reader were on a visit there. As one very common route for strangers who wish to "do" the Falls in the most methodical and particular manner, we subjoin the follow- incf, which can be adopted, either in whole or in part, by the tourist, as he may feel disposed. Supposing, then, that you are on the American side of the river, you proceed to Goat Island. In proceeding ithither you cross the bridge of 3 arches, which spans the river, to Bath Island, from off which you get an excellent view of the Rapids, as they come rushing along, as if bent on sweeping away the bridge, and every thing on it, before them down the stream and over the fall. Arrived across the bridge, j'ou enter a cottage, register your name, and pay a toll of 25 cents, (Is. stg.,) which will admit you to cross and re- cross daring the whole season. Passing on, j-ou may observe, to your right hand, the paper works which were burned down last autumn. Passing them, 3'ou cross another small bridge, and then enter upon the beautiful grounds of Goat Island. Turning to the right hand, you proceed to the " Hog's Back," and across a small bridge to " Luna Island," which divides a small portion of the American Fall. An excel- lent view is there obtained of the American Fall, and scenery up and down the river. After leaving Luna Island, you proceed through Goat Island, keeping on the walk nearest the river, towards the Canadian Fall. Before reaching there, however, you descend Biddle's Stairs (named after Mr. Biddle, of Phi- ladelphia, who built them) to the Cave of the Winds. Cave of the Winds. — Reaching the bottom of Biddle's Stairs you proceed by a narrow foot path towards the American Fall, behind which the Cave is situated. There you are provided with a waterproof dress, and obtain a magnifi- cent view of the Fall as it thunders down from above and in front of you. Charge for loan of dress, $1 .00 (4«. stg.). The Cave is 130 feet high, 100 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. Retracing your steps to Biddle's Stairs, but be- fore reascending them, you can have an excel- lent view of the Horse-Shoe Fall, as seen from the edge of the river. After regaining the top of these stairs you may be disposed to rest. Plenty of seats are to be found close at hand, where you may rest and admire the scene around and in front of you. Proceeding from there, you now follow the path towards the grandest point of all, the Terrapin Bridge, (Terrapin signifies Turtle,) and Prospect Tower. (See engraving.) Terrapin Bridge, and Prospect Tower. — Arrived at the edge of the river, as it sweeps rapidly past, you proceed along the wooden bridge, which extends to the base of the Tower. At every step, you may be apt to pause and ad- mire the grandeur of the scene. From the base of the Tower a magnificent view of the river and rapids are to be seen ; but you now ascend to the top of Prospect Tower, up through a narrow spiral staircase, and, once outside on the top, it is then and there, in our opinion, that the true grandeur of the Horse-Shoe Fall is to be seen, as its mighty volume of 670,000 tons of water comes rushing along every minute, and falls with a continuous roar over the precipice of 158 feet deep, down into the gorge below, where the river has been estimated to be 250 feet deep. The vast volume of water — the magnificent view down the river to Suspen- sion Bridge — the rapids coming down the cata- ract behind you^together with the scenery on every side — will all combine to entrance you to the spot with admiration and delight, and ren- der you almost unwilling to leave a scene so grand and inspiring. Retracing your steps towards Goat Island, you next proceed to the Three Sisters — three islands which stand out in the river, and named, respectively, " Moss Island," "Deer Island," and " Allan's Island." Between the fii-st of the Three Sisters and Goat Island is the "Hermit's Cas- cade," named after a religious hermit, who be- came so enamoured with the spot that he took up his abode and lived there for some time, in Robinson Crusoe fashion, till one day he was non est, it being supposed he had ventured too far upon a particular log of wood, which cap- sized him into a watery grave. The walk around Goat Island will be highly appreciated. Some charming nooks of great beauty are there, whilst from the head of the Island is to be seen, 2i miles up the river, Chippewa; and, four miles from there. Navy Island, belonging to Canada, which was occu- pied by the Canadian patriots of 1837-8. From there, also, the steamer Caroline which was 10 yX^^^Sf^^^" NIAGARA FALLS. conv'eying provisions and ammunition to the rebels, was cut adrift and sent afloat down the river, and over the Horse-Shoe Fall. Near the head of the Island the point may be seen where — before any bridges connected the Island with the mainhvii — Stedman, the occupier of the Island, cro: :.cd with his goats for pasture, hence the name Goat Island. Fort Scjlosser may be seen further up the river, also on the American side, where La Salle, the great explorer, first founded a trading post. This fort has changed hands, first from the French to the British, and next from the British to the Americans. About this spot the vessel, (named the G-riffin,) which first navigated the river and lakes, was built. A Father Hannepin is said to have been the first white man who visited Niagara and saw the Falls, and who, like many who have succeeded him, published a very exaggerated account of them. In wandering rounfl Goat Island you have now reached the starting-point on it, viz., the Bridge at the Rapids, vhich you re-cross, and make direct for Point v^iew. Point View is situated close to the edge of the American Fall, and on the very brink of the precipice. From this point you get an excellent view of both Falls, but more partic- ularly a distant view of the Horse-Shoe Fall. In the ferry-house at Point View there is a railway, down an incline of 1 in 31 feet. The cars are worked up and down by water power, and are completely under the control of tho i' in charge. The fare for going up or dow.) is 5 cents. At the bottom of the incline is the river, where boats may be hired to take you across to the Canada side of the river for 20 cents. Alongside of the railway incline, there are steps, up and down which parties may go free. The depth, to the edge of the water, is 260 feet — 291 steps in all. In the summer season a small steamer, called the " New Maid of the Mist," sails from the foot of the ferry stairs, up as near as possible to the base of the Horse-Shoe Fall. On proceeding on board you put on an oil-skin cloak and hood, which envelopes the whole person, excepting the face; and, thus clad, you stand on deck, viewing the Falls, as the steamer makes her speedy trip, and as she rocks about amid the agitated water. Certainly the view is excellent, unless when the sun is shining out very strong, then much of the sight is lost, owing to that and the spray from the Falls falling so thickly upon the face and eyes. The sail is one only of a few minutes, nevertheless we recommend all to take a trip on board the little craft. Great vigilance and care is necessary in steering round the base of the Fall. When it has reached the middle of the Fall the steam is shut off, and then the boat is swung round and carried down by the current, when steam is put on, and she is turned round to the landing-point, ready to take on board another lot of passengers. Fare for the trip 50 cents, (2«. stg.). In the ferry-house a beautifully clear stream of water, from the rock, is kept running con- tinually, with tumblers provided for the use of visitors. The Messrs. Porters, to whom the property belongs, have done much lately to improve the appearance of the place all around, and added greatly to the comfort and convenience of visit- ors, by providing seats, etc., etc. Having spent some time at Point View, you may now proceed down the incline we have mentioned, cross the river in a small boat, and land on the Canadian side, near the Clifton House, on your road to a curiosity in its way — the Burning Springs — shown to strangers by an old native of Aberdeenshire, (Scotland). Before reaching there, however, you will pass Table Rock — a view from off which will interest you. Table Rock, of which we give an illustration, is situated on the Canada side of the river, near theanp'p • -ere the Horse-Shoe Fall pours over. It is a u . ^., which projects over the edge of the precipice, and is about 160 feet above the river. It is now much smaller than in former j'ears, large portions having fallen away from it at dif- ferent times. Near Table Rock there is another staircase, which you may descend and get a v\<:>\ . .j.i jehind the great sheet of water which ': 'Is over the Horse Shoe, from off a narrow iedge of rock, called Termination Rock,* which, together with the ground all about it, shakes with the immense power of the water pouring down upon it. It is only, howeter, when the water is not very full, that this sight can be seen. A favourite time with many for visiting the falls is at sunset, about which time some most beautirul phenomena are to be seen. Again, the view by moonlight is considered to be very fine, and presenting totally different features from any thing to be seen during the day. In winter time a!so, we understand, the Falls, together with the scenery around them, present sights well worth beiiig seen by every tourist. To reach Burning Springs it is a considerable walk round from the Clifton House, so that most parties engage a conveyance thither. The pedestrian, however, will enjoy the walk very much. The charge at the Burning Springs is 25 cents each. Burning Springs. — From the sketch we give, readers at a distance will see an exact represent- ation of where the Spring is exhibited, in an old wooden " shanty," pitch dark, but lighted up by the attendant, as he applies a light to the * Fince this was written, we understand that Ter- mination Rock has been washed away— thus, we fear, depriving all in future of obtaining the view here al- luded to. 12 NIAGARA FALLS. '(.Willi It—; (...i. niltlllllW'llIJIiiHIll THE BURjS^ING springs, NIAGARA. gas, as it issues up through an iron pipe fixed in a barrel, which is placed amidst tlie water 3 or 4 feet underneath. The water, which is charged with sulphurated hydrogen gas, rises in the rock close at hand, and forces its way up througli the bed of the stream, which is' there. Sometimes it burns much brighter than at other times, the water emitting a strong smell, similar to that of some mineral springs. When at Burning Springs, another and different view from any hitherto seen, is presented of the River Niagara, as it comes down from Lake Erie, and, in sum- mer, the scenery in the neighbourhood of the Springs is beautiful in the extreme. Leaving the Burning Springs, you may now proceed to the battle-ground of Lundy's Lane. There a wooden tower is erected, for the benefit of those who wish to ascend and obtain a mag- nificent view of the country. On the top of this tower one of the heroes of the Battle of Lundy's Lane will be met with, in the shape of an at- tendant, who will be glad to point out to you all the poifits of interest connected with the fight- ing between the Americans and the British, on those very fields you will there survey. If you happen to be a British visitor, the faithful at- tendant will not wound any national prejudices you may have regarding who was most success- ful on particular occasions during the struggle, but rather flatter them by leading you to under- stand that, of course, the British came off vic- torious. You will, however, perhaps, be in some doubt, after all, as to that, if you take the ipse dixit of this military chronicler, when you 13 learn that the American, who preceded or fol- lowed you on your visit, was parted company with on the same terms, and with an equally flattering account of how the Americans licked the British, and, of course, also won the battle! On the way to Lundy's Lane, you may pass through the prett)- little village of Drummond- ville, named after General Drummond, com- mander of the British forces at the battle refer* red to. From Lundy's Lane yo« may now proceed on to the Suspension Bridge and the Whirlpool. Particulars respecting the Suspen- sion Bridge will be found annexed, with illus- trations of it. The Whirlpool can be seen from the Canada side of the river. When at the Suspension Bridge you proceed along the top of the em- bankment, through fields and brushwood, fol- lowing the course of the river, till its course turns at a right angle on towards Lake Ontario. It is at this angle of the river where the whirl- pool is. An excellent view of the river and scenery along its banks, and around the whirl- pool, is to be had from the Canada side imme- diately above it, and the beauty of the scene there may tempt you to prolong your rest on the wooden seat erected there for the wearied trav- eller. The visitor who expects to see an immense whirlpool will, we think, be disappointed, as the Whirlpool, so called, consists of aseries of eddies in the rapid stream as it reaches the end of the gorge at the angle of the river — more remarka- ble for being raised up in the centre of the NIAGARA FALLS AND ROUTES. etream, than for any great similarity to an im- mense whirlpool, which many expect to see. The best view, however, of the Whirlpool is to be had at the edge of the river, on the American side, exactly opposite to the point mentioned above. To reach there, you proceed across the Suspension Bridge, turn to your left, and walk along the public road till you reach Devaux's College — whicli j'ou cannot but observe as you go along. There you turn from off the pub- lic road, and follow a narrow road through a dense wood, until j'ou reach a small wooden house, where you will find parties ready to give you all information respecting the path down to the edge of the river below. You there pay 25 cents, which goes to the support of Devaux's College — a college established, at a cost of 6154,000, by a Frenchman named Devaux, for the free maintenance and education of 100 boys. You will, in all probability, be pleased with your visit to the Whirlpool. Whilst there, you may proceed to the Devil's Hole, a short way down the river, on the same side, and which consists of a chasm of about 200 feet deep on the bank of the river. The small stream which pours over the precipice above there, is called Bloody Run — named so in 'consequence of the colour given to it on one occasion by the blood of the British troops mixing with it, during an en- gagement with some Indians and French dur- ing the war there in 1763. Brock's Monument forms one of the "lions" of Niagara, which tourists, in approaching from Toronto, per steamer and rail, will observe to great advantage, as they proceed in the cars from the town of Niagara to Suspension Bridge. It stands on Queenstown Heights (Canada side). Erected to the British general, Sir Isaac Brock, who fell in the engagement fought there in 1812. On the top stands the statue of the gallant officer. Although a considerable distance from the Falls, (about 7 miles,) yet if the tourist has time, the visit to it will repay the time and trouble, as a most magnificent view of the river, country roundabout, and Lake Ontario is there obtained. Opposite Queenstown, on the River Niagara, is Lewiston— famous for its stupendous suspen- sion bridge— even longer than the one further up the river, being 1045 feet long. Niagara Falls. — In addition to the name of the celebrated Falls, the town in the immediate vicinity takes also the name of Niagara Falls — situated in the State of New York. As is well known, it is the fashionable resort of all who desire to make their residence on the American side of the river. The hotels are on the largest scale, and characterized by great magnificence and comfort. Trains arrive at and depart from the station at the town, to and from which omnibuses run in connection with the principal hotels. The town on the American side, at Suspen- sion Bridge, is known by the name of Niagara City. Travellers for the Falls should check their baggage to "Niagara Falls," if they in tend resid- ing on the American side ; and to " Suspension Bridge, Clifton," if on the Canadian side — on which side there are excellent hotels also. The large illustration of the Falls given in a previous page, was taken from what is consid- ered the best point for seeing both the Ameri- can and Canadian (or Horse-Shoe) Falls togeth- er, viz., near the Clifton House, on the Canadian side of the river. This view was taken by pho- tograph, by M. Hufnagel, photographer, Broad- way, New York, last summer, and is decidedly the best and most correct view of the Falls we ever saw on paper. To preserve as far as pos- sible, in the process of engraving, all the details of the great original, we have had M. Ilufnagel's immense photograph re-photographed on a re- duced scale on wood, by Price's patent process, and engraved, so that we can, with confidence, refer to the accompanying view of the Niagara Falls as correct in every particular. The other illustrations, excepting the " bird's- eye view," have also been engraved from photo- graphs. ROUTES TO THE FALLS. There are several routes from the Atlantic seaboard, the best of which we give, with the distances and fare, as near as can be ascertained; as also one from Quebec through Canada : — FROM NEW YORK. Uo. 1. Miles. Cost. Steamer, from New York to Albany 150 ...$1.50 Rail, from .\Ibany to Rochester 229 .... 4.5S Rail, from Rochester to Niagara Falls. . . 76 1.52 Total 455. . . .$T.60 £1 10«. ed. st_g. From New York to Albany the Hudson River Rail- road can be taken; distance, 144 miles ; fare, $3.00. Ifo. 2. Miles. Cost. N.York and Erie R. R. to Hornellsville.. 833 $6.75 Rail, from Hornellsville to Buffalo 91 . . . 2.10 Rail, from Buffalo to Niagara Falls . 22 0.60 Total 446 ... . $9.45 £1 ISx. St?. Or, per New York and Erie Railroad to Rochester and Buffalo direct, 298 miles, thence as above. FROM NEW YORK. No. 3. Miles. Cost. New York and Erie Railroad toElmira.. 274 $6.00 Rail, from Elmira to Niagara Falls 106 4.10 Total ... 440... $10.10 £2 0«. 6d. stg. PROM QUEBEC. No. 4. Miles. Cost. Rail, to Montreal 171 $6.00 Rail, from Montreal to Toronto SSS 10.00 Rail, from foronto to Niagara Falls 81 l.SS Total 5S5. . .$17.83 £3 11«. M. stg. From Toronto the steamer can be taken to Niagara, (.% miles,) on Lake Ontario ; thence rail (14 miles) to Suspension Bridge. Total distance, from Toronto, about 50 miles ; cost, $1.50 (Cs. stg.). 14 THE WHIRLPOOL — ^BRIDGE TO BATH AND GOAT ISLAN'DS. THE WHIRLPOOL— NIAGARA. As stated on a preTions page, the best view of the Whirlpool is to be had from the edge of the river, on the American side, and to give an idea of this scene we present an accu- rate representation of it, taken from the point of the angle, where the river, after proceed- ing to the point indicated in the far-off corner of the above sketch, whirls round, and finds its outlet down the river in the foreground, on its way to Lake Ontario. (See remarks on a previous page.) THE BRIDGE LEADLSTG TO BATH AND GOAT ISLANDS. The above sketch represents the well-known bridge which spans the river to Bath Island, and from thence leads across another small bridge to Goat Island. At Bath Island passen- gers pay the toll of 25 cents, which admit them to cross and recross during all the season. The bridge is not a suspension one, although similar to such in appearance. It is built on three piers, founded in the bed of the river by means of cribs filled with heavy masonry, and is altogether a graceful and substantial erection, strong enough for all the traffic pass- ing across it, and for resisting the powerful current of the rapids as they rush down and flow under it on their way over the American Fall. 15 HORSE-SHOE FALL — KIVER NIAGARA. THE HORSE-SHOE FALL, FROM BELOAV. To get the best idea of the magnitude of this fall is for the tourist to find his way down to the edge of tlie river, and get as close as possible to the fall. That can be accomplished easily by descending Biddle's stairs on Goat Island to the edge of the river, and thence by walking along the rocks until near enough to get a good view. The sensation experienced there, is much more thrilling than when viewing the fall from above. RIVER OTAGARA, BELOW THE FALLS. FROM THE CANADA SIDE, O.VE of the best views connected with the river is that presented in the above sketch, as it shows in bold outline the high, rocky, and precipitous embankment which lines both sides of the world's wonder. It is taken on the Canada side, from near where all which re- mains of Table Rock stands ; giving an idea of the breadth of the river, the character of the roadway, with Clifton House in the distance, 16 AMERICAN FALL — VIEW NEAR QUEENSTOWN. THE AMERICAN FALL. FROM THE CANADA SIDE. The best view of the American Fall is that to be seen from the point illustrated in the above sketch, being near the Clifton House, on the Canada side of the river. A portion of Goat Island is represented at tiie right-hand side, with the small fall between it, and what 13 termed Lunas Island, with the great American Fall in the centre, with Point View at the left-hand side, and the town of Niagara Falls forming the background. The river, a short way above the American Fall, glides rather smoothly but swiftly along, previous to taking its final leap over the fall. NIAGARA— LOOKING TOWARDS LAKE ONTARIO. FROM NEAR QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS. The scene represented above is considered one of the finest views which is to be found in the United States or Canada, embracing, as it does, such an extent and combination of landscape, river, and lake scenery. Below, rolls the mighty Niagara, appeased after its plunging and boiling career, now swiftly but silently pursuing its course to become en- gulphed in the placid waters of Lake Ontario, but only to join issue again with its gigan- tic neighbour, the St. Lawrence, and then travel in company together for 390 miles, carry- ing every other stream along with them — dashing down the rapids in their course, till joined by the beautiful Ottawa at a point near Montreal, when these three leviathans in the world of waters flow on gently towards Quebec, and there, joined by the St. Charles, after- wards find their exit, and become swallowed up in the " vasty deep," brock's monument. ^^>i^^ BROCK'S M05^UMENT, QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS. The above is an exact representation of the monument erected to the British general, Sir Isaac Brock, who fell on Queenstown Heights in the memorable engagement fovight there in the war of 1812. It is situated on the heights on the west bank of the Eiver Niagara, and forms one of the first objects which arrests the attention of the tourist as he approaches Niagara per steamer on Lake Ontario ; a rapid glance of which is also seen as the train proceeds between Niagara Town and Suspension Bridge. It should be visited by all tourists, if for no other reason than there to obtain one of the most magnificent views in the countrj-. Tlie landscape around the monument is varied and extensive — running over a highlj^-cultivated and fertile country, whilst the lake fronting to the north completes a picture at once grand and inspiring. TRENTON FALLS, STATE OF NEW YORK. Thb tourist proceeding from New York, by the New York Central Railroad from Albany, on his way to Niagara, will find himself well paid by a visit to the Falls of Trenton, which are situated on the Utica and Black River Railroad, and 15 miles N. by K. of the Town of Utica, in the County of Oneida. Trenton Falls consist of a series of 6 falls, within the distance of two miles, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet, and present a sight more remarkable for the wild and romantic situation in which they are, than for their great volume of water. The name of the stream on which these falls are, is known as West Canada Creek, which flows through a densely-wooded country — particularly near the falls — of which no sign is to be seen till the tourist comes upon them, at the edge of the gorge where they are situated, and down which the water rushes with great violence, as it comes from the falls, only to be lost to sight in the dark recesses of the wooded ravine. In one place, the height of the embankment is 14U feet, perpendicular. At the upper falls the descent is 20 feet, from which the water rushes on to the second falls, called the Cascades. (See engraving.) The third fall is named the Mill-dam, and, a little below, are the High Falls, which has a perpendicular fall of 109 feet. (See engraving.) Sherman's Falls — named so after Rev. Mr. Sherman, who lost his life there — form the fifth fall, with a descent of about 40 feet, until the last of this exquisite series of falls it reached, named Conrad's Falls. 18 THE HIGH FALLS, TRENTON FALLS. THE CASCADES, TRENTON FALLS. 19 GENESEE FALLS, NEW YORK. VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE, STATE OF NEW YORK. The name of Genesee is one of the household words of Great Britain as well as America. From the Genesee district thousands of barrels of flour, made from its world-renowned wheat, finds its Avay to England every year, the best proof of the well-known richness of the soil of the Genesee Vallej% of which the above engraving represents one of its most striking features. Tlie Railroad Bridge, seen in the background, is a magnificent structure, for the purpose of enabling the Buffalo ! FOR ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, MECHANICS, AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. Published in Weekly Kos. at 5 cts., and MontMv Parts at 25 ds. 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Mailed weekly for $2 a year in advance ; published also in monthly Parts, Price 25 cents each. PuMishers, A. HARTHILL & CO., 20 North 'Williain Street, New York. To be had of all Booksellers and News Agents everywhere. The Trade supplied by any of the Wholesale Houses in New York. Early in Jnly luUl be Puhlished, Price 50 cents, complete COIVSERVATOKIES, GREEN-HOUSES, HOT-HOUSES, &;C., TJIEIR ARRANGE3IENT AND CONSTRUCTION. In a Series of Sixty-One Engravings, illustrative of Plans, Sections, Elevations, &c. &c. ; together with full Letter-press Descriptions. The most complete work on this subject published By Robert Scott Burn, Architect. Price Fifty Cents. Mailed free on receipt of price, hy the Publishers, A. Hakthill & Co., 20 North William Street, New York. To be had of Booksellers and News Agents everywhere. The Trade supplied by any of the Wholesale Houses in New York. Alex. Harthill & Co., Steam Printers, 20 North William St., New Yorh ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE, curve of the viaduct, resting on piera of solid masonry, over which the Grand Trunk Railway is carried, tends to enhance the picturesqueness of the view. The town is surrounded by a rich agricultural district, diversified by hill and dale, wood and stream ; the evidence of which is the number of wagons — crammed with quar- ters of fat beef, mutton and pork, turkeys, chickens, eggs butter, vegetables and fish — to be seen crowding the Town- Hall Square on Saturdays. The lumber trade carried on at this port is also very extensive. Population about 8,000. CoBURG, 8 miles below Port Hope, is the terminus of the Coburg and Peterborough Railroad. It has a good harbour, and does an extensive shipping business with Rochester, and other cities on the opposite side of the lake. Victoria College, estab- lished by act of the Provincial Legislature, in 184:2, is in this town. It also contains the most extensive cloth manufactories in the Province. There are also iron, marble and leather manufactories, with a number of breweries and distilleries, 9 good hotels, and 60 or TO substantial stores. Popula- tion about 6,000. CoLBORKE, 14 miles below Coburg, is a flourishing town, having a fine back coun- try, whose produce finds quick sales in its markets. It has a good landing for steamers, many of which touch here on their passages up and down the lake. A good business is done in this town in curing white-fish and salmon-trout, which abound in the lake, and are taken in great quantities. A stage-route is established between this place and Norwood, 32 miles distance. Fare, $2. Leaving Colborne, the steamer soon reaches the widest part of the lake, and, running a distance of some 25 miles, passes Nicliolas Point and Island, Wicked Point, and Point Peter, on the latter of which is a fine light-house. This liglit is a conspicuous object to mariners, who, when off Prince Edward's, the main-land, experience the full force of easterly and westerly winds. Duck Island, which is attached to Can- ada, is another noted object for the mari- nei", either ascending or descending the place, to Rochester proper, there are a suc- cession of falls and rapids, some of the former being very grand and imposing^ The falls at Carthage are 75 feet, one a little further up is 20 feet, and the great falls — within the city, a few feet from the Central Railroad Bridge — is 96 feet. It was at these latter falls that the once fa- mous Sam Patch made his last leap, b}' which he lost his life. He commenced his singular career by plunging from the Paw- tucket Falls, in Rhode Island, and after- wards continued to jump from all the high bridges, and other elevated points in the country, including Niagara, without meet- ing an accident. It is supposed that he was intoxicated at the time he made Ids last jump, and hence lost his balance dur- ing his descent, and struck the water hori- zontally, which must have knocked tlie breath entirely out of his body, as he was not seen to rise after striking the Avater, although 10,000 spectators were anxiously looking for his appearance. His dead body was found some miles below the falls. Further up the river, near the town of Portage, N. Y., there are three beautiful falls, respectively, 60, 90 and 110 feet, all within the space of 2 miles, each differing in character, and each having peculiar attractions. But more wonderful, than the falls, are the stupendous walls of the river, which rise almost perpendicularly, to a height of 400 feet, and extend along the stream, for 3 miles, witli almost as much regularity and symmetry as if constructed by art. Leaving ths mouth of the Genesee, tht steamer passes the small town of Pultnev- ville, and some other lesser settlements, and reaches the mouth of Great Sodus Bay, which is 5 miles long and 3 miles in breadth, and makes an ex cellent, safe harbour, the entrance of which is protected by substantial piers, built by the United States. Sonus Point is a small town, and port of entry, situated at the mouth of Sodus Bay. Little Sodus Bay, 14 miles below Great Sodus, is another good anchorage ground, for vessels to ride, in times of severe weather. Oswego is on both sides of Oswego 23 ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWKENCE. lake, as it is the first important island met, in the passage from the head of the lake, on the Canada side. In former years, immense quantities of wild ducks gathered upon this island, and hence its name. Amhkrst Island, also belonging to Can- ada, lies a little further on. It is a large body of very fertile land, which is under a good state of cultivation. Beyond this island, we come to the end of the lake, and soon enter the mouth of the St. Law- rence River. We now pass two islands — Gage and Wolf — which are the first of that astonishing group known as the " Thousand Islands." We next come to Kingston, ■^hich is probably the finest- looking city in Canada, although not do- ing a business equal to Montreal or To- ronto. A tourist, speaking of this city, says : " The view of the city and surrounding scenery is not surpassed by the approaches to any other city in America. A few miles above Kingston, the waters of Lake Onta- rio are divided by the first of the long se- ries of islands so well known to tourists as the ' Thousand Islands,' of which Sim- coe and Grand, or Wolfe Islands, opposite the city, may be looked upon as strong- holds designed by nature to withstand the eiicroaclies of the waves of Ontario. On approaching from the west, bj' water, the first object that attracts the traveller's at- tention is Fort Henry, Avith the naval sta- tion of Fort Frederick at its base, and its attendant battlements, fortifications, tow- ers and redoubts." Fort Henry is a favourite resort for vis- itors, and its elevated position affords the best view that can be had of the city, lake and surrounding country. The principal public buildings are the City Hall, Court-House, Roman Catholic Cathedral, Queen's College, Roman Catho- lic College, General Hospital, Penitentia- ry, 16 or 18 fine chui'clies, banking- houses, etc. The City Hall is one of the finest edifices in Canada, built of cut lime- stone, at an expense of near $100,000. It has a spacious hall, holding over 1,000 persons. Tliere are 20 steamers, and about 50 sailing vessels, owned here; and those, besides other Canadian and American craft, are mostly occupied in River, at its entrance into Lake Ontario and is the largest and most active city ok the lake. There are from 15 to 20 flour, ing-mills, making over 10,000 barrels of flour per day when in opei-ation, and about a dozen elevators, with storage- room for 2,000,000 bushels of grain. It is handsomely built, with streets 100 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. The river divides the city into nearly two equal parts, which are connected by two bridges, above ship navigation. The number of vessels which arrive and depart from this port is very large. It is estimated that one-half of the entire trade of Canada with the United States is car- ried on with Oswego. A railroad, 36 miles in length, connects Oswego with Syracuse. The Oswego Canal also con- nects at Syracuse with the Erie Canal. Oswego ranks as one of the greatest grain markets in the world, being second on this continent only to Chicago. From her po- sition, she must continue to hold her ad- vantage, and, in spite of all rivalry, will always command the greatest portion of Canadian trade. The population of Os- wego is about 20,000. Leaving Oswego, we pass Mexico Bay, into which empties Salmon River, at the mouth of which is a small town, called Port Ontario. Salmon River Falls are classed among the greatest natural curiosities of the countrj'. The current of the river is disturbed, about 6 miles from its mouth, by 2 miles of rapids, which terminate in a fall of 107 feet. At high water, the sheet is 250 feet in width, but, at low water, is narrowed to about half that extent. At the foot of the falls the water is very deep, and abounds in fine fish, such as salmon, trout and bass. Sackett's Harbour, 45 miles north of Oswego, possesses one of the most secure harbours on the lake. During the war of 1812, with England, it was used as the rendezvous of the American fleet on Lake Ontario. A large war-vessel, commenced at that time, still remains here under cover. Madison Barracks, garrisoned by United States troops, is situated near the landing. Black River, just beyond, is 120 miles long, but its navigation is much impeded by a succession of rapids and falls. It 24 KOUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE. carrying passengers and produce which come from inland by the Rideau Canal, and from the Bay of Qninte, to the differ- ent ports on the lake. There are several mineral springs in Kingston, which have attained some ce- lebrity for their medical properties. One of these, situated near the Penitentiary, is said to resemble the celebrated Chelten- ham Springs, in England. Another, whose waters are unusually strong, and, by ana- lyzation, have been found to confiiin val- uable medical virtues, has been likened to the Artesian Well at St. Catherine's. gives, however, great water power, and its banks are covered with prosperous towns and villages. Chaumont Bay, just above Black River, abounds in a variety of fine fish, large quantities of Avhich are taken by estab- lished fisheries. Cape St. Vincent is nearly opposite Grand or Wolf Island, and is the northern terminus of the Watertown and Rome Railroad. In the warm months, this place is much resorted to by fishing and pleasure parties, being contiguous to the " Thou- sand Islands." THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. These Islands, which have obtained a world-wide celebrity, consist of fully 1800 islands, of all sizes and shapes — froni a few yards long, to several miles in length ; some, presenting little or nothing but bare masses of rock, whilst others are so thickly wooded over, that nothing but the most gorgeous green foliage (in summer) is to be seen; whilst, in autumn, the leaves present colours of different hues of light crimson, yellow, purple and other colours scarcely imaginable, and yet most difficult to describe. The tourist who is fond of practising the " gentle art," will find any quantity he is able and willing to fish for — the river abounding in fish of the most marvellous quantity and size. The angler will find plenty of excellent accommodation at Clayton or Alexandria Bay, with boats, etc. To enjoy a day or two amongst the Thousand Islands to the most advantage, is for the tourist to take up his quarters for a few days at either of these places, and sail amongst the islands with a row-boat. The tourist who is acquainted with the islands on " Lomond's Silver Loch," opposite Luss, in the Highlands of Scotland, will have some idea of what the Thousand Islands are — only that the latter extend fully 60 miles along the channel of the St. Lawrence, with some of the islands of much larger dimen- sions than those either on Loch Lomond or Loch Katrine. Names are given to some of the islands, whilst several have light-houses erected upon them. With these remarks, we will now proceed, as if on board the American steamer, down the American channel, through them — there being one channel for the Canadian Company's boats, and another for the American Company's. Leaving Kingston, the tourist in the Ca- nadian Company's steamer will proceed on for si.x miles, and enter the regions of the Thousand Islands. For a description of the scenery of the route, we quote from a writer who thus describes it : " These islands appear so thickly stud- ded, that the appearance to the spectator, on approaching them, is as if the vessel steered her course towards the head of a landlocked bay which barred all further progress. Coming nearer, a small break in the line of shore opens up, and he enters between what he now discovers to be islands, and islands which are innumera- ble. Now, he sails in a wide channel be- 25 Leaving Cape Vincent, the steamer now proceeds towards the islands, and, after winding her course amongst them foi about twenty miles, reaches the stopping, place called Clayton, a small, well-built village, from which a considerable lumber trade is carried on, several rafts of which may probably be seen in French Creek, close at hand, ready for being " run " down the St. Lawrence to Montreal or Quebec. Sev- eral of the finest steamers which navigate the St. Lawrence were built here. Alexandria Bay, 12 miles from Clayton, is soon reached — in approaching which, the tourist will admire the exquisite ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE. tween more distant shores ; again, he enters into a strait so narrow that the large pad- dle-boxes of tlie steamer almost sweep the foliage, on either side, as she pursues her devious course. Now, the islands are miles in circumference ; and again, he passes some which are very small, shaded Lj' a single tiny tree occup3-ing the handful of earth which represents the ' dry land.' On all, the trees grow to the water's edge, and dip their outer branches in the clear bliie lake. Sometimes the mirage throws its air of enchantment on the whole, and the more distant islands seem floating in mid- heaven — only descending into the lake as a nearer approach dispels the illusion, and when the rushing steamer breaks the fair surface of the water in which all this love- liness is reflected, as in a mirror." Brockville (Canada West) is the country town for the united counties of Leeds and Grenville. A steamer plies to Norristown, on the Amei-ican side. All the American as well as Canadian steamers touch here. The tourist cannot fail to admire the fine location of Brockville, and its numerous tastefully laid out gardens, stretching down to the river's edge, as well as some neat built villas on the banks. Named after Gen. Brock, whose monument, at Queenstown Heights, commemorates his fall in battle there in 1812. Distant from Kingston 48 miles by rail, and Montreal 125 miles. The steamer, after leaving Brockville, proceeds for 12 miles, and reaches the town of Prescott, which is situated almost im- mediately opposite to Ogdensburg. At Prescott, both lines of steamers touch. From there, branches off the railroad to Ottawa City — the future capital of Cana- da — a visit to which will well repay the tourist. 55 miles to Ottawa per railroad. Considerable amount of business is done with Ogdensburg, opposite, to and from which plies two ferry steamers. Popula- tion about 4,000. 113 miles from Mon- treal by rail. One mile below Prescott is " Windmill Point," being the ruins of an old wind- mill, where, in 1837, the Canadian pa- triots, under a Polish exile name Von Shultz, established their headquarters, but were subsequently driven from it, with great loss. 27 scenery which now opens up to view on every turn which the steamer takes. From Alexandria Bay, some of the finest views of the islands, to our mind, are to be seen ; whilst from the high points near the vil- lage, upwards of one hundred of the islands can be counted in one view. The situation of Alexandria Bay must always render it a favorite place with the tourist who delights in romantic situations or good sport. After steaming along for other 22 miles, the last of the Thousand Islands is seen, and the steamer touches on the Canadian side, at the thriving and prettily situated town of Brockville (Cana- da West). MoKRisTOWN is situated exactly opposite Brockville, with which it is connected by steam ferry every half hour, 1 mile dis- tance. The American steamer, after leaving Brockville, proceeds on to Ogdensburg, now an important link in the chain of communication between the United States and Canada, with a rail- road to Lake Champlain (118 miles off), and which also connects at Rouse's Point with the other lines, to Boston and New York, as well as to Montreal. A consid- erable trade is done at Ogdensburg, whilst the situation of the town is one of the prettiest on the whole route. Settled by the French in 1748, attacked by the Mohawk Indians in 1749, and, on the de- feat of Montcalm at Quebec, the settlement was abandoned by the French. After Ogdensburg, comes Waddington, opposite to Ogden Island. Thirty miles further on is Louisville, from which stages run to Meesina Springs, 7 miles distant. The American steamer proceeds on- wards to the first rapid in the route, known by the name of Gallop's Rapids, succeeded by others of lesser note. (See Descent of the Rapids.) Four miles further on is Chimney Island, on which stands the ruin of an old French fortification. A short distance from there is Chryseller's Farm, where a battle was fought between the Americans and the British, in 1813, at the time when the Americans, under Gen. Wilkinson, were descending the river to attack Montreal, but which attempt was afterwards aban- doned. ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE. DESCENT OF THE RAPIDS. AT LONG SAULT. These Rapids, universally allowed to be the most extensive and the most exciting to be found on this continent, extend in continuous lines for a distance of nine miles — the stream being divided near its centre by an island. The channels on both sides are descended with safety, al- though steamers usually pass on the south side, wliich is a trifle narrower than the other. The current moves along this chan- nel with astonishing velocity, drifting rafts at the rate of 12 or 14 miles an hour, the waters alone moving at least 20 miles an hour. It needs not the aid of wind or steam to descend these swift-sweeping waters, and hence when vessels enter the current they shut off steam, and trust to the guidance of the helm only as they are borne on their rapid voyage by the force of the stream alone. Nature presents but few sights more grand and beautiful than is presented from the deck of a steamer when descending these rapids. The un- equal movement of the waves, as they plunge from one eddy to another, causes the boat to rise and fall with a motion not unlike that experienced on the ocean after a gale of wind has disturbed its bosom. The constant roar of the waters as they dash and leap along their furious course, filling the atmosphere with misty foam; the wild and tumultuous force with which wave struggles with wave to reach the depths below ; the whirlings of the yawn- ing eddies, that seem strong and angry enough to engulph any and every thing that ventures within their embrace, and the ever-changing features, form and c«urse of the writhing, restless stream, all unite in presenting a scene of surpassing grandeur. The navigation of these rapids, although generally conducted with entire safety, requires, nevertheless, great nerve, force and presence of mind on the part of the pilots — generally Indians — who essay to guide the staggering steamer on its course. It is imperative that the vessel should keep her head straight with the stream, for if she diverges in the least, so as to present her side to the current, she would be in- 28 ROUTE FROM PRESCOTT. DOWN THE KAPID3. The steamer, after leaving Prescott, proceeds, passing, on its way, between Chimney Island and Drummond's Island — now steering for Tick Island, thence northwest round the western end of Isle aux Galops, and by Frazer's Island to a point opposite Lock 27 of the canal, which extends from the beginning of the Gallop Rapids to Point Iroquois and rap- ids. Instead of passing through that canal, however, the steamer proceeds down the Gallop Rapids. GALLOP RAPIDS. In sailing down these rapids, the steam- er passes on its way Isle aux Galops, and several other small islands in the channel, onwards to Long Point — pass- ing down the rapids between Tousson's Island and the south bank of the river ; thence on again, and down the Iroquis Rapids, shortly after passing which we reach Ogden's Island, with rapids on each side of it. (At this point the up steamers ascend via the Rapide Platte Canal, from Lock 23 to 24.) After passing Ogden's Island and several smaller ones, we pass Goose Neck Island and Crysler's Island, and proceed on between the two Cat Islands, the Upper Long Sault — now called Croyle's Island — and the rapids on the north-western end of it, at Farren's Point, where there is a short canal for the iip steamer to pass through. LONG SAULT RAPIDS. Sailing down the rapid there, we pass at some distance Dickenson's Landing, close to Long Sault Island, and prepare to what is termed " shoot the Rapids of the Long Sault" — passing by the north channel, and downward through the rapids between Sheek's Island and Barnhart's Island. After steaming a short distance, with smooth sailing, we again reach rapids, being those between the town of Cornwall and Cornwall Island. (The up steamers enter in at Lock 15, at Cornwall, and passing along the canal, with its eight locks, find an exit at Lock 22.) For a description of the passago H IS w H O m O M O > CK ^ o > 1 i^ ■^ I— I ra O B3 '^ 2 O ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE. Btantly capsized and lost. In order to pre- vent such catastrophies, boats traversing the rapids have their rudders constructed in such a manner that any amount of power can be brought to bear upon them at any moment Not only is the wheel guided by strongly-wrought, but pliable chains, which are managed from a position near the bows, but a strong tiller is ad- justed at the stern, which requires the aid of four powerful men, while two are" work- ing at the wheel, to keep the vessel's head in its proper direction. The greatest danger attends the adven- turous raftsmen, whose skill, courage and physical strength are perhaps not ex- celled by any similar body of men in the world. But, despite all these advantages, many a I'nft has been broken, and many a gallant raftsman's life has been lost upon this remorseless tide of waters. down the Long Sault Rapids, see the op- posite column on this page. For illustra- tion of the same, see engraving. St. Regis is an old Indian village, one of the historical incidents connected with which, is a marauding excursion made by the St. Regis Indians, into Massachusetts, to recover a bell for their church which, having been captured on its way to Canada from France, was purchased for the church of Deerfield, Massachusetts — but retaken from there by the said In- dians, who claimed it as theirs, and who murdered, in the dead of night, 47, and captured 112, of the unsuspecting and in- nocent citizens of Deerfield. Having ob- tained the bell, they carried it, suspended from a pole, on their shoulders, for 150 miles, and it now hangs in the Catholic Church of St. Regis, built about 160 years Steamers in their passage up the St. Lawrence, when they come to the rapids, pass round them, by enteHng the stupendous canals which have been made for the purpose of enabling them to pass wp, as well as dmvn, the river — although it is in the passage doivn the river, such as we are now describing, in which all the beauty and enjoyment of the trip is to be seen and realized. Having passed through the most exciting part of the whole trip, we now arrive at the town of Cornwall, at the foot of the Long Sault Rapids — on the Canada side. Cornwall is the boundary line between the United States and Canada, so that, after this point, all the points of interest remaining are now within the British possessions. Here the Cornwall Canal may be seen, 12 miles long, by which vessels pass up — as already mentioned. LAKE ST. FRANCIS. After leaving Cornwall, we proceed on, passing St. Regis Island, situated in mid-chan- nel, until we enter Lake St. Francis, passing between the Squaw's Island and Butternut Islands, with lighthouse to the north, in Lancaster Shoal. The steamer now steers close to the floating light, onwards to Cherry Island Light, and passing McGee's Point Light, on the mainland, (north shore,) sails on towards the Rapids of Coteau du Lac. COTEAU RAPIDS AND CEDARS RAPIDS. At the Coteau du Lac Rapids, a cluster of sixteen islands interrupt the regular navigation, but through which the skilful pilot steers first down the rapid between the mainland and Giron Island, thence down again between French Island and Maple and Thorn Islands, and again be- tween Prisoner's Island and Broad Island, w o 81 Cotkau du Lac " is a small village situ- ated at the foot of Lake St. Francis. The name, as well as the style of the buildings, denotes its French origin. Just below the village are the Coteau Rapids." Cedaes Rapids are situated between the village of Cedars (north shore) and village of St. Timothe, (south shore,) with 8 or 10 ROUTE DOWN THE ST. LAWRENCE, and emerging into smooth water along- side of Grand Island, until, shortly after, the Cedars Rapids are reached. Cedar*. — Tliis village presents the same marks of French origin as Coteau du Lac. In the expedition of Gen. Amherst, a de- tachment of three hundred men that were sent to attack Montreal were lost in the rapids near this place. "The passage thi'ough these rapids is very exciting. There is a pecular motion of the vessel, which, in descending, seems like settling down, as she glides from one ledge to an- other. In passing the i-apids of the Split Rock, a person unacquainted with the navigation of these rapids, will almost in- voluntarily hold his breath until this ledge of rocks, which is distinctly seen from the deck of the steamer, is passed. At one time the vessel seems to be running di- rectly upon it, and you feel certain that she will strike ; but a skilful hand is at the helm, and in an instant more it is passed in safety." small islands in the channel where the rapids are. On the south side of the river is Beau- harnois. Beauharnois " is a small village at the foot of the Cascades, on the south bank of the river. (Here up vessels enter the Beau- harnois Canal — with nine locks — and pass around the rapids of the Cascades, Cedars and Coteau, into Lake St. Francis, a dis- tance of 14 miles.) On the north bank, a branch of the Ottawa enters into the St. Lawrence." After passing down the rapids at Ce- dars, the steamer again enters the smooth waters of the St. Lawrence, onlj^ how- ever, to be soon once more broken in upon by the Cascade Rapids. THE CASCADE RAPIDS AND LAKE ST. LOUIS. The Cascade Rapids are situated between Cascade's Point and Buissou Pointe, in which are situated Mary's Reef, Dog's Reef, Split Rock, Round Island and Isle aux Cascades. On the north side of these rapids, the majestic river Ottawa comes sweeping along, and round both sides of Isle Perrot, and here joins issue with the St. Lawrence, in Lake St. Louis. A smooth and pleasant sail of 24 miles along Lake St. Louis will be enjoyed, until the last rapids of all are reached, viz., Lachine. The steamboat track proceeds through Lake St. Louis, passing three floating light-ships and the town of Lachine, on north bank, and Caughnawaga, on south bank of river. La Chine. — This village is nine miles from Montreal, with which it is connected by railroad. " The La Chine Rapids be- gin just below the town. Tlie current is here so swift and wild, that to avoid it a canal has been cut around these rapids. This canal is a stupendous work, and re- flects much credit upon the energy and enterprise of the people of Montreal. At La Chine is the residence of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hud- son's Bay Company, and of the officers of this, the chief post of that corporation. It is from tliis point that the orders from head-quarters in London are sent to all the many posts throughout the vast territory of the company ; and near the end of April 32 Caughnawaga. — "This is an Indian vil- lage, lying on the south bank of the river, near the entrance of the La Chine Rapids. It derived its name from the Indians that had been converted by the Jesuits, who were called " Cmighnawaga!<" or " praying Indians." This was probably a misnomer, for they were distinguished for their pre- datory incursions upon their neighbours in the New England provinces. The Indians at Caughnawaga subsist chiefly by navigating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and, in winter, by a trade in moc- casins, snow-slioes, etc. They are mostly Roman Catholics, and possess an elegant church." Many of the Caughnawaga Indians are KOUTE DOWX THE ST. LAWRENCE. each year a body of trained voyageicrs set out hence in large canoes, called maitres canots, with packages and goods for the various posts in the ■wilderness. Two cen- turies ago, the companions of the explorer Cartier, on arriving here, thought they had discovered a route to China, and expressed their joy in the exclamation of La Chine! Hence the present name, or so at least says tradition." to be met with on the steamers, and in the streets in the cities of Montreal, Quebec, and even in New York, selling their fancy bead-work, etc. La Prairie is some seven miles below Caughnawaga, or Village of the Rapids, after which the steamer sails on for a few miles, and reaches the City of Montreal. LACHINE RAPIDS. Previoos to entering the Lachine Rapids, the tourist may observe the entrance to the aqueduct of the water-works which supplies Montreal with water — a gigantic undertaking, and affording the citizens of that city a never-failing, unlimited supply of good aqua. Tliere are seven small islands in the channel of the Lachine Rapids. The steamer passes on between Isle du Diable, Isle an Heron and Isle Boket, and after passing down the rapids, the steamer proceeds along, passing near to Nun's Island, belonging to the Grey Nunnery, Montreal, and one of the many islands which belong, and yield large resources to, the nun- neries. A slight rapid, named NoRMAx Rapid, is sailed through, and, after passing that great monument of engineering skill, the Victoria Bridge, the steamer lands her passengers at the wharf of the City of Montreal. 84 MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. MONTEEAL TO QUEBEC. The tourist who is desirous of proceeding on his voyage at once, only staying until after he has visited the commercial capital of Canada, and enjoyed the magnificent view from the mountain behind the City of Montreal, or from off the top of the Notre Dame in Place d'Armes, will find the Quebec steamers — comfortably fitted up and well appointed — ready to start every evening about six o'clock. From the fact of the steamers sailing both from Montreal and Quebec in the evening, a short time during daylight is only left for the trav- eller to see much of the river and its banks between these.two cities. Tliis need hardly be regretted, however, so much, as the scenery, for the most part, is tame and uninteresting — the chief attractions being the neat and picturesquely-situated French-Canadian' villages, which are situated on its banks, here and there, the tin-covered spires of their churches in the clear moonlight night — the sailing of the steamer swiftly down the stream, and the beautiful moonlight on a still summer's night — all contribute to render such a trip pleasant, and a change from what is almost nowhere else to be enjoyed in any other trip which ean be taken in Canada. Leaving Montreal, therefore, by the steamer, a good view of the city and St. Helen's Island — in the middle of the stream — is to be seen. The island is fortified, and commands the passage of the river. The Rapids of St. Mauy are just below St. Helen's Island, and, although not dangerous, are very troublesome to the river craft, which are much retarded in their movements by these obstinate rapids. The first village passed is that of Longueil — three miles below Montreal, on south side of the river — the terminus of the Grand Trunk Railroad to Portland and Quebec. LoNGUE Point and Point aux Trembles, on the Island of Montreal, are successively passed on the left, and Bouciierville on the opposite shore. The Island of St. Tueresa is 15 miles below the city, and near the mouth of Ottawa River. Varennes on the soutli-east side of the river, is a beautiful village, which is often re- sorted to on account of the mineral springs to be found in its vicinity, William Henry, or Sorrel, SO miles below Yarennes, is a town of some 3000 inhabitants. It stands on the site of an old fort built in 1665, at the moutli of Richelieu River, and the first permanent settlement was made in 1685. The " fort" was taken, and occupied in May, 1776, by a party of Americans, in their retreat from Quebec, on the death of Gen.. Mont- gomery. Leaving Richelieu River, which is the outlet of Lake Champlain into the St. Lawr&nce, we pass a succession of small islands, and enter LAKE ST. PETER^S. This lake, which is formed by an expansion of the river, is about twenty-five mil'es long and nine miles broad, but is, for the most part rather shallow. Recent improvements, how- ever, have rendered the navigation such that the largest sailing vessels, and the Canadian and Liverpool steamers now pass up during the summer season to Montreal'. Like all the other lakes, that of St. Peter's assumes a very different appearance in the summer season, during mild weather, from what it does daring a gale of wind. Then it presents all the appearance, as well as the dangers of the sea, and rafts on their way down the river are frequently wrecked on its waters — the violence of the winds and waves beiiig such as to render the rafts unmanageable, and part them asunder, to the loss sometimes of life as well as the timber. On the south bank of the river is the small village of Port St. Francis, 82 miles from Montreal. 35 MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. Proceeding on for other eight miles, the steamer stops at one of the oldest settled towns m Canada, viz. : Three Rivers, 90 miles from Montreal, being half way between Quebec and Montreal. Situated at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and River St. Maurice. Population about 5000. The most prominent buildings are the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, a convent, jail, and court-house. Founded in 1G18. After leaving Three Rivers the steamer proceeds onwards, and shortly passes the mouth of the St. Maurice River, wliich enters the St. Lawrence from Canada. The beautiful stream runs a course of some 400 miles in a south-east direction, frequently expanding and forming lakes of various sizes. Its banks are generally very high, varying from 200 to 1,000 feet, and covered with thick groups of variegated trees. It has a number of falls and cascades, and is adorned with several small islands. Its principal tributaries are the Ribbon and Vermillion, running from the west, and the Windigo and Croche Rivers, from the east. The next town reached is Batiscan, on the same side of the river, 117 miles from Montreal, and the last stopping- place before arriving at Quebec. Batiscan is reached at an early hour in the morning. Richelieu Rapids. — The channel of the river where these rapids occur is very narrow and intricate, huge irregular rocks being visible in many places during low water. Beacon lights are placed at the most dangerous points, to aid the mariner in navigating these difficult passages, which extend a distance of 8 or 9 miles. Pursuing our course, we pass the small settlements of St. Marie, St. Anne, Point Aux Trembles, and Port Neuf, on t'°. north, and Gentilly, St. Pierre, Dechellons, Lothiniere, and St. Croix, on the south side of tne river. Nearly opposite St. Croix is Cape Sante. Cape Sante is about 30 miles above Quebec, on the north side of the river ; a small set- tlement called St. Trois being on the opposite shore. The banks of the river rise here al- most perpendicularly to a height of 80 feet above the water, and extend back for many miles with an almost level surface. Cape Rouge, 8 miles above Quebec, is next passed on the left, when the citadel of Que- bec comes into view, presenting a sight at once grand and deeply interesting, from its his- torical associations. Chaudiere River, on the right, has a number of beautiful falls a short distance from its entrance into the St. Lawrence. Wolf's Cove, 2 miles above Quebec, is historically famous as the place where the im- mortal Wolfe landed with his gallant army in l7o9, and ascended to the Plains of Abra- ham, where the heroic chief fell mortally wounded, just at the successful termination of one of the most daring enterprises ever chronicled in the annals of warfare. On the opposite side of the river is Point Levi, a small town of about 1500 inhabitants. Here is the Quebec station of the Grand Trunk Railroad. * On approaching Quebec the character of the country again resumes a more picturesque appeai'ance — the high banks and finely-wooded country showing to great advantage. Within a few miles of the City of Quebec some private residences may be seen embosomed amid the foliage, in romantic situations, on the heights above, on the north side of the river, and on nearing the city the port of New Liverpool may be seen on the right-hand, or south side of the river, with some large ships lying at anchor there, as well as all the way between there and Quebec ; where, during the season of open navigation, immense numbers of large vessels may be seen waiting to discharge their cargoes, and load the tim- ber of Canada for transportation to all parts of the world, but more particularly to Green- ock, on the River Clyde, (Scotland,) and Liverpool, on the Mersey, (England). Previous to arriving, the spot may be seen on the face of the embankment where the gallant Montgomery was killed whilst attempting to storm the citadel at that point. The steamer, after rounding the high cliffs and Cape Diamond, takes a sweep round in the river, and lands its passengers, about seven o'clock in the morning, at the base of the Citadel of Quebec — the " Gibraltar of America." 36 OTTAWA. OTTAWA, CANADA WEST. The notoriety which this city, in embryo, has received lately, first as being fixed upon as the seat of government for Canada, and then decided against as such by the provincial legislature, — although it had been acquiesced in by Her Majesty as the most advisable locality — has invested it with a significance which, otherwise, it would not, in all proba- bility, have obtained. Ottawa is the new name given to the town of Bytown, by which it has long been known, as the centre of the immense lumber district of the River Ottawa. It is situated on that river, where the Rivers Ridea and Gatineau, and the Rideau Canal, all meet. The town is intersected by the Rideau Canal and bridge, and forms three districts, viz. : that of Lower Town, on the east ; Central Town, on the west ; and Upper Town, on the north-west; all of which, however, are on the south side of the River Ottawa, and in Canada West, the River Ottawa, as is well known, forming the boundary line between Canada East and Canada West. The town was laid out under the command of Colonel By of the Royal Engineers, who constructed, also, the Rideau Canal. Hence the original name of the town being called Bytown — althougli now called Ottawa, after the magnifi- cent river on which it stands. The streets are all wide and regularly laid out, and, so far, reflects great credit on the engineering skill employed. Lower Town is the most important portion of the town, and, in all probability, will become the chief business part, as the population and business in- creases. The two principal streets of Lower Town are Rideau street and Sussex street. In Rideau street there are several substantial, stone-built stores and dwellings. In Sussex street there are also a few; the majority, however, ai'e wooden erections, both old and new. In Central Town the buildings are almost all of stone, presenting one excellent street, called Spark street; whilst Upper Town exhibits a mixture of both stone and wooden buildings in its Wellington street. All the buildings in the town are exceedingly plain, but substantially built, and, being built of gray limestone, resemble very much in ap- pearance some of the streets of Montreal, as well as in the granite city of Aberdeen (Scot- land). On " Bari-ack Hill," the highest elevation of the town, are situated what are termed the government buildings — the i-emains, however, we should say, rather than of actual buildings. There are a few small ogt-houses and offices — which certainly do not deserve the name of government buildings — with sundry small cannon, taking their ease on the ground alongside of carriages, which have evidently seen service of some sort. These are the " dogs of war," which are intended, we presume, to protect the town against all invaders. On Barrack Hill is, however, also the residence of the chief military authority of the place. The " location" of these buildings and the " gun battery" alluded to, is certainly one of the finest we have seen any where, either in Canada or the United States — equal, in some respects, even to the famous citadel of Quebec. In the rear is Central Town, whilst Upper and Lower Town are completely commanded by it on each side, whilst in front is a pre- cipitous embankment running down, almost perpendicular, to the river, several hundred feet, thus completely sweeping the river and opposite shore, north, east, and west; so that, in a military point of view, Ottawa certainly occupies one oj the finest natural positions any where in Canada ; and, in that respect, is the key to an immense territory of back country, valuable for its wood and minerals. The stranger, on visiting Ottawa for the first time, is apt to be disappointed that he does not find a larger "city," and one more advanced, in many respects; but it must be lecoUected that it has been forced into public notice from the cause we have already al- luded to, and obtained a publicity, with which parties at a distance are apt to connect wrong or exaggei-ated ideas; and if the town is not larger than it is, the fault rests as much in the imaginations of individuals, as with the inhabitants, generally, of the town itself, who, in the short time, since Bytown became a place of note, have been doing their utmost to make it "go a-head." In the desire to do so, however, some of the landholders there, we fear, by putting very high prices on their lots, and landlords refusing to give 37 -^ ^ F/: "tfl TIITIT^lNrY &: CO., IMPORTERS and MANUFACTURERS, IVo. 550 BROADWAY, IVEW-YORK, AISTD Rue Richelieu, IVo. 79, Paris, In calling attention to their stock, beg to present to the notice of their friends and the public, the following facts : That their importations and manufactures in Gold and Silver com- prise a more extensive variety than any other house in the same line — that their foreign connections, of which their Paris house is the focal centre, gives them extraordinary faci- lities for the selection of their general stock, and the execution of special orders — that it is their determination^ as it is their interest^ to make reasonable charges as prominent a feature of their establishment as the beauty and variety of their stock. DlAlvIOWDS AND OTHEH PHECIOUS STONES. Or C.FRODSHAM'S, COOPER'S, JULES JURGENSEN'S & PATEKPHILIPPE &, GO'S WATCHES.