vV^- <*> ■^A „N %^^" ""-^^ .4^ ^ ^A .-.^ ''^. ',^. o'^ .^'' V ^^.. Goip^htN" COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. x^ -V y^" ' o-l °X. A^^"^. %.^'' ^' ^^"^^'^as^'^/^k!^'-^^ ,''■ ,/ ^0 ■o >' .^-^ '"- ^ ^ ^" %.,. *,o ^^^ >■>-' . .cy ■' - ^^^.o "^ "-' O^' s.» '^ "' ' '^ \^ .^^'''S. •.V'-~:/o-'. 9^ s^ . '/, 4^ ■"■f. "•'■ a\ ^0 ^ to ^^^^i^" r HISTORY OI'' MIDDLESEX COUNTY MASSACHUSETTS, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANY OF ITS Pioneers and Prominent Men. COMPILED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF r> . HAMILTON HURL). VOL. HI. I L LXJST I?.^T E ID. PHILADELPHIA; J. W. LEWIS & CO. 1890. Copi/right, ISilO, Hy .1. W. LEWIS & CO. All Sights Reserved. \\\ Klld I'lllNTINll COMP»XT, CONTENTS OF VOL. III. CITIES AND TOWNS. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER XII]. Xewton 1 Arlington CHAPTER 11. I CHAPTER XIV. Nkwton— ( Co7i«m«erf) 40 i Arlington— (Con(Mmcd) Tlie First Churcli in Newton. ' Maiket (iardoninE in Arlington atnl Belnu..il. CHAPTER III CHAPTER XV. Newton — ( Contimial) Educational. CHAPTER IV. Newton — (Coniiniterf) 71 Newton Tlieological Institution, CHAPTER V. Newton — (Continued) . . 81 49 ; Melrose 20.5 • CHAPTER VI. Newton — [Continued) . Hanking TnterestH. CHAPTER VII. Newton — (Continued) ■ . . Industries and Mannfactureti. CHAPTER VIII: Newton— iCo»icletiw». (.;ii.\n i.i; \\. .\-MLAM' CHAPTER XLl CHAPTKl; XLII. I .\i 1 .-. ' ; ; M 607 CHAPTER XLlll )' liA MIN(illAM— lO'il/int»«/) ... Waltham — {Continued) 7.'>0 Puhlic Library. CHAPTER LTI. vValtham — (Continued) ....... T".l Manufactories. CHAPTER LIII ROMERVILLE 7.'.'.! CHAPTER LIV. HOPKINTON . 780 CHAPTER 'LV. Medfokd 807 CHAPTER LVI. Maklbonouoh . .• 819 Original Grant — Indian Grant — First Meeting of Proprietors —Owners of House Lota in 1660— Fli-st Settler.')- King Philip'H War — French and Indian War. CHAPTER LVII. Mablborhuoh — [Qmtinued) S2I War of the Revolution —The Le.Yington .\Iarm— The Minute- Men— List of Soldiers— Votes, etc.— Henry Barnes, lli. lloyalist. CHAPTER LVIII. Mari.bobduuh — (Omlinued) 82.'i Ecrle<)ia.stical History— Union Coni^regatloual Church- The Second Pariah, Unitarian, Methodist Episcopal- First Bap- tist — Church of the Holy Trinity— Universalist — Immacu- late Coiiceptlou, Roman Oatholio— .'^t. ^Inrv'^, Fr-nf ii r«tb- olic— French Evangelical Church. CONTENTS. CHAPTER LTX. Mahlbor.ou«ii — {Continued) Educational — The Pres&^First National Bank — Public Li- brary — Waterworks — Fire Department — Steam Railway. — Marlborough Savings Bank CHAPTER LX. M A RLBOKOXJOH- ■( Coniintterf ) Manufacturing Interests. CHAPTER LXI. Marlborough — (Continued) . Masonic. CHAPTER LXII. Marlbouough — [Continued) 844 Civil History— Incorporation— First Selectmen — Selectmen from 16G1 to 1890— Town Clerks from 1660 to 1890— Treas- urers — Representatives — State Senators — County Commis- sioners — Delegates to Provincial Congress — Delegates to Constitutinnal Convention — Assistant Treasurer of United States — Population — Valuation . CHAPTER LXI 11. Marlbobotjgh— (Om^nwcrf) 846 Odd Fellowship — Celebration of Two Hundredth Anniver- sary of Incorporation of Town— War of Rebellion— Socie- ties, etc. CHAPTER LXIV. Wilmington 859 CITIES AND TOWNS. CHAPTER I. newton: BY REV. S. F. SMITH. The history of Newton is rooted in the history of Boston, the metropolis of New England. The settle- ment of Boston was commenced September 17, 1630, by the removal thither of Mr. William Blaxton, whose name is perpetuated in Blackstone Street, at the north part of the city, and Blackstone Square, on Washington Street, at the south end. Mr. Blaxton was attracted to Boston by the existence of a spring of pure water, such as he failed to find in Charles- town, his former residence. Boston was at first but a diminutive place in territory. In the northern part it was but three streets wide from east to west, the three streets being Fox Street, Middle Street and Back Street; the first being now North Street, the second the north part of Hanover Street, and the third the south part of Salem Street. The northern portion of Boston, originally "the court end," was separated from tlie southern by a creek called Mill Creek, reaching from water to water, and occupying the space of the present Blackstone Street. The southern portion of Boston was joined to the conti- nent by "the neck," so-called, being the upper part of Washington Street, towards Roxbury. The neck was so narrow that farmers bringing their produce to market in Boston in the morning, used to hasten back at evening in the periods of high tides, lesf the rise of the water should cut oft' their return. Long Wharf, at the foot of State Street, commenced at India Street. Large vessels were moored close to Liberty Square. Harrison Avenue was washed by thp tide. The Public Garden and most of Charles Street, and Tre- mont Street, south of Pleasant Street, was underwater. The territory of Boston was small, but the inhabit- ants of the little peninsula thought it necessary to have a fortified place to flee to in case of invasion by the neighboring tribes of savage Indians. Other towns, already commenced — Charlestown, Watertown, Roxbury and Dorchester — shared in this spirit of wise precaution, aud felt equally the need of a sure place of defence. At first they fixed upon the neck, between Boston and Roxbury, which was, on some 1-iii accounts, a strategic point, shutting off the possibility of assault by Indians of the continent. But this plan was abandoned on account of the lack in that vicinity of springs of running water. It was finally decided to build the place of defence on the north side of Charles River, laying the foundations of a new town near where Harvard College now stands. Here they began to build in the spring of 1631. They laid out a town in squares, with streets intersecting each other at right angles, and surrounded the place with a stock- ade, and excavated a fosse inclosing more than a thousand acres; and, as a historian of 1683 remarks, "with one general fence, which was about one aud a half miles in length. It is one of the neatest and best compacted towns in New England, having many fair structures, with many handsome contrived streets. The inhabitants, most of them, are very rich. Half a mile westward of the town is a great pond (Fresh Pond), which is divided between Newtowne and Wa- tertown on the south side of Charles River." In 1032 the General Court levied a rate of £60 upon the several plantations towards building the palisade around Newton. The tax levied was thus distributed : Watertown, £8; Newton, £3; Charlton, £7; Medford, £3 ; Saugus and Marblehead Harbor, £6 ; Salem, £4 10s.; Boston, £8; Roxbury, £7; Dorchester, £7; Wes- saguscus, £5; Winethomet, £1 30«. The fence passed near the northwest corner of Gore Hall, in the col- lege yard, eastwardly to the line between Cambridge and Somerville, and southwardly from Gore Hall to a point near the junction of Holyoke Place with Mount Auburn Street. This £60 levy for building the stockade was probably the first State tax. Wa- tertown objected to the assessment as unjust, and a committee of two from each town was appointed to advise with the Court about raising public moneys, "so as what they agree upon shall bind all." "This," says Mr. Winthrop, " led to the Representative body having the full powers of all the freemen, except that of elections." Boston, as was natural, came to be regarded as the old town, and this new and fortified place beyond the river acquired the title of the new town, or Newtown. When Harvard University was founded, in 1638, the General Court ordained "that Newtowne should thenceforward be called Cambridge," in compliment to the place where so many of the civil and ecclesias- HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tical fathers of the town had received their education. The large territory on the south side of Charles Kiver, beyond the stockade and Cambridge, and comprising most of what is now Brighton and Newton, was at lirsl called the "south side of Charles River,'' and some- times "Nonantuni," the Indian name. After relig- ious services came to be held regularly on the south side of the river, about 1654, the outlying territory was called "Cambridge Village," or, "New Cam- bridge," until 1070. The General Court decreed that after December, Klitl, it should be called "Newtown." The change of the name from "Newtown" to "New- ton" seems to have come about spontaneously with- out any formal authorization. The change is first noticed in the records of town-meetings by Judge Fuller in ITtJfi and ever afterwards. The question of spelling the name of the town was never put to vote; but it is deenie2. Twenty years previous to her death she, with four other Indian rulers, jnit herself under the government and Jurisdiction of the Massa- chusetts, to be governed and protected by them, and promised to be true and faithful to the said govern- ment. The inhabitants of Cambridge lived on terms of amity with the Indians. The early history of Newton is involved with the history of Cambridge. Indeed, Newton was required to pay taxes for the support of the church in Cam- bridge till 1661. In U).'J6 the inhabitants of Cam- bridge Village organized a distinct congregation for public worship, and petitioned the General Court to be released from paying rates for the support of the ministry of the church in Cambridge. The commit- tee reported adversely to the petition, and the peti- tioners had leave to withdraw. Dr. Holmes, however, says that in 16.56, when the inhabitants of the vil- lage had become so numerous as to form a distinct congregation for public worship, " an abatement was made of one-half of their proportion of the ministry's allowance during the time they were provided with an able minister according to law." In 1661 they renewed their petition, and the Court granted them "freedom from all church rates for the support of the ministry in Cambridge, and for all lands and estates which were more than four miles from Cambridge Meeting-house, the measure to be in the usual paths that may be ordinarily passed." The petitioners were not satisfied with this line, and in 1662 petitioned the Court for a new one. A committee was appointed in October, 1662, to give the petitioners and their opponents a hearing. This new committee settled the bound, as far as ministerial taxes were concerned, and " ran the line which is substantially the line which now divides Newton from Brighton." In 1672 the inhabitants of Cambridge Village pre- sented to the ('ourt another petition, praying to be set off from Cambridge and made an independent town. The following year the Court granted the petition- ers the right to elect annually one constable and three selectmen dwelling among themselves, " but requiring them to continue to be a part of Cambridge so far as related to the jiaying of certain taxes." The action of the committee did not satisfy the petitioners, and they declined to accept it or to act under it. In 1677 another attempt was made to determine a satisfactory dividing line, through a committee of referees, two to be chosen by (Cambridge, two by Cambridge Village and the fifth by the four others jointly. The line pro- |)osed by these referees did not differ materially from the line run in 1662. Again, in 1678, fifty-two out of sixty-five of the freemen of (jambridge Village petitioned the General Co\irt to lie set olf from the town of Cambridge and to be matle a town by itself. C-umbridge, by its select- men, presented a remonstrance. The Court, however, so far granted the petition as to order " that the free- hohlers should meet on the 27th August, 1679, and elect selectmen and other town officers to manage the municipal afiairs of the village." This was an im- portant concession on the part of the Court, though it, did not fully meet the desires of the petitioners ; and nearly ten years more passed away before they fully obtained the object of their requests. Until August 27, 1679, all the town-meetings were held in Cambridge, and all town officers were elected there. After this date town-meetings were held in Cambridge Village (Newton) by the freemen of the NEWTON. village only, and they transacted their town business free from all dictation or interference of Cambridge. On that day they took into their own hands the man- agement of the prudential affaira of the village as completely as any other town, and conducted them according to the will of the majority of the freeholders until Newton became a city. For town purposes they were independent, but for a number of years they were still taxed with Cambridge for State and county purposes, to wit, the repairs of the Great Bridge be- tween Cambridge and Brighton. Nor were they per- mitted to send a deputy to the General Court till 1688, when the separation was fully consummated, and Newton became a free and independent corporation. Dea. John Jackson, the first settler of Cambridge Village, and nine others were dead when the town of Newton became wholly independent. After an extended and careful investigation by dif- ferent historians, " there seems," says Mr. Paige, in his " History of Cambridge," "no reasonable doubt that the village was released from ecclesiastical depend- ence on Cambridge and obligation to share in the ex- penses of religious worship in 1661 ; became a pre- cinct in 1673; received the name of Newton in De- cember, 1691 ; and was declared to be a distinct vil- lage and place of itself, or, in other words, was incor- porated as a separate and distinct town by the order passed January 11, 1687-88, old style, or January 11, 1688, according to the present style of reckoning. " While by her separation from Cambridge, Newton lost in territory, she found, indue time, more than she lost. By the limitation of her boundaries she cut herself off from ' Master Corlet's faire grammar schoole,' though she retained as much right in the University as belonged to any and every town in the Commonwealth. She was deprived of the prestige of the great men whose dignity and learning brought fame to the Colony ; but she has since been the mother of governors and statesmen, of ministers and missionaries, of patriots and saints. And in the progress of years she added to her reputation as the scene of that great enterprise, the translation of the Bible into the language of her aborigines, and the first Protes- tant missionary eflbrts on this Continent. Subse- quently she had the first normal school for young ladies (continued from Lexington) ; several of the earlier and the best academies and private schools, and finally the theological institution, whose profess- ors have been and are known and respected in all lands, and whose alumni have carried the gifts of learning and the gospel to every part of the earth. She left the rustic church near the College, by the in- convenience of attending which she was so sorely tried ; but she has attained to more than thirty churches within her own borders." The first appearance of the name of the town in the form of Newton appears in the following town- meeting record ; "Newton, May 18, 1694. The Selectmen then did meet, and leavy a rate upon the town of twelve pound six shilling. Eight pound is to pay the debety for his service at the General Court in 1693, and the other fore pound six shilling is to pay for Killing of wolves and other neses- serey charges of the Town." This record is signed by Edward Jackson, town clerk. The organization of the First Church in July, 1664, and the ordination of Mr. John Eliot, Jr., as pastor, had in the meantime consummated the ecclesiastical, though not the civil separation of Cambridge Village (Newton) from Cambridge. The first meeting-house in Cambridge Village was erected in 1660. Six years after Charlestown was settled, the whole State of Massachusetts consisted of only twelve or thirteen towns, of which Newton paid the largest tax. In the records of a court held at Newtown, Sep- tember 3, 1634, is this item: " It is further ordered that the sum of £600 shall be levied out of the several plan- tations for publique uses, the one-half to be paid forthwith, the other half before the setting of the next Court, viz., Dorchester, 80 ; Roxbury, 70 ; Newtowne, 80 ; Watertown, 60 ; Saugus, 50 ; Boston, 80 ; Ipswich, 50; Salem, 45; Charlestown, 45; Meadford, 26 ; Wes- sagasset (Weymouth), 10 ; Barecove (Hingham), 4." It is evident from this record that Newton possess- ed at that time as much wealth as any plantation, and, excepting Dorchester and Boston, more than any other in the Colony. In 1636 Newton had so prosper- ed that she stood in wealth at the head of all the towns, and numbered eighty-three householders. This year the rates levied upon the several towns stood as follows : Newton, £26 5s. ; Dorchester, £26 rexington), Chelmsford, Wo- burn and Concord." And thus Newton, from being territorially the smallest township in the Colony, be- came, at least for a season, the largest. The small portion of Watertown, on the south side of Charles River, according to the settlement in lti:^5, included about seventy-five acres. The settlement ol l(i7.") increased the extent to about eighty-eight acres —enough to protect their fishing privilege — and after- wards called "the Wear (weir) lands." " In the year KiTl), when the town lines were established between Cambridge and New Cambridge, or Cambridge Vil- lage, it was expressly stipulated that this Watertown reservation on the south side of Charles River— 200 by 60 rods— .should be niainlaiiicd and held by Water- town for the protection of her lish-wcirs. They diil not wish to enter Into co-operation with this new l^ol- ony in the carrying on of the fish business, and were very strenuous to have their rights protected. Indeed, they became dissatisfied and grasping, and in 1705 called for a commission to readjust tiie line for the belter protection of their fishing interest-s. ,lohn Spring, l'".dward .lackson and lObenezer Stone, on the part of Newton, with Jonas Bond and .loseph Sher- man, of Watertown, composed that committee. They agreed upon a settlement which shortened the easterly line a few rods, and lengthened the southerly and westerly lines a few rods each from the original grant. Since this time there have been further re-adjust- ments of these boundaries, and it is evident in each of these that Watertown has lost nothing. The total acreage now held to Watertown, on the Newton side of the river, is nearly 150 acres, or a gain, above what was originally intended for her fish protection, of nearly seventy-five acres." AVe have this record under date of March 3, 1636 : " It is agreed that Newton bounds shall run eight miles into the country from their meeting-house, and Watertown 8, Roxbury 8, Charlestown 8." " In the year 1798, as appears from an article by Dr. Homer, in the ' Massach usetts Historical Collec- tions ' for that year, the extent of Newton from north to south, measuring from Watertown line to Dedham line, was six miles and thirty-six rods, the measure being made along the county road, from east to west, measuring from the bridge at Newton Lower Falls to Cambridge, which at that date included Brighton or Little Cambridge, four miles, three-quarters & fifty-one rods. The whole town, including the several ponds, was, at that time, by careful estimate, reckoned to embrace 1 2,940 acres. At the same time Charles River, with its various windings, washed the edges of the town for about sixteen miles. •' In 1838, 1800 acres of the extreme southerly part of Newton were set off to Roxbury. In 1847 about 040 acres at the extreme northwesterly part were set off to Waltham. After the construction of Chestnut Hill Reservoir by the city of Boston, a slight change was made in the eastern boundary of Newton by an exchange of land, so that these beautiful sheets of water might be entirely within the limits of Boston, and under its jurisdiction. Brighton having been an- nexed to Boston, the two cities — Newton and Boston — for a considerable distance near this point, border on each other." The first settlers in Newton did not come in a body, but family after family. Of those who came into the town between lO.'W and 1664, the date of the organ- ization of the first church — twenty in number — the ages of the majority were between twenty-one and thirty-five. Only five had reached the age of forty; two only were more than fifty. Notwithstanding the hardships of frontier life to which they were subjected, fourteen out of thirty, whose date of death is recorded, died more than eighty years of age, only eight under seventy, and only two under fifty. One of the earliest settlers — Samuel Holly — was in Cambridge in 1636, and owned a house and eighteen acres of land adjoining John .lackscui in 1(!89. He sold .six acres of this estate to Kdward Jackson in 1613 for five pounds, and died the same year. The following are the names of the first twenty male set- tlers of Newton, extending to 1664, which was the date of the organization of ihe first church, and the ordiruitiou of John Eliot as the first pastor : NEWTON. 1639 1640 11543 1644 16 J7 1647 1649 1051] 16S0 1660 1650 1650 1650 1654 1G58 1601 1602 1604 1604 1664 Dea. John Jackson. . . Dea. Samuel Hyde. . , Edward Jackson . . . John Fuller , ; . . . Jonathan Hyde .... Richard Park Capt. Thomas Prentice John Parker Thomas Hammond . . Vincent Di'uce .... John Ward James Prentice . . . Thomas Prentice ('2d) mas Wiswall . . . John Kenrick .... Isaac Williams .... .\brabam Williams . . 28 James Trowbridge . . 34 iJohn Spring 28 John Eliot, Jr London . London . London . England . London - Cambridge England . Win?bam 1674-5 1689 1681 1698 1711 1665 1710 1086 1076 1678 1708 1710 Dorchest'r 1683 Bosti Roxbury . ] 170S Watert'wn! 1712 Dorchester' 1717 Watert'wn 1717 Ko.\bury . I 1668 79!^! 2477 19 11.39 16 2 271 19 88 16 10 286 14 340 85 6 9 240 7 457 2 5 At the time of Mr. Eliot's ordination (16G4), there were twelve j'oung men in Newton of the second gen- eration, nearly all unmarried. From the year 1(364 to 1700 history presents a list of fifty additional names of settlers within the limits of Newton : 1666 1667 1669 1670 1672 1673 1674 1674 1674 1675 1675 1678 1678 1678 1678 1678 1678 1678 1678 1678 1679 1680 1680 1681 1682 1686 1686 1680 1087 1088 1695 1695 1695 1696 1696 1697 1698 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 [Gregory Cook I 1691 'Humphrey Oslaud I 1720 Daniel Bacon Bridgewater 1691 Thomas Greenwood 1693 Samuel Truesdale Boston . . . 1695 Joseph Bartlett • . Cambridge . 1702 Nehemiah Hobard Hingham . 1712 Joseph Miller_ Charlestown [ 1697 Henry Segei John Woodward Watertown John Mason " Isaac Beach | " Stephen Cook " Daniel Ray Charlestown N. McDaniel (Scotch) .... Roxbury. . John Alexander David Mead jWaltbam , . John Parker (South) . . . . ' Simon Ong Watertown P. Stanchett or Hanchett . . Roxbury. . William Robinson , Nathaniel Wilson Roxbury _. . Daniel Macoy . i " .luhn Clark 'Brookline . .lohn Mirick Icharlestown John Knapp Watertown Ebenezer Stone ** Nathaniel Crane William Thomas John Staples Nathaniel Healy Cambridge . Thomas Chamberlain . . . . i " Joseph Bush I Ephraim Wheeler .Abrahaiu Chamberlain . . .: Brookline . Nathaniel Parker Dedbam . . William Tucker Boston. . . John Foot 1 1756 William Brown j Jonathan Green .... . . Maiden . . 1736 ] . . . . , |Cambridge . . . Dedbam . . . . Watertown .1 . Ebenezer Littlefield . . . John Holland 1728 . . . 1771 ! '. '. . . 1 Watertown . Kathaniel Longley . . 1732 56 The descendants of some of these are still living. Deacon Jackson had a numerous progeny, — five sons and ten daughters, and about fifty grandchildren. The name has been familiar in Church and State from the beginning until now. Deacon Samuel Hyde and Jonathan Hyde still live in name in the history of horticulture and in the beautiful Common of Newton Centre. The Fullers were equally renowned for relig- ious and civil influence. The Wards have held a place of honor in every generation. The name of Williams is perpetuated in the whole world through their labors of love and through Williams College, at Williams- town, Mass., which had its origin in the bequest of one of them, and which is it.self the mother of all the missionary organizations in the United States; for there the seed was planted which has brought forth fruit in many land.s. John Eliot, Jr., died young, but through his work he seems to be living still. The Kenricks have ever held a distinguished place. Ho- bart and Stone and Parker have -left their names em- balmed in their history. Woodward and Clark were worthy of their posterity, who flourished more than 200 years after them, the sons worthy of such sires. John Staples, the schoolmaster, taught well the boys of his period. His broad acres, still distinctly marked, and his comely caligraphy in the town records,- — for he was town clerk twenty-one years,- — and the church of which he was long a deacon, are his enduring monuments. And not these alone. The ])lantation was founded in faith and prayer, by sturdy sons of the soil and independent thinkers, — men not to be turned aside from the right, and cherishing from the beginning the spirit and the principles which entitled them, as soon as the Colonial government was abol- ished, to all the privileges and prerogatives of freemen. A considerable accession of settlers came to the original plantation of Cambridge as early as August, 1632. The Braintree Company, so-called, number- ing forty-seven, headed by the Rev. Mr. Hooker, be- gan a settlement at Mount Wollaston, but were com- pelled by the Court, for what reason is not stated, to remove to Newton. Dr. Holmes says : " It is highly probable that this company came from Braintree, in Essex County, in England, and from its vicinity. Chelmsford, where Mr. Hooker was settled, is but eleven miles from Braintree, and Mr. Hooker was so esteemed as a preacher, that not only his own people, but others from all parts of the County of Essex, flocked to hear him." "The same year" (1632), says Mr. Prince, " they built the first house of worship at Newtowne (Cambridge) with a bell upon it ; " which indicates that the early settlers were not summoned to worship by beat of drum, like Mr. Eliot's Indian congregation later. No record shows when a bell was first used on the first church in New Cambridge (Newton). Mr. Hooker's company arrived in Boston, September 4, 1633. Mr. Hooker was installed pastor and Mr. Stone teacher of the church October 11th, following, with fasting and prayer. HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Two of this company, Simon Bradstreet and John Haynes, attained to the office of Colonial Governors of Massachnsetta. Mr. Bradstreet owned the estate now held by ex-Governor Claflin. Mr. Haynes re- ceived the earliest and largest grant of land in New- ton, in 1034; was chosen Governor in 1635; removed to Connecticut with Hooker's company in 1636, and was < rovernor of Connecticut in 1639. He died in 1654, and this tract of land passed to his heirs. The addition of the Braintree company to the pop- ulation made the settlers feel that their territory was insufficient for their needs, and in May, 1634, they petitioned the General Court, either for enlargement or the privilege of removal. Messengers were sent by Mr. Hooker to explore Ipswich, and the Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers, and lands adjacent. The ex- plorers of the Connecticut Valley brought a favorable report, which led to a petition to the Court, in Sep- tember, 1634, for leave to move thither. The ques- tion was a very exciting one, and was debated by the Court many days. On taking the vote, it appeared that the Assistants were opposed to the removal and the Deputies were in favor of it. " Upon this grew a great difl'erence between the Governor and Assistants, and the Deputies. So when they could proceed no further, the whole Court agreed to keep a day of hu- miliation in all the congregations. Mr. Cotton, by desire of the Court, preached a sermon that had great influence in settling the question." After various and unsuccessful eHbrts to come to an agreement, finally, the donations of land, which had been made provisionally, reverted to their original owners, and Mr. Hooker and his company obtained from the Court leave to remove wherever they |)leHsed, only " on condition that they should con- tinue under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts." They took their departure the following year, and settled in what is now Hartford, Conn. Therefore Connecticut and its capital city must be ever regarded as the daughter of Newton. Mr. Trumliull thus describes their journey : "About the beginning of June Mr. Hooker, Mr. Stone and about one hundred men, women and chil- dren took their departure from Cambridge and trav- eled more than a hundred miles through a hideous and trackless wilderness to Hartford. They had no guide but their compass, and made their way over nKmntains, through swamps, thickets and rivers with great difficulty. They had no cover but the heavens, nor any lodgings but those that simple nakure af- forded them. They drove with them ItiO head of cattle, and by the way subsisted on the m''k of their cows. Mrs. Hooker was borne through the wilder- neaa on a litter. The people carried their packs, arms and some utensils. They were nearly a fort- night on their journey. This adventure was the more remarkable as many of the company were per- 80U8 of high standing, who had lived in England in honor, afiluence and delicacy, and were entire strang- ers to fatigue and danger." Among the most interesting relics of antiquity are the records of early times. The quaint forms in which their doings were expressed, the acts of legisla- tion made necessary by the emergencies of a new country, and the minute affairs carefully written down by those conscientioiis people, the announce- ment of which in our own times would hardly be deemed worth the breath which told them or the ink which recorded them, form an integral part of his- tory. They reproduce the men and the times in vivid pictures. They are valuable and instructive, as showing the elements and beginnings of the civil- ization, the culture, the security and the elegance which we now enjoy. The records of the Colony, of Cambridge, of New Cambridge, and of Newton after its separation from Cambridge, and the Registry of Deeds of Middlesex County all give copious speci- mens, on which the historian delights to linger. The following have reference to various matters pertaining to the interests of the town, taken, under the respective dates, from the records of Cambridge before the separation of Newton : "At the Court held in Newtowne, Sept. 8, 1634, it was ordered that no person shall take tobacco pub- liquely under the penalty of eleven shillings, nor privately, in his own house, or in the house of an- other, before strangers; and that two or more shall not take it anywhere under the aforesaid penalty for each offence." "At a Court held at Newton on the 2nd day of the 9th month, 1637, it was ordered that no person shall be allowed to sell cakes and bunns except at funerals and weddings." 1647. April 12. "The Town bargained with Waban, the Indian chief (Eliot's first convert to Christian- ity), who lived in a large wigwam on Nonantam Hill, to keep six score head of dry cattle on the south side of Charles river, and he is to have the full sum of £8, to be paid as follows: viz., 30s. to James Cutler, and the rest in Indian corn, at 3k., after Michaeltide next. He is to take care of them from the 21st day of this present month, and to keep them until three weeks after Michaelmas ; and if any be lost or ill, he is to send word unto the town ; and if any be lost through his carelessness, he is to pay, according to the value of the beast, for his defect." It is said that Waban became an excellent pen- man, though this record was signed by his mark. Two deeds at least are in existence in which he wrote his name, Waban, with Thomas — the name given him by the English — above it. 1648. Joseph Cooke, Mr. Edward Jackson and Ed- ward Goffe were chosen commissioners, or referees, to end small causes, under .forty shillings, — and for many years succeeding. 1649. " It is ordained by the townsmen that all NEWTON. persons provide that their dogs may do no harm in cornfields or gardens by scraping up the fish, under penalty of three pence for every dog that shall be taken damage feasant, with all other just damages." A large body of lands at Shawshine (now Bilierica) was granted by the General Court to the proprietors of Cambridge, in 1652. Seven Newton men shared in this distribution. Edwin Jackson obtained 400 acres, which he gave, by will, to Harvard University ; Thomas Prentice, 150 acres ; Samuel Hyde, 80 ; John Jackson, 50; Jonathan Hyde, 20; John Parker, 20; Vincent Druce, 15. In 16()2 2er pre.sscs of Boston and other cities and towns. The names of ex-Gov- NEWTON. 17 ernor Rice and Hon. Thomas Rice, an influential and patriotic citizen, are prominent in tliis manufacture. Tlie first paper-mill was erected by Mr. John Ware, son of Profes-ior Ware, Sr., of Harvard College, in 1790, and father of Mrs. Eb -nezer Starr, whose lius- band was the physician of the Lower Falls. The business was afterward enlarged under the manage- ment of the Curtises, Crehores and Rices. The worlc was at first done by liand; but after the invention of the Fourdriuier press, in England, the capacity of manufacture was greatly enhanced. The first ma- chine of this kind in use in llie United States was placed in a mill at the Lower Falls. In 1800 there were only thirteen houses in the vil- lage. The only post-office in Newton, previous to 1820, was at the Lower Falls. A stagecoach ran from the Lower Falls to Boston three times a week. The old Cataract Engine Company, at the Lower Falls, is the oldest fire organization in Newton. Their first tub was of wood, afterwards replaced by copper. Stringent rules were adopted to prevent the members from using spirituous liquors to an immod- erate extent. The members paid an admission fee of $5.00. The organization lasted from 1813 to 1840. Paper-making has been carried on here for much more than a century. The Crehore Mill, still in op- eration, as well as others, has proved a benefit to the whole country. Silk and hosiery manufactories and machine-shops have also been among the industries of the village. Mr. Isaac Hagar, of the Lower Falls, was a member of the School Committee thirty years. West Newton. — Early in the present century West Newton became a kind of centre of several lines of stage-coaches; at one period as many as thirty made it a regular stopping-place daily. The private academy of Master Seth Davis, and his pub- lic spirit, enterprise and taste, probably did more than anything else in the first quarter of this century to bring the village into prominence. The fixing of a station of the Boston and Albany Railroad here was among the important elements of its prosperity in modern times. The Normal School removed hither from Lexington, and the presence of those rare edu- cators, Rev. Cyrus Pierce and Mr. Ebeu Stearns, the head masters of it, and the influence of Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Edu- cation, who lived in his estate on Chestnut Street while he held that office, and the academy of the Al- iens afterwards, and the educating influences of the town-meetings held there, at one period, alternating with sessions at Newton Centre, completed the circle of elements which gave the village fame and distinc- tion. As early as 1661 Thomas Parker, John Fuller and Isaac Williams were probably the only settlers in this part of Newton. The house of Isaac Williams stood about thirty rods northeast of the site of the pre.sent meeting-house. The old Shepard house was near by, and, not far away, Peter Durell. The names of Fuller, Park, Craft, Jackson and Captain Isaac 2-iii and Col. Ephraim Williams were among the most prominent. The Robinson farm, of 200 acres, cov- ered what is now Auburndale, reaching to the river. Here also was the Bourne house, Nathaniel Whitte- more's tavern, in 1724, and* John Pigeon, that sterling patriot of the Revolution. Capt. Isaac Williams was the ancestor of all of that name whom Newton delights to honor, who shone in the pulpit and the field, as scholars, statesmen .and soldiers. Here also lived, till 1739, Col. Ephraim Williams, whose will, estab- lishing Williams College, has perpetuated his name and fame. Two or three roads were laid out through the Williams land, which are still among the most important highways of the town. Dr. Samuel Wheat, the village physician, in and after 1733, bought fifty- five acres of this farm. In 1767, a hundred and three years after the formation of the First Church in Newton, Jonathan Williams and others petitioned the town that money might be granted from the town treasury to support preaching in the meeting-house in the west part of the town in winter. The petition was not granied; but in 1778, eleven years later, by order of the General Court, in October, a line was drawn establishing and defining the West Parish. This implies that the jieople had already quietly built a church for their accommodation, in faith that their reasonable request would at .some future time be granted. The action of the Court gave the inhabit- ants liberty to elect to which parish they would be- long. For the erection of this new parish was not without opposition. The parish covered a wide ter- ritory, and numbered not more than thirty-five or forty families, and from fifty to sixty dwellings. The first church built here, of very modest dimensions, and afterwards enlarged, was, after a time, removed, and became first the Town Hall, and when Newton grew into a city, was again variously enlarged and improved, and is now the City Hall. The three elm- trees in front of what was the Greenough estate were planted by fond parishioners. John Barbour kept the hotel and set out the great elm before it. The salary of Parson Greenough, the first minister in West Newton, was £80 and fifteen cords of wood an- nually. All the ministers of his day on public occa- sions wore powdered wigs. Rev. Mr. Greenough held on to the last to small clothes, knee-buckles and shoe-buckles, and to the cocked hat, until the boys followed him when he walked in the streets of Boston. As the settlement of Newton (Newton Corner) was the beginning of Cambridge Village (Newton), its growth in population and wealth has wonderfully extended. The earliest station of the Boston and Albany Railroad at this point, and until 1845-50, was a small room partitioned off from the westerly end of a harness-maker's shop. The vilLage naturally extended southerly towards Newton Centre, where the meeting-house has stood since 1721, and onwards toward Newton Highlanda and Oak Hill,, and later in 18 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. every other direction. Farlow Park was the generous gift of a citizen, Mr. J. P. Farlow, given on condition that the ground should be graded and adorned by the city authorities. The first important streets in Cam- bridge Village were made in this part of Newton, — the road from Brighton westward (Washington Street) and the Dedham Road (Centre Street). Non- antum Hill, overlooking the village, was the home of Waban, and here, among the wigwams, near the Eliot monument, the apostle to the Indians first preached to them the Gospel. Farther south, on Waverly Avenue, was the home of Mr. John Kenrick, .Ir., the first to embark in the nursery business in the vicinity of Boston, and the Hydes, in the same business on Centre Street, both descendants of the first settlers. Mr. Kenrick was a man of substance, the first president of the first Anti-Slavery Society in the United States, and a liberal contributor to its funds ; also, an efficient helper of the temperance reformation, and a friend of the poor and unfortu- nate in his native town. He left a fund, still exist- ing, to be loaned to enterprising young mechanics just starting in business. In his vicinity lived Dr. James Freeman, grandfather of Dr. James Freeman Clarke. He was once pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, ^and under his lead that ancient church passed from the Episcopal faith to the Unitarian. Indian Lane (Sargent Street) was probably a path often trodden by the aborigines, and hence its name. Cotton Street, on the south side of the first cemetery, was one of the great streets of the town, accommodating all who came from " the east part,'' either to churcli on the Sabbath or to Lieut. John Spring's mill, on Mill Street. Newtonville was chiefly known, in early times, as the Fuller farm, the residence of Judge Fuller (whose house occupied tlie same site now owned by ex-Gover- nor Claflin), and afterwards of his son-in-law, Gen. William Hull. This land was part of the fiirm pur- chased in 1G38 of Thomas Mayhew, by Governor Simon Bradstreet. Newtonville in 1842 was only a flag-station of the Boston and Albany Railroad. A store- house for the Miller Bullough's grain stood near the track on Walnut Street, and an occasional traveler, wishing the cars to stop for him, was obliged to raise the flag. The establishment of the mixed high school here, and, later, the high school for the whole town, have given it importance. Newton Hiaii lands was chiefly known as the site of Mitchell's Tavern, kept in later times by Nancy Thornton, at the corner of Centre and Boylston Streets, and Bacon's Tavern, afterwards the estate of Dea. Asa Cook, wheelwright and undertaker, at the junction of Boylston and Elliott Streets. These two hotels caught the patronage of an extensive travel before the days of railroading, and were also the scene of convivial gatherings. A stone shop, for the blacksmith's craft, at the corner of Woodward Street, completed the conveniences of village life. The railroad depot, of pink granite, was built by the Boston and Albany Railroad Corporation in 1886. The station has been fated to wear various names. The first was Oak Hill, though there was never a more level plain, and the heights of Oak Hill were far to the southeast; then it became Newton Dale and finally Newton Highlands ; but the high land is a considerable distance away, to the southeast, south- west and west. In this vicinity reside the twin brothers Cobb, Darius and Cyrus, artists; they were born in Maiden, where their father. Rev. Sylvauus Cobb, was settled as a Universalist minister, and first saw the light of this world in the same house and the same chamber with the celebrated missionary to Burmah, the Rev. Adoniram Judson. AuBUENDALE anciently was best known as the home of the fervent patriot of the Revolution, John Pigeon. His house afterwards became, for several years, the Newton Almshouse. In 1800, within the present limits of Auburndale, extending to the Weston Bridge, there were only seven h»us€s. The old Whittemore tavern stood near the bridge, at Woodland Avenue, and was known as a house of entertainment in 1724. The starting of the village is due to a casual conver- sation in Newton Centre between Rev. Messrs. Gilbert, of West Newton, and Rev. Chas. du Marisque Pigeon, a scion of the John Pigeon household, in reference to Hull's Crossing, as the possible site of a future village, and a good place for the profitable investment of funds. Lasell Seminary has been one of the chief elements of its prosperity. The Rev. Mr. Pigeon and Rev. Messrs. Woodbridge and Partridge, his neigh- bors, in this so-called "Saints' Rest," after protracted consultation, agreed, in memory of the line, " Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain," on the name Auburndale, which it has ever since en- joyed. The three new stations on the Newton Circuit Rail- road, lying between Newton Highlands and River- side, are just becoming the nucleus of new villages in Newton. Eliot, near Elliott Street, and near the old toll- house, still standing, on the former Worcester Turn- pike, seems, from its spelling, to be designed as a memorial of Rev. John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. Very near it is the house of the renowned General Cheney, and the home of the Ellis family, the birthplace of two distinguished Unitarian clergymen of Boston, Rev. Alessrs. Gtorge E. and Rufus Eilis. The plain north of Eliot is said by geologists to have once been an extensive lake, whose dark ooze is turned up twenty or thirty feet below the surface. Singular hollows exist, of funnel shape, at various points, at the bottom of which large trees are growing. Chestnut Hit.l, now a lovely and cultivated swell of land, adorned with tasteful dwellings and evergreen shrubbery, was for many years a dry and breezy ex- pause of pasture. On Beacon Street, on the northern NEWTON. 19 side of the hill, still stands the old Hammond house, built in 1730, an ancient unpainted structure with its rear facing the street, and the roof descending almost to the ground. The ancient Kingsbury house was the home of John Parker, who came from Hingham in 1650. Its huge chimney and broad, uncomely barns near the house, and mighty overhanging elm, proclaim its age. In 1700 part of the estate passed into the hands of Hon. Ebenezer Stone. The Dr. Slade house, corner of Beacon and Hammond Streets, was honored by the reception of Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, when he visited the United States in 1876. The house of Judge l/owell was built by one of the Hammonds in 1773, and remained in the family over eighty years. It came to the Lowells after 1850. Hammond's Pond covers about twenty acres. Thomas, after whom it was named, was one of the three richest colonists of Newton, the other two being John and Edward Jackson. Another settler in this vicinity was Vincent Druce, who built the house on the Denny place, about 1695. Before the war of King Philip Thomas Greenwood, the weaver and town clerk, lived ' in this vicinity. Up to 1850 all Chestnut Hill, except the forests and pasture lands, was occupied as market gardens by Messrs. Kingsbury, Woodward and the Stones. Up to that time the streets were grassy lanes, bordered by weeds and brush. In about 1850 an arti- ficial channel was dug from Hammond's Pond, by which the overflow was to be conducted into Smelt Brook, thus increasing the power of the mill on Mill Street, formerly Lieutenant John Spring's. The grounds near the railroad station were laid out by Frederick Law Olmstead, and the station itself is a gem of architecture by the late H. H. Richardson, of Brookline. The more recent inhabitants have been sometimes called "the Essex Colony," because its chief families originated in Essex County, Mass.; the Saltonstalls and Lees being from Salem, and the Lowells from Newbury. Waban is said to have been a favorite hunting- ground of Waban, the chief of the Nonantum Indians, where he encamped spring and fall with parties of his people, to hunt and fish along the banks of the Quinobequin (Charles River). He was Eliot's first convert, and it is fitting that these two villages, side by side, should be a memorial of their relations, as Gospel teacher and catechumen. The region now constituting Waban was the farm of John Staples, the first schoolmaster of Newton. The farm has passed through several hands since his time, as Moses Craft, 1729; Joseph Craft, 1753; William Wiswall, 1788; David Kinmouth, merchant of Boston, and William C. Strong, whose extensive nurseries are everywhere celebrated. Moflatt Hill, on this estate, was so called after the name of a resident on it for a brief period. When the new streets of Waban were built to its summit, the name was changed to Beacon Hill, because for several years the beacon of the United States Coast Survey and of the State Survey of Massachusetts was its most striking feature. Woodland Station is chiefly interesting, thus far. as the seat of the Woodland Park Hotel and the Newton Cottage Hospital. Near the former is the site of the old Stimson place, so called, well known by residents of a hundred or more years ago. It owes its importance to the station built here on the Newton Circuit Railroad. Being continuous with Auburn- dale, of which it is really only a suburb, the pleasant scenery and palatial homes of that village are justly claimed as belonging to both villages alike. Riverside. — This station, the seat of Miss Smith's Home and Day School, is the point between Wood- land and Aubutndale, where the Charles River, just below the tracks of the railroad, furnishes a delight- ful naval station. Here the Boston and Albany Rail- road sends ofi" a branch from the main road to the Lower Falls, and on the opposite side the circuit road comes in from Newton Centre. The club-house of the Newton Boat Club, and the romantic boat-build- ers' shop on the river below, are the main features. The club was organized in 1875, having now about 200 members. The boating-ground is about five miles long, from Waltham to the rapids, near County Rock. An annual gala day festival is held in the autumn, when sometimes four hundred boats are in line. The North Village, or Nonantum, was on both sides of Charles River, and for many years known as Bemis' Factory. All the land on the Newton side of the river, from near the Watertown line to the north end of Fox Island, for a century or more from the first settlement belonged to Richard Park and John Fuller and their heirs. This tract now belongs, by cession of Newton, to Waltham. John Fuller had seven sons. With some or all of them he went out once upon a time to explore the surrounding wilder- ness. At noon-day, hungry and weary, they sat down to refresh themselves on the banks of a brook with cheese and cake; and the stream hence acquired the name of Cheesecake Brook. Previous to 1764 David Bemis bought sixty-foi^r acres of land on- the Water- town side, embracing all the land now covered by the village on that side of the river. In 1778, in connec- tion with Dr. Enos Sumner, who owned the land on the Newton side, he built the original dam across the river. A paper-mill was erected in 1779, and the Bemises, father and son, carried on this business, alone or in association with others, till 1821, when the water-power was sold to Seth Bemis. Captain Luke Bemis is regarded as the first successful paper manu- facturer in Massachusetts. He had to overcome great diiBculties, and to import many of his workmen and most of his machinery from Europe. But so important was the manufacture to the interests of the country, that when bis works were destroyed by fire, the Leg- islature of Massachusetts voted a special grant to en- able him to rebuild his mill. While David Bemis and his son Luke were manu- 20 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. facturing paper on the Newton side of the river, the former built a grist-mill and snuff-mill on the Water- town side, which was inherited by his sons Luke and Seth. The latter carried on successfully the manu- facture of chocolate, dye-woods and medicinal roots till 1803, and then turned his attention to cotton ma- chinery. The profits derived from his cotton-warp were said to be almost fabulous. With the aid of foreign weavers, in 1808 or 1809, Mr. Bemis began the manufacture of sheeting, shirting, bed-licking, satinet and cotton-duck, Mr. Bemis being the first manu- facturer of the latter article in the United States. In 1812 Mr. Bemis built a gas-house in connection with his works. This is said to have been the first attempt in the United States to manufacture coal-gas. Thus carburetted hydrogen for illuminating purposes gleamed out over the water of Charles Kiver from the windows of the Bemis factory and irradiated the in- tervales of Newton two years before it was in use in England. For the first eighteen or twenty years the em- ployees in this busy village were summoned to their work by the blast of a horn. This led to the ludi- crous name of " Tin Horn," long afterwards applied to the village. From the original purchase in 1753 this property was in the Bemis family a full century and a quarter on the Watertown side, and nearly a cen- tury on the Newton side. A bridge, which was pri- vate property, was built across the river by the Be- mises between 1700 and 1796. For ten or twelve yards it was without railing. In 1807 the Watertown end was carried away by a freshet, and only a foot- bridge took its place for two or three years. A new bridge was built for teams, but in 1818 the same end was again carried aw.ay. The road leading across the bridge was laid out as a public hiirlnvay in 1816, and in later times received the name of California Street. Cemeteries. — The first cemetery in Newton was that on the east side of Centre Street, opposite the estate of the late Gardner Colby. An acre of land was given by Deacon John Jackson " for a meeting- house and for a burying-place." The first church was in the centre of the cemetery. The place was afterwards enlarged by another acre, given by his son, Abraham Jackson; but no deed of this acre being recorded, and a later heir setting up a claim to it, the town, in 1765, relinquished the piece on the southwest corner, bounded on Cotton and Centre Streets, and voted " to settle the bounds and fence the burying-place, meas- uring one acre ami three-quarters and twenty rods." An addition on the east side was purchased in 1834, making the whole area nearly thres acres. The twenty-acre lot east of the cemetery was anciently called Chestnut Hill. The first tenant of the ceme- tery was the wife of John Eliot, Jr., the young pas- tor. She was the daughter of Thomas Willett, the first mayor of New York City, and died ,\pril 13, 1665. It is a singular coincidence that the wife of the apostle Eliot, father of this John, is said to have been the fir.^l tenant of the Eustis Street Cemetery in Rox- bury, where the Indian apostle also is buried. The second is supposed to have been the young pastor himself. On a mound not far from the entrance of the cemetery, the two later pastors. Homer and Graf- ton, who labored together side by side, the one a pas- tor more than half a century and the other not much less, sleep under fitting monuments. Near the grave of General William Hull is a spreading willow, raised from a slip of a willow which grew on the resting- place of Napoleon on the island of St. Helena. From the time when the ceremony of Decoration day began to be kept, Mr. Seth Davis, of West Newton, then a nonagenarian, took pains, annually and alone, to travel two miles from his home to lay his tribute on the grave of General Hull. He was a friend of the general, and thought he had been treated unjustly. In 1823 the town erected a monument to the memory of John Eliot, Jr., with a suitable inscription. The descendants of the families of the first settlers erected a conspicuous but modest monument in the centre of this ancient cemetery in the year 1852, designed to perpetuate the memory of their early ancestors. It is a plain obelisk or pillar, having recorded on it the names of the first twenty settlers of Newton, with the dates of their settlement and death, and ages at the time of their death. The inscriptions on the other three sides of the monument are as follows : Thomas Wiswall, ordained Ruling Elder July 20, 1064. His son, Enoch, of Dorchester, died November 28, 1706, aged seventy-three. Rev. Ichabod, minister of Dux- bury thirty years, agent of Plymouth Colony in Eng- land, 1690. Died July 23, 1700, aged sixty-three. Captain Noah, of Newton, an oflScer in the expedition against Canada, killed in battle with the French and Indians, July 6, 1690, aged fifty, leaving a son Thomas. Ebenezer, of Newton, died June 21, 1691, aged forty-five. Rev. John Eliot, Jr., first pastor of the First Church, ordained July 20, 1664. His widow married Edmund Quincy, of Braintree, and died in 1700. His only daughter married John Bowles, Esq., of Roxbury, and died May 23, 1687. His only son, John, settled in "Windsor, Connecticut, where he died in 1733, leaving a son John, a student in Yale Col- lege. Deacon John Jackson gave one acre of land for this burial-place and First Church, which was erected upon this spot in 1660. Abraham Jackson, son of Deacon John, gave one acre, which two acres form the old part of this cemetery. Edward Jackson gave twenty acres for the parsonage in 1660, and thirty-one acres for the ministerial wood-lot in 1681. His widow, Elizabeth, died September, 1809, aged ninety-two. On a green mound, not far from the entrance, stand two white monuments, similar in form, dedicated to the llev. Dr. Homer and Rev. Mr. Grafton, pastors for about half a century each over the neighboring Congregational and Baptist Churches. They lived NEWTON. 21 and labored side by side, in harmony, as faithful shepherds, and in death they are not divided. The.»e monuments were erected by subscriptions of Sl.OO each, through the energy of Mr. Thomas Edmunds. A multitude were glad in this way to honor their be- loved pastors. Colonel Nathan Fuller gave to the West Parish for a cemetery an acre and a half of land, in September, 1781, about the time of the settlement of the first pas- tor. Rev. William Greenough. Itliesabout sixty rods north of the meeting-house. The first tenant of the cemetery was a young woman seventeen years of age, who died of the small-pox. The first man buried here is John Barbour, who kept the tavern near the meeting-house, and set out the great elm in front of it on Washington Street in 1767. His widow mar- ried Samuel Jenks, father of Rev. Dr. William Jenks, of Boston. The South Burial-ground, near the corner of Cen- tre and Needham Streets, was laid out in 1802. A committee of the inhabitants of the south part of the town bought three-quarters of an acre of land of Captain David Richardson for a cemetery. Part of the ground was laid out in equal family lots for the original subscribers. About 1833 Mr. Amasa Win- chester gave to the town three-quarters of an acre ad- joining, and the town purchased the cemetery of the proprietors. This shaded nook was used for many years for the convenience of families living in and near Oak Hill and the Upper Falls. The residents of the Upper Falls had no other burying-place. St. Mary's Parish, Lower Falls, was incorporated by the General Court in 1813, and about the same date two acres of land were presented to the corpora- tion for the church and cemetery by Mr. Samuel Brown, of Boston. One of the most interesting of the memorials of the silent sleepers in this cemetery is that of Zibeon Hooker, a drummer in the Revolu- tionary War, who died aged eighty. His bass-drum was perforated by a British bullet in the battle of Bunker Hill. The older cemeteries being small and crowded, and the spirit of the times demanding an improvement in the matter of the burial of the dead, the beautiful ceme- tery on Walnut Street, near the centre of Newton, was commenced in 1855. At first, thirty acres of land were purchased, admirably adapted to such a use, and later, thirty-five acres additional, extending from Beacon Street nearly to Homer Street. Dr. Henry Bigelow was the first president of the Board of Trus- tees. Mr. Henry Ross was appointed superintendent in 1861. The cemetery was dedicated by public ex- ercises June 10, 1857 : prayer by Rev. D. L. Furber ; address by Prof. F. D. Huntington, of Harvard Col- lege. The gateway was completed in 1871. The Sol- diers' Monument, near the entrance, was dedicated by prayer and eloquent addresses July 23, 1864. The oration was by Rev. Prof H. B. Hackett,of the Newton Theological Institution. It was one of the first memorials, if not the first, erected in honor of the patriots who fell in the Civil War. Hon. J. Wiley Edmands headed the subscriptions for the monument by a pledge of $1000. Nearly $1200 were raised by pledges of one dollar each by the citizens of Newton ; more than 1100 children of the public schools gave one dime each. The monument and surroundings cost $5220.50 ; the land constituting the soldiers' lot was given by the city. The entablature records the names of 59 Newton men who sacrificed their lives for. their country. The chapel, built at an expense of .•$20,000, was a gift of the city by J. S. Farlow, Esq. One of the lots in this cemetery, called "the Mission- ary Lot," belongs to the American Baptist Mission- ary Union, where veteran missionaries, returning to this vicinity and dying at home, may be buried, unless their friends direct otherwise. The first to be laid here was Rev. Benj. C. Thomas, 1869, for twenty years a missionary in Burmah ; the second, Mrs. Ash- more, missionary in China. The Revolution. — Newton has been distinguish- ed from the beginning by its patriotic and mi'itary , spirit. The Common at Newton Centre was given to the town for a training-field forever, nearly two-thirds by Jonathan Hyde and one-third by Elder Wiswall. No deed of the gift remains, but it is known to have been in possession of the town since 1711. In 1799 a powder-house was built on it, on the east side, near where Lyman Street begins, and stood about fifty years. A second training-field, measuring 136 rods, and bounded on all sides by townways, was laid out at Newtonville in 1735, by Capt. Joseph Fuller, and given " to the military foot company forever." But after the Revolutionary War was ended, and the gov- ernment established, this field was discontinued and returned to the legal heirs. A large number of New- ton's citizens bore military titles. In a register ex- tending to the year 1800 there are two generals, nine colonels, three majors, forty-one captains, twenty-one lieutenants and eight ensigns. In the events preced- ing and accompanying the Revolution, " the inhab- itants of Newton, almost to a man," says Mr. Jackson, " made the most heroic and vigorous efforts to sustain the common cause of the country, from the first hour to the last." Oct. 21, 1765, ten days before the Stamp Act was to go into operation, the town recorded its first patriotic and revolutionary action in the form of in- structions to Capt. Abraham Fuller, their representa- tive to the General Court. The instructions closed with these heroic words : " Voted that the foregoing instructions be the instructions to the Representative of this town, and that he is now enjoined firmly to adhere to the same ; also, that the same be recorded in the Town Book, that posterity may see and know the great concern the people of this day had for their invaluable rights and privileges and liberties." The General Court passed a series of resolutions Oct. 29th, aflirming their conviction of the injustice of an attempt to eriforce the right of taxation on the col- 22 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. onists, without granting them at the same time the right of representation. In consequence of the unjust and oppressive act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, great riots took place in Boston. Governor Hutchinson's house was sacked, and much property destroyed. The people of Newton, in town-meeting DSsembled, affirmed their abhorrence of this lawless destruction of property, and instructed their repre- sentative to use hia influence to have the lo.sses made up out of the public treasury or otherwise, "as shall seem most just and convenient." But the spirit of opposition was not quelled. More than two hundred merchants of New York held a meeting in which they "resolved to import no goods from England until the Stamp Act be repealed ; to immediately countermand all orders sent for spring goods, and to sell no goods from England on commission." The next year the Stamp Act was repealed, and the gratitude of the people found utterance in the erection of a leaden statue of George III. on horseback on Bowling Green, New York City. A few years afterwards, in a revulsion of feeling on account of the tax on tea, this same statue, the horse and his rider, was torn from the pedestal and run into thousands of bullets by the wife and daughters of Oliver Walcott, Governor of Connecticut. These bullets did good service to the American patriots, subsequently, in the invasion of Connecticut by the British soldiery, — a mine of am- munition easily accessible and made ready to their hand. In 1767 it was unanimously voted by the townsmen " strictly to adhere to the late regulation respecting funerals, and not to use any gloves but what are manufactured here, nor procure any new garments upon such occasions but what shall be absolutely necessary." Also, " that this town will take all pru- dent and legal measures to encourage ;he produce and manufactures of this province, and to lessen the use of superfluities, and particularly the following enum- erated articles imported from abroad, viz.: loaf sugar, cordage, anchors, coaches, chaises, and carriages of all sorts, horae furniture, men's and women's hats, men's and women's apparel ready made, household furniture, gloves, men's and women's shoes, sole leather, sheathing, duck, nails, gold and silver and thread lace of all sorts, gold and silver buttons, wrought plate of all sorts, diamonds, stone and paste ware, snuflf, mustard, clocks and watches, silversmiths' and jewellers' ware, broadcloths that cost above ten shil- lings per yard, mulTs, funs, tippets and all sorts of millinery ware, starch, women's and children's stays, fire-engines, china ware, silk and cotton velvets, gauze, pewterers' hollow-ware, linseed oil, glue, lawns, cambric, silk of all kinds for garments, malt liquors and cheese." "This action of the citizens was provoked by the Navigation Act, so called, of the Britl.sli Parliament, which restricted home industry in the Colouies, and tended to destroy their commerce. In consequence ' of the passage of this act, they were not allowed to trade with any foreign country, nor export to Eng- land their own merchandise, except on British vts- sels. Iron abounded in the Colonies, but not an arti- cle could be manufactured by the people; all must be imported. Wool abounded, but no cloth could be manufactured except for private use ; and not a pound of the raw material could be sold from town to town ; but all must be sent to England, to be ultimately re- turned as manufactured cloths, burdened with heavy duties. Beavers were plenty all along the streams; but no hatter was permitted to have more than two apprentices, and not a hat could be sold from one Colony to another. These are specimens of that vast network of restrictions upon trade and commerce in which Great Britain encircled the thirteen Colonies. "This was not alone. The Parliament added hu- miliation to extortion. Naval officers' acting under the law were insolent towards Colonial vessels. They compelled them to lower their flags in token of homage, fired on them on the slightest provocation, and impressed their seamen whenever they chose. " The Mutiny Act, as it was called, required the inhabitants of the Colonies to furnish quarters, and, to some extent, supplies, for all the soldiers that might be sent over from England to oppress them." September 22, 1768, a representative meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston, forming a convention, to consult and advise such measures as the peace and safety of the subjects in the Province may require. Abraham Fuller was chosen unanimously as a mem- ber of this convention. The report of their commit- tee was accepted at an adjourned meeting of the convention, and "ordained to be printed in pam- phlet form, and distributed agreeably to the original vote." "Jan. 4, 1772, Edward Durant, Charles Pelham, Esq., Alexander Shepavd, William Phillips and Noah Hyde were chosen a Committee to consider and re- port what it may be proper for the town to do, relat- ing to the present unhappy situation the country is reduced to by some late attacks made on our consti- tutional rights and privileges." In a brave and earnest report the committee pre- sented live resolves, expressing the sense of the citi- zens, which were unanimously adopted. These resolutions affirmed that no good man can be silent at such an alarming period, when such arbitrary measures are taken as tend to the oppression of a free people ;_ that the Colonists had been and were dis- posed to be loyal to the mother country, so far as may be consistent with their rights and privileges as Col- onists; that no civil officer could safely be dependent on the Crown for support, or on grants made by the Crown ; that all taxation without representation, for the purpose of raising a revenue, is unconstitutional and opiircsaive; that the extension of the power of a Court of Admiralty, and the introduction of a mili- tary force into the Colony in a time of profound J NEWTON. 23 peace, and other measures of his Majesty's ministers are a grievance of which we justly complain, and must continue to do so, till they are redressed. These resolves were committed to the representative, Abra- ham Fuller, with instructions enforcing them, and closing thus : '* We therefore think it proper to instruct you, our representative in General Assembly, that you unite in such measures as sliall place tlie j udges of the Superior Court of Judicature of this Provi:;ce upon a con- stitutional basis, and make, when that is done, euituble provision for their support, adequate to tlieir merit and station. " We further instruct you tliat you use your utmost enileavors that all our rights be restored and established as heretofore, and tliat a de- cent, though manly remonstrance bo sent to the King, assuring his ni.-ijesty tliat universal discontent prevails in America, and notlliug will restore banuony and insure the attachment of the people to the Crown, but a full restoration of all their liberties." The selectmen of Boston having sent to the select- men of Newton a circular in reference to the state of public affair.s, soliciting advice and co-operation, a most patriotic answer was returned, applauding the course taken by the town of Boston, and recommend- ing as follows ; " We do recommend it 'to the Town, that they order the foregoing resolves and instructions to the representative, and letter to tlie town of Boston, to be recorded in the Town Book of Records belonging to the Tiiwn, that posterity may see and know the great concern the people of this day had for their invaluable rights, privileges and liberties." At a town-meeting held December 20, 1773, a "Committee of Five was appointed to draft such measures as they shall think best for the town to come into at this emergency, and report at the next meeting." Also, " a Committee of Fifteen to confer with the inhabitants of the town as to the expediency of buying, selling or using any of the Indian teas." At an adjourned meeting htld January 6, 1774, the committee of five reported the following resolves: "We do with firmness of mind, on mature deliberation, establish the following resolves, viz. : " 1. That an Act passed in the last sessions of Parliament, empower, ing the Honorable East India Company to export tea to America, subject to a duty upon its arrival in America, is a fresh attack upon our riiibts, craftily planned by a few of our inveterate enemies In the ministry, in order to establish a tax on us plainly contrary to the constitntiou of England itself, and glaringly repugnant to our charter ; Avhich we deem a grievance greatly aggravated by the cruel partiality therein shown against millions of his Majesty's loyal and good subjects in America, in favor of a few, very few, o|)ulent subjects in Britain. This we cannot brook, and do therefore solemnly bear testimony against it. " 2. That in justice to ourselves, our fellow-citizens and our posterity, we cannot, nor will, voluntarily and tamely submit to this or any tax laid on us for the express purpose of raising a revenue, when imposed without our consent given by ourselves or our Representatives. "3. That as part of tlie Colonies laboring under oppression, we are determined to join the rest in all and every lawful and just method of obtaining redress, or preventing the oppression, even to the risk of our lives and fortunes, " 4. That all and every person or persons, who have been, are, or shall be advi&ing or assisting in the aforesaid, or any such acts, or are active or aiding in the execiition of them, are, so far, at least, iniTuical to this country, and thereby incur our just resentment; in which liglit we shall view all merchants, traders and others, who shall henceforth, presume to import or sell any India tea, until the duly we so justly complain of be taken off. ".0. That we, each and every one of us, will not, directly or indirect, ly, by ourselves or any for or under us, purchase or use, or suflertobe used in our respective families any ludia tea, while such tea is subject to a duty payable upon its arrival in America ; and recommend that a copy hereof be transmitted to the Committee of Correspondence in Bos- ton. " 6. That a Committee of Correspondence be appointed, to confer and correspond with the Committees of any or all our sister towns in the Province, as occasion may require." The committee appointed in accordance with this resolution were Edward Durant, William Clark, Cap-' tain Jonas Stone, Joshua Hammond and Captain John Woodward. The famous tea party in Boston Harbor took place but a few days before the meeting took place which reported these resolutions, and undoubtedly contrib- uted to the unanimity and enthusiasm of the action of the town. On the 16th December, 1773, a company of men disguised as Indians, boarded three British vessels at Liverpool Wharf, Boston, commanded by Captains Hall, Bruce and Coffin, broke open with their hatchets 3-42 chests of tea, and in less than four hours mingled the whole with the waters of Massa- chusetts Bay. Newton was represented on that occa- sion by two or more of its citizens. One, in particu- lar, who drove a load of wood tomarket,stayed very late on that day, and was not very willing the next morn- ing to explain ihe cause of his detention. But, as tea was found in his shoes, it is easy to understand what he had been doing. This was Samuel Hammond, son of Ephraim, then a young man twenty-five years of age, and ripe for such an expedition. A vote was pas.sed by the town enjoining upon the committee of fifteen " to lay before the inhabitants of this town a paper or papers, that each of said inhabit- ants may have opportunity to signify it under their hands, that they will not buy, sell or use any of the India teas, until the duties are taken off; and such as will not sign, to return their names to the town at the adjournment." It does not appear that any one refused to sign. The Reconstruction Acts of 1774 were the crowning acts of British oppression. The effect of these acts was to cut off almost every vestige of freedom which remained, and to substitute for civil, martial law; to prohibit town-meetings, excepting twice a year, at which the people could do nothing but elect their town officers. Five thousand regulars were quartered in B ston ; the Common was occupied by troops and the Neck fortified. Troops were sent to Salem to disperse a meeting of citizens. The time for action had come. John Pigeon and Edward Durant were appointed delegates to join the Provincial Congress at Concord or wherever the Congress should meet. The selectmen were requested, by vote of Newton, to use their best discretion to provide firearms for the poor who were unable to provide for themselves. Two field-pieces were given to the town by John Pigeon, and accepted with thanks. January 2, 1775, a com- mittee was charged with the duty of obtaining sub- scriptions to mount them. It was also voted to raise men to exercise them. A committee, consisting of Captains Fuller and Wiswall and Major Hammond, 24 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. was chosen to enlist thirty-two minute men, and to add as many iis they think necessary for officers, to meet once a week during the winter season half a day for exercise; also, "that each man of the Company of Minute-men be paid one shilling for half a day exer- cising, and eight shillings a day for the eight officers, over and above the one shilling each ; the Minute- men to train once a week, at the discretion of the com- manding officer." April 19, 1775, the day of Lexington and Concord, thfre were three companies of infantry in Newton — the West Company, commanded by Captain Amariah Fuller, . the East Company, commanded by Captain Jeremiah Wiswall, and a company of minute-men, raisedinl775, commanded by Captain PhineasCook, — all cf which were in the batiles of that day, and marched twenty-eight miles. The rolls of each com- pany were returned to the secretary's office, and sworn to by their commander as follows : West Com- pany, 105; East Company, 70; minute-men, 37 — total, 218. Besides these, many Newton men not attached to either of these companies were in the action. In the West Company were thirty-seven volunteers, called the alarm list, — men who had passed the age for mil- itary duly. Among the members of the alarm list in the West Company, Captain Joshua Fuller was seventy- six years old, and Deacon Joseph Ward, sixty-nine. Only one. Captain Edward Jack.son,wasiinder fifty. In the East Company Noah Wiswall was seventy-six; Eb- enezer Parker, seventy-three. Wiswall'sson Jeremiah, was captain of the company, and two other sons and some of his sons-in-law were in the same company. The old veteran could not be induced to remain at home, because, as he said, " he wanted to see what the boys were doing;" and, when he was shot through the hand by a bullet, he coolly bound up the wounded member with his handkerchief, and brought home the gun of a British soldier who fell in the battle. Both the East and West Companies were in the battle of Lexington. The Bravery of Michael Jackson. — He was the son of Michael Jackson, and about forty years of age, and had been lieutenant in the French War. At the opening of the Revolution he was a private in the volunteer company of minute-men. At the early dawn of April 19, 1775, a signal announced that the British troops were on their march to Lexington and Concord. The signal was a volley from one of John Pigeon's field guns, kejit at the gun-house at Newton Centre, near the church. So " the shot heard round the world," according to Emer.son, was fired from the lips of a Newton cannon and at Newton Centre. The company of minute-men were early on their parade- ground ; but none of the commissioned officers were present. The orderly sergeant had formed the com- pany and a motion was made to choose a captain for the day. Michael Jackson was nominated, and chosen by uplifted hands. He immediately stepped from the ranks to the head of the company, and, without a word of thanks for the honor, or the slightest formal- ity, he ordered the company, — "Shoulder arms! Pla- toons to the right, wheel! Quick time! Forward march ! " These few words of command were uttered and the company were on the march to join the regi- ment at Watertown meeting-house. On their arrival there the commissioned officers of the regiment were found holding a council in the school-house, and he was invited to take part in their deliberations. He listened to their discussions, but soon obtained the floor, and affirmed that there was a time for all things; but that the time for talking had passed, and the time for fighting had come. "Not now the wag of the tongue, but the pull of the trigger." This 2iro tempore captain accused the officers of wasting time through fear of mteting the enemy. He told them, if they meant to oppose the march of the British troops, to leave the school-house forthwith, and take up their march for Lexington. He intended that his company should take the shortest route to get a shot at the British. And, suiting the action to the word, he left the council, and took up his march. The blunt speech broke up the council so that there was no con- cert of action, and each company was left to act as they chose. Some followed Captain Jackson ; some lingered where they were, and some dispersed. Jack- son's company came in contact with Lord Percy's re- serve near Concord village, and were dispersed after exchanging one or two shots. But they soon rallied, and formed again in a wood near by, and were joined by a part of the Watertown company. They hung upon the flank and rear of the retreating enemy with much effect until they reached Lechmere Point (E'.ist Cambridge), at nightfall, and the British regulars took boats for Boston. After they had rowed beyond the reach of musket-shot, this company received the thanks of General Warren, upon the field, for their bravery. Soon afterwards. Captain Jackson received a major's commission in the Continental Army, then quartered at Cambridge, and was subsequently pro- moted to the command of the Eighth Regiment in the Massachusetts Line, than which no regiment was more distinguished for bravery and good conduct during the war. William Hull was a major in this regiment. The sword of Michael Jackson did service at Bunker Hill and in other conflicts of the Revolution. One of his relatives presented it to the Newton Public Li- brary, where it is now preserved. On the same historic day Col. Joseph Ward, of Newton, who was master of one of the public schools in Boston, learning that the British troops were in motion, left at once for Newton, mounted a horse, and, gun in hand, rode to Concord " to encourage the troops, and get a shot at the British." He also great- ly distinguished himself at Bunker Hill, where he served as aid-de-camp to Gen. Artemas Ward, and held that office until Gen. Ward resigned in Decem- ber, 1776. He rode over Charlestuwn Neck through a cross-fire of the British floating batteries to execute NEWTON. 25 an order from Gen. Ward, at which time a broadside was fired at him by a British man-of-war. He con- tinued to hold important positions in the army, and was honored by receiving the thanks of Gen. Wash- ington in a letter written to him near the close of the war, as follows : "Tou have my thanks for your constant attention to the business of your department, themanner of its execution, and yourreadyand faitli- ful conipiiuuce with all my orders ; and, I cannot help adding on this occasion, for the zeal you lia-ve discovered at all times and under all circunislances to promote the good of the service in general, and the great objects of our cause. " George Washington." Col. Thomas Gardner, who lived at what is now Allston, had Newton men in his regiment. On the Kjth of June, 1775, he received orders to be on Cam- bridge Common with his regiment at daylight of the 17th. He was there, and ordered to Bunker Hill, where he was mortally wounded, and his regiment suffered severely. A man known later as " Daddy Thwing," who lived near the Mitchell Tavern at Newton Highlands, was a private soldier in that bat- tle, and in bis extreme age loved to repeat the inci- dents of the tight, in which he was proud to have been a partaker. We have spoken elsewliere of Zib- eon Hooker, the drummer, whose drum was pierced by a bullet at Bunker Hill. Major Daniel Jackson, of Newton, was also in the battles of Bunker Hill, Con- cord and Dorchester Heights. He is said to have pointed the cannon which destroyed four British ves- sels in the North River, for which service he was pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant. Two new compan- ies were raised in Newton not long after the battle of Bunker Hill. Seventy-four of these men joined the army at Cambridge March 4, 1776, to serve eight months. In the terrible struggle of the years which followed, it is estimated that full 430, out of Newton's popula- tion of not over 1400, served in the Continental army, in the militia, and in the duty of guarding the cap- tured army of General Burgoyne ; 27.5 enlisted in the Continental army for a longer or shorter period. In August, 1775, Captain Jos. Fuller, of Newton, raised a company of ninety-six men and marched to Ben- nington and Lake George, to oppose Burgoyne. The same year sixty-four men enlisted for three years. In 1778 Captain Edward Fuller raised a company of sixty-eight men. In 1780 fifty-four mea marched to reinforce the Continental army. Mr. Jackson says, " The number of men who served more or less in the Continental army and in the militia during the war was about one-third of the entire population." Had the war continued longer. than it did, it seems impos- sible that Newton should have furnished more men. With an eye to the supply of gunpowder, March 4, 1776, the citizens of Newton, in town-meeting, ap- pointed Alexander Shepard, Jr., Capt. Ephraim Jack- son and John Pigeon a committee to use their influ- ence to promote the manufacture of saltpetre. July 10, 1775, the whole number of the troops in Cam.- bridge was 8076 ; John Pigeon, of West Newton (Au- burndale), was commissary-general. The East Com- pany, of Newton (forty-seven men), and the West Company (fifty-eight men), with a few others, on the 4th of March, 1776, marched, at the request of Gene- ral Washington, to take possession of Dorchester Heights, but as the British evacuated Boston March 17th, their service was of short duration. Many of the citizens who, through enterprise and frugality, had accumulated a small property, freely loaned it to tiie town towards the expenses of the war. The names of thirty-one citizens are on record in this hon- orable list. Persons suspected of a lack of loyalty to the cause of freedom were carefully examined and two such persons were escorted out of the town. On the 10th of May, 1776, the General Court pass- ed the following resolution : ''Resolved, as the opinion of this House, that the inhabitants of each town in the Colony ought, in full meeting, warned for that purpose, to advise the person or persons who shall be chosen to represent them in the next General Court, that if the Honorable Congress should, for the safety of these Colonies, declare (hem independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they, the said inhabitants will solemnly engage with their Uvea and fortunes to support them in the measure." The town-meeting of Newton was held on the 17th of June, 1776, that great anniversary, and the first of the battle of Bunker Hill. Capt. John Woodward was moderator. The second article of the warrant summoning the meeting was as follows : "That in case the Honorable Continental Congress should, for the safety of the American Colonies, declare them independent of t*e King- dom of Great Britain, whether the inhabitants of this town will solemn- ly engage with their lives and fortunes to support them in the measure." After debate the question was put and the vote passed unanimously in the afiirmative. Newton was then only a little country town of about 1400 inhabitants. But, as Mr. Jackson says, '■ Newton men formed a part of every army and ex- pedition, fought in almost every battle and skirmish throughout the contest. Scarcely a man in the town, old or young, able or unable, but volunteered, en- listed or was drafted, and served in the ranks of the army from the hardest fought battles down to the more quiet duty of guarding Burgoyne's surrendered army, partly by aged men. The Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, was received at once, and the Massachusetts Council took immediate measures to give publicity to the document, by ordering that a copy be sent to every minister of each parish in every denomination with- in this State ; and that they severally be required to read the same to their respective congregations as soon as divine service is ended in the afternoon, on the first Lord's day after they shall have received it ; and after such publication thereof, to deliver the said Declaration to the clerks of their several towns or districts, who are hereby required to record the same in their respective town or district books, there to re- main aa a. perpetual memorial thereof. 26 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Id obedience to the above order, the Declaration of Independence was copied into the town records by vote of the town, the citizens thus adopting the action of the Continental Congress as their own. 'Roger Sherman, a native of Newton, was one of the committee wlio reported the Declaration to the Con- gress in Philadelphia. In -March, 1777, a committee was appointed by the town of Xewton to hire soldiers, if need be, to make up Newton's quota for the next campaign. Among those of whom the town treasurer borrowed money under this vote, thiriy-oue in number, two were women, and all but three were in the army — by a double sacrilice, devoting their treasure as well as their lives io the cause of freedom. The amount bor- rowed was £2989 13s. Many loaned smaller Bums, whose names are not given. The town paid faithfully to their soldiers the suras that were promised. Dur- ing'the entire continuance of the war Newton was not backward in voting supplies of money and provis- ions as they were needed by the army, in hiring sol- diers and providing for the wants of the families of those in the service. In 1779 a vote was passed to raise more men ; the same again in June, 1780, and £30,000 were appropriated to defray the expenses; in the following December, £100,000, depreciated cur- rency, were appropriated for the same purpose. In September, 1781, voted that £400 in silver money be assessed ; in March, 1782, £800 ; in April, 1783, £1000 ; in March, 1784, £1500. Finally, October 19, 1781, the end came, and Lord Cornwallis surrendered his whole army to Washing- ton, at Yorktown, Va. Terms were agreed upon, and the British army, to the number of about 7000 men, marched out and capitulated as prisoners of war, with seventy-five brass and 160 iron cannon, nearly 8000 stand of arms, twenty-eight regimental colors and a large quantity of munitions of war. "These records of the Town," says Mr. Jackson, "and the facts here grouped together, will serve to prove how fully, and at what sacrifices, the pledge of 1776 was redeemed. History, we think, will be searched in vain to find a parallel to the indomitable and long-continued exertion and devotion which, in common, doubtless, with New Ec-gland generally, the inhabitants of this Town exhibited." In consulting the military records of the Revolu- tionary period, we find the names of the following Newton men who bore oUice among their fellow-sol- diers: Col. Joseph Ward, aid-de-camp of Major-Gen. Ward; Michael Jackson, colonel, and William Hull, lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regi- ment; Ephraini Jackson, colonel of the Tenth Mas- sachusetts Regiment; Nathan Fuller, lieutenant of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment ; seven cap- tuins, nine lieutenants and two ensigns. Almost every one of the families of the enrly settlers of New- ton had their rejireseiitatives among the soldiers of the Revolution. Forty-four descendants of Edward Jackson, bearing the name of Jackson, were in the armies, representing the patriotism and the military spirit of Newton ; twenty-two bearing the name of Fuller ; sixteen, the name of Parker ; fifteen, of Hyde ; eleven, of Stone: nine, of Clark; six, of Seger. Capt. Henry King, of Newton, was one of the guard at the execution of Major Andre. After the close of the war came a period which was marked by few excitements. "Shays' Insurrection." as it was called, ran its brief course, but, though so- licited, NewMn did not care to be embroiled in it. The Baptist Church at Newton Centre was formed in 1780, and its first edifice built, but that was only a matter of local interest. The most important event of public concern was the settling of the Constitution of Massachusetts. A State Convention met in 1778, to agree upon a form of a Constitution. The plan of the proposed Constitution was, in due time, reported to the Convention, and submitted to the people of New- ton, as to the other towns. It was read publicly and fully debated, and rejected. The voters present num- bered eighty, of whom only five favored its accept- ance. The next year a new form was proposed to the town and approved, and the people of Newton held their first town-meeting under it in 1780, for the election of Governor, Lieutenant-Govern'?r and five Senators from Middlesex County. Hon. John Han- cock received the whole number (eighty-six) of votes for Governor. The votes for liieutenant-Governor were about equally divided ; Benjamin Lincoln had twenty-six and Azor Orne, twenty-five. For Sena- tors, Josiah Stone and Abraham Fuller had forty-one and forty votes respectively ; the other three Senators, forty, thirty and twenty-three each. At the first meeting for the choice of Presidential electors, De- cember 18, 1788, Nathaniel Gorham and Abraham Fuller had eighteen votes each, and were chosen. At the same meeting, Nathaniel Gorham was elected Representative for the District of Middlesex in the Federal Government. Four times in twenty years the vote of Newton for Governor was unanimous, viz. : in 1780, 1782 and 1784, for John Hancock ; and in 1794 for Samuel Adams. From 1789 to 1800 the citizens were apparently very negligent of the right of suffrage ; twice in that period the votes cast were over 100 (118 and 117); seven times, less than fifty; average for twenty years, about fifty-nine. The smallest vote was four only, in the year 1785, for John Hancock, his sixth nomination ; after one year they returned to him again for six years. The War of 1812 was unpopular with the people of Massachusetts, and the pe(>ple of Newton expressed very clearly their disapproval of it and remonstrated against it. Gen. William Hull, of Newton, who was at that time Governor of the Territory of Michigan, two or three weeks after the declaration of war, col- lected an army of upwards of 2000 men, and crossed the line into Canada, as if he designed to attack Mon- treal. But, hearing that the Indians had invaded his NEWTON. 27 territory, and that the British forces were near at ha.Lid, he retreated, and was besieged by Gen. Brock, in Fort Detroit. Feeling that he was not adequately supported by his Government with arms and ammu- nition to sustain an attack, he surrendered to the British general. For this act he was tried by a court- martial and condemned to be shot; but recommended to the mercy of the President, on account of his dis- tinguished services in the Revolutionary War, and pardoned. Many thought his condemnation unjust. He afterwards published a defence of his conduct. If any of the citizens of Newton were in any of the conflicts of the War of 1812, they must have engaged in the service as individuals only, and no record of the facts remains. For a considerable period following the war there were few incidents claiming a place in the history of Newton. It was mainly a season of silent growth, and preparations for the stirring periods to come. The most important events were the founding of New- ton Theological Institution, and the clow unfolding of the educational spirit, which issued in the change from district to graded schools, from a lower, though necessary, intellectual training, to the broader meth- ods of modern times. But this long period was not without its excitements. These arose from an agita- tion, which lasted many years, in reference to a di- vision of the town. All the villages were disposed along the edges of Newton and remote from one another, generally not less than two miles apart. The First Church was established at the centre of the town, and in 1830, " after the separation of the civil and ec- clesiastical state in the Commonwealth of Massachu- setts, the proprietors of the First Parish meeting- house objected to having the town-meetings holden there.'' The proprietors judged that the time had come when the town ought to have a place for hold- ing its meetings, which should be provided at the town's expense, and be under the town's control. The residents of the four villages, Newton Corner, West Newton, Newton Upper Falls and Newton Lower Falls, had no special interest in the Centre of the town, except that they must travel thither, twice at least every year, to the town-meetings; nor any inter- est in one another; nor had the Centre any interest in them. Neither business nor social interests, nor the worship of God on the Sabbath, bound them to- gether. As early as 1807, the infelicity of the situa- tion began to press itself upon the attention of the citizens ; and they endeavored to meet it by distrib- uting the town into five wards, and ordering that one selectman and two surveyors should be chosen from each ward. For several years they lived in peace under this arrangement. But in 1830 the situation became a matter of heated controversy, which lasted, with varying aspects and with great vigor, full a quarter of a century. Methods without number were proposed; to divide the town into two separate, in- corporated organizations, now by one line of division and now by another ; to hold the town-meetings in rotation in the meeting-houses of the several villages ; to build a town-house, now in one village, and now in another, and now in the forest in the geographical centre of the town ; and again to build two town- houses, one at the Centre and one in the village of the West Parish. The controversy was so earnest that it parted friends, and embittered the relations of social life. A serious proposal was made to set off the Lower Falls to Needham or Weston, but the question was at once dismissed. April 19, 1841, an historic an- niversary, a vote was passed to appoint a committee to consider the division of the town; December 22d following, another historic day, the vote was recon- sidered. If the town were divided, where should the line of separation be drawn? And which portion should retain the old and venerable name, and which should content itself with a new one, abandoning the prestige of its honorable history? The solution of the question was aided by the cession of the extreme southern part of the town to Roxbury, in 1838, and the " Chemical Village," about 600 acres, in the northwest part, in 1844, to Waltham. The residents in those remote parts of the town were thus relieved from the necessity of traveling many miles to the town-meetings, whether held in West Newton or in Newton Centre. But the minds of the citizens were gradually coming together. In 1848-49 a vote was passed by the town to hold the town-meetings in West Newton. And on the 12th of March, 1855, a resolution was passed " that the inhabitants of New- ton will oppose any and all measures for the division of the town, and that they will regard with disfavor the disturbance of their peace and harmony by the further agitation of the subject." The motion was carried by a very large vote. Many who had taken part in the agitation in its earlier stages belonged to a former generation, and had long since passed away. And now, as one great and populous city, one wide, wealthy and prosperous organization, with its churches, its schools, its libraries, its Fire Department, its gas and electric works, its water works, its tele- graphs and telephones, and all its common interests, perhaps not a citizen walks in the streets of Newton, through its whole extent, who is not glad that the whole is bound together and cemented in one peace- ful union. CuvRCHES.^^Second Congregational Church, West Neivton. — During the ministry of Mr. Meriam in the First Church, as early as 1760, meetings were held in the west part of Newton, a century after the for- mation of the First Church, and a Second Parish in Newton was thus distinctly foreshadowed. At first, subscriptions were solicited to build a meeting-house, and a minister was hired to teach school during the winter season and to preach on the Sabbath. About > Tlie history of the Tirst Church is given in a separate article, by Rev. D. L. Furber, D.D., pastor emtrUut. 28 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNT?, MASSACHUSETTS. eight rods of land for the meeting-house were sold to the Building Committee by Phineas Bond, innholder, for £2 8»., bounded on his own land and land of Isaac Williams. The meeting-house whs forty-three by thirty feet. la 17G7 Jonathan Williams and others petitioned the town that a sum of money might be granted to support preaching in the meeting-house in the west part of the town in the winter season. The request was refused. The petitioners renewed their request in 1770, 1772, 1773 and 1774, trying the virtue of importunity. In 1775 they petitioned the General Court for a grant from the totvn treasury to support preaching four mouths, though it is not clear that that body had any right to assume the manage- ment of the finances of an incorporated town. In 1778 the General Court granted an act of incorpora- tion, setting off West Newton as an independent par- ish. The church was organized October 21, 1781, with twenty-six members. The First Church granted to the organization four pewter tankards and one pewter dish for the communion service; the Second Church in Boston gave a pulpit Bible, and Deacon Thomas Greenough, father of the pastor, Rev. Wil- liam Greenough, who was elected November 8, 1781, presented a christening biisin, two flagons and two dishes for the communion service. One who was pres- ent at the ordination service writes: "A small house and a little handful of people." Mr. Greenough's pastorate continued fifty years and two days. In 1812 the church was enlarged and a gallery, spire and belfry added. The house, when Dr. Gilbert began his ministry in We?t Newton, had fifty windows, above and below, without blinds, and two doors. The poet's "dim, religious light" had no place there. The church was furnished with .square pews, seats hung on hinges, and no "great waste of paint, outside or in." The gallery was occupied by children or tran- sient people, and the seats were never very full. The second meeting-house was dedicated March 29, 1848. The parish included that part of Waltham, south of Charles River, since ceded to Waltham by Newton, Auburndale, Newtonville and Lower Falls, a territory which then included only fifty-five or sixty dwelling-houses. Dr. Lyman Gilbert, then a young man, was elected colleague jjastor and ordained July 2, 1828. The new chilrch was extensively repaired in 1870. A parsonage was erected in 18G6. The church has had five pastors: Rev. William Green- ough, 1781-1831; Rev. Lyman Gilbert, 1828-.56; Rev. Joseph P. Drummond, 1856-57 ; Rev. George B. Little, lS57-(50; Rev. H. J. Patrick, 1860— . The Sabbath -school was first held in a fchool-house, the pupils numbering from twenty to forty. The school was held only in summer. The Newton Bab- bath-school Union, embracing all the Sabbath-schools in the town, was formed in the church at West Newton. First lidittht Church, Neuton. — The first Baptist residing in Newton, of whom we have any account, was Mr. Jonathan Willard, of the Lower Falls. .For some years he and his daughter were alone, being members of a church in Boston. In 1749 Noah Par- ker was added, who vvas also a member in Boston. In connection with the preaching of George Whitefield a New Light Church was formed in the southeast part of Newton about 1740. The majority of the members, after a time, became Baptists, and the first Baptist Church, of which they were the nucleus, was organized July 5, 1780, the public services being held in the house of Mr. Noah Wiswall, since the estate of Deacon Luther Paul, opposite the lake in Newton Centre. Elhanan Winchester was an effective preacher among them, and many of his name were among the early members. Mr. Wiswall received forty pounds a quarter as rent for the room in which the meetings were held. Often, in mild weather, the congregation as- sembled under the large elms which still overshadow the yard. Mr. Wiswall gave the land for the build- ing of the first church, which still stands, altered into a dwelling-house, on the west side of Centre Street, on the border of the pond, and where the congrega- tion continued to worship till December, 1836. It was fourteen years from the date of the vote to build till its completion, the congregation, in the mean time, worshiping in the unfinished building. The house was enlarged in 1803. In 1795 the society voted '' to procure a stove for the warming of the meeting-house." It was also voted " that the singing be carried on in a general way by reading a line at a time in the fore- noon and a verse at a time in the afternoon." The last service held in the old edifice was the funeral of the aged pastor, Mr. Grafton, December, 1836, when a new church, erected on land given for the purpose by one of the members, Mrs. Anna (King) White, was ready for occupancy. The present stone edifice was erected in 1888. The following have been the pastors: Rev. Caleb Blood, 1780-87; Rev. Joseph Grafton, 1788-1836; Rev. F. A. Willard, 1835-38; Rev. S. F. Smith, 1842-54; Rev. O. S. Stearns, 1855-68; Rev. W. N. Clarke, 1869-80; Rev. Edward Brai.slin, 1881-86; Rev. L. C. Barnes, 1887—. First Religious Socittij, Newton Upper Falls. — A religious society was formed in Newton Upper Falls without a church and without denominational pledges, — the first in the village, — in consequence of the gift by the Elliott Manufacturing Company, of land for a meeting-house, that the people might be supplied with religious privileges without the necessity of traveling full two miles away from their homes. The meeting- house was begun in 1827, and dedicated February 27, 1828. The pulpit was supplied chiefly by Unitarian ministers. In 1832 the building was sold for a Method- ist Church, and the first religious society was dis- solved. Universaliat Church at Newton Upper Falls. — A Uuiversalist Church was organized at Newton Upper Falls in 1841, and a meetitig-house erected on High Street, and dedicated in May, 1812. There were twenty-two proprietors. Rev. Samuel P. .Skinner NEWTON. 29 was the only pastor. He served about three years, after which the pulpit was occupied by various sup- plies. After a career of six or seven years the society was dissolved. The church building became useful as a village hall, denominated Elliott Hall for several years, and finally was utilized for a private residence. The Second Bapiist Cfmich of Newton was organiz- ed at Newton Upper Falls in 1835, with fifty-five original members, dismissed from the First Baptist Church, Newton Centre. The meeting-house had already been built by proprietors, of whom Mr. Jonathan Bixby was the most prominent, and was dedicated March 27, 1833. The pastors have been Origen Crane, 1836-40; C. W. Denuison, 1842-13; S. S. Leighton, 1846-47; Amos Webster, 1848- 54 ; William C. Richards, 1865-71. Melhodid Episcopal Chiirch, Newto7i Upper Falls. — The church edifice of the " Religious Society of Newton Upper Falls" parsed into the hands of the Methodist people in 1832, and the Methodist Church was organized November 11, 1832, with fifty- three members. The pastors best known have been Rev. Charles K. True, who was the first minister, and Rev. Z. A. Mudge, known also as an author. Mar- shall S. Rice, of Newton Centre, bought the church edifice of the original proprietors for $2660 on his personal responsibility. In 1836, enlarged and im- proved, it was conveyed to the First Methodist Epis- copal Church in Newton. In 1833 a bell was placed in the tower, which served twenty-eight years, and, having been cracked, was replaced by a better one in 1861. The church has been since that date repeatedly enlarged an!lars, in accordance with the special Act of the Legislature of 1872, chapter 304, authorizing the same? " The vote was taken by bal- lot December 1, 1874, and resulted in "yeas,"' 928; " nays," 443. Three water commissioners were appointed Decem- ber 9, 1874, — Royal M. Pulsifer, Francis J. Parker 36 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. and R. R. Bishop, — who reported in May, 1875, rec- ommending as a source a " well at a point on Charleti River, above Pettee's Works at the Upper Falls;" advising the use of a reservoir for distribution, and estimating the cost at not over $850,000. The order constituting the Board of Water Commis- sioners was passed June 2, 1875 ; and on the 7th of June the commissioners, the same as above, were elected by the City Council. Their first formal meet- ing was held June 16th. The board was organized by the choice of Royal M. Pulsifer chairman and Moses Clark, Jr., clerk. On the 12th of June, 1875, it was voted to purchase the reservoir site on Waban Hill. October 25th work on the pump-well was com- menced, and October 2Sth the first pipe was laid on Washington Street, near Woodland Avenue. Janu- ary 7, 1876, the commissioners voted to request the City Council to ask of the Legislature authority to take land in the town of Needham for the water- works. In compliance with the petition, a law was enacted by which the city of Newton was authorized " to take and hold, by purchase or otherwise, any lands within the town of Needham, not more than one thousand yards distant from Charles River, and lying between Kenrick's Bridge, so called, and the new bridge near Newton Upper Falls, on Needham Avenue, and to convey water from the same to and into said City." Water was first pumped into the reservoir on Waban Hill October 30, 1876, and the hydrants sup- plied with water along forty-eight miles of street mains. The first service pipes were laid in October, 1876, and the number of water-takers two years later, in 1878, was about 1600. The cost of the works to November, 1877, was $766,157.22 ; the amount of the appropriation was $850,000; leaving an unexpended balance of $83,842.78. The reservoir on Waban Hill holds fifteen million gallons. Seven artesian wells were sunk in 1886, capable of drawing from the sub- terranean currents three hundred thousand gallons per day, supplementary to the supply from Charles River. Conduits of the Boston Water- Works pass- ing THROUGH Newton. — The conduit of the Boston Water-works from Lake Cochituate passes through the whole extent of Newton from west to east, from Charles River, near the Upper Falls, to the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. The conduit enters Newton a little below the village of the Upper Falls. The ground for this aqueduct was broken August 20, 1846, and water was introduced into the city of Boston with imposing ceremonies October 25, 1848 The Newton Tunnel is excavated through porphyritic rock of ex- treme hardness, 2410 feet in length. Two perpen- dicular shafts on the Harbach property, between the estates of the late Mesisrs. N. Richards Harbach and John W. Harbach, were sunk to a depth of about eighty-four feet. Several specimens of copper were found in this shaft. The Chestnut Hill Reservoir, at the time of its construction, was situated in the towns of Newton and Brighton; but by a subsequent ces- sion of land, it is now within the limits of Bjston. Beacon Street, which formerly ran in a straight line across the valley, was turned from its course to allow the construction of tKe reservoir. The reservoir is in two divisions, — the Lawrence Basin and the Bradley Basin. Together they are two and a half miles in circumference. The land bought by the city of Bos- ton for this structure was two hundred and twelve and a half acres. This land was a portion of the Lawrence farm, previously Deacon Nathan Pettee's and owned, before him, by Deacon Thomas Hovey. The Sudbury Rivee Conduit. — The supply of water from Lake Cochituate proving inadequate to meet the necessities of the city of Boston, a supple- mental source was sought from the Sudbury River, which involved the construction of a second tunnel through Newton. The " Sudbury River Conduit," bringing the additional supply of water to Boston, is about fifteen and three-quarters miles long, from Farm Pond, in Framingham, to the Chestnut Hill Reser- voir. It enters Newton in the Upper Falls Village, passes through that village to the north of Newton Highlands and through Newton Cenire to the reser- voir. The principal features of this work in Newton are the bridge carrying the great conduit of water- works fifty-one feet above the stream, over Charles River to the Upper Falls, and the tunnels near the crossing of Pleasant Street and under Chestnut Hill. The bridge, generally known as "Echo Bridge," is five hun- dred feet in length, and consists of seven arches — five of thirty -seven feet span ; one, over Ellis Street, of thirty-eight feet, and the large arch over the river. It is constructed mainly of solid granite, and rests on foundations of solid rock. The large arch, spanning the river, is the second in size on this Continent, and one of the largest stone arches in the world. To one standing beneath it, the arch has a very slender and beautiful appearance, being only eighteen feet in width at the crown. There is a remarkable echo in this arch, the human voice being rapidly repeated upwards of fifteen times, and a pistol-shot twenty-five times. A shout of moderate intensity is reverberated with so many and so distinct iterations, that all the neighboring woods seem full of wild Indians rushing down from the hillsand threatening to annihilate all traces of modern civilization. This bridge was built during 1876 and 1877. Newton Cottage Hospital is near the new . station of Woodland on the Circuit Railroad, and about one mile from the Lower Falls. It was first suggested by Rev. Dr. G. W. Sliinn, rector of Grace Church, Newton, and an Act of Incorporation was obtained in 1881. In 1884 nine acres of the old Granville Fuller estate on Washington Street were procured, and the building was erected in 1885-86. The hospital was furnished by the Lidies' Aid Associ- ation. Mrs. Elizabeth Eldridge gave $10,000 towards NEWTON. 37 the building and support of the hospital ; Mrs. J. R. Leeson, of Newton Centre, gave $7000 ; at least twenty other persons gave each five hundred dollars or more. Appropriations have aUo been added from the city treasury. One Sabbath in every year is termed Hospital Sunday, and on that day a collection is taken up in all the churches in Newton to aid in the benevolent work of the institution. Pupil nurses are taught in the hospital, and lectures are given oc- casionally on important subjects pertaining to hygiene, by the physicians in charge and others. An additional building for private patients is about to be erected! Woodland Pare Hotel, in the immediate vicin- ity of the hospital, the chief public- house of Newton, half a mile from Woodland Station, is an imposing Queen Anne structure, built in 1881-82 by Messrs. Haskell, Andrews and Pulsifer, connected with the Boston Herald, and Mr. Frederick Johnson, as a sub- urban retreat for persons of weak throat and lungs desiring to escape from the rough winds of the New England coast. The first, and hitherto the only landlord is Mr. Joseph Lee, a gentleman from Vir- ginia, once connected with the purveying department of the United States Navy. Many visitor.-*, especially those in delicate health, from the wealthy portions of Boston and elsewhere, take refuge liere in the spring and summer. Wood- land Avenue, in front of the hotel, about 1750, and for many years before and after, was one of the most important highways of the town. At the time of the Revolution Burgoyne's captured army were marched over this road to the quarters where tljey were to be held under guard. In the early part of the present century, and especially after the building of the Wor- cester turnpike through the Upper Falls, in 1809, it was almost abandoned. But within ten years past it has again become famous. From Vista Hill, near by, sixteen towns can be seen, with Bunker Hill Monu- ment, the Blue Hills and the Atlantic Ocean. The Towx of Newton becomes a City.— After making history two hundred and thirty-five years from the date of the coming of its first settler, and one hundred and eighty-six years from its incorpora- tion as a separate town, Newton became a city with the beginning of the year 1874. In the warrant is- sued for the town-meeting, April 7, 1873, was this article: "To see if the town will instruct the Select- men to apply to the General Court for a City Charter, or for annexation to Boston, or for a division of the Town, or anything relative thereto." In reference to this article the following action was taken : Gen. A. B. Underwood was moderator— J. F. C. Hyde offered the following, viz., "Voted, that the Selectmen, with a Committee of seven — to be ap- pointed by the Chair— be instructed to petition the General Court, now in session, for a City Charter for Newton." The whole subject was fully discussed. Some fa- vored a city charter for Newton ; some advocated remaining longer under a town government, and one or two favored a union with Boston. Finally, the motion of Mr. Hyde was put and carried ; and the following were appointed a committee, to be joined with the selectmen, to petition the General Court for a city charier : J. F. C. Hyde, C. Robinson, Jr., C. E. Ranlett, R. M. Pulsifer, E. F. Waters, J. B. Good- rich and Willard Marcy. On the 26th September a warrant was issued for a town-meeting to be held Monday, Oct. 13, 1873, noti- fying the inhabitaLts to bring in their votes to the selectmen, " yes " or " no," on the acceptance of the act of the Legislature, entitled "An Act to establish the City of Newton." The meeting notified was held in the town hall, as summoned, Oct. 13, 1873. At fifteen minutes past eight o'clock, a.m., the chairman of the selectmen called for ballots, "yes" or "no," on the acceptance of Chapter 326 of the General Laws and Resolves passed by the last session of the Legislature of Massa- chusetts, entitled "An Act to establish the City of Newton." The ballots were counted by the selectmen, and declared by their chairman as follows : " no," 391 ; " yes," 1224. And the meeting was di^solved. On the 4th of November following, the annual meeting was held for the State elections (Governor of the Commonwealth, etc.). After all the returns had been made out, signed and sealed, and after the vot- ing lists and votes had been sealed up in envelopes, endorsed, and delivered to the town clerk, Mr. William R. Wardwell moved that this meeting, — the last town-meeting in the town of Newton, — be dis- solved, and the motion was carried unanimously. The following is the closing record of the town clerk : "The Town-Meeting held Nov. 4, 1873, above recorded, was the last Town Meeting held in the Towu of Newton. Newton becomes a City January 5, 1S74. " Marshall S. Rice, Tovni Clerk «/ the Town of Newton." Thus Newton was the home of the English colo- nists as a part of Cambridge, and more or less under the municipal control of Cambridge about fifty years ; and a separate town, under an independent government, like other Massachusetts towns, one hun- dred and eighty-six years. Under the auspices of the city government, the centennial day of Newton's vote to sustain the cause of freedom at any expense, at the beginning of the Revolution, was honored and com- memorated by an imposing celebration June 17,1876. Many historical relics and mottoes were displayed. Several of the descendants of the old settlers were dressed in the costumes of a hundred years ago. Thirteen of the descendants of the original families of Newton took part in the singing. Thirty-nine pupils of the High School represpni;ed the thirty-nine States. An historical address was delivered by Hon. James F. C. Hyde, the first mayor of Newton. On the two hundredth anniversary of the action of 38 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the General Court granting to Newton all the rights and immunities of an independent town, a formal and enthusiastic celebration was held in the auditorium of the City Hall at West Newton. The audience was entertained by addresses, music and poetry, followed in the evening by a banquet at the Woodland Park Hotel. The following is a list of mayors : James F. C. Hyde, 1874-75; Alden Speare, 1876-77; William B. Fowle, 1878-79 ; Royal M. Pulsifer, 1880-81 ; William P. Ellison. 1882-83; J. Wesley Kimball, 1884-88 ; Heman .M. Burr, 1889-90. MISCEI.LANF.OCS ITEMS. Many items of historical interest belong to such a sketch as the present which are hardly reducible to any of the heads treated in the foregoing chapters. Some of them are appended here as valuable remi- niscences. The Worcester Railroad was opened for pas- sengers from Boston as far as West Newton, April 16, 1834. A locomotive ran from Boston to Newton, and return, three times a day, haying from two to eight passengers on each trip. The engine used was the "Meteor,'' built by Mr. Stephenson, in P^ngland. The cars commenced running on the Hartford and Erie Railroad, then called the Charles River road, — which extended from Brookline to Needham, — in Novem- ber, 1852. At first season tickets by the year between Bo:iton and Newton Centre were sold for §35. Pre- vious to this time passengers were conveyed from Newton Upper Falls and Newton Centre to Boston by a daily stage, which went to Boston at 9 a.m. and left Boston to return at 3 p.m. Fare from Newton Centre to Boston, 37i cents. A stage or omnibus also run be- tween the Ui)per Falls and West Newton, and New- ton Centre and Newton Corner to convey passengers to and from the Worcester Railroad. The Newton Jouksal, the first newspaper print- ed in Newton, a weekly, was issued in September, 1866. The Newton Graphic has been issued since 1872. A paper called the Newton Tranni-ript was pub- lished and edited by Henry Lemon, Jr., in West Newton, from 1878 to 1885, when the subscription list was sold to the Newton Graphic and the publication suspended. A Post-office was first established in Newton Lower Falls in 1816; Ne«ton Corner, 1820, Newton Centre, not till sometime after the foundation of the Tlieolog- ical luhtilution; the sui'lents and professors were obliged lo travel two niiks to Newton ( 'orncr, for their mail. In 1847 there were live post-o(li(\s in the town, eight meeting-houses, and about 5000 inhabitants. Lafayette in Newton.— The Marquis de Lafay- ette, during his last visit to this country, in 1825, passed through Newton and shook hands with a number of Master Davis' pupils, arranged by the side of the roud to receive him. The Fikst Contriddtion to the Home for Little Wanderers in Boston was made at the Baptist Church, Newton Corner; and the first dollar was subscribed by a young girl, a member of that church. In the first fifteen years of its existence that institution cared for 4877 children, many of whom became valuable members of society — lawyers, minis- ters, clerks, farmers, physicians and representatives of various trades and professions. Church Bell, West Newton. — The first church bell in West Newton was raised to its tower in the Second Congregational Church in 1828. It was bought of the town of Concord, having been the gift of an English lady to that town. It was a very small bell for a meeting-house. On its surface, in raised letters, was this couplet : " I to the chiircli the living call, I to the grave do Bumniou all." Revolutionary Reminiscences. — Near the bridge over the Charles River in Watertown village, on the Watertown side, stood, in Revolutionary times, the old printing-office of Benjamin Edes, who remov- ed his type and press hither early in the year 1775, and who did the printing for the Provincial Congress. Near the bridge, on the Newton side of the river, stands a large old house on the east side of the road, called, in the time of the Revolution, the Coolidge Tavern. From 1764 to 1770 it was kept as a public- house by Nathaniel Coolidge, and afterwards by " the widow Coolidge." This house was appointed, in 1775, as the rendezvous for "the Committee of Safe- ty," in case of an alarm. President Washington lodged in this house in 1789. An old house opposite, occupied by John Cook during the Revolution, is one of historic interest. It was in a chamber of this house that Paul Revere engraved his plates, and with the help of Mr. Cook struck off the Colony notes, is- sued by order of the Provincial Congress. Adjoining this estate were the famous weir lands along the river. The Finest Houses in the North and East Parts of Newton were those of Dr. Morse, on the west side of the road, on the heights near the river; Mrs. Coffin's and John Richardson's (the Nonantum House) ; Hon. Jonathan Hunnewell's, on the road to Brighton ; the Haven and Wiggin houses, on Nonan- tum Hill ; John Peck's, Newton Centre, afterwards the Theological Institution ; the Sargent place, on Centie Street, now the Shannon place; John Cabot, corner of Cabot and Centre Streets, since removed; a house occupied by Nath. Tucker, afterwards Mr. Thomas Edmands, opposite his son's, J. Wiley Ed- mands; the Col. Joseph Ward place, afterwards Charles Brackett ; the Dr. Freeman place, afterwards Francis Skinner, and Gen. Hull's, now ex-Governor Claflin's. Most (of these are still standing (1890), though some of them have been removed to another location. Buried Treasure.— At the time of the Revolu NEWTON. 39 tion, three young men of the Prentiss family, living in the Joshua Loring house, on Centre Street, oppo- site Mill Street, are said to have buried considerable property near the brook north of the old cemetery, and going to the war, they never returned. Parties are said to have sometimes dug for the treasure, but it is not known that any has ever been found. Two Lists of Freehoi>ders — that is, of persons holding some estate and competent to vote — remain ; the first, dated 1679, contains sixty-seven names; the second, in 1798, contains 211 names. The latter list is a tax-list, taken under an act of the Congress of the United States, levying upon the country a direct tax of two millions of dollars. The list embraced the houses with their valuation, acres with their valua- tion, and total valuation. Twenty persons are re- corded as owning each one-half of a house ; one, two- thirds; sixty-live, one house each ; one, two, and one, three. We know not on what principle the assessors determined their estimate of the value of houses in Newton a century ago. Possibly they designedly set the value very low, for the purposes of taxation, com- passionating the slender resources of the townsmen and their own. But even if they put upon it no more than a two-thirds valuation, it seems to us that the dwell- ings of the fathers of the town in the fourth genera- tion after its incorporation were ridiculously cheap. According to this list, there were only two houses in the town valued above $2000 ; only eleven, above $1000 ; only thirty-seven above $600 ; more than two- thirds of the whole, less than $500 ; sixty-eight less than $300; forty-flve less than $200; seven less than $100. The three ministers were not required to pay taxes, though each of (hem owned both house and land. The largest number of acres owned by any in- dividual was 249 ; twenty-seven owned between one and two hundred ; 141 less than one hundred ; four lei-s than twenty ; twenty-two less than ten ; thirty- four none at all ; 531J acres stood in the names of women. A Large Boulder in the Middle of Charles River, called " the County Rock," marks the spot where the counties of Norfolk and Jliddlesex and the towns of Newton, Wellesley and Weston adjoin one another. Newton has a Surface Finely Diversified by hills of considerable elevation. The following, with their respective heights, are worthy of mention : Bald Pate Hill, the highest of all, is 318 feet; Waban Hill, near the Chestnut Hill reservoir, 313; Institu- tion Hill, 301; Oak Hill, 296; Chestnut Hill, 290; Sylvan Heij^hts, 252 ; Nonantum Hill, 249; Cottage Hill, 230 ; Moffait Hill, 223 ; Mount Ida, 206. The Population of Newton, at various periods, is as follows : In 1820, 1850 ; 1830, 2376 ; 1840, 3351 ; 1850, 5258; 1860, 8382; 1870, 12,825; 1880, 16,995; 1885, 19,759. Chukches and Public Schools in Newton. — In 1889 Newton had thirty-two churches and twenty school buildings, including one High School. After 116 years the First Church saw its first shoot; after 148 years there were three; after 226 years, thirty- two. The Newton and Watertown Gas-Light Co. was organized March 18, 1854. A littl'^ below Riverside, on the Waltham side of Charles River, is " the Norumbega Tower," erected by Prof Horsford, of Cambridge, and dedicated in 1889. The tower marks the site, as Prof. Horsford believes, of the principal settlement of the aboriginal tribe which once roamed over these forests. Statistics. — In 1885 there were in Newton ninety- five farms, valued at $189,886. The woolen-mills, em- ploying 343 laborers, produced goods valued at $600,- 406; the hosiery-mill employed 46 female operators; the watch factory, 40 ; the cordage factory, 67. Ma- chinists, iron-workers and blacksmiths numbered 192. There were five houses employed in furniture manu- facturingand thirty, clothing. The aggregate of goods manufactured was valued at $2,389,018. Deposits in the two savings banks at the end of 1889, $1,563,750. At the close of 1888 there were 4018 dwelling-houses in the town. The valu.ation by the assessors for the purpose of taxation was $33,278,642. Mount Ida. — The story of Mount Ida is interest- ing. It is the magnificent swell of land which rises immediately south of the railroad station at Newton, and is adorned with many fine residences. In the year 1816 John Fiske bought the entire hill for $3300. In 1850 the same was held at $10,000. After the Civil War it was bought by Langdon Coffin, Esq., who named it Mount Ida and laid it out in building lots. At that date there were only three houses on the whole estate ; now the real estate of the same territory is valued at over half a million dollars. From the summit of Mount Ida admirable views are obtained of the valley-towns on the north — Cam- bridge, Watertown and Waltham, the long and shaggy ridge of Prospect Hill, the blue highlands of Essex, the spires and towers of Boston, the shining waters of Massachusetts Bay, the many villages of Newton and the crests of Wachusett, Monadnock and other inland mountain peaks. Block-house on Centre Street. — On Centre Street, north corner of Cabot Street, the residence of E. W. Converse, Esq., on the site of the mansion, once stood a block-house, with a stone base and open- ings above for defense, to which the neighboring col- onists planned to retreat in case of hostile invasion by the Indians, who had shown at Sudbury, Medfield and Medway how much their attacks were to be dreaded. The old refuge at last fell to decay, having never been practically tested. The present house was erected and the grounds were graded at an expense of $00,000 by the late Israel Lombard, Esq. The properly passed into the hands of the Converse fam- ily in 1866. The old garrison -house was occupied in its latter days as a residence by Enoch Baldwin, 40 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. whose sons were afterwards known among the able financiers ol Boston. Parks in Newton.— Besides the Common at New- ton Centre, the city has several pleasant open spaces, more or less adorned. The most noted is Farlow Park, at Newton, given to the city by the gentleman whose name it bears, and adorned at the public ex- pense, ia 1885. Kenrick Park, also at Newton, was laid out in 1854 by William Kenrick, under the name of Woodland Vale. Linwood Park, between Walnut Street, Crafts Street and Linwood Avenue, was founded by a contribution of S'2000 by citizens in the vicinity, a handsome donation by W. J. Towne, Esq., and an appropriation of SIOUO from the city treasury. Washington Park, at Newtonville, was laid out by Dustin Lancey in 1865. It is one-sixth of a mile long and sixty feet wide. Lincoln Park is a pretty open space on Washington Street, West Newton, in front of the First Baptist Church. Dickens at Newton Centre. — When Charles Dickens, the renowned novelist, was in the United States he, with three companions — George Dolby, James R. Osgood and James T. Fields — undertook a walking-match, February 2'J, 1868, from the begin- ning of the mill-dam in Bo.nton to Newton Centre and back, " for two hats a side and the glory of their respective countries." Dickens and Osgood were the contestants, the other two companions and spectators. Dickens, in describing the contest, says that " at their turning-point, Newton Centre, the only refreshments they could find were five oranges and a bottle of black- ing" (which was a fib). Dickens reached the goal first, but Osgood finally won the match by seven min- utes; and they celebrated the content at night, with a few friends, by a dinner at Parker's. Goody Davis, or Oak Hill, who lived to the age of one hundred and sixteen years, was thrice married, had 9 children, 45 grandchildren, 200 great-grandchildren and above 800 great-great-grandibildren before her death. She was ofttn seen, after she was a hundred years old, at work in the field. She was at last supported by the town, though she retained her faculties I ill she was a hundred and fifteen years old. Dr. Homer remarks that "She had lived through the reigns of Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, Charles II., James II., William and Mary, Queen Anne and George I. and II. She was visited by Governor Dud- ley and also by Governor Belcher, who procured the painting of her portrait, now in possession of the Massachusetts Hi.ttorical Society. Newton Circtit Kailroad.— In 1886 the Boston and Albany Kailroad Corporation bought of the New York and New England that portion of the road and franchise lying between Brookline and Newton Highlands, about five miles and one-tenth, for $415,- 000, to form a part of the Newton Circuit Railroad, and immediately proceeded to ccnii)lete its line across Elliott and Boy Istoii Streets to Riverside; thus opening three licw stations— Eliot, Waban and Woodland — and bringing into market a large quantity of desira- ble land suited to residences and business. CHAPTER II. JVEWTOy—( Continued). THE FIRST CHURCH IN NEWTON. {At Newton Centre.) EV REV. DANIEL L. FURBER, D.D. The first church in Newton was formed in 1664, and was a colony from the church in Cambridge, of which Rev. Jonathan Mitchel was at that time pas- tor. Newton was a part of Cambridge and was called Cambridge Village. The people of this place, in go- ing to meeting on the Lord's Day, went through Watertown as we do now. In 1664 Charles the Second was on the throne of Engla'nd, Sir Isaac Newton was a young man, John Milton was WTiting "Paradise Lost," John Bunyan was in Bedford jail, and Richard Baxter was preach- ing the gospel " as though his soul was drenched therein." Our early ministers used forms of expression which would sound strange if we should hear thtm now. One of them .says, " We should show thankful resent- ment to God for his favors to us ;" " Let us resent the hand of God in the death of so many of his useful ser- vants ;" " I will now shut up all with an exhortation." Another says, " Christians should chew over their former consolations ;" that is, they should call them to mind and ruminate upon them as an ox chews his cud, and thus renew their enjoyment of them. The word "ingenuity" is used for "ingenuousness:" " Let us with candor and ingenuity confess our faults.'' In 225 years this church has had only nine minis- ters — John Eliot, Jr., son of the apostle Eliot, Nehe- miiih Hobart, John Cotton, great-grandson of the famous John Cotton, of Boston, Jonas Meriara, Jon- athan Homer, James Bates, William Bushnell, Dan- iel L. Furber and Theodore J. Holmes. Seven of these nine ministers were ordained here, and the work of six of them was both begun and ended here. The original members of this chucli were an intel- ligent people. Trained as they bad been in the vicin- ity of Harvard College, and listening every Lord's Day to the same preaching to which the professors and students listened, they had been under highly educating influences. No doubt we are in some measure indebted to this fact for the intelligence which now characterizes our people, for the character which is stamped upon a church or town in the begin- ning of its history is apt to go down to succeeding generations. i NEWTON. 41 Sound doctrine has always prevailed here. In the early part of this century, when ninety -.-ix of the 301 Congregational churches of Massachusetts became Uiiitarian, and thirty nnore were nearly so, when all the Boston churches but one abandoned the ancient faith, together with the churches in Roxbury, Dor- chester, Cambridge, Watertown, Dedham, Brookline, Brighton and Waltham, the church in Newton and its first-born child in West Newton stood firm. The doctrinal belief of our fathers was thoroughly Calvin- islic. John Cotton, of Boston, said that after study- ing twelve hours a day, he wanted to sweeten his mouth with a morsel from John Calvin before he went to sleep. If our fathers used some liberty, as no doubt they did, in the interpretation of Calvinism, we prob- ably use still more, lopping off what Dr. Woods, of Andover, used to call the " fag ends" of it. Still, we are Calvinists, and we agree with James Anthony Froude, when he says, "If Arniinianisra most com- mends itself to our feelings, Calvinism is nearer to the facts, however harsh and forbidding those facts may seem." But we have the warmest Christian af- fection for those who differ from us, and join hand and heart with them in the grand endeavor to give the Gospel to mankind. Calvinism, notwithstanding all the prejudice which there is against it, is a mighty system. It has asserted human rights and the equality of all men before God as no other system ever did. David Hume said that Enjiland owed all the liberty she had to the Puritans, and George Bancroft says that the monarchs of Eu- rope, with one consent and with instinctive judgment, feared Calvinism as republicanism. John Fiske says that " the promulgation of, the theology of Calvin was one of the longest steps that mankind has taken towards personal freedom." We boast of what New England did in the War of the Revolution. It fur- nished more than half of the troops that were raised. The descendants of the Puritans did that. The Con- gregationalists at that time were seven times as numerous as all other denominations put together, and they were descendants of the Puritans, and the Puritans were Calvinists. Let tliis show what kind of moral and religious forces achieved our indepen- dence. Everywhere the influence of this system of belief has been to establish human freedom, to edu- cate the masses, to elevate society, and to free the en- slaved. " Take the Calvinists of New England," said Henry Ward Beecher ; " persons rail at them, but they were men that believed in their doctrines. They put God first, the commonwealth next, and the citizen next, and they lived accordingly, i;ind where do you find prosperity that averages as it does in New Eng- land, in Scotland and in Switzerland? Men may rail as much as they please, but these are the facts." Our church has been blessed with a godly and faithful ministry. Rev. John Eliot, Jr., was called one of the best preachers of hia time. Hubbard's "History of New England " says he was second to none as to all litera- ture and other gifts, both of nature and grace, wliich made him so generally acceptable to all who had the least acquiiintance with h:m. We have no sermons from his pen, but there is a record of precious utter- ances made by him upon his dying bed, which can be found in the Congregational Qum-ferhj for April, 1865. It was not known until about that time that the record was in existence. Cotton Mather had said nearly two hundred years ago that Mr. Eliot " upon his death-bed uttered such penetrating things as could proceed from none but one upon the borders and con- fines of eternal glory. It is a pity," said he, "that so many of them are forgotten." About twenty-five years ago was found in the attie of an old house in Windsor, Conn., in which lived and died Mr. Eliot's son. Judge John Eliot, a portion of a manuscript, yellow with age, in which was a copy of the "dying speech." While containing language of the deepest self-abasement it is a speech of triumph. The pros- pect of being so soon in glory with one whom he loved with all his soul, filled him with exultation and rapture. As old John Trapp says: "He went gal- lantly into heaven with sails and flags up and trum- pets sounding." This for a young man only thirty- two years old, with the brightest prospects before him in t/iis world, loved and admired by all who knew him, was certainly most remarkable. After Mr. Eliot's death dissensions arose in the church, about which we know almost nothing. But in 1672 Nehemiah Hobart came and healed the divi- sions and restored harmony. In him a rich blessing came to the little church, and he is to be reckoned among the eminent men of his time. President Stilts, of New Haven, requested an aged cleigyman, Rev. John Barnard, of Marblehead, whom Dr. Chauncy called "one of our greatest men," to give him the names of those New England divines of whom he had conceived the highest opinion for sanc- tity, usefulness and erudition, and he gave him the names of eighteen men, amor.g whom was the name of Nehemiah Hobart, of Newton. Other names in the list are Samuel Willard and Ebenezer Pemberton, of the Old South Church in Boston ; Cotton Mather, of the Old North Church; BeiiJHinin Colnian, of Brat- tle Street Church, iind Increase Mather and Benjamin Wadsworth, presidents of Harvard College. But if Mr. Hobart is entitled to rank with such men as these, why is he not better known ? The reason mny be that he was an extremely modest man. A minister who knew him intimately said that his modesty was ex- cessive, and that he had a singular backwardness to appearing in public. Mr. Hobart died August 25, 1712. Eight days be- fore his death he preached morning and a'ternoon, and at the close of the day blessed the congregation in the words prescribed in Numbers : 2-f-26, which made an impression upon many. They thought that he had taken have of them and that they should never 42 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. hear him again. He had used that form but once be- fore. He said to President Leverett, of Harvard Col- lege, who made him a vii-ita few days before his death, that he had been at forty-nine commencement', never liaving missed one from the very first time that he had " waited on tliat solemnity." The President said tliat he was a great blessing and ornament to the Corpora- tion of Harvard College. Judge Sewall states that the Governor (Dudley) was present at his funeral with four horses. "A great many people there. Suppose there were more than forty graduates." The President was one of the bearers, and the Governor and Judge Sewall followed next after the mourners. Mr. Hobart's ministry continued forty years, during which lime an unshaken harmony subsisted between him and his people. Ifthere were revivals and large additions to the church under his ministry, or under the ministry of IMr. Eliot, we know nothing of them, for the records of our church have been twice burned, once in 1720 and again in 1770. Ourne.xt minister was llev. John Cotton, who was ordained here in 1714. The desire of the people to secure him for their minister w.is very strong. Rev. Edward Holyoke, a terward President of Harvard College, had preached here as a candidate, but Mr. Cotton was preferred. When he came, a youth of twenty-one, the whole town went in procession to nuet and welcome him. Dr. C()lman,of lirattle Street Church, spoke of him as a man in whom the name and spirit of the famous John Cotton revived and shone. Twelve of his sermons were published and are preserved. Fifty persons were added to the church soon after the earthquake of 1727, in consequence of that awful event, and of the use which he made of it in his preaching. One hundred and four were added in 1741-42 in a revival which probably began with the preaching of the celebrated Gilbert Tennent. As an illustration of the attention which in former times was bestowed upon the young, there were many towns in New England about the year 1727 in which young men set up meetings for religious exercises on the evenings of the Lord's Day. Such meetings were held here, and Mr. Cotton delivered f .ur sermons on the text " Run, speak to this young man." In the re- vival of 1741 scores of children and young people called upon their minister from week to week for re- ligious conversation. This interest was greatly deep- ened by the death of Mr. John Park's three children, who died within the space of two weeks, after very brief illness, one of them eighteen years old, another sixteen, and the other ten. These deaths produced such an effect upon the young that these re.s who had called upon the minister were increased to hundreds, and Mr. (.Cotton states that more than three hundred had been with him, expressing a serious concern about the salvation of their souls. Thin is really a most as- tonishing instance ofdecpand wide-spread interest in religion among the young. We are apt to think that the young were not cared for in past times as they are now, but who ever saw anything like this? Whoever heard of a place before, no larger than this, where three hundred and more of the children and youth were calling upon their minister to know what they must do to be saved ? The young came from sur- rounding towns to attend the meetings here, and in one instance at least Mr. Cotton made a special ad- dress to them. Now it is impossible for such a wave of religious interest to roll over this place without leaving ineffaceable marks of itself. Accordingly, when Dr. Homer, forty years after, received his call to this place, he said, '■ I have noticed the diligent and .solemn attention of the people and especially of the youth of this place to the public services of religion, in which I have seldom, if ever, found them equaled elsewhere. This is a circumstance of my call which I cannot resist, and would prefer to every other possi- ble consideration." There is no doubt that we feel to this day the effect of the revival among the young which occurred here one hundred and fifty years ago. Mr. Cotton died in 1757, in the sixty-fourth year of his age and in the forty-third year of his ministry. In 1758 began the ministry of Rev. Jonas Meriam, which continued twenty-two years. He is remembered as the minister who bought and gaveliberty to a slave nearly one hundred years before slavery was abolished in our country. His second wife was granddaughter of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, of Brookline, the man who introduced the practice of inoculation for small-pox, in the face of such outrageous opposition that he did not dare to go out of his house in the evening, knowing that men were on the streets with halters in their hands ready to hang him. During his ministry AniMi Hammond, who lived to be one hundred and four years old, joined thechur;;h. She married Rev. Joseph Pope, of Spencer, and spent the remainder of her life in that town, occupy- ing one sleeping-room eighty-two years. Her longev- ity was owing in great measure, it is believed, to her habitual cheerfulness. She believed that she had had the best husband, the best children and the best grandchildren that ever a woman had. " Your grandfather, my child," said she, "was as good a man as God ever made, and no minister ever had a better parish, and no old woman ever had better or kinder care." And so her lite was one continued hallelujah. The doors of the Spencer parsonage were continu- ally open wiih hospitality. The leading ministers of the time, Emmons, Spring, Bellamy, Backus and such men, were often entertained there, and they made the long evenings lively with their theological discussions protracted to late hours of the night around the old hearth-stone. During the depreciation of the Conti- nental currency, when it is said that a whole year's salary went to buy a block tin tea-pot, the hospitality was still kept up, though nobody knew how, and the large-hearted hostess said she never knew what it was to want. Here was a character of the true New Eng- NEWTON. 43 land type, in which were piety and intelligence fed by God's word, and by the writings of Edwards, Bel- lamy, Hopkins and men like them. The allusion to >SpriLg and Emmons as her guests is the more interesting when it is kno'An that both of them were her suitors. The tradition is, that Dr. Spring, when a young man, was on his way to New- ton in search of a wife, when he met Mr. Pope on his way to the same house and with the same intent. The situation was delicate and perplexing. After some deliberation Dr. Spring said, " Brother Pope, you have a parish and I have none ; I give way to you." When Mrs. Pope was a widow about seventy-five years old, and Dr. Emmons was a widower of about eighty-five, he sent her by the hand of a ministerial brother, probably his son-in-law, Rev. Dr. Ide, of Med- way , a proposal of marriage. The offer was declined, and when it was pressed with some urgency, with refer- ence, probably, to the eminence of the suitor, she re- plied, "No elevation of character or circumstances could have a feather's weight toward inducing me to change my name. I hope to bear it while I live, and lie by the side of him who gave it to me when I die." The mini-try of Dr. Jonathan Homer began in 1782, and continued fifty-seven years. When he ac- cepted his call to this place he had declined a call to the new South Church in Boston, the church whose edifice was on " Church Green," in Summer Street, near the head of Lincoln Street. It was a noble triumph of Christian principle for him, for conscience' sake, and on the ground that the " half-way covenant" was in use in the new South Church, as, in fact, it was in most of the churches in Boston, to prefer New- ton, with a small salary, to Boston, with a large one, and with its refined and literary society. He had a deeply religious spirit, literary taste, a pleasing style of writing, spoke easily in the pulpit without notes, and excelled in conversation. Blake's ''Bio- graphical Dictionary " says he was one of the most be- loved clergymen in Massachusetts, universally es- teemed as a man of learning and piety. He read Greek, Hebrew and Latin, and learned Spanish after he was sixty years old. Many of the later years of his life were devoted to an enthusiastic study of the different English trans- lations of the Bible, from that of Wycliffe to that of 161L He intended to write a history of them. The late Professor B. B. Edwards, of Andover, said he was better qualified to do it than any other person in the country. A conclusion which Dr. Homer reached was that King James's Bible was IN NO part a new translaiion taken directly from the originals. He had the most ample facilities for ascertaining the truth of this statement. His shelves were filled with rare and choice books bearing upon the subject, many of them obtained from England with great pain-stak- ing and expense, and he performed the almost incred- ible labor of finding out by personal exfcmination the source from which the translation of every verse in the Bible was taken, and he showed, what he had previously -asserted, but what had been denied by Biblical scholars, both English and American, that not a single verse in King James's version was newly translated, but that the whole of it was taken from other versions, and was a compilation. He showed that thirty-two parts out of thirty-three were taken from former English versions, chiefly from the Bish- ops' Bible, and that the remaining thirty-third part was drawn from foreign versions and comments. Having announced this result of his investigations, he quoted the words of the translators themselves, that they "had never thought from the beginning of the need of making a new translation." It has been generally admitted that in the time of the Unitarian defection Dr. Homer was considerably influenced by his many friends who had embractd the erroneous views, and especially by Dr. John Pierce, of Brooklice, and Dr. James Freeman, of King's Chapel, in Boston, whose wife was a sister of Mrs. Homer. But Dr. John Codman, of Dorchester, who was an intimate friend of Dr. Homer, and who preached his funeral sermon, said that he was decid- edly evangelical and orthodox, though liberal and catholic in his feelings towards other denominations. "There was no bigotry in him. His heart overflowed with love to all who love the Lord Jesus Christ of every sect and name. He was not a denominational Christian, but a member of the church universal." His heart was full of the tenderest sympathy for the suf- feiing. He took orphans and homeless children to his own house and gave them a home until they could be provided for. More than thirty were cared for by him in this way. A smile is sometimes awakened at the mention of Dr. Homer's name, because of the many queer and strange things that have been told of him. He was a very absent-minded man, and his wife was constantly expecting some odd event to occur from his eccentric ways. Professor Park, of Andover, says that he and Professor Edwards and others were once invited to dine at Dr. Homer's. When they were called to dinner they went into the dining-room and took their places around the table, their host not being present. Soon, however, he appeared at the door of the room, and seeing that the company were waiting for him, immediately commenced asking the blessing. By the time he had reached his place at the table he got through with the blessing and then saluted his guests. Other stories about Dr. Homer, under the name of " Parson Carry 1," may be found in "The Minister's Housekeeper," one of Sam Lawson's "Old- town Fireside Stories," by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. "You may laugh as much as you will at brother Homer," said Father Greenough, of the West Parish ; " there is no man among us who carries with him the spirit of the gospel from Monday morning to Saturday night better than he." 44 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The year 1827 was the crowning year of this long ministry. Seventy-one persons were received into the ciiurch in that year, as many as had been receiv- ed in the previous nineteen years. The revival of tliat year is remarkable as showing what can be done by a few earnest laymen when relig'on is low, and when the minister is not the man to be the means of reviving it. Dr. Homer was growing old ; he was absorbed in the study of English versions of the Bible, and he had not the faculty for conducting a revival, even if one were in progress. In four years only four persons had been received into the church on confession of Axith, and one of these was a woman in the nindy-eighlh year of her age. During this period Hon. William Jackson, a deacon, and a man bo-n to be a leader among men, had spoken of the good ."late of feeling in the church. Perhaps his hopeful and enthut-iastic spirit made it seem better than it was. Such a spirit is contagious, and he found large numbers in the church in full sympathy with him. " They labored," said he, "and loved to labor, both men and women, in season, and out of season, for Christ and the welfare of souls." Speak- ing of Elijah F. Woodward, Increase S. Davis and Asa Cook, he said, " We were four brothers indeed ! Together in the Sunday-school, together in the prayer-meeting, and together in every gond work which our hands and hearts found to do. In these good works we continued with one heart and with one soul, until the fall of 1827, when'God poured us out such a blessing that we had hardly room to receive it, and sure I am that none of us knew what to do with it, or how to behave under it. It was the hap- piest year of my life. Notwithstanding I gave my mind and very much of my lime to this work, to an extent, in fact, which lookers on. Christians even, would have thought, and probably did pronounce, ruinous to my business, yet when I came to take an account of stock the following June, I found that it had been the mo^t profitable year of my life, that I bad never before laid up more money in one year. This blessed revival continued with more or less strcngih until 1834, when more than two hundred members had been added to our church. The mem- bers of the church, young and old, seemed all to love to pray and to labor, and f und their chief happiness in doing thi ir Mas'cr's will." Deacon Jackson's leadership was felt at every step of that revival. He said to Dr. Homer, "There is need of a great deal of work here, and we ought not to tax you at your time of life ; if you please, I will call in help from outside." The minister had such confidence in his deacon, that he allowed him to do whatever he pleased. Accordingly, Rev. Jonathan S. Green came and labored here seveial months, and after him, Hev. Isaac K. Barber. Deacon Jackson went about the parish with them, introducing them to the families and assis'ing them in conducting neighborhood meetings. Often he conducted such meetings himself. Saturday night meetings were held at his own house. " This carpet will be ruined," said his wife, " by so many muddy boots." " Nevermind," said he, "wait till the roads are dry, and you shall have the hand^omest carpet there is in Boston." Such was the fervor and intensity of his spirit that the raeetirgs were full, even if it was known that he was going to read, as he sometimes did, a printed sermon. He spent much time in visiting the sick, and in more specifically spiritual work with individ- uals. For four or five years this kind of religious activity went on. Deacon Jackson, Deacon Wood- ward and others were never weary in well-doing, and we might almost call the revival of 1827 the deacons' revival. Rev. James Bates was ordained as colleague pastor with Dr. Homer in November, 1827. He was a man whnse soul was habitually penetrated with the thought of the infinite and amazing interests which the preaching of the Gospel contemplates. The eter- nal future of those to whom he ministered was to depend in great measure upon his fidelity. To be the means of their salvation Wiis the passion of his life. Large additions were made to the church under his ministry. It is true that other agencies were at work. The revival of 1827 had not spent itself when he came here. A very successful four days' meeting was held in 1831, at which Dr. Lyman Beecher and Dr. B. B. Wisner were among the preachers, and the period from that time to 1835 was one of those great revival eras in which the windows of Heaven are open all over the land to pour down salvation. These considerations, however, should not detract from the value of the labors of Mr. Bales, for he was equally succes-ful in Granby after he had left Newton. Mr. Bates had for helpers two such deacons as any minister might be thankful for — Elijah F. Woodward and William Jackson. Deacon Woodward came'of a goodly stock. Four generations of his ancestors had lived and prayed and died in the house in which he was born. His father and grandfather were deacons. He was made deacon at the age of twenty-eight, and held the office as long as he lived. He was twenty-nine years superintendent of the Sunday-school. He entered the choir at the age of eleven, and remained there forty-eight years, half of which time he was the leader with voice and viol of thirty or forty singers and players. He lived two miies from the meeting- house, and yet no one was more constant or more punctual than he in attendance upon all the meetings of the church and of the choir, both in the daytime and in the evening. Often he took a shovel in his s'cigh to make a path through snowdrifts. He was farmer, teacher, surveyor, town clerk and treasurer, and yet his duties to the church were never neg- lected. His horse had heard the Do.xology in Old Hundred sung so many times that he learned to rec- ognize the singing of it as the closing exercise of an NEWTON. 45 evening meeting, and when he heard it he backed out of the shed and walked up to the chapel door, where he waited till his master came out. One of Deacon Woodward':' duties as town clerk was to announce in- tenlion.s of marriage. This he did from his place in the choir on the Sabbath, just before the benediction- Few men render the public so much service as he did' in so quiet and noiseless a way, and with so little desire to get the glory of it to himself. The appreci- ation in which he was held was shown by the attend- ance at his funeral. The meeting-house was full. People came from every part of the town, and from surrounding tuwns, and the procession of those who walked to his burial was more than half a mile long. This was their tribute to the goodness of a man in whom everybody had confidence. Deacon Jackson was the champion of every right- eous and good cause, whether popular or unjjopular. If it was unpopular it had all the more attraction for him, because it needed him the more. He was the first mover in the temperance cause in this town, aiid delivered the first temperance address. His action upon the subject of license, as selectman of the town, raised a storm of opposition which caused the subject of intemperance to be more thoroughly, discussed and better undeistood than in any other town in the Com- monwealth. When he began to agitate the question, he said he knew of but three total abstinence men in the town — Captain Samuel Hyde, Increase S. Davis and Seth Davis. This was in 1826, the year that Dr. Lyman Beecher delivered his famous six lectures on intemperance. In less than two years from that time Deacon Jackson was sent to the Legislature as a tem- perance man. In the Legislature he opened his lips against Free Masonry and for that was sent to Con- gress two terms. While in Congress he saw the usurpations of the slaveholders, and this made him an anti-slavery man. When the Liberty party was formed he was its first candidate for Governor. When the American Missionary Association was formed in 1846 he was its first president, and held the office eight years. In 1828 he began to advocate the construction of railroads. For sixteen or eighteen years no subject engaged so much of his attention or occupied 80 much of his time as this. In 1829 he delivered lectures and addresses in the principal towns of the State, and wrote articles for the newspapers of Bos- ton, Springfield, Northampton, Haverhill and Salem_ This was considered by many of his friends to be evidence of partial derangement. In May, 18.31, the building of the railroad from Boston to Worcester was commenced, and there is no man to whom the public is more indebted than to him for the railroad facilities of the present day. William Jackson was a leader among men without trying to be, and perhaps without knowing that he was, by the excellence and force of his character, by his knowledge of men and of affairs, by his quickness and sagacity, by the depth and strength of his con- victions, by his loyalty to truth and duty, by his capacity for being possessed and controlled by the conclusions to which his judgment and conscience conducted him, by the simplicity, earnestness and public spiril with which he urged his views upon the attention of others, and by his enthusiastic disregaid of his own ease and time and money, if public in- terests might be subserved, and righteousness main- tained, and the kingdom of heaven brought nearer; and when men saw in him these qualities and this de- votion to the jiublio welfjre, they gave him their confidence, acknowledged his leadership and felt safe in following him. The devotion of this remarkable man to public interests was never allowed to interfere wi'.h his duties to his church. He spent a great amount of time and money in promoting its welfare. He knew nothing about the love of money for its own sake, or for luxury and display. He accumulated that he might give, and he could not say no to any person or cause needing aid. He wrote the early history of this church as contained in Jackson's " History of New- ton." Though in early life he was a Unitarian and an admirer of Dr. Channing,,when he changed his belief he becaine one of the stoutest defenders of the orthodox faith we ever had. He ever maintained the most cordial social relations with his Unitarian friends, and he gave them his hand and his heart as co- workers with him for temperance and anti-slavery. The pastoral relation of Mr. Bates and of Dr. Homer ceased at the same time, in April, 1839. The seventh pastor of our church was Rev. William Bushnell, installed in 1842. As a preacher he was clear, sound, scriptural and instructive. He published sermons commemorative of Deacons Woodward and Jackson. His ministry terminated in 1846. My own ministry began iu 1847, and continued thirty-five years. In 1854 we enlarged the meeting- house and built a new chapel. In 1869 we again en- larged both themeeting-house and the chapel, at a cost of twenty-two thousand dellars. In twenty-six years our contributions to benevolent objects, including gifts of individuals and the work of the Ladies' Benevo- lent Society, amounted to nearly sixty-three thousand dollars. The present pastor. Rev. Theodore J. Holmes, was installed in 1883. He ha-t a special gift for interesting children and youth. Their attendance upon the services of religion has been greatly increased under his ministry and addiliona of young persons to the church have been numerous. We have no means of knowing how many persons were received into our church by its first four ministers. It is probable that several hundred names were lost by the burning of the church records. Dr. Homer, as sole pastor for forty-five years, received two hundred and fifty-seven. He and Mr. Bates to- gether received, in eleven and a half years, one hun- dred and ninety-four. Mr. Bushnell in his four years 46 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. received seventeen. In my own ministry five hundred and thirty-six were received, or two hundred and fifty-four by profession and two hundred and eighty- two by letter. Brother Holmes has received in six years one hundred and forty-one, or sixty -nix by pro- fession and seventy-five by letter. The men whom this church has sent into the ministry are Ichabod Wiswall, William Williams, Thomas Greenwood, John Prentice, Caleb Trowbridge, Edward Jackson, Joseph Park, Samuel Woodward, Nathan Ward, Jonas Clark, Ephraira Ward, Calvin Park, Increase Sumner Davis, James M. Bacon, Edward P. King^bury, James A. Bates, Gilbert R. Brackett, Charles A. Kingsbury, Frank D. Sargent, James A. Towle, Erastus Blakeslee and John Bar- stow. An incredible story is told about the strength of Nathan Ward's voice. He was a disciple of White- field and was settled in Plymouth, N. H. A family living more than a mile from his meeting-house said they could remaio at home and hear the sermon. Jonas Clark, of Lexington, iliustrate-sthe remark of the elder Prfsideut Adams, that "American independence was mainly due to the clergy." He was an intimate friend of Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who often visited him. Increase Sumner Davis was a man who could take a walk of twelve or fifteen miles before breakfast, and call it pleasant exercis^e. When his preaching places were distant he went to 'hem on foot. Oil one of his walks in Piermont he met a man who had l)een drinking, and who came up to him and challenged him to a trial of strength. Mr. Davis tried to avoid him, but the man persisted. " Let me alone," said Mr. Davis, "or you will find that you have caught a full-giown man." But the man would not let him alone, and the result was that he was soon lying on his back in the snow with his head plunged into a snow-bank, where he was held till he promised to be peaceable and begged to be released. On being suffered to get up, he wiped the snow from his face and muttered: " You aie a full-grown man any- . way." Among the women from this church who have been wives of ministers w;is Abigail Williams, ancestor of President Mark Ilojikins, of Hon. Theodore Sedg- wick, judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and of Catharine Maria Sedgwick. Her first husband was Kev. John Sergeant, and her second husband General Joseph Dwight. She was a woman of fine talents and acquirements, of dignified manner.^ and of elevated Chrisiian character. While teaching Indian girls as a missionary, she corresponded ex- tensively with persons eminent for learning and piety on both sides of the Atlantic. Miss Eliza Susan Morton, of New York, who became the wife of Presi- dent Josiah Quincy, of Harvard College, gives the following account of her personal appearance: " When Mailame Dwight visited us in 178(j she was between sixty and seventy years of age, tall, straight, composed, and rather formal and precise, yet so be- nevolent and pleasing that everybody loved her. Her dress was always very handsome, generally dark- colored silk. She always wore a watch, which in those days was a distinction. Her head-dress was a high cap with plaited borders, tied under the chin. Everything about her distinguished her as a gentle- woman, and inspired respect and commanded atten- tion." Three missionaries have lately gone from us — Harriet N. Childs, to Central Turkey ; Bertha Robert- son, to Southern Georgia; and Sarah L. Smith, to Micronesia. Several of the ministers of our church have been nobly connected. Mr. Cotton was great-grandson of the man for whom Bcjston was named. Mr. Hobart was uncle to Dorothy Hobart, the mother of David Brainerd, one of the holiest men that ever lived. Mr. Eliot's first wife was great-aunt to Mrs. Jonathan Edwards, and his second wife was an ancestor, by a second marriage, of Josiah Quincy, president of Har- vard College. It is enough to say of Mr. Eliot that he was a son of the apostle Eliot, but his brother Joseph, of Guilford, had a son .Tared, who was a re- markable man. He was the minister of Killingworth, Conn., where he never omitted preaching on the Lord's Day for forty years. He delighted in the gospel of God's grace to perishing sinners, and yet he was a physician, a philosopher, a linguist, a miner- alogist, a botanist and a scientific agriculturist. He knew so much about diseases and their treatment that he was more extensively consulted than any physician in New England. Being on the main road from New Y''ork to Boston, he was visited by many gentlemen of distinction. He was a personal friend and correspond- ent of Bishop Berkeley. Dr. Franklin always called upon him when passing through the town. This man was nephew to Rev. John Eliot, Jr., and he once preached in this place. The record of the town of Newton for patriotism in the French and Indian Wars, and in the War of the Revolution, is a noble one. The church shares this honor with the town. The name of Captain Thomas Prentice was a terror to the hostile Indians. He was an original member of the church in 1()()4, and so were two others, and probably more, who fell in the Indian Wars. In the army of the Revolution were four of the deacons of our church — John Woodward, David Stone, Jonas Stone and Ebenezer Woodward ; also Col. Joseph Ward, who received the thanks of Washington for bis services, Col. Benjamin Ham- mond, General William Hull, and that brave and im- petuous soldier. Col. Michael Jacksoa, who had with him in the army five brothers and five sons. Two of our men were nearly sixty years old when they en- listed, two were nearly seventy and one was seventy- three. Fifty-seven names of soldiers of the Revolu- tion are on our church roll, forty of whom were mem- bers of the church at the time of the war, and seven- NEWTON. 47 teen joined it afterward. More than half the male members of the church performed military duty. This sliows how he ivy the draft was that was made upon the population of the country to fill the ranks of the army. The population was small, and evefy able- bodied man of suitable age was needed in the struggle for independence. In the War of the Kebellion the population was so great that, though the armies were immense in size, the proportion of enlisted men was much smaller. Ouly nine of the members of this church were in the Union army, and three of these were not members at the time of the war, but became sach afterward. Their names are Col. I. F. Kings- bury, Sergeant-Major Charles Ward, Captain George F. Bracljett, Major Ambrose Bancroft, Roger S. Kingsbury, Eiward A. Ellis, John E. Towie, Cap- tain Joseph E. Cousens and William H. Daly. Edward P. Kingsbury enlisted and went into camp, but was compelled by ill health to return home. William H. Ward, brother of Charles, might prop- erly be counted among tbe soldiers from this church, for here was the home of his boyhood, and this was the church he first joined. In July, 18G2, Charles Ward, who was almost ready to enter college, having the ministry in view, said to his friends : " I believe it is ray duty to en- list." They said to him : " If you enlist for three years you will never come back." His only reply was : " I do not expect to come back." On the evening of his enlistment he said : '' We hear the call of our country summoning us to her defense in the hour of peril. Is there a life too precious to be sacrificed in such a cause ? I do not feel that mine is. I rejoice that I am permitted to go and fight in her defense. I have come here to enroll my name as a soldier of my country, and I hope I am ready to die for her if need be." For a time he was detailed as clerk at division headquarters, but as soon as the call to arms was heard he dropped his pen for his place in the ranks, saying, " I cannot sit here writing when my company are going into battle." This was the battle of Chancellorsville, in which he fought bravely with his comrades. His moral and religious character nobly stood the test of army life. He was as little affected by its de- moralizing influences as the three Hebrews were by the fury of Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, when they came forth from it without the smell of fire upon them. The whiskey that was furnished to the sol- diers he would neither drink nor commute for other rations. He regularly took it and poured it on the ground. His religious influence was felt in the sol- diers' prayer-meetings, and in his habitual use of his Bible. His calm and unwavering courage in battle, or in prospect of a battle, was a tonic to the whole regiment. Every man in it knew that he had given his life to the cause of his country, and that he stood ready to complete the sacrifice whenever his duty as a soldier required it. At Gettysburg, on the very crest of the wave of that gigantic war, he laid down his life. In a charge across an open field under a deadly fire, a bullet pierced his lungs and he fell. He lived several days after this and was left in a barn with other wounded soldiers. One of them said, " I am sorry I ever enlisted." Charles overhearing him, said, '" I do not feel so ; I am glad I came; this is just what I expected." He sent loving messages home to his friends, and said to them, " Death has no fears for me ; my hope is still firm in Jesus." Such was the death in his twenty-second year of a Christian soldier, a young man who gave his life first to God and then to his country. An officer of his regiment said of him, "A pattern of goodness and worth, he became endeared to all, so refined and cul- tivated even amidst the rough usages of camp life, a necessity to the regiment." Fitly the Army I'ost of this city bears the name of Charles Ward. Our church has supplied ibr the service of the country in wars early and late, seventy men, and it is believed that in the French and Indian Wars there were soldiers whose names have been lost. Twenty two ministers have gone out from us, seventeen ministers' wives, and one young womTin unmarried, as a missionary. Twenty-five descend- ants of these ministers and ministers' wives have been ministers, and twenty-one ministers' wives. No doubt the number is greater than this, but these have been counted. Two of the ministers stayed forty years each in one place, one forty -six years, one forty- seven, two fifty, one fifty-three, one fifty-five, and the husband of one of the wives sixty years. We have then a total of eighty-six persons who have been engaged in ministerial or missionary service, — namely, forty-seven ministers, of whom five were missionaries, thirty-eight wives of ministers, of whom three ware missionaries, and one missionary unmarried. A large number of eminent men have either been members of this church or descendants of members. First of all should be mentioned our own deacon, Isaac Williams, ancestor of a long line of distinguish- ed men. Hision William, of Hatfield ; his grandsons, Solomon, of Lebanon, Conn., Elisha, President of Yale College, Colonel Ephraim, founder of {Williams Col- lege ; and his great-grandsons, Eliphalet, of East Hart- ford, Conn., and William, of Lebanon, Conn., a member of Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, are conspicuous representatives of this notable family. Rev. Dr. Joseph Buckminster ; his son. Rev. Joseph Stephens Buckminster ; Judge Theodore Sedgwick ; his daughter, Catharine Maria Sedgwick ; President Mark Hopkins, Professor Al- bert Hopkins, and Mrs. E. S. Mead, president of Mount Holyoke Seminary and College, are descend- ants still further down the line. Jonas Clark, of Lexington, minister, patriot, states- man, and his grandson, Henry Ware, Jr., professor in Harvard Divinity School, were eminent men. 48 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Jo-ieph Park, of Westerly, R. I., had a Sunday- school in his church thirty years before the time of Robert Raikes. Thomas Park, LL.D., was profe.-sor in Columbia College, South Carolina. Rev. Cidvin Park, D.i)., was professor in Brown University. His son, Edwards A. Park, D.D., LL.D., has been editor • of the Bibliotheca Sacra forty years, professor in Andover Theological Seminary forty-five years, a preacher and author sixt/ years, and is still preparing works for the press. From John Eliot, Jr., the first minister of our church, descended his son, Judge John Eliot, and from him Henry C. Bowen, Esq. From his widow by a second marriage was descended Josiah Quincy, LL.D., President of Harvard Cjllege. From Mr. Hobart, the second minister of our church, havedestendtd Rev. Dr. R.S.Storrs, of Brain- tree ; his son. Rev. R. S. Storrs, D.D., LL.D., of Brook- lyn, N. Y. ; Dr. Joseph Torrey, president of the Uni- versity of Vermont, and Judge Robert R. Bishop, of this place. From Mr. Cotton, our third minister, were de- scended Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer and his son by the same name, patron of Harvard College. Other descendants of members of this church are Rev. Dr. James Freeman Clarke, Rev. Dr. William Hayes Ward and Professor William G. T. Shedd, D.D., LL.D., of New York, a prolific author and the greatest master of the Augustinian theology in our land. William Jackson, pioneer in temperance and anti- slavery, father of railroads, member of Congress as an anti-Mason, a pillar in the church, zealous in all good works, was a member of this church from 1814 to 1845. Included in this enumeration are three judges, two members of Congress, several authors, tihree college professors, three professors in theological seminaries and five college presidents. What opportunities for usefulness do such positions as these afford, and what sense of security we have when the right men fill them ! Those who are called to instruct and guide the joung in the forming period of their lives are sitting at the very fountains of influence. They direct the thinking of the time, for they teach those who are to be the thinkers. If all our coleges and schools were provided with such teachers as tliosc whose names have just been mentioned, we might almost say that society would be safe in their hands. John Wesley, when a young man, declined a curacy thaf. he might spend ten years at Oxford. If he had taken a pulpit, he felt that he should purify only one particular stream ; therefore he went to the Uui- versity, that he might "sweeten the fountain." It is exceedingly gratifying to us to find in how many ways the church that we love has been of ser- vice to the interests of mankind, through ministers and missionaries and teachers, and gifts of money; through the lives of men and women who, like Moses on the mount, had power with God in prayer, and through the lives of men who, like Joshua, when the life of the nation was threatened, cou'.d go out and fight against her enemies. It is simply amazing to see in how many directions the influence of a single local church may go out, and how its agencies for do- ing good may extend and multiply in successive gen- erations, when the children of ministers, their grand- children, and great-grandchildren, and descendants still more remote, are found perpetuating the work of their ancestors and keeping alive the fragrance of their name. This is a kind of fruit which it is the peculiar privilege of an ancient church like ours to gather up. Is it not also the privilege of a country church in distinction from a city church? Churches which are remote from the excitements, the diver- sions and the frivolities which are incident to city life furni-h by far the larger proportion of the men who stand in the pulpits of the land, and exert a con- trolling influence upon society, as Veil as of those who carry the gospel to the ends of the earth. Es- tablish a local church where one is needed, either in country or city, and you open a fountain of living waters which may flow on to the end of time. Its work goes on quietly, but constantly, like the flowing of a gentle river, in sermons, and prayer-meetings, and Sunday-Schools, in pastoral visitation, and in benevolent contributions, and sometimes we are cast down in spirit because there are no more visible results. But God has said, " My word shall not re- turn to me void ; it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it." This is always true, and when we look through long periods of time we see it. " Every- thing lives whithersoever the river cometh." An ancient church is often a mother of churches. As the banyan tree in the East sends down shoots from its branches to take root in the earth and be- come the stems and trunks of new trees, so this church sent down a shoot into the soil of the West Parish in 1781, and a new tree sprang up there. In 184.5 it sent one down on the spot where Eliot Church now stands, and what a banyan tree is there! Another was dropped at Newtonville in 1858, and another at Newton Highlands in 1872, and the trees all flourish, and their prosperity is our joy. The work of the scores of ministers who have gone out into the woild, tracing their roots back to this hallowed spot, sends back its benediction upon us and fills us with thanks- giving. For "so is the kingdom of God as if a man should cast seed upon the earth and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should spring up and grow he knowelh not how. The earth beareth fruit of herself" under the smile of God, and so does a lo- cal church. It is an institution filled with unspeak- able blessing to all within its reach. Continually, in one way and another, often in ways that we do not observe, and in ways that we never shall know in this world, it is bringing forth fruit unto God. If this church through its long history has been a blessing to others, it has been a blessing to this panic- NEWTON. 49 ular locality. Souad dootrioe and true religion bring with them everything that is desirable ia huinaa society. Welove thecity where wedwell, weenjoy its good name and its fair fame among the cities and towns of our Commonwealth. If society among us is established upon right principles, and if the char- acter and conduct of the people are such as to adorn those principles ; if all this is true in an eminent de- gree, as we think it is, we are largely indebted for it to those who have gone before u-i, and especially to the early ministers. Their faithful preaching and godly living were the foundation on which society was built. They formed the channel which shaped the direction of the stream that has been flowing ever since. Their spirit is in the air, and it has been breathed by every successive generation, and it is in great measure because of this that the lines have fallen to us in such pleasant places and that we have so goodly a heritage. CHAPTER III. NE WTON -( Continued). EDUCATIONAL. BY MRS. ELECTA N. L. WALTON. Before Newton became a Town.ship. — Pre- vious to the separation of Cambridge Village (New- ton) from Cambridge her school interests were identi- cal with those of Cambridge, in which place there was established, in 1036, "A public school, or col- ledge," and soon after, by the side of the college, "A faire Grammar Schoole for the training up of young schollars, and fitting them for Academical! learning, that still as they were judged ripe, they might be re- ceived into the coUedge." It is not definitely known when this grammar school was established, but it must have been previous to 1643, as the record quoted above was published in that year. The inhabitants of both Cambridge and Cambridge Village were taxed for this school, and Cambridge Village had an equal right to its advantages, though how far the people availed themselves of the right is not known. Its distance was certainly too great for general daily attendance. It was a good school, for the record further states: "Of this schoole Master Corlet is the Mr., who has very well approved hira- selfe for his abilities, dexterity an painfulnesse in teaching and education of the youth under him." But the school was poorly attended. As late as 1680 a report sent to the County Court states of Mr. Corlet, " his scholars are in number, nine, at present." For the encouragement of Mr. Corlet to continue teach- ing, various sums were voted by the town from time to time to be added to the fees received from his patrons. The following action ia of interest to New- 4-iii ton : Iq 1648 it was voted to sell land off the Cjm- mon to raise ten pounds for Mr. Corlet, "provided it should not prejudice the Cow-common." For this purpose, forty acres " on the south side," in or near what is now Newtonville, were sold to Mr. Edward Jackson. Master Corlet taught nearly half a century, till his death, Feb. 25, 1687, aged seventy-eight years. There is no record of any public or private school for elementary instruction available to the village before 1698, if we except those named in a report sent from Cambridge to the County Court in 1680, which states that "For English, our school dame is Goodwife Healy, at present but nine scholars," and "Edward Hall, English Schoolmaster, at present but three scholars,'^ which achoola Cambridge Village children could hardly have attended. But that an attempt was made to see that all the children were instructed in some way is shown by the following ex- tract taken from the Cambridge records of 1642 : "According to an order of the last General Court it is ordered that the townsmen see to the educating of cliildren, and that the town be di- vided into six parts and a person appointed for each division to talve care of all families it contains." The order of the General Court referred to, re- quired of the selectmen of every town to " have a vigilant eye over their brethren and neighbors, to see first that none of them shall suffer so much barbarism in any of their families as not to endeavor to teach, by themselves or others, their children and appren- tices so much learning as may enable them perfectly to read the English tongue and [obtain a] knowledge of the capital laws, upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect therein." Again, in 1647, a law was passed requiring every town containing fifty house- holders to appoint a teacher "to teach all such chil- dren as shall resort to him to write and read;" and every town containing one hundred families or house- holders was required " to set up a grammar school, whose master should be able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University." The pen- alty for non-compliance was five pounds per annum. With such a law and such a penalty there can scarce be a doubt that some provision was directly made for the elementary education of the youth of the entire township of Cambridge, including Newton, even if no records of the same have been preserved. How far the early settlers availed themselves of the oppor- tunities given can never be known ; it would not be strange if, in their struggles for existence, many set- tlers should have neglected them altogether. After the Separation of Newton from Cam- bridge. — For some years after the separation of New- ton from Cambridge no school building was provided, but the children, if taught collectively, were accom- modated in some room furnished by a citizen. The first movement towards building a school-house, of which we have any record, was made in 1696. Kev. Jonathan Homer, in his historical sketch of Newton written in 1798, says : 50 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " In thU year (ICBf.) the town agreed to bnild a scliool-lioiise (since multiplied to eix) nod dioose a ct inniilteo to treat with and persuade John Staples (afternaids a wortljj- dearon of the eliureli) to Iieepthe school To Iiim tliey gave, agreeably to their day of Biuall things, one shilling and sixpence per day." But it feems that the school-house was not then built; indeed, the people had much trouble about its erection, and that they were not able to overcome all the obstacles to their enterprise is shown by the fol- lowing curious extracts from their town records: Mni 7, 1C98.— " Then voted that the town shall build a school-house as soon as they can." JlfnicA'B, 1099.— "Voted that the town will build a school-house the dimensions sixteen- foot long and fourteen foot wide, and that it shall be finil-hcd by the last of November, 1090." Jan 1, 17no.— " At a town-meeting upon due warning given Januai? ye 1, 17U0, the selccluien and Inhabitants did hicrc and agree with John Staples to continue the keepingof the school foua days iu a week until BlaKh, and to have two shillings per day." March 4, 1*00. — "Voted that the school-bonse be set in the highway, neer to Joseph Bartlet's, and that it be finished by the 1 of October, J700." [Note.— .loseph Bartlet's house was Just north of Institution Hill, in Newton Centre.] At a town-meeting November 25, 1700, "the Select- men and Inhabitants did agree with John Staples to keep school one month 4 days in a week for one pound fore shillings, and allso voted that the Selectmen shall hire a roome or place to keep school in, and shall agree with John Staples or some other to keep and continue the school till the town-meeting of election in March." " March 10, 1701, voted that those that send schollers to shool shall pay 3 pi-nce per week for those that lern to read, and 4 pence per week for those that lern to Sypher and write, and that they may send schoters to either school." " Voted, at the same time that Capt. Prentice, I.icut. Spring and John Hyde be joined with the selectmen for a committee to build said school- houses." There is no record of that date or of any earlier date concerning "said school-houses," but reference is probably made to plans given in the following entry, dated a month later, the discrepancy in dates being accounted for on the supposition (borne out by the appearance of the records) that the town clerk made his entries some time after the town-meetings occurred, and in almost any convenient and vacant space in his book : "At a town-meeting ujion warning given April 1,'S, 1701, the inhabit- ants generally assenibletl, and upon mature consideration had, did unani- mously agree to build two srhooMiouses — one to bo set ut the meeting- house and the dimensions 17 foot square besides chimney roome. and the other in llio southerly part of the town neer Oko Uill, 10 foot square besides chimney roome ; and farther, there shall be one schoolmaster whoe shall teach two-thirds of tho time at the school at the Meeting-IIouse, and one-third of the time at the school at Oke Hill ; and farther, the town granted twenty Ave pounds towards the building of said school- houses, to be equally divided belweeu iKith houses, and what is wanting to be made up by those who will freely coutrybute tov*-ards the building of the same." This arrangement was carried out and the two school-houses were built; the school-house "at the meeting-house" being north of .losepli Bartlet's, and that "at Oke Hill" being south, thus accommodating the scattered settlers better than before. It is gratifying to find that the differences concern- ing sites for the school-houses were thus happily set- tled. The first "ccntrybution," as recorded for the purpose, was a gift by Abraham Jackson of one acre of land adjoining an acre previously given to the town by hio father. The record under date of May 14, 1701, states that "Abraham Jackson added and gave for the seltingof the school-house upon and enlarging of tho burying-place and tho convenience of the training place, one acre more, which said two acres of land was then laid out and bounded." The town immediately commenced to build at least one of the school-houses, for we find the following in the town treasurer's a(.count : " Delivered to .\bniliam Jackson, May 28. 17111, ye sum of one pound thirteen shillings to by bonis and uailes for ye school-house." The gift of Abraham Jackson's was followed the next February by a similar gift by Jonathan Hyde of "a half-acre near Oak Hill, for the use and benefit of the school at the south part of the town." Gifts of money are also recorded as received and various sums as paid out for the buildings : » " Paid John Hide, one of the commity for the school-house, September ye 2-'>, 1702, two pounds, three shillings and fore pence ;" also " Paid to Abraham [Jackson], oue of the Commity for the school-house, September ye 26, 1702, one pound, sixteen shillings and eleven pence, being in full of the twenty-tive pounds alowed by the town to ye build- ing both school-houses." [Note. — The " meeting-house " stood in what is now old cemetery on Centre Street.] It is hoped that the site of the Oak Hill school- house was more happily chosen than the site given by Mr. Jackson, at which latter location the child must have imbibed very conflicting impressions from his daily surroundings reminded on the one hand, by his vicinity to the meeting-honse, of his obligations to the Prince of Peace, and taught by the near train- ing-place, with all the attractions of music and ginger- bread, the enforcement of that semi-barbarous law, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth," while the exhilaration of "tag" and "I spy" must have been too often hindered by the funeral train by day or tem- pered by fears of possible hobgoblins at night. A Change in Schoolmasters. — It is possible that about this time John Staples began to tire of school-keeping, for we read, "Voted, allso, Novem- ber 21, 1701, that Ephraim Wheeler, John Hide, Na- thaniel Healy, Edward Jackson be joined with the selectmen to treat with and persuade John Staples to keep the school, and if they cannot, to use their best discretion to agree with and hier some other person." This committee probably procured the services of Mr. Edward Godard, for a record of the treasurer, un- der date of March 31, 1702, reads, " Paid to Mr. Ed- ward Godard, schoolmaster, fourteen shillings," and there is no record of any money paid later to Mr. Staples for teaching. It further appears, by the treasurer's account, that Mr. Godard taught till November, 1705, when he was succeeded by John Wilson, Daniel Baker, Caleb Trow- NEWTON. 51 bridge and Mr. Webb, theu by Caleb Trowbridge a second time, who taught till 1714, after which John Brown became knight of the ferule. The names of nine other masters occur up to 1739, making, in twenty-seven years, fifteen different teachers, enough, with no regular system, to ensure but little progress. Of all these schoolmasters John Staples appears to have been most acceptable, and to have taught the greatest length of time. He was a person of note in the town, of which he was an inhabitant from 1G88 till the time of his death, November 4, 1740, at the age of eighty-two. Besides being a schoolmaster for some years, he held the office of deacon of the church, was selectman from 1701 to 1709 and town clerk from 1714 to 1734. Condition op the Schools. — Up to this time and for years after, the schools were not free in the sense in which our present schools are free. They were open to all children, but those who attended paid tuition, the amount being generally decided upon by the town, and any deficiency in the master's pay being made up by drafts upon the treasurer. There was little system in the management of the schools, the people from year to year voting in town -meeting how and where the schools should be taught. The duties of School Committees were limited at first simply to hiring a schoolmaster, and at times they shared even that duty with the selectmen. They were chosen for but one year at a time, and the board was often entirely changed. But the aim of the peo- ple was always to secure greater facilities for better teaching; and from these small beginnings, as experi- ence dictated, has steadily grown a common-school system of which we are justly proud. The following record is" one of the earliest pre- served which shows any additional power delegated to the School Committee : " May 9, 1712, at a public town-meeting, the inhftbitants of this town did pass a vote tliat the coramitty chosen at the last town-meeting to talie care of the school, shall agree with a schoolmaster as to his sallery fer the present year." Further School Privileges Demanded. — It was not long before the school at the north, " by the meeting-house" and that at the south, "near Oke Hill," proved insufficient for the needs of the people at the west, who petitioned for further school privi- leges, and on March 10, 1718, the citizens voted ten pounds to the northwesterly, west and southwesterly iirtrabitants for the promoting of " Larning" among them " in such plaices as a committy hereafter chosen shall appoint ; and to be paid to [such] schoolmaster or schoolmasters as shall teach." About the year 1720 there seems to have been some disagreement in regard to the location of schools and many exciting sessions were held, — ■ " May 11, 1720. At a towne meeting, appointed by ye selectmen, for to hear the petition of sundry of ye inhabitanc on the westerly side of yo towne for to have three schoole-housies in ye towne, and to have theirs proportion of scooling, as also to hear ye request of sundrey of ye inhab- itanc to have but one school-house to keep ye gramar scboole in ; as also to hear the propesisioQ of sundrey persons, yt if ye gramar schools be kept in but one place, yt there should be a consideration granted to ye remoat parts of ye towne for schooling among themselves. The in- habitanc, being lawfully warned by Mr. Ephraini Williams, constabil, to meet att yo meeting house on said eleventh day of May, and being as- sembled on said day, did first trye a voat lor three schoolo housics and was negatived. *' 2. Did trye a voate for to have ye gramar schoole to be kept but in one place, and it was voated to have but one Bchoole-house to keep gramar schoole in for the towne. "3. Voatod to grant the remoat parts of ye Towne a consideration for schooling among themselves. "4. Voated to choose a Commity to consider whear said one schoole- house should be erected for to keep the gramer schoole in ; as also to con- sider who ye remoat parts of ye towne are yt cannot have ye benelit of but one schoole, and what alowanc they shall have fur schooling among themselves ; and to make theire repoart of what they do agree upon at ye next publick town meeting for confirmation or non-confirmation. And then did choose Lieut. Jeremiah Fuller, Mr. Joseph Ward, Mr. Nathaniel Langley, Mr. Richard Ward and Insine Samuel Hide to be the said commitey. "Recjided per me, John Staples, TL-irnCTerit." Then follows a remonstrance of the same date, signed by twenty-five citizens : *'Whe, whose names are underwritten, do enter our decent^ aginst this voate of having but one schoole-house in this towrve." On December 7, 1720, the " Commity " chosen re- ported a site for the school-house ; also recommenda- tion to allow twelve pounds a year to the remote parts of the town for schooling, and thirdly, " did suppose yt there is about sixty fammilyes yt are two miles and a halfe from ye meeting-house, and about forty fammilyes yt are about three miles from ye meeting-house," which reports were accepted, and votes were passed in accordance with the report. But in three months a different counsel prevailed, and the inhabitants on March 13, 1721, — *'3. Did try a voat for ye granting ye remoat parts of ye towne twelve pounds anuualy for schooling among themselves. So long aa ye schools should be kept in one place, and it was negatived. "4. Did trye a voat y t ye gramer school should be keept att ye school- house by the meeting-house for ye present year. Negatived. " 5 Did try to have it kept at ye school-house at ye south part of ye town, and it was negatived." Mr. Samuel Miller, promising before the town in said meeting, that he would find a room in his own house to keep school in, and not charge the town any- thing for the use of it, — •' 7. The inhabitants did voat yt the school should be kept att ye house of said Mr. Saml. Miller for the present or ensniug year." Mr. Miller lived in the West Parish. This arrange- ment of having but one school — and that at the west — was unsatisfactory, and at the next March meeting they voted that the school should be kept two-thirds of the time at the meeting-house, and oce-third of the time at the south end of the town. But apparently the stormiest sessions were in 1723. At the March meeting the inhabitants provided for a school one-half of the year at the west, and at the north and south parts one-quarter each ; in October they changed their plan, and changed again in De- cember, at which lime they voted twelve pounds ten shillings toward the buildingof a school-house within forty rods of the house of Samuel Miller, also that the 52 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. inliabitants of the town should have the privilege of sending to either school they those, or to all three. This apparently settled the difficulty. In 1726 Mr. Miller gave four rods of land for the school-house. Several Masters Hired, And School Taught Only in the Winter Months. — The ne.xt change in the management of the schools worthy of note occurred in December, 1751, when winter schools were provided for all the districts, to be kept at the same time, thus requiring two more school-masters. Thi.s proved satisfactory, and three winter schools after this were taught from year to year, continuing till March. The Character of the " Grammar School." — It is difficult, if not impossible, at this late day, to ascertain if the expression " Grammar School," as used in the records, meant a school in which Latin and Greek were taught, and students fitted for the university, or simply a school for English studies. A record of 1751 stands : "Dec. 4, 1751. — Tlie question was put wheatlier their stiould be two more BChool.inasters provided to keep English schools in town, that there may be a schoul kept at each :?cliool House untill the aniversary in Marclt next, and it passed in the affirmative.*' A record of 1754 stands: "Voted, that the committee that was chosen in March last to provide a Grammar School Master, should bo the committee to provide two mas- ters more." If we look back in the records of 1731, we shall find that a committee was appointed to petition the General Court for a grant of land to enable the town to support a grammar school. As common English schools had been supported by the town ever since its organization, the inference certainly mu.«t be that the people in 1731 were looking towards the estab- lishment of a grammar school as defined by the General Court. The record quoted above, as well as the following record, dated March, 1701, certainly seems to imply the existence of such a school, or an attempt to make what schools they had answer the requirements of the law : ** Voted, that fifty pounds of the Town rate shall and hereby is ap- propriated for the Urammar-school. "Voted, that if tlie said Fifty pounds shall not be expended for the support of the Grammar School, tlie remainder sliall bo laid out in other schooling at the discretion of the Committee that is to provide the Grammar School Master." Probably some subterfuge was here used, and but little of this was expended for the said "Grammar School," for the next year the town was presented for not setting up a grammar school, as the laws of Massachusetts required, and the selectmen were in- structed to endeavor to defend the town before the next Court of General Sessions to be held in Cam- bridge. The selectmen would hardly have attempted to defend llie town if they had not s(nne defense to make. After this lor some years it was voted to keep the grammar school at the house of Edward Durant, and then, in 1767, "at such school-house as the com- mittee shall think proper." Increased Interest in the Schools. — The year 1763 seems to have been a year of increased interest in school affairs, and several changes were made in the schools and in their administration. First, the people voted for four schools to be opened at the four school-houses "beside the grammar school;" also voted that the selectmen should apportion the school money and school time according lo the list of polls and valuation of estates the preceding year, "except- ing this allowance, viz. : that those persons who are unable to pay their polls, as large a share as if they had been able and did pay for the same.'' Under this direction the following apportionment of school money was made. For the .school near the meeting- house, £19 9s.; Northwest, £13 11«. ; Oak Hill, £10 10s. ; Southwest, £6 10s. total, £50. The apportionment of school time was: — At the Centre, 20 weeks, 2 days ; Northwest, 14 weeks, days ; Oak Hill, 10 weeks, 6 days ; Southwest 6 weeks, 5 days — total, 52 weeks, 1 day. There had been some trouble in regard to the fur- nishing of wood for the schools, and after some debate concerning the method of providing it, it was voted that it should be paid for from the town treas- ury ; at the same time the people showed their thrift by choosing one person for each of the five schools to purchase wood " at as low a rate as they can." This year the School Committee was increased from three to five. School-houses. — As a sample of the school-houses of the time, that located in the Southwest District, near the spot where the railroad station in Newton Highlands now stands (1890), is thus described in Smith's " History of Newton: ""The building was brick, 14 by 16 feet square, and chimney room. It was covered with a hip roof coming together at a point in the centre. A fireplace about six feet wide and four feet deep, with a large chimney, in which they burned wood four feet long, occupied one side of the room. This house became very much dilapidat- ed, and the roof so leaky in its later years, that it was not uncommon for the teacher to huddle the scholars together under an umbrella or two to prevent their getting wet during the summer showers." The house was rebuilt in 1811. An amusing incident may be recorded here to illus- trate the capacity of chimneys in those days. It is related of a Master Hovey, who taught in one of the school-houses last used in 1809, corner of Ward Street and Waverly Avenue, that a roguish boy once let down a fish-line and hook from the chimney-top, which hook an equally roguish boy in the room fastened to the wig of the venerable master, when, presto ! the wig suddenly disappeared up the chimney. Women Employed as Teachers.— At the May town-meeting in 1766 the people took a new depart- ure, and, "after some debate, voted: — that sixteen pounds be assessed in the polls and estates infTewton, bv an addition 'of said sum to the town rate, and to be NEWTON. 53 laid out in paying school mistresses for the instruction of children this present year at the discretion of ihe committee chosen in March last to provide a gram- mar school-master." Like appropriations of sixteen pounds a year were made, and school-mistresses employed " for the in- struction of young children " till 1774, after which, till 1803, only masters were employed. These " wo- men's schools " were summer schools, while the mas- ters' schools, with the exception of the grammar school, were taught in the winter. In 1773 and for several subsequent years the town voted '' that the grammar school be taught in the summer." Inspection and Supervision of Schools.— It does not appear that there was much supervision of the schools in those early days, by any one. In the year 1761 and after, the committee who provided the school-masters were empowered to expend the school money at their discretion ; the selectmen were often employed to perform other duties which now pertain to the office of School Committee, while special com- mittees were appointed for many specific purposes — to locate school buildings, to make repairs, to appor- tion school money and school time, to district the town, to provide wood, etc., etc. In the record of December 22, 1772, is found the first item that looks towards much supeif^ision of any kind, as follows: " The questioQ was put whether the selecctmen shouhl ho enjoined to inspect tlie several schools in the town and. see tliat tlie several school- masters and mistres-ses do their respective duties in keeping said schools, and what proficiency the scholars make in their learning, and the vote passed in the Degative." Then " Voted that the school committee, so called, be enjoined to visit the several schools and see that the several school-masters and school-mis. tresses do their respective duties and see what proficiency the scholars make in their learning." In 1790, also in 1791, in the vote that the School Committee should locate the Bchools, etc., it was added " the said committee to inspect the several schools and see that they are kept as the law directs," and at a later meeting the same year, after voting that the East School Society might lay out their money as they thought proper, they added to their vote : " Notwithstanding , the school committee to exercise the same authority as they were directed to when chosen in March last." This year the Lower Falls District was set off, and the money apportioned accordingly. Ownership of School Buildings. — In the year 1793 measures were taken for the purchase of the sev- eral school -houses, which were hitherto owned by the several school districts, and a committee of eleven was chosen to draw up a plan respecting the school- houses and schooling and to report at the next meet- ing. The next year the town voted to reconsider all former votes respecting school-houses and schooling and chose a committee of five to draw up a plan, Colonel Benjamin Hammond being the only person on this committee that was on the committee of eleven. The report of this committee seemed to sat- isfy, and the same committee were directed to pur- chase, as soon as convenient, as many of the s-chool buildings, with the land, as could be obtained on rea- sonable terms. The price paid varied from £40 to £100. Regulation and Government of the Schools. — Ill the year 1795 the town voted to choose a commit- tee of six persons to prepare rules and regulations to be observed by the several schools within the town, and made choice of Colonel Josiah Fuller, Major Timothy Jackson, Captain William Hammond, Lieu- tenant Caleb Kendrick, Dr. John King and Dr. Eb- euezer Starr. This committee was directed to give the several ministers of the Gospel within the town an invitation to assist them, and to report at the next May meeting. With a committee thus made up of men devoted either to the spiritual, physical or bellig- erent interests of the community, it might be sup- posed that a fine set of rules would be presented and adopted. But, alas ! no report appeared ; at least, none is recorded. In 1802 another committee was chosen to join with the ministers for the same purpose, and the next year a third committee, but no report was forthcoming. Yearly Appropriation for Schools to 1800. I — The yearly grant for schooling from the town treas- ury was, from 1761-65, £50 ; 1766-73, £66 ; 1774, £60 ; 1775-76, £50; 1777, £10; 1778, £80; 1782-85, £60 ; 1786-89, £80; 1790, £90; 1791-94, £100; 1795, £130 ; 1796-99, $500. The school appropriations of 1778-81 are given in depreciated currency; thus, 1779, £200; 1780, £2000; 1781, £2000. The other appropriations are in silver coin. The Schools from 1800 to 1817.— From 1800 to 1817 little can be gleaned concerniag the public schools of Newton which is of interest to the general reader. The town owned its several school-houses, and in 1808 it was divided into seven school wards — the West, the North, the East, the South, the South- west, the Lower Falls and the Centre. From the winter of 1809-10 to that of 1812-13, and again from 1814-17 Mr. Seth Davis, a well-known centenarian of Newton, taught in the public schools in the West and North Wards. It is related of him that, in 1810, he introduced into his school decla- mation and geography, with map-drawing. This created a great sensation, and a special town-meet- ing was called to consider whether such a dangerous innovation should be tolerated. After loDg discus- sion on the demoralizing tendencies of the times, it was decided by a large majority that map-drawing niighi be continued, but declamation must not be allowed. Mr. Davis' determined will undoubtedly chafed under such limitations, and in 1817 he estab- lished a private school, a notice of which school will be found later in this article. 54 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. From 1817 to 1827.— At the March meeting of 1817 another attempt was made to secure some plan for the better regulation and government of the schools, and a committee of the three ministers, with one person from each school district, Eev. William Greenough, chairman, was requtsted to draw up a plan and report. On the 12th of May following the report was presented, and, with the exception of the eighth clause, was adopted. The report is given en- tire as an exponent of the prevailing opinions of the times: "Your committee, appointed to detei mine some regulations for the Bcbools in Newton, have attended to that eervice and report as follows : ** 1. For the purpcse of exi^itinf: in the minds of the scholars a rever- ence for the Word of God, andof aiding them in reading it with propriety, it is recommended that a portion of it be pulilii ly and daily read in the morning iu each school by the Preceptor or Preceptress, and that the scholars shall read the same after him or her. ** 2. That whereas there has been long and frequent complaint of great deficiency of hooks among the scholars iu several of the schools^ it is earnestly recommended that all parents and guardians procure suit- able books for eat h of the children or youth under their care, and that tho Selectmen be requested by the Committeemen of the district to fur- nish books at the expense of the town lor those scholars whose parents or guardians, in his opinion, are unable to purchase them. " 3. That the New Testament be one of the standard reading books in all the schools in this town. And your committee do, in a special manner, recommend Cummings' New Testament, designed for schools, with maps of the countries and places mentioned in the Scriptures and e.\planatory notes. "4. That Murrey's English Reader or Lyman's American Header be reconimended for instruction iu reading in the schools of this town. "6. That whereas, it appears, upon enquiry, that Walker's Dictionary has become a growing and general standard for pronunciation in the colleges of the State, and in the colleges and academics of the United States, your Committee recommend Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary as, in the general tenor of the work, the best standard to be used by in- structors in the public schools ; and that the scholars of the first class be provided with the small edition of this Dictionary. *' Your committee, however, in recommending Walker's Dictionary, would be understood as having reference principally to the accent, and not as deciding on the propriety or impropriety of his mode of pro- nouncing virtue, nature, creature,— virtshu, uatshure, cretshure, — and a few other words. *' 6. That the town recommend toevery religious teacher of the schools to open and close them daily by prayer. " That every master be desired to comply with the laws of the Com- monwealth, which requires him to give moral and religious instruction to his pupils. " 7. As most of your committee have been called frequently to visit tho schools in this town, and have been satisfied that the number of chil- dren in sevei-al of them is greater than can be taught or governed to advantage, they earnestly recommend, as an essential and important aid in instructing and governing tho public schools, that no children shall he admitted into the winter schools until the complete age of seven years. "9. It is recommended to the town that a fourth part of tho moneys nnnually granted for the support of public schools be devoted to the support of summer schools. '* 10. That the Town Clerk be requested by the town annually to fur- nish, at the town's expense, copies of these votes to each school commit- teeman. "11. We recommend renewed attention on the part of the town to a former vote of tho town, | relative to the committeemen of the several schools acting in concert, not separately, in employing instructors." The adoption of these measures was a great step iu advance of previous legislation. For some years the committee in their united ca- pacity provided the several teachers, but this did not satisfy, and iu 1821 the CDUimittee of each district was empowered " to employ such instructors and spend their proportion of money in such a way as they think proper, complying with the law of the Commonwealth for governing schools under the direc- tion of the inhabitants qualifitd to vote in town affairs in the district for which he is chosen. But it shall be the duty of each committeeman to notify the inhabitants of the district for which he is cho.'en, qualified as aforesaid, to meet at some convenient place within said district before he proceeds to hire an Instructor to make arrangements for said school." A similar vote \^ as passed in 1823. This arrangement was unsatisfactory, and in 1826 the committee, as a whole, was again required to provide instructors. The school law of 1826 first made it obligatory upon the towns to elect a School Committee, and by the statutes of 1827 every town was required to elect three, five or seven persons, and towns containing four thousand inhabitants were empowered to choose an additional number, not exceeding five. Newton contained less than three thousand inhabitants. From 1827 to the Abolition of the District System and the Establishment of Graded Schools in 1852-53. — In accordance with the law of 1827, the town chose a general School Committee of three, consisting of Kev. Alfred J. Barry, Hon. Wil- liam Jackson and Deacon Elijah F. Woodward; the next year Eev. James Bates and Mr. Seth Davis were added to the committee. After this, Superintending Committees of five were generally chosen. Prudential Committees were also chosen from year to year, one for each district, sometimes by tlie school districts themselves. The duties of the Prudential Committee of each district were to keep the school-house of his district in repair, to furnish it witli all things suitable, to provide fuel, to conti'act conditionally with the teacher, and to keep the Visiting Committee informed of the condition of the school. The Visiting Com- mittee were required to examine all candidates for teaching, to certify to their ability, and alto to have a general charge of all school intercuts. This sub- division of duties and responsibilities had some few advantages, but they were more than counterbalanced by its disadvantages, and too often caused much friction in the working of the school machinery. Thus, the method of securing andexamining teachers was frequently complained of by the Examining Committee. The Prudential Committees would some- times secure teachers and send them to the Examin- ing Committee for approval without any notice, when it would be absolutejy impossible to give a thorough examination. It often happened, even, that the teachers commenced their schools before examination, or were examined and rejected so late as to delay the commencement of school at the proper time, the Pru- deutial Committee being, meantime, in search of an- other candidate. If a relative or favorite of the local committee chanced to be rejected, hard feelings were thereby engendered. In the report of 1S44 the com- mittee complained that teachers had been allowed to NEWTON. 55 teach through the term and even to draw their pay either without examiuation or on the approval of a previous certificate, though the statute provided that no teacher should coramenee without a ceriificate for the occasion, while the fact that a person had taught the year before might furnish the beat possible reason why his application should be rejected. In their report of 1847— IS the Superintending Com- mittee cited Stale rules for the guidance of the Pru- dential Committee, and earnestly and solemnly urged that no pains shiaild be spared and no reasonable compensation refused that might secure teachers of the right sramp. In 1849-50 they urged the advis- ability of having the teachers chosen and contracted for by the Examining Committee, and reminded the citizens that by a law of the Slate this should be so, unless a town having an article in the warrant for the purpose should expressly vote to give that duty to the Prudential Committee. Under the double committee system the schools lacked unity of method and ofresults, and though stead- ily improving, yet made slow progress. The duties of Prudential Committee were finally merged into those of the Superintending Committee, and the Pru- dential Committee was abolished in 1852-53. Since the first.eslablishmeQt of the general Visiting Committee, names of responsible, painstaking and able persons are found upon the Newton lists, and earnest efforts were constantly made to better the schools. After the establishment of the Massachu- setts Board of Education, great assistance was derived from the annual reports of the secretary of the btftird, which were sent to the School Committee of each town, and perhaps quite as much, from the necessity, imposed upon every town, of reporting in detail the condition of every public school within its boundaries. These reports are on file at the State-House, and afford ample evidence of conscientious, painstaking service. Rev. Lyman Gilbert and Mr. Ebenezer Woodward were for many years members of the committee, and to them may be attributed much of the progress of education in their day. Mr. Woodward was a practi- cal teacher, and kept a very successful private school in Newton Centre from 1837 till 1843 ; Mr. Gilbert had, for a short time, been usher in Phillips Acad- emy, Andover. The reports in which their names appear evince ability, patience, interest and fearless- ness, and are at once critical and inspiring. The following extract from the report of 1838-39 may not be out of place ; *' The idea of having learning enough for common husiness merely, should be sentenced to perpetual bauishinent. Learning in any of its branches can be useless to no one. The acquisition of knowledge is moreover a design of life. This consideration should bo oftener present to the mind, as well as the moral obligation all are under to make the most and the best of their faculties, and to be siitisfied with no degree of attainment so long as a higher attainment is within their reach." Sta-distics of 1839-40.— In the year ending April, 1840, Newton had eleven public schools ; the whole number of pupils was, in summer, 534 ; average at- tendance, 420 ; in winter, 632 ; average attendance, 520. There were ten female teachers in summer; in the winter nine male and two female teachers. Ave- rage monthly wages of male teachers, including board, $34.88; average board, §10.44; average monthly wages of female teachers, including b>ard, 114.50; average board per month, 16.55; aggregate length of the winter schools, forty weeks ; of the summer, forty weeks, fourteen days. There were two incorporated academies ; aggregate number of months in session, twenty-two; average number of pupils, fifty; aggregate paid for tuition, $800. Books in Use. — The books used in the public schools at this time were : For Spelliarj. — Webster's Spelling-Eook and Dictionary ; National Spelling-Book. For liemling. — Pierpont'a Reading-Books, Abbott's Reading-Books, Worcester's Fourth Book, Testament. For Geography. — Olney's Geography. For Grammar.— Parley & Fox's, Smith's. For Arilhmetic. — Emerson's, Smith's, Colburn's. For Algebra. — Colburn's, Day's. For History. — Worcester's History, Whelpley's Compend, Goodrich's History of the United States. Other Boo4».— Blake's Philosophy and Astronomy, Watt's On the Mind, Book of Commerce. School Apparatus. — At quite an early period there were those in town whose ideas upon education were much advanced, and in 1833 they succeeded in getting into the warrant for town-meeting an article to see if the town would furnish each school district with acopy of the Family Encyclopedia, but the article was dismissed. In 1835 they induced the town to vote that a terrestrial globe be purchased for each of the district schools, and instructed the committee in each district to provide a box for its safe keeping. But, alas ! of wh8,t use is the best apparatus without the power or inclination to use it? In 1847-48 the committee reports " Globes in school, but not in use." " They had never seen one in any school." On in- quiry as to their whereabouts, some were found buried in dust in broken boxes, some were stowed away in the entries among wood and other rubbish, and some could not be accounted for, " perhaps removed with the old house and regarded as too superannuated to be introduced into a modernstructure." . . . "As if the ^arth was not round still, and America where it was a century since and China its antipodal, and as if these and a thousand ottier parts of the earth's sur- face could be made plain as daylight to the learner by any other means than the very miniature of the earth itself." Not all teachers were thus neglectful, for it is re- corded in 1841-42 that one teacher, being unable in any other xyay to obtain maps and diagrams, supplied them himself, and the committee added, " It is to be hoped that the time is not far distant when the public will be satisfied that something more than a teacher 56 HISTOfiY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. is requisite to promote the best interests of moral beings." School-Houses. — In 1846^7 the town commenced a radical reform in school-house architecture. Two large double school-houses were built on the most im- proved plans, and a third was thoroughly repaired and new seated. This prepared the way for a general reform through the several districts of the town. That there was need of this reform is evinced by the report of 1845, which speaks of sloping floors so arranged as to make it impossible for pupils to stand up in their seats, and of ventilation so bad that after sitting an hour the visitor marveled that the teaiher had succeeded so well, both in instruction and man- agement, " for to .say the least, it was utterly impossi- ble for anybody either to study or to impart instruc- tion under such circumstances, vigorously." The next year, when undertaking repairs, some regard was paid to ventilation, and the use of thermometers was re- commended. In 1849 the school-houses were much improved ; eight out of eleven were well supplied, .and all to some extent provided with suitable apparatus. First Yearly School in Newton — On the 7th of December, 1848, a union was formed be- tween School District No. 7, which included West Newton and Auburndale, and the State Normal School, then established in West Newton. The ob- ject of this union was the formation of a model school where all the most approved methods of instruction should be adopted and the best talent be employed to develop the young, and to show by example what a true school should be. By the terms of the agreement, the district was to furnish school-room, etc., and one permanent male teacher, approved by both parties, and to allow such addition to their number by pupils from abroad, on a small tuition, as circumstances mightjustify. The State Normal School was to furnish a portion of the apparatus and two assistant teachers, each to observe a week previous to teaching, and to teach two weeks under constant supervision. This was the first yearly public school ever taught in New- ton ; it was kept in the basement of the town hall. Mr. Nathaniel T. Allen, a graduate of the Bridge- water State Normal School, was appointed its princi- pal at a salary of $300, to be paid by the district, and the remainder to be paid by pupils admitted from abroad. The whole number of pupils the first year was 125; the number from abroad was 50; the average age of the pupils, 14 years. Thirty-five of the young ladies from the Normal School served as assistants. By an additional agreement, on May 1, 1850, the Primary School of West Newton became also con- nected with the State Normal School ; at first taught only by students of the Normal School ; but in 1851 a permanent female teacher was employed, and one assistant from the Normal School. The number of teachers furnished to this department in 1850 was 22; the whole number of pupils 75 ; their average age, 7 years. The practice which ibis arrangement offered to the students of the Normal School, of observing and teaching under the eye of an experienced and pains- taking critic, was ol unmeasured value to them, while the quality of the teaching was .such as to attract a large number of visitors continually from Boston and other pLaces, and applications for ad- mission increased so much after the first year, that many applicants were turned away. When the Nor- mal School was removed from the town in 1853, the Model School as such was given up, and the school put upon the same b.isis and taught in the same man- ner as the other district schools. The names of a thousand visitors were enrolled on the register of the school during the last year of its existence. Hindrances to Progress.- — Among the hin- drances to good progress in the schools at this time may be enumerated frequent absences and tardiness, the patronage of private schools, and the lack of co- operation on the part of parents. Ab.sences to Tardiness. — These hindrances are named and deplored in almost every school report of this period. In that of 1845 the committee state that in many cases more than half the school time is lost by absences, and that the habit is universal. They cite one school in particular, the teacher of which re- ported that in a term of nineteen weeks there were 3223 half-day absences, equal to an sggregate of more than five and one-half years. In this school sevfen pupils were absent respectively 115, 117, 121, 107, 102, 117 and fifty-five half school-days. The committee added, " When we take into consideration these obstacles to progress in our schools, what ought we to expect? Who can complain if the teachers should not be able to get much knowledge into the heads of those who rarely put their heads into the school- house ? " That parents and guardians are re- sponsible is the burden of the reports. The attend- ance for some years after this was fearfully low. In the list of 311 towns in the State for the years 1847-48, Newton stood the 244th in attendance. Of the forty- eight towns in Middlesex County, Newton stood the lowest, with an average attendance of forty- three per cent. In the year 1848-49 she stood the 246th in the State, having an average attendance of 57.07 per cent. I quote from the school report of one of these years: "The question is getting to be seriously a.-ked in high places and in all directions, What shall be done to remedy this evil? Shall it be a penal offence to keep a child from school for any reason short of sick- ness or what may be thought equally imperative? Shall the vagrant, schoollcss boy be provided ibr by the State as one already an offender against the peace and well-being of society? . . . People will differ very much as to the propriety or justice of adopting such extreme measures. The largest libertyis con- tended for in this free republic; the liberty to get NEWTON. 57 druDk and abuse our God-given natures, to eschew the good that is around us and hug the evil, and the liberty to give the hungry and thirsty souls of our immortal cffspring stones instead of bread, tire in- stead of water ; to hand them over to the dominion of unbridled passions, untultivfted desires, to let them grow up an everlasting disgrace to their parentage, unmitigated pests to society. What will be done is not for us to say; 1 ut only will we heartily affirm that when every child of the proper age shall be re- ceiving that education which can alone fit him to fill aright his place among men and prepare him to re- ceive a holier unction for another kingdom, our eyes shall no longer be pained, as now, with seeing boys spending their springtime of life in mental and bodily idleness at the corners of the streets or in the stable rioting in profanity, obscenity and all malignity. . . . Railroads are a blessing, but not unmixed ; their depots are lounging-places for idlers and truant boys wherein to concoct mischief; . . . dram-shops and oyster saloons and candy palaces still hold out their tempting lures, offering to the idle a comfortable re- pose, to the craving stomach a sweet morsel, but to the gaping mind gall and wormwood. These you have among you. See to it, see to it.'' By persistent efforts of the School Committees and teachers, much was finally accomplished by way of school attendance, though it took years and the system of graded schools to permanently fix the rate of attendance at a high rank. The percentage of attendance and rank therefore in the towns of Massachusetts at the close of the five decades from 1848-49 is as follows : 1848-49- -percer tageo f atlendanc e . 67, rank i n the State . 246 1858-59 71, '■ ano 18fi8-69 " "J. " " 169 1878-79 84, 104 1888-89 ' ' 82.8 " • " " 137 The apparent falling away of the percentage for 1888-89 may be accounted for by the increasing pop- ular sentiment in favor of deferring the admission of pupils to school till a later age than five ; the parents in Newton now rarely commence sending so early. The percentage of attendance based on the average whole membership in the schools for the year 1888- 89 is 92.4 per cent. Private Schools. — As another hindrance to the best success of the public schools the establishment of private schools in the several villages was fre- quently mentioned. They are spoken of in almost every report ; in the early years taking away the most favored pupils, "leaving the a-b-c-darians and other small scholars to constitute many of the schools.'' In 1849 there were eight private schools, in most of which the languages and many of the higher branches of a good education were taught, and in 1851 not less than 249 pupils attended private schools. Many of these schools were excellent and will be named later. It is a fact worthy of mention, however, that as the private schools flourished, a corresponding lack of interest was evinced for the public schools, and their attendance and efficiency proportionately decreased. The cause of the establishment of so many private schools and the decline of the public may be traced to the repeal, in 1824, of the law concerning the re- quirements for teaching the languages in towns of not less than five thousand inhabitants ; not because the teaching of languages is absolutely necessary to great culture in other directions, but because the acqui- sition of knowledge sufficient to teach Latin and Greek, and to fit for the university, necessarily accompanied higher attainments in other directions. After 1824 thequality of the teaching declined, as those bestfitted for teaching chose other professions. There was no revival till the movement began which resulted in the establishment of the Board of Education and Normal Schools, and the influence of these was not materially felt over the State for years. Want of Co-operatiox of Parents. — The extent of the co-operation of parents never entirely satisfied any committee. On the first establishment of a Supervisory Committee they ask if that is the rtason for the indifference of parents ; as if parents thought they thus delegated all responsibility. Some difliculties occurred in one of those early years which were greafly increased by the unguarded utter- ance by parents of expres.'-ions derogatory to the teacher. But the committee were loyal to the schools' best interests, and, among other good things, said, "Is it not advisable that the people of the districts con- sent to sacrifice individual opinion in some degree and give their co-operation and support to the teach- er for the time being, under the supervisory direction of the committee which they have themselves se- lected for the purpose? By such a course, defects which may really exist would be rendered less injur- ious, and whatever was good in the management of schools be made more advantageous. Would parents generally enjoin upon their children regular and punctual attendance at school, and subordination and obedience to the teacher ; would they notice their progress and examine them occasionally at home as to their proficiency, and in this way encour- age and inttrest them in their studies, many of the difficulties which teachers have now to encounter would be removed, and the character of our schools much advanced.'' Corporal Punishment. — It is an open question whe'.her corporal punishment should bespokenof as a help or a hindrance to good government in our schools. At the commencement of one school, in 1842, it was in a very disorderly state, and the teacher, so said the committee, undertook to restore and maintain order by " that mistaken course — a resort to the rod — which many teachers have adopted frequently, and as often experienced not only failure, but a worse state of things than before." "But," the committee continued, 'as a whole, the discipline of the schools 58 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. has been good throughout the town, especially during the winter, and it is believed this has been ihe result of a less frequent resort to the birch and ferule." As the years rolled on, the rod seems to have been less frequently used, and in the report of 1847, the teachers being those generally of experience, " the rod was sparingly used," and the subject made a promi- nent topic in the report, in which it is staled that " the teacher is in school to represent the parent's kind- ness, interest and love, as well as the parent's author- ity," and ''the teacher who takes this attitude in school, and respects the feelings of his pupils, wins their affections and gives them enough to do, in a manner to awaken their interest, will have little difficulty in the maintenance of order." An interest- ing case of discipline for that year might be cited, i The case was one of insubordination on the part of the scholar, who was too large to be reduced to order without the determined co-operation of the parents. The committee, after repeated etforts to reclaim him to obedience, and the exercise of all due forbearance, without success, came to the conclusion to suspend him from the school for the remainder of the term. But that they might act deliberately concerning the case, which was exciting much feeling, and some threats, they availed themselves of legal counsel, through which they obtained the opinion'of the chief justice of the Superior Court, and then acted accord- ingly. The expulsion had the desired effect; the pupil returned to the winter school and behaved him- self with such propriety as fully to redeem his char- acter. This circumstance is of especial interest, as show- ing the extent of the authority vested in the Superin- tending Committee, and the futility of any attempt to change an adopted course of action, except through the School Committee itself. But the question may be rightly asked : Ought not a State which provides that a committee may expel a bad boy also provide a good reformatory where the boy can be sent, even before he has committed any crime, except that of wilful disobedience to authority ? Female Teachers and their Wages. — Inex- perienced teachers are frequently complained of, es- pecially the females. Lack of experience is a source, at all times, of much short-coming in both dij^cipline and instruction. But it is pleasant to note that while the committees justly complain of this deficiency, they have the grace to attribute much of it to one true cause. In 1842 they say : " Yet the public generally have eslablished and approved a course directly cal- culated, not only to continue, but to increase, the evil so universally condemned. It is certain instances of this kind will occur while the services of the sexes are so unequally appreciated. But a few females at service can be found that are not better rewarded than many female teachers of youth. To feel satis- fied with uncomfortable school-rooms and encourage the emi)loymeut of such teachers as can be obtained at the lowest rate, is a practice which has been some- what prevalent, consequently the wages offered to fe- male teachers have formerly been of very little induce- ment for them to make suitable preparations to take upon themselves the arduous and responsible duties of a teacher." In the winter of 1843-44 females were employed in both the Centre and the South Scho /Is, and the com- mittee reports : " The successful instruction and man- agement of this (the South) and the Centre School by females, has convinced the co'nmittee that ladie.ssuch as these may be more extensively employed during the winter with great advantage to the schools, since the period of instruction may be considerably pro- longed without additional expense, while the instruc- tion itself would be equally thorough. The principal objection would be probably on the ground of govern- ment. But we feel bound in justice to them to say that in respect to good order, the schools of these ladies were not behind any other of the winter schools." As we look back upon this record through the vista of nearly half a century, the question forces itself upon us : "Where is the justice of cheapening the salary of either of these women? Of paying them less than men teachers would have received for work no better done?" Under such circumstances what worldly incentive had the female teacher to prepare herself especially for her work, or to do her very best after she had prepared ? But with all the hindrances incident to the times, the schools did decidedly improve, and were taking a stronger hold upon the sympathies and affections of the people generally, who manifested their interest by more liberal appropriations for current expenses and for school buildings. Teachers' Meetings. — During the year 1850-51 a town teachers' association was formed to bring teachers and committee together bi-weekly for dis- cussing topics of teaching and government, thus giv- ing less experienced teachers the benefit of learn- ing the methods of those more experienced. The efl'eot was very beneficial. From 1852-53 to 1800.— At the March meeting in 1852 measures were taken looking towards a ladical change in the school system. Six successive articles in the warrant concerning schools were referred to a committee of eighteen citizens to report at an adjourn- ed meeting. Of this committee. Dr. Barnas Sears, then secretary of the State Board of Education, was the chairman. The committee reported in favor of abolishing the district-school system, of establishing the graded system and of authorizing the School Com- mittee to establish either one school embracing High School studies for a term of ten months, or a larger number of schools having such studies for an aggre- grate period of twelve months. The town adopted these measures, raised the ap- pro]iriation for the schools, and voted to build two new school-houses, one at IS'ewtou Centre and one at NEWTON. 59 Newtonville. The houses were soon after erected at a cost of $9,556. In the school year 1852-53 all the schools except that at Oak Hill came under the graded s-ystem. On account of the small number of pupils, Oak Hill con- tinued as an ungraded school, taught by a man in the winter and by a woman in the summer. The town w.as divided into six school districts, each containing grammar and primary grades, as follows: No. 1, Newton Centre, including Oak Hill ; No. 2, Ujiper Falls ; No. S, Lower Falls ; No. 4, West New- ton, including AuburLdale ; No. 5, Newtonville; No. 6, Newton Corner. Newton Corner had one interme- diate grade also. It was arranged that the school year should con- tain foity-tvvo weeks, divided into three terms ; the first term to begin the third Monday in April. The list of books was revised, and measures taken for High School instruction. Establishment of the High School Depaet- siENT. — The following is the preamble and vote of the committee establishing the fir»t High School de- partment in the schools : " Whereas, in view of the maguitnde and circumstances of the town of Newton, it is obvious tbat Higli School principles ought at no dis- tant dav to be furnished to more parts of the town than one, and wliere as it is desirable to meet, as far as possible, the wants and relations of every part of the town present and prospective, and whereas it is expe- dient that some definite arrangement in this respect be made without delay, at least in regard to one such school — *' Resolved, that a High School department be, and hereby is located by the School Committee at Newton Centre." The new school building at Newton Centre was ar- ranged to accommodate the High School department and was dedicated Jan. 1, 1853. The school began January 3d, with Mr. John W. Hunt, formerly prin- cipal of the High School at Plymouth, as the magter, selected out of twelve candidates. This department was open to pupils of the whole town. Pupils out- side of the district were admitted on examination by written questions, being expected to read correctly and fluently, to spell words in oidinary use, to write a fair and legible hand, to have a thorough knowledge of intermediate geography and of arithmetic as far as evolution. This department was to teach the lan- guages, the higher English branches and to fit for col- lege.' More than sixty pupils were members of this department before the close of the first term, and an assistant was required. The marked enthusiasm of the teachers awakened enthusiasm on the part of parents and a hundred visitors were recorded where before scarce a parent entered. Many were present at the public examina- tion at the close of the first term of thitteen weeks. Twenty-two pupils had not been absent during the term, and the average attendance of the sixty-one pupils was fifty-seven. Six hundred dollars were sub- scribed by the citizens for useful apparatus and books, and the school made fair promise of great use- fulness. The next year a High School department was estab- lished at West Newton, and, soon after, another at Newton Corner. Success of the Graded System.— Theoperation of the graded system generally proved satisfactory, bearing fruit in increased interest of all classes. Out of 1015 children between five and fifteen years of age, 924 attended the public schools; about half of the remainder attended private schools, and most of the others were under seven years of age and were kept at home. Establishment of the High School. — With the growth of the town it soon became evident that the establishment of a school devoted entirely to high school studies was a necessity. This was urged it) 1857-58 and accomplished in 1859 by a vote of the town at the March meeting of thai year. Under the direction of an efficient architect and building com- mittee a fine .structure was erected in Newtonville, and the school opened on the 6th of September with seventy-five pupils, under Mr. J. N. Beals as princi- pal, and Miss Amy Brack as assistant. At the close of the first year Mr. Beals resigned and Mr. T. D. Adams became principal, with Miss Breck and Miss Spear as assistants. The school was well sup|)lied with apparatus, much being loaned from the High School department at Newton Cenire. It possessed a limited supply of chemicals and some books of ref- erence, among which was the New American Ency- clopedia. In the school report of 1861-62 can be found the course of study then adopted, the questions for ad- mission and other matters of interest. Two things are essential to the successful working of any advanced school, — a regular and systematic course of study with definite branches for each year and an exact distribution of the pupils into yearly classes. The first of these conditions the High School enjoyed from its commencement, but the sec- ond was not attained till after the fourth year. From this time the school advanced with little friction. In 1865-66 a valuable addition of standard works wa» made to the library, comprising forty-two volumes in history and the natural sciences, and all necessary appliances were freely given as required. At the close of the summer term, in 1866, a great loss was experienced, not only to this school, but to all the city schools, in the death of Dr. Henry Bigelow, chairman of the School Committee, and the great central force in the school organization. One day's examination of the school was omitted that teachers and pupils might join iu the public obsequies and pay their last tribute of respect to the honored dead. The first decade of the High School, was completed in 1869; the condition of the school was most satis- factory ; the school building was enlarged, the force of teachers doubled, the pupils reached nearly one hun- dred and fifty in number and the course of study was greatly amplified. Fifteen pupils graduated on exam- 60 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ination day, making sixty-one graduates since the commencement. During the first years of this decade frequent changes in principals had been made, which were un- favorable to discipline and progress ; but now, at its close and at the commencement of the second, there seemed to be a fair promise of uniform progress under one competent guiding mind, that of Mr. Francis A. Waterhouse, from Augusta, Me., who had had charge of the school since 18G8, and had already attained to eminent success in its arrangement. In 1873 the committee adopted a modified plan of studies, consisting of three courses, with a large num- ber of electives in each course. The minimum of recitation hours entitling one to a diploma was twelve hours a week, — one in singing, two in drawing and nine in studies which were more difficult and de- manded careful preparation. Provision was also made for special students. This new arrangement of courses proved very attractive and a large number of pupils were in attendance. In 1875 a business course was added, making four courses in all — the classical, general and business courses of four years each, and a limited three years' cour.-i^ fl ri' CVUK. a few days before the fight, and which they sent " To the Hon. Governor and Council now Sitting at Bos- ton," in which they made a request for company quartermasters, horses, trumpeters, etc. From this Lieut. Upham descended all the Mai- den and Melrose Uphams ; his grandson, Phineas, settled on Upham Hill, not far from the year 1700, where some of the old homesteads still remain, on one of which, that of George Upham, is still seen the old-fashioned well-sweep with its " iron-bound bucket." Other interesting details concerning these and a number of the other early families may be found in the "Historical Address, delivered in Melrose, Massachu- setts, July 4, 1876," in accordance with Congressional act and Presidential proclamation, known as " The Centennial Fourth." KOADS. — The first road, and only one for many years which passed through Melrose, was laid out by order of the General Court, at a session held Septem- ber 10, 1653, when " Thomas MarshaU. John Smyth & John Sprague being chosen to lay out the country high way betweene Eeddiuge & Winnesenicft do lay it out as follows ■ from Redding towne. through Maldon bounds, betwixt the pond & John Smyths land, k so by the east sidft of M'. Joseph Hills land, to New Hockley Hole, & so in the old way by the Cow Pen, A: thence aloug on the east side of Thomas Coitmore's lott, by Ele Pond, in the old way to Thomas Lynds laud, then through the first field, and so by the field by his howse, from thence, on the old way, by Slaldon meet- ing bowse, through the stony Bwampe, Ac. . . . the sd way to be fower poles broade, in good ground, & six or eight where need requires." " The old way," so often referred to in this order, means the old crooked Indian or bridle-path or trail, in use before this date, winding hither and thither, going around this hill, shunning that swamp or bog, and over which the early traveler wended his way be- tween Reading and Chelsea. Portions of this old original road are still traceable within the bounds of Melrose, and the rocks in the wheel-ruts show the abrasion of the old-time usage very distinctly. On a plan of Maiden, surveyed by Peter Tafts, Jr., of Medford, in 179r), the only roads laid down in what was then North Maiden are, this main road, called the " Reading Road," and a " Stoneham Road," now Wyoming Avenue, which leaves this near where Ma- sonic Hall now stands. About this time " Upham Lane," now " Upham Street," was built through to Chelsea line, a portion of which town, at that time, extended up to Reading, between Maiden and Saugus ; and what is now Howard Street had been built through to Saugus, making a continuous county road from Stoneham to Lynn. Main Street, as now exist- ing, was laid out in 1806. For many years these were the only roads or streets iu Melrose, which now has forty miles of streets within its borders. MELROSE. 209 CHAPTER XVI. MELROSE— { Contimted). ECCLESIASTICAL AND EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. The first organized religious society in Melrose (then North Maiden) was the Methodist Episcopal Church. In the spring of 1813 a committee, consist- ing of Phineas Sprague, James Green and Jesse Up- ham, requested the Kev. Timothy Merritt— then a member of the Legislature from Maine — to preach in the little old school-house, which was situated on the corner of the old road, now Lebanon Street, and Up- ham Lane, now Upham Street. A political sermon had been delivered in the Orthodox Church at Mai- den Centre, which caused great dissatisfaction among the residents of North Maiden ; and the call to Mr. Merritt was the result of an indignation meeting held in one of their barns. After a few Sabbaths Mr. Merritt was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Pierce, who was to receive $2.00 a Sunday. In September following, Rev. Ephraim Wiley was engaged to preach, and some time during the next year a house was hired of Cotton Sprague, which stood on the site now occupied by the residence of the late Liberty Bigelow. In consequence of their continued success, a society was formed in 1815 ; and in 1818 a meeting-house, thirty feet long by thirty- two wide, was built at the junction of Main and Green Streets. Rev. Orlando Hinds was pastor at this time. He was followed by Rev. Isaac Jennisou, and in 1820 the Rev. Ephraim Wiley again became pastor, being sent this time by the Methodist Conference. Next in succession came Revs. Leonard Frost, John Adams and Samuel Norris. Then came a period when the pulpit was supplied by local preachers, about which time some dissatisfied members withdrew and formed the Protestant Methodist Church, hereafter referred to. The Methodists continued to occupy their meeting- house until 1842, when it was enlarged, improved and re-dedicated November 30th of that year. This house was occupied until 1858, when it was sold, moved to Main Street in the centre of the town, changed into Concert Hall, and was burned Novem- ber 30, 1875, with Boardman's piock, justthirty-tjiree years from the day it was dedicated. Their present church edifice on Main Street, was dedicated April 1, 1858, and up to this time the fol- lowing ministers had been settled over the society : Revs. G. W. Fairbanks, Le Roy Sunderland, Ezra Sprague, R. D. Estabrook, Mudge, Otheman, New- hall,°R. Wallace, D. Richards, H. M. Bridge, Na- thaniel Bemis, John C. Ingalls, F. Griswold, John Merrill, Mark Staples, W. H. Hatch, Shepard, W. C. High, J. W. Perkins, N. D. George and J. A. Adams. The first pastor settled in the new meeting-house Wiis Rev. H. V. Degen. He was followed by Revs. A. D. Merrill, John L. Hanaford, George Prentice— 14-iii now professor in Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., — Henry Baker, Frank K. Stratton, M. E. Wright, A. W. Mills, S. B. Sweetzer, Isaac H. Pack- ard, Dr. William Butler, John D. Pickles and Samuel Jackson, who is the present pastor, with a church membership of 324. The Sabbath-school connected with the church was first formed in 1824 ; its present membership is 394. A parsonage on land adjoining the church has just been built, at a cost of 15700. About the year 1828 some members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church became dissatisfied with some portions of its church government, and withdrew therefrom. They organized as the Protestant Meth- odist Church, purchased the old district school-house and moved it to the corner of Main and Upham Streets, near where now stands the First Baptist Church. This was replaced a few years later by a larger building, and the original school-house church moved to Foster Street, on the corner of Myrtle, where it was altered into a tenement-house, and burned at the time the Orthodox Congregational Church was de- stroyed, February 19, 1869. For several years the Protestant Methodist Church prospered. Meanwhile, many Baptists had become residents of the town, and, on January 1, 1850, by mutual agreement, the Protestant Methodist Society was merged into the First Baptist Church, then formed, and which took possession of all the church property. Many of the Protestant Methodists re- mained and joined the Baptist Church. This new organization immediately called and settled the Rev. Thorndike C. .Tameson as pastor. He remained until November 2, 1858, when he went to Providence, R. I., and was afterwards chaplain in the Second Rhode Island Volunteers during the Great Rebellion. Rev. James Cooper succeeded Mr. Jameson, and remained until January 30, 1862, when he resigned to accept a pastorate in Philadelphia, Pa. In Decem- ber, 1862, Rev. Lewis Colby became pastor, who officiated until July 23, 1864. In September follow- ing Rev. William S. Barnes was ordained. He re- mained until June 15, 1868, when, having changed his theological views, he resigned and entered the Unitarian denomination, receiving at once a call from the newly-organized Unitarian Society of this town. He afterwards went to Woburn, and is now in Montreal, Canada. Rev. James J. Peck was pas- tor from August, 1869, until April 1, 1871. Septem- ber 15th of that year the Rev. Almond Barrelle be- came pastor, and he remained until April 1, 1875. During his pastorate the old church edifice was sold to the Catholics, and a handsome brick chapel built on its site, which was dedicated November 17, 1874. A year later the Rev. Napoleon B. Thompson was installed, who remained until November 1, 1876. Rev. Robert F. Tolman was ordained pastor June 27, 1878, and remained until April 1, 1886, The present 210 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. pastor, Rev. George A. Cleaveland, was installed Oc- tober 21, 1886. The number of church members is 349, and the Sabbath-school has a membership of 3.57. The Orthodox Congregational Church was organized July 11, 1848. Services had been held pre- vious to this in the parlors of Dr. Levi Gould and Deacon Jonathan Cochran ; and the first minister. Rev. Stillman Pratt, began to preach as early as April 25th of th.at year, in Deacon Cochran's house, on Grove Street. The first house of worship, costing $3500, was erected on Foster Street, and dedicated May 17, 1849. This was built largely through the efforts and solicitation.? of Deacon Cochran and Dr. Gould, both of whom worked upon its foundation with pick and shovel. Deacon Cochran died'January 6, 1885, nearly ninety-four years of age. Their church edifice was remodeled, enlarged and re-dedicated January 5, 1859, at a cost of $10,000, and was burned February 17, 1869. The present building, costing $42,000 was dedicated October 26, 1870. Mr. Pratt resigned his pastorate in April, 1851, and was suc- ceeded, January 15, 1852, by Rev. I. H. Nortbrup. He resigned the following March, and J.anuary 12, 1854, the Rev. Alexander J. Sessions was installed. He held the pastorate until July, 1858, and was fol- lowed by Rev. Edward H. Buck, who was installed in September, 1859. He died January 31, 1861. Rev. Henry A. Stevens was ordained September 12, 1861, and remained until May, 1868. The present pastor. Rev. Albert G. Bale, was ordained December 3, 1868. On the 2d of December, 1888, Mr. Bale preached an historical sermon, itbeing the twentieth anniversary of his settlement, and the fortieth of the church. In 1883 a parsonage costing $6000 was built on the old church lot, which joined the land purchased for the present edifice. The Sabbath-school was established before the first church was built, and, by the kindness of the Boston and Maine Railroad Company, met in the old passen- ger depot at the centre station, where the church services were also held for a considerable time. The present membership of the church is 385; and of the Sabbath-school, 472. The First Universalkt Society of Melrose was organized February 10, 1849. Previous to this there had been occasional preaching by Universalist minis- ters, first in the little school-house at the corner of Lebanon and Upham Streets, then in the school-house on Upham Street, where now stands the grammar school-house, and which was built in 1829. The first settled pastor Rev. Josiah W. Talbot was installed March 18, 1849. Under his untiring energy and per- severance a chun^h building was erected and dedi- cated January 1, 1852, with a sermon by Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D. Mr. Talbot resigned the pastorate November 13, 1853, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Cooledge, who remained until 1856, when Rev. J. S. Dennis was installed as his successor, April 1, 1856; Mr. Dennis resigned in 1858, and in Novem- ber of that year Rev. B. F. Bowles was installed. He remained only until the end of 1859. Rev. George H. Deere commenced his labors Septem- ber, 1860, continuing until 1862, when he was suc- ceeded by Rev. George W. Quimby, who remained until 1864. Rev. Selden Gilbert was settled in 1865, remaining one year. From 1866 until 1869, Rev. B. H. Davis was the pastor, being succeeded by Rev. John N. Emery September 1, 1869. In 1872 Mr. Emery resigned and was succeeded by Rev. J. E. Bruce, who remained until 1875. March 6, 1876, Rev. William A. Start was installed, and he resigned in December, 1877. Rev. Charles A. Skinner was settled as pastor September, 1878, who resigned May 1, 1881. He was succeeded by Rev. Richard Eddy, D.D., who was installed in September, 1881. He re- mained until September 1, 1889, when he resigned. On November 14, 1889, Rev. Julian S. Cutler, the present pastor, was installed. During the latter part of Dr. Eddy's pastorate it was decided to build a new church. The old one was sold, moved to another part of Essex Street and converted into our present Frank- lin Hall. The new church edifice was dedicated March 24, 1889; sermon by Dr. Eddy and the address to the people by Rev. A. A. Miner, who preached the dedicatory sermon for the old church January 1, 1852. Present membership of the church 62, of the Sab- bath-school 167. The Trinity Episcopal Church was formed in 1856. Beginning April 13th, five services were held in the parlor of Mrs. Theresa Rice, on Lake Avenue, after which they were held in Lyceum Hall, Main Street. The first rector was Rev. William H. Munroe, who organized the Sunday-school and remained until 1862, when he resigned. He is now the rector of Christ Church, Boston, During his pastorate a church ed- ifice was erected on Emerson Street, which was con- secrated March 25, 1860, by the Rt. Rev. Manton Eastburn, Bishop of Massachusetts. Mr. Munroe's suc- cessor was Rev. John B. Richmond, who remained until July 1868. Rev. Robert Ritchie succeeded and remained one year. Rev. Charles Wingate was chos- en rector June 13, 1870, resigning in 1876. During a year's absence of Mr. Wingate in Europe, Rev. Samuel P. Parker had charge of the parish. April 27, 1876, Rev. Henry A. Metcalf was chosen rector, remaining until 1880, when he Avas succeeded by Rev. Charles L. Short, holding his first services De- cember 21,1880. He was pastor until May, 1888. June 21, 1887, a new stone church was consecrated It was built by the Tyer family as a memorial to Henry George, Elizabeth, and Catharine Louise Tyer. Its cost was $28,467.40. Under one of the trusses on the south side is placed a carved stone from the ruins ot Melrose Abbey, Scotland, obtained through the ef- forts of the late William L. Williams. The present rector, Rev. Charles H. Seymour, was settled over this church September 12, 1888. MELROSE. 211 Present number of communicants, 120 ; membership of Sabbath school, 101. Unitarian Church. — The first permanent move- ment for the establishment of a Unitarian Church was made in 1866, when services were begun in Con- cert Hall, on Main Street, by Kev. W. P. Tilden, un- der the auspices of the American Unitarian Associa- tion. Soon after the Unitarian Congregational So- ciety of Melrose was organized, in July, 1867. It continued to hold services in Concert Hall for several years ; having for pastors, beside Mr. Tilden, Revs. John D. Wells, John A. Buckingham, William Sils- bee and William S. Barnes, who left the Baptist de- nomination and was settled over this church for a few mouths, resigning in January, 1869. July 7, 1869, Rev. A. S. Nickerson was installed as pastor and resigned in April, 1870. At this time, while without a settled minister, a new church was built on the corner of Emerson and Myrtle Streets, and dedicated May 1, 1872. Services had been continued meanwhile by the friendly oflices of a number of pastors. The first minister to be set- tled in the new church was Rev. Daniel M. Wilson, who was installed November 15, 1872. He resigned March 1, 1876, and is now settled at Quincy, Mass. From September 1, 1878, to September 1, 1881, Rev. Nathaniel Seaver, Jr., was the pastor. Rev. Henry Wescott was settled over this parish in conjunction with the newly-formed one in Maiden, November 1, 1881. He died July 17, 188.3, much lamented. A handsome memorial volume was published soon after his death, containing a number of his sermons and a memoir by John O. Norris. The Rev. John H. Hey- wood, forty years pastor at Louisville, Ky., was in- stalled September 7, 1884, remaining until September I, 1889, when he resigned and returned to his old home in Louisville. The present pastor Rev. Joseph II. Weeks, was installed February 7, 1890. The mem- bership of the church is 100, of the Sabbath-school 102. Roman Catholics.— Until 1873 the Catholics of Melrose were included in the parish of Maiden and Medford, when it was set apart as a separate parish under the care of Rev. W. H. Fitzpatrick. The church edifice of the First Baptist Society was pur- chased and removed to Dell Avenue and used in Octo- ber of the same year. Previous to this, May 1, 1870, a Sunday-school had been organized and had held its services in Freemason's Hall ; and a Catholic service, or Mass. had been Ueld on Grove Street, December 25, 1854. Mr. Fitzpatrick was succeede'd a few years after the organization by the present incumbent, Rev. Dennis J. O'Farrell. There are two temperance societies connected with this church — the Loyal Temperance Cadets and the Catholic Total Abstinence Society. The Highlands Congregational Church was organized September 29, 1875, with Rev. D. A. More- house as its pastor. Preaching services had been held quite regularly for several years previous to this, in the chapel corner of Franklin and Tremont Streets, the gift of Deacon George W. Chipman. Here the Highland Union Sunday School also held regular sessions for many years. November 19, 1876, the present pastor, Rev. John G. Taylor, began his pastor- ate. The same year a movement was begun to build a church. The edifice, situated on Franklin Street, was finished and occupied September 29, 1880. An additional chapel was built in 1885, and the total cost of the building has been $12,500. In 1883 Mr. Taylor went abroad for fourteen months, and during his absence the Rev. Henry Bates officiated as pas- tor. Present number of members of the church, 130 ; of the Sunday-school, 259. Soon after the establishment of the Boston Rubber Shoe Company's works, at the Fells village, in 1882, the First Baptist Church organized a Sunday-school, and began to hold religious services. On the 25th of January, 1889, the Fells Baptist Church was organ- ized with 26 members. The pastor is Rev. William H. Hacket, who had officiated for some time previous to the organization of the church. The present mem- bership is 71 ; and that of the Sunday-school, 133. Both church and Sunday-school meet in a hall at the corner of Main Street and (ioodyear Avenue, the property of the Boston Rubber Shoe Company, free of all charge. The hall was built soon after the works were established, and has always been placed at the disposal of this religious movement ; and in it was kept the Converse School previous to the building of the new school-house on Washington Street for the Fells District. All of these churches have their auxiliary societies, some thirty in number ; among them, Social Circles, Missionary Societies both foreign and home, Young People's Society fcf Christian Endeavor and the Ep- worth League. Initiatory measures have been taken with a view of establishing a Young Men's Chri-stian As- sociation ; there was one formed in 1858, but it was not of long duration. Schools. — The only school in Melrose for many years was held in the plain, unpainted district school- house, which was sold to the Protestant Methodist Society in 1828. It was built in 1800, was twenty by twenty-five feet in size and was situated on a knoll on the old road, now Lebanon Street, about a dozen rods south of "Upham Lane," now Upham Street. In this old school-house Robert Gerry, who died in Stoneham, April 1, 1873, in his ninetieth year, taught school during the winter season for twenty-four years in succession, beginning in 1803. After this house was sold, a new one was built on Upham Street, in 1828, by the schoolmaster, Mr. Gerry, for the town of Maiden. This was burned about the year 1845; and the one built on its site was the only school-house Melrose had when it was incorporated ; in it was kept a primary, intermediate and grammar school. This 212 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. house was burned in April, 1874, and succeeded by the present structure, the " Centre Grammar School." The High School building on Emerson Street was erected in 18(j9. Melrose now has eleven school- houses, with thirty-two teachers. The amount of money appropriated for schools for the year 1890 was $28,700. The amount of the "Town Grant" for schools in 1851 was $1200 ; and there was received from the State School Fund $55.90, making a total of $1255.90 expended for school purposes. CHAPTER XVII. MELROSE— ( Continued). Militarij History — SocklifS, Associations, Clubs, etc. .Military History. — Many Melrose men were engaged in the Eevolution. Maiden, of which Mel- rose was then a part, was a very patriotic town, and sent forth not only her sons, but several spirited manifestoes, before and during the war. So eloquent, forcible and patriotic were her " Instructions of the town to its Kepresentative, Passed May 27, 177(3," that Chief Justice Marshall quoted them in his " Life of Washington." Among the sentiments expressed were these : " It is now the ardent wish of ourselves that America may become Free and Iiidepeitdent States. . . . Unjustifiable claims have been made by the king and his minions, to tax us without our consent. These Colonies have been prosecuted in a manner cruel and unjust to the highest degree. The frantic policy of Administration hath induced them to send Fleets and armies to America, that by de- priving us of our trade, and cutting the throats of our brethren, they might awe us into submission and erect a system of despotism which should so far en- large the influence of the Crown as to enable it to rivet their shackles upon the people of Great Britain. . . . We, therefore, renounce with disdain our connection with the Kingdom of Slaves ; we bid a final adieu to Britain, . . . and we now instruct you. Sir, to give them the strongest assurance, that if they should declare America to be a Free and Inde- pendent Republic, your constituents will support and defend the measure to the Last Drop of their Blood and the Last FarthiiKj of their Treasure.'' In Captain Benjamin Blaney's company of Maiden men, which went, on the 19th of April, " to resist the ministerial troops," were the following Melrose men : Sergt. Jabez, Lynde, Nathan Eaton, Joseph Lynde, Jr., Ezra Howard, John Vinton, Benjamin Lynde, William Uphani, Ezra Upham, ,Iohn Grover (3d), Unite Cox, Joseph Barrett, Jr., Phineas Sprague, John Grover, Jr., John Gould, Phineas Sprague, Joseph Lynde and John Pratt. There was hardly a man living in North Maiden at that time, who was able to bear arms, who did not start as a " minute-man " when the alarm was sounded. Thomas, Timothy and Ezra Vinton lived at the Highlands and went in Captain Samuel Sprague's company from Stoneham. " After the men had left for Concord, the women, fearing that they might suf- fer for want of food, filled some saddle-bags full of provision, put them upon an old horse owned by Phineas Sprague, and Israel Cook mounted the horse and started for Concord. When near the place, fear- ing that he might meet the British on their return, he turned into a by-road to avoid them. They soon came in sight, and discovered him. One of the sol- diers left the ranks, crossed the field, shot at Cook and killed the horse, and then hastened back to the ranks. Cook, nothing daunted, shouldered the saddle-bags, and trudged on till he met the men, who were sadly in want of something to eat."' Melrose took an honorable part in the Great Rebel- lion of 1861-65. Some of her men were in the ser- vice as soon as any after the time Fort Sumter was bombarded, and continued until the end of the war. When Senator Wilson telegraphed to Governor An- drew, April 15th, for twenty companies of militia to be sent immediately to Washington, for three months' service, five Melrose men immediately enlisted — George W. Balchelder, Gordon McKay, Thomas Smith and William Wyman, in Company B, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment, and Seth Morrison in the Fourth Regiment. Of these, all that were in the Fifth Regiment entered the service again in the three years' regiments. May 3, 1861, President Lincoln issued his second call for troops, for three years' service, and on the same day the selectman issued a warrant for a town- meeting, which was held in Concert Hall, May 6th. It was then "Voted, that the town of Melrose appropriate the Bum of S300on, but it began to look doubtful whether there would be enough of a parish left to build a meeting-house or form a church. As a last resort, it was agreed to refer the whole matter to the " Great and General Court," and abide by its decision. Accordingly, at a meeting November 23, 1744, it was " Voted, that Peleg Lawrence and Josiah Sartell be a Com'ee to go to the Great and General Court Concerning ye having a Jleeting- House Place in Sd Parish." Their petition was favorably received by the Court, and a committee was appointed to survey the place and locate the meeting- house. A committee was also chosen by the parish to " show the Court's committee the inhabitants of the place." So promptly was the business attended to and settled that the parish voted, the following February, "to set the Meeting-House on ye Place that the General Court prefixed," which is the spot now occupied by the meeting-house of the First Parish. This decision was, of course, final, although| some of the inhabitants of the east part were unrecon- ciled. When the men that were employed to move the timber to the site settled upon, were in readiness with their teams to perform the work, several of these disatt'ected persons attempted to prevent their progress by pricking the noses of the oxen, and other- wise annoying them. Whereupon James Lakin, who had been prominent as a champion for the minority during the previous troubles, took the lead. He was a stout, athletic man, and evidently a firm believer in the church militant ; for he made so effective an exhi- bition of " muscular Christianity," that there was no further attempt to hinder the work. The building was erected, and finished for occupation early in 1745, but no record of a dedication can be found. Previous to this time, as appears by the records, the houses of Enoch Lawrence and Nehemiah Hobart were used as places of public worship. Mr. Lawrence lived near Nissittissit Square, and Mr. Hobart on River Street, nearly opposite the house of Elijah A. Butterfield. Rev. Mr. Emerson, in his sermon delivered at the dedication of the second meeting-house, in speaking of this whole matter, says : " There is one thing I can't but mention, as a kind interposition of Divine Provi- dence ; tho' considered as such by very few at the time, and that is ; — The fixing the place for the Meet- ing-House, by the Court's committee; tho' at first contrary to the mind and vote of the majority of the inhabitants, yet proves now to be with much more equity, and where all seem to be universally con- tented with. Had it been erected in the place de- signed and where the timber was drawn to, what trouble, change, and 'tis very likely contention, we must have been exercised with before this day." The house was not finished for several years, if in- deed it ever was, as is shown by the following votes passed at various times from 1744 to 1755 : " Vuted, That Sd committee frame. Raise and board the outside and shingle ye Roof, Lay the under floor and malce suitable Doors and han the same. "To build the Pulpit and ye Body seats below. "To seat the Public Meeting-House and set off tho Pews, or Pew- ground to the Highest Payer in the three last Rates, upon their being obliged to build their own Pews and the Ministerial Pew, To seal the Meeting-House as high at ye girts all round, that Windows be cut where needed, Provided they that cut them maintain them .upon their own 222 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Cobt, that they be do Parisb Charge To finish the BuildtDg, the Seats io the Gallery, and to Seal the Meeting-House from yo Gallery floor up to the beams." " Voted, To Glaze ye Public Meeting-House and to provide boards to Lay Loose on ye floor overhead.'' This was in March, 1749. The following year it was " Voted to Rive ye Men that are seated on ye fore seats below Liberty to set a Row of Banisters with a Kail atop before ye fore Seats at their own Cost and Charge." The building at best could have been but little better than a barn ; and it must have required no little exercise of fortitude and resignation to sit through the lengthy services of the forenoon and afternoon in an unfinished, unglazed and unwarnied house, especially in midwinter. But our hardy ancestors had not attained to the modern ideas of church lu.Kury and parish debt. In the settlement of a minister they appear to have proceeded in a more united and prayerful way. March 13, 1744, the parish voted " To keep the last day of March instant a day of fasting and prayer to Al- mighty God for direction in the important affair of settling a minister." It seems rather unfortunate that in this vote the location of the meeting-house was not also included. About this time Rev. William Vinal, who was then preaching for them, received a call to settle among them in the work of the ministry, but declined to accept the call. Ths distracted condition of the parish at that time certainly did not present a very inviting field of labor for a young minister. "Sep- tember 25th, 1746. Voted, To give the Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Maiden, a call to settle in the gospel ministry in the said parish, and to give him one hun- dred and twenty pounds settlement, and sixty-two pounds, twenty-two shillings, yearly, and thirty cords of fire-wood, cut and delivered at his door." In January following the parish voted to give Mr. Emerson forty acres of land within a mile of the meeting-house, and to add to his salary twelve pounds, ten shillings, whenever the parish should contain one hundred ratable families ; at that time there were seventy-two families. Mr. Emerson ac- cepted the call, and was ordained February 25, 1746, O.S. The ordination sermon was preached by his father, minister of Maiden, from the text, " Now, therefore, my son, be strong in the grace which is in Christ Jesus." A church had been "gathered" on the 29th of January preceding, to which Mr. Emer- son was formally admitted a member on the morning of his ordination. The church consisted of about fif- teen male members and several females who had withdrawn from the Groton Church, for the purpose of forming a church in Pepperell — the exact number of female members cannot be ascertained. Mr. Emerson's salary was regulated according to the price of provisions. The following list made out by a committee for that purpose was accepted by the pariah and by Mr. Emerson : " NiHety Potrndeon W. I. Goods. — W. I. rum at 21s. per gall. ; molafises, 15s. per gall. ; loaf sugar, 7s. per lb. ; cotton wool, 13s. per lb. ; salt, 3, 32s. per bush. " Forty Pounds upon Meat — Beef at 9d. per lb. ; pork, 15d. *' Sixt// Poiuida upon Grain. — Corn at 125. per bush. ; rye, 16s. per bush. ; barley, 14s. per bush. ; oata, *Js. per bushel. ; wheat, 228. per bush. *^ Sixty Pmtndu upon Sundries. — Sheep's wool at 10s. per lb.; flax, 38. Gd. ; shoes, 308. per pair ; labor at £60 per year ; butter, 28. 6d. per lb. To estimate the salary annually upon such a basis must have been rather perplexing, and in 1767 the district abandoned the plan, and voted to give Mr. Emerson £73 6s. 8d. annually, computing silver at 6«. per dollar, and 6s. 8c?. per ounce. Upon this change Mr. Emerson remarks : " I heartily rejoice that you have seen fit to set aside the old contract, which hath been the occasion of so much trouble. As to the sum you offer me instead of it, I thankfully accept of it. All things con- sidered, it is houorable and kind, and is a token that, after so many years, my labors are yet acceptable among you. I hope, through divine grace, to go on with more cheerfulness in the work of the ministry, and while I am partaking of your carnal things, that the Lord may abundantly shower down spiritual blessings, is the sincere prayer of your affectionate pastor. 1 desire this may be recorded in the parish book.*' Mr. Emerson's farm of " forty acres of land within a mile of the meeting-house" was located on Elm and Townsend Street, including the lands now owned by William Kendall, Miss Freeman, and others. It also extended easterly on Elm Streets, comprising the whole area from the " common " to Green's Brook, and as far east as the land of Mrs. D. B. Sibley. His house was where the "Shipley" house now stands. The large flat stone which served as the door-step of his study, still remains in its old position. In 1767, the parish having outgrown, in more senses than one, the old meeting-house, preparations were commenced for the building of a new one. The sum of eighty pounds was voted to be raised for the pur- pose. It was also voted " that the house be built workman-like." A vote was also passed that, " con- sidering we are engaged in the important affair of building a new house for the worship of God, voted to set apart Thursday as a day of fasting and prayer, to confess our manifold sins, whereby we have pro- voked our God to frown upon us in our public affairs, and earnestly implore the return of his favor, and par- ticularly to humble ourselves before God for our un- profitableness under the means of grace we have en- joyed in the old meetinghouse, and entreat his guid- ance in erecting a new one." This new house was built in 1769, on the site of the old one, which the building contractor. Cornet Simon Gilson, took in part payment for his contract, and removed to his farm (now J. M. Belcher's) where he converted it into a barn, probably without much change. In 1830 it was destroyed by the act of an incendiary. In March, 1870, the new meeting-house was dedicated with ap- propriate religious services, on which occasion Mr. Emerson preached a sermon from this text : " Then Samuel took a stone, and set it up between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, PEPPEKELL. 223 Hitherto has the Lord helped us." la this discourse Mr. Emerson enumerated many reasons why the peo- ple of Pepperell should follow the example of the prophet — the preservation of the church when threat- ened with destruction ; the increase of population since his settlement from seventy -two to one hundred and fifty-two families, and a proportional increase in their substance, so that they had been able to pay the charges of their becoming a parish and then a dis trict, and of building a house for worship ; their preservation from savage enemies when they were under the necessity of taking their firearms with them to meeting, as they had done since his settle- ment." He exhorted them '' to acknowledge with gratitude that they had been preserved while erect- ing the second meeting-house, not a life having been lost or a bone broken while providing the timber, raising the frame and finishing the house," and in con- clusion he said that he himself would on that occasion set up his Ebenezer, it being the twenty-third anni- versary of his ordination, and acknowledged that hitherto the Lord had helped him, both in temporal and spiritual matters. In building this second meet- ing-house the people appear to have acted in har- mony, the only question of difl'erence being in regard to a steeple, which, as they had no bell, was finally de cided in the negative. Subsequently, however, a steeple was built of the height of one hundred feet and a bell l)laced therein. The house was sixty feet long and forty-five feet wide, and was built in the style of architecture common to the New England churches of the time — a plain, yellow building with a belfry and two porches, a deep gallery along three sides ot the interior, and a high pulpit on the fourth side, with the deacons' seat below and the queer sounding board above. The ground floor was filled with high, square pews, intersected by rectangular aisles. The noon-house, or Sabbath-day house, as it was often called, was a building especially adapted to the times. It usually consisted of a single room with a fire-place, and was furnished with a table and seats. It was owned by one or more of the prominent men of a neighborhood remote from the meeting-house. Thither the owners, with their families and friends, would re- pair during the intermission between the forenoon and afternoon services, to refresh themselves with a picnic dinner, and spend an hour of social intercourse. The idea of heating the meetiug-house was not even tolerated in those days, and in winter the blazing fire in the noon-house was a real comfort to the worship- pers ; and from the glowing embers the women re- plenished their foot-stoves for the afternoon meeting. Theie were eight of these houses situated in diffeient directions and within a radius of twenty rods from the meeting-house. They continued in use until stoves were introduced, although with much opposition, into the meeting-house about the year 1826, after which time they one by one disappeared. Mr. Emerson was not permitted to enjoy the priv- ileges of the new sanctuary many years. In the sum- mer of 1775 he went to Cambridge to visit his numer- ous parishioners, serving under Colonel Prescott in the Continental Army, there assembled. Tradition says he there offered the first public prayer in the American camp. While ministering to the temporal, as well as spiritual, needs of the soldiers, he took a cold from exposure, which resulted in a fever, termin- ating his life on the 29th of October, 1775, at the age of fifty-one years. He died an early martyr to the cause of that liberty whose principles he had so zeal- ously and practically instilled into the minds of his people. The following incident, as related by Colonel William Prescott, forcibly illustrates the peculiar blending of conservatism and radicalism in his char- acter. Previous to the battle of Bunker Hill, secret meetings of the Committee of Safety were frequently held in the town. On a Saturday evening one of these meetings was held in the tavern which stood on the present site of the church of the Second Parish. Mr. Emerson had been present during the early part of this meeting, but had returned home. After mid- night, as from the window of his study he looked across the Common and saw the lights still burning in the committee-room, indicating that the session was not yet closed, he hastened to the tavern, and, ad- monishing the committee that the Sabbath had come, insisted on an immediate adjournment. During the twenty-nine years of Mr. Emerson's ministry he bap- tized 807 persons, and admitted 196 into the church. Eight deacons, elected by the church, were ordained by him, viz. : Jeremiah Lawrence, John Spafford, January 11, 1747-48; Josiah Fisk, January 18, 17.54; Peleg Lawrence, August 21, 1754 ; Thomas Laughton, August 3, 1759; David Blood, April 9, 1762; Daniel Fiske, April 23,1773; Edmund Parker, Octobers, 1773. It was customary for one chosen deacon to sig- nify his consent by a formal letter of acceptance, when he was inducted into office by a solemn charge from the minister, and thereafter was privileged to sit in the " deacon's seat." The form used by Mr. Emerson on these occasions was as follows : *' Dear brother : — We congratulate you upon the honor which the Lord Jesus Christ, the Head of the Church, hath been pleased to confer upon you; for we doubt uot that you had a call to this office, which under the influence of his spirit, as we trust, you have accepted ; that Spirit, which Christ hath purchased and promised to send down, not only to convince and convert the sinner, but also as a guide and teacher to his people, and hath assured us that he should lead us into all truth. You are sensible there is a work as well as an honor attending the office, which you must see to it that ynu fulfil. I would therefore charge you in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge both the quick and the dead, another day, before the elect angels and this assembly, that you faithfully discharge the duties of your station, that you fulfil the ministry you have received. See to it, that you answer the charac- ter of the deacons in the word of God. ' Be grave, not double-tongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre, hold the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience.' See to it, that you govern your children and household well, * be blameless, be an example to believers them- selves ; let your conversation be as becometh godliness, watch and pray continually, that those who seek occasion to speak evil of you, may find none; live^always as under the eye of the Lord Jesus Christ, who will 224 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. shortly call you to give an account of your stewardship.' If you thus behave and do, ' you will purchase to yourself a good degree ' of favor with God and good men, and great boldness in the faith which is in .Tesus Christ. .\nd let ine put you in mind, that as the Lord Jesus and this his people, expect more from you in this relation than ever, so there is strength enough in Christ for you, and he will not leave you if you do not first forsake him. O. then, repair to him by a lively faith. Go out of yourself, trust wholly in him ; so shall you fulfil your course at length with joy, and your Lord will say to you, * Well done, good and faithful servant : as you have been faithful over a few things, I will make you ruler over many things ; enter into the J03' of your Lord.' May this at last be your and our portion, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory iu the church, world without end. Amen." Mr. Emerson's virtues are thus enumerated upon the tablet, which the town erected over his tomb : "Steadfast in the Faith once delivered to the Saints. Fixed and laborious in the cause of Christ and precious souls. Exemplary in via iting and sympathizing with his Flock. Diligent in improving his Tal- ents. A Kind Husband ; a tender Parent ; A Faithful reprover ; a con- stant Friend ; and a true Patriot. Having ceased from his Labors, his works follow him." Amid the anxieties and distresses of the Revolu- tionary War four years elapsed before a successor to Mr. Emerson was decided upon. Regular preaching was, however, maintained the greater part of the time. Mr. Joseph Emerson, a son of the late pastor, sup- plied the pulpit during the year 177G. His promise of a useful life was soon blighted by an early death. In 1778 Mr. Jonathan Allen received a call to become the minister of the parish, which he declined. Mr. John BuUard, of Medway, a graduate of Har- vard University, of the class of 1776, was ordained October 18, 1779. His ministry comprised a period of almost forty-two yeans, which were prosperous and happy. Warm in his sympathies and genial in his conversation and habits, he is spoken of by a contem- porary as "of that almost peculiar urbanity which led him to treat all men of learning and fair moral char- acter as friends and companions.'' Although, appar- ently, more of " a man of the world" than his prede- cessor, he possessed none the le.ss the virtues and excellencies of a true Christian minister. He was much interested in the cause of education ; was one of the founders of the Groton Academy, and a trustee of that institution during his life. Three of his four sons were educated there pieparatory to their enter- ing college. The Sunday-school was instituted in 1819, by the eftbrts of Mrs. Nehemiah Cutter and some other ladies, who were greatly assisted and en- couraged in this work by their pastor, ^[r. Bullard died September 18, 1821, aged sixljy-five years, univer- sally beloved and lamented. During his ministry he baptized 556 persons, and admitted 156 members to his church. Four deacons were elected — Nathaniel Hutchinson and Nathaniel Lakin, April 23, 1789; Joseph Parker and Edmund Jewett, August 15, 1805. Rev. James Howe, of Jaffrey, New Hampshire, a graduate of Dartmouth and of Andover, was ordained October 16, 1822. For several years the relations be- tween pastor and people were harmonious ; but at length dissatisfaction began to be expressed by cer- tain of the more liberally-inclined in regard to ex- changes ; the complaint being that Mr. Howe was too exclusive in that matter. After several ineffectual attempts, the town finally passed a vote in May, 1831 : " To excuse Rev. James Howe from preaching six Sabbaths in the course of the ensuing year, and per- mit the pulpit to be supplied on those Sabbaths by ministers of other denominations." The enforcement of this vote by its advocates Mr. Howe regarded as an expulsion from his pulpit. Accordingly, he, with nearly the entire church and a large majority of the congregation, peaceably withdrew and formed a sep- arate religious society under the title of " The Evan- gelical Congregational Society of Pepperell," to which tlje church allied itself, and of which Mr. Howe was recognized as pastor, by a council called for that pur- pose, February 1, 1832. Thus the town was divided into two parishes and two churches ; each church, however, claiming to be the original " First Church of Pepperell." The First Parish, which now included all the legal voters that had not "signed off," and the remnant of a church which still adhered to it, was left without a minister or even a deacon. But it retained several of the wealthiest and most influential families of the town and a legal possession of the real estate and per- sonal property of the original parish. With a zeal stimulated by the sharp controversy, the remaining members of the parish immediately proceeded to reor- ganize by the election of necessary officers, and chose a " Committee to hire preaching." Dr. John Walton and Mr. Benjamin Hale were chosen deacons. After having heard several candidates preach during the year, a decision was made in favor of Rev. Charles Babbidge, of Salem, a Harvard graduate — class of 1828 — and he was ordained and settled February 13, 1833. "A gentleman and a scholar" in the fullest import of the phrase, courteous and affable to all, without distint-tion of sect or party, he soon gained the esteem and aflection of his people. He married, January 21, 1839, Miss Eliza Ann Ban- croft, daughter of one of his parishioners, Luther Bancroft, Esq. ; he bought a farm, built a house, and so fully identified himself with the people of Pepper- ell and their interests, that he repeatedly refused calls to much larger congregations and more eligible pulpits. He was a member of the School Board for forty years; and in 1859 he represented his district in the Legislature. At the commencement of the late war he was chaplain of the Sixth Regiment, and the first minisler in the country to enlist ; thus giving to Pepperell the honor of furnishing the first chaplain for the War of the Rebellion as well as of the Revo- lution. Having served through the three months' campaign of the Sixth, he received, in November, 1861, a commission as chai)lain of the Twenty-sixth Massachusetts Regiment, in which he served three years. Upon his discharge from the service, Novem- ber 7, 1864, he returned to the peaceful pursuits of his professional life, and to his people, who gladly PEPPERELL. 225 welcomed him home. During the greater part of Mr. Babbidge's absence Rev. John Buckingham officiated as pastor in charge. February 13, 1883, the semi-centennial anniversary of Mr. Babbidge's ordination was celebrated with ap- propriate religious exercises and social festivities, in which several of his classmates in college and the Divinity School participated. The Rev. A. P. Pea- body, D.D., in his congratulatory speech on the oc- casion thus addressed Mr. Babbidge : " I do not forget that you have bec-n wanted elsewhere, that wistful eyes were often turned hitherward from ourmetropoHs on the statement ot the eminent historian who used to pass his summers here, that the beat preaching he heard was in Pepperell. Nor can I forget that when the trustees of the Meadville Divinity School sought a wise man of the East to hold office in it, they found you at the bottom of your well, and having read in their childhood that truth had such a home, they were all the more earnest to capture for their service the transparent truth and genuine Christian manhood, which they heard as they talked with you over the well-curb, and saw in you when you emerged into the light of day." Rev. Joshua Young, pastor of the First Church in Groton, who followed, in an address of fellowship, said : " You loved, rather, the simple life, the simple manners, the simple folk of the country. You loved the scented fields, the deep and shady woods, the hills and the rocks ; ' Their colors and their forms were to you an appetite, A feeling and a love.' And so it wafl pleasant to you to unite with an intellectual and sacred calling the cultivation of the seed-receiving soil, and, methinks, that every time you went forth from the study to the farm, it was to touch the ground Anta?us-Iike and receive new strength from Mother Earth ; and, therefore, we see you to-day, after an active and interrupted min- istry of tifty yeare, at the age of seventy and six — almost four-score — still at your post, your eye not dim, nor your natural force abated, wear- ing gracefully the marks of a well-spent life 'of virtue, truth, well- tried and wise experience;' in green old age, like an oak worn, but still steady amidst the elements, while younger trees — so many of them — are fallen." The following summer Mr. Babbidge was honored by Harvard University with the degree of D.D. In February, 1886, in the eightieth year of his life, he resigned his charge of the church and society of which he had been pastor fifty-three years, although he is still a constant attendant at the Sabbath ser- vices. Mr. Walter C. Moore, from the Meadville Divinity School, was ordained and settled over the parish Sep- tember 7, 1887. The old meeting-house, having become antiquated and much out of repair, was, in the year 1836, com- pletely remodeled and rebuilt in modern style; and re-dedicated October 27th of that year. The Second Parish, immediately upon its organiza- tion under the name of " The Evangelical Congrega- tional Society of Pepperell," commenced to build a commodious house of worship, which was dedicated October 31, 1832. Previous to this time their public services had been held in an unfinished hall over the store where the lown-house now stands. Mr. Howe, with an hereditary predisposition to pulmonary disease, found his health and strength 15-iii gradually failing under the work and excitement of the new parish, until he was obliged to ask for a col- league to assist him in his labors. From among sev- eral candidates, the choice fell upon Mr. David An- drews, a graduate of Amherst and of Andover, and he was ordained January 29, 1840. Mr. Howe died the following summer, July 19, 1840, at the age of forty- four years. He was a man of unusual sagacity and foresight, with remarkable tact as well as judgment. His administrative abilities were of a high order. Very few ministers could have led off so successfully, and withal so peaceably, as he, a large majority of the church and congregation. There was no legal controversy, no actual quarrel. A spirit of bitterness, however, was developed among the people, and the town was divided into two politico-theological parties, which existed for m.iny years. But the ministers of the opposing sects, although they could not meet in theological fellowship, always met each other as gen- tlemen on the common ground of Christian courtesy. Mr. Babbidge, in his discourse at his semi-centennial anniversary, said of Mr. Howe : " The incidents of his ministry, his pure life and early death, are mat- ters that have fallen within the personal knowledge of many of you who hear me. and need no words from me, I feel, however, that I may on this occasion bear my humble tribute to the memory of one who, whether he erred in judgment or action, gave ample evidence of his wish to serve God conscientiously and faithfully. Becoming, as I did, his successor in the pastoral office, and also his fellow-townsman, it was my lot to come frequently into cotiununication with him, and I cherish with great satisfaction the pleasant intimacy that sprang up between us, and continued unbroken to the end of his life." Mr. Andrews, who became sole pastor on Mr. Howe's decease, was, in many respects, quite different from his predecessor. Though a thorough scholar and a forcible writer, he was no orator. A perfect gentleman at heart, kind and sympathizing, yet he was externally cold and uncongenial, and in manner awkward and constrained. He had no policy, no finesse, but in everything pursued a straightforward, outspoken course. He preached the Gospel as he be- lieved it, plainly and with a directness that was often more pungent than agreeable to his hearers, many of whom began to grow dissatisfied, and demand a more entertaining, if not a more liberal style of preaching. He labored faithfully and conscientiously more than ten years of the best part of his life for this church and parish, only to feel at last that he was unappreci- ated. He tendered his resignation April 2, 1850. He afterwards preached several years at Tiverton, R. I., and then settled in Winona, Minn., where he died in 1870. The 29th day of .January, 1847, being an anniver- sary of Mr. Andrews' ordination, and without due cor- rection for change of style, the centennial of the founding of the First Church in Pepperell, was cele- brated by the Evangelical Congregational Society, on which occasion the pastor delivered a disnourse containing an interesting account of the settlement of the parish and its ecclesiastical history during the one hundred years of its existence. 226 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. But the church and society of the First Parish, claiming, at least, an equal right to the title of " First Church in Pepperell," and feeling somewhat indig- nant at having been totally ignored in the whole matter of the celebration, made arrangements for a true centennial celebration, which took place on the 6th day of February, 1847, exactly one hundred years after the organization of the church. Mr. Babbidge delivered a polemical address per- tinent to the occasion, in which he strongly pro- tested against the action of the other church and society, because he " thought it due to the church connected with the ancient religious society, to the officers and members of this church and to society at large." He concluded thus : " We of this town are an excitable people. The inhabitants of Pep- perell have always been so. There is something in the atmosphere upon our hills that infuses a mer- curial, a (sensitive principle into our blood. We are great sticklers for equal rights and popular liberty. The very name of ' Bunker Hill ' stirs our hearts as the souud of the trumpei does the war-horse. Being aware of this common characteristic of ours, let us beware how we give each other occasion for offence. Let us live together peaceably, in that spirit which becometh the followers of the Son of God." Rev. Lyman Cutler, of Dorchester, a graduate of Dartmouth and of Andover, was ordained January 22, 1851. He was a fine classical scholar, and was ambitious for literary distinction. He was gifted with a ready command of language and a nervous style of thought and delivery that thrilled his hearers to their fingers' ends. Open-hearted and free from guile, he counted upon the same traits in all men, anil although greatly admired by his people, he was not looked up to as a safe adviser and guide in temporal matters. He was unsuited to the parochial duties of a country parish, and his request for a dismissal was granted in November, 1853. The following year he was settled in Newton, where, after a brilliant but brief career, he died May 2, 1855. Rev. Thomas Morong, a graduate of Amherst and of Andover, was ordained April 12, 1854, and dis- missed November 4, 1855. June 11, 1850, Rev. Edward P. Smith was ordained pastor of the church. He was graduated from Yale and Andover. On his first visit to Pepperell, to preach as a candidate, he lost his valise, which contained his sermons and a change of raiment. Nothing daunted, however, he went into the pulpit in his traveling suit, and preached an extempore ser- mon, so fraught with freedom, fervency and zeal that he aroused the enthusiasm of the congregation, and received a call from them directly. He was a man of remarkable executive ability; with him to think was to act ; so much so that he was liable to hastily fol- low his first impulse, rather than wait for the sober second thought. In bis preaching aud his whole life — pastoral, civil and political — this characteristic was prominent. At the beginning of the War of the Rebel- lion he took an active part in arousing the people and procuring enlistments. Having obtained a month's leave of absence in January, 1863, he attached him- self to the United States Christian Commission, and went to the front. The month's absence was ex- tended indefinitely. At- length his repeated request for a dismissal was granted December 7, 1864, his people being satisfied that he could never be con- tented to settle down again to the quiet life and cir- cumscribed sphere of Pepperell. He became general agent of the Commission, with full charge of the field work. At the close of the war he engaged with his characteristic ardor in the cause of the freedmen, and held a pnnuinent position in the American Mission- ary Association. He wiis afterwards appointed (by President Grant) commissioner of Indian aflfairs. While holding this latter office he exposed some of the malfeasance connected with this department, and thereby aroused a political excitement and opposition that led to his resignation. In 1875 he was elected President of the Howard University, Washington, D. C, and went to Africa to become more intimately acquainted with the needs of the negro race, and the most feasible methods of missionary work among the native tribes. While on this mission he died of African fever, on board the United States vessel "Ambrig", in the Gulf of Guinea, June 15, 1876, aged forty-nine years. One of his co-laborers thus writes of him : " He was noted for his love of children, his mirthfulness, his generosity, his strong attachments, and his advocacy of the cause of the oppressed. Doing good in forgetfulness of self was his business and he pursued it to the end." In July, 1859, the meeting-house was destroyed by fire, together with Mr. Luther Tarbell's tavern and store building, iu which the fire originated. The house had just been repaired, and the basement finished into a convenient vestry, which the congre- gation were expecting to use for the first time on the ensuing Sabbath. Instead of which, they met, on that Sabbath, in the Unitarian house, whose use for the afternoons had been cordially tendered, and listened to an impressive discourse by Mr. Smith from the text, " Our holy and our beautiful house where our fathers praised Thee, is burned up by fire.'' (Psa. Ixiv. 11.) After considerable delay, occasioned by a want of unanimity on the question of location, the present commodious and well- arranged house was erected on the site of the old one, and dedicated January 29, 1860. The same council that concurred in the dismissal of Mr. Smith installed Rev. S. L. Blake, a graduate of Middlebury and of Andover. Having preached acceptably to the people four years, he asked for a dismis.sion December 28, 1868, in order to accept a call from the Old South Church, in Concord, N. H. PEPPERELL. 227 His successor was Rev. Horace Parker, an Amherst graduate, who was installed March 17, 1870, and dismissed September Hi, 1873, on account of ill health. By means of his earnest aud persevering efforts a debt of nearly $3000, which had been grad- ually accumulating, was canceled, and two hundred dollars additional raised for repairs on the meeting- house. A parsonage was also bought during his pastorate. Rev. George F. Swain was ordained March 12 1875. He entered the ministry, not through the ordinary course of college and seminary, but from a business education aud experience ; therefore he was more inclined to disregard the conventionalities and technicalities of clerical speech and deportment than was agreeable to many of his parishioners. His connection with the church aud society was dissolved in Dec, 1879, and he returned to a business life. Mr. Swain was succeeded by Rev. William G. Shoppe, from Bangor Theological Seminary, who was ordained November 11, 1880. A man of native sim- plicity and purity of character combined with great personal dignity, be commanded the love and respect of his people. His resignation, that he might accept a call to a church in Neponset, was reluctantly grant- ed, November, 1887. Rev. Charles L. Tomblen, a graduate of Amherst, and of Andover, is at present the pastor in charge. The first serious endeavor to introduce the services of Methodism in Pepperell was made during the fall and winter of 1855, by Oscar F. French, who formed a " class " at the North Village School-house. With occasional assistance from Revs. A. D. Merrill and M. M. Parkhurst, his eflbrts were so successful that, the following spring. Rev. G. Adams was sent from the New England Conference as the first pastor of a church, which was organized May, IStJG. For several years the Sabbath services were held in Parker's Hall, at Nissittisset Square ; but, in 1873, through the zealous and untiring labors of Rev. A. W. Baird, a fund was raised sufficient to build a plain, convenient chapel in Babbitasset Village. The so- ciety increased and prospered. In 1885 a commodi- ous parsonage was built, and three years later the interior of the chapel was tastefully decorated and refurnished. The succession of ministers since Rev. G. Adams has been : 1867, Rev. M. R. Barry ; 1869, Rev. Asa Barues ; 1871, Rev. A. W. Baird ; 1874, Rev. J. H. Emerson ; 1875, Rev. J. R. Gushing ; 1877, Rev. Alfred Noon; 1880, Rev. W. D. Bridge; 1881, Rev. Daniel Atkins; 1883, Rev. Phineas C. Sloper; 1884, Rev. L. A. Bosvvorth, who was obliged, on account of ill health, to relinquish his charge in the fall of the same year. Mr. Sloper returned and completed the year, and continued as pastor for the next two years. In 1887 he was succeeded by Rev. James Mudge, the present incumbent. A Catholic mission was established at the Depot Village in 1871, and a small chapel was erected, in which services were held fortnightly by the priest from Ayer. In 1881 the chapel was enlarged and rebuilt into a new and attractive church. In 1884 a fine parochial house was built ; and the following year Rev. Henry J. Madden was appointed pastor of the parish, which was then instituted, and which now numbers about nine hundred communicants. CHAPTER XX. PEPFERELL--{ Continued). MUNICIPAL AND MILITANT. On the 12th day of April, 1753, by act of the Gen- eral Court, Groton West Parish, upon petition by its inhabitants, was made a district, and named Pepper- ell, in honor of Sir William Pepperell, the hero of the memorable capture of Louisbourg, in 1745. Rev. Mr. Emerson, who had been a chaplain in that expedi- tion, probably suggested the name of his old com- mander as appropriate for the new district. Sir William acknowledged the compliment by the cus- tomary present of a bell, which, however, was never received by those for whom it was intended. It was cast in England, and bore the inscription of the donor's name and the legend : " I to the church the living call. And to the grave I Bumnion all." It was shipped to Boston and there stored. Its future history is chiefly conjectural. One tradition is that it was destroyed by the British soldiers during their occupancy of Boston in 1775, some twenty years after, which is hardly probable. Another story, equally apocryphal, is that the people of Pepperell, being earnestly engaged in the great struggle for in- dependence, neglected to send for the bell, until it had been confiscated and sold to pay the expenses of storage, etc. The tale that it was purchased by the Old South Church in Boston, and placed in their belfry, has been disproved by actual investigations made by the late Samuel Chase, the antiquarian of Pepperell, who made a personal inspection of every church bell in the city of Boston. Still another ver- sion is that a committee of three, afterwards reduced to one, was chosen by the town to go to Boston and get the bell ; that he went, sold the bell, put the pro- ceeds into his pocket, and returning, reported the bell " non inventus.'' But no record of any such committee or mention of the bell can be found in the town records. Mr. Chase, however, believed the last story to be mainly true ; he even claimed to know that the bell was sold to a society in New Hampshire, and that the church on which it was placed was afterwards burned to the ground ; but " for the credit of all par- ties," as he used to say, he always positively refused 228 HISTORTOF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. to testify further in the case. At all events, one thing is certain, the people of Pepperell never got that bell. Sir William always spelled his name with two " r's," and for many years the name of the town was so spelled. As a district the inhabitants were entitled to all the rights and privileges of a town, except that of sending a representative to the General Court. They still continued to be represented by the member from Groton. In 1786, by act of the Legislature, all dis- tricts that had been incorporated previous to 1777 were made towns. Pepperell, however, from and after 1775, appears to have sent to the General Court her representative, who was received and recognized as such, but b}' what authority it is not known : proba- bly by " right of revolution." Although the town of Gfoton, in its earlier history, had suffered severely from Indian raids, the peopleof Pepperell, for reasons already stated, were generally exempt from any serious attacks. Yet the knowledge of the characteristic treachery and viadictiveness of the Indian kept the settlers in a state of constant anxiety. Mr. Emerson makes the statement, in one of his discourses, that for several years after his settlement the men were ac- customed to carry their guns to meeting. Many are still living who can recall the thrilling tales told by the grandames of a century ago about Lovewell's fight and Chamberlain and Paugus; of Indian cunning and white man's circumspection, as received from their grandmothers, whose husbands, fathers or brothers were the heroes of the story. There was, however, very little actual warfare within the limits of the settlement. As far as can be ascertained, only one white man was killed within the territory of Groton West Parish. In July, 1724, John Ames, who lived in a garrison-house, on the intervale west of the Nashua River, about half a mile below Hollinsworth's mills, was surprised and shot in his door-yard by one of five Indians, who had been lurking about the place for several days. His son Jacob avenged the death of his fjither by shooting the Indian from the house with his father's gun. Midway between the " Munger corner " — so called — and the river, the spot where Mr. Ames' house stood is still indicated by the par- tially filled-in cellar. In 1744 hostilities were re- newed between England and France, and the Colo- nists were again involved in a war with the French and their Indian allies. But Pepperell was no longer a frontier tojyn, and the theatre of war was removed farther to the northward. We have no record of the participation of any of the inhabitants of the district in the Old French War except that of Simon Green, who died in the army in 1748. In what is called the French and Indian War, however, which commenced in 1756, Pepperell was called upon to furnish its quota of troops for the prosecution of the war, and promptly responded to the call. Mr. Emerson's previous experience and martial proclivities led him to take an active interest in mili- tary matters; to his influence and encouragement, undoubtedly, was due much of that military and patriotic spirit which has always characterized the inhabitants of Pepperell, and has furnished so many brave oflicers and soldiers from among her citizens. In the spring of 1758 a company from Pepperell and its vicinity was enlisted for the French and Indian War, under the command of Capt. Thomas Lawrence. Previous to their departure to join the army, Mr. Emerson preached a sermon appropriate to the occa- sion, in which he addressed them thus : "My friends and brethren: 'Tis a matter of rejoicing tome that so many of you have engaged in this affair with bo much cheerfulness, and pi^ffered your services for your country ; and some of you, I hope, liave entered upon it with becoming seriousoeas. If the present expe- dition should go forward according to our present expectation — which God grant it may! — and not be stigmatized, as some former ones have been, by the name of a mock expedition, whereby we have become the shame of our friends and the contempt of our enemies. I say, if the army should proceed, you will, doubtless, be called into action, and must expect to jeopardize your life in the high places of the field. Fix then this in your minds, that danger you must encounter ; imagine not that you are going out against a weak and effeminate enemy, who will be af- frighted as soon as they bear of your approach, or he intimidated by the very sound of your drums, and run away as soon as you charge them, and you have nothing to do but fall upon the prey and load yourselves with the spoils. Far from this ; you are going against an enemy who are far from being dastardly ; an enemy flushed with various and repeat- ed successes. And as you are designed by the present concerted scheme of operation to enter the very heart of the enemy's country, you may well expect that they will not tamely resign their possessions into your hands. I say not these things to discourage you, but rather to animate you to set out with greater resolution and courage. If you alight upon dangers, this will not make them heavier when they come, and it may serve something to lighten them when they come. You are to fight ; you are enlisted to this end ; you are paid for this purpose. Boldly then advance into the heart of the enemy's country. Fear them not ; let it never be said of a New England soldier — let it never be said of a Pepper- ell soldier that he was afraid to face his enemies, or that he ever turned his back on them and cowardly deserted the cause of his country." Capt. Lawrence was not disobedient unto the min- isterial injunction. He was a man of extraordinary size and strength ; resolute and daring, and experi- enced in Indian warfare. Holding in contempt the valor of the savages, he was accustomed to boast that he would never run from the Indians, nor be taken alive by them, which assertion he was destined to verify. In July, 1758, while out in command of a scouting-party, at Half-way Brook, near Lake George, he was suddenly surprised by the Indians, and, with the exception of a few who fled at the first tire, the whole party were killed, the gallant captain being the last to fall. His body, when found, bore witness to the desperation with which he had fought. The following men from Pepperell are reported as having lost their lives in this war: William Blood, John Parker, .lames Coburn, Jr., John Kemp, Oliver Kemp, Jabez Kemp, Samuel Fisk, Jr., Capt. Thomas Lawrence, David Shattuck, Jr., Stephen Kemp, Ephraim Hall, Nathaniel Green, John Avery and Charles Barron. Trained in such a school, and inspired by so zealous an apostle of liberty as Mr. Emerson, the people of Pepperell were all prepared to enter with ardor into the contention between Parliament and Provinces, which led to the Revolutionary War. They were PEPPEEELL. 229 among the first to notice and protest against the arbi- trary acts of the British Ministry, and among the first to sustain that protest by active and forcible measures. The district voted, on October 25, 1765, to give the following instructions to their representative in the General Court : " To Abel Lawrence, Esq. : Taking into consideratiou the that have been adopted by the British minietry, and a<'ta of Parliament made, which press hard upon our invaluable rights and privileges, by the royal charter granted to tbe first settlers of tbia province, the power of making laws and levying taxea invested in the General Assembly. It is certain we were not repreaeuted in Parliament, neither were the re monstrances sent by tbia province admitted there when the late act, call ed tbe stamp act, by which an insupportable and up.coustitutioual tax is laid on the Colonies, was made. We, ther»*fore, think it our indispen- sable duty to desire you, by no means, to join in any measures for coun- tenancing or assisting in the execution of the said stamp act. Further- more, as the trade of this province is greatly obstructed, and the people labor under an almost insupportable debt, we expect you will use your utmost endeavors, in the General Assembly, that the monies of the prov- ince drawn from the individuals, may not be applied to any other usea^ under any pretence whatever, than what is evidently intendeti in the act for supplying the province treasury.'' Mr. Emerson preached a Thanksgiving Sermon January 24, 1766, on the repeal of the Stamp Act, which was printed for general circulation. The text was from Ezra 9, the latter clause of the 13th and first part of the 14th veuses — '' hast givea us such deliver- ance as this : Should we again break thy command- ments." Mr. Emerson spoke of the repeal of the Stamp Act as one of the great deliverances in Eng- lish history; he expressed the hope that the oppres- sion of Great Britain was over ; and exhorted the people to humble and hearty thanksgiving therefor. A few extracts from his sermon will show the feeling of the colonists towards the mother-country at this time : " Let us cultivate in our own minds and in the minds of our children an affection for our mother country, and a love and respect for those who have signalized themselves in our behalf. There is such a connection between Great Britain and her American colonies, and such their mu- tual dependence, that they mvist stand and fall together. We should always look upon her friends as our friends, her enemies as our enemies. When this deliverance was granted us there was universal joy among our brethren at home, among all who wished well to the true interests and sought the true honor of the nation. Let us seek their welfare to our utmost, promoting their interests, remembering them at the throne of Grace. Of Greut Britain will we say, ' Peace be within thy jvalls and proBperity wilhin thy palaces.' "... '-Let ua have reverence for and be duly subject to lawful authority. Government is drawn from God, though the practical form of it is left to the prudence and discretion of man.'' . . "Anarchy is, in some respects, worse than tyranny." . . **We have a king who is well worthy of our affection and obedience. We have the greatest assurance that he will not infringe upon our liberties ; let him have our most dutiful submission. We have subordinate rulers and ex- cellent laws ; let us see to It, that we lead quiet and peaceful lives in all godliness and honesty." This does not bound like rebellion! But all these sanguine hopes were doomed to disappointment. It soon became apparent that in the repeal of the Stamp Act the British ^Ministry were actuated by motives of policy rather than a sense of justice. The colonists soon found that although the Act had been repealed^ the spirit which instigated it still survived to be manifested in more odious forms of taxation. Re- peated acts of oppression at length convinced both pastor and people that their expressions of loyalty to the '* mother-country " were of no avail, and that obedience to the injunction "Honor the King" was no longer a Christian duty. In 1772 the following article was inserted in a war- rant for a district meeting: "To see if the district are so generally inspired with true patriotic spirit, as to propose any method in order to retrieve and recover the con- stitutional liberties that have been extorted from us, contrary to the royal charter, and in order to prevent any further unjust taxeo, ton- nage, poundage and the like, and act thereon as shall be thought pi oper, and most conducive to the happiness of all true sons of liberty, and to American subjects in general." At a district meeting held January 15, 1773, a com- mittee of nine men was chosen "to consider what is proper for this district to do, at this alarming time, respecting the encroachments that have been mjide upon our civil privilege." This committee repoited the following communication to the Committee of Cor- ^respondence, and also a letter of instructions to tbeir representative, both of which follow: " To the Committee of Correspondence Boston: "Gentlemen,— You will be so good as to inform the town of Bo^ton that we have received their kind letter, together with the pamphlet set- ting forth our liberties as men, as Christians, as subjects, viith thf in- fringements which have been made upon them. Desire them to accept our hearty acknowledgements for their vigilance over our couimon interests, and remitting to us so particular accounts of the innovations made uj)on our charter privileges. Assure them that we are greatly alarmed at the large strides which have been made by the enemies of our excellent constitution towards enslaving a people. We of this place are uujtni- mous ; no less than one hundred have signed a request to the selectmen to call a meeting, though we count but one hundred and sixty familit^s ; iind when met the fullest meeting that was ever known on any occasion, and not a dissenting vote or voice. We feel for ourselves, we feei for our posterity, we feel for our brethren through the continent. We tremble at the thought of slavery, either civil or ecclesiaetical, and are fully sensible of the near connection there is between civil and religi.>U8 liberty. If we lose the former the latter will not remain ; our resent- ment (not to say our indignation) rises against them, let them be in whatsoever relation they may, who would dare invade cmr natural or constitutional rights. Tell our brethren at Boston, that we entirely agree with them in their sentiments transmitted to us, both with respect to what are our rights, and those infringements which have been made upon them ; and stand ready to co-operate with them in all measures warranted by them and the constitution, and the law of nature, for the recovery of those privileges which have been unreasonably and uncon- stitutionally wrested from ua, aud for the eaiablishment and security of those we do enjoy. Offering up our unfeigned desires to the all-wise God that he would, in this day of darkness, be a lamp to our feet, a light to our patb and graciously direct to those measures which may be effoct- ual for this purpose.'* ^^ To James Pre&cutt, represent ntive of the town of Groton, and the districts of Pepperell and Shirley : *'SiR,— We, his majesty's moat loyal and dutiful subjectB, the free- holders and other inhabitants of the district of Pepperell, legally assem- bled, July 18, 1773, being ever ready to give due assistance and encour- agement to government in a constitutional way, at the same time great- ly concerned thnt the rights aud privileges of British subjects (our bhth- right and the richest inheritance left us by our fathers) may be securely enjoyed by us and transmitted entire t'l our posterity, cannot but be greatly affected at the frequent innovations which have been made upon our happy constitution ; the particulars of the encroachments made on our liberties wo shall not at this time enumerate, but referring you to a pamphlet sent from Boston to every town in the province, which we think vei-y justly states our rights, and the encroachments made upnn them ; we, therefore, who are no small part of your constituents, do desire and expect that you exert yourself in the Great and General As- sembly to the utmost of your ability, for the regaining of such privi- leges as have been unjustly wrested from us, and establishing those we do enjoy. We trust that you will ever be watchful, that you be not 230 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. nduced by any means to consent to any vote or votes, in the Great and General Assembly, that may have a tendency to weaken oar constitu- tional rights and privileges, or ever in a like case to be made a prece- dent of, to the disadvantage of us and our posterity. Presenting the above instructions to your wise consideration, we wish that you and all true friends to the English constitution may be under the divine direc- tion, that you may be led into the paths of truth, and never be driven aside from seeking the welfare of your country." The district unanimously accepted tbia report and chose a committee to transmit the communications to the parties to whom they were addressed. " In February, 1773, the district voted to add two casks of powder, and lead answerable, to their stock of ammunition." June 27, 1774, the district passed the following preamble and resolutions, and voted to send a copy of the same to Boston : "Under a deep sense of the diatresaing and very extraordinary cir- cunistances we of this land areunhappily brought into, by — as we think— a bad ministry in our parent country, by the innovations already made in our civil liberties, and what seems to be further threatened, we are with concern of opinion, that it behooves us and all this province, and all North America, to set up a general correspondence and to cultivate har- mony, that there may be a united voice with resolution throughout this land, that we may make a proper stand, and lift up our united prayers, to Almighty God to pity us, and vouchsafe to us his gracious protection, and direct us into such measures as he will please to jirosper and succeed for our deliverance from the great difficulties and embarrassments we are under, and secure and save us from impending ruin, with which we are further threatened by some in power, who carry on their wicked designs as if by magic art assisted. We seriously recommend to all amongst us and the whole of North America to lay aside all contentions, J)ruil8, and even small quarrels, and to omit the practice of everything that tends to disunite us as brethren, as neighbors, as countrymen, that are interested in one and the same cause, and must stand or fall togeth- er. Therefore, resolved, "1. As the opinion of this district that we have a just and lawful right to meet together when and so often as we shall have occasion, to culti- vate harmony and to transact our town affairs; and that we will hold, use^ and improve that privilege, and will never give it up, or quit the usual practice of meeting, on any mandate whatever. "2. That neither Lord North, nor any other British minister or person whatever, hath any right to trample America under his feet, nor to invade its privileges, either civil or religious. "3. We are resolved to do all in our power, by abstinence or any other lawful and proper way, to secure and preserve our charter rights and privileges, and that we will not tamely submit to the yoke of bond- age. " 4. That we will not have any hand in the consumption of teas, West India or British goods, wares or merchandise, imported after the last day of August next, nor deal with any person who shall import such goods, wares or merchandise, contrary to the general sense and agree- ment of the inhabitants of this much abused province. "5. We return our hearty thanks to our patriotic friends at Boston, for their firmness, care and vigilance the time past, for the good and safety of this country. And we desire you not to give over now, al- though your circumstHUces are very discouraging. We sympathize with you in this day of darkness, and bad situation of affaire, and will, when need be, attest our ability, administer our substance, and whatever may be beneficial to the cause, and are determined to exert oureelves in the cause that so much concerns us. And we hope and pray that the Lord of Hosts will direct us, and you, and all the colonies into a right way, that His blessing may be upon our united endeavors, and may success, with peace and harmony, crown the whole to the glory of God and the tranquility of the American colonies." The following extract from the instructions given to their representatives in 1775 shows that the inhab- itants of Pepperell had already, more than a year be- fore the Declaration of Independence was formulated, arrived at the couclusittn that their only hope was in a complete separation from the British Government : " We therefore instruct you, sir, that you, in our name and behalf, signify to the Great and General Court, of which you are a member, that our opinion is, that independence is the only alternative for the safety of this oppressed laud, and that if the honorable Congress should think it best for the safety of the United Colonies to declare them inde- pendent of Great Britain, we acquiesce heart and hand, and are deter- mined, at the risk of life and treasure, to support the measure." These expressions of independence were not mere words. Active preparations had for some time been in progress to enforce their principles by actual resist- ance ; and the leader was already in the field. William Prescott was born in Groton, February 20, 1726 ; but at the age of twenty years he removed to the West Parish, and "took up" a farm lying partly in the parish and partly in the " Groton Gore," so- called. The whole farm afterwards became a part of Pepperell. He inherited martial proclivities. His great-grandfather, who emigrated from England, was said to have served under Cromwell ; his grandfather was captain of militia at the time of the Indian dep- redations ; and his father had been colonel of the militia of Middlesex and Worcester Counties. He himself had been a lieutenant of the provincial troops that were sent, in 1775, to remove the neutral French from Nova Scotia; and on his return from that expedition had been promoted to a captaincy. In 1768 he was chosen a commitiee to represent Pep- perell in the General Committee of Safety, composed of members from the several towns in the Province. He was sent a delegate to the Provincial Congress at Salem ; and was in 1774 appointed colonel of a regi- ment of " minute-men " enrolled in Pepperell, Groton and Hollis. The settlers of " West Dunstable " were almost ail from the neighboring town of the Massa- chusetts Province. In fact, until the establishment of the boundary line in 1751, they had considered themselves citizens of that Province, and in their business relations and social sympathies they were still inclined in that direction. Moreover, Colonel Prescott was a near neighbor and friend of Captain Dow, Lieutenant Goss and many others of the Hollis company ; and his brother-in-law, Colonel John Hale, was one of the leading patriots of Hollis. These were, probably, the reasons that induced the Hollis company to join Colonel Prescott's regiment, rather than one in their own State. The muster-roll of the Pepperell company was : Captain John Nutting, First Lieutenant Nathaniel Lakin, Second Lieut. John Mosher, Sergta. Kdmund Bancroft, Silas Pierce, Josiah Newell, Abijah Parker, Corps. James Mosher, Ebenezer Nutting, John Boynton, Peter Perham, Prummer Robinson Lakin, Privates Jeremiah Shattuck, John Chamberlain, George Abbott, Abraham Boynton, George Attridge, Moses Blood, Joseph Chamberlain, Jonathan Blood, Nathan Fisk, Simon Green, William Green, Daniel Mosher, Joshua Lawrence, Francis Lee, John yVdams, Tho". Lawrence, Sam' Nutting, Abel Parker, Jonas Shattuok, Michael Sawtell, Sam' Seward, Josiah Seward, Moses Shattuck, Philip Shattuck, Reuben Shattuck, Joseph Shattuck, David Shattuck, Josiah Shattuck, Eleazer Whipple, Robert Conant, Joseph Chambly, Oliver Shattuck, Jonas Warren, Joseph Tar- bell, James Tarbell, Isaac Williams, Joseph Woods, Daniel Shattuck, Joseph Whitney, Tho^ Wetherbee, Reuben Spaulding, Abijah Shattuck, Sampson Woods, Nathaniel Parker, William Warren, Edmund Pierce, Wainwright Fisk, John Shattuck, Jeremiah Shattuck, Jr., Ebenezer Laugh ton." PEPPERELL. 231 In addition to these there were in Captain Asa Lawrence's company in Groton the following soldiers enrolled from Pepperell : "First I.ieut., Tho" Spaul.Iing ; Serfts., Tlioa. SpauUing, Samuel Gilsou ; Corporals, Joseph Sbedd, JonathaD .StevoDB, Samuel Farley ; Privates, Jonathan Boytlen, Levi Woods, David Avery, Joseph Adams, James Bowers, Joseph Jewott, Samuel Green, Simon dreen, Benjamin Jewett. Jonathan Lewis, Samuel Lovejoy, Simon Lakin, Eleazar Parker, Eleazar Spauldiug, David Wetherbee, Tho* Lawrence (3d.), Benjamin Wood, William Spauldiug, Phineas Douglass, Aarou Scott, James Mc- About nine o'clock on the morning of the memora- ble April 19, 1775, a messenger from Concord arrived in Pepperell with the thrilling tidings of the skirmish at Lexington, and the advance of the British regulars towards Concord. Colonel Prescott immediately gave orders to the Hollis and Pepperell companies to march to Groton and there join the other companies of the regiment. These minute-men, well organized and ready for action, promptly responded to the sum- mons. So well prepared were they for such an emer- gency and so expeditious in their rally, that they ar- rived at the Groton rendezvous, five miles distant, before the companies there were ready to march ; and after a halt of a few minutes, impatient at the delay, they marched on in advance of the Groton companies. The following incidents will show how promptly the minute-men obeyed the call to arms : Edmund Bancroft, a sergeant in Capt. Nutting's company, was living with his father, on Bancroft Street, but had just started for Maine when the mes- senger arrived to notify him. Mr. Bancroft's father said : " Perha[)s he is not out of hearing yet," and, running out in the field, and mounting a high rock he called to his son, who heard, returned to the house, took his gun and hastened towards Concord. Another of Capt. Nutting's company, Abel Parker, — afterwards judge of Probate for Cheshire County, N. H., and father of the late Chief Justice Joel Parker — was plowing on his farm nearly three miles distant, but as soon as he heard the alarm, he left the plow in the furrow, and, without stopping to unyoke his oxen, ran to the house and seizing his coat in one hand and his gun in the other, started on a run and did not stop until he overtook his comrades, near the "Ridges," some three miles below Groton. Col. Prescott hastened on with his regiment to Concord, but being unable to arrive there in time to take any part in the conflict of that day, he followed the retreat of the " regulars " to Cambridge, and made that place his headquarters. The women of those days were not a whit inferior to the men in patriotism and courage, nor in a manly exhibition of heroism. After the departure of the minute-men, the women in the vicinity of the bridge over the Nashua River — now the covered bridge- — collected, dressed in their absent husband's clothes, and armed with the most elfective weapons they could find. Having chosen Mrs. David Wright their commander, they patrolled the road, firmly deter- mined that no enemy to freedom should pass that bridge, — and to good purpose, too, for they soon had the satisfaction of arresting Capt. Leonard Whiting, of Hollis, a noted Tory, and the bearer of despatches from Canada to Boston. He was compelled to dis- mount and submit to a search. The treasonable cor- respondence, which was found in his boot, was for- warded to the Committee of Safety, and he was de- tained as prisoner, and sent to Oliver Prescott, Esq., a brother of Col. Prescott. Mrs. Wright's maiden name was Prudence Cumiugs, She was born in Hollis, November 26, 1 740 ; was married to David Wright, of Pepperell, December 28, 1761, and by him had eleven childrtn, two of whom she named Liberty. One of her brothers was in Capt. Dow's company, but two other brothers were Tories. Capt. Leonard Whit- ing was born and had been reared in the same neigh- borhood with Prudence Cumiugs. He knew her well, and, tradition says, that when he recognized her voice through her disguise al the bridge, he remarked that it was of no use to resist, and surrendered uncon- ditionally. In November, 1889, a memorial stone of polished granite was erected near this bridge by a great-great-granddaughter of Prudence Wright — Mrs. H. A. Pevear, of Lynn, Mass. — to commemorate the heroism of her ancestress. At the same time, through the efforts, principally, of Mrs. Dr. William F. Heald and Mr. Frank W. Ames, assisted by several others of the members of a magazine club, two similar stones were erected — one at " Monger's Coiner," to mark the spot where Mr. Ames was killed by the Indian (an event previously related), and the other at the junc- tion of Townsend and Bancroft Streets, where the British oflicers (paroled prisoners of war) who were quartered in Pepperell and Townsend, after the sur- render of Burgoyne, in 1777, were allowed to meet and sympathize with each other. The expense of these monumental stones was de- frayed by the proceeds of an art loan exhibit and subscriptions from Pepperell people, several of whom were non-residents. Soon after his arrival at Cambridge, Col. Prascott with most of his men enlisted for eight months, it being the prevalent opinion that by that time the war would be over. In the latter part of May, following, he received from the Provincial Congress a commission as colonel in the army. His regiment of ten com- panies numbered about four hundred and twenty-five men. His staff officers were : Lieut. Col., John Rob- inson, of Westford ; Major, Henry Woods, and Adjt., William Green, of Pepperell. On the 16th day of June, 1775, the commander of the army, in accordance with the recommenda- tion of the Committee of Safety, took measures to fortify Bunker Hill. Orders were issued for " Frye's, Bridge's and William Prescott's regiments to parade this evening at six o'clock, with all the intrenching tools in this encampment." They were also ordered to furnish themselves with packs, blankets and rations 232 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. for twenty-four hours. A detachment of about two hundred Connecticut troops, and Capt. Samuel Grid- ley's company of artillery, of forty-nine men and two field-pieces, was also ordered to parade. Col. Prescott was placed in command of this force, with written orders from Gen. Ward " to proceed that night to Bunker Hill, build fortifications to be planned by Col. Richard Gridley, chief engineer, and defend them until he should be relieved — the order not to be communicated until the detachment had passed Charlestown Neck." The detachment, numbering about twelve hundred men, paraded as ordered on Cambridge Common ; and after listening to a prayer by President Langdon, of Harvard College, com- menced under cover of night its silent and mysterious march. Col. Prescott, wearing a simple uniform dress, with blue coat and three-cornered hat, led the troops over the " Neck," and then, having ordered a halt, made known the object of the expedition. A long consultation followed in regard to the place to be fort- ified, and it was finally determined to erect a redoubt at the southerly end of the Bunker Hill range, on the eminence locally known at that time as Breed's Hill. " When the detachment reached Breed's Hill the packs were thrown off, the guns were stacked. Col. Gridley marked out the plan of a fortification, tools were distributed, and about twelve o'clock the men began to work." Col. Prescott immediately detailed Capt. Maxwell with several of his men to patrol the shore and watch the motions of the enemy during the night. The Boston shore opposite was lined with Brit- ish sentinels. On either side in the waters around them were moored several men of war, and floating batteries, all within gunshot. " This proximity to an enemy re- quired great caution, and a thousand men, accustomed to handling the spade, worked with great diligence and silence on the intrenchments, while the cry of 'All's well,' heard at intervals through the night by the patrol, gave assurance that they were not discov- ered. Col. Prescott, apprehensive of an attack before the works were in such a condition as to cover the men, went down twice to the margin of the river with Major Brooks to reconnoitre, and was delighted to hear the watch on board the ships drowsily repeat the usual cry." "He was often heard to say, after the battle, that his great anxiety that night was to have a screen raised, however slight, for his men before they were attacked, which he expected would be early in the moruing, as he knew it would be difficult, if not quite impossible, to make raw troops, however full of patriotism, to stand in an open field against artillery and well-armed and well-disciplined soldiers. He therefore strenuously urged on the work, and even subaltern and private labored with spade and pickaxci without intermission, through the night, and until they resumed their muskets, near the middle of the day. Never were men in worse condition for action, exhausted by watching, fatigue, and hunger, — and never did old soldiers behave better." The intrenchments had been raise'd about six feet in height before they were discovered at early dawn the next morning. A heavy cannonade from the ships and Copp's Hill then began, but the Americans, protected by their works, were not injured, and kept steadily at work. At length a private was killed by a cannon-shot, and some of the men began to exhibit signs of fear. To reassure them and to inspire confidence, Colonel Prescott mounted the parapet and walked leisurely around it, inspecting the works, giving directions to the ofiicers and encouraging the men by approbation or amusing them with humor. This had the effect that was intended. "The tall, commanding form of Prescott was observed by General Gage as he was re- connoitering the Americans through his glass, who inquired of Councilor Willard (a brother-in-law of Colonel Prescott), near him, who the person was who appeared to command? Willard recognized his bro- ther-in-law. 'Will he fight?' again inquired Gage. ' Yes, sir ; he is an old soldier, and will fight as long as a drop of blood remains in his veins.' " The first attack of the British soldiers was made about three o'clock and was easily repulsed. Of the second attack, Judge Prescott, the colonel's son, thus writes: "The discharge was simultaneous the whole length of the line, and though more destructive, as Colonel Prescott thought, than on the former assault, the enemy stood the first shock, and continued to ad- vance and fire with great spirit; but before reaching the redoubt the continuous, well-directed fire of the Americans compelled them to give way, and they retreated a second time, in greater disorder than be- fore. . . . Colonel Prescott spoke of it as a contin- ued stream of fire from his whole line from the first discharge until the retreat." By much exertion the British officers rallied their men for a third attack, which was successful. The ammunition of the Americans was spent. They fought desperately with their bayonets and the butts of their guns, but were compelled to retreat. " The British had entered the redoubt, and were advancing, when Colonel Prescott ordered a retreat. He was among the last, and before leaving it was surrounded by the enemy who had entered, and had several passes with the bayonet made at his body, which he parried with his sword — of the use of which he had some knowledge." He received several thrusts through his garments, but he was not wounded. He was always confident that he could have held the fortifi- cations if he had been supplied with sufficient ammu- nition. On his return to Cambridge he immediately reported to General Ward, commander-in-chief, the result of the battle, assured him that the confidence of the British would not be increased thereby, and of- fered to r.otake the hill that night or perish in the attempt, if three regiments, of fifteen hundred men, well-equipped with ammunition and bayonets, were put under hia command. " He had not yet done PEPPERELL. 233 enough to satisfy himself, though he had done enough to satisfy his country. He had not, indeed, secured final victory, but he had secured a glorious immortality." Of the Pepperell soldiers who fought in this battle, eight were killed and eight were wounded : Killed — Jeremiah Shattuck, aged thirty ; Nathaniel Parker, thirty-three; Wm. Warren, twenty ; Wain- wright Fisk, twenty-four; Ebenezer Laughton, twenty -seven ; Joseph Spaulding, thirty-seven ; Benj. Wood, twenty ; Edmund Pierce, forty-four. Wounded — Jonathan Stevens, Moses Blood, Simon Green, Adjt. Wm. Green, John Adams, Thos. Law- rence (3d), Abel Parker, Wm. Spaulding. The following letter to John Adams, at that time a delegate to the Continental Congress, contains Col. Prescott's own account of the battle : *' Camp at Cambridge, Aug. 25, 1775. " Sir: — I have received a line from my brother, which informs me of your desire of a particular account of the action at Charlestown. It is not in my power, at present, to give so minute an account as I should choose, being ordered to decamp and march to another station. " On the 16 June, in the evening, I received orders to march to Breed's Hill, in ('harlestowD, with a party of about one thousand men, consist- ing of tliree hundred of my own regiment, Colonel Bridge and Lieut. Bricket, with a detachment of theirs, and two hundred Connecticut forces, commanded by Captain Knowlton. We arrived at the spot, the lines were drawn by the engineer, and we began the iutrenchment about twelve o'clock; and plying the work with all possible e-xpedition till just before sun-rising, when the enemy began a very heavy cannonad- ing and bombardment. In the interim the engineer forsook me. Hav- ing thrown up a small redoubt, found it necessary to draw a line about twenty rods in length from the fort, northerly, under a very warm fire from the enemy's artillery. "About this time, the above field officers being indisposed, could render me but little .service, and the most of the men under their com- mand deserted the party. The enemy continuing an incessant fire with their artillery, about two o'clock in the afternoon, on the seventeenth, the enemy began to land a northeaaterly point from the fort, and I ordered the train, with two field-pieces, to go and oppose them, aud the C<)nnecticul forces to support them ; but the train marched a difierent course, aud I believe those sent to their support followed, I suppose, to Bunker's Hill. ■* Another party of the enemy landed and fired the town. There was a party of Hampshire, in conjunction with some other forces, lined a fence at the distance of three.score rods back of the fort, partly to the *' About an hour after the enemy landed they began to march to the attack in three columns. 1 commauded my Lieut.. Col. Kobinsou and Major Woods, each with a detixchment, to tlank the enemy, who, I have reason to think, behaved with prudence and courage. I was now left with perhaps one hundred and fifty men in the fort. The enemy ad- vanced and fired very hotly on the fort, and meeting with a warm reception, there was a very smart firing on both sides. After a con- siderable time, finding our ammunition wasalmost spent, I commanded a cessation till the enemy advanced within thirty yards, when we gave them such a hot fire that they were obliged to retire nearly one hundred and fifty yards before they could rally and come again to the attack. Our ammunition being nearl.v exhausted, could keep up onTy a Bcatter- iug fire. The enemy being numerous, surrounded our little fort, began to mount our lines, and enter the fort with their bayonets. We were obliged to retreat through them, while they kept uji as hot a fire as it was possible for them to make. We having very few bayonets, could make no resistance. We kept the fort about one hour and twenty minutes after the attack with small arms. This is nearly the state of facts, though imperfect and toe general, which, if anyways satisfactory to you, will afford pleasure to your most obedient, humble servant, " William Prescott. ** To the Hon. John Adams, Esq." Col. Prescott remained with the army in the vicin- ity of Cambridge, during the " siege of Boston." After its termination by the evacuation of the British in March, 1776, he was stationed at Governor's Island, New York, until after the battle of Long Island ; and when the American forces were obliged to retreat from New York City, he withdrew his regiment so skillfully and succe-^sfully as to call forth the public commendation of Gen. Washington. In the fall of 1777 he, with several of his old officers, went as a volunteer to oppose the onward march of Burgoyne, and was present to witness the surrender of that for- midable but discomfited army, which, according to the British program, was destined to insulate New Eng- land from the other Colonies, and thus effectually crush the rebellion. This was Col. Prescott's last military service, if we except his hastening to Concord, at the time of Shays' Insurrection, to assist in protecting the courts of jus- tice and in preserving law and order. He returned to his farm in Pepperell, honored by his' fellow-citi- zens, whom he served in the various municipal offices of town clerk, selectman, magistrate, and also as rep- resentative to the General Court for three years. He died October l^^, 1795, at the age of sixty-nine years, and was buried with appropriate military honors. In person he was of tall and commanding stature, large and muscular frame, well marked and intellec- tual features, with brown hair and blue eyes. He was somewhat bald on the top of his head, and wore a tie-wig. He had only a limited education, but he was self-taught, and was very fond of reading, espe- cially history. He was never in a hurry, never unduly excited, but always cool and self-possessed in times of commotion and danger. In deportment he was plain and courteous ; in disposition, kind and benevo- lent — liberal to a fault, aud always ready to assist others even to his own disadvantage. Mrs. Abigail (Hale) Prescott, of Sutton, was an ex- ceedingly amiable, prudent and estimable woman. Her rare combination of the virtues of thrift without selfishness, aud frugality without parsimony, was a fortunate supplement to the easy liberality of her husband. In the old burying ground at Pepperell, within the shadow of the old church, stands a plain tomb, built of four upright granite slabs, forming a square in- closure about three feet high, upon the top of which rest two horizontal tablets of slate-stone bearing the following inscriptions : [N i This stone is erected memory of ; in memory of Mrs. .Abigail Prescott, : Coll. William Prescott, widow of the late ; of Pepperell, Col. William Prescott, i who died on the la" day who died ■ of October, Anno Domini 1795, Oct. 19, A.D. 1821, j in the seventieth year Mt, 89. '• of his age. Simple and unpretentious as it is, the Pepperell farmer who commanded the yeomanry of Middlese.'c at the battle of Bunker Hill needs no costlier or more imposing mausoleum. His epitaph might well be, HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUiNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " Exegi liiuuiuieuLum iele perenniuii." In addition to the soldiers th8,t were in Col. Pres- cott's regiment, the following Pepperell men served in the Continental Army for different terms of service, varying from three months to seven years ; Daniel Hobart, killed at the battle of White Plains in 1776 ; James Locke, Dennis Organ, Joseph Plummer, John Whipple, Andrew Tufts, Eleazar Gilson, Nathaniel Sartell, Isaac Williams, Noah Wright, Samuel Moody Emerson, Shubael Conant, Jonathan Barron, Ed- mund Wright, Jacob Nutting, Jonathan Bancroft, David Tarbell and Dudley B. Kemp. On the muster-roll for Middlesex County, June, 1777, the following persons from Pepperell were re- turned as enrolled in Col. Jackson's battalion, Capt. Benj. Brown's company, viz. : Jamefl McCouner, Jonaa Green, Ebenezer Shattuck, Abraham Shat- tuck, Daniel Shattuck, Benjamin IJreen, Sampson Woods, William Scott, John Gilson, Thomas Lawrence, William Lakin, John Shattuck (3d), Lemuel Parker. They served a campaign in Rhode Island. The following were outou thebrigantine "Hague," under command of Commodore Manley : Edmund Blood, John Hoaley, Samuel Wright, Peter SteTens, John Stevens, Joel Shattuck, Peter Powers, Luke Day, John Barnard, Oliver Tarbell, Joseph Emerson, 31. Lovejoy, Theodore Lovejoy, Joseph Love- .ioy, Richard Holden, Daniel Holden, Oliver Holden, Ezekiel Gowen, David Pratt, David Lewis, David Shedd. Few, if any, towns of its size furnished so many men for the war as Pepperell. It was one of the first places in which a " liberty-pole was erected," and there was not a sing^e Tory within its limits. As we have already seen, it was dangerous for one to at- tempt even to pa-ss through it. The patriotic and military spirit in the town did not cease with the war. The names of Prescott and Bunker Hill became synonyms of " liberty and independence." The 17th of June was a " red-letter" day, whose anniversary quite overshadowed that of the " Fourth of July." The Revolutionary survivors, es- pecially those that had been wounded at Bunker Hill, were looked upon as " heroes in history," and regarded with feelings akin to veneration. An active interest in military matters was kept up, and the title of " Captain " became an honor to be coveted. A volunteer militia company was organized about the year 1820 under the name of the " Prescott Guards." From this company the following captains were promoted to field officers in the " Old Sixth " Regiment: Col. William Buttrick, Gen. Geo. Green, Maj. Jos. G. Heald, Maj. Luther S. Bancroft, Col. Samuel P. Shattuck, Maj. Geo. T. Bancroft, Col. Al- den Lawrence, Maj. Edmund A. Parker and Col. E. F. Jones. On the 15th of April, 1861, Col. Jones received the following order : COMMONWEAI.TH OF MASS-iCHUSETTfl, ADJ. GeNER.\L'8 OfFICE, " Boston, April 16, 1861. *' Col. Jones, Sir ; — I am directed by his excellency, the Commander- in-Chief, to order you to muster your regiment on Boston Common forthwith, in compliance with a requisition made by the President of the United States. The troops are to go to Washington. By order of his Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief " Wm. Schouler, *' Adj. Oeneral.** Although the regiment was scattered over thirty towns, yet in a few hours seven hundred men, twen- ty-two of whom were from Pepperell, were present in Boston ready for duty. After an exchange of their old guns for new rifles, Governor Andrew presented the regimental colors to Col. Jones with these words : " Soldiers, summoned suddenly with but a moment for preparation we have done all that lay in the power of men to do — all that rested in the power of your State Government to do — to prepare the citizen soldiers of Massachusetts for this service. We shall follow you with our benedictions, our benefactions and prayere. Those whom you leave behind you we shall cherish in our heart qf hearts. You carry with you our utmost faith and confidence. We know that you never will return until you can bring the assurances that the utmost duty has been performed which brave and patriotic men can accomplish. This Flag, sir, take and bear with you. It will be an em- blem on which all eyes will rest, reminding you always of that which you are bound to hold most dear." In receiving the flag Colonel Jones thus replied : " Your Excellency has given me this Flag, which is the emblem of all that stands before you. It represents my whole command ; and so help me God, I will never disgrace it." The record of the "Old Sixth," its intrepid march through Baltimore on the twice memorable 19th of April, ihe great service it rendered the government at a most critical period, have all become a thrilling part of the history of the country. Congress passed the following vote of thanks, which was engrossed on parchment and sent to Col. Jones : "Thirty-seventh Congress of tlie United States, at the first session in the House of Representatives, July 22, 1861. Resolved, that the thanks of this house are due, and are hereby tendered, to the Sixth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteers for the alacrity with which they re- sponded to the call of the President, and the patriotism and bravely which they displayed on the 19th of April last, in fighting their way through the city of Baltimore on their march to the defence of the Federal Capital. *' Galusha a. Grow, *'SpeaI:er of the Homn of Representatives. •' AUest: *' Em. Etherdioe, C7e7'A-." Pepperell furnished about one hundred and fifty soldiers for the War of the Rebellion. The regiments in which they enlisted were the Sixth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-sixth, Thir- ty-second, Thirty-third, Thirth-sixth, Thirty-ninth, Forty-fourth, Forty-seventh and Fifty-third Jlassa- chusetts Infantry ; Sixth New Hampshire Infantry ; Eighth New Hampshire Cavalry ; Second Massachu- setts Cavalry ; First New Jersey Band ; Lowell Brigade Band ; and the baud of the Third Brigade, Third Division, Twenty-fourth Army Corps. The following soldiers lost their lives by reason ot the war : Marvin Adaiiis died of chronic diarrhoea and fever at New Orleans, July 9, 1S63, aged forty-three. Aaron Carter, killed in battle at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864, aged forty-two. PEPPERELL. 235 Thomas U. Bailey died of lueaslea at Harrison's Landing, Va. Uiu body was brought home and buried with appropriate services. Corp. Chas. H. Balcom died of typhoid fever at Suffolk, Va., aged twenty-one. His remains were also brought to Pepperell for inter- ment. Henry G. W. Clark died of wounds received on picket duty in front of Petersburg, Va,, July 7, 1864, aged eighteen years. Charles Durant died in Confederate hospital at Petersburg, Va., Feb. 15, 1864, aged thirty-seven. He was wounded at the second battle of Hatcher's Run and taken prisoner. His death was caused by hemor- rhage resulting from amputation of the leg. Henry W. Durant died of disease contracted in the army, November 4, 1867. James Fitzgerald died of disease contracted in the army, August 26, 1866, aged thirty seven years. Maurice Flaherty died of disease contracted in the army June 18, 1867. Lieut. Thos. Hosley, killed in battle of Port Hudson, June 14, 1863, aged twenty-four. He was distinguished for his activity and bravery. His body, when found after the battle, was pierced with eleven bullet- Cyrus H. Gray died of disease contracted in the army January 14, 1868, aged fifty. Eben F. Lawrence died of wounds and diphtheria at Aquia Creek, Va., June 11, 1863, aged twenty years. John F. Miller died of disease contracted in the army September 12, liS68, aged twenty-four years. Benj. Augustus Williams was discharged from the service for disability at New Orleans, November 25, 1862. He died on board the United States ship " Fenton " when four days out on his homeward passage, and was buried at sea. He was thirty-seven years of age. Robert F. Webb was born in Stroudwater, Gloucestershire County England, but came to America when a youth. He enlisted in the Sixth Regiment, and, at the expiration of term of service, re-enlisted in the Thirty-sixth Regiment ; received a first sergeant's commission March 17, 1863, and joined Gen. Burnside's Ninth Corps. After the battles of Fredericksburg and Peach Orchard, he was promoted to second lieuten- ant. He was killed in battle at Poplar Grove, near Petersburg, Va., Sep- tember 30, 1.S64, and was buried in the Ninth Corps Cemetery, in front of Petersburg. An officer of his regiment says of him : "Lieut. Webb was a noble and brave oflicer, and fought bravely to the lust for his adopted country." Thomas A. Parker was bom in Pepperell, Nov. 27, 1834. Soon after becoming of age he went to Boston, and obtained the situation of gate- keeper, South Boston House of Correction. By his fidelity and ability he gained the confidence of the otflcers of the institution and was repeated- ly promoted until he became deputy warden. He enlisted in Company H, Second Massachusetts Cavalry, June 14, 1864. On the IGth of July following, at the battle of Rockville, Hanover County, Va., be, and two hundred others, held the town over night against forty thousand Confed- erate troops, but in the morning they were obliged to surrender. He was taken to Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., and from there was removed to Danville, Va., where he died of starvation Dec. 10, 1864. After the close of the war his remains were brought to his home in Pepperell and buried with all the honors due to a brave soldier and noble mar- tyr to the cause of freedom. In 1849 there commenced a contest between the town and certain membero of the First Parish, which continued several years, and caused a great deal of local excitement. About the time of its incorpora- tion the parish acquired possession of two acres of land, one-half of which was appropriated for a bury- iug-ground, and the other acre, upon which the meeting-house was located, was used as a " common." Upon the incorporation of a second parish in 1831, the question arose regarding the legal ownership of this common ; there appears to have been no dispute about the burial-ground. The First Parish claimed to be the rightful successors of all property that had been appropriiited to parish uses by the original parish and town united. This claim the town were willing to allow, but argued that the " common " had been devoted to municipal purposes by the united corpora- tion, and therefore had ceased to be the private prop- erty of the parish, and had become vested in the town. The controversy, however, remained a merely verbal one until 1849. In September of that year the First Parish voted " that inhabitants and members of the parish who may associate together for that purpose, be authorized to build sheds on the common for their use, and at their own expense; such sheds to be located and built under the superintendence and direction of a committee chosen for that purpose." Pursuant to this vote, a row of horse-sheds was built, extending from the meeting-house easterly to the spot now occupied by the receiving tomb, the back of the.se sheds being only five and a half feet distant from the burying-yard wall. As the ground slopes considerably, the sheds were built upon two levels, but even then the stone underpinning at the easterly end of each level was several feet high. Along the southerly wall of the burying-yard were four tombs, the entrance to three of them being outside of the wall, and within the common. After the erection of the sheds, the only access to these tombs was through one of the sheds, and a small door iu the back part thereof into the narrow space between the sheds and wall. At the time of the laying of the foundation the chairman of the selectmen and others, in behalf of the tomb-owners, forbade the workmen to proceed with the work, but to no effect. At a town-meeting, January 21, 18.50, it was voted " that the selectmen remove the horse-sheds at the expense of the town." At a subsequent meeting, March 5th, voted "that the selectmen notify the shed-owners to remove their sheds forthwith, and if they did not, then the select- men should see that the said sheds be removed within a fortnight from this day peaceably." The owners were notified accordingly, but did not move the sheds. Before the expiration of the fortnight the owner of one of the tombs had occasion to open it for the burial of a member of the family, and, under authority of the selectmen, took down and removed the shed in front of that tomb, but the next day the shed was rebuilt by the owner. A few days after- wards the selectmen and the owners of the several sheds, or their representatives, demolished the entire row of sheds, and removed the lumber from the grounds. Thereupon the " horse-shed war " began in earnest. Suits for trespass were immediately commenced against the parties engaged in the tearing down of the sheds; which suits the town assumed and de- fended. For about three years the great question in town matters was Anrse-sAecfe. Town-meetings, were re- peatedly called for that only. The town ofiicers were elected on that issue alone. Compared with that question, all others were of minor importance and in- terest. At the June term, 1851, of the " Court of Common 236 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Pleas" of Middlesex County, a verdict was rendered in favor of the plaintiffs, but the defendants appealed to the Supreme Judicial Court, where che verdict was set aside, and judgment rendered for the defend- ants. The opinion of the Court was that the town was entitled to a right of convenient access to the burying- yard, over the common, and therefore that there had been no trespass in the removal of any obstructions thereto. This settled the case of trespass, but the question of the legal ownership of the common was not touched ; and it remains an unsettled question to this day. The Worcester and Nashua Railroad, which was opened for travel in 1848, was located along the east- ern bank of the Nashua River, through Groton. A station for Pepperell was located opposite Babbitasset village. This was a nucleus toward which business naturally gravitated, and around which a village grew up, identified in all its business and social relations with Pepperell rather than with Groton. A new bridge was built connecting the two villages, and re- ducing the distance to Pepperell centre to almost one mile, while Groton centre was nearly four miles away. The inhabitants of the new village, therefore, very reasonably asked to become an integral part of Pep- perell. This request the town of Groton was willing to grant, but, with a liberality whose disinterestedness was somewhat questioned, insisted upon giving away the whole northeastern end of her township. This generous gift was finally accepted, and in 1857, by act of the Legislature, a territory of about two square miles area was annexed to Pepperell. Politically Pepperell was always a stanch Demo- cratic town until 1854, when it was captured by the " Know-Nothing " faction. But the next year it wheeled into line with the Republicans, and has ever since carried a large majority for that party. The population of Pepperell, according to the sev- eral census returns have been as follows : 1790, 1132 ; 1800, 1198; 1810, 1333; 1820, 1439; 1830, 1444; 1840,1571; 1850,1754; 1860,1895; 1870, 1842; 1880, 2347. At the State census of 1885 it was 2586, and at the coming census the number will probably reach 3000. The valuation of the town was, in 1850, 1557,000 ; in 1860, .1702,000; 1870,11,102,606; 1880,11,309,000; 1889, $1,675,000. Clerks of Groton West Parish and Pepperell.— Eleozer GUbod, from Januaiy, 1742-43, to March, 1743; Samuel Wright, Jr., March, 1743, to 1752; JoBiah Fisk, March, 1762, to 17S3, and of the town until 1768 ; alBO from 1770 to 1773 ; William PreBcott, 1768-69, 1773 and 1788 ; Nehemiah Hobart, 1774 to 1780, except 1777 ; William Green, 1777 ; Henry Woods. 1780 and 1790 ; Joseph Heald, 1781 to 1808, except 1788 and 1790 ; Nehemiah Jewett, Jr., 1806 to 1816 ; Dr. John Walton, 1817- 24 ; Hon. Abel Jewett, 1824-25, 1832-33 ; William Buttrick, 1826-27 ; Hon. James Lewis, 1828 to 1832 ; Samuel Farrar, 1831, 1849-52 ; Arnold Hutchinson, 1834-35, 1841^2 ; George W. Tarbell, 1836-41 ; Samuel Tucker, 1843-44 ; John Loring, 1845 to 1849 ; Charles Crosby, 1852, and 1864-64 ; S. R. Herrick, 1863 ; Levi Wallace, 1864 ; D. W. Jewett, 1865 to 1880 ; Dr. W. F. Heald, 1880 to 1880 ; P. J. Kemp, 1886. Kepeesentaiives to the General Cohbt.— Captain Edmund Ban- croft, 1776 ; Colonel Henry Woods. 1777 andl780 ; Captain John Nutting, 1781; Colonel William Prescott, 1782, '83, '86 and '86; Joseph Heald, 1787-1808, except 1796, 1796 and 1802 ; William Hutchinson, 1809 and 10; Nehemiah Jewett, Jr., 1811 to 1819, except 1817 and '18; Hon. Abel Jewett, 1820, 18il, 1S23 and 1831 ; Francis Blood, 1824 and '25 ; Colonel William Buttrick, 1827, 1829, 1832 and 1834 ; Hon. James Lewie, 1827, 1830 and 1832 ; Arnold Hutchinson, 1830, 1832, 1838, 18.39, 1841 and 1843 ; David Blood, Jr., 1836 and '37 ; Joseph G. Heald, 1836 ; John P. Tarbell, 1839^1, 1843; Luther Lawrence, 1844, 1845 and 1850; Charles Farrar, 1847 ; John D. Fiske, 1851 ; Thomas J. Dow, 1861 and '52 ; Sumner Carter, 1865 ; Alfred L. Lawrence, 1866 ; Charles Tarbell, 1867; Rev. Charles Babbidge, 1859 ; Samuel P. Shattuck, 1801 ; Albert Leighton, 1803 and 1871 ; Colonel E.F.Jones, 1806 ; Levi Wallace, 1808; .\. J. Saunders, 1876 ; S. P. Lawrence, 1879 ; Charles H. Miller, 1882 ; Frank Leighton, 1886 ; John 0. Bennett, 1889. Senators.— Abel Jewett, 1825 to 1828 ; James Lewis, 1828 to 1830 ; John P. Tarbell, 1842 ; Asa F. Lawrence, 1841 to 1844 ; C. W. Bellows, 1848 ; A. Hutchinson, 1850; Levi Wallace, 1872 and '73 ; A. J. Saun- ders, 1877, '78. Delegates to the Provincial Conoeess.- Colonel William Prescott, at Salem ; Captain Edmund Bancroft, at Cambridge and Watertown. Delerate to the Convention to Form State Constitution.— Colonel Henry Woods. Delegate to thp. Convention to Adopt the Federal Constitution. —Daniel Fiek. Delegates to Conventions to Amend State Constitution.— In 1821, Dr. John Walton, Hon. Abel Jewett ; in 1862, Luther Lawrence. CHAPTER XXI. PEPPERELL— [ Contimied) . EDUCATIONAL. In 1741 the town of Groton voted to have a school kept a part of the time at Nissittisset. This was, probably, the first school on the west side of the river. In 1749 a petition from the inhabitants of the West Parish, for the means of supporting a school, was granted by the town of Groton on condition that a school-room be provided by the parish without expense to the town. This condition being fulfilled, the town granted the sum of £13 6s. M. The school appears to have been kept at the home of Jonas Varnum. In 1753 the district voted to raise £7 10s. for schooling, and that the school should be kept at the nearest convenient place to the meeting-house ; also that all who lived more than two miles distant might draw their proportion of the money, and appropriate the same for schooling as they might see fit. In 1754 it was voted that the school should be kept in three places, but this number was afterwards reduced to two. We find the first mention of a school-house, at the centre, in 1761. It was situated on the corner where the Town House now stands, but was subsequently moved southward several rods, to make room for the building of a store. Yet notwith- standing the existence of this school-house, it was voted, in 1770, to have the school successively in four different parts of the district, and in dwelling-houses. The school-house is again mentioned in 1771, when a vote was passed to have a grammar master. But the school-house appears to have belonged to individuals. PEPPERELL. 237 for in 1772 the district voted to purchase it for the sum of £10 13«. id., and also to build four more. About this time the district was divided into six " squadrons," as they were called, which were distinguished as Middle, North, South, East, West and Southwest ; and a committee of three persons in each " squadron " was annually chosen, to see that the money that was appropriated be properly expended. In 1809 tht name of squadron was changed to school district, and these districts were designated by number. In 181'.t District No. 7 was formed from the easterly part oi No. 1 ; and the following year. No. 8 was taken from the westerly part of No. 6, and has always been known as the " Pine Orchard School." In 1849, No. 9 was formed from parts of No. 3 and No. 5. The territory east of the Nashua River, on its annexation to the town in 1857, became District No. 10. In 1868 the town voted to abolish the district sys tern, since which time the term " district '' has lost its municipal meaning, and the designation of tht- several schools by number has gradually becomr obsolete. The old district system was somewhat peculiar and anomalous. The district was a miniature republic, occupying a certain accurately-defined territory. It had its annual meetings duly called by legal war- r.int, at which meetings the necessary district officers were chosen for the ensuing year, and the financial business of the district transacted. Money could be raised and appropriated for school purposes, and a tax for the same levied upon the inhabitants ; and in ail these matters every legal voter of the district was entitled to a voice and a vote. The district was obliged to provide, at its own ex- pense, a school-house, and keep the same in repair ; also the fuel and necessary incidentals for the school. The money that was raised by the town and appro- priated for school purposes was apportioned among the several districts, but could be used only for the payment of teachers ; and no teacher could draw from the treasury any money in payment for his services, without a certificate of competency from the Board of School Committee. Without such certificate he even had no right to enter the school-room to take charge of the school. The executive officer of the district was chosen annually, and was styled the "pruden- tial committeeman." It was his duty to take charge of the school property, to supply the fuel and other needs of the school, and to employ the teacher. But here his accountability ceased. He hired the teacher and set him to work, but had no authority over him ; he couldn't discharge him even for gross misconduct. To the School Committee, and to them alone, was the teacher amenable. So long as he had their support, he could, if he chose to be persistent, remain in charge of his school in spite of the whole district; but if they discharged him the united district could no longer retain him, except at their own expense. This divided responsibility resulted occasionally in a Berious " unpleasantness " between the district and the School Committee, in case of an unsuccessful teacher. The prudential committeeman would be ready to absolve himself from blame with the plea that the School Committee had "approbated" the teacher and taken the responsibility upon themselves; while the committee would, with fair show of reason, argue that they did not hire the teacher, but simply examined him, as presented to them ; and that the examination had been satisfactory. But the system was, undoubtedly, well adapted to the condition and needs of the community at that time. Every individual had an active participation in the affairs of his district, and felt a live interest in the welfare of his school. There was a laudable, al- though rather clannish, ambition to have "our" school the best in town, and this feeling excited and maintained in the school an emulation that other- wise would have been difficult of attainment. The school-houses of that period were also peculiar. They were nearly all built after the same conventional pattern. A low, quadrangular structure of wood, or of brick, twenty-five to thirty feet square, with a door, often a porch, at one end, and a chimney at the other. In the interior, along the centre, was a level space some six feet in width, called " the floor," from each side of which a floor inclined gradually upwards to the side of the building. Upon this slope were built the heavy plank benches and desks, rising one above the other like the seats in an amphitheatre. The teacher's desk was usually either by the door or by the fire-place; but in some houses the entrance, the fire- place and the desk were all at the sameend,andinsuch case the opposite end was built up and filled with benches similar to the sides. In some school-houses the benches extended the whole length of the build- ing; in others they were divided by aisles into two or more sections. The seats were narrow, and at such height as to render it impossible for the younger occu- pants to rest their feet upon the floor. With a hundred boys and girls crowded into such a room, — all fresh from the out-door life and freedom of tiie farm, — bois- terous, and sometimes inclined to malicious mischief, the management of the school was no sinecure. The first question in regard to the teacher was, " Can he keep order?" His literary qualifications need not be of a high order. If he was a tolerably good reader and speller, had " ciphered " through Adams' Old Arithmetic, could set a fair round-hand copy, and had a general knowledge of grammar and geography, he was judged competent to " teach." But unless he could also be " master " of his school, his occupation was soon gone. The branches of study taught were con- fined to the " three R's," with perhaps a class or two in grammar or geography. The text-books commonly used were " Adams' Arithmetic," "Scott's Lessons" and " Pierpont's American First Class Book," " Web- ster's Spelling Book," and a compilation of Scripture stories and extracts called " Beauties of the Bible." 238 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Murray's Grammar and Morse's or Olney's Geography were optional studies. There were no ornamental branches. The young man of sixteen to twenty years of age, who had the advantage of only two or three months' schooling during the year, could not afford to waste any of his time in fancy studies. To him, whatever education he was enabled to obtain " meant business." The money annually raised for the support of schools was sufBcieat to maintain them only five or six months. This time was divided into two terms : one of three months in summer, and one of three months, more or less, according to funds, in winter. The summer school was invariably taught by a " School Ma'am," and the winter schools, usually, by a " master." The pay of the lormer, exclusive of board, varied from two to three dollars per week, and that of the latter, from twenty to thirty dollars per month ; and these wages were considered so liberal as to cause the supply of teachers to equal and often exceed the demand. The prudential committeeman was required to " engage" the teacher ; and as nepo- tism in this matter was not regarded dishonorable, he often improved his opportunity to favor some relative or friend. Tradition says that at a certain annual district meeting, during the balloting for committee- man, a neighbor contrived to get a position directly behind the candidate, and before the announcement of the result of the ballot had been fairly concluded, leaned forward, and made application for his daugh- ter to teach the school ; and, moreover, verified the old adage respecting the " early bird." When, on account of the appropriations being un- usually small, or the wages of the teacher for some reason uncommonly high, the term of school was likely to be abridged, it would often be extended several weeks by voluntary contributions from the district. Sometimes a more economical arrangement could be made for the teacher to "board round," whereby the contribution was paid in board as an equivalent for cash ; and the teacher, moving around, from week to week, among the principal householders of the district, was enabled to add a chapter to his experiences in the " spice of life," and also receive the benefit of a free course of practice in peripatetics. Such were the common schools of three-score and ten years ago. But rude and imperfect as they may now appear to have been, they fulfilled a noble mis- sion in their day and generation. To them are we indebted for our grand system of free public educa- tion. They were the seminaries in which were fos- tered those germs of character that in these develop- ments have made the name of New England a syn- onym for mental activity, enterprise and independ- ence throughout the world. In 1831 the school-house at the centre having be- come dilapidated, and its location being desired for other purposes, a brick building was erected east of the meeting-house. It was divided into two apart- ments, one being used for a primary school during the winter, and the other for the scholars of larger growth. This first attempt toward graded schools continued four years and was then abandoned f s im- practicable. At that time the summer school was for the younger children exclusively. When the lad had attained the age of a dozen years he was consid- ered old enough to stay at home and help on the farm. Henceforth he must make the most of the winter school, which was kept for the benefit of the older scholars. Under such an arrangement, with different teachers, and an interchange of scholars twice a year, and with no sequence, except that of time, from one term to the next, a proper grading of the schools could hardly have been expected. The building was subsequently remodeled into one room, and continued to be used for a school-house until 1877, when it was converted into an engine- house, and as such has beeu occupied by Company No. 1. In 1849 the Babbitasset District abandoned their old house on the corner of Main and River Streets and built a new one some thirty rods nearer their village. It was built in modern style and fur- nished with " Boston desks." For many years it was the pride of the district, and the model school-house of the town. It was destroyed by fire in the early part of 1881 ; and the same year the present house was erected upon the site. Incited by the good exam- ple of No. 7, the other districts gradually fell into the line of progress, and the old school- houses one by one were remodeled and refurnished, until the last in- clined floor had been reduced to a level, and the last ponderous bench become a mere relic of the past. In September, 1833, Mr. Erasmus D. Eldridge, a graduate of Amherst College, who had previously taught in Pembroke, N. H., opened a private school for the fall in the school-house at the Centre. The decided success of this school stimulated an interest in education already awakened in the community, and the desire for a school of higher grade than the common district school, and was the cause of imme- diate active efforts. Early in February, 1834, the fol- lowing agreement and subscription paper combined was circulated among the prominent citizens of the town : ■' Peppereil, January 27, 1834. "We, the Subscribers, believing that the interests of Bound learning and true religion would be promoted by an Academy CHtablished in this town, agree and engage to pay ibe sums annexed to our respective names, to purchase an eligible site, and to erect thereon a buildiug suit- able for the purposes of such an institution, the following conditions being understood, viz. ; " I. The funds thus subscribed shall be placed in the bands of a Treas- urer chosen by the Subscribers, to be faithfully applied, under their di- rection, to the object for which they were subscribed. '' II. This subscription shall be taken up in shares of twenty-five dol- lars each, and each share shall entitle a subscriber to a vote in the dis- posal of the property. " III. When completed the building shall be under the control of the subscribers till such time as they may see fit to appoint a Board of Trus- tves and procure for them from the Legislature of the Commonwealth an act of incorporation. "IV. Ko subscriber shall dispose of his shares without having first PEPPERELL. 239 offered them for sale to the other subacribers, at a regular meetings at a price not exceeding that which he originally paid for them. And in rase of the death of a subscriber, it shall be the duty of the surviving subscribers by a regular assessment to pay over to the heirs of said sub- scriber the amount of his subscription, and such payment shall be full satisfaction to the claims of said heirs." To this the following subscriptions were made : Ralph Jewett, 1 share . . . J 25 John Lawrence, 1 share ... 25 Kev. James Howe, 1 share . . 25 John Billiard, 4 shares . . . 100 Arnold Hutchinson, 1 share . 25 David Blood, Jr., 2 shares . . 50 Nathan Shipley, 1 share . . 25 John Ames, 2 shares .... 6(i E. D. Eldridge, 1 share ... 25 Noah Blood, 1 share .... 25 40 shares 81000 Seth Nason, 4 shares .... Nehemiah Cutter. 7 shares . Samuel Parker, 3 shares . . Henry Jewitt, 2 shares . . . Jonas Parker, 1 share . . . Jacob Chase, 1 share .... John Blood, 1 share .... And Emerson, 1 share , . . Edmund Blood, 1 share . . . A. B. Cobleigh, 1 share . . . Samuel T. Ames, 1 share . . Samuel Farrar, 2 shares . . It appears by the records that the above subscrib- ers met, " agreeably to notice," February 6, 1834, and organized as an association, and chose their necessary officers. At this meeting John BuUard, having offered an eligible site for the academy building, as payment in full for his subscription of iflOO, it was voted to ac- cept bis offer, and to authorize the treasurer to see that a deed of said land be legally executed. Ac- cordingly, March 19, 1834, a deed was executed by Jofau BuUard, conveying the land to James Howe, Nehemiah Cutter and Heury Jewett, to hold the premises as joint tenants,and not as tenants in common, as trustees for the aforesaid subscribers and proprie- tors. No vote, however, is recorded whereby Howe, Cutter and Jewett were appointed or authorized to act as trustees. The policy of thus restricting the tenure of the property, however wise it may have appeared at the time, was eventually the cause of much dispute and difficulty. A site having been secured. Dr. N. Cutter contract- ed to erect a suitable building for the remaining $900 and attended to the work so promptly and energetic- ally that in less than three months he had completed it to the acceptance of the proprietors. On the 10th of June, 1834, the building was dedicated with ap- propriate religious exercises ; and Mr. Eldridge, who had returned in the spring and re-opened his school, took possession with fifty-two scholars, under the name of the Pepperell Academy. Mr. Eldridge, although a stern and often severe dis- ciplinarian in school, was, when off duty, exceedingly genial and companionable. A shrewd observer of human nature, and endowed with a full share of ex- ecutive ability, he possessed in an eminent degree the faculty of making a school popular. His methods of teaching were practical and quite in advance of his time. Excelling in the study of the natural sciences, he encouraged a love of them in his pupils. He ex- temporized a chemical apparatus, and gave frequent experimental lectures in chemistry and natural phil- osophy, not to the school alone, but to crowded and admiring audiences of the people of the towu. With only a school building, without a dollar of funds, or a single volume of a library, and with no apparatus except that of his own furnishing, he succeeded in making Pepperell Academy the most flourishing insti- tution in the vicinity. Students flocked to it from a distance of thirty miles or more. In the catalogue for 1886 we find the total number of scholars during the year to have been, " males, 90; females, 82," with an average attendance of seventy. Of these, forty were classical students, and ninety were from other towns. The academy building was found to be inadequate to suitably accommodate so large a number, and ac- cordingly, this year — 183(i — an addition of twelve feet was built upon the west end of the building, and was paid for by private contributions. At the close of the fall term, 1837, Mr. Eldridge resigned, in order to enter the ministry. He closed his labors in the school with a studied examination, and a grand exhibition in the evening, where, with ushers and programs and music and original orations, he made his exit triumphantly. He was succeeded by Rev. George Cook, of Dart- mouth College, who continued inchargeof the school three terms, and was followed by Harvey B. Wilbur, of Amherst College, who left at the end of his second term. He afterwards became prominent iu connection with the establishment of schools for the feeble- minded. In March, 1839, Willard Brigham, of Wil- liams College, took charge of the school. At his resignation, in May, 1840, the trustees invited Rev. Horace Herrick, the preceptor of Groton Academy, to become principal of Pepperell Academy ; and as an inducement they raised, by subscription, the sum of two hundred dollars, which they expended in the purchase of chemical and philosophical apparatus. This inducement proved sufficient, and Mr. Herrick accepted the invitation. He was in many respects like the first principal of the school. He had a natural aptitude for teaching, and a rare talent at explanation and illustration. He revived the practice of public philosophical lectures, which,by aid of the new appar- atus and a thorough experimental knowledge of physics, he was able to make very entertaining, as well as instructive. But a popular teacher is usu- ally aspiring, and Mr. Herrick could not resist a call to the flourishing academy at Francestown, N. H- He was succeeded, June, 1841, by Josiah Pillsbury, a recent graduate of Dartmouth, who, in his manage- ment of the school gave general satisfaction. But at the close of the summer term, 1842, the report was circulated that Mr. Pillsbury was in sympathy, both politically and theologically, with the Garrison Abo- litionists, and the fact that he was a brother of the noted Parker Pillsbury tended to confirm the credi- bility of the tumor. ' Midst the conflicting opinions, at that time, in regard to the slavery question, and the acrimonious character of the controversy, this matter foreboded to the trustees serious embarassment. But all anxiety was speedily allayed by the prompt 240 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. resignation of Mr. Pillsbury and his prudent with- drawal from the scene of excitement. The succeeding terra the school was taught by Charles Cummings, of Hollis, N. H. During the winter following, for the first time in its history, the academy building was unoccupied. The next March, 1843, Rev. Moses P. Case became principal of the school, and remained in charge until May, 1844, when he left to take charge of an educa- tional institution in Freehold, N. J. But failing to realize his expectations in that place, he returned to Pepperell in March, 1845, and again took charge of the academy until November, 1847. He then left, to become principal of the Putnam Free School, in Newburyport. He was afterwards principal of the Salem High School, and also of the Lynn High School. He remained at the latter but a short time, being obliged to give up teaching on account of pulmonary disease. He again returned to Pepperell, where he spent the remainder of his days. He died November 18, 1859, at the age of forty-five. As a Christian gen- tleman, and one of the foremost educators of his day, he was universally esteemed. During the "interregnum" between the two ad- ministrations of Mr. Case the school was under the care of Mr. J. E. B. Jewett. The teachers that suc- ceeded were as follows: J. Stone, till May, 1849; Everett Boynton.till 1850; Rev. Z. M. Smith, till November, 1851 ; L. P. Blood, from April, 1852, to November, 1853 ; Charles S. Farrar, during the fall term of 1854. In 1841 an act to incorporate the Pepperell Acad- emy was passed by the Legislature as follows : "Commonwealth of Maasacbusetts. Id tbe year one thoiieand eight hundred and forty-one. An act to incorporate the Pepperell Academy. " Be it enacted by tbe Senate and House of Representativesin General Court assembled, and by the autbority of tbe same as follows : Sect. 1. David Blood, Sr., Setb Nason and Nathan Shipley, their asaociafes and successors, are hereby made a Corporation by the name of the Pepperell Academy, to be established in Pepperell, in the County of Middlesex, with all the power and privileges, and subject to all the duties, restric- tions and liabilities set forth in the Forty-fourth chapter of the Revised Statutes. *^Sect. 2. The said incorporation may hold real estate to the value of five thousaud dollars, and personal estate to the value of fifteen thous- and dollars, to be devoted exclusively to purposes of education.'' The three corporators here named were subscribers and proprietors under the original agreement and deed, but who their " associates " were does not ap- pear. The proprietors held a meeting August 2, 1841, and chose a board of fifteen trustees, " to man- age the concerns of the Academy in future," reference being made in the records to .Article 3d, of the original agreement. Of these fifteen trustees, only five were original subscribers ; and a majority of them were not citizens of Pepperell and were elected, ap- parently honorary, rather than executive members. No conveyance of the real estate, either by deed of vote of the original association, was ever made to the corporation or the board of fifteen trustees, and no legal connection can be traced between the two organizations. Nevertheless the said board of trustees organized August 11, 1841, adopted a constitution and thereafter claimed the control of the affairs of the Academy. But as there never was a dollar of funds in the treasury, their trust must have been in one sense at least, a " dry " one. They drew up a comprehensive code of laws and regulations for the control of the school, and then virtually buried it among the records. They were expected to be present and preside at the annual examination of the school at the close of the fall term, and to hold their annual meeting at that time ; and for several years these expectations were partially realized. But their interest in the school gradually declined. There is no record of any meet- ing after March, 1855. The board of fifteen had practically become extinct. One-half of the signers of the original agreement were dead, and a majority of the remainder had outlived their interest in the institution. The last clause of the original compact had been totally disregarded, and doubts began to arise as to the legal title to the property. No one seemed to have any authorized control of the property, and the building stood ready for the occupancy of any respectable person who might choose to risk his chance of a school. It was thus successively occupied for a longer or shorter time by H. T. Wheeler, S. C. Cotton, D. W. Richardson, Miss Caroline A. Shat- tuck and A. J. Huntoon. The building was kept in repair by funds raised by tea-partie.«, fairs and similar spasmodic eflbrta at sundry times. Occasionally the teachers paid for actual necessary repairs, rather than attempt to collect fiom the public. In 1860, an interest in the school having been re- vived through the efforts of Rev. E. P. Smith, Mr. A. J. Saunders, a graduate of Brown University, who had been teaching with marked success in Groveland, was induced to take charge of the Academy. Under his management the school seemed to recover new life, and for several years was prosperous. In 1864, the town having voted for a school of higher grade, and appropriated .'STOO for that purpose, also appro- priated the academy building, and dispossessed Mr. Saunders by appointing him principal of the school. The school was maintained four years, and then sus- pended till 1873, when it was re-established, con- tinued six years and again discontinued. Meanwhile about $800 had been raised by subscription for ad- ditional stock in the academy, and a conveyance of the property made to the new shareholders by the surviv- ing member of the trustees mentioned in the first deed. The building, having been remodeled and thoroughly repaired, was then rented to the town for school purposes. By the census of 1880 it appeared that Pepperell contained over five hundred families, and con.se- quently was obliged to maintain a High School ac- cording to law. The following year, therefore, the town made due appropriations for such school, and established it in the Academy building under the PEPPERELL. 241 charge of Harold C. Child, iu September of that year. Mr. Child has been succeeded by A. F. Amidon, 1885 ; Edwin H. Webster, 1886 ; and George W. Ransom, September, 1888. In 1888 a new school-house was erected at " Chase Hill." It is built in modern style with latest im- provements, and will accommodate four schools. Upon its completion, early in 1889, the High School and Grammar School were removed from the old Academy building, which was then sold by the pro- prietors, but still stands unoccupied, patiently await- ing the " law's delay," for a decision in regard to the validity of the title and conveyance. In 1860 a boys' boarding-school was opened by Rev. David Perry in the house that stood upon the site now owned by Rev. J. E. B. Jewett. This school was quite successful. But in May, 1853, the whole establishment was destroyed by fire, together with the boarding-house and Insane Retreat of Drs. N. Cutter and J. S. N. Howe. Mr. Perry removed his school to Brookfteld, Mass., but returned with it to Pepperell in 1857, and establibhed it on the farm now occupied by Col. S. P. Shattuck. Upon the decease of his wife, some three years after, he discontinued the school and left town. A female boarding-school was commenced in 1852, in the house now owned by Charles D. Hutchinson, and for several years was well sustained by Mrs. A. E. Conant and her two daughters. In January, 1827, the young men of Pepperell formed a literary association under the name of the " Washington Fraternity." None but members were allowed to participate in the exercises of their regular weekly meetings, but every year one or more public " exhibitions " were given, at which the members dis- played their rhetorical and historic abilities to the mutual admiration of themselves and their audience. By subscriptions and donations from honorary mem- bers, a library was gathered of about four hundred choice books and standard works, which, upon the payment of a small fee, was open to " all persons of good character in town." The society flourished for several years and attained to a membership of over fifty. The interest in the " Fraternity," however, gradually declined. Several of its prominent mem- bers, had left town, and after 1833 the meetings of the society ceased entirely. The library was neglected and many of the books were taken away and not re- turned. Upon the establishment of the academy, about this time, a "Lyceum" was formed for the benefit, not only of the school, but of the public generally, which afforded ample opportunity to all aspirants for elocu- tionary honors to distinguish themselves. In 1838 a few of the old members of the Washing- ton Fraternity " called a meeting to reorganize the library." Luther S. Bancroft, Charles Stevens and A. Emerson were chosen a committee to " collect what books are to be found and put them in order." It 16-iii was also voted " that the library be kept at the acad- emy," and that "the above committee appoint a librarian to take charge of the books, and adopt such rules and regulations as they may think proper." This committee attended to the matter very promptly and efficiently. Many of the missing books were recovered. About three hundred volumes were gathered up and placed in the academy building. Henry F. Spaulding, a student, was appointed libra- rian. The library was much used by the scholars, and for a time was appreciated ; but after one year Mr. Spaulding left town, and, no successor being ap- pointed, the books again became scattered. They were again collected by L. S. Bancroft, and for two years were kept in good order in the tailor-shop of T. W. Athertou, in the store building situated where the Town House now stands. In 1842 Mr. Atherton gave up the care of the books, and Mr. Bancroft re- moved them to his residence, where they remained until his death, when they were delivered over to Col. S. P. Shattuck, one of the few surviving members of the old " Washington Fraternity." They were kept by him until 1877. A public library having been established by the town that year, this old cir- culaiing library, together v.'ith another library of sev- eral years' standing, owned by a private association, and comprising about five hundred volumes, was donated to the town as a nucleus for the public library. This library has received annually from the town an appropriation of the proceeds of the " dog tax,'' averaging about $300. It now numbers over six thousand volumes, and is very generously patronized by the public. CHAPTER XXII. PEPPERELL— { Continued). INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS. In the petition of the settlers of West Groton to be set ofl' as a parish, the territory was, not inaptly, de- scribed as "good land, well situated.'' The surface corresponds well with that of the State ; the eastern part being level and rather sandy, the central undu- lating and fertile, and the western decidedly hilly and rocky. The soil is generally good and well adapted to fruit culture, to which considerable attention has been paid. Along the Nashua River are several fine intervales of productive land of easy tillage. The town is noted for its beautiful scenery and fine drives, and is more and more resorted to by the in- habitants of the cities as a residence during the sum- mer season. The principal industry in the earlier history of the place was farming. The prevailing style of architecture was a square, two-storied house, 242 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNT?, MASSACHUSETTS. with a Large chimney in the centre, around which were' clustered four or five rooms on each floor. Sometime.s, however, the house was two stories in front and one in the rear, the roof descending steeply to within eight or ten feet of the ground. If painted, the color was either red or yellow with white trim- mings. The barn usually stood at some distance from the house, often on the opposite side of the road. It was set on the ground without any cellar or scarcely an underpinning, and was furnished with but few im- plements of husbandry, and those of primitive and ponderous make. Many of the farm-houses were supplemented by a cooper-shop, wherein the enforced leisure of winter months and stormy days was utilized by the making of barrels. The delivery of these bar- rels at Boston necessitated a journey of two or three days and nights with an ox-team. The merchandise was loaded upon the "barrel-rigging,'' a wagon pecu- liar to those times, and the driver, well supplied with provisions for himself and provender for his cattle, took an early start, often several hours before sunrise. His route was over the old stage road from Boston to Keene, N. H. This "great road," which passes through the southerly part of Pepperell, was then the principal thoroughfare for travel and transportation, and was " fortified" by a tavern about every two miles throughout its entire length. The teamster, there- fore, had ample opportunities to vary the monotony of his slow journey by an occasional halt at one of these " wayside inns," where, while warming up his outer as well as inner man, he could also refresh him- self with the latest batch of news from the loquacious and cosmopolitan landlord. Having disposed of his merchandise in Boston, the farmer could easily secure a return load of goods for the home market] and sun- dry commissions from neighbors, thus making his homeward trip a profitable one. Till within half a century the transportation of produce and merchandise between Pepperell and "the city" was almost wholly carried on by these farmer teamsters. The farmer of these days was dependent mainly upon his own resources. His table was supplied from the products of the farm. He raised his own flax and wool, which was made into clothing by the female members of the household. The hum of the spin- ning-wheel was heard in almost every house, "filling its chambers with music," as in the days of John Alden and Priscilla; and no maiden considered her- self as ready to be married until she had with her own hands spun and wove linen and woolen fabrics sufli- cient to furnish the chambers and table of her new home. For many years the Centre with its meeting-house was the principal village of the town. The five roads that centred here were all laid out " to the meeting- house," which was the ecclesiastical and secular Capi- tolium of the municipality, while the Common was its Campus Martius. A tavern was soon built where the Second Parish Church now stands. It was kept by John Mosher as early as 1769, and afterwards by Solomon Rodgers. Not long after the exploit of the women at Jewett's Bridge in 1775, an article was inserted in the warrant for a town-meeting : " To see what the town will vote or order lo be paid to Mr. Solomon Rodgers for enter- taining Leonard Whiting and his guard.'' Mrs. Tileston's house was then a store, where was kept the post-oflice, with its weekly mail brought up from Groton. The hill on which it stood has since been cut down in front to the level of the street. Both the tavern and store property passed successively into the possession of William Braser, Esq., Samuel Chase, Lemuel Parker, Esq., and Captain Lemuel Parker. The latter converted the store building into a dwell- ing-house, and removed the busine.ss into the build- ing on the town-house corner, which had previously been occupied as a store by Captain Nathan Shipley, and afterwards by Luther Tarbell. Rev. John Bullard's house was situated on Heald Street, just opposite the tavern, and facing the Com- mon. After Mr. Bullard's death, in 1821, Mr. Tar- bell purchased the house for a new tavern. He after- wards built an addition to the southerly end, and opened a store therein. This tavern and store was kept up till 1859, when it was totally destroyed by fire. Captain Parker associated with himself in the mercantile business And Emerson, a grandson of Rev. Joseph Emerson. Mr. Emerson's father was an eccentric man, and named his first three children Mary, And, Another. The last-named afterwards chose for himself another name, which was not Another; but "And " always retained his conjunctive prenomen, which, however, was often mistaken by strangers for the abbreviation of Andrew. The sign on the store building was "Parker and Emerson." Mr. Emerson, having bought out his partner, simply painted out Mr. Parker's name and left his own name in full remaining. The " Evangelical Congregational Society " upon its organization, in 1832, bought the old tavern lot, and the building was removed to give place to the new meeting-house. The old parsonage had been converted into the new tavern, and now, by the ad- justments of time, the old tavern was supplanted by the new church. Captain Lemuel Parker had already built an ex- tensive addition to the Shipley store building, and upon the disappearance of the old tavern he opened a " Temperance House " — somewhat of a novelty then — on the corner ; the store and post-oiBce occupying a part of the new addition. A stage route had just been opened from Lowell to Springfield, and Pepper- ell was the first stopping-place for a relay of horses and breakfast. The stage left Lowell at five o'clock A.M. and went through to Springfield, a distance of ninety miles, m one day, which was at that time cou- PEPPEKELL. 243 I sidered " rapid transit." " Capt. Parl^er's " was se- lected as tlie stage tavern, and was extensively known as a first-class hostelry. The " tavern " in those days was an institution. There were no less than five in the little town of Pepperell, and all were well patron- ized. The stage-route, after a few years, was rendered unprofitable by the construction of railroads, and was discontinued. Captain Parker sold his whole hotel property to the firm of Cutter, Ames & Swasey, who also bought the store. They, however, continued in the business but a short time, and it passed into other hands. William S. Crosby, Esq., was the last propri- etor of the tavern and store combined. On his retire- ment, in 1838, the tavern business was abandoned, and the house thereafter was rented for a dwelling. The store was then occupied by Mr. John Loring, who, with his son, carried on an extensive and lucra- tive business for many years. Mr. Loring afcerwards removed to the store now occupied by Mr. C. D. Hutchinson, where he remained until his death, in 1878. The old tavern-house was occupied by various parties for sundry purposes until 1873, when it was purchased by the town for a site whereon to build the town-house. Dr. Nehemiah Cutter, a native of Jaffrey, N. H., a graduate of Middlebury, and afterwards from the Yale Medical School, commenced his practice in Pep- perell about the year 1818. He became a distin- guished physician and founded a private asylum for the insane — probably the first one of the kind in the coun- try. In 1848 he became associated in the management of the asylum with Dr. James S. N. Howe, the oldest son of Rev. James Howe. In May, 1853, the whole es- tablishment was burned to the ground, some of the in- mates barely escaping with their lives. Dr. Howe gathered his " family " together at his old homestead (now Colonel S. P. Shattuck's) and immediately com- menced the erection of a large building there, suita- ble for the accommodation of his patients. In a few years, his health failing, he relinquished the business, and Dr. Cutter resumed it at his residence, now Mrs. Jonas Fitch's. But a life of unusual care and vicis- situde had made him prematurely old. He had lost the vigor of his earlier days, and was soon obliged to retire from active life. As a man he was kind- hearted and courteous ; as a citizen he was remarka- bly public-spirited and liberal, generally foremost in the advancement of all measures for the improvement and general welfare of the town. In his profession he was widely known and highly esteemed. He died March 15, 1859, aged seventy-two years. Dr. James M. Stickney had charge of the asylum for two years, and then returned to the practice of his profession, in which he continued until his death, in 1889. Meanwhile the building that Dr. Howe had erected had been removed to the original site, on Main Street, and here, in 1865, Dr. Howe, having re- gained bis health, re-established the asylum. Dr. William F. Heald became the owner of the property in 1882, and, having greatly improved it, gave the in- stitution the name of the " Cutter Retreat for Nervous Invalids." It is at present under the management of Joseph B. Heald, M.D. About the year 1817, iMr. Joseph Breck, a son-in- law of Rev. John Bullard, commenced the manufac- ture of carriages in Pepperell. He built the house now owned by Mr. C. D. Hutchinson, and also a shop just north of the house. His work was confined prin- cipally to the making of chaises, a two-wheeled vehi- cle then much in vogue. But he had a natural love for horticulture, and in 1832 he gave up his trade and removed to Lancaster, where he commenced the bus- iness that was more congenial to his taste, and which has since made his name a household word to every farmer and gardener. At this time and subsequently for several years Mr. John Durant did a large busi- ness in the manufacture of light wagons. His shops were situated on Townsend Street west of Colonel Al- den Lawrence's stables. About three-quarters of a mile beyond the centre of the town to the westward is a small water-power on what is known as Sucker Brook. An unsuccessful attempt to start a button factory was made here early in the fifties. A few years later Aaron Burkinshaw, an enterprising Englishman, who had served his seven years' apprenticeship in Sheffield, bought the property and utilized the power for a cutlery factory which he established. He was a painstaking and industrious workman and a shrewd buyer and seller. He trained his own apprentices and employed only English workmen, who, locating here, soon formed an English hamlet in the vicinity of the mill, on the street named, by Mr. Burkinshaw, Sheffield Street. Finding that there was a demand for a fine grade of pocket-knives, Mr. Burkinshaw made that branch of the trade a specialty, and built up a good business, which since his death has been carried on by his sons under the name of Aaron Burkinshaw's Sons. Some quarter of a mile below Burkinshaw's the stream affords another water-power, which, a century ago, was employed by Captain Nathaniel Sartell for a grist-mill, and also for a shop wherein were manu- factured wooden ploughs, the only kind then known. The captain was succeeded by his son Deacon Na- thaniel, who changed the grist-mill into a lumber-mill. The deacon's youngest son, Levi Sartell, now owns the property, and has built a new mill, into which he has introduced additional power by steam. About two miles north of the centre, at a small " privilege " on Nissittisset River, a settlement was early commenced. A grist and saw-mill was erected, a store and tavern followed, and the little village was for a time quite a centre of business for the vicinity. In course of time a carding and clothier's mill was established by Mr. Farewell Farrar, who carried on a prosperous business for many years. But by the dis- continuance of wool-growing, the local supply and de- 244 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. raand ceased, and the larger manufactories absorbed the general trade. The mill was afterwards bought by Samuel S. Davis and used for the manufacture of cotton batting, and later of shoddy while that article was in demand but its usefulness in this direction was suddenly terminated by an untimely fire; and a second mill devoted to the same purposes shared the fate of its predecessor. In 1866 Mr. Davis built a paper-mill on the site of the old mills. This was burned in 1872, and was im- mediately rebuilt; but, after having proved an unprof- itable investment to several owners, was also destroyed by fire in 1884, and the business was then abandoned. The place now reminds one of " the deserted vil- lage." The mills have never been rebuilt, the dam has broken through and been carried away, and most of the houses are tenantless. Its remoteness from the railroad is a serious disadvantage to the improvement of the " privilege." Upon an eminence, near by, commanding an exten- sive and beautiful prospect, stands the old mansion built by Colonel William Prescott, and which still re- mains in possession of the family, having descended to the son. Judge William Prescott, to the grandson, William H. Prescott, the historian, and to William G. Prescott, Esq., the great-grandson, who is the pres- ent owner and occupant. It was built in the conven- tional style of the old New England farm-houses. Here was born the son, who afterwards became an eminent jurist, and who invariably spent the summer months of each year at the old homestead. An addi- tion to the west end of the house was made by him for the purposes of a study and library, in which it is said the grandson, during his annual sojourns in Pep- perell, wrote considerable portions of those histories which have immortalized his name. The building is a plain, unpretending structure, with no especial claims for notice, except the many interesting associa- tions with which it is connected. Not long after the settlement of the parish, a grist- mill was erected on the Nissittisset, at the East Vil- lage. A store was afterwards built, and then a tavern ; and the village was generally known as " the Lower Store." At one time considerable business was done there in the manufacture of tinware by Colonel Wil- liam Buttrick. In 1832 Captain Fred. F. Parker, who then owned the store, built the large building still standing on Nissittisset Square, and opened therein a tavern, which he named " The Nissittisset House." A part of the building was occupied for a store. The old store, that had stood nearly in the middle of the square, was removed. After the death of Captain Parker, in 1841, the tavern was discontin- ued. The property was sold and a portion of the building, enough to make two dwelling-houses, was moved to the opposite side of Hollis Street. The store, however, was kept up by various owners, until within a few years. The East Pepperell Post-OfBce was established here in 1847, J. A. Tucker, Esq., who then owned the store, being the first postmaster ; but in 1858 the otBce was removed to the Depot Vil- lage, and has now become an office of the third class. The mill privilege was for many years owned by Dr. Ebenezcr Lawrence, and the business was con- ducted by two of his sons, Joseph and E. Appleton Lawrence. In 1835 it was bought by Deacon L. W. Blake, who, in company with Mr. Luther Ballard, es- tablished a machine-shop. Mr. Ballard, in 1840, relinquished his interest in the business to his part- ner, and went West. Deacon Blake's large family all had a remarkable aptitude for mechanics. The oldest son. Deacon Oilman Blake, took charge of the saw and grist-mills, while the five remaining sons, as they successively grew up, were associated with their father in the machine business. The two daughters, even, became the wives of prominent machinists. After the death of the father in 1864, the firm was changed to " Blake Brothers," and in 1884 again changed to •' Henry Blake & Son." In addition to the ordinary work of a machine-shop, they manufacture a " belt- fastener," and " Blake's Turbine Water-wheel," both patented inventions of members of the family. The first paper-mill in Pepperell was built at the lower privilege on the Nissittisset, in the year 1818, by Mr. Ben. Lawrence. Paper at th.at time was manu- factured principally by hand labor, requiring some three weeks', time between the " beater " and the finishing-room. This mill was operated by several paper-makers, prominent among whom were Ed- ward Curtis, Col. Buttrick, And Emerson and J. A. Wilder. While owned by the latter, in 1841, it was burnt down, but soon after rebuilt. About 1864 it was bought by Henry A. Parker, again burnt and again rebuilt ; it is now used for the manufacture of sheeting paper and leather board ; and, together with a lumber-mill and a grain-mill, is known as "The Nissittisset Mills," the business being conducted under the firm name of H. A. Parker & Co. About the year 1834 And. Emerson built a paper- mill at Babbitasset Falls on the Nashua. The privilege is one of the best on the river, and had been early utilized. It appears by the records of the town of Groton, that ata town-meeting held October 24, 1726, it was voted " to give liberty to any person or persons that should appear to do the same, to build a mill on Lancaster River at a place called Babbitasset Falls. Provided the person or persons be obliged to build and constantly keep in good repair a good and sufficient corn-mill for said town's use . . . and to do the same within the space of two years after the date hereof, the person] or persons to have the liberty of said stream so long as he or they keep said mill in good repair and no longer." There is also a record of the laying out of a road in 1730 past (iilson's grist-mill at Babitas- set Falls. In course of time a forge and small foundry was set up, and the place thereafter went by the name of " The Forge." About the same time Dr. Ephraim PEPPERELL. 245 Lawrence commenced the manufacture of powder, concerning whose quality some amusing though rather disparaging traditions are still extant. After- wards afulling and a carding-mill were built and occu- pied, the former by Samuel Tenney, the latter by Isaac Bennett. Mr. Tenney died in 1825 and was succeeded in the business by Joseph Tucker, and not long afterwards Mr. Bennett relinquished his busine.ss to Earl Tenney, son of Samuel. Both the mills gave place to the new paper-mill. At this time there were but five dwelling-houses in the village, three of which were cottages. One of these is the cottage on Mill Street now owned by Mrs. Harper. Three still stand at the juncture of Main Street with Mill and Canal. The Adam Ames hcuse, which occupied the present site of A. J. Saunders' store, was removed and is the dwelling of Mrs. Gleason on Canal Street. With the establishment of this paper-mill, a new era in the industrial history of the village began. Mr. Emerson introduced the Fourdrinier machinery, and commenced making paper with a rapidity that fairly astonished the old paper-makers. The business prospered for a time. After a few years, however, the mill was destroyed by fire. A new building was erected, but when this was also burned, Mr. Emer- son's financial embarrassments were such that he was forced to abandon the business. The property passed into other hands. New mills were built, which dur- ing the next twenty years were occupied successively by different firms with varied success, or want of it. At one time there were three separate mills, with as many owners, each competing with the others, and all dependent upon the same water supply. At length, in 1862, H. M. Clark, who was connected with the firm of S. D. Warren & Co., obtained possession of the en- tire property and immediately began to develop its capacities. For the past ten years the business has been under the control of the Fairchild Paper Co. The plant consists of two first-class mills, which give employment to about two hundred and thirty opera- tives, and manufacture daily twenty tons of the best quality of book paper and of government paper. The Champion Card and Paper Co. commenced operations in 1880 as an adjunct of the Fairchild Paper Co. But three years later it was established as an independent company, being incorporated under the laws of New Hamjishire, with a capital of $50,000. A mill, one hundred and twenty-five feet wide and five hundred feet long, was built near the covered bridge and fitted up with the most approved machinery and furnisliments. Under the able and energetic management of its president, C. M. Gage, and treasurer, P. A. Hammond, it was so successfully conducted that in 1887 the capital stock was increased to $150,000, and the company was re-incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts. Its manufactures consist principally of glazed and colored papers and card-boards of the finest quality, lithographic-plate paper being a specialty. The success of the Champion Co. was so apparent that it stimulated competition. In 1S89 another company was organized and incorporated under the name of the Pepperell Card and Paper Co., with a capital of $50,000, H.C. Winslow,Superintendentofthe Fairchild Mills being elected president, H. A. Parker, treasurer, and J. M. McCauseland, superintendent. A mill, 60 by 160 feet, comprising two stories and basement, with an engine-house and boiler-room adjoining, was erected " at the most convenient place near Jo Blood's fordway," and was soon in active operation. The thorough knowledge of the trade and the business tact and ability possessed by the managers are a guaranty for the success of the new enterprise. The beginning of the shoe business in Pepperell was made about the year 1824, by John Walcott, a native of Danvers, who married a Pepperell woman and afterwards settled in Pepperell, on the farm now owned by Roland H. Blood. His sons, as they grew up, went to Natick, and became pioneers in the shoe business in that place. At the time Mr. Walcott came to Pepperell divi- sion of labor was just being introduced into the shoe manufacture. Previously the entire shoe had been made by one man, who first carefully measured the foot of his customer, and then proceeded to cut out, put together and finish up the pair of boots or shoes ordered. The shoemaker was often an itinerant work- man, carrying his kit of tools under his arm. Mr. Wal- cott, taking advantageof the new departure, employed his winter leisure in making shoes. He obtained from Danvers his stock already cut and fitted, completed the work and returned the finished shoes. This kind of work required but a short apprenticeship. Soon more than one kitchen resounded to the tap of the hammer upon the lapstone, and the number of fire- side shoemakers increased, until some began to think that a shop for cutting and giving out the work would be a good business venture. The prospect was allur- ing; the capital required was small; the 2>lant con- sisted of only one or two rooms furnished with cut- ting-boards, patterns and knives. Here the work was cut out and then distributed to be made up by the employees at their homes or in small shops where sev- eral neighbors could work together. These " brogan shops," in time, became quite numerous throughout the town. The first to set up a cutting-shop was Put- nam Shattuck, who established one in the North Vil- lage, about the year 1834. Eight years afterwards he removed his business to the Centre. By this time he had a number of competitors. But, feasible a.s the business at first appeared, it was often found to re- quire an amount of knowledge and foresight that had not been anticipated ; hence failure was a common result. One impediment in the way of success was the sharp competition with the lower towns. At one time so much work was done for outside firms that it required the time of one man as carrier between the 246 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " brogan shops" in town and the business centres " down below," as the local phrase was. Albert Leigh ton, a native of Weatford, came to Pep- perell in 1848. He was a shoemaker from boyhood, and had been associated with Edward Walcott in the introduction of the shoe business into Natick. He erected one of the first buildings in the Depot Village, (now the Prescott House), and there established a business that eventually became one of the leading interests in town. Five years later, having disposed of his business to Charles Hutson, he followed in the wake of the gold-miners, and spent three years in California. Returning to Pepperell, he built a new shop on Leighton Street, in which he carried on a successful business for ten years. He then went West, but, after a year spent in Racine, Wis., he again returned to Pepperell, ana erected, on Main Street, a third building, which was occupied by him- self and his sons as a shoe-factory until it was burned, in 1879. As a result of the fire, the firm of Leighton & Sons was dissolved, Mr. Leighton retiring from active participation in the shoe business, although he still continued an efiicient citizen of the town whose interests he had already done much to promote, and to whom much of the present prosperity and many of the recent improvements of the lower villages es- pecially are due. He has not only held the highest ofiices in town, but has twice represented his district in the State Legislature. Immediately after the burning of the old building the business was reorganized by Mr. Leighton's son, Frank. Plans were made for a new factory, the corner-stone of which was laid June 17, 1879, and the work was carried on so energetically that the build- ing was ready for occupancy in the fall. The existing firm, Leighton Bros., was formed in 1884, and consists of Messrs. Frank, Elbert and Charles Leighton, the latter having charge of their Boston office. Their commodious and well-arranged factory, furnished with all the most approved styles of machinery, affords em- ployment to 350 operatives, and has a capacity for 5000 pairs of brogans per day. The mineral resources of Pepperell are not abund- ant. Two clay beds, one near Boynton Street, the other in the southerly part of the town, have furnish- ed the material for the manufacture, at various times, of a few kilns of brick, the one in South Pepperell be- ing still operated by Jerome T. Lawrence. In the earlier records of the laying out of the roads, frequent reference is made to " the silver mine." This is a strata of shale rock supposed to contain de- posits of gold and silver extending from near the New Hampshire line to " the great shading place," as it was called, on the Nissittissit River, about half a mile below the North Village. Various parties prospected here in search of the precious metals. Prominent among these was Joseph Heald, Esq., one of the principal men of the town in earlier days, whose acquaintance with the medicinal properties of plants had gained for him the additional title of " doctor." Having acquired some knowledge of mineralogy, he became possessed with the idea that gold lay hidden away somewhere in this region. He lived in the westerly part of the town, near the pond which still bears his name. The only outlet to this pond is at its northerly end by a small brook, which, for the first half-mile of its course, runs through a wild gorge, whose precipitous sides rise in many places to the perpendicular height of a hundred feet or more. Along this "gulf," as it is still called. Squire Heald thought he di!>_> ^^^ c PEPPERELL. 249 to advance the cause of education in his native town. In 1854 he sold the homestead farm, where he had spent sixty-iive years, and bought the farm of Dea. Parker, his father-in-law, where he lived until he was obliged by failing health to give up manual labor. He then purchased the house on Park Street, which is now occupied by his youngest son, Charles D. Hutch- inson. His golden wedding was celebrated after his removal to this house, and was made a very pleasant occasion. Faithful and true in all the relations of life, Capt. Hutchinson was a courteous gentleman, a helpful son, a kind husband and father, and a good neighbor, honest and upright in all his dealings. He died of pneumonia on the 9th day of December, 1873, at the age of eighty- four years, four months and twenty days. Mrs. Hutchinson survived him nearly sixteen years. She died on the 4th of August, 1889. She was born November 21, 1799; consequently lived to the advanced age of eighty-nine years, eight months and thirteen days. HEWITT CHANDLER WINSLOW. Hewitt Chandler Winslow was born March 2S, 1828, at New Gloucester, Cumberland County, Me. He was a son of Philip and Berthia (Rideout) Wins- low, both of whom were natives of New Gloucester, and is a lineal descendant of both the Winslows and Bradfords of Plymouth, Mass., his grandmother being a member of the latter family. Barnabas, the grandfather of Hewitt, was one of the early inhabit- ants of New Gloucester. Philip, the father, was a soldier in the War of 1812. He served on the coast defences of his native State, and was at Portland when the encounter occurred between the "Boxer" and " Enterprise." Hewitt lived with his father till he was ten years old, when he went to North Yar- mouth, Me., and " worked out." All the school in- struction he received was what he obtained by an attendance on the public schools three or four months in a year before he was seventeen years old ; but, like many another New England boy, he found means of pursuing his studies out of school, and without an instructor. He worked during the day, and read and studied in the evening by the light of the fire-place, the tal- low-candle and the pitch-pine knot. At seventeen he went to work in a factory at Gardner, Me., where he learned the trade of wool-carding and finishing. He soon arose to the position of overseer, in which capacity he served for about six years, after which he engaged in paper-making at the mills of the " Great Falls Paper Company," and was for some time foreman. Since 1865 he has had charge of the paper-mills at East Pepperell. As agent of these mills Mr. Winslow has performed faithful and effi- cient woik. The company has been known by three diiferent names since he took charge of its affairs. It is now called the " Fairchild Paper Company," and employs over two hundred hands. As a business man Mr. Winslow is devoted to his work and attends strictly to it. It has been his habit to get to his office throughout the year at about seven in the morning and to leave it about eight at night. He is a direc- tor in the First National Bank of Ayer, and a trustee and director in the Ayer Savings Bank. Notwithstanding his devotion to business, he has found time in the midst of his busy life to attend to religious matters. For many years he has been an active member of the Methodist Church and a sub- stantial and reliable supporter of his denomination in East Pepperell, and has repeatedly held the office of trustee and steward of the Methodist Church in that place. In politics he is a Republican. When a young man he was active and enthusiastic in the anti-slav- ery movement. Since then he has identified himself with other reforms and placed himself on the right side of questions and subjects the agitation and ad- vancement of which have been for the good of the race. He has never used rum or tobacco and his habits have been exemplary. November 15, 1855, he was married, in Pownal, Me., to Miss Henrietta True. Miss True was a daughter of William and Zilphia Ann True, and was born March 18, 1833. Her fa- ther was a native of Freeport, Me., and her mother of Cumberland, Me. Mr. Winslow has one daughter, Helen True, who was born in Gardiner, Me., October 25, 1861. AMO.S JOSEPH SAUNDERS. Amos Joseph Saunders was born in Rowley, Aug- ust 3, 1826. He was the only son of Joseph and Mary (Mighill) Saunders, who were also natives of Rowley. At the age of twelve he entered Dummer Academy at Byfield, which he attended a year. He then returned home and spent some years on his father's farm, occupying his time in the winter season at shoe-making. But farming and shoe-mak- ing were not always to be pursued by this enter- prising New England lad. He had a fondness for study, an interest in books, and took pleasure in the discussions of the Lyceum and such other lit- erary privileges as were afforded by the country towns of half a century ago. In 1850 he entered Pierce's Academy at Middleboro', where, with the exception of a short time spent at Hampton Falls, N. H., and at Dummer Academy, he remained until he entered Brown University, R. I., at which he graduated in 1855, at the age of twenty-nine. This was the last year in which Dr. Wayland was pres- ident of the university. He taught a grammar- school at Danvers, and in August 1856, became principal of the Merrimac Academy at Groveland. In 1860 he took charge of the academy at Pepper- ell, where he taught till 1866, when he resigned on 250 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. account of his health. Shortly after, he became proprietor of a store in Pepperell Centre, with a branch store at East Pepperell, but be soon removed to the latter place, where he still resides and car- ries on the business. Since leaving his profession as a teacher, Mr. Saunders has continued to show his interest in schools by a long service on the School Board. He has also served as selectman, assessor and member of the Library Committee. He has for many years been an active member of the Republican party. In 1873 he was the Repre- sentative of the Thirty-first Middlesex District, comprising the towns of Groton, Pepperell and Ayer, and was re-elected in 1875. In November, 1876, he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate by the Fifth Middlesex District. During his con- nection with the Legislature, he served on the fol- lowing joint standing committees : the Liquor Law, Woman Suffrage, Claims, Taxation and Education. In 1874 he was appointed justice of the peace, and has held the office to the present time. In 1856 he married Lucy Parkhurst Savage, a daughter of John and Mary Savage, of Rowley. He has three daughters and one son, viz. : Lucy Blanchard, Jo- seph Amos, Mary Harris and Stella Fourth. Mr. Saunders, at the age of sixty-four, is in good health, and attends to his daily business with the enthu- siasm and efficiency of a younger man. He exhib- its the traits of a typical New Englander, who starts out from the ancestral farm and works his way by perseverance and industry to positions of usefulness and trust. Born and reared in one of the oldest towns in Essex County, where the Col- onial stock was of sterling quality, he found in Pepperell elements that correspond with the best characteristics of those with whom he w.as associ- ated in his early days. The place was congenial to his tastes, and he has actively participated in such public measures as have conduced to ihe public good, and the town has shown her appreciation of the child of her adoption by honoring him with the highest offices in her power to bestow. CHAPTER XXIIL SUDSON. BY RALPH E. JOSLIN AND WALTER H. SMALL. Lovers of the antique will find little in the history of Hudson to quicken their pulses and satisfy their longings. The aroma of " other days " is very faint, and is obscured by such a delightful state of mysti- cism that the prosaic prober after facts is prone to ask at every trace, " How do you know?" Well, sometimes by tradition, sometimes by faith, rarely by sight. A town which has yet to see her first quarter cen- tury completed cannot boast of very ancient history distinctively her own. What there is, is family history, bound inseparably with Marlborough and the other sister towns, which were included in one general grant in 1656. From the history of Marlborough, then, must be gleaned those records which apply to this northern portion, now called Hudson. But the early records are so badly jumbled, and they have been so care- lessly kept by their modern custodians (one complete book is lost) that it is difficult to rest many statements on absolute certainty. Yet some are definitely set- tled. Among them is the fact that a large portion of Hudson, probably all east of High Street, belonged to the Indian plantation, and all west of that point was a common cow pasture. The summary of that history is this: In 1056 thir- teen leading citizens of Sudbury, feeling they were becoming too crowded for comfort, petitioned, for themselves and their rapidly growing families, that the honored Court " would bee pleased to grant unto us eight miles .square, for to make a Plantation." They express their preference by saying, " Wee have found a place which lyeth westward about eight miles from Sudbury, which we conceive might be comfort- .able for our subsistence." Agreeably to this petition the General Court granted them six miles, " provided it hinder no former grant." But two years previous the General Court had granted to the Indians, on petition of Mr. Eliot, the Indian Apostle, the right to make a town eight miles west of Sudbury, so that the grant to the Sudbury men con- flicted with it. A committee was appointed to lay out the Indian grant, and " In case there is enough left for a convenient township for the Sudbury men, to lay it out for them." The result was that the new township lay around the Indian Plantation on three sides, and the Indian planting-field was directly in the centre of the proposed new settlement. The Eng- lish wanted this field badly and they soon began to encroach upon it. They built a meeting-house on one corner; they allowed their cattle to roam over it, and feed from it, and finally the Indians became disgusted with their neighbors and moved about a mile away. The early inhabitants of Marlborough seem to have been imbued with the spirit of bitterness and con- troversy, — a quality which has been duly transmitted, pure and unimpaired, to the present generations. They quarreled over their records, their grants and their ministers, and they selfishly intrigued for the Indian plantation. In 1677 they petitioned the Gen- eral Court that it should be taken from the Indians, because they " during the recent war had been per- fidious and had taken part with the enemy," and should be given to them. The General Court prompt- ly said " No." In 1684 thirty-five of the inhabitants petitioned for authority from the General Court to buy it from HUDSON. 251 the Indians, and again they said "No."' Nothing daunted, they got a deed from the Indians that same year, which the General Court promptly declared " illegal and is consequently null and void,'' for in the original grant it was stipulated that it could not be sold "otherwise than by consent of this Honored Court.'" But Marlborough was "bigger" than the General Court, and in 1686 proceeded to divide up the plan- tation, and from that time, in fact, if not in law, it became a part of the township. Persistency finally won, and in 1719 the title was made valid. As be- fore stated, the part of Hudson east of High Street belonged to this tract of land ; the part west of said street was in the original grant. After a settlement had been formed, and about 1000 acres had been divided among the settlers, on February 10, 1662, the proprietors adopted the fol- lowing : " It is ordered that all the lands situate and lying within this town, that are not already gr.anted " (the meadow lands lying along the brooks, and the Assabet valley) " are and shall remain a perpetual cow common, for the use of the town, never to be al- lotted without the consent of all the inhabitants and proprietors thereof, at full meeting." February 18, 1706, it was voted, "That the proprietors will divide the Cow Common," but previous to this a settlement had been begun on the river. How a legal title was obtained is unknown, but in 1698 John Barnes came to the Assabet, and took up one acre of land on both sides of the river ; on the north side sixteen rods long and six rods wide, and on the south side sixteen rods long and thirteen and one-half rods wide. On the north side he built a grist-mill, and this is probably the secret of his obtaining the land, for there was no mill nearer than Sudbury, and this was the nearest water-power in the Marlborough town- ship. The town viewed the project favorably, as is seen from the fact that October 16, 1699, they laid out a road over Fort Meadow, by Joseph Howe's mill, four rods wide to Lancaster town line, and Oc- tober 25th, Lancaster completed the road. John Barnes was a member of the committee on the part of Marlborough. The road was formerly accepted by the town, April 1, 1700. It would seem from this, taken from the old town records, that Barnes did not run the mill long after building, but in some way put it into the hands of Joseph Howe, as it seems to have been called by his name on the laying out of the road, but a formal deed was not given until January 1.3, 1701. This was prob- ably the first piece -of real estate conveyed in the present town, as it was everywhere bounded by the un- divided cow Common. Barnes and Howe both lived in Marlborough ; Howe dying in 1701, as his estate was settled that year. On Howe's death the mill probably came into the hands of Jeremiah Barstow, as we find the mill in his possession in 1712, when he marries Howe's oldest daughter, Sarah. Until his marriage he did not live at the mill, for during Queen Anne's War, among the garrisons formed, was one called the "mill gar- rison," at which the families of Thomas Barrett and John Banister were to assemble. These were farmers, and seem to have been the only families in this vicinity, for the garrison was at or near the grist-mill. After his marriage Barstow built his house on the site where Solon Wood's store now stands, and proceeded to increase his possessions by purchase. Ten years later he sold out to Robert Bernard, of Andover. As this deed seems to have conveyed a large part of the present township, portions of it are worthy of preser- vation : "To all people to whom these presente shall come, "Greeting; Know yo that I, Jeremiah Barstow, of the towne of Marl- borough, in ye County of Middlesex, in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, Miller, for & in consideration of six hundred and sixty pounds, good and currant Money of New England, or equivalent, tome in hand, well and truly delivered & paid by Robert Bernard, of Andover, in the county of Essex, in the Province aflforesaid, yeoman, the receipt wherenf I, the said Jeremiah Barstow, do by these presence acknowledge & therewith to be fully satisfied & paid & therefore, thereof, & of every part thereof, do hereby acquitt, exonerate, and forever dia- charge him, ye said Robert Beruard, Lis heirs, executors, administra- tors & assigns, &. for which consideration as aforesaid, I, the said Jere- miah Barstow, with the free consent of Sarah, my now married wife, have granted, bargained, sold & by these presents for myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, do freely, fully & absolutely grant, bar- gain, sell, alien, enfeoffe, convey and confirm unto the above named Robert Bernard all that my homestead messuage or tract of land lying and being in Marlborough afToresaid, containing by estimation forty-five acres, six score & fifteen rods, be it more or less as the same is butted & bounded and described in ye towne records of Marlborough, together with my dwelling-house and barn or other housing, with all the fencing orcharding & gardens upon and belonging to said messuage," etc. The deed then goes on and conveys eighteen other lots or parcels of land, amounting to some 310 acres. Among them is one, " lying near to ye corn-mill place which formerly belonged to Joseph Howe," and "also one acre more of land lying on both sides of said river upon part of which ye Corn-Mill and Mill-Dam standeth adjoined ; also the said Corn-Mill with all the accommodations & materials thereto belonging." This deed is signed by Barstow and his wife Sarah, " this first Day of May in ye eight year of ye reign of our Sovereign Lord George of Great Britain & King, Anno Domini, 1722." From this deed it seems there were few settlers in this portion of Marlborough, for most of the lots con- veyed are bounded by other lots of Barstow's or by common land. Bernard took possession of his prop- erty about 1724, and opened a public-house on the road from Marlborough to Lancaster, just above the mill. The site is now occupied by Solon Wood's store. From this time settlers gradually came within the present limits, but they were mostly farmers ; there was no central settlement. Among them were the Goodales, Wilkinses, Wheelers, Witts, Bruces, Howes, Hapgoods and Brighams, whose descendants still reside here, and in a few cases occupy the old homesteads. Kev. Charles Hudson says of these families : 252 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " Amung tho earlleut, peiliiips, we may meiitiun the Guodale tamily. Samuel Wheeler deeded land to John Witt and John (roodale, from Sa- lem ; and Witt conveyed his right to Goodale ; that prominent family have occupied the place where David B. Goodale resides, since 170'J. "Thomas Hapgood settled in the Indian Plantation before ITUO, on what was afterwards called the Colonel Wessen or Spurr place. His de- scendants have been numerous, and the early generations all resided within the present limits of Hudson. Shadrach Hapgood, their original ancestor, came to this country in 1666, and settled in Sudbury. He was treacherously slaiu by the Indians in Philip's War, The Wilkiuses came from Danvers, and settled on the Indian Plantation about 1740, where a number of families of the name resided for several generations. Artemas Howe, a descendant of AI>raham Howe, married Mary Bigelow, 1767, and settled on the road leading from the Hapgoods to the centre of the town, north of Fort Meadow Brook. He was, probably, the fii-st who settled and reared a family oC Howes on the present territory of Hudson. Abiah Bush settled in the northern part of Marlborough, as early, prob- ably, as 1690. John Bruce came to Marlborougli about 1740, and set- tled on what has since been known aa the Ezekiel Bruce place. "Solomon Brigbam, a lineal descendant of Thomas Brigham, married Martha Boyd in 1754, and about 1756 located himself on the road lead, ing from the 'mills' to the centre of the town, on the place where Charles Brigham now resides.'* In 1794 Joel Cranston moved to the " mills," as it was then known, opened a store and public-house, and introduced a number of small industries. Five years later Silas Felton came and joined him. Both were energetic, public-ajjirited men, and they soon drew others to the village ; its name was changed to Feltonville. Among the new arrivals were the famil- iar names of Peters, Pope, Witt and Wood. Of these, Hudson says: "George Peters probably came from Medfield. He married Lydia Maynard, and had George, Ephraim, Luther, Adolphus and John H. Jedediah Wood was the son of Peter Wood, who came from Concord to Marlborough, and was a descendant of the third generation from William, the original emigrant. Jedediah married Betsey Wil- kins, and was the father of Col. William H., Elbridge and Alonzo. The Popes were from Salem, and for a time owned the principal land in the village ; the family have been prominent in the place. Ebenezer Witt was a descendant of John Witt, who came to Marlborough in 1707. Ebenezer was son of Josiah and grandson of Samuel, who repre.sented Marlbor- ough twenty-three years in the General Court. Ebe- nezer Witt had one son and three daughters, all of whom married in the town." Still there was no extensive growth, for the land- owners were loath to sell ; they believed in farms rather than in towns. The introduction of small but good manufacturing industries, however, gave it a healthy beginning, and from that time its growth was slow but steady, until in 1866 it numbered some 1800 inhabitants, who were desirous of a separate corporate existence. Individual thrift and enterprise and pub- lic spirit are the requisites for corporate growth. This is the secret of the marvelous growth of the West; it is also the secret of the growth of many of our New England manufacturing Centres. It is the secret of Hudson's origin as a town. The practical difficulties in the way of transacting town business and the great obstacle to the natural growth of the village of Feltonville, owing to its dis- tance from the centre of Marlborough and the near- ness of the town line of Bolton, were the subject of frequent comment on the part of many and the care- ful thought of those who were most interested in the future growth and prosperity of the village. It cannot be said that the citizens of Feltonville did notget their share of the town offices or failed in any other way to receive their proper share of considera- tion at the hands of the mother town, for, as circum- stances shaped affairs at that time, it happened that by a little management on the part of her citizens she was always able to balance one part against the other and through their dissension to carry away the coveted prize. A glance at the lists of town officers for the years preceding the act of incorporation will show the names of many persons who have since been prominently connected with Hudson's growth and corporate e.'cistence. There was too, a feeling of attachment for the name and the town which was the native place of a large majority of those living in Feltonville. Sentimental reasons could not long stand in the way of every-day difficulties, and it is barely possible that a feeling was growing up in the mother town that it was perhaps as well to let the off-spring go as attempt longer to keep the lusty child in leading strings. We can do no better at the present time than to quote extensively from an article in the Feltonville Pioneer which sets out many of the practical difficul- ties referred to above that could be in a large measure avoided by the incorporation of a new township. Says the writer of the article referred to, which is dated May 13, 1865 : *' All are but too well aware that so long a^ we remain a constituent part of Marlborough, or of any of the other ai^acent towns, in order to attend town-meetings, meetings above all others which should be generally attended, because it is at these meetings that the rights, liabilities and privileges of citizens are debated and acted upon, we are obliged to travel a distance of four miles. " The distauce, moreover, to all who reside in that part of Feltonville within the limits of Marlborough, is over one of the hilliest roads in the vicinity. It would, so far as ease and comfort of traveling by private conveyance is concerned, be easier for the inhabitants of this section of Marlborough to go to either Bolton or Berlin than to climb the hills to Marlborough. And this inconvenience cannot be removed except by bringing our municipal affairs to our own midst. " The convenience by rail is next to nothing. The first train to Marl- borough does not reach there until after the annual town-meeting has commenced, at least, and then there is no conveyance back after one o'clock. At the very time when electors should remain, those who pat- ronize the railroad are obliged to leave and return home. " Second : Town Records. — The records of every town must, of neces- sity, be deposited in the centre of the town. It is impossible that they should be kept anywhere else. These records are of constant reference and it is necessary that the town clerk should reside where the records are, in order to render them serviceable to persons desiring to examine them. As inhabitants of this remote part of the town, whenever we wish to examine any of the town records we are obliged to travel four miles — no small inconvenience. Were we incorporated we should have our town records at hand. *' Third ; Schools. — Under the present arrangement it is impossible, or next to impossible, for us to avail ourselves of our just proportion of the higher schools in our several towns of which we are constituents. High schools cannot, necessarily, be itinerant institutions. They must be located in the centre of the towns. Those living in the remote parts HUDSON. 253 of the town are coDsequently deprived of much or all of their useful- *■ To illustrate : In Marlborough the high school has been established at a great expense. The building alone cost nine thoueand dollars, which was defrayed by the whole town. The current expense of the school is not far from twelve hundred dollars per annum, which, of course, is levied upon the whole town. Now how does it stand with Feltonville? The assessors' books of Marlborough will show that there is in that part of Marlborough known as Feltonville over one-third of the whole tax. able property of the town. Within the same limits there are not tar from 2000 population. Feltonville capital, therefore, has paid, and still is pay- ing, one-third and more for the high school establishment. How about the benefit derivable therefrom? AVe are credibly informed that for the past four years, at least, not a single pupil from Feltonville has patron- ized this school. The sequence is clear. Feltonville capital is paying for a school some four hundred dollars annually and enjoys no conceivable equivalent therefor. The schools in Feltonville are no better and enjoy no more privileges or advantages thwn the schools of the same grade in the villages in the centre of the town. The high school for the benefit of Feltonville is mere nominal, and while we are a part and parcel of Marlboro' this thing must continue. The distance is so great that it is entirely impracticable for scholars to go to the high school from our vil- lage. "Were we incorporated this evil could and would be remedied. "In the management of our own municipal affairs we could provide a high school for the accommodation of our scholars. There would, in ad- dition to the considerations already presented, be a consequential rise in value of property by an incorporation. Everything which tends to in- crease the social, moral or educational advantages of a place necessarily carries with it an advance in the price of property. The expense of the government of a new town would not be greater than the outlay we are subjected to already, whereas our advantages would be increased two- fold." This, as has been said, was but one of a series of letters which appeared in the local papers, and it is not left to the imagination to suppose that the facts thus brought out gave the citizens food for reflection which led them to believe that a change was de- sirable and must be had. A.s a natural result of the agitation, a notice was inserted iu the columns of the paper from which we have just quoted, calling upon all of the citizens of Feltonville to meet in Union Hall, Tuesday evening, May 16, 1865, to take some organized action upon this all-important subject. Pursuant to the call upon the evening in question, the citizens in the village assembled, and having elected James T. Joslin chairman, and Silas H. Stu- art secretary, a general discussion arose, participated in by many present, and a strong feeling was de- veloped in favor of separation — peaceable, if possible, but .separation anyway. It was made apparent also at this meeting that many citizens of Bolton and Berlin desired to be in- cluded within the proposed limits of the new town; this desire upon their part was favored upon the part of those most prominent in the movement living within the Marlborough limits. Mr. Wilbur F. Brigham announced to the meeting that he had circulated a subscription paper, and that there was pledged thereon the sum of nine hundred and seven dollars with which to defray the ex- penses necessarily to be incurred in carrying out the work ol' separation. Owing to some informality iu calling the meeting, the nature of which does not clearly appear at this time, it was deemed advisable to dissolve and call another meeting for cue week from that evening. This first meeting had, however, served the purpose for which it was intended — to give direction and momentum to local feeling— and upon the evening of Tuesday, the 23d day of May, 1865, the citizens of Feltonville again assembled in Union Hall to take definite action in regard to a separation fiom Marlborough, whose original borders had already been reduced by similar successful movements. At this meeting Mr. Francis Brigham was chosen chairman, and Silas H. Stuart secretary. The original memorandum book of records, kept by Mr. Stuart, is still fortunately in existence, and from its pages we are able to gather an abstract of its proceedings. The following preamble and set of resolutions were presented to the meeting for its consideration, and, after some debate, were adopted ; how unanimously the records do not disclose : "Whereas, We, the inhabitants of Feltonville and vicinity, believ- ing that the time has arrived when it will he for our best interests and welfare to withdraw from our respective municipal corporations and be incorporated into a new town ; therefore, "Hesoht^d, That a committee of niue be appointed to take into con- sideration the subject of establishing the boundary lines of said new town and the most feasible way of drawing up the petition for that purpose, and that they be instructed to procure such legal advice as they may deem necessary on the subject, and report at some future meeting, to he called by them," It was then voted that the chair appoint a commit- tee of five to retire and nominate the committee of nine, and report as .soon as may be. The committee of five thus appointed retired, and, after due consultation, brought in the following list of names of nine gentlemen uj)on whom mainly should devolve the labor of fixing the limits of the new town and of arranging the necessary details leading to the consummation of their purpose and hopes : Francis Brigham. George Houghton, E. M. Stowe, S. H. Stuart, ,T. T. Joslin, of Feltonville ; Albert Goodrich, Caleb E. Nourse, J. P. Nourse, of Bolton; and Ira H. Brown, of Berlin. The citizens at large having thus provided the "sinews of war," and made a .selection of their active agents, no longer appear to have taken an organized part in the movement, and in following out the fu- ture movements in this interesting effort for a new town, we shall have to do only with the doings of the committee of nine named above. Again, referring to the records of Clerk Stuart, we find that this committee convened on the evening of the 26th, and, with Francis Brigham in the chair, proceeded to discuss the question of the boundary line for the new town. "After a thorough investiga- tion of the subject," says the record, "it was voted to make the boundary line as follows: Commencing at a point above the house of Daniel Stratton, in Bolton, and striking across to a point near the house of Octa Danforth ; thence to a point near the house of Rufus Coolidge ; thence across Berlin to the Marlborough line, near the house of Stephen Fay; thence following the town line to the bound on the Northborough 254 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Road ; thence to a point about sixty rods south of Simeon Cunningham's house ; thence to a point be- tween the houses of Lewis Hapgood and Aaron May- nard ; thence to Stow line, near what is called ' Mos- quito Hole ; ' thence by the town line to the point first mentioned." This line was changed slightly at the next meet- ing, so as to take in the E. Maynard and Lewis Hap- good places. The committee, through two of its members, having taken legal counsel of Tappau Wentworth, Esq., of Low- ell, and Charles Hudson, of Lexington, recommended that three petitions be drawn up and presented to the next Legislature, one from citizens of Marlborough for a division of the town, with the citizens of Bolton and Berlin on the same in aid, and from each of the last two asking to have portions of Bolton and Berlin annexed to the new town; and at the meeting of June 2d the committee voted to recommend the name, Hudson as the name of the new town. Upon the evening of June 13, 1865, the citizens again convened in Union Hall to hear the report of their committee of nine upon the question of the boundary line. At this meeting the line was again changed slightly in the vicinity of the house of Dan- iel Stratton, so as to take in a piece of Stow territory. It was then moved that a new committee of five mem- bers be formed to make all the necessary arrangements for the purpose of incorporating the new town, and this committee, as made up by the meeting, was as fol- lows: Francis Brigham, George Houghton and James T. Joslin, of Feltonville, Mr. Daniel Stratton, of Bol- ton, and Mr. Ira H. Brown, of Berlin, in whose hands finally the management and labor of obtaining an act of incorporation now vested. At this same meeting an attempt was made to select the name of the new town, due undoubtedly to the energy of those who are always desirous of counting their chickens before they are hatched. It was wisely voted down, as will appear later, for when this ques- tion finally came up for settlement it engendered an amount of feeling that would have probably wrecked the whole movement at this period. At a meeting held two months later it was voted to allow Lyman Perry and others who resided in what is now commonly called the " Goodale District," to pe- tition the Legislature at their own expense to be in- cluded within the limits of the new town, and so fa- vorably had everything progressed in the work of the committee of five that the question of a name could not longer be postponed. It was therefore voted to mark for a name. Prior to a settlement of the ques- tion it was stated by citizens of excellent financial standing that if the new town should be called "Fel- ton," after Silas Felton, who owned a large store and operated a grist-mill, he would make the town a present of one thousand dollars, and it was understood also that Mr. Charles Hudson would donate $500 to the use of a public library, should the citizens decide in favor of calling the new town Hudson, in his honor. Under these highly interesting circumstances the vote taken at once arouses our curiosity and we can easily imagine the excitement and various arguments for and against the one man and the other, made use of that evening to influence the minds of the voters. As the village had always been called Feltonville and Mr. Felton ofl'ered the larger sum of money it would be natural to suppose that the citizens would favor the name "Felton," but the secretary's record shows that the argument in favor of Hudson was too strong to be resisted by a majority, and so Hudson it was and ever will be. The exact vote is worth preservation and is as follows : For Butler 1 " Eastborougb 1 " Felton . 18 " Hudson 35 making a total of fifty-five votes thrown, not one- twentieth of the present voting population of the town. On motion of Mr. Charles Brigham, who was and always continued to be a strong adherent of the " Fel- ton" party, it was unanimously voted to call the new town Hudson. The secretary, Stuart, was authorized to collect the funds subscribed and the field of action was enlarged and included, as we shall see, the neighboring towns and finally the Legislature. We must now return to the committee of five and record their proceedings, which have been carried on during this time and simultaneously with the events which have just been mentioned. Their first act was to issue proposals for the necessary maps and plans which should show the boundary lines of the existing towns, the proposed boundaries of the new town, and the rivers, railroads, factories and dwelling-houses, in so far as possible, situated upon the territory in question. Mr. George S. Rawson, a civil engineer of the town of Marlborough located in Feltonville, obtained the contract, and the committee in its final report to the citizens stated that his work was performed in a most satisfactory manner. Provided with the necessary equipment to render their propositions intelligible, the Feltonville committee, as they say in their report, established "a system of diplomacy" between the committees from the adjoining towns appointed at the November meetings, at their request and themselves. The first act was to invite all the committees to " per- ambulate" the proposed bounds with the Feltonville committee, and this invitation was accepted by the Marlborough committee alone. As a result of this "perambulation" the Marlborough committee voted unanimously " not to accept or report to the town the line which had been devised by the citizens of Fel- tonville," but on their part a line was proj>osed to run HUDSON. 255 from Stephen Fay's place on the west to the extreme easterly bound of Marlborough at or near Albion Parmenter's on the Sudbury road, and this line was subsequently adopted by both committees although not all of the Feltonville members were present at the meeting. A sub-committee, consisting of Mr. Joslin and Mr. Brown, was appointed to confer with the Berlin com- mittee at the ofiice of Dr. Hartshorn, of that town, in order to arrange, if possible, an amicable settlement by which the territory asked for from Berlin might be obtained. Although the committee was courteously received and the whole question fairly debated, the proposition of the Feltonville gentlemen to pay the l>roportionate part of the town debt, and even more, was not acceded to, and all negotiations with Berlin ceased. The next venture was on the part of another sub- committee, consisting of Mr. Brigham, Mr. Houghton and Mr. Stratton, to negotiate an arrangement with the Bolton committee, but here again the representa- tives from Feltonville found strong objection and op- position to their plans. The learned committee on the part of Bolton were well aware of the important interests confided to their care, and were on the alert to guard against the encroachments of the enemy. The Feltonville committee reported to their col- leagues that they met the Bolton committee at the house of S. H. Howe, and finding ''the temper and spirit of their Bolton friends anything but facile in the premises, no decisive headway was made toward an amicable adjustment of ditfei-ences. This (Bolton) committee, like the Emperor of France, standing upon their dignity, and jealous of any infringement of their territory, neither suggested a change of line nor sub- mitted any proposition upon which it would be possi- ble to effect a division." The Feltonville committee, as a last resort, submitted a proposition, which " was met with ridicule, and thus terminated attempted negotiations with Bolton." As nothing but a small portion of land was taken from Stow, no objection on the part of that town was made to the proposed sep- aration of the new town. At the outset, then, the situation with regard to the surrounding towns was as follows : Stow acquiescent, as it had but little interest involved ; Marlborough practically willing, if obliged to be, but driving the best bargain possible ; Bolton and Berlin in direct opposition. The Feltonville committee practically met with a rebuff on all sides, and the work before it was by no means small or unimportant. We have seen that the spirit of the citizens within the limits of the new town was active and confident, and their committee, despite the adverse circum- stances, went to work with a will to secure the desired end. On the evening of December 18, 1805, the Fel- tonville committee decided upon and submitted to the committee on the part of the town of Marlborough the following proposition : " That the citizens of Fel- tonville, residing within the limits of said contem- plated new town, will pay to the town of Marlborough twenty-five per cent, of the debt against the town of Marlborough, existing at the time an act of incorpor- ation may be secured, each section to retain the prop- erty within its own limits without further division, and each section to support its own paupers, provided, however, that the town of Marlborough shall not di- rectly nor indirectly oppose before the Legislature the prayer of the petition of the citizens of Felton- ville for an act of incorporation." This proposition did not meet with any favor among the Marlborough people, and after much writing be- tween the committees, aud after having a town-meet- ing at which the citizens of Marlborough adhered to their committee's propositions,, and after further negotiations, it was agreed that the citizens of Felton- ville should not be opposed in their efibrt for a new town on the following conditions, which were finally accepted by the Feltonville committee. By this ar- rangement, the dividing line was made to run from Stephen Fay's, on the Northborough line, to Albion Parmenter's, on the Sudbury line, the property in each section to remain the property of that section, with the exception of the almshouse real and personal estate, which, should be sold at auction, the proceeds to go two-thirds to Marlborough, one-third to Felton- ville, the new town to pay one-third of the Marl- borough town debt, and to receive one-third of whatever might be refunded to the town of Marl- borough by Massachusetts, or the United States for bounties paid, or State aid given to families, over and above reasonable expenses, each town to sujjport its own paupers. In this way the primary and most important part of the work was accomplished, and the committees from the two sections of the old town parted with mutual expressions of esteem and good will. Petitions in the mean time had been circulating for signatures, and were presented to the General Court at the opening of its session in 1866 — one on the part of thecitizens of Feltonville, signed by George Hough- ton and 264 others ; one representing certain parties in the northeast partof Marlborough, which had not been included, as we have seen, in the limits of the new town, signed by Lyman Perry and seven others, one on the part of certain residents of the town of Bolton, signed by Daniel Stratton and twenty-four others ; and one on the part of certain inhabitants of the town of Berlin, signed by Ira H. Brown and seven others. Unfortunately, there was not at this time entire unanimity on the part of the people living on the Bolton territory sought to be included in the new town, and this made an apparent weakness in the peti- tion on the part of the Bolton people, which was made use of later on in the legislative hearings to defeat the efl!brts of the petitioners to secure the desired territory from the town of Bolton. These petition.s were referred in due course to the 256 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Joint Standing Committee on Towna, and on Janu- ary 30, 1866, the matter was set down for a hearing before that committee. It needs no stretch of the imagination to believe that January 30th was a day of great, though suppressed, excitement on the part of the advocates of the new town, and that large num- bers took the first train over the Fitchburg, either as witnesses or spectators, for the scene of tlie argumen- tative battle which meant so much to thedivisionisls. That the adjoining towns of Bolton and Berlin felt it to be an important matter is seen from the fact that such well-known advocates as the present United States Senator Hoar, Charles G. Stevens, of Clinton, and Dr. Hartshorn, of Berlin, were in attendance, to guard the interests of Worcester County, Bolton and Berlin respectively. To Mr. James T. Joslin, of the committee, was assigned the task of presenting the cause of the petitioners, who asked the committee to assign a day when they would view the premises. February 1st was appointed, and on that day the committee accompanied by Senator J. W. P. Abbott, of Westford, of this district, Representative Nahum AVitherbee, of the House, and representatives of the different parties in interest, came to Feltonville, drove to Bolton and Berlin, and returned to Boston by way of Marlborough and the Old Colony road. The committee was thus enabled to see the exact situation of the respective towns with regard to each other and to form an idea of the capabilities of the section for sustaining a town government. Stopping for dinner, we are sure that the ladies of Feltonville put in an argument which had telling effect, in the way of all the dainties and delicacies of the season. On the 13th day of February the committee resumed its hearings, which continued for four days, taking testimony, and on the fifth day the flood-gates of elo- quence were let loose. The speeches of the counsel for the several parlies were reported stenographically at the time, and printed in full in the local paper, and we are thus enabled to read at this time the respective arguments for and against this movement. Dr. Hartshorn, of Berlin, was the first to take the floor, and made a brief but concise and forcible argu- ment in behalf of Berlin alone, leaving it to Mr. Hoar to deal with the larger interests of Worcester County and Bolton. The speaker insisted that the desired territory from his town should not be given the new town of Hudson because this matter of get- ting an act of incorporation was merely the ambitious scheme of the two leading manufacturers of Hudson, Messrs. Brigham and Houghton, for their own ag- grandizement, and was opposed to the wishes of the town of Berlin, one hundred and eighty-one of whose voters had signed a remonstrance to the General Court. He declared that the evidence presented to the com- mittee showed that the main, if not the only, purpose of the petitioners in wishing to get this territory was to give the new town a better shape topographically, and to make a little better school district by adding a dozen houses to the undesirable territory obtained on that side from the town of Marlborough. In discuss- ing the petitioners for this measure, in which he was directly interested for the town of Berlin, he said they were of two kinds, those from Marlborough and those from Berlin. Of the Marlborough petitioners he said tliat they had no moral weight or standing in the matter, as they were not residents, and could as well petition for a part of Boston or Nantucket. Con- cerning the Berlin petitioners, seven or eight in num- ber, he declared that only two owned real estate, and that but a small per cent, of the whole territory asked for, either in value or extent. An eminent man in his chosen profession, one cannot fail to see from reading this speech that he was by no means un- acquainted with argumentative weapons or unskilled in their use. He certainly made a good use of every opportunity presented to him on this occasion. The argument of Mr. Hoar was based largely upon the theory that it would be unconstitutional if an act were parsed granting the wishes of the petitioners in regard to Bolton and Berlin, because it would interfere with the lines already established for senatorial, congress- ional and councilor districts, at that time made to conform to county lines, that the decennial census had just been taken and these lines could not be changed until the next one was taken, and until that time Hudson's citizens would be voters in one place for one purpose and in another place for others — an impracticable and improper arrangement — and even if it were possible to be done, it would violate that pro- vision of the State Constitution which provides that no town or ward shall be divided in making up repre- sentative districts. He also claimed that it was against public policy to destroy the unity of the older towns for the sake of pleasing the younger manufacturing centres, and that existing towns^should be kept intact for the very purposeof having different purposes united in one community, that each may profit from the other. He depicted in eloquent language the tender associa- tions, memories, and affections of citizens for their native towns and expressed the hope that these would not be destroyed in this instance. He touched upon the fact that some of the present residents of the por- tion desired from Bolton did not favor the petition, and pictured in vivid colors the practical desolation and annihilation of the old town of Bolton, should Hudson's wishes be granted. Calling to mind the great ability of Senator Hoar both as a speaker and acute reasoner, it is hardly necessary to remark that his argument, which is only poorly analyzed here, must have had great weight with the committee. Mr. Joslin, in closing the case for the petitioners, answered the objections of counsel for the remon- strants, especially Mr. Hoar, claiming that not only was the request of the petitioners constitutional, but also one that in like cases had been frequently granted by the Legislature; that the question of changing boundary lines was entirely within the scope of legis- HUDSON. 257 lative authority, and had been extended alike to town, county, and even State lines, with the permission of Congress, and cited numerous instances, which he claimed sustained his position. Referring to the rel- ative situation of the towns in interest, he claimed that Hudson's situation was such that naturally she did not obtain her full share of municipal privileges, by that fact alone and not on account of any unfriend- liness on the part of the mother towns; that the growth of the place was retarded on account of this fact of its undesirable position and inability to expand in a nat- ural manner. He maintained that this movement on the part of the citizens of Feltonville was in the di- rect line of progress, and that it was not merely not good policy, but also extremely unjust to an enterpris- ing community to force it to remain shackled to old and decaying towns. In closing he marshaled before the committee the many advantages that would result to the new town, presented statistics to show that the village of Feltonville contained all the elements of a successful town, and appealed to their knowledge of the results in similar instances in the past to support him in the statement that no such ruin as had been claimed would result to the older towns of Bolton and Berlin from having a distantanddifl'ering community taken from them. The subject of an act of incorporation for the place of his adoption was one dear to Mr. Joslin's heart, to which he had applied himself arduously and enthusi- astically, and had studied thoroughly, and these facts, together with the fact that he was a young man with his spurs to win, must have inspired him to make the effort of his life, and say, as he did in the opening of his argument, that he felt that he had been guilty almost of a criminal act to undertake so important a matter as the one before them without other and legal assistance. A week later the committee reported in favor of an act of incorporation from the Marlborough and Stow territory asked for, but refused the petitioners' reque^-t in regard to the Bolton and Berlin territory. The reasons for this refusal were the want of unanimity on the part of those living on the desired territory and the difficulties with respect to political boundaries re- ferred to above. An act embodying this decision of the committee was soon passed through the successive legislative stages and was signed by Governor Bul- lock, March 19, 1866, from which time the corporate existence of Hudson takes its date. In accordance with the provisions of section six of the act of incorporation, two days later, on March 21st, Charles H. Robinson, a justice of the peace, issued a warrant to James T. Joslin, one of the inhabitants of the new town, requiring him to notify the inhabitants to meet in " Union Hall " on the following March Slst to elect the necessary town officers, and with the election of these officers on that day the new town was successfully launched upon its municipal career. Without giving the names of all of those who have * 17-iii held town office during the last twenty-four years, it may not be without interest to many to note the names of the first officers chosen to preside over the interests of the people of this place. They are as follows : Selectmen, Charles H. Robinson, William F. Trowbridge, George Houghton ; Town Clerk, Silas H. Stuart ; Assessors, Alonzo Wood, George Stratton, Lyman Perry ; Overseers of the Poor, Augustus K. Graves, Luman T. Jefts, John A. Howe ; Inspecting School Committee, Rev. H. C. Dugan, George S. Rawson, David B. Goodale'; Treasurer and Collector, George L. Manson; Constable, William L. Witham. One week previous to this first town-meeting, on the evening of March 24th, the citizens of Feltonville met to hear the report of their committee upon incor- poration, of which so much has been said heretofore. The committee reported in writing, and, with con- siderable attention to all the details reported its pro- ceedings from the time of its formation to the final passage of the act of incorporation, and in closing made use of the following language, which might very appropriately be inscribed upon the walls of the Town Hall for the guidance of its citizens in town affairs : "The State in its wisdom has conferred upon us municipal privileges and rights, arid now the State demands that we as citizens shall so exercise these rights and privileges that no blot shall be placed up- on the early history of our town to .stand as a lasting disgrace through all coming time, nor that the para- mount interests of the State shall suffer any injury through our rashness and indiscretion." The money subscribed was more than sufficient to pay all the bills incurred in obtaining this act from the Legisla- ture, and it may be of interest to note at this time in connection with the large sums of money which are being paid for services in attempting to obtain acts of incorporation, the exact amount which was paid out by the committee of the citizens of Feltonville. According to the statement of the expenses of the committee, the entire outlay was $889.15, 1400 of which was for surveying, $433.65 was for expenses at legislative hearings and the balance for sundry items. According to the statements of those now living who were actively interested in this matter, no lobbying was indulged in, no lobbyists hired or unworthy methods employed to gain the desired end, although previously large amounts had been spent by other towns in this way and the feeling at just that time was decidedly against the incorporation of new towns. Hudson, therefore, started upon its history with a clean and honorable record, and without any unpleasant feeling toward it on the part of the older towns from which it had been taken. The question of the name was the only thing which had arisen to disturb the entire unanimity of her citizens, and it is undoubtedly true that there will be many who will always claim that the wrong name was finally adopted. All that was desired or that was really needed to make the new town what it should be, as we have seen, was not ob- 258 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tained in the first act of incorporation, and Messrs. Brigham and Houghton were not in the habit of yielding a point which they had started to make, es- pecially in a matter of this kind where they felt themselves to be in the right. Consequently before the next Legislature assem- bled, new petition.s were circulated, signed and pre- sented at the projier time to the General Court ask- ing, this time, only for the territory from Bolton, the committee on the part of Hudson deciding by a ma- jority vote that the Berlin territory was not of enough consequence to repay any further labor in obtaining it. With the growth of tlie town in a westerly direc- tion and the need that is being felt more and more every year, it is unfortunate perhaps that this deci- sion was made, as it i.s becoming evident yearly that this Berlin territory would be a valuable addition to Hudson, but, left as it is, can never be of much value to the town of Berlin, and will never grow in popula- tion or value as it now is. It is unnecessary to go into detail as to the second contest over the Bolton territory, except to say that it was conducted practically in the same manner and upon the same lines as in the previous year on the part of the petitioners. Mr. Hoar, however, did not appear again in the matter, and the counsel for the town of Bolton resisted the petition upon the same grounds presented before, dropping as unten- able ]Mr. Hoar's theory of the unconstitutionality of a change of county or political lines. The petition- ers obtained a favorable report from the Committee on Towns, but were beaten by a majority of one in the House. This was a disappointing result to the Hud- son party, and immediately new petitions were sent out and preparations made for a renewal of the con- test before the Legislature to convene in 1868. When it was found that nothing less than separation would satisfy the people living on the territory in dis- pute, the committee representing the town of Bolton came to the conclusiou that it was only a question of time when they would be obliged to assent, and that, as discretion is the better part of valor, the proper thing to do was to let them go and make the best bargain possible for Bolton. The Hudson committee of five, consisting of Francis Brigham, Joseph S. Bradley, George Houghton, James T. Joslin and Augustus K. Graves, therefore found an entirely dif- ferent disposition manifested on the part of their old adversaries in the fall of '07, when they met to make preparations for a renewal of the contest before the Legislature of '()8. Those who were interested in being set off to Hud.son selected a committee of five, consisting of R. W. Derby, A. A. Powers, Jonathan P. Nourse, George A. Tripp and Daniel Strattou, and the town of Bolton's committee of five consisted of Amory Holman, E. A. Whitcomb, N. A. Newton, Joshua E. Sawyer and Roswell Barrett. These com- mittees met several times to discuss the different phases of the situation, and after several conferences. at which many speeches were made, and much wit and eloquence expended, an agreement was made and entered into, signed by the respective committees, which provided for a commission of three competent and disinterested persons who were resident without the limits of the counties of Worcester and Middlesex, and had not been at any time a member of any legis- lative Committee on Towns before which the matter liad been previously heard, the chairman of the com- mission to be chosen by Bolton and Hudson jointly, and either town to .select one of the other members of the board ; this commission to decide as to the pro- posed lines of division, and to name the terms upon which the division .should take place, the decision of the commi.ssion to be final and binding upon all par- ties and to be reported to the Joint Standing Com- mitteeon Towns of the next Legislature within thirty days, to be passed through the Legislature as the wish of all parties. In accordance with the terms of this agreement the representatives of Hudson and Bolton jointly selected Hon. James D. Colt, of Pittsfield, Mass., as chairman of the commission, the Hudson committee and the petitioners selected as their member Hon. Josiah G. Abbott, and the Bolton committee selected as their representative Hon. George P. Sanger, the two last named being residents of Boston, all lawyers, and all having been judges of the higher courts of Massachu- setts. These gentlemen accepted their appointment and met as a body in Union Hall, Hudson, Tuesday, February 18, 1868, to view the premises and hear the respective parties in interest. The commission sat two days in Union Hall and one day at the Town Hall in Bolton. After due deliberation, the commis- sion made a unanimous finding, fixing the town boundaries a.s they now exist, and providing for an equitable settlement of the financial relations of the respective towns, including the payment by Hudson to Bolton of the sum of $10,000 as an equivalent for the territory set oft' to Hudson, the inhabitants of this territory to pay their back taxes and other obli- gations, if any, to the town of Bolton. A Legislative act embodying this finding was submitted to the leg- islature, met no opposition there, and by the signature of Gov. Bullock, on March 20, 1868, became an established law, and ended the struggle between Bolton and Hudson, which had been going on for three years. By this addition Hudson gained a large number of new inhabitants of sterling character, a large amount of most valuable territory, and rounded out the limits of the town upon that side as they should be properly, and making the encroachment of Berlin upon that side even more noticeable and embarrassing — so undesirable, in fact, that it is entirely within reason to suppose that not many more years will pass by, without some effort being made to obtain the territory which the old committee of '67 decided not to ask for. With this very brief resume of the history of Hud- HUDSON. 259 son's incorporation, a history which contains many novel features and reflects great credit upon all of its citizens in general and the committees having it in charge in particular, it will be necessary to take leave of this branch of the story. For the present it is suflicient to say that the new town, after the act of 1868 including the Bolton territory within its limits, had all the elements of a successful township, a sufii- ciently wide extent of territory, a larger population than is usually found in new towns, its citizens very intelligent and actively engaged in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits, its voters wide awake and imbued with a spirit of progress in all things which prophesied the future growth and success of the town. To give the names of all those who have successively held public otHce and been honored by its citizens for their ability and devotion is not neces- sary here, as they can all be found in any collection of the town's annual reports, and space here forbids any mention of public acts except those connected with the greatest advance or change in the town's welfare. Educational. — In the matter of education the town has always been active, and occupies a fair position in this respect among the other towns of the State. The first school-house was built in 1812. Its history is a fair sample of the energy of her sons. At the beginning of the present century there was only one school-house on their territory. This was two miles from the " mills," and there was no direct road between the two places. The people believed they should have better accommodations for their children, and began the struggle in a town-meeting. In 1812 they succeeded in getting a new district formed and a new school-house voted. There was much opposition manifested after the meeting, and it seemed very probable that the vote would be rescinded at the adjourned meeting, but before the day of ad- journment came the people had cut down trees, sawed them into timber, and had the house completed and ready for occupancy. This was situated on what is now Washington Street, where Mrs. Ada T. Woods' house stands. This sufficed until 1855, when there were demands for a larger and better building. This time the citizens of Feltonville couldn't agree among themselves on which side of the river it should be placed. Finally a site was selected by measuring from each man's door-yard to get a geographical centre. This centre was located on the south side of the river, and a building was erected which is now known as the School Street Building. This wa,s the only school building in the village at the time of the incorporation, though there were two in the outlying districts. The new town immediately set at work upon a new building in the centre and one in the westerly part, which were completed in 1867 at an expense of over $13,000. In 1878 another building was erected on Green Street, and in 1882 a handsome and commodious brick building was erected on Felton Street for the use of the High and Grammar schools at an expense of some $15,000. Twenty teachers are now employed, some of whom have been in the service of the town for many years. Appropriations have increased from *3,000 in 1866, to over $10,000 in 1890. It has kept pace with its buildings in the course of study and grading of schools. At the date of in- corporation the schools were rather of the "district" order. The first committee set at work to better the condition, and easy but gradual advancement was made until the system was completely graded and up to the standard of the State. This first School Com- mittee consisted of George S. Rawson, David B. Good- ale and H. G. Dugan. Two years later Dr. James L. Harriman was elected a member, and has served con- tinuously to the present time. Of the male teachers, Mr. Lucius Brown, the grammar school master, has been in service ever since 1878. When the town was incorporated there was a High Grammar school out of which grew the present High School. There have been seven principals, as fol- lows : W. C. Ficket, 1866-69 ; E. P. Gerry, 1869-71 ; E. R. Coburn, 1871-73; Albert Stetson, George B. Towle, 1873-74; Frank T. Beede, 1874-79 ; Walter H. Small, 1879- Foi the first seven years it was not graded, had no well-defined course of study and no iissistant. A course was arranged in 1873, and an assistant engaged. There have been nine assistants : Miss S. F. Litch- field, 1873-75 ; Miss E. P. Parsons, 1875-76 ; Miss Mary L. Locke, 1876-77 ; Miss M. E. Manning, 1877-78; Miss Belle Copp, 1878, one term ; Miss F. C. Foote, 1878-80 ; Miss R. H. Davies, 1880-82 ; Miss E. C. Atkinson, 1882-83 ; Miss C. Belle Gleason. 1883. Miss W. May Crook was added as a second assistant in 1890. Three buildings have been used : School Street building, 1866-67; High Street building, 1867-83; Felton Street building, 1883—. The number of pupils has varied from thirteen in 1869 to eighty-five in 1889. Sixteen classes have been graduated, comprising ninety-six young ladies and forty-five young gentle- men. The school equipment has grown from a dictionary and atlas to a well-selected library in a reference room, opening from the school rooms; from a single pneumatic trough for chemical experiments to a well-stocked laboratory. The most improved ana- tomical and astronomical charts are used ; and the foundation of a geological cabinet has been laid. Philosophical apparatus is also being gradually col- lected. The school keeps pace with the needs of the town, and offers educational advantages equal to any out- side of the cities. There have been naturally more frequent changes 260 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. in the list of teachers in the remaining schools, hut it is worth while to mention the fact that Miss Mary E. Hall is the senior teacher in point of consecutive service, she having been engaged in different schools in town since 1875, more than fifteen years. Public Library. — To supplement the schools a good public library is a necessity. The Hon. Charles Hudson, after whom, as we have seen, the town was named, recognized this fact, and, in his letter thank- ing the people for the great compliment extended to him, made this proposition: "If the town of Hudson at a legal meeting called for that purpose, vote to establish a free town library for the use of all the in- habitants of the town, and shall appropriate or other- wise secure the sum of five hundred dollars, to be de- voted to that object, they may call upon me, my executors or administrators, for the like sum of five hundred dollars, to be expended in furtherance of that object." The town voted to accept and voted the necessary five hundred dollars. A committee, consisting of James T. Jo.slin, David B. Goodale and Lumau T. Jefts, was selected to carry the vote into effect. Tlie town received additional donations of 1100 from Mrs. Caroline Wood and $25 from Silas F. Manson. In November, 1868, the town voted $200 more. With this the trustees purchased 721 books for general cir- culation and about 200 volumes for reference. The library was opened in the room now known as Coch- ran's drug-store, with Ira B. Goodrich as its first librarian. Its circulation the first year was 5214 vol- umes to 461 different ])eople. In 1871 it was moved into the Savings Bank room, and in 1873 to its per- manent home in the town hall building. During this year it received a bequest from Mrs. Emily Bai- ley of fifty dollars and a gift of twenty-seven volumes from Hon. Charles Hudson,. since which tiniethetown has madeliberal appropriations yearly, and the library has grown to some5000 volumes, with a circulation of nearly 17,000. The trustees in their last report say: "The Library is steadily growing in numbers, 350 new books having been added this year, and is as steadily growing in public favor. Considering the few hours per week the Library is open, the demand is an honor to the intelligence of the town. In two years 383 new names have been added to the list of patrons, and over 4000 more books have been drawn." The present librarian is Mrs. Grace M. Whittemore and the Board of Trustees consists of W. E. C. Wor- cester, F. O. Welsh and W. H. Small, each of whom has been successively elected to the position, three terms of three years each. Town-House. — Hudson has always been progres- sive in her public buildings. Five years after incor- poration, after it had laid out and constructed roads, provided for the schools and whatever was deemed necessary for the public prosperity, it was decided to build a town-hall, one which would sufBce, not for the ])resent only, but for a prosperous future. A location directly in the centre of the town was selected, rising gradually from the main street, and on it was erected the large brick structure which stands as a monument to the large-headedness of its projectors, and the lib- erality of the town in her early years. The building is fifty-five by ninety-seven feet with a vestibule seventeen by thirty-four feet. It is built of brick, with granite keystones and trimmings. The lower story is twelve feet high and contains the rooms for the town ofHcers, the public library, the national bank and a small hall for caucuses and small gather- ings. The second story is twenty-two feet high, with stage and gallery, finely frescoed, heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The third story is a series of rooms, used by Doric Lodge, A. F. and A. M., and Trinity Commandery. The cost of the building was $48,531, the site and grading cost $10,000 and about $2500 have been spent in ornamenting the grounds. The grounds are made into beautiful lawns, surround- ed by granite curbing. Abundant shade-trees have been planted and all the walks are concreted. Few towns can boast of so thorough and beautiful a hall as this. It was completed and publicly dedicated September 26, 1872. Though the town has more than doubled since then, it still remains large enough for all requirements. Fire Department. — The first movement towards forming a Fire Department was made January 17, 1842, when there was called " a meeting of the young men of Feltonville to take into consideration the best methods of forming an engine company." Felton- ville Engine Company was formed with a member- ship of twenty-one men, embracing many who were afterwards prominently connected with the growth and mercantile interests of the town. Francis Brig- ham was the first foreman, James Wilson, second foreman, and Francis D. Brigham, clerk and treas- urer. The latter received the munificent salary of two dollars per year for his services. No one could become a member after election by the company until he had been approved by the .selectmen. The engine was procured about the middle of the year, and was a veritable " tub," as she had no suction hose and had to be filled by pails. She was procured mainly through the efforts of Mr. Charles Brigham, and cost about $200. A syndicate was formed, aud shai'es were subscribed for by different people in the village, until a sufiicient sum was raised to make the pur- chase. Mr. Brigham is believed to be the only sur- viving member of that first and very original syndi- cate. In a year's time some of the "volunteers" be- came weary of their duties aud withdrew ; a new company was formed, but it was not very prosperous, as the close of the year showed only seventy-five cents in the treasury. This company existed until 1847, when a second reformation was made. In 1849 Marlborough voted to furnish Feltonville an engine if the citizens of the village would furnish the engine- house and company. A company of thirty-eight was HUDSON. 261 formed and the engine was received July 9th. The name of the engine was " Hydraulicon No. 3." Her first actual service was at a fire in the south part of Bolton, on November 14th. The first muster ever held in the village was on December Ist, when the two engines from the centre came over for a friendly bout. The records say : " They were received near the house of Charles Brigham, where a column was formed and marched through the principal streets, as far as the house of Mr. Jones, and thence to Stephen Pope's, thence to the left over the bridge, thence to the right on to the spot selected for the trial, near the house of Captain Wood. After several trials No. 2 gave up, their machine being out of order. The line was re- formed, and the companies marched to the square in front of the Mansion House. Members and invited guests moved to the hall, where refreshments were prepared by Landlord Cox in excellent style." Sep- tember 7, 1857, the name was changed to Eureka, a name held and made prominent ever since. The present house was built January, 1860, and duly cele- brated. The present engine was purchased in May, 1872, and has won many prizes — five first, five second and, one each, third, fourth and fifth ; in all aggre- gating $2360. The most famous match was with the E. P. Walker Engine Company, of Vinalhaven, Me., for a purse of $2000. The trial took place at Portland, Me., October 12, 1875. The Eureka made the grand record of 229 feet li inches. Besides this, the oldest company in the history of the town, there is the Bucket Hook-and-Ladder Company, In- dependent Hose, Eureka Hose, H. E. Stowe Hose and the Relief Hook-and-Ladder Companies. These companies, with 100 hydrants to furnish water, aftbrd ample protection against fire, as has been proved in many cases. The town has not been visited by many disastrous fires, though the records show many smaller confla- grations. The first extensive fire was the piano-shop of Kaler & Shaw, on Broad Street, July 4, 1874. Oc- tober 3, 1880, occurred the fire which consumed the wooden block on Main Street, opposite the town- house, and the Hudson House. September 18, 1882, the brick factory of F. Brigham & Company was burned, at a loss of $60,000. May 9, 1885, Dunn, Green & Co.'s tannery was damaged to the extent of over $30,000. This was the most stubborn fire ever encountered by the firemen, and it seems very evident that the whole business section of the town would have been swept away, had it not been for the new water-works, which at that time had been in opera- tion only a few months, and had not been subjected to a fire test before. Their thorough eflBciency was proved, and few carpers against them could be found the next day. They had saved over five times their cost in that one night. Water-Works. — The sources of Hudson's water supply is from a lake two miles distant, fed wholly by springs, and furnishing the purest and softest of water. The lake has an area of ninety acres, and is located above the town, at an elevation sufiicient to furnish the water by gravity, with a good head. More than twelve miles of main have been put in, and the water is almost universally used in town, paying a handsome per cent, on the investment. The matter first came before the town in Article 4 of the warrant for town-meeting, held November 7, 1882, which is as follows : " To Bee if the town will choose a committee to talie into consideration and inveBtigate the matter of supplying the town with water, and, if considered by them practicable and j udicious, to petition the Legislature, in behalf of the town, to grant them leave to taite water from Gates Pond in Berlin or any other suitable place or pond in the vicinity of Hudson, or construct a reservoir ou Pope's Hill, so-called, so as to force water into the same for the use and supply of the inhabitants of the town, or do or act anything respecting the same." The town voted : " That a committee of fifteen be nominated by the Board of Selectmen and reported to the town at this meeting for their acceptance, whose duty it shall be to take into consideration the whole subject-matter of this article, and if consid- ered by them advisable, said committee is hereby clothed with full power to carry into efiect the full intent and meaning of the same." The town chose as this committee : Benjamin Dearborn, Edmund M. Stowe, William F. Trowbridge, Charles H. Robinson, Luman T. Jefts, George Hough ton,. Joseph S. Bradley, David B. Goodale, Cyrus D. Munson, Rufus H. Brig- ham, Henry Tower, James T. .Toslin, Rufus Howe, A. K. Graves and Daniel W. Stratton. The committee organized with Charles H. Robin- son, chairman, and D. W. Stratton, secretary, and at once proceeded to investigate the matter very fully. They looked into the cost in other towns, the system used, whence water could be obtained in sufficient supply and purity, and finally recommended th.at the town appropriate a sufficient sum to pay for a survey and plan for taking water from Gates Pond, and esti- mated cost of construction of the works. In April, 1883, $300 was voted for this purpose. An act had been brought up in the Legislature, and it was passed April 2.'"i, 1883. M. M. Tidd was employed as engi- neer. He made a thorough survey and reported : " We find Gates Pond in Berlin to have an area of ninety acres at its present level. It is a natural pond located in a country that appears to possess all of the quali- fications desired. " It is well removed from settlements, whose drain- age might be injurious. The water-shed is clean with a rocky foundation and is precipitous. The pond is unusually clean ; the water is soft, limpid, agreeable to the taste, and is without doubt large enough to contain nearly all the water which the shed is capa- ble of discharging into it. On account of the steep character of its shed it is probable that something more than fifty per cent, of the water will be collected there. The water-shed contains 141 acres, from which twenty-one inches in depth can be' collected annually. 262 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. This would give 80,613,225 gallons per year, or 220,- 858 ga!lons per day, equals 55.2 gallons per day per head for 4000 inhabitants for 305 days per year. The situation of Gates Pond is such that a dam can, at comparatively small expense, be constructed at the outlet vphich will hold the water nine feet higher than the present water level, without materially dam- aging any one, thus creating an additional storage capacity of 212,355,000 gallons, which can be drawn upon in case of a long-continued drought. "In case that no rain at all occurred for an entire year, this amount of water alone, after deducting 42 inches for evaporation, would furnish the town with 581 ,000 gallons per day for a year. The water in Gates Pond at the present time is at an elevation of 103 feet above the curb-stone in the sidewalk at the post-office, and 1 12 feet above the sidewalk at the fac- tory of Stowe, Bills & Hawley. This will give at the post-office an IJ^-inch fire-stream through 100 feet of 2i-inch hose that will reach 125 feet horizontal, or 87 feet high, and will discharge 197 gallons per minute. This will reach the top of any building in Hudson and I think would be considered a good fire- stream." The report gives a plan of the proposed works at a cost of a little more than $70,000. The report of the committee of fifteen, embodying the report of the en- gineer, was submitted to the town at a meeting held December 1, 1883, and the Act of the Legislature was accepted by a vote of 191 to 90, eleven more than the necessary two-thirds. The record of this meeting shows the following : Voted, " That the town of Hud- son will introduce water from Gates Pond in Berlin, for the purpose of extinguishing fires, and for domes- tic uses or otherwise, and will proceed to construct the necessary structures and appliances there." Voted, " To elect three persons to act as Board of Water Commissioners." Charles H. Eobinson, Edmund 'M. Stowe and Benjamin Dearborn were elected and duly qualified in accordance with the provisions of chapter 149, of the Acts of the Legislature, for the year 1883. In December of the same year it was voted to leave the whole matter of raising the money in the hands of the water commissioners and the town treasurer. The contract for construction was let to Goodhue & Birney for $04,000. Water was let on for town use December 10, 1884. There were 114 water-takers at the time, 8.2 miles of pipe had been laid. A dam was built at the lower end of the pond, enlarging the area, raising the surface of the pond and increasing the head, so that the following results were obtained: At Benjamin Hastings a head of 75 feet ; at corner of Central and River Streets, 95 feet; at Wood Square, 110 feet, and at Stowe, Bills and Hawley's, 119 feet. Extensions have been made every year until there are 12.81 miles of pipes ; January 1, 1890, the water was used by 547 families for domestic purposes, and the town had 99 fire-hydrants. The water loan has been increased to $125,000. The income from all sources for 1889 was $7602.07, or deducting the hy- drant service, $1500, leaves $6102.07. As the net water debt at that date was less than $90,000, it makes a remarkably good investment for the town, the v&lue of which will increase every year. Communication. — In 1828 a post-office was estab- lished at the " Mills" and the name given it was " Feltonville," from Postmaster Felton, and a mail and passenger stage was put on the road to Boston. The route was over the old Sudbury road. The horses were changed at Wayland. Wagons were driven over the same road for all mill supplies and general merchandise. Mr. Gilman Hapgood, who did much of this business, still survives. After the Fitchburg Railroad was built through South Acton some of the freightand passenger bu.siuess turned in thatdirection, but not enough to destroy the old route. In 1847 the present branch of the Fitchburg was laid out, the people generally contributing the land, but the rail- road building the road at their own expense. Owing to a little difficulty with the citizens of Stowe because the line did not pass through the centre of their town, but through that part known as Rockbottom, the line was«ot pushed to completion until after 1850. When the line came to Feltonville, the engine was housed in George Houghton's factory. In 1853 the line was pushed to Marlborough. A ledge was struck of so formidable proportions that the company were on the point of abandoning the extension, believing that the business would not warrant the expense. Finally, on solicitation of "Uncle" Charles Brigham, the com- pany, then called the Marlborough Branch Railroad Company, agreed to complete it if he would give them a warranty deed of all the land they crossed, belonging to him. This was done, the road was completed, and, as Mr. Brighara says, " I didn't get much out of it." It was of course of great general benefit to the settle- ment, though rather erratic in its movements in its first years. In one of the first winters no train was seen for five days. Its first fare to Boston was one dollar and ten cents, more than the fare for the round trip to-day. The facilities atlbrded by the Fitchburg Railroad Company have been increased and improved from year to year with the increase in size and wealth of the company, and a new and excellent passenger sta- tion has but recently been completed in the place for its patrons. Its yard accommodations for handling freight and coal are very extensive and convenient, but there has always been a vital objection to it as a passenger route to Boston on account of its roundabout course, its unnecessary length. Any town's growth is seriously impeded which is at the mercy of a single railroad for passenger and freight rates, and it was al- ways the desire of those farthest sighted to have Hud- son so situated as to be able to command a direct route to Boston by competitive lines. From the town records it appears that as early as HUDSON. 263 November 3, 1868, at a town-meeting held upon that date, the question of a railroad from Northampton to Sudbury was broached. This road was to be called the Massachusetts Central Railroad and was to con- nect with Sudbury and Wayland Railroad, running from Sudbury to Stony Brook Station upon the Fitch- burg line. A vote was passed authorizing the select- men to petition the Legislature for an act of incorpor- ation for such a road, with a capital stock of three millions of dollars. A copy of the petition which was presented to the Legislature is upon record, and a most devious route would have been followed, had the road been put through al! the towns named in it. Those most actively interested in the new route secured from the Legislature of 1869 an act of incor- poration for a road from Williamsburg, Mass., to Sud- bury. This act also allowed the consolidation of the Wayland and Sudbury road with it, so thatthe'eastern terminus would be at Stony Brook as stated. Francis Brigham, of Hudson, is named in this act (chapter 260, Acts of 1869) as one of the corporators, and under its provisions the towns mentioned in it, through which the road might pass, had the power -to subscribe and incur a debt to an amount not exceeding five percent, of its assessed valuation for the purchase of the capi- ta! stock to assist in building the road. In accordance with this act, the town of Hudson at a meeting held November 2, 1869, voted to sub- scribe for Ave hundred and fifty shares of the common stock of the company and to issue bonds to the amount of fifty-five thousand dollars to pay for the same. Later on, in 1872, it was voted to make notes instead of bonds, to be paid in not less than five nor more than twenty years. It should be noted that at the time this vote to subscribe was passed, the town had had a corporate existence but little more than three years, and the sum voted under the circum- stances was a very large one, showing the enterprise of the place, and the confidence of the people in the benefit that would follow to the town from the build- ing of the road. The history of the building of the road is about like that of most of our railroads ; first, a delay on ac- count of the crisis of 1873, then a failure on the part of those in control to adopt the best methods, fre- quent changes in the management, all conspiring with the opposition of older and competing lines to obstruct the building of the road. Meanwhile the funds of the corporation were being spent in the con- struction of the line at difl'erent points wide apart, but nothing effective was done or any apparent result ar- rived at until the road became almost a laughingstock, and was despaired of by all except its most ardent friends, some of whom were in Hudson. Throughout this period of depression the town of Hudson, by its votes, acceded to all the requests of the managers of the line to help it out of difficulty. In June, 1878, the town voted to assign its stock to a trustee, Thom- as Talbot, three-fourths of which should go to the company in case the road was built and equipped on or before November 1, 1880 ; but this was not done, and the town voted to do even more than Ibis and modified its agreement so that it should be binding in case the road was built and in operation in part from the town of Oakham to a point on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, the Fitchburg terminus having been given up before this. This second agreement was in the early part of the year 1880, but November came and found the road still wanting. It was then voted to extend the agreement one year, or until November 1, 1881. At this last date Mr. Norman C. Mun.son, the contractor, had the road in operation to Hudson, but as this did not comply with the terms of the con- tract the whole arrangement fell through. Mr. Mun- son succeeded in keeping the road in operation for about two years, when he was obliged to suspend. In 1883 the road was reorganized, and on December 7th, of that year, the town voted to exchange its stock for the same amount of Central Massachusetts stock. After the reorganization, in 1884, the road was leased to the Boston and Lowell Railroad Company, once more oi)ened and completed to Northampton. As a result of all these complications and changes, the town's stock naturally had been fluctuating from nothing to a point as high as thirty-three cents on the dollar, and a majority of the citizens of the town con- cluded to sell the stock when, in the judgment of the selectmen and treasurer they could make a good sale of it. The town finally realized about fourteen cents upon the dollar, and closed its financial connection with the road. It would not be a just statement to declare that the town has thus lost that which was invested in the road. The results aimed at, competition, lower rates, more direct communication with Boston, Worcester and the West, have all been obtained, and will increase in the years to follow. Already it is possible to load a car at this point to ship through to San Francisco direct. Like the town-house, water-works and school buildings, the investment is sure and is proving daily the wisdom of this town and of others along the line in encouraging the construction of the road. It is to be regretted that Francis Brigham, the one of all others in Hudson, who, by speech and his money, steadfastly upheld and advocated this road, did not live to feast his eyes upon the line in operation. Those who knew how strongly he was attached to the success of this company, alone can realize how much it would have repaid him for a great deal of his hard and generally discouraging labor. This line of railroad is now under lease to the Bos- ton & Maine Corporation, and forms an important factor in its Southern Division. The service is most efficient, and the indications now are that in the near future it will be double-tracked and become a trunk line to the South and West. Through trains are now run daily over this line via the Poughkeepsie bridge between Boston and Phila- 264 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. delphia and Washington and between Boston and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hudson is thus most fortunately circumstanced, as all trains stop at this point. Military Affairs. — It would be most interesting, were it possible to devote the sjjace to it in this place, to narrate in detail the military history of the people who have been residents of this place during its difler- ent stages of evolution from the ''Mills" to Felton- ville and thence to the present time. There is a peculiar fascination attending things military, espe- cially to the younger generation of men, and the old system of May training, when all were expected to turn out as a part of the military forces of the State at least one day in the year, was productive of a varied assortment of colonels, majors and captains, traces of which still linger in our midst. The citizens of Marl- borough and Feltonville, we are inclined to believe, were more than ordinarily interested in military affairs, and among the older men of the place can be found many who recount with evident pleasure their memories of " w*r," roimic war, in which they in- dulged as far back as 1840. The Marlborough Rifles was the organization which, under various changes from time to time, enlisted the sympathy and membership of most of the young men of Feltonville, and although it was a Marlborough organization, a fair share of its commanders were Feltonville men, among whom were Captain Francis Brigham, Oilman Hapgood and Daniel Pope, the last- named of whom was especially fond of the militia. This company was a part of the Fifth Regiment of Militia, commanded at one time by Colonel Benjamin F. Butler, and attended musters in most of the towns in Middlesex County. At home the territory now ly- ing between Felton and Church Streets was an open field, and drilling took place here, a day at a time, the citizens patriotically setting out the necessary rations. Feltonville was not forgotten in the larger musters, and the territory lying east of Lincoln Street, then owned by Caleb E. Nourse, was the scene of martial arrays, in which the local company made a prominent showing in their elaborate uniforms. There seems to be a unanimity of belief that the principal " enemy " was located about in the rear of what is called Peters' Grove. For a short time from 1859 until after the breaking out of the Rebellion, this company of rifles seems to have been a part of the Second Battalion, made up of companies from Sudbury, Natick and Marlborough, and commanded by a Ma.jor Moore, of Sudbury, who, fortunately, or unfortunately, died at about the time a call was made for volunteers for the suppression of the war. His death necessitated adelay, and another organization, the Third Battalion of Rifles, from Wor- cester, was sent to the front among the three months' men. This Major Moore was succeeded in the com- mand of the battalion by Captain Henry Whitcomb, of Hudson, who held a major's commission for a time during the years 1861-62. By the time the services of this command were wanted a new order of things was arranged, the old battalion formations were broken up and the Marlborough Rifles became a portion of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, one com- pany, " F," under the command of Captain Whit- comb, and the other company, "I," under the com- mand of Captain Robert C. H. Schreiber, of Boston. A third company, " G," of the Ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, made up of Irishmen, also went to the front and saw a great deal of hard fighting and suffered the great hardships of the Army of the Potomac, to which they were attached. The history of these companies is the history of the Army of the Potomac from July 16, 1861, when they were mustered into the United States service for three years, and it need not be de- tailed here. They suffered their share of the hard- ships and privations, lost their full share of men by death or disability and are entitled to the great honor which always attaches to patriotic aud unselfish acts. A reference to the official records discloses the fact that a great many of the members of these companies of the Thirteenth have since become prominent in the various walks in life both in Marlborough and in Hudson. As they did not continue a company exis- tence after the expiration of their term of service, we are obliged to leave them here. Less than a year after the companies of the Thir- teenth and Ninth had gone to the front, or, to be exact, in the month of May, 1862, the situation was such that a demand for more volunteers was deemed imminent, and the citizens of Feltonville having pe- titioned for the formation of another company there, an order was issued from the office of the Adjutant- General of Massachusetts, addressed to Daniel Pope and eighty-four other petitioners, directing them to meet in " Union Hall," for the purpose of electing the necessary officers, the company to be lettered " I," and attached to the Fifth Regiment. The company was accordingly organized by the election of William E. 0. Worcester as captain, Charles B. Newton, first lieutenant, and Luther H. Farnsworth, second lieutenant. It was the common expectation then that the company would immedi- ately be ordered with the regiment to the front ; but it was not until the 10th day of September following, that they went into camp at Wenhara, Massachusetts, and upon the 16th day of that month were mustered into the United States service. Previous to this there had been several changes among the officers of the company and regiment. Captain Worcester was made major and the vacancy in the company was filled by the promotion of Lieutenant Newton and the election of William S. Frost, the present county com- missioner, to the position of second lieutenant, sev- eral others declining an election for various reasons. The membership of this company was made up more distinctively of Feltonville men, although they are HUDSON. 265 found credited to Marlborough, Bolton and Berlin. On October 22d the regiment left camp for New- bern, North Carolina, by way of the United States steamer " Mississippi." This place was reached on the 28th, and within forty-eight hours the regiment received orders to march, and for the next six months they were given a large amount of hard and dangerous duty to perform. The Fifth was a good regiment, and its colonel, George H. Peirson, an ex- cellent officer, so that more than their share of the time they were doing the most difficult and danger- ous part of the duty. Their first encounter with the Confederate troops was at Planter's Creels:, in which skirmish three men were killed ; the next was at Woodington Church, and the first heavy engagement was that known as the battle of Whitehall, on the 16th day of December, 1862, the Fifth being on the right of the line and in the thickest of the fight. Upon this tour of duty, which was for the purpose of de- stroying the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, the regiment marched one hundred and eighty miles, and, on account of their valiant services, were directed by Major-General Foster to inscribe on their colors the names of Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro'. In March, 1863, the regiment was ordered out for the purpose of making an advance on account of hostile demonstrations by the rebels, and was ready to march in fifteen minutes from the receipt of the order. They went to a place known as Deep Gully and suf- fered much from the extreme cold weather. The next month, April, saw two niore hard marches and a fight at Blount's Creek. At Cove Creek occurred another meeting with the " Johnnies," in which the Fifth won applause. On the 21st of May occurred an attack upon a large force at Mosely Creek, and the Northern forces captured more than two hundred prisoners, forty-three horses and mules, eight ambulances, seven- teen wagons, one gun, five hundred stand of arms, seventeen rounds of ammunition, together with the entire hospital furniture and supplies of the enemy. This was the last expedition in which the Fifth was engaged, and in some respects the hardest, owing to the intense heat, miry swamps and almost impene- trable jungles through which the troops were forced to march. On the 26th of May four hundred men, under com- mand of Major Worcester, were commanded to pro- ceed to Wilkinson's Point, on the Neuse River, twenty miles below Newbern, to erect and occupy fortifica- tions at that place; but as the order was counter- manded, the force returned to camp on the 28th. The regiment reached home on June 22d, and was enthu- siastically received by the people of Boston and by the citizens and authorities of Charlestown. When "I" company reached Feltonville they received a wel- come which was more enjoyable to them, and if not so much of a demonstration as they had witnessed in Boston, it was nevertheless as hearty as the people of the place could make it. The regiment was mustered out of the service July 2, 1863. By this hasty review it will be seen that the regi- ment did an unusual amount of arduous service dur- ing its term of enlistment, beginning but a few hours after it set foot upon hostile soil, and continuing until the eve of its departure for Massachusetts, marching about six hundred miles over the wretched roads of North Carolina and sailing over two thou- sand miles in crowded transports, and having enough shot and shell hurled at them to have killed every one of them a dozen times over had they but hit the intended mark. Until July 16, 1864, the Fifth remained a part of the Massachusetts Militia, but did not see any active service. Upon this day the regiment was again mustered into the service for one hundred days and ordered to the defences at Baltimore. Company " I " at this time was commanded by Captain A. A. Powers, Lieutenants Frost and Luther H. Farnsworth. Major Worcester in the mean time had advanced a peg to the position of lieutenant-colonel. Arriving at their destination, the regiment was distributed among the diflierent forts in that vicinity, and occupied the time in doing guard duty, an arduous, but by no means exciting or, under the circumstances, dangerous occu- pation. At the expiration of this term of service, the regi- ment was again mustered out of the service of the United States, and remained a part of the State's mili- tary force. Company "I," at first named the" Banks Guards," after the town was incorporated, in 1869, changed its name to that of the Hudson Light Guard, and as such was known during its connection with the State force. The company performed good service in November, 1872, at the time of the Boston fire, doing guard duty two days and a night, and under its different com- manders enjoyed varying degrees of prosperity until it was disbanded by a general order from the Adjutant- General's office, in September, 1876, when, in common with others, it was done away with in order to reduce the size of the State's militia. For the sake of future reference, a list is appended of the names of those who held commission in the company or rose from its ranks to higher offices in the regiment : Lieutenant-Colenel, William E. C. Worcester; Majors, William E. C. Worcester, Andrew A. Powers ; Captains, William E. C. Worcester, Charles B. Newton, Andrew A. Powers, Augustus S. Trowbridge, Joseph W, Pedrick, S. Henry Moore, John F. Dolan, Edward L. Powers; First Lieutenants, Charles B. Newton, Andrew A. Powers, William S. Frost, Augustus S. Trowbridge, Joseph W. "Pedrick, David B. Whitcomb, Cal- vin H. (.'arter, William H. Trow, Edward L. Powers, Thomas O'Don- nell ; Second Lieutenants, Luther H. Farnsworth, S. Henry Moore, Williams. Frost, David B. Whitcomb, Calvin H. Carter, Wm. H. Trow, John F. Dolan, Fred 0. Welsh, Thomas O'Donnell, Frank E. Emery. In 1887 the State force of militia was again increas- ed, and after an interim of eleven years Hudson again became represented in the Fifth Regiment. On November 16th of that year a new company was 266 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. mustered in and lettered '' M," aud has been com- manded during the time since by Captain Adelbert M. Mossman, First Lieutenant William H. Brigbatn, and Second Lieutenant Frank K. Freeborn. The new company has assumed the old name of Hudson Light Guard, and has had an honorable and success- ful record since its formation. Gkand Army Post. — Having recounted, all too briefly, the record of Hudson's soldiers during the Rebellion, it is but natural that we would turn next to an account of their doings since that time. In April, 1866, a movement was set on foot to or- ganize an association of the citizens of Hudson who had served their country in the army or navy for the purpose set forth in their declaration of principles: " Of perpetuating the pleasant relations heretofore ex- isting between us as comrades in arms ; to assist each other and those of our fellow-citizens who may here- after return from the hardships of the service to pro- cure employment ; also to be instrumental in assisting the disabled and the families of those who have fallen ; to place on record for the use of posterity any facts that may come to our knowledge concerning the patriotic service of any of our comrades during the late Rebellion." This movement met with a general response from the soldiers of Hudson, and, on the 1st day of June the by-laws of the " Hudson Army and Navy Union " were adopted, and the new society started on its mis- sion under the most favorable auspices. The " Union '' was not intended to be in any sense a machine, nor was it secret, the meetings being open and any ques- tion was considered in order and debatable, and many who could not become members attended the meet- ings. For a short time the Union was successful, but before long two disturbing elements arose to cloud the brightness of its members' dreams. There were too few offices to go around, and too much politics for peace, so that the longer the Union lived the less union existed among the members. In the following spring, having learned that an effort was being made to unite the soldiers and sailors of the Union army and navy in a grand National brotherhood, James S. Bailey succeeded in obtaining a copy of the constitution, and consulted with many of the more prominent veterans with a view to securing a charter. It was decided that this would be a great improve- ment over the existing order of things, and on March 16, 1867, a committee of ten was appointed to apply for a charter, and upon the 10th day of April follow- ing Post No. 9 of the Grand Army of the Republic was organized with a charter membership of fifty- nine- When it came to choosing a name, the admirers and advocates of the name Reno were in the majority, and succeeded in adopting this as the name of the new post- During its existence the post has gathered together about eight thousand dollars by means of their in- dividual and collective efforts, and has disbursed almost all of it in relieving the necessities of veterans and their families. As time has gone on, the member- ship has increased, and the interest increases rather than abates as death gradually thins the ranks of those remaining. On February 12, 1872, a Ladies' Relief Society was organized by the wives of the members of the post, and has been a valuable adjunct to it, its members keeping alive the social relations always so pleasant among comrades, and in times of sickness and distress ren- dering those tender offices which women alone can do. Thus far we have been treating of "Hudson and its citizens in its corporate capacity and tracing its growth and prosperity in a collective capacity. Let us now turn to a consideration of the industries which have been the mainstay of its people and made pos- sible the achievements which have been described. Manufactories. — While Hudson remained a mere farming community there was little growth, little cen- tralizing ; a grist and saw-mill, a general store and a tavern near the mills sufficed ; but when industries demanding skilled labor were introduced, the land near the store and the mills and the tavern began to be dotted with buildings. The first little attempts at manufacturing were made nearly a century ago by Joel Cranston, who tried wool-carding and cloth-dress- ing. In 1810 Phineas Sawyer started a small cotton- factory, but only yarn was produced. The weaving was done in families. Some satinet was also made. A distillery for cider brandy was put in operation by Cranston & Felton on the spot where Tripp's box fac- tory now stands. A little tanning was done, and also a little saddle and harness-making. None of these grew to any proportions, but they were the pioneers of the great manufacturing industries of to-day, draw- ing settlers to the village and beginning that perma- nency which creates large business centres. Of the great staple industry of Hudson to-day, shoe manufacturing, the beginning seems to have been made by a Peter Wood. He cannot properly be styled a manufacturer; he was, perhaps, a cobbler, who would make a pair of shoes when ordered. In 1816 Daniel Stratton, grandfather of Town Clerk Daniel W. Stratton, began manufacturing shoes in a small way. In 1821-22 he built a small factory on the spot now occupied iby the house of Mrs. Alfa L. Small. Here he employed four hands, and carted his goods to Providence rather than to Boston. In a few years he moved to the farm now known as the Stratton Farm. His son, Lorenzo, bought the old place ; but, instead of doing business for himself, took shoes from a Stoneham manufacturer. By him the old house recently known as the Waldo Brighsm place was built, and work was carried on in the barn. The factory built by Daniel Stratton was moved across the road, and now forms the northern portion of Martin Reynolds' house. The property of Lorenzo Stratton passed successively into the hands of William Brigham, Solomon Brighara and Francis Brigham. HUDSON. 267 It was at this place that Mr. Brigham learned his trade, and that he first began that business that has since endured, and put the making of shoes upon a permanent foundation in the town. He soon moved to a small factory which stood just back of William Chase's Block ; then to the spot now occupied by Holden's Block ; then to the building now occupied by C. L. Woodbury. The business thus created has been carried on continuously ever since under the firm- name of F. Brigham it Co. This firm has had a pros- perous career. It weathered the financial crises of 1837, 1847 and 1857 and the seventies. It has made over twenty millions pairs of shoes, is one of the oldest firms in the United States, has introduced many im- provements in shoe-making, has graduated some of the successful manufacturers of the town to-day, and has grown from the lap-stone and bristle to the best modern machinery. As it is our pioneer firm, a brief history will not be out of place. Mr. Brigham's beginning and experience is the oft- repeated story of the beginning and experience of mo.st of the successful men of business in this country. He was cradled in adversity, and, without the patron- age of wealth or helpful friends, had to hew his own way over the rugged paths of life. He was a prac- tical shoemaker, working for two years at the bench, and acquiring in every detail and process the manu- facture of shoes. At twenty-one years of age he was running his own business, employing only a few hands. In those early days of the shoe industry the men worked in " teams " of four. One would fit the stock and last, one would peg, another put on the heels, and the fourth would trim them and take off. The sole and inner sole were rounded on by hand to the last. The laster waxed his own thread and .se- cured the ends to the bristle. An old ledger of 1847- 8-9, contains many entries like the following : " Henry Priest, Cr., by work in Hapgood's team, 114.95." "Jonathan F.Wheeler, Cr., By 140 pairs, $11.90." The lap-stone was an adjunct of every bench, and the construction of the shoe was as primitive as the shoe itself. The style seldom changed, and three pairs of " strap cacks " were sold for one dollar. In those days the work was given out in large quantities, and the stock was joined into shoes in small shops scattered through all the surrounding villages. In the private houses over a radius of many miles, " Han- nah sat at the window binding shoes," as Elias Howe had not then mastered the problem that has since produced a revolution in the stitching of the world. This firm used the first sewing-machine in town in 1855 ; it was made by Grover & Baker, being re- garded as one of the wonders of the world at the time, and was run by Mrs. Persis E. Brigham. A sole-cutting machine was used in the early part of the forties. F. Brigham & Co. introduced the pegging machine in 1857, and were the first to run it success- fully in this country. They added the binding ma- chine to their labor-saving machinery as early as 1856. Lasting-machines were put in in 1861, but proved to have no practical value. Leveling, crimp- ing, skiving, nailing, burnishing, trimming, sanding, heeling, and an infinite number of other machines, adding wonderfully to the beauty, durability and rapidity of production of shoes, have been introduced and adopted by this firm since 18G0. They have al- ways been among the first to adopt and use the best machines and appliances for the production of the best work, regardless of cost. Prior to 1847 this firm moved twice to larger fac- tories, owing to the increase in their business. In 1847 they erected what was regarded at the time as one of the largest and best equipped shoe- factories in this section of the State. They occupied it ten years, when steady growth and the popularity of their goods called for more room. In 1850 mills and a water-pow- er, which had been in use since 1690, were purchased for ten thousand dollars, and the buildings removed from their old sites, and work was commenced on the extensive plant they now own. Since this beginning in 1834 the industry has grown from a few hands employed in a small shop to eight large plants with a capacity of 20,000 pairs per day. The firm of Stowe, Bills & Hawley was estab- lished by Mr. Edmund M. Stowe, senior member of the firm in 1854, L. T. Jefts in 1859, (Jeorge Houghton in 1857, A. P. Martin in present shop in 1887, W. F. Trowbridge in shop now occupied by Frank H. Chamberlain in 1866, Bradley & Say ward in 1880, Frank H. Chamberlain, then Moultou & Chamberlain in 1884, and H. H. Mawhinney & Company in 1890. These firms occupy large and convenient fac- tories, supplied with the best machinery modern ingenuity has been able to devise, and with all the perfected methods of protection against fire and panic. A glance at one factory will serve for all. At the Main Street factory of Stowe, Bills & Hawley one finds in the engine-room a powerful duplex fire- pump, its pipe hot with steam, with large coils of hose ready for instant use. In addition to this is a large standpipe under full pressure of the town water, a complete equipment of automatic sprinklers, chemical fire extinguishers, fire pails, an electric watch clock to ensure the watchman's punctual rounds at night, and on the outside a loud automatic gong to give the necessary alarm. All the factories are equally well equipped. Around this central industry has been gathered its feeders, die factories, last factories, tannery, machine- shops, building material, elastic webbing. New industries have been drawn in, such as the Goodyear Gossamer Company, and the Woodward Manufacturing Co., with its wood pulleys, foundry castings and finished planers and band-saws, and the New England Knitting-Mills. The making of boxes was begun about 1844 by Silas Stuart at the location on Eiver street where Cranston & Felton's apple 268 HISTOKY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. brandy refinery was, half a century before. Mr. Stuart then made all the boxes needed by the shoe manufacturers in Marlboro' and Feltonville (now Hudson). Later on the property was leased by Tripp Brothers, bought by them in 1869, and the business increased until they now occupy a plant of one and one-half acres, with a building three stories high, supplied with every needed machine, operated both by water and steam-power; 100,000 feet of lumber are made into boxes every month, and yet the shoe industry has so increased that this is only one of three plants for the manufacturing of shoe cases for Hudson. The last business had the following beginning. In the month of March, 1859, Philip E. Millay, a native of Whitefleld, Maine, who had served an apprentice- ship with an old last-maker, by the name of Silas Mason, in the town of Gardiner, Me., and who had also worked ten years as journeyman in the city of Lynn, came to Hudson with his brother, David N. Millay, and started a last factory in the old tannery building, shortly after moving to the basement of what was then known as the " Old Red Shop." They had no last machine at first, but had all their lasts turned in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, brought to Hudson and finished in their factory. In 1863 P. E Millay bought his brother's interest in the business . which had greatly increased, and also put in his first last machine to do his own turning, shortly after moving to his present quarters. This business has always been prosperous and has never been out of the family. The tannery business was one of the first industries ever begun in Hudson, and, like the shoe business, has grown to large proportions, and done much towards building up the town. Its inception was by Joel Cranston about the year 1799, and was bought by Stephen Pope in 1816. His tan-yard was located where the Methodist Church now stands. He con- ducted the business successfully for many years, tan- ning in the best periods 5000 calf-skins, and consid- erable Russia leather. In 1866 the property was of- fered for sale, and Mr. George Houghton, believing that there was an opportunity to make leather suiB- cient to supply the shoe-factories in town, called to- gether the five principal manufacturers and submit- ted to them the proposition. They did not look up- on the matter very favorably, even though Mr. Pope claimed that he had five per cent, advantage over other tanners in his water supply. This was on Sat- urday evening. Monday morning Mr. Houghton, with his characteristic push, bought the property and in six weeks he had built Houghton Street, moved four buildings upon it, and had built and stoned the present canal. He afterwards filled in the lower part thirteen feet. As the old buildings and vats did not seem suitable for the business proposed, new ones were constructed and leased to Fay & Stone. The business was continued for twelve years and then sold to Butler & Dunn, now Dunn, Green & Company. Their tannery has received many additions until it is now one of the most complete in all its arrangements of any tannery in New England. It is situated in the centre of the town and borders on the Assabet River, with a spur of the Fitchburg track running directly through the yard, enabling them to unload their bark from the cars into their mills. The buildings consist of a tannery 225 feet long, 60 feet wide, containing 209 pits ; a leach-house 165 feet long, 25 feet wide containing 24 leaches, with all the latest improvements ; a beam-house 110 feet long, 46 feet wide, containing 64 limes and soaks ; a cur- rying shop 320 feet long, 32 feet wide, four stories high, heated by steam and containing all the modern improvements in the way of tools and machinery that are to be found in any first-class factory for the manufacture of buff and split leather. They have also a large bark shed, 125 feet long, 42 feet wide capable of holding three hundred loads of bark_ They have also a large storehouse for hides, a brick engine-house containing two first-class engines of one hundred fifty horse-power, also a stable and other out- buildings. Dunn, Green &Co. tan and finish here 1050 hides per week, or 54,000 hides per year. They make buff' and split leather, making 108,000 sides and 216,000 splits, or 324,000 pieces a year. To do this they em- ploy 150 men. Their leather is used in all the prin- cipal shoe towns in New England, and has long en- joyed the reputation of being the best buff and split made in the country. They use the best of domestic cowhides, as well as the best material and labor that money will buy. They received a medal and diploma from the Paris Exposition, a medal and diploma from our Centennial Exhibition, and a medal and diploma from the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Associ- ation for their exhibit of bull' and split leather, made at this tannery. Of the new industries, the Goodyear Go.ssamer Company stands at the head. The business was begun in the fall of 1885 by the present proprietors, Messrs. L. D. Apsley and J. H. Cotfin. These gentlemen had had a large experience in the gossamer business, and brought with them a thorough knowledge of the manufacturing department and an extensive acquaint- ance with the best wholesale and retail trade throughout the country, and they have devoted them- selves to the development of the business with such success that in their third year they did the largest gossamer business in this country, leading all their competitors in volume of sales. They began business in the frame buildings on Washington Street, formerly occupied by the Hudson Fabric Company. To meet the demands of their in- creasing trade, additions were made to the original building, from time to time, until their capacity was doubled ; but it was apparent that a more radical step was required to keep pace with the growing de- HUDSON. 269 mand for their goods, and when, in December, 1888, their coating aad cementing departments were de- stroyed by fire, the firm resolved to erect a plant which would meet the requirements of the future. They accordingly purchased a tract of land along the north side of the Central Massachusetts Railroad, upon which the new buildings now stand. These buildings are built of brick and iron, and, with the exception of the stitching-building, are provided with 3i inch Portland cement floors, so that they are as nearly fire-proof as they can be made. The plant consists of seven buildings, having the following di mensions : 105x44, 80x40, 20x25, 25x25, 32x20, 35x32 and 130x50. There are now being daily coated with rubber 6000 yards of the various kinds of cloths, which include Foulards, woolens and silks in upwards of three hundred patterns. They have recently added an English coating-machine and built a drying-room 20x25, where the cloth is subjected to a heat of 240 degrees. The various manufacturing buildings are lighted by electricity, and are well ventilated and provided w ith various appliances for the comfort of the employees and for economy of labor in doing the work. When the manufacture of gossamer garments was begun, the circular and Newport were almost the only styles of ladies' garments made, but the business has been developed so greatly that these are now but a small part of the great variety of styles made. The firm has always been in the advance in the introduc- tion of new and attractive styles of garments, and is constantly introducing new patterns, which are made in such a variety of cloths, and withlso much attention to perfection of fit and beauty of design, that this de- partment of their business resembles that of a large cloak-making establishment. All qualities of goods are thus made up — from the ordinary cotton Foulard to the finest grades of woolens and silks — -all of which are made thoroughly water-proof by their coating of pure Para rubber. The most wonderful improvement ever made in water-proof cloths has become widely known to the trade under the name of " India Stripes." These goods were first made and introduced by this firm, and have become general favorites on account of their beauty, water-proof quality and durability, being un- doubtedly superior to all other rubber-surface gar- ments made. Prior to their introduction, various at- tempts had been made to introduce variety of pattern upon the rubber coating, but none of them were suc- cessful as the coloring material either destroyed the rub- ber coating or disappeared on exposure to the weather. By the method employed by this firm these objections have been overcome, and they are enabled to produce a great variety of stripes in many colors, giving the garment the appearance of having a cloth surface, while being more thoroughly water-proof than a printed cloth can be made, and retaining their beauty much longer. Situated beside the Gossamer Company, and receiv- ing their power from the same eighty horse-power Corliss engine, is the Woodward Manufacturing Company. This company is the outgrowth of a small business carried on in Lowell by W. A. Woodward, under the name of the Woodward Machine Company. Mr. Woodward had been doing a good business in a small way, but having made several valuable im- provements in machinery — principally in wood-rim pulleys — and not having capital, decided to form a stock company for that purpose. The subject was brought to the attention of the Hudson Board of Trade, who appointed a committee to take the matter in charge, and after thorough investigation another committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions for the stock. On January 5th the necessary capital had been secured, and the company was incorporated with a capital of $100,000. A tract of land was purchased on the line of the Central Mas.sachusetts Railroad, and suitable buildings have been erected to carry on the business, consisting of a factory 100x40 feet, two stories, with a foundry 70x40, and dry-house for dry- ing lumber. The whole is equipped with first-class machinery. An account of Hudson's manufacturing interests without a statement of the great work of one of the strongest and most influential men would be incom- plete. Mr. George Houghton, now retired, is the man referred to. He was one of the "war-horses" in forming the town, has conducted some of its great- est business interests, and aided many a citizen to an honest living and competency. Of lowly birth and meagre education, the world seemed to hold out little to him except hard work. He labored faithfully at his bench, earning some two dollars a day, until 1857. Mr. Tarbell, then depot master at Rockbottom, pro- posed that they should unite forces and make shoes. Mr. Tarbell was to look after the books and furnish the money and Mr. Houghton was to have charge of the work. After cautious inquiries work was begun in the cottage where Mr. Houghton lived, the west- ern portion of his present residence. As the business grew it was removed to a shed which now stands back of his home near the hot-house. About this time Mr. Tarbell withdrew and Mr. Houghton attempted to close the business to return to his bench, but Bos- ton parties insisted on sending their orders for him to fill and furnished him the leather. So he continued until he outgrew his shed and built his first factory, sixty feet long and four stories high. He continued building until, in 1872, his was considered the model factory in the State. His success was due to native push and inability to recognize the word " can't." Before he retired he had done over -117,000,000 of business. During the war his manufacturer's tax was the largest paid by any one person in Middlesex County. A pleasing experience in his business life was the visit paid by the Japanese Embassy, August 2, 1872. The arrangements for the excursion were made by a committee of the Boston Shoe and Leather 270 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Exchange. They made the trip by a special train on the Fitchburg Railroad, having the same engineer and conductor who ran the first train over the road in 1851. The Bosfon Journal of August 3d says of this trip: "The traiD left Bostou at nine o'clock and arrived at Hudson at quar- ter paat ten. The party were met at the station by a crowd of people, who were apparently satisfied with a passing glance at the strangers, who were introduced to Mr. George Houghton and conducted at once to the tannery. This branch of industry is under a social ban in Japan, the men engaged in which are placed among the lowest order of work- men. The modern process of curing hides by immersion in vats of concentrated liquor, the dressing and finishing of the same by machin- ery, instead of hand, as was done in the infancy of the business, was examined and then the party entered the extensive factory, following through the various departments the necessary stock of leather taken from the tannery, from which a dozen pairs or so of shoes were made during the stay of two hours at the factory of Mr. Houghton, which the Japanese will carry home as specimens of a special branch of Massachu- setts industry." The Embassy was reported as " highly delighted and instructed in the cour-^e of their tour through the establishments of the peggers, and heelers, and stitch- ers, and binders." Each kind of business is dependent upon many others for the highest degreeof efficiency and success, and Hudson has acquired these various accessories with the passage of time, so that it may be said to pos- sess all the modern requirements of trade in the way of banks, newspapers, electric-lights, telephone and telegraph companies. An account of the origin and growth of some of the principal institutions of this character must be included in a work of this kind and most proi)erly follows the history of the larger industries already described. Business Accessories.— The first bank located in Hudson was the Savings Bank. Its act of incorpora- tion is dated February 26, 1869, and says that Francis Brigham, Edmund M. Stowe, George Houghton, their associates and succes.sors, are hereby made a cor- poration by the name of the Hudson Savings Bank. The first meeting of the corporators was held in George Houghton's office, April 12th, where the bank was organized by the election of the following officers : Francis Brigham, president ; George Houghton and Edmund M. Stowe, vice-presidents ; Francis D. Brig- ham, treasurer ; Luman T. Jefts, clerk, and a board of si.xteen trustees. The treasurer was put under $40,000 bonds, "with not less than five bondsmen." April 23d it was voted, " that each of the trustees of | Hudson Savings Bank deposit a .sum not less than ten dollars, to remain in the bank five years without inter- est;" $210 were thus deposited, which pajd the ini- tial expenses of the bank. The bank was opened for business in Brigham's Block (now Cochran'.s), May 1, 1869. The first depositor was Robert S. Harlow; amount, $100. On the first day $21 10 were deposited. There have been few changes in the bank officers. Francis Brigham remained its president until his death, in December, 1880. In January, 1881, Ed- mund M. Stowe was appointed president until the an- nual meeting, when Francis D. Brigham, who had been the treasurer, was elected president, and Daniel W. Strattou was elected treasurer. Owing to ill health Mr. Brigham did not qualify for the position, and Edmund M. Stowe was elected president. He still holds the office. On the completion of Jefts' Block, in 1881, the bank was moved into it, giving it a more central location. In January, 1870, the deposits were $31,076; January, 1880, $206,244 ; January, 1890, $528,521. The last statement, July, 1890, shows $547, ■ 457. In a strictly manufacturing town this shows three things — the thriftineas of the workmen, the sa- gacity of the bank officials and the confidence work- men have in the bank. A large part of its deposits are loaned to other workmen, who build and eventu- ally own their own houses. January, 1870, the loans on real estate were $16,370 ; January, 1880, $134,170 ; January, 1890, $349,775 ; July, 1890, $377,175. This bank is one of the solid institutions of the town, and a potent factor in its growth. Though for many years workingmen could deposit their money, there was no place where employers could make their exchanges. All banking business had to be done through Marlborough, Clinton or Boston. This inconvenience was severely felt, and in 1881 Mr. Charles H. Robinson began actively to can- vass for the location of a National Bank in the town. The first meeting of the subscribers was held October 26, 1881. Charles H. Robinson was chosen chairman, and H. E. Stowe clerk. On the following evening another meeting was held, and the corporation was organized with a capital of $100,000. The following directors were chosen, November 22, 1881 : C. H. Robinson ,J. S. Welsh, H. C. Tower, E. M. Stowe, L. T. Jefts, J. S. Bradley, Henry Tower, G. A. Tripp, Benj. Dearborn — all of Hudson; N. L. Pratt, of Sud- bury ; A. D. Gleasou, of Stow ; J. D. Tyler, of Berlin ; Joel Proctor, of Bolton ; E. H. Dunn, of Boston, and H. B. Braman, of Wayland. The officers elected were — President, Luman T. Jefts; Vice-President, E. M. Stowe ; Clerk, H. C. Tower. Mr. George A. Lloyd, a teller in the Cambridge National Bank, East Cambridge, was selected as' cashier, January 19, 1882, and Mr. Caleb L. Brig- ham, the present cashier, as clerk of the bank, March 20, 1882. The charter was dated January 23, 1882, and business was commenced March 7, 1882. Mr. Lloyd, having been called to a position in the Lechmere National Bank, resigned his place in the Hudson Bank, April 23, 1883. and Mr. Caleb L. Brig- ham was elected ca>hier, which position he has filled ever since. On the first day there were three depositors ; amount, $3344.48. In one year the deposits amounted to $74,- 058.09. March 7, 1890, after doing business eight years, the deposits amounted to $105,733.09. Every week it disburses on factory pay-rolls from ten thou- sand to twenty-five thousand dollars. One month after it opened, its loans and discounts were $106,- HUDSON. 271 902.49, and in July, 1890, $200,275.22. During the last year the cashier's checks on the Blackstone Na- tional Bauk amounted to over $1,700,000. These statements indicate somewhat the commercial basis and activity of the town. The Hudson Co-operative Bank was incorporated October 22, 1885, with the following officers : Luman T. Jefts, president; Charles H. Welch, secretary; Josiah S. Welsh, treasurer. It issued its first series in November and has done a constantly increasing busi- ness. On May 1, 1890, they began their tenth series. The deposits amount to 148,035, of which $45,300 are loaned on real estate. The present officers are: Arthur T. Knight, president; Charles H. Hill, secre- tary ; Charles E. Hall, treasurer. It is doubtful if any manufacturing town in the county or State can show as good a record of the so- briety and thriftiness of its citizens as can be gleaned from the preceding statements of these banks. It certainly augurs well for Hudson, when the finances of her working class increase at the rate of fifty thousand dollars per year as they have since 1888. The town is supplied with all the modern business accessories, telegraph and telephone connections; eleven mails daily, two express companies — one a local express, Houghton's, founded in 186(5 by H. B. George and purchased by Willard Houghton the year following, the other being the "American." Train service is better than any other town enjoys twenty-eight miles from Boston. The Fitchburg Railroad runs five trains daily and two Sundays; the Boston and Maine, Central Massachusetts Division, runs eight daily trains and two Sundays either way between Hudson and Boston. The running time varies from forty -five to sixty-five minutes. Fares are very low, a single ticket on either road costing but fifty-three cents. An electric light plant was established September 16, 1886, under the name of the Hudson Electric Light Company with a capital of $15,000. The plant consists of a sixty horse-power engine and two dynamos, with a capacity of forty-five arc and six hundred and fifty incandescent lights. Newspapers. — Hudson had its first newspaper just previous to its incorporation. It was begun in February, 1865,, by Charles A. Wood, in Hanson's Hall, which stood on the spot now occupied by Chase's Block. The owner, twenty-five years later, says: " It was in the closing days of the Rebellion, and just after a few weeks' sojourn in the vicinity of ' the seat of war,' that the publisher of the Hudson Pioneer, like hundreds of other ambitious youths, gave up the avo- cation of guard-mounting and seized the stick and types to make for himself fame and fortune. The town, or more properly the village, was hardly of sufficient size to warrant a venture of this kind. The newspaper was not a ' long-felt want,' in the true sense of the word, and, like the history of many another poor country editor and publisher, it was hard work and poor pay." The paper experienced a good many changes in lo- cation and ownership, but it still exists in a feeble way under its old name. In 1883, Wood Brothers, one of whom was the originator of the Pioneer, believed the time had come for a genuine live town paper. On September 29, 1889, they issued their first number of the Hudmn Enterprise. It was a twenty-eight column paper, with ten columns of local advertisements. Its circulation was about three hundred. Its first issue contained a good description of the birth of its older rival. " The office of the Enterprise (in Chase's Block) stands almost directly over the spot where we commenced the publication of the first paper ever printed in Hudson, over eighteen years ago. But how dillerent the surroundings ! Then we were located in Mauson's Hall, over a shed of wide tiimeusions, and in cold weather, well, wasn't it cold ! We commenced busi- ness in the primitive style. Our paper was printed on an old Washington hand-press, and about all our jobbing was done on the same. All our editorial work was done in the ante-room adjoining the work-room, and it usually occupied our time from 'n\e. o'clock Friday afternoon until some time Satur- day morning, when the Pioneer was born, there be- ing no specified time, as we were at the mercy of Sam and the 'devil,' until the last sheet was pulled through and off the old press, when we once more assumed full control." The Enterprise began with the best modern equip- ment in steam-power presses. It has grown from the first size to an eight-page, forty-eight column paper, with a circulation of 1200. It has also added other towns to its list, so that its combined weekly issue is over 4000. Its Christmas issue has always been a novelty, has attracted much attention and received many flattering notices. September 3, 1889, they began a four-page daily, with a circulation of four hundred. In six months it has increased so that the edition varies from 800 to 1200, according to the quality of the news. These papers are all alive, and devoted to the best interests of the town. With this narration of Hudson's material interests, it is a pleasure and a relief to turn to another and different aspect of its people's growth. While devot- ed to all possible advancement in worldly afl'airs, the citizens have not forgotten religious matters, nor failed to cultivate the social side of their natures. Churches. — There are four churches in a vigorous and healthy condition, occupying handsome and com- modious structures, which are paid for. The Baptist, Methodist and Unitarian are situated together on Church and Main Streets, while the Catholic is situ- ated on the next street to the east, Maple, indicating a bond of unity and good fellowship not always existing among rival denominations. The first Methodist in Hudson was Phineas Sawyer in 1800; he introduced Methodist preaching, but, owing to bis early death by accident, it did not seem 272 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. to flourish until some years later. There were many warm adherents of the Methodist faith in Hudson from 1860-65, but no continuous preaching was had in town until Mr. George Houghton generously fitted up a hall near the Fitchburg depot for the use of this people, and on Sunday morning, April 9, 1865, Rev. W. W. Colburn preached the first sermon to a good- sized audience, Mr. Colburn was a young, energetic man, full of the faith and zeal of Methodism, and he worked untiringly, " in season find out of season, " for the good of the church. So successful were his efforts in this direction, that in August, 1866, the foundation of the church edifice was put in, and the work so rapidly pushed to completion, that in the following winter services were held in the new building. From this time forth the new society grew rapidly, and is to-day in a most flourishing condition, with a large membership, and a wide-awake Sunday-school, ably conducted, and intent on keeping alive the same spirit which has ever characterized it. The church is situated on Main Street, in the centre of the town. Directly opposite it, on a slightly elevated site, stands the edifice used by the First Unitarian Society, for- merly called Union Society. The movement which culminated in the organiza- tion of this society may be traced to the anti-slavery agitation in Feltonville, and to the religious services held in the engine-house, Cox's Hall and Manson's Hall in 1818 and 18-50. In 1854 the School' Street School-house was built with a small hall in the base- ment, and Rev. Mr. Stacey was engaged to preach at five dollars a Sunday. This hall was named Freedom Hall. In June, 1860, when Feltonville had one thou- sand inhabitants, steps were taken for the erection of a church, which, when completed, including furnishing, organ and bell, cost $8-100. The house is called Law- rence Church, in honor of Amos Lawrence. In 1862 Mr. Stacey closed his services for the soci- ety, and Rev. W. S. McDaniel was called to the pas- torate. He resigned in 1864, and Rev. H. C. Dugan took his place, serving until 18G7. He was succeeded by Rev. W. S. Heywood, and he by Rev. Hilary By- grave, who resigned in 1879. Rev. E. P. Gibbs was installed in 1880 and resigned in 1883. He was fol- lowed by Rev. Clarence Fowler in 1884. In an anni- versary address delivered by Rev. Mr. Fowler, in .speaking of the religious freedom and tolerant spirit manifested by the early founders of this society, he related an instance in 18G2, when there were some misgivings about allowing Wm. Lloyd Garrison to speak in the church, and Francis Brigham voiced the convictions of the society when he said he would rather Lawrence Church were leveled to the ground than that Garrison should not be allowed to speak from that pulpit. Many founders of the society are still living. The Sunday-school, which is the pride and inspira- tion of the society, has a very large membershii>, and great interest is manifested in it by teachers and pu- pils. The Ladies' Social and Benevolent Society and the Unity Club are powerful auxiliaries in the work of this society, and could not well be dispensed with. A new and commodious chapel is soon to be added to the accommodations of the church. The Baptists are the oldest organized society in town. It was through the earnest efforts of some of the ladies of Feltonville, assisted by Rev. Henry Fittz, that it was organized. In 1844 sevices were held in Cox's Hall aud at the houses of those interested. Later on, various students and ministers followed up the good work, until, in 1851, a church was built on the site of the present edifice, and Rev. E. L. Wake- field was ordained as its minister. His services with the church lasted until 1864, when, on account of failing health, he was obliged to resign. He was an earnest and eloquent preacher, and greatly loved by all. In 1865 Rev. E. H. Page was called to the pas- torate and resigned in the following year, his place being filled by Rev. H. G. Gay. After four years' faithful service Mr. Gay gave way to Rev. W. H. Ventres, who was ordained in 1871. During Mr. Ventres' engagement the present attrac- tive edifice was erected at an expense of over $2.3,000, and all paid for, giving this people one of the finest churches in town. Mr. Ventres concluded his minis- trations in 1876, and soon after Rev. Francis S. Bacon was called to the place, filling it, with marked success and almost unanimous satisfaction for nine years, when he resigned to accept a call from Marblehead. Rev. H. F. Perry, a student of the Newton Theological School, was asked to supply the pulpit, and the peo- ple were so favorably impressed with his ability that he was given a unanimous call. He was ordained in 1890. Thus this society has grown from eight mem- bers, at the time it was constituted, to a vigorous and flourishing church, sowing much good seed and ad- ding continually to its membership. St. Michael's Society (Catholic) was organized by Father M. T. Maguire, in 1869, aud a church was built on Maple Street. It supplied all their needs, until the rapid growth of the society made a new and larger structure imperative. This was begun in 1889, and will cost $30,000. The corner-stone was laid Sunday afternoon, August 25, 1889, at three o'clock, with the full ceremonies of the Catholic ritual. The services were in the open air on the site of the new church. In a receptacle of the stone were placed a parchment containing a Latin inscription, copies of the Hudson Enterprise, and the Boston daily papers, coins of the period, etc. The ceremony was one of the most impressive possible. The preacher on the occasion was Rev. Charles W. Currier, C.S.S.R. Besides these older societies, in the year 1887 the formation of a Congregational Church began to be agitated, but with no immediate result other than to keep the subject in the minds of the members of that denomination who had not united with either of the other churches in Hudson. lu 1889 the subject again HUDSON. 273 received attention and a canvass was made for mem- bers of churches of this denomination whose homes were here, and they were invited to attend a meeting for prayer and conference in a private dwelling. The evening being a very cold one, but few came, but those who were present deemed it best to repeat the invita- tion for another evening and the interest and attend- ance at this second meeting justified their action. Not long after this small beginning a Sabbath-school was organized and the Enterprise parlors were se- cured for the use of the growing society. Following close upon the organization of the Sabbath-school came the establishment of Sabbath preaching ser- of exclusiveness — the outgrowth of older growth and sectional jealousy — so common in larger towns, to be found within the social environment of Hudson. A hearty cordiality and good fellowship pervades the place. The " stranger within her gates " is made wel- come — how welcome can be judged from the fact that some of her leading men are those who came to visit friends for a day, were enchanted by the attractive- ness and cordiality everywhere found, and have stayed on, until they are now represented by second and third generations. It is this spirit which is the secret of the flourishing societies to be found in her midst. They are manifold. The Mason will find entertaiu- ST. MICHAEL S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHUECH. vices, the pulpit being supplied by pastors of neigh- boring Congregational Churches, who kindly offered their services to the young society. At the present time the outlook is very encouraging, and there is every reason to believe that a strong church will, in a few years, result from this small beginning. In 1890 their first pastor was settled, Rev. J. C. Hall. The first enrollment of membership was thirty. The Sab- bath-school has an average membership of fifty, a good library and pleasant rooms, and the attendance upon the preaching services averages about seventy. A Ladies' Sewing Society has also been formed, and is in a flourishing condition. The society has pur- chased a site on Central Street and hopes to erect a church at no very distant day. Social Advantages. — There is none of that air 18-iii 1 ment in Doric Lodge or Trinity Commandery in the halls in the Town-Hall building ; the Odd Fellow, in Odd Fellows' Hall ; the G. A. R., in Cochran's Block ; the Granger, in Jefts' Block ; the Knight of Pythias, in Lewis' Block ; the Red Men, in Odd Fellows' Hall, and all others in some one of these halls which are sub-let to them. No brother or sister can apparently appear upon the scene without meeting the sign and password of his or her particular order. Of all these, Doric Lodge, A. F. and A. M., is the oldest. In the autumn of 1863 a few members of the lodge in Marlboro', wish- ing to enjoy the rites of their order with less incon- venience than the necessary traved to Marlborough compelled, applied to the Grand Lodge for a dispen- sation to work in Feltonville. A charter was granted 274 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Dec. 28, 1863. On January 19, 1865 the lodge was constituted and consecrated by the Grand Lodge, and a public installation of the officers was held. The lodge-rooms were over Lawrence Church, and they were occupied until 1872, when the rooms in the Town-Hall building were leased for twenty years and furnished at an expense of $2400. These rooms were dedicated Out. 18, 1872. On Dec. 28, 1888, the lodge celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary, and one of its pleasantest features wasthat it had as its guest William Parkman, the Grand Master who signed the charter. The Masters of the lodge have been as follows: P. E. Millay, .J. L. Harriman, Willard Houghton, A. S. Trowbridge, Lyman Morse, Parkman Nourse, Edward P. Miles, ,lohn F. Wood, Walter H. Small, Francis Howe and Joel M. Pettengill. The membership roll has grown from the original fifteen to one hundred and eighty. Occupying the same rooms with Doric Lodge is Trinity Commandery, Knights Templar. The first meeting of those interested in forming a commandery was held March 2.3, 1871, and twenty- five signed the ILst. This was increased so that when the charter was granted, April 6th, there were forty- six charter members. Work was begun that month under command of Sir Knight F. .1. Foss, of Maiden, Past Commander of Hugh de Payens Commandery. It was constituted and organized in the vestry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, on December 7, 1871. Dr. N. S. Chamberlain was its first Eminent Com- mander. Those since have been, J. L. Harriman, W. E. C. Worcester, Luman T. Jefts, James T. Joslin, George B. Cochran, John Hillis, F. S. Dawes, J. Frank Childs. It began with a debt of $1600, which was cleared in 1878, and now there is a handsome surplus in the treasury. In December, 1888, elegant jewels were presented to all the Past Commanders. It has made nine pilgrimages. Its membership has in- creased to one hundred and forty. Hudson Lodge, No. 154, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted March 21, 1871. This lodge, although occupying small and inconvenient quarters in Lawrence Church, had a steady growth in numbers, and accumulated a very large reserve fund, amounting at one time to about eighteen hundred dollars. The charitable provisions of this order have always been fully carried out in this lodge, and the social feature which has always been characteristic of Odd Fellowship is particularly true of Hudson Lodge. Not many years after the lodge was instituted, the wives of the members who had taken the third degree formed a ladies' branch of the order, and by their efforts in a social way gave an added and extremely pleasant side to the organiza- tion. In 1887 the members of Hudson Lodge de- cided that their rooms were too small to accommodate them properly, and an arrangement was made with Hiram W. Chase to add another story to his block on Wood Square, to be fitted up for the especial use and convenience of this lodge. The means of the organ- ization made it possible for them to fit up the new rooms in a handsome manner without crippling their resources. The change to the new hall was made September 20, 1887. With the removal to this hall came an increased interest in the affairs and welfare of the lodge, and an added desire on the part of many to become members. Probably no social organization has made greater strides forward during the last two years than has Hud- son I/odge. Its membership list is growing rapidly and its fund for charitablepurposes will soon be larger than at any time in its pa^t history. Since its foun- dation the following members have presided over its deliberations and attained the rank of " Past Grand ": Charles W. Barnes, Hiram P. Bean, Jesse E. Bliss, Charles G. Brett, Simeon M. Bruce, Willard G. Bruce, Reuben A. Derby, N. S. Fairbanks, James G. Dow, George T. Fletcher, Frederick P. Glazier, Ed- win B. Goodnow, Charles F. Hall, James T. Joslin, Ellsworth S. Locke, William G. Locke, Otis H. Moore, William H. McCarthy, Charles H. Moore, John Robertson, Oliver B. Sawyer, William F. Smith, Fred. W. Trowbridge (2d), Martin V. Tripp. Arthur G. Wood, John A. Woodman, Henry A. Wheeler. The names are arranged alphabetically and not ac- cording to term of service. Mr. James T. Joslin was the fir.st Noble Grand of the lodge and has always taken a great interest in Odd Fellowship. He was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Massachusetts in 1880, and a representative to the Sovereign Grand Lodge during the next two years. Since the agitation of the ques- tion of an Odd Fellows' Home he has been one of the trustees having that matter in charge. Dr. Cornelius S. Jackson is the present Noble Grand, serving a second term in that position. The wives and daughters, as has been stated, had a temporary organization for many years, but, except in individual cases, were not regular members of Rebekah Degree Lodges. In 1887, it was proposed that a regu- larly constituted Rebekah Degree Lodge be instituted, and this plan met with hearty favor. After going through with the necessary formalities, Magnolia De- gree Lodge, No. 55, Daughters of Rebekah, was instituted September 22, 1887, and has had a remark- ably successful career ever since. The following ladies have occupied the Noble Grand's chair since that date : F. Emma Wood, Rachel S. Bruce, Flora A. INIoore. The other secret orders of the town are strong financially and in numbers. They have a most un- doubted effect upon the affairs of the place, but a want of space precludes any more extended reference to them in this sketch. BoAUD OF Trade. — A town to grow must have the elements of growth within herself, public spirit, man- ifested not only in words, but in deeds. That " union is strength '^ is nowhere better illustrated than where public-spirited men unite unselfishly to advance the HUDSON. 275 interests of the town in which they live. Such a union was effected in Hudson in its Board of Trade. Agreeable to a call issued to those who had expressed a desire to organize a Board of Trade, about one hun- dred of Hudson's wide-awake business men assembled in the lower town hall on Wednesday evening, March 22. 1887, to devise measures for the formation of an organization whereby unity of action might be se- cured for the better promotion of the public interests. Hon. L. T. Jefts presided and spoke in favor of the organization of a Board of Trade and the great good that would probably result to the town from such an organization, not only to business men, but to all classes. On motion of E. B. Lewis it was voted to proceed to the organization of the meeting, and Mr. Jefts was chosen chairman, F. H. Chamberlain, secre- tary, and R. B. Lewis, treasurer. A committee was chosen to draft constitution and by-laws and report at an adjourned meeting. Some stirring speeches were made, and the meeting was marked by unity of action and purpose which foreboded a change for the better in the business affairs of the town. The meeting ad- journed for one week to hear the report of committee on organization. The adjourned meeting was well attended. The committee on by-laws presented the same to the meeting and they were unanimously adopted. A paper was drawn up for signatures and forty names secured. At the third meeting on the Wednesday following, April 9, 1887, the membership was increased to one hundred and one, and the fol- lowing officers elected : President, F. A. Robinson ; Vice-Presidents, L. T. Jefts, E. M. Stowe, J. S. Bradley ; Secretary, F. H. Chamberlain ; Treasurer, D. W. Stratton ; Correspond- ing Secretary, W. H. Small ; Collector, J. H. Robin- sou ; Reception Curamittee, G. T. C. Holden, L. D. Apsley, G. B. Cochran, J. F. Wood, J. B. Clare, Caleb L. Brigham, W. H. Brigham ; Board of Directors, W. H. Moulton, C. H. Robinson, Benj. Dearborn, Henry Tower, M. Wood, R. B. Lewis, F. S. Dawes, H. C. Tower, A. K. Graves and G. A. Tripp. Its object is tersely expressed in its preamble : "This organization is effected for the purpose of ad- vancing and encouraging the growth and prosperity of this town, and for promoting and fostering social and business intercourse among its members." Its motto, "Stand Together." It has stood together valiantly, giving material aid to established industries, and inducing others to locate here. It first secured the Elastic Webbing Company, then formed the Woodward Manufacturing Company and finally the Hudson Real Estate Company. The latter is a good illustration of its vim and ability. For several months efforts were made to bring to town the large shoe manufacturers, Messrs. Mawhinney & Company, having factories at Stoneham and Fayville, and doing an immense shoe business, reckoned among the soundest firms in the State, with a heavy finan- cial standing. No satisfactory arrangements seemed possible at first, as no available factories were suffi- ciently convenient for their work, but finally two active members of the board asked them what could be done to get them to locate in Hudson. Mr. Maw- hinney made a proposition which was that if a factory could be built for them in Hudson, 250x40 feet, four stories high and supplied with engine and boiler and fixed machinery, the^y would take the plant at a cer- tain per cent, for along term of years. To do this would require about twenty-five thousand dollars. The Hudson men unhesitatingly gave their opinion that such a factory could be built for them, and returned home fully determined to make the effort. A meeting of the Board of Trade was immediately called. A large number of the wide-awake business men of the town were present and entered into the scheme with enthusiasm. It was thoroughly discussed and a com- mittee appointed to retire and formulate some definite plan of action for the acceptance of the meeting. After a brief consultation the committee returned to the meeting a proposition to raise $25,000 for the establishment of the plant by the sale of stock, the shares to be placed at fifty dollars each, and the first four members of the committee appended their names to a document pledging nearly one-tenth of the required sum. The paper was at once circulated among the members, and in less than fifteen minutes the subscriptions had reached over five thousand dol- lars. A soliciting committee was appointed to raise the remainder, and in one week the task was done. The factory, one of the largest in the State, was built and occupied by thefirm, April 1, 1890. In October. 1889, the Board of Trade published and distributed a 15,000 edition of the Hudson Enterprise of sixteen pages, containing over fifty large illustra- tions of the town, its residences and business plants. It was scattered all over the country. The work of the board is having an appreciable effect "upon the town ; building is very active and yet the demands for tene- ments cannot be met; business is "booming" as thoroughly as in any Western town, without any mushroom tendency ; the stores are being remodeled and fitted with all modern conveniences ; taxable property is growing rapidly, and the census will show large gains in population. For many of the data used in this history we are indebted to the columns of this Board of Trade paper and desire to acknowledge our obligation to it, having in several instances fouud no better statements anywhere than in this paper of historical facts. Natural Advantage,s. — Nature is often prolific in hewbeauties, and certainly no place east of the Berkshire Hills has been so lavishly endowed as Hudson. Nestled in a valley through which flows the gentle winding Assabet, furnishing power and water supply to some of the largest manufactories, on every side are gentle slopes and hills affording most attractive building sites. Rising sharply from the right of the 276 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS river bank is Bellevue, a tower of strength and beauty, its green slopes smiling down upon the town, offering rest and refreshing shade after daily toil. It commands an extensive view of the country in all directions and nearly all parts of it look directly down upon the town, with its churches, schools, busi- ness blocks and manufactories, and yet is removed from its noise and smoke and dust. The outlook is surpassed by no other eminence in this section, particularly to the east and west, where the Assabet finds its winding way and where verdant fields, forests of green hills and vales stretch away as far as the eye can reach, presenting a charming panorama of loveliness. Broad streets lined with beautiful shade trees, attractive dwellings, well-kept lawns and shrubbery, form a picture of comfort and prosperity which speaks eloquently for the inhabitants. The area of the town is not large, but it is compactly built, thus concentrating the eftbrts and interests of the inhabit- ants and inspiring each to add to the beauty of the whole. This pride in the town's growth and pros- perity has induced hundreds to own and beautify their dwellings, a larger share of whom are working- men, many holding an unencumbered title to some nf the finest estates in town. The surrounding country is equally beautiful, atlbrding pleasant drives in all directions, and opening to the view delightful scen- ery. To the west of the town is " Potash Hill," towards the north " Falls Hill," to the south " Pros- pect Hill," from each of which extensive views can be had of the surrounding country. There are no extensive streams. The Assabet, the largest, is a small river having its rise in West- borough, and Hows through Northboro', Marlboro', Berlin, Hudson, Stow and Concord, where it unites with the Sudbury River. On its passage it receives several smaller streams from Berlin and Bolton, but they are not very important, though furnishing suffi- cient power during portions of the year to run some of the mill industries. Of the ponds, the one in the eastern portion is the most beautiful. From its clear, sandy bottom, it has always been called " White Pond," now dignified into the newer appella- tion of " Mirror Ijake." Few sheets of water can com- pare with it in purity. Geographically Hudson is situated in the extreme northwestern part of Middlesex County, the western boundary being that of the county as well as the town, as has been referred to already several times in this history. Four miles west is Berlin, four miles north Bolton, four miles south Marlborough, and four miles northeast Stow. All these, except Marl- borough, are farming communities, of which Hudson is the natural trading centre. To this they have gradually been drawn, until to-day the business centre of the town is a scene of continual bustle and activ- ity ; brick blocks have ri,sen in place of the old wooden ones, special stores have taken place of the old " general stores," and the future outlook is one of growth and prosperity, — how prosperous may be gleaned from the record of growth since 1866. At that time the inhabitants numbered about 1800 ; in 1890, about 5000 ; the valuation in 1866 was 1805,- 277 ; in 1890, *2,490,115. The increase from May, 1888, to May, 1889, was $68,428 ; from May, 1889, to May, 1890, it was $208,345. These figures indicate a vigorous, healthy, growing town, which will soon become prominent in the county. It has been the eftbrt of the writers of this sketch to avoid all appearance of exaggeration. They realize that there is little thai, is exceptional in what has been told in these pages. It is the story of the foundation and growth of a New England manufac- turing towii owing its progress to the efforts of typical Massachusetts men. They believe, however, that even in this account there is much that may be learned by those who would themselves succeed, and have an honest desire to promote the future advancement of Hudson. We are too apt to hurry over the achieve- ments of our predecessors and to hold their labors in too slight estimation. It is well occasionally to step aside from the rush of business life to gather recol- lections of the past, to learn something from " the days of small things," and pay a meed of honor and respect to those whose work is done and often for the most part forgotten. Many things of historical in- terest have necessarily been omitted, many persons, living and dead, are entitled to much greater recog- nition than it has been possible to give them, and many inaccuracies of statement may be found in spite of our eftbrts to be correct. Hudson is in its infancy, and its history, its real history, is before it. A full and complete account of it must be deferred to a later time and under other circumstances. BIOGRAPHICAL. JEDEDIAH WOOD. Jedediah Wood was born in Marlborough, May 16, 1777, and moved to the " Mills " when he was twenty years old. One of the earliest citizens of the place, he has descendants still occupying the property, and conducting a business in which he was engaged, though now, of course, adapted to modern require- ments. He married Betsey Wilkins, September 6, 1801 ; they had seven children, of whom Col. William H. Wood was prominently connected with the growth of the town. The story of Mr. Wood's pros- perity is this. While still in his teens he was sent by his father to get a bushel of corn from a neighbor- ing trader. As he wanted it on credit, it was refused. Cut to the quick, he then and there decided that the time should come when his credit would be good. In time ho bought the "Mills" on credit, and car- ried on cloth-dressing. The farmers wove this cloth ./. V////^- /Z6>-(7-i\ /'/jP-(7-iTC ^^^y .^/: fJ/ta I I HUDSON. 277 and it was brought to bim from all tbe surrounding country, even from Boylston. His work was of such good quality that some broad-cloth of his dress- ing received the first premium at the Concord Fair. His machinery was in the basement of the " Old Red Shop," which stood on the spot afterwards occupied by the " Brick Shop." On the north side of the road below the Caleb Haskell house, he had his field of teasel.=, the ripened flower-heads of which were used in raising the nap of wooleu cloths. In this same building he opened a general store. At that time there was no wagon at the " Mills," but he would ride his horse to Marlborough, borrow a wagon, drive to Boston and buy his goods, and then return the vehicle. For the first seven years this business did not pay its expenses, but the cloth-dressing and a little farming kept the balance on the right side of the ledger. Cool and moderate in his manner and habits, he shrewdly conducted affairs, until he estab- lished the business which passed to his son, Col. William H. Wood, and is now in the hands of his grandson, Solon Wood. He became a large buyer of real estate, owning all from the river to the present Brigham place on the south side, all east of Maple Street, and several buildings. He and Squire Pope were the large land-owners half a century ago. He lived in the house now known as the " Wood Place," at the junction of Park and Washington Streets. He was a selectman of Marlborough, and was captain of a military company. During the War of 1812 he was on duty for a while at Fort Warren. He died in 1867, nearly ninety years of age. STEPHEN POPE. Mr. Stephen Pope was one of the pioneers of the town. He was born January 11, 1786, and moved to this place from Bolton in 1816. He was then a Quaker, and every Monday morning he took his two oldest children to the Quaker school, and every Thursday and Sunday attended the Quaker services, then held in the school-house. He engaged in tan- ning, his yard being on the spot where the Methodist Church now stands. His tanning was all done in the primitive way, and the old white horse which turned the bark-mill was a very familiar object. Whenever sufficient skins were tanned the horse made the jour- ney to Boston to find a market. Mr. Pope's first residence was where R. B. Lewis' house now stands. He soon desired to own a farm and bargained for the land from the Bolton line over what are now Felton and Pope Streets. At the time he mortgaged it heavily, and has since stated that he could not get credit for seven pounds of flour. Work, early and late, prudent habits and care in time cleared the farm, added other lands until he became the largest land-owner in this section. What is now Felton Street was his apple orchard; Summer, Win- ter and Spring Streets now cross what was his "mis- sionary" land. He drove each year regularly to Salem to pay the interest on his debt, and he always took one of the children with him. In 1825 he be- came interested in the Methodist services held in the village, and as they found difliculty in obtaining a place in which to hold their meetings, he fitted up a room in one of his tan-yard buildings for their use, W^hen the Baptist Church was built he gave them the laud and bought the first pew, though he never affiliated with them. When the Fitchburg Branch was built he gave the land for the depot site. He occupied various town offices, was selectman of Marl- borough and one of the overseers of the poor tor many years. He was a member of the Massachusetts vSenate when the Senators were elected from counties. He died in 1870, at the advanced age of eighty-four years, in the brick house which was removed when the town-house was built. JOSEPH S. BRADLEY. Joseph Stevens Bradley traces his genealogy on his mother's side to one of the earliest settlers in Felton- ville — Robert Bernard. It will be remembered that Bernard was the purchaser of about three hundred and fifty acres of land from one Barstow, in 1723, a copy of the deed being given in the early pages of this history. The family line runs as follows : Robert Bernard married for his second wife Elizabeth Bailey, of Lan- caster, and the result of this union was six children, among them a son by the name of Joel, who married Lucy Stevens, July 16, 1756. One of their children was Lavinia Bernard, who married Daniel Stevens as his third wife. Their daughter married William Trowbridge, December 11, 1814, and was the mother of the subject of this sketch. William Trowbridge was a son of Joseph Trowbridge and a machinist by trade, moving from one town to another, more or less frequently, as his business necessitated. It thus hap- pened that Mr. Bradley was born in Worcester, Mass., May 20, 1823. When three years of age he was taken to Marl- borough to live, and at the age of seven came to live with an aunt, in the house now located near the en- trance to the grounds of the late Captain Francis Brigham, that property having been a portion of his mother's estate. While living here he obtained what little schooling he ever enjoyed in the small school- house then located on what is now Washington Street, which has been spoken of before in these pages. With the exception of the very short time devoted to acquiring a knowledge of the three " R's," Mr. Bradley's boyhood was passed in earning what he could to p^ for his living. Farther down the street was the factory of Lorenzo Stratton, and here, before he was twelve years of age, he learned to make a whole shoe. Later on he worked in Stephen Pope's tannery, splitting leather, and, for a diversion, driving 278 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the old white horse. Thus, without being aware of the immense value which this knowledge was to be to him in the future, he learned to know leather thor- oughly, and became a practical shoemaker. At sixteen he worked a while for Captain Francis Brigham, who at that time was manufacturing shoes in a brick shop on the site of Holden's grocery store, on the north side of Wood Square. At seventeen he was seized with a desire to see something of the world, and resolved to go to New Orleans. On reach- ing New York State, however, he learned that yellow fever was rampant in the South, and turned his steps northward, landing, as much by chance as anything, in Saratoga Springs, in the summer of 1841. Here a new world was opened before him ; for even at that time what was known as Congress Spring was discov- ered, and its water valued for its medicinal proper- ties. During that summer about five thousand guests visited the place, bringing with them the stir and bustle of a pleasure resort. Mr. Bradley worked at his trade as a shoemaker upon the opposi'e side nf the street from where the present Grand Union Hotel stands. At that time there was a hotel there of the same name, but much smaller, which has since been destroyed by fire. During this summer he had the good fortune to hear Ole Bull, who was on his first visit to America, and was revealing to astonished and delighted Americans new realms in the musical world with his violin. While there, also, the first omnibus ever seen at the Springs was driven into town by a young man who is much better known to the present generation of readers by the name of the Rev. George S. Ball, at that time a driver in the employ of Massa- chusetts parties. The 'bus was all the "go," and Mr. Bradley recalls, with a good deal of pleasure, of riding from the lake back to the Springs in it, on one occa- sion, when ex-President Martin Van Buren was a fel- low-passenger. Mr. Bradley remained here from June to Decem- ber, and these months must have been among the most memorable of his life. He went aa far north as the present city of Ottawa, and the River St. Lawrence freezing up the next day, he was obliged, much against his will, to remain there during that winter. After a decidedly dreary winter here he took the first boat back to the States in the spring. He tired, how- ever, of a nomadic life, and returned to Feltonville, working at the shoemaking trade here, in Worcester, Woburn and other places until 1850. On October 1st of that year he began business on his own account in company with Captain Francis Brigham and Mr. William F. Trowbridge, his brother, under the firm-name of " F. Brigham & Co." It will be remembered that the general outline of this firm's history has been given elsewhere. At the outset, however, all was not smooth sailing, and, as Mr. Bradley has stated, at the end of the first three years it could not be .said that the firm had made a dollar. Better days followed, and in 1858 the firm moved into the brick shop which has since been burned. Mr Trowbridge withdrew from the firm in 1866, and Messrs. W. F. and W. B. Brigham came in. This firm continued until April 1, 1880, when Mr. Bradley withdrew to enter into a co-partnership with Henry R. Say ward, of Cambridge, Mass. The firm-name is Bradley & Sayward, and occupies the F. S. Dawes factory in Hudson and a somewhat smaller one in Dover, New Hampshire. This firm is one of the strongest and most active concerns in Massachusetts. Their business averages half a million dollars annually, while the average output at the Hudson fac- tory monthly is nine hundred and sixty-pair cases. The Dover factory has about one- half this capacity. No manufactory in Hudson runs more steadily or with less friction. The firm's goods are sold mostly in the South and Southwest, and their customers are found in twenty-eight States of the Union. From Portland to Galveston, and from Minnesota to Florida their shoes may be found. Mr. Bradley's time has not been given entirely to his own business. Prior to the incorporation of the town he served upon several committees seeking to accomplish the desired change; was a member of the committee of five on the part of Hudson to make a final separation from Bolton. He was the first Repre- sentative sent to the House from Hudson in 1867, and during that year had the most important matter to handle that has ever been before the Legislature in which Hudson interests were solely concerned. In 1870 he was elected town treasurer, and served con- tinuously in that position until the election in 1890, when he declined longer to hold the olfice. When he entered upon the duties of this office he found that the business had not been done in a systematic man- ner and used his best endeavors to have the town's finances put in proper shape. It had been the custom up to that time to borrow money in a hap-hazard manner of any one who had a hundred or a thousand dollars to lend and wished a safe investment at a high rate of interest. Mr. Bradley funded the debt then existing by means of longer time notes at a much less rate of interest. The town incurred large obligations in the purchase of Massachusetts Central Railroad stock, in building a town-house, new roads and school- houses, and it is a most fortunate thing that she had so skilled a financier in charge of this ottice for so many years. In 1877 he was elected a member of the Board of Selectmen, but declined a re-election the follow- ing year. He has always been connected with the banking institutions of the place, having declined an election as president of the National Bank, although a member of its directorate. He has been for many years a vice-president and one of the board of invest- ment of Hudson Savings Bank, and in other organ- izations at home and abroad he has occupied promi- nent places. He has always been a believer in the Unitarian faith and a steady supporter of its church. He has long enjoyed a reputation for business ability "^ Owv\;^v\]' A'>- "cOvX ^rv\/ HUDSON. 279 and strict integrity. He is a lover of standard books and has not lost his liking for travel. The surviving members of his family are his wife and one daughter, the wife of Fred S. Dawes, of Hudson. DANIEL WILBUR STRATTON. Daniel Wilbur Stratton, born April 24, 1848, is the eldest son of Daniel and Tryphena Rice (Holman) Stratton. He is of the fourth generation bearing the name Daniel. His great-grandfather was born at Weston, May 20, 1749. His grandfather was born April 22, 1777, and married Cally Smith, of Needham (born December 20, 1778), April 22, 1800. Cally Smith was the daughter of Captain Aaron Smith, who commanded a military company in the War of the Revolution. With his company he participated in the repulse of the British forces which advanced to Concord, April 19, 1775, and as a result of that day's engagement his command suflf'ered a loss of five men killed and two others wounded. Daniel Stratton, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born Septem- ber 7, 1817, in the north part of the town of Marlbor- ough (now Hudson). When about four years of age the family moved to the farm just across the line in Bolton, upon territory which became a part of Hudson by the annexation of 1868. Daniel Stratton grew to manhood and afterwards became the owner of his father's estate together with much additional property which he acquired by purchase. In 1805, when the movement was made to incorporate a new town from territory of the towns of Marlborough, Stow, Bolton and Berlin, Daniel Stratton was the leading petitioner from the Bolton territory, and was selected as the rep- resentative from that part of Bolton to serve on the standing committee of five to prosecute the move- ment for an incorporation. He entered on this en- terprise with the zeal and determination which he ex- hibited in all the atl'airs which engaged his support. The undertaking was consummated, and the " Stratton Homestead'' was included within the new town of Hudson. When twenty-two years of age Daniel mar- ried, December 31, 1839, Tryphena Rice Holman, of Sterling, and this union continued fifty years and one day. A " Golden Wedding" was celebrated by this couple and their numerous friends December 31, 1889, and on the day following, soon after his retire- ment for the night, without hardly a premonition, the messenger of death summoned the head of this happy and prosperous household to that better land which is " fairer than day." Although a farmer his life long, lie was every whit a man. Intelligent, pro- gressive, fearless for the right, independent in his opinions, the cause of religion, temperance, educa- tion, good citizenship had no stancher champion or firmer ally than Daniel Stratton. He held various town offices. From such ancestry descends a worthy son. Daniel W. was reared on the farm under wholesome influ- ences and amid surroundings the best fitted to develop the latent a.spirations of boyhood and youth. From the common school he was sent to the high school of the town, afterward to Wilbraham Academy. Sup- plementing this for special training, a course in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was taken. In early manhood he was thus prepared to entei upon his calling of a civil engineer, in which he soon became skilled and efficient. As opportunity oftered in the growing town of his birth, and his abilities be- came recognized, he was early summoned by his towns- men to offlci.al trusts. Widening and enlarging the scope of his private enterprises, by engaging in the insurance business, conveyancing and the settlement of estates, he was elected town clerk in 1878, which office he has since held ; in 1887 he was elected to the Boardof Water Commissioners and afterward registrar and superintendent of the Hudson Water Works ; in 1881 he was made treasurer of Hudson Savings Bank, and one of its trustees, which trusts he still holds. He is in the prime of life, with golden opportunities ahead. June 9, 1880, he married Annie Scott Webster, daughter of Richard Webster, of Haverhill. The children of this marriage are Mary Edith Stratton, Walter Daniel Stratton and Helen Inez Stratton. GEORGE HOUGHTON. The subject of this sketch assumed and had legal- ized in 1844 this name in lieu of Earl H. Southwick. He was the oldest child of Elisha and Lydia ( Hough- ton) Southwick, there being a brother and a sister younger. Elisha Southwick was a descendant, in the sixth generation, from Lawrence Southwick, whose name appears on the records of Salem as early as 1039. Lawrence and his wife, Cassandra, were Quakers, and suft'ered much from the persecution of people claim- ing the name Christian. James Savage's " Genealogi- cal Dictionary of First Settlers of New England '' con- tains the following : " 1658 and 1059. In the dark days of delusion against the Quakers, the whole family of Lawrence and Cassandra Southwick suffer much from fines and imprisonment. When the fines of Daniel and Provided were unpaid, the lender-hearted General Court, with intent to magnify the glory of God, ordered them to be sold for slaves to any Christian in Virginia or Barbadoes." This infamous act was attempted, but to the glory of God, and the credit of Massachusetts, no one was found vile enough to bid at the sale and the maiden. Provided Southwick, was released by the sheriff". Elisha Southwick was a Quaker, and was trained and educated as a teacher and preacher to the faith- ful. Although nearly a century and a half had elapsed since the perpetration of the outrage on his ancestor above referred to, yet the first quarter of the nineteenth century even, found this sect of believers 280 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. in Massachusetts subject to many restrictions and social ostracism." So much was this the case that a movement was undertaken to settle a Quaker colony in the valley of the St. Lawrence. A tract of land comprising about 15,000 acres was secured, and the settlement was commenced. The church and the school must be planted with the felling of the forest. The missionary, pioneer and prophet selected for this important and arduous duty was Elisha South- wick. In the strength of opening manhood he accepted the mission and went to the field of duty. The undertaking prospered, and in the course of a few years the young teacher yearned for a help-meet. He returned to Bolton and found Lydia Houghton, a young woman of character and resolution, willing to join her fortune with his, and in due time they were married. The wedded couple departed for the new home beyond the limit of State, and under the pro- tection of the British flag. Earl H. was born on Canadian soil, July 23, 1822. The trials and hard- ships of parents were great, and after a few years the fact appeared that the mind of the father was becom- ing unsettled, and verging on insanity. Friends interested themselves, and the family, consisting then of father, mother and three children, returned to the town of Bolton. The father was placed in an asylum where he died August 13, 1830, at the age of thirty- five. Earl H. was then eight years old ; his mother a widow with two younger children, in a slate of penury. Poverty, however, is not the greatest mis fortune. Lydia, the mother, was a woman of spirit and courage. She was a woman of action likewise. Earl H. was provided with a home where, for the time being, he could earn a living. In due time he was apprenticed to learn the trade of making shoes. The mother cared for the others as best she could. Soon Earl H. lent a helping hand to mother and brother and sister. Thus the children grew to manhood and womanhood, and the mother remained true to her charge. All have now passed to the "silent major- ity," save the subject of this sketch, who survives. Earl H. inherited a good constitution and mental faculties of no ordinary kind. In stature he is moulded a Southwick; in mental and humane traits he takes largely the mother's endowments. When a youth he was advised to take his mother's surname. He was told that it would be advantageous. That Quakerism was odious. That his father had lived and died in error. This by Christians. Had he then known the history of his race, and the mark they have left impressed on the ages, this advice would probably have never beeu heeded. In 1881 the South- wick geneaology was published, and therein is dis- closed the sufferings, persecutions and indignities en- dured by his Quaker ancestry; how they remained steadfast for truth and conscience sake and finally triumphed. Ere this revelation came, however, Earl H., now only known as (reorge Houghton, had vindi- cated the record and had added another illustrious example to the list already extended. From humble beginnings, by industry and perseverance, from mak- ing shoes in a part of his dwelling-house with a team of four men, he occupied a new shop, sixty by twenty- five feet, four stories in height, equipped with mod- ern machinery ; in a few years this shop is increased to 112 feet in length ; a few years later, by still vaster strides, he becomes the owner and possessor of the largest manufactory in the town of Hudson, with a capacity of anywhere from 2000 to 6000 pairs of shoes per day, as the demands of the trade required. Not content with this, he finally owned and equipped the finest tannery and currying establishment in the State. Willing and determined to help on the grow- ing industries of the town, he virtually engineered the erection of a piano-forte manufactory, into which he put $1G,000 of his capital. A man of indomitable will-power, obstacles to men of less zeal and determination were brushed aside or made to serve his purpose, and hence he came to be regarded a leader, as most emphatically he was, in the manufactures in which he engaged. From this fact, when the Japanese Embassy visited America to in- spect our industries, it was to his establishments that Boston merchants took their guests to see the wonder- ful improvements in the manufacture of leather and shoes. To show the characteristics of the man a sin- gle example must suffice. At the centennial indus- trial display, in Boston, in 1875, his exhibit astonished the world. It was deemed impossible by the best ar- tisans to establish a manufactory with steam power and fixed machinery, on wheels. The difficulties were virtually decided to be insuperable. To most men it would have been impossible. Mr. Houghton grappled with the problem and made it a perfect suc- cess. In fact, he put into that procession a shoe fac- tory on wheels with all the necessary paraphernalia, drawn by eight powerful horses, and made shoes en- tire from the beginning to the close of the procession, and never a belt left its pulley nor a mishap occurred. To do this required great mechanical skill. What deterred others but stimulated him. What others said could not be done he asserted could be done, and he made good the assertion. His has been a master- spirit, and to his matchless energy the town is largely indebted for her present beauty, thrift and enterprise. Mr. Houghton has been twice married. Both wives were, in the fullest sense, help-meets to him, and shared his struggles and successes. He has beeu a widower since 187fi. Of the eight children born of these unions, two sons survive. Mr. Houghton has met with reverses, and has retired from the field as a manufacturer. His friends, and his town's-people are altogether such, rejoice that the closing years of his life may be free from the great burdens which for many years he bore, and that there is yet in hand and in store enough of this world's goods, so that the re- maining years shall be free from the anxieties and hardships which beset his youth. TEWKSBURY. 281 HON. LUMAN T. JEFTS. Hon. Luman T. Jefts, of Hudson, was born of hum- ble parentage in Washington, N. H., in 1830. His opportunities for cultivating the mind were very lim- ited. When seventeen years of age he attended school away from home one term; then, feeling the need of a more thorough course of education, he ob^ tained permission from his father to gratify his cher- ished wish, providing he did it at his own expense. He spent most of the next six years in working every spare day out of school, attending school as much as his limited means would allow and then teaching and attending an academy. Afterwards he became a clerk in a store at the munificent salary of $300 per year. After finishing his contract there he went into the grocery business. We find him, in 1859, at the age of twenty-nine, with the little money he had saved by practicing economy, entering into partner- ship with A. K. Graves for the manufacture of shoes in the village of Feltonville (now Hudson). After two successful years in a small way, the partnership was dissolved, and he alone continued the business, which has steadily increased, until he is now one of the most successful business men in this town. While pursuing his honorable business career, Mr. Jefts has found time for culture of mind and heart, having traveled extensively in his own country and twice visited Europe, and lately Mexico. He has shown his public spirit by building and presenting to his native town of Washington, N. H., an elegant public library building. He has also given to the Methodist Episcopal Church in Hudson an elegant parsonage. He has taken a deep interest in the Chau- tauqua Assembly. He is treasurer and trustee of the New England Conservatory of Music, and was last winter unanimously elected trustee of Boston Univer- sity. He was the first president of the Hudson Co- operative Bank, and has been president of the Hudson National Bank since its establinhment. He has for many years been one of the trustees of the Hudson Savings Bank, and is now vice-president and one of the committee of investment of the same. He is a Knight Templar in Trinity Commandery, Hudson, belongs to Hudson Grange and is a member of the Rawson Council, No. 936 Royal Arcanum. In 1882 he was nominated by the Republicans and handsomely elected Representative from the Thirty- third Middlesex District, and served on the Committee on Banking. In 1885, and again in 1886, was he unani- mously nominated by acclamation as a candidate for Senator for the Fifth Middlesex District, a thing unpre- cedented in the political history of the district. Each year he was elected by a large majority, and served in the Senate both years on the Committees on Manufac- tures, the Liquor Law and Public Charitable institu- tions. In the Senate of 1887, he served as chairman of these several committees. At a dinner given by Senator Jefts, near the close of the session. President Boardman said : " Recognizing his ability in last year's Senate, I appointed him chairman of three im- portant committees, and the work accomplished by him in these committees ponvinces me that I made no mistake." He is now serving his second year as a member of the Republican State Committee. Start- ing out as a poor boy, we find him filling every posi- tion, whether in private station or public life, with honor and credit to himself, while gaining the respect and confidence of all who have been associated with him. He is interested in every measure that tends to ad- vance the best interests of Hudson, while he also finds time to aid outside enterprises. CHAPTER XXIV. TEWKSBURY. BY REV. E, W. PRIDE. The town ofTewksbury is bounded on the north by the Merrimac River and Andover, on the east by Andover and Wilmington, on the south by Wilming- ton and Billerica, on the west by Billerica and Low- ell. Its extent is, by the census of 1890,-13,301 acres with a population of 1713, and 1000 inmates of the State Almshouse, that being the average number of inmates of that institution. The valuation of the town is 11,365,495. For a small town Tewksbury possesses considerable river frontage. The Merrimac flows for some three miles along its northern boundary and separates it from Dracut, which town alone divides it from New Hampshire. The Concord winds along its south- western part for miles, and formerly was its boundary on the west till the union of that river with the Mer- rimac. The " Shawshine," a deep, swift, but narrow stream, runs through the southeast part of the town for its entire length. Numerous brooks pour into these streams; prominent among them is Mills' Brook, which runs into the Merrimac, Strong Water Brook, and Heath Brook, which empty into the Shawshine. There are three ponds of considerable extent — Long, Round and Mud Ponds. Two hills — Prospect and Strong Water — rise to a considerable height, and afford fine views of the sur- rounding country from their summits. These hills with their wooded slopes form beautiful features in the landscape. The north part of the town called North Tewks- bury, has land of a superior quality, and from various points the prospects are remarkably beautiful of Lowell, the neighboring towns and also of the distant bills of New Hampshire. It possesses a small vil- lage, a church, and formerly had a post-office which the proximity of Lowell rendered superfluous. The other parts of the town are more or less at a 282 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. disadvantage because of the large extent of light and sandy soils, which, however, often allow the cultivator to produce earlier crops than can be done where the land is heavier. Towards the Billerica line on the south the sand is so extensive as to form a miniature desert, whose drifts in spots encroach on the neighbor- ing grass and shrubs. The chief village of Tewksbury is at the Centre. There are the Congregational Church — till 1843 the only one in town, — the post-office, the store and the station of the Boston & Lowell Railroad. With its common and trees, its well-kept walks and trim-looking houses, it is a pleasant village of the old New England type, from which the goodly ancient stock has not yet all departed. Much of this beauty in the village is due to the laudable eflbrts of the Village Improve- ment Association for the last three years. Toward the west part of Tewksbury appear two manufacturing establishments, which intimate the proximity of the neighboring city. These are the chemical works of Taylor Barker, and the Ather- ton Machine-Shop, which turns out a large quantity of cotton machinery. On the edge of Lowell are many suburban resi- dences, whose owners do business in the city. Near the Lowell Cemetery and Concord River many of the factory population live, whose work is in the adjoin- ing great manufacturing centre. In past years Tewksbury was quite a seat for the manufacture of furniture. Mr. Alvin Marshall was engaged in this business at the Centre for years, em- ploying quite a number of men. Gregory & Barrell also for some time manufactured pine tables and simi- lar articles. Lowell gradually absorbed these firms By far the largest business of this kind was that be- gun in Tewksbury Centre, in the spring of 1851, by Joel Foster, Enoch Foster and N. P. Cole, under the style of J. & E. Foster & Company, only one, Joel, being of the age of twenty-one years. The beginning was small, the power used was horse-power, and in hired buildings. Soon were built shops and a steam mill, and from five to fifty men were employed. Early in the business a great demand sprang up for furniture in California, and freights were high, and as the ti'ade was large, the plan was devised of making the furniture to be knocked down, thereby putting four bureaus into the space of one, and boxing up tight, which gave this firm the advantage of all other manufacturers, and orders were received which would take from two to three months to fill, giving all that could be done. In the mean time a tine trade was being worked up in all the Southern States, Cape Town, South Africa, Cuba, etc. The breaking out of the Civil War caused a heavy loss, as the blockade soon prevented shipping goods South. In 18(52 Mr. Cole went to San Francisco and opened a wholesale store for all kinds of furniture. He was followed in 1866 by Mr. Joel Foster, and a new store. wholesale and retail, was opened, adding all kinds of upholstered goods and draperies, etc. In 1868 the business in Tewksbury was sold, and in 1870, Mr. Enoch Foster, the last member of the firm to leave town, followed the others to California, where they manufactured all kinds of furniture in the State Prison at San Quentin. Here, in the best years, the sale of goods exceeded $100,000 per month. For the facts in this brief sketch of the firm, the writer is indebted to Hon. Enoch Foster, a name frequently appearing in almost every office in the gift of the town. A large tanning business also was formerly carried on by the late Mr. George Lee, which has been con- tinued by his son, Mr. William H. Lee, whose name frequently appears on the official lists of the town. Besides these larger manufacturing establishments, a number of smaller ones have sprung up near the edge of Lowell. There are also two saw and grist- mills, known as Trull's and Kendall's, which, before the extensive use of steam as a motor, ground large quantities of grain and cut multitudes of logs into lumber. The occupation of the mass of the population of Tewksbury, especially of its older families, is agricultural. As the town is within easy dis- tance of Lawrence and Lowell, and quite accessible to Boston by rail, its business is market garden- ing. Cabbages are the main crop, but every variety of vegetable and fruit adapted to a northern clime is raised and yields an abundant return. Large por- tions of land are also used for grass farms, and the production of milk is carried on extensively. For its moderate area the town has an extensive road .surface. The highways are estimated as extend- ing sixty-five miles, and are kept in good repair by teams owned by the town under charge of a .superin- tendent. The following is a brief description of its botanical and geological distinctions, furnished by Mr. G. Homer Galger, late principal of the High School : " The town offers many attractions to the lovers of natural acience, being locally famous for the abundance and variety of its wild flowers. Scotch heather, Calluna vulgaris, is found in small quantities growing wild. " Two varieties of Sundew, brotera rotunJifcUa and Itrosera longifoUa, are found growing in abundance. Among the Orchidacere, besides the Spiranthes, the Oypripedium, the Pogoniay the Arethtisa, the Habenaria and others, many of the less common genera are found. " lu the western part of the town many notable elms and pines, said to be among the largest in the State, may be seen. "Prospect Hill is one of many similar eminences scattered throughout Dorthea£tern Massachusetts, all of glacial origin. Such hills, in geo- logical language, are known as " drumlins,' and are supposed to have been formed by sub-glacial streams in a way similiar to that by which (on a smaller scale) a stream of water often malies longitudinal ridges of sand in its bed. A somewhat remarkable ' sand desert,' of a dozen acres or more in extent, is found on the Billerica Road. A part of this ' desert * is sparsely covered by a growth of pines, but along its western edge runs a kame-like ridge of sand almost entirely destitute of vege- tation. This sand kame is about 1500 feet lung by one-third as wide, and is about fifty feet in height at its highest point. It has gently- sloping, rounded sides, the trend being southeast, thus resembling the gravel-kames of glacial origin. It is said that many flint arrow.heads TEWKSBURY. 283 have been found here. A number of large boulders of porphyritic gueisfl running through the .town are fragments torn from the cliffs near Lake Winnepesaukee, by the ice, carried south and left in their present positions. Very fine examples of contorted gneiss are found in abundance ; in fact, the town and Its vicinity offer quite as many attractions to the geologist as to the botanist." The wood lots of Tewksbury are quite extensive. In former days much of the timber was heavy, and a few specimens — alas ! too few — of the fathers of the forest still remain. The town is noted for its various and beautiful flora, and on account of this is often visited by emi- nent botanists. It is one of the few places on the American continent where the Scotch heath is found. This plant is becoming rare, chiefly, as authorities declare, by its extinction through the encroachments of other vegetation. It would be well to make an attempt to save it from total disappearance. Tewksbury has two churches, eight school-houses, in which are kept ten schools, one of which is a High School, a public library, the State Almshouse and the usual public buildings requisite to such a community. Of most of these institutions brief de- scriptions follow. The Salem and Lowell Railroad, a branch of the old Boston and Lowell Road, runs through the southern and central part of the town, and the Bos- ton and Maine has a branch about a mile farther north, thus bringing the stations within six miles of Lowell, and about twenty-two of Boston. The city of Lawrence is also quite accessible by these rail- roads and by carriage roads. Tewksbury is known to the world chiefly by its State Almshouse, one of three such institutions estab- lished by an Act of the Legislature, May 20, 1852. The other two are at Bridgewater and Monson. All were opened for the reception of inmates by a proc- lamation issued by Governor Emory Washburn May 1, 1854. Within three weeks nearly 800 inmates had been admitted to the Tewksbury Almshouse alone. The first superintendent was Capt. Isaac H. Meserve, the first physician Dr. Jonathan Brown, the first chaplain Rev. Jacob Coggin. For many years a school for the children was part of the institution, whose influence was helpful and whose singing was a marked and attractive feature. Its numbers ranged from 86 to 153. The plan of supporting State Almshouses originated in this Commonwealth ; hence the three in Massachu- setts were largely experiments constructed to accom- modate far less numbers than soon crowded them. In the year 1857, a season of great suffering for the poor, more than 1200 were daily lodged and fed at this institution. The farm, consisting of 250 acres, was originally so poor as to be a by-word in the Commonwealth, but now, through judicious and faithful cultivation, has been brought to a condition highly productive. This is evident from a few of the products as given in the last annual report of the superintendent, Oct., 1889 : English hay, 137 tons; rye straw, 35 tons ; ensilage, 425 tons ; rye, 200 bushels; potatoes, 900 bushels; cabbage, 2000 heads; milk, 39,544 gallons; eggs, 1860 dozens. There were slaughtered from the stock of the farm 14,111 pounds of pork, 341 pounds of poultry and 8797 pounds of beef. The whole institution shows a correspondent and constant improvement. Where a sandy prospect without a shade tree was found, now are shady walks, green plots of lawn sprinkled with bright and varied flowers, the whole surrounded with buildings no longer a disgrace, but a credit to the State. With the exterior the interior improvements have kept gradual pace. Captain Meserve was removed in June, 1858, and was succeeded by Captain Thomas J. Marsh. In 1866 the school was removed to Monson. The number of inmates from the opening of the Almshouse, May 1, 1854, till May 1, 1889, was 84,599. During the war nearly a company of men enlisted from this institution, and many others went as substi- tutes. Dr. Brown went as a volunteer surgeon and rendered important service in the hospital at York- town. Other surgeons for the army went or originally came from Tewksbury service. Even the children of the school scraped lint for the use of the wounded. In 1871 the Almshouse at Monson has changed into a " State Primary School," and that at Bridgewater to the " State Work-house," and the Tewksbury one into an almshouse proper, for the accommodation of the more helpless poor. In 1866 the ofiice of resident chaplain was abol- ished, and since that time the religious services have been conducted by clergymen in the vicinity of diflerent denominations. Captain Marsh closed his connection with the insti- tution July, 1883, and was succeeded in the following August by C.Irving Fisher, M.D., the present superin- tendent. The institution had gradually passed from a shelter for the poor into a vast hospital. Hence the election of a physician for superintendent. Chester Irving Fisher, M.D., the present superin- tendent of the State Almshouse, was born in Canton, Massachusetts, April 25, 1847, and was the third son of Cyrus and Caroline (Guild) Fisher. He was educated in the common schools of his native town, and theu prepared for teaching in the State Normal School at Bridgewater. After leaving Bridgewater he taught in Provincetown, where, in 1867, he began the study of medicine with Dr. J. Baxter, and in June, 1870, was graduated from The Harvard Medical School. In April, 1871, he entered the Quarantine Department of Boston as assistant port physician, and became port physician, February, 1873. In September, 1875, having resigned his position, Dr. Fisher entered pri- vate practice in Holbrook, Massachusetts, where he continued until he assumed the duties of superinten- dent and resident physiciaii at the Almshouse, August 1, 1883. 284 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Jsiiicu his couucction with the institution the most important improvements are doubtless the two new hospitals erected from his plans and under his imme- diate oversight — one for women, at a cost of $69,000, having 110 beds ; and one for men costing $35,000, with 50 beds. The old hospital for men has been thoroughly renovated and re-arranged under his direc- tion, so that the entire hos[)ital accommodations are now ready for 275 patients, thus divided — for men, 140 beds ; for women, 110 beds; maternity, 25 beds. Of these hospitals, their lighting, ventilation, conven- iences, &c., competent medical authority has officially pronounced that they are the " best appointed, best equipped and best administered of any hospital for the indigent sick in the world." This Almshouse w.as the first State institution to adopt electric lighting, which was introduced under the present superintendent in 1887. The aim and marked characteristic of Dr. Fisher's administration have been to incorporate into the working of the institution the practical and tried ap- pliances and methods of modern science in all its available and multiplied branches. Dr. Fisher is an enthusiast in the great charitable work to which his life is consecrated. He is one of the devoted members of the National Association of Char- ities, and has published the following pamphlets : "The Other Infectious Disease; or, A Plea for a New Hospital ;" " The Prevention of Insanity by the Timely Control of the Dissolute;" and "The Neces- sity for Social and Statute Recognition of Syphilis." He has also, as opportunity came, in carefully pre- pared addresses, presented these and kindred topics to churches, to clubs, medical and ecclesiastical, and to any body which might aid in arousing the intelli- gent part of the community to these subjects, so ger- mane to the jirosperity and health — physical, mental and moral — of the Commonwealth. The 'I'cwksbury Almshouse is and has ever been a model of cleanliness, where the poor have received wholesome food in abundance, gentle treatment and the best medical skill the State could furnish. It is and has been open for the inspection of the public, subject to the conditions requisite to the conduct of all public institutions. HiSTOUY.— Previous to its incorporation Tewks- bury belonged to what in early times was the large town of Billerica or "Shawshin." Its history, there- fore, before 1734 is included in that town once so ex- tensive. Little can be gathered from those days con- cerning our northern part of the great township, but a few items are worthy of preservation. At the junition of the Concord and Merrimac Rivers was the former Indian towu of Wamesit, once the northwestern part of Tewksbury, but now in Lowell, a great resort of the Wamesita— part of the large tribe of the Pawtuckels— one of the five great nations which in the days of the first settlers dwelt between the Penobscot and Hudson Rivers. Some five hun- dred acres of the Wamesit purchase was included in what became Tewksbury, and appears to have been the site of the Indian praying town of which an eye- witness, Mr. Daniel Gookin in his Historical Collec- tions of the Indians in New England, in 1674, two hundred and sixteen years ago, has preserved a description worth quoting: ' " Wamesit is the (iftli praying town ; and this place is situate upon tlte Merrimacli River, being a neclc of land, where Concord River falletb into Merrimack River. It ia about twenty miles from Boston, north northwest, and within five miles of Billerica and as much from Chelms- ford ; BO that it bath Concord River upon the west northwest, and Mer- rimack River upon the north northeast. It hath about fifteen families ; and consequently, as we compute, about seventy-five souls. The quantity of land belonging to it is about twenty-five hundred acres. The land is fertile, and yieldeth (plenty of corn. It is excellently accommodated with a fishing place, and there is taken variety of fish in their seasons, assalmon, shads, lamprey eels, sturgeon, bass and divers others. There is a great confluence of Indians, that usually resort to this place in the fishing seasons. Of these strange Indians, divers are vitiousand wicked men and women ; which Satan makes use of to obstruct the prosperity of religion here. The ruler of this people is called Numphow. He is one of the blood of their chief sachems. Their teacher is called Samuel, son to the ruler, a young man of good parts, and can speak, read and write English and Indian competently. He is one of those that was bred up at school, at the charge of the Corporation for the Indians. These Indians, if they were diligent and industrious, — to which they have been frequently excited, — might get much by their fish, especially fresh salmon, which are of esteem and good price at Boston in the sea- son ; and the Indians being stored with horses of a low price, might furnish the market fully, being at so small a distance. And divers other sorts of fieh they miglit salt or pickle, as sturgeon and bass ; which would be much to their profit. But notwithstanding divers arguments used to persuade them, and some orders made to encourage them ; yet their idleness and improvidence doth tlitherto prevail. '• At this place, once a year, at the beginning of 3Iay, the English magistrate keeps his court, accompauied with Mr. Eliot, the minister, who, at this time, takes his opportunity to preach, not only to the in- habitants, but to as many of the strange Indians that can be petsuaded to hear him ; of which sort, usually in times of peace, there are consid- erable numbers at that season. And this place being an ancient and capital seat of the Indians, they come to fish ; and this good man takes this opportunity to spread the net of the gospel to fish for their souls. Here it may not be impertinent to give you the relation following. " May 5th, 1674, according to our usual custom, Mr. Eliot and myself took our journey to Wamesit or Pawtuckett ; and arriving there that evening, Mr. Eliot preached to as many of them as could be got together out of Matt. xxii. 1-14, the parable of the marriage of the king's son. We met at the wigwam of one called Wannalancet, about two miles, frem the town, near Pawtuckett Fails, and bordering upon Merrimack River. This person, Wannalanrett, is the oldest son of old Passacono- way, the chiefest sachem of Pawtuckett. He is a sober and grave per- son, and of years between fifty and sixty. He hath been always loving and friendly to the English. Many endeavors have been used several years to gain this sachem to embrace the Christian religion ; but ho hath stood off from tinte to time and not yielded up himself pei-suually, though for four years past he hath been willing to hear the word of God preached, and to keep the Sabbath.— A great reason that hath kept him off, I conceive, hath been the indisposition and averseness of sundry of his chief men and rnlations to pray to God ; which he foresaw would desert him, in case he turned Christian. —But at this time. May fi, 1674, it pleased God so to influence and overcome his heart, that it being pro- posed to him to give his answer concerning praying to God, after some deliberation and serious pause, lie stood up and made a speech to this effect ; " ' Slr», you have been pleased for four years past, in your abundant love, to apply yourselves particularly unto me and my people, to exhort, press and persuade us to pray to God. I am very thankful to you for your pains. I must acknowledge,' said he, ' I have, in all my days, used to pass in an old canoe [alludiug to his frequent custom to pa-ss in a canoe upon the river] ; and now you exhort me to change and leave my old canoe and embark in a new canoe, to which I have hitherto been un- willing ; but now I yield myself up to your advice, aud enter into a new canoe, and do engage to pray to God hereafter.' TEWKSBURY. 285 " This his professed subjection was well pleasing to all that were pree- ent, of which there were some English persons of quality ; as Mr. Rich- ard Daniel, a gentleman that lived in Billerica, about six miles off; and Tiieutenant Henchman, a neighbor at Chelmsford ; besides brother Eliot and myself, with sundry others, English and Indians. Mr. Daniel, be- fore named, desired brother Eliot to tell its sachem from him, that it may he, while he went in his old canoe, he passed in a quiet stream ; but the end thereof was death and destruction to soul and body: But now be went into a new canoe, perhaps he would meet with storms and trials ; but yet he should he encouraged to persevere, for the end of hie voyage would be everlasting rest. Moreover, he and his people were exhorted by Brother Eliot and myself, to go on and sanctify the Sabbath, to hear the word, and use the means that God hath appointed, and eucouragr their hearts in the Lord their God. Since that time, I hear this sachem doth persevere, and is a constant and diligent hearer of God's word, and sanctifieth the Sabbath, though he doth travel to Wamesit meeting every Sabbath, which is about two miles; and though sundry of his people hare deserted him since he subjected to the gospel, yet he continues and pereists. " In this town they observe the same civil and religious orders as in other towns, and have a constable and other officers. " This people of Wamesit suffered more in the late war with the Maw- hawks than any other praying town of Indians ; for divers of their peo- ple were slain ; others, wounded ; and some carried into captivity ; which Providence hath much hindered the prosperous estate of this place." With Billerica, the vicinity of Wamesit passed through all the horrors of the early Indian warfare. The conversion of the Waniesits, however, was a blessing to the whole region. They remained faith- ful friends of the whites, although often suspected and also unjustly treated by the latter. The cruelties perpetrated in Billerica and this part of that town were not by them. In his " Memoirs of the Indians and Pioneers of the Region of Lowell," Cowley states that some Indians of another tribe visited that part of Billerica now Tewksbury, and killed John Rogers and fourteen others. Colonel Joseph Lynde, of Charlestown, with three hundred armed men, ranged the swamps around here in pursuit of the marauders, but in vaiu. Lynde's Hill, which he fortified and garrisoned, preserves his name. Fort Hill was first used for defence by the Wamesits, and their friendli- ness at this time permitted, without any effort, its use by Lynde and others. Several garrison-houses were located in this vicin- ity and also in the north and south parts of the town. In various portions Indian relics have been found, some, as those collected by Mr. Follausbee, of Andover, of the Stone Age. On the farms of Mr. .Tesse L. Trull, of the State Almshouse, and recently of Mr. Harnden, South Tewksbury, and especially near the sandy desert in the south of the town, numerous finds of hatchets, mortars for bruising corn, chisels, gouges, arrow and spear-heads have been made. Indeed, the traces of the Wamesits, or Pennacooks, Agawams, Piscataquas, Naamkeeks — for their names were numerous — are rich in the town which sprung up so near, and included their former fishing station and praying village, at the junction of the Merrimac and Concord Rivers. The Merrimac means the Stur- geon River. It is reported that after these troublous times were over, the Wamesit chief visited the Rev. Mr. Fiske, of Chelmsford. To his inquiry whether Chelmsford had suffered much, the pastlbr replied " No," and devoutly thanked God. "Me next," said Wannalancet. It was a fitting correction of the omission to recognize the faithful agents God had employed to save the whole adjoining country from even more fearful suf- ferings than it had endured. The following anecdote, contributed by Miss Mary F. Eastman, for the past twenty years, with her fam- ily, a resident of Tewksbury, belongs to this period, when Tewksbury was the north part of Billerica : " A corporal, John French, who belonged to the north part, was wounded at a distance in Brookfield, 'and in consideration of his wounds, they abated his taxes, gave him a more prominent place in church and al- lowed his wife to occupy a seat in the front gallery with Mrs. Foster, and those women placed there.' " As early as 1725 an effort was made by Jonathan Bowers, Samuel Hunt and others to incorporate the more northern part of Billerica into a town, to be known as Wamesit. It was intended to include in this new town the whole Wamesit Purchase, which contained 2500 acres, 500 of which lay on this side of the Concord River, but 2000 acres on the other side, in Chelmsford. This effort, which would fittingly have retained the old Indian name of Wamesit among the towns of the State, was unsuccessful. Later the movement was renewed, because of the inconvenience to the inhabitants of this northern portion of Billerica in going so far to public worship as the old meeting-house. Few estimate the import- ant part religion played in all public and social life in those early days. Hence when the people in this part of the ancient town found it a heavy burden to go so far by horseback, or oxen, or on foot — for vehicles were scarce indeed,— they desired to have a meeting-house of their own. Many went to church on horseback — the husband and wife.sometimes with chil- dren also upon the same animal, frequently taking what the records call a "bridal" path. At times we hear of a woman carrying her babe five or six miles to attend divine service. Hence, on May 13, 1733, the northern section of Billerica asked the ancient town to " erect a meeting-house in the centre of the town, or so as to accommodate the northerly part of the town, upon the Town's cost, or set them off, so that they main- tain preaching among themselves." Reluctantly and after some time Billerica granted the last part of this petition. They were set off with two-thirds of the land between the Billerica meeting-house and the Andover line, by a parallel line extending from the Concord River to the Wilmington line, " if the in- habitants on the south-easterly side of the Shawshine River be willing to join with them." " This final condition," says Mr. Hazen, in his interesting "His- tory of Billerica," "called out a petition from Samuel Hunt and others to the General Court, praying fur the grant of a town with these bounds, or a commit- 286 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tee to examine and report." The latter was done, and as a result Tewktbury was incorporated December 23, 1734. From this and his ^rlier but unsuccessful eflTort it appears that if any one person has the honor of being the father of this town it is Samuel Hunt, a name prominent in all the early history. It was formerly supposed that the new town was named from Tewk.sbury, England, because some of the early settlers of Billerica came from that place, historic because of its Abbey and famous battle-field. cr. 1737, they decided "to seat their meeting-house and t.) have respi.,-l both to money and age in seating the meeting-house, to age all above sixty years;" "to seat the meeting-house by one head, real and personal, going back to the first assessment that was made in Tewksbury;" "to leave the pews room joyning the pulpit, one on the right hand and one on the left — one for the minister and one for the town ; to dispose of the room that remains left for pews to the highest payers, giving the highest payers the first choice, and if he refuse tQ make his choice, the next highest payer, and so on till the above-said pew-room be taken up ; that such persons as shall make choice of the above-said pews are obliged to ceil the meeting- house sides against their pews up as high as the bot- tom of the lower windows." Later the town obliged the pew-owners to glaze the windows opposite their respective pews and keep such portion of the meeting- house in proper repair. The pews were not built all at once, but for several years permissions were granted to persons as they sought for them to build one or more pews. It was later still before the galleries were even finished. Hesitation appears to carry out the plans of rating, etc., for we find that the committee having failed to do its duty, another was chosen with definite instruc- tions "to see who the highest payer was from their first being a town;" and still in 1742 the following vote spurs up the dilatory: "That the selectmen build a pew for their minister forthwith." It is time to. hear of their first minister. Although the town called the meeting-house and minister theirs, yet within the church was an inner body — the church proper, united by no local, but by a spiritual relation. Exactly when the church in Tewksbury was formed is uncertain, but probably about the close of 1736, for November 23, 1737, we have the account of the first minister's ordination over it. Eleven months before the meeting-house was ready for occupancy the peo- ple of Tewksbury voted, January 17, 1736, "that Mr. Samson Spaulding, of Chelmsford, should be our Minister upon his accepting our Choice;'' also, "to chose a Committee to treat with Mr. Samson Spauld- ing, whom we have chosen to be our Minister, and to make return." That committee was representative of the town, consisting of Lieutenant Daniel Kittredge, Sergeant John French and Mr. Samuel Hunt, Jr., February 7, 1736, they voted to give Mr. Samson Spaulding, whom they "made choice on for their Minister," "yearly for his salary £120 sterling, ac- cording to the valuation of grain now received among us— Indian Corn at 6s. per bush., and wheat at 10s. per bush., and Rie at S.s. per bush.; " also " to give Mr. Samson Spaulding, whom the Town has made choice on for their Minister even for his settlement among them, £300, and to pay the same at three payments, namely— £100 a year till the whole sum be paid." The choice of a minister then was a matter of in- terest to the whole town, which was connected with the church in the closest manner. This intimate connection may be seen by the custom of voting his salary first of all the business in town-meeting after TEWKSBUKY. 289 the election of officers, often before the election of the minor officers, and by a vote spread on the town records like the following "that a Committee of three be chosen to recommend Phenias R. Red and others into the religious society in said Town." Hence, September 13, 1736, a fast was appointed by the town for the 20th day of November, " in order for calling a minister ; " then it was voted that the selectmen appoint the fast and provide the ministers requisite to conduct it. Entertainment and expenses for these fninisters were also provided. The ordina- tion of a minister then was a great occasion. The affair was too rare and too important to be passed over lightly. October 0, 1737, voted " that Mr. Sampson Spaulding, of Chelmsford, whom ye town had made choice on for their minister, should be ordained on the 16th day of November next, salving if the thanks- giving put it not by, and if it did, then one week following, on Wednesday ye twenty-third of the same month," and also voted " to have three men for a committee to provide ministers and messengers for said ordination." The three were Lieutenant Daniel Kittredge, Mr. John French and Mr. Samuel Hunt, Jr. It was decided that the house of Mr. John French "be place of entertainment for ministers and messengers at said ordination," also that " the pro- vision made for the ministers and the messengers at the ordination shall be provided by the discretion of the committee chosen for that purpose." How these few votes bring before us the life of the times, social and religious ! How one would like to have seen and heard the worthies as they gathered and solemnly ordained and installed the first minister of the town! Of the ordination itself, and of the solemn covenant of the church, a record happily has been preserved by the hand of that first minister. From that time, November 23, 1737, till his long and only pastorate was closed by death, we have the guidance of Mr. Spaulding in the history of the church, written by himself. It begins with the solemn church covenant, a document interesting for many and general reasons. This covenant, as given below, is instructive in many respects, and shows the educational, as well as re- ligious development of the New England towns one hundred and fifty years ago : " We (whose Dames are under written) sensibly acliuowledging our unwortiiiness of suctl a favour & unfitness for such a Business, yet ap- prehending ourselves to be Called of God to put ourselves into a way of Ci>i> Communion and seek the Settlement of all the Gospel Institutions amongst us ; do therefore in order thereunto, & for the better promoting thereof, as much as iu us lies, knowing how prone we are to Backslide, abjuring all Confidence iu ourselves, and relying on the Lord Jesus Christ, alone for help, so Covenant as follows — Imprimis. As to the Confession of faith put forth by the Last Synod of Churches, held in Boston, in New England, wee do heartily close with it, so far as we are or may be acquainted with it and find it agreable to the holy Scriptures, and promise to stand by, maintain & if need be Contend for the faith therein delivered to the people of God, and if anj- among us go about to undermine it, we will bear Due Testimony against them. *' Wee — Also combine together to walk as a particular C^^ of Christ according to all these holy rules of the Gospel, prescribed to such a Society, s that respect. 19-iii God has revealed, or Bfaall reveal bif '* Wee — do accordingly recognize the Covenant of Grace, in whinh we professedly acknowledge ourselves devoted to the fear and service of the one true God, our Supreme Lord, and to the Lord Jesus Christ, the High Priest, prophet & King of his C'''' unto whose Conduct we Submit ourselves, & upon whom alone we wait & hope for Grace & Glory, to whom we bind ourselves in an Everlasting Coven' never to be Broken. "Wee — Likewise give up ourselves, one unto another in the Lord, resolving by his Help to cleave Each to other, as fellow-members of one Body, in Brotherly love, and holy watchfulnesa over each other for mutual Edification & to subject ourselves to all the holy administrations appointed by him who is head of the Church, dispensed according to the rules of the Gospel, & to give our Constant attendance on all the publick ordinances of Christian Institutions, walking orderly as be- cometh Saints. *' Wee — do likewise acknowledge our posterity to be included witli us in the Gospel Covenant, & Blessing God for so rich a favour, do promise to bring them up in the nurture and Admonition of the Lord, with gratest Care, and to acknowledge them in their Covenant relation ac- cording to the Gospel Rules. • " Furthermore. Wee— promise to be Careful to the utmost to provide the Settlement A: Continuance among us, of the Offices and Officers ap- pointed hy Christ, the chief Shepherd, for the Edification of the Church & accordingly to do our duty faithfully for their maintenance &. en- couragement, & to Carry towards them as becomes us. "Finally. Wee — do promise and acknowledge to preserve Comnuui- ion with the faithful Churches of Christ, for the giving and receiving of mutual Counsel and assistance in all Cases whereiu it shall be need- ful. Now the Good Lord be raercifull to us, and as he has put it into our hearts, thus to Devote ourselves to him. Let him pity and pardon our frailties and humble us for our Carnal Confidence and Keep it forever upon our hearts to be faithfull to himself &one to another for his praise & our eternal Comfort, for Christ Jesus' Sake, to whom be glory for Ever. Amen. Daniel Kittrldg Nathan Shed .James Kittredg Jacob — Corey mark Edmund Frost William Kittredg his Kendal + Pattin Stephen Osgood his Thomas -f Kittridge mark Ephraim Kidder June his Zachariah z Hardy Abraham Stickne Francis Kittredg Joseph Caily John Pattin Aiuos Foster Jacob Winn Thomas Clark his Isaac + Kittrige Joseph I Kidder Daniel Shed Nathan Hall John Twiss Among the signers of this covenant were most of the fathers of the town. Mr. Spaulding then gives a record of his call and ordination. It is brief enough to copy entire : '* Sampson Spaulding, of Chelmsford, was unanimously chosen by the people of Tewksbury the 17th day of January, anno: Dom : 1730-7, . , . and Ordained the 23 day of November, 1737, — the Rev** Elders that assisted in his ordination were Mr. John Hancock, of Lexington, &, his son, Ebenezer; Mr. Sampson Stoddard, of Chelmsford; Mr. Samuel Kuggles, of Billerica; Mr. Thomas Parker, of Dra- 290 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. cut; and Mr. Nicholas Bowes, of Bedford. Mr. Par- ker opeued the solemnity by prayer. Mr. Ruggles preached the sermon from 2Cor. xii. 14: For I seek not you'n, hul you. Mr. Hancock gave the charge, and Mr. Stoddard the hand of fellowship." After this record of his ordination follows this entry on the church book : "The Chh. met again the 29lh Day of Jan'y, anno Dom. 1741-2, & made choice of Joseph Kittredge aa a De.'icon, to ofliciate in said Chh., and voted that one shilling should be added per member for a year, to what was first voted, viz: y' every member pay 3». per year in order to provide for the L'ds Table, i.e., 1». 6(/. at a Contribution every hall year, & y' each one write his name upon the money given." Shortly after his establishment among them, Mr. Spaulding married Miss Mehitabel Hunt, of the fam- ily so well known in the nortliwest part of the town. Thus Wiis started on his long and successful career the first pastor in Tewksbury. For si.Kty years, in peace and war, in prosperity and adversity, he was with the town in all its varied fortunes, when there was one flock and one shepherd. The ancient church-book is the chief memorial preserved of him — an invaluably precious record of the doings of the church, the baptisms he administered, the marriages he performed and the funerals at which he officiated during those three-score years. The baptisms during Mr. Spaulding's ministry were 700 ; admissions to the church, 248 : deaths, 693 — as recorded by himself from the time of his settlement till shortly liefore his death. The last record is, "Old madam Hordman Dy'^ Nov. 24, 1793, etat 80. Short sickness." It is interesting and patlictic to trace be- tween the lines his own life in the baptisms and deaths of his children — as, "Our child, Mehitabel, agetl 2* years and (5 days ; " and " My daughter Me- hitabel's Benj*, Dyed April 28, 1779. Mortification." .\nd we follow his work in the long record from the time when, in the vigor of youth, the handwriting was somewhat stiff, till afterward, growing more duc- tile with years, it becomes stifi' again and unsteady with age. .Vt la.st, in the letters, the dim eye and trem- bling nerves become evident, and finally the pen drops from the hand of the aged servant of God. Thcu_ following his last record of a death, comes, ia a difler- urit handwriting, most probably his widow's, this in- sertion : "The Uev. Sampson S|(auldiug Died Dec. ye ITdh, 179t!," just a month and two days short of sixty years from the time he «lis "the choice of the Town to he their minister." "Tradition says of Mr. Spaulding that when in a.lviinceil years ho was possessed of a venerable form and coiumanding stature, wearing a white wig and carrying a long stjilf, and that with a weak and trem- ulous voice he spoke unto his pci>|ile the words of eternal truth."— Quoted from " Tewksbury," by Mr. I.. Huntr.'.*8 and Mr. J. C. Kittredge in Drake's " Middlesex County." By 1792 Mr. Spaulding had evidently become so in- capacitated that the pulpit must be supplied, for in a town-meeting January of that year, it was voted to "hire preaching," a phrase often appearing on the records, and to raise £30 to pay for preaching that year. A committee of seven was chosen to treat with Mr. Spaulding, whose conference with him had a highly satisfactory result. This was embodied April 2, 1792, in the following vote: "to give the Kev''. Sampson Spaulding during his natural life yearly as shall be in proportion to thirty pounds in case he will resign up so much of his charge as will not be a hindrance to the town set- tling another gentleman in the ministry if the town shall think proper." A committee was chosen to wait upon Mr. Spaulding and reported " that the Rev. Mr. Spaulding acknowledged himself fully satisfied and contented with the vote of the town." . A month or so. later the church appointed a fast to look to God for direction in choosing his colleague, a'nd at the March meeting the town voted to concur with the church. More formal action was taken the May following in the decision to have a day of fasting and prayer in concurrence with the vote of the church and also in respect to ihe leverend gentlemen to be sent for to attend the fast. It was also voted that the day be the 17tli of this instant and that " the select- men should see that there be entertainment for the Reverend gentlemen that shall come to attend the fast." A committee was also appointed to estimate what the minister's settlement and salary should be that shall be settled in this town. June 5th the town con- curred with the church in giving Mr. Titus Theodore Barton a call for their minister, and ottered him £150 for his settlement, to be paid one-half nine months after his ordination, the remainder in fifteen months, and a salary of £90 and twenty cords of wood at his door, yearly " so long as he shall be our minister." Mr. Barton having accepted the call, preparations extensive and imposing compared with these days were made to ordain him. Large cbur7, June the 2*, 1767. Koc* of Mr. leaM Gray, Tbirteon PauDds ten »liilllngii aod ax pcDce (.awfull money, in full of tlio wages iluc to llciij". Hoagg for the Town, wliilo he was In the Country's Ser- Yico in the expedition Formal against Crown Point in the year H.'iU. It was in Cu|>*. Utitterfletd's company. "Tiios. )lAR.snAi,l,, "Abeaiiam Stickxi ''John Needhau, Selectmen of Tewksbury.' The Revolution. — Tewksbury manifested a spirit of patriotism and sacrifice not less than her sister towns in the great struggle for independence. February 8, 1773, the first note of the coming strife sounds in the town records. Then Tewksbury voted to choose a Committee of Correspondence with the town of Boston, and Mr. Ezra Kindall, Aaron Beard, •John Needham, Nathaniel Heyward and David Trull were chosen ; and then it was voted to adjourn to March to hear their draft, which was accepted. The warrant ofSeptembcr, 1774, contains an article " to see if the town will appoint one or more delegates to attend a Provincial meeting at Concord ; " and another article " to see if the tdwn will provide some fire arraes and more ammunition and choose a com- mittee to provide for the same." September 21, 1774, seven months before the battle of Lexington, they voted to buy more powder for a town stock, and to buy two more barrels of powder in addition to the town stock, and to " leave it with ye committee to provide bullets and flints as they shall think proper." Six days after they met according to adjournment, and chose Mr. .Jonathan Brown as " Delegate for the Provincial meeting to be hoUlen at Concord on ye second Tuesday of October next." In November was considered the article in the warrant " whether the constables be directed by a vote of the town to pay the money that they shall have or shall collect of the Province ta.\ to Henry Gardiner, Esq., of Slow, ac- cording to the directions of the Provincial Congress." March, 177''), they voted to indemnify the assessors for not making returns to Harrison (iray, Esq. They then " volcil lo raise minulc-mcn,"— it was high time after passing such votes, — and to give their minute- men five shillings apiece " for every half-day in the week that they train till further notice." March H, 177r), voted to choose a committee to sup- press disonlers in town. A large committee of their best men was chosen. It w:ls none too soon, for in a little over six weeks their minute-men must march to face the veterans of (ireat Britain at Concord, and it would never do to leave Tory sympathizers in the town to aid the enemy. That there were Tories then In Tewksbury Ik elear, for afterward, March, 1779, they chose Mr. Ezra Kindall as agent to care for the Tory farms in town. This meeting, at which men and money were voted, was held March 9th. April lUlh the embattled farmers at Concord and I.*xington, as Emerson says, " fired the shot heard round the wlst day (jf May Instant." Mr. Ezra Kendall was chosen. The following May they made Deacon Isaac Kittredge, Nathaniel' Heywood, John Needham, David Bailey and Thomas Clark the Committee of Correspondence. How vividly is the clothing of the army brought out in a vote like this "that the selectmen shall make a return of what coats the Town doth make for the men in province servis." At the 4th of March meet- ing, 1776, the Committees of Correspondence, Inspec- tion and Safety were combined in the persons of Nathl. Clark, Jr., Nathl. Heywood, Dea. Jacob Shed and Wni. Brown ; but at the May meeting following some evidently thought the number too small, and they added to it Lieut. John Flint, John French, Jr., and Benjamin Burtt. For the remaining years of the war the various fortunes of the cause may be traced on the records in the efforts of committees to raise men and supplies. Payments were made to men for going to Cambridge, Roxbury, " Boston and the Lines," Dorchester, Rhode Island, Ticonderoga, New York, Fishkill, the Jeffreys, " at the westward taking Burgoyne." As these places pass before us the course of the strug- gle passes too. Many are the kinds of supplies for- warded from this little town to the army fighting for liberty and home. Coats, shirts, shoes, stockings salt pork, Indian corn, horses and beef, for Continen- tal soldiers, are taken from the town directly to the various camps or depots. Nothing brings home to one so vividly how the war wiis carried on, what it cost in treasure, sacrifice and blood. As those event- ful years go by the difhculties in obtaining men to fill the town's quota increase. More effort and more bounty money are required. Special collec- tors and methods had to be employed to collect the war rates of money or coin. Familiarity with such details increases admiration for those who carrjed, the struggle through to its glorious issue. While the husbands and fathers were in the field their depend- ent families were well cared for by the town. Fre- quent are the votes directing the selectmen " to provide for those families that the men are in the Continental army." Touching also are entries like these " April 12, 1778, to the widow Rebecca French £3 5s. 10(i. 2 ; " " to the widow Rebecca Gray Is. 9rf." The severity of the struggle appears as the history of the town goes on fti the town records. Many are the votes like this : " Sept. 8, 1777, to raise £200 for the in- couragement to raise men for the Continental array," to which they added £200 more three weeks later, and voted " to choose collectors to raise these rates." The difficulty to find men to serve as collectors reveals the hardness of the duty. The scarcity of salt felt by the Colonies at this period is thus made historical : " Oct. 21, 1777, voted that the salt be delt, to the poor sort of the people, not to the whole of the town at 15s. p' bushel 1 they paying the money down for it." A committee was raised " to deal the salt out," and instructed thus: " that the committee deal out the salt discressionally as they shall think proper." Guns, powder, gun- locks, lead, flints and other necessaries for war appear often as paid for or ordered. Along with the war went hand in hand the forma- tion of a government and the framing of a constitu- tion. May 25, 1778, voted to choose a committee to examine the constitution or form of government. This committee was Ezra Kiudall, Dr. Eldad Wor- cester, Ens. William Brown, John Needham and Nathl. Clark. This year 1778 was full of business, a meeting often occurring each week. In June, the 8th inst., they decided " not to accept the constitu- tion as it now stands." Almost a year later, May 21, 1779, they " voted to have a new constitution or form of government made" by a vote of 20 against 2. This year two new drafts of men were called for and means taken to supply them. The emergency is shown by the military character of the committee elected to hire these men — Capt. Joshua Baldwin, Capt. John Trull, Maj. Jonathan Brown — and also by the decision that the committee should "give those men that should engage in the Continental service fifty pounds per man per month, or ten bushels of Indian corn per month." By a vote of 37 to 13, at a town- meeting they decided " to accept of ye proceedings 296 HLSTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of the convention that met at Concord to regulate prices," and a committee was chosen "to regulate prices in town." At the same meeting Mr. William Brown was elected " a delegate to go to Cambridge the first day of September next to meet in conven- tion in order to frame a new coii.stitntion.'' From this record, January 19, 1780, it comes out that with all their eiTorts, they failed, either through inability or miscalculation, to fill their quota by one man. " Warrant of January 19, 1780— To see whether the Town will have the fine made into a rate that is Come in the Tax Bill upon the town for one man, which the town wanted for the nine months in the Continental army." In 1780 the stress of war appears in the increasing bounties offered for men and the dif- ficulties in obtaining them. How characteristic of the time is the offer of June Slst " To give those men 22 bushels of Indian Cor. p' man p' month, or sole leather, or stock or Continental money equivalent thereto, and allowing them pay for twenty miles p' day for out and in, and the men to give the town an order for the whole of their wages." That year the town rate voted was £12,000, in part to pay the sol- diers. In June they are still working to get the neces.sary troops, and an article in the warrant is " for the Town to Proceed in any way or meatherd the Town shall Think Proper to raise the men that are called for to Joine the Continental army," and also " to hear the Bequest ol the Great and General Court for money to carry on the war." The bounty was raised almost threefold at the following meeting. The following August they are hearing the request of the Genei-al Court for " Clothing and Blankets," and in October for beef, to furnish which great activr ities follow. Their committee wa.s finally instructed to hire money to provide the beef, or pay in lieu of it, or " to act in any other way they shall think is for the Benefit and Advantage of the Town Respecting Pro- curing the Beef." The proceedings are of a similar character in response to the call in December for fur- ther men and b('ef Affairs had reached the state that any practical way to comply with these calls was approved. The chief records of the town become taken up with raising of men and all kinds of supplies to keep them in the field, and pay for them both. Nor were disputes between towns wanting concerning the crediting of- men. June 11, 1781, "An order to Col. Jonathan Brown the sum of £9, it being for two days going to Boston to git John Danfonh held a Continental soldier for Tewkabury, and £13 14s. for three days going to Boston about a dispute between Tewksbury, Dracutt, Chelmsford and Wilmington, concerning Continental soldiers, and £21 p'd Thomas Taylor, Jacob Sanders and Benjamin Danforth, for going to Dracutt to be sworn, and £10 10s. for two days going to Boston to Git two Continental men returned, and £17 8s. for expenses the above tw<. day^ and £12 paid Esq' Varnum for draw- ing atUduviU and swearing the witnesses, and £15 for one day going to Dracutt, and other time speut in the above affairs, £136 lOs." At this time it took seventy-five Continental dollars to pay for one in silver. In March, 1781, the selectmen and com- manding officers are directed " to class the town to git men to re-inforce the army." In 1781, then, the townsmen are found, as in other places, combined into classes, which hired a soldier for the army at an expense of some £27. The receipts and mustering-in papers of several of these men from Tewksbury can be seen on file at the State-House. In 1782 an execu- tion was sent upon the town for the three-years' men, and Wra. Brown received 18s. for its cost ; and a suit is noticed a little later which cost the town 12s. March, 1781, they voted instructions to their com- mittee, to engage men for three years or during the w.ar : " to men that shall engage, 100 silver dollars per man per year, or the current exchange," and also " to fall into line with other towns in their offers." In June Nathaniel Clark was added to " the militia offi- cers, to git the remainder of the men to engage in the army for three years or during the war," and 400 sil- ver dollars are offered each of the four men that will so do. Next month, July, they voted to raise £100 hard money, to provide beef for the army, and in Sep- tember to collect only in hard money. Corn had be- come to a large extent a medium of exchange, as is seen from tlie vote in October, to see how much the corn shall be a bushel to pay the corn notes. They set it at 4s. per bushel, and chose a committee to " set- tle with the soldiers that have corn notes against the town." In December a vote shows the condition of affairs : " Voted, that the assessors give the constables orders to strain upon the inhabitants and others for the money that Don't pay in the corn in 20 days from the time the constables receive the lists ;" and '' that there be places appointed to carry the corn to." Peter Hunt, Aaron Beard and Joel Marahall were appointed to receive the corn. The records are filled with the ways and means to raise men and supplies. The military condition ap- pears from the choice of constables this year who were Captain Joshua Baldwin 2d and Captain John Trull. In 1782 as high as £66 or £67 was paid by a class for a soldier. The town appears to have ulti- mately paid back what the different classes expended for hiring men for the Continental Army. Thus, Feb- ruary 27, 1784, " an order to Jacob Frost (and sixteen others), it being what they paid as a class to hire a soldier for the Continental Army for three years, £65 9s. 9rf 2y." This list, arranged alphabetically, probably con- tains the names of all the men from Tewksbury who took part in the Revolutionary struggle at any time : Annie, Phiucaa Aiuea, Isaac Anuiti, James Ku>'loy, Koah Hiiyley, .John Brown, Wmioni Bnyley, Daniel liayley, James Bnrt, John Bayloy, David Beard, Jonathan Bayley, Samuel TEWKSBURY. 297 Burt, Jonathan Batchelor, John P. Brown, Timothy Baldwin, Joshua Bagley, Timothy Bell, Jonathan Babb, Joseph Brown, Joseph Bailey, Nathan Bailey, David, Jr. Bootman, Edward Ball, John Chambers, James Corey, Jacob Chambers, Thomas Corey, Jacob Jr. Chambers, John Corey, Samuel Chandler, Thomas Clark, Zephaniah Chapman, Daniel Clark, Benjamin Clark, Thomas Davidson, Ebenezer Davidson, Alexander Davis, Daniel Dutton, Timothy Dutton, Jonathan Dandeby, John Dyke, Aschelas Danforth, John Danforth, Samuel Dresser, Jonathan Dresser, Jonathan, Jr. Davice, Moses Foster, Isaac Farmer, Samuel Foster, Jonathan Frost, Jonathan Frost, Joseph Fisk, Jonathan Flint, John Fowler, Philip Frost, Jacob Foster, Amoa Farmer, WiUiam Farmer, David Foster, Joseph Fisk, Benjamin Foster, Ebenezer Frost, Edmund, Jr. Frost, Joseph, Jr. Frost, Josiah Foster, Ezra Foster, Isaiah Farmer, Peter French, Nehemiah French, Aaron Gray, Moses Gould, Jonathan Gray, Jonathan Gould, John Green, William, of Kittery Glode, Daniel Gritfen, Uriah Griffon, Daniel Hunt, David Hoagg, Andrew Hunt, John Hunt, Peter, Jr. Hardey, David Hardey, Nathaniel Hardy, John Hardy, Peter Hunt, Bliphalet Hardy, William Hardy, Nehemiah Hunt, Isaac Hogg, Andrew Hunt, Peter Hunt, Nehemiah Hasseltine, James Haseltine, Elijah Harris, William Hall, John Howard, John Hunt, Paul Haywood, John Hunt, Nathaniel Harnden, John Hill, William Harris, William Hunt, Israel Hunt, Ebenezer Hunt, Jonathan Hunt, Nathaniel, Jr. Hill, John, of Boston Haggott, Jonathan Holt, Jesse Hoadley, Thomas Hunt, Samuel Hunt, Nathan Jewett, John Killum, Daniel Kittredge, Asa Kittredge, Nathaniel Kidder, Josiah Kittredge, Dr. Benjamin Kittredge, Simeon Kittredge, Jeremiah Kittredge, Dr. Francis Levestone, Joseph Leavestone, Asa Leviston, Daniel Leveston, John Marshall, John Manning, Samuel Manning, Isaac Manning, Eliphalot Mears, Kussel (rejected) Morril, David Morrill, Jeremiah Mears, Roger Marshall, Joel Mace, Benjamin Mears, Thomaa Marsten, Amos Marshall, Samuel Needham, John Nicholas, Kobert ■ Needham, Stearns Patch, Timothy Phelps, Joseph Peabody, William Kichardson, Thomaa Rogers, Phillips Bickerson, Andrew Kogero, Timothy Shed, Jonathan Swett, Luke Stickney, Meazer Shed, Nathan Shed, John Shed, Jacob Shed. Joel Stickney, Amos Shed, Jacob, Jr. Scarlett, Newman Thompson, Joshua Thorndick, Hezekiah Trull, John Tolbert, Henry, of Bostoi Trull, Solomon Trull, David Whitney, Moses Whiting, Moses Walker, Supply,of PeqwanUitt Wood, Thomas Worster, William Wood, Amos. Thorndike, Paul Thorndike, James Whiting, Oliver Worcester, Eldad Wood, Asa Walker, Eliakim Unfortunately there is no town record of those who fell on the field, but a few notes may be added, chiefly culled from the pastor's book of Church Kecords. In the muster roll of Captain Benjamin Walker's com- pany of Col. Bridges' regiment of Twenty-seventh Foot is found the name Philip Fowler, of Tewksbury, de- ceased 17th June, enlisted April 19, 1775. In the pay roll which follows, Fowler is reported missing. The captain was reported dead, and the company was in charge of Lieutenant John Flint, of Tewksbury. The Rev Mr. Spaulding records among the deaths " Philip Fowler's son, died June 17th, m5,perhaps, Silver Cord Broke Sud^" The boy fell for his country in the fight, and his body never having been recovered, as was not unlikely, something of a shadow remained upon his end. In addition to the ancientpastor'srecord.the follow- ing certificates are copied from the file preserved at the State House : „ tewksbuey, April 23, 1776. •■ This may Certify that phiUip Fowler served in the Late Cap'. Ben- jamin Walkers Con'pany, in 27 Eegiment, Comh^anded by Co". Ebenezer W, and the said Phillip was taken or killed in the flte a Bunker bni, and has not Kc. the Coat that was Dew to ^:^-;^X^,^' CongreBS. "Andover, April 2, 1776. "To the honor.. Committee at Watertown, pleas «o I)^'";'^ J^; Coat or the price of one. to the Bearer, that was Dew to (ph.hp Fo«er), my husband, and the bearer's Receipt shall be your Discharge. "Ester X fowler." mark "This may Certift that the above phiUip FowUer, Dc^., Did not leave any Estate worth Administering upon. "Tewksbury, 18th, 1776. "EzeaKendel, "one of the Select men of Tewksbury. It would seem that these various testimonies to Fowler's death ought to place his name upon the tablets erected on Bunker Hill as among the killed in that memorable fight.' _ Another note by the pastor is "Lenises (?) Green (Winchendon), Dy* in Tewksbury, November 13, 1775 Wiounded at Bunker Hill." From Mr. Whitmore's "Report to the Boston City Council, on the Bunker Hill Tablets, Appendix B, Taken Prisoners "-is taken: "Jacob Frost, Tewks- bury 'was taken in Bunker Hill fight/ Captain Benja- min Walker, Chelmsford, Col. Ebenezer Bridge, alive Septembers, 1775, and in prison." Later among the deaths are the following entries by Mr. Spaulding in the Church Book = John Hunt, Jr., in public service at No. 4, 177b. John Haseltine, in public service, 1776, small-pox. Samuel Baily.in public service, 1776. Enoch Merrill, in public service, 1776. John Haywood, killed in battle, Rhode Island, August 29, 1778, shot. I His name has since been placed on the Tablets. 298 niSTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Many of the company at Bunker Hill comnianfled by Captain John Harnden, of Wilmington, in Col. Bri ; IsTO, JiaiO; 1877, $2000 ; 1878,' ■■, 188", J.-J(KI; 1881, $2200; 188'2, $2200; 1883, $2800 ; 1-1. ?. •■ 1--,, $20.1(1; 1H*(.. $i'.(l(l,$lli(i for t,.xl lHK)k«; 18«7,$1100 ...„l f v., f,„ ,„, Uxik. ; 18.^, $.1000, .ndt600forloxt book, ; 1889,83000 -u„l $««. r,.r 1.(1 hookf : 1890, $2200, and $100 for text Wk.. CHAPTER XXVIL TE WKSB UR r— ( Continued) . THE POOK — .SLAVERY — NATURAL HISTORY. The Poor. — Tewksbury from the first has found true the words, "The poor ye have with you always, ;ind whensoever ye will ye may do them good." The town supervised the interests of widows and orphans when required, and often adjudicated cases of diffi- culty which now are carried into the courts, — perhaps not a more excellent way. Sometimes the children of the poor were bound out by the selectmen. It was the custom to warn out of town persons likely to become paupers before they could estab- lish a claim for support. A fee was paid for this, which sometimes such persons would obtain for warn- ing out themselves and families. Thus, to " Daniel Pryor 18«., it being for warning himself and family and Mrs. Mahoney and her child out of town." Then no one could become a regular and recognized inhabit- ant without permission. Towns gave worthless and disorderly persons orders to march, and often a.ssisted them to do so. When, however, a person or family had a right to town aid, they were fortunate poor people, because they would be well cared for. Pioba- bly the last warning out of town recorded is July 17, 1796. There were in the earliest times a Nicholas Striker and family, whose names appear frequently in the town accounts. Orders were paid for beef, milk, wood, sugar, pork, provisions of all kinds ; for rum and molasses ; for doctoring Striker's wife ; for re- pairing his house; for a cow to lend Striker; and at last for his coffin and funeral expenses. There was a French family, probably one of the Acadian exiles, equally prominent in the same way, of which it seemed the town would never hear the last. With a sigh of relief, even at this distant day, is read an order for payment for carrying them to Canada. Alas ! they are soon back from an uncongenial and inhospitable clime to tarry until the inevitable end. In connection with the support of the poor comes first this direction to selectmen, given March 7, 1742, that they " bind Elizabeth to some suitable place and draw not over X20 lawful money for her support." Again, March 5, 1744,voted to allow ".Taeob Cory, .Jr., one pound five shillings old tenor for his trouble in getting the £20 the town ijromised for bringing up a poor child to the age of eighteen years." February, 1759, a petition to Portsmouth, N. H., for cost of the care of Charles Row, a soldier who died in town of small-pox, 1757. In 1761 the town was visited by a severe epidemic of small-pox, as appears from the money paid for * nursing, rum, sugar and articles needed in such sickness— a list continued to an astonishing degree, considering the limited ability of the town. TEWKSBURY. 303 But as early as May, 1768, they had the custom of letting out the poor to the highest bidder, as is seen from the extracts which follow : May, 1768, '' Voted that . . .'s child be put out to the lowest price where it shall be proper to have it go." November 20, 1776, "Voted to appoint and Impower the Select- men in behalf of the Town or any part of them, to Endent and agree with Some person or persons, to Support and maintain the Wid" . . . during her life or any part thereof." Still more ancient is the flavor of this advertisement, December, 1784: Whereas, ... is supported by the town and the selectmen can't git it done without great cost, this is to see who will take and sup port her." August, 1786, the warrant has an article "To see how the town will support the poor," which resulted in the decision, " that the poor be set up to the highest bidder and that the selectmen give publick notice of the time and place where they are to be set up." This was usually done by appending to the warrant a notice that they would be set up in the evening after town-meeting, thus : "N. B. The Poor that are supported by the Town are to be put out to them that will do it cheapest, in the evening of the above said day, and also the Widow Stickney's thirds for the season." In this connection stand these entries quoted for their quaintness : August 17, 1772, " An order to David Sanders for boarding Nicholas Strieker 35 weeks and finding him a pair of tow briches." Feb- ruary 13, 1773, '' An order to Benj. Burtt it being for four pair of gloves for the funeral of . . .'s wife," dependent upon the town. February 22, 1779, "An order to Saml. Danforth for finding . . . her house room and fire-wood and Sass and Drink." Some of the items preserved on the records .show vividly the customs and the social life of the former days. Such is the order given February 23, 1780, to David Bailey, " it being for one Loos striped toe lining Ground 2j yards and fore one toe and wol- ling wailed Coat 2} yard and for one Jacot and for one pair of shoes, for one pair of stockings, all which he found for . . . and for Boarding thirty-three weeks and half to the sixth day of March £66 : 8s." The records are full of similar orders. As early as October 17, 1780, an article is found in the warrant " to see if the town will erect a work- liouse for the purpose of such as shall become a town charge." A good many years passed before anything was done to carry out the suggestion. In 1787 overseers of the poor were "chosen. It was not till 1826 that the present poor-farm, consisting of some 80 acres, was purchased. In May of that year it was voted to use it also as a house of correction. A new poor-farm house, with conveniences suitable for the inmates, is now in process of building. SLA.VEKY. — Many fail to remember, perhaps never dreamed, that slavery once existed in Massachusetts, the leading State in the great anti-slavery movement. Traces of the "peculiar institution" may be found in all the early New England towns. Tewksbury is no exception. The town records contain frequent refer- ences to negroes belonging to one and another of the names familiar in our history. It seems strange to hear of the Kittredge, the Trull, the Hunt, and the Rogers families as among the slaveholders. Stranger still is what Mr. Aaron Frost relates, that when slav- ery was abolished in Massachusetts there were three slaves in this town : a man owned by Dr. Kittredge, from whom the poor-farm was bought; a girl named Rose, owned by Mrs. Rogers, and one named Phyllis, the property of the Rev. Sampson Spaulding. Her death is thus recorded : " 1820, June, Phyllis, a negro woman in Dea. John Spaulding's family, ninety years, old age." It speaks well for their treatment that when freedom came the two maid-servants preferred to re- main with their former owners. In those days they not only voted what seats the singers should have, and adjusted all difficulties with them, but passed the following, September, 1786: " that the negroes have the seat next to the long pew for their seat to set in." In this connection the following document is inter- esting:— " Know all men by tbese preBenta that I, John Kittredge, of Tewlis- biiry, In the County of Middlesex, in his Majestie's Province of the MasBUchusettB Bay in New Kngland, ChinirgeoD, Know ye that 1, said John Kittredge, for ye love, good will and affection that I have and do bear toward my servant Negroe man Reuben, and also for ye Good Ser- vice that the said Reuben bath done and performed for me, X)o by these presentH Declear, Order and Establish that my said Servant Reuben, if he lives and survives me, his said Master John Kittredge, that after my Decease the said Reuben shall be lutirely free and at bis own free Lib- erty for his life time after my Decease, so that my Heirs, Executors, or Administrators, or Either of them, shall not have any Command or Business to order or Dispose of said Reuben. Dated at Tewksbury, the Sixteenth day of Janury, in the Twenty Eight year of his Majestie's Reign, Auquo Domini 176 | 5. " Signed, Sealed and delivered in presence of us. "John Kittredge. "Jonathan Kittredge, "Joseph Kittredge, "John Chapman. "The above written instrument of ye Cleronanceof Doctr. John Kitt- redge's Negroe man Reuben, was entered November ye 16, ITStJ. " Per me, Stephen Osgood, •'Town Clerk" Natural History. — The early descriptions of New England reveal an unusual beauty. The num- ber and varieties of the trees of the forests primeval impressed the writers. The same impression of ad- miration arose from the multitude and variety of the anim.als, birds and fish which Tewksbury had in common with other towns. Some of the quadrupeds are now extinct. The abundance of fish made Wamesit the capital at one time of the tribe after which it was named. The Merrimac is " the Sturgeon River." In this river, the Concord and the Shawsheen, and iu their numerous tributaries, abounded all the kinds of fish known to New England waters. In former days the northwestern part of the town was known as " Shad- town," and apprentices stipulated that they should be 304 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. fed only 80 often upon the royal salmon or upon shad. The southern portion was for years called "Pigeon- town," from the numerous pigeons which frequented those parU. At every town-meeting, from 1743 till 1830, fish reeves, wardens or " fish cares " were aj)- pointed. The following is the first vote: Stephen Osgood and Samuel Hunt were chosen a committee " to see that the fish have free passage up and down those streams where they usually pass to spawn.'' Soon after the founding of Lowell, the manufactur- ing interesU, by polluting the waters, left the com- mittee without occupation, and itceiised to be elected. As late as August, 1760, about which time the savage beasts disappeared, was killed in Wilmington the last wild bear in that vicinity. " It was shot by Ephraim Buck, from beneath the branches of an an- cient oak, now standing, near the road leading from Wilmington Centre to the east part of the town." (Drake's Middlesex, Wil. by L. 0. Eames.) Interesting is this vote passed December, 1739 : " Voted to chose two men to take care that the deer in this town be not destroyed contrary to the last liiw made in their behalf" Josiah Baldwin and Samuel Trull have the honor of being elected the first of a Icmg list of deer reeves which ends about 1777. The following vote shows the abundance of small game compared with its scarceness to-day : 1742, " voted a town rate of £25 old tenor to pay the bounty laid on gray and ground squirrels and black- birds which are caught in the town." Bounties for fiercer animals were not unknown, for in 1757 an order for six shillings was paid John Ball for kill- ing one wildcat; and in 1758 Jonathan Kittredge was paid ten shillings for one killed — the last of which there is historical record. There was a bounty on crows also, whose rate rose and fell with the times. In 1791, "Voted a bounty for killing crows, 'M. pei head for old ones, and four pence ha'penny for young ones killed by the inhabitants of this town in the town : Voted also that the heads be brought to the selectmen or town treasurer to bo examined, and il they suspect their being killed in the town, then the person bringing them shall go to a justice of the pease and sware that the crows were killed in the town and bring a certificate that he thus swore." In 1814 it was voted to let fishing privileges to the highest bidder: $50 was paid for the privilege formerly owned by Dr. Worcester at the northwest part. CH.XPTER XXVin. TE n-ASB UR r- ( Conlin ucd). rilK civil, W.Ut— CIVIL AND lUOGRAPIUCAL. The part played by the town in this tremendous conflict is best seen from the reports and votes spread upon the town records, supplemented by such remarks as will explain them. The sound of the coming strife is heard in the vote March 4, 1861, " to instruct the School Committee to cause the Constitution of the U. S. to be read in each of the public schools of Tewksbury once at least each term." They also voted, March 6th, the same notable year, to raise more money and adopted the following report of a committee raised at the previous meeting and consisting of George Lee, Elijah M. Ptead, Jona- than Brown, D. G. Long, Elbridge Livingstone : " That the town appropriate the sum of $2000 and that a committee consisting of the Selectmen and four other citizens be appointed to disburse this appropri- ation among the volunteer citizens of Tewksbury in such manner as in their judgment the circumstances may require. It being understood that out of said appropriation an outfit and a reasonable amount of pocket money be provided for all volunteers from Tewksbury, and that the families of the absent volun- teer shall be cared for, and also that this committee shall also look after their future wants and necessities during their enlistment and also that the compensa- tion of the said volunteer be increased to twenty dol- lars per month for the time of their actual service." They also voted and chose the following named gen- tlemen to act in connection with the selectmen in distributing the above appropriation : N. P. Cole, B. F. Spaulding, William Grey, John P. Taylor. This committee reported at the next annual town- meeting, March 3, 1862, as follows : "Your committee entered upon tUeir new and unusual duties with a desire to do justice, as well as exercise benevolence towards our young men, who, at this crisis in our country's march, so nobly stepped forward to protect the homes and the institutions of this great and favored peo- ple. Neither were they unmindful of their duties to those who, though qniotly at home, so willingly supplied the means. *' By a vote of the town each man enlisting into the U. S. service was to receive from the town a sum sutlicient to make his wages twenty dollars per month. ' "On the '23d May last the legislature of Mass. passed an act rendering nugatory all acts of towns for increased pay of wages to volunteers be- yond the term of three months for any individual. "This deprived a majority of our volunteers of any incre.Tged pay. " At the early stage of our national trouble, our State, as well as our National Government, was not fully prepared to uniform and fit out troops as fast as the exigencies of the case seemed to require. " Hence the importance of towns and individuals to interest them- selves to provide the comforts and furnish ueceasities to our volunteers and their families. To this end the attention of your committee was directed more especially to see that each man had the necessary clothing and a small amount of money when he should march to the seat of war. In the act above referred to, the State made ample provisions fur ihn families of volunteers, which relieve your committee of that service. ' ' The act of the town made it the duty of the committee to distribute aid to the volunteers according to their judgment of their several ueces- stties. "They furnished six persons with clothing and necessary articles for the camp, to the amount of one hundred and eighteen dollars and eighty cents ($118.80) thirty-three persons with pocket-money at ten dollars each (Jill), three hundred and thirty dollars (»330),and two per- sons with two dollars each, four dollars ($4), to defray their expenses to Boston to enlist, making the total amount paid and authorized to be paid, of $462.8U. " It may bo proper to state hero that quite an erroneous opinion, for a time, seemed to prevail among some of the volunteers and their friiMidB, to wit.: that the town had voted to pay each volunteer ten dollars, irre- TEWKSBUKY. 305 spective of the judgment of the committee ; this, as well as other erron- eous views that obtained currency, increased their labor by requiring frequent explanations. " Ten dollars have been paid, or authorized to be paid, to each volun- teer or bis authorized agent or guardian, who has applied for it and fur- nished satisfactory evidence that they have been lawfully enlisted in the volunteer service of the U. S., except one who was aided to the amount of eight dollars and ninety-three cents (88.93), for needed arti- cles, but no money. One made no application. *' The base of the action for granting aid was evidence that the vol- unteer had his residence in Tewksbury at the time of his enlistment. " The subjoined tabular statement exhibits the name of each volunteer or person aided from Tewksbury, together with the number of the regi- ment and the description of the battery, squadrou or company to which they are attached, so far as could be ascertained, also such other infor- mation relating to their condition as is in possession of your committee. " Your committee respectfully requests to be discharged from further service, and recommends the selectmen be authorized to perform the re- maining duties for the committee. "B. F. SPAULDINO. Chairman." Meanwhile the town was alive with eflbrts to re- cruit the ranks of the army and sustain that army iu the field. As will be seen from the lists of her sol- diers in this contest, Tewksbury had men among the first in the ranks, notably in the renowned Sixth Massachusetts, some of whom still live to tell the taieof the celebrated march through Baltimore. July, 1862, came another call for troops, on which the town at once acted, as thus recorded : "July 28, 1862. " Whereas, by Proclamation of the Pres. of the U. S., an addition to the forces now in the service of the country, of SOO.OttO men, is required and ordered, and Whereas, of the whole number to be raised. 1.5,000 is set down as the portion of Mass., and Wliereas, by Proclamation of the Gov. of the State, eleven men is the number assigned to the town of Tewks- bury as its quota of the above force, therefore, — " Voted, That a bounty of S125 be appropriated to each of said eleven men, who shall enter said service from this town, to be paid to them when mustered in. " Voted, That the Treasurer of tliis town is hereby authorized to bor- row a sum of money not exceeding, in amount, $1500, on such time as he may deem best, etc. " Voted, That Clerk and Treas. spread these votes on their respective records, the names of recruits under this call and the amounts paid them each." This was July 28th. In less than a month another meeting was held to act upon still another call for " three hundred thousand more." Similar reso- lutions and votes were passed, as on the previous occasions ; iJlOO was voted to each man enlisting for nine months, and the treasurer was authorized to borrow $1500 additional. Next month, November 4th, at another meeting, it was decided to pay all expenses attending enlist- ments. Coming to the next annual meeting, April, 1863, the celebrated proclamations of Governor Andrew and President Lincoln for a day of humiliation, fasting and prayer are spread upon the records of that solemn time after the usual report. November 3, 1863, finds the town again convened to respond to the third call of the President for 300,000 troops. It is a pathetic reminder of the spirit which filled the Republic in her adversity to notice that, before even electing the moderator, by solemn vote 20-iii they called upon the Rev. Richard Tolman to open the meeting by prayer. Here are the votes which pertain to the great con- flict, then raging throughout the land : " That a bounty of $200 be paid to each volunteer soldier on being mustered in the United States service, also that the town choose a committee to make an assess- ment on each individual of his proportion necessary to be raised for this purpose ; " " that a meeting or series of meetings be called by the selectmen as they may think best to encourage enlistment;" "that the same committee that is appointed by the Gov- ernor to enlist volunteers for this town, do assess and apportion to each individual their proportional part necessary to raise the above amount.'' The next important action was in the meeting of -May 30, 1864, when they voted to pay $125 to each enlisted man that shall be' mustered into the military service of the United States from this town the ensuing year. Ten men were required to fill the quota. The treasurer was authorized to borrow $1250 to meet demands. The town then seems to have made an effort for this final demand upon its re- •sources with success. Immediately after the town-meeting a citizens' meet- ing was organized by choosing Leonard Huntress chairman. These rallies were kept up with great en- thusiasm by men prominent in town affairs and from all parts of it till the quotas were filled. The first meet- ing voted " that the assessors be required to assess the amount of $1250 on the tax-payers of Tewksbury as a voluntary tax for the purpose of securing the requisite number of men that may be called for by the Presi- dent, from this town ; " and that Elijah M. Read be treasurer to receive all the money of the several collectors chosen at a previous meeting. The ladies during these severe and trying experi- ences did their part by gathering necessaries and luxuries to send to the men defending the flag on distant battle-fields or bearing pain for it in remote hospitals. Here, as elsewhere, all classes were fused into one by ardor for tife common cause — union and freedom. The end came at last, even sooner than expected, in the annual meeting of April, 1865, when, after reporting that the town debt at that date was $8932.- 32, the chairman, Leonard Huntress, appended to the report of the selectmen these remarks : " The selectmen, in addition to the foregoing report of receipts and expenditures, desire to call the attention of their fellow-citizens, in a few brief words, to matters showing more especially the town's relation to the country. " The war has existed four years. Every call made upon us for men to put down the rebellion has been honored. Our quotas are all full. We have also a surplus to our credit of two men. '' The end now appears to be so plainly drawing nigh that we are in hopes no additional calls will be made. In fact, the spirit of liberty and of patriotism seems to be doing for the army in these last days so good a work, that we believe our ranks will be kept full. "Since April 1, 1864, this town has furnished twenty-four men. The last one who went was our fellow-townsman, Anson B. Clark. :!(I6 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " We msnllon hit c«m partlruliirly Ixjcause he was the firat, mao who f nllMed u ■ iiriv«te, iinayers will prefer to pay tliat amount promptly rather than attempt to stagger under them. "The Town will understand that these are only suggestions and will treat thvni accordingly. "LKONAKB IIUNTnESS, *'C7iatrTHa» of the Selectmen.** A vote wa.s i);issc(l " to rentier thanks to him and liis associates for the elHcieut services of the past year in procuring; troops to fill our quotas." They voted also " to a8scs.s the present year $3000, that being the amount paid as bounties to volunteers.'' With .such a spirit, no wonder that the town in a very few years paid it« war debt and resumed its wonted prosperity. The list which follows gives the names of probably all the men who served the town in the War of the Rebellion. It is taken from the otlicia! record of 'I'ewksbury. Kegt. C!o. Gth U nth G , t'.th A filb C Gth D Oth G 7lh Uat 7lh Bat Henry L. Duckins, William II. TIngley, OanlelA. Whittcniore, (George II. (tray, William G. Brady, F. .Martin g|wuldlng, Samuel W. Beuaun, John llllllon, Aleiaodor K. McDonald, 7tbBat Aulhuny McD.itiald, 7th Bat Hugh McDonald, 7lh Bat Alexander Mc^uarreu, 7th Bat • ia-irge T. I'n«t.ui, 7lli Bat John .1. Voung, 7ih Bat .lohii W. Merriam, isth Hat Ilennia Noonan, lilb Bat John Hill, I.I n. A. Regt. Co. Dennis Gleasfln, 2d H..A. F Jason 11. George, 3d H. A. F Ansel Williams, 3d Cav. Read's Martin Matthew, .'ith Cav. K ElUah Johnson, fith Cav. li George Davis, Jr., 6th Cav. M Fro 12th D •e,12th D 13th D H. A. A 22d I 26th A 26th D 2r,th A 8, 26th D 26th D 26th F 2Rtb E 3nth C 3()th D 30th D 3ntb D 33d A 33d A 33d A 33d A 33d F 33d F 38th B 69tb C Res Corps I 2d D llth Bat 30th l8t Cav. 26th Daniel Pickering, Vet Res Crps John Sullivan, Vet Res Corps Alonzo D. Marshall, Ttb Bat Alonzo C. Tyler, Johu W. Smith, Lyman Lane, Thomas Manning, Herniau Marshall, Henry Kittredge, James J. Trow, Charles M. Huckins, Samuel J.W. Livingsto: William Duffee, Riley Davis, James H. Fletcher, Albert Stackpole, Samuel "W. Dexter, Stephen C. Fiefield, Vet liei Josephus Stoue. John M. Bryant, Navy Jonathan Brown, Coutract Surg' James L. Williams, 6lh /iba M. Saunders. 2«h 17th loth ! 5Cps 1 UoiBlgaod Recruit. ' William F. Whittemor George B. Spaulding, Dennis Gleason, 2(i Henry Sottung, Abhiond C. Abbott, Augustus C. Cushing, Jesse C. Osgood, EdmondJ. D. Huckin William H. Trull, Charles 0. Shedd, William Kirwin, Lowell Davis, Thomas Davis, Charles A. Orcutt, Jesse Synimes, John Corniick, Edward Ballard, Daniel A. Kendall, Enoch B. Phelps, William L. Jacques, Abuer A.Sbedd, Thomas McGovern, John Dyer, James B. Daley, Vet Several men as Alonzo Marshall entered the .Seventh Battalion, which was formed from Reg. 6th, Co. G. Little of general interest remains to complete this sketch, but a few matters of more than transient im- portance are noted in the order of their occurrence. In 1808 a second movement began for a division of the town by annexing nearly 1000 acres of the north- westerly part to Lowell. This was completed after strenuous opposition from the town iu 1874. The last division of the town was in 1888, when about 200 acres were lost to Lowell to the regret of the old town. November, 1870, it was decided to repair the Town Hall, but in Jlarch, 1875, it was voted to build a new one,33x60 feet.at a cost of $3000, in which a vault was to be constructed at an expense not exceeding $700. This W!is done on the site of the old one, which was sold. The building committee was Elijah M. Read, Zephaniah P. Foster and Nathaniel Trull. The final cost was $3896.12. Tewksbury in 1875 came into the Nineteenth Repre- sentative District, which consisted of the towns of Chelmsford, Tyng.sborough, Dracut and Tewksbury, and contained 12o8 legal voters, who elected one Re- presentative to the General Court. At the November meeting in 1876, $500 was ap- propriated for the purpose of improving and beautify- ing the centre of the town, the first of a number of similar appropriations. The committee to expend this money was George A. Kittredge, Enoch Foster and Joel Foster. The gentleman at the head of this committee was the founder of the Public Library, which the town voted to establish at the November meeting a year afterwards, 1877. Mr. George A. Kittredge was the first chairman of the Board of Six Trustees, by whom the library is man- aged. Since the death of Mr. Kittredge, his brother, Mr. J. C. Kittredge, has held this position. To both ' Unattached Heavy Artillery. TEWKSBUKY. 307 of these gentlemen the library is indebted for numer- ous gifts of books. In March, 1878, and yearly from that date, the town voted the dog tax to the support and increase of the library. In March, 1879, an ap- propriation of $100 was granted for the same pur- pose. Every year since, but one, the townhasgiven a sum in addition to the dog tax varying from $100 to $2.50. The shelves now, 1890, contain 3326 vol- umes, and readers are furnished with the popular magazines. Patrons in remote parts of the town have books delivered at a point near their home. The circulation of books for the year ending Febru- ary 1, 1890, was 7171, including a few magazines, the largest number ever used in one year. Many competent judges have deservedly praised the selection of books, which inchides the best of every class of literature, and which furnish a valuable and increas- ing help to the work of the schools. Perhaps some affluent native of Tewksbnry who reads these pages, may be led to furnish a fitting home for these literary treasures. There are few better ways to perpetuate a good and ancient name, or to render money a per- manent source of good, than the establishment and endowment of Public Libraries,which make accessible to all the people the best that has been thought and written in all times. To trace the history of even a small New England town like Tevvksbury shows that it is representative of the great type to which it belongs, a form of society and government unsurpassed by any the world has ever seen. Even this comparatively small town illus- trates the principle on which the master historians of to-day proceed in the study of the great drama still unfolding — that the local history should furnish the beginning which ends in the universal. Tewksbury stands connected with the great world wide current. The town had a share in every change and movement of the laud. Her social life was part of the life of the day. Often a vote, a phrase, a single word or name from her records brings up a past which belonged to that entire ancient world which seems to most men like the stuft' dreams are made of. Even here the old adage is true that " Every road leads to Rome. " 1735 — Lt. Daniel Kittredge; March, Samuel HuDt, Jr., William Brown ; May, June, July, November, Lt. Daniel Kittredge. 1736— March ^Oth, Joseph Kittredge ; June 10th, November 22d, Sep- tember 13th, Daniel Kittredge. 1737 — March 7th, May, September, Lt. Daniel Kittredge; October 6 Joseph Kittredge : December 22d, Lt. Daniel Kittredge. 1738— February Itith, March r.th, May 16tb, Deacon Daniel Kittredge; August 31st, Joseph Kittredge ; November 27th, Oapt. William Brown. 1739— March 5th, Deacon Daniel Kittredge ; March 9th, Capt. Peter Hunt ; May 2id, Capt. William Brown ; September 4th, November 27th, Deacon Daniel Kittredge. 1740— March 3-loth, adjourned May 20th, Deacon Daniel Kittredge; October 8tli, Capt. William Brown ; December 10th, a(yourned to 17th, Deacon Daniel Kittredge. 1741— March 2d, May 15th, June 15th, Deacon Daniel Kittredge; No- vember 4th, Lt. William Brown. 1 742 — January 19th, Joseph Kittridge ; March 1st, adjourned to March i^th, March 29th, Lt. William Brown ; May 18th, Deacon Joseph Kitt- redge ; October 4th, adjourned to the 9th of December, Lt. William Brown. 1743— March 2d, April 12th, May 20th, September 12th, Lt. William Brown ; November 14th, Dea. Joseph Kittredge ; December 6th, Lt. William Brown. 1744— March 5th, .30th, May 22d, June 5th, September 7th, November 13th, Lt. William Brown. 1745— March 4th, adjourned to March Igth, April 11th, Capt. Peter Hunt ; May 23d, September 23d, November 23d, Lt. William Brown. 1746— March 4th, 25th, May 22d,Capt. Peter Hunt; September 23d, Lt. William Brown. 1747— March 2d, Capt. Peter Hunt ; May 20th, Lt. William Brown ; .September 17th, Lt. William Kittredge. 1748— March 7th, Capt. Peter Hunt ; March 29th, Thomas Clark ; May 20th, no name ; September 13th, William Kittredge. 1749— March 6th, William Kittredge; May 12th, Stephen Osgood; September 12th, William Kittredge. 1750— March 5th, Lt. William Kittredge; May 17th, Dea» Joseph Kittredge ; October 2d, William Brown. 1751- March 4th, adjourned to March 11th, Thomas Clark ; May 14th, Thomas Marshall ; September 19th, William Brown. 1752— March 2d, Thomas Clark ; May 11th, Joseph Kittredge ; Septeni- Ijer 21st, Thomas Clark ; December 8th, John Chapman. 1753— March 5tb, Thomas Clark ; May, no name ; June 15th, Thomas .Marshall ; September 13th, Wm. Brown. 1754— March 4th, Wm. Brown; March 19th, Dea" Joseph Kittredge; May 15th, October 15th, Wm. Brown. 1755— March 3d, Wm. Brown ; September 16th, Dea^ Joseph Kittredge. 1766— March, September 9th, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1757 — January 12th, John Cliapman ; March 7th, Capt. Wm. Brown ; May loth, Joseph Brown ; September 29th, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1758 — March 6th, October 2d, Abraham Stickney. 1759— March 6th, May 11th, William Kittredge ; September 27th, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1760 — January 17th, adjourned to January 28th, Wm. Kittredge ; March 3d, Capt. Wm. Brown ; March 24th, Deacon Abraham Stickney ; July 21st, October 6th, Capt. Wni. Brown. 1761— March 2d, October 19th, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1762— March 1st, Capt. Wm. Brown; May 20th, Stephen Osgood ; Sep- tember 29th, December 2d, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1763 — March 7th, Dean. Abraham Stickney. 1764— October 2d, James Thorndike. 1765— March 4th, Capt. Wm. Brown ; March 25th, Lt. Wm. Kitt- redge : May 9th, Capt. Joseph Kidder; September 30th, Wm. Kitt- redge ; October 14th, Capt. Wm. Brown. 1766— Mitrch 3d, Capt. Wm. Brown ; May 13th, June 17tli, September loth, Thomas Marshall. 1767— March 2d, Lt. Wm. Kittredge ; March 19tb, Capt. Wm. Brown; May 14th, Lt. Wm. Kittredge; September 14th, Ezra Kendal. 1768— March 7th, Lt. Wm. Kittredge ; May 16th, Ezra Kendal ; Sep- tember 29tb, Aaron Beard. 1769 — March 7th, Thomas Marshall ; September 4th, Ezra Kindell ; October 27th, Aaron Beard. 1770— March 6th, Timothy Brown ; May 24th, Lt. Wm. Kittredge ; September 20th, Ezra Kindell. 1771 — March 4th, Timothy Brown ; May 24th, Aaron Beard ; Septem- ber 9th, Lt. Wm. Kittredge. 1772— March 2d, Timothy Brown ; March 30th, Jacob Shed ; May 21st, Wm. Brown ; September 29th, Eldad Worcester ; December 7th, Lt. Wm. Kittredge. 1773 — February 8th, Jonathan Brown ; March Ist, David Bailey ; May 11th, Aaron Beard; July 2d, September 20th, Wm. Brown; October ISth, David Bailey. 1774— March 7th, Timothy Brown; May 23d, Lt. Wm. Kittredge; September 21st, David Bailey ; November 23d, Wm. Brown. 1775— January 23d, Wm. Brown ; March 6th, David Bailey ; May 23d, Ezra Kindal ; August 2d, Aaron Beard ; October 30, Ezra Kindal. 1776— March 4th, Ezra Kindal ; May 20th, Aaron Beard ; June 24th, Wm. Brown ; October 14th, November 2Uth, Ezra Kindal. 1777— March 3d, Ezra Kindnl , March 17th, Aaron Beard ; May 22d, September 8th, Ezra Kindall ; September 29th, Aaron Beard ; October 2l8t, Ezra Kindall ; December 4th, Wm. Brown. 1778— March 2d, Aaron Board ; March 16th, April 9th, Ebenezer Wbittemore ; Jlay 12th, Ezra Kindall ; May 2Sth, Aaron Beard ; June 26th, Samuel Marshall ; September 14th, Capt. John Trull ; September 23d, Jacob Low. 1779— January 2l8t, Esra Kindall j March Ist, Jacob Low ; May 2l6t, 308 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Bin KiDdell ; Jod* 24tli, Aaron B««rd ; August J2th, Wm. Brown ; S.pl.mb«r 23d, Do" Benj- Klttrodge ; October 16th, Mi«. Jonathan Bniwn i Novenilwr lllb, Aaron Board. 17«i— .lanuary 27tli, Bonj" Hunt ; March 6th, 14th, 27th, Wm. Brown ; April 27th, Deii" Kini Kindoll ; May 2d, 29th, Wni. Brown ; Jnne l.'ith, 2^111, l)oc» Kira KiuJiOl ; October 12th, Wni. Brown ; No»ember 14th, DorvnilMr lllh,27lh, Wni. Brown. 1761^Jannary L'Jd, Col" .lonathan Brown; March 5th, 19th, April eth, Jl.y nth, .luno 18lh, Wm. Brown; July 2d, BzraKlndell; July 23d, l>aa. Jacob .Shed ; .Soptoniljor M, Wm. Brown ; October 22d, Col. Jon' Brown; December llh, Doa. E/.ra Kiodell ; December 24th, Wm. Brown. 1782— JIarch 4th, April let, Wm. Browu ; April 15th, Col» Jon" Brown ; May If.lh, Wm. Brown ; Novombor 7th, (Jol° Jon" Brown ; Do- cemlier ailh, Wm. llrown. HSi-March 3d, Timothy Brown ; April 7tli, June 2d, November 21th, Wni. Brown, 17S4-.lBmiary .1th, D" Ezra Kindell ; March iBt, Timothy Brown; April lOth, Andrew Bordnian ; May 14th, Col" .lon« Brown; Sei>tember 7lh, !)• Ezra Kindell ; December 2Iiil, Wm. Brown. ITRI— March "th, Wm. Brown ; March 2lBt, D» Jacob Shed ; April 4lh, Wm. Brown; May IStli, Aaron Beard ; September I2th, Wm. Brown ; Deceliilier 6lh, D" Ezra Kindell. |7(U;_Kebriiary 2d, D» Ezra Kindell ; JIarch 6tli, Timothy Brown ; March 22d, Jonathan Brown, Enq. ; March 21ltll, April 11th, Win. llrown; April 28th, Timothy Rogers ; May lllth, Dn. Jacob Shed; An- goal 2liit, October :il>l, Dn. Kzra Kindell. l787_Maroh 6th, April 2d, May Ifith, Timothy Brown ; June 13tb, Jnly.Mh, Nath' t^lark ; September 17th, Dn. Kzra Kindell; December 17lh, Wm. nr..wn. 178)!— March .-id, Timothy Brown ; April 7th, May llith, September ■JA, December 18lh, Andrew Bordman. 178!>— March 2d, Dn. Ezra Kindell ; April (itli, May 11th, September 281b, Andrew Bonlman ; November 2d, Jonathan Browu. 17'.M»— Blarch, April 5th, May l.'ith, Andrew Bordman ; June 22d, July I4th. D» Ezra Kindell ; October 4th, Andrew Boardman. 1701— April, .May, Andrew Bordman; September, October 3d, Wm. Simonrlft ; Noveinbor21it, Andrew Bordman. 17'J2— January 3d, Wm Brown ; March 5th, April 2d, May 7th, Wm. Slmond< ; Jnne .Mb, July 2r.th, D. Ezra Kindell; August 23d, Andrew Hordmaii ; September 7th, November 2d, Win. Sinionds ; November tilh, l.t. Samuel Worflter. 17D3 — .lanuary 14th, Wm. Sinioiids ; March 4th, Lt. Wm. Simonda ; >lay l.tth, Wm. Brown ; Juno Gib, Win. Sinionds ; September 30th, Oc- tober 28th, Andrew Borvlman. 1794— January Rth, March 3d, April 7th, May 15tli, AuguHt 18th, Sep- tember 2.'tth, November 3d, Wm. Siinondti ; December 25th, Jonathan Brown. 179,1— March 2.1, A|.ril r,th, May Mb, Septoniber 2lBt, Decemlier 28Hi, Wm. Simoiids. I7'.>l)- March 7th, April 4th, 0th, Aiiguat 9tli, September 12tb, 19th, November 7tb, Wm. Siiliouda. 1797— March fith, April 3d, May 8tli, September 18th, Wm. Simonda. 1798— Starch 5th,' April 2d, May 17th, Jnne Itb, July 23d, November 5lli, Divembor 24tli, Wm.Siniondii. 1799— May, Jnne 17th, Wro.Simonds. IWK)— March :ilay 5th, 30tli, October 17th, Wm. Simonds. IR<>4— Man-h lib, April 2nd, September 6tli, Decombor lith, Wm. Si- monds. I8i«— March, Wm. Simonds ; April Isl. Lt. Samuel Worcester; May 91b, Noroiidier 4tb, Will. Simonds. IWm- March :id, 24lh, April 7lh, 281h, .Inly 10th, Soplomber 4th, Wm. SliiiimiU ; Noveinlier 38- Man^h 7lli, April lib, Juno 27lli, Wm. lilmonds ; September 5th, Samuel W..rcealer ; NovenilKlr 7tli, Wm. Simonds. IHUO-March 6lh, April .Id, May 4lh, Wm. Simonds; December Ist. Captain Joalah llrown. mu-March 61h, Ll. Wm. Simon.ls ; April 2d, Moy Inth, Josiali Drown. mil-March «lh, April lUh, May 9lh, August 20th, Wm. Simonds ■ "epiember 23.1, Juaiali Browu. ' 1812— March 2d, Wm. Simonds ; April 6th, Josiah Brown ; May lith, David Rogers ; July 6th, Josiah Brown. 181.1— March Ist, April 5th, August 30th, Josiah Brown. 1814 — .lanuary 14th, March 7tli, April 4th, May I3th, September 13th, November 2d, Josiah Brown. 1815 — March 16th, April 3d, May 19th, Josiah Brown. 1816— March 4th, April 1st, May 17tb, Josiah Brown; October 4th, Wm. Simonds. 1817— March 3d, April 17tb, May 15th, Josiah Brown. 1818— March 2d, April 16th, May 14th, November 2d, Josiah Brown. 1819— March 1st, April .5th, May Kith, Wm. Simonds; June Kith, Josiah Brown. 1820 — March 6th, April 3d, May 10th, October 20th, Josiah Brown. 1821 — March 5th, May 17tli, April 2d, September 3d, Josiah Brown. 1822— March 4th, 26th, April 1st, May 6th, 16th, September 16th, .Insiah Brown. 1823— JIarch 3d, .losiah Brown ; April 7th, May 15th, August 26th, Hermon Marshall. 1824— March 1st, Josiah Brown ; April 5tli, May 13th, Heniion Mar- shall ; June Ist, Josiah Brown. 18.25- .January 3d, Hermon Marshall ; March 7th, April 4th, 5Iay 12th, June 13th, Josiah Brown. 1826— March 6th, April 3d, May lOtli, November 6th, Josiah Brown. 1827— March 6th, 14th, April 2, April 30th, May ITth, May 3lBt, Josiah Brown. 1828— March 3d, April 7lli, May 15th, Josiah Brown. 1820— Jan. 2Sth, March 2d, Josiah Brown ; April Gth, William Rogers ; May 14th, Josiah Brown ; Aug. 24tb, Dec. 29th, William Rogers. 1830— March Ist, April 5th, May 10th, Nov. Ist, Jan. 3d, John Jaques. 1831— March "th, April itii, John Jaques ; May llth, Josiah Brown ; Aug. 16th, William Rogers. 1832— Jan. 16th, John Jaques ; March 5th, Josiah Browu ; March 12th, John Jaques ; April 9th, Josiah Brown ; May 14th, John Jaques ; June 5th, William Rogers; Aug. 20th, John Jaques; Nov. 13th, Nathan Durant. 1833— March 4th, Josiah Brown ; April Ist, May 6th, John G. Moore ; Aug. 19th, William Rogers; Nov. llth, .lohn G. Moore. 1834— March 10th, March 31st, John G. Moor ; April 21st, Sept. 29tb, William Rogers ; Oct. 29th, John G. Moor ; Nov. loth, William Rogers. 1835- March 2d, April llth, John G. Moor; Nov. 0th, Josiah Brown. 1836— March 7th, Nov. 14th, William Rogers. 1837— March Btb, April 3d. John G. Moor ; Nov. 13th, Enoch Foster, 18.38— March 6th, April 2d, .lolin G.Moor; April .30tb, June llth Nov. 12lh, William Rogers. 1839— March 4th, April 1st, John G. Moor. IS'M- March 2d, April 6th, John O. Moor. 1841— March Ist, May 3d, John G. Moor; Oct. llth, Henry Kitlredge, 1842— March 7th, April 4th, John G. Moor. 1S13— March 6th, April 3d, John G. Moor; May 1.1th, Enoch F.wter ; Nov. 13tli, John G. Moor. 1844— March 4th, John G. Moor ; May 6th, Doc. nth, Zcphanish Clark, Jr. 1845— March 3d, April 7th, Benj. F. Spaulding; April 28th, J..lin il. Moore ; Aug. gth, Nov. loth, Zephaniah Clark, Jr. 1846- March 2d, Bely. F. Spaulding; May 30th, June 27th, Nov. 9th, Zephaniah Clark, Jr. 1847— March Ist, Aug. 9th, Oc|. llth, Nov. 8th, Beiy. F. Spaulding. 1848— March 6tli, April .3d, July 4th, Beiy. F. Spaulding ; Nov. 13th, ('. F. Blanchard ; Dec. 4th, Leonard Huntress. 1840— March 5th, April 2d, C. F. Blanchard ; Oct. Ist, Leonard Hun- tress. 1850— March 4th, April 1st, May Cth, Nov. lltli, Leonard Iluiiticss. 1851— Jan. 20th, March 3d, April 7th, Leonard Huntress. 1852— March 1st, April 5tli, Nov. 2d, Nov. 8th, Nov. 22cl, Leonard Huntress. 1863— March 7th, April 4th, Leonard Huntress; May 2d, William Rogers ; Nov. 14th, Aaron Frost, Jr. 1864— JIarch 6th, April 10th, Nov. 13th, Leonard Huntress. 1855— March 5th, Leonard Huntress; April 2d, Nov. 6tli, Benj. F. Spaulding. 1856— March 3d, April 7th, Isaac H. Meserve ; Oct. Otli, Nov. 4th, Thomas P. Marshall ; Nov. 24tli, Isaac H Meserve. 1857— March 2d, April 0th, Leonard Huntress. 1868— March 1st, April 6th, Leonard Huntress. 1859— March 7tli, April 4th, Leouard Huntress. 1800— March, Leonard Huntress ; Nov., B. F. Spaulding. 1801— March, May, Nov., Leonard Huntress. TEWKSBUEY. 309 IMi:* — March, July, Aug., Nov., Luuiiuril UuittreaH. 180.1— March, Nov., Leonard Huntress. 1864 — March, May, Nov., Leonard Huatress. 181J5 — April, annua], Nov., Leonard Huntreaj. 1866 — March, Leonard Huntress. 1867 — March, Nov., Leonard Huntress. 1868 — March, Nov., Leonard Huntress. 1869— March, Leonard Huntress ; Nov., Joshua Clark. 1870 — March, Nov.. Leonard Huntress. 1871— March, Leonard Huntress; March 27th, Z. P. Foster. 1872 — March, Joshua Clark ; May, Oren Frost ; Nov., Samuel L. Al- len. 1873— March, Hon. Thomas J. Marsh ; Nov., Oliver R. Clark. 1874 — Jan., Leonard Huntress ; March, Hon. Oliver R. Clark ; April, B. F. Spaulding. * 187.5— March 29th, Nov., Oliver R. Clark. 1870— Jan., Elijah M. Read ; March, Nov., Oliver R. Clark. 1877— Jan., Thomas J. Marsh ; March, April, Oliver R. Clark ; May, Leonard Huntress ; Nov., Oliver R. Clark. 1878— March, Leonard Huntress ; March 25th, April, Oliver R. Clark. 1879— March, Oliver R. Clark. 1880— March, Oliver R. Clark ; Nov., Enoch Foster. 1881— March, Oliver R. Clark. 1882 — March, Oliver R. Clark; April, Leonard Huntress; July, Enoch Foster ; Nov., Oliver R. Clark. 1883— March, Nov., Larkiu T. Trull (2d). 1884— March, June, Sept., Albert C. Blaisdell. 1885— March, Albert C. Blaisdell. 1886— March, John L. Fleming. 1887- March, John L. Fleming; March 2l9t, Calvin Sheild. 1888 — March, Samuel Sewell. 1889— March, Joshua Clark. 1890— March, June, John L. Fleming. TOWN CLKRKS OF TKWKSlltiBY. 1735, Nathaniel Patton ; 1730-44, Stephen Osgood; 1745^6, Richard Boynton; 1747-55, John Chapman;! 1756, Stephen Osgood; = 1767-58, John Chapman; 1769, Stephen Osgood; 1760-03, Wm. Huut ; 1764, evi- dently \Vm. Brown, .Ir., but no record of election; 1765, Wm. Brown, Jr.; 1760, David Bailey; 1707-70, 1771-77, John Needham ; 1778-99, Newman Scarlett; 1799, Thomas Clark, to fill vacancy; 18U0-1, Thomas Clark; 1802-4, Samuel Worcester; 180.5-8, William Simonds; 1809-22, Josiah Brown ; 1823-24, Hermon Marshall ; 1825-28, Josiah Brown; 1829-33, William Rogers; 1834-;«, John G. Moor ; 1836-40, Aaron Frost, Jr.; 1841-44, Enoch Foster; 1845-48, Aaron Frost, Jr.. 1849-64, Jonathan Brown ; 1855-68, Alvin Marshall ; 1869-60, Wm. H. Gray, removed from town October ; Oct., 1860, Enoch Foster, appointed by selectmen 1860-68; Enoch Foster, resigned April 0, 1868; May 1, 1808, Samuel L. Allen, appointed by the selectmen; 1809-72, Samuel L. Allen ; 1873-78, Henry E. Warner ; 1879-84, William H. Lee ; 1885-90, John H. Chandler. AKV 14, 1734-35. 1736 — Jan., Lt. Daniel Kittredge, Samuel Hunt, Jr., Joseph Kittredge, John French, Nathaniel Pattin ; March, Samuel Huut, Jr., Lt. Daniel Kittredge, Joseph Kittredge, Nathaniel Pattin, Peter Hunt. 1730— March 29th, Lt. Daniel KiltrtJge, Mr. John French (thou ap- peared ye protest), Joseph Kittredge, Stephen Osgood, John Wh tiug. 1737 — Lt. Daniel Kittredge, Joseph Kittredge, Stephen Osgood, Cort. John Whiting, Richard Hall. 1738 — Deacon Daniel Kittredge, Joseph Kittredge, Stephen Osgood, Peter Hunt, Joseph Brown. 1739— Deacon Daniel Kittredge, Capt. Peter Hunt, .Stephen Osgood, Cort. John Whiting, Joseph Kittredge. 1740 — Deacon Daniel Kittredge, Joseph Kittredge, Stephen Osgood, Joseph Brown, John Whiting. 1741— Deacon Kittredge, Stephen Osgood, Capt. Peter Hunt, Joseph Brown, Joseph EittredKe. ! Doings of the meeting in 1747, recorded by Richard Boynton, town clerk. 3 Yet record of this annual meeting was entered by John Chapman, town clerk, in bis hand^ting and he appears to have beea paid forit. 1742 — Stephen Osgood, Dea. Joseph Kittredge, Capt. Peter Hunt, Dea Nathan Shed, Lt. William Kittredge. 1743 — Stephen Osgood, Dea. Joseph Kittredge, John Wliitiug, Joseph Brown, Zachariah Hardy. 1744 — Stephen Osgood, Joseph Kittredge, Joseph Brown, John Whit- ing, Zachariah Hardy. 1745— Lieut. William Kittredge, Thomas Clark, Thomas Marshall Richard Boynton, John Chapman. 1746— Lieut. William Kittredge, Thomas Clark, Thomas Jlai.sliull, Richard Boynton, John Chapman. 1747— Lt. William Kittredge, Thomas Clark, Thomas Marshall, Rich- ard Boynton, John Chapman. 1748— Lt. Wm. Kittredge, Thomas Clark, Thomas Mursliall, John Chapman, Samuel Trull. 1749— William Kittredge, Thomas Marshall, Richard Boynton, John Needham, .John French. 1750— William Kittredge, Thomas Clark, Thos. Marshall, John Chap, tuan, .lohn Needham. 1751- Thomas Clark, Thomas Marshall, John Chapman, John French, David Bailey. 1752 — Thomas Clark, Thomas Maishall, John Chapman, Isaac Kit- tredge, David Bailey. 1753— Thos. Clark, Thos. Marshall, John Chapman, Isaac Kittredge, Joseph French, 1764— Lt. Wm. Brown, Dea. Joseph Kittredge, John Chapman, Isaac Kittredge, John Needham. 1755— Capt. Wm. Brown, Dea. Jos. Kittredge, Thos. Mai-shall, John Chapman, Isaac Kittredge. 1756— Wm. Kittredge, James llardoy, Stephen Osgood, James Thorn- dike, Ezra Kendall. 1757— Thos. Marshall, John Chapman, Isaac Kittredge, .lohn Need- ham, Abraham Stickney. 1758 — Thos. Marshall, Abraham Stickney, John Chapman. 1769— Wm. Kittredge, James Thiirndike, Stephen Osgood, Moses \\'or- cester, Kzra Kendall. 1760— Capt. Wm. Brown. Lt. Wm. Kittreilge, Jaiiies Tlu.rniliUe, Lt. Stephen Osgood, Wm. Hunt. 1761— Capt. Win. Brown, Lt. Wm. Kittredge, Lt. Ste|ihen Osgood, .lames Thorndike, Wm. Hunt. 1762— Capt. Wm. Brown, Lt. Wm. Kittredge, Lt, Stephen Osgood, James Thorndike, Wm. Huut. 1763— David Bailey, James Tliorji.like, William Hunt, Ezra Kendall, Moses Woster. 1765— William Kittredge, James Thorndike, Ezra Kendall, Wm. Brown, Jr., Joseph Kidder. 1766 — Aaron Beard, David Bailey, Thomas Marshall, Timothy Rogers, Kdmund Frost, Jr. 1767— Ezra Kendal, James Thorndike, En. William Brown, Capt. Joseph Kidder, Sarg. Moses Woster. 1708— James Thorndike, Wm. Brown, Jr., Ezra Kindel, Moses Woster, Cpt. .loBcph Kidder. 1769— Thomas Kittiedge, BenJ. Burt, Eldad Wostei-. 1^70 — Lt. Jonathan Shed, Ezra Kindell, William Brown, Jr., Benja- min Burt, John French. 1771— John Needham, Lt. Jonathan Shed, Do". Francis Kittredge, John French, Jr., Jonathan Brown. 1772 — John Needham, Lt. Jonathan Shed (two weeks later Jacob Shed chosen fifth selectman and Jonathan Shed dismissed, or rather the vote showing him reconsidered), Francis Kittredge, Jonathan Brown, David Trull. ' 1773— John Needham, William Brown, Jacob Shed, Nath'. Clark, Juu""., Ehen^. Whittemore. 1774— John Needham, William Brown, Junatlmn Brown, Ezra Kiu- dal, Eldad Worcester. 1775— John Needham, Ezra Kindall, Thomas Clerk, John French, Juu'., Sanmel Marshall, 1776— John Needham, Ezra Kindal, Sam'. Marahall, Thouuis Clerk, Ebene^ Whittemore. 1777— John Needham, Ezra Kindall, I.t. Sam'. Marshall, Thomas Clark, Nath'. Clark. 1778— Maj. JoJiathau Brown, Lt. Samuel Mamball, Aaron Beard, Ezra Kindal, Newman Scarlett, (Mar. 16, chose Paul Thorndike filth selectman). 1779— Newnmn Scarlett, Nathaniel Clark, Jacob Low, Ebeuez'. Whilte more, Uriah Griffin. 1780- New uiau Scarlett, Ebenezor Whittemore, En. Wm. Brown, Na- thaniel Clark, Lt. Thomas Clark. 310 HISTORr OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 1781— Kewmiin Scarlett, Win. BrowD, Ebenez'. WbittoDiore, Nath'. Clark, Th.A Clark. , 1782— Newman Scarlcitt, William Brown, Col. Jon«. Brown. 178a— Nowman Scarlett, Wni. Brown, Col. Jona. Brown. 1781— Newman Scarlett, Wm. Brown, Col». Jon«. Blown. 17Sfl— Newman Scarlett, Wm. Brown, Col". Jon'. Brown. I78fl— Newman Scarlett, Jonathan Brown, Esq., Wm. Brown. 1787— Nowman Scarlett, Joel Marehall, Joseph Kittridge, Thomas Clark, Natbi. Clark. 17«»— Newman Scarlett, Wm. Brown, Jon». Brown, Esq. 17g9_-jacob Shed, Jr., Jonathan Brown, Esq., Andrew Bordnmn. 17»>— Newman Scarlett, Jacob Shed, Jr., Natb>. Clark. 17UI— Nowman Scarlett, Wm. Brown, Israel Hunt. 1792— Newman Scarlett, Israel Hunt, Joel Marshall. I79;i— Nowman Scarlett, Jonathan Brown, Joel Marshall. 17S>*— Newman Scarlett, Jonathan Brown, Samuel Worstor. ns.') — Newman Scarlett, Jonathan Brown, Esq., LI. Samuel Worster. 1796 — Newman Scarlett, Jonathan Brown, Samuel Worster, Capt. Peter Hunt, Wm. Shnonds. 1797— Newman Scarlett, William Simonds, Samuel Worster. 1798— Newman Scarlett, William Simonds, Samuel Worster. 1799 — Newman Scarlett, William Simonds, Eldad Worster and Thomas Clark, to fill vacancy by death of Newman Scarlett. 1800 — Thomas Clark, William Simonds, Eldad Worcester. 1801 — Thomas Clark, Wm. Simonds, Eldad Worcester. 1802— Samuel Worcester, Wm. Simonds, Jonathan Brown, Esq. 1803— Jonathan llrown, Samuel Worcester, Wm. Simonds. 1801— Jonathan Brown, Samuel Worcester, Wm. Simonds. 1805— Wm. Simonds, Lt. Thomas Clark, Ebene/.er Beard. 180G — William Simonds, Thomaa Clark, Ebenczer Beard. 1807 — William Simonds, Thomas Ctsrk, Ebenezer Beard. IS08 — William Simonds, Thunuu Clark, Ebene^eer Beard. 18419— Josiah Brown, Wm. Simonds, Ebenezer Beard. 1810 — Joeiali Brown, Wm. Simonds, Ebene/.er Beard- 1811 — Josiab Brown, Wm. Simonds, Ebenezer Beard. 181*2 — Jo«(iah Brown, llennau Marshall, Cupt. Sanuiel Hardy. I8l3 — Joeiah Brown ilermau Marshall, Samuel Hardy. 1814 — .losiah Brown, Uermun Marshall, Jonathan Clark. 1815— Josiah Brown, Herman Man«hall, Jonathan Clark. 1810 — Jusiah Brown, Herman Marshall, Jonathan Clark. 1817 — Juftiah Brown, Herman Marvliall, Jonathau Clark. I8l8— Joeiah Brown, Herman Marshall, Jonathan Clark. 1810— William Simonds, William Itogcrs, John .Taquoa. 1820 — Josiali Itrowu, Wm. Rogers, John Jaques. 1821 — Joeiah Brown, Jonathan Clark, John Jaques, Hernuui Mar- shall, Peter Clark. 1822— Juxiah Drown, Herman Marshall, Capt. Dudley Marslen. 1823— Herman Jlarshall, Cnpt. Dudley Marsten, Jonathan Clark. 18.'4-IIcrman Murjliajl, Jonathan Clark, Jouathan Clark (2d). 182J-Jo«lah Brown, Wm. Kogcrs, Esq., Jonathan Clark. 182»— Joeiah Brown, Jonathan Brown, Samuel Hardy. 1827— Jofllah Brown, Jonathan Brown, Stephen Brown. 1828 — Joalah Brown, Aaron Man.iur, Dudley MarBten. % 1829— Wllllnm Bogere, Jonathan Clark (2J), Aaron Mansur. IB3(>— William Rogers, Jonathiin Clark (2.1), Aaron Mansur. litU— William Rogers, Jonathan Clark (2d), (Jeorge Brown. 1»32— William Rogers, Jonathan Clark (2d), Cieorge Brown. ISO— Windsor Howe, Jonathan Clark (2d), Goorge Brown, Job Kilt redge, /ophanlali Clark, Jr. I8.t4 -John ti. ftlooro, Enoch Foster, BonJ. F. Spauldlng. l83.'>-John U. Moore, Enoch Foster, BenJ F. Spaulding. l83il-KnonaM lluntre-, (abb l,i.ii,K.lono, Sauiuol Thompson 1840-Uonanl Huntren, Caleb Ltvlng,t.,„„, s«m„e| Thompson l»41 -Uonard ilunlre., Caleb Livingstone, Samuel Thompson 1852 — Leonard Huntress, Caleb Livingstone, Aaron Frost, Jr. 1863— Aaron Frost, Jr., Henry E. Worcester, Charles Ballard. 1854 — Leonard Huntress, Henry E. Worcester, Benj. F. Spaulding. 1855— Benj. F. Spaulding, Thomas P. Marehall, Charles M. Clark. 18.56— Benj. F. Spaulding, Thomas P. Marshall, Charles M. Clark. 1857— Leonard Huntress, Charles M. Clark, Caleb Livingstone. 1858 — Leonard Huntress, Caleb Livingstone, Charles M. Clark. 1859 — Leonard Huntress, Caleb Livingstone, Charles M.^Clark. 1860 — B. F. Spaulding, Jesse L. Trull, Edward Kendall. 1861 — Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, Jr., Alviu Jlarshall. 1862 — Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, Jr., Alvin Marshall. 1863 — Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, George Pillsbury. 1864— Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, George Pillsbury. 1865 — Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, Jesse L. Trull. 1866 — Leonard Huntress, Aaron Frost, Enoch Foster. 1867— B. F. Spaulding, Z. P. Foster, James M. Chandler. • 1868 — Leonard Huntress, Zephaniah P. Foster, James M. Chandler. 186n — Leonard Huntress, Zepiinniah P. Foster, James M. Chandler. 1870 — Leonard Huntress, Zephaniah P. Foster, James M. Chandler. 1871 — Zephaniah P. Foster, James M. Chandler, Samuel L. Allen. 1872— Samuel L. Allen, Oren Frost, John Clark (2d). 1873— Samuel L. Allen, Oren Frost, Aaron Frost. 1874 — Samuel L. Allen, John Clark (2d), Chaa. Livingstone. 1875— Samuel L. Allen, Chas. Livingstone, John Clark (2d). 1870— Samuel L. Allen, Chas. Livingstone, John Clark (2d). 1877— Samuel L. Allen, Chas. Livingstone, John Clark (2d). 1878— Samuel L. Allen, Chaa. Livingstone, John Clark (Sd). 1879— Enoch Foster, Chan. Livingstone, George W. Trull. 1880— Enoch Foster, Chas. Livingstone, George W. Trull. 1881— Enoch Foster, Chas. Livingstone, George W. Trull. 1882 — Enoch Foster, Chas. Livingstone, George M. Plummer. 1883— Enoch Foster, Chas. Livingstone, Geo. M. Plummer. 1884— George M. Plummer, George E. Marshall, Jacob L. Burtt. 1885— Wm. H. Lee, George K. Marshall, Jacob L. Burtt. 1886— William H. Lee, Geo. K. Marshall, Jacob L. Burtt. 1887— Jacob L. Burtt, George M. Plummer, Frank H. Farmer. 1888— Jacob L. Burtt, Frank H. Fanner, Edward P. Clark. 1889— Jacob L. Burtt, Frank H. Farmer, Edward P. Clark. 1890— Jacob L. Burtt, Frank H. Farmer, Albert J. Trull. TOWN TREASURERS OF TEWKSBORT. 1735-40, Nathan Shed ; 1741-44, William Brown ; 1745-53, Thomas Clark (Mr. Thomas Marshall to till up the vacancy of Mr. Thomas Clark, late deceased); 1754-68, Thomas Marshall; 1759-63, Aaron Beard ; 1704 (No record), Jonathan Shead ; 1750, " Lt. Shead"— Jona- than Shead ; 1766, Ezra Kendal ; 1707 (didTi't serve), John Needham ; 1768-70, John Needham ; 1771, Ebenezer Whittemoro; 1772, Aarnn Beard ; 1773-74, Thomas Clerk ; 1775-70, Eben' Wbittemore ; 1777-"8, Lt. Samuel Marshall; 1779-84, Joel Marshall ; 1786-90, Jacob Shed, Jr. (July 14, William Simonds, !>ico Treasurer, deceased) ; 1791-1800, Wil- liam Simonds ; 1801-04, Ebenezer Hunt; l806-0(i, Nathan Bailey; 1807-10, Samuel Thompson ; 1811-12, Jonathan Clark; 1813-14, John Chandler; 1816-18, Jonathan Clark ; 1819, William Rogers ; 1820, Jon- athan Clark; 1821, William Rogers; 1822, Hermon Marshall; 1823, John Jaques ; 1821, William Rogers ; 1825-28, Ilemion Marshall ; 1829-31, John Jaques; 1832-35; Job Kiltredge; 1836-38, William Rog- ers ; 1839-48, Zephaniah Clark, Jr.; 1849-57, William Rogers; 1858, Henry E. Preston ; 1859, Zephaniah P. Foster; 1800-61, H. B. Preston ; 1862-66, Oren Frost; 1866-67, Jonathan Brown (resigned) .lugust 12, 1867 ; Enoch Foster appointed by selectmen August 31, 1867 ; 1868, Enoch Foster resigns April 6th ; 1808, Samuel L. Allen appointed by selectmen May 1st; 1869-72, Samuel L. Allen; 1873-79, Henry E. Warner ; I85O, William H. Leo ; 1881-83, Timothy W. Gray ; 1884, Wil- liam H. Lee; 1886-90, Frank H. Farmer. January 23, 1775, they "voted and chose Jonathan Brown a delegate for the Provincial Congress, meeting at Cambridge on the fir.it day of February ne.xt En- suing." May 23, 1739-40, no representative ; June, 1741-42 and 49, no repre- sentative. May 15, 1751, votes to send Representative. None the year ensuing. 1762, "54, '65, '68, '50, '60, 61, 'CO, no representative. January 28, 177,5, they voted and chose Jonathan Brown a delegate for the Provincial Congress meeting at Cambridge on the first day of February next ensuing. TEWKSBURY. 311 .liily U, 1770, Ezra Kiudcll cliosen. Jlay 2J, 1777, John Fliut choseu, but refused to serve ; Ezra Kindel Hoemsto have been thus chosen for 1778. For want of a precept the town did not act upon the First Article in the warrant to clioose a representa- tive. Sept. 14, 1778, no representative; Ma.v 21, 1779, '84, '86, uo representa- tive. Dec, 1788, to chuse a Rep. to rep. ye people in the Congress of tlie U. S. & vote for U. S. officers this year 1788. June 13,1787, v. to give their representative instrnttions. KKf KESKNTATIVES OF TEWKSBURY TO TUE GREAT AND GENERAL COURT. 1780, Jonathan Brown; 1780-93, William Brown; 1784, none; 1785, Wm. Brown ; 1786, none ; 1787, Deacon Ezra Kindell ; 1788-90, Wm. Brown ; 1791, none ; 1792, Mitchel Davice ; 1793-96, none ; 1796-97, Joseph Woodward ; 1798, none; 1799, William Simonds ; 1800, none ; 1801, William Simonds ; 1802-3, none ; 1804, William Simonds; 1805, none; 1806-7, William Simonils ; 1808, none ; 1809, William Simonds ; 1810-16, Jesse Trull ; 1817-18, none ; 1819, Jesse Trull ; 1820-21, none ; 18^2, Jesse Trull ; 1823-2.% none ; 1826, .Tonathan Brown ; 1827, Hermon Marshall ; 1828, none ; 1829, Josiah Brown ; 1830, John Jaques ; 1831. Alpheus Smith ; 1831-32, Jonathan Clark (2d) ; 1832, Isaac Holden ; 1833, Jonathan Clark (2d). Isaac Holden ; 1834-35, none ; 1836, Jonathan Clark (2d) ; 1837, Capt. Abel French ; 1838, Jonathan Brown ; 1839-40, Zephaniah Clark, Jr.; 1841, Enoch Foster; 1842, Caleb Livingstone; 1843, Edward Kendall; 1844-46, none; 1847-48, Bev. Jacob Coggin'; 1840, none ; 1860, Bcnj. F. Spaulding ; 1851, Elijah M. Beed ; 1852, Nathaniel Trull ; 1853, Aaron Frost, Jr.; 1854, Rev. John E. Wood ; 1865-56, none. District No. 22, Repieaentative Biilerica, Wilming- ton and Tewlisbury: 1857, Dana Holden, of Biilerica. 1868, Rev. Jacob Coggin, of Tewksbui-y. 1859, Lemuel E. Fames, of Wilmington. Representatives to General Court from Tewksbury, 22d District, including also Biilerica and Wilmington : 1802-63, George P. Elliot, of Biilerica, District 22. 1863, Joshua Clark, of Tewksbury, for District 22. 1864, Jonathan Carter (2d), of Wilmington, District 22. 1865, Jesse G. D. Stearns, of Biilerica, District 22. 1866, Kev. Richard Tolman, of Tewksbury, District 22. 1807, George C. Gillman, of Biilerica, District 22. From this time the district included Biilerica, Chelmsford and Tewksbury. 1868, Dudley Foster, of Biilerica. 1869, Charles Proctor, of Chelmsford. 1870, Sylvester S. Hill, of Biilerica. 1871, Edwin K. Packhurat, of Chelmsford. 1872, Alvin Blai'shall, of Tewksbury. 1873, Caleb S. Brown, of Biilerica. 1874, Zika Gray, of Chelmsford. 1876, Albert J. Trull, of Tewksbury. 1876, John Knowles, of Biilerica. District No. 19, consisting of Tewksbury, Tyugs- borough, DtiLcut and Chelmsford : 1877, Luther H. Sargent, of Chelmsford. 1878, William Manning, of Chelmsford. 1879-80, John W. Peabody, of Dracnt. 1881, Enoch Foster, of Tewksbury. District No. 19, consisting of Chelmsford, Dracut, Tewksbury and Tyngsborough : 1882, Enoch Foster, of Tewksbury. 18.S3, Jesse B. Butterfield, of Tyngsboro'. Isel, Eliaha H. Shaw, of Chelmsford. 1885, Perley P. Perham, of Chelmsford. District No. 20, including Tewksbury, Chelmsford, Biilerica, Wilmington and North Reading: 1886-87, George W. Trull, of Tewksbury. 1888, Edward M. Nichols, of Wilmington. 1889, Charles W.Flint, of Chelmsford. SCHOOL COMMITTEES OF TEWKSBURY. 1828— Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dea. Oliver Clark, Dr. Joseph Brown. 1829 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Sanmel Fairbanks. 1830 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Samuel Fairbanks. 1831— Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dea. Oliver Clark, Job Kittredge. 1832 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dea. Oliver Clark, Job Kittredge, Dexter Bruce, Luke Eastman, Esq. 1833 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Diike Eastman, Edward St. La. Livermore, Joseph Bennett, Joseph Stuart. 1834^Rev. Jacob Coggin, Oliver Clark, Henry Kittredge. 18:16 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Oliver Clark, Henry Kittredge. 1836— Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Samuel Thomp- son, Esq. 1837 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Jonathan Clark (2d), Benjamin F. Spauld- ing. 1838 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Henry E. Preston. 1839 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Henry E„ Preston. 1840 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Dr. Henry Kittredge, Dea. Oliver Clark. 1841— Horatio C. Merriani, BeDJ. P. Spaulding, Jabez Stevens. 1843— Rev. Jacob Coggin, Charles Ballad, Jeremiah Kidder. 1843 — Rev. Samuel Lamson, John G. Moor, /.epbaniah Clark, Jr. 1844— Peter Clark, Henry E. Preston, Henry A. Kittredge, Henry E. Worcester, Abrani Mace, Oren Frost. 1845 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Rev. David Bnrruugha, Benj. F. Spaulding, George Lee. 1846— Rev. Jacob Coggin, Rev. David Burroughs, Benj. F. Spaulding. 1847— Rev. Moses Kimball, Rev. David Burroughs, Rev. Jacob Cog- gin. 1848— Rev. Moses Kimball, Rev. David Burroughs, Rev. Jacob Cog- gin. 1849 — Rev. Jacob Coggin, Rev. David Burroughs, Rev. Moses Kim- ball. 1860^Bev. Jacob Coggin, Jonathan Brown, Leonard Huntress. 1851 — Leonard Huntress, Rev. Jacob Coggin, Samuel Thompson. 1852— Leon.*ird Huntress, Rev. .Tacob Coggin, Jonathan Brown. 1863 — Jonathan Brown, Rev. Richard Tolman, .loshna Clark. 185-1 — Rev. John E. Wood, Rev. Richard Tolman, Jacob Coggin, Jl-. 185.''i— Rev. Richard Tolman, Rev. John E. Wood, Jacob Coggin, Jr. 1856- Joshua Clark, Benj. F. Spaulding, Rev. Richard Tolman. 1857 — Rev. Richard Tolman, Joshua Clark, Isaac H. Meserve, Peter C. Shed, Rev. Clifton Fletcher, E. B. French, Reuben A. Upton. 1858— Rev. Richard Tolnmn, 1 year ; Joshua Clark, 2 years ; George Pillsbury, 3 years. 1859 — Rev. Richard Tolman, 3 years. 1860 — Joshua Clark, Leonard Hnntresa. 1861— Alvin Marshall. 1862— William Grey. March, 1863, voted that the School Conmiittee do appoint a superiu- eudent ; voted his salary be 850. 1863— Pliney W. Caldwell, 2 years; James M. Chandler, 1 year; George Pillsbury, 1 year; Henry E. Worcester, 3 yeara ; Joseph C. Lowe, 3 years. April 3, 1863, Thomas Bridge, School Committee for 2 years. March 7, 1864, voted that School Committee consist of but three. . April 3, 1866, Wm. Grey, for 3 yean*; Geo. Pillsbury, for 2 years; Joshua F. French, for 1 year. 1866— Richard Tolman, Joshua P. French, George Pillsbury. 1867 — Richard Tolman, Joshua F. French, George Pillsbury. 1868— Rev. Richard Tolman, Rev. Clifton C. Fletcher, George Pills- bury. \869— Rev. Richard Tolman, Joshua Clark, George Pillsbury. 1870— George Pillsbury, 3 yeara. 1871 — Joshua Clark, 3 years ; Bev. A. De F. Palmer, 1 year. 1872— Rev. S. F. French, 3 yeara. 1873— F. M. Spaulding, Biilerica. 1874 — Joshua Clark, 3 years ; Rev. E. E. Thomas, 2 years. 1876 — Rev. S. F. French, 3 years. 1876— Joshua F, French, 3 yeai-s. 1877 — H. G. Pillsbury, 3 years. 1878— Bev. Geo. T. Raymond, 3 years. Oct. 3, 1878, Wm. II. Lee chosen in place of Geo. T. Raymond, resigned. 1879— March, Bev. Edward W. Prido, 3 yeai» ; J. F. French, 2 years ; Wm. H. Lee, 1 year. 1880-Wm. H. Lee, 3 years. 1881— Joshua F. French, 3 years. July, 1881, Geo. W. Trull to lill vacancy by resigna ion of J. F. French. 312 HISTOKY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 18S2— E. V. Pride, 3 years ; Larkln T. Trull (2d), 2 }ear». 1883 — John F. Spauldlng, 3 years. 1884— Larkln T. Trull (2d), 3 years. Sept. 1, 1884, Wni. U. Lee in place of J. F. Spaulding, re«ignelar tree on the north west syde of the pond, and from that tree upp into the country nore west & by west, upon a straight lyne by a meridian compasse ; and further, that Waterton shall have one hundredtli rodds in length above (he weire, and one-hundreth rodd beneath the weire in length, & three score rodd iu breadth from the ryver on the eouthesyde thereof, and all the rest of the ground on that Bjile of the river to lye to Newe Towne.' '* William Colbean. "John Johnson. "Abraham Palmer." These boundary lines between Watertown and Cambridge were again confirmed by vote of General Court, 13th of March, 1639. Here, after five years' growth and gr^1dual encroach- ment upon the bouuds that might easily have been claimed by early Watertown men, the General Court limits their spreading both on the east side and on the north side and by the rivt-r, with the small ex- ception about the " weare " on the south side. Only possible room left to grow in was to the west and southwest. To the fortifying of this" Newe Towne "on I be east, Watertown was required to contribute the .^ame amount as Boston, namely, £8, which was more than any other town in the Colony, thus showing probably, as the Governor and the wealthy traders lived in Boston, that Watertown was then, as it con- tinued to be for several years, the most populous town in the Colony. To the west it might, under the char- ter, extend its limits indefinitely towards the South Sea. There was, however, evidently, from the action iu regard to the fortifications at Cambridge, a feeling that it was necessary to organize compact communities for defence against the savages, and perhaps the early settlers of Watertown had never contemplated the extension of their territory far from their first settle- ment, which soon began to be called " the town," in distinction from the more sparsely-settled country over which her people scattered in search of better lands. It is certain that in 1635, when there were large arrivals of people from England and consider- able confidence had been acquired in the peaceful or harmless character of the Indians, that settlers had pushed up the Charles River and westward to another river, which ran northward towards the Merrimack. By vote of the General Court on the 3d of September, 1635, " It is ordered that there shall be a plantation settled, aboute two niyles above the falls of Charles Ryver, on the northeast .syde thereof, to have ground lyeing to it on both sides of the ryver," etc. Afterwards on the 8th September of the following year, 1636, it was " ordered that the plantation to bee setled above the falls of Charles Ryver, shall have ;hree years' immunity from public charges as Concord had, . . . and the name of the said plantation is to be Dedham. . . ." The same court that ordered the plantation "above the falls of Charles Ryver," Dedham, ordered, "that there shall be a plantation at Musketequid, and that there shall be six miles of land square belong to it, . . . and that the name of the place shall be Con- cord." 320 HISTORY OF jriDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Thus on the southwest the town of Watertown was limited by the ii! corporation of Dedham, and on the northwest by tlie incorporation of Concord. As the lands of Watertown were gradually filled up and some felt straitened for want of room, they naturally looked westward towards the pleasant meadows along the river " that runs towards Con- cord," and, greatly pleased by the prospect of pos.ses- sions along that pleasant river, with its sedgy bank^ and its grassy upland slopes, they finally petitioned the General Court for permission to go thither to found a new town. On the 20th November, 1637, it is recorded in the records of the General Court held at Newtowne (Cambridge) : " Whereas, a great part of the chiefe inhabitants of Watertown have peti tioned this court, that in regard of their straitnes ol accommodation and want of medowe, they might have leave to remove, and settle a plantation upon the ryver which runs to Concord, this court, havinp respect to their necessity, doth grant their petition.' It provided what should be done if said inhabitants of Watertown did not, to the number of thirty families or more, actually settle on the land, — ordered that they " shall have power to order the ■scituation of the towne, and the proportioning of lots, and all other liberties as other towns have under the proviso aforesaid." "September 4, 1639, it is ordered that the new plantation by Concord shall be called Sudbury." Thus was Watertown entirely circumscribed, and thus, although there are no very early maps, it is possi- ble to fix quite definitely the entire bounds of the town when its bounds came to be defined. Whatever indefinite ideas its early settlers may h'lve bad pre- viously to this, they henceforth, to obtain more room, must go beyond the bounds of other towns and settle in the boundless wilderness beyond. That they asked for and received grants of such extraneous portions of land for special services, as after the Pequot and again after the Narraganset war, we may have occa- sion to show. From the largest of such grants the town of Westminster on the slopes of Waehusett was largely made. In granting to the new town Con- cord six miles square, the General Court, from the want of exact surveys, unwittingly gave to Concord a portion of territory already included within the limits of Watertown. For this they granted two thousand acres of land, afterwards located on the side of Waehusett. Whether Watertown ever profited by her part of this territory does not appear; Weston and Waltham sold their portion. But henceforward the changes in her territorial possessions, like those which have proceeded, will be of division, of curtail- ment. Watertown henceforth, by division within, or by want of a common interest, suffers loss of territory, losnof inhabitants, which loo often the people were' after long contest, too willing to part company with| till now, when it is whispered that Belmont wants a portion on the north, and Newton has long clamored for a large piece on the south, and Cambridge has hardly recovered from her surfeit of grave-yards on the east, one can hardly know what our children's children will find to which the honored name of Watertown can legally be affixed. Let us look a little more closely into this process of division, and follow the geographical changes in boundaries as they were made. As to the manner of dividing the lauds among the freemen of the town, we will speak later. The bounds of the town were hardly fixed before they began to settle the outermost portions in systematic manner. On October 14, 1638, it was "Ordered that the farmes granted shall begin at the nearest meddow -to Dedham line, beyond the line runneth at the end of ye great dividents, parallel to the line at the end of the Towne bounds, and so to go on successively from Ded- ham Bounds," etc. The earliest map preserved in the archives of the State is a map of a portion of the extreme southwest corner of the town, next to the Dedham line,giving the location of lines running east and north near "Nonesuch Pond," which lies partly in Sudbury. This ancient map, bearing the date of 1687, gives the lines in position with reference to this Nonesuch Pond, and their direction by the compass, thus de- termining the boundary line between W^atertown and Dedham, afterwards Needham, and later still, the line between Weston and Wellesley on the south, while on the west the line in position and direction between Watertown and Sudbury, now between Weston and Wayland. By continuing this line in a northerly direction until we meet the six miles square of Concord, we have the early westeru boundary. Of course IhisWasfixed after many measurements and surveys by committees appointed by the towns, but this remains substantially the boundary between Weston and Wayland to this day. The boundary on the east, between Cambridge and Watertown, has been changed several times, always at the expense of territory for Watertow'n. At first, as reported to the General Court in 1635, it was near what is now Sparks Street and Vassal Lane thence across Fresh Pond to a certain poplar tree on the northwest side; thence by a straight line northwest by west, eight miles into the country, till it meet the west line between Sudbury and Watertown, or rather would have met it at an angle beyond and above Walden Pond, had not that portion been cut off'by the grant to Concord of six miles square. Frequently during a period of many years after the apportionment of lands to the 114 townsmen, in 1637, the division of the lands at the West Farms was a sourceof disagreement and contention at the regular and at irregularly called meetings of the town. The historian of Weston will doubtless show how delight- ful those fields were, and what objects of contention among all the townsmen, who had naturally equal right to some possession among them ; how many pro- WATEKTOWN. 321 minent men were drawn away from the older settle- ment to gain by occupancy these farms; of the remote- ness from church privileges, and from schools ; of the injustice of church rates and other taxes, which were spent where they could not easily profit by them, till finally, March 13, 1682-83, it was voted in town-meet- ing that "those who dwell on west of Stony Brook be freed from school tax;" and November 10, 1685, it was "voted that the farmers' petition shouldbe suspended as to an answer to it until it pleaseth God to settle a minister among us." In 1692 a town-meeting was held to decide upon a site for a new meeting-house, but there was so great excitement and such differences of* opinion among the people, that the Governor and Council were called in to decide the matter. The Governor and Council were unable to please either the people on the " Farms" or the people in the east part of the town. In 1694, at a town-meeting, the east bounds of the West Farms Precinct were fixed at Beaver Brook, but the General Court, in 1699, fixed them at Stony Brook. At the May session of the General Court the petition praying for leave "To set up the public worship of God amongst theinhabitants of the west end of Watertown" was granted, the farmers having been exempted from ministerial rates the preceding year. After long and vexatious con- tention the act for the incorporation of Weston was passed, on the 1st of January, 1713. Thus there was cut off from the territory of the old town nearly half of its area. The next reduction of area came with the incor- poration of Waltham in 1738, which took about six- tenths of the lands left to her. Before Weston was incorporated that part was called the West Precinct (Weston), this the Middle Precinct (Waltham) and the eastern portion the East Precinct. With the in- corporation of Weston, the part now Waltham be- came the West Precinct. The incorporation of Wes- ton took away about 10,372 acres, of Waltham about 8891 acres and left the old town only 3833 acres ; this was less than a si.xth of the area of the three precincts together. In April, 1754, a portion of the eastern«part of the town was joined to Cambridge — all that part between the most northern bend of the river, near where Sparks Street now runs and along Vassal Lane to Mt. Auburn Cemetery. This took away, probably, most of the lands owned by Sir Eichard Saltonstall and his early associates, the cluster of dwellings called " the town." The town of Watertown still re- tained its right to the wharf and lauding on the river for a century longer. In 1859 all that part of the town north of Belmont Street was set off to Belmont, so-called. This was the result of a long struggle and a fierce contest like each other excision of territory and loss of inhabitants. By this act, 1446 acres were taken from the town. In 1704—5 a committee was appointed to find out the line between Watertown and Newton on the 21-iii south side of Charles River, The committee reported in 1705 the line nearly as at present represented on the map on the south side,givingby estimation about 88 acres. They have at different times been increas- ed, till at present, including Water, Boyd and Cook's Ponds, they include one hundred aud fifty acres.' The last excision of territory was arranged amica- bly with Cambridge, she buying the lands of the owners and paying the town of Watertown $15,000 for loss of taxable property for lands taken between Mt. Auburn Cemetery and the river for the Cambridge Cemetery, and authorized by act of the General Court, which transferred the Winchester estate to Cam- bridge ; also the road passing between Mt. Auburn and Cambridge Cemeteries. There now remain within the bounds of the town including Charles River, the marshes, the ponds, Mt. Auburn and Catholic Cemeteries, according to the ■liod thU rivor in ICH, »iy, " Tho country of the >l*MchiiMU< U Iho iMindlwof all tlioso purls ; for lioro are niiiny islos all plantml wlUi corn, grove, luulbcrrira, Salvage gardoni. and good )iarl>or»." * were attracted by him, and chosen with reference to their helpfulness, were agricultural in their training, rural in their spirit and their knowledge. He must have been a man of force of character, and might have been impatient in the short-comings of some whose attention was diverted by the strangeness of their surroundings from their master's interests. It is recorded November 30, 1630, that " .Sir Richard Salt- onstall is fyned V for whipping 2 several persons without the presence of another assistant, contrary to an act of Court formerly made," while before that he " is ffyned 4 bushells of malte, for his ab.sence from this Court." It seems that long afterwards, some years after he had returned to his native England, where he contin- ued to show his kindly feelings for the ('olony by many and delicate services which he then was enabled to perform, and after he had shown his wise moderation by his counsel against persecution for mere opinion's sake, that, by vote of the General Court of September 6, 1638, the Court did discharge the £5 fine, and the fine of " 4 bushells of mault." Mere feathers these : unmentionable littlenesses which may show some movements in the social or religious atmosphere which disappointed Sir Richard in his hope of freedom and independence. There is no disputing the fact that Watertown had the benefit of his good judgment at the start, of his choice of a religious leader and teacher, and of his continued friendship after he had returned to his native land ; but Watertown lost that influence at the .seat of government that allowed con- tinued protection to her territories, which soon began to be and which continue to this day to be the envy of others and the constant prey of more jjowerful communities, as well as of divisions within herself, the Great and General Court always standing as judges. Whether the small territory left to bear the name of Watertown be allowed to remain much longer undivided, or not wholly swallowed up by some more powerful municipality, or not, there can never be denied her the privilege of looking over all the lands extending as far into the country as eight miles from the meeting-house, as the home of her founders. In view of the fact that the children of ancient Watertown now dwell in almost every part of the country, and that some of them have served in every war to protect her most extended interests, and the life of the Union itself, a little local family pride may be allowed them as they look back to their ancestral acres and in imagination recall the undivided interests of larger territories, when broad fields and extended slopes were their ancestors' posse.ssions. The old mode of fanning required more room — room for cattle and sheep to graze, room to i)low and sow grain and plant corn. The concentrated work of the modern market gardener, with his abundance of fertilizers, his glass to prolong the seasons, his rota- tion of crops, was not known and was not possi- ble. A score or two of acres would hardly have WATERTOWN. 325 satisfied the humblest colonist ; several hundred were the possession of a few. Now several men will liiul all they can do on a single acre. Now we are doing all we can to invite new-comers to share 'lur rich possessions and make them, by increased sucial advantages, still richer. But as early as July, \i'i'',5, it was "Agreed, by consent of the freemen (in lousideration there be too many inhabitants in the I'owne, and the Towne is thereby in danger to be ruin- ated), that no forainer coming into the Towne, or any Ihmily arising among ourselves, shall have any bene- lit either of Commonage or Land undivided, but what ilicy shall purchase, except that they buy a man's right wholly in the Towne." Even as late as the present century, when there was some prospect of the Boston & Worcester Railroad de- siring to pass through the town, there was a successful eftbrt put forth to keep it from spoiling our valuable lands. It is within the memory of the present gen- eration that lands were held with so great tenacity that it was next to impossible for any new man or new interest to get a foothold within the town. All this shows the earlier and the later interests of the people in the cultivation of the lands for agricultural purposes. The agriculture of the past was at best the agricul- ture now common in the towns remote from the large cities. Even when people began to raise vegetables for sale in Boston, the mode of making these sales was most primitive in its simplicity. It is one of the triiditions in the family of one of the largest and most successful market gardeners in this town that the vegetables raised by their grandfather were put into panniers over the back of a horse and sold out to the families of Boston by the grandmother, whose per- sonal attractions helped not a little in creating a market. Compare now the lofty piles of well-filled boxes which pass from the same lands each day of al- most the entire year. It is difficult to obtain and to give exact descrip- tions of individual cases in. this direction. Where almost every family raise .a part or the whole ()f their vegetables, and a few raise a little to sell to others, to one who keeps forty or fifty men and boys and women at work all or most of the year, and has acres of gj-ass to en.able him to begin the season almost before the last season has been allowed ttt close, one finds no easy dividing line. With our present easy and rapid means of trans- portation, any surplus of production, if excellent in its kind, like Boston asparagus or tomatoes, Brighton strawberries, or Watertown celery, finds a ready market, if not in Boston, why then in Portland or Providence, in New York or Washington. While Oldham, afterwards Cradock, obtained a grant of 500 acres, and Saltonstall one of 450 acres, and some settlers of farms grants of from one hundred to three hundred acres, not many farmers requiring so much room for their grazing and their mode of farming could be accommodated in a town of a little over 2000 acres or in the old town of 23,500 acres even. At the present time a much larger population is possible in the present narrow limits, where men can find pro- fitable employment with the improved concentrated methods and appliances. The population in 1890 on these 2000 acres is over 7000. It will be shown later that the principal in- dustries of the town are not now agricultural, yet your historian m.ay be allowed the remark that, if all the land were cultivated as highly as theheirs of John Coolidge cultivate the " vineyard" and other portions of their lands, or as Joshua Coolidge and his sons cultivate their lands, or as Joshua C. Stone cultivates his land, or as Calvin I). Crawford cultivates his own and other people's land, some of these finding time also to manage the aflairs of the town, a still larger population than at present might be supported from the soil, and there would be no thought of " there be- ing too many inhabitants in the Towne, and the Towne thereby in danger to be ruinated," as was agreed by consent of the freemen in 1035. CHAPTER XXX. WA TERTO WN-{ Continued). ecclesiastical histoky. Early Location of First Church op Water- town.'— On July 30, 1630, Sir Richard Saltonstall joined with some forty other men in forming the first church at Watertown, which, next to that of Salem and Dorchester, was the earliest church of Massachu- setts Bay. Rev. George Phillips was chosen pastor and Richard Browne ruling elder. During the first four years Watertown was the most populous town in the Colony and probably continued so for fifteen to twenty years. It came ne.vt after Boston, "the cen- tre town and metropolis," "the mart of the land," as Johnson called it in 1657 in his " Wonder Working Providence," in wealth. As the members of the church, even from the begin- ning,were too many to be accommodated in any one of the small, hastily built tenements at first erected, a special meeting-house was very probably soon built ; at leiist the rate of £80 ordered by the town records of l(i35 to be levied for ''the charges of the new meeting house" of necessity imply that there had been another and earlier one. Unfortunately the records do not show when or where this older one was situated. But doubtless as Richard Saltonstall, Mr. Phillips, Elder Browne and most of those first admitted freemen had all settled in " the town," as that part of the plantation just east of Mt. Auburn was designated, it was also sit- uated there. I By Bennett F. Davenport. :i26 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The new meeting-house of 1635, according to Rev. Converse Francis, stood upon the knoll on the north side of Mt. Auburn Street, between where long after- ward were the houses of Deacon Moses Coolidge and that of Mr. Daniel Sawin, on the corner of Arlington Street, and later the houses of Mr. George Frazer and Mr. Kimball, the level land where the later house now stands being the Common, used as a training-field. In the town records of 1637 the meeting-house lot is mentioned as containing forty acres. This doubt- less was the whole lot now bounded by Mt. Auburn and Belmont Streets upon the south and north and by School and Arlington Streets upon the west and esist. It was the land along this last street which the select- men, in 1667, ordered sold on the meeting-house com- mon, upon the west side of the way from the meeting- house to Pa-itor Sherman's house, the pay to go to- wards building the bridge at the mill. But the town- meeting held three days later voted not to allow of this sale and bargain with J. Coolidge, Jr. By the records of 1639, 12-25 the meeting-house was appointed for a watch-house. By those of 16;i8, April 23d, those free- men living remote from the meeting had been ordered to build and settle ui)on the town " Plott" as the two sijuare." were designated bounded by Main and Bel- mont Streets upon the south and north and by Lex- ington and Warren Streets, upon the east and west, and between which from east to west Ilager Lane, after- ward known iis Warren Street, run, the latter, Warren Street, being the one within the Watertown pre- sent limits, while the former is that in Waltham. The records of 1669 February 6th, mention a bell-rope. It therefore doubtless had a bell. As the settlements in the town had gradually ex- tended westward there had, ever since the death of Rev. Mr. Phillips in 1644, been contention in the town on account of the meeting-house being located in the eastern jiart of the town. On October 14, 1654, it liad been ordered that a new meeting-house be built between Sergt. Bright's and John Biscoe's,— that is, between John P. Cushing's mansion-house and the northwest corner of Belmont and Common Streets. John Sherman was bargained with to build it by September 1656, for £400, with the use of the old seats, the Cambridge meeting-house to be the pattern in all points. This location caused so much dissension that the new house was built on or near the old site upon Meeting-house common. The seating of the meeting-bouse was ordered November 7, 1656, to be made according to office, ago and estate, three rates, amounting to £453 12«. 3rf., having been raiscil. This building continued to be the meeting- honse for the entire town, including both Waltham and Weston, until after the resignation of Mr. Hailcy in 1692. After that the old controversy about the inconvenience of the location waxed more earnest and resulted in a division of the church in 1695, afid the building of a new West.Precinct meeting- house upon the southeast corner of Belmont and Lexington Streets, upon the homestall lot originally granted to the Rev. John Knowles, who had been the assistant or colleague of Mr. Phillips. This buildiug was upon the north side of the present Orchard Street. At the new house Samuel Angler was settled by the majority vote of the town and church, the Rev. Mr. Gibbs having declined to remove from the old building with those who preferred to still assemble there. The division did not result, however, in a legal separation till 1720. In 1695 the farmers of Weston had amiably been assisted by the whole town in building a meeting- house more conveniently located for them, upon the land of Nathaniel Coolidge, Sr., on the road at the head of Parkhurst meadows, a little in front of the site of the church of 1850. They did not have a regularly organized church and settled pastor till 1709, although they began to occupy it in 1700. In 1722 they raised a new building. In 1720 the Legislature ran a division line between the East and West Precincts and ordered the West within two years to locate their meeting-house upon the rising ground near Nathaniel Livermore's dwell- ing-house- — that is, a little northwest of the George W . Lyman mansion-house, in Waltham. The East Pre- cinct was within ten years to locate their meeting- house upon the southeast corner of Belmont and Common Streets, upon School-house Hill, afterward known as Meeting-house Hill. Both precincts attempted to secure the old West meeting-house, but to such a height had the dissension gone that both failed. The West, therefore, bought the old meeting- house of Newton for not over £80 and erected it upon the appointed location, that of the present Waltham church, and in 1723 Rev. Warham Williams was settled as pastor. The East Precinct erected a new building upon their location in 1723, and Mr. Gibbs having died. Rev. Seth Storer was settled in 1724 ; the old church records remained with the East Precinct. In 1751 they built a new hou-^e at the foot of Common Street, corner of Mt. Auburn Street, and in 1836 upon the present site. The old West meeting-house was continued a while as a separate Third Church, Robert Sturgeon acting as pastor, fot which he was indicted by the grand jury and fiWd £20. Not long afterwards the build- ing was demolished. The First Parish in Watertown.'— 7b the pas- torate of Dr. Fraticis.—On the 30th day of July, 1630, 0. S., about forty men had assembled (probably in the house of Sir Richard Saltonstall) in Watertown, in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. The object of their gathering was the organization of the church known to history as the First Parish Church in Watertown. The first name on the list of those who subscribed to the covenant then adopted was >By E6T. Wm. H. Savage. WATERTOWN. 327 that of Sir Richard Saltonstall. This is the cove- nant to which they set their names : July 30, 1630. "We, whose namea are hereto subscribed, liaving, through God's mercy, escaped out of the Pollutions of the world, & been taken into the Society of his People, with all thaukfulness do liereby both with heart & hand acknowledge, that his gracious goodness & futhei'ly care towardti us; & for further & more full declaration thereof, to the present and future ages, have undertaken (for the promotiug of his glory & the Church's good, and the honor of our blessed Jesus, in our more full and free subjecting of oui'selves & ours, under his gntcious government, in the practice of & obedience unto all his holy ordinances & orders, which he hath plea?ed to prescribe and impose upon us) a long & hazardous voyage from East to West, from old England in Europe, to New Euglaud in America ; that we may walk before him, and serve him without feai* in holiness & righteousness, all the days of our lives, & being safely ar- rived here, and thus far onwards peaceably preserved by his special providence, that we may bring forth onr intentions into actions, Sc per- fect our resolutions, in the beginnings of some just and meet execu- tions ; we have separated the day above written from all other services, aud dedicated it wholly to the Lord in divine employments, for a day of atllietiug our souls, & humbling ourselves before the Lord, to seek him, A at his hands, a way to walk in, by fasting & prayer, that we might know what was good in his sight; and the Lord was iutreated of us. For in the end of that day, after the tinishing of our public duties, we 'lo all, before we depart, solemnly it with all onr hearts, personally, man by man for ourselves & ours (charging them before Christ ic his elect angels, even them that are not here with us this day. or are yet unborn, that they keep the promise unblamably and faithfully unto to the Coming of our Lord Jesus) promise, & enter into a sure covenant with the Lord our God, & before him with one another, by oath & serious pro- testation made to denounce all idolatry and superstition, will-worship, all humane traditions it inventions whatsoever in the worship of God, & forsaking all evil ways, do give ourselves wholly unto the Lord Jesus, to do him faithful service, observing & keeping all bis statutes' commands & ordinances, in all matters concerning our reformation ; his worship, administrations, ministry & government ; & in the carriage of ourselves, among ourselves & one towartla another, as he hath prescribed in his holy word. Further swearing to cleave unto that alone, & the true sense & meaning thereof to the utmost of our power, as unto the most clear light & infallible rule, & all-sufficient canon in all things that concern us in this our way. In witness of all, we do ex aiiimo, & in the presence of God. hereto set our names or marks, in the day & year above written-'' That was the beginning of the First Ohurcli in Watertown. Over the church thus founded George Phillips was settled as minister, having for his rul- ing elder "one Richard Browne." The task of the present writer is to give in brief the biographies of Mr. Phillips and his successors, with such marginal comment as the scope of the present work will admit. Before proceeding to such biogr.aphical notices it is, however, fit that we should glance aA^ome of the personal elements that went to the mWing of the First Church. From the first day of its existence we may see the working of tendencies that were prophetic of all that has been notable in the histttfy of the organization. From the first the people of Water- town were out of harmony with the idea of Cborrch and of State that gave shape fo the Puritan Theocracy, the ideas of government that found expres.sion in Winthrop aud the Board of Assistants, and the ideas of ecclesiastical exclusiveness and dogm.atisni that found expression in the ministers of Boston. Early in the year 1631 the Governor and his assistants levied a tax of sixty pounds on the planta- tions, for the purposes of fortifying the Newtown border. When this action became known in Watertown, Rev. George Phillips and Mr. Richard Browne, his ruling elder, united in calling the people together, and when they had assembled they were asked to consider the fact that they had not been consulted about the tax. Acting under the advice of their leaders, the citizens refused to pay. The result of this action on the part of Watertown was that the proceedings of the Boston oligarchy came to a sudden stop. Before any further taxation was attempted, it was ordered that " two of every plantatiou be appoint- ed to confer with the Court about raising a public stock." This was the origin of representative gov- ernment on this continent. The lineal and legiti- mate results of the action taken by the men of Watertown in JG31 came in the Boston Tea Party, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitu- tion of the United States. The men who made their homes on the Charles were the first on this conti- nent to show that they appreciated the gravity of what was taking place on these new shores and to exercise that "eternal vigilance" without which no people can keep its liberties. In the organization and administration of the church Mr. Phillips and Mr. Browne were no less careful of the rights of the individual than they had shown themselves in the ordering of civil affairs. The covenant that was made the basis of their church was remarkably free from the hair-splitting dogmatism that has been the bane of the world's re- ligious life. Its aim was to secure for the church and for the individual the rights claimed by its sign- ers as against the various forms of ecclesiastical hier- achy, and not at all to bind them to any set of doctrinal propositions. Mr. Phillips was a man of broad and charitable spirit, very liberal in his theo- logical opinions, and in his ideas of church govern- ment a thorough independent. In this last matter he was entirely at one with his parishioners. This appears in the fact that when, in 1689, Mr. John Knowles was settled as his colleague in the parish he was set apart for the work of the ministry by the Watertown Church. No council was called to assist or to sanction their act. No other church was noti- fied, and no minister save their own had any part in the service. This was the first clear assertion of drict Congregationalism on this side of the ocean, and established the claim of the Watertown Church to have been the first Congregational Church in this country. In the position he took aud held, Mr. Phillips had the countenance and .sympathy of two men who are entitled to loving and grateful remembrance. One of these men was Richard Brown, who stood with Mr. Phillips in his controversy with the Gen- eral Court against taxation without representa- tion, and the other was Sir Richard Saltonstall. Mr. .'5:38 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Brown was a relation of Robert Brown, the founder of the " Brownist " movement in England. Before coming to Ihig country he had been a ruler in a Separa- ist church in London, had there rendered important services to persecuted Non-conformists. He seems to have been a man of decided character, and of no mean abilities as a thinker and administrator of public business. To. the end of his life he retained the confidence and the esteem of the people of Watertown, and was honored by them with many offices of trust and responsibility. We have seen that he wa-s quick to claim his right as a citizen, when a tax was demanded of him. He had a merit which is of a rarer sort — he was willing that other men should have their rights in matters of opinion and of worship. He opposed all persecution for opinion's sake, and took the (then) extreme ground that " churches of Rome were true churches.'' But such radicalism could not then be tolerated, and though Mr. Phillips seems to have agreed with him, Winthrop and Dudley, and others in power did not. The usual result followed. Brown was deposed from being elder, but his spirit remained in the church, and in due time found itself in the majority. Sir Richard Saltonstall, after he had helped to found the church on the broad and generous plan exemplified in the faith and conduct of its chosen minister and elder, returned to England, where he resided for the rest of his life. The sentiments he entertained regarding the matter of religious liberty were not such as to commend him to the favor of those who were shaping the policy of the Colony at large, and he probably felt that a peaceful co-opera- tion with them would not be possible for him. How completely he was in sympathy with the leaders of the Watertown church is revealed in a letter that deserves a place in the remembrance of those who trace their religious lineage to a source so high and pure. This letter was addressed to the persecuting reli- gionists of Boston : " ReTcroiiil & donro friends, whom T unfii.vnedly love A respect,— "It dulli note tittle grieve my spirit to lieare wliat Sadd things are re- purled (lajly of your tyranny and persecution in New Engliiud, as That you fine, whip, & imprison men for their cunsciencesi— First, you coni- |M>I such til come Into your a8.«embly8 as you know will not Joyne witli you 111 your worship, i wbeu they show their dislike thereof, or witness nKalnst it. Tlion you slyrre up your magistrates to punish them for such (lu you conceyro) their publicke alTronls. Truly, friends, this your practice of coiniielling any in mutton) of woraliip to doo that whereof llify are not fully persuaded, is to make them sin, for soe the Apostle (Koui. M 4 'il), tells us, & many am made hypocrites Thureby, confurin- Ing in their outward man for feareuf punishmeut. We who pray for you t wish joo priMiwrltlo every way , hoped the Lord would have given you m mucli llglit ,t lovolher.., thai you might have hoen eyes to God's iwo- plo here; and nut 111 prarllce those courses In a wilderness which you came s I farre to prevent. Tlieso rigid ways have layed you very lowe In the hearts of the Myiits. I doo assure you I have heard them pray In the publhpie awemblles That the Lord would give you mekc and hundde splrit^ not to strive so much for uniformity aa to keepe the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. •' Wlieii I was In llollan.l, about the beginning of the warres, I re- mrmlier s.>me Christian, there, that Iheu had serious thouglils of plant- lax lu Ne» Kogl^od, desired mu to write to the governor thereof, to know if those that differ from you in opinion, yet hoiilding tbe same foundation in religion, as Anabaptists, Seekers, Antinomians, & the like, might be permitted to live among you, to which I received this shortanswer from your then Governor— Mr. Dudley — God foibid, (wid he) our love forthe truth should be grown soe could That we should tol- erate errours ; A when (for satisfaction of myself & others) I desired to know your grounds, he referred me to the books written here, between tlie l*resbyterianB & Independents, which, if that had been suflicient, 1 needed not to have sent so fan-e to understand the reasons of your prac- tice. I hope you do not assume to yourselves infallibilitie of judgment, when the most learned of the Apostles confesseth he knew but in parts, « saw but darkeley as through a glass, for God is light, & no further than he dothillumine us can we see, be our partes & learning never so great. Oh that all those who are brethren, though yet the^ cannot ihinke 4 speake the same things, might be of one accord in the Lord, Now the tied of patience and consolation grant you to be thus mynded towards one another, after the example of Jesus Christ our blessed Savyor, in whose everlasting armes of protection hee loaves you who will never leave to be " Your truly A much affectionate friend, in the nearest union, " Ric: Saltonst.\ll." " For my reverend & worthyly much esteemed friends, Mr. Cotton ife Mr, Wilson, preachers to the Church which is at Boston, in New England, give this — " Over the church founded by such men in the spirit of devotion and self-sacrifice that characterized the Puritan movement, and in a spirit of enlight- ened liberality so far in advance of the Puritan age, was set, as we have seen, a man eminently fitted for the post of leadership. Mr. George Phillips was born at Raymond, in the county of Norfolk (Sav.age says " at Rainhara, St. Martin's, Norfolk "), England. He gave early evidence of uncommon talents and love of learning, and at the University (probably Cambridge) dis- tinguished himself by remarkable progress in his studies and developed a special fondness for theology. He settled at Boxstead, in Suffolk, and soon became suspected of a tendency to Non-conformity. As the troubles of the time increased, Mr. Phillips resolved to join his fortunes with the Puritans who were about to depart for New England. He arrived early in the year 1(530, and soon after lost his wife, who died at Salem. Presently, in company with " that excellent Knight, Sir Richard Saltonstall," and " other Christians, having chosen a place upon Charles river for a town, which they called Water- town, they resolved that they would combine into a c/mrch-fillom/tiphs their first work; and build the house of God beffire they could build many /lomes for themselves." In his oflice as minister of the Water- town Parish, Mr. Phillips was eminently faithful and successful. .V man of firmness and independence in thought and in conduct, he was capable of main- taining his views with ample learning, and a vigorous and convincing logic. Though, in several respects in advance of his time, the nobility of his character, the candor and courtesy of his manner and the force of his mind secured and kept the confidence and respect of his fellow-citizens. He died on tlie 1st of July, 1644, lamented not only by his parish- ioners, but by the Colony at large. As the founder of representative government in America, he should WATERTOWN. 329 liiive a statue erected to his memory in the town to which he gave hia life. It was the custom of early New England for each rhurch to have two ministers — one as pastor and the other as teacher. Until 1639 Mr. Phillips was sole minister. In that year Mr. John Knowles, "a godiy man and a prime scholar,'' arrived in New England, and on the 19th of December he was ordained second pastor, in con- nection with Mr. Phillips. By departing from the common usage of pastor and teacher, the church put its theory of independency into practice, and, by or- daining a man who had never been a minister, or- daining him by their own act, without notice given to the magistrates, without co-operation or consent of any minister save their own, the people declared that they took their Christian liberty in sober, practical earnest. Mr. Knowles seems to have been a man of very liberal views ; in church government an inde- pendent, and in his broad charity of doctrine a man to delight " that good Knight, Sir Richard Saltonstall.'' In 1642 he went with Mr. Thompson, of Braintree, on a missionary voyage to Virginia, but, finding things there in no condition to warrant much hope of good, he presently returned to Watertown and re- sumed his pastoral relation with the church. This relation he retained for six years after Mr. Phillips' death, when in 1650 he returned to England. Making his home in London, he continued to preach in spite of persecutions until he died at a very ad- vanced age in 1685. According to Dr. Francis, " Mr. Phillips' successor in the ministry at Watertown was the Rev. John Sherman." By some Mr. Sherman is said to have begun his pastoral work in 1647, but there is no cer- tain proof from the records of his having been in office before 1648. His relation to Mr. Knowles, who was here until 1650, is not definitely settled. Mr. Sherman was born December 26, 1613, in Ded- ham, in the county of Essex, England. In his home, and under the preaching of the celebrated John Rog- ers, the friend and counselor of George Phillips, he received deep and permanent religious impressions. In school he was studious and dutiful — once only he was chastiged, on which occasion his offence was that he gave " the heads of sermons to his idle schoolmates, when an account thereof was demanded from them " — an offence which no modern boy could well be guilty of. In due time he became a student at Emanuel Col- lege, Cambridge, but failed to receive his degree be- cause be refused to make the required subscription. As he was then not more than twenty years of age, his behavior revealed not only an early maturity of thought, but an equal development of honesty and self-respect. He acted with like decision when it came to the choice of his theatre of action in life, for when he was but twenty-one years old we find him in New England. That was in 1634. In that year he preached at Watertown as assistant to Mr. Phillips for a few weeks. Mather informs us that his first dis- course was on a Thanksgiving Day, when a meeting was held under a tree in the open air. Several clergy- men who were present " wondered exceedingly " when they heard so young ii man speak with such learning and good judgment. Soon after this he removed to New Haven, and was invited to settle in that region. Declining to do so, he was chosen as oneof the magistrates of the Colony ; but being invited to return to Watertown to take the place left vacant by the death of Mr. Phillips, he laid down his office and came back to the banks of the Charles. Here he fully justified the h'gh reputation he had made before his departure. He was chosen fellow of Harvard College, and besides the services rendered to that institution in his official capacity, he continued for thirty years to give fortnightly lectures, which were attended by the students, who walked from Cam- bridge to Watertown to hear him. His reputation for scholarship extended far and wide. A "skill in tongues and arts," says Mather, "beyond the common rate adorned him," His favorite studies were, however, mathematical and astronomical, and in these departments he had no peer in the western world. In his leisure he made almanacs, in which he set down moral and religious maxims good for all meri- dians and all years. His style of discourse is said to have been full and rich. His mind was his library, and he could sjjeak freely and accurately without the help of manuscript or even the briefest notes. In private he was sparing of speech. In council he was clear and weighty. In all relations of life dignified and courteous. His last discourse was marked by a richness of thought and energy of lan- guage that filled his hearers with admiration. He was seized with his last illness at Sudbury, where he had gone to preach, but rallied sufficiently to be able to reach his own house in Watertown, where he died on the 8th of August, 1685, at the age of seventy-two. Mr. Sherman was twice married — six children were born to him in his first marriage, and twenty in his second. On the 24th of August, 1685, a little more than two weeks after the death of Mr. Sherman, a committee was chosen at a town-meeting to treat with " Mr. Bailey, the elder," on the subject of settling in the ministry at Watertown. Mr. Bailey was at that time residing in Boston, and a committee was sent to him requesting him to meet the assembled people and give them an opportunity " to discourse a little with him." At a conference held in accordance with this proposal, he expressed himself willing to become their minister " if peace and love should continue amongst them, and they would make his life com- fortable." 330 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. In August, 1686, " at a general to svn- meeting," a call was issued in due form. This call Mr. Bailey ac- cepted, and on the 6th of October he was " solemnly set apart for pa.storal work at Watertown, without the imposilioii of hands." John Bailey was born near Blackburn, in Lanca- shire, England, on the 24th of February, 1644. His mother wjis a woman of deep and earnest religious spirit, and under her influence the boy became early imbued with " a serious sense of God and religion." His father was a man of licentious habits, and in his absence tlie young John conducted the devotions of the family, until his example so admonished and af- fected his parent that he broke off his evil ways and became an exemplary Christian. Having received a good education, young Bailey began to preach at the age of twenty-two. His first charge was at Chester. The principal field of his labor in the old country was, however, in Limerick, Ireland, where he was preacher in the Abbey Church. He devoted himself to his work with such zeal and constancy that at the end of his fourteen years of ser- vice his health was seriously broken. This result was, probably, hastened by the vexation and impris- onment that he suffered for his non-conformity in church matters. He had shown himself to have the qualities of influence and leadership to such a degree that he was worth winning over to the Estab- lishment, and before attempting to silence him, the Lord Lieutenant attempted to buy him with promises of preferment. But Bailey was not for sale, and so went to prison. He was liberated, after something like a year, on his promise to go beyond seas. In fulfilment of this agreement, he came to Boston, and was for a time assistant minister at the Old South Cliurch. In the old book in which he kept a record of his ministry in Limerick, he gives an account of the last Sacrament which he observed there with his friends, under date of January 13, 1683-84. Imme- diately beneath this entry, and under date of October 6, 1686, is a brief account of his settlement in Water- town. Here he remained until 1692, doing his work with a zeal and fidelity that .sorely overtaxed his fail- ing strength. For a short time he had as colleague his brother, Mr. Thomas Bailey, an amiable and ex- cellent man, who died in January, 1688, aged thirty- five years ami was interred in the old burying-ground. Ill 1691 Mr. Uailey was deeply alllicted by the death ofhis wife, ami with this event his worn as minister ill Watertown was virtually ended. A single entry ill his book records a baptism on May 31, 1691, about a month after Iho death of his wife, "and with this his .luaiiit farewell t,. his people and the town that had been his home. Tlie diary of a brother minister hints at the reiiMon for his removal in these words—" Then, brinij very melancholy and having the gout, ho moved to Boston." " The distinguished traits of Mr. Bailey's character," says Dr. Francis, " were ardent piety, great tender- ness of conscience, and an ab.sorbing interest in the spiritual welfare of his fellow-men." The records be has left show that he was much given to melancholy, and to the sort of severe self-judgment to which the religion of the time inclined men. " If he had been at any time," says Mather, " innocently cheerful in the company of his friends, it cost him afterward abundance of s^id reflection." Judging from the specimens left in his book, his sermons must have been addressed to the feelings, rather than to the in- tellects of his audiences. He was evidently a pleasing and popular preacher, for he records that on the 20th of November, 1687, there were in the church many " from Dedham, Wooburn, Barnstable, Cambridge, Old Church in Boston, & Y° New Church in Boston, Cambridge Village, Concord, Dorchester, Roxbury, Newbury, Charlestown, Weymouth, etc. Y' text was in Col ii : 11." Mr. Bailey was much sought for as a preacher in the adjoining towns, and one of his hearers who once heard him in Boston, has left on record his impres- sion in the words, " I thought he spake like an angel." After his return to Boston, Mr. Bailey acted as as- sistant minister in the First Church, when he was not too ill for work, holding his office until December 12, 1697, when he died in the fifty-fourth year of his age. In his record-book, under date of April 27, 1690, Mr. Bailey writes : " I admitted " (to the church) " Mr. Henry Gibbs, who has sometimes preached for me, and now this quarterof a year has lived with me." On the 14ib of October, in the same year, the town voted " to make choice of a help to carry on the work of the ministry amongst us, in this our great need." At the same meeting it was voted " to treat with Mr. Henry Gibbs," and to give him forty pounds. These measures indicate that Mr. Gibbs was at this time engaged to act as Mr. Bailey's assistant, the latter be- ing unable, on account of ill-health, to attend regu- larly to his duties. To this position the young man was most heartily welcomed by his elder, who enter- tained for him a very tender regard. When Mr. Bailey removed to Boston, Mr. Gibbs was left the only minister in the town. He had not been ordained, but continued to act .as minister to the society, his engage- ment being renewed from time to time. During the larger part of his life, the town was greatly disturbed and divided by the controversy that arose over the question of locating the meeting-house in such a way as to accommodate the people. For a time a second society existed, having a minister of its own, and a meeting-house in which services were held. It being found impossible to harmonize the discordant ele- ments, Mr. Gibbs was finally ordained, October 6, 1697. "This was done in the afternoon in the open air, though a cold day. The Western party, having the selectmen on their side, got possession of the meeting-house, and would not sutler the assembly to WATERTOWN. 331 enter there." In 1719, the Rev. Samuel Angler, min- ister of " the Western Party,'' died, and after several years more of controversy, a part of his constituem'y were set off to form the town of Waltham, and the . rest gradually became identified either with the old or the new town. The Rev. Henry Gibbs was born in Boston, and was graduated .at Harvard College in 1685. His father, Mr. Robert Gibbs, was a Boston merchant, of large property, and of considerable distinction. The position of minister in Watertown during the years of controversy must have been one to tax both the wisdom and the patience of the incumbent, but Mr. Gibbs seems to have met the demands of the time with singular firmness, prudence and good sense, and to have been held- in high respect by all the inhabit- ants of the town. This fact alone is eloquent in his praise. JIany a man who has gone to the stake with unshaken courage, would have broken down under the strain of twenty-seven years of angry debate and petty neighborhood jealousies. That Mr. Gibbs was able to bear such a trial, and all the while to " do justly and love mercy," entitles him to rank with Job on the roll of the world's worthies. His power to keep his head iu a time of general madness finds another illustration in the fact that he seems to have stood aloof from the mob that hounded the Salem witches to their miserable fate. Under date of May 31, 1692, he records the fact that he was in Salem, observing the trials, ancP he says; '' Wondered at what I saw, but how to judge and con- clude I was at a loss ; to aflect my heart, and to induce me to more care and conceraedness about myself and others is the use I should make of it." " Mr. Gibbs," says Francis, " was a benefactor both to his church and to the college. In his will, which w.as proved November 11, 1723, he made the following bequest, part of which still constitutes a portion of what is called The Ministerial Fund: ' I do give and bequeath to the Eastern Church of Christ in Water- town, to which I have borne a pastoral relation, for the encouragement of the gospel ministry there, my four acres of pasture land and three acres of marsh, situate in the East end of said town, for the use of the said church forever. And I do give to said church my silver bowl with a foot.' "His bequest to the college he devised in the fol- lowing terms : ' And further it is my will, that within ten years after my youngest child comes of age, an hundred pounds be paid by my heirs for the use of the Harvard College, forty pounds thereof by my son, and twenty pounds apiece by my daughters ; the yearly interests to be exhibited to such members of the college as need it, firstly to my children's posterity if they desire it.' " As a writer, Mr. Gibbs was natural and direct- His words were those of an honest man, who desired to do good. He died on the 21st day of October, 1723, in the fifty-sixth year of his age and the twenty-seventh year of his ministry. He was buried in the old grave-yard at Watertown. Mr. Gibbs was succeeded in the ministry of 'he Eastern Parish by the Rev. Seth Storer, who was or- dained July 22, 1724. There is no record of the pro- ceedings that attended his settlement on the books of the to wn, since the transactioncoucerned only the East- ern Precinct. In fact, there is not, so far as is known, any record in existenceof the particulars of his life or ministry. He inherited the controversy that began in the time of Mr. Gibbs, between " The Western party " and the old parish, and experienced, doubt- less, his share of the discomfort arising during its pro- gress and settlement. There were many other distracting incidents aris- ing during the growth of the town, and out of its re- lations to the authorities in Bnstou, but it is believed that the minister of the First Parish bore his part in these matters with patience and wisdom. His term of service was the longest in the history of the town — over fifty years. He died on the 27th day of Novem- ber, 1774, in the seventy-third year of his age. He was a native of Saco, Maine, where he was born May 27, 1702. He graduated at Harvard College in 1720, at the age of eighteen. His father was Colonel Joseph Storer, of Wells, Maine, a man who won considerable distinction in the Indian wars. As indicating the conditions amid which his childhood was passed, we may note the fact that he had a sister Mary, who was carried away by the Indians as a captive, and was brought up near Montreal. Dr. Francis relates that in his time there were still living a few who could remember Mr. Storer in his old age, and they reported that he was much loved by young people and children. This fact he ju.stly regards as an evidence of the simplicity and goodness of his character. He never, as far as is known, published any production of his pen. He took no part in the theological strife of his time, but lived the friend and helper of his neighbors and died lamented by those who had known him to love and re.spect him. For three years after the death of Mr. Storer the pulpit of the First Parish Church remained unoccu- pied by a settled minister. This was probably owing to the excitement and confusion of the time which saw the opening of the Revolutionary War. The pulpit was filled by temporary supply, as circum- stances and the inclinations of the people directed. There was use for the church, however, at this time, not contemplated by those who built it, though it was precisely such use as was forecast by the action of George Phillips and Richard Browne, in 1631. The Second Provincial Congress was suddenly summoned to meet at Concord, April 22, 1775, but immediately adjourned to meet at Watertown. Here the Congress assembled, during the remainderof the session, in the meeting-house. John Hancock having been chosen delegate to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Joseph Warren presided over the deliberations. The :?32 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. third and last Provincial Congress also met at Water- town on May SIst. The sessions were held in the meeting-house as before. Joseph Warren was again chosen president, and Samuel Freeman, Jr., secretary. The Kev. Dr. Langdon, president of Harvard College, preached a sermon before the body. The session limted until the 19th of July. On the 26tli of July the meeting-house was again in use for the assem- bling of the General Court of the Colony. Subse- quently the Boston town-meetings were held here, and in 1776 the anniversary of the 5th of March was observed by the people of Boston in the meeting- house in Waterlown. It was not till Xovember, 1777, thatany movement was made toward the settlement of a minister. At that time it was voted unanimously to concur with the town in the choice of Mr. Daniel Adams. He ac- cepted the invitation to the pastorate, and was or- dained on the 29th of April, 1778. The Rev. Mr. Prenti9.s, of Medfield, preached the ordination ser- mon, and the Rev. Dr. Appleton, of Cambridge, delivered the charge. The settlement of Mr. Adams was regarded by the people as .adequate cause for rejoicing, and the bright- est anticipations were apparently about to be realized, when the town was plunged in grief by the sudden death of its chosen leader. In the August following hia ordination Mr. Adams was seized with a violent illness, and, after lingering for six weeks, expired on the 16th of September, in the thirty-third year of his age. He was the son of Elisha Adams, of Medway, where he was born in 1746. His ancestor, Henry Adams, came from Devonshire, Kngland, and settled in Brain- tree (now (^uincy) in 16^50. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1774, and immediately began the study of theology under the tuition of approved schol- ars and preachers, as the custom then was. As a preacher he was received with marked favor, and his services were desired by several churches. In the brief term of his pastorate in Watertown he won the respect of his people by the virtues of his charac- ter, and commanded their admiration as a preacher. After the death of Mr. Adams the pulpit was filled by various pro^ichers, emi)loyed for various terms of service, by a committee of the church, until the 18lh of March, 17fiO, when a meeting was called to con- sider the calling of a pastor. Mr. Richard Rosewell Kliot, who hail preached for the society during the preceding winter, was chosen by a unanimous vote. He accepted the invitation, and was ordained June 21, 1780. Dr. Francis records the fact that the town appropriated £1600 to defray the expenses of the ordination. What sort of festivities were indulged in is not matter of record. We may infer the condi- tion of Ihc I'urrency, however, from the sum named. The period covereil by the pastorate of Mr. lOliot saw the successful termination of the National strug- gle for independence, and the exciting and critical debates that resulted in the adoption of the Constitu- tion. It was a time of hardship and of trial. The financial and industrial confusion of one great war were soon succeeded by the business stagnation inci- dent to another, and there are indications that the Watertown parish and its minister had their .share in the troubles and depressions of the time. Mr. Eliot died on the 21st of October, 1818. He was sixty-six years old and had been for more than thirty-eight years the minister of the First Parish. He was descended in direct line from John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians, and was born at New Haven, Connecticut, October 8, 1752. He was graduated at Harvard in 1774, and was a class-mate of Mr. Adams, his predecessor in Watertown. In his early manhood he gained much reputation as an orator, but for the larger part of his life his health was poor and his strength was inadequate to the full exercise of his na- tive gifts. As a preacher, he was graceful and pleas- ing in manner, and his doctrinal views were of the milder and more benevolent type. His virtues were such as fitted him to shine in the quiet walks of a life of piety and beneficence. SOPPLEMENTAEY HISTORY OF THE FiRST PARISH.' — Rev. Mr. Eliot's successor was Dr. Convers Francis, the last minister hired by the town. He had preached occasionally during the winter after the death of Mr. Eliot, and on the 12ih of April following (1819), the town concurred with the church in the invitation, and ofFereS him a salary of one thousand dollars and a settlement of the same sum. The ordination took place on the 23d of June, in the old meeting-house, a plan of which we give later, that stood near the corner of Mt. Auburn and Common Streets, in what is now the cemetery, and where his remains and those of his wife now rest. Dr. Osgood presided at the council, and one might e.Kpect some disputation at this time, when the doc- trines which were soon developed by the Unitarian controversy began to be differentiated ; " but every- thing went oft' without an infraction of the peace." Rev. Mr. Lowell made the first prayer. Dr. Osgood preached the sermon. President Kirkland made the con.secrating prayer, Dr. Ripley, of Concord, gave the charge. Rev. Mr. Palfrey gave the right hand of fel- lowship, and the Rev. Mr. Ripley, of Waltham, made the concluding prayer: " God grant that my ministry in this town Tnay be a long, a happy and a useful one, and that many may have reason to bless the day when my union with this people was formed." The ministry was a long, and, in many respects, a happy and a useful one. There are those still living whose childhood reaches back to that time. Converse Francis was devoted to the ministry to which he was called. " But his record upon earth is blotted with the clouds of his humility and self- depreciation. There never was a man of such various I By Solon F. Wliitney. X7«liBb Oi ||Bt> Oil.Ul?)S ^ m in o o » -1 ■ , "31 1 ', If [41 if. \4 If i - i 1 it 11 1 WATERTOWN. 33?. learning, delightful converse and refined philosophy, so absolutely unconcious of a personality. It seems at first as if more self-esteem would have enhanced his powers." In 1821 he says in a little diary, "God forgive me that, when speaking on the most import- ant subjects, 1 am so cold and indifferent." " My mind is filled and pressed with anxious thoughts." He felt depressed that he could not lift the people to the level of his glowing thought. His quiet life in Watertown was made eventful by thoughts and books. He wrote the life of Eliot, the apostle to the Indians, for Sparks' " American Biography." A thousand or more of his manuscript sermons, now in the Public Library of this town, testify to his industry and his interest in his people. The classic writers of Greece and Rome were often in his hands. The literature oi France and Germany presented no barriers by their strange tongues. His library, a part of which is now the property of the town, gathered from all nations, shows his omnivorous reading. He was especially interested in the history of the past, the history of his own town and parish, as his history of Watertown and his historical addresses testify. He was an active member of the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and, by his collections of materials and his substantial contributions, showed that not only in the Bible, and in Bible history, but in all history he believed the thought of God could be traced dealings with his people. He was something of a seer. When Emerson was covered with a cloud of obloquy, and even he could not agree with his remarks on some points, he says, '' The more I see of this beautiful spirit, the more 1 revere and love him ; such a calm, steady, simple soul, always looking for truth and living in wisdom and in love for man and goodness." Plato was also a bond between them. He made (March 28, 18.37) some remarks on art, in speaking of the destruction of his old church : " In passing the site of our old meeting-house, I observed that to-day the last remains had been leveled with the ground. The old spire came down, the cock bowed his head to the dust" (it is now perched on the Methodist spire in the village) " after having stood manfully up amidst the winds of heaven. There is an interest attached to the humblest forms in which the genius of man makes itself apparent in outward shapes, however rude. Every church, every dwelling-house, every utensil we use in domestic life, every garment we wear, is a fragment in the great world of art, which has been building up ever since Adam. The individual forms and manifestations vanish, but art is ever reappearing. I believe, after all, I can never love my new church as I did the old one ; it had been consecrated by years of prayer and instruction ; generations had come and gone, and had sought God and truth within its walls; old men were there, with their gray hairs, whose infant fronts had been touched with the water of baptism at that altar." This is not the place to present his peculiar doc- trines, or to present arguments in favor of his sound- ness in wisdom, or his success in reaching the truth. The times were fertile in ideas and new organiza- tions. New England was in labor. Whether the off- spring of that day will help to bring on the millen- nium or not it is not the province of the historian to discuss. That the asperity of the controversies which began in those times is somewhat changed for the better, and that it found no occasion for being in Doctor Francis' mild, quiet, studious, loving life, there are many yet to testify. There is in the Public Library a delightful portrait of Doctor Francis in middle life, painted by Alexan- der, a noted Boston artist, and given by his daughter Abby a few mouths before her last .sickness, the same time as when she entrusted to the same keeping the collection of his written .sermons, that they might be near where they were produced, and perhaps where they would find the children of those to whom they were preached, who might, for their fathers' and mothers' sakes, like sometimes to test the earnestness and purity of heart with which they were written. Whether the people of the town would be better served, would be more highly ble.ssed, by the minis- trations of the church, if all the differences of opinion and of sentiment that now divides it into so many societie?, with such sharp lines of doctrine, could be obliterated and all return into one fold, with one shepherd, as under the former ministers in the town church, or not, we will not attempt to answer. As this period of Dr. Francis' long ministry (twen- ty-three years), which ended only with his accept- ance of the important Professorship of Pulpit Elo- quence in the Divinity School of Harvard University^ in the summer of 18-12, was the last one in which the town was united, we may find it pleasant to stop a moment to look it over. We hoped to present an elevation of the old meet- ing-house, which was built, in 175.5, enlarged in 1819, and demolished in 1836. We must be content with a plan of the seating of the church as it is remem- bered by some of the old people who are still living. This plan was drawn by Charles Brigham, archi- tect, at the suggestion of Dr. Alfred Hosmer, presi- dent of the Historical Society of Watertown, and is the result of a large amount of labor and careful comparison of testimony. Here in the building thus represented were held all town-meetings. The second Provincial Congress having assembled in Concord, on the 22d of April, 1775, adjourned to this house the same day ; the third Provincial (con- gress assembled here May 31st, and remained in ses- sion until July 19, 1775. This house was immediately occupied by the Gen- ral Court, or Assembly of the Colony, until they ad- journed to the State-House, in Boston. It was again 334 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. occupied by the General Court, in 1788, during the prevaltnce of small-pox in Boston. This drawing shows a plan of the old meeting- house as it was when last used as a place of worship, in IS.iii. It stood in what is now a burial-ground, on the corner of Mt. Auburn and Common Streets. The names are of persons who are now known to have been pew-holders, or to have had sittings. We wish the lime and space allowed us would now allow us to give a short historical sketch of each per- son whose name is included in this significant plan. We cannot do better than present some reminiscences, from a member of the Historical Society, of The Oi.i> Meeting-House.' — The old meeting-- bouse, 80 truthfully sketched by Mr. Brigham, has a greater interest for the towns-man of to- day than could possibly belong to any church edifice of the present time, similarly reproduced a century or two hence. The modern structure would only represent the particular occupants thereof, and their peculiar traits, whereas the one now under consideration has a secular, as well as a religious history. Throughout its entire existence it was the only place where the town-meetings were held, and that clliptically enclosed space below the |>ulpit, de signed for the dispensation of church ordinances, was also the forum where the edicts of the town were uttered and recorded. Fn this place the moderator rehearsed the usual " Articles " of the "' Warrant " in their order with the conventiiiiially reiterated phrases of " To see," " To know'" and " .Vet thereon,'' so familiar to everybody nowadays. The people have not always received a printed copy of this document at their doors — a written copy was posted in a glass-covered case at the front door of the meeting-house, for the prescribed number of days. And where also every man, young or old, before he could take to his home, in lawful wedlock, the partner of his bosom, must have his intentions to do so, " published" over the signature of the town clerk during three successive Sundays. The town-reports also were not published, and could be consulted only by a resort to the records of the town clerk. In the earlier days of the old meeting-house the town and the parish were an involuntary co-partner- ship— the minister w!Ui called the "minister of the town." An inhabitant it/o/t^fcd to the parish, wotow rolem~x\nA in a more chattel sense than was agreeable to an inconsiderable minority of persons. A tux-payer might abstain from it« teachings, but there were only two ways of escape from contributing to iU support— cither to move away, or die, before the l»t day of May. Afterward the law was so modified that Bcruplca could bo relieved by " signing off" (as it waa called) t« some other specified parish. And still Inter on, a/{ persons were exempted from involuntary ' Bjr Josliuii t'wildgo, Enq. taxation for religious purposes. This was the final sundering of church and state in Massachusetts. Selfish ends have been attained often by shrewd foresight and sharp practice. The clustering mem- ories of the old meeting-house call up a transaction which, in the attending squabble, and the eminent counsel engaged, had at the time all the importance of a " cause celebre." Property belonging to the town had been set apart, by an act of incorporation, for the siipport of the " Minister of the Town." About fifty years ago, when the population had in- creased, and new parishes had been formed, a major- ity of the inhabitants petitioned the Legislature that the act of incorporation might be so changed that the income of the " ministerial fund," so-called, would re- vert to the treasury of the town. The contention then was that, as the mini-stry of the town had become a subdivided function, the town provender should be correspondingly distributed, or else remain in the granari/. Moreover, the "Minister of the Town," municipally, no longer existed — and casuists queried whether the " ministerial fund," also, had not lapsed with the beneficiary. The petition was argued, /iro and co", b)' eminent counsel, before a committee of the Legislature, who reported leave to withdraw, on account, as was said, of the troublesome precedent of disturbing old vested rights and inter- ests — some captious persons have pretended to descry a similar paradox in this case to that of the old jack- knife that claimed identity with one that had a new blade, and a new handle. The particular topic to which my random recollec- tions were invited was a Sunday in the old " Meet- ing-house." I have made a prelude of its week-day history, which in its entirety would comprise a his- tory of town affairs for a century, the later years of which will not much longer be rehearsed by eye-wit- nesses. My own experience in the Sunday services of the old meeting-house occurred in its latter days, now more than three-score years ago, when, and where, for a short time, in my early 'teens, I took part in the instrumental accompaniment to the church choir. The associations and personal friendships of those days have been unavoidably interrupted, but they will be remembered as long as the faculty for .so doing remains. The especial object of interest in the Sunday ser- vice is the occupant of the pulpit, and to which ob- ject all other arrangements are incidental and tribu- tary. The incumbent under our notice, the late Kev. Convers Francis, D.D., was a man of medium height and stocky build, made apparently more so when in the pulpit, by the ample folds of his silken robe. Under the canopy of the great broad sounding-board, which, by its seemingly slender hanging, menanced whoever stood beneath it with probable destruction, he unaffectedly delivered his always carefully written sermons, a large collection, of which, in their origi- WATERTOWN. 335 nal manuscript, are in the custody of the Free Public Library. It seemed strange that one so amply endowed with exuberance of thouglit and fluency of speech never indulged in extemporaneous discourse in the pulpit. He could " reason of fate, foreknowledge and free- will," " from rosy morn till dewy eve," v.ithout note or break, and for conversation needed only a listener to make the onflow continuous. He did not aftect those graces of oratory that are exemplied by gestic- ulation, his emotion never found vent through his arms, nor did he ever attempt to make a point clearer liy laying one fore-finger upon the other. His con- victions might have been shaken by argument, but they could not have been burned out of him with fire. His contempt for all 'isms and 'ologies other than his own was never disguised by any blandish- ments of demeanor. He was equally vigorous in body and mind — books were as essential to his existence as bread, and were he required to dispense with either, he would have experimented up to the starvation point, at least, upon a diet of books alone. Many of those he read became much enlarged by his annotations upon the fly-leaves and margins — sentences would be under- lined — exclamation and interrogation points sprin- kled in — and in the margins would be found the " pshaws," or " bahs," or " boshes," or other forcible expressions, according to the intensity of his agree- ment or dissent. A great university of learning, to him, was more worthy of reverence than aluK^st any other human achievement. He made frequent visits on foot to Cambridge, where he was ultimately called to a professorship. This was his Mecca, and before whose shrine he passed the remainder of his days. I occasionally met him in the vicinity of the college, when he always stopped for a friendly chat about aflairs in Watertown, and the current topics of the day — especially of the anti-slavery movement, which was then at full tide — in which he took a deep inter- est, and for the noted advocates of which he had great admiration. The conservatism of his former years had melted away, and a wider field had been opened to his views and his desires. Mr. Brigham has given us a sketch of the pews and the names of their occu- pants also, with all the correctness of a sun-picture; but the history of a "Sunday service" would be lack- ing without the mention of an occurrence which was i'requently repeated, and which in any worshipping assembly of to-day would be a startling shock to the prevailing sense of propriety. It was the custom to turn u() the hinged seats in the pews in order to make room. At the close of the slaiiding services they would come down with a whang and a clatter closely resembling the report of a vol- ley of musketry by an undrilled company of militia; yet the devotional demeanor of the occasion was not disturbed, either in the pulpit or in the pews. In our sketch personal allusions are precluded through fears both of forgetfulness and seeming invidiousness. Cut there was one more, at least, who was part and parcel of our theme. He had a place in the front centre of the singing-gallery, where he accompanied the choir upon the 'cello. The sexton and the bell were no more punctually present in their vocation than was Col. Thomas Learned. He lived in a house, the site of which is now occupied by the house of Mr. Charles Q,. Pierce — ^from which, twice every Sun- day, he could be seen with his instrument of music under his arm, wending his way to the church. And during the tolling of the " last bell " he was occujji'd with "tuning up," and the mingling of the .soft con- cordant sounds were a more fitting and pleasurable prelude to the succeeding exercises than the preten- tious hullabaloo now sometimes inflicted as a " vol- untary." He was also self-appointing tithingnian whenever the need existed — sometimes he would pro- ceed to the vicinity of a group of disorderly boys in the " free-seats," and either push them apart and seat himself among them or else take the biggest rogue by the collar and lead him back to his own seat in the choir. The attraction as well as the edifying influences of the singing service were as well understood and appre- ciated in those days as at present. If there were per- sons who were indifl'erent, to say the least, to their own spiritual welfare, might they not be " moved by the concord of sweet sounds," and thereby be brought within reach of the more salutary influences of the pulpit? Therefore, preparatory measures must be kept in operation for the replenishment of this branch of the service. Music was not a part of the town-school curriculum — the average scholar came out of it, finally, with as little ability (gained therein) to read a staff of printed music, as he had to compre- hend the geometrical intricacies of the diflerential calculus. Now, " we have changed all that." This want was supplied by the village .singing- school. It never attempted to exemplify " High Art," nor to produce extraordinary individual pro- ficiency ; it did not aim at the training of profes- sional " stars," but of a compaay of sujjernumeraries that would be available for the Sunday service of song. Other objects and influences incidentally grew out of and into it — the social element became prom- inent ; it afforded remarkably congenial conditions for the development of the " tender passion ;" conjugal affinities were brought within that sphere of mutual attraction where, " like kindred drops, they mingled into one ;" and many a fragrant flower there found recognition, which otherwi.se might have " wasted its sweetness on the desert air." The village singing-.school passed away with the demise of our sturdy townsmen and intimate friends, Messrs. Joseph and Horace Bird. They rendered ef- fectual voluntary aid to the singing services of the "old meeting-house" for a considerable time, mean- while qualifying themselves, by study and practice 336 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. under higher professional sources, to become teachers of this particular science, in which capacity they were widely known and esteemed, during forty years in our own and many neighboring towns, where they BHccessfuUy practiced their special vocation. They never needed importunity to take part in any move- ment that had in view the public welfare or the re- lief of private want. Of the male members of the singing choir during my own sojourn, whose names and faces are still vividly in mind, there is not one now to be found. Of tliosein the same department, who, in the familiar- ity of youthful intimacy, were called " the girls," but two can be recalled, who would hear the sound of the old church-bell could it again peal forth from the newly reproduced steeple. And the occupants of the pews, excepting those who were then in early child- hood, can now be counted upon the fingers — and some of these, although living in their original homes, are re-sidents of another town. And many of the family names borne by those who congregated in the old meeting-house, have become extinct, or are tend- ing in that direction. The losses we have enumerated were in the order of Providence, and therefore could not have been averted — others may have occurred through negli- gence. The associations connected with the history uf the old meeting-house were of sufficient interest to have induced, if possible, its further preservation — and it would have seemed proper action on the part of the town to have determined by examination and discus- sion, whether the " sentence " of demolition should not have been commuted. But fate decreed otherwise. And the structure that sheltered the Provincial Con- gress while in direful circumstances, passed away, " unwept, unhonored and unsung," and the green lawn upon which it stood was transformed into a final resting-place for the descendants of those who reared and occupied it. Our readers will certainly pardon the wide range which memory of a place occupied for so diverse pur- poses as the town meeting-house calls up in the charming sketch which we have inserted without change or suggestion. That the town, the modern New England town, the unit which is everywhere repeated, although in various combinations, in the organization of the State and the nation, had its origin in the parish., we perhaps have here one of the last chances to see. Originally an ecdesiiwtical organization, growing out of the demo- cratic origin of the Christian church, the idea of the public good has in time come to be larger than the idea of kings or of any privileged class. In the history "f this church, this town, we see the municipal order separating from any and all churches, and launching out upon the independent, the broad and generalized idea of existence for the public good, and henceforth meeting (from LSI") in a town-house constructed for the purpose, wholly freed from ecclesiastical questions. determining, it must be confessed, sometimes in a most tumultuous fashion, what shall be done for the re- straining of criminals, the pre.servation of property, the education of the young, the care of the poor, and all those various concerns suggested by the common convenience. This is rather suggested by considering the history of the town than of the church. But so far they were inseparable. Rev. John Weiss was ordained October 25, 18-13. He resigned October 3, 1845, because of his strong anti-slavery convictions, but resumed his pastorate on invitation of the parish in 1846, and continued till his resignation in November, 1847, when he was in- stalled as pastor of the First Congregational Society in New Bedford. Rev. Hasbrouck Davis was ordiined March 28 , 1849. He resigned May 11, 1853. Rev. George Bradford was ordained November C, 1856. He died February 17, 1859, after a brief but useful ministry. Rev. Arthur B. Fuller became pastor March 1, 1860, and resigned in 1862, and enlisted with Com- pany K, (?) receiving the appointment of chaplain of the regiment. He was shot in the streets of Freder- icksburg, having volunteered to go over the river to the attack. In June of this year Rev. John Weiss returned by invitation and preached for the society until 1869. Of Mr. Weiss, the first minister ordained after the society was wholly separated from the town govern- ment, and serving long after all of the present churches — but one, the Episcopal — were established, much might be said. The time is too recent, although his service began nearly fifty years ago, and feelings are still too unsettled, the perspective too short, for a clear and impartial statement of the value of his labors. His services in the work of the public schools and in the establishment of the Free Public Library were of inestimable worth to the town. As time passes they will rise higher in the regard of his fel- lows. Mr. Weiss was born in Boston in June, 1818, and died there March 9, 1879. He went to the Chauncy Hall School for a while and afterwards to the Framingham Academy, from whence he went to Harvard College in 1833, graduating in the class of 1837, taught for a time at Jamaica Plain, entered Harvard Divinity School in 1840, spent the winter of 1842-43 at Heidelberg University in Germany, and on his return to this country was ordained, as we have stated, in 1843, over this old parish church. Looking back over his whole service, his brilliant preaching, his interest in all forms of education, his cheerful and playful manners, his wit, and yet his earnestness, we are glad to take refuge in the appre- ciative words of O. B. Frothingham, a classmate and life-long friend, who says of him, in the course of quite a long article : "This man was a flame of fire. He was genius, WATERTOWN. 337 unalloyed by terrestrial considerations ; a spirit- lamp, always burning. He had an overflow of nervous vitality, an excess of spiritual life that could not find vents enough for its discharge. As his figure comes before me, it seems that of one who is more than half transfigured. His large head; his ample brow ; his great, dark eyes ; his ' sable-silvered ' beard and full moustache ; his gray hair, thick and close on top, with the strange line of black beneath it like a fillet of jet ; his thin, piping, penetrating, tenuous Voice, that trembled as it conveyed the torrent of thought ; the rapid, sudden manner, suggesting some- times the lark and sometimes the eagle ; the small but sinewy body ; the delicate hands and feet ; the sensi- tive touch, all indicated a half-disembodied soul." Soon after he graduated " he read a sermon on the supremacy of the spiritual element in character, which impressed me as few pulpit utterances ever did, so tine was it ; so subtle, yet so massive in conviction." Afterwards in New Bedford, he gave a discourse on materialism, which " derived force from the intense earnestness of its delivery, as by one who could look into the invisible world, and could speak no light word or consult transient effects. Many years later, I listened in New York, to his lectures on Greek ideas, the keenest interpretation of the ancient myths, the most profound, luminous, sympathetic. He had the faculty of reading between the lines, of apprehending the hidden meaning, of setting the old stories in the light of universal ideas, of lighting up allusions. " His genius was eminently religious. Not, indeed, in any customary fashion, nor after any usual way. He belonged to the nationalists, was a Protestant of an extreme type, an avowed adherent of the mo.st ' advanced' views. His was a purely natural, scien- tific, spiritual faith, unorthodox to the last degree, logically, historically, critically, sentimentally so. " He had an agonized impatience to know what- ever was to be known, to get at the ultimate. Evi- dence that to most minds seemed fatal to belief was, in his sight, conformity of it, as rendering its need more clear and more imperious. ' We need be afraid of nothing in heaven or earth, whether dreamt of or not in our philosophy.' " He was a more subtle and more brilliant thinker for being also a poet. Dr. Orestes Brownson, no mean judge on such matters, spoke of him as the most piomising philosophical mind in the country. To a native talent for metaphysics his early studies at Heidelberg probably contributed congenial training. His knowledge of German philosophy may well have been stimulated and matured by his residence in that centre of active tl^ought ; while his intimacy, on his return, with the keenest intellects in this country may well have sharpened his original predilection for abstract speculation. However this may have been, the tendency of his genius was decidedly towards metaphvsical problems and the interpretation of the 22-iii human consciousness. This he erected as a barrier against materialism. His volume on "American Religion" was full of nice discriminations; so was his volume on the " Immortal Life ; '' so were his articles and lectures. His " Life of Theodore Parker " abounded in curious learning as well as in vigorous thinking. He could not rest in sentiment, must have demonstration, and never stopped till he reached the ultimate ground of truth as he regarded it. He was a man of undaunted courage. He believ- ed, with all his heart, in the doctrines he had arrived at. He was an anti-slavery man from the beginning. At a large meeting in Waltham in 1845, to protest against the admission of Texas, Mr. Weiss, then minister at Watertowu, delivered a ."peech, in which he said, " our Northern apathy heated the iron, forged the manacles, and built the pillory." To his unflinching devotion to free thought in religion he owed something of his unpopularity with the masses of the people. " There is dignity in dust that reaches any form, because it eventually betrays a forming power, and ceases to be dust in sharing it." " It is a wonder to me that scholars and clergymen are so skilled about scientific facts." " We owe a debt to the scientific man who can show how many moral customs result from local and ethnic experiences, and how the conscience is every- where capable of inheritance and education. He cannot bring too many facts of this description, because we have one fact too much for him ; namely, a latent tendency of conscience to repudiate inherit- ance and every experience of utility." John Weiss was essentially a poet. His pages are saturated with poetry. His arguments are expressed in poetic imagery. " AVhat a religious ecstasy is health ! Its free step claims every meadow that is glad with flowers ; its bubbling spirits fill the cup of wide horizons, and drip down their brims ; its thankfulness is the prayer that takes possession of tlie sun by day, and the stars by night. Every dancing member of the body whirls olT the soul to tread the measures of great feelings, and God hears people saying : ' How precious also are thy thoughts, how great is the sum of them ! When I awake I am still with thee.' Yes, ' when I awake,' but not before." ' John W. Chadwick said of him, " It is hard to think of Weiss as dead, and the more I think of it, the more I am persuaded that he is not." After Mr. Weiss resigned, the society spent some time in hearing candidates, but in 1870 Mr. James T. Bixby was in.stalled, and he preached until 1873, showing those scholarly traits that have made him so famous as a writer since. Joseph H. Lovering preached from 1875 to 1878 ; Arthur May Knapp, preached from 1880 to 1887; and William H. Savage has preached from 1887. The society seemed to take a new start under Mr. Knapp, and has fairly roused into something of ita old activity under Mr, Savage, 33S HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Within the last few years a ne»v building has been erected for Sunday-school work and for social pur- poses, which has proved an aid in religious and social ways. The Unitarian VAiib, of this church, the first to he estahlished in any society, has proved of help to its luendjers in leading to new interest and participa- tion, in church activities, and has been followed in its form of organization by many new clubs in various parts of the country. The Bai'Tist Church and Sabbath-School.'— During the summer and fall of 1827, Miss Eliza Tucker, Miss Martha Tucker and Miss E. Brigham united in gathering some of the children of the vil- lage together. Sabbath mornings, to teach them verses of Scripture and poetry, and also to properly observe the Sabbath. They were successful, and tlie movement found favor with the jieople, especially the mothers, who were glad to have their children properly cared for on the Lord's day. Miss Brigham was a teacher in the Town School, which gave her sjiecial opportunUy with the children for good. They held tiieir gatherings in the house of Deacon John Tucker (the building lately occupied by Otis Bros.), but their numbers increased so they had to seek a larger iilace, and in the fall of 1S27 they hired the hall in the brick building now occupied by S. S. Gleason and others. In this hall the Sabbath-school was held at 0.30 A.M., and preaching .service at 10.30 A.m., every Sab- bath. In .\pril, 1828, the school was organized, with a membership of thirty-five, including officei-s and teachers. William Hague, superintendent; Josiah Law, vice-superintendent ; Deacon Joaiah Stone, Elijah Pratt, Mrs. Pratt, Misses Eliza Tucker, Mar- tha Tucker, E. Brigham and E. A. Wheeler were ap- pointed teachers. They occupied this hall until the fall of 1828, when they were obliged to move to a larger hall; they found such a hall in the building opposite Market and Arsenal Streets, where they remained until they moved into the vestry of the new church, in August, 1830, the same year the church was organized, com- posed of members of the Sabbath-school and others, which was July 18, 1830, with lorty-si.\ members. The first house of worship was completed the same year and occupied the lot on which the present house stands. In 18.57 tlie old house was removed and the new house was built upon the same foundation, with a few alterations. This was dedicated in 1859. During the sixty years, the church has had ten pastors, whose names and terms of service are as follows : (1) Rev. Puler Chase, served 1 year and 1 month ; (2) Nicho- las Medbery, served 10 years and 10 months ; (3) E. D. Very, served 1 year and 1 month ; (4) C. K. > Bjr Bo:ral Gilkojr. Colver, served 4 years and 1 month ; (5) B. A. Ed- wards, served 3 years and 5 months ; (6) William L. Brown, served 5 years and 3 months; (7) A. S. Pat- ton, served 3 years and 2 months; (8) William F. Stubberts, served 2 years and 10 months ; (9) G. S. Abbott, served 7 years; (10) E. A. Gapen (present pastor), nearly 13 years. The present number of members is 335. The whole number that have united during the sixty years is 1003, of whom about 230 have died. The member.shi]! of the Sabbath-school is S.'iO. Thus, from the small beginning, both church and school have become a power for good. Phillips Church and SociETir.'— During the spring and summer of 1854 a pious and devoted lady, who wiis engaged in missionary labors in the town, became aware of the fact that many residents of the town were members of Congregational Orthodox churches in the neighboring towns and cities. A careful estimate gave from thirty to forty families. With these were connected many single individuals and a large number of children, who preferred to at- tend Orthodox Congregational preaching. Some of these had found a temporary religious home in the other churches of the town. But they had long felt that their own usefulness and growth in grace were in agreat measure dependent upon church privileges, in accordance with their belief and convictions. For this they had anxiously waited and devoutly prayed. It seemed to them that now " the set time to favour Sion had come," and, acting in accor- dance with this, and believing that God was ready whenever the instrument by which His work is carried on is ready, a meeting of all those known to be in favor of such an object was called. The first meeting was held at the house of David F. Bradlee, on Main Street, in the latter part of January, 1855. The meeting was ad- journed one week in order to invite some brethren from the Eliot Church, Newton, to advise in the matter. At a sul)sec|uent meeting the subject was duly considered. The church was named after George Phillii)s, the first pastor of Watertown, and a committee chosen to procure a preacher. This committee were providentially directed to Dr. Lyman Beeclier, the father of Mrs. Stowe and Henry Ward Beecher, who, after hearing some facts in relati( n to religious affairs in Watertown, said : " I will come and preach for you." He came, and his services were secured until a pastor was obtained. Sabbath services were held in the Town Hall morning and evening. These services were well at- tended. Mr. Beecher was well advanced in life, but his eye was not dim nor his natural Ibrce abated. He hold his audiences with a tight grasp, and even Theodore Parker, then at the height of his popular- ity, who preached in the same hall, on Sabbath after- noons, with matchless eloquence, hardly held his " By Dea. L. Macdonald. WATERTOWN. 339 owQ against the stern logic and fire of Beecher, many of Parker's iiearers being found at the evening service, careful and attentive listeners. The society, or parish, was legally organized in the month of March; and the church was organized on the 17th of April, 1855, with a membership of twenty- six, received by letter from other Orthodox Congre- gational churches. A large council of churches from the neighborhood met in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the use of which was kindly oflered by that society for the purpose. At the expiration of Dr. Beecher's engagement a call was given to the Eev. Stephen K. Dennen (then finishing his studies at Andover Seminary), who ac- cepted, and was ordained and installed as pastor on the 11th of July, 1856. A lot of land was bought and a church building erected on the site of the present one. The locality was then an open country, and the large building had a seating capacity of double the present one, and was a conspicuous object for miles around. It was dedicated and occupied in April, 1857. The congregation increased slowly during the following years, with a good deal of up-hill work. On the night of January 13, 1861 — one of the cold- est nights of the season — the building was destroyed by fire. It h.ad got such headway before the alarm was given that nothing wps saved. The front of the building was much nearer the street than the present one, and many feared that the tall steeple might fall across Mt. Auburn Street, and do much damage. For- tunately it fell into the burning building. For a time the enterprise seemed to stagger from the blow ; pastor and people had to begin the up-hill struggle over again. They went back to the town hall again till a new building could be erected; and about a year after the destruction of the first build- ing they occupied their second house, on the 12th of January, 1862. This is the building now occupied by the society. It is much smaller than the first house, but up to this date it is large enough to ac- commodate the worshipers. It is much more commo- dious, having a chapel in the rear which is used for prayer-meetings. Sabbath-school gatherings and social purposes. Thereare library rooms, vestries and kitch- en. There is a bell in the tower. The inside of the building is frescoed. The windows are of stained glass. The choir gallery is over the front vestibule. It is one of the pleasantest and prettiest church edifices in the suburbs of Boston. There is a row of graceful .shade- trees in front, and a well-trimmed lawn and concrete walks, the whole forming a picture in harmony with the neat private residences which cluster around it. In August, 1862,. Dr. Dennen, at his own reigelow. Preaching was for some months obtained from va- rious sources, but as the interest in and attendance upon the services increased, it was thought that with a little aid from the Missionary Society, regular preaching could be sustained. Accordingly ajiplica- tion for this purpose was made to the New England Conference. The request was granted, Watertown ' By Helen Louise liichardsoii. WATERTOWN. 341 was made a mission, and Rev. George Pickering was sent as first Conference preaclier, receiving bis ap- pointment June 17, 1837. Regular services were .still held in Mr. Whitney's house, and here, August 4, ,'1837, was held the first Quarterly Conference. The first stewards of tlie church, appointed at this time, were Leonard Whitney, George Bigelow and Joshua Rhodes; the last-named soon after removed to the West, and Sylvester Priest was appointed stew- ard in his place. It now began to be generally fell that a larger and a permanent place of worshii) must be secured. An old one-storied academy building on a slight elevation in the centre of the town was available ; this was bought for four hundred dollars, and in the summer of 1837 was dedicated with appropriate services. The first trustees of tlie church were Leouard Whit- ney, Sylvester Priest, George Bigelow, John Devoll and Daniel Pillsbury. It is said that John Devoll, the first year of the e.x- istenceof the society, gave in its behalf every dollar that lie earned. At the close of this year it was reported that the Sunday-schocl numbered twenty, that there was a Bible class of twenty-five, and though a mission sta- tion itself, $21.84 were raised for missions. In 1838 W'altham and Watertown were united and made a cir- cuit, which arrangement continued till 184G. During these years Revs. Geo. Pickering, E'ranklin Fisk, David Webb, Horace G. Barrows, Bradford K. Peirce and T. W. Tucker were in turn in charge of the circuit. The junior preachers during the same time, who made Watertown their home, were Revs. O. R. How- ard, E. A. Lyon, H. (x. Barrows and Geo. W. Frost. Rev. ti. W. Frost was a local preacher, residing in Watertown, and teaching a grammar school ; he was recommended to the Annual Couferenceby the C^uar- terly Conference of Watertown, and afterward became quite prominent. Removing to the West, he was ap- ]>oiuted Government Director and Purchasing Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad; he also served several terms in the Nebraska Legislature. He died in Omaha, February 2, 1888. In 1846-47 Watertown and Dedham were united as a circuit, and Rev. W. R. Stone was placed in charge, with Rev. L. P. Frost, a local preacher residing in Watertown, as assistant. In 1847 Watertown was made an independent sta- tion, with Rev. Daniel Richards as pastor. This proved to be a very important year in the history of the church. The necessity for larger and more acces- sible accommodations was felt, and the society thought that the time had come to change its location, so the hill property was sold at auction. A man from Boston, unknown to any present, pur- chased it for a bonnet factory, but as it proved, he bought it for the Roman Catholics, and the site has ever since been occupied by their house of worship. June 6, 1847, was the last Sabbath in theoldbuilding. Having made the mistake of giving possession too soon, the society reluctantly left for the Town Hall, where services were held till August 1, when the vestry of the new church ou Main street was ready for occupancy. October 20, 1847, the church itself, which is that now occupied by the society, was dedicated. The land upon which the church is situated, was purchased for sixteen hundred dollars, and the building was completed at a cost of fifty-nine hundred dollars. In 1848 Rev. J. Augustus Adams was appointed to Watertown ; toward the close of his second year tliere was a revival, which was the beginning of a new era in the history of the church. Mr. Adams was a graduate of Wcsleyan University was two years principal of a school in Norwich, Con- necticut, and he and his wife were the first teachers of the New Hampshire Conference Seminary. He filled important pastorates honorably to himself and profitably to the church, and was assistant secretary of the conference for several years, lie died in Cali- fornia, August 27, 1860, whither he had gone seeking restoration to health. The pastorate of Rev. Mosely Dwiglit, who suc- ceeded Mr. Adams, (1850-52) was very laborious and successful ; during this time the trustees succeeded in raising 12005.00 of the indebtedness upon the church property. From 1852-58, Revs. George Bowler, Franklin Furber and H. M. Loud served the church in turn, each remaining two years. During the pastorate of Mr. Loud, and at his sug- gestion, the members living at Newtonville, estab- lished preaching services in a hall there, and after- ward .secured the construction of a church building, riieir withdrawal to their new place of worship made a sensible impression upon the congregation in Watertown. During this pastorate also the interior of the church was handsomely refitted. From 1858-60 Rev. George M. Steele was pastor. He was very popular, serving one year upon the town school committee. He is now Doctor of Divinity, and has for several years been Principal of Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass. Rev. Henry E. Hempstead received appointment here in 1860. In the winter of 1861-62, his mind being greatly exercised over the civil war then pend- ing, he sought and obtained release from his engage- ment with the church, and was appointed chaplain of the 29th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. His chaplaincy was distinguished for ability, useful- ness and success. He fell opposite Fredericksburg, Dec. 21, 1862. In the spring of 1862, by the apiwint- luent of conference. Rev. (afterward Dr.) Bradford K. Peirce came to Watertown. His pastorate was characterized by all those fine qualities which m.'ule him so successful in the various important positions which he was afterward called to fill ; for many 342 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. years he was Editor of Zion's Herald. Mr. Pierce remained one year, and wa.s followed by Rev. J. L. Haiiaford, who also remained one year. In 1804 Rev. L. T. Townsend was sent to Water- town, and occupied the pulpit two years ; then declin- ing the charge of another society, he settled down in this place and has devoted himself to literature, teachins;, occasional preaching and lecturing, ever since. He was chosen a member of the school com- mittee in 1864, and served until the spring of 18C6. He was^again chosen on the school committee in 1869, was made chairman of the board, and served with distinguished ability in this position, until he re- signed in 1872. His reports of 1870 and 1871, remarkable for anticipating the struggle for separate church-schools by the Roman Catholic church, aroused much thought, considerable opposition in certain quarters, as being premature, and have only proved his interest and keen insight into the danger which threatened schools which he thought should be wholly national and broad enough to be unsectarian. He is now Doctor of Divinity, L'rofessor in Boston University, and known and honored throughout Methodism. In 1864 a Methodist church was or- ganiiiedin Newton; this removed from Watertown at difl'erent times about twenty-five members. From 1866-70 the church was served by Revs. L. D. Stebbins, J. M. Bailey and Daniel Richards, the iirst two remaining one year each, and the last two years, tbis being his second appointment here. Rev. N. Fellows, who faithfully watched over the interests of the church from 1870-73, was a member of the school-board while in town ; he was afterward Prin- cipal of Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Ma.ssachu- setts. Rev. F. G. Morris succeeded Mr. Fellows and remained three years. He represented the town one year in the State Legislature. During the pastorate of Rev. T. W. Bishop (1876- 79) a fine new organ was placed in the church ; during the same time also an indebtedness of thirty-two years' standing was paid, leaving the church projierty unencumbered ; this happy result was secured large- ly through the liberality of Mr. Leonard Whitney, Jr., son of one of the original members. Since 1879 the church has been served by the fol- lowing pastors: 1879-82, Rev. Henry Lummis, now Professor in Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis- consin ; 1882-85, Rev. T. B. Smith ; 1885-87, Rev. J. H. Twombly, D.D., afterward PresiJent of the I'niversity of Wisconsin and twice a delegate to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church; ami in 1887-91, Rev. Wm. G. Richardson, who is the present pastor. In the autumn of 1887, the fiftieth anniversary of the cstHblishmcnt of Methodism in Watertown was cololirated. The exercises began with a semi-centennial bau- ipicl in the 'J own Hall, Oct. 28, at which over three hundred and fifty persons were present. This was followed by special services continuing about two weeks, during which there was preaching by some of the most distinguished clergymen of the denomi- nation. The present Church membership is 195; the Sun- day-school numbers 230. There are connected with the Church an Epworth League, Golden Rule Mission Band, "Kings' Own," Young Men's Assembly, Ladies' Aid Society and Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, all of which are in a flourishing condition. The Young Men's Assembly, organized during the present pastorate, originated the Y'oung Men's Assembly of the Town, the most prosperous, progressive and influential or- ganization of Watertown. The present ofiicers of the Church are : — Pastor. Rev. W. G. Richardson. Trustees. George E. Priest, Edward F. Porter, William C. Howard, William H. Perkins, Wallace W. Savage, Oliver Shaw, L. Sidney Cleveland, Ches- ter Sprague, Richard H. Paine. Stewards. George E. Priest, Henry Chase, Cyrus H. Campbell, George W. Foskett, Freeman W. Cobb, Nathan B. Hartford, Wilbur F. Learned, George E. Teele, Frank J. Holmes, Geoige G. Edwards, Bart- lett M. Shaw, .John Looker, Charles W. Leach. Sunday School Superintendent. Geo. E. Teele. Assistant Superintendents. Richard H. Paine, Bartlett M. Shaw. A noteworthy feature of the present church edifice is a gilded |roo3ter which surmounts the spire, and which is over a century old ; it having at one time graced the spire of the old Parish Church, which stood in the present cemetery at the corner of Mt. Auburn and Common Sts. In this building were held the sessions of the Second Continental Congress while Boston was held by the British, during the Revolution. This old vane is supposed to be all that remains of the historic Church. The present church building is not adapted to the needs of the society, and a universal desire is felt for a larger and better place of worship. Considerable money is alreadj' secured for the pur- pose, and it is hoped, that soon Methodism will be represented in Watertown, by an edifice commensu- rate with its needs, growth and means. St. Patrick's Church.'— Before the year 1830 the few Catholics residing in Watertown and its vicinity were attended by the priests of Boston, whose missions extended from Massachusetts Bay to the Hudson River. But long before that year occurred events of his- toric import which form an interesting background to the history of the Catholic Church in Watertown. In 1631, shortly after the town fathers had selected the pleasant "plough lands" on the River Charles as the site for their township, Richard Brown, a ruling 1 By Kev. T. W. Coughlan. Watertown. 343 elder, maintained tlie opinion that " the churches of Rome were true churches," and in this opinion the Rev. Mr. Phillips, the pastor, seemed to have con- curred. In order to put an end to the controversy which such an avowal then caused, Governor Win throj), Deputy-Governor Dudley and Mr. Newell, the elder of the Boston congregation, came to Watertown to confer with the Rev. Mr. Phillips and Mr. Brown. No satisfactory conclusion resulted from the con- ference. A day of humiliation and prayer was re- commended ; but the disturbance ended only when Mr. Brown ceased to be the ruling elder. After the destruction of the Catholic settlements of Minas and Grand Pre, many of the unfortunate Acadiaus were scattered over these regions. " Friendless, homeless, helpless, they waiulered from city to city." It is certain that some of these Acadians were among the first Catholics within the limits of Water- town. For two years one of their priests. Rev. Justinian Durant, resided in Boston. In 1775 invitations were sent by Washington to the Catholic Indian tribes in Maine — the Penobscots, Passamaiiuoddies and St. John's — to join in the cause of freedom. Delegates from these tribes came to con- fer with the Massachusetts General Assembly, which received them at Watertown. Ambrose Var, the chief of the Indians of the St. John's tribe, was the s|)ol£es- man, and his salutation was " We are thankful to the Almighty to see the council." The Indians promised to espouse the cause of the patriots, and their only request was : " We want a black-gown or French priest." The General Court of Massachusetts ex- pressed its satisfaction at their respect for religion, and declared itself ready to procure a French priest ; but truly added that it did not know where to find one. The Indians earnestly joined the American cause, and how useful their accession, under Orano, was to the cause of freedom we may judge from facts recorded in Williamson's " History of Maine." So few were the Catholics in this section of Massa- chusetts one hundred years ago, that the Rev. John Thayer, the pastor of the Catholic Church in Boston, in 1790, declared that their number did not exceed 100 souls. Ill the early years of the present century multitudes of the oppressed people of Europe flocked to these shores to enjoy the peace and freedom prof- fered by the Constitution of the new Republic. By this influx the number of Catholics was increased to such an extent that it became necessary to establish independent parishes in the district attended by the priests from Boston. In the year 1830, Watertown, Waltham, the New- tons, Weston, Concord aud other neighboring towns were formed into a distinct "mission," and a frame building, 50x3r) feet, was erected on the land now known as the " Old Catholic Cemetery," in Waltham. The pastor of this new congregation continued to re- side in Boston until 1839, when the Rev. F. Fitzsim- mons took charge of the parish. At that time the congregation numbered 300 members. The successors oftheRev. F. Fitzsimmons were: Revs. M. Lynch, Jas. Strain and P. Flood. Shortly after Rev. P. Flood assumed the care of the parish the little church at Waltham was burned ; and as the majority of the worshippers were in Watertown, it was deemed expedient to erect a church in that town. In 184G Pr. Flood endeavored to secure a temporary place for holding services, and, after many vain efforts, succeeded in obtaining the use of what was known as the "Whig Reading-room," located on Watertown Square. Here the little congregation con- tinued to assemble until it purchased the old Method- ist meeting-house, which, being remodeled, was the lirst Catholic Church in Watertown. The rapid in- crease in membership soon made it necessary to se- cure better accommodations, and on the 27th of Sep- tember, 1847, Bishop Fitzpatrick, of Boston, assisted by Rev. Fr. Flood and Rev. P. O'Beirne, laid the corner-stone of the present St. Patrick's Church, which is a brick structure, having sittings for more than 800 people. In 1851 Rev. Bernard Flood, a young priest from the Grand Seminary of Montreal, was sent to assist the Rev. Patrick Flood. During the years of their administration the parish increased rapidly. New churches were built at Waltham, West Newton and Concord. After the death of Rev. P. Flood, in 1863, the sole charge of the parish devolved upon Rev. Ber- nard Flood, who, in ISG-l, removed to Waltham aud left the remaining portion of the Watertown parish to the care of Rev. John W. McCarthy. This clergy- men resided in Watertown until September, 1871. He was assisted by Rev. Edward S. Galligan. During their administration Newton Upper Falls was sepa- rated from the parish and became a distinct congrega- tion. In September, 1871, Rev. M. M. Green was ap- pointed pastor, and in the tollowiug June Rev. R. P. Stark was commissioned to assist him. Fr. Green's greatest work was the building of the large Catholic Church at Newtonville. After the completion of this church, in 1879, Newton became a separate parish, of which Rev. Fr. Green assumed the charge. The present pastor. Rev. R. P. Stack, then began to direct the Watertown parish. Under his energetic administration, great improvements have been made. The church has been enlarged and decorated, the beautiful parochial residence on Chestnut Street erected, a cemetery purchased, and an elegant, brick school-house, costing about $35,000, built upon Church Hill. Fr. Stack has been assi.sted by«Rev. T. A. Metcalf, John Gibbons and T. W. Coughlan. In the towns comprised within the limits of the orig- iginal St. Patrick's Parish of Watertown there are to- day about 20,000 Catholics, possessing church prop- erty valued at half a million of dollars. The old church is fast becoming too small for the number of worshippers, and a splendid new edifice is among the probabilities of the near future. 344 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Church of the Good Shepuekd. — In the sum- mer of 1883, Kev. Edward A. Rand, who had recently become a resident of Watertown, conducted services of tlie Episcopal Church at several private houses in the town. So much interest was developed that a committee, consisting of Messrs. Thomas G. Banks, George II. (Jregg and William J. Bryant, was ap- pointed in the fall of 1883 to consider and report as to the advisability of holding services each Sunday. As the result of this committee's report. Grand Army Hall was secured and regular .services were held in that hall from October 21, 1883, to Christmas, 1888. With the hope tliat, in the course of a few years, funds couhl be obtained for building a church, a bond of a desirable lot of land on the corner of Mt. Auburn Street and Russell Avenue was secured in the spring of 1885. March 12, 1880, the Parish of the Church of the Good Shepherd was duly organized, and in May of that year purchase was completed of the lot of land previously bonded, containing lfi,000 square feet. In 1887 vigorous measure.i were adopted to secure funds for buihlinga church. Tlie enterprise was cor- dially approved by Bishop Paddock. Residents of Watertown belonging to other religious denomina- tions, and friends living elsewhere, generously aided the parish ; and on Christmas Day, 1888, the first service of the Episcopal Church was held in the new structure. The building is an ornament to the town. It is a tasteful specimen of English rural church architecture. The walls are of field- stone, with brown-stone trimmings. The pews, roof and wood-finish are of cypress. The walls are plastered inside and are tinted a warm brown. The cost of the building was about $12,500. It will seat 232, exclusive of the Sunday-school room, which is sejiara'cd from the church proper by sliding .sashes, andean be utilized to seat 100 more persons. The structure is .so planned that it can be enlarged, at mod- erate expense, to a seating capacity of over 500. The seats are free, the expense of maintaining public wor- shi[) being met by voluntary contributions. Women, as well as men, are eligible to membership in the parish, and about one-half of the members are ladies. The treasury of the parish has often been replenished by their earnest and judicious eflbrts. The parish now owns over .30,000 feet of land. It is gradually gaining in numbers and in .strength. From its first organization Mr. Thomas G. Banks has been the Parish Clerk, and Miss Ethel Cushing the organist. To them and to Mr. William J. Quincy, the treasurer, the parish is under much obligation. The rector is the Rev. E. A. Rand, to whose earnest labors the parish is chiefiy indebted for its beautiful church. There are now (1S!)0) ui)wards of seventy- five conimnriicants. Among the donors to the build- ing fund was the Bishop of !\[ontreal. The oflicers of the parish for 1800 are as follows: Senior Warden, John E. Abbott; Junior Warden, H. A. Scranton ; Parish Clerk, Thomas G. Banks; Treasurer, William J. Quincy. Other Vestrymen- John Baker, J. A. French, George F. Robinson. CHAPTER XXXI. WA TERTO WN—{ Continued). Early People— Land Grants—The Proprietort' Book— Town Goverumeiit —Schooh—The Wears— The South Side. Early People of Watertown. — The people who first settled the town of Watertown came in June, 1630, with Sir Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. The mere names of these hardy, hopeful adventurers form no unmeaning list. Most of them became proprietors of the soil. They came with this expectation. The names are found among the honored and active men of the present day in every part of the United States, and may be traced on every page of the nation's history. Not necessar- ily always famous for great deeds, for there are those who look back to Watertown for their lineage, who now people towns scattered through every State from Maine to Florida, and across the continent to the far-away shores of the Pacific. No book of gene- alogies is more studied than Dr. Bond's genealogies of the families of Watertown. A martyred President found a progenitor in a Gar- field whose early home was iu Watertown. The present head of our armies, likewise a celebrated Senator who engineered successfully the finances of the nation through a great crisis, find in a Sherman the first of their line in the list of our early settlers. The Lawrences bad their first home on the banks of Fresh Pond, although they early pushed farther into the country, and found the beautiful slopes at Groton, in the valley of the Nashua. Here the Bigelows started. The cause of freedom could not have spared a Phillips; or the South, or the North, for that matter, in manufactures, the cotton gin of a Whitney. America's Latest great attempt in philology and dictionaries is under the charge of a Whitney, as was the great geological survey of California under another. The race of Saltonstall is not extinct, nor is the high, noble and independent character of the great leader abated. Upham and Warren and Stowe and Stearns and Coolidge and Mason and Hoar and Curtis are famil- iar names. But it is better to give the simple lists of names as they are found in the early records. There is no complete list of those who came the fir.st year, in 1630, with Winthrop, or those who had arrived before 1636, although, as Bond says, " It is most prob- able that their number was greater than that of the settlers of any other town planted in 1630 ; and there is reason to suppose that, with the exception of Bos- ton, Watertown continued to be more populous than either of them for twenty years. The population WATERTOWN. 345 became so crowded, that the people began very early to disperse and form new plantations." We have shown why they felt crowded. This term is correct when we think of farms joining each other, and com- pare them with the Ijoundless expanse of delightfnl country beyond. Some towns were settled from Water- town before the earliest list of proprietors was pre- pared, whieli is still preserved to us. Some of those who pushed on to found other towns still retained their ownership of lands here ; the names of these are pre- served. Many left no trace behind them in the town's records. Some settled Wethersfield, Connecti- cut. Some settled Stamford, Milford and Branford. Dedham, of this State, was founded by Watertown people, as was Concord, and Sudbury, and Lancaster, and Groton largely, so Worcester, Framingham, Rutland and Spencer, largely Westminster on the slopes of Wachusett, Harvard, the most northeasterly town of Worcester County, and most of the towns of Middlesex County, contained among their settlers many from the old hive at Watertown. In Dr. Bond may be found "an alphabetical list of persons known to have been proprietors or residents of Watertown prior to the end of the year 1643 ; compiled chiefly from the lists of grantees and pro- prietors, embracing also some names derived from wills, deeds, settlement of estates, and descriptions of possessions." This list occupies a dozen pages closely printed in fine type, and gives, with each name, some description, evidence of residence or change of resi- dence or other valuable notes. This may be a good place to say that the New England Historic (4enealogical Society received as a bequest the several hundred remaining copies of Bond's Genealogies and still holds them, most of which are in an imperfect condition. The whole number might be made perfect by reprinting twelve or sixteen signatures at an expense of from five hun- dred to a thousand dollars, which, in time, purchasers of the volumes would gladly repay to the society. If the society does not feel called to make this expendi- ture from funds already in its possession, it is to be hoped some one may be moved to make a gift to the society for this purpose, which in time should return to the society to assist it in doing other similar work. A careful comp.arisou of this work of Doctor Bond with the original authorities increases the wonder that one man could have collected such a vast amount of varied information so accurately as this has been done. I have found a few glaring mistakes, as the members of almost any family may have found in the minute arrangement of family names. Many of these could be corrected, after invited correspond- ence with the society, in an appendix. But let not a book dealer do the work for money ; let the society, or some society, finish the work in the interests of truth and history. The commercial value even of a copy in a good condition is now nearly five times the price at which it in former years was offered without purchasers. A few names will be given for the benefit of the many who do not possess a copy of Bond. Daniel Abbott, applied to be admitted freeman in Oct., 1G30, before New Town (Cambridge) was settled, and he was admitted the next May. In April, 10.31, the Court ordered a military watch of four to be kept every night at Dorchester and Watertown. About five weeks afterwards, (May 18th), Daniel Abbott was " fined 5s. for refusing to watch, and for other ill behavior showed towards Captain Patrick." As Captain Patrick belonged to Watertown, and as no watch v.'as ordered to be kept at New Town, there can be little doubt but that Daniel Abbott was one of the first settlers of Watertown. He may have settled within the limits afterwards assigned to New Town [see Lockwood, page 854]. His fiue was re- mitted Sept. S, 1638 ; and the Colonial Records (June 4, 1639) say, "Daniel Abbott is departed to New Providence." Edmund Angier, a freeman 1640, proprietor of three acres, east of Mount Auburn, in 1644, but probably never a resident of Watertown. Thomas Arnold, embarked from England in 1635 ; a freeman in 1640 ; grantee of eight lots and purchaser of one lot ; moved to Providence about 1665 ; two homestalls Orchard Street, near Lexington Street. Jolih Bachelor grantee of six lots, some, if not all, of which were purchased of Norcross. He probably moved to Dedham in 1637; a freeman in 1640. John Ball (?)— On the listof Winthrop [II page340], supposed to be the names of those intending to come over in 1630, is the name of " Mr. Ball." If this was the John Ball, of Concord, he may have arrived before Concord was granted : settled first in Water- town, and moved to Concord, in 1635, prior to the date of the earliest list of proprietors of Watertown. William Barsham, embarked i'rom England, 1630 ; freeman, 1637; grantee of five lots, and purchaser of one lot ; died 1684. His horaestall was west of Mount Auburn, between Cambridge Road and Bank Lane. Michael Bairstow, of Charlestown, 1635; a select- man ; probably moved to Watertown 1637 or 1638 ; freeman, 1636 ; not a grantee, but a proprietor of eight lots ; died 1674. His homestall of fourteen acres, probably on the southwest corner of Belmont and School Streets. Joseph Bemis, selectman of Watertown, 1640; died 1684; grantee of a farm and of a meadow at None- such ; purchaser of .seven other lots. His homestall of twelve acres, on the .south side of Warren Street, was made up of two lots in the town plot, granted to Simon Stone and J. Firmin. John Benjamin, embarked from England, 1632 ; a freeman, 1632 ; first of Cambridge, afterwards Water- town, where he died 1645. The circumstance that his name is not in any list of grantees renders it 346 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. probable that he did not move to Watertown before 1637 or 1G38. Hid horaestall of sixty acres was situated east of Dorchester Field, and bounded south by Charles River. He had three other large lota, granta to Robert Feake. Robert ISetU (" Best," " Beast "), a grantee in the Great Dividends and in the Beaver Brook plow- lands; an original grantee of Sudbury, where he died It).').'!, 3. p., bequeathing his estate to his brother-in- law, William Hunt, and other relatives of this name. John BUioe, selectman ; freeman, 16.50 ; died 1690 ; grantee of twenty-seven acres in lieu of township ; proprietor of at least fourteen other lots, amounting to .009 acres. From the number and value of his possessions, in 164'2-14, he then being only twenty- one or twenty-two years of age, it seems probable that the lands were held in his name for his father, Nathaniel, the " rich tanner." His homestall was at the northwest corner of Belmont and Common Streets, bounded north by the homestall and meadow granted to John Lawrence. Elder Richard Brorone, left England, 1630; free- man, 1631 ; A selectman in 1635, '.S8, '39, '41 and 42; a grantee of thirteen lots in the town, besides 200 acres granted by the Court out of town. In 1642 he had disposed of not less than seven of these grants. His homestall was on the south side of Mt. Auburn Street, probably a short distance west of the Old Graveyard, with the three-acre lot of J. Prescott between his and the street. It is probable that this was his second residence. He had a seven-acre lot on the east of Mount Auburn, bounded south by Bank Lane. Between this and the river he had two and one-half acres of marsh. He sold these to R. Wellington. It is probable that he first settled there, and that it was while he lived there (hat he was licensed to keep a ferry. So far as these names go, taken in order, but with the omission of many others, we have a specimen of Bond's manner of treating the whole list of settlers. Many significant facts are mentioned which suggest much to the student of early Watertown history. To the casual reader it must seem little more than a cat- alogue, as it professes only to be. Following are a few interesting names and events culled from the remainder of the list: Ennign Thimm» Cakebread : freeman 1635, grantee of seven lots, whi(^ he sold to John Grant ; an early grantee of Dcdhain ; went thence to Sudlniry, where he died in 1643. Elder Thomas Carter, left England 1635 ; a freeman in \fi-tl; dietl in Woburn in 1684 ; grantee of a home- Htal; often acres, also had a farm of ninety-two acres and a lot in the town plot. Lnmard C'Am^t, left 'England 16.33 ; grantee of sixty acres in the ph Child 8iinou Kire 16.16 May, Jobn Cliadwick Jobn Lawrcace 1G67 May, Justinian Hoiden lo.'!:, M«y, Thuniad Snitlb Anthony Beers Tboiuad Kogera 1060, May, Hugh (Clarke Jubo SbenoaD Heury Spring John Bogere icra. May, Robert Harrington Miles Nutt Natlraniel Holland ir,:i», Mor., John Pearce (Peirce) Niciiolas Busby (?) Daniel Pearse Lawrence Walters Davlil Fiske 1665, May. Isaac Sterties, Jr. 1C38 May, iMuic Mlxor Henry Keniball John Stone John Grout Henry Pow lOOG, May, John Boi^aiuin, Jr. PauicI Peirce Thomas Fitch 1039, Mar., Jobn Divik'lit Henry Dow, Jr. Henry rliillips 10C8, Apr., Joiin Benjamin (prob- Robert Daniel ably a repetition). 1IV)9, May, Saninel Freeman Nicholas Guy Kdnnund Blols Roger Porter Nathaniel Coolidge Jobnathan Whitney Johnatban Browne Benjamin Bullard 1039, Si'pt Joltn (^ro88 Robert Tucke Robert Sanderson (then of Meadlield). Thomas Philbrick (then of Hampton). 1040, May, William Paine (?) Tbomos Ruck (?) Timothy Wheeler Henry Green 1069, May, John Morse (?) (of Groton). John Sherman John Prescott William Godfrey (the n of Lancaster). Thomas Arnold 1670 Oct., John Warren (?) Peter Noyos 1671 May, John Barnard WilllaiM Potter Samuel Livermore (?)Snmuel Moree John Bright ion JllIlO Ellis liarron William Parker 1072 May, Nathan Fioke, Jr. John Morse Gi-orgc. liullard 107:! Oct., Stephen Cooke (then UVI'A Miiy, .lobn Clough of Mendon) John Wetberlll 1674 May, Gershom FIsgg (then Samuel Thatcher of Woburn) Isaac Cummings 1678 May, Obadiab Perry (then Robert Poirco of Billorica) M:u May, Nntban FIsko George Pnrkhurst 1079 Oct., Jobn Marrion (then of Canib. ) Nathaniel Norcro?ert Lockwood .... 6 Frmncb Onge o LoU 24 John Gay . . 26 Simon Eire . 26 Sir Richard Salteston 27 Nathaneel Baker 28 John Richardson 29 George Munnings 30 Henry Bright . . 31 Nicholas Knap . 32 Richard Sawtle . 23 John Ellett . . . 34 Francis Smith . . .36 John Eaton . . . 36 John Loveran . 37 William Jennison 38 .lobii Page . . . 39 Samuel Hosier . 4e John Winkoll . 4L John Gosse . . . 42 NaihtiMol Bowman 43 Brian Pumbleton 44 Richard Browne 45 John Lawrence . 46 John Tucker . . 47 Thomas Cakohrod 48 Robert Tuck . . ^cr, 77 Henry Cutriss 1 Richard Kemball .... 12 John Bernard 10 Edward Dikes 3 Thomas Brookes .... 4 Timothy Hawkeus ... 2 Gregory Stone 10 James Cutler 3 John Cutting 10 Daniel Perse 1 Barnaby Windes .... 6 John Kingsberry .... 6 Robert Feke 24 Isaac Sterne 11 Thomas Smith 2 John Rose 3 Miles Nutt 3 John Hayward 7 Thomas Filbrick .... 9 Simon Stone 14 Robert Daniel 8 Isaac Mixer 4 Edward How 24 Henry Dengayne .... 1 Thomas Maihew .... 30 John Stowera 2 Richard Heers 2 Edmund James 6 John Firmin 9 John Warrin 13 I John Batcbelor 6 ) William Knop 7 I Henry Kemball 6 . William Palmer 1 : Edmuud Lewis .'J 1 John Finch 4 i William Swift 6 i John Winter 3 i Edward Lam 3 ' John Smith, juu .... 1 I Roger Willington .... 2 I Christofor Grant 3 I John Nichols \ . John Dwight 7 ! Esther Pickram 5 i John Springe 6 I John Warner 7 » Emanuel White 3 > Edward Garfield 7 r William Gutterig .... 3 ! Hugh Mason 3 I Thomas Rogers 6 1 Thomas Bartlett 2 I John Doggett 6 ! Lawrence Waters .... 4 t Martin Underwood ... 2 t William Paine 24 ; Garrett Church 2 > Abraham Shaw 10 In 1637, June 2Gth, "A grant of the remote or West pine meddowes, devided aud lotted out by the Freemen to all the townsmen then in- habiting, being 114 in number ; allowing one acre for a person, and like- wise for cattle valued at 20 lb. the head, beginning next to the Plaine Meddow, and to goe on untill the lots be ended. " Granted first to Robert Feake, 46 acres. " Edward How, 24 acres. LoU Acres "1 John Lawrence ... .3 2 Martin Underwood ... 2 3 Simon Stone 14 4 Joseph Morse 2 5 Isaac Sterne 11 r. Wc 7 Simon Eire 18 8 Hugh Mason 3 \Vm. Bridges 5 10 John Warner 7 Loil Acres 11 John Eaton 6 12 John Ellett 4 13 John Springe 6 14 Wni. Hammond 8 16 John Gutterig 3 16 Abraui Browne 10 17 John Firmin 9 18 Henry Cutteris 1 10 John Coolldge 5 20 Nathl. Bowman 7" And so on to No. 3G, when the .records are il- legible to No. 77, the number 110 being the la.st in the list with name, George Phillips being included with 30 acres. In April 9, 1638, "A division of land at ye Town- platt : " Number 40 — George Phillips, 12 acres ; Robert Fike, acres ; Rich- ard Browne, 9 acres ; Daniel Patrick, 9 acres." On the same date another list is given, in which thirty-six names (persons) are assigned 6 acres each in the town-plot, except that one, Edward Howe, is granted 9 acres, and five others 3 or 4 acres each. They are — Winifred Walcott, (5 acre.s ; John Finiiiii, 6a.; Samuel Hosier, Ga. ; Simon Stonej 6a. ; John Smith, Sr., 6a. ; vSimon Eire, 6a. ; Edmund James, 6a. ; John Doggett, 6a. ; Nicholas Busby, (ia. ; Richard Beerfi, 6a.; John Coolidge, 6a. ; Edmund Lewis, 6a.; John Stowers, 6a. ; Barnaby Windes, 6a.; Hugh Mason, 6a. ; Francis Onge, 6a. ; Samuel Freeman, 6a. ; Henry Bright, Jr., 6a.; John Nicarson, 6a.; David Fiske, WATERTOWN. 351 6a. ; Henry Dow, 6a. ; Gregory Taylor, 6a. ; John 'romson,6a. ; Thomas Hastings, 6a. ; Daniel Pers, 6a. ; ( 'harles Chaddwick, 6a. ; Edward How, 9a. ; John Ea- toc, 3a.; John Smith, Jr., 3a. ; Isaac Mixer, 6a. ; Ed- mund Blois, 6a. ; John Baker, 3a. ; Abram Browne, 6a.; William Potter, 4a.; Thomas Filbrick, 3a. Thomas Carter, -a. If one acre is allowed Carter, there would be allotted 200 acres reserved for a township, the 30 acres above being in addition, probably extra, or out- side of this allotment. In 1642, 3d month, 10th day, it was ordered that ''all the Townsmen that had not Farms laid out formerly, shall take them by ten in a division, and to cast lots for the several divisions ; allowing 13 acres of upland to every head of persons and cattle.'* These names are not entirely legible in the town records, but Dr. Bond copied them from the files of the County Court. The lots range from thirty-four acres (the smallest farm) to 287 (the largest farm — to John Bernard), and comprise in all ninety-two farms of an aggregate of 7674 acres. This copy was taken from the town-book before it was worn out, and signed by John Sherman. The Proprietors' book, giving the grants, appar- ently, to 1644, and signed by Simon Eire, Michael Bairstow, Thomas Bartlett, William Jennison, .John Barnard, Richard Beers, John Sherman. 'ORs' Book. This Book belongs to The Pro- and undivided Land in Watertown." The following are from the " List of Proprietors," with a numbered list of lots assigned to each, with a description and the bounds of each. We give a few specimen pages only. For example, the first is : "From the Propr prietors of the C' Sir Rk; Sal 1. Ad homstall of sixteen iicrea, by estimation, bounded the northeast wiUi Thomas Brigan and Robert Kois.the southeast with the River, the southwest with the highway & the northwest with George PhiUips, granted to him, 2. fower acres of upland, by estimation, bounded the northwest with George Phillips, the south with Isaac Hart, and the east with Joseph Cooks, granted to him. 3. Twenty acres upland, by estimation, bounded the southeast with the highway, Southwest with Pequusset meaddow, the northwest with William Hammond and Thomas Boyden, granted to him. 4. One hundred acres of remote meddow, by estimation, bounded with the Farm land granted to him. 5. One hundred acres of upland, by estimation, being a great Divident adjoining to his meaddow, and bounded with the farm and land granted to hiui. G. Two hundred acres of upland, by estimation, adjoining (u his greal Pivideut A bounded with the farm land granted to him. 7. Twenty acres of Plowland, by estimation, bounded the south with Edward How, the north with the highway, the west with John Whit- ney, and the east with .John Knights, granted to him. 8. Ten acres of meadow in Plaine meadow, by estimation, bounded the PAst with the Brook, the west with William I'ains, the north with the highway & the south with common land, granted to him. II, Thirty acres of Remote meddow, by estimation, bounded with ye great Divideuts, and the seventy and Intt granted to him. , 10. Thirty acres of plowland, by estimation, in the hither Plaine, bounded the south with the River, the north with the highway, the f'iist with Simon Eire and the west with John Traine, granted to him. 11. Twenty-eight acres and a half of upland, by estimation, beyond the further Plaine, and the tbirty-uiao lott granted to him. Geoeoe Phillips. 1. An homstall of twelve acres, by estimation, bounded the east with Thomas Arnold, the west and north with the highway, and the south with Edward How, granted to him. j. Seven acres of upland, by estimalion, bounded the north with Cam- bridge line, the south with Samuel Saltonstall, and the west with Isajic Hart, granted to him. 3. An homstall of five acres, by estimation, bounded the southwest and northwest with the highway, and the east with a drift way, granted to liim. 4. Forty acres of Plowland, by estimation, in -the hither Plaine, bounded the east with Edward How, the west with the drift way, the north with the highway & ye south with the way betwixt ye lotts granted to him. 5. Thirty acres of Remote meddow, by estimation, bounded with ye farm land and ye ninety-third lott granted to him. 6. Eight acres of upland, by estimation, being a great divident in the second Division & the twenty-eight lott granted to him. 7 Fifteen acres of upland, by estimation, upon ye meeting-house com- uion, granted to him. 8. Thirty acres of meddow, by estimation, bounded lye west with ye River, the southeast with Cambridge line, granted to him. Ed Ho [The first resident c dock, the builder.] ' probably with Mathew Crad- Twelve . , Seventy . Thirty fl . Fifteen 1 homstall of twenty : le acres of upland, res of upland ;res of upland xs of upland, res of plowland. in the hither plaine. a great divident, in : D further Plaine. the further Plain 7. Six acres of Remote meadow. s. Eighteen acres of Remote meadow. ;». Ten acres of upland, 10. Five acres of upland. 11. Two acres of meadow. 12. Twelve acres of upland in the hither Plaine. 13. Six acres of meadow, next his own. 14. Eight acres of meadow in Plaine meadow. Robert Feke. 1 . A homestall of 14 acres, •J,. 15 acres of upland. 3. G acres of marish. 4. 80 acres of upland. ft. Twenty fower acres of Plowlands. 6. 40 acres of remote meadow lying beyond Stoney Brook. 7. acres of upland, 8. fi acres of upland, 9. 6 acres of meadow in Plaint meadow. William Jennison. 1. An homstall of 50 acres. 2. Three acres of meadow. 3. Six acres of upland with a pond. 4. Sixteen acres & half of upland beyond the further plaint. fy, Fower acres of meadow at Bever brook. 6. Six acres of upland in Dorchestier field. 7. Eight acres of upland. a. Ten acres of Remote meadow, ii. Sixty acres of upland, 10. Ton acres of Plowland in the hither plaine. Rn Bkownk 1. An homstall of twelve acres. 2. :i acres of meadow. 3. acres of plowland in the further plaint, 4. acres of Remote meadow. 5. 12 acres of Remote meddow lying next the turn of the river. 6. 15 acres of upland upon the meeting-house Common. 7. 12 acres of upland. 8. 9 acres of upland in the town i)lott. 9. 7 acres of upland, 10. 21^ acres of marsh. 11. 50 acres of upland, lli. 3 acres of marsh. 352 HISTORV OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. These are enough to show the kind of records that were kept, and to show how valuable it would be to biKtorical students to have the entire book published with the other records of the town. The bounds are given here only with the first two lists. From the full lists it might be possible to reconstruct the full map of the town, and to show to the eye the pos- sessions of each i)roprietor. Meanwhile it suggests the necessity of consulting, for certain purposes, the records themselves. Town Govekn.ment and Relation to the Leg- iSLATtTKE. — Dr. Bond has shown how weak the town stfjod after the departure of Sir Richard Saltonstall to England, in I(i:il, in all civil adiiirs, and, by infer- ence, accounts for the insignificant part assigned to Watertown when we consider her wealth and num- bers, except that of bearing her full share of ta.xes. Nothing has been said concerning the relations exist- ing between Sir Richard himself and Dudley or Win- thro|) and the rest, but doubtless the town was as well served by Sir Richard in England as it could have been by him here without an open rupture. As it was, all was smooth on the surface, although he was lined by his associates, at least, on two occa- sions, insignificant amounts, which many years after- wards were remitted, not having been paid. Little is said of the large sums due him for money advanced, nothing of the great sacrifices lie must have made in disposing of his large estates in order to come here with nearly all his family. We do not care to try to road between the lines any causes of disagreement be- tween the somewhat narrow Dudley, ready for a con- test, who sat down so near Sir Richard's choice of lands, with his attempt to force even the Governor to build the capital city where there were not the best conditions for a capital, or to draw the theological line mure taut than it had been drawn on them, even before they left their homes ; for Sir Itichard Sal- tonstall, every inch a noble as he was, preferred to re- tire, with mostjof his family, from the undertaking, rather than disturb the general peace, and though he afterwards wrote a protest to Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wilson against the spirit of religious persecution which he had seen some signs of before he left the Colony. At all events, the spirit shown by Parson Phillips and ICIder Brown, and others, his chosen associates, resulted, as has been shown by Jlr. Savage in a great gain ill the struggle for entire freedom of opinion and larger local powers in government. Namcsofniagistiales, selectmen and rejiresentatives are given in full in Dr. Bond's indispensable work, to a certain tiifie in the present century. Below we continue the lists to the present time. Repuiwentatives to the General Court of MAM.SACIIU8KTTS.— ,S'u;);)/(;»ii7j2-54. Nathaui«l Whiting, 1853-64, '56- 67, '63. Moses Stone, 1663-54. William Lathrop, 1863. Oliver Edwards, 1853-54. George Frazar, 1854. Charles J. Barry, 1854-58, '69-64. Joseph Crafta, 1855-66, '68, '69, 66- 69. James Sharp, 1856. Rev. Wni. L. Brown, 1856-57. Rev. S. R. Denn.m, 1856-58. John Sylvester, 1857. Jauies G. Fuller, 1858. Isaac Watts, 1858. Rev. George M. Steele, 1859. Wm. Q. Lincoln, 1859-63. E. S. Kowse, 1869-61. Ivors J. Austin, 1860, '63. Wm. M. Tobey, 1860-62. Edward Bengs, 1860. Rev. Arthur B. Fuller, 1861. Rev. H. E. Hempstead, 1861. John B. Goodrich, 1802-64. Rev. A. S. Patton, 1862-63. Rev. John Weiss, 1863-65, '67-68. Dr. L. B. Morse, 1864-07, "78. A. F. Fleming, 1864, '65. Rev. L. T. Towusend, 1864-65, '69-70. Dr. Alfred Hosmcr, 1865-70. h. D. Sawyer, 1866. Geo. F. Meacham, 1860, George K. Snow, 1868-71. George E Priest, 1809. CharlesBrigham,1869, '71-73, '77' '84. N.J. Edwards, 187(1-75. A, L. Richards, 1870-72, '75, '79- 85. Abiel Abbott, 1870. Charles W. Stone, 1871-74, '76, '78, '82-90. John Coolidge, Jr., 1871-'r5, '79- '82. Rev. Nathl. Fellows, 1872. Rev. M. M. Green, 1873-77. 'tornelius Walker, 1873, '74. T. G. Abbott, 1874. F. H. Rice, 1876. D. B. Flint, 1875. John Murray, 1876-78. Ann M. Hapgood, 1876. Wm. H. DadmuB, 1870. Rev. T. W. Bishop, 1877-78. Jesse F. Wheeler, 1877-79. Rev. I. F. Levering, 1877-78. C. F. Fitz, 1877, June to March. J. J. Sullivan, 1878-80. A. H. Bailey, 1879-82. Geo. L. Noyes, 1879-82. Rev. E. A. Capon, 1880. Rev. llenry Lummis, 1881. Rev. Robert P. Stack, 1881-85. Rev. T. B. Smith, 1883. A. G. Fitch, 1884-85. Joshua C. Stone, 1884-89. Dr. Julian A. Mead, 1885-90. Dr. L. S. Smith, 1886. Dr. M. J. Kelley, 1886-88. C. S. Ensign, 1886-90. Jas. D. Monaban, 1887-90. Mrs. Ruth Bradford, 1889-90. Miss H. A. CooUdge, 1890. or THE HIGH SCHOOL. William Webster, 1864^61. | Solon F. Whitney, 1806-71. Henry Chase, 1861-62. I Byron Groce, 1874-77. Geo. R. Dwelley, 1862-00, '71-74, Selab Howell, 1877-81. 81- I 8UPEBINTENDENTS OP THE PUBLIO SCHOOLS. John T. Prince, 1881-83. | George R. Dwelley, 1883- LIBEARIES. Social. — That the early settlers brought books with them when they came, is evident. George Phil- lips was "a prime scholar," "mighty in interpreta- tion." His widow gave " to son Samuel all the Latin, Greek and Hebrew books now in the house." Yet we have no record of libraries of any magnitude, or of any collections of books for common use for the first century or more. In 1779 there was formed, in the east part of the town, near where the first settlement was made in 1630, a social library. It was called, at first, "The Union Library," afterwards the " Union Social Li- brary," of Watertown. The old record-book, still ex- isting — a precious legacy to the present library — be- gins with the following : *• StJBSCRlPTlON. " We, the subscribers, being desirous of promoting learning, do hereby agree to form ourselves into a society for that purpose, and, as it will be needful for to have a sum of money for to purchase the books for a library, we hereby do agree to pay per share a sum not exceeding three dollars, said money to be paid at the time the society hold their first meeting, and appoint some person or persons to receive it, or a collector that shall be appointed for the purpose of collecting it ; said money to be laid out to purchase such books for our use as the Majority of the society shall agree upon ; we also agree that when twenty shares shall be subscribed for, that some five of them (the subscribers) shall apply to a justice of the peace for a warrant to warn the first meeting for to choose all ofiicers and making such by-laws for the governing said Library as shall then be thought needful." The following names were appended in the same handwriting as the above : Christopher Grant, Peter Clark, .Tosliua Grant, .Toseph Bright, Amos Livermore, Jr., 3 si Elisha Livermore, William Stone, Jonathan Stone, Leonard Bond, David Livermore, Elijah Learned, Simon Whitney, Samuel Harrington, Moses Coolidge, 2 shares, Thomas Bisco, Benj. Hastings, Samuel Sodin, Thomas Clark, Jonas Bond, 3 sh.. Daniel Whitney, Jr., Francis Bright, Nathaniel Bright, James Barnard, William Cheuery, Moses Chenery, Elizabeth Bernard, Samuel Coolidge, Peter Harrington, James Simmonds, Nathaniel B. Whitney, Jonathan Bird, Nathaniel Stone, Joshua Coolidge, with Ju' added i d\fere}il ink. David Stone, Abijab Stone, Josiab Sanderson. So far the names seem to have been copied in one hand, with the same ink, from same paper. The fol- lowing may be actual signatures of a later date : 358 Joseph Bird. Leonard Winclieater, ObariM Whitney, Hubbttnl RuMiel, Nathaniel llerriogtOD, JuDathan Stone, Jr., Leonard Stone, John H. Clark, Isli.an Daniel A. Tainter, Adam Brown, Ilepzibah Qrant, William M. Ponieroy, Tlioniae Rlchardeon, Daniel Learned, HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Lftrkin Smith, Thomas Livermore, Michael Gay, Thomas Learned, George Sternes, (Charles Stone, Leonard KichurdsOD, Amos II. Livermore, Kbenezer Proctor, Hezekiali Baviti, Isaa Stone, Josiah S. Clarice. 63 in number. To omit tlie next page of the recorJ would be base ingratitude to that painfully-exact and law-abiding spirit whicli characterized these men, some of them active in that contest which rejected with scorn the rule of their mother country when it conflicted with individual rights, and strove to force by arms tea and taxes upon unrepresented people. Only a score of years had passed when this was penned, yet we see the intent of law-abiding citizens to omit no legal form in starting this little society for "promoting learning." Doubtless the names of the three Water- town members of the Boston Tea Party would have been found here had they not unfortunately all died before this. Here is the record : " To Amos Bond, Esq'., ono of the Justices of the peace within and for the county of Middlesex: " We, the subscribers, live of the Subscribers to form a Society to pur- cba«e Books for a Library in the Town of Watcrtown, judging a meet- ing of tho Subscribers for said Library to be necessary, do hereby request you to issue a Warrant for tlie calling of a meeting of said Subscribers to be holdon at tho dwelling-house of Jonatlian Bird, inholder, in said Walertown, on Monday, tho ninth day of December Inst., at six o'clock P.M., to act on tho following Articles (viz) : '■ To chose all olllccrs and make such bye-laws as shall then be judged necessary for governing said Library. Moses Coolidop., "Dated at Watertown tho Thomas Clakk, second day of December, n^itu' R. Wuitnev aUDO Domini, 1799. p^TEa Clakk, Samukl CooLinoE, "Middlesex S«. To Col. Mo»e« lioululge, ono of the Subscribers to purchase Books for a Library in tho town of Watertown : " You are hereby required in the name of the Comm,.nweaIth of Mas- sachu«,lt« to notify the subscribers to purchase books for a Library in the Town of Watertown i,i manner a, the law directs, to meet at the tln.o and place and for the purposes mcnlionod in the foregoing applica- tion. Given under my hand and seal this 2nd of December, A.D. 1779. " Amos Bond, ■' Justice of tho peace for the said Conn, of Middlesex. ■■In pummnco of the foregoing Warrant to n,e directed, I do hereby notify the proprietor, within named to meet at the time & place men- tioned n the foregoing application, i for tho purposes therein expressed Hated at Watertown, the second day of December, A.D. 1779. "Moses Coolidoi." "Ala mueling „f ,|,„ subscribers to purchase books for a Library in he iown of Watertown, duly warned agreeable to law, by a warrant lold.:.n' d"w "" ''■"'"• """ "' ""■ '""'"""'''■ J"-'""" «-".""■ Dom n „r ,. r°' °" """''"'• "■" """" ""^ "' December, anno Don>lnl ono thou«ind seven hundred and ninety-nine. "Oinncd said mcollug 4 proceeded as follows (viz ) ■ "l.t-Cho« Nath, K. Whitney. E«ortunity for carrying on the business. Moreover, it was considered safer than Boston which was poorly protected from a sudden at- tack by an enemy. In April, 1716, he ])urcha.sed " a mill-stream, dams, etc." in Dunstable, near the New Hampshire line, and he had valuable timber interests in Dracut on the Merrimac River. The town of Boston, March 8, 1734, voted to erect fortifications within its limits and Ebenezer Thornton with Elisha Cooke, Esq., Edward Hutchinson, Edward Winslow and others were chos- en a committee under this vote. They erected the fortification Ht_," North Battery Wharf," and " Fort Hill." He married in 1721 Elizabeth Gilbert, the daughter of Capt. Thomas, a famed shipmaster and navigator of Boston, and son of Jonathan Gilbert, of Connecti- cut, (an ancestor of mine) who was Colony Marshal from 1636 until 1676-77. She died in Watertown, June 10, 1740, aged 38 years, 4 months, 3 days. After her death he married the widow of JIatthias Cussens. Possibly Thornton and Williams were engaged for a short time in the business of procuring lumber for household and shipping purposes, though he had removed to Mansfield, Conn., when he sold to Thornton. In 1740 Richard King had settled in Watertown, and in 1742 Thornton sold him a piece of land on which he erected a shop and engaged in the same business with Thornton. In 1745 Gov. Shirley ap- pointed him a commissary of the troops destined for Annapolis Royal. October, 1746, he mortgaged his shop and lot to Jonas Coolidge " for surety in con- sideration the within named Jonas was my surety for money due to the Govt, when I went on the serv- ice to Annapolis Royal." February 16, 1740, he petitioned the selectmen for leave to erect a sawi)it or scaffold at the south end of the Bridge, which was denied. In 1746 he removed to Scarboro', Maine, engaged in trade, became a large exporter of lumber. 374 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. and the wealthiest man in town. His son, Eufus, who died in 1829, aged 74, was the celebrated jurist, and William, who died in 1852, aged 84, known as General King, was the first governor of Maine, and at one time one of the largest ship owners in the United States. There is no doubt that ship building to a limited extent was carried on at this point, and that the old bridge flip was used for that purpose, and probably Hunt's wharf, known latterly as Coolidge's wharf. Ebenezer Thornton's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, born March 4, 1722, married Jonas Coolidge, the house carpenter, in 1742^3. Ebenezer sold him this house with three acres of land for £300 in August of that year. Jonas sold a moiety in the dwelling-house, and about five acres of land to his nephew Nathaniel Coolidge, Jun., in 17G2. Becoming " non compos " and placed under guard- ianship, in 1764 a partition of their interests was legally made, by which Nathaniel obtained the northerly part of the home lot and dwelling-house and subsequently control of the remaining half. Jonas Coolidge died in the spring of 1767. Jonas Coolidge's elder brother Samuel, known as "Sam, the schoolmaster," a graduate of Harvard in 1724, was appointed town school-master in 1725. He was librarian of Harvard College 1734-35. Also chap- lain for a short time on Castle Island. He became intemperate and mentally deranged. He was accus- tomed to wander from home as a vagrant, sleeping in barns and out of doors, and the selectmen were con- tinually in trouble about hira by complaints coming from theselectmen of Ro.xbury, then from Charlestown, then Dorchester, to be repeated continually. Nov. 4, 1743, Thanksgiving day, a collection was taken during church .xervice to be laid out in clothing" for him. In 1751 he was again appointed school-master, but soon wandered off according to his custom. " At a meeting of the selectmen at Mr. Jonathan Bemis', on the 4th of December, 1752, Mr. Samuel Coolidge was present, and the selectmen gave him a thorough talk relating to bis past conduct, and what he might ex- pect if he did not behave well in the future they declared unto him that they i)Ut him into the school again for trial, and if he behaved well he should not be wronged, and that he was to begin the school the 11th day of this December. Mr. Coolidge complained that he wanted a winter coat; desired Mr. Bemis to pet him a bear skin coat, and get Mr. Meed to make it, and to give the selectmen an account thereof" The demented man when walking along the way was continually muttering and talking to himself in Latin, and once passing an apothecary shop, drenched by a pouring rain, was addressed by some one from within in these words: "Domine Coolidge! jiluit tantnm nescio quantum, seisne tu"? (Miwter Coolidge, it has rained very hard, 1 don't know how hard, do you know?) Quick as a flash the angry man seized a stone, sent it crash- ing through the window, breaking glass and show bot- tles, and said : " Fregi tot nescio quot, seisne tu " ? (I have broken a great many things, Idon'tknowhow many, do you?) He died January, 1767, aged sixty-three years, and was buried at the town charge. Nathaniel Coolidge, Jr., kept a tavern, here as a licensed inn-holder from 1764 to 1770 when he died, and was succeeded by his widow, Dorothy (Whitney). By the town records, it appears that the widow Ruth Child, daughter of Caleb Church the miller, was licensed as an inn-holder in 1717-18 near the bridge on the south side of the river, but where, can- not be located ; possibly on or near this spot. While there had been for some years a great deal of commercial life in Watertown, still in the early part of the Revolutionary war it was a very important and busy town, for within its limits the Provincial Congress and the "Committee of Safety " were hold- ing continual sessions. The town was crowded with temporary residents and tradesmen from Boston, who were often entertained by private hospitality. The public schools were closed as the buildings were used for armories and the streets daily resounded with the noise of fife and drum and marching men. This tavern known as " The Sign of Mr. Wilkes near Nonantum Bridge,'' was a popular resort for gatherings, for town and social meetings were often held within its doors. In the winter of 1775, the Massachusetts House of Representatives held a ses- sion in it while workmen were engaged in putting up stoves in the meeting house. Here, in 1775, it was agreed, was to be the rendezvous for the " Committee of Safety "in the case of danger. On its northerly side along the river, was the road leading from the ferry that for many years was used between the north and south shores. In front of the tavern door once stood a post upon which was a swinging decorated sign board upon which was the portrait of King George III., where it hung until the news of the Declaration of Independ- ence was received, when it was taken down and after- wards raised to its former position with the portrait of George Washington upon it. Here during the war, many distinguished persons in the colonies, as well as officers in the American and British armies, were entertained. The bar-room was the middle room, facing Galen street, and British officers stifled their shame at the continued American success in steaming hot flip, for which they paid in gold, which the government compelled Madam Cool- idge, much to her disgust, to exchange for colonial currency. The selectmen paid " widow Dorothy Coolidge for Rum, the 19th day of April, for the men in the Lex- ington battle, 12.?. 8d.," the town records mention. The Rev. J. F. Lovering in his centennial oration, delivered July 4, 1876, stated that " General Wash- ington stopped here on his way to take command of WATEKTOWN. 375 tlie army at Cambridge, July 2d, 1775 and ate break- fast, Mrs. Coolidge making for him journey-cake, i. e., Ji)hnny-cake.'' While Leiithe's version is, that on Sunday, July 2d, at 12 o'clock the Commander-in- Chief with General Lee arrived and reached the meet- ing-house where after divine service, Congress assem- liled to receive him. He dismounted and was pre- sented at the door of the broad aisle with an address by the Speaker, James Warren. After an hour and a half spent he proceeded to Cambridge where he arrived at 2 o'clock. On the nest day under the elm tree near the Common he formally took command of the American army. On December 11th, at noon Mrs.Washington attend- ed by her son John Custis and wife reached Water- town in her own carriage drawn by four horses, colored postillions in scarlet and white liveries, military escort and a guard of honor. Two hours were spent at the Fowle house as the guest of Mrs. Warren, and the party arrived in Cambridge at 3 o'clock. During the winter season, dinner and evening part- ies were given in town, which were attended by the General and Mrs. Washington, and probably the town has never witnessed such social gaiety since that time. October 17, 1789, President Washington again vis- ited Watertown on his way to Boston, and was re- ceived with great enthusiasm, the ringing of the meeting-house bell and royal salutes, quite in contrast to his first reception, when powder and shot were too scarce and valuable to be thus used. On his return, November 5, he came fiom Lexington to Water- town over the same road that the minute men had taken April 19, 1775 ; rode quietly without escort to the Coolidge tavern for supper and rest. He took supper in the public dining-room which extended the entire length of the south end of the house. At the table he was served by attendants who wore white d.-esses and neat checked aprons. He lodged in the northwest chamber next to the river. This property latterly came into the possession of the late Mr. John Brigham, who lived here while he had a lumber yard near by along the river. Across the lane, the present Water street, was situ- ated the house of Samuel Sanger, then Daniel, later Abraham Sanger, the boatman, who early in the pres- ent century, twice or more each week, was accustomed to row upon the river to and from Boston as a pas- senger and express carrier. A few rods south upon the same side of the road once stood an old house, the mansion house of John Hunt, representative from the town to the General Court in 1741, 1751 to 1758 ; a farmer of the excise in 1752, and retail trader from 1740 to 1770. Jonas Coolidge in 1745 sold him eleven acres with the old mansion built and occupied by James Barton. It was built about 1715. It was from the windows of this house flashed the light long past midnight that told that Adams, Warren and Gerry were in counsel, an- swered back from a score of farm-houses where the women were busily engaged in baking and cooking for the soldiers in camp. Here Major General Jo- seph Warren lodged, and in the southwestern corner room on the first floor ate his breakfast, June 17, 1775, going directly to Bunker's Hill, where he gave his life for his country, Before he started he urged upon the ladies of the household to prepare lint and bandages, saying " That the poor fellows would want them all before night." Slowly on horse-back he went down the hill to the bridge but galloped back and again bade them all farewell. Had he a premonition that he should never see them again ? William Hunt, son of John, a graduate from Har- vard in 1768, a lawyer and justice of the peace, rep- resentative in 1784-1794; 1800-1801, had married Mary Coolidge, the daughter of Nathaniel and Doro- thy. When Washington first came to Watertown, she was about twenty-one years old, and probably charmed him with her handsome face and maidenly ways, for in 1789, after supper, he mounted his horse, galloped across the bridge into the square, where Mistress Hunt then lived, on the west .side opposite the Spring Hotel, and as the sick matron appeared at the window of her mansion he politely raised his hat as she courteously saluted him. John Hunt was a distiller having his still next to the wharf of Samuel Hunt, with a store, and did a successful business. He had a stone wharf further to the east upon the river, not far from the bounds of Newton. In 1768 he sold his homestead and distil- lery to his eldest son Samuel. The Hunt property finally came into the possession of Nathaniel R. Whitney, Jr., and was the birth-place of Miss Annie Whitney, the sculptress; of Mr. Ed- ward Whitney, who has done so much for the Public Library of Watertown. and the Society of the First Parish, although he found himself in Belmont after the incorporation of that town. In fact, this was the birth place of all Mr. Nathaniel R. Whitney's child- ren, and was occupied by him until his removal to East Cambridge on being apppointed clerk of the Court. A few years ago the property was purchased by the late Mr. F. E. Howard and the building re- moved to Water Street, where it is now devoted to tenants of a humbler class. The death of Washington was greatly mourned in this town and a funeral service to his memory per- formed with great pomp and solemnity. A negro slave, who, when Washington had been a guest at his master's house, had served him, wore as his emblem of mourning an old scarlet coat worn at the Battle of Bunker Hill, trimmed with crape, and stood thus ar- rayed in the meeting house during the service on suc- cessive Sabbaths to the great amusement of the worshippers.' Watertown square and the main street for many years was a lively spot and the merchants did a thriv- 376 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ing trade. Money was scarce, but barter and ex- change was carried on with the farmers for miles around. "Angler's Corner," (Newton) was named from Oakes Angler, the son of the Rev. Samuel Angler, a saddler by trade. In 1742 he met with Samuel Jackson and Daniel Cooke, purchased from Jonas Coolldge 11 acres with an old house. He erected a tavern on the site of the present Nonantum House which he kept for many years. It was a small hamlet with about a dozen houses, two taverns and a small store. It was nicknamed " Hell's Corner" from the disreputable orgies that frequently took place in one of the taverns. Some of the more progressive citizens deemed it would be more advautjigeous if the territory was annexed to Watertown, and in March, 1779, a committee was chosen on the jiart of the town to join with some of the inhabitants of Newton in a petition for the an- nexation to Watertown, but the movement was unsuccessful. In March, 1782, the attempt was again undertaken with like result. The records show that in April 1781, the town voted to establish a poor-house upon the south bank of the river, but this vote was never carried out. A few years later Esquire Wm. Hull, afterwards General Hull, undertook the scheme of having a large town or village at Newton Corner to include the greater part if not all the territory on the south side. In September, 1794, he purchased from Stephen Cooke some fifty acres with dwelling-house and barn — Including the Phineas Cooke house, with the right to inijjrove the upper mill-pond (Boyd's), for fish-ponds, baths, etc., and mortgaged the same to Cooke for £1211. He was living In the Phineas Cooke house, while building the Nimantum House which he afterwards occupied, and had a wharf on the .Charles river near the Watertown Hue. The present William Street leads direct to the spot, near which was his malt-house. He became somewhat financially em- barrassed and in 1805 conveyed all his Interest in this Cooke tract to Ellakim Morse, a wealthy merchant in Boston, who paid the mortgage and released the Phineas Coiike homestead. Dr. Kliakim Morac studied medicine with his uncle in Woodstock, Conn., came to Boston, engaged in foreign trade and accumulated a large estate. He built the colonial mansion that stands upon the most elevated spot of the Cooke estate. It was built by days' wiirk and when finished was the finest mansion in style and situation for miles around. It was through his efforts the country road was named Galen Street in honor of the father of medicine among the ancients, the road having been widened and made more uniform and beautified with trees. After his death the homestead passed into the hands of Mr. Harrison Page, while the meadow-land near Newton was mapped out into building plots. Morse and Chestnut (now Boyd) Streets, were laid out, and the land thrown into market, and settled upon mostly by persons allied in all respects to Newton. On this tract formerly stood a fine grove of handsome chest- nut trees. Back of the Morse estate near Watertown Street, stands the homestead built by Capt. Samuel Somes who married one of the daughters of Stephen Cooke. Somes was a handsome, vivacious man of free and convivial habits aud the captain of a " crack" military company in Boston known as the Fusileers. Once the company had a field day on this territory which attracted a great crowd from the surrounding villages. Next northerly to the Dr. Morse estate stands the Abraham Lincoln house built 1824-26 by Stephen Cooke. On the easterly side of Galen Street, adjoin- ing Water Street, the early portion of this century was built what is at present known as the "Stone house." It was built before 1768 by John Hunt, either for himself or his son John, who was his busi- ness partner. He sold it to Joslah Capen in 1772. In 1832 it was kept by Nathaniel Broad, as a tavern, who died there. Rev. Theodore Parker in the month of April of that year opened a school in an old bakery that stood in the rear of this mansion,, formerly Hunt's shop, but since removed to the corner of Maple Street, (opened within a few years) and Galen. Having leased it he personally assisted in flooring it, made a rude wainscot, a dozen desks, and opened school with two pupils one of whom was a charity scholar. Here he met Lydia D. Cabot, his future wife, who was boarding in the same family. He taught school for two years with great success until he had earned money enough to permit him to pursue his theological studies. He preached occasionally on Sabbaths in the town-hall and elsewhere during this time, and enjoyed the friendship of the Rev. Convcrs Franci-i. Close by the division line, on the corner of Galen and Williams Streets, stands the old Segar house, built by Ebenezer Segar in 1794. Connected with it in the rear was an extensive building and a brick shop where, in 1820, the New England Lace Company had their factory. The street was called Lace Fac- tory Lane. In 1823 the factory was removed to Ips- wich. The "originators of the factory with some of the workmen came from Nottingham, England, as their factory there had been broken up by those who were opposed to lace being made by machinery in- stead of by hand, under the Heath coal patent. Many of the leading young ladies found pleasant and con- genial work In the factory and the departure of the works from the town was regretted. Subsequently the pro])erty belonged to Stephen Perry, and was the boyhood home of William Stevens Perry, the present Episcopal Bishop of Iowa. In this house were held the first services of that denomina- WATERTOWN. 377 tion gathered in Newton, and the parish of Grace Church organized. On the opposite corner stands the house of Rev. A. 1!. Earle, tlie well-known evaugelist, occupied during liis life-time by lawyer Alfred B. Ely, of Newton, known in civil and military life, who died July 30, 1S72. In March, 1827, the Newton and Watertown Uni- versalist Society was organized, iind on August loth it dedicated a house of worship, situated on the corner of Galen and Water Streets. It was dissolved in 1860 and the town purchased the building for a school-house, the present Parker School, named in honor of the late Rev. Theodore Parker. The people of the town of that time remem- ber the frequent town-meetings necessary to secure this building to the use of the schools. The tactics of 1695 and of many another time, when public im- provements have been finally voted against the wishes of conservative opponents were used, yet without an appeal to the Governor. From Galen Street by the bank of the Charles River next to the Coolidge tavern is an ancient way, a little lane, a gangway as called in early deeds, run- ning a short distance to Hunt's wharf, then turning abruptly into Factory Lane, running westwardly up the steep hill to Galen Street by the Parker School — now known as Water Street. By and upon the river bank there have ,been and are located many indus- tries. Besides the ship building before mentioned, was the potter's shop of Samuel Sanger in 1771. Beyond Brigham's lumber yard and wharf was for- merly a hat-factory, — afterwards a wire-factory, — now occupied by the Warren Soap Works, commenced in 1868. Next are the works of the Newton and Water- town Gas Light Company, with the electric plant lately located. Beyond was the wharf and warehouse of Samuel Hunt, which came into the possession of John Hunt. Xt the end of this lane stood the dis- tillery and store of John Hunt, which he sold to his son Samuel, with his wharves and dwelling-house, in 1768. Some fifty years later it was changed into a starch-factory, which business still thrives under the management of H. Barker & Co., though the build- ings are of later date. Factory Lane was a private lane that led by the distillery through Mr.' Hunt's estate to the Samuel Hunt wharf. Among the other factories may be mentioned the wool factory of Capt. Joseph Crafts, later John W. Hollis's on Galen Street; the knitting-factory of John W. Tuttle, succeeded by the Porter Needle Company, later by the Empire Laundry Machinery Company, on California Street; the bicycle factory of Sterling Elliott and the Stanley Dry-plate Company on the river bank south of Maple Street. Ths ice business of Howard Bros, is located on Cali- fornia Street. The White and the Derby type factories, no longer in existence, were in the vicinity of Watertown Street. On Morse Street, near the ponds, still remains an old silk-mill, now a paint-mill, and the factory of knit and woolen goods of Mr. Thomas Dalby, while on the same street near Galen is Sanger's sash and blind factory. In 1871, by Chapter 184, the Legislature granted the right to the Massachusetts Central Railroad Com- pany, to extend its tracks from Weston through Wal- tham, Newton, Watertown, Cambridge and Brighton, or any of them to some point adjacent to the location with the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, and it was expected that the site would be laid out along Water Street to Faneuil to connect with the Boston & Albany Railroad. In 1868, Chapter 151, the " Nonantum Horse Rail- road Company " was chartered by the Legislature. Miles Pratt, Nathaniel Whiting and James F. Simons, Jr., were the incorporators, and they were empowered to build and maintain a track from the flag-staft' oji- posite the Spring Hotel, Watertown, to Lowe's apothe- cary store in Newton ; the capital stock being fixed at $50,000. In 1874 commenced the agitation and petitioning for various causes, for the annexation of the whole or part of this territory to Newton, and ten times has this effort been made without success, though in 1.889, fifty-nine out of one hundred and twenty voters were petitioners, with only eleven neutrals. This territory* financially is valuable to the town as it consists of ninety-four acres, valued with the factories and buildings for taxable purposes at eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In 1888 there was completed in conjunction with the City of Newton, a system of surface drainage for Morse Field. The sewer system known as " Charles River Valley," adopted in 1889 by the State Legisla- ture, will pass through this territory along the banks of the Charles River through Faneuil and Brighton into the main sewer in Boston and out into the har- bor. This territory well drained, supplied with pure water, electric lights, good municipal privileges at low taxation, in a few years will be covered with the homes of law abiding citizens attracted by its superior advantages. Whatever in the future may be its municipal government — town or city— one thing is certain, the south side of Watertown has been no unimportant factor in the history of the old town of Watertown. CHAPTER XXXII. WA TERTO WN—{ Continued). MILITARY HISTORY. iiKliimwurs — The Revolutionary Period — Tha Chnl War. The military history of this town has never been written. Perhaps it is yet not time to separate this 378 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. important part of our common history and trace from Captain Patrick of the early train bands to Com- mander Edward E. Allen of the Ancient and Honor- able Artillery, all that brilliant list of names of men who were so essential to the mere existence of society and who so abundantly filled the important civil posts of duty. The pages of our history are thickly strewn with military titles. The original danger from the Indians, and during the first 150 years, is shown in the following article on the Indians by Rev. Mr. Rand. Something of the condition of military affairs can be seen in the article on the Revolutionary Period by Mrs. Bradford. The contribution of our town to the great Civil War is seen in Mr. Ingraham's record. But the war of 1812, the Mexican war of 1845-48, and the dread of war at other times have kept alive the militiiry spirit and brought out and trained those fitted to command or willing to serve their county in this way. These always have the respect and the gratitude of their more quiet neighbors. The Indians of Watisktown.' — Cotton Mather who is never dull says of the Massachusetts Indians : "Know then that these doleful creatures are the ve- riest ruins of mankind which are to be found any- where upon the face of the earth. . . . One might see among them what an hard master the devil is, to the most devoted of his vassals. These atiject creatures live in a country full of mines; we have already made entrance upon our iron ; and in the very surface of the ground among us, there lies copper enough to supply all this world; besides other mines hereafter to be exposed. But our shiftless Indians were never owners of so much as a knife till we came among them. Their name for an Englishman was a knife- man. . . . They live in a country where we now have all the conveniences of human life. But as for them, their housing is nothing but a few mats tied about poles fastened in the earth, where a good fire is their bed clothes in the coldest seasons. ... In most of their dangerous diseases, 'tis a powow that must be sent for ; that is, a priest who has more famil- iarity with Satan than his neighbors. This conjurer comes and roars and howls and uses magical cere- monies over the sick man, and will be well paid for it when he has done. If this don't effect the cure, the man's time is come, and there's an end. . . . Their way of living is infinitely barbarous. The men are most abominably slothful, making their poor squaws, or wives, to plant and dress and barn and beat their corn, and build their wigwams for them." One other thing this versatile pen has placed on record, that the Indians in their wars with the Eng- lish, finding inconvenient the yelling of the English dogs, "sacrificed a dog to the devil; after which no English dog would bark at an Indian for divers months ensuing. This was the miserable people ' CondenMi] from Ro». Edwud A Baod. which our Eliot propounded unto himself the saving of." [Life of Eliotl. The inquiry arises when in Watertown's history do we first meet with Indians? If Professor E. N. Horsford be correct, it was in that memorable battle which Thorfinn and his brother Norsemen fought with the Skraelings, this side of Cambridge Hospital, a battle-field which justly can never belong to any other than the children of Nor- umbega. It was then about the year 1000 that the Watertown Indians loomed up above the misty hori- zon-line of history. We have, however, in the seventeenth century a sight of the Indians that cannot be questioned. Capt. Roger Clap (so printed in Shurtleff's " Bos- ton ") came to this country in the year 1630. He arrived at Hull May 30th, in the ship " Mary and John," which " Great Ship of Four Hundred Tons," as he calls it, did not bring the colonists any farther than " Nantasket Point." There the hard-hearted Captain Squeb left them to shift for themselves, "in a forlorn place in this Wilderness." The colonists, though, " got a Boat of some old Planters " and toward the west they went sailing. They came to Charlestown, which had "some Wigwams and one House,'' and may have been a mighty city, but all in embryo. This did not satisfy their ambition. Capt. Clap says that they " then went up Charles river, until the river grew narrow and shallow, and there we landed our goods with much labor and toil, the bank being steep, and night coming on, we were informed that there were hard by us Three Hundred Indians. One English Man that could speak the Indian language (an old Planter) went to them and advised them not to come near us in the Night ; and they barkened to his Counsels and came not. I myself was one of the Sentinels that first Night. Our Captain was a Low Country Souldier, one Mr. Southcot, a brave Souldier. " In the Morning some of the Indians came and stood at a distance off, looking at us, but came not near us, but when they had been a while in view, some of them came and held out a great Bass toward us; so we sent a Man with a Bisket and changed the Cake for the Bass. Afterwards they supplied us with Bass ; exchanging a Bass for a Bisket Cake, and were very friendly unto us. " Dear Children I Forget not what Care God had over his dear servants, to watch over us, and protect us in our weak beginnings. Capt. Squeb turned ashore Us and our Goods like a mercyless Man, but God, even our merciful God, took pity on us ; so that we were supplied, first with a Boat, and then caused many Indians (some Hundreds) to be ruled by the Advice of one Man, not to come near us ; Alas, had 'hey come upon us, how soon might they have de- stroyed us I I think we were not above Ten in Num- ber. But God caused the Indians to help us with fish at very cheap rates." In this account which Capt. Clap addressed to his WATERTOWN. 379 children a short time before his death, he proceeds to say that the party did not stay there on the banks of the Charles many days. They had " orders to come away from that Place (which was about Water- town) unto a place called Mattapan (now Dorches- ter)." When Capt. Clap told his simple, touching, rever- iiit story, little did he think that his item about; the bass would suggest to some ingenious mind a scene for our picturesque town seal. The inquiry arises who were these Indians found on the banks of the Charles? A part of the aboriginal population called the Massachusetts Indians. Drake, in his work on the Indians, tells us that it has been affirmed that Massachusetts means, " An hill in the form of an arrow's head.'' Roger Williams said that the Massa- chusetts were called so from the blue hills. Gookin, in his Historical Collections, says : " Tlie MassachueettB, being the next great people northward, inhab- ited principally about that place in Massachusetts Bay, where the body of the English now dwell. These were a numerous and great people. Their chief sachem held dominion over many other petty governours. as those of Weechaga skas, Neponsitt, Punkapaog, Nooantum, Nasha- way, some of the Nipmuck people, as far as Pokomtakuke, as the old men of Massachusetts affirmed. This people could, in former times, arm for war about three thousand men, as the old Indians declare. They were in hostility very often with the Narragansitts ; but held am- nity, for the most part, with the Pawknnnawkutts, who lived on the south border, and with the Pawtucketts, who inhabited on their north and southeast limits. In An. 1G12 and 161.1, these people were also porely smitten by the hand of God with the same disease before mention- ed in the last section; which destroyed the most of them, and made r.iom for the English people of Massachasetts colony, which people this country and the next called Pawtuckett. There are not of this people left at this day above three hundred men, besides women and children." The Indian names occurring in these " collections" have all the peculiarity of Indian pronunciation. Some of the words have a sound as easy, sonorous and musical as a brooklet's flow, and to pronounce others, one fears he must lose his teeth before he gets through. We recognize Nonantum in the quotation as a name preserved to-day in this neighborhood. The Indians, naturally, would be attracted to the Charles River Valley. Here they found a water-way for their canoes. Here in this neighborhood were unfailing and abundant fisheries. It was a loamy land for their corn. II; sparkled with springs. We then can readily imagine how its smoke from their fires were mingled with the haze hanging above our beautiful fields. I recently visited the land in the rear of Mr. Cassidy's residence and on the banks of the Charles River. That industious historical stu- dent, Mr. Jesse Fewkes, has told me of a bluff once in that neighborhood, but now removed. His testi- mony is that " the verge of the bluff about 300 or 400 feet to eastward from the southetist corner of Mason's land " contained many Indian relics. " After the black loam had been removed," there were found by him " nearly one hundred implements of stone." Indians once peopled all this land, as has been shown. What was our beautiful winding Mount Auburn Street but an ancient Indian trail ? That trail, with its picturesque turns through forest aud across meadow, only needed to be widened and leveled that our ancestors might use it. We have an Indian name associated with the town in the title Pequossette, or as in the town records, Pequussett. One summer day in 1(J30, into this Indian land came the head of that long column of civilized life that has been streaming through Watertown for over two hundred and fifty years. Those first settlers came up the river in boats, landing somewhere on the present Arsenal grounds, it has been asserted, but more recent opinion favors the old landing-place in the rear of Cambridge Hospital. They must speedily have come in contact with Indian life, and it is a very interesting question whether there may have been any meeting for a land-trade with the old occu- pants of the soil, and whether the men paid anything for the land they took. As far as we have any written evidence, it was squatter sovereignty of a very bad, bold kind that was practiced, and to-day we are living on ground that, in one sense, has never been paid for. It will interest us to know that in the early history of the Colony an interesting controversy raged on the subject of the purchase of land from the Indians. Roger Williams was astorm centre of that controversy. He differed with the General Court of the Colony in several particulars. In one he questioned and denied the right of the civil power to say what a man should believe, or how he should worship, or whether a man should worship at all. That very convenient as- sumption of power on the part of the King to grant and distribute Indian territory as he might please, Roger Williams also disputed. He prepared a docu- ment in which he defined his views on ownership and soil. No Indian, though, ever closed his wigwam door on Roger Williams. Providence Plantation was paid for when the exile started his new home. If the first Watertown settlers, unlike Roger Wil- liams, took the land they found, but made no payment for it, the conscience of the public, was not entirely at ease upon the subject. We find a spasm of repentance in an act of the General Court, Sept. 6, 1638 : " It was agreed that the Court of Assistants should take order for the Indians, that they may have satisfaction lor their right at Lynn and Watertown." This seems to have been only a preface to other action. March 12, 1638-89, " the Court desired Mr. Gibbous to agree with the Indians for the land within the bounds of Watertown, Cambridge and Boston." Still again on May 13, 1640, the Court took action : " it was ordered that the £23-8-6 laid out by Captain Gibbons shall be paid him, vidt. £13-8-6 by Watertown and £10 by Cambridge ; and also Squa Sachem a coat every win- ter while she liveth.'' Whether Squa Sachem went round every winter :j80 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. gay and comfortable in Cambridge's new or second- liand finery, I cannot say. Tlie matter of greater in- terest to us just now is bow much land that piece of Cambridge dry goods may have helped to pay for. This i.s Bond's interpretatioa of the whole transaction : " it was probably the Indians' claim to the ' ware lands' and Nonantum on the south side of the river. This conjecture is favored by the circumstance that Cambridge (Newton) and Bo.^ton (Muddy Kiver) were embraced in the commission, and that Water- town and Cambridge paid the expense.'' In 1671 the Indians tried to buy back the previous fishing property and privileges in Watertown with which they had parted. All the above attracts our curious attention. Here in this beautiful Charles Hiver valley abounded the Indians, owning all these lands, and in arrow-tip, spear-point and hammer-head they have left along the green river banks, by pond, and sjiring, and brook, the chirography of their ownership. And of any payment for that territory as a whole, what evidence have our ancestors left behind ? The Charles River valley was traversed by Indian raids, as when King Philip's warriors swept their swath of fire through that little Medfield hamlet by the winding river. Indians though did not fire Watertown, which was so far down the picturesque valley. Our town was rather a garrison-house to which the settlers of other towns might flee. It be- came, too, a reservoir from which went out streams of aid to those in distress. It is true there was friction accompanying the intercourse of Watertown people with the Indians. There wjis too much human nature on both sides to assure smooth running of all the machinery. The very first year of the young colony's life, trouble broke out amone the servantsof that Sir Richard who beaded the Watertown colonists. There is in the colonial records an item proving this: "Upon a complaint made by Sagamore John and Peter, for having two wigwams burnt, which upon examination appeared to be occasioned by James Woodward, servant to Sir Richard Saltonstall, was therefore ordered that Sir Richard should satisfy the Indians for the wrong done to them (which he did by giving them seven yards of cloth), and that, his said servant should pay unto him for it at the end of his time, the sum of £5 (505)." Gov. Winthrop in his history makes reference to a Watertown man who was guilty of putting tempta- tion in the way of the Indians. This is Winthrop's reference to it made under the date of Sept. 4, 1632, in the Governor's famous diary-history : " One Hopkins of Watertown was convict for sell- ing a piece and pistol with powder and shot to James Sagamore for which he had sentence to be whipped and branded in the cheek. It was discovered by an Indian, one of James' men, upon promise of conceal- ing him (for otherwise he was sure to be killed)." Savage, in his notes on the text of Winthrop's his- tory, adds this quotation from the colony records : " Hereupon it was propounded if his offence should now be punished hereafter by death." The raising of this question shows how serious an evil in the mind of somebody was this traffic in ammunition with the Indians. The proposition though, was not allowed to embarrass the men in council, for they put in practice what has proved to be a convenient device nowadays: " Referred to the next court to be determined." One escape from any perplexity to-day is to bequeath its settlement as a thorny inheritance to the people com- ing after us. Watertown Indians were not involved in a bloody war to which I am about to make reference, the Pequod War, but it is a singular fact that a Water- town man was the innocent occasion of it. That was John Oldham. This is Francis' version of Oldham's fate : " He became a distinguished trader among the Indians, and in 1636 was sent to traflic with them at Block Island. The Indians got possession of Old- ham's vessel, and murdered him in a most barbarous manner. The boat was discovered by one John Gallop, who on his passage from Connecticut was obliged by change of wind to bear up for Block Island. He recognized Oldham's vessel, and seeing the deck full of Indians, suspected there had been foul play. After much exertion and management, be boarded this and found the body of Oldham cut and mangled and the bead cleft asunder.'' Winthrop's account of the discovery is very realistic. You can seem to see the little pinnace off on the blue water, while John Gallop courageously dashes in upon them,- scattering them like a lot of ship rats that were swarming on the deck. It was a foul, bloody murder they had committed. When the news was carried home, flying from ham- let to hamlet, it aroused an intense excitement. The fighting men of the towns were quickly on the march. In August ninety men were sent oft' to find and pun- ish the savages. One of the commanders was Ensign William Jeunison. He acquired glory enough from that campaign to be made a captain, the next month of March. George Munnings, another Watertown man, was not so fortunate. He came home again, but left an eye behind him, so that the Court gave him five pounds and "the fines for one week," whatever those may have been. This campaign only made an- other necessary. The succeeding spring, Massachu- setts resolved to equip and send to the war one hun- dred and sixty men, and Watertown was directed to raise fourteen. The now Capt. William Jennison was on the com- mittee to marshal and furnish that force, and also on a committee to divide a quota of fifty additional men among the towns. Watertown's share of glory this time was four men. These figures would prove that our town contained about one-twelfth of the fighting force of Massachusetts. Prominent in this Pequod campaign was Capt. Patrick, of Watertown. WATERTOWN. 381 Connecticut had a hand — a bloody one — in this war. Her forces were commanded by Capt. John .Mason. It is thought the Robert Seeley next in I'lmmaiid to Mason may have been a Watertown man who liad moved to Connecticut. Bond says, " prob- ably." I would that it might be shown that no Water- town man had a hand in that part of the fight. Winthrop says, " Our English from Connecticut, with tbeir Indians and many of the Narragansetts, marched in the night to a fort of the Pequods at Mistick, and l)esetting the same about break of the day, after two hours' fight they took it (by firing it) and slew there- in two chief sachems and one hundred and fifty fighting men, and about one hundred and fifty old men,, women and children, with the loss of two Eng- lish, whereof but one was killed by the enemy." This fort was surprised at an early morning hour. After the astonished sentinel's cry, " Ovvanux ! Ovvan- ux ! '' (English ! English !) came a volley from Ma- son's men. These now forced their way into the en closure, finding sixty or seventy wigwams and a foe bewildered and in their power. The cry of fright- ened savages confused by this fierce, abrupt assault rent the air. How suppress them '? " Fire the wig wams ! " some one must have cried. The fire-brand was adopted a.s a weapon. " This decided the battle," says Barry. " The Hames rolled on with terrific speed, crackling and fiashiug upon the stillness of the morning air, and mingling with shouts and groans of agonizing de- spair, as body after body disappeared and was con- sumed." With such an awful holocaust was John Oldham, of Watertown, avenged. A defence of the cruelty of this reparation has been attempted. What defence can be maintained? Oldham was savagely murdered, and the Indians were savagely punished. The only thing that can be said is that Capt. Mason's men in an hour of awful excitement, fearful lest the enemy might be too strong for them, confused and bewil- dered, appealed to a power which, once in motion, feels neither fear nor pity. It is a relief to know that Massacliusetts, which afterwards brought up its forces and helped finish the war, did not apply the torch to any "old men, women and children." It has been said that Watertown territory was not invaded by hostile Indians. Neither was there any insurrection raised by resident Indians. Alarms doubtless were frequent. A tremor of fear very soon agitated Watertown's early history. Francis speaks of a trouble which was misinterpreted, but shows that the early settlers of Massachusetts were apprehensive ; " Among the wild animals, the wolf was a very com- mon annoyance, and against him they were obliged to keep special watch. On one occasion in the night, we are told, the report of the musket discharged at the wolves by some people of Watertown, was carried by the wind as far as Roxbury, and excited so much commotion there, that the inhabitants were, by beat of drum, called to arms, probably apprehending an attack from the Indians." A less formidable crea- ture than the wolf was the occasion of an alarm re- corded by Winthrop, the responsibility for which, I judge from the context, was shouldered by outsiders upon the Indians. This was one early spring-day after the settlement of our beautiful valley-town, and the alarm was succeeded by a visit from the Indians. " John Sagamore, and James, his brother, with divers sannops, came to the Governor,'' says Winthrop. '' James Savage has some reason, though slight, for assigning the residence of these Indians to the neighborhood of Watertown, or between the Charles and the Mistick Rivers." Concerning the alarm connected with this visit, Winthrop says, "The night before alarm was given in divers of the plantations. It arose through the shoot- ing ofl' some pieces at Watertown by occasion of a calf which Sir Richard Saltonstall had lost : and the soldiers were sent out with their pieces to try the wilderness from thence till they might find it." Would that behind all the shiveringsof fright there had been only a poor little calf astray in the Charles River wilderness. I have referred to the Pequod War, one season of alarm that had serious foundation. I have noticed the fact that its occasion was a Watertown man. It was in 1675 that all New England was shaken by King Philip's War as by an earthquake. it is singular how deep a dent in New England's his- tory this war made, and yet not so strange when we remember that the combatants on either side were actuated by a grim purpose, that of extermination. To-day, any historical trace of that war is viewed with strangely fascinating interest. Our Watertown Indians were not involved in that war. Geographically its source was too far to the south of us. The spirit of the Indians in this neigh- borhood made a still greater separation. This was the neighborhood of the '' praying Indians," to whom I shall make reference hereafter. It was an Indian whose home had been in Watertown, Waban, who was prominent in friendly warnings to the English that the dreadful war was contemplated and was surely coming. The war cloud had risen and was growing and blackening steadily, day by day. "In the mean time several of the Christian Indians had expressed their belief that a plan was on foot for the general destruction of the English in the colonies; and among these was Waban, a Nipuuick, at whose tent, amongst that people, Mr. Eliot had first preached to them in their own tongue. Waban, himself, hav- ing been the first of his tribe to be converted, became afterwards the i)rincipal rulerof the Christian Indians ?t Natick. In April, 1(;75, Waban came to General Gookin and warned him of Philip's intention shortly to attack the English ; and again in May he came and urged the same, and said that 'Just as soon as the 382 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. trees were leaved out, the Indians would fall upon the towns.' "' I shall give reasons later why thia Waban may be classified as at one time a Watertown Indian. His spirit was doubtless an exponent of the motives and purposes of others in this neighborhood, his loyal breast registering the temper of many of his race in the Charles River Valley. Watertown then had no conflict with its du.sky-faced neighbors, as the war dragged along its bloody course. It felt the war, though, in the persons of those whom this mother of towns had sent out to people other val- leys, or through those it hurried away as combatants into this awful, savage shock of arms. Watertown people participated in the Sudbury town celebration last year, and while there a visit was made to the famous battle-ground where Cap- tain Samuel Wadsworlh, of Milton, and his brave. forces so stoutly contended with the Indians — a contest that ended in a massacre of the whites. We remember what a lonely spot the battle-ground was, with its outlook on the swelling hills and across the green Sudbury valleys. Sudbury would have been a sorer sufferer in that Indian invasion had it not been for Watertown men. The Indians first attacked the settlement on the east side of Sudbury River, making pitiful bonfires of most of the houses. The people, though, made a stout opposition, and who should appear for their defen.se but the stalwart Cap- tain Hugh Mason. He and other sturdy fighters from Watertown so punished the Indians that they were forced to retreat to the west side of the river. Across the wide meadows we can see them fleeing, scowling in wrath at the Watertown men, who gave them such a drubbing. King Philip's War closed in 1676. The decisive blow was given by the English at the destruction of the Narragansett fastness in the great cedar swamp southwest of Kingston, Rhode Island. It was a blow that meant demolition, destruction, the utter collapse of the Indians, and forever, as an organized race- power here in New England. The English forced an entrance into the Indian fort, and, like their prede- cessors who closed the Pequod War, they summoned to their aid the same merciless weapon of fire. We, of this day, cannot appreciate the bitter feel- ing aroused on both sides of the strife in King I'hilip's War. It developed into a process of exter- mination. What the Indians planned for the English, the awful barbarity of the former attested. On the side of the English there was a lamentable process of hardening. It would sometimes seem as if an Englishman put hia sensibilities into an iron-clad suit of armor when the ca.se of an Indian came before him. When we place those days in the scales and weigli them, we must not forget that there was in every direction a rough way of dealing with offenders. ' N»w KnKlniiil UlitorlMl and Ocnoaloglcol licgistcr, Soldiers Id King Phlll|.-« W«r, by R..V. .1. M n...:., v,.l ,liv. ,I„iy, 18!10, p. 270. Edward Eggleston incidentally brings this out in an article on pre-Revolutionary times in New England ; " The New England reverence for the Sabbath tended to repress social enjoyment in the accidental en- counters of Sunday, but the week-day lecture suffered from no such re.striction, and was for a long time much more in favor than even the Sunday service. From all the country round, in spite of the poverty and difficult conditions of pioneer life, people flocked to those week-day assemblages. Cotton's lecture in Boston was so attractive that it was found convenient to establish a market on the same day ; punishments in the stocks, in the pillory, at the whipping-post, or on the gallows, were generally set down for lecture time, perhaps in order that as large a numbc^r of people as possible might be edified by the sight of a sinner brought to a just retribution. Npr did these exhibitions of flogging, of cutting off ears, and of men sitting in the stocks, or dangling from a gallows, tend to diminish the attendance." We are not sur- prised when this is added: "At one time during Philip's War scarcely a Boston lecture-day passed lor a number of weeks without the congregation being regaled with sight of the execution of one or more In- dians." The question here arises with fitness. Why were not any Indians in this vicinity more interested in the schemes of King Philip? The Indian nature was enough of a hot-bed to develop seeds of discontent. It has been thought that Phillip's war " spread a con- tagion of hostility far to the southward by means of that quick intelligence which existed between the tribes."^ Were our Charles River Indians less intelli- gent than those to the south of us? King Philip's War makes in my story a dark back-ground on which I can paint with all the more vividness and effectiveness a beautiful scene of an embassy of peace and good will by some of our English ancestors — an embassy that sounded its first message near us in this very val- ley, and whose growing influence developed all through this region a different kind of an Indian from the one that swung the tomahawk and shrieked the war-whoop in King Philip's War. I mean the work started by John Eliot, the famous Indian missionary. Although pastor of a church in Roxbury, his sym- pathies could not be bounded by the walls of that fold. His affections went out to the great, unshep- herded flock in the forests and by the rivers, and he resolved to reach these children of another color and another race. The first step was a knowledgeof the In- dian tongue. It has been told of him that " he hired an old Indian named Job Nesutau to live in his family and to teach him his language. When he had accomplished this arduous task, which he did in 'a i^^m months,' he set out upon his first attempt." ' 1 rA» Oiihtry, " Nathaniol Bacon," by Edward Eggleton. Vol.40, p. 424. > " Biography and Hisloiy of tho Indians of North America," by S. G. Drake. Bonk 2, p. 111. WATRRTOWN. 383 Eliot himself, in " A true Relation of Our Beginning with the Indians," which at the time he modestly kept anonymous, has told this story : " Upon Oct. 28, 1(J4G, four of us (having sought God) went unto the tiidians inhabiting within our bounds, with desire to make, known the things of their peace to them. A little before we came to their Wigwams, five or six of the chief of them met us with English salutations, bidding us much welcome; who leading us into the principal Wigwam of Waaubon, we found many more Indians, men, women, children, gathered together from all quarters round about, according to appoint- ment, to meet with us and learn of us." ' Eliotspent three hours with his Indian hearers, very plainly talking to them about their duty. They de- clared they were not weary, "but wee resolved," he adds, " to leave them with an appetite ; the chief of them seeing us conclude with prayer, desired to know when we would come again, so we appointed the time, and having given the children some apples and the men some tobacco and what else we then had at hand, they desired some more ground to build a town together." The interesting point comes up where occurred this first meeting destined to have such an effect, to be a little spring from which would gush out the be- ginnings of a wonderful river. Gookin in his reference to Eliot declares, " The first place he began to preach at was Nonantum, near Waterkiwn mill, upon the south sid^ of Charles River, about four or five miles from his own house, where lived at that time Waban, one of their principal men, and some Indians with him." - How near Water- town mill did Eliot begin his labors? Inside the boundaries of the old town? Nonantum was an in- definite patch of Indian territory, and stretched on toward the busy rumbling mill, and " near the mill " naturally leads one to locate the wigwam of Waban inside of that hazy, old-time Watertown line. As a Walertown-man, I may not have the least doubt in tlie world that the little spring with its wonderful out- flow was on Watertown ground. I have called Waban a Watertown-man. As a student seeking historical evidence, I can only say that " near the Watertown mill " leads me to infer that Waban probably built his wigwam in old Watertown, which, as a man of wisdom, he would surely do. It would take a long paper to hold inside its limits the story of .John Eliot's wonderful work. The " praying Indians " became a distinct and large class in New England life. They had their villages at Natick, at Pakemitt or Punkapaog (Stoughton), Has- .sanamesitt (Grafton), Okommaamesit (Marlboro'), Wamesit (Tewksbury), Nashobah (Littleton), Magun- kaquog (Hopkinton). 1 Collections of the Mass. Hist. Society. Vol. 4 (3d series), p. 3 2 Collections of the Mass. Hist. Society for the year 1792. Vol. 1, p. IBS. Gookin calls these " the seven old towns of praying Indians." There were others in Massachusetts, but I mention only these. Waban's history is that of an interesting character and of an old neighbor. He moved finally to Natick. " When a kind of civil community was established at Natick, Waban was made a ruler of fifty, and subquently a justice of the peace. The following is said to be a copy of a war- rant which he issued against some of the transgres- sors : ' You, you big constable, quick you catch urn Jeremiah Ofl'scow, strong you hold umsafe, you bring urn, afore me, Waban, justice peace.' A young jus- tice asked Waban what he would do when Indians got drunk and quarreled ; he replied, ' Tie um all up, and whip um plaintiff, and whip um fendant, and whipum witness."" Waban was a good friend of the English. From his class the praying Indians came sympathetic neigh- bors in peace, and active allies in war. They were a bulwark to our interest in the colonial life. If there bad been ten John Eliots or a less number even in New England, peace everywhere would have been regnant. As it was, the Indian character in the Charles river valley which includes so much of old Watertown, was powerfully influenced. That Watertown was not insensible to the gauntlet of trials that other towns were called upon to run, has been already noticed. Hubbard commenting on a case of difference of opinion between Watertown and the government in the earliest days of our town-life, uses this language of Watertown, " they stood so much upon their liberty." Watertown always had an independent way, and would not permit unchallenged any encroachment upon its rights. It can also be said that it did not see unmoved an invasion of the inter- ests of others. When other towns might echo with the whoop of plundering, firing savages, it marched out its fighting men to the rescue. I have spoken of the fight at Sudbury ; I give only one more instance here. When Groton was attacked in March, 1676, what action did Watertown take ? Over the spring roads tramped forty of our ancestors to the relief of the as- saulted town. Lancaster, like Groton, was a place in- debted to Watertown for help in its early settlement. Lancaster was not forgotten when the Indians raided it. William Flagg, John Ball and George Harrington by their graves proved that Lancaster was remember- ed by Watertown men. Among the forms of other combatants rising out of the turmoil or the dark days of Indian strife, various Watertown men could be named who were " faithful unto death.'" But Watertown in its connection with the history of the red men appears in another and still more honored character. This neighborhood not only wit- nessed the coming of the Gospel of Life to the In- dians, but this neighborhood sent out a like embassy 3 Genera! History of New England, by Wm. Hubljard, p. 144. 384 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. elsewhere. It is an interesting coincidence too that the south side of the river witnessing the preaching of the Gospel to the Indian.s, gave preachers who should take the same CJood News elsewhere. I refer to ThouiiUi Mayhew who lived on the historic "south side," and also to his son, Thomas Mayhew, junior. Bond in his pains-taking genealogical list refers to the very honorable relation the name of Mayhew sus- tained to our infant town, and speaking of Thomas Mayhew's probable arrival in 1631, says: "For the ensuing i:^ years, it appears by the colonial records that few, if any other persons so often received important appointments from the General Court." ' Watcrtown early lost this shining light on the other side of the river. Where it shone next and how ben- eficiently, I will let Gookin tell out of his ancient Historical collections of the Indians in New Eng- land : " Martha's Vineyard, or Martin's Vineyard, called by the Indians Nope, which we have in the former book described hath been through the grace of Christ, a very fruitful vineyard unto the Lord of hosts, and hath yielded a plentiful harvest of con- verted Indians. "The first instruments that God was pleased to use in this work at this place, was Mr. Thomas Mayhew and his eldest son, Mr. Tliomas Mayhew, junior. The father wiis a merchant, bred in England, as I take it, at Southampton, and he followed the same calling in New England, at his first coming over which was in the beginning of the settlement of Massachusetts col- ony. His abode was at Watertown, where he had good accommodations of land, and built an excellent, profitable mill there, wliich in tho.se first times brought him in great profit. But it pleased God to frown upon him in his outward estate; so that he sold what he had in Ma-ssachusetts to clear himself from debts and engagements, and about the year 1642 transplanted himself to Martha's Vineyard with his family. . . . His eldest son Thoma-*, being a scholar and pious man, after some lime was called to be minister unto the English upon that Island. It pleased God strong- ly to incline the two good men, both the father and the son, to learn the Indian tongue of that island ; and the minister especially was very ready in it; and the old man had a very competent ability in it. These two, especially the son, began to preach the gospel to the Indians about the year 1648 or 1649, ;us I best remem- ber and hud set ajipointed times to meet with them." It Wiis a scene of most attractive interest, these two nnrn thus closely uuited as father and soi., coming to- gether in this effort to reach those so spiritually distant. The work was not only pushed upon the Vineyard, but it was curried to Nantucket and prosecuted there. These ellorta met with encouraging success. In 1G57, the younger Mayhew sailed for England, but reached another country, "even a heavenly." The vessel was ' " GcnnnluKlM of Itio Kamllliw «nil DcKondftnts of the Eiirly Sott- loni of Wnlortawn, Rnil Eaily Illilory," by Houry Bend, M.D., p. 857. wrecked, and thus the work of evangelizing the In- dians at theVineyard and Nantucket received a serious blow. It is touching to notice how this death of the son affected the noble father. It came to him as a call to a new consecration of his energies to the be- loved work of reaching the Indians. Gookin testi- fies, " But old Mr. Mayhew his worthy father, struck in with his best strength and skill, and hath doubtless been a very great instrument to promote the work of converting many Indian souls upon these islands." It would be a work of fascinating interest to spread out here a letter from this old Watertown miller giv- ing the details of his work in reply to " fifteen queries " from his friend Gookin. I will only say that the Vineyard had its " praying towns " of Indians, and of Nantucket, Thomas Mayhew said, " Upon that island are many praying Indians." He testified that he had "very often, these thirty-two years, been at Nantucket." It is an interesting Mayhew-fact that not only father and sou but two grandsons became identified with work for the Indians. Long and goodly aSd golden was this Mayhew-line reaching out from Watertown to the Indians at the Vineyard and Nan- tucket. When Gookin wrote his account, Mayhew was "about eighty years of age,' his head white with age as ever were his miller's clothes with dust at the famous " Watertown mill." He died in the ninety- third year of his age. He is reputedly the first builder of any bridge over the Charles, and that has been classed as a foot-bridge. Dr. B. F. Davenport, in a summary of notes of official record about mills, bridges, etc., includes this from the old colonial books: "June 2, 1641, Mr. Mayhew to have 150 acres of laud on the south side of Charles river of Watertown weire. The tole of Mr. Mayhew's bridge is referred to the governor and two magistrates to settle for seven years." -' That old foot-bridge built by Thomas Mayhew across the Charles? Standing in the dusty doorway of his mill and watching some red men tripping across the humble bridge, little did he then think how crowned with loving work for the Indians would be his after years. Over waters many and troublous, his own hands stretched the bridge by which his dusky brethren safely passed to the green fields of perpetual peace and joy. Watertown thus appears in two characters; in the Mayhew family as a missionary to the Indians, and in the days of the invasion as a protector of its white brethren in peril. The red man long ago passed away from our border. His canoe no more glides on our glassy waters, and the smoke of his fires no more clouds the painted for- ests of autumn. A romantic interest in him though lingers among us. This may be owing in part to a twinge of conscience that justly may visit us as we - Paper before the Wiiterfov iiport, Sept. 17, 1880. nistoricHl Society, by Dr. B. F. Dav- WATERTOWN. 385 recall certain old-time dealinga with him. Aa our ancestors and their ancestors cannot meet in this world, certainly, to settle old claims, we, the children of the white settlers, can do something, to secure for all the dusky race alive to-day, fair, impartial, even- handed treatment. In the beautiful valley of the Charles, in the old Indian camping-ground, may this spirit of just'ce ever have its home. The Revolutionary Period.'— ^Watertown stood second to none in her independent spirit during the early days of the Colonists. In 1774, when a Provincial Congress was formed, Watertown sent Jonathan Brown, its town clerk and treasurer, as its representative. At that meeting, Oc- tober iid, it was voted that " the collector of taxes should not pay any more money into the province treasury at present." On the 17th of the same month, the town voted to mount and equip two pieces of can- non. At this time the inhabitants were thoroughly awake to the dangers that menaced the country. The port of Boston was closed, and many of the citizens had removed into the country, Watertown receiving a large share of them. They had resisted the tea-tax and submitted to many personal discom- forts to maintain their principles. The women had been counseled to foiego the joy of their Bohea, and we read that a number of patriotic gentlemen in this town " who used to regale themselves with the best nf liquors have determined to drink only cyder and small beer for the future." At the junction of what is now Belmont and Mount Auburn Streets, stands an old house whose aspect speaks of ancient days ; it is known as the Bird Tav- ern. This same house, in Revolutionary days, was occupied and used as an inn by Edward Richardson. Here, under guard, were deposited arms and milii;ary stores ; but for many years there had been little use for them, and the sixteen pieces of cannon belonging to the Colony proved to be quite useless when the call was made for*iction. Feeble attempts towards a military organization had been in operation since the time when the quota of men from Watertown was four — in the war against the Pequods — till the years 1691-92, when the town was divided into three military precincts, uuder the command of Captain William Bond, of Watertown, for the First Precinct ; of Lieut. Garfield, for the Sec- ond Precinct (now Waltham) ; of Lieut. Josiah Jones, for the Third Precinct (or the Farmers, now Weston), till the present call to arms. The fires of patriotism were not quenched, they only slumbered on the hearthstones of the people to be kindled at need. The rusty matchlock and pow- der-horn, had long hung unused upon the rafters, and the fertile fields and pleasant homes bore witness that 1 By Buth A. Bradford. they had beaten their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks. Early in September, 1774, the town ordered that its militia should be exercised two hours every week for the three autumn months, and that its stock of arms and ammunition should be inspected. November 21, 1774, a committee of nine was ap- pointed to carry into effect the association and re- solves of the General Congress held at Philadelphia, and likewise those of the Provincial Congress ; the latter had been presided over by the Hon. John Hancock, but he had been chosen delegate to Phil- adelphia, and Dr. Joseph Warren, of Boston, was elected to succed him. Town and country were now thoroughly awake, and the call to arms was felt to be imperative, at least the call to be in readiness, and January 2, 1775, it was voted in town-meeting " that a minute company should be formed for military exercises, each man be- ing allowed for his attendance once a week four cop- pers (for refreshment). Its officers were : Captain, Samuel Barnard ; First Lieutenant, John Stratton ; Second Lieutenant, Phineas Stearns ; Ensign, Edw.ard Harrington, Jr.; Sergeants, Samuel Sanger, Abner Craft, Christopher Grant, Jr., Josiah Capen, Jr., Stephen Whitney ; Corporals, Moses Stone, Jr., Isaac Sanderson, Jr., and Nathaniel Bright. Two of these officers had already shown their patriotism by assisting at the Boston Tea Party, De- cember 16, 1773,— Captain Samuel Barnard, son of Samuel Barnard and Susanna Harrington, who was baptized June 19, 17,37, and married Elizabeth Bond, daughter of Daniel Bond and Hannah Coolidge. He afterwards received the rank of major and died August 8, 1782. Second Lieutenant Phineas Stearns, a farmer and blacksmith, son of Josiah Stearns and Susanna Ball, born February 5, 1735-36. He became a Captain in the Continental Army, and led his company at Dor- chester Heights, and served at Lake George in 1756. He was offered a colonel's commission, but declined it on account of family cares, and after the evacuation of Boston he discontinued in the public service. He married Hannah Bemis, eldest child of Captain Jon- athan and Huldah (Livermore) Bemis. Second he married Esther Sanderson, a cousin of his first wife. He died March 27, 1798. Another Watertown citizen assisted at the de- struction of the tea, — John Randall, son of John and Love (Blanchard) Randall. He was born October 2, 1750. He married Sarah Barnard, daughter of Jonas and Abigail (Viles) Barnard. He also served in New York one year. On the morning of the memorable 19th of April, 1775, the Middlesex regiment under Col. Thom.as Gardner assembled at the Watertown meeting-house. Rumors had reached the town, through the mes- senger Paul Revere, of the advance of the British, and 25-iii 1 386 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. they were in debate when Michael Jackson., who commanded the Newton Company that da.y, arrived in hot haste, having just heard, through the messenger William Dawes, who rode through Roxbury, Broolc- line and Brighton, of the need of immediate action. Obtaining the lloor, he told them " that the time for talliing had pa,ssed, and the time for fighting had come ; that if they meant to oppose tlie march of the British, they must immediately take up their march for Lexington, and that he intended that his com- pany should take the shortest route to get a shot at the British." His blunt, vigorous speech broke up the council, each company beingleft to take its own course, and the Watertown company, under the command of Captain (afterwards Major) Samuel Barnard, left for Lexington; near that town they joined the Newton company, where they encountered Lord Percy's retreaiiug column. The most they could do now was to harass the English. This they did from every point possible. The retreating army at the close of the day found themselves at Charlestown, where they crossed the river under cover of the gnus of tlieships-of-war, hav- ing lost that day, in killed, wounded and missing, 273; the Americans, 93. The Watertown company only lost one man, Joseph Coolidge. A monument has been erected to his memory at the old grave-yard by his descendants. The records inform us, through bills paid by the town to Widow Dorothy Cooliilge, who kept a tavern, and to Mr. John Draper, a baker, that rum and bread were served to the troops on that day. Leonard Bond, at the age of twenty years, was the tirst in this town to take up arms in 1775, in defence of liberty. There are in the possession of descendants of Na- thaniel Beniis a sword and a gun marked with the name of his father, David Bemis, and the date, January, 1775. With this gun, Nathaniel, then nine- teen, started for Lexington on the 19th of April, 1775. He did not arrive there in season to take part in the fight, but came upon the British soldiers on their retreat. The tradition is that he fired upon them and secured the sword,— that of an officer whom he shot. .\s these two names are not found on the militia roll for that day, we may conclude that in the excite- ment of the occasion many unpaid volunteers took part in the skirmish. The following is a copied list, from the time-worn document in the State archives at Boston, of the Watertown militia company that marched to Lex- ington on llie 19th of April, 1775, in Col. Thomas • iardner's regiment: PBITATES. I Edwnrd Harrington. Thomas Coolidge, Samuel Soden, JohnPowIe, David Capen, I Peter Harrington, Samuel Wliite, Jr., Samuel Barnard, Jr., Jonathan Bright, Daniel Sawin, Jr., Phineas Childs, j Joshua StrattoD, Jonas Bond, Jr., Thomas Clark, Kichard Clark, Samuel White, John Renimington, John Chenery, Simon Coolidge, Jr., Daniel Cook, Jonathan Stone, Pbiueas Esel, Benjamin Capen, John Hunt, Jr., Bezaleel Learned, AmoB Bond, John Bullman, Elias Tufts, In all 70 men. Copt. Samuol llarnnrd, l>leul. John SInitlun, 2d Lloul. Phluoaa.Stuarus, Ku»l((li BilMurd HarrluBlo .Seij. Samufl SjinK Mary L. D. Ferris In Mw Bngland Magazine for July, 1890. " Our National Songs." WATERTOWN. 389 trast to his first journey, when powder and shot were too scarce and valuable to be thus used. On his return, November 5, he rode from Lexing- ton to Watertovvn over the same road the minute-men had taken, April 19, 1775, and without escort went quietly to the Coolidge tavern for refreshment and rest. He took supper in the public dining-room in the south end of the house, and lodged in the north- west chamber next to the river. This house is now standing and is owned by the heirs of the late John • Brigham. A few rods south stood the mansion-house of John Hunt, a town representative, farmer and trader. Here Maj.-Gen. Joseph Warren lodged and ate his break- fast before he started for Bunker Hill, where he gave his life for his country. Before starting he urged the ladies of the household to prepare lint and bandages, saying, " The poor fellows will want them all before night." Slowly on horseback he went down the hill to the bridge, but galloped back and bade them again farewell. Abner Crafts, who commanded the Watertown company at the battle of Bunker Hill, was an inn- holder before he took up arms. He continued to serve during the war, and had command of the military escort which was granted by Congress to Lady Frankland (Agnes Surrage) on her removal from Hopkinton to Boston during the siege of Boston. Under all the discouragements of the times, the people of Watertown maintained their independent and patriotic principles, and when, on the 20th of May, 1776, "A resolve of the late House of Representatives, relating to the Congress of the Thirteen United Colonies, declaring them independent of Great Britain being read, the question was put to know the mind of the town, whether they will stand by and defend the same with their lives and estates ; and it passed in the affirmative unanimously." After the capture of Burgoyne's Army, Watertown was selected as one of the places where the officers should be quartered. To the minds of a majority of the plain and sober citizens this arrangement was quite repugnant ; so they called a town-meeting in December, 1777, at which they plainly expressed their views, and through the selectmen their vote was communicated to the deputy quartermaster. However, several officers came and were quartered here, some at Angler's Corner in Newton, and at other places about town. January 17, 1778, the representative of the town, Jonathan Brown, was instructed to use his influence and give his aid towards ratifying and confirming the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union among the United States of America, as agreed upon by Congress. On account of the prevalence of small-pox in Boston, in June, 1778, the meeting-house in Water- town was again opened for the use of the legislative sessions, and the minister, the Rev. Daniel Adams, was their chaplain, and his fervor and power in discharging the duties of that office were long remembered. In September of the same year the Legislature re- sumed its sessions in Boston. Civil War.' — Roll of Honor. — As the record I am about to make, agreeable to the statute of the Com- monwealth, may be examined by coming generations anxious to know who might be entitled to have their names entered upon this Roll of Honor, I will make such explanation as to me seems desirable for a per- fect understanding of all matters relating thereunto. At the opening of the Rebellion the loyal citizens of Watertown felt it incumbent upon them to take such measures as they deemed meet and proper to aid the general government to sustain the institutions of our Fathers and to crush this iniquitous rebellion, not only by word and vote, but by the more powerful weapons of war. They accordingly met, as the reader may see, by referring to the town records of that date, and took such steps as led to the organization of a military company, which was duly organized May 5, 18Cl,and which went into camp at " Camp White," Watertown, on the Ist of June. It was accepted by the Governor and ordered to report at Camp Cameron on the 2nd of July following, at which date it was mustered into the service of the United States for three years or dur- ing the war. Uniforms for both officers and men were furnished by liberal citizens and the town, and the expenses of drill and organization were paid, and also a bounty of thirty dollars to each of the volun- teers in addition to the other expenses incurred. I shall, therefore, enter upon this roll all the names of that company, with their respective places of resi- dence, whether they composed the quota of this town or not, and also all of those who responded at the sub- sequent calls of our country, but I shall index those only who, as far as I shall be able to ascertain, went to compose the quota of our town. (Signed) W. H. Ingeaham, Town Clerk. This company was attached to the Sixteenth Regi- ment, commanded by Colonel Powell T. Wyman, of Boston, and was entitled Company K. Commissioued Officers, ' Namet. Birth-place. Captain Henry C. Lindly Watertown. l8t Lieut. Steplien E. Messerve Watertown. 2d Lieut. Frank W. Hilton," Watertown. , Sergeants. Names. Birth-place. Clarke, Charles E Waltham. Stearns, Samuel F Lyuu, resided at Watertown. Capell, .lonas F Lexington, color liearer. Coburn, Charles F Watertown. NorcroflS, Thomas C Watertown. 1 By Wra. H. Ingraham, as recorded in a special volume deposited iu the town archives. 2 Promoted to let Lieut, of Co. D, September 28, 1861, and John Eaton, South Reading, was comuiiesioDed September 28, 1801. 390 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Corporala. Name: Birlh-placs. Wstere, Theodore E Cambridge. King, Pllllip H Watertown. Brigham, Malhias Natick. Smith. Asa D Katicli. Bupp, Joseph D Watertown. King, E. A WatertowD. Farwell, John N Bolton. Adams, George E Newton. Privaia, Co. K, ISIh Begl. Atwood, Samuel S Tannton. Bright, Gilbert Watertown. Bright, Joseph Watertown. Bridges, Cliurles Z Watertown. Benton, Perrin Holbrook, N. H. Bran, Edwin Natick. Bowman, Goo. H W. Roxburjr. Brown, Charles E Watertown. Bradley, James E E. Braintree. Cushman, doraco W Turner, Me. Cole, Ralph Lexington. Colligon, John n Watertown. CnmmingB, Andrew, Jr Watertown. Corrigan, Joseph Cambridge. Craigen, George F Boston. Dolloff, John E Watertown. Dolloff, Bonj. W Watertown. Doherty, John Watertown. Englev, George Wreutbani. Eldridge, William E Watertown. Flynn, Cornelius J Watertown. Freeman, Joseph Watertown. Flohr, Andrew L Watertown. Franklin, Samuel Newton, Harned, David Waltbam. Harrington, Herman P Waltbam. Harrison, James B Watertown. Holbrook, John George , Watertown. HanTord, George C Cambridge. Hancock, Charles Watertown. Kenny, Patrick Waltbam. Kearney, James Watertown. Keyes, Sylvester W Natick. Knott, George Watertown. Kelahar, I Newton. Keating, Daniel Brighton. Lyman, William U Watertown. Lyman, Edward Watertown. Lord, Ebon N Watertown. Leuverton, James W Watertown. Luker, J Watertown. Manslr, John H Watertown. Mackin, James E Watertown. Miller, Henry I Watertown. Uillor, Charles A Watertown. Morse, Charles A Watertown. More, George F Natick. McOounlgal, Barney Waltham. McCooUfT, Palrfck Ashby. Mulluiiey, Matthew Waltham. Murphy, Daniel Cambridge. Mullen, David Cambridge. Manchester, G. D Cambridge. Nichols, Ahrum G Burlington. Qualtor, John Waltbam. lUchardson, Charles Littleton. Bobbins, George, Jr Watertown. Illiley, George W Watertown. RIsley, Cheater Watertown. Rodman, John Waltham. Rood. J- •> Ludlow. Sanduram, Horace Waltham. 8andom.n,IIonry Waltham. Sanger, \Vm. U Watertown. Smith, Gregg Watertown. Smith, James H Watertown. Sumner, Alison R Watertown. Swiiiburn, Samuel Natick. Sharpe, James E Watertown. Shattuck, Araory N Natick. Sherman, Robert Waltham. Smith, John J Waltham. Smith, Johna Cambridge. Sullivan, Dennis Watertown. Stacey, Albert H Nortbboro'. 'fainter, George W Cbarlestown. Thompson, C. H Waltham. Tibbftts, N. D Newton. Whitmareb, Thomas F E. Bridgewater Ward, John M Watertown. Webb, I. A Watertown. Worth, AlonzoK Watertown. Wright, Frank Natick. Whittemore, George H Watertown. Watson, Joseph Cambridge. Added to the company after the regiment left the State and returned by the commanding officer: CuUen, Michael Boston. Gossou, Elijah D Lexington. Lamaire, John Watertown, Moore, Peter Watertown. O'Brien, Thomas Watertown. Pratt, James R Boston. Rev. Arthur B. Fuller, of Watertown, received the appointment of chaplain and was with the regiment up to the battle of Fredericksburg, when, having re- signed his position as chaplain on tlie morning of that battle, he took a gun and entered the ranks as a private ; was among the first that volunteered to cross over the river to the attack and fell, shot dead, in the street of Fredericksburg. His body was recovered and was brought home to his friends and was buried in Mt. Auburn by the side of his relatives. 1862.— On the 7th of July the President issued a proclamation calling for 300,000 volunteers. The number assigned to Watertown as her quota was thir- ty-six. A town-meeting was called and it was voted to pay one hundred dollars bounty to each volunteer to fill the quota, and a committee was chosen to en- list that number. They succeeded, and the following names were enrolled : Alonzo Pomeroy, Watertown 39th Kegt., Co. G. Samuel W. Uutchins, Watertown 39th Regt., Co. G. Henry W. Ham, Watertown Sergeant, :i9th Regt., Co. ti. John Whitney, Watertown ■. Private, 39th Regt., Co. G. Orson C. Thomas, Watertown Private, 39th Regt., Co. G. Jack M. Delauey, Watertown Private, 39th Regt., Co. G. Wm. H. Corser, Watertown Milo B. Skeele, Watertown William H. Woodbury, Watertown .... Sergeant. Washington Madden, South Randolph . . Geo. n. Goodwin, South Randolph .... Z. M. Hayden, South Randolph Wni. Hyland, Watertown Chai-loB A. Spauldlng, Watertown William Bright, Watertown James Broderick, Watertown Patrick O'Uara, Boston, Watertown .... Joseph Adams, Watertown George Cochran, Boston Palemon C. Mills, Watertown 33d Regt. Thomas Shoahen, Watertown 35th Regt. William Mellen, South Boston S6th Begt. Charles H. Chapman, Watertown 35th Regt. WATERTOWN. 391 huiiiel Haggerty, Watertown 35th Kegt. w m. W. West, Watertown 33d Regt., Co. B. I'arlier McCuen, Watertown 33d Regt., Co. B. lolin Donally, Watertown 33d Regt., Co. B. Iiilin Crompton, Watertown 33d Regt., Co. E. lulin McKinlej', Watertown 3.3d Regt., Co. B. Kmile Eyers. Watertown 33d Regt., Co. B. .Iu«>ph Gotleib, Watertown 35th Regt., Sergeant Co. B. [iH.maa McNeil, Watertown 35th Regt , Private. r.ihvard N. Pickering, Watertown 36th Regt., Sergeant, Co. B. Win. U. Hogan, Watertown 35th Regt., Sergeant. I ; obert Atllius, Watertown 35th Regt., Sergeant. I.ihu Davison, Watertown 35th Regt., Sergeant. I'Mtriclc O'Hara 39th Regt., Co. G. The above were duly mustered into the service of the United States, Camp Stanton, at Lynnfield, and received their bounty as per vote of town. The following names are residents of Watertown who volunteered for the three years' service and went into other companies, but who served to fill the quota of this town, and were allowed as an offset to the town when the requisition was made for an additional number of 300,000 volunteers : Rufus Babcocis, Watertown Co. H., lOth Kegt. Terence Rogers, Watertown Co. I, loth Regt. Hugh Rogers, Watertown Co. I, 16th Regt. Patricli Rogers, Watertown Co. I, 16th Regt. Johnson Atcberaon, Watertown Co. 1, 16th Regt. Augustus Severnse 2d Cavalry. John F. Bernard, Watertown 2d Cavalry. George R. Howard, Watertown 89th New York. Charles F. Sherman, Watertown Nimnis Battery. Phineas F. King, Watertown Nimma Battery. Wm. G. White, Watertown Co. A, 16th Regt. Charles Jackson, Watertown Co. C, 13th Regt. Wm. H. Jackson, Watertown J E. J. Trull, Watertown Co. A, 13th Regt. I John Conley, Watertown New Orleans, with Butler. I Patrick Crotty, Watertown . Co. I. 23d Regt. Edwin H. Brigham, Watertown Co. A, 13lh Regt. Elijah Norcross, Watertown Co. L, 14th Regt. Harrison I. Craig, Watertown Co. G, 7th Battery. Wm. Bowling, Watertown Co. G, 32d Regt. Raselaa Ireland, Watertown 14th Regt. Rev. Henry A. Hempstead, Chaplain .... 29th Regt. Edward S. Rowse, Watertown St. Louis. Henry A. Wilkins, Watertown 20th Regt. Samuel G. Noyes Sharpshooters 40th Regt. Wm. H Johnson, Watertown Rhode Island Kegt. Adolphus Klous, Watertown 5th Battery. Owen Dinan, Watertown 30th Regt. Charles Howard, Watertown 14th Regt. James Hutchinson, Watertown 2d Regt. Michael M. Warren, Watertown 9th Regt. Hugh Grey, Watertown 3Sth Regt. James B. Childs, July 29, 1S62, Watertown . Co. A, 12th Kegt. On the 4th day of August, 1862, a further call for an additional number of 300,000 more soldiers was made upon the loyal States, and a town-meeting was called, to be held the 13th day of September, and by adjournment to the 17th day of the same month, at which meeting the town voted to pay the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars to each citizen of Water- town who should volunteer for the term of nine months, and be accepted and mustered into the ser- vice of the United States as a part of the quota of Watertown, and they also directed the selectmen to open an enrollment list immediately. In response to that call the following persons volunteered, and were accepted and mustered into service September 19, 1862: Names. Residence. These were assigned to Joseph Crafts, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Ira J. Osborne, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. John H. Carter, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. William P. Baldwin, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Charles Brigham, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Jacob G. Boyce, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Charles Adams, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Joseph Lyman, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. (Jeorge A. Dexter, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. James H. Blanchard, Watertown Co. K, 6th Kegt. Patrick Burns, Watertown Co. K, .'ith Regt. Judson Bent, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Andrew De Wyre, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Thomas Dardis, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. James Dunn, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. James A. Ellis, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Charles Foster, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Micajah C. Howes, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Charles F. Hill, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. George E. Harrington, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. James Wilson, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Oliver M. Over, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Charles C. Hilton, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. George W. Horn, Jr., Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Edward C. Ireland, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. William Jones, Watertown Oo. K, 6th Regt. James Kennedy, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Austin W. Lindley, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. George C. Nichols, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Ward M. Otis, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Peter A. Ober, Watertown , Co. K, 6th Regt. ~ John A. Pond, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Charles H. Priest, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Seldon H. Rosebrook, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Jeremiah Kussell, Jr., Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Mark N. Sibley, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Charles E. Sanger, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. John S. Stanley, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Joseph H. Tyghe, Watertown Co. K, 6tli Kegt. Patrick Toole, Watertown Co. K, 5th Kegt. Daniel A. Wilson, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Amos L. Derby, Watertown Co. K, 6lh Regt. Horace W. Otia, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Edwin A. Stackpole, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. George L. Rhoades, Watertown Co. K, 5th Regt. Thomas Pendergast, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. F. A. Howard, Watertown Co. K, 6th Regt. Edward F. Richardson, Watertown .... Co. K, 5th Regt. Daniel P. Tilton, Watertown Co. B, 44th Regt. I. W. Sylvester, Watertown Co. B, 44th Regt. C. S. Fields, Watertown Co. B, 44th Regt. Henry S. Treadwel!, Watertown Co. B, 44th Regt. Aaron W. Harris, Watertown Co. B, 44th Regt. Frank I. Hutchins, Watertown Co. A, 47th Regt. F. D. Chant Light Artillery, 11th Regt. George W. Booth, Watertown Light Artillery, 11th Regt. Samuel Grienwood, Watertown Jones' Battery. Charles F. Degan, Watertown Co. B, 50th Regt. Charles Miller, Watertown Co. E, 60th Regt. Samuel D. Bodge. Watertown Assistant in Hospital. Franklin Coffin, Watertown Connecticut Regt. Thomas H. Patten, Watertown Co. E, 44th Regt. James A. Robbins, Watertown Co. E, 44th Regt. Frank S. Learned, Watertown Co. E, 44th Regt. Henry T. Pierce, Watertown Co. E, 44th Regt. Joseph G. Wilkins, Watertown Co. A, 44th Regt. J. L. Day, Watertown Co. A, 47th Regt. John W. Hartford, Watertown Co. A, 47th Kegt. Daniel C. Hawes, Watertown Co. A, 47th Regt, James Kearney, Watertown Co. A, 47th Regt. Henry W. Christian, Watertown Co. B, 43d Regt. E. Priest, Watertown Co. H, 53d Regt. 392 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. CHAPTER XXXIII. WA TER TO WN—{ Continued) . BUSINESS INTERESTS — BANKS. The Business Interests of Watertown.— The local business of Watertown has never been very large, but the opportunilies for its citizens to supply their wants for foud and clothing and other necesi-i- ties have generally been good. When transportation from Boston to the outlying towns was by wagon— this was long after that first period when transporta- tion was by boat, along the estuaries and up the riv- ers, — when, in fact, all transportation between Boston and the central and northern parts of Massachusetts, and with New Hampshire and Vermont, was made by teams, — Watertown was on the great road, where six-horse coaches and six-horse wagons were common, passing through her streets as commcnly as single teams pass now. Then there were convenient stopping- places — taverns for the entertainment of man and beast. There were at least six taverns, where we have scarcely one now. Then there were stores also where the countrymen could sell their produce and buy their dry-goods and groceries, their hardware, their medicines. In the early days money was scarce, salaries of the minister and schoolmaster were paid in corn and other grain. Of course nearly all trade was barter trade ; exchange of produce at the stores. A farmer would come in with his family, making a day of it, to make his purchases for several weeks or months at once. Trade has changed greatly from what it was sixty or eighty years ago. Now the farmer, if not supplied at his own door, or in his own village, goes directly to Boston by rail, makes his purchiises with the money which has been returned perhaps by the commission dealer for his produce, sees the sights and returns the same day, or after a very short stop. The stores in Watertown now supply what the ladies or the families do not care to take the time to go to Bos- ton for. It is true that the people, in many cases, would be far better served nearer home, and at cheap- er rates ; but one cannot expect the average person who wishes to buy a few dollars' worth of dry-goods, say, to refrain from the temptation to overhaul the entire stocks of the large dry-goods stores in Boston. Then " that is as good as a play," and so they have their satisfaction for their time and money, even al- though they choose poorer and less tasty goods, and at higher prices than they would have given nearer home, but they have seen great quantities of goods and a large number of people buying. In this way we try to account for this present tendency to rush to the largest places for everything, which is common to the multitude, not reflecting that they often buy of cheap salesmen who have no name and no care to establish a reputation, when they might have purchased nearer home of the proprietors them- selves, it is true of smaller establishments, but yet men who have judgment and taste and everything to gain by serving their customers and neighbors well. Back in the earlier days, which the oldest now scarcely remember, before 1830, William Sherman, who had as a young man taught a school on the corner of School and Belmont Streets, and for a year in Medford, was engaged in the dry-goods business. He began with Mr. Bigelow and later entered into part- nership with Jesse Wheeler in 1834, under the name of JesseWheeler & Co. In 1836 Jesse Wheeler went to West Newton and Mr. Sherman formed a partner- ship with Mr. Bigelow. Later than this he kept a store on the south side of Main Street. When the town-hall was built in 1847, William Sherman was the first occupant on the east side, with his stock of dry goods. In 1849 he sold out to Wm. H. lugraham, who was for so many years the town clerk and who has occupied so many offices^ of trust in the service of the town and is in 1890 the chairman of the Board of Selectmen. William H. Ingraham carried on a dry- goods business here for two years, until, in 1861, he was followed by Mr. Joel Barnard, who remained until 1869, when that side was fitted up for the use of the Free Public Library, and Mr. Barnard built the brick block next east of the town-hall, now occupied by the apothecary, James B. Woodward. In 1838 Mr. Jesse Wheeler returned from West Newton and established a store near the corner of Mount Auburn and Main Streets, where he kept a great variety of goods such as were usually kept in a country store, including dry-goods, crockery, cutlery, boots and shoes, etc. — in fact almost everything ex- cept provisions and building materials. In 1845 Jesse Wheeler bought the building which he occupied for many (twenty) years. In 1846 Mr. Delano March, who had served as clerk with Mr. Wheeler, was taken into the firm. Many prominent business men have begun their business education in this house. In 18.53, Mr. March retired to enter the firm of Locke, Chandler & March, Boston, afterwards March Brothers, Pierce & Co., wholesale dealers in gentlemen's furnishings. Otis A. Train, who had been in the employ of the firm for several years and had formed a matrimonial copart- nership with Mr. Wheeler's oldest daughter, entered this house which for a while from this time was Wheeler & Train, until Mr. Wheeler bought him out. In 1857, Horace W. Otis began as a boy with Mr. 'Wm. H. Ingralioni, cliiilrnian of the Board of Selectmen for 1890, Berved also in 187r) and 1876, and a» town clerk from 1860 to 1863, 1881- 1880, twenty-tliree years, and representative to General Court 1802, 1878, 1879 ; aseesBor for 1879-1890, (except 1880) man; times moderator, fre- quently serving on important committees. WATERTOWN. 393 Wheeler. Ward M. Otis began in 1860. Both served on the quota of Watertown in the War of the Rebellion, and on their return from the war boughtout the stock and stand of Jesse Wheeler, and since that have continued to carry on the business. During the past year, encouraged by their growing success, they have irected on the west corner of Main and Spring Streets the large brick block which they now occupy. Their business in the changed tendency of the times to greater specialization, is more limited in variety of kinds of goods than were kept by Jesse Wheeler in 1853, although they have a very much larger store and a much larger stock of goods. Dry goods and hoots and shoes in sufficient variety for a place of this size can probably be found always on their shelves and counters. The second story of their new build- ing is occupied by the Young Men's Christian As- sociation, and the third iioor by the Pequossett Lodge of Free Masons, who sub-let to the Odd Fellows, the Young Men's Assembly, and various other organiza- tions. This io one of the finest business blocks yet erected in the town. Its architect was Alberto F. Haynes. Our limited space will not allow us to de- scribe the dry-goods store of Geo. C. Lunt & Co., formerly Lunt & Tarlton, or the apothecary stores of James B. Woodward, or of F. M. Martin for many years known as Sullivan's, or of George F. Taylor, or the new one of E. E. Jennison, all on Main Street. So we must not stop to describe the stores of the grocer, Benjamin Dana, who built the Dana Block on Main Street, and the large residence onSummerStreet, now occupied by the Rev. William H. Savage. He was wise in securing the location of the works of the gas company on the banks of the river, although the government has not yet' made the slight expenditure necessary to enable vessels to bring their supplies of coal directly to their wharf We need not mention the line of grocers who have followed him, improving the methods of doing business until cow one beholds an artistic display of all that one can ever need placed out openly so that any one can see the prices plainly marked, to tempt his purse and help him to purchase wisely, as at Benton's Boston grocery, or Hartford's round the corner, or at Hall's in the Noyes Block, or in some others. The furniture store of Luther Bent, established in 1835, in a small building now within the foundry- yard, then moved to a building now occupied by Page's paint-shop, then to the building he and his son now occupy, when it was on Galen Street, over Mill Creek, where F. H. Martin carries on a similar business. Mr. Leathe, before the great fire of 1841, had a bakery on the corner of Church and Main Streets. After that lamentable fire which destroyed the First Parish Church and much valuable private property besides his own, he put up the building now lAa we go to press, we hear that Congress has appropriated $20,000 for this purpose, on certain conditiona. standing, and a part of which has since his death soon after its erection, been occupied by his successor, Charley H. Bright, for the same purpose. At the present time there are several other places where bread and other bakers' supplies are furnished to a growing population. Mr. Bright's memory of dates of past events is rather remarkable. In one part of this building, a room is occupied by Charles Lenox, the barber, whose father lived in a small house which stood where the Town Hall now stands, and who was, like the son, a mine of story of the early part of the century. This notice should not close without mention of the office and jewelry store of Hiram Whitney, with its coins and other antiquities in the same building of which he is now the owner. Builders. — Among the builders whose honora- ble record has been made dufing the past fifty years should be mentioned H. W. Macurday, who has erected in this and the adjoining towns more than a hundred buildings of the best class, the first of which is now occupied by some of the heirs of John Coolidge, near the old cemetery at Mount Auburn. The house of Albert O. Davidson, on the beautiful site of the old David Bemis house, at Bemis, was also one of his construction, as were nearly all of the houses along that parkway called Garfield Street. So also the houses, beautiful for design and beauti- ful for situation, occupied by the Pierces, father and son, on the descent of Mt. Auburn Street, and the house of the miller, James W. Magee, opposite the cemetery, on the corner of Chester Street. Chester Sprague, an active builder, has recently built up nearly the whole of " Otisville," and of Ir- ving Park and vicinity, and has begun on a large scale to build on Whiting Park, of which he is part owner, a large number of modern houses, at moderate cost. The beautiful location, the nearness to steam and horse-cars, the desirable neighborhood, have al- ready secured the success of the Watertown Land Company in this enlargement of the residential por- tion of our town. This company, composed of four persons only — Horace W. Otis, Ward M. Otis, Chester Sprague and Samuel S. Gleason, the real estate agent — has laid out about one hundred lots, of which about one-half are sold; and has reserved several acres of beautiful woodland, on the slope and summit of White's Hill, up which the estate extends. This wooded hill is a pleasant feature of every Water- town landscape. It is to be hoped that this may be joined with some of the land already belonging to the town, and which gay groups of tennis-players occupy every pleasant afternoon, and be converted into a public park for the continued healthy out-door exer- cises of future generations. In naming the prominent builders who have done and are doing so much to develop the town, one should not omit the plumber, Charles H. Rollins. There are several architects in town. Most promi- nent among these is Mr. Charles Brigham, who. 394 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. although yet a young man, has done the town good service by designing many of the public and private buildings, while chiefly engaged in much larger un- dertakings in Boston and other cities. While erect- ing such structures, for instance, as the Maine State- House, the great extension of the Massachusetts State-House, and other similar buildings, he has found time to serve as chairman of the Board of Selectmen for a number of years, has been a member of the School Committee, is chairman of the Board of Trus- tees of the Free Public Library, a director of the Union Market National Bank, and is the president of the Watertown Co-operative Bank. His own resi- dence is a model of good taste. Alberto F. Haynes has also designed many of the better houses of the town, nearly all in "Otisville" and Irving Park, the new Otis Building, and the Church of the Good Shepherd, which, with its walls of field-stone and its beautiful stained-glass windows of delightful tones, is an ornament to one of the best parts of the town. Sanford Phipps has designed houses on Green Street, the new Almshouse, and the Grant Grammar School-house which stands in the Park. Henry Russell, Sr., now the Jr. of the same name, Geo. A. Page, and B. T. Rundlett, arc each ready to paint the new houses that are to be built, in as good style as they have for many years done their work in this and adjoining towns. ProviHom.— One need not go to the city for pro- visions, for Wm. H. Lyman, and Hackett Bros., and N. B. Hartford, and Field and Melvin are to be found with well-stocked stores near the square, and others will visit your houses with well-filled wagons. James H. Snow will serve you with fish, Howard Bros, with ice, Thomas Gavin or W. H. Pevear & Co., or George H. Sleeper will bring you coal or other fuel, so that life in this beautiful town can hardly be called a bur- den. Building Materials. — If one needs to enlarge his buildings or erect new, Gilkey & Stone, as for very many years, have a large stock of lumber and other liuilding materials always on hand. Geo. E. Teel and Rich. H. Paine have each a generous supply of all kinds of building and other hardware in stock. When one's house is done, or before, Wm. H. In- graham, or Wm. E. Farwell the collector, or S. T. Sharpe, or even Geo. H. Tarleton will give you choice of companies in which to place the risk of loss from lire, thus dividing, at a moderate expense, the anxiety which valuable possessions bring. Dentists.— In another place will be found a sketch of the physicians of the past and present. This might include the dentists also, whose services are so important in our modern civilization. The name of Dr. I). T. Huckins is found there, and in several other connections among the town officers of the past forty years, and should be given here. His office is in the new Otis Building. Dr. R. H. Home occu- pies the second story over the National Bank, while for a short time since J. P. Niles has had a room in Noyes' Block. Streets and Sidewalks. — The streets of the town have been greatly improved during the past twenty yeans, partly under suggestions of N. Henry Crafts, the civil engineer, a native of the town, who made a most thorough and exhaustive report on a system of streets, " drainage and sewerage" in 1878, as he had on water supply and drainage in 1874 and in 1875 ; and part- ly by his assistants of that time, who have followed up the work as they have had opportunity. Credit is due to the Learned brothers, Waldo and Wilbur, in this direction ; as also to Charles F. Jackson, a na- tive resident civil engineer, who served the town and his country in the late war. The town published a large edition of the valuable reports of Mr. Crafts, and these will furnish the basis of future comprehensive drainage works, which must, in the course of time, be undertaken for the proper disposal of sewage and in the preservation of the good name which the town has ever had, — especially ?/hen its population was more scattered, — for healthi- ness as a place of residence. The Town Improvement Society has set out trees and called attention to the general appearance of the streets. The town, with the hearty co-operation of individual owners, has, with their assistance, mainly through David F. Tripp and his helpers, put down on almost every street not furnished with brick side- walks, as on Main Street, good walks of concrete, so that one can walk, even in a rain-storm, from Cam- bridge to Newton or Bemis, with less danger than even a few rods the other way, to that neat appear- ance of one's foot-wear, which it is said that George Washington prized so much. Ship-building and the Navigation of the River. — William Wood, who was here in 163.3, says, in his "New-Englands Prospect" (chap, x.), "On the east side (of the Mistick River) is Mr. Cradock's plantation, where he hath impaled a park. . . . Here, like- wise, he is at charges of building ships. The last year one was on the stocks of 100 tons. That being finished, they are to build one twice her burden." That was said of Medford, not of Watertown where Matthew Cradock had, with William How, built a mill. We do not know that any vessels of any con- siderable size had ever been built in Watertown until 1890. Indeed, mo.st of those living in town have almost forgotten that the river is navigable, or should be, as far as the bridge. Some remember the wharves on the south side, spoken of by Mr. Ensign ; some re- member when, as boys or girls, they rode in the boats or on the freight flat-boats of Mr. Sanger, who, by propelling by poles with the help of the inflowing and outflowing tides, continued to move the heavier freight up and down the river to and from Boston and Charlestown. At least one remembers when, about the year 1821 or 1822, a vessel laden with lumber WATERTOWN. 395 came up to the wharf below the buildings of the Walker Pratt Company, and discharged her cargo on the wharf. This lumber was from trees cut on the farm of Mr. Simon Barrett, of Hope, Maine. This was taken over to Camden, Maine, put into this ves- sel, under the command of Captain Pendleton, and brought to Boston, and up the Charles River to the bridge, and discharged upon the wharf and land of Mr. Luther Barrett. With this lumber, Mr. Barrett l)uilt the large shop on what is now Beacon Square, which he occupied as a paint-shop, the lower story being for the storage of carriages, the painting being done in the second-story to wliich the usual inclined plane led. (This shop, having been accidentally burned after the death of Mr. Barrett, was replaced by the present structure, which we have said was oc- cupied by Luther Bent in the early days of his furni- ture business). A little dredging would make the whole river navi- gable to the bridge, and be of very great value to the town. It is hoped that a new era in the navigation of the river has begun. The old condition of the river may be restored .and improved. On the 30th of July, 1890, the first steam vessel was launched by Mr. John Cassidy, from his land, which was once, as shown by specimens found, an old Indian camping-ground, just above the United States Arsenal. This may be followed immediately by the building of others. To make these of such use as they should be, the river, of course, should be cleared of impediments, the draws should be improved, and in the course of time we may hope to see the beautiful scenery along the banks, as in the days of our fathers, enjoyed by those passing up and down, more rapidly now and more easily, by the aid of steam, to where the terraced slopes of Newton and Watertown greet the eye. This vessel of Mr. Cassidy's, of about 400 tons bur- den, adouble-propellor, named the "Watertown," was launched in thepresenceof over five thousand people, including the ofiicials of Newton, Waltham, Belmont and Watertown", with a band of music, with speeches and congratulations, and a banquet, to the delight of all. So far, your historian can go. May some future writer record the success of an experiment begun two hundred and sixty years after that of Cradock near his "impaled park '' on the Mistick. Wood, in 1633, said " Ships of small burthen may come up to these two towns (Cambridge and Water- town), but the oyster banks do bar out the bigger ships." It will be possible to avoid the oyster banks, if only the general government do what it should to clear the channel and encourage the formation and njaintenance of that commerce that would bless not only the old town of Watertown and the immediate neighborhood of Boston and Massachusetts Bay, but the entire country as well. Doubtless the policy of England in dredging out and improving the mouths of her rivers and estuaries, — fitting training courses for supplying her navy with skilled men, — helps to keep alive the spirit of emula- tion in naval improvements as well as to furnish the practical education required to enable her in any time of need to man her navies with an irresistible force. It is dictated by wisdom and practical economy. It would be pleasant to behold, with the improved con- dition of usefulness of the Charles River for naviga- tion, also that condition of wholesomeness of its waters, indicated by the presence of the multitudes of fishes found by our fathers. The testimony of science is that this desirable condition is only a question of the application of the proper means, with energy. Banks and Banking. — The banks, although among the most important agencies through which the busi- ness is conducted, have, as a matter of evolution, come late in the growth of the old town. The town of Water- town is now very well accommodated with institutions for the deposit and safe keeping as well as for the loans and collections of money, and the ordinary trans- action of monetary affairs. The Union Marhet National Bank was organized in 1873. The first meeting of the association for organization was on the 9th of April, 1873. It was voted at first to call the bank the Watertown National Bank, but it afterwards was decided to call it the Union Market National Bank, and that the capital should be 1100,000, with the privilege of increasing to $300,000. Those who signed the certificate of organization were John H.Conant, Charles J. Barry, Royal Gilkey, George K. Snow, George N. March, Thomas L. French and James S. Allison. It was voted that there should be seven directors, and the following were chosen : George N. March, George K. Snow, Royal Gilkey, Thomas L. French, Charles J. Barry, John H. Conant and James S. Alli- son. In the choice of president there was at first a tie between Charles J. Barry and George N. March, but at the next meeting one of the directors having re- turned from Washington, Geo. N. March was elected. Capt. J. K. Stickney was made cashier. On May 23d, Messrs. Barry and French resigned from the board, and S. F. Woodbridge, of Cambridge, and N. E. Hollis, of Boston, were elected. A code of by-laws was adopted in June, and on the 7th of July, 1873, the bank opened for business, the board of directors met in their room, and notes were discounted. George N. March continued to occupy the presi- dent's chair till the fall of 1883, when Oliver Shaw took his place. Tilden G. Abbott was elected assistant cashier in July, 1873. Before 1880 Capt. Stickney resigned his post as cashier, and was elected vice-president, which position he continues to hold. T. G. Abbott was made cashier, which position he held until January, 1884, when he left suddenly with loss to the bank. jye HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Capt. Stickney, as vice-president, performed the duties of cashier until Mr. Noah Swett was appointed ca.shier on the 20th of February, 1884. George S. Parker was made assistant cashier in January, 1887, and Harry Brigham clerk in October of the same year. The capital stock was fixed iu 1873 at $100,000 ; in May, 1874, increased to $200,000; December 30, 1876, reduced to $150,000; May 17, 1881, increa.sed again to $200,000, and March 5, 1884, decreased again to $100,000. At this last amount it still stands, although there appears from the books to be u large surplus. The stockholders were originally wholly in the town, although now probably more than one-half of the stock is held out of town. The history of the bank was in its earlier days one of varying fortune, but for the past few years, under the conservative management of its present officers, of promise for the future. The bank has proved a great convenience to the business men of the town, never refusing small loans to citizensof the town who can furnish good security, allows more ready transfers, and facilitates the accumulation of ready funds for building purposes, and for the general uses of business. Its stock is seldom offered iu the market ; the last sale noticed, which was in 1889, was at about $140, the par value being $100. It has paid dividends of five per cent, semi-annually for several years. The Watertown Savings Bank was incorporated by act of the Legislature, April 18, 1870. The persons named in the act of incorporation were Nathaniel Whiting, Charles J. Barry and Joshua Coolidge. The first meeting of the incorporators was held September 1, 1870, when the charter was accepted and twelve associate members were elected. The bank was opened for business in a room on the second floor of Noyes' Block, November 10, 1870, when the deposits of the first day amounted to $924. At the expiration of five years, the bank was removed to the first floor of McMasters' Block, and opened for business every day in the week from one to four p.m., and on Thurs- day evenings from seven to nine o'clock. This cau!»ed a great increase in its deposits. During the first six years of its existence, before the new law went into efl'ect, dividends of six percent., computed from the first day of each month, were earned and paid. With regard to the management of its afl'airs, it may be said that depositors have never been required to give the legal notice of intention to withdraw funds, not even in the panics of 1873 and 1878. Of all the loans made, the only direct loss sustained from its commencement has been the sum of $204, and only one foreclosure of a mortgage has been made, and in this the auction sale brought nearly three times the loan claimed by the bank. The interest on every out.standing loan has been paid in full to October, 1889. This is a record of which the investment committee of the bank should have full credit, their only reward. The unpaid service of successful business men is ren- dered to the bank as an encouragement to small in- vestments, which may be spared by those earning small amounts, for the building of homes and for pro- vision against the days when sickness or old age re- quire aid. The number of persbns holding books is 3054. The amount on deposit is $367,781.79. In 1880 the bank was removed to the Union Market National Bank Building, and in 1887 the bank was removed to the first floor of Barnard's Block, where in the summer of 1890 the room was refitted and im- proved in appearance. After the death of the presi- dent, Charles J. Barry, Dr. Alfred Hosmer accepted the post of president, which he held until March 25, 1890, when Albert O. Davidson was elected to the position. In Dr. Hosmer's presidency the by-laws were thor- oughly revised, a work in which Dr. Hosmer took great interest, and was untiring iu establishing the beat possible forms of doing business, including a new and model deposit-book for the use of depositors. A statement of the condition of the bank June 30, 1890, is as follows : Deposits $'!68,447.03 Uudivlded Earnings 11.642.42 Guarantee Fund 9,092.00 Real Estate Loans 8227,540.71 Personal Loans 10,000.00 Railroad Bonds 72,262.50 Municipal Securities 34,315.00 Bank Stock 36,718.87 Expense Account 761.42 Cash 8,482.95 1890-91— 0PFICEE3. President, Albert 0. Davidson ; Vice-President, John K. Stickney ; Clerk, Ward M. Otis ; Trustees, John K. Stickney, Oliver Shaw, S. S. Gleason, A, 0. Davidson, Wm. H. Ingrabam, Geo. E. Priest, Ward M. Otis, Chester Sprague, J. B. Woodward, E. B. Baton, C. D. Crawford, B. P. Stack, C. Q. Pierce, C. W. Stone ; Board of Investment, Albert 0. Davidson, Wn». H. Ingrahan), Calvin D. Crawford ; Treasurer, George E. Priest ; Book-keeper and Cashier, Wra. E. Farwell ; Corporators, Joshua Coolidge, John K. Stickney, Oliver Shaw, D. B. Flint, Francis Kendall, S. S. Gleason, A.O. Davidson, Alfred Hosmer, Wm. H. Ingra- ham, George E. Priest, Ward M. Otis, J. B, Woodward, T. P. Emerson, Chas. B. Gardner, E. B. Eaton, C. D. Crawford, R. P. Stack, 0. Q. Pierce, J. J. Sullivan, Moses Fuller, W. A. Learned, C. W. Stone, Fred. Q. Barker, H. W. Otis, F. H. Edgcomb, A. H. Hartwell, A. A. L. Gordon, Julian A. Head, Chester Sprague, Fred. E. Crawford. The Watertown Co-Operaiive Bank was organized June 5, 1888; chartered June 23, 1888; began busi- ness June 28th, with an authorized capital of $1,000,- 000, with regular monthly meetings on each fourth Thursday. It has already entered on its fifth series of shares, has invested its money among its own shareholders, enabling some to build houses for themselves and pro- viding them a systematic and easy mode of payment, while earning for the shareholders a good rate of interest. The dividends earned so far are at the rate of six per cent., while all the necessary expenses of starting such an institution have been paid, and there is a small surplus in the treasury. The present officers are Charles Brigham, president; A. H. Hartwell, vice-president; S. S. Gleason, secre- WATP]RTOWN. 397 tary and treasurer ; with a board of fourteen direc- tors, including besides the above, G. C. Holt, L. B. Porter, L. S. Frost, H. H. Powell, J. E. Hackett, J. H. Noreross, H. W. Otis, L. S. Cleveland, H. D. Skinner, T. P. Emerson and A. B. Cole. The auditors are G. F. Robinson, J. H. Perkins and E. J. Smith. At- torney, F. E. Crawford. The purpose of this bank is to help wage-earners to become investors and real property-owaers, at least owners of their own houses*. The system has a strong advocate in the present Gover^io^ of the St^te, Gov. Brackett, and has proved its capacity for good in many places, notably in Philadelphia, where thou- sands of houses have been built by its aid. CHAPTER XXXIV. WA TERTO WN—( Continued). Manufactdeing and Mechaisical Industries. — For a place of the size of Watertown, its industries are numerous and varied. Situated at the head of tide-water on the Charles River, — a river that might better bear its ancient and appropriate and more sug- gestive name, Massachusetts River, — it was, when first discovered by our English ancestors, the scene of ac- tivity, the home and fishing-ground of a considerable tribe of Indians. Gathered about its fall, where " thf sweet waters mingled with the tide" from the ocean were the more intelligent and active of the red men, busy, at certain times in the year, in harvesting the abundance of fishes that, following the law of nature, were on their way through the rapids or over the dam to their spawning-grounds, or rather waters, in the upper courses of the river and its tributaries. Civilization and the progress of the arts have brought great changes in the kind of industries here pursued. The abundant supply of water, soft and clear, except when polluted by the increase of popu- lation and of manufactures, is still available for other uses. It furnishes by gravity, in its flow to the sea, abundance of power, and when roused to greater ac- tivity by Pennsylvania coal, is capable to an almost unlimited extent of turning the wheels of machinery, or of performing those other uses which the inven- tive genius of man is making so helpful in the life ot the world. The situation of Watertown, so near the sea and so near Boston, now the great centre of trade and man- ufactures and wealth, the metropolis of New Eng- land, and with such abundant facilities for communi- cation with all parts of the country, is particularly favorable for all kinds of manufiictures which require to be distributed by railroad or by steam-boat to other parts of the country. With a little effort on the part of its citizens, and a fair amount of help from government in dredging the stream, steamers or sailing vessels bearing freight could come to or go from the bridge or the river banks. Considerations of health, as well as the re- quirements of the festhetic sense of a half million of people, will demand also that such improvements of very valuable natural advantages of river bed, with its double flow of tides, and its constant outflow of the rain-fall of a large district, shall at no distant day be accomplished. Thus, all the natural facilities for large manufact- uring industries have been furnished, and the natural and beneficial growth in the demands of a large and rapidly increasing people, in the direction of utility and health and beauty, promise constant in- crease in these facilities. Why should capital be so timid in developing what capital will eventually find so necessary for its own interests in this particular lo- cation. Enterprise here would hasten those changes for the better which the experience of older places has shown to be wise, and which the natural growth of population makes so desirable as to become inevitable, and which could be early made at far less expense than later. The improvement of the river bed, of the river banks, the arrangement of border streets, so as to facilitate access to the river, the use of the river for transportation and for pleasure, and especially as an ever living, ever changing river park, the voice of great cities and small cities, of London, Paris, Flor- ence and Pisa, for instance, not to mention those nearer home, shows what might be accomplished at an early period with far less expense than later. With this whole region under large municipal control, this improvement would doubtless be undertaken more quickly. In view, however, of the dreaded dangers of such concentration of power as this would imply, our people will probably continue to enjoy in prospect only the water-park of the future and post- pone its realization for their children, or their chil- dren's children. The Walker & Pratt Manufacturing Company. — One of the largest industries of this town is conducted by this corporation, which manufacture and sell, both at wholesale and at retail, stoves, ranges and furnaces, hot water and steam heaters, and steam and hotel cooking apparatus. They also make a specialty of apparatus for the ventilation of buildings, and do tin, copper and sheet-iron work as well as tin-roofing. The company, as at present organized, was incorpor- ated under the general laws of the State, in 1877, with a capital of $800,000. The buildings occupied here in town extend from the river along the bridge nearly to Main Street, and along Main Street nearly to Beacon Square, with the exception of a narrow line of stores and the grist-mill immediately upon the street, covering an area of about two acres. The principal store-house is on Galen Street, a long, fine- 398 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUiVTY, MASSACHUSETTS. looking brick structure, two stories high, while the principal foundry is on the eastern side of their grounds, nearly opposite the end of Mount Auburn Street. This is also built of brick and, with its high windows, mii.st be well adapted to the needs of the moulders, while it presents a neat and tidy appear- ance on the street. As one approaches the village of Watertown from either of the Newtons, over the an- cient bridge, known in colonial times as the Great Bridge, the first which was thrown across the Charles River, he is struck by the appearance of the massive buildings on the right, with brick walls and their solid stone substructure rising apparently out of the midst of the river, and the extensive wharf extending many hundred feet down the stream, ready, one cau see, to utilize the improvements in the river which some future river and harbor bill will make possible. It is true this wharf is at present partly covered with buildings, some of which are of brick, and by piles of flasks and other useful lumber, such as is necessary in all large iron foundries. If, however, the improvements in the river bed should be extended by dredging as far as the bridge, as Mr. Pratt hoped and labored to have done, and as d(mbtle8s will some- time be done, we should see the masts of vessels or the smoke-stacks of steamers at these same wharves, with their cargoes of coal and iron, and the piles of stoves, ranges, and steam and hot-water heaters ready for shipment to all parts of the world. The officers of the corporation at present, 1890, are George W. Walker, president; George E. Priest, treasurer; Oliver Shaw, gener.al superintendent. There are four directors, George W. Walker, George E. Priest, Arthur W. Walker and Oliver Shaw. The foremen in charge of some of the principal departments of their manufactory are: F. H. Edge- comb, in the patent-shop ; Wm. F. Atwood, in the moulding-room; George B. Moore, in the mounting- shop ; .John Applin, in the machine-shop. About one hundred and thirty men are employed at the Watertown factory, and about $2000 per week is required to pay their wages. In Boston a large building on Union Street, Nos. 31, .33 and 33, is occu- pied as a wholesale and retail store and for the various purposes of their business, for pipe-work, tin-work, stove-rooms, etc., where forty or fifty men are em- ployed as tin-plate workers, steam-fitters, and sales- men. Of course other salesmen are kept " on the road." There is an agency in San Francisco which sells quite extensively on the Pacific coast. Con- siderable quantities are sent to Southern Africa, through Boston and New York exporters, although the larger |)Brt of their trade is for the New England market. The company use about 2000 tons of iron and 800 Ions of coal and coke each year in the Watertown works. Some idea of the extent of foundry work may bo gained by the quantity of moulding sand required for the moulds, which of course is used many limes, when we reflect that 400 tons of it are bought each year. Of course thousands of feet of lumber are required for flasks and patterns, for packing and freighting. The teaming is in the hands of Mr. George H. Sleeper, who keeps ten horses and three men at work all the time, in trucking between the Watertown works and the Boston store. Large use is made also of the Fitchburg and the Boston and Albany Railroads for iron and coal and for sending away the products of their manufacture. The $300,000 stock is held by a few persons, princi- pally by four or five stockholders who have been in the business for years, or who have gained it by in- heritance. It is seldom or never quoted on the market. When this industry started in 1855 it was as a foun- dry and was established by Miles Pratt, Allen S. Weeks, William G. Lincoln, John J. Barrows and Thomas Barrows, under the firm-name of Pratt, Weeks & Company. In the spring of 1857 the firm dissolved, and Mr. Pratt carried on the business during the rest of the year alone. Then a company was formed by Mr. Miles Pratt, Mr. Luke Perkins and Mr. Wm. G. Lincoln, under the firm-name of Pratt & Perkins. The business continued under this name until the autumn of 1862, when Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Pratt bought out Mr. Perkins, and then the business was conducted under the firm-name of Miles Pratt & Company. This firm continued the business, which was somewhat varied and greatly enlarged during the war, until 1874, when it was consolidated with George W. Walker & Co., of Boston, under the firm name of Walker, Pratt & Company, which combination con- tinued without further change until it was incor- porated, in 1877, under the present style as the Walker & Pratt Manufacturing Company. At first the busi- ness was small, employing about twenty men, and was confined to the manufacture of parlor and cooking stoves. When the war broke out, in 1861, the firm went into the manufacture of ammunition and gun-carriage castings. The demands of the nation were urgent, the capacity of the works was increased gradually until about one hundred men were kept constantly employed. The story of the war, especially at the front, is ever filled with interest. It is of a time that tried what there is in man, and frequently c.illed out the noblest traits of character. Not less at home, frequently, was it necessary to strain every nerve and exhaust every device which inventive genius could originate to quickly turn "the plough-share and the pruning-hook," the materials which had been devoted to the quiet purposes of peace, into those effective engines and missiles of war now required to save the life of the nation, suddenly attacked by a desperate enemy who had prepared to wage, in spite of all warnings, a sudden and destructive warfare for the possession of the seat of government and against the very life of the Nation. How the bold spirits, with- WATERTOWN. 399 out thought of their own lives, rushed to Washington, and what dangers and difficulties they encountered, we have often heard. While no diminution of honor can be permitted in speaking of their labors, it might be asked what could they have done without being supported and supplied by those at home. Miles Pratt was especially active in every way ; a zealous and fervent man, fertile in devices, and of great ex- ecutive ability, he could be active in serving his country at home. Colonel Rodman, then in com- mand of the Arsenal herein Watertown, and Miles Pratt together talked over the needs of the Nation in arms and missiles of war. Colonel Rodman asked of Mr. Pratt if iron balls could be made by his men en- gaged in moulding stoves and furnaces. Mr. Perkins, the superintendent in the foundry, entered into the needs of the hour. All the men were ready to try what they could do. Long before any orders could come, or any expenditures could be authorized by Government, without waiting to see if or how they were to be paid, the men were at work moulding shot for canister, for 12-pound guns, for 24-pound guns, even for 13-inch and 15-inch guns — yes, both solid shot and shells. Colonel Rodman, as an effective ord- nance officer who knew just what was needed, seconded by the spirit and ingenuity of a large body of men, organized and spurred on by Miles Pratt and his assist- ants did much to supply the men at the front with the effective implements of war. Those from Watertown had the confidence of men inaction. Of course all that could be done here was but a mite compared to the de- mands of an army which increased to over a million men. But these works were rapidly increased through 1 861 and 1862. Two hundred and seventy-five (275) tons of iron per month were used under contract for the manufacture of war materials ; 2500 to 3000 tons of iron per year were moulded into shot and shell for the preservation of the Union. The large store on Galen Street was begun in 1874, and was gradually extended across the race-way to the island where the pattern store-house stood, and this was replaced with a secure and almost fire-proof brick building in 1880. This building extends 264 feet along Galen Street, is sixty feet wide and practically three stories high, for it has a high basement story. It occupies the site of what have been known for many years as the Blackman house, the Barrett house, and the Major Peirce house. The Blackman house was where FJenjamin Edes printed the Boston Oazetle, when Bos- ton was occupied by the British, The pattern store- room on the island, with a solid wall towards Galen Street, — that is, a wall built without windows, although ornamented with piers and arches, — shows on the south side by its tiers of windows, four stories above a solid stone foundation wall. Here are kept the many thousands of dollars worth of patterns required by the great variety and constant progress of their work. Next to this are the store-rooms for furnaces, stoves and ranges. Here may be seen at certain seasons of the year, hundreds of ranges packed ready for shipment— in fact, very large quantities of all the variety of goods manufactured by the company, which here accumulate when the demand falls off and which are drawn upon when the season for in- creased demand approac.hes. Next to these store-rooms, and before we reach the large sample and sales-room of the company, comes the large arch- way through which the teams pass to the inner works, the machine-shops, the foundries, the blacksmith-shop and the other parts of this large interior area. Here in the drive-way are ample facilities for loading and unloading from the store- rooms, above and on either side ; from which can be lowered into the wagons the heavy freight either for the railroad or for Boston. This is furnished not only with hoisting apparatus, but also with platform scales, for weighing each load or any part of a load. The entire process of manufacture is and has been for thirty years conducted under the constant super- vision of Mr. Oliver Shaw, who watches particularly that all the various departments work harmoniously, and so that the minimum amount of material may do the maximum amount of work — that is, that strength and endurance are secured where required, with the smallest consumption of iron, but with enough to answer the purpose, who, with knowledge of men and with kindly and considerate attention to their peculiar abilities and fitness for their several duties, has, in all these years of growing prosperity of the company, won their confidence and respect. His position, which he seems to hold so easily, has been reached by no favor or chance. The young man may take note that the ability to do every kind of work, to fill any man's place and do any man's work in a superior manner, may naturally constitute one, with modesty in his bearing, a recognized leader among leaders, a master among masters. The cupola, or furnace, capable of melting fifteen tons of iron at a blast, where skill and knowledge are required to liquefy the iron with no unnecessary loss of fuel, or iron, or time, is under the charge of W. A. Pratt, with his two men to help him. The moulding department, connected with the furnace-room and situated on either side of it, has an area of about 14,000 square feet. Hero one may see fifty or sixty men, at work preparing in the soft and yielding moulding-clay and sand the forms which ornament in iron the homes of the poor and wealthy over the land — men whom no amount of dust and dirt will prevent you from recognizing as the same who in clean linen and neat dress, preside in the chairs of the town fathers, or as orators in town, or parish, or society meetings, who prove that brains are equally effective in the utilities, as in the elegan- cies of life. It is not necessary in this place to de- scribe the mode of work, the improved appliances for securing the ends desired. This foundry does not 4on HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. differ from the many foundries in the country, ex- cept as one man difTers from another. Some of the men earn quite large wages by tlieir skill and celer- ity. This room is under the charge of Wm. F. At- wood. The cleaning and mounting-shop, where the rough castings are taken to be dressed, cleaned, and put to- gether, is in charge of Geo. B. Moore, who has seen thirty years' service in this place. Twenty-five or forty stoves or ranges are finished daily, requiring the services of sixteen experienced mounters and six helpers. Perhaps the most important department, if one de- partment may be said to be more important than an- other, where each one is essential to the whole, as well as to each other, is the pattern-making room. Here twelve men are employed, with a great variety of tools and machinery, in making patterns, both in wood and in iron. This calls for skill and ingenuity, and in making new designs, some degree of artistic sense. Not only this, but some degree of judgment is required to adapt the pattern, in view of the varied rates of cooling and shrinking of iron, in the lighter and heavier parts of the casting, to produce the desired effects without danger of breaking or change of form. Allowance must be made in the size of the patterns for this shrinkage. Here seven men are employed on wood, and five men on iron, all under the charge of F. H. Edgecomb. Mr. John Applin has eight men under his direc- tion in the machine-shop, where drills, lathes, plan- ers, and all the usual kinds of tools required in such places, are kept busy in the varied calls for work of such kind. One of the contrivances patented, by Geo. H. Tainter, a man in their employ, is known as the Tainter Damper. The name Tainter is somewhat famous also, in connection with the mechanical devices, made by a son of Mr. Tainter for Prof. Bell, of Bell's Telephone. Nickel-plating, required in the present demand for neatness and elegance, even in cook and parlor stoves, is done on the premises under the charge of David Flanders. All this machinery would be dead and useless without sufficient motive-power. This is supplied by a Campbell & Whittier forty horse-power engine. There is a powerful steam-pump, ready for fire pur- poses, which is used in testing the strength and con- dition of boilers and radiators, before taey are put into buildings. The steam is produced in two forty- five horse-power sOctional boilers, with thirty sec- tions each, manufactured by the company. The blucksniith-shop is in charge of Mr. Grace. The tin-shop, where all the varieties of tin, zinc and galvanized iron, piping for furnaces and venti- lation, where ware for cooking purposes is made, is in the main building on Galen Street, next to the sales- I room, and is in charge of H. A. Philbrook. ' The directors and officers of this company manage for their own interests — this goes without saying, — but also with a liberal policy to their men and to the town. George W. Walker, the president, and his son, Arthur W. Walker, one of the directors, live in the city of Maiden. George W. Walker has held many offices of trust and honor in his town and has represented Maiden in the Legislature. George E. Priest, the treasurer, and Oliver Shaw, the general superintendent, and nearly all the employees live here in town. Mr. Shaw is also presi- dent of the only national bank in town, the Union Market National Bank, and has acted during many years as one of the selectmen, for a good part of the time their chairman. Mr. Priest is one of the board of trustees of the Free Public Library, is treasurer of the Watenown Savings Bank, served the town and his country in the army during the late war, and both are identified with most public movements. The re- spect with which they are treated by their townsmen mark the high character of work of this company in all it undertakes. The business of this establishment was at first almost exclusively in supplying New England house- holds with the essential stove lor kitchen and siiting- roum use. Now contracts are taken for the most ex- tensive and complicated heating apparatus, which they are ready to manufacture and put up, although they do not despise the smaller and humbler class of manufactures. Among the larger contracts which they have executed one might mention the heating apparatus for the Hotel Vendome, Boston, that for ihe Danvers Hospital for the Insane built by the State, and that in the Madison Square Theatre in New York City. Some of their contracts have amounted to upwards of $80,000 each. This company are now manufacturing the cele- brated Crawford Range, now known in its improved form as the Crawford Grand, which is selling all over New England. While no great contracts, of course, can be made for so simple and universally employed device for meeting our common needs, probably the success of their business depends as much upon the call for this as for the larger and more extensive, and, therefore, the apparently more important heaters used in the larger institutions. They have recently been getting out a stove or range in which wood will be exclusively used for fuel, known as the Palace Eureka, designed to meet the wants of the Pacific Coast, yet, as they think, adapted to a considerable portion of New England, where wood is still in abun- dance. This company manufacture hot-water heaters also, one which they have recently patented, and are pre- pared to introduce into buildings where they are pre- ferred. Much is said about the economy of hot-water heaters at the present time. The company allege that the most economical heaters used, as all will allow, are stoves in each separate room, if fuel alone WATERTOWN. 401 and not the labor of taking care of them or the inci- dental dirt and discomfort are to be thought of. If i^ood ventilatiou is also required, with the smallest amount of care, then the question is between hot air furnaces so called, and steam or hot-water heaters. Either steam or hot- water heaters placed in each room may, by direct radiation, supply the required amount of heat without ventilation. If hot-water or .steam-pipes are placed in boxes to which a constantly fresh supply of air is admitted and this allowed to pass into and heat the rooms of a house, giving the same results as the hot-air furnace, then a liitle ex- perimenting will determine which is the more eco- nomical and which will give the best distribution of heat, considering all things — the means of egress for vitiated air and the local direction and force of vary- ing winds, for instance. The requirements of a perfect heater for dwelling- houses and for larger buildings have been the study of this company for years, and as fast as any new ideas are gained, they are, as the company claims, put into substantial and durable form for their own ad- vantage and for the advantage of our large intelligent New England community, to whose wants they chiefly cater in all their manufactures. I ^Etna Mills. — The JEtna ]\Iills are situated nearly a mile above the first dam, above tide-water, on the Charles River, and have for the last few years ob- tained a reputation for producing various woolen and worsted goods for ladies' dresses of the very finest quality. Goods are made with fine broad-cloth and other styles of finish of every variety of shade and in all colors used for dress-goods by the ladies, as well as in stripes, plaids and figured designs. The JEtna Mills Company was organized in 1862, and in 1867 the present agent, Albert O. Davidson, came from the Tremout Mills, Lowell, to take charge, and "the present extraordinary success of the institu- tion is largely due to his eminent business tact and to the adoption of those systematic methods which are so essential to the welfare of a large corporation." The capital stock of the company, organized under the general laws of Massachusetts, is $2-50,000, the annual product about !|i500,000. The directors of the company are: Joseph C. Stephens, of Boston ; Arthur Hobart, of Boston ; Edmund W. Converse, of Newton ; Morrill A.Smith, of Boston; Edwin F. Atkins, of Boston ; Edwin A. Hildreth, of Harvard, Mass., and Albert O. Davidson, of Watertown. Joseph C. Stevens has been president of the corpora- tion for several years, since the death of Nathan Faye. Samuel Smith was treasurer until 1887, and Arthur Hobart, accountant for twenty years, has been treasu- rer since that time. The number of persons employed by the corpora- tion is from 27-5 to :iOO, two-fifths of whom are women, and the weekly pay-rolls amount to over $!1600. A new mill was built a few years ago, 117 feet long, 54 feet wide, and three stories high, the walls of 26-iii which were made partly of stone, 30 inches thick, partly of brick, 16 inches thick, with heavy hard- pine beam's ; built thus firm and strong to support the new and improved machinery then introduced, chiefly looms for the weaving of fine cloths, of which over 20,000 yards are produced each week. These mills occupy buildings on both sides of the river, where water-wheels supply a part of the power required by the mills. The power generated by the wheels ou the south side of the river is transmitted 12-5 feet, across the river to the north mill, by an endless wire rope, passing over wheels in the two buildings. Between these mills is a rolling dam- claimed by some to be the only one in America, the only other dam of the kind being in England, at Warwick Castle. AVhile the water-power was at first suflicient to do all the work required — and at times there is a large amount of water p;issiug over the dam, apparently to great waste — it is found that steam is desirable for various purposes in the manufacture of woolens, and, in order to have at all times suflicient power for all purposes, a steam-engine is required. The engine-room is on the ground-floor, is -30 feet wide, by 60 feet long, and contains a fine Corliss en- gine of 12-5 horse-power. The steam for tins and for heating, drying and other purposes, is furnished by four large boilers, of which three are constantly in u.se, the fourth being held in reserve in case of acci- dent to either of the others. Two of these are made of steel. About three tons of coal are required each day. The difiierent departments of the mill are each un- der competent overseers, who are held responsible each for his part of the work. The sorting department, under the charge of J. E. Butler, occupies a brick building on the south side of the river, and, with the store-house adjoining, con- tains at times over 100,000 pounds of wool of the va- rious kinds. Here may be seen the finest Australian wools, with their long, silky fibres; the brilliant Cash, mere; the]Alpacca; the finest and softest camels' hair, so delicate, for the finest fabrics. Here are bales of " Ohio clip," some in the natural state, some cleaned to pure white, in contrast with the black Egyptian near by. The more common kinds of wool are used for some purposes. The scouring-room and the dyeing-room are in charge of Mr. Alfred Pepler, who has in his store- room all the different kinds of dyes required in pro- ducing the greatest variety of shades of all the lead- ing colors. Only by long practice and great skill can all the delicate efiects be produced which, either in the sunlight or under artificial light, are so much admired by ladies of taste. One unskilled can only look with wonder on the unmeaning compounds which he sees in the dye-rooms ; his admiration must be reserved for the finished fabrics. The dyed wool is passed through the dryers, the 402 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. picker-room, the gauze-room, to the carding-room, which is under the supervision of Mr. Loveland. Here the wool is carded, a work our grandmothers used freciuently to send their wool for miles to liave done at carding-mills. Tlierc are few old people who do not remember the soft rolls of wool brought home from the carding-raill, which their grandmothers used to spill into thread and yarns for knitting and weav- ing. Tliis work is done now in a suiierior manner by marvelous mechanism, by which the fibres of the wool are gathered together in fine rolls and wound loosely on large spools, ready for the spinning depart- ment. The automatic, self-feeding cards, with their thousands of steel fingers to arrange the fibres in line ready for spooling, and the nice mechanical adjust- ments, wonderful to us, would liave greatly surprised our ancestors, yet it is by the gradual improvements in such mechanism that enabled first Seth Bemis to do the work at all, and now these mills to do work of the quality for which they are noted. The capacity ot this room is fifteen sets of cards. The next department in regular order is the spool- ing department, under Mr. J. H. CHHbrd, where the wool is spun and wound on bobbins ready for weav- ing. Tiie immense spinning jennies, capable of do- ing the work of sevei'al hundred women, do it with almost the same motion, — now advancing, now reced- ing, now twisting, now rolling up on the spool, — but with far greater accuracy and evenness of thread. In the new building is the weaving department, in charge of Henry G. Chapman. Here looms of dif- ferent degrees of complexity, some capable of utiliz- ing twenty-four frames, — from different manufac- tories, — each in care of an attendant, push the shuttles with deafening sound through the warp in varying figures according to the fancy of the designer. While here we are inclined to think this the principal pro- cess, the most important step of all in the manufac- ture of cloths, but in the finishing department, in charge of .Mr. Watslong, where the inspection of the fulling, which has reduced the width one quarter, and increased the thickness and the closeness of thread since it came from the looms, one may see the " teaz- eling," the " trimming," pressing, measuring, folding done, and the cloths packed, after being sampled, ready for market. All rooms in the factory are furnished with gas fixtures for lighting, and automatic fire sprinklers for extinguishment of accidental fires, while there are hydrants with coils of hose in various parts of the mill and the yard, connected with large pumps read- ily operated by the steam engine or the water-wheels. The early history of this mill is quite interesting. This d:im it is claimed was first built by David IJoniia and Knos Sumner in 1778. David Beinis had bought 39 acres of land on the Watertown side in 1708, and a few years after, 25 acres more, nearly all the land on which the village now stands. This homestead, where his sons were born, afterwards known as the Eitchie estate, was the old house so beautifully located on the knoll near the mills, which was removed to make room for Mr. Davidson's house in 1880. Dr. Enos Sumner owned the land on the Newton side, but sold out in 1779 to three men who built a paper mill. David Bemis became two-thirds owner of this the nexc year, and with his son Capt. Luke Bemis carried on the paper mill until 1790, when he died. After his death his sons, Capt. Luke and Isaac Bemis, became sole owners and continued to carry on the business of paper making until the death of Isaac in 1794. The process of manfacturing paper at that time was necessarily very slow and tedious. The sheets were made in moulds imported from England. Each sheet required separate dipping of the moulds in the pulp, which when sufficiently consolidated, was turned on to a sheet of felt where it was allowed to dry. David Bemis had built in 1778 on the Watertown side a grist-mill and snuff-mill, the first mill on this side at this place. At his death, his two sons, Seth and Luke, became full owners. About 1796, Seth bought out the interest of his brother Luke, and began to manufacture chocolate, and to prepare dye-woods and medicinal woods and roots for use. In 1803 he made additions to the old mill; he com- menced the spinning of cotton by machinery, making cotton warp, which though prepared by quite imper- fect machinery, proved to be so much better than that spun by hand, and therefore, in such great repute, that Mr. Bemis could not supply the demand. The business proved thus very profitable. To understand the cause of this great demand for cotton warp, we need only to reflect that by many a family through Massachusetts, it was the custom to weave at home cotton cloth, cotton and wool for blankets, and with dyed wool a coarse kind of satinett for home wear, as well as rugs and carpets for the floor. The writer remembers full well the old hand-loom which stood in the capacious attic of his grandmother's house, which was built at this time only a little over twenty miles away on one of the turnpike roads leading otf into the country. This house, built of brick, stood near the centre of a large farm which had always been owned, and still is owned in the family, a Water- town family, since it was first purchased of the Indians. Here were the flax and the wool spinning-wheels also. But it must have been a great relief to the over-worked women of the family to find, by Mr. Bemis' intro- duction of power-machine-spun threads for warps, " Bemis' warp," as it was known, so great a help in their labors. One is tempted, in speaking of the great improve- ments introduced by Mr. Bemis in the manufacture of cotton goods, to reflect upon the great change that has finally resulted in the present domestic economy of our New England households. Then the women, both young and old, were taught a multiplicity of occupations that trained both the hands, the eye, and the mind as well. WATERTOWN. 403 " The preparation of the cotton for carding was at that time a slow and expensive operation. It was carried out in small parcels, to be picked by hand in families living in the vicinity, at about four cents per pound, exclusive of carrying out and bringing back, which required most of the time of one man and horse. To facilitate the process of picking, such tkmilies as were engaged in the occupation were mostly provided with a ' whipping frame,' the bottom of which was woven, or made of strong cords so loosely that the seeds and dirt could pass through; the cotton, being placed thereon, the two sticks, one in each hand, being laid on smartly for two or three minutes, became very much loosened. For several years the business of cotton picking aflbrded employ- ment to a multitude of persons, enabling them to obtain a comfortable livelihood." " Mr. Bemis constantly improved and increased his machinery for spinning, etc., discarding the old and adopting that which was new and better. After a few years he caused a machine to be made for preparing cotton for carding, which did not difler materially from the 'cotton pickers' of the present day. This machine bore the grim title of 'the devil'; and though not very attractive in appearance, particularly when in notion, performed in a very expeditious and satisfactory manner the service intended, much to the regret of the numerous laborers, who were obliged, in consequence of the invention, to seek their daily bread by other methods." ' This Mr. Seth Bemis, the senior of that name, en- gaged in manufactures at this place, was a graduate of Harvard College, graduating in 1795, and, although his knowledge of Greek roots and Latin poetry was not essential to success in the profitable management of a cotton factory, doubtless the knowledge was no great burden to carry, and as it did not from the pride of possession incapacitate him from entering heartily into the solution of the various practical problems that presented themselves, it might have sharpened his wits so that he was able to improve upon all who had gone before and even to almost unconsciously anticipate one of the greatest inventions of the age, namely Whitney's cotton gin." The town of Watertown enjoys the distinction, through Mr. Bemis' inventive and active disposition, of having made the first cotton duck ever manu- factured. It was at a time after the embargo of 1807 had been laid by our general government upon all foreign commerce, and great difficulty had been ex perienced in getting duck for sails, that Mr. Winslow Lewis, of Boston, extensively engaged in commerce. iFrom S. F. Smith's "History of Newtou," publisbedby the American Logotype Company, Boston, 1880. 2 Eli Whitney, a descendant of the Watertown family of that name, had in 1794 obtained his first patents on the celebrated saw gin, that raised a man's effectiveness in cleaning the cotton from the seed, from about six pounds each day to one thousand pounds a day. This was ap- parently not introduced in the North for several years. in conversation with Mr. Seth Bemis, spoke of the difBculty of getting duck, the coarse linen cloth used for sails, asked if he could not make something of cotton that would answer the purpose. Mr. Bemis had been engaged in the manufiicture of sheeting, shirting, bagging for the southern market, bed ticking, etc., and had had the aid of some English weavers on hand-looms. He said he would see about it. Mr. Lewis was unwilling to be at the risk alone of pro- viding machinery on the uncertainty of success, but promised to help to find a market for the cotton duck if it could be made, a large quantity of which he him- self would require for his own vessels. Mr. Bemis succeeded in having the work done and for some years received a large return for his venture, as much as $1 per yard being received during the war for duck. "It was in 1803 that Seth Bemis commenced spin- ning cotton by machinery. " In March 1809, he employed a Mr. Doughis to construct a twisting machine of 48 spindles.'' "In October of 1809, he employed six English weavers, paying them fourteen cents per yard for weaving, and in November following made sales of duck in Boston, No. 1 at 65 cents, and No. 2 at 58 cents per yard." "The sheetings and shirtings sold for 42 cents per yard." " This was probably the first cotton sail duck ever made and sold in this country." In consequence of the impo.ssibllity of finding a market nearer for ail his products, during the war of 1812-15, Mr. Bemis sent his duck and other manufactures, by his own teams to Baltimore, and even further south, bringing back cotton, tobacco, and other southern pro- ducts, taking several months to make the journey and return. In 1812-13 with the aid of an Englishman, Mr. Be- mis made from coal and used to light his fiictory, the first illuminating gas used in America. This had, how- ever, to be discontinued after a few years, because of its leaking from the tin tubes through which it was conducted. During some of the years following, while this was the leading factory for the grinding and preparation of dye woods and dye stuff's by machinery, for the manufacture of cotton goods and woolen yarn, the grinding of glass, — and with which continued to be carried on a grist mill, as also a shop for making and repairing machinery, — the operatives were called to their meals at the house of Captain Luke Bemis, where they found board, by the blowing of a tin horn, from which circumstance the village received and continued to have, even till our day, the rather suggestive title of " Tin Horn." Mr. Bemis purchased of his brother Luke and his partner, Caleb Eddy, a brother-in-law, in 1811, the mills and water-power on the south side of the river and thus became sole owner of the entire water-power. 3 From Report of Boston Board of Trade, 1857, quoted in Nelson's " Waltham." 404 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. He soon after sold to the Boston Manufacturing Com- pany his right to raise the height of the water by flash- boards for $1000 per inch for twelve inches. Although gaining :j;l2,000 by the sale, he afterwards regretted this loss of power, or others have who have followed him. In 1822 he built the present stone rolling-dam. In 1827, the Beinis Manufacturing Company was in- corporated, in which his brother Luke was interested, for the manufacture chiefly of satinets and duck. However in 1830 this corporation wasdi.ssolved. Mr. Seth Berais and Thomas Cordis, members of the com- pany, bought the entire property and continued the same business until 1839, when Thomas Cordis sold out to Seth Bemis and Seth Bemis, jr., who continued the busine.ss on both sides of the river of manufactur- ing cotton and woolen goods in part, and at last on the Newton side of the manufacture of drugs and dye woods. In 1847 they sold the dye wood business to William F. Freea\an, and Seth Bemis continued to manage the Watertown mills until his death in 1849, when on the settlement of the estate in 1851, Seth Bemis, jr., became the sole owner. From 1848 to 18(J0 the Watertown property was leased to Hiram Cooper, who manufactured hosiery and domet flau- nels. The product for a part of this time was about $100,000 a year, and a hundred men were employed. In 1860, he sold the entire property to William F. Freeman it Company, who having developed the bus- iness largely, in turn transferred the property to the ^Ftiia Mill Ciinipany, who greatly enlarged the works on this side, and although for many years, certainly until after 1807, continued to grind and prepare dye woods, gradually enlarged and improved their manu- facture of woolen goods until at present their products are well known among the finest and best woolen goods for ladies' use to be found in the market. It was ill 1810 that the " Waltham Cotton and Wool Factory Company " was established, although not until 1813 that the " Boston Manufacturing Com- pany," under the lead of Francis C. Lowell, Patrick T. Jackson, and Nathan Appleton began to apply the knowledge of the improved cotton machinery which they had seen in operation in ICngland, and which they greatly improved and put into the new factory two miles above, which turned Waltham from a smaller and an agriculturill town to a rapidly growing centre of manufactures. Thesuccessof this led in 1822 to the incorporation of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company and the founding of the city of Lowell. With the advance of improvements it became necessary to specialize, and thus gradually the great variety of kinds of busine-s carried on successfully by Seth Bemis, sr., has come to one of narrower range, but of a magnitude and the product of a quality of which he had never dreamed. We have followed with great brevity, hardly touching here and there the fortunes of these mills, through their possession by the Heiiiis family fro,,, 1703, the date of the first purchase, for over a Imiuhed years. The character of Mr. Seth Beinis, sr., is treated by another hand elsewhere. His son, Seth Bemis, jr., was always a friend to educational and religious institu- tions, as he was one of the original contributors, with his brother George, to the fund for the establishment of the Watertown Free Public Library, giving $500. In 1882 he gave $1000 towards the building. The family numbers ten students and graduates of Harvard Col- lege; one of them, George, gave largely to this college and to the Boston Athenneum, thus showing their own appreciation of the best educational institutions and their willingness to contribute to them for the welfare of others ; and proving, in this family at least, the enobling and liberalizing tendency of suc- cessful activity in manufactures. In closing, one might add his testimony of fitness in the change of the old name of " Tin Horn," and even of the later more euphonious and descriptive '' ^Etna Mills " to the brief, well deserved and suggestive name, Bemis, which the Fitcliburg Railroad Company, and the United States Post-otlice Department, and all by com- mon consent, apply to this village. Long may it honor its name, but may it never foiget by its con- tributions and its commingling in all social and municipal relations, that it is a jjart of the old town of Watertown. The Watertown Indurated Fibre Company. — This company, one of the latest formed, incorporated in the year 1888 under the laws of Maine, with a capital of $100,000, of which Mr. J. H. Conant is at present the principal, if not the sole owner, is engaged in the manufacture of various utensils from wood pulp, ornamental or useful, which are impervious to water. The buildings are located on a large lot of land near the West Grammar School-house, on Howard Street, and very near the Fitchburg Railroad, which gives with its side tracks, facilities for receiving materials, and for sending away their manufactured products to all parts of the country. The material used is the ground pulp of spruce wood, which is reduced to a semi-liquid state, and pumped into moulds where, under hydraulic pressure, of some 120 pounds to the square inch, the water is forced out, and the masses of fine wood fibres are con- solidated into any desired form. These forms, when dried, may be sawn, turned, sanded into any more desirable forms like any masses of wood. They are then given a bath of hot linseed oil or of chemicals largely' composed of pure linseed oil, then baked in an oven for about eight hours at a temperature of 270° Fahrenheit. Then the process is repeated several times until the compound is entirely impervious to any liquids. The ware is then fin- ished, polished, ornamented, and made attractive for the various purposes for which it may be used. The number of men at present employed is seventy- five, their wages about $750 jier week, the value of the products of the factory about $100,000 per year. These works were started by Mr. Conant in 1885, WATERTOWN. 40h have been increased in extent several times, in the same location, until they are now double their former size. They occupy three principal buildings and five smaller buildings. The largest building is 120 feet long and fifty feet wide, and is three stories high. The engine and boiler-house is fifty feet by forty feet, and is two stories high, the upper stories being occu- jiied as a drying-room. The treating building is eighty feet by fifty feet, two stories high. The upper story is used for indurating and water-proofing the product, and consists of a work-room and four ovens. These ovens are thirty feet deep, one seventeen feet wide and nine feet high ; the three others have the same depth and height, but are only nine feet wide. They are heated by steam, which is furnished by two boilers of 100-horse power each, which also furnish steam for driving the engine. The engine is one of the Fitchburg Engine Company's manufac- ture, and has a capacity of seventy-five-horse power. The buildings are lighted by electricity from a lace for llie present Public Library building, with the iielp of girls whom she hired for the purpose, the manufacture of shirts for sale by the dozen. She af- terward occupied a house on the opposite side of Main Street, farther from the square, and finally, be- tween I SKI and LSI.-,, put up the building now occu- pied by .1. (i. Barker as a shirt factory, on Spring Street, nearly opposite Fayette Street. It is said that she had a place for the sale of these shirts in Bos- ton. Possibly this was so, although it has been said that Mr. Hathaway's store on Milk Street was the first wholesale shirt house in Boston. Mr. Blackwell followed her and carried on business here for several years. He had already begun in an- other building near the railway. Mr. Barker, who followed him in this building, has been in the business about thirty years, and at the present time employs one man and about fifteen wo- men at his works, and as many more outside who do their work at home and bring it to him when fin- ished. Mr. Barker makes all kinds of shirts, mostly of the better grades, for some of the best firms in Boston. " Boston was early the seat of shirt manufacturing for the trade, C. F. Hathaway having established himself in that city, with a factory at Watertown, Mass., in 1848. He built up a considerable business, manufacturing mainly for jobbers, and the ' Hath- away shirt' became widely known throughout New England, with a well-deserved reputation for careful, honest workmanship, good material, and full size." This is from a leading journal which treats of the his- tory of this manufacture. The Metropolitan Shirt Factory is the principal shirt-factory in town. It was bought of Mr. Hatha- way some twenty-five years ago and is situated on Spring Street, near the corner of Palfrey Street. With some change of name and in the style of the firm, it is essentially the same, except that it is increased in extent. It is run by Simons, Hatch & Whitten, manufacturers and wholesale dealers in men's furnish- ing goods, whose place of business is on Winthrop Square and Otis Street, Boston. This firm have several factories for different kinds of work in different places ; at thisthey manufacture all their " fine grades of white, dress, fancy, and night shirts." The capacity of these works is about one hundred dozens per week, with an immediate prospect of en- largement. Two men and about fifty women are em- ployed, (i. F. Faxon, the superintendent, has been engaged in this work and in this place about thirty years. The power is sujiplied by an engine in the adjoining laundry, which drives the fifty sewing-ma- chines at a high rate of speed, and the two button- hole machines, one of which is capable of making 1(500 button-holes each day. The cutting-room is ICO feet long. This room has the longest cutting-board in use. It is 120 feet long, is capable of accommodating a full 40-yard web of cloth. Indeed, forty-eight to sixty webs of cloth laid one over the other exactly are stretched out on this cutting-table. The patterns for all the different pieces which go to make up the finished garment are laid upon the outstretched webs, according to the judgment and skill of the cutter, so arranged as to waste no possible portion of the goods, and yet give each part its exact and proper form. These patterns WATERTOWN. 40!) are made of light wood, or of thick paste-board bound with brass, along the edges of which a sharp knife in tlie deft hands of the cutter strikes down through all the thicknesses at once. The goods when received are piled on counters or shelves by the side of the table, from the huge cases which we may see at the end. They are of different materials, each with its great variety of designs and i;ich of different combinations of colors. Some are fur negligee shirts, for seaside or country-lawns, and Ueautiful enough for the most fastidious in taste. In the sewing-room the thirty or more nimble and skillful pairs of hands pass the pieces which have lieen put together, as they alone know how to do it, under the sewing-machines, where the seams are fin- ished faster than could have been imagined possible a few years ago. The button-holes even are made and finished by improved machines ready for use. See this woman place the band under the machine; the stitching proceeds down one side, turns automatically, returns down the other side, is barred, the hole cut, and is ready for use in much less time than it takes to say it. These shirts have their handkerchief pock- ets and their watch-pockets, the latter with a barred opening for the watch-chain. These soft, zephyr-like fabrics surely require no starch. In this nest room they are smoothed out, examined, folded ready for the neat boxes in which they are packed, and marked according to style and size, ready for the trade, or are put up with exact ref- erence to orders from various parties all over the country, each with its appropriate numbers and marks. Each dealer has his own name and address woven in colored letters, with a neat design, placed upon each garment which he orders. Thus it would seem from the garments themselves, when finished in this one factory, that they had been made in a hun- dred different factories, all the way from Maine to California, from Minnesota to Florida, while the deal- ers know for all the glory they get for this superior manufacture they are indebted to the one firm, Simons, Hatch & Whitten. One naturally inquires what is the condition of these shirt-makers? Are they like the poor women for whom Hood has enlisted the sympathy of the tender-hearted ? Are they " With ffagers weary anii worn, With eyelids heavy and red Oorapelled to sit in unwomanly rags, Plying the needle and thread? " For my readers surely wish to know whether indeed they cry with mute lips and pleading eyes, *' O men, with sisters dear I men, with mothers and wives I It is not linen you're wearing out, But human creatures' lives." Not a bit of it. The steam-engine drives the nee- dles. The introduction of steam-driven sewing-ma- chines into Massachusetts in the manufacture of shirts, we are informed by the superintendent, was first made by this factory. Seams are sewed up almost quicker than you can wink. The animation of the sewers' faces, and the beauty of the materials with their graceful figures and harmonious blending of shades, the cheerful hum of the sewing-machines, combine to make a sight which it is pleasant to re- member. And long before dark the scene changes ; the women are released with full freedom *' To breathe the breath Of the cowslip aud primrose sweet, With the sky above their heads, And the grass beneath their feet." Formerly three dollars a week was considered good wages for a smart girl. Now few, even with their ninehours a day, earn less than six to ten dollars a week. To quote again from a prominent publication on this subject : " The growth of the factory system, with its accompanying economies, has vastly improved the condition of women employed in shirt-making, shortening their hours, lightening their work and in- creasing their wages. Before the introduction of the sewing-machine, but few women were employed in factories. The industry was almost exclu.sively a domestic one, aud, like all domestic industries, the wages paid were not sufficient for subsistence." '■ Where by hand a woman would do but one shirt in a day, the usual product cow is about a dozen shirts to each machine, and the average earnings of machine operatives, good, bad and indifferent, in large country factories, are six to ten dollars per week.'' '"Steady, industrious girls, working full time, will earn more than this." " So the cost of shirts has been reduced somewhat more than one- half, while the average earnings of the workers have been increa.sed about three-fold." This applies to the work done in the factory. Finishing done in the homes still brings the smaller returns. Women will work cheaper in their homes, in the leisure they can get from necessary duties, and with the help of children. We wish we had the space to inquire, in this connection, a little more fully into the condition of the women employed in factories. " It is said that in large cotton manufacturing towns, where female help is much employed, the condition of the latter is noticeably deteriorating, in social status, morals and wages.'' This is said not to be the case in shirt factories. We know it is not the case in our shirt factories. It certainly is not necessarily so. It was not so in the days of the Lowell Offering, when factory girls edited and published that paper. It need not be so now, with the store of good books which our Public Library offers free to all who ask for them, with our free evening schools, with the hours of leisure after and before regular work, when the fields can be seen in pleasant weather, when good reading can fill the no HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. hours of storms, and good society in our churches is always open. A hasty run through our sliirt factories shows tiiat a still better condition of intelligence, morals and society is possible among wage-earning women, if they themselves will strive more in that direction. Warren Soap Manufaclory.—We. have spoken of the shirt factories and the laundries and the machine- shops where the new laundry machinery is made. But these would make poor work of it without soap and starch. "Soap is a chemical compound of vegetable or ani- mal fatly substances with soda or potash, employed, on account of its properties of loosening and dissolving greiisy and other matters, as a detergent or cleansing article for the toilet, for washing clothes, and similar purposes." "Soap is mentioned in the Old Testament, in Jer. ii : 22 and Mai. iii: 2; but the Hebrew words thus trans- lated mean the lye salt potash, commonly made from the aslies of plants, and the salt soda, better known as a mineral product." — Appleton's Cyclopedia. "Soap, both as a medicinal and as a cleansing agent was known to Pliny, who speaks of two kinds — hard and soft — .ns used by the Germans. There is reason to believe that snap came to the Romans from Gex- m&ny. "—I'Jncyrlopwdia BrUannica. Natural alkaline waters are found and used, clays are sometimes used as absorbents of grease, by fullers, in cleansing cloths. Ammoniacal waters are some- times used for the same purpose. Now these three alkalies, — potsish, soda, and ammonia — softened by the introduction of various fatty substances, are the active factors in all soaps. Watertown early sought to provide itself, and a part of the rest of the world, with so necssary an article. At present the Warren Soap Manufacturing Com- pany is an incorporated company, incorporated this present year of 1890. The stock is not quoted on the market; it is, in fact, owned entirely by three men : Mr. Albert C. Warren, of Auburndalc, a son of the former owner of the works; Mr. George L. Stevens, of Boston; and Mr. Alfred H. A. Groeschner, of this town. Twelve men are employed at the works, four salesmen are employed, who travel through the country, and Crichetl 'steams visit the works almost every day, according to their needs. Soap may be made in the laboratory in great variety, from hundreds, yea thousandsof animal and vegetable oils, combined with eitlierof the three alkalies. Some of thesic products are fragrant and delightful to every sense. In the manufacture of textile fabrics in large (luanlities, where oil is used freely to assist in the procc.'W of maimfacturc, as well as to reduce the friction of machinery, large quantities of soap must be used to cleanse the fabrics before they are fit for the dyer or for the market. The Warren soaps are known over the country in large cotton and woolen manu- factories of hosiery and other fabrics, as well as in public and family laundries. As we approach the works we are struck by the appearance of long lines of barrels and casks and hogsheads running across a large yard, and piled under a row of sheds. These are marked Warren Standard Soaps. They are scouring soaps, fulling soaps, finishing soaps, etc., put into casks for ease of handling, and are ready to be shipped to the factories from Maine to Texas as they are ordered. The last half year over two million pounds have been manu- factured and shipped, nearly as much as the entire previous year. Entering the large buildinng beyond, we come first to the ofiice, now refitted for their rapidly increasing business. The next room is the laboratory, where samples of every barrel of alkali, of tallow, and of oils are accur- ately tested, as every cask of soap is tested before it leaves the factory. All substances used in making soap are tried by delicate chemical tests, so that just what goes into a batch of fifty tons of soap is thor- oughly known, and is recorded for future reference The next room is the shipping-room, with its appli- ances for weighing, marking and recording the de- scription of all packages sent away. We can look, in the next room which is the boil- ing-room, at the huge kettles that hold one hundred and fifty barrels of seething, foaming, steaming liquid. Two of these largest kettles have been put in during the past year. " You can call spirits from the vasty deep, but will they come when you call them." The three witches may, with uncanny gesture, walk about these pots, and may cast in their horrid contributions from the four quarters of the globe, and produce a compound that would defy the evil one himself to know or to baffle, but the resident member of this company will prove eveiy inch of this mass when cold, and tell you just what are its powers and how far it can go to the service of man. If unsatisfactory, he will order it back again to stew and stew, and boii and boil, with the addition of many a compound, till it is more ready for the service of man. Y^ou and I do not expect to learn the secrets of his art, which it would be worth a fortune to know ; we must be satis- fied to see and use the results of the knowledge and skill acquired by a score or more of years spent iu closest application to secure the results. The building belongs to the Gas Company. The alkalies are imported. The carbonates and caustic potash come from Germany, caustic soda and its car- bonates from England. The freight from Liverpool to Eiist Boston is less than from East Boston to the Watertown works. This building was once used as a hat factory, afterwards as a soap factory by Mr. Robbins, then for wool pulling, then for the manu- facture of Johnson pumps, then for making wire fencing. It was first used by Mr. H. M. Warren, who employed Mr. Groeschner, in the manufacture of WATERTOWN. 411 magnesium for artificial light in stereopticon exhibi- tions. This agent is available now, is more easily managed than the calcium light, more convenient than electricity on account of its portability. There is, however, a disagreeable product of smoke of mag- nesia in fine powder, — which can be taken care of. But the quantity of the article required is not suffi- cient to make its manufacture remunerative. In 1868, Mr. Warren began to make family soaps. After three or five years the bulk of the business came to be the production, in constantly increasing (|uantities, of textile soaps. We said that more than forty different kinds of soaps are made here. These vary, as one would suppose, with the materials used. Just what these are we do not expect to learn. While these soaps are known to the trade as uni- form in character, scientific accuracy requires us to say that each batch of soap requires constant watch- fulness : for different materials, or m.aterials supposed to be the same, but really of different qualities, vary and require nice balancing, one with another, to give uniform and constant results. No cask is allowed to leave the fjictory without being first tried by careful tests. Resins are not used to increase the weight of their soaps. The sale of soaps to large manufactories requires skilled experts, who, on occasion, can go into the works themselves and prove the quality of the soap offered by showing what work it is capable of doing. This may be vitiated by unskillful treatment. Thus an industry is gradually built up as confidence grows in the constant and uniform character of its products. It was in 1880, at the death of Herbert M. Warren, the first proprietor, that the present company was really formed. Of this firm, incorporated not till 1890, as we have said, Mr. Groeschner — long a resident of Watertown — -has been the superinten- dent and chemist at the works from the inception of the business. Mr. Warren acts as treasurer for the company, and Mr. Stevens acts as business manager, taking charge of the sales, each doing his part with harmony, energy, success. Starch Factories.- — On the same street. Water Street, along the south bank of the river, is what has been known for many years as the Starch Factory. Indeed, this roadway was long since known as Starch Factory Lane. There was formerly a distillery here. When the present proprietors began, only one building was oc- cupied. This, some fifteen or twenty years ago, was burned. Now Messrs. H. Barker & Co. occupy five buildings, which they have successfully erected as the demands of the business have increased. They now employ sixteen men here and ten at a building about a half-mile up the river. This starch is made from wheat flour, is shipped to New York and other places by the ton, packed both in barrels and in boxes. It is used wherever the best starch is required. Another starch factory, on the north bank of the river, on Pleasant Street, near Bemis, is manufacturing large quanties of wheat starch. These works, carried on by the Crystal Springs Manufacturing Co., em- ploying ten or twelve men, under the immediate charge of Charles R. Fletcher, are trying a new pro- cess, nowhere else employed, by which the gluten, separated from the starch, is saved and made a valu- able health food product, called Poluboskos, much nourishing. This is characterized by its easy digest- ibility, and is therefore suitable for weak stomachs. Dyspepsia, the curse of our driving, nervous civiliza- tion, it is hoped, will find here a foe. The principal building is fifty feet wide and one hundred and fifty feet long. The capacity of the works is about five hundred barrels of flour each week. The Boston office is at 86 State Street, under the management of F. H. Odiorne, president, and Wm. B. Buckminster, general manager. The new process employed in the works is patented by Herman Barker, who is one of the board of directors of the company. The starch and the soap made in town would be adequate for the laundries now existing here, were they to be multiplied a hundred-fold. The Mill and the Dam. — Governor Cradock, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company, who was a wealthy London merchant, who never came to New England, yet owned two of the vessels of Gov- ernor Winthrop's fleet, the "Ambrose" and the " Jewel," had sent out in 1628, two years before Sir Richard Saltonstall came to the Charles River, a cer- tain Thomas Graves, who, judging from the words of the contract made with him, was a skillful engineer. "This 10th of March, I, Thomas Graves, of Graves- end, in the county of Kent, gent., and by my profes- sion skilful and experienced in the discovery and finding out of mines, as also of lead, copper, mineral salt and alum, in fortifications of all sorts, according to the nature of the place, in surveying of buildings and of lands and in measuring of lands, in describing country by map, in leading of water [courses] to proper uses for mills and other uses in manufacturing, etc., have agreed," etc, etc. This Graves was to serve the company and Governor Cradock and to be at the expense of both — each one-half; he was to be retained three years if they wished. There is men- tion of a Thomas Graves admitted freeman twelve years after. It is to be presumed that he remained and made himself useful both to the Massachusetts Company and to Governor Cradock. For this Thomas Graves, admitted freeman, was probably either the engineer himself or his son, then of age. On the 17th of March, 1628, a warrant was made to pay for iron and steel, also to pay for buliis to make mill-stones: £ >. ids at the head of tide- water, at the expense of his employer, Cradock, and of Mr. Edward How who probably took care of and run it until they sold it to Mayhew. It is true there might have been a dam built there before by the Norsemen. Even if there had been, it must have been washed away during the chances of heavy floods weighted with fallen trees overthrown by cyclones or with masses of ice piled up by the spring melting, as has frequently been done since. This (iraves built the large house in which the Governor and assistants first met in Charlestown. He built fortifications for the early company. Hollingsii'orth it' Whltiinj Company. — The llollings- wortli & Whitney Company occupy a site in Water- town which, for fifty years, has been devoted to paper- making purpoyes. About 1839 William May had a mill there, and for him worked Leonard Whitney, Sr., who subsequently bought the property, and associated with him bis son, under the firm-name of L. Whitney & Son. Mr. Whitney, sr., retiring, sold out to Thurs- ton Priest, and the firm became Whitney &. Priest, who, besides making paper, added to their business the manufacture of paper bags by machinery. In April, 1862, the firm changed. Mr. Priest, retiring, sold out to E. A. Holliiigsworth, and the firm became Hollingsworth & Whitney. At this time the plant was small, the water-power very meagre, and business rapidly growing. This led the firm to consider the making of improve- ments, and in 1807-08 the present building, 60x200, with boiler-house and steam-engine room, was built, to aceommodato both branches of the business, and where the production of paper had before been thirty tons per month, it was increased to 120 tons, while the bag department had it« facilities doubled. Since the new mill was built, improvements have been made, so that now there is uirned out daily eight tons, or 208 tons monthly, and the capacity of the bag department is 2,000,(100 daily. Mr. Whitney died July 5, 1881, and Mr. Hollitigsworth on January 0, 1882. On the 1st of April, 1882, a corporation was formed under the laws of the Commonwealth, bearing the designation of HollingHWorth & Whitney Company, which now carries on the business. The works of this company occupy the site of the "ancient grist-mill," the water-mill" of the earliest record, and of many another mill of later date, as, for instance, a chocolate mill which was afterwards mov- ed to Dorchester, and became the Baker Chocolate & Cocoa Mill, now known by its product over the world, an early saw-mill, and others of which there is no dis- tinct record. The Watertown MiU.— Tlie Orist Mill.—This was originally a grist-mill, the business being at first the grinding of grists for the farmers who came from near and from afar. It is at present conducted by Perkins & Co., has two runs of stone, with a capacity of grinding 600 bushels of corn a day of ten hours. The corn ground comes from the western prairies, the flour sold comes mostly from Minneapolis, the hay and oats from Maine and the Canadas. The grist-mill was moved down the " mill creek " to the site it now occupies was afterward moved nearer the river to accommodate a cotton-factory which began in 1805, by occupying the stories above the grist-mill, then the whole of it, which finally gave way to the return of the corn-mill, when that prop- erty was absorbed by the foundry and stove works now belonging to the Walker Pratt Company. The building of the original mill and dam we have already ascribed with some degree of certainty to Cradock and How. The time was as early as, or earlier than January, 1634, for on this date a grant of land was made to it by the General Court. This was purchased and for some years owned by Thomas Mayhew. The ownership is traced by I)r. Bond to 1710. We can take up the train again in 1789, when John Remington sold to David Jackson. On some future occasion we hope to present in a satisfactory manner this entire history, which is very complicat- ed because of change of owners of fractional por- tions, and change of work done at dirterent periods. The grist-mill holds the first right to the use of water for power. In case of failure of water supply, its wheels must be satisfied first. With change of loca- tion on the ancient Jlill Oeek, probably the oldest mill creek in the country, this right has now been suspended or alien.ated. The first duty of the Charles River in Watertown is to grind corn, and no man now knows how or when it was first imposed. The Mill Creek is thought by some to be a natural water- course. No one can disprove it. Prof". Horsford thinks it was built by the Norsemen. JVeivspapers. — The Enterprise. — This paper was es- tablished by Samuel S. Gleason, Nov. 5, 1879, under whose management it steadily increased its circula- tion, its size and its influence. The paper is devoted to local interests, is bright, enterprising, and open to all who try to advance the interests of the town. After seven years given to the interests of this paper, Mr. Gleason withdrew from the paper, giving it wholly into the charge of Fred. G. Barker, who had been its printer for nearly its whole existence. Mr. WATERTOWN. 413 Gleaaon has, for th» last few years, given up his time til the real estate business, which he has greatly de- veloped in this place. Mr. Barker prints several ])eriodicals, employs nine ]iersons on his miscellaneous work. Having taken up printing as a recreation, when a boy in school, he has constantly increased his facilities and his skill, until his office has acquired a reputation for excell- ent work. Gas and Electric Light. — The Newton and Water- town Gas Light Company has one of the best gas and electric light plants in this State. It is situated on Water Street, Watertown. The company was organ- ized March 18, 1854, with a capital of .$200,000. The officers of the company are : President, Joseph N. JJacon ; treasurer and clerk, Francis Murdock; direc- tors, Joseph N. Bacon, George C. Lord, William Claflin, Francis Murdock, C. C. Walworth, Charles M. Seaver, John K. Stickney, H. L. Hovey, Abraham Avery ; general superintendent, Waldo A. Learned. The office of the company is located at No. 421 Cen- tre Street, Newton, and both Watertown and Newton are well supplied with light. They now consume about 4000 tons of coal, in place of the 400 of the first year, have about sixty miles of pipe, produce about 44,000,000 feet of gas, and are rapidly extending their means of lighting by arc and incandescent electric lights. Express Business. — T. P. Emerson bought out the express business of F. E. White in 1867, employing at first four men and six horses. He now employs nine men and twenty-six honses. J. H. Critchett & Sons, do a large express and teaming business. There are also Allen's Railroad Express, Ken- ney's Express and Nally's Express. The heavy business of the town requires large freighting and teaming facilities, which are at hand. Livery Stables. — Horses for driving can be had in almost any number, of Briggs E. Potter, who bought out G. B. Stockwell in 1885, and by purchasing and enlarging his buildings, has increased his number of horses, from eleven of his own with eight boarders, to twenty-three of his own with thirty boarders. Gen- tlemen are finding that through him a kind of co- operative horse-keeping is both more economical and more convenient than having a stable on their own premises. Telephones make it as easy to order one's horse from Potter's stable, as from his own in his back yard, where its presence is sometimes not desir- able. F. K. Hubbard a few years since bought out Mr. Kelley, and manages his business in a way to win the confidence of the public. An attractive line of car- riages tempt people to drive, and his prices are reasonable for the teams furnished. The interests of the community are conserved by this centralization of this industry to a single location. Machine- Shops. — There are the machine-shops of the Empire Laundry Machinery Company, machine shops for their own use and their own repairs in the Walker Pratt Manufacturing Company's works, and in the large paper-mills of the Hollingsworth & Whitney Paper Company, and also within the grounds of the .Etna Mills Corporation, where Mr. Mayall's inven- tive and ingenious mind finds scope in the frequent changes and adaptations required in that factory. So, of course there are machine-shops within the arsenal grounds. The public, however, have recourse to only one machine-shop for general work in this place. This was started in 1886 on Patten Street, near the railroad, by Matthew Pryor. His principal business is the manufacture of small hardware and small nov- elties, steam fittings, and general jobbing, door-stops, saw sharpeners for carpenters, parts of electric clocks and the like. General repairs of lawn-mowers, sewing- machines, bicycles, in fact, almost anything which an ingenious man or boy can make, will not be turn- ed away. This shop, although small, has quite a va- riety of machine tools, for it is crowded with ma- chinery which is propelled by a small steam-engine on the premises. Mr. Pryor has gradually increased his business as his ingenuity and good nature have come to be appreciated ; his shop is always a good in- dustrial school for boys wishing to learn, and, if your historian is able to judge, is worthy of much larger patronage, a larger shop, with more extensive business. Ross' Carriage and Wagon Factory. — On Spring Street, near Main Street, is now located the carriage factory of John Ross, which is known for its thorough and substantial work. Heavy express wagons or the lightest pleasure vehicles have been m.ade. Dr. Hosmer's carriage, fitted for protection in bad weather, was made here. So was Dr. Mead's. Mr. Ross does both the iron-work and also the wood- work and the painting and finishing at his shop. He employs four men. Mr. Ross bought out Mr. George Finneley in 1867. Mr. Ross made for the town the hook-and-ladder truck which has seen some service, and promises to do much more. In contrast with this may be mentioned a buggy which he built, that, when complete and ready for use, weighed only thirty-seven pounds. Boots and Shoes. — Shoe Mfanufaciure. — No large manufactories have ever been carried on in town. Little but custom work and repairs have been at- tempted here. Among those engaged in this business should be mentioned Mr. A. D. Drew, who generally supplies foot-wear for any customer who has the means and the courage to once give him his measure. Although he expects more pay for his boots and shoes at the start, it has been found in the end by some of our shrewdest investors to cost less in the end to be kept whole-footed. Mr. Drew began in 1849, on the corner of Pleasant and Galen Streets. He was alone for one year, then moved into the upper part of a building that stood where the post-office now is, where he had three men iU HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. for three years. Then he occupied a building where Lunt & Co.'s dry-goods store now is. About 1856 he moved into the building on the corner of Galen ami Mt. Auburn Streets, where he employed five men. He had also at the same time a small shop in Newton. In 1801 he moved across Galen Street to the opposite corner, where Mr. Sheridan was his apprentice. Dur- ing the war he moved up-stairs, and employed seven men. Here he did the largest business of his life, too large to be entirely profitable, although it includ- ed such jobs as, for instance, thirty-three pairs ol cavalry boots at $30 per pair ; and boots for nearly every man in Company K,juat before the close of the war. He, himself, enlisted in May, 180.5, but did not have occasion to leave Camp White, which wa.s pitched on Main Street, just beyond the West School- house. Mr. Drew served in the old Fire Department, ol which for some years he was chief, and where his name will ever be preserved. He has done good work enough for the preserva- tion and safety of our homes, for temperance and good order, to say nothing of the stores of good boots and shoes which he has made, to merit an old age of honor and repose. Painters. — Among the active business men of the past fifty years may be mentioned Henry Russell, painter. He began in Brighton, but became estab- lished in this town in 1847. He employed in hi^^ business of painting, glazing and papering houses, sometimes as many as thirty men. Many in all the surrounding towns were familiar with his work, which was done according to agreement, with en- ergy and faithfulness. He was chairman of the parish committee of the Fir.-tt Parish for many years, serving with equal energy and faithfulness till his death, in 1889. John Page has for many years followed with credit the same business which his son George A. Page now follows, occupying the old Barrett building on Beacon Scjuare. CHAPTER XXXV. WA TERTO \VN—{, Continued). SOCIETIES, rilY.SICIANS, &C. A.MONO the societies organized in town for work of various kinds, social and benevolent, may be named the following : FiiuE.\iAsoNRY IN Watertown.'— The first Ma- sonic body organized in Watertown was Meridian Lodge, chartered Dec. 11,1797, having a jurisdiction embracing towns between Boston and Concord, and concerning the early history of which little is posi- ' By Alberto F. Bajrnoi tively known. The late Leonard Whitney, sr., of this town, was a member, and related that in the troub- lous times of Masonry it was customary to vary the place of meetings from town to town, members driv- ing to the appointed place, carrying guns with them to ward ofl' possible danger. Mr. Whitney at that time resided near the Acton Powder-mill. He, with Asa Stone, Asa Pratt, Mr. Dana, and others who were early members of Pequossette Lodge, used to delight in talking over the experiences of the Anti-Masonic period. Meridian Lodge lost its original charter and lodge furnishings by fire, and after several removals became established permanently in Natick, where it has fine lodge-rooms and a large membership, being at the present timeoneof the leading and best-working lodges of the State. For many years Watertown had no Masonic lodge prior to the coming of William Webster, as principal of the High School, from Lexington. He had recently taken the degrees in Pettee's Lodge (so-called becau.se its meetings were held in Worshipful Brother Pettee's house), in West Cambridge, and with the assistance of old-time Masons obtained a charter for Pequossette Lodge. He left Watertown several years later, taught school in Rye, New York, and died in that State four or five years ago. He was the firet Master of Pequos- sette Lodge, and the first one of its Past-Masters to die. The original otficers and members of Pequos- sette Lodge were as follows: William Webster, W. M. ; Daniel H. Marshall, S. W. ; Jo.seph B. Keyes, J. W.; Henry Derby, Treas. ; Warren J. Lindley, Sec. ; Henry C. Vose, Chaplain ; George Marsh, Marshal ; Isaac Waits, S. D. ; George K. Hooper, J. D. ; Alfred Howes, S. S. ; Adolph Lewando, J. S. ; Asa Stone, Tyler. Members — Asa Pratt, Daniel Howard, Charles VV'ilkins, Sewall Iliscock, J. H. Clarke, Robert Mur- ray, David B. Horn, Samuel Richardson, Daniel Marshall, George Hill, William Nichols, Horace Clark, William B. Fowle, Jr., Leonard Whitney and George A. Hicks. The preliminary meeting was held in Constitution Hall, Dana Block, December 17, 185(5. At the next meeting, January 13, J 857, the name was changed to Masonic Hall, and the Grand Lodge dispensation was received and accepted. The first initiates were George W. Harrington, Luke Perkins and Miles Pratt, February 13, 1857. At the next meeting William W. Russell and Johu K. Stickney were the first admitted members. The latter is now an honorary member. May 8, 1857, Robert L. Davis and James W. Magee were given the third degree. Mr. Davis has retained active membership and a lively interest in the lodge ever since, and has contributed more than any other individual member to the success of the lodge. After working one year under dispensation, in ac- cordance with Masonic custom, Pequossette Lodge was duly constituted, December 23, 1857, with im- pressive ceremonies, by Grand Master JohnT. Heard, WATERTOWN. 415 and at the close about sixty members and guests were provided with a "bountiful and luxurious" repast, as the records state, at the Spring Hotel, Samuel Batch- elder, mine host, being ii member of the lodge. The first death was that of Daniel Marshall, who was buried with Masonic honors, September 3, 1858. The first public installation was held December 29, 1858. October 14, 1864, the lodge attended the lay- ing of the corner-stone of the new Masonic Temple, Boston. December 23, 1864, a public installation was held in the town hall. The first meeting in the new hall, Noyes' Block, was held September 8, 1870, aud the hall was dedi- cated October 5, 1870, an address being delivered in the town hall by Wor. Bro. John B. Goodrich. January 9, 1890, the lodge occupied, for the first time, its new and spacious rooms in the Otis building, of which it holds a ten years' lease. These quarters have been dedicated to Freemasonry, and were ar ranged especially to meet the needs of Pequossettt Lodge. The total membership has exceeded 300. The present membership is about 140. The largest num- ber of members admitted in one year was 24, in 1863. Of the early members, Robert L. Davis is now alone, out of 33 admitted to January, 1858 ; and of the 151 admitted during the first ten years, less than .30 re- main. Among those taking membership or degrees were Rev. Dr. Luther T. Townsend, of Watertowu ; the late Rev. Bradford K. Peirce, of Newton, editor ol Zion's Herald ; James S. Allison, Jonas Chenery, of Belmont ; George K. Snow, Joseph Crafts, George Sleeper, and a large number of the active business men and influential citizens of the town. List of Past Masters : William Webster, 1858-59; Robert L. Davis, 1860-til, 1870-71; William J. Un- derwood, 1862; Thomas N. Hooper, 1863-64; Joseph Sanger, jr., 1865; John B.Goodrich, 1866; William H. Clark, 1867 ; Charles W. Stone, 1868-69 ; Charles T. Perkins, 1872 ; Charles Brigham, 1873-74; Samuel F. Stearns, 1875-76; Robert F. Home, 1877-78; Charles H. Bradlee, 1879; Benjamin H. Dow, 1880- 81 ; Isaac Harrington, 1882-83 ; George H. Tarlton, 1884-85; George G. Davidson, 1886; Alberto F. Haynes, 1887-88. The officers at present are as follows : Herbert H. Sawyer, W. M.; Frederick E. Critchett, S. W. ; Ben- jamin W. Brown, J. W. ; Charles W. Stone, Treasurer ; George F. Robinson, Secretary; Rev. William H. Savage, Chaplain ; Robert L. Davis, Marshal ; Charles F. Bustin, S. D. ; John M. .lohnson, J. D. ; James H. Fraser, I. S. ; Freeman H. Edgcomb, Tyler. The Treasurer has held the office for twenty years, and the Tyler for twenty-five years. While Pequossette Lodge has been established only thirty-three years, it is older than any other .secret society of this town, although at present there are a dozen or more of these, founded mainly as in- surance organizations. The Masonic Lodge has held a steady, even tenor, and is to-day better situated and enjoying a greater degree of prosperity than ever be- fore. Its record is naturally of an individualized character, representing the social and fraternal phase of men who have left, or are making, their imprint on our growing community. Its regular meeting is held the second Thursday in each month, and there are Saturday evening gatherings of a distinctively social nature in the lodge apartments. Odd-Fellows.'— ia/aye«e Lodge, No. 31, Inde- pendent Order of Odd-Fellows, was instituted ana charter granted the 26lh of January, 1844. The lodge prospered until 1850, and in 1852 the charter was surrendered. Nothing was done until April 1, 1863, when the charter was returned and the lodge rein- stated, since which time it has continually prospered, and has met with considerable success, the member- ship now being 138. There have been and are now enrolled upon the books the names of men who have been prominent and closely connected with Water- town. It has initiated over 400 men into its ranks, and has the honor of being the mother of three lodges. Of its work little can be said, as the order of Odd-Fellows is a secret organization. But suffice it to say that in all its history there has never been a brother injured or harmed by it, but, on the contrary, many have been benefited by it, and that must mean that it has helped to make better men, better citizens and a better town. Upon the roli-books are the names of Thomas L. French, just deceased, aud William H. Ingraham, who have the honor of being members for over forty years, a record which all Odd- Fellows feel proud of The objects of the order are clearly defined and embodied in these k'n words, viz. : To visit the sick, to relieve the distressed, to bury the dead and to educate the orphan. This, so far as he can, every Odd-Fellow tries to perform. Oflicers for 1890 : H. H. Powell, N. G. ; J. W. New- comb, Per. Sec. The Young Men's Christian Association.-'— The Young Men's Christian Association of Water- town was organized in March, 1887, having for its object the promotion of the spiritual, social, intellec- tual and physical welfare of young men. Rooms were secured in W. H. Lyman's new block, then in process of erection, and a lease taken for three years. The rooms were opened, in a fitting[manner, on Sep- tember 3d, of the same year, with a consecration ser- vice in the morning, after which they were open to inspection of the public. At 12 m. an address was delivered in the Town Hall by Rev. L. W. Blunhall, D.D., and a reception to the public in the evening, when refreshments were served to 800 people. Mr. George S. Turner was elected the first presi- dent of the association, and served three years. Fred. G. Barker was elected in 1890. The president has been ' By Charles H. Rollins. 2 By JameB E. Norcrosa. +16 HISTORY OF 3IIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ably supported by an earnest corps of young men, and the Association has prospered, and been the means, by the blessing of God, of doing much good for the young men of the town. Mr. H. L. Peabody, of Haverhill, Mass., was the first general secretary, and since January 20, 1890, Mr. J. E. Norcross, of Watertown, has been the gen- eral secretary. The Executive Committee, alive to the needs of the young men, rented new quarters in the Otis Block and moved into them July 1, 1890. The unceasing demands of the Association were thus met for a time and great encouragement given to prosecute the work. The four rooms thus secured are a reading-room, where may be found a choice collection of reading matter, open to young men from 9.30 A.M. to 9.30 P.M. ; a lecture room, with an office for the General Secretary, in which are held the various services of the Association, also lectures and practical talks; a small room to be used as a study and library ; and a room to be devoted to boys' work. The Association has a flourishing Ladies' Auxil- iary connected with it, under the leadership of its president, Mrs. Alfred Turner; also an orchestra, which contributes a great deal to the attractiveness of the Association's services and socials. The finances have been ably managed, and the close of each year has found a balance in the hands of the treasurer. The membership of the Association is, October, 1890, 2.')0; and the ofticers at present are as follows: President, Fred. G. Barker ; Vice-Presidents, F. G. Barker, H. S. Wood, T. G. Banks ; Rec. Secretary, B. M. Shaw; Cor. Secretary, W. L. Rockwell; Treas- urer, S. Henry Coombs ; Gen'l Secretary, Jas. E. Norcross. "The Society for the Relief of the Sick'' was organized in the year 1816, during the pastorate of the Rev. Richard Roscwcll Eliot, when all the towns-people worshipped in one meeting-house. A severe epidemic had visited the town, after which it was thought wise to have articles on hand for loaning in cases of sickness and also to have a fund which could be drawn upon in cases of need. P'or those days this was a new departure, and deserves the merit of originality. The following was its first appeal: " Uonations in money, old garments, bedding, articles suitable to be made up for children, nourishment for the sick, and fuel, will be gratefully received by the directors and appropriated according to their best judgment." Us oflicers for the years 181G-1817 were: Mrs. Eliakim Morse, president; Miss Caroline How- ard, vice-president; Miss Martha Robbins, secretary ; Mrs. N. Bemis, jr., treasurer. lla directors were : Mrs. R. II. Eliot, Mrs. Luke Ill-mis, Mrs. Isaac Dana, Mrs. Stearns, Mrs. A. Blake, Mrs. Jonathan Stone, jr., Mrs. Robbins, Mrs. Abijah White, Mrs. Guy, Mrs. Bigelow, Miss Katherine Hunt, Miss H. L. Coolidge. One hundred and six of the principal ladies iu town became members of the society, each paying the annual fee of one dollar. During the years that have passed since, many have j made substantial gifts to the society, and some of the older inhabitants at their deaths have left small lega- cies to be added to its funds. Among these gifts we may mention that of Lydia Maria Child, which is a pieasant reminder of her tender memory for the peo- ple among whom she passed a portion of her earlier life with her brother, Dr. Francis. Thus this society has grown steadily, down to the present time, doing its work quietly, but efiiciently. It assists all deserving poor, irrespective of creed or race, and loans its articles ot use for the sick to any who wish them. Its meetings are monthly, in the afternoon, at the houses of its members. Donations of any amount are always welcomed and will be well applied. Its present officers are: Ruth A. Bradford, presi- dent ; Emily Robbins, vice-president ; Margaret V. Kendall, secretary ; Abby V. Barry, treasurer. The Women's Christian Temperance Union of Watertown was the result of prayer and an earnest awakening on the part of Christian women to the sin of the drink habit, and its terribleeft'ectsupon the individual and the home. This Union was organized in 1875, very soon after the organization of the National Union. The first general officers were Mrs. D. A. Tainter, Mrs. Abbott, wife of Rev. Granville Abbott, who was then pastor of the Baptist Church, Mrs. Joseph Bark- er, and Mrs. John Hall. The first year's membership was ninety-nine. The first work was to help the Reform Club, visit the sa- loon-keepers, and assist the family of theiinebriate. Very soon it was found that preventive work must be done, and eilorts were directed towards the forma- tion of a better public sentiment in regard to the social and medicinal use of alcoholic liquors, and con- cerning the traffic which makes the inebriate. With this end in view the Union has given great prominence to the distribution of literature showing the eflTects of alcoholic poisons upon the system, the extent of the drink traffic, and the iniquitous jiower of the saloon. Many petitions have been circulated, and able speakers have been secured from time to time to present various phases of the Temperance question. The Union is gratified in having been an instru- ment in removing wine from the C'ommuniou Table of the Methodist, the Congregational and the Baptist Churches; in obtaining hundreds of signatures to the pledge, and the introduction of Scientific Temperance Instruction in the Public Schools. By persistent ef- fort of the Union, Watertown was one of the first six towns of the State to place in the hands of the pupils of the Public Schools text-books giving such instruc- tion. WATERTOWN. 411 Among other departments of their work which have received attention from the Union, are Sabbath Ob- servance, Evangelistic work, Police Station and the Almshouse Franchise and Flower Missions. The present membership is seventy -seven, with four- teen honorary male members. List of officers : President, Mrs. S. Elizabeth Chase ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Arminda S. Hall, Mrs. Persis H.Taiuter, Mrs. Sarah J.Stone, Mrs. Lizzie G. Dimick, Mrs. Helen Greene, Mrs. Mary F. Rand, Mrs. Flor- ence Dutton, Mrs. Sarah H. Berry, Mrs. Eliza M. Teele, Mrs. Alice A. U. Phipps ; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Frances D. Niles; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Sarah H. Carter; Treasurer, Mrs. Angeline C. Craw- ford. The Young Men'.s Assembly. — Several gentlemen called an informal meeting in May, 1888, in the hall of the Grand Army, to consider the formation of a society which should have for its object the busi- ness and social upbuilding of the town. The invita- tions to this meeting were given by L. S. Cleveland and Chester Sprague, seconded by the young men who belonged to a Bible class in the Methodist Epis- copal Sunday-school, and others to whom they made known their object. The first suggestions of such an organization were perhaps made to this class, known as the Young Men's Assembly of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, of which Mr. Cleveland was president. Each member of the class heartily endorsed the pro- posed plan of enlarged action and agreed to support it earnestly. The plan had also been discussed with others and approved by Samuel S. Gleason, Benj. H. Dow, Chester Sprague, George E. Priest, and Rev. W. G. Richardson, who kindly lent their aid and influence. By the personal efforts of these and others spoken to, the informal meeting in May proved to be a suc- cess, and the organization since known as the Young Men's Assembly was formed with a membership, the first evening, of forty. The first regular meeting was held in June, with a membership limited to sixty. This limit h:is been raised at successive periods till now it stands at one hundred and seventy- five, with a list of names waiting to be added when there are va- cancies. Included in the scope and work of this as- sembly is the creation of a Board of Trade, now con- sisting of George E. Priest, Samuel S. Gleason, Ward M. Otis, George C. Lunt and Chester Sprague. This organization lias been recognized by the business as- sociations of the State and delegates chosen to repre- sent the same in the State Convention of the Boards of Trade. This assembly has awakened interest in other towns, for, after visiting this, gentlemen of other towns have formed similar organizations. It was originally proposed to encourage the introduction of matters of business in which any were interested, which seemed important to themselves or to others, or to make suggestions that might prove of value to others, especially to the town. It adopted 27-iii an Idea embodied in the Chase Banquet Association, which had proved eminently successful—" the better- ment of its members," from a business standpoint as well as an educational one. Its object is social and business improvement. Its meetings have been held one evening of each month ; they begin with a sim- ple banquet, and an hour spent in social converse, followed by addresses by members or invited guests. So far the spirit most actively developed has been to encourage all kinds of mutual helpfulness both in personal and municipal affairs. It may be too soon to say that the spirit of self-seeking and mutual fault- finding has disappeared from the town, and a habjt of self-denying helpfulness of others has taken its place; but your historian should simply acknowledge that this is true of the leader of this assembly, L. S. Cleveland, now re-elected its president for the third year, by a unanimous and most persistent vote. The officers for 1890-91 are the same as from the first : L. S. Cleveland, president ; S. S. Gleason and Chester Sprague, vice-presidents ; F. W. Cobb, secre- tary and treasurer. Miscellaneous Societies.— Among the other so- cieties organized in town are the following: Young Men's Catholic ^ssociafio?;, organized in 1889. — Michael J. Green, president; James J. McCafferty, secretary. haac B. Fallen Post, 81, Qrand Army of the Re- public. — J. R. Harrison, commander ; George F. Rob- inson, adjutant. Isaac B. Patten Women's Relief Corps, 59. — Mrs. A. M. Condon, president ; Miss Edith M. Smith, secre- tary. Arthur B. Fuller Camp, 102, Sons of Veterans. — Established in 1889. A. F. Nutting, captain ; G. Westley Priest, first sergeant. Abraham Lincoln Commandery, 67, United Order of the Oolden Cross. — Instituted in 1879. J. H. L. Coon, N. C; A. J. Coolidge, K. of R. Charles River Court, Ilass., Catholic Order of For- esters, 1883. — James J. Barnes, C. R. ; John Hurlihey, secretary. Local Branch, 393, Order Iron Hall, 1886.— E. F. Pratt, C. J. ; George S. Parker, accountant. Franklin Association, 19, Northern Mutual Relief As- sociation.— Freeman H. Edgecomb, president; W. H. Pevear, secretary. Watertown Lodge, 70, Ancient Order United Work- men, 1889. — Thomas Perkins, master workman ; Ap- pleton Phipps, recorder. British America Association, 65, 1889. — J. H. Looker, president ; 6. S. Thomson, secretary. Watertown Mutual Relief Association, 1880. — M. M. Walsh, president ; M. P. Hynes, secretary. Watertown Non- Partisan Woman's Suffrage League, 1887.— Dr. S. Adelaide Hall, president; Mrs. Alice A. C. Phipps, secretary and treasurer. Unitarian Club — Organized in 1888. Julian A. Mead, president; J. C. Brimblecon, secretary. 418 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHTTSETTS. Wednaday CTuft.— Started in 1886 by Arthur M. Knapp, its first president. Win. Gushing, president; Ellen M. Crafts, secretary. Historical Society of Waterlovm, established in 1888. Alfred Hosmer, M.D., president; Rev. K. A. Rand, vice-president; Solon F. Whitney, secretary and treasurer. It has at present fifty-two members. Charles River Council, 36, A. L. of H., 1879.— Com., Henry Stephens ; Secretary, Wm. J. Quincy. Board of Trtide, 1889.— S. S. Gleason, George C. Lunt, W. M. Otis, George E. Priest, Che.ster Sprague. Ladies' Benevolent Asaonalion , connected witli the First Parish. Miss Emily Robbing, president; Mrs. J. F. Green, secretary. St. Luke's Home for Children. — Arlington and Mt. Auburn Streets. Sisters Annie and Mary in charge. Town Improvement Society, 1883. — Ward M. Otis, president; Wm. H. Ingraham, clerk. Sources of inkormation Concerning the Old Town of Watektown, Mass.' — I have endeavored to collect into the foUowjng list the more important sources of information which could be profitably ex- amined by the Historical Society of Watertown, in its study into the history of that ancient township. As a matter of convenience they have been grouped somewhat chronologically, and after the dates of separation, under the he.'idings of Watertown, Walt- ham and Weston. The 8i.\ 4to vols, of The Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, from 1628-86, published by the State in 1853-54, contain much material of the greatest im- portance. The Massachusetts State Archives on file in the office of the Secretary of State at the State House, contain a mass of original papers, the most of which have never been printed. Here in vol. V, p. 32 of Maps and Plans, is the oldest ' known map of the town. This bears the date of 1720, when the town still included Waltham. It shows the location of all the houses of that time, and gives the names of the occupants of some of (hem. A commission made an e.tlendcd report in print to the State in 1885, upon the nature and present condition of these ar- chives. The orginal records of Jcihn Hull, treasurer of the Colony, 1675-80, are in the possession of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. Watertown town records, the earliest extant, begin on page 2 of the record-book, with the date of 1634. From Nov. 28, 1643, to Nov. 9, 1647, the transactions of the town are lost. A faithful transcript of the earlier records of the town were made by Mr. .Joseph Crafts. A copy of the records down to 1651, was printed in the Water- > lly Dr. Ui'iiiiolt F. Davouport, wltli iiddltlonn by Uie editor. 'Thorci U an oldor map of a amnll portion, tho soutliwoBt corner, "calliHl NoniKUcli," which" fixM two of tha thnjo main lines of the old town, liipoaillun and direction, and li In vol. 3, p. I. Thl. l»rofes9ionally. Daniel Mason, youngest son of Capt. Hugh Mason, graduated at Harvard College in 1666, was a physi- cian, living as late as 1679, but it is not known whether he ever practiced medicine in Watertown. He was captured by an Algerine, and is supposed to have died in Algiers. (Bond's MS. notes to his own history.) In the County Court files is a petition of the select- men of Watertown, dated 1690, in which they say that S. G. came from, Cambridge to Watertown, " to the home of Ellis Barron whose wife had skill in matters of surgery." The next physician after Dr. Eire was Dr. Philip Shattuck, who probably practiced there from about 1670 to 1722. He resided in the northeast part of Waltham. Dr. Pallgrave Wellington was his contemporary, be- ing only five years younger than Dr. Shattuck. He 420 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. resided on the Cambridge road, on or near the lots of G. Church and W. Woolcot. He died 1715. Dr. Rk'hfird Hooper was a contemporary of Drs. Shattiicic and Wellington, and resided at the east of Mt. Auburn. He died early in 1G90. His son Hmrij was a physician of Watertown a few years, and about 1723 he moved to Newport, Rhode Island. /))■. Jiiinnh Vomers, from Woburn, settled in Water- town probably about the time of the decease of Dr. Shattuck and the removal of D. H. Hooper. We have not ascertained where he resided, but perhaps it was the residence afterwards occupied by his nephew, pupil, legatee and executor. Dr. Marshall Spring. He died in 1774, after a re.sidence probably of nearly fifty years. (Bond, page 1074.) The following is the epitaph on the stone resting liorizontally upon pillars, over Dr. Convers' grave in the village burying-ground : " To tlio much lioiiorod and respertod memory of JosiAii Convers, Kso., who, by rlivino piiiciiiwiion, resigned his valimhle lift August, 1774, aged 73." "If real medical abilities, united with every human and social virtue. the most active extensive generosity, universal benevolence and charity, may deserve to outline the Panegyric ol anumldering stone, the envy of the grave and the devouring tooth of time, certainly the Virtues and many excellences which distinguish the character of Dr. Convers are very eminently entitled to such a peculiar tribute from the grateful rnblic. " This honest stone, what few vain marbles can. May truly say, here lies anhonest man." Dr. Marshall Spring was born in Watertown, Feb. 151, 1741-2, graduated at Harvard College in 1762, and died Jan. 11, 1818, aged seventy-six years. He re- ceived great assistance from his materiial uncle, Dr. .Tosiah Convers, with whom he studied medicine, and whose property he afterwards inherited. Francis says, " Dr. Spring became one of the most distinguished physicians in the country ; and perhaps no one can be mentioned in whosejudgment and skill a more un- reserved confidence was placed. His practice was very extensive, and his house was the resort of great numbers of patients from the neighboring and from distant towns." Says Thatcher, " His mind was not tilled by fashion- able theories of the day any further than they ac- corded with his own views of practice. His natural sagacity or force of judgment led him to deep and critical observations into the causes and nature of diseases, and their remedies. .He asked few questions, used his eyes rather than his ears, seemed to gain knowledge of each jiarticular case by intuition. He often etl'ected cures by directing changes of habit, of diet, of regimen. He used little medicine, always giving nature fair play. Though dilfering from his ncighlwrs iiolitically, being a decided Tory at the time of the Revolution, he was early on the ground at LexitigtT_-i--t^' .-^J.^ ! WATERTOWN. 421 tory which included some of the neighboring towns and involving almost incessant rides by day and night and Huremitting labor. Like other medical men, too, of his time, his practice included both medical and surgical cases, and involved the treatment of Ciises of much wider range than are found under the care of a single man to-day since the divorce of sur- gery from medicine and the division of general practice into specialties. The consequence was that physicians of the period referred to had a more com- plete medical education than is to be found, especially in the cities a'ud their neighborhood, in our day, and thus Dr. Hunnewell became a thoroughly educated, widely informed and skillful man. In another re- spect, too, the physician's career of his time ditfered from that of to-day. Not only were medical fees of smaller proportions if paid in money, but many of them in the country towns were satisfied by country pay, eggs and butter and chickens from the farmer, tea and coffee from the grocer, and preaching from the minister. The practice of Dr. Hunnewell furnished no ex- ception to the general rule and his cellar and larder were largely supplied by means of no other circulat- ing medium than medicine, the tooth-puller and pills. Upon such a practice, however, he thrived, and in such a practice he continued actively at work until he was eighty years of age. He was for many years the only physician in Watertown, and as his reputa- tion widened he became a frequent visitor to the sick- beds of Newton and Cambridge and Waltham. He was a devotee to his profession, permitting himself to take no active part in the public affairs of either town or State. As a Whig in politics he rejoiced in the success of his party ; as a Unitarian in theology he was interested in the welfare of his church ; as a Mason he shared the duties a.s well as the labors of his order. He was a man of unswerving integrity, of commendable liberality, of cultivated tastes, a kind neighbor, a good friend, a thoroughly respected citizen. Dr. Hunnewell married, May 12, 1800, Susannah Cook, of Newton, and his children were Jane, born June 23, 1801, who married John A. Underwood, and Horatio H(jlli9, born July 27, 1810. The last-named child, Horatio Hollis Hunnewell, as a merchant has had an eminently successful career. At the age of lifteeu he entered the banking-house of Welles & Co., in Paris, France, and there remained until 1839, when he was twenty-nine years of age. Samuel Welles, the head of the firm of Welles & Co., was born in Natick, Massachusetts, April 22, 1778, and graduated at Harvard in 1796. He married, in London, in 1816, Adeline, daughter of John Fowle, of Water- town, Mass., and died in Paris in August, 1841. Ar- nold Welles, uncle of Samuel, was born in Boston, December 2.5, 1727, and had a son, John, born in September, 1764, who married, in 1794, Abigail Welles, sister of Samuel. The ninth child of John Welles, named Isabella Pratt, born September 7, 1812, married, in Paris, December 24, 1835, Horatio Hollis Hunnewell, mentioned above. Mrs. Hunnewell in- herited the Welles estate, in that part of Natick which is now Wellesley.and Mr. Hunnewell has made large additions by purchase until it now includes about six hundred acres. This estate, occupied during thesum- mer by Mr. Hunnewell and also in separate houses by his married children, lies on both sides of the road leading from the Wellesley Station to Natick. That part of it occupied by Mr. Hunnewell himself lies on the borders of Wellesley Pond, on the other side of which are the grounds of Wellesley College. The mansion built by him stands out of sight from the road, and is reached by an avenue winding through spacious lawns and shaded by ornamental and Ibrest trees, which reminds the visitor of the approaches to some of the best estates in England. j\lr. Hunnewell inherits from his father a taste for horticulture, which his abundant means enable him to gratify, and as he walks through his almost endl&ss green-houses he points out his rare varieties of fruit and ffower.s with undisguised enthusiasm and fondles them with the tenderness of a parent in his children's nursery. Dr. Hunnewell, of whom this sketch is written, died in Watertown, October 19, 1855, at the age of eighty- six. Dr. Hiram Honmer was born in W.alpole, N. H., September 4, 1798. He was one of twelve children of Jonas Hosmer (1758-1840), a farmer ; Jonas was the son of Jonathan, born in 1712, who had a brother who was a noted surveyor, and was the son of Stephen, who was the son of Stephen (1642). who was the son of James (1607-85), who came from Hawkhurst, in Kent, England, about twelve miles from Dover. James was in Concord, Mass., in 1635, took the oath of freeman in Boston, May 17, 1637, and settled on the right bank of the river north of Darby's bridge, on farm lately occupied by Elijah Hosmer. James, the son of this first James, was killed in the Sudbury fight in 1676. As a boy he worked on his father's farm, occasion- ally for neighbors, at a compensation which seemed to him in better days, ridiculously meagre. He learned the tra'de of cabinet-maker, which he after- wards abandoned for medicine. His education was at first at a district school, one term at an academy, and afterwards with the celebrated Dr. Amos Twitchell, of Keene, N. H. He afterwards spent some months under the tuition of Drs. Hale and Watkins, in Troy, N. Y. He attended lectures in Boston and received his degree from Harvard University in 1824. It wasin this very year(lS24) that he established himself in Water- town, where he remained until his death, April 15, 1862, which was from abdominal disease. Many liv- ing remember the kind face of the old doctor, and say that the portrait recently i)resented to the Public Library of Watertown, by his nephew. Dr. Hiram Hosmer, is a faithful and life-like picture. Most have an incorrect idea of the cause of his death, for many 422 HISTORY OF .MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. years before, "during a convalescence from typhoid fever, he bad an incomplete bemipleKia of the right side. In April, 1850, he had a light attack which slightly benumbed the right arm. In February, 1860, he had a cerebral hiumorrhiige, which two of the most eminent of the profession thought must speedily prove fatal. Contrary to all reasonable expectation, he ral- lied, instead of sinking, and early in the summer was able to walk and ride out; and two years and two months afterward he died of abdominal disease." He had a successful career ; a large experience, great professional tact, a ready and correct judgment, an appreciation of "Nature in Disease," and a perfect comprehension of, and devotion to the highest inter- ests of medicine, in the best sense of the term. One writes of him : " He was esteemed wherever he was known. He was not a great book-man, but was a diligent student of nature, and ever studied care- fully the diagnosis of his patients, as well as the mode of treatment. He was judicious in the treatment of the sick, not afraid of powerful medicines when such were really needed, but more commonly employed mild remedies." Dr. Hosmer was married, September 6, 1827, to Sarah Watson Grant, of Walpole, N. H., who died in 1836. Of four children, .the youngest only survives all her family, and is now the distinguished sculptress, Har- riet Hosmer. She was born October 9, 1830 ; being naturally of a delicate constitution, her treatment and early education well illustrates the good sense and wisdom of her father, and should be mentioned here. He encouraged her to pursue a course of physical training unusual to her sex. If half the stories cur- rent among the people are true, she must have aston- ished the older people by her daring riding, sometimes standing on her dashing horse as he tore through the street. At an early age she began modeling in clay. Having completed her school education, she took a regular course in anatomical instruction at the Medi- cal College of St. Louis. In the summer of 1851 she returned home, and commenced her bust of " Hesper," which, on its completion in marble in 1852, attracted much attention in Boston ; and her father placed her under the instruction of Gibson, the sculptor, in Rome. From here we have her busts of " Daphne," " Medusa," and the statue of " .^none." One of her best works is " Beatrice Cenci," which was made for the St. Louis Public Library. Oneof her most popular works, which has been copied many times, is •' Puck," a charming statue. She wan established for many years as a profession- al sculptor in Rome, reaping a substantial reward in a large income. In 1859 she finished a statue of " /.enobia in Chains," a work on which she labored HO ZL-ulously for two years as to impair her health. A statue of Thomas H. Benton, now in St. Louis, which is cH.-.t in bronze ; " The Sleeping Faun," for the en- trance of i.n art gallery at Ashbriilge Hal!, England ; a full-length reclining figure of a young girl for a funeral monument in the Church of St. Andrea della Fratti in Rome, and a design for a " Lincoln Monu- ment" in Washington, D. C, are among her works. It is hoped that in her return to Rome, to renew her art work, she has already restored, by her father's wise art, the health which will enable her to still fur- ther vindicate the right of woman to strength and usefulness and a most honorable career. Dr. Samuel Richardgon, descended in the sixth gen- eration from Samuel Richardson, who was born in England in 1610, emigrated to America in 1636, and also was one of the founders of Woburn*. The doctor was the only son of Captain Ebenezer and Rhoda (Coolidge) Richardson ; born at Newton, Mass., Jan. 13, 1795; married, 1820, to Mary Kid- der, daughter of Isaac and Mary Kidder, of Town- send, Mass. He studied medicine with Dr. Moses Kidder, of Dublin, N. H., and Dr. Stephen H. Spaulding, of the same place ; afterward with Dr. Amos Mitchell. Dr. Richardson practiced medicine at Peterborough, N. H., until 1838, when he removed to Watertown, Mass. His wife, Mary, died in 1861. In June, 1873, he married Sarah Barnard, of Water- town, who still survives him. Dr. Richardson died here, Feb. 12, 1879, leaving a son, Dr. Coolidge Richardson, of Ware, Mass., and a grandson in this town, Mr. Charles B. Gardner, a gentleman of gener- ous culture, who died the last part of July, 1890, leaving an only son, Roy Richardson Gardner, who having passed his examinations for Harvard College, is to spend a year in European travel, partly for his health. Alfred Hosmer, M.D., born at Newton Upper Falls September 11, 1832, has the same name as his father, who was also a graduate of the Harvard Medi- cal School, and a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. His grandfather, Jonas, born in Acton, Mass., in October, 1758, had a brother Abner killed in Concord, in the memorable fight at the bridge, April 19, 1775, while resisting, with other members of Captain Isaac Davis' company, of Acton, the advance of the British regulars. This grand- 'ather married, inDecember, 1778, Betsy Willard, by whom he had twelve children, and, like many thrifty countrymen of that time, drove, as he had oppor- tunity, a trade, while the rest of his time was spent as a farmer. This trade was that of a mason. His great-great-grandfather, James Hosmer, at the age of twenty-eight, with a wife and two children, left his native Hawkhurst, in Kent, England, for America in 1635, and settled in Concord, Mass., on fields still tilled by descendants of the same name, after these two hundred and fifiy years. His father, Alfred Hosmer, a tenth child, and born at Walpole, N. H., in Nov., 1802, learned the trade of a shoemaker, but with great hope and persever- ance entered upon the study of medicine, and at the age of twenty-three was admitted as a student to the office of Dr. Amos Twitcheil, of Keene, N. H. He ^;>^7 ^v /, {^/^ c^ cy^i ^^^^^^'-i^-'i-^ /y WATRRTOWN. 423 attended the usual course of lectures in the Medical School of Harvard University, and received the de- gree of M.D. in 1828. Enfeebled by acute rheuma- tism in early youth, resulting in a serious organic affection of the heart, he died in 1837, at the early age of thirty-five, leaving his three young children to the care of a courageous, energetic, and judicious mother, whom, as Mary Ann Grahme he had married in December, 1831. Her father, who belonged to an old Scotch family, had come to New York when quite a young man, and there had established himself as a merchant. Alfred Hosmer, the sou, having attended the pub- lic schools of Newton until his ninth year, when his mother found it expedient to remove to Walpole, N. H., where he found meagre opportunities for acquir- ing the thorough preliminary training which is neces- sary for the liberal education which he desired, was, nevertheless, admitted, without conditions, to Harv- ard College, and graduated with honor in 1853. Having early selected, for the work of his life, medicine, which his father pursued, he tenaciously held to his early choice, and, soon after graduating, was admitted to the office of his uncle. Dr. Hiram Hosmer, of Watertown, well known in all this region as a most skilful practitioner, and during the follow- ing two winters attended lectures at the Harvard Medical School, the third year being spent as house- officer in the surgical department of the Massachu- setts General Hospital. In 1856 he received the de- gree of M.D. from his Alma Mater, and spent a large portion of the following year in professional studies in Paris. It was the autumn of 1857 when he located in Watertown, from which time he has devoted himself industrously to general practice with a success that proves ability and has secured his reputation of being among the best practitioners of the State. In June, 18G0,he married Helen Augusta, the youngest daugh- ter of the late Josiah Stickney, and has two children, a daughter and a son. Dr. Hosmer became a Fellow of the Massachusetts Society in 185(j ; has repeatedly been a member of its council ; was its anniversary chairman in 1877, and in 1882 its president, one of the youngest who have been elected to this high office. He was made presi- dent of the Obstetrical Society of Boston, for two years; was president of the Middlesex South District Medical Society ; was medical examiner for the Seventh District of Middlesex County. He took an active part in organizing the Massachusetts Medico- Legal Society, was its first president, holding the office three years ; was for many years post surgeon at the United States Arsenal at Watertown. In 1879 he was made Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; aud in 1881 he was made a member of the State Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity, and became chairman of the Health Committee. He has contributed to the pages of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, papers of which the titles, in part, are " Diagnostic Importance of Examin- ations of the Urine ; " " The Abuse of the Alimentary Canal ; " " Life and Disease ; " " Increase of Danger incident to the Puerperal State ; " " A Case of Vaginal Lithotomy ; " Wounds of the Knee- Joint ; '' " Intro- ductory Address before the Massachusetts Jledico- Legal Society ; " " In what Cases shall the Medical Examiner decline to view a Dead Body ? " '• A Pecu- liar Condition of the Cervix Uteri which is found in Certain Cases of Dystocia." But not alone in professional labors has Dr. Hosmer won distinction. In the best work for the education, religious culture and moral up-building of the people by whom he has been surrounded, and for placing men on their own feet financially, by moder- ating their spending, and stimulating their saving and wisely investing the surplus of health and pros- perity for the days of sickness or adversity, he has been always active and will be long remembered. Dr. Hosmer was a member of the School Committee from 1805 to 1871, of which he was chairman during 1866, '67, '68 to April, 1869. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Free Public Library from 1868 to 1878, was secretary from 1868 to 1870, and chairman 1871, 1873 to 1877. He was elected one of the trustees of the Watertown Savings Bank, April 11, 1876; was presi- dent from 1874 to 1890 ; was instrumental in framing the code of by-laws adopted in 1885. He was one of the originators of the Historical Society of Watertown, and did much to make the formation of the society possible, by arousing an interest in local history, and has been its first and only president. In the First Parish, familiarly known as the Unitarian Society, he has for many years been moderator of its annual meetings, has always kept up an interest in its doings, has contributed liberally to its support, was greatly interested in the erection of the Unitarian Building for Sunday-school, for society and social uses, for which he solicited and obtained considerable contributions, and to the erec- tion and planning of which he gave most thorough and constant attention. Dr. David T. Huckins was born the 24th of Feb., 1819, at Meredith, N. H. He did not pass through the regular undergraduate course at college, but is a graduate of the Medical De))artment of Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H. He has practiced to some ex- tent as a regular physician, but has been better known for the many years of his residence in this town as a dentist. He has filled several important public offices. He was a member of the School Committee of the town in 1850, 1851 and in 1852 — the year when it was decided to abolish the old district school system and establish a High School,— 1853, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1865, 1866, 1867 and 1868. He was a member of the 424 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. lirst Board of Trustees of Public Library in 1868, and its treasurer. He is known in scientific circles for his large and fine collection of shells. Dr. Luther B. Morse was born in Rochester, Vt., in 1820, August 4th. He taught public school forsix years in his native State, prepared for college at semi- naries in Castleton, Brandon and Montpelier, Vt. On account of poor health in early manhood, did not pursue a college course, but attended medical lec- tures at Dartmouth College, at the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, and at the New York Univer- sity. He graduated in his native State at Vermont Medical College in 1845, and established himself in his profession at Lowell, Mass. During his residence here he was city physician for two or three years, a director of the City Public Library, a member of the School Committee, and represented the city in the Legislature in the years 1853 and 1854. He came to Watertown in 1862 and has had exten- sive practice during his residence in town. He was a member of the School Committee in 1864-67 and in 1878, was town physician for a number of years, and a member of the Board of Health for one year. In 1863, after the aecood disaster at Bull Run, he, with thirty-three other Massachusetts surgeons and physi- cians, responded within thirty -six hours and reported themselves ready for duty at Washington for that special service. While in Lowell and in Watertown he has been an active member of the Orthodox Church, holding the office of deacon for thirty-eight years. Dr. Julian A. Mead was born iu West Acton, Mass., in 1856; was fitted for college at Phillips Academy, Ezeter, N. H.; graduated at Harvard College in 1878, and from Harvard Medical School in 1881, and spent two years in Europe at the Universities of Leipsic, Vienna and Paris in fitting himself for his profession. He came to Watertown in November, 1883, to assist Dr. Alfred Hnsmer, whose practice in this and the neighboring towns had become too extensive for one man ; and since the illness of Dr. Hosmer in Decem- ber, 1888, he has succeeded to a large part of his prac- tice. The present Board of Health was originated by him, and he w;is its first presiding officer, and, with Law- yer Sullivan, framed the rules and regulations which govern the board. In 1883 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Robinson a medical examiner for Middlesex County, which office he still holds. He was for three years iussistant surgeon, and for two" years surgeon of the Fifth Regiment, under Col. Bancroft. < )utside ol his profes.sion he has taken quite a promi- nent position, having served on the School Committee of the town for six years, for the last five of which he has been chairman. He is a member of the parish romiuittee of the First Parish, and for two years has been the president of the Unitarian Club of this town. He is the member of the Wednesday Club, and a member of the standing committee of the His- torical Society of Watertown. Other physicians in town at present are Michael J. Kelley, Cieo. A. Tower, E. True Aldrich, Charles S. Emerson, S. Adelaide Hall and W. S. Beaumont. Old Residents. — Mr. Samuel Walker was born in Langdon, New Hampshire, February 9, 1818. His father, Mr. Gilson Walker, a farmer of five or six hundred acres, raising large numbers of sheep with other stock, hay and grain, found time to serve his town for over thirty years as town treasurer. He was a son of Abel Walker, of Shirley, Massachusetts, whose father, Samuel, one of the eighty who responded to the Lexington alarm on the 19th of April, 1775, an enterprising citizen, treasurer of Shirley for a dozen years, was the great-grandson of Samuel Walker, sr., of Woburn, who was born in England in 1615, came with his father. Captain Richard Walker, to find a home iu Lynn, in 1630. Mr. Samuel Walker, the subject of our sketch, thus preceded by an honorable and trusted ancestry, some of whom distinguished themselves as pioneers in the settlement of New Hampshire, notably of Charles- town and Langdon, came to Boston in 1843, when he was twenty-five years old, and to Watertown for a home in 1854. He was at first engaged in the sale of country produce, say till 1859, since which time he has been engaged in the manufacture and sale of coal-oils. He was the second to import coal from Scotland — Downer was the first — for the manufacture of oil, before the discovery of the oil fields of Western Pennsylvania, which quickly supplied the market with crude petroleum. This had to be distilled and purified and prepared for use, a work for which the previous manufacture had led the way, but it soon came to revolutionize the artificial means of illumin- ating our homes and our shops, our factories and our streets, and in time, as it already cooks our food, will come to be the source of heat for steam-boilers and locomotives, as in Russia, and will probably drive our dynamos for all electrical work. Walker's high-test white oil, like Pratt's astral oil, is one of the best for illuminating purposes. Mr. Walker has served the town of his adoption as selectman in 1877, 187"% and 1879; has represented the towns of Watertown and Belmont in the Great and General Court in 1881 and 1882. He was one of the benefactors of the Free Public Library in 1883, giving the sum of $4,500 towards the new building while disclaiming any patriotic or charitable motives, giving it, as he said, as "an investment in improve- ments to his own home." This fronts on the beau- tiful lawn surrounding the library building, but is separated by a dense line of trees, a street and the railway. He can see this lawn in summer, as any one in town can see it, by going around to the street in front of it. Bobbins and Curtis Family.^ — " Mr. James Bobbins ' Compiled by Miss Martlia Robbies. ?>1 WATERTOWN. 425 was a prominent and much respected citizen of Wa- tertown, viho carried on various branches of manu- facturing, and was also interested in a country store. He died in 1810. He left a widow and a numerous family of children, with but a small estate, for in the later years of his life he was not very prosperous." "He owned and lived in a large, old- fashioned house which stood on the bank of the river near the ' Square,' and just at the entrance of ' Watertown Bridge,' — an ancient bridge that led toward Newton." He was a son of Mr. Solomon Bobbins, who lived in Brighton. Mr. James Robbins had three wives. His first wife's name was Warren, his second, Capen ; his third Lois White, sister of Jonas White. By his first mar- riage there were two children — Sarah and Ann Rob- bins. Sarah married Israel Cook. Ann married Francis Faulkner, who had a chocolate-mill that stood on the Island in Watertown. Then he removed to Billerica and established woolen-mills, which his de- scendants still own and carry on. The children by the second marriage were Josiah, Lydia and Jonathan Bobbins. Josiah was a man of considerable information, through travel and study acquiring different languages. A good part of his life was spent in Trinidad, where he married the daughter of an English officer. In the declining years of his life he lived in Carrollton, Kentucky, where he andj his wife died. From Mr. James Bobbins' lastmarriage there were nine children. Lois Robbins, Martha, James, George and Isaac Robbins, were the only ones who grew to womanhood and manhood. Of these, Lois Bobbins, the eldest of the nine chil- dren, married Captain Benjamin Curtis, the son of Dr. Curtis, of Boston. " Of this marriage there were two children, — Benjamin Bobbins Curtis (see portrait on opposite page), born Nov. 4, 1809, and George Ticknor Curtis, born Nov. 28, 1812." Capt. Curtis died while his children were in their infancy. To their mother were they indebted for all they attained. Un- tiring in her devotion, counting upon their success, if by persistent effort and self-denial it could be attained, she had the reward in her old age of seeing all her hopes realized, both sons going through college with honors and excelling as lawyers — Benjamin being made judge of the Supreme Court; George distin- guished in law and literature. In the celebrated Dred Scott case, Judge Curtis will ever be associated as deciding that the negro was not a " chattel ;" but a citizen. "The dissenting opinion of Judge Curtis, in the Dred Scott case, was greatly praised throughout the Northern States for the clear, learned and able man- ner in which it maintained the capacity of free per- sons of color to be ' citizens' within the meaning of the Judiciary Act, and for the power with which he asserted the authority of Congress to exclude slavery from the Territories." " The first religious irapressions of any man of dis- tinction are an important item in an account of his life and character. Through life he was a man of very strong religious feelings and principles. They were derived partly from his mother and partly from the Unitarian influences which surrounded his youth." " From his mother he was taught his sense of re- sponsibility to God, and ' the fear of God was the only fear under which he ever acted.' " " His mind was enriched by learning, but not over- laid by it ; and to aim to appear learned was as foreign to his nature as any other form of pretence." He began his professional career in Boston in 1834. " His moral sentiments and convictions were very strong ; but they lay deep beneath the surface, form- ing, like conscience, the unseen and silent guide of life." " In his boyhood he spent much of his time with his uncles, James, George and Isaac. They were all engaged in a manufacturing business. But the eldest, Mr. James Robbins, was very fond of farming, and was a good amateur farmer. Through him, his agri- cultural tastes were imbibed in his boyhood, in the rural scenes of his native place and on his uncle's lands." In the impeachment trial of President Johnson, Judge Curtis was regarded as " the one man in the country, by the President, Cabinet and his friends, who might possibly stay what they regarded as an attempt to crush the constitutional independence of a co-ordinate department of the government." To him they appealed. 'Twaa decided according to the Constitution there should be a " trial," that the Senate should be a Court, the members of which should be under the sanction ofan oath or aflirmation, and there should bea "judgment." By constitutional provision, and by established precedents, the accused was entitled to " the assistance of coun.sel for his defence. " In the selection of counsel to defend the President, the first name suggested was th.at of Judge Curtis, and accepted in full Cabinet, and emphatically by the President himself" "Judge Curtis had no person.al acquaintance with Mr. Johnson, no interest in his political or personal fortunes, nothing but a sense of duty to lead him to accept the responsible position of leading counsel for the defence on this great trial." " It involved serious pecuniary sacrifices, for the President was unable to offer the smallest compensation, and Judge Curtis had a very lucrative practice." "The President had nothing to which to appeal in the mind of his advocate, but a conscious- ness that he might be able to do a service to his country, and this was suflicient." " The impeachment trial began before the Senate, on the 30th of March, 1868, theChief Justice of the United States presid- ing." " It was believed that a large majority of the Senators were bitterly hostile to the President." Judge Curtis was to open the defence. He .shared the anxiety that was felt by others on account of the hostility of so many of the Senators to the President ; 42G HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS but when he rose to speak he manifested no solicitude whatever. He knew that he could place the defence ofthe President upon unanswerable grounds of law, and that, when this had been done, his acquittal would (lejiend entirely upon there being a sufficient number of the hostile Senators who were capable of rising above party and acting for their country. "That Judge Curtis rendered a great public service, that when he had concluded his address to the Senators, the acquittal of the President was substantially secured, and that nothing needed to be added to an argument which had exhausted the case, is the con- current testimony of most of those who were present, or who have read the trial." " He died in Newport, September 15, 1874. In Dr. Kobbins' Memoir, read before the Massachusetts Historical Society, is the following tribute to his character. " It does not admit of denial that Mr. Curtis' character bore that genuine stamp of great- ness which cannot be counterfeited or disputed, the test of which is the spontaneous recognition and homage of men. Everywhere, and at all times, on the bench, at the bar, in every assembly, whether large or small, in the most select company, and in general society, his presence was impressive and commanding. No man, however great, could look down upon him. Very few could feel themselves to be his peers. Most men, even those of a high order of mind and charac- ter, instinctively acknowledged his supremacy." " In one thing surely it will be allowed that he was great; for tliroughout life he had been mindful of the prayer, and had received its answer, 'So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts unto wisdom.' " While FdmUij. — One of the prominent men in W'atertown in the early part of the century was Mr. Jonas White, who owned a large farm on which was a lovely wooded hill, which is now standing and is still called White'.s Hill. Mr. White, on May 2, 1749, married Lucy Stearns, and had four sons and one daughter. The daughter married Hon. Levi Thaxter, a lawyer in the town, and their son, Levi L. Thaxter, who died in the year 1884, was well-known in the literary circles of Boston and Cambridge, as a man of culture and refinement, and also a very line reader of the poetry of Robert Browning. His wife, Mrs. Celia Thaxter, is now one ofthe most prominent literary women in the country, being a beautiful writer of both prose and poetry. Three of Mr. White's sons died at an early age. William, a young man of great promise, entered Har- vard College in the year 1807, but never graduated, as there was a rebellion in his class, and all left or were expelled. He is said to have been a brilliant talker and a delightful companion. Jonas studied medicine but in consequence of an accident, gave up practicing. He died unmarried, as did both William A. and Josiah. .\l)ij,ih. the eldest son, married Miss Ann Maria Howard (a daughter of Samuel Howard, who was one of the members of the celebrated " Boston Tea Party," 1776), and remained on the farm vpith his father. In those days the ranches of Nebraska and Colorado were unknown, but Mr. White did a large business in cattle-raising on the farms of Petersham, Hubbardston, Princeton and other towns within fifty miles of Boston. In company with Boston merchants he exported large quantities of beef to the West In- dies, and in this way acquired a handsome fortune. He had six daughters and one son, William Abijah, who graduated at Cambridge in 1838, in the class with James E. Lowell, William W. Story (the sculptor), Nathan Hale, and other men of note. William was of a most benevolent and philan- thropic disposition, and did a great work in Water- town in promoting the temperance cause. So much respected was he that, on his return to Watertown after a long absence, a public reception was given him, and a silver cup presented, as an expression of respect and affection from the citizens. He was also very prominent in the abolition movement. He died in 1856. Lucy, the eldest daughter, married George Richard- son, whose father lived in the fine house which was afterwards converted into the Nonantum House at Newton. One of the daughters, Ann Maria, married James Russell Lowell, the poet, but she did not live long after her marriage. William Abijah married Harriet Sturgis. Lois Lilly married Dr. Estes Howe, of Cambridge. Mary Greene married Charles Wyllis Elliott, from Connecticut. Agnes Howard married Arthur Lithgo Devens. Caroline tJilman married Montgomery Davis Parker. The old house, from which the most generous ho.s- pitality was dispensed by Mrs. White, who was beloved and respected by every one who knew her, is still standing in the village street, just beyond the park. The Coolidge Family.' — This family is of great antiquity, traceable as far back as Edward the Firat (1300). The name was spelled in various ways, there being no fixed orthographic rules, and the mode was governed mostly by the sound. The practice derived from the Normans, in the tenth or eleventh century, of giving surnames from manors or localities, pre- vailed. William de Coulinge appeared in the roll of the hundreds as holder of lands in Cambridgeshire. The de was generally dropped from surnames about the time of Henry Sixth (before 1450). The branch of the family from which those in this country descended was settled in Cambridgeshire, was of the landed gentry, and of great respectability. They adopted the name as now usually s[)elled. John, the youngest son of William Coolidge, of Cottenham, Cambridge County, England (baptized September 16, 1604), was perhaps one of the first settlers of Watertown, in 1630, although the date of his arrival has not been ascertained. He was admitted > By Auetm J. Coolidge, H. C, 1847, and member N. E. H. & Q. Society. / 5-//^/' /a (c^^r-zTY/^/^ WATERTOWN. 427 freeman May 25, 1636, but that I'act does not disprove a much earlier arrival, as none were admitted free- men until they became members of the church, yet were eligible to office upon taking the oath of fidelity, without admission either as church-members or free- men. The homestead cf John Coolidge was upon the highlands at the northwesterly side of Fresh Pond, and he acquired other lands in different localities. He was representative to the General Court in 1658, selectman thirteen times between 1638 and 1682, and was often engaged in the settlement of estates. His will, dated Nov. 19, 1681, was proved June 16, 1691. He died May 7, 1691, aged eighty-eight years, and his wife, Mary (whose origin is unknown), died Aug. 22, 1691, aged eighty- eight years. In theancientgraveyard, under a stately elm, near the corner of Arlington and Mount Auburn Streets, two modest head-ttones of slate, about two feet in height, mark the burial spot of the united head of the family in America. Their children were sons, John, probably born in England about 1630; Simon, born 1632 ; Stephen, born October 28, 1639; Obadiah, born April 15, 1642; Nathaniel, probably born 1644-45; Jonathan, born March 10, 1646-47 ; daughters, (probably) Elizabeth, born about 1634-35 ; and Mary, born October 14, 1637. TheiT father's will omits from mention son Obadiah, who died 1663, unmarried, and Elizabeth, who married Gilbert Crackbone, of Cambridge, June 17, 1656, and, after Crackbone's death, in January, 1671-72, married Richard Robbins, March 26, 1673, and died without issue, probably before date of her father's will. Mary married Isaac Mixer, Jr., and left daughters Sarah and Mary, remembered by the ancestor. Stephen married, but died in 1711 without issue, and his estate descended to his brothers and sister Mary's children. Thus, of the eight children, the perpetuation of the Coolidge name depended upon the four sons, John, Simon, Nathaniel and Jonathan. These men were among the most respectable citizens and left a numerous progeny. John had fourteen children (among them two pairs of twins) ; Simon had eight, Nathaniel had thirteen, and Jonathan had seven children, averaging more than ten each. John, the oldest son,' was connected with operations in fortifying Brookfield, in King Philip's War in 1676, and was selectman si.x times between 1684 and 1690. There came very early among the settlers of Watertown, a feeling that there was net room for the population; hecce, migrations began. Many of the descendants of this m.an are found among the settlers of Sherburne, Natick and adjoining parts of Middelesex County. His son, Lieut. Richard, was representative of Water- town in 1722, and selectman eleven times from 1711 to 1728. Samuel, Richard's son was a graduate of J Bond counecta John, the grandson of the settler, with King Philip's War, but he wjis tlien only fourteen years old; Stephen, a son of the settler, was also a soldier in that war, Harvard College in 1724, librarian in 1732, and chaplain at Castle Island. Other descendants— John, born 1753, was soldier in the Revolution ; Nathaniel kept a public-house at south side of Watertown bridge, from 1764 to 1770, and was selectman in 1777-78 ; Grace, daughter of Joseph, of Sherburne, married Joseph Ware, father of Ashur Ware, Harvard College, 1804, LL.D., Bowdoin, 1837, and judge of District Court United States for Maine; Carlos Coolidge was a graduate of Middlebury College, 1811, and was Governor of Vermont. Simon, the second son of the settler, appears to have been the progenitor, so far as is known, of all of the name now residing in Watertown, and of the larger proportion of the family here in preceding years. Some of his descendants in the period from 1780 to 1795 migrated to the region of Maine now called Jay and Livermore, and became numerous from that point eastward to Hallowell and Augusta, and southward to Portland. His son Joseph became one of the leading men in Cambridge, and was deacon of the church. The daughter of Joseph (Rebecca) married Rev. Edw. Wigglesworth, first HoUis Pro- fessor of Divinity in Harvard College ; son Stephen, graduate Harvard College, 1724 ; daughter Mary, married Rev. Samuel Porter, graduate Harvard Col- lege, 1730, and minister of the church in Sherburne. Simon, grandson of Simon, born 1704, purchased, in 1728, lands along what is now Grove Street. The house where he lived, demolished before the present century, was a short distance beyond the house known to the present generation as the old Coolidge house, which stood, until within three or four years, opposite to the residence of the late Deacon John Coolidge. The house second named may have been in existence prior to the purchase referred to. • Here lived Simon's eldest son, Joseph, born 1730, who was killed by the British troops April 19, 1775. The tradition is, that he was ploughing atthe" Vine- yard " in the early morning — heard of the m.irch of the King's troops, put up his cattle, took his gun, went to the village, fell in with a small company has- tening forward from Needham, and, being more fa- miliar with the way, acted as guide. This small body of men met and was fired upon by the British Hank guard at the high rocks in the edge of Lexington. Joseph Coolidge fell ! One hundred years after, the family erected a monument in memory of the event in the ancient grave-yard near the place of his burial, and near the spot also where he heard his country's call. Commemorative exercises were held on Dec- oration Day, May 30, 1875, a more genial day than the 19th of April had proved to be, whose wintry blasts contrasted strangely with the heat of that day a century before. Joshua, the eldest son of this man of Lexington fame, helped on the earth-works at Dorchester Heights, where Washington's position suddenly induced the British to leave Boston. The grandsons, Joshua, Josiah, David and John, were 428 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. large land-holders, and among the best citizens of the generation just departed. A representative man, prominent amonfj those still worthily oustaining the reputation of the family, is Joshua Coomdoe, oldest of the great-grandsons, who has served the town well in the arts of peace, on its School Board, and for many years a trustee of the Public Library. Nathaniel, the t/iird son of the settler, was .select- man in 1677 and 1G92. He became owner of the wear and the fishery at the bridge, and of the tract between the river and Mill Creek, the mill and the dam, where now are the Hollingswortli & Whitney Paper-Mills, the Lewando Dye-House, and the Walk- er & Pratt foundry ; also purchased extensive tracts elsewhere, among them a fifty-acre lot, ninety-three acres and one hundred and seventeen acres, lying possibly on both sides of Mt. Auburn Street, some- where between Garfield Street and East Watertown. Among his descendants were great-grandsons Sam- uel, graduated Harvard College 1769, a distinguished classical teacher, and his brother. Col. Moses Cool- IDGE, selectman in 1777, 1792. Persons still living remember his homestead, on what is known as the Frazer place, at East AVatertowu. Cornelius, a son of Col. Moses, was graduated Harvard College 1798, and a merchant in Boston. Gen. Jonathan Coolidge, of Waltham, selectman from 1791 to 1807, was a great-grandson. David Hill Coolidge, lawyer in Boston, is also a descendant. Jonathan, the youngest, son of the settler, was born March 10, 1646-47. His -son John settled in Boston. Hisgrand.son Joseph, born February 10, 1718-19, mar- ried Marguarite Olivier, daughterofAntoine Olivier, a French Huguenot. From him were sons Joseph in three generations : Joseph, born 1747 ; Joseph, born 177-3, married Elizabeth Bulfinch; and Joseph, born about 1799, graduated Harvard College 1817, and married Ellen Wales Randolph, daughter of Thomas Mann Randolph, Governor of Virginia, and wife .Martha, who was daughter of Thomas Jefferson, Pres- ident of the United States. The wealth and enter- prise of this la.st Joseph were visible in the last gen- eration, and are perpetuated in his family. Among his sons was Sidney, who fell at the battle of Chicka- mauga, September 19, 1863; living representatives are Thomas Jefferson, a distinguished manufacturer and capitalist; Joseph Randolph, a member of the legal, and Algernon of the medical profession. Thomas Hulfinoh (Harvard College 1819) and Rev. James I. T. (Harvard College 1838) were also descendants of the first Joseph. The members of this family have swelled the roll of Harvard graduates by the name of Coolidge, descendants of the first settler, to thirty- four, not to mention those of other names, descend- ants by intermarriage. Interwoven with the Coolidge family are the names of IJond, Stone, Bright, Brown, Clarke, Mason, Liver- more, Hastings, Jeiinison, Frost, Whitney, Russell, Strutton, Wigglesworth, Stearns, Richards, Harring- ton, and many others, through whom it may fairly be computed the descendants of the first settler were as numerous as those bearing his name, and scattered through New England and the Western States. Four towns bear the name of Coolidge, in Kansas, Ken- tucky, Wisconsin and New Mexico. These children of two hundred and sixty years, dispersed so widely, all regard with patriotic pride and devotion Water- town as their matern.al home. BIOGRAPHICAL. SETH BEMIS. Seth Bemis, who was born the 23d January, 1775, was the youngest son of David and Mary Bemis, the latter the daughter of Nathaniel and Ann (Bowman) Bright. He was a lineal descendant in the fourth generation of Joseph and Sarah Bemis, who were in Watertown as early as 1G40, and were supposed to have come from London, England, in the "Sarah and John." His ancestors had been substantial citizens and land- owners in Watertown, their names appearing on the early town records among those of the selectmen. His father owned the water-power where now the ^Etna Mills are established, carrying on a grist-mill and paper-mill, and at his death, in 1790, the mill property came to his sons Luke and Seth. The subject of this sketch fitted at New Ipswich Academy for Harvard College, where he gr.aduated in 179."), taking good rank as a scholar. After graduation lie spent about a year in the law-office of Franklin Dexter. At this time the attention of fore-seeing and progressive New England men was turned to the establishment in this country of manufacturing in- dustries, and Seth Bemis was among the earliest to join the movement, buying out his brothers' interest in 1796, devoting much time to experiments with machinery, for the difi'ereut branches of spinning and weaving yarns and cloth, both of cotton and wool. About 1809, at the suggestion of Winslow Lewis, a large Boston ship-owner, he began to ex- periment with the manufacture of heavy cotton goods suitable for sail-cloth, and the War ol 1812 found him extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton duck, a large part of which was marketed in Balti- more and the South. After the close of the war he took up other branches of manufactures, and was associated in his enterprises with some of the well- known Boston merchants of the day, among them John Bellows, Thomas Cardis and William H. Board- man. At a late period, in partnership with his son, Seth Bemis, Jr., he carried on a large business in the grinding of logwood, and the preparation of dye- stufts. Besides his industrial enterprises, be was much interested in agriculture, and believing that merino she^p could be profitably raised in this coun- "y; /v^ /3^..w V L C . Zl^c'V^^d' ^ 7 WATERTOWN. 429 try, he became largely engaged at one time in breed- ing them on a farm o»'ued by him in Maine, for this purpose importing some of the finest blooded stock. He was always an active member of the Uuitarian parish, taking great interest in its work. He repre seated his town in the Legislature, and, although averse to holding office, was an earnest advocate of ])ublic improvements. He died on the ith April, 1851, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. He married, on the 24th April, 1808, Sarah Wheel- er, of Concord, Masssachusetts, who belonged to a family, descended from the earliest .settlers of thac town. His wife died on the 22d of June, 1849. They had four children, who all survived them: — Jonathan Wheeler Beniis, born Sept. 17, 1810, who graduated from Harvard in 1830, and from the Har- vard Medical School in 1834. He settled in Charles- town, where he followed his profession over thirty- five years. In November, 1859, he married Lucy Wyeth, of Cambridge, and has four (.hildren. In 1871 he retired from practice and moved to Cam- bridge, where he now lives. Sarah Wheeler Bemis, born 25th of July, 1812, who uow lives in Newton, just across the Charles River from the old homestead. Seth Beniis, .Jr., born 18th of September, 1814, who fitted for Harvard College at E.xeter Academy, but went into business. He was a well-known manufac- turer, and was associated with his father for many years, the success of their dye-stutf business being due, to a large extent, to his energy and capacity. After retiring from active business, about 1860, he moved across the river to Newton, where his sister now lives. Up to the time of his death he continued to hold several positions in manufacturing and other companies. He died 21st of October, 1887, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. George Bemis born 13th October, 1816, who gradu- ated from Harvard College with high rank in 18.35 and from Harvard Law School in 1839. He became a noted lawyer of Boston, where he practiced many years. During the War of the Rebellion he was greatly interested in the success of the National Government, and rendered valuable assistance in the conduct of its diplomatic correspondence both during the war and in the years immediately following its close. His patriotic interest in international law led him to make a study of this subject, in which he be- came deeply interested, and by his will he left a legacy founding a Professorship of International Law in the Harvard Law School. During the latter years of his life he lived much in Europe, where he died the 6th January, 1878, at Nice, France, in the sixty-second year of his age. Another branch of the Bemis family who have long been residents of Watertown was Charles Bemis, a son of Nathaniel and Abigail (Bridge), a grandson of David and Mary (Bright), a great-grandson of Jona- than and Anna (Liverraore), a great-great-grandson of .John and Mary (Harrington), who were next in descent from Joseph and Sarah, who came to Water- town about 1640. They were believed to have come from London in the "Sarah and John." (See Drake.) Homestall, 10-A. Said Charles Bemis graduated from Harvard Col- lege in 1808, and studied law with Judge Artemas Ward, and practiced his profession during his life in Watertown. He married Annie Vose, of Boston. They had three children— Dr. Charles Vose, of Med- ford, who married Elizabeth F. Henry, of Keene, N. H. daughter of Hon. Wm. Henry, of Chester, Vt. Dr. Bemis has been for many years one of the trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital. They have two daughters, Fanny Elizabeth and Alice Goodhue. Abby Vose married Charles J. Barry, son of Wil- liam Barry, of Boston, and Esther (Stetsim) Rarry, formerly of Randolph. Mr. Charles J. Barry, born in 1811, graduated at Boston High School. After spending some time in theoHiceofA. C. Lombard, he engaged in the wholesale coal busine.ss, first in Boston and afterwards in Charlestown, where he was known for his punctilious attention to his business. He took up his residence in Watertown in 1852, was elected on the School Committee in 1854, again in 1858, and continuously until 1865, was made one of the Board of Trustees of the Free Public Library in 1868, and again in 1873, serving until his death in 1883, the last six years being chairman of the board. He was one of the three charter members of the Watertown Savings Bank, was its president from the date of its organization in 1870 until his death. Mr. Barry was re- markable for his exact and regular habits as a business mau, enjoying the perfect confidence of all, while he gave much of his time the latter years of his life to en- courage the young and the poor to save their money while they could for sickness and old age, to save their leisure time by using it in reading good books. He was constant in his attendance at church and liberal in his support of the Firat Parish, of which he had long been a member. Isaac Vose, entered Harvard College, but owing to ill health did not graduate. He studied law with Judge Putnam. He is unmarried and lives at the ancestral place on Main Street, near its junction with Lexington Street. MILES PRATT. Miles Pralt was descended from Jgshua Pratt, who came to Plymouth in the "Ann" in 1623. At a very early date lands were granted to him in that part of Plymouth which is now Carver, and from that time to the present one branch of the family has made that town its place of residence. David I'ratt, the father of Miles, lived in Carver, and having secured some- thing more than a common-school education, devoted the earliest years of his manhood to teaching school. 430 HISTORY OF MroDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. EventiuIlT, however, he carried on a foundry in the north part of his native town. He married Sarah, daoghter of Thomas Barrows, of Carver, a descendant of John Barrowg, who also received grants of land in Carver at an early date and died in 1692. David Pratt had three children— Mary, who married George Barrows; Sarah, who married Marcus M.Sherman, and Miles, the subject of this sketch. Miles was born in Carver, September 17, 1825, and at the age ol fifteen years entered upon the occupation of selling hollow-ware, the product of his fathers factory, and from that time until his death his career was one of active industry. About the year 1n50, after being with his father some years as a partner in his business, he entered the store of B. W. Dunklee & Co., dealers in stoves, as salesman, and remained in their employ one year, when, with a son of Mr. Gould, an old president of the Blackstone Bank, he formed a partnership under the firm-name of Pratt & Gould, in the retail stove business. In 1S.>I he formed a new partnership, under the name ot Pratt, Weeks & Co., with William G. Lincoln, Allen S. Weeks and his uncles, Thomas and John Jay Bartows, as partners. At that time his father, David Pratt, having retired from business, the new firm engaged for a year in the manufacture of castings in Carver, while building a foundry in Water- town for the manufacture of cook and parlor stoves and stove-ware. In lS->5 the new foundry was finished and a considerable business was soon built up, mainly for the Eastern market and that of the Provinces. In 18-57, owing to severe financial depression, the firm dissolved, and while its creditors suffered uoioss, Mr. Pratt was deprived of the earnings of his previous years, emerging from the wreck of his firm a poor man, but with integrity and business vigor unim- paired. With a determination rarely exhibited in such cases he at once took a lease of the Watertown foundry on his own account, and carried on its busi- ness alone with marked success until the foUowing year, 185$, when he formed a partnership with Luke Perkins, also a native of Carver, under the title of Pratt & Perkins, with Wm. G. Lincoln, one of his old partners, as a special partner. In lSt>3 Mr. Per- kins left the firm and the firm of Miles Pratt & Co. was formed, with Mr. Lincoln as the partner. In 1874 this firm was consolidated with that of George W. Walker Si. Co., of Boston, under the name of Walker, Pratt & Co., with Mr. Lincoln and Horace G. and (Jeorge W. Walker as partners. In 1875 the company wa.s incorporated under the name of the Walker A Pratt Manufacturing Company, with George W. Walker as president and Miles Pratt as treasurer. After the death of Mr. Pratt, George E. Priest became the treasurer, and the company is still ' '■""'•' ■ ' ' -- in the mann- '■'^' .rat us for hotel , ''"^' landhotwater ; heating, with their store at 31 and 35 Ucion Streets, Boston. Since 1863 01iver»'haw, also a native of Carver, has been the superintendent of the manu- facturing business, and largely co his fidelity and skill the company owes its success. Mr. Pratt married, in le-51, Sarah B., the daughter of Zebulon Chandler, of Carver, a descendant from Edward Chandler, who appeared in Duxbury in 1633. Mrs. Pratt died March 25, 1S58, leaving no children, and on the 6th of October, 1859, Mr. Pratt married Ellen M, Coolidge, of Watertown, and had an only child, Grace, who married Frederick Bobinson. of Watertown, and is still living. He died at Water- town on the 9th of August, 1S82, and was buried at Mt. Auburn. His death occurred at a time when his brain and capacity for work appeared to be in their fullest vigor and when, with the threshold of his bus- iness enterprises, with its difficulties and embarrass- ments and obstacles, snccessfiilly surmounted, he was enjoying the fruits of his labors and indulging in am- bitious and well-founded hopes of enhanced success. The career of Mr. Pratt portrayed in this sketch demonstrates the most prominent characteristics of the man, singleness of purpose, disturbed by no allur- ing temptarions, a determination to succeed never weakened by obstacles in his path, and an unswerv- ing integrity, without which neither singleness of purpose nor determination to succeed could have been of any avail. Good business man as he was. he permitted no outside schemes and enterprises to dis- tract his mind, and accepted no office except that of tnastee of the Watertown Savings Bank, of which he was the most active founder. Brought up in politics as a Whig, he preserved his independence of speech and thought, and abandoned the party of his youth when he believed it untrue to the principles of human freedom. Afterwards a Republican, he was still inde- pendent and recognized no authority binding him to its ranks, when he believed that it had outlived its usefulness and purpose. Xor in religious matters, more than in politics, was he bound by traditions. Bom in the Orthodox Congregational Church and edu- cated under its influences, he became in the later years of his life a Swedenborgian and died in that faith. In all things he kept his mind free, always open to convictions, and when convictions came to him he was obedient to their commands. SAiirEL XOTES. Samuel Noyes was the son of Christopher and Martha (Reed) Noyes, and was born in Plymouth, N". H., June 27, 1804. He attended the district-school in winter, and aided his father in the store in summer. In June, 1827, Mr. Noyes found employment in B'jston, where he remained two years, afterwards went to Cambridge and worked in the grocery-store of Deacon Brown four years. In Apr;l, 1833, he came to Watertown and opened ^(amA ^/[{rif^'^ HOLLISTON. 431 (what was then called) a temperance grocery-store, corner of Arsenal and Mt. Auburn Streets. Many prophesied at the time that this new project would be a failure, for it was customary in those days for grocers to sell liquors, and they did a thriving busi- ness in that line. iMr. Noyes was a strong temperance man, and did not approve of the use or sale of liquors. There were three stores in town at the time which dispensed spirituous liquors, but Mr. Noyes having the strong courage of his convictions, plodded along in his way, his business slowly but constantly increasing. He was soon in need of a larger store, and moved in 1847 into t hf town hall building, where he remained for a number of years. In 1870 he built the brick block on the opposite side of the street, known as Noyes' Block. He continued to do business there until 1879, when he sold out and retired, having been in active business in Watertown forty-six years. In June, IS^O, Samuel Noyes married Amanda George, of Plymouth, N. H., and had six children, viz., Mary, Hattie, Samuel G., Sarah B. (who died in infancy), Charles H. and Emma L. Four of these children are now living, — Mary (now Mrs. Noyes), Samuel G. (unmarried), Charles (unmarried), Emma L. (now Mrs. Sidney E. Home), living in Mendota, Illinois. Samuel Noyes married for his second wife, Mrs. Mary Home, and had two children, Wendell and Sidney E. Mr. Noyes is a Republican in politics, was town treasurer and collector of taxes for twenty years, always attended the Baptist Church, and was treas- urer of that society fifty-five years. THO.MAS L. FRENCH. Capt. Thomiis L. French was born in Cambridge, .Mass., Sept. 16, 1800. He was the son of Cyrus and Deborah (Learned), and grandson of Isaac French. ('apt. French's father died when he was quite young, and early in life he was obliged to depend upon his own resources. At the age of fifteen years he was apprenticed to Samuel F. Sawyer, of Cam- bridge, Mass., to learn the trade of mason and builder, and at the age of twenty-one he went in business for himself in HoUiston, Mass. He re- mained in Holliston about four years, then moved to Watertown and continued the same business until within a few years when he retired from active life. (ja[)t. French did a large and lucrative business in Watertown, and during the late war was master mechanic at the United States Arsenal and built most of their large brick buildings. He was very active in town affairs — selectman fifteen years, in the Legislature one year, and held other minor town offices. The captain was never de- feated for any ofiice tendered to him by his towns- men but ouce. During his active life few men were better posted in town affairs than he. The title of captain he received from being fire warden in the days of the old volunteer Fire Department. Capt. French married, for his first wife, Esta Pond, of Watertown. There were three children by this union, two of whom died in infancy. nd took deeds therefor. William Sheffield purchased directly of one of the chiefs, John Awosamog ; others united in obtaining a common quit-claim deed from several Indians who were au- thorized to convey the same. Not many families had settled in Holliston when the year 1700 had arrived. For this there were two principal reasons : the one above-mentioned, that no new settlers were admitted until after the year 1682, and another one, that this territory was several miles distant from the church in Sherborn, a serious matter in those days, when the opportunity to attend the stated services of the sanctuary was considered one of the highest privileges. Even as late as the year 1723 there were only thirteen subscribers to the peti- tion to be set off from Sherborn, and it is believed that all but five heads of families signed the petition. The inhabitants of Sherborn were about to erect a new meeting-house, and those residing in the west- ern part of the town (now Holliston) were strenuous in their endeavors to have it placed ou a spot which should accommodate them. The town endeavored to respond to this reasonable request. On March 6, 1723, the qualified voters met at the meeting-house, and im- mediately adjourned to meet at " the platt, seventy or six-score rods Easterly from Dirty Meadow bridge, or Thereabouts" (about half a mile east of the rail- road station, in East Holliston), when and where it was unanimously voted by all present, "that a meet- ing-hohse be built for the town to worship God in, on Lord's Days, upon a certain hill by the road side, . . . so that the town remain together for the strengthening thereof." November 18, 1723, the inhabitants "voted to nullifie and make void this vote of March sixth, in consideration that the Form and Situation of the Town is so ill Convenient that one Meeling-House Cannot be so placed as to Suit the Whole town, but that in time there will be need of two to accommodate the Inhabitants." And £160 was granted to defray the cost of a new meeting- house on the old site. This was, without doubt, a sensible decision, and subsequent events have so proved it. " .\t saiij Meeting nfter Sundry votes had passed, relating to the build- ing or rebuilding of ye ])tiblick Meeting house, the following motion was made l)y Sundry of j< Principle Inhabitants of y» said town. Who are Dwellers on ye West side of Dopping Brook. The request of us, the Subscribers, in behalf of Our Selves and the Other Western Inhabitants of y" town ; Do desire that the following artii'les nuiy l)e put to vote, viz. : Whether they will not be free to Grant us y» liberty of Having that part of Slietheld's Farm Lying ou y» East Side of Boggestow Brook and Kdniund Morse's Land and possessions on y« East side of Dopping brook aforesaid, over and above y» Dividing line pi ejected between the Eastern and W'estern parts of the town from Colonel Buckminster's cor- ner, &c. Then Wo will do all publick Duty tu tlie town us licielofure HOLLISTON. 433 till the Genii. CDiirt Shall Set us off Except in y» Cost of Bnilding or ri builtling the meeting; house, as it has been this day voted. And if s We'll a^k fur a Dividing line no further Eastward. "Jonathan Whituey, John Goulding, " Timothy Lealand, ' Aaron Morse, " Moses Adams, Jr., '* Joseph Johnson, ' Ebenezer Pratt, Joshua Underwo Thomas Jones, Isiuic .\dani8, John Twifchell, Julm Larnit." On the above the following vote is recorded : "The town by their vote do save to the said Western In- habitants over Doppiu Brook, whensoever they are sett off', their proportion iu ye £1()0 this day granted towards ye Builtlingye publick Meeting House where it now stands." And the remainder of the above mo- tion was also passed, " for the sake of future peace and good Neighborhood." This amicable spirit has been continued even to the present day ; and for many years Sherborn and Holliston constituted one of the State districts for choice of Representative to the Legislature. June 3, 1724, a petition of the inhabitants of the westerly part of Sherborn was presented to the Gene- ral Court, showing the "great inconvenience they are under by reason of their great distance from the place of Publick Worship, the said town being near 12 miles long, and the meeting-house situated at the Easterly End; That they have applyed to the Town to be sett off, but cannot obtain a division by such a line as they think reasonable ; and therefore praying that they may be made adistinct and separate township by such boundarys as are in the said petition partic- ularly set forth." In council, read and ordered that Adam Winthrop, Jona Dowse, Esqs., to whom the House joined Ebenezer Stone, John Quincy, Esqs., and Mr. Edward White, be a committee to repair, as soon as may be, to Sherborn, and make inquiry into the matter of this petition, and report what they think proper for this Court to do thereon. The charge of the committee to be borne by the peti- tioners. June 16, 1724. A petition of Timothy Leland and others. A committee of the inhabitants of the West- erly part of Sherborn, praying that thi% Court would direct the said town not to levy any tax on them for building the meeting-house until September next. The committee appointed to consider their former petition, not being able to proceed to Sherborne till the recess of the Court ; In council read and oidered that the prayer of this petition be granted. In the House read and con- curred in. November 20, 1724. Reported and recommended the Western part be erected into a precinct and separated from the First Parish by the line that now divides Sherborn from Holliston and Ashland; that they be obliged within eighteen months to erect and finish, at their own charge, a suitable house for worship ; that they provide, as soon as may be, a learned and Orthodox minister ; that they be allowed to assess the 28-iii lands of non-residents within said precinct Id. per acre towards the charge of building and settling a minister ; that they be freed from paying any part of the £160 lately assessed by said town for building a meeting-house in the easterly part of the town ; that they continue to pay their proportion for the support of the present minister of the town until they obtain a minister of their own, and no longer; that they pro- cure and maintain a school-master to instruct their youth in reading and writing. Their report was accepted in the several articles thereof, " saving that the Western part of Sherborne be a town and not a precinct, and that a bill be brought in to erect the said lands into a township ; Und that the inhabitants of the western part pay the charges of the committee, viz., £10." This bill passed to be enacted by both Houses, December 3, 1724, and the New town was called Holliston, in honor of Thomas Hollis, Esq., of London, a benefactor of Har- ward College; and Mr. John Goulding, a princi|)al inhabitant, was empowered and directed to summon the inhabitants qualified for voters to meet for the choice of town officers, to stand until the next annual 'election according to law. Thomas Hollis returned the compliment by pre- senting the town with an elegant folio Bible for the pulpit, in which is inscribed, "The Gift of Thomas Hollis, of London, Marchant, To the Meeting-house in Holliston, whereof Mr. James Stone is pastor, and his successors." This inscription is supposed to be in the handwriting of Mr. Hollis. Rev. Dr. Tucker gives the following history of this volume : " It was a noble folio printed at Oxford [in the year 1679], and for the first one hundred years of the church's history had been used by its p;istor in the service of public worship. Becoming too much worn for that place, the selectmen had given it to the poor-house, where it would have been soon utterly finished, had not the worthy descendant of its donor, Dea. Thomas Hollis, of Boston, got news of its whereabouts, after much search, and secured its possession by giving a new copy of the Scriptures to that institution. The church, on ascertaining this several years after, with some persuasion induced Mr. Hollis to relinquish the valuable relic, which he greatly prized, and which no money could have bought from him, by pledging itself to guard the treasure for all time to come, from harm. The volume was too much dilapidated for rebinding, but by order of the church, a shrine was made for it, resembling a massive book, and in this elegant encasement the venerable heirloom is safe from further harm in the keeping of the Church officers." There is a doubtful traditicm that Mr. Hollis sent also a bell for the meeting-house, but that by fraud on the part of some one through whose hands it passed, a cracked bell was substituted and offered to the church committee here, who refused to accept it. Another report is, that through mistake or connivance, 434 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the bell was sent to the church in Hollis, New Hamp- shire, or to the Hollis Street Church in Boston. This incorporation was made about fifty years after the incorporation of Shcrborn, the mother town, and seventy-two years after the first settlement we.st of Charles River, " so slow was the progress of settle- ment in New England after the first immigrations in 1620-41 ." The township then comprised 15,086 acres, but in 1826 it sustained a small reduction by an ex- change of land with Medway and a larger one in 1846 by the incorporation of Ashland. The first town-meeting was held December 21, 1724, eighteen days after the incorporation, at the house of Timothy Leland, now occupied by A. J. Travis, about half a mile from the nail factory towards Ashland" Town officers were chosen according to the provisions of the act, and the organization was completed. The first selectmen were John Goulding, William Shef- field, Ebenezer Hill, Jonathan Whitney and Thomas Marshall. John Goulding was the town clerk and was aunuiilly re-elected to that oflice until 1734. "This gave the first impulse to the operations of this infant member of the body politick." January 4, 1724-25, only eleven days after the first meeting, a second meeting was held, at which it wag resolved to erect a meeting-house thirty-two feet by forty feet, with twenty feet posts, and £100 old tenor (about $44.45) was assessed on the inhabitants towards defraying the cost, each man assessed being allowed the privilege of paying one-half of his rate iu labor. It finally cost about .£100 more and was completed in 1728. The situation of the meeting-house was a subject of considerable discussion. Colonel Samuel Brown, of Salem, a large proprietor, who owned the farm for- merly poi'wessed by Lieutenant Henry Adams, of Med- field, promised them a site, to be selected from his land. They first thought of the spot which was fin- ally used. But as a large proportion of the inhabit- ants dwelt in the northern and eastern portions of the town, it was once decided, for their convenience, to build near the present nail-factory, on Jar Brook. But after future consideration they were convinced that this location would not eventually accommodate the majority of the people as their numbers increased, and, looking at further requirements, they decided " to set their meeting-house south of Jasper's Hill, on the West side of the road that goes over there, on the Hon. Col. Brown's farm." A lot of three acres at that place was then given by Colonel Brown to be perpetually occupied as a site for a meeting-house and burying-ground. The wisdom of this last choice is now seen ; and this remained the only church edifice in the town for nearly a century. Early in the same year (1725) the town establii?hed public worship, services being held at the house of Mr. Timothy Leland, and continued there until the com- pletion of the meeting-house. For many years there were only temporary seats for the congregation, and it was not until 1749 that members were allowed to build pews, and that a committee was chosen " to dignify the seats." Each man constructed his own pew in those days, and the mode of assigning the dif- ferent degrees of dignity to the difl'erent seats is some- thing astounding to the degenerate people of our times. To Captain John Goulding and " old Mr. Eben- ezer Leland," the father of Deacon Timothy Leland, were allotted two of the most honorable pews. In the year 1772 this meeting-house was repaired and enlarged, and it then answered the purposes of the inhabitants until 1822, when a substantially new church building was erected. Of this edifice of 1822, Rev. Dr. Dowse,' in his centennial address, remarks : "That meeting-house is supposed still to be here, but it has been so often enlarged and remodeled that it is very difficult to recognize anything that belonged to the original structure." It was again altered, raised and a vestry built below in 1859. June 26, 1727, a meeting was held for the election and call of a minister. The re.sult of the meeting was an invitation to the Rev. James Stone to undertake the work of the ministry. But as the meeting-house was not finished and the church was not then organ- ized, his ordination was deferred until November 20, 1728. A church of eight members, including the pastor-elect, was founded on the same day, according to Fitch and others ; but Dr. G. M. Adams says there was an interval of three weeks between the two cere- monies. Mr. Stone was born in Newton, Massachusetts, in 1703, and was graduated at Harvard University in 1724. His great-gr.andfather, Simon Stone, was one of four brothers who came to this country from Eng- land in 1634, and settled at Watertown. One of his sermons, said to be the last he ever composed, was published after his decease, with an introduction by Rev. Oliver Peabody, of Natick, and Rev. Samuel Porter, of Sherburne, who thus comment upon his character : " He was held in great esteem by his own people, as well as those in neighboring towns, for his great sweetness of temper, his good humor, his in- structive confersatiou, his exemplary piety, his great diligence and his faithfulness in the work of the min- istry." ^ His salary would now be considered en- tirely inadequate. It was fixed at £75, old tenor, equal to $33.33, to be raised to £80 when the town had received an increase of ten families, and to £85 when there should be an increase of ten more. He was to receive a settlement of £100, or about $44. His salary was finally raised in 1742 to £150, or $67. But in addition to this he had his firewood and the use of a house and land. On application by the town. 1 Contoniiittl AddreBs doliveved in HollistoD July 4, 1876, by Rev. Ed. mund Dowse. PiiMUlied by the Town. Printed at South Franiingbam, 1877. 2A Century Sermon delivered in Holliston, Mass., Dec. 4, 182li, by Kev. CharleB Fitch, jioator of the Congregational Society. Printed at Dedham, 1827. HOLLISTON. 435 the Hon. Samuel Sewall and his children conveyed, May 9, 1728, to a committee of the town, Jona. Whit- ney and George Fairbank, in trust, eleven acres of hind " for ye sole proper use, benefit and behoof of ye fust Orthodox, Congregational or Presbyterian rainis- teT of ye Gospel which shall be settled in ye said town of Holliston, and to his heirs and assigns for- ever." The committee conveyed it to Mr. Stone Jan- nary 2, 1730, and in the same year was probably built the ancient house long known as the Stone tavern. The Winthrop house afterwards stood upon a part of tlie same land. It was destroyed in the great fire of 1S75; and the HoUis house took its place, but was burned March 12, 1887. Mr. Stone died July 19, 1742, 111 the thirty-ninth year of his age and the fourteenth year of his ministry. The town voted £60 to defray the expense of his funeral. The only candidate for the pastorate, after the de- base of Mr. Stone, was the Rev. Joshua Prentiss, who was ordained and installed on the 18th day cif May, 1743. He received £200, old tenor, at settle- ment, and £140 annually. After two years his sal- ary was gradually to be increased until it amounted to £200 per annum. Mr. Prentiss (cr Prentice, as he wrote it himself, his descendants calling it Prentiss), was born at Cam- bridge, in 1718, and was graduated at Harvard Uni- versity in 1738. He had been trained from an early age with a view to this holy calling, and early devoted himself to the service of God. Eev. Charles Fitch says that " his preaching was plain, instructive and evangelical. For about five years before his death his health was so greatly impaired as to render him unable to preach, except occasionally. And, perhaps, it was owing wholly to this circumstance that the congregation was induced to procure, in 1784, a dis- solution of the pastoral connection subsisting between him and them. " But the fact which seems most unpleasant upon this subject is, that having fallen behind in the pay- ment of his salary, the people should refuse his pecu- niary claims, and compel him to the ungrateful task of a civil prosecution. The demand was, however, ultimately discharged without a legal process, greatly to the credit of the people and the satisfaction of the pastor. From the time of this settlement until his death, peace and good feeling prevailed, as is evident from the fact that after his dismission the town exempted his estate from taxation, and appropriated for the use of his family a seat in the meeting-house. Mr. Prentiss finished his earthly course April 24, 1788, having attained the age of man, his threescore years and ten, forty-two of which he employed in the ministry among this people." He was thrice mar- ried, and had nine children, the second of whom. Dr. Thomas Prentiss, was pastor of the church in Med- field from 1770 to the time of his death in 1814. The eighth child, Margaret, married in 1789, Rev. Timothy Dickenson, the successor of her father at Holliston. " It was during the ministry of Mr. Prentiss, and in the year 1748 that a number of families living re- mote from the place of worship, and contiguous to Medway, were, for the sake of better accommodation, set off from the congregation of Holliston by an act of the General Court, and comprised as a component part of the West Parish, in Medway, at its original incorporation. The number of families belonging to the religious society of this town was at that time stated to be about ninety." ' After the dismissal of Mr. Prentiss there was a long interval before the settlement of another pastor. Thirteen successive candidates were heard, and the people were without a minister for one hundred and five Sabbaths. But finally they decided, with " perfect unanimity," to call Rev. Timothy Dickenson. Mr. Dickenson accepted the invitation, and was ordained at Holliston, February 18, 1789. His salary was £200, old tenor, at settlement and £80 per annum. He was born at Amherst, Mass., June 25, 1761. "The traits of character, which, more than any other, marked the opening period of his existence, were the mildness and amiableness of his natural disposition. He was also noted in early childhood for a great fondness for literary pursuits. So that, ''although his constitution was naturally slender, and his health feeble and in- terrupted," a very considerable portion of the hours which were not employed in manual labor were devoted to study. He lived with his parents, and labored on a farm until sixteen years of age, when beholding his country engaged in a common and dubious struggle for independence, the deep interest excited in his bosom for her welfare roused his youth- ful ardor and would not suffer him to be dissuaded from espousing her cause and enlisting as a private soldier in the militia. In this capacity he continued to serve in the army about fifteen months. " Upon leaving this post of suffering and danger, his health having been enfeebled by the exposures and hardships to which he was unaccustomed, ha com- menced fitting for college under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Dwight, late president of Yale College, who was then engaged in the instruction of a private school at Northampton." '^ He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1785. "While at college Mr. Dickenson made a public profession of religion. He was diligent and persevering in the prosecution of his studies ; appeared to advantage at recitations and all the literary exhibitions of his class ; and acquired the reputation of a correct classical scholar."' After graduation he served for one year as preceptor of Moore's Charity School, which was connected with the college, and afterwards officiated as minister in several different parishes in New Hampshire before he received the call to this society. In the Novem- ber following his ordination he was married to a daughter of Rev. Joshua Prentiss, with whom he lived 1 Fitch, before quoted, p. 18. « Fitch, pp., 18, 19. 20. 436 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. until his death. They had seven children, two of whom were physicians. Mr. Dickenson as a preacher was " plain, faithful and affectionate. He had a clear, strong and ple.isant voice, which enabled him to speak with peculiar pro- priety and energy ; and as he aimed to draw the at- tention of his hearers to his subject rather than to himself, so he seldom failed of deeply impressing their hearts and consciences." It appears that he was sometimes too plain and searching in his dis- courses and that dissatisfaction arose in consequence among some of his people ; so that in June, 1804, the church called a council to consider the matter. The council, while advising moderation and forbearance, also advised a dissolution of the pastoral relation in the month of August following, unless an amicable adjustment of the difficulties should previously take place. Happily these disagreements were gradually reconciled, so that by the 2.')th of June the parish passed a resolution in favor of the continuance of the connection. And Mr. Dickenson remained in the office of pastor and peacefully e.xercised the duties thereof for about nine years afterward, during the re- mainder of his life. After a lingering and painful sickness, he calmly expired on the 6th day of July, 1813, having completed his fifty-second year and the twenty- fourth year of his ministry. For seventeen months after the decease of Mr. Dickenson, the society was without a regular pastor, the pulpit being supplied by candidates. The fourth minister was the Rev. Josephus Wheaton, a man who had been recommended to this society as one adapted to tlieir needs, and well fitted to smooth and quiet the disturbed relations of its members. He received a unanimous invitation to take the pastoral charge, which he accepted; and he was ordained and in- stalled December G, 1815. His salary at settlement was $600, and his annual stipend also $(!00. Mr. Wheaton was the son of Joseph Wheaton, Esq., and was born at Rehoboth, Mass., March 16, 1788. "His natural disposition," says Fitch, " was- amiable ; his behavior peaceable, condescending and kind." He early evinced a strong thirst for knowl- edge, and by his own energy and perseverance, ob- tained a thorough education. He graduated with distinguished honor in 1812 at Brown University, where he continued his residence, studied theology and at the same time was preceptor in an Academy in Providence and then tutor in the University, where he gratified his love for classical studies. While still a tutor, he was licensed to preach, and was invited to supply the sacred desk in this town. " His concilia- ting deportmetit, amiable temper and dignified, yet unaffected manners, won the afi'ection of those who were not always pleased with his theological senti- menLs. I[e was completely successful in uniting and harmonizing this people at a time when they were found not a little discordant in opinion and feeling; and enjoyed in an unusual degree, their respect, con- fidence and affection from the commencement to the close of his ministerial life." Mr. Wheaton was a student as well as pastor, and excelled in a knowledge of the classics. His literary character and his talents as an instructor made his house a favorite resort for young men fitting for col- lege or perfecting their education. He was an in- structive and brilliant preacher and had a very at- tractive style of delivery, although some times too ra- pid. His whole soul appeared to be in his work and he was sometimes eloquent in his discourse, aiming to dress his thoughts in choice language. The good and the talented often die young, and it was so with Mr. Wheaton. After a gradual decline of three years, he finally left the scene of his earthly labors on the fourth day of February, 1825, at the age of nearly thirty-seven years. He left a widow and three children, two of whom adopted the profession of the law, to which Mr. Wheaton himself had a predi- lection before devoting his mind to the ministry. Before his decease, Mr. Wheaton had the pleasure of witnessing the completion of the new meeting- house, in which he had been highly interested. It was dedicated on the third day of December, 1823, precisely one year less than a century after the incor- poration of the town. "Mr. Wheaton delivered the sermon on the interesting occasion, and it was pub- lished ; and it stands as a lasting monument of the man and the event, at the very close of his earthly labors." Several other sermons were published and also a work by him on school education. The ministers up to this time all served during the remainder of their lives after installation, according to the olden custom. Those who follow remained only for shorter periods of time. Rev. Charles Fitch, a native of Williamstown, Mass., was the successor of Mr. Wheaton, and was installed pastor of this church, January 4, 1826. He was a son of Ebenezer Fitch, D.D. the first presi- dent of Williams College, and was born June 26, 1799. He entered Williams College at the age of fifteen, graduated in 1819, and entered the Theologi- cal Seminary at Princeton the same year, graduating therefrom in 1821. Among his ancestors were many professional men, and Mr. Fitch himself possessed literary attainments of a high order. After serving as pastor of a church in Cherry Valley, N. Y., for three years, he was invited to return to Massachu- setts in 1825, with the expectation of filling a vacan- cy in one of the larger towns. Finding the position had been filled before his arrival, he accepted, after a short time, the call to this church. The installa- tion sermon was given by Rev. Dr. Wisner, of Bos- ton. He labored here for six years, and his eUbrts were highly successful. His fidelity was appreciated, his reputation in the town was high, and bis memory is held in grateful remembrance. During his resi- dence here he delivered, December 4, 1826, a Century sermon which was printed and has become a valuable HOLLISTON. 437 record of the early history of the church and town. I'o this aerinon the present writer is indebted for ninny of the facts presented in this paper. Mr. Fitch wiis dismis.sed Jlay 1, 1(S32, principally on account of some ditt'erences of feeling among the jiarishioners, and many of those who had become interested in religion under his ministration united with the newly formed Methodist church at that time. After filling several other positions, he became pastor of the Presbyterian church at Mt. Vernon, Indiana, in 1851, and of the Presbyterian church at Frankville, Iowa, in 1856. He resigned that oflice to enter the army as chaplain, 5Iay 5, 18G1, but lost his health in the service and died while at home on a leave of absence. May 3, 18(53, at Evansville, In- diana. The sixth pastor was Rev. Fjlijah Demond. He was born at Rutland, Mass., November 1, 1790, grad- uated at Dartmouth College, in 1816, and at Andover Seminary, in 1820. After serving at the churches at AVest Newbury and Lincoln, Mass., he was installed pastor of this church, October 31, 1832. Although remaining in Holliston but three and one-half years, Mr. Demond mu.st have performed faithful work, as twenty-nine persons were added to the church during his pastorate. He was dismissed by council, April II, 1836. He afterwards preached in several other I owns in this State, and passed the last years of his life at Westborough, where he died July 20, 1877, in his eighty-seventh year. During Mr. Demond's pastorate the subject of warming the meeting-house again came up for con- sideration. According to the ancient custom, the only source of external heat up to this time had been the foot-stoves which were brought from the homes and were replenished at noon at the houses near-by. " In 1829 the subject had been agitated and a commit- tee appointed to report upon the best method. But at the next meeting, the town first " voted to accept the report of the committee relative to the best method of warming the meeting-house," and then "voted not to warm the meeting-house at all." But in 1833 a vote was passed to warm the house, and a committee was " authorized to procure a stove or stoves and place them in the meeting-house at their discretion, and that the funnel of said stove be extended through the roof of the meeting-house." There was decided opposition to this innovation. On the first Sunday after the stove was put in, one of the leading opposers of the change came out of the meeting-house bitterly complaining of the headache which the heat of the stove had caused him. But the laugh was turned upon him when it appeared, that, as the day was mild, no fire had been lighted." In 1835 occurred the decease of Miss Elizabeth Prentiss, a daughter of the second pastor of the church. She lived for the purpose of doing good and 1 Historical Discourse at Celebration of One Hundred aud Fiftieth An- niversary of the Formation of the Church, by George M. Adams, D.D. was truly " an excellent woman ;" and among her benefactions was her methodical plan of assisting young men to prepare themselves for the ministry. In the year 1836, the parochial business which had always been conducted in a town-meeting, was for- mally separated and a new organization was formed including only such as wished to join it. Rev. John Storrs born in Mansfield, Conn., Sept. 6, 1801, was the next minister. He graduated at Middlebury College in 1824, afterwards studied the- ology and was ordained at Barre, Mass., in 1829. He afterwards settled at Norwich, Conn., before coming to Holliston, and was thirty-five years of age when installed here, December 20, 1836. The installation sermon was given by Rev. Joel Hawes (afterwards D. D.) of Hartford, a native of Medway, Mass., and one of the young men who had been encouraged and assisted by Miss Elizabeth Prentiss, before mentioned. This sermon was printed by a vote of the church. Mr. Storrs labored diligently during the six years of his ministry and thirty-six new members were ad- ded to the church. He was dismissed November 8, 1842. Afterwards he filled some other stations and then settled in Wmchendon, Mass., in 1849, as pastor and died there in May 1854. The interest felt in him by his former people in Holliston was evinced by their request to print his funeral sermon at their own expense. The eighth clergyman who had charge of the church was Rev. Timothy DwightP. Stone, born at Cornwall, Connecticut, about 1811, the son of Rev. Timothy Stone, and adopted son of Rev. Ebenezer Porter, D.D., professor in the theological seminary at Andover. He graduated at Amherst College in 1834, and afterwards studied divinity at Andover. This was his first parish, and he was ordained here March 1, 1843, Rev. Dr. Leonard Woods, of Andover, preach- ing the sermon. Like his predecessor, Mr. Stone served six years and had the satisfaction of witnessing substantial additions to the church during his pastor- ate. Impaired health led him to seek a dismission in. 1849, and his ministry terminated on the second day of March. He then became chaplain of the State Re- form School at Westborough, was afterwards princi- pal of the State Normal School of Connecticut, and later a teacher at Albany, New York. Rev. Joshua T. Tucker (afterwards D.D.) follows next in the line of ministers. He was the son of Joshua Tucker, of Milton, Massachusetts, where he was l)orn September 20, 1812. He came from old Puritan stock, being a descendant of Robert Tucker, who lived in Weymouth in 1639. He fitted for college at Phillips' Academy, graduated at Yale in 1833, and pursued his professional studies at Lane Seminary, (jincinnati. After ordination in the State of Illinois in 1837, he served as missionary and pastor in Illinois and Missouri until 1848, and also as an editor at St. Louis from 1846 to 1848. He was installed the nintli pastor of this church June 6, 1849, Kev. William M. 438 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Rogers, of Boston, delivering the sermon, and the venerable Dr. Ide, of Medway, giving for the third time the charge to a HoUiston pastor. " At the com- mencement of his ministry about 150 families," says Dr. Adams, " were connected with the congregation, and the church numbered 174." A period of great religious interest occurred during his pastorate, and at its close the church had increased to 409. Many young men have gone forth from this church during its history as missionaries and pastors ; but during Dr. Tucker's years of service there was an unusually large number. Edward B. French, George F. Walker and the three brothers, Lyman, Elijah and Calvin Cutler (sons of Amos and Sarah Cutler) were all or- dained to the work of the ministry during his time. Dr. Tucker visited Europe on account of his health in 1859, and during the five months of his absence the pulpit was supplied by Rev. William M. Thayer, of Franklin. It was at this time that the meet- ing-hou.se was raised, rooms were arranged in the basement and an addition built at the west end for the accommodation of the organ and choir. Then the house was again dedicated, December 2, 1859, Rev. Dr. Andrew L. Stone, of Boston, preaching the sermon. Dr. Tucker was a man of much ability, both as a preacher and a writer, and many of his sermons and other literary compositions have been published- While here, he was associate editor of the Boston Re- corder, a denominational paper well-known at that time and now merged in the Congregalionalkt. Dr. Tucker was much interested in the history and antiquities of the town, and among his discoveries was one which he thus describes : "One day when I was in the village tin-shop, my eye was caught by an unusually shaped vessel lying in the corner, on a pile of old refuse, which I picked up and examined. It wiis a flagon of jierhaps three pints' capacity, bearing this inscription : 'The gift of Jlrs. Dorothy Ware, late of Sherborne, to the ehurch in HoUiston, 1745.' The workman stated that some one had brought it in and sold it and that he should melt it up for solder, as it was a much purer metal than could now be got for that purpose. I purchased it of him at his own price, and retained it as private property." This tankard is said to be now in the 'possession of the Worcester Society of Antiquity. Another pewter flagon was found in a distant town, the owner having purchased it of a tin-peddler nearly fifty years ago. Its existence having become known to persons here it was purchased and is now in the possession of John M. Batchelder. It is inscribed, " The gift of the town of Sherbourn to the church in HoUiston, a memorial of friendship, Anno Dom. 172S." The condition of Dr. Tucker's health obliged him to :u(k for a dismission in 1867, and he gave a fare- well discourse on the 31st day of March. This ser- mon was printed and contains many facts of historical value, relating to the church. Although he termi- nated his duties at that time, the formal act of dis- mission was not performed until the following November, by the same council which ordained his successor. He afterwards served as pastor of the Second Congregational Church in Chicopee, for about ten years, and has, since 1877, devoted his time to literary work. He has resided in Dorchester and in Andover, Mass., and is at present in the latter town. Rev. William H. Savage was the tenth pastor of this church. He was born in Woolwich, Me., and graduated at Bowdoin College in 1858. He became Professor of Mathematics in Delaware College in 1859. He enlisted in the Seventeenth Maine Regi- ment in 1862, and was appointed captain of Company A, serving in the Army of the Potomac. He after- wards studied divinity at Andover, and was ordained minister of the church at HoUiston, November 7, 1867. Rev. Profes.sor Park, of Andover, delivered the sermon, and Dr. Tucker gave the address to the peo- ple. Mr. Savage's pastorate continued but little more than two years, and was the shortest of any of the ministers of this church, whereas Dr. Tucker's was the longest since the time of Mr. Dickenson. Sub- stantial additions were made to the church, however, forty-one new members being admitted, one of whom, F. A. Warfield, soon commenced preparation for the ministry, and has since been pastor of Union Church, in Boston. He is now at Brockton, Mass. Late in the year 1869, on account of the health of himself and family, ]Mr. Savage asked for a dismis- sion, which was granted December 30th of that year. He afterwards served as pastor of the Congregational Church in Jacksonville, 111., and of the Unitarian Church in Leominster, Mass. He is now in the Uni- tarian Church at Watertown, Mass. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry S. Kelsey, who was installed October 13, 1870, Rev. Jacob M. Manning, D.D., of the Old South Church in Boston, preaching the installation sermon. " Mr. Kelsey was born at Evans Mills, Jefferson County, N. Y., graduated at Amherst College in 1855, and studied theology at the seminaries in New York City and East Windsor, Conn. Before entering the ministry he taught several years in Amherst College, and was professor in Beloit College, Wisconsin. He was ordained at Granby, Mass., in October, 1863, and installed at Rockville, Conn., in 1866." In the year 1872, at the suggestion of Mr. Kelsey, the new parsonage was built — in part by subscription and in part by a portion of the Fames Ministerial Fund — and the deed was made to the trustees of that Fund. This bequest was made by Captain Aaron Fames, a member of the church and a resident of the north part of HoUiston (now within the bounds of Ashland), who died about 1824. His farm and other property, to the amount of seven or eight thousand dollars, were given "to the Parochial part of the. town," for the support of evangelical preaching. The HOLLISTON. 439 first trustees, chosen in a town-meeting in September, 1824, were Captain Samuel Bullard, Captain Abner Johnson, Dr. Timothy Fisk, Mr. Charles Marsh and Mr. James Cutler. They were directed to "draw a |ietition requesting ths General Court, at their next session, to incorporate them into a body politic for the purpo.se mentioned above." Vacancies in this l)oard are filled by vote of the parish. Mr. Kelsey remained but a few months longer than his predecessor. Having received an invitation from another church, he asked to be released from his en- t^agement here, and was dismissed March 6, 1873. He was installed at Woburn, Massachusetts, soon alter, and has since acted as pastor of a church in New Haven, Connecticut. The twelfth minister was Rev. George M. Adams (afterwards D.D.). He was installed September 11, 1873, Rev. Edmund K. Alden, D.D., of South Boston, delivering the sermon. Rev. Dr. Tucker, Rev. Mr. Kelsey and Rev. Dr. Dowse, of Sherborn, took parts in the ceremony, the latter assisting for the fifth time in settling a pastor over this church. Dr. Adams was born in Castine, Maine, was educated at Gorham Acad- emy, Gorham, Maine, and at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in 1844. He has been for several years a member of the Board of Examiners of that college. He studied theology at Bangor, Maine, Halle and Berlin, Germany, and Andover, Massachusetts. He was or- dained at Conway, Massachusetts, September 18, 1851, and was installed pastor of the Congregational Church in that town. He remained there until 1863, when he became pastor of the North Church in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, serving in that oifice until 1871. He then made an extensive tour in the Holy Land with his family. After his return he was installed pastor of the church in HollLston, as above noted. In 1852 he married Miss Sarah Hills Crosby, of Bangor, Maine, who died in 1859. In 1862 Miss Louisa Lord Dana, of Brookline, Massachusetts, be- came his wife. Dr. Adams is a very able man and possessed the respect and esteem not only of his own people, but of all the inhabitants of Holliston ; and it was with great regret that they learned of his decision to withdraw from the parish and the town. He served for twelve years on the School Committee of this town, much of the time as chairman ; and his removal was a great loss to the cause of education. He was also one of the trustees of the Public Library from its foundation until the year 1889 ; and his por- trait still looks upon the scene of his labors there, in which he took so much interest. Dr. Adams was dis- missed from the care of this church April 1, 1889, but continued to supply the pulpit until May lat. Of his writings there have been printed an histor- ical discourse delivered July, 1871, at the two hun- dredth anniversary of the North Church, Portsmouth, New Hampshire ; and an historical discourse delivered at the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Congregational Church at Holliston. Dr. Adams has, since his removal, resided at Au- burndale, Massachusetts, and Castine, Maine. In July, 1890, the church and the parish each voted to invite Rev. Frank I. Wheat, of Franklin, N. Y., to settle here as the pastor. He was ordained and installed the thirteenth pastor by a council of clergy- men of this Conference, September 11, 1890. Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D., of Boston, delivered the ser- mon, and Rev. L. R. Eastman, of Framlngham, Rev. Dr. G. M. Adams, the predecessor of Mr. Wheat, and Rev. Dr. Dowse, of Sherborn, were among those who took parts in the service. The fine music added much to the interest of the occasion. It was rendered by a large choir, under the direction of Mrs. S. C. Stoddard, musical director. Miss M. S.White, organist, and Mrs. 0. F. Thayer, .soloist. Mr. Wheat was born in Franklin, N. Y., in 1862. He was educated in the schools of the town, in Wil- liams College and Boston University, where he grad- uated in 1889. He studied theology also in Boston University and graduated in June, 1890. While a student he served as pastor of a church in North Bev- erly, Mass., for two years. He is the youngest pastor ever installed in this church. A Society of "Christian Endeavor" is connected with this church and numbers about fifty members. The Sunday-school was first permanently organized during the pastorate of Rev. Josephus Wheaton. Deacon Timothy Rockwood was the first superintend- ent and the number of scholars was between forty and fifty. The first meeting-house was a very plain structure, without steeple or spire, and had a strong resemblance externally to a country school-house of the olden time, except that its dimensions were great- er. " In the year 1787 the meeting-house was enlarged according to the following votes: — ' Voted that there be an addition made to the meeting-house by putting fourteen feet into the middle.' ' Voted to build a Porch in the front of said hou.ge with two pairs of stairs in the same to go in*o the Galleries.' The gal- lery stairs up to this time had been in the audience- room, at each side, about one-fourth the distance from the rear of the church to the pulpit. It was voted to have the house painted inside and out, the outside to be an orange color, the inside to be a stone color. It was also 'Voted to appropriate the two seats in the front Gallery, on the Women's side, to the use of the singers.' ' Voted that Lieut. Josiah Hemenway, Sylvanus Johnson, Ensign Nathaniel Johnson, Ebenezer Littlefield and Isaac Foster be Quiristers.' These votes contain the first reference I have found to singing in the meeting-house in either town or church records." ' When the new church was built in 1823, a bell of 1600 pounds weight, cast by Holbrook, of East Med- way, was placed in it; and this was the first church bell in town. The inscription on the bell reads : " I 1 George M. Adams, D.D., sermon before quoted. 440 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. to the church the living call, and U> the grave do sum- mon all." When this building was dedicated, Mr. Wheaton says in his sermon, " There is a propriety therefore^ in erecting suitable houses of worship when circum- stances require. It is not necessary to wait until tlie house is ready to crumble into ruins. ... In such circumstances, when it becomes old and incom- modious, it is proper that a new house should be erected and in a style corresponding with the dignity of the purpose for which it is designed." The church clock on the interior gallery was the gift of Nathaniel Johnson, Esq. ; the tower clock was purchased by the society. The old meeting-house was taken down and the materials sold in parcels at auction. The broad pine panels which formed the front of the singers' gallery were bought by the late James White, fether of Wil- liam White, and were placed on the side of a room in a new house which he built about that time. It is said that the central panel had painted on it the date of the completion of the meeting-house, 1728, the date of its enlargement, and a much earlier date, probably that of the first settlement of the town. " But in an evil hour for our interests," says Dr. Adams, " an over-tidy servant scrubbed off the time- worn figures and left the panel clean." Mr. White also bought the broad door-stone of the church, some five and a half feet square, and cutting it in the middle, made two stones for the entrances to his house. The meeting-house was refitted and painted in 1845, and in 1850 it was repaired and enlarged by cutting it in the middle and inserting a piece of suffi- cient length to aUow the building of four additional pews in each row, or twenty-four pews in all. The chandelier was the gift of Elial Littlefield. Since the remodeling of the edifice in 1859, already noticed, the church is in the highest degree conven- ient tor every religious .and social meeting which it is desired to hold there. In the year 1831 public worship was commenced in the Town Hall by persons of the Methodist faith, and a church was organized, liev. Jonathan Cady being the first minister. " From an early date," says Rev. Dr. Dowse, "there were some citizens of the town who belonged to ibis denomination, and these were increased by the influx of population from abroad, so thit it was deemed expedient to organize a separate religiims enterprise. The society was small and fee- ble at first, but it has grown in numbers and wealth until it long since has not only become a fixed fact, liut a great moral and Christian force in the commu- nity." The first sermon preached by a Methodist minister was delivered by Rev. Mr. Honsil in 17il4, in the barn of Mr. Kbenezer Cutler, and others followed occasion- ally; but some persons bad previously attended ser- vices at Hayden Row in llopkinton, near the borders of HoUiston. The meeting-house was built here in 1838 and dedicated September 18th of that year. It was repaired and remodeled in 1874 and rededicated February 8, 1875. The society was incorporated, ac- cording to law, December 27, 1850. There have been altogether thirty-four pastors to this church, whose times of service have varied from a few months to three years. The present incumbent is Rev. John H. Emerson. The present parsonage, which is con- venient to the church, was purchased in 1850 ; but there was a parsonage before that time, on Norfolk Street, built about 1848, chiefly through the efforts of Jonathan Cutler, Esq. There has been a Sabbath- school connected with the church from the begin- ning. It then numbered fifty scholars and the first superintendent was I. G. Rawson. The superintend- ent now, in 1890, is D. C. Mowry and nearly 150 per- sons attend it. An auxiliary society for Christian effort is the Epworth League, consisting of fifty-five members in its adult branch and thirty-five in the junior branch. May 31, 1836, sixteen persons were legally organized as the Universalist Society of Holliston. This society at first held its services in the town-hall. Two years after its organization a meeting-house was built, which was dedicated January 9, 1839. In 1854 it was raised up and stores were built under it. The society was served by seven ministers during the twenty-four years of its regular existence which terminated in 1860. Services have, however, been held since that date, and are still conducted in 1890. The Baptist Society occupied their meeting-house from 1864 until the close of the year 1867, when their own vestry was ready for use. In 1867 the Univer- salist Society "voted to sell their meeting-house, and it came into the possession of the Catholic Society. They held it until 1870, when it was moved away, and the land was used , by the latter society as a site for their new church. The Universalist Society has lately been re-incorporated, and holds service every Sunday afternoon in Reform Club Hall, gen- erally conducted by a clergyman from the Milford Church. The Baptist Society was formed in 1860. It held its first public religious meeting in the town-hall on February 12lh and the church was organized on the 28th day of the following August, a council being convened at that time. It consisted of nineteen members. The first preacher was Rev. J. D. E. Jones, of Worcester, and Rev. B. A. Edwards (1860) was the first regular supply. Revs. J. L. A. Fish, Geo. W. Holman, R. (t. Johnson, A. A. Bennett, F. L. Sullivan, E. L. Scott and E. D. Bowers have followed him, and the present pastor, in 1890, is Rev. M. N. Reed, installed in 1889. The society continued to hold services in the low- er town-hall until 1864, when it hired and occupied the meeting-house of the Universalist Society until 1807. They commenced to build a new meeting- HOLLISTON. 441 house in 1866, and on December 29, 1867, the first service was held in the vestry. Work was continued on the house amid the difhculties incident to the be- ginning of a new enterprise, and it was finally com- pleted, and was dedicated January 26, 1870. It is a commodious and tasteful building. The church and society are now well established and their future is promising. The Sunday-school was organized February 20, 1860, with nineteen members, A. G. Fitch being the superintendent. The membership in 1890 is 142, and the present superintendent is George W. Leland. A Society of Christian Endeavor is connected with the parish. This church celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of its foundation on the 10th day of September, 1890. The event had been anticipated with pleasurable ex- pectations, and they were fully realized. " In response to invitations, past pastors, former resident members and the local members assem- bled in the main audience-room, together with the general public, to unite in celebrating the attain- ment of thirty years of church prosperity. The auditorium was finely decorated, a motto ' 1860-1890 ' being conspicuou.sly displayed oil the wali. An ad- dress of welcome was given by the pastor, Rev. M. N. Reed, a most graceful and fitting prelude to the exercises of the day. Rev. A. A. Bennett, of Japan, and Rev. E. D. Bowers, of Sharon, represented the former pastors, and gave pleasing reminiscences of their connection with the church, and congratula- tions at the present and prospective prosperity of the society." ' Letters were read from other pastors and friends. Rev. A. A. Bennett presented the church with portraits of Rev. F. L. Sullivan, Rev. E. L. Scott, Rev. E. D. Bowers and Rev. M. N. Reed, the gift of W. H. Clark. These, in addition to the portraits already possessed by the church, make the collection complete. A fitting response was made by George W. Leland, in behalf of the church. A social evening was passed in the vestry, where old friend- ships were renewed, and memories of form«r days were recalled. The music was fine, and appropriate to the occasion, under thedirection of E. W. Colburn. Prof. G. F. Rice presided at the new and excellent organ, which had recently been obtained. Altogether it was a red-letter day for this prosperous society. An Episcopal society was formed in Holliston in 1804, Rev. Benjamin T. Cooley being the first rector. When public services first commenced, there was but one communicant in the town ; but after five years ora little more, when the services were discontinued, there were about forty members. They worshipped in the lower town-hall. The society purchased of the 'town a lot of land on Mt. Hollis, and laid the founda- tion for a church, but they never reached a condition when they could erect a building. In the great fire in May, 1875, the records of the society, together with 1 J. F. FiBke, in the Milfari Neut. a silver communion service, the gift of Bishop Huntington to the church, were destroyed. The parish still has a legal existence, and the meeting of the wardens and vestry is held annually. Occasional services are also held. Catholic services had been held in the town-hall for a considerable time, conducted by priests from neighboring parishes, when in the year 1870 a new parish was formed, and Rev. R. J. Quinlan was appointed rector. He has remained in that position to the present day, and a large church has been gathered from the population of this and the neighboring towns. As before stated, this society purchased the old meeting-house of the Universalist Society ; and in 1873 they commenced the erection of a church-building on that lot. Services were first held on Christmas of that year, in the vestry, before the completion of the church. It has since been completed and is a substantial ediiice, well adapted to the wants of the parish. A Sunday-school, of which the rector is superintendent, is connected with the church. Rev. Mr. Quinlan has for several years been a member of the School Committee. The permanent physicians of Holliston have been few in number. During many early years of its his- tory the people were probably served by physicians from neighboring towns, and after 1772, Dr. Jonathan Tay (familiarly called Dr. Toy), who lived in Sher- born, not far from the Holliston line, included this town in his circuit. He lived until 1827. The first regularly educated physician who settled here was Timothy Fisk, M.D., a graduate of Harvard College in 1801. He was born in Holliston, Novem- ber 3, 1778, the tenth child of David and Sarah (Bul- lard) Fisk, and a descendant of John and Lydia (Adams) Fisk, who came from Watertown to Sher- born (now Holliston) soon after the year 1700. Dr Fisk commenced the practice of medicine in his na- tive town, and for about sixty years was the valued and trusted physician of a large number of inhabit- ants. He was a man of the highest character and a valuable member of the community. " For forty years," says Walker, " he was a member of the Con- gregational Church and one of its most faithful sup- porters. He died suddenly in his chair, dressed as for his usual duties, December 17, 18C3, from conges- tion of the lungs. His funeral was largely attended, and his name will live in grattiful and endeared re- membrance." He married Rhoda, daughter of Isaiah and Abigail Daniels, of Medway. They had five children, of whom two survived their father, Frederick and Ferdinand. Sewall G. Hurnap, M.D., was also a prominent physician and citizen of the town. He wa,i born in Temple, N. H., March 12, 1802, studied med- icine at Dartmouth College and graduated in 1826. He settled at once in Holliston and practiced here for forty-eight years. He was an excellent physi- cian, and possessed the esteem and attachment of t42 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. his patieuta. He had a.\ao a good standing among his brothers In the profession, and at one time .served aa president of the Middlesex South District Medical Society. He was also several times appoint- ed in his turn a counsellor of the Massachusetts Med- ical Society, and occupied that place at the time of his death. To him the present writer is much in- debted for counsel and advice in the earlier years of his practice. Dr. Buruap was a prominent and useful citizen and highly respected by his townsmen ; was for many years a member of the Congregational Church, and was a director of the Holliston Bank from its forma- tion. He died October 16, 1874. Not long after com- ing to this town he was appointed postmaster, and held that office for sixteen or seventeen years, using the small building attached to his residence for that pur- pose. He married, in 1832, Betsy Brown, of Holliston, who died in 1851. He afterward married Elizabeth S. Blanchard, who still resides here. He left no children. Hiram Lake, M.D., has been a physician in Holliston for forty-four years and has enjoyed a large practice. He was born at Rehoboth, Massachusetts, August 25, 1820, and was educated in the public schools of that town and in the academy at Providence, R. I., where he was prepared for admission to the Medical College. He graduated in medicine at the college in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1841), and settled here in the same year. He is a genial man, a good citizen and has identified his interests with those of his adopted town. In addition to his medical practice, in which he has secured the regard and good will of his patients. Dr. Lake has filled many offices of a public character. He has for years been a trustee of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; treasurer of various temperance societies ; chairman and secretary of the Board of Health for twenty years ; and treasurer of the lodge of F. and A. iMasons. He is a member of the Lodge and En- campment of the I. O. O. F., and is a trustee and au- ditor of the Holliston Savings Bank. Charles C. Jewett, M.D., was born in South Ber- wick, Maine, in November, 1831, settled in Holliston as a physician about 1854, and practiced here about seven years. .July 2, 18G1, he enlisted in Company B, Sixteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry Volun- teers, and when the regiment was completed, he was made its surgeon. He afterwards served as surgeon- in-Chiefof the Third Brigade, Third Division, Second Army corps. Returning in 1864, he remained for a while in Boston and then resumed practice in Hollis- ton. lint after a sh'^rt residence he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and dieil in that city. Charles E. Spring, M.D., was born in Grafton, Vt., November 19, 1842, and came to this town as a phy- sician in 1874. He was educated in the common schools and in Burr & Burton Seminary, at Manches- ter, Vt., and graduated at the Albany Medical Col- lege in 1864. He was then immediately appointed an acting assisting surgeon U. S. A., and was stationed for about one year at Hampton Hospital, Va. After the close of this service he settled as a physician at Jamaica, Vermont, where he remained until he re- moved to Holliston. While at Jamaica he married, in January, 1867, Viona M. Adams. They have had five children, of whom four are living. Dr. Spring has been highly successful as a physician, and holds a high rank as a citizen. He represented this district in the Legislatures of 1888 and 1889, has been a mem- ber of the Board of Health during nearly the whole time of his residence here, a member of the School Committee for about fourteen years and secretary of that board for a portion of that time. Failing health admonished him to seek rest and recuperation in his native State, and he passed there the whole of the summer months of 1890, his absence being greatly regretted by his numerous friends in this town. In September of that year he returned home and re- sumed practice to a limited extent. Dr. Spring died October 25, 1890, since the above was written. Dr. Andrew J. Stevens was born in Haverhill, Mass., graduated at the Harvard Medical School, p.nd settled in Provincetown, Mass. After remaining there about three years he removed to Holliston, about the year 1874, and practiced here for some thirteen years. He then removed to Maiden, Mass., where he now resides. He was succeeded by Dr. Edward Roth, who remained for about one year, and transferred his practice to Dr. F. Grant Atkins, in September, 1888. Dr. Atkins, who is here in 1890, was born in Devonshire, England, in 1842. He was educated at Plarrow and at King's College, London ; studied medicine at London and Edinburgh, and grad- ated at the latter college in 1869. He is a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of London, and a licentiate of the London College of Physicians. After practicing in Derbyshire, England, he came to this country, in 1888. He is married and has one son. Dr. George W. Stearns graduated in Philadel- phia in 1851, and first came to Holliston in 1881. He has practiced here for five or six years, hav- ing lived elsewhere a portion of the intervening time. He is here and in practice, however, in 1890. In the summer season he resides and practices in Cot- tage City, Mass. Dr. I. C. Pope was born in Westborough, Mass., in 1855, and was educated in the public schools and in Worcester and Wilbraham Academies. His medical education was obtained at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1888. After practicing in Waltham, Mass., more than a year, he came to Hoilistt)n in February, 1890. He was married, in 1880, to Miss Nellie V. Hall, of Mil- bury, Mass. There are no other physicians who have lived here for any great length of time. Dr. George Wilkins HOLLISTON. 443 was here for three years, and died May 2, 1826, aged thirty-two years, according to an inscription in the Central Cemetery. Drs. Heard, McClure, Page, Hitchcock, Barker and perhaps others were in town at different times during the past fifty years, but for short periods only. For many years one or more membera of the dental profession have been present in Holliston. Dr. G. L. Cooke, of Milford, came liere every week for a long time, having an office in the town ; and Dr. Hayes was settled here for a number of years. The only dentist at the present time is Dr. E. C. Stoddard, who has been in practice in Holliston for about ten years. The legal profession has been represented by sev- eral practitioners ; but of them, one only was long a resident of the town. George M. Woodward, Her- man Bragg, George C. Travis, J. H. Ladd, W. A. Kingsbury (now judge of the District Court, at Fram- ingham) ; and, in 1890, J. P. Dexter, a student of Henry Hogan, have been here at different times. Rev. George F. Walker, in his article before quoted, says concerning Esquire Bullard, "The first and only lawyer who had a permanent residence in Holliston was Elias Bullard : He was born in West Medway, December 30, 1799. He received a common-school education, and was aided in preparing for college by the venerable Dr. Jacob Ide, of West Medway, and graduated from Brown University in the class of 1823. He studied law with Elijah Morse, Esq., of Boston, three years ; was admitted to the bar, and came to Holliston, October 7, 1826, commencing the practice of his profession. In 1834-35 and in 1870 he was elected to represent the town in the Legislature, the last time having the honor of calling the House to order, as the senior member. In the practice of his profession he has an unusual record of justice, and his counsels have ever been those of pacification. He was willing to assist those in trouble at a loss of his own pecuniary advantage. H.ad his life been spared through the remainder of another year, to October 7, 1876, he would have completed half a century of the practice of his profession in Holliston. He died No- vember 2, 1875. His funeral was largely attended by the citizens of the town, and from the surrounding towns. He was for several years before his death a consistent member of the Congregational Church," Esquire Bullard, as he was called by every one, was one of the most prominent and respected citizens of Holliston in his day, and during his life he was chosen to fill all the offices in the gift of the town. He originated the plan of a town library. Schools. — In less than seven years after incorpora- tion the town granted money for the support of a public school, the education of the children being considered nearly or quite as important as the estab- lishment of church privileges. In 1738 three districts were formed, the North, West and Central, and it was voted to build a school-house in each district, and that £100 be assessed upon the inhabitants to defray the cost, and that each man have liberty to work out his part of the assessment. May 27, 1754, there was " Voted, Ten pounds For a Reading and Righting school This present year." In 1765, £25 were appro- priated for public schools, and were divided among the three districts. " The first school-houses were not magnificent in their dimensions or appointmeuis. Those in the north and west were fourteen by eighteen feet, with ' seven-foot posts,' and the one in the centre, sixteen by twenty feet. They were doubt- less large enough to accommodate the scholars of those days, and being warmed in winter by fires in large open fire-places, the ventilation must have been good, with little danger of a too high temperature." ' In 1801 eight school districts were formed and $334 were appropriated for the support of the eight schools. At the March meeting in 1807, a committee was chosen to have the general care of the schools, con- sisting of Dr. Timothy Fisk, Lt. Elijah Watkins and Capt. John HavenI; $500 were granted for schools. The appropriation tor school purposes continued to increase with the increasing number of scholars. In 1830 it was $700, in 1875 it was .«!6000, and of late years $6800 annually. In 1846 the town took posses- sion of the property of the school districts. The number of schools has gradually increased until, in 1890, there are, besides a high school, five grammar, one intermediate and nine lower schools, five of which are not graded. F. B. Gamwell is the superintendent of schools, and in his report pre- sented in March, 1890, he recommends a concentra- tion of schools by the conveyance of scholars, as allowed by law, to central points where the benefits of graded schools can be enjoyed by all the children of the town. This plan has been adopted by some towns in this State, to the manifest advantage of the pupils, while with judicious management the expenditures required of the town have not been increased. A private high school was commenced in the town as early as 1831, under William Gammel, teacher. He was succeeded by Daniel Forbes, in 1833 ; Pardon D. Tiftany, in 1834, and Edward Stone, in the winter of 1835-36. The school was not kept continuously up to this time, but generally for one or two terms in a year, the fall term having the largest attendance. In the spring of 1836 Rev. Gardner Rice was in- duced to take charge of the school for one term. So great was his success that by the wishes of all he con- tinued to occupy the place aa principal for about eight and one-half years. When he commenced his labors the total attendance was seventy-six, but it soon began to increase, and continued to increase until the number of pujjils in 1842 was 361, which was the largest number in any year. The aggregate attend- ance during the whole time of service of Mr. Rice and his assistants was 2140, comprising not only 1 Bev. Geo. F. Walker in Drake's " History of Middlesex County."' U4 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. residents of Holliston, but of many surrounding and some distant towns. In 1836 Master Rice changed tlie character of the school somewhat by introducing the manual labor system, and, in 1837, the name of Holliston High School was changed to " Holliston Manual-Labor School." The success of this insti- tution was -such that, in 1839, it took the name of " Holliston Academy," and the following announce- ment, made at that time, will show the general character of the institution and the principles upon which it was conducted : "The object of instruction at this institution is not only to communicate a knowledge of facts, but to fit the pupil for the duties of life, by developing and dis- ciplining the powers of the mind, enabling it to think and act for itself The course of study is designed to be systematic and extensive, including all those branches which are requisite to prepare the pupil for the common business of life, or for a higher course of collegiate or professional studies. " Since morality and virtue are essential to the peace and prosperity of this or any other institution, every reason.ible precaution will be used to preserve and maintain in all departments of the school a strictly moral state of feeling. "The discipline of the school is designed to be strictly parental, and in the administration of this discipline direct appeals to the better principles of the heart will be resorted to, rather than severe and disgracctiil punishment. If, however, the conduct of a student render it evident that he is not susceptible of such influence, he will immediately, and if possible without unnecessary disgrace, be returned to his friends. Every effort will be given to those gentle- men and ladies who are calculating to teach, both in obtaining schools and in preparing them for their schools." Master Rice secured the affection and respect of his pupils and aroused their enthusiasm, and they always looked back to their school-days under his tuition with the most pleasant feelings, as was shown in the year 1875, when some two hundred of them surprised him by a visit to his home in Shrewsbury, Mass. The town-hall was used as a school-room for the High School until the year 1851, and the general ap- preciation by the town of the labors of Mr. Rice was demonstrated by a vote passed September 23, 1841, by which he was "exonerated from paying any claims which the town hold against him, incurred by his use of the Town-Hall for a High School." Mr. Rice re- tired from the ac.idemy in 1844. Several other teachers followed,— Messrs. Cutler, Hoitt, Peterson, Gleason, Graves, Sears, Washburn, Parker, Pond, Kingsbury, Choate, Stiles, and Baker, — and the school was continued. In the year 1850 Deacon Timothy Walker, who had removed from Medway to Holliston, erected a building on the south side of .Jasper's Hill for the use of this school, the land, a lot of nine acres, being provided by the subscriptions of individuals. It was called Mt. Hol- lis Seminary, and that hill has since been generally known as Mt. Hollis. It was dedicated in June, 1851, the address being delivered by Rev. J. P. Cleve- land, D.D., then of Providence, R. I. Rev. George F. Walker, now of Hampden, Mass., a son of Deacon Walker, was the principal at this time. In 1856, when Dr. I. H. Nutting had the charge, the town, through a committee, m.ade arrangements with him to receive the pupils of the town qualified to enter a high school ; and this contract was continued until the town purchased the Seminary building and estab- lished a public high school there. The building was destroyed by tire October 25, 1871. Another high school-house was built on the same lot in 1874 and has been occupied to the present time. The principal for 1889-90 w.as Carl E. Holbrook, who, for the pur- pose of continuing his studie.s, resigned his position at the close of the spring term of 1890, to the great regret of the School Committee and the citizens. C. H. Marshall has been appointed to succeed him. We now return to the civil history of the town. Dr. G. M. Adams, in his historical discourse, alluding to the early days of the colony, remarks : " We can better understand the changes which a century and a half have wrought, and can better enter into the ex- perience and life of the good men who laid the foun- dations for us, if we glance at the condition of the country in 1728. The number of inhabitants in Hol- liston did not, probably, exceed one hundred and fifty. There was no village. About thirty farm- houses were scattered all over the town. The towns of Milford, Natick and Upton were not yet incorpor- ated. There w.as no church in either of those places, nor in Southboro' nor Grafton. Worcester, in 1718, had ' fifty-eight humble dwelling-houses,' some of which were furnished with windows of diamond-glass and others were lighted through oiled paper. There was probably no academy nor High School in Maa.sa- chusetts. There were three colleges in the country, — Harvard, Yale and William and Mary's College, in Virginia. Massachusetts had about one hundred and seventeen thousand inhabitants, a small proportion of what Boston has now. In what is now the United States there were, besides Indians, six hundred thou- sand inhabitanis, less than the present population of Philadelphia. But of course there were then no United States. There were ten English Provinces along the Atlantic co.ast; Florida was Spanish, Loui- siana, including the valley of the Mississippi, belonged to France. Benjamin Franklin w.as struggling to earn his living as a printer in Philadelphia; Wash- ington and Lafayette were not yet born." And Dr. Edmund Dowse, in his centennial address, says: "This condition of things in the homes and business continued essentially the same for a long period. The people were engaged as a whole in reclaiming and tilling the lands. The shoemaker, blacksmith, car- penter and storekeeper were regarded only as adjuncts HOLLISTON. 445 to society. It was convenient to have just enough mechanics and tradesmen to meet the wants of the people, and they desired no more. Even these did not pretend to live by their trades, but in addition cultivated their lands. Under these conditions the population continued to increase slowly from year to year, and the outward circumstances of the people to improve. At the end of the first century the popu- lation had grown from one hundred to thirteen hun- dred.' During this period the town was healthy, with one exception, of short duration. Between the 18th of December, 1758, and the .30lh of January, 1754, a distressing and fatal sickness prevailed (called The Great Sickness), that resulted in the death of tifty-three persons, it being more than one-eighth of the population at that time. This sickness, both in its nature and cause, appears to have been involved in m3'stery. That it had a natural cause I do not doubt, but, as it was confined to the limited period ol four or six weeks, having never appeared before or since, it does not militate against the healthfulness oi the locality. The average number of deaths annually, during the first century, was seven. This includes the period of the great sickness." If we deduct the deaths from that epidemic, the average would not ex- ceed six and a half The same disease appeared in Sherborne about the same time, but its duration was greater, extending into the month of April, when there had been twenty-five deaths. In that town it was called " The Memorable Mortality." This sickness occurred in Holliston during the min- istry of Rev. Joshua Prentiss, and he appears to have observed it and to have taken notes of the symptoms in quite a scientific manner. A full record, taken from the notes of Mr. Prentiss, is given in Mr. Fitch's Century sermon. This was a grievous blow to the young community. Many families were broken up entirely and the popu- lation was almost decimated. They were obliged to apply for assistance ; and Tuesday, April 9, 1754, the following entry appears in the .Tournal of the House of Representatives of the Province: "A Petition oi the Selectmen of the town of Holliston, representing the distressed circumstances of said town, by reason of the grievous sickness and mortality there, praying for the compassionate consideration of this Court, for the reasons mentioned. Read and committed to Cap- tain .Toseph Williams, Captain Ashley and Mr. Green- wood, to consider and report thereon." The report of the committee was accepted and the sum of twenty- six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence was granted, to be paid out of the public treasury to the selectmen, " and by them to be applied for the use and reliefof such poor and indigent persons as may most need the same." ' Morse, in his " History of Sherborn and Holliston," says that the population w:M 1304 in 1830, 1782 in 1840, 2428 in 1850 and about 310O in 1856. In 1890 it is 2650. In 1812 there were but thirteen houses on the main street. As before intimated, the business relating to the chuich was, during many years, transacted in the same town-meetings in which the regular business of the town was conducted ; but after fifty or sixty years a distinction was made. Then, all the legal vo- ters were called to the town-meetings, while only those who paid a ministerial tax were called to the "town-meetings for parochial business." All the records were kept by the town clerk in the same record-book, until 1836, when a separate parish was organized, with its own meetings and records. It was also the custom for the ministers to- receipt for their salaries in the town record-book, and these signatures are scattered through the records until the last one appears, April 1, 1829. The first town clerk was Captain John Goulding, who served ten years, from 1724 to 1734; and the last one is George B. Fiske, who is now filling his thirteenth year in that oifice. John M. Batchelder is the present town treasurer, and is serving his eleventh year in that capacity. Until 1825 the town meetings were held in the meeting-house ; but during that year a town house was built, the upper story of which was used for the town hall, while the lower story was occupied by the church for a parish hall. This house was situated on the Common, near the road and adjoining the ceme- tery lot. It was used for town and parish purposes ufitil 1855, when it was sold and moved ofl". It was replaced the same year by the present town house, which was set farther back from the road. Thelower hall in this building has been usedfor meetings of the various parishes and other societies. Edwin Payson, of Boston, was the architect, and S. & W. L. Payson the contractors for the new town house. Aaron Phipps, afterwards deacon and treasurer of the church, and a superior man, was apprenticed to Dea. James Russell, a blacksmith ; and during that time, 1747 to 1751, planted the magnificent elms in front of the Col. Whiting house. The large trees .standing before the Congiegational meeting-house, which were cut down in 187G when the road was wid- ened, were set out by the Rev. Mr. Dickenson, not far from the year 1 800. The French and Indian war occurred about the middle of the eighteenth century. We find uo record of men who went to that war from Holliston, but probably there were a few. There were always ad- venturous spirits in every town who were ready for such expeditions. It was not long after the cessation of those hostili- ties that the feelings of dissatisfaction with the mother country began to arise, which culminated iu the war of the Revolution. When her oppressions became too onerous to be borne, this town was prompt in declar- ing its convictions. As early as 1768 a committee was chosen " to join with the committee of the Town of Boston, as well as with the committees from the several towns of the Province, in a convention, to be held at Faneuil Hall, in Boston, aforesaid, on ye 22d 446 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of this Instant, in order that such measures may be consulted and advised as His Majesty's service and the peace and safety of tliis Province may require." They were evidently not then ready to throw off their allegiance to the Crown, but were resolved to main- tain their rights and prepare for future contingencies, as the ne.xt vote, p;issed on the same day, will .show: "To recruit the Town stock of ammunition by pur- chasing a barrel of gunpoivder, one hundred French flints and one hundred and fifty weight of balls." March 5, 1770, it was voted "that we will not by our- selves, or any, for or under us. Directly or Indirectly, purchase any European Goods of those persons Termed Importers. . . . Neither will we have the Least Dealings whatever with any Country Shop Keeper who shall purchase any Goods of Said Import- ers, and that we will use the utmost of our Endeavor to Encourage and assist those applauded Merchants of the Town of Boston in their non-importation agree- ment, to whom this Town Vote their sincere and hearty Thanks for these Late Measures pursued by them for the Good of their Country, and that the moderator of this Meeting Transmit a Copy hereof to the Committee of Merchants in Boston." "Voted that ye Town Clerk post up the names of the above S* Importers at ye most public place in the Town." This meeting was held on the day of the Boston Massacre. Henry Prentiss, a son of Rev. Joshua Prentiss, was an eye-witness of the scene and he wrote a long letter to his father, giving a graphic de- scription of the same. It was found among the papers of Mr. Prentiss and is quoted in full by Rev. George F. Walker in his article. May 23, 1774, the Town chose a committee of cor- respondence with Boston and the other towns in the Province. July 4, 1774, " voted to double the town stock of Ammunition." November 17, 1774, " voted to post up the names of all who shall sell or consume any of the East India Teas." At the annual town- meeting in March 1775, before proceeding to the election of Town odicers, it was " voted that no man shall serve in any Town office or place wherever, who shall refuse or neglect to subscribe their consent to and compliance with the advice and assotiation of the last Continental Congress and that they shall be treated with neglect." A similar vote was passed be- fore the annual elections of officers in 1776, 1777 and 177!i. The following instructions were given to Ma- jor Abner Perry when he was chosen representative to the General Court, May 20, 177(5. After rehears- ing the resolve of the last General Court, which re- quested towns to advise their ne-Kt representative as to the support which they would give to Congress, in case that body should declare the Colonies inde- pendent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they say : "To which the liihabitant-s of the town of Holliston, Being Legally assembled, would humbly Reply (viz.) that the Said Honble. Congre.ssare (under God) the most Competent Judges of matters of such Vast Im- portance to these Colonies ; We would therefore Re- fer it to their Wisdom, and do Solemnly Promise & Engage with our Lives and Fortunes to support them in the measure, if they, (whom we look upon as the Guardians of our Liberty) shall judge it to be best." From year to year each representative was instruct- ed by vote of the town to stand by the Continental Congress and the liberties and rights of the Colony. July 5, 1770, the day following the Declaration of In- dependence, the town voted to raise £11 to be paid to " Each man that .shall Inlist to go as aforesaid, and do a turn for this town as a hired man." The Declara- tion of Independence is written out in full in the town records, as it also is in the records of Sherborn. January 5, 1778, the town voted their full approba- tion of the articles of confederation of the United States as "Sent to the said Town by the Gen" Court of this State." " But perhaps the most convincing evidence," says Dr. G. JI. Adams, " of the thorough patriotism of the town is seen in the large sums of money which were voted and paid for carrying on the war. In the year 1776, the town granted four hundred pounds for the defence of the country. This was when all the other expenses of the town, including the IMinister's salary, were less than two hundred pounds. It is recorded that at a town-meeting in September, 1776, " the Rev- erend Mr. Prentice, personally appeared and gener- ously gave ten pounds to the town, towards defraying the charge that has arisen in this town by the present war." In 1777 the town granted for war expenses, one thousand one hundred and forty-nine pounds, all other town expenses being one hundred and seventy pounds. In 1778 the war appropriation was £2191. In 1770, currency had begun to depreciate, and the town granted for war expenses more than £4000, which was equal to about £2000 in silver. In 1780, currency was not worth more than one-thirtieth or one-fortieth of its nominal value, and the town ap- propriated for the war, seventy-two thousand pounds, which was still equal to about £2000 in silver. In 1781 the war' appropriations were £24,750 old cur- rency and £600 silver money, equal to about £850 in silver. The names of the men from Holliston who served in the Continental army are recorded on various mus- ter rolls in the archives of the State, and did time permit a thorough search, we could give very nearly the exact number. Col. Simeon Cutler served under Washington, and Col. Abner Perry, Maj. Jacob Mil- ler and Capt Daniel Eanies were conspicuous among the officers of that army. " They contended for the right, and they won and rejoiced in their achievements, but they had no conception of the great and glorious results as we see them to-day." In 1780, September 4, the town met and voted for the first Governor of this State, and John Hancock received 39 votes and James Bowdoin two votes. HOLLISTON. 447 In 1790 the town first cast its votes for a representa- tive to Congress. In 1791 nineteen persons and their families were warned to leave the town because they had moved into it without having obtained the town's consent. In 1795 the Minister's salary was first voted in the Federal currency, and it was $266.67. We now come to the commencement of an import- ant era, the beginning of manufacturing industries which have been such a prominent factor in the pros- l)erity of Holliston. Previous to 1793 there had been no manufacturers or mechanics in the township ex- cepting tliose who, in a small way, supplied the im- mediate wants of the farmers and their families. And the farmers did not desire to have manufactures introduced, some of them even being strongly opposed to the plan. But in that year Colonel Ariel Bragg began the manufacture of shoes. " He commenced business with forty pounds of sole leather and four calf-skins, from which he made twenty-two jsairs of shoes, which he carried to Providence, R. I., in saddle-bags on horseback, with a bundle of hay behind him ; and having disposed of his goods for $21.60, returned and invested his gains in new stock. In 1800 and 1810 Hezekiah and Jonathan Bullard began business on a similar acale. In 1816 Deacon Timothy Eockwood began to manufacture goods and transport them to the Boston market in a horse-cart. In 1821 the names of Batchelder, Currier, Littlefield (who made fine shoes for ladies) and others were added to the list of manufacturers, all doing business upon small capital and transporting their goods and stock them- selves in their one-horse wagons. It is said that Mr. W. S. Batchelder first endeavored to settle in Sherborn for this purpose, but was unable to purchase any land there for manufacturing uses, so much were the farm- ers opposed to new projects. He afterwards built up a large business in Holliston. A tannery at the West End and one at Chicken Brook, wiih currier's shops different places, furnished the leather. Shoe-pegs were not in general use and steam hardly used at all in manufactures. As the business increased, one of the events of the day was the inauguration, in 1828, of a line of two- horse baggage-wagons from the neighboring town of Milford to Boston, passing through Holliston and making two trips a week. On the fir.st morning this new conveyance passed through the town, Mr. W. S. Batchelder and his workmen turned out to see it, and great was the outcry at the extravagance of Milford people, particularly of Chapin & Claflin, who owned the line ; and Mr. Batchelder cried out, " Milford is getting proud, and when I can't take my shoes to Boston in my own team, I'll give up the business." He afterwards changed his mind, however, for he lived to carry on a business so extensive that it re- quired a one-horse team all the time merely to take his goods to the railroad station, which was but a short distance. As time went on many other persons set up the manufacture of shoes and boots, and Holliston be- came quite well-known in this business. There were ten large shops and several smaller ones. In 1874 it furnished employment for about six hundred persons and turned out goods to the value of $1,000,000. Among them was Mr. John Batchelder, a brother of William S., who continued the manufacture even to the year 1889. He adopted and maintained a high standard and was distinguished for the excellence of his workmanship. No better boots than his were found in the market. Hon. Alden Leland was, for many years in the business, and had during part of the time iis a part- ner, Mr, P. R. Johnson, who still carries on the manufacture in the town. Mr. Leland began to make shoes in 1831, and was iu active business for more than fifty years. He was also a prominent man in the aftairs of the town. Born in Chester, Vermont, Nov. 30, 1807, his father, Capt. Nathan Leland' moved to Holliston, when the son was an infant, and the latter spent the remainder of his life here, where most of his ancestors belonged. Growing himself with the growth of the town, his interests were iden- tified with it, and he received all the honor.s and duties which his town and his county could induce him to accept. He held every office of note within the gift of the town, was Representative in the Legis- latures of 1838, 1812, 1848 and 1852, and was a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention in 1853. He was State Senator in 1865 and 1866, and a member of the Governor's Council in 1875 and 1876. He was the first President of the Holliston Savings Bank, and at his death had been President of the National Bank for six or seven years. An active power in the town during its greatest prosperity, he did much to make that prosperity. He was a zealous member of the Congregational church, but iu religion as in poli- tics, he recognized the honesty of others with differ- ent beliefs, and won the confidence of all. He was twice married, first to Anna Temple, and second to Rhoda A. Leland. He died in Holliston, Aug. 30, 1883, leaving a wife and three children. In the year 1879, the " hard times " seriously affect- ed this busines.s, and it began to decline. It has never recovered its former prosperity, and there are at present but five shops of much magnitude. Although this has been the largest and most lucra- tive business, yet other branches of manufacture have flourished and have performed important ser- vice to the interests of the town. • In 1814, when the shoe business was still in its infancy, and gave no sign of its future success, Hon. Elihu Cutler, filled with the desire to do something towards the improvement and progress of his native town, conceived the idea that manufactures might build it up, by bringing into the town more money and more people. He resolutely set about the work, gradually overcame the opposition to new enterprises, 448 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. exhibited a plan of a milJ, and formed a company of his townsmen, who erected the first mill in Holliaton, in 1814, for manufacturing purposes. This was a thread mill, situated on Hogistow Brook, where W. L. Payson afterwards manulactured wood-work and bo.xe8, with power from a steam-engine as well as the brook. This gave the first impulse in the right direc- tion. By good tact and persuasion, he succeeded in drawing more people into the town, bought land and sold house lots, and also houses which he had built, and gradually formed the nucleus of a village. He labored incessantly for the improvement of the town. One accession brought another, other manufactures were established, and as the shoe busines continued to improve, Mr. Cutler had the satisfaction during his own lifetime, of seeing the fruits of the labors which he had commenced. Elihu Cutler was a son of Col. Simeon Cutler, whom we have mentioned as having served under Washington in the Revolution. He was born May 2j, 1771, in Holliston, attended the district-school during its short terms, and assisted his father on the farm and in the tavern which the latter kept. He learned the trade of a wheelwright. Notwithstanding his limited advantages, " his mind," says Morse, " natnrally strong and active, somehow acquired a good common education, and even mastered treatises on metaphysics. The information he acquired, and his ability to impart it, rendered his society attractive and profitable. Mental culture, often acquired by tlie study of busi- ness as well as books, early marked his countenance, and gave dignity to his manners. These, coupled with a good measure ot common sense, rendered him the first young man in Holliston His first ap- pearance in a public capacity was that of marshal oc the great and mournful occasion of the funeral of Washington. From about that time, for nearly forty years he was connected with the public measuras and transactions of Holliston ; and if not the projector of all, what one, it might be asked, was ever brought to an advantageous conclusion without him? No portion of the influence he exerted, or of the good he accom- plished, is to be measured by the oflices he filled.'' He was appointed a magistrate early in this century ; was chosen a member of the convention to amend the State constitution in 1820, a reprepresentative from Holliston in 1827-28, and subsequently a State Senator, being the first man sent to the senate from this town, as his son Elihu was the second. He was also an active man in the aflairs of the parish, and helped most efficiently to reconcile discordant views at a critical time. He died .Tune 9, 1857, at the age of eighty-six, full of years and of honors. The mill site of Mr. Cutler was afterwards occupied by Randall Travis, tanner and currier, by Hamlet Barber ami hut her Cellow.s, by Samuel and W. L. Payson, then by W. L. Paysou alone, and then by Payson & Cutler. The manufacture of straw goods was commenced in 1815 by Charles and George Leland. It was after- wards conducted by Jlr. Thayer, and then by Lewis Slocum, who, in 1861 improved and increased the business. He was followed by Slocum & Thomp- son ; Thompson & Mowry ; Mowry, Rogers & Co., ; and since 1882 by D. C. Mowry & Co., the present firm, who do a very large business. The factory now in use was erected in 18(32, but several additions have since been made, so that it covers an area of seven thousand square feet, and contains five floors, there be- ing also a one-story and basement ell. There are steam boilers and two steam-engines, and the works are equipped throughout with the most improved facilities for the manufacture of men's, boys' and children's straw hats of every description. The trim- mings are imported from France and Germany, and the braid from China and Japan, where it can be manufactured more cheaply than in this country. Two hundred hands are employed during the busy season, under careful and complete supervision. The amountof sales is from $160,000 to $200,000 per annum. Some idea of the magnitude and variety of the busi- ness may be formed from the fact that two thousand sample hats are made every season, which is ten times the number formerly provided. The manufacture of coach lace was commenced by Prescott Littlefield, about 1827, and was continued for some eight years. He employed eight or ten hands, mostly girls, and the weaving was done by hand-power. After the death of Mr." Littlefield the business was discontinued, and the place passed into other hands. A portion of the building was used for a shoe-shop, and was soon burned. It was the first shop burned in Holliston ; and being one of the ear- liest fires of the town, it allowed the new fire company to display their engine in action. This may be re- membered by some as the old crank machine, " Water- witch," kept at Metcalf's station for many years. The origin of this, as of so many later fires in the town, was shrouded in uncertainty. For the purpose of saving property the windows and doors were removed at an early stage of the fire. Earlier in the century, and perhaps before 1800, James Stone, a son of landlord John Stone, and grandson of the first minister, established a plough- factory, employing seven or eight men, near School and Washington Streets. About and after 1828 a trip-hammer forge and au- ger-factory, saw-mill and other shops occupied the site of the present blanket-mills. There was also, at one time, a cotton -factory there, as before noted. In 1834 a comb-factory was built on Jar Brook. The hard times of 1837 caused a suspension of work for a season, after which it was again in operation un- til it was burned, about January, 18G0. When at the height of business the annual sales amounted to about $100,000. Houghton & Joslyn and Houghton & Dan- iels were the proprietors. HOLLISTON. 449 lu 1866, Messrs. Stetson and Talbot commenced in the same place the manufacture of shoe nails, and shoe and upholstery tacks. They are made of iron, zinc and copper. About twenty-two persons are now employed in this establishment, and in the year 1889 more than one and a quarter million pounds of man- ufactured goods were turned out, a specialty being made of nails for heeling-machines. The motive-power is the water of Jar Brook and a steam-engine, which run a plant of improved machinery. The building consists of a main shop, forty by one hundred and sixty feet, having an ell fifty by sixty feet in size. Copper pumps were first made in 1837, by Hough- ton & Joslyn. At first two or three hundred were made in a year ; but the business has steadily in- crt-ased, owing to the excellence of the goods and the enterprise of the present managers, until during some ye.ars from three to four thousand were made annu- ally; and the reputation of the pumps is such as to create a demand for them in foreign countries as well as at home. Since 1851, the business has been con- ducted by S. Wilder & Co., and the same firm-name has been retained since the death of Mr. Sidney Wilder in 1888, although conducted by Chas. and Geo. Wilder. They manufacture both common and force pumps, cistern and air-chamber pumps ; and although the in- troduction of water-works in many towns has modified the call for pumps to some extent, they are still a staple article and must continue to be so. The members of the firm are skillful practical workmen and give their personal attention to the business. None but the best materials are used. The manufacture of knit goods was begun in 1874, by George B. Fiske. One machine was employed at first, but the number has gradually increased until twenty hands or more were furnished with work, and in some years the sales have amounted to twenty thousand dollars. The goods find a ready sale and comprise a variety of useful articles of clothing. The business became well established among the manu- facturing enterprises of the town. Of late it lias been conducted by the "Mt. Hollis Manufacturing Co.," who now confine themselves chiefly to the pro- duction of knitted shirts. The corporation known as The Holliston Mills was formed November 14, 1881, for the manufacture of blankets of different grades, some of a high quality being made. It continued for some years, but, owing to changes in the trade in those goods, ceased oper- ation February 1, 1888. In December, 1889, it came into the possession of Edward Clark. In 1880, Samuel Whiting commenced the manufac- ture of chairs and packing-boxes, and prosecuted a considerable business for several years. He employed improved machinery, driven by a steam-engine, had from five to fifteen men and furnished goods of a high quality. He is now succeeded by Elias Hunter, who makes boxes only. A corporation called the Holliston Harness Co. 29-iii I commenced business here March 7, 1890. They man- 1 ufacture all kinds and grades of harness and sell at I wholesale only. They employed eighteen persons at first, but have forty now. John Hughes is the man- ager. Holliston has had the misfortune to be fre- quently invaded by fires. The most extensive of all was " the great fire," which occurred May 26, 1875. Says Walker: " Wiihin three hours from the time when the alarm was first given twenty-two buildings were burned, all but one of which were completely destroyed. Among these were the hotel, a large livery stable, a block of stores, two other stores and several dwelling-houses. A large space in the centre of the village was left bare of buildings ; but the enterprise of the people has rebuilt where the ruins were, and the general appearance is greatly im- proved. Statistics issued by the State Insurance Commissioners show, however, that this town has no more fires than the average of towns of the same pop- ulation. The town has approved "steam fire-engines and a hydrant engine. " For the extinguishment of fires and for domestic and other purposes," the Holliston Water Company was incorporated in the year 1884, for the supply of pure water to the inhabitants of the town. The charter was renewed in 1887, and the company is now busily at work, in 1890, with the expectation of introducing the water before the close of the year. The water is obtained from springs in an immense well excavated for the purpose, in East Holliston. The overflow will be collected in an artificial lake, and a stand-pipe on Mt. Hollis will give the desired " head" to the water. Mr. John D. Shippee is the manager, and he is ener- getically prosecuting the work. The work of laying the pipes for conveying the water to the stand-pipe was commenced early in September, 1890. Mr. Z. Talbot has been the treasurer of the company from the beginning, in 1884. Some twenty-five or thirty years ago efforts were commenced to improve the quality of the fruit of the cranberry vine and to increase its productiveness. It was naturally supposed that, as other fruits had been made better by cultivation, this crop might also be improved. With this end in view, Mr. Laurin Le- land, in 1854, began the work of planting the vines in a meadow suitably prepared to furnish the cran- berry with its natural food. In some cases this was done by paring the meadow and then covering it with a thick layer of sand; in other cases by merely spreading the sand on the natural meadow. Large crops of fruit of finer quality were thus obtained. Mr. Ezra Leland was afterwards associated with him in this work. In 1860 Deacon George Batchelder commenced by planting one hundred square rods of meadow with the vines. This he gradually increased until eight acres or more were cultivated. These berries are not only larger in size, but they are harder and of darker 450 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. color than the native fruit, and are more highly prized in the market. H. B. Tibbetts succeeded George Hatchelder, and has done even a better busi- ness. A. B. Tibbetts started a meadow of his own in 1890. Nothing appears in the town records concerning the War of 1812; but it is evident that some men from this town .served as soldiers at that time, because inscriptions to that effect are found on grave-stones in the buryinp-ground.s, and one soldier of that war, Luther Green, was living in the town only a few years since. The records at the State-House would doubtless furnish the list of names. No other events of importance occurred in the civil history of the town for many years, e.\cept those already mentioned under their appropriate headings. In the year 1S47, greatly increased accommodations for traveling were furnished by the Boston and Wor- cester Railroad Company. On July 4th of that year the first trip was made over the Milford Branch of that road, as far as Holliston Centre. The deep cut through Phipps' Hill was made with difficulty and occupied a long time, so that it was not until Novem- ber, 184.'^, that the train went through to Milford. " This railroad has been of great advantage to the industrial interests of Holliston, and has had a profita- ble business in the transportation of passengers and freight." The greater part of that section of the village lying beyond the railroad has been built up since the introduction of these facilities. For a long time the people of the town have desired an early train to South Framingham, but could not induce the company to furnish it. But at length, through per- sistent etforts, they succeeded in July, 1890, in obtain- ing it. This train leaves Milford at (i..30 a.m., and returns at 6.12 p.m., thus accommodating many per- sons who wish to commence their daily work at 7 o'clock and others who desire to take early trains to Boston and other points, (ireat .satisfaction is felt at the accomplishment of this long-sought object. It is le.ss than forty years since banking facilities were conveniently furnished to the citizens of the town. During all the previous time that business was done by thebanksof Dcdham, Wrentham and Framingham, "cau.sing,'' says an old resident, " many a wintry trip to those distant towns." Some private banking was done by inhabitants on farms near by, " where one worth $10,000 was a nabob, and if worth .$ l.'),000, a bloated aristocrat." But in 1854 the Holliston Bank wjus fo.medand in- corporated with a capital of $100,000, and it has furnished accommodations to this and neighbor- ing towns. Its first president was William S. Batch- elder and its cashier, Rufus F. Brewer. The latter served for several years, when he was succeeded by Thomas E. Andrews, who occupied the posi'ion until July 16, 1883, since which time John H. Andrews has filled the office of cashier. Mr. Brewer died in Philadelphia in 1888. Mr. Batchelder served as president until his death, in 1876, when Hon. Alden Lelaud was elected to that station, which he occupied also during the remainder of his life. He was suc- ceeded by Sidney Wilder in 1883, and by John M. Batchelder in 1890. The bank was reorganized as a National bank January 23, 1865, and in April of the same year the capital was increased to .i!150,000. By careful management a handsome surplus has been created, amounting to about $30,000. The bank has from the first been closely identified with the developement of this particular community, home interests having guided its policy to a great extent, and home enterprises of genuine merit having received its hearty and valuable co-operation. It occupies its own brick banking-house on Washington Street, built in 1872, and furnished with the most approved modern appliances for convenience and safety. The Holliston Savings Bank was incorporated in 1872, and is an institution of great value to the town. Its office is in the National bank building, and it has had but one treasurer, Orrin Thomson, Esq. Hon. Alden Leland was the first president, and was succeeded by Seth Thayer and 1). C. Mowry, who now occupies that chair. The amount of deposits from the beginning is about $1,500,000. Several old cemeteries are found in HollLston, and they were established at different periods, according to the locations of the inhabitants and their require- ments for burial-places. The oldest is the Central Cemetery, near the first church and the town-house, where several of the early ministers are interred. There is also quite an old cemetery at the north part of the town, one inthe western portion, two at Bragg- ville, andoneat East Holliston. Glenmount Cemetery was laid out some years since inthe eastern quarter of the town, but is not at all used at present. Although some of these cemeteries are not without rural attrac- tions, yet most of them are limited in space and be- long to the old order of burying-grounds. In a cultivated community like this there was therefore a natural desire for a more extensive location, and one which should be capable of more ornamentation. And accordingly a plot was selected on the banks of Lake Winthrop, containing thirty acres. It con- tains a grove, which, with the water-view of the lake audits islands, forms a diversified and beautiful si>ot for the interment of the dead, and one which is attractive and pleasant to the minds of the living. It was incorporated in 1859 as Lake Grove Cemetery, and was consecrated June 1, 1860, Rev. J. C. Bodwell, of Framingham, delivering an eloquent address, and Rev. Dr. Tucker the consecrating prayer. It contains more than three hundred burial lots, many of which are tastefully adorned, and there are several hundred not yet laid out. Beautiful monuments have been erected near the graves, and the entire enclosure is an honor to the town. It has always, since its opening, continued to be a favorite place for interment, and HOLLISTON. 451 will compare favorably with similar parks in other towns. We now approach a period filled with events of the most momentous character for this town, as well as i'or all the towns in the State — a period when men were turned from the peaceful occujjations of life to the trying and hazardous career of war. The inhab- itants of the town were forced to change the whole current of their lives, and many of them to adopt, in the emergency which arose, duties to which they had been wholly unaccustomed, and modes of living dia- metrically opposite to those in which their previous life had been passed. A long and bloody civil war, the hardest and most severe of all wars, was upon us, and a contest for the very existence of the Union was waged for four long and terrible years. The part which the citizens of this town took in that struggle is so well described by Rev. George F. Walker, in his historical article, that I cannot do better than to quote it. He writes, " When, on the morning of April 12, 1861, the first gun of the Civil War was fired against Fort Sumter, and its echoes stirred the patriotism of the entire North, the people of HoUistou were ready, as worthy sons of Revolu- tionary sires, to take their full share of the burdons of the war. On the 15th of Aiiril, President Lincoln, by proclamation, called for seventy-five thousand volunteers, and on the 29th the town took measures for the raising of a military company, and it was soon ready to march, when ordered to join the Fed- eral forces. To help those who were willing to en- list, and to relieve them of anxiety respecting the support of their families, who were to be left at home, the town voted, September 30th, to pay one dollar a month to the wife of any soldier enlisted from this town, and fifty cents per month for each child, in addition to the aid received from the State. It was also provided by vote, the next year, that the families of the nine months' men be paid the same as the others. " In the spring of 1862, when the National Capital was threatened by the approach of the Confederate troops, and the Governors of the loyal States were issuing their proclamations for men to go to its aid, the anxiety of the inhabitants of Holliston was so great that a messenger was dispatched on horse- back to Boston, to ascertain whether the Capital was taken or not. The messenger returned, riding into town just as the public services in the churches were concluded, and when he announced that the Capital was yet safe, cheer upon cheer rang out upon the still air of that quiet, beautiful Sunday afternoon, attesting the happiness with which the good news had filled the hearts of the people. " It was voted July 22, 1863, unanimously, 'That the families of citizens of Holliston, whether alien or otherwise, who serve in the United States Army, either as drafted men or substitutes for drafted men, shall receive the same aid from the town treasury as has been paid to the families of volunteers;' also, ' To continue the same aid to the families of those who have fallen in the service of their country, as they have heretofore received from the selectmen, until March 1st next, unless their pensions are sooner re- ceived.' June 20, 1864, it was voted 'that the Town- Treasurer be hereby authorized to pay each volunteer or drafted man a sum not exceeding $125, whenever such volunteer or drafted man shall be called for to fill the quota of Holliston;' also, 'voted that the town appropriate the sum of $3000 to pay soldiers en- listed under the last call for troops, dated Blarch 14, 1864.' Another vote was passed the same day, viz.: 'To choose a committee of five to make provision for a suitable reception of the returned soldiers belonging to Holliston.' June 18, 1866, the selectmen were in- structed, by vote of the town, ' to pay all volunteers who re-enlisted in the field for thecredit of Holliston, who have never received a bounty, one hundred and twenty-five dollars, and to those who have received only a partial bounty, the balance sufficient to make that sum.' ''The whole number of soldiers from Holliston, counting both enlistments and re-enlistinents, who served in the Federal Army during the Civil War, was three hundred and fifty four. Of these, sixty-six were natives of the town ; and the names of fifty- three are upon the soldiers' monument as having lost their lives. Nine were captured and confined in Con- federate prisons, of which number five died. While the war was in progress, the people at home did not forget those who were in the field, and after some of the great battles committees were sent to the front to care for the well-being and comfort of the wounded. " Just before the war commenced, Sewell H. Fisk, from Holliston, was driven out of Savannah, Georgia, with indignity, because he was from the North. He enlisted in Co. B, and went back with the army and died in the United States Hospital at Newark, N. J. Another soldier, Simon C. Marston, being left alone on guard at Brandy Station, saved the books of the Holliston Company from the rebels, who came up suddenly, by strapping them in haste upon his back and leaving with them." This company was Company B, of the Sixteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Infantry, whose first colonel was the lamented Powell T. Wyman, of Boston, once a schoolmate of the writer of this article. He was killed in action at the battle of Glendale, Va., June 30, 1862, before he had been a year in service. This regiment was also called the Middlesex County Regi- ment. Co. B was organized in Holliston, and its first oflScers were James M. Mason, captain ; William A. Amory, first lieutenant; and Cassander F. Flagg, second lieutenant. In 1866 the town approjiriated $3000 for the pur- chase and erection of a soldiers' monument. It is a square, granite monument and stands in the south- east corner of the Central Cemetery, where it can 452 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. plainly be seen from the main street. It consists of a base, ornamenled pedestal and shaft. On the front side of the pedestal a flag is sculptured in relief, and on the opposite face is a shield with the following in- striptiou in small capitals: " Erectbp bv thr Town of Uolliston, In Me-mory ok Hke Soldierb, Who Died in the Wab for the Union, 1874." On each of the remaining sides is a sword encircled with a wreath, also in relief. On the base of the monument are the following words : *' iloNOR TO THE Brave." On the sides of the shaft are carved the names of the soldiers of Uolliston who lost their lives in the defence of their country. Those names are: M. Vose, F. Abbott, P. Harvey, O. U. Waite, S. H. Fisk, E. M. B. Perry, W. H. Clough, H. A. Harris, J. Speakman, E. B. Currier, A. G. Hunting, C. H. Wheeler, M. McCor- mic, A. Adams, C. H. Cole, E. Leland, J. E. Dean, A. Goodwin, M. Slattery, F. B. Joslyu, J. H. Cooper, J. Hannlton, J. W. Slocum, ^V. G. Gaylord, G. E. Jenk- ins, H. F. Chamberlain, T. I^acy, C. Drury, L. Dickey, J. Reeves, F. \V. (.Mapp, R. F. Hawks, H. S. Bailey, A. Galvin, Jr., W. E. Lougee, J. S. Bullard, J. Galla- cher, E. S. Hutchinson, C. S. Watkius, F. Riley, P. Gary, Emerson Eames, B. L. Durfee, J.-M. JIann, C. H.Allen, William Crowell, N. Brown, Jr., R.Feeheley, G. Holbrook, G. J. Walker, W. H. Goodwin, E. G. Whiting and W. B. Jennesson, fifty-three in all. There is also the record of the battles in which the soldiers from this town were engaged, viz: Gettysburg, Ijocust, Grove, Wilderness, Spoltsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Cedar Grove, Petersburg, Andersonvillc, Richmond, Bull Run, Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Chantilly, Newbern, Manassas, Fredericksburg, -Antietarn and Chancellorsville, twenty in number. \n honorable record for the men of Holliston. In connection with this subject, we may appropri- ately consider the (irand .Vrmy of the Republic, an outcome of the Civil War. The credit of originating the idea and plan of this organization is due to Dr. B. F. Stei)lien8on, surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Regiment. In 1866 he conferred with (Chaplain Rut- ledge, explained to him the design he had conceived, and together they drew up a list of by-laws, and April 6, 1866, they founded Post No. 1 of the State of Illinois. The order rapidly increased and spread over the country, and still continues to flourish. There are between seven and eight thousand posts at the present lime, with a membership in August, 1890, of 4.')5,.510. National encampments are held an- nually; that for 18!»0 assembling in Boston, where a whole week was given to meetings and festivities, and great enthusiasm prevailed among the thousands who were present from all parts of the country, and many even from the Southern States. Post No. 6, of Massachusetts, was instituted March 10, 1867, at Holliston. A member ' of this Post writes, "Among the institutions of Holliston which are widely usehil. Post, 6, G. A. R., deserves a prominent place. Its charities have been extensive, and its composition being such as to remove it both from the field of politics and sectarianism, it has been able to reach in an unobtrusive way many a sufferer and has brought comparative comfort to many a poor, but de- serving family. Its disbursements, since its organi- zation, have amounted to nearly $7000 ($12,000 in 1890). It has had a varying history. It has been burned out three times, but each time has arisen with its membership more firmly united, and with a stronger desire to fulfill the high purpose to which it is most sincerely consecrated. "The relief committee of the Po.st has worked in entire sympathy with the town authorities, and has been an important auxiliary in the work of finding out the needy and honestly paying the amounts voted year by year by the town. It is named the Powell T. Wyman Post, in affectionate remembrance of the first commander of the Sixteenth Regiment. It has for some years occupied a building on Green Street, owned by itself, and well deserves the respect which it enjoys in the community." In 1890 this building was removed to Exchange Street, and was greatly enlarged and improved. The number of comrades in 1890 was fifty-two, and the Commander was D. F. Travis ; I. H. Carpenter, Senior Vice; O. L. Cutting, Junior Vice; J. N. Fisk, Adjutant; and I. M. Hart, Quartermaster. Several years after the foundation of the G. A. R., a new order called the Sons of Veterans, was institu- ted. It is composed of the sons of soldiers who served in the late war and received honorable discharge therefrom. The associations are called Camps, and Camp R. A. Bridges, (so called from late ofl^cer of Com- pany B, and Captain of Company E, Sixteenth Regi- ment Massachusetts Volunteer.s), No. 63, of Massa- chusetts, was organized May 5, 1865. The ca|itain in 1890, was N. E. Bridges, and the number of members thirty-four. This Camp is armed. The Women's Relief Corps, formed in 1881, is an auxiliary to the G. A. R., and assists the widows and children of soldiers, by supplies of clothingand mate- rials. It is also a general assistant to the Grand Army, in its work of benevolence. In 1890, Mrs. Z. Talbot is President, and Mrs. Lewis Bullard, Secre- tary. Several societies for social and benevolent purposes exist in Holliston. The Mt. Hollis Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons was chartered in 1865, or, ac- cording to their usage, February 14, A. M. 5865. The number of members at present is about eighty; the lodge continues to prosper, and holds monthly meet- ings in Masonic Hall. The Worshipful Master in 1890 is H. C. Kingman. HOLLISTON. 453 A lodge of the Sons of Temperance was formed liere many years since. It was re-organized in De- cember, 1889, and now has about twenty members, riie Worthy Patriarch is Albert E. Pbipps. Societies for the promotion of temperance have for :i long time been present in HoUiston, the first one having been organized as early as 1827. In 187G the lause received a fresh impulse, and three societies were working in this direction, xit the present time the etibrts in this moral reform are conducted by so- cieties auxiliary to the religious societies of the town, l)y the Sons of Temperance and by the Reform Club and its auxiliary, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, No. 15. A lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows exisied in the town some years, and many members of tliat order reside here at present. Are-organization or a new organization is contemplated in the near future. The Ancient Order of Hibernians is a social and charitable society for the mutual aid of its members. There is a National, State and county organization, and each of them meets semi-annually. In this State there are from ten thousand to twelve thousand mem- bers, and in Middlesex County about thirty-eight hundred members. M. F. Coughlin, of Holliston, is the county delegate. The society in this town. Divi- sion No. 24, was chartered July 19, 1870, with twenty members. It holds meetings every Monday night in A. O. H. Hall, Forbes' Block, and has the're a read- ing-room and billiard hall for the purpose of interest- ing its members. It always has from S500 to $1000 deposited in the bank, from which to draw its requi- sitiona for aid. The president in 1890 is C. F. Dris- coll, and the secretary, John H. Coughlin, and the membership has increased to fifty. A lodge of the Knights of Honor (No. 647) was or- ganized in Holliston June 5, 1877. It is a society for mutual benefit, and meets on the first Friday of each month in Masonic Hall. The number of mem- bers was fifty in 1880 ; it has now increased to eighty- two. William H. Smart is the Dictator in 1890. February 18, 1884, Grange No. 115 of the Patrons of Husbandry was founded. It has attracted to its member^hip not only farmers and their families, but many others who are interested in its objects. It is a social order for the mutual improvement of its mem- bers and the advancement of the interests of agricul- ture and horticulture, and persons of both sexes are admitted. It has proved to be a desirable organiza- tion, and has developed much latent talent among its members. Its meetings are held twice in each month, and in the fall season it holds an annual fair. The number of members in 1890 was one hundred and forty, and the Worthy Master was J. B. Parkin. July 4, 1876, the citizens celebrated the centennial anniversary of the independence of the nation in a highly appropriate and enthusiatic manner. Various committees were chosen, who made full preparations for the event, and the celebration was a success and a pleasure to all. Salutes were fired and bells rung in the morning, a procession was formed and marched through the principal streets, and all then assembled in the Congregational Church. The exercises con- sisted of an invocation by Rev. J. Gill, prayer by Rev. G. M. Adams, reading of Declaration of Independence Iiy Professor G.Y. Washburn, oration by Rev. Edmund Dowse, of Sherborn, and benediction by Rev. George F. Walker, then of Blackstone, a former resident of the town. Excellent singing was interspersed, in- cluding Whittier's Centennial Hymn. At the conclusion of these exercises the procession was reformed and marched to Mt. Hollis Grove, where ample refreshments had beeu provided. The Hollis- ton Band then furnished music, and Hon. Alden Ice- land, president of the day, introduced C. S. Wilder as toast-master, and many appropriate sentiments re- ceived responses from present and former citizens. Many buildings were decorated, and as a whole more elaborately than ever before in Holliston. Fire-works in the evening and music by the band closed the cel- ebration, which was a notable one and will be long remembered. The 150th anniversary of the formation of the Con- gregational Church was celebrated Wednesday, June 11, 1879. The church was formed October 31, 1728, 0. S., so that the exact anniversary, allowing for the change from old to new style, was November 11, 1878. The celebration was postponed to the more pleasant season of the year. In response to special invitation, a large number of the former members of the cliurch and congregation returned to Holliston for the occa- sion. Many were present also from the neighboring towns. The meeting-house was very fully and beau- tifully decorated with flowers, ferns, evergreens, mot- toes and emblematic designs. All but one of the former pastors of the church now living were present, and that one responded by letter. Exercises were held both forenoon and afternoon, and a social re- union took place in the evening. The historical discourse, delivered by the pastor, Rev. George M. Adams, was an exceedingly interest- ing and valuable paper, presenting facts and remin- iscences of great importance for future reference, as the writer of this article has learned, during its prep- aration. This anniversary wiw an occasion of great interest to all who had ever been connected with the church or congregation. During this same year, July 19, 1879, the public library commenced its existence. The plan of form- ing a town library originated with Elias BullarJ, Esq., who in his will left $1000, under certain con- ditions for that purpose. Seth Thayer, Esq., then contributed $500, and several others lesser sums. The town appropriated $500 at fi^st and have since granted $400 annually for its support. The library is kept in the towu-house and is oi)ened for use during the after- noons and evenings of Wednesday and Saturday of 454 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. each week. It is found to be a very popular institu- tion. Miss Josephine E. Kockwood is and has been the librarian. The charge of this Library is committed to six trus- tees, two of whom are annually chosen by the town for three years. Portraits of Eliiis BuUard, Esq., Mr. Seth Thayer and Rev. George M. Adams, D. D., adorn the walls of the room, that of Esquire BuUard having been presented by his daughter. Mrs. Robert R. Bishop. The HoUiston Mutual Fire Insurance Company was incorporated and carried on business for about twenty years. William K. Thayer, U. B. Bullard, A. N. Currier and Thomas E. Andrews were its man- agers at different dates. It closed in 1862, and the insurance was transferred to George B. Fiske, who is, and has been for many years, an agent for several companies of that kind. A Loan Fund Association also existed here many years ago. Mr. John N. Fiske, a native of the town, has for many years been established as a job and manufac- turing printer, and employs steam as a motive power. His work is good and tasteful. Mr. Fiske has also been the enumerator of the census of 1890. No newspapers are printed in the town. But an edition of the Framingham Gazelle, called the HoUis- ton Transcript, is furnished weekly to the citizens. The Milford Daily News is also sent here regularly. Of both of these newspapers James F. Fiske is the correspondent, and also of the Boston Globe. Mr. Fiske has been a reporter for many years. He has also been town treasurer, and w:w po.stmaster for seventeen years, the longest term of service of any person in that office. He was succeeded, July 12, 188ti, by Frank Cass, who remains postmaster in 1890. There is a good variety of stores in Holliston, suf- 6cieut for supplying the wants of the people, both in health and in sickness. A " History of Sherborn and Holliston," with gen- ealogies, by Rev. Abner Morse, was published in Bos- ton in 185C. It is said that Rev. Timothy Dickenson (1789-1813) wrote a pamphlet history of Holliston, extending to his day. Rev. Mr. Fitch's century sermon (1826), Rev. Dr. Dowse's centennial address (1876) and Rev. Dr. Adams's historical discourse (1879), all contain valu- able points concerning the history of the town. BIOGRAPHICAL. HENUY BUI.LARl). Henry Bullar.l is a direct descendant of Benjamin liullar.l, one among the (irst planters of Water- town in WM), and who drew land there in 1637 and IDtt. III-. Hon Benjamin settled in the extreme southern part of Sherborn prior to 1658, a portion of his farm being within the bounds of Medway (now Millis). Henry is the son of Titus and Esther Bullard and was born, at his present residence, July 13, 1815. His grandfather, Henry, born in 1749, settled here in the southeast part of Holliston and built the present house; so that Mr. Bullard is of the third generation occupying the homestead. A large farm is attached and it has been successfully carried on by the subject of this sketch. After acquiring an education in the common and high schools of that day, Mr. Bullard served as a teacher in this town and in Framingham. That he was successful may be inferred from the fact that he was invited to take charge of the High School in Framingham. He was obliged to decline, however, as he had an engagement to enter business in Hollis- ton. He afterwards conducted business in a store for three years in Cincinnati, Ohio, and for eight years in Medway, Mass. Then the declining health of his mother called him home, and he has since resided on the tirm. He married Bethia S. Wheeler, of Med- way, about fifty years since, and they have bad seven children, all of whom are still living. Mrs. Bullard, a most estimable woman, lived to a good age and passed to a higher life in 1890, beloved and lamented by all. Mr. Bullard has been a selectman of Holliston for five years, during four of which he was chairman of the board. He has been the first vice-president of the Holliston Savings Bank from the time of its organization, and has also been a trustee and member of the Investment Committee of that institution. He is an owner of real estate in Holliston, Framingham and several other towns, and devotes a considerable part of his time to itji care. He is a member of the Holliston Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. APPr.ETON BULLARD. Api)leton Bullard was born in Medway, Mass., .March 17, 1804, the son of Malacbi and Polly (Little- field) Bullard. He was the third child, Elias Bullard, Esq., of Holliston, being the first, and Rev. Malachi Bullard, of Winchendon, the second. A younger brother, Hartwell, resided in We-stborough. At the age of about thirty years Mr. Bullard was married to Hepzibah L. Harding, of Medway, and settled in Holliston. While here he was a prominent citizen, held in much esteem by the people of the town. He was selectman, assessor, overseer of poor, and in fact held most of the town ofiiccs at one time or another. About 1854 he returned to Medway about the time of the decease of his father and mother (who died nearly at the same time) and took charge of the farm at the homestead. He there remained during the rest of his life, and also held all the town offices there. But be died in Holliston, suddenly, at the residence Kli^Z(2^i^^ C^/^fL^^^l^^ S. ;^^a^ „>^^,?i/i'^^^*^<^ i ■.J^.7/. /S»'^-z->^, , J T'^^^^^^rlh^ HOLLtSTON. 455 of his brother Elias, and within two or three hours of the death of the latter, November 2, 1875. Mrs. Bul- lard remained in Medway until four or five years since, when she removed to Metcalf's Station, Hol- liston. Mr. Bullard was a member of the Congregational Church for many years. He was a carpenter and worked at thai trade both in Medway and Hollistou. He assisted his father in building the Congregational Church in HoUiston in 1822, and he built churches in Millis, West Medway and Bellingham. ELIAS BULLARD.' Ellas Bullard was born in Medway December 31, 1799. He was the son of Malachi and Polly Bullard, and was the oldest of six children. He early mani- fested a fondness for books, and, determining to fit for college, was placed by his father under the charge of Rev. Dr. Jacob Ide, of Medway, with whom he pursued his preparatory studies. He entered Brown University in 1819, and graduated in 1823. He studied law with Elijah Morse, Esq., of Boston, and upon being admitted to the bar, commenced practice in Holliston, October 7, 1820. It had been his intention to locate in Boston, but a decided indication of lung difficulty, with hemorrhages, compelled him to follow the advice of his physician, and seek a location fur- ther inland. He remained continuously in Holliston in the practice of his profession until his death, a period of forty-nine years. He was the first lawyer to settle in the town, and no other one settled there during his life. During this long period of professional labor, Mr. Bullard transacted the business of a wide circle of clients, and maintained the constant respect of all who knew him. His advice was sought on account of the fairness of his mind and the soundness of his judgment ; and the confidence of the community was reposed in him to an unusual degree. He was dis- posed towards the peaceful settlement of controversy, and much litigation was tranquillized and stopped, by his calm and restraining influence, before it was en- tered upon. As might have been expected, he was frequently called to act in positions of pecuniary trust and responsibility. He faithfully performed his part in town att'airs, and took interest especially in the schools, serving many years upon the School Committee. He three times represented the town in the Legislature— in 1834, 1835 and 1870. In the latter year he was the senior member, and called the House to order. In his address upon that occasion he spoke of the great changes which had taken place in the more than a generation since his first session. He was largely concerned in the building of the Milford branch of the Boston and Worcester Rail- road through Holliston, and was counsel for the cor- poration in the matter. He was throughout life a constant reader and a studious man, was considerate and mindful of the rights of others, and broad and tol- erant in his views and conduct. He was a great lover of home. He married Persis Daniels, of Sherborn, who survived him, and of this union were born two children — Mary Helen, who also survived her father, the wife of Robert R. Bishop, of Newton, and Josephine Dan- iels, who died before his decease, the wife of Dr. Daniel W. Jones. Mr. Bullard died November 2, 1875, lamented in the town, and in surrounding towns, to an extent which seldom occurs. He was a member of the Con- gregational Church in HoUiston. M0SE3 A. HARRIMAN. Mr. Harriman was born in Bridgewater, N. H., May 3, 1812. Before he came to Holliston in 1835, he was a school teacher in the State of Oliio, and also resided in Natick, Mass., where he worked in making shoes for Henry Wilson, afterwards distin- guished as a Senator and Vice-President of the United States. After removing to Holliston, he lived at first in the west end of the town with Amasa Forristall and made " brogans." In the year 1839 he purchased the .\ustin Bellows estate in East Holliston, built or en- larged the shop there, and commenced the manufac- ture of shoes and boots. This business he continued during the whole remainder of his life, devoting the greater part of the time to the manufacture of boots, in which he had quite a considerable trade. In 1841 he married Susan Newton, a resident of Holliston, but a native of Shrewsbury, Mass. They had two children, but neither have survived. An adopted son is in business in Boston. Mr. Harriman was a member of the Board of As- sessors for two years. He joined the Methodist Church in 1845, and ever afterwards led a consistent Christian life. He was for many years a trustee and steward of that church, and was one of its chief financial sup- porters. He was also for some time the superintend- ent of its Sunday-school. Mr. Harriman was an active business man and he secured the good will of all with whom he had deal- ings. Although reserved in his conversation concern- ing matters of business, he had the good tact to manage it successfully, and succeeded in accumula- ting a handsome competency. He was a favorite with his workmen, who attended his funeral in a body and keenly felt his loss. He died September 12, 1879. 1 Contributed. ZEPUANIAII TALDOT. Mr. Talbot was born in South Hanover, Mass., June 22, l^M. He was educated in the public schools and in Hanover Academy, and then iw a full apprentice in the Corliss Steam Engine Co., 456 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. at Providence, Rhode Island. He was a staff officer ill the United States Navy, from 1860 to 1866, being assistant engineer. Applying for duty in active service, he was ordered to proceed from San Francisco to the North. He received two promotions and served as chief engineer on the Gunboats Cho- cura and Iosco, and superintended the placing of the engines in them. He wa.s on duty in the North At- lantic blockading squadron and was present at the capture of Fort Fisher. He continued in the service after the close of the war, and was appointed first as- sistant professor of steam-engineering at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., this branch being then first introduced as a study. In the year 1866, he re- signed his oflice for the purpose of entering business. Mr. Talbot's first connection with Mr. D. K. Stet- son was at Woodville, Hopkinton, Mass., in the man- ufacture of shoe nails and tacks. In the year 1866, they removed to HoUiston, established themselves on the site of the old comb factory in East HoUiston, where as Stetson & Talbot, they continued the above mentioned business for twenty-one years. In 1887 Mr. Talbot purchased the interest of Mr. Stetspn and has since conducted the business himself A refer- ence to the description of this industry in another part of this article, will show the magnitude of the business. He has obtained one patent and applied for three others connected with this manufacture. Mr. Talbot was a member of the Board of Select- men in 1866; chairman of the Board of Assessors four years, from 1876 ; and a member of the school com- mittee for ten years, a portion of that time as chair- man. He was also a director of the National Bank and Trustee of the Savings Bank for several years. In 18S2 he was chosen treasurer of the HoUiston Mills, and has continued to occupy that post. He has also l)een treasurer and a director of the HoUis- ton Water Company since its first incorporation in 18S4. In May, 1863, he was married to Eliza F. Paul, of Boston. They have had four children, one of whom, Henry P., after a course of study at the Institute of Technology, in Boston, proceeded to Europe for fur- ther education, and in 1890 took the degree of Ph.D. at Leipsic. CHAPTER XXXVII. MALDEX. BY WILUAM T. DAVIS. Malden was originally a part of Cliarlestown. (Uiarlestown was first visited, as far as is certainly known, by Jr.hn Smith in 161.}. There is no evidence that earlier explorers, including Vcrazzano, Gosnold, Martin Prirjg, VVaymouth, Champlain and Hudson, either entered the harbor of Boston, or even saw its adjacent lands. John Smith, after some years' connec- tion with the Southern Virginia Company, returned to England, and in 1614 sailed with two ships " to take whales and also to make trials of a mine of gold and copper." On his arrival at Monhegan, near the mouth of the Penobscot River, he anchored his vessels and sailed with eight men in a shallop, along the more southerly coast as far as Cape Cod, giving the name of New England to the country, and " drawing a map from point to point, isle to isle, and harbor to harbor, with the soundings, sands, rocks and landmarks." A copy of this map was submitted by Smith, on his return to England, to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles the First, who attached names to the various points there delineated. Of these names, Plymouth, named, it is believed, in honor of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, at that time Governor at the castle in Plymouth, and one of Smith's patrons; Cape Anne, named after Anne of Denmark, the mother of the Prince, and Charles River, named after himself, re- main, while all the other names, including Cape James for Ca;5e Cod, Milford Haven for Provincetown Harbor, Stuard's Bay for Barnstable Bay, Point George for Brant Point, Oxford for Marshfield, London for Cohasset, Cheviot Hills for the Blue Hills, Talbott's Bay for Gloucester Harbor, and Dartmouth, Sandwich and Cambridge, for places near Portland, never came into use. Smith was followed by Thomas Dermer, in 1619, who put into Massachusetts Bay, and visited Plym- outh, but there is no evidence that he sighted the northerly shore ofthe bay. The " Mayflower" followed in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, the " Ann" and "Little James," in 162.3, all making Plymouth their only destination, and in the last of these years Robert Gorges, appointed Lieutenant-General of New Eng- land, came in a ship which was the pioneer in the great movement which ended in the settlement ofthe Massachusetts Colony. All the enterprises connected with these arrivals on the New England coast were conducted under the authority of an English com- pany, first known as the Northern Virginia Company, and afterwards as "The council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ordering, ruling and governing of New England in America." This company, together with the Southern Virginia Company, or, as it was called, the Virginia Company, was established in 1606. On the 10th of April in tha/ year King James divided by letters patent between these two companies, a strip of land one hundred miles wide, along the Atlantic coast of North Amer- ica, extending from the thirty-fourth to the forty- fifth degree of north latitude, a territory which then went under the name of Virginia. This territory ex- tended from Cape Fear to Passamaquoddy Bay. The patent, or charter, to the Virginia Company was granted to certain knights, gentlemen, merchants and adventurers of London, who were permitted to MALDEN. 457 claim between the the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees, or between Cape Fear and a point within the boundaries of New York harbor. The patent, or charter, to the Northern Virginia Company was grant- ed to knights, gentlemen, merchants and adventurers of Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth, who were permitted to claim between the thirty-eighth and forty-fifth de- grees, or between the southeastern corner of Maryland and Passamaquoddy Bay. That portion of the strip between the thirty-eighth and forty-first degrees in- cluded in both patents, was open to the company first occupying it, and neither company was permitted to make a settlement within one hundred miles of a settlement of the other company. In 1620, the King having become displeased with Sir Edwin Sandys, the Governor and Treasurer of the Southern Company, forbade his re-election, but his successor, the Earl of Southampton, being no less obnoxious, he was disposed to show special favor to the Northern Company, and granted it a new act of incorporation under the title, already referred to, of " The council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ordering and governing of New England in America." Under their new charter a new grant was made to the company, ex- tending from the Atlantic to the Pacific and bounded by the fortieth and forty eighth degrees of latitude. Under the authority of this company the settlement of the Massachusetts Colony was made. In 1622 they granted to Robert Gorges all that part of the terri- tory " commonly called or known by the name of the Massachusiack upon the north easide of the Bay called or known by the name of the Massachusett." This grant, according to the best authorities, included the region about Boston harbor, bounded on one side by Nahant and on the othei by Point Allerton, and ex- tending thirty miles into the interior, " with all the rivers, islands, minerals, etc.," within its limits. This grant included, of course, the territory afterwards occu- pied by the town of Charlestown, and Charlestowh when settled included Maiden, Everett, Melrose, Woburn, Stoneham, Burlington, Somerville, a large part of Med- ford and a small part of Cambridge, West Cambridge and Reading, Arlington, Lexington and Winchester. In 1623 Robert Gorges, as has been already stated, was appointed by the Plymouth Council, Lieutenant- General of New England, and came over to secure his grant and establish a colony. In the next year, hav- ing failed in his colonial enterprise, he returned to England " until better occasion should offer itself unto him." It is probable that on his departure he left some remnants of his colony behind, as in 1626 there were planters at " Winnissemit," and as William Blackstone, the first settler of Boston, appears in the records as the agent of Gorges in 1626, and others con- nected with him and his enterprise were at about the same date inhabitants of what was later the Massa chuselts Colony. After the death of Robert Gorges his older brother John, to whom his grant descended, leased, in or about 1628, a part of the land claimed by him to John Old- ham and John Dorrill. This lease included the terri- tory afterward embraced within the limits of Char es- town, aud covered " all the lands within the Massa- chusetts Bay, between Charles River and Abouselt (or Saugus) River, containing in length by straight line, four miles up the Charles River, with the main land northwest from the border of said Bay, including all creeks and points by the way; and three miles in length from the mouth of the foresaid river Abousett up into the main land, upon a straight linesouthwesl, including all creeks and points ; and all the land in breadth and length between the foresaid rivers, with all prerogatives, royal mines excepted." In 1628 the council for Plymouth, the successor of the old Northern Virginia Company, notwithstanding the grant they had made to Robert Gorges in 1622, under which Oldham and Dorrell claimed as lessees, sold the territory included in that grant to the Mas- sachusetts Colony, bounding the lands conveyed by points three miles north of the Merrimack River and three miles south of the Charles River, and extend- ing from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea. Old- ham, of course, protested against this sale of lands to which he had reason to believe that he was right- fully entitled, but for some reason the Plymouth Council held the claim to be void and disregarded it. On September 6, 1628, John Endicott arrived in Salem, as the representative and local Governor of the Massachusetts Colony. Included among the mem- bers of the company arriving with Endicott, accord- ing to some authorities, were Ralph Spr.igue and his brothers Richard and William, who, not long after their arrival set out on an expedition, during which they traveled about twelve miles to the westward from Nahumkeik (now Salem) and " lighted of a place situate and lyeing on the north side of the Charles River full of Indians called Aberginians." It is said that by this baud of adventurers it was agreed, with the approbation of Governor Endicott, " that this place on the north side of the Charles River, by the natives called Mishawum, shall henceforth, from the name of the river, be called Charlestown." But authorities dirt'er as to the place, time and man- ner of the settlement of Charlestown, and as to the persons by whom it was settled. Besides the lease of lands to John Oldham and John Dorrell, there was a claim made by Sir William Brereton, under a deed dated January 10, 1629, of "all the land in breadth lyeinge from ye east side of Charles River to the easterly parte off the cape called Nahante, and all the lands lyeinge. in length twenty miles northeast into ye maine land from the mouth of the said Charles River lyeing also in length twenty miles into the maine land northeast from ye said Cape Nahante ; also two Islands lyeinge next unto the shore between Nahante and Charles River, the bigger called Brereton, and the lesser, Susanna." This claim also was rejected by the 458 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Plyraoulh Council, and the Massachusetts Company | in England sent a letter to Endicott by the " George Bonaveuture," which arrived in Salem June 22, 1629, from which the following is an extract : " We pray yon and the council there to advise seriously together for the niaintenauco of our privileges and peaceable government, which, if it may be done by a temperate course, we much desire it, though with some inconvenience, so an our government aud privileges be not brought in ooulenipt, wishing rather there might be such a union as might draw the heathen by our good example to the embracing of Christ and his gospel than that offence should by given to the heathen, and a scandal to our religion through our disagreement amongst ourselves. But if necessity require a more severe course where fair means will not prevail, we pray you to ileal, as in your discretions you shall think fittest for the general good and safety of the plantation and preservation of our priv- ileges. And because »e would not omit to do anything which might strengthen our right, we would have you (a« soon as these ships, or any of them, arrive with you, whereby you may have men to do it) send forty or fifty persons to Massachusetts Bay to inhabit there, which we ptay you not to protract, but to do it with all speed ; and if any of our company in particular shall desire to settle themselves there, or to send servants thither, we desire all accommodation and encouragement may be given them thereunto, whereby the better to strengthen our posses- sion there against all or any that shall intrude upon us, which we would not have you, by any means, give way unto ; with this caution notwith- standing—That for such of our countrymen as you find there planted, so as they bo willing to live under our government, you endeavor to give them all fitting and duo accommodation as to any of ourselves ; yea, if you see cause for it, though it bo with more than ordinary privileges in point of trade.'* Immediately after the arrival of the ships referred to in the above letter, Thomas Greaves and Rev. Erancis Bright, with a party of colonists, were dis- patched for Massachusetts Bay to take possession of the lands included in their patent and silence the claims of Oldham and Dorrell and Brereton. The precise date of their arrival at Charlestown is render- ed doubtful by the uncertain statements of diiferent historians. It is probable that Thomas Greaves and the letter from which the above extract is taken arrived at Salem in the "(Icorge Bonaventure' on the 22d of .hine. It seems also probable that Higginson and Bright arrived in the " Talbot " and " Lion's Whelp " on the 29th of June, and yet the con- clusion reached by Erothingham, in his " History of Charlestown," is that Greaves and Bright reached Charlestown on their expedition from Salem on the 24th of June. It does not even appear sure that Ralph and Richard and William Sprague, already referred to as settlers of Charlestown, were not companions of Greaves and Wright, instead of their forerunners. At any rate, it is certain that about the last of June or the first of July, the settlement of Charlestown was definitely made, and during the year 1C29 Higginson wrote: "There are in all of us, both old and new planters, about three hundred, whereof two liundred of them are settled at Neihuni-kek, now called Salem ; and the rest have planted themselves at Ma.sathulets Bay, beginning to build a towne there which wee doe call Cherton on Charles Towne." There seems, however, to be a concurrence of opinion, after attempta to reconcile conflicting 8tatemeL>t.s, that the day of the arrival of Cireaves, the agent of the Massachusetts Colony, at Charlestown, was June 24th, old style, or July 4th, new style, and that therefore that is the date of the foundation and settlement of die town. At this place a settlement was made with the con- sent of John Sagamore, the local native chief of a tribe of the Pawtuckets, a chief " of gentle and good disposition, a handsome young man conversant with us," as Thomas Dudley said, " affecting English ap- parel and houses, and speaking well of our God." On the arrival of a second company followir.g the lead of Endicott about one-third of the number more than one hundred in all, proceeded to Charles- town. On the arrival of Winthrop, in 1630, with a company of fifteen hundred person.s, in a well-equipped fleet fitted out in England at an espen.se of more than twenty-one thousand pounds sterling, the Charles and Mystic Rivers were speedily explored, and Charles- town was selected as the place for the settlement ot the Massachusetts Colony. At that time the proxim- ity to tide-water, the two rivers, the Charles and Mystic, and the scattered lands which had been cleared by the natives, made the spot as attractive as any which could be found in the territory of New England. The presence of the Indians was, however, a constant menace to the peace and safety of the settlement, which demanded the utmost sagacity and watchfulness to guard against. Sagamore John made his home upon the creek which runs from the marshes between Powder Horn Hill and Winnisimmet into the Mystic. While he was the nominal ruler of the tribe, his mother, the Squaw Sachem and the widow of Nanapashemet, the old ruler, was the actual head of the tribe. During the prevalence of small-pox in 1632, the Squaw Sachem and her two sons. Sagamore John and Sagamore James, died, and Wenepoygen, a younger brother, became chief. He was given by the settlers the name of George Rnmney Marsh, from the place where he lived, on the southern border of the present town of Maiden. Until 1851 he entertained kindly feelings towards the colonists, when he made claims to land which he declared had been the property ot his brother, Sagamore John, which the General (!ourt finally attempted to settle by ordering twenty acres to be laid out for him to make use of. After the death of his mother, the Squaw Sachem, he became the chief of the Pawtuckets and the nominal head of the Nipmucks, who occupied lands towards the Connecti- icut River. He joined King Philip in the war of 1675 and 1676, and, when taken prisoner, was sent a slave to Barbadoes. Einally released, he returned to Massachusetts, and died the last Pawtucket sachem, in 1684. Notwithstanding the near presence of the natives, the people of Charlestown began at a very early period to push out into the adjacent country, and within and without the borders of that town to settle wherever they could find land suited to their needs. New colonists were constantly arriving from England, MALDEN. 459 and during the first ten years after the arrival of Winthrop it is estimated that four thousand families had reached the shores of New England, including more than twenty-one thousand persons. They had come from a country where the ownership of land was a prize which only the wealthy were able to se- cure, and the almost limitless bounds of the western world attracted a continued wave of emigration, with liberal homesteads and farms, almost free of cost, as the expected rewards of their enterprise. The eager- ness displayed in our own day by the settlers of Okla- homa and other newly-opened Territories to possess advantageous sites for homes, finds a parallel in the days of our fathers, when almost for the asking the poor English laborer, with only sufficient means to secure a passage across the Atlantic, could become the lord of lands on a footing, so far as ownership was concerned, with the more favored in his English home. Soon after the settlement of Charlestown a move- ment was made to establisli a church. Tlie Massa- chusetts Colony had instructed the three ministers, Messrs. Higginson, Skelton and Bright, who were among the members, that in case they could not agree who should "inhabit at Massachusetts Bay," they should " make choice of one of the three by lot, and he on whom the lot should fall should go, with his family, to perform that work." Rev. Francis Bright was finally selected, and engaged for £20 for the expenses of his journey, his passage out and back and a salary of £20 per year. He was to receive also £10 for the purchase of books, and a dwelling-house and land, to be used by him and left to his successor in the ministry. If he remained seven years he was to receive one hundred acres of land for his own use. Mr. Bright, however, was not a thorough Puritan, and the increasing non-conformity of the colonists dis- inclined him to continue as their pastor, and in July, 1630, he returned to England. It was said of him on his departure " that he began to hew stones in the mountains wherewith to build, but when he saw all sorts of stones would not suit in the building, as he supposed, he, not unlike Jonah, fled from the presence of the Lord and went down to Tarshish." In 1629 Thomas Greaves, the agent of the Colony at Charlestown, sent to England the following descrip- tion of the country in the neighborhood of his place of settlement : " This much I can affirme in generall, that I never came in a more goodly country in all my life, all things considered. If it hath not at any time been manured and husbanded, yet it is very beautiful in open lands mixed with goodly woods, and jtgain open plaines, in some places five hundred acres, some places more, some less ; not much troublesome for tocleare, for the plough to goe in, no place barren but on the tops of the hils ; the grnsse and weeds grow upto a man's face in the lowland, and by fresh rivers abundance of grasse and large meadowes without itny tree or shruhbe to binder the sitli. I never saw, except in Hungaria, unto which I always paralell the counlrie in all our most respects, for every thing that is beare eyther sowne or planted prospereth far better than in old England. The increase of corne is hero farre beyond expec- tation, as I have seene here by experience in barly, the which because it is so much above youre conception, I will not mention. And cattle do prosperevery well, and those that are bredd here farre greater than those with you in England. Vines doe grow here plentifully laden with the biggest grapes that ever I saw, some I have seene foure inches about, so that I am bold to say of this countrie as it is icomnionly said in Ger- many of Hungaria, that for cattel, corne and wine it excelleth. We have many more hopeful commodities here in this country, the which time will teach to make good use of. * In the mean time we abound with such things which next under God doe make us subsist ; as fish fowl, deere, and sundrie sorts of fruits as niusk-melleons, water-mel- leons, Indian pompeons, Indian peare, beanes, and many other odde fruits that I cannot name. All which are made good and pleasant through this raaine ble.o8ing of God, the healthfulnesse of the countree, whicli far exceedeth all parts that ever I have beene in. It is observed that few or none doe here fal sicke , unless of the scurvey, that they bring from aboard the ship with them, whereof I have cured some of my companio onelyby labour." Such letters as this written to England — and there were many — served to excite the adventurous spirit of the age and enlarged the wave of immigration, which was already flowing with full tide on the New Eng- land shores. After the arrival of Winthrop, in 1630, the settlement at Charlestown rapidly grew and ex- tended its boundaries. Shawmutor Boston was soon settled. "Some went without the neck of this town who travelled up into the main till they came to a place well watered, whither Sir Kichard Salton- stall and Mr. Phillips, minister, went, with several others, and settled a plantation and called it Wattertowne. Others went on the other side of Charles River, and then travelled up into the country and likewise find- ing good waters, settled there with Mr. Ludlow and called the planta- tion Dorchester, whither went Mr. Maverick and Mr. Warham, who were their ministers. " In the meantime Mr. Blackstone, dwelling on the other side of Charles River alone at a place by the Indians called Shawmutt, where he only had a cottage at or not far oPF the place called Blackstone's Point, he came and acquainted the Governor of an excellent spring there without inviting hiui thither. Whereupon after the death of Mr. Johu- Sfin and divers others the Governor, with Mr. Wilson and the greatest part of the church, removed thither : whither also the frame of the Gov- ernor's house in preparation at this town was (also to the discontent of some) carried when people began to build their houses agaiust winter and the place was called Boston. "After these things Mr. Pinchen and several others planted betwixt Boston and Dorchester, which place was called Boxbury. " Now, after all this, the Indians' treachery being feared, it was judged meet the English should place their towns as near together as could be, for which end Mr. Dudley and Mr. Broadstreete, with some othei-s, went and built and planted between Charlestown and Watortown, who called it Newtown (which was afterwards called Cambridge) " Others went out to a place between (Charlestown and Salem, called Saugust (since ordered to be called Lynn). " And thus, by reason of discouragements'and difficulties that strangers ill a wilderness at first meet withal, though as to some things but sup- posed, as in this case, people might have found water abundant in this town and needed not to have perished for want, or wandered to other places for relief, would they but have looked after it. But this, attended with other circumstances, the wisdom of God made use of as a means for spreading his Gospel and peopling of this great and then terrible wil- doincss, and this sudden spreading into several townships came to be of far better use for the entertainment of so many hundreds of people that come for several years following hither, in such multitudes from most parts of old England, than if they had now remained altogether in this town. " But after their departure from this town to the peopling and plant- ing of the towns aforesaid, and in particular of the removal of the Gov- ernor and the greatest part of our new pllhered church, with the Pas- tor, to Boston, the few inhabitants of this town remaining were con- strained for three years after generally to go to Boston on the Lord's day to hoar the word and enjoy the sacramenta before they could be other wise supplied." Thus by the dispersion of the Colony into adjacent 460 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. territory the following towns were established before 1649: Boston, in 1030; Dorchester, 1630; Roxbury, 1030 Watertown, 1630; Medford, 1630; Ipswich, 1634 Concord, 1635; Lynn, 1637; Sudbury, 1639; Glou cester, 1039; Haverhill, 1645; Manchester, 1645 Andover, 1640; Marblehead, 1649; Newbury, 1635 R.wiey, 1039; Salisbury, 1040; Wenham, 1643 Woburn,1042; Brainlree, 1040; Dedham, 1636; Wey- mouth, 1635; Hingham, 1635; Hull, 1044. These, with Salem, settled in 1629, were all tlie towns wilhin the limits of the Miussachusetts Colony established before May 2, 1649, the date of the establishment of the town of Maiden. It was not long after the settlement of Charlestown that diihculties arose concerning town boundaries. These were finally settled by the General Court. In 1633 the Court established lines between Charlestown and Newtown or Cambridge by ordering that the land " impaled by Newton men, with the neck thereto ad- joining where Mr. Greaves dwelleth, shall belong to the said Newton." The Charlestown bounds were to " end at a tree marked by the said pale and to pass by that tree in a straight line unto themeadowing be- tween the westermoslpart of the great lot of land grant- ed to John Winthrop and the nearest part thereto of the bounds of Watertown." The land granted to John Winthrop here mentioned included the acres of the Ten Hills farm. On the 2d of July 1633, the Court also granted to the town of Charlestown " Mistick Side," as it was called, ordering that " the ground lying betwixt the North river and the creek on the North side of Mr. Maverick's, and up into the country, shall belong to the inhabitants of Charlestown." On the 3d of March 1636, another order of Court was made providing that " Charlestown bounds shall run eight miles into the country from the meeting-house if not other bounds intercept, reserving ihe propriety of farms, granted to John Winthrop, Esq., John Nowell, Mr. Cradock, and Mr. Wilson to the owners thereof, as also free ingress and egress for the servants and cattle of the said gentlemen and common for their cattle, on the back side of Mr. Cradock's farm." No further grants were made to the town after 1040, and not much time elapsed after that date before its boundaries began to be broken by the formation of new towns. In 1633 William Wood, the author of " New Eng- land's Prospect," gives the following description of Charlestown : "On Ihe nortli liilo of Charles Rlvor is Olisrlestowii, which Is another nock of land on whoso north nidu rnus Mistick River. This town from all things innj- ho well pamlcllod with her ncighhor, Boston, being in the same fashion with her hare neck and constrained to borrow con- Tonlences from Ihe main and to provide for themselves farms In the country for iheir hetlcr 8nlwl«tonce. At this town there is kept a ferry- boat to carry |Hssengera over Charles River, which between tlie two towns Is a (luarler of a mile over, being a very deep channel. Here may rido forty ships at a tiniu. I.p higher It is a broad bay, being about two miles belwoen the shores into wlilcii runs Stony liivcrand Muddy River. '■'''"'""•• " "Ihwesi, In the middle of Ihe bay, is a groat oyster bank' Towards tlie nortliwesi of tiilshay is a great croek, upon whoso shore Is situated the valley of Medford, a very fertile and pleasant place and ti t for more inhabitants than are yet in it. This town is a mile aud a half from Charlestown." "The next town is Mistick, which isthreo miles from Charlestown by land and a league and a half by water. It is seated by the water side very pleasantly ; there be not many houses as yet. At the head of this river are great and spacious ponds whither the Alewives press to spawn. This being a noted place for that kind of fish, the English resort hither to take them. On the west side of this river the Governor hath a farm where lie keeps most of his cattle. On the east side is Mister Cradock's plantation, where he hath impaled a park where he keeps his cattle till he can store it with deer. Here, likewise, he is at charges of building ships. The lost year one was upon the stocks of a hundred ton ; that being finisbed, they are to build one twice her burden. Ships without eitlier ballast or loading may Hoat down tbis river ; otherwise the oyster bank would hinder them which crosseth the channel." After the departure of Rev. Mr. Bright from Charlestown, in 1030, whose mini.stralions were not over an organized church, the first church of Boston was organized July 30, 1630. John Wilson was chosen teacher; Increase Nowell, ruling elder ; Wil- liam Gager and William Aspinwall, deacons. This was the fourth church in New England. The Plym- outh Church was the first, the Salem Church the second, the Dorchester Church, organized in Eng- land, the third, and the Boston Church the fourth. This church was first gathered in Charlestown, and at the end of three months removed to Boston. During the two following years the people of both Boston and Charlestown attended this church. On the 5th of June, 1632, Rev. Thomas James arrived at Charles town, and immediate steps were taken to form a church in that town. On the 14th of October thirty-five per- sons were dismissed from the Boston church, and on the 21st of that month the first public services were held. The new church was formed November 2, 1632, and Mr. James was chosen pastor. The thirty-five persons forming the church were Increase and Parnel Nowell, Thomas and Christian Beecher, Abraham and Grace Palmer, Ralph and Jane Sprague, Edward and Sarah Convera, Nicholas and Amy Stowers, Ezekiel and Susan Ricbesou, Henry and Elizabeth Harwood, Robert and Jane Hale, George and Margaret Hucheson, Thomas and Eliza- beth James, William and Ann Frothingham, Ralph and Alice Mousall, Richard and Arnold Cole, Rich- ard and Mary Sprague, John and Bethiah Haule, William Dade, Thomas Minor and Thomas Squire. In 1633 the relations between Mr. James and his people became so unpleasant that a division of the church was threatened. This division, however, was healed when Rev. Zechariah Symmes arrived in Charlestown and became pastor, as the successor of Mr. James. During the pastorate of Mr. Symmes the town of Maiden was established. In 1638 the town of Charlestown voted that a large part of the grant of land which afterwards included Maiden should be reserved " for such desirable [lersons as should be received in," or for "such as may come with another mini.ster." The part so reserved was described as lying "at the head of the five acre lots and running iu a straight line from Powder Horn Hill to the head MALDEN. 461 of North River, together with three hundred acres above Cradoclc's farm." Before 1640 a few settlers had found their way from Charlestown to the Misticlc side, but before the establishment of the town of Maiden no church had been organized within that territory. Forming an exception to the general rule, the town preceded the church, and was not its creation. But though no organized church existed, the distance from the parent church at Charlestown rendered it necessary to establish independent re- ligous services, and employ some minister to ofiiciate. It is recorded that at that time, Mr. Sargeant, " a Godly Christian," and some young students from the college broke the seals to the people. As the settle- ment on the Mistick side grew, the desire soon sprang up in the minds of the people to form both an independent town and an organized independent church. On the 1st of January, 1649, a committee of men living on the Charlestown side of the river was chosen " to meet three chosen brethren on Mis- tick side," to agree upon the terms of a separation and the boundaries of a new town. The commiltee reported that, " to the end the work of Christ and the things of his house there in hand may be more comfortably carried on, it is agreed as foUoweth : that the Mistick side men should be a town by themselves." In accordance witli the report of the committee, and in consequence of the assent of the Charlestown men to the formation of the new town, the Court of Assistants, on the 2d of May, 1649, old style, or the 12th of May, new style, " upon the peti- tion of Mistick side men, they are granted to be a distinct towne, and the name thereof to be called Maulden." The name of the town is due to the fact that some of the settlers came from the town in Eng- land bearing that name. It wag largely the cus- tom, not only among the Puritans of Massachu- setts, who had ouly recently left the scenes of their old English homes, but also of the Pilgrims of Plymouth, who had long been weaned from loving associations of English life, to give to New England towns, and even to hamlets and outlying districts and farms and hills and plains, the names with which they were familiar in the land from which they had come. The writer of this sketch owes to some of these nameson the estates of early Plymouth settlers the discovery of the spot of their birth, or that from which they had migrated to the New World. Maiden in England lies in the county of Essex, about thirty eight miles from London, and is supposed to be the anc'ent Camalodnnum, once the capital of Cuuo- heline, an old British King; and the seat of the first Roman Colony in Great Britain. Cunobeline or Cymbeline flourished in the year 4 of the Christian era. Not many years later the Emperor Claudius, after his invasion of Britain, established at Maiden a Roman colony, and it is said, made it a place of magnifi- cence and beauty. It was written Maeldune by the Saxons, being composed of two words— Mael, across, and dune, a hill. In the time of the Conqueror it was called Meldone, and subsequently Meaudon, Mauden, Maldon and Maiden. The early records of the town of Maiden are lost and therefore no list of its earliest settlers has been pre- served. It is known, however, that among them were Joseph Hills, Ralph Sprague, Edward Carrington, Thomas Squire, John Wayte, James Greene, Abra- ham Hill, Thomas Osborne, John Lewis and Thomas Caule. Of many of these men little is known. Jos- eph Hills came with his wife Rose from Maiden in England. In 1647 he was the Speaker of the House of Deputies and edited the revision of Massachusetts laws printed in 1648, which was the first code of laws established by authority in New England, it was undoubtedly in honor of him that the town was named. He removed to Newbury in 1665. Ralph Sprague was the oldest of three brothers, all of whom came to Charlestown. The two others, Richard and William, have been already referred to. They were the sons of Edward Sprague, a fuller, of Upway, in Dorselfhire, England. Ralph was about twenty-five years of age when he arrived. In 1630 he was chosen constable and made freeman, and, in 1632, was one of the founders of the Charlestown church. He was a selectman and representative, and a member of the artillery company. He died in 16-50, leaving four sons — John and Richard, born in England; Samuel, born in J631, and Phineas — and a daughter, M;iry, who married Daniel Edmands. His widow, Joantui Sprague, married Edward Converse, and died in 1680. Thomas Squire was a freeman in 1634, and, in 1636, a member of the artillery company. After the organization of the town Joseph Hills was chosen its first deputy to the General Court, John Wayte, the first town clerk, and Thomas Squire, William Brackenbury, John Upham, John Wayte and Thomas Caule, selectmen, and Richard Adams, constable. In 1650 Rev. Marmaduke Matthews was invited to settle as pastor over the church in Maiden, which until that time had no ordained minister. Mr. Mat- thews wiis born in Swansey, in Glamorganshire, in Wales, in 1605. It is known that in !ii23 ho was a scholar in All Souls' College, Oxford. He arrived in Boston from Barnstable, England, September 21 1638, and was first settled over the church in Yar- mouth, in the Colony of Plymouth, where he went with its earliest settlers. Nathaniel Mortin, in "New England's Memorial," speaks of him as one "of the Godly and able (Jospel Preachers with which the Lord was pleascil of his great goodness richly to ac- complish and adorn the Plymouth Colony." He left Yarmouth about the year 1647, and removed into the Massachusetts Colony. Previous to the invit^ition extended to Mr. Mat- thews to settle in Maiden, invitations were sent to 462 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Mr. Miller, of Rowley, Mr. Blenman, John Wilson (son of the Boston minister), Samuel Mather, Ezekiel Cheever and several others. But difficulties, soon after the settlement of Jlr. Matthews, arose in the church. In 1649 the people of Hull, where Mr. Mat- thews had preached, asked the General Court for " encouragement" to him to return to them. At that time the Court assisted feeble churches, and the en- couragement asked for was financial aid from the Colonial treasury. The Court replied—" that it in no way judged it meet to grant the inhabitants of Hull their desire," and further said that they found several erroneous expressions, "others weak, inconve- nient and safe," for which it judged it proper to order that Mr. Matthews should be admonished by the Governor in the name of the Court. It was true that the preaching of Mr. Matthews was peculiar, and his doctrinal opinions were difierent from those of other New England ministers. Before his settlement in Maiden the churches of Charlestown and Roxbury remonstrated with their Maiden brethren against his ordination. In lt>50 Mr. Matthews asked of the Court the privilege of explaining his language to which exceptions had been taken, and, on the 22d of May, the Court ordered that he should have a hearing at the house of Mr. Philips, of Boston, before the elders of Boston, Charlestown, Roxbury and Dor- chester. The explanation at the conference was not satisfactory, and at the General Court held on the 7th of May, llif)l, a bill was pj-esented complaining of the " former and later miscarriages " of Mr. Matthew.s, and he was ordered to appear and make answer. Afler a hearing it was determined that he "had for- merly given much offense to magistrates, elders and many brethren by unsafe and unsound expressions in his public teaching; that he had failed to give sat- isfaction to those magistrates and elders who had been appointed for the purpose at his request ; that he had since delivered other unsafe and offensive ex- pre-ssions ; that magistrates, ministers and churches had written to the church in Maiden to give infor- mation of these offences, and to advise against pro- ceeding to ordain him ; and that yet, contrary to all advice and the rule of (iod's Word, as also to the peace of the churches, the church of Maiden hath proceeded to the ordination of Mr. Matthews ; there- fore, taking into consideration the premises and the dangerous consequences and effects that may follow such proceedings, it orders that all the offences touch- ing doctrinal points shall he duly considered by a committee of nine ol' the magistrates and Deputies." The committee was authorized to call to its aid the reverend elders, and was directed to report at the next session of the Court. The Maiden church was also ordered to appear and answer to the complaint of ordaining their minister under such circumstances. The nine magistrates sitting in the case were, Simon liradHlrcft, Siimucl Simonds, William Hawthorne, Edward .loluison, John Glover, Eleazer Lusher, Dan- iel Gookin, Richard Brown and Humphrey Atherton. Mr. Matthews was required to appear on the 11th of June, 1651, and on the 15th he submitted the follow- ing so-called confession to the council : "To ye Honored Committee of ye Generall Court, appointed to examine eome doctrioall points delivered att Hull and tsiuce yt time at Maiden, by M. M. Honored of God and of his people : " Having given you an account of my sence and of my faith in ye conclusions, wich were accused before you (or others) should count that faith a fansie, and that sence to be non-sence, I desire ytGod may forgive them : I doe, couceaving yt such doe not yet soe well know what they doe, as they shall know hereafter, *' Yet, in caseyt this should reach any satisfaction to such as art (yett unsatisfied with my expressions, for to know that I doe acknowledge yt there he sundrie defects in sundry points yt I have delivered; I doe hereby signifie yt through mercy I cannot but see and also ingenu- ously confesse yt some of my sayings are not safe nor sound in the super- lative degree, to-wit : they are not most safe, nor yett eyther sound or safe in a comparative degree ; for I easily yeald yt not only wiser men probably would, but also I my self possiblie mought have made out x's mind and my own meaning iu terms more sound and more safe than I have done had 1 not been too much wanting, both to his sacred majesty whose unworthy messenger I was. and also to my hearers, and to my self, for well I desire to be humbled, and of which I desire to be healed by ye author of both. As Z do not doubt but yt conscientious and char- itable-hearted Christians (whose property and practice it is to put uppon doubtfull positions not ye worst construction but ye best) will discerne as I doe, y t there is a degree of soundness in what I doe own, though but a positive degree. " However it is and (I trust) forever shall be my case to be more cir- cumspect than I have hitherto been in avoyding all appearances yt way for ye time to come yt soe I may ye better approve my self, through ye grace of Christ and to ye glory of God, such a workman as need not be ashamed. In ye interim I remayne amongst his unworthy servants ye most unworthy, and : — Tour accused and condemned fellow-creature to commend in ye things of Christ. *' Masmaduke Matthewes. " Boelon, Ihis 13lh of ye 4 monlh, 1651." The above confession was not held to be satisfac- tory, and the marshal was ordered to levy on his effects to pay the fine which was imjiosed upon him. As no effects could be found beside his library, it was ordered that the execution be " respited until other goods appear besides books." In the mean time he remained with the Maiden Church, retaining its con- fidence and esteem. On the 28th of October, 1651, the following petition, signed by the women of his church, was sent to the General Court : " To the Uon'd Court : " The petition of many inhabitants of Maiden and Charlestown of Mistick side humbly eheweth : "That the Almighty God, in great mercie to our souls, as we trust, hath, after many pray-rs, endeavors and long waiting, brought Mr. Matthews among us and put him into the work of the ministry ; by whose pious life and labors the Lord hath afforded us many saving convictions, directions, reproofs and consolations ; whose continuance in the service of Christ, if it were the good pleasure of God, we much desire ; and it is our humble request to the honored Court that you would please to pass 1 by some personal and particular failings (which may, as we humbly conceive, bo your glory, and no grief of heart to you in time to come), and to permit him to employ those talents God hath furnished him withal; so shall we, your humble petitioners, with many othere, be bound to pray, Ac, 28—8—51. " Mrs. Sergeant, .loan Sprague. .lane Learned. Elizabelh Carrington. Margaret I'ementer. Han. Whitemore. MALDEN. 463 Bridget Squire. Mary Wayte. Sarah Hills. An Bibble. Eliz. Green. Wid. Blancher. Eliz. AdaniB. Kebec. Hills. Sarah Bucknam. Tbankland Sheppie. Fian. Cooke. Eliz. Knowker. Bridget Dexter. Lydia Greenland. Eliz. Grover. Han. Barret. Eliz. Mirrable. Sarah Osbourn. An. Hett. Mary Pratt. Eliz. Green, .loan Chadwicke. Margaret Green. Helen Luddington. Susan Wellington. Joana Call. Rachel Attwood. Marge Welding." But notwith.standiug this petition and a subsequent further confession of Mr. Matthews, the Court refused to remit the fine, and in October, 1G51, arraigned the Maiden Churcli for persisting in the ordination of their minister. In their answer to the ariaignment the church said, " We know of no law of Christ or of the country that binds any church of Christ not to ordain their own officers without advice of magistrates and churches. We freely acknowledge ourselves en- gaged to any that in love afford any advice unto us. But we conceive a church is not bound to such advice, any farther than God commetds it to their understand- ing and conscience. Our laws allow every church free liberty of all the ordinances of God according to the rule of the Scripture ; and in paiticular, tree liberty of election and ordination of all their officers from time to time, provided they be pious, able and ortbo- do.x, and that no injunction shall be put upon any church officer or member in point of doctrine or dis- cipline, whether for substance or circumstance be- hides the institutions of the Lord." The answer was of no avail, and on the 31st of Oc- tober, 1651, a fine of fifty pounds was levied on the estates of three of the members of the church, who were required to iissess the sum on the remainder of the oflVnding brethren. Finally the fine of the ten pounds against Mr. Matthews was remitted, and teu pounds of the fine levied on the church members were re- mitted, and in the course of the ten following years the remaining forty pounds were paid. In ltj52, Mr. Matthews left Maiden, and after preaching a short time in Lynn, returned to England, where he became vicar of the St. John Church in his native town of Swanzey. After the acce.ssion of Charles the Second to the throne, under the Act of Uniformity, passed in 1662, he gave up his living rather than yield to the requirements of the law. Af- ter twenty years, during which, as he said, he was " comfortably maintained by the children of God, by his own children and by the children of the world," he died in 1683. Though it is no part of the writer's plan to present in this chapter anything more than an outline of the ecclesiastical history of Maiden, leaving to the pen of another the delineation of its details, the experience of the Maiden church in its earliest pastoral relations is here included as essential to a correct portrayal ot the methods and principles of the government by which Massachusetts Colony was controlled, and under which the various towns came into being. In the Plymouth Colony it was different. While the Puritans of Massachusetts brought with them the narrow spirit against which they had contended in the Old World, the Pilgrims of Plymouth, almost for- getful of the persecutions from which they had suf- ered, weaned during their residence in Holland from the ties which had once bound them to their English home, and chastened by their long e-xile into a new life in which old resentments had no place, per- mitted in their little communities the freest scope to individual freedom of opinion on matters pertaining to the church. So long as the spirit of the Pilgrims prevailed in the Plymouth Colony, it had never failed to exert an influence in mellowing and softening the asperities of its more rigid neighbor. But in later years, when the tide of population had flowed in from Massachusetts to settle its towns and control its legis- ation, then and not till then were laws, betraying a narrow and persecuting spirit, copied from the Massa- chusetts Code and placed on its statute-book-s. In 1654 Mr. Matthews was succeeded by Michael Wigglesworth. Mr. Wigglesworth was born in Eng- land in 1631, and at the age of seven years arrived at Charlestown with his father and family. They re- moved to New Haven shortly after, and after prepara- tion for college under Mr. Ezekiel Cheever, he entered Harvard, and graduated in 1651, one of a classoften, which included, besides himself. Seaborn Cotton, son of Rev. John Cotton ; Thomas Dudley, son of Gov- ernor Thomas Dudley ; .John Glover, Henry Butler, Nathaniel Pelham, perhaps a son of Herbert Pelham, the first treasurer of the college; John Davis, Isaac and Ichabod Chauncy, sons of Rev. Charles Chauncy, of Scituate, but afterwards presidentof the college, and Jonathan Burr. After graduating, he became a fel- low and tutor .at Harvard, and Increase Matthews, one of his pupils, said of him that, " With a rare faithfulness did he adorn his station. He used all the means imaginable to make his pupils not only good scholars, but also good Christians, and instil into :hem those things which might render them rich bless- ings unto the Churches of God. Unto his watchful and painful essays to keep them close unto their academ- ical exercises, he added serious admonitions unto them about their inferior state; and (as I find in his reserved papers) he employed his prayers and tears to God for them, and had such a flaming zeal to make them worthy men, that upon reflection, he was afraid lest his cares for their good and his affection to them should so drink up his very spirit, as to steal away bis heart from God." Mr. Wigglesworth, as might be expected from his appointment as a tutor at Harvard, was a scholar of large attainments and culture, and in 1662 published a poem entitled "The Day of Doom," of which two editions were published within- four years, the first of 464 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. which was of 1800 copies. Altogether seven editions have been issued in this country and one in England. In 16()9 he published a poem on the .sanctificationof afflictions, of which at least five editions have been published. His ministry continued until his death, June 10, 1705, during which he was prevented from preaching some years by ill health, and was aided in his ministry at different times by three colleagues. The first was Benjamin Bunker, who was ordained December 9, lOtiy, and remained in service until his death, March 12, 16G9. Mr. Bunker was the son of George Bunker, of Charlestown, and was born in that town in 1635. He graduated at Harvard in 1658, one of a class of seven. The second was Benjamin Black- man, who was settled about 1674, and left in 1678. He was the son of Rev. Adam Blackman, of Strafford, Connecticut. After leaving Maiden he preached in Scarboro, Maine, from which place he removed to Saco, which town he represented in the General Court in 1683. The third was Thomas Cheever, who was ordained July 27, 1681, and was dismissed May 20, 1686. He vvas theson of Ezekiel Cheever, and grad- uated at Harvard in 1677. After many years of retire- ment, he wa.s ordained the first pastor of the first church in Chelsea, October 19, 1715, where he re- mained until his death, in 1750, at the age of ninety- one years. The connection of the family of Rev. Mr. Wiggles- worth with Harvard College was a remarkable one. His .son Erlward, a graduate at that college in 1710, was its first Hollis Professor of Divinity, and con- tinued in office forty-three years until his death, in 1765. Edward, fhe son of Edward, a graduate in 1749, succeeded his father in office and continued in service twenty-si-x years until his resignation, in 1792. The last Edward was succeeded in the professor's chair by Rev. David Ta[)pan, grandson of Samuel Tajipan, of Newbury, who married Abigail, daughter of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth. After several ineffectual eft'orls to settle a successor to Mr. WiggUsworth, on the Ist of July, 1707, the Maiden Church was presented by the grand jury for being without a minister and was ordered to obtain one at once. Several more attempts were made to secure a pastor, all of which failed until the 14th ol September, 1708, when Lieutenant Henry Green and John Green, in behalf of the town, informed the Court '•that they have had several meetings of the church, and one of the town, in order to the accommodating of that affair, but can make nothing take efl'ect; but yet are in a very unsettled and divided frame and so like to continue and leave themselves to the pleasure of the Court." The Court, however, ordered "that Mr. Thomas Tufls is a suitable person qualified for the work of the ministry in Maiden, and see cause to set- tle liim there in that work, and further ordered the town of Maiden to pay him for his maintenance dur- ing his contiiuiance in said work amongst them, after the rate of seventy [jounds money per annum; the same to be levied upon the respective inhabitants of the town, according to their respective proportion to the province tax for the time being." In the mean time, while the Court was thus consid- ering the matter, an invitation had been extended to Rev. David Parsons, of Springfield, who made his ap- pearance in Maiden to preach on the Sunday when Mr. Tufts entered on his ministry in compliance with the order which the Court had issued. A committee applied to the Court in behalf of the church to sus- pend its order, and on the grant of their petition Mr. Parsons was ordained early in the year 1709. In 1721 he was dismissed and removed to Leicester, where he was installed September 15, 1721, and dis- missed March 6, 1735. Mr. Parsons graduated at Harvard in 1705, in the class wilh Edward Holyoke, who was president of the college from 1787 to his death, June 1, 1769. He died in Leicester in 1787. Rev. Joseph Emerson succeeded Mr. Parsons and was ordained October 31, 1721. He was the son of Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Mendon, and was born in Chelmsford April 20, 1700. He graduated at Harvard in 1717, and married, December 27, 1721, Mary, daughter of the Rev. Samuel Moody, of York, Maine, by whom he had nine sons and three daughters. Three of his sons were ministers — Joseph, of Pepperell ; William, of Concord, and John, of Conway. His grave-stone, in Maiden, says : " Here lies interred the remains of that learned, pious and faithful minister of the Gospel, the Rev. Mr. Joseph Emerson, late pastor of the First Church in Maiden, who very sud- denly departed this life, July the 13, Anno Domini 1767, in the 68th year of his age, and forty-fifth of his ministry. How blessed are the dead who die in the Lord. Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints." The successor of Mr. Emerson was Rev. Peter Thacher, who wasordained September 19, 1770. He was the son of Oxenbridge Thacher, and was born in Milton, March 21, 1752. He graduated at Harvard in 1769, in the class with James Winthrop, Theophilus Parsons, William Tudor and Peleg Wadsworth, and was declared by Whitefield to be the ablest preacher in the Colonies. Mr. Thacher was a delegate from Maiden to the convention which framed the Constitu- tion of Massachusetts, ;ur1 took an active part gen- erally in the transformation scenes of the Revolution- ary period. In 1785, on the 12lh of January, he was installed as the successor of Rev. Dr. Cooper, in the Brattle Street Church, in Boston, leaving the Maiden church after a pastorate of fifteen years. He died in Savannah, Georgia, December 16, 1802, a victim to a disease of the lungs, from which he had sought relief in the milder air of the South. Rev. Adoniram Judson followed Mr. Thacher, and was ordained January 23, 1787. Mr. Judson was born in Woodbury, Conn., June 25, 1751, and gradu- ated at Yale College in 1775. After his settlement in Maiden he was installed at Wenbani, December MALDEN. 465 26, 1792, and at Plymouth, May 12, 1802. In 1817 his connection with the Plymouth Church was dis- solved, and having fully embraced the Baptist faith, he preached a few years in Scituate, and there died, November 25, 1826. He married Abigail, daughter of Abraham and Abigail Brown, of Tiverton, Rhode Island, and had four children, — Adoniram, Abigail Brown, Elnatlian and Mary Alice. Adoniram, the oldest of their children, was the distinguished mission- ary at Burmah, and was born in Maiden, August 9, 1788. He graduated at Brown University in 1807, and opened a private school in Plymouth, where he prepared for the press a book entitled, " Young Ladies' Arithmetic," and also a work on English Grammar. In 1808, while traveling through the United States, his mind became imbued with infidel views of religion, and with no decided plans as to his course in life, he was for a short time a member of a theatrical company. In 1809, having passed through a season of skepticism and doubt, he joined the Third Congregational Church, in Plymouth, over which his father was the pastor, and after a short time spent at the Andover Seminary, he was admitted to preach by the Orange A.ssociation of Congregation- al Ministers, in Vermont. His ordination took place February 6, 1812. About that time he married Ann Haseltine, and sailed February 19, 1812, for India, with a view to devoting his life to missionary-work. He settled in Rangoon, where he labored for nearly forty years, for the promotion of the cause he had es- poused. He acquired a thorough knowledge of the Burmese language, into which he translated the Bible and other books. In 1820 his wife died, and in April, 1834, he married Mrs. Sarah H. Boardman, the widow of George Dana Boardman, a brother missionary. By his second wife he had five child- ren — Adoniram, Elnathan, Henry, Edward and Abby. His second wife died September 1, 1845, and in June, 1846, he married Emily Chubbuck, well known in literature as Fanny Forrester, by whom he had one child, Emily, who married a gentleman by the name of Hanna. Mr. Judson made only one visit to his native country during his whole missionary service, during which he married his third wife. The writer of this sketch saw him during this visit, and the saint-like expression which he wore, together with his intercourse with those about him, gave him the impression of a man who, though lingering among the scenes of earth, seemed to belong to a higher aud purer world. The successor of Mr. Judson in Maiden church was Rev. Eliakim Willis. He was born in New Bed- ford, January 9, 1714, and graduated at Harvard in 1735. He was settled first over the church of the South Precinct of Maiden, October 16, 1751. After about forty years' service in that precinct this church was united with the North or First Church, March 25, 1792, and it is probable that he was either ordain- ed about that time, or assumed, by an agreement be- 30-iii tween the two churches the pastorate of the reunited church. In order that the reader may understand the reference to the South church, it will be neces- sary to go back to an earlier date in Maiden's eccles- iastical record. The first meeting-house was built not far from the year 1650, though the precise date of its erection is not known. In 1727, its size proving inadequate to the wants of the congregation, it was proposed to build a new one. Two sites were at first proposed, one near the old church site near Bell Rock and the other in the orchard of the parsonage ; but both of them were finally abandoned and the town voted to build " between Lewis' Bridge and the pond on the west side of the country road." Up to that time those who dwelt at " Mistic " Side within the limits of Charlestown, had worshipped with the inhabitants of Maiden. In 1726 " Mistic " side was annexed to Mai- den, including all the territory of Charlestown on the northerly side of "Mistic"' River, and the easterly side of North River, except a small strip of land at Penny Ferry, and comprises about one-half of the town of Everett. The members of the church living in the annexed territory were dissatisfied with the location. They said, however, that they would agree to a loca- tion selected by a committee of " wise and indiffer- ent men." Yielding to their wishes, the town voted, on the 17th of November, 1727, to choose a committee of " five eminent men of the colony, to whom the three localities mentioned should be submitted for their decision.'' The committee reported in favorof the Lewis Bridge location, but a majority of the Board ofSelectmen be- ing south side men refused to put the report on rec- ord. The Court, however, interposed and not only required the report to be recorded but ordered the meeting-house to be built between the bridge and the pound, on the site now occupied by the meeting-house of the First Church. The house was raised August 28, 1729, and it is described as being unpaiuted inside and outside, with the pulpit on the north side op- posite the south door which was the principal en- trance. Two stairways in the corners led to the galleries, and the record states tliat " the east stair was for women and the west stair for men, and they could not get together in the gallery without getting over the railing. The first sermon preached in the new church was i)reached by Rev. Mr. Emerson, August 16, 1730, but very soon after the south side people became dissatisfied and, though contributing to the support of the ministry ab.'-ented themselves from church worship. In 1733 they petitioned the Court to be made " a distinct Township or Precinct," with Pemberton's Brook as the northern bound. This was opposed by the town and the petition rejected, but in 1734 a council of neighboring churches cstabliahed the Maiden South Church and a meeting-house was built on land given by Jonathan Sargeant for that 466 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. purpose. It was built on Nelson's Hill, but it is stated that it was never fully completed, and is represented as having been in 1787 in a dilapidated condition. Rev. Joseph Stimpson, of Oharlestown, wasordain- ed the first pastor of the South Church, September 24, 1735. In 1737 the town was finally divided into two precincts, and the south people were henceforth relieved from bearing their share of the support of two ministers. Mr. Stimpson was a graduate of Har- vard in 1720. He was partially disabled from per- forming his duties as pastor and was dismissed in 1744. He remained in Maiden after his dismissal until his death, in 1752. In June, 1747, Rev. Aaron Cleveland, a native of Cambridge, and a graduate at Harvard in the class of 1735, was in.stalled. He remained in Maiden three years, when he removed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and became a clergyman of the Established Church. He died in Philadelphia in 1754. Rev. Eliakim Willis, already referred to, succeeded Mr. Cleveland soon after his dismissal. Some oppo- sition was made to his settlement" on account of an in- ability to support him, and the prospect of the two parishes being united again if his settlement be de- ferred." When Mr. Judson was ordained in 1787 the same objection was made by a part of the church, who " feared that it would offer an effectual barrier in pre- Tenting the mutually wished for union of the two Churches, both of which have severely felt their sep- aration, and thus remaining will probably terminate in the ruin of both." A protest against Mr. Judson's settlement was made by the dis.^ati8fied persons who afterwards left the church and joined the South Church, thus giving a temporary encouragement to the people of the south. The South Church, on the strength of reinforcements, repaired their old meet- ing-house and struggled on until the dismissal of Mr. Judson opened a way for a return of the new to the old church, a re-union of both and the continued ser- vice of Rev. Mr. Willis as the jiastor of the united churches, in 1792. Mr. Willis remained as pastor until his death, which occurred March 14, 1801. His funeral took place on Wednesday, March 18th, and Rev. Messrs. Roby, Prentiss, Osgood, Thacher, Lothrop and Eliot attended as pall-bearers. Rev. John Lothrop made the first prayer at the funeral. Dr. Peter Thach- er preached the sermon and Rev. Mr. Prentiss made the concluding prayer. Rev. Aaron Green succeeded Mr. Willis, having been ordained September 30, 1795, as his colleague. He was horn in Maiden, January 2, 1765, and gradu- ated at Harvard in 1789. On the 8th of August 1827, he resigned his pa.storal charge and soon after removed to Andover, where he died December 23, 1853, the last survivor of his class. During the pastorate of Mr- Green, Samuel Shepard, a Baptist, arrived in Maiden' in 1797 and preached a sermon which planted the seed from which the Baptist Society of Maiden finally sprang. Regular services were established in 1800, first in a school-house and afterwards in a barn when the school-house was closed to the "Schismatics," as they were called, and on the 27th of December, 1803, the first Baptist Church with a membership of forty- two persons, was formally recognized by a council of the neighboring churches. In 1804 a meeting-house was built on Salem Street, on a site now endowed in the Salem Street Cemetery. This house was occupied until 1843, when a new meeting-house was built at the corner of Salem and Main Streets. The present Bap- tist meeting-house was built on the same site, after the destruction of the two preceding it by fire. In 1802, also during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Green, the meeting-house of the First Church was taken down and replaced by the present brick structure, which has been several times enlarged and remodeled. It originally had two towers or cupolas, in one of which a bell was hung, presented to the church by Timothy Dexter, of Newburyport. During the pastorate also of Mr. Green the First Church suffered another depletion by the formation of the Methodist Society in North Maiden. In 1813 most of the people in that section of the town were Republicans in politics, and became much excited by the delivery of a sermon in the old church strongly inclining to Federalism. A new society was conse- quently formed, which gradually drifted into Method- ism, and became the parent of the present Methodist Episcopal Church in Maiden Centre. The new society held its first meetings in the house of James Howard, andafterwards in one of the school-houses of the town. Services were held in the school-house on School- house Hill until 1825, when a meeting-house was built on Main Street. In 1843 the meeting-hou.se now used was built. In this sketch of Maiden only one additional event in its ecclesiastical history will be referred to, and with that event the divisions and subdivisions of the First Church will end. After the formation of the Baptist and Methodist Societies, that church pas.sed through a most important experience, and one which, so far as its doctrinal life was concerned, radically changed its current. Mr. Green, who was not inclined to preach doctrinal sermons, belonged to the Arminian School, and the majority of his people were far from displeased with the expression of his liberal .senti- ments. There was even among some of them an in- clination towards Universalism. The .seed sown by him only needed some crisis in the church to develop it, and the crisis was reached when, after the resigna- tion of Mr. Green, the selection of a new minister became necessary. In the discussions which pre- ceded this selection, the widely did'ering sentiments of members of the church showed themselves and the struggle between the old and new order of things was a serious one. The struggle ended by the choice of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, a Universalist minister, who was installed July 30, 1828, against the wishes of a consid- erable portion of the church, which at once withdrew MALDEN. 46T and took steps to form anew society. The disaffected members met at first in Sargent's Hall and afterwards in one of the school-houses. A claim was set up that the new society was in reality the First Church and entitled to all its privileges including, the possession of it9 records. It is not necessary to recur to the un- fortunate dissensions of this period, and it is sufficient to state that the new society was organized in 1832 under the name of the Trinitarian Congregational Society, and Rev. Alexander W. McClure was ordained as its pastor. A meeting-house was erected in Habkins Street in 1833, and finally removed to Main Street near the square, where it was destroyed by the famous gale of September 8, 1869. The old society with its new faith, retains the name of the First Parish and worships in the old church built in 1803. Returning now to the general history of the town, the record states that only a few years after its estab- lishment its people experienced the necessity of more room, and presented the following petition to the Gen- eral Court. '* To the HoD^ Court now assembled at Boaton, the V^ of the 4^" mo., 1662, the petition of the inhabitaDts of Maiden humbly shewing : "That the bounds of our town are exceeding streight, the most of our improved laud and meadow being limited about two miles in length and one in breadth ; and tbat also the moat part of it by purchase from ('harlestown, whereof we were a enmU branch ; from whom also we had all the Commons we were, which is very smull and rookie. " Tbat hitherto we have bad no enlargement from the countrie, nor can we have any neere adjoining, being surrounded by sundry town- ships. That our charges to the countrie and niiuiatry much exceedeth Buudiy others who have many times our accommodations and as many here do know. " Our teacher, Mr. Wigglesworth, also hath been long visited with verie great weaknesses from which it is much feared he will not be re- covered. '* For these and other weightie considerations, our most humble peti- tion to this much honored Court, is that a tract of lands of about fouret miles square at a place called'Pennycooke, may be granted asan addition to us, for our better support and encouragement, in the service of Christ and the Countrie; to be laid out by 31r. Jonathan Danforth or some other artist, and Capt. Ed. Jonson or John Parker. " So with our heartie prayers to God for yourjUtmost peace and pros- peritie, we crave leave to subscribe ourselves. **yr verie humble servants, "Joseph Hills, "Will. Brackenbury, "John Wayte, '* John Sprague, "Abra. Hill, " Tho. Call, " Job Lane, " Peter Tafta, " Robert Harden, *' In the name of the rest." This petition was rejected, and it was ordered by the Court, *' upon information that Pennicook is an apt place for a township, and in consideration of the Lord's great blessing upon the countrie in multiply- ing the inhabitants and plantations here; and that almost all such plans are already taken up, it is ordered by the court that the lands at Pennicook be reserved for a plantation till so many of such as have petitioned for lands there or at others, shall present to settle a plantation there." It was not until 1726 that the boundaries of the town were enlarged. In that year, as has been al- ready stated, "Mystic side " was annexed, including so much of the town of Charlestown as lay on the northerly side of the Mystic Iviver and the easterly side of north river, except a small strip of land at Penny Ferry." Since that time the boundary lines have been changed at various times. On the 10th of June, 1817, an act was passed setting oft' from Maiden to Medford a tract, — "Beginning at the boundary-line between said towns, at the point where the creek, running from Creek Head, ao called, crosses said boun- dary line ; thence running in a southeasterly direction, by said creek, pursuing the course thereof, to a stake on the southerly side thereof, ou the land of Nathan Holden, bearing south fifty degrees east and distant from the place of beginning, in a straight line, about one hundred and twenty eight rods ; thence south six degrees west across the Bradbury farm, so called, about two hundrud rods, to a stake in the line between said farm and land of Richard Dexter ; thence south nine degrees east, so as-to divide the land of said Dexter, and passing in a straight line be- tween said Dexter'B land and land of Benjamin Tufts, about one hun- dred and thirty rods to Mystic River, at a stake ; thence westerly, by Mystic River, to the old di\iding line between said towns, and by said old line to the place of beginning ; Provided herein that said lauds and the inhabitants thereon shall be bolden to pay all such taxes as have been lawfully assessed or granted by said town of Maiden, in the same manner as they would have been holden if this act had not been passed." On the 3d of May, 1850, the town of Melrose was incorporated and set ofl' from Maiden, the territory in- cluded in the act of incorporation, — " Beginning at the monument set up at the junction of the towns of Saugus, North Chelsea and Maiden ; theuce running north eighty-eight degrees twelve minutes west to the town of Medford, said Hue, where it crosses Main Street, so called, being one hundred and sixty-seven feet south of the mile-stone standing on ihe easterly side of said street, south of the dwelling-house of Joseph Lynde (2df, and on Wasliington Street one hundred and twenty-two feet north of the land of Robert T. Barrett, on said street, on the most northerly corner of said Barrett's land, ad- joining land of John J. Mahonoy." On the 9th of March, 1870, an act was passed in- corporating the town of Everett, including that por- tion of the town of Maiden, — " Beginning at the Stone monument in the line between said Maiden and the town of Medford, which is marked number 'three;' thence running easterly and southerly by the centre of a creek and Maiden River to the centre of the Maiden Canal ; thence by the centre of said canal to the range of the north line of Wyllis Avenuo ; thence by said last named line end the northerly side of said avenue to Main Stroet ; thence across Main Street to tht* southerly lino of Belmont Street ; thence by the southerly side of Bulniont Street to Ferry Street ; thence crossing Kerry Street, obliquely, to the northerly side of Rich Str»et ; thence north fifty-six degrees east, by the northerly side of Rich Street, fourteen hundred and ninety-one feet to a stake ; thence south eighty- four degrees cast six thousand and eleven feet to a stake in tho line be- tween said Maiden and the town of North Chelsea, said stake being two hundred and forty-seven feet northerly from the stone monument insaid last mentioned line, which is marked M N C cloven ; and thence south- westerly. Northwesterly and northerly as the present dividing line be- tween said Maiden and North Clielsea, Chelsea, Charlestown, SomervlUo and Medford runs to the flrst-montioued bound." On the 20th of April, 1877, a portion of the town of Medford was annexed to Maiden, beginning, — "At a stone bound at Creek Head, so called ; thence running north- westerly to an angle in the wall on the northeast line of Salem Street forty-eight and one-tenth feet westerly from tho east face of tho west gate-post in front of William Tothill's house; thence running northerly parallel with and nine hundred and eighiy-slx and sixty-six one-hun- dredths feetdistaut westerly from the present line dividing Medford and Maiden to the line between Medford and Stouebam ; thence runuing 468 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. easterly, bj the laet-named line, to the line between Medford and Mai- den ; thence rnnning southerly by the present easterly bovmdary of Hedford to the point of beginning." On the 20th of February, 1878, the above act was amended so as to make the second and third courses of the boundary lines read as follows : "Thence running northerly to a stone monument on the southerly line of the town of Stoneham -, thence easterly nine hundred ninety and sixty-four one hundredths feet to a stone monument at the intersection of the southerly line of said Stoneham and the westerly line of the town of Melrose." Though the growth of Maiden has, in recent years, been e.xceedingly rapid, its population has been of course seriously affected by these changes in its boundary lines. Until the present century its increase was slight. In 1800 it numbered only 1059, in 1810, only 1384, and not much more when its territory was first impaired by the annexation of a part to Med- ford. When the town of Melrose was set off and incorporated in 1850, the population was 4780, of which Jlelrose took 1260 ; at the time of the incor- poration of the town of Everett, in 1870, its popula- tion was 9570, of which Everett took 2200, leaving 7370. In 1875, the population was 10,843 ; in 1880, 12,017 ; in 1881, at the time of the incorporation of the city of Maiden, about 12,300, and by the recent census, something over 23,000. Various causes have combined to cause the rapid increase of population in these later years. The establishment of railroad communications developed the shoe manufacture and other smaller trades, so that the manufacturing product of the town, which was, in 1837, only $350,000 per annum, began to increase after the opening of the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1849, and has gone on at more than equal pace with the population. The Edgeworth Company alone has had an annual product of more than $2,000,000, and that of the Rub- ber Shoe Company has exceeded that amount. All the various enterprises which are the necessary con- sequences of growth have been established, and before the incorporation of the town as a city an ample Fire Department had been organized, a Public Library had been incorporated, and in 1870, a system of water works was completed. The annexation to Medford, in 1877, of about two hundred acres with only about one hundred inhabitants, was neither seriously opposed nor felt. The division of the town in 1870, however, resulting in the incorporation of South ^laldeu as the town of Everett, was made against the earnest opposition of the town. It took from the old town all the territory which was annexed from Charlestown, in 1726, and the southeastern portion of the old town. It was made after a con- test continuing through nearly a quarter of a century, and after six inellectual efforts. It was the old and common story, repeated in the experience of many towns, of an outlying district containing a minority of the population, jealous of its rights and claim- ing to be oppressed by unjust and inecjuitable taxa- tion, for the benefit of the majority in the centra! town. The rapid growth and increasing prosperity of the mother town has been so great, however, that the dissensions which preceded the division have been healed, and the loss, which at the time seemed irreparable, has long since been forgotten. Next to the ecclesiastical history of the town, its educational record is one of the most interest. Its schools at the present time are of a high order, and receive the most liberal support from the tax-payers. The early history of the schools is of the most mea- gre character and only interesting as showing from what small beginnings the present system has grown and how thoroughly, under our free institutions of government, the people of this, in common with other towns, appreciate the necessity of a good common- school education as a condititm of public welfare. The earliest reference to schools on the records which has been preserved is under date of 1691, v/hen it is mentioned that Ezekiel Jenkins continued to be the town's school- master. In 1693, John Sprague, Jr., acted in that capacity, and in 1697, John Moulton. John Sprague, who was a resident in the town and town clerk, was in service again in 1699, and recorded in the town books, under date of March 27th, that : " John Sprague chose scool-mastar." The incorrect orthography of Mr. Sprague should not be taken as evidence of his want of education or of a lack of ca- pacity to impart instruction. The writer, who has examined and copied many old records, has found that in the colonial days orthography seemed to be guided by no fixed rules, and that men who we know were men of study and culture, would spell the same word in several different ways and often on the same page. In 1701 Maiden was indicted " for want of a school- master for writing and reading," and in 1702, John Sprague was again " chose scool-marstar for ye yeer iusueing to learn children and youth to Reed and Wright and to Refmetick, according to his best skill." His school was kept in four several places at four dif- ferent times, in the year and he received ten pounds for his service. In 1703, on the 1st of March, it was " votted that ye scool shall be kep in ye watch-hous for this yeere," and on the 8th of the same month, " by a vote, Ezeckiell Jenkins is chose scool-mastar for the pre- sent yeer; atd the scoole to be kept at his own hous, he is to have 3 pounds for ye yeer ; and ye benefit of ye scollars." This school was doubtless a mixed private and public school, and Mr. Jenkins probably received fees from the pupils. In 1705 Nathaniel Waite was employed and received twenty shillings from the town, and " the benefit of the scholars." In 1708 John Sprague was again chosen schoolmaster and declined, Nathaniel Waite taking his place. In 170t> " Jacob Wilson chose scool-mastar for ye yeer ensuing to laro children To Reed and to Wright and Refmetick, and he is to have two shillins paid him by ye r.own ; and he is to have ye benefit of MALDEN. 469 ye scoolars." In 1710, Moses Hill was employed for a short time, followed in the same year by Thomas Pols, of Boston, John Sprague and Samuel Wiggles- worth, of Ipswich. In the same year, too, it was voted that the " school be removed into three parts of the town, the first half yeer in the center, and one- quarter in ye southwardly end, and one-quarter in ye northardly end of ye town." Mr. Wigglesworth's engagement being for six months, it was voted that the school should be kept four months in the parsonage, and the other two months in some house in the north part of the town. With the exception of Mr. Pols and Mr. Wiggles- worth, all the teachers up to this time had been Maiden men, and Mr. Wigglesworth was a native of the town, being the son of Rev. Michael Wiggles- worth, who died during his pastorate in Maiden in 1705. Samuel Wigglesworth was the only one of the teachers mentioned who had received a collegiate education. He graduated at Harvard in 1707, and was probably reading for the ministry with Rev. Mr. Parsons, when it was voted that the school should be kept in the parsonage. In 1711 Mr. Wigglesworth was engaged for an additional six months' term, and it was voted to build a school-house between John Wilson's house and the pound. In 1712 it was voted "yt ye school-house shall be built 20 foots in lengte, 16 foots wide, 6 foots stud between joints," and thirty-five pounds were voted to pay for the construction. It was built by William Green, of Maiden, and the contract for the work dated October 27, 1712, was signed by him and by Henry Green, Thomas Newhall, Samuel Sprague and John Green, selectmen of Maiden. In 1713 Francis Fox- croft was engaged for six months, with a salary of fifteen pounds, and it was voted "that ye school-house shall be improved for a wach hous when there is an occasion, and nott To disoblige ye school in sd 'hous at aney time." Mr. Foxcroft was a son of Hon. Francis Foxcroft, of Cambridge, and graduated in 1712. Thomas Vernon was employed in 1714, and in 1715 John Bishop was engaged for six months, with a sal- ary of £18. In 1717 Daniel Putnam, who graduated from Harvard in that year, was engaged for nine months, and in 1718 Richard Dana was employed " for one quarter, sartain," with the pay of £10 10s. Mr. Dana was the grandson of Richard Dana, who settled in Cambridge in 1640. He was born in Cam- bridge, .Tuly 7, 1699, and graduated in Harvard in 1718, the year of his teaching in Maiden. He mar- ried the sister of Judge Edmund Trowbridge, and was the father of Francis Dana, chief justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts from 1791 to 1806. In 1719 Maiden was again presented to the Court for want of a grammar school, and ordered to obtain a schoolmaster. In 1720 Josiah Marshal, a Harvard graduate of that year, was engaged for a quarter of a year, and in 1723 Nathan Bucknam, probably a Mai- den man, and a graduate from Harvard in 1721, was employed to keep school twelve months. At that time the school was kept five months at the centre of the town and three and a half months each in the north and south parts. In 1726 John Emerson, a college graduate of that year, was employed, and in 1730 £60 were voted for the salary of a schoolmaster, and the school-house, called old, though only eighteen years of age, was given to a poor man, named Thomas In 1732 and 1733 John Sprague was again in the service of the town, and in 1737 it was voted that the school be kept half of the time on the south and half on the north side of Pemberton's Brook. In 1751 Nathaniel Jenkins was engaged for six months for £16, and remained in office forty years. The original occupation of Mr. Jenkins was that of a shoemaker; but with some qualifications for teaching, he placed himself under the instruction of Rev. Mr. Emerson and prepared himself for the profession in which he served so long. He is represented to have been an excellent teacher, and to have kept a school in which, in his later years, the higher branches were success- fully taught. A complete history of the school sys- tem of Maiden up to the present time is impracticable within the space allotted to this sketch. The simple record here given, taken largely from the centennial book of Maiden, published in 1850, to which the writer is also indebted for other material, mustsufiice, with a statement, however, of the system as it is now perfected and managed. According to the last report of the School Com- mittee, there were in Maiden 3412 children between five and fifteen years years of age. Of these, 2317 attended the public schools ; 605, the parochial schools; thirty-one, private schools; and 459 were either at home or at work. For the accommodation of the public school children there were fifteen schools. In the High School there were two hundred and thirteen. With the rapid growth of the popula- tion the average increase during the last three years of scholars in this school has been twenty. The school was under the management of George E. Gay, as principal, with six assistants. The Centre School, was under the charge of Lewis A. Burr, principal, with thirteen assistants. The Maplewood School, with an average attendance of three hundred and ninety-seven, was under the care of Arthur L. Doe, principal, with twelve assistants. The West School, with an average attendance of three hundred and forty-four, was under Laura A. Leonard, principal, with eleven assistants. The Belmont School, with an average attendance of two hundred and seventy-two, under John S. Emerson, with six assistants. The Judson School, with an average attendance of one hundred and fifty-nine, was under Mary F. Grif- fith, with three assistants. 470 HISTOKY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The Emerson School, with an average attendance of one hundred and three, was under Carrie F. Oak- man, with four assistants. The Converse School, with an average attendance of one hundred and thirty-seven, was under Emeline L. Rogers, with three assistants. The Greenwood School, with an average attendance of one hundred and thirty-four, was under Ella P. Payson, with three assistants. The Linden School, with an average attendance of ninety-four, wa.s under Abby M. Fellow's, with two a.ssistants. The Oak Grove School, with an average attendance of sixty-seven, was under Ella M. Coops, with one assistant. The Co verly •School, with an average attendance of one hundred and forty-seven, was under Clara M. Sweetser, with three assistants. The Pierce School, with an average attendance of one hundred and fifty-six, was under Anna C. Ennis, with three assistants. Besides these schools there were the Evening School, with an average attendance of ninety-six, under the charge of C. M. Sargent, and the Evening Drawing School, with an average attendance of fifty- one, under the charge of George E. Morris. The School Committee, according to the last report, consisted of Hon. Joseph F. Wiggin, mayor, chairman ex officio — Erastus B. Powers, chairman, Aaron C. Dowse, William II. Hawley, Roswell R. Robinson, Henry A. Feun, C. Maria Nordstrom, James B. Foster, Wilbur H. Sargeant and William F. Whitcher. The superintendent of schools was Charles A. Daniels, and the secretary of the School Committee, Frank E. Woodward. Intimately connected with the cause of education is the Public Library, which was establiiihed by a vote of the town, March 12, 1877. Its establishment was due to a bequest of $5000, made by John Gardner, of Charlestown, who was a son of Dr. Henry and Sarah (Beecham) Gardner, and was born in Maiden, April 19, 1813, and died March 1(1, 187G. The library was opened to the i>ublic February 14, 1879, with 3C4M volumes, and at the close of the first year 1870 volumes had been added. At the close of the second year the shelves contained Gil 2 volumes and 670 pamphlets, besides paintings and other articles of value. The number of volumes in the library Decem- ber 3, 1889, was 16,837, and the number of pamphlets 3990. The total circulation for the year 1889 was 59,084 volumes. For that year the city of Maiden appropriated the sum of S4600 for the support of the library, and the dog-tax, amounting to $1985.84. There were received by the treasurer from other sources during that year, $2781.39, making total receipts of $9367.23. The expenditures during the year were : For books, $1238.62; salaries and service, $2528.13; binding, $349.69; expenses and supplies, $1629.86; catalogue expenses, $503.58; insurance, $92 ; Maplewood deliv- ery, $200. The following funds are held by the trustees: the Converse Memorial Building Fund, $25,000; uninvested income from the same, $2137.75; the Holm Fund, $5000, and the Lord bequest, $500. Deloraine P. Corey is president ; William F. Lang, secretary ; Thomas Lang, treasurer ; Henry L. Moody, librarian, and Edward S. Currier, Elisha S. Converse, George W. Walker, William A. Wilde, A. R. Turner, Jr., Daniel L. Millikin, trustees, together with the mayor, chairman of the Board of Aldermen, and president of the Council ex offieio. Resuming the history of the town, it will be proper to allude to the part taken by Maiden in the various wars which have disturbed the current of New Eng- land life. Mr. Corey says, in his sketch of Maiden, that "since the days of King Philip the people of Maiden had always borne their share in the various expeditions which were sent forth. Maiden troopers under Captain William Green, whilom of the Three County Troop, marched on an expedition against the Indians in 1695; and Edmund Chamberlain, a son of that Edmund Chamberlain who fell at the Narragan- sett fight, who was born after his father was slain, died from disease contracted in the expedition to Port Royal in 1710. About the same time James Hovey was a prisoner in the hands of the French and Indians in Canada. Later nine young men from Maiden laid down their lives in the performance of their duty in the celebrated siegeof Louiebourgin 1745. In the successive campaigns of the French W^ars, which began in 1755 and extended over a period of nearly eight years, the men of Maiden took an active part. Lieutenant Simon Wade was wounded in the futile expedition against Crown Point and was killed at the capitulation of Fort William Henry in 1757, when the savagesof Montcalm's army, in the presence of their French allies, inhumanly massacred the greater part of the unfortunate gariison. In a com- pany commanded by Dr. Ebenezer Marrow, of Med- ford, in 1758, were Lieutenants Samuel Burditt and Darius Green, with thirty-one non-commissioned ofli- cers and i)rivates of Maiden. This company was sent to the westward with the forces under General Aber- crombie and participated in the unsuccessful and bloody attempt upon Ticonderoga, in which the colo- nial troops experienced a heavy loss and were after- wards much reduced by sickness. The Maiden men who died in this campaign were James Whittemore, John Burdictt, Jr., Ezekiel Floyd, Joseph Jenkins and Nathaniel Wait. In a company in service in 1762 commanded by Captain Moses Hart, of Lynn, were eleven men of Maiden, and individuals were scattered in various regiment-s during the war. This war was the nursery of the Army of the Revolution ; and there seems to have been a growing fondness for military life at this time among all classes. The en- rolled militia of Maiden in 1758 was one hundred and thirty-four men under the command of Captain John MALDEN. 471 Dexter. In 1763 its officers were Captain Ezra Green, Lieutenant Jabez Lynda and Ensign Thomas Hills." With the termination of the French Wars the peo- ple of Maiden settled down once more to the pursuits of a peaceful life. In common with the people ot other towns in New England, they h.ad been initiated into the methods of military life and were prepared for a renewal of strife if the welfare of their country demanded it. It is, indeed, a question difficult to an- swer whether such a readiness would have been found to resist the aggression of (he mother country had not the people of New England become accustomed to the use of arms and to the scenes ot war in the prolonged .struggles with the French only a few years before. It is certain that Washington found in that struggle that military training and discipline which fitted him for a leadership of the armies of the Colo- nies against the cohorts of a King. In 1770 the town voted " that we will not use any foreign tea, nor contenence the use of it in our families, unless for sickness, til! the revenue acts are repealed." On the 22d of November, 1772, at a meet- ing held in Boston to consider the subject of the salary of the judges, a letter of correspondence to other towns was adopted. This letter called on the towns to stand " firm as one man," to open a free communication of sentiment with Boston and expressed a confidence that "regard to themselves and the rising generation would not suft'er them to doze or set supinely indifferent on the brink of destruction while the iron hand of oppression was daily tearing the choicest fruit from the fair tree of liberty." At a meeting of the town of Maiden held on the 5th of January, 1773, to consider the communica- tion from the town of Boston, it was voted that Cap- tain Ebenezer Harnden act as moderator, and that Captain John Dexter, Mr. James Kettell, Mr. Ezra Sargeant, Ensign Benjamin Blauey, Mr. Ezekiel Jen- kins, Mr. Thomas Hill, Mr. David Sargeant, Mr. Samuel Sprague, Mr. John Grover, Jr., Mr. Josiah Howard and Mr. Samuel Waitt " be a committee to take into consideration the request of the town of Boston respecting ye late alarming report that sti- pends are affixed to the offices of the judges of ye Superior Court of Judicature in this province, added to many other grievancies under which the people have for some years groaned, and also to draw up in- structions for their Representatives and lay ye whole before the town for their acceptance." At an adjourned meeting held on the 14th of Jan- uary, 1773, the committee reported as follows : — '* [laving taken into serious consideration ye state of y riglits of y colonists of this province in particular, as men, as Christians and as British subjects ; and also the list of these infringements and injurious violation of these rights transmitted to us from the vigilant and patri- otic inhabitants of y^ town of Boston, by their committee of correspond- " Batilvei, As far as we ars capable of Judging that y» said rights and also y« list of infringements and violations of the rights are exhibited in a just point of light, and, therefore, with hearts deeply penetrated by the cruel oppressions and indignities with which we are treated by our elder brethren at home, and with y« shuddering prospects before us, un- der y' present critical situation of our public affairs ; the alarming in- quisitorial Court appointed at Rhode Island ; also replete with deep con- cern for our prosperity, '•Rewtved, That we will, at all Times, and upon all just occasions, with our best blood and treasure, in conjunction with our brethren of this province and y» other provinces, pursue every justifiable and consti- tutional measure for the obtaining a redress of our insupportable bur- dens, and in y» defence and support of our invaluable rights, Civil and Religious, purchased by our ancestors at j« expense of their treasure and their blood ; and therefore " Resolred, That our Representative be Instructed to use bis utmost endeavors in the General Assembly that the Uouoralile Constitutional Judges of the Superior Court of Justice In this province should have a support equal to their importance. Also, that our Representative ubo his endeavors that an address be again made to our gracious Sovereign lor the restoration of our invaded rights and privileges, and that this people may be treated as indeed they are, loyal subjects of Great Brit- ain. Moreover, since it halh pleased the great Governor of the Uni- verse of late to answer y" prayers of the people by terrible things in Righteousness, "Resolved, That our Representative be instructed to use his endeavors that a day of humiliation be appointed for our many and great iniqui- ties; and to seek of Him a right way for us and for our little ones and for all our substance, and that a letter of grateful acknowledgments be sent to our worthy Brethren, the inhabitants of Boston, for their vigi- lance and spirit upon this and many other occaflions; with, hearty good wishes and prayers that they may see good days according to the time in which they have in peculiar manner seen insult and massacre. "John Dexter, per order." Accompanying the report were the following in- structions to the Representative of Maiden in the General Court : "To Oipt. Ebeiiezer Haniden : '* Sir, — The right of choosing a person to represent us in the General Assembly carries in the nature of the thing the right to instruct him. And though we reposed the highest confidence in you when we chose you into the office, yet we then reserved this right to ourselves to be made use of on extraordinary and alarming occasions. "Such an occasion we esteem that to be in which we now instruct you. This is the late rumor which has prevailed of salaries being attixed to the Honorable Judges of the Superior Court, etc., paid to them by the King independent ot the people, out of a revenue uncoustitulioiially raised upon us. This we esteem an intolerable grievance, a grievance which strikes at y root of our liberties. We now, sir, desire and in- struct you to make use of every legal method in your power to obtain redress hereof. Particularly to exert your utmost influence in ye Gene- ral Assembly that an ample and honorable support be offered to them out of ye treasury of this province. Wo also instruct you to forward In ye General .\ssen)bly an humble address and remonstrance to our gracious Sovereign, begging from his royal clemency and justice relief under this proceeding. This we hojte will reach not only ye royal ear but heart also, and will be followed by ye best efforts. "When we chose you to represent us in ye General Assembly we did it esteeming you a staunch and firm friend to our civil and religious lib- erties. " We have no reason to alter our sentiments concerning you in this regard. Yet that your own opinion and sentiments may be confirmed by having those of your constituents, we imw, sir, instruct you to exert yourself to the utmost in order to obtain a redress of our present grievances, and a confirmation of those rights and privileges, which to enjoy without nioleatation Induced our forefathers to emigrate from their native land and plant that in which we now dwell. *' We trust, sir, we shall always find you in the numberof those mem- bers of the General Court who, while they feel and express the warm- est loyalty to their Sovereign, steadily and firmly maintain ye rights of their constituents. *' As we cannot but think that the prevailing iniquities of our Land have induced a righteous God to permit men of violence thus to harass us so sir, we iustruct you to use your utmost influence in the General Assembly that some effectual measures may be taken in order to carry ye good and wholesome laws of this proviuco for ye suppression of im- morality into more full and complete execution ; and also that a day of humiliation may be observed through the province on account of his favors upon us in these regards, and deprecate his displeasure and ask his divine interposition in favor of our sinking land. "John Dbxter, per order." 472 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The report and instructions were unanimously adopted, and the meeting adjourned to the 21st of the same month. At the adjourned meeting the follow- ing letter was adopted, and it was voted that the clerk should send a coi)y of the same to the Boston Com- mittee of Correspondence : ** To the respectable iDbabitants of the town of Boston ; It is with the ulinoet satisfaction and pleasure that we have, from time to time, ob- served your solicitous care and prudent eudeavois to suppress all ap- pearance's of tyranny and oppression, and to maintain the past rights and privileges of a distressed people. And particularly of late that you have nut been intimidated by ye alarming reports that have reached our ears ; but as our fears and distresses increase your zeal and resolution abroad. " We give you our hearty and sincere thanks for all the salutary measures you liave adopted for the common safety. And we heartily wish and desire that every towu in this Province and thro' Ihe land may have such a sense of danger and of duty .is readily to lend a help- ing baud in this time of need. By the papers transmitted to you here- with you will find that a committee has been chosen by this town to correspond with yours on matters of publick ^concernment. We trust you will always find them and us ready to receive any intimation of this nature from you and to join in sucli measures as may be thought best. And may the great overruler and disposer of all events so direct and succeed your wise endeavors as that ye yoke of tyranny may be entirely broken and New England's yet invaluable privileges inviolate to the latest genorattons. " May all vice and immorality be suppressed and piety and virtue reign triumphant. Aud may you in particular, the respectable inhabit- ants of BosUiU, thro' the jjropitious smiles of heaven see the happy fruits of your unwearied diligence in the cause of liberty. May you al- ways be deemed among the early projectors and constant pursuers of tliuse legal and constitutional methods which ]nay establish our charter rights on a basis dunible as the foundations of the earth ; and may pos- terity, yet unborn, rise up and call you blessed." Another meeting was held on the 13th of Decem- her, 1773, at which Captain John Dexter was chosen moderator, and Captain John Dexter, Mr. Ezra Sar- geant, (Captain Eben Harnden, Dr. Jonathan Porter, Mr. Thomas Hills, Mr. Kzekiel .lenkins, Mr. James Kettell, Knsign Benjamin Blaney and Captain N. Hatch, were chosen a committee to report on certain papers received from the town of Boston relating to Ihe importation and landing of the article of tea. The committee reported at the same meeting a pre- amble and four resolutions sustaining the inhabitants of Boston in their action. On the 25th of August, 1774, at a meeting called to consider the atl'airs of the Province, Ezra Sargent was chosen moderator, and, among other things, it was voted " that the Committee of Correspondence for this town, viz.: Captain John Dexter, Mr. James Kettell, Mr. Thomas Hills, Mr. Samuel Sprague and Captain Ebcnczer Harnden, or any three of them, shall attend a. general meetir.g of the committees of the .several towns in this county, to he convened at Concord the thirteenth insl., lo consult and determine what is ex- pedient to he. done at this very critical juncture of alfairs; and that the said Committee of Correspond- etice shall, from time to time, as there may he occa- sion, consult and advise with the committees of any other towns in this County or Province on the aft'airs of our public grievances." The resolves passed at the meeting in Concord were presented to the town at a meeting held on the 9th of September, 1774, and were unanimously ap- proved. At a meeting held on the 20th of September it was voted that Captain Ebenezer Harnden and Captain John Dexter be appointed delegates to at- tend a Provincial Congre.ss to be held at Concord the second Tuesday in October. It was also voted that a committee, consisting of Captain John Dexter, Cap- tain Eben Harnden, Deacon Joseph Perkins, Mr. Ezra Sargeant, Mr. John Green, Jr., Mr. John Wait, Mr. David Sargeant, Captain Benj. Blaney, Mr. Joseph Howard, Mr. John Buckuam, Mr. Ezekiel Jenkins and Lieut. Amos Upham, be apjiointed " to hear and consider any matters of controversy that may arise in this town between man and man, between party and party, and use their wise and prudent endeavors for an amicable and pacific accommodation of such dif- ferences ; and if possible promote that love, peace and friendship which will so much strengthen the common cause as well as prevent unnece.ssary and expensive law'-suits, and that the town will support said committee in their determination so far aa they shall appear to be just, and in such manner as shall be thought proper." At the same meeting it was voted that Capt. Ebenezer Harnden be the representative of the town in the General Court, and on the 28th a letter of in- structions to the representative was adopted. Again, on the 27th of May, 1776, instructions to Ezra Sar- geant, then lepresentative, were adopted by the in- habitants of the town, and their instructions, here given in full, will close the record of the preliminary steps taken by the town in approaching the War of Revolution : " To Mr. Ezra Sanjemil : "Sir: — A Eesolution of the late Honorable House of Represen- tatives, calling upon the several towns in this Colony to express their minds with respect to the important question of American Independence is the occasion of our now instructiug you. " The time was, sir, when we loved the King and the people of Great Britain with an affection truly filial ; we felt ourselves interested in their glory, we shared in their joys and sorrows, we cheerfully poured thg fruit of all our labors into the lap of our IMother Country, and with- out reluctAUCe expended our blood and our treasure in their cause. "Tliese were our sentiments towards Great Britain; while she con- tinued to act the part of a parent state wo felt ourselves happy iu our connection with her, nor wished it to be dissolved. But our sentiments are altered ; it is now the ardent wish of ourselves that America may become Free and Independent States. A sense of unpro- voked injuries will arouse the resentment of the most peaceful. Such injuries these Colonies have received from Britain. Unjustifiable claims ha.ve boon made by the King and his minions to tax us without our consent. These claims have been prosecuted in n manner cruel and unjust to the hlghestdegree; the frantic policy of Administration hath iuduced them to send Fleets and Armies to America that by depriving us of our tiade and cutting the throats of our brethren they might awe us into submission and erect a system of despotism which sliould so far en- large Ihe influence of the Crown as to eiiahlo it to rivet tlieir shackles upon the people of Great Britain. This was brought to a crisis upon the memorable nineteenth of April. We remember the fatal day— the expiring groans of our murdered countrymen yet vibrate iu our ears ! I We now behold the flames of their peaceful dwellings ascending to Heaven ; we hear tlieir blood crying to us from the ground, vengeance, and charging us, as we value the peace of their names, to have no furtlier connection with a King who can unfeelingly hear of the slaughter of his subjects and composedly sleep with their blood upon his soul. The manner in which the war has been prosecuted haj confirmed us in their MALDEN. 473 aeutiments; Piracy and murder, robbery and breach of faith have been conspicuous in the conduct of the King's Troops, defenseless towns have been attacked and destroyed— the ruins of Charlestown, which are daily in our view, daily remind us of this. The cries of the widow and the orphan demand our attention ; they demand tliat the hand of duty should wipe the tears from their eyes and that the sword of their country ehouUl avenge their wrongs. We long entertaint- d hopes that the spirit of the British Nation would once more induce them to assert their own and our rights and bring to condign punishment tlie elevated villains who hiive trampled upon the sacred rights of man and affronted the majesty of the people, " We hoped in vain. They have lost their love to freedom ; they have lost the spiritof just resentment. We therefore renounce with disdain our connection with a kingdom of slaves; we bid a final adieu to Britain. Could an accommodation be now affected we have reason to think that it would be fatal to the liberties of America — we should soon ratch the contagion of venality and dissipation which has subjected Britain to lawless domination. Were we placed in the situation we were in the year 1773; were the powers of appointing to office and com- manding the militia in the hands of Governors, our arts, tradesand man- ufactures would be cramped ; nay, more than this, the life of every man who has been active in the cause of his country would be endangered For these reasons, as well as many others which might be produced, we are confirmed in the opinion that the present age will be deficient in their duty toGod, their posterity and themselves, if they do not estab- lish an American Republic. This is the only form of Government which we wish to see established, for we can never willingly be subject to any other King than He who, being possessed of infinite wisdom, goodness and rectitude, is alone fit to possess unlimited power. *' We have freely spoken our sentiments upon this important auhjeet ; but we mean not to dictate — we have unbounded confidence in the wis- dom and uprightness of the CoTitinental Congress; with pleasure we remember that the affair is under their direction ; and we now instruct you, Sir, to give them the strongest assurance that if they should declare America to be a Free and Independent Republic, your constituents will support and defend the measure to the lost drop of their blood and the last farthing of their treasure," Nor was the spirit displayed in this communication a spirit of boasting, whicli was destined to fail when put to the test. In the repeated calls for men to recruit the armies of the war, Maiden performed its full share. The list of soldiers furnished is not a long one, but it must be remembered that at that time the popula- tion of the town was only nine hundred and eighty- three, of whom forty-eight were negroes and four hundred and sixteen under sixteen years of age. According to Mr. Corey, in 1767 there were seven work-houses or shops in the town, with a trading stock of two hundred and forty-four pounds. The people had at interest eleven hundred and sixty-nine pounds six shillings and eight pence, and the live-stock of the farmers consisted of eighty-four horses, one hun- dred oxen and four hundred and eighty-six cows, be- sides sheep and a few swine. The products of the land were fifty-eight hundred and thirty-nine bushels of grain and six hundred and fifty- two barrels of cider with one thousand and fifty-two tons of hay, of which eight hundred and sixteen tons were salt hay. AVith these slender resources the people went into the war with a determination and spirit of self-sacrifice in which no town excelled, if there were many that equaled it. The following list of soldiers of the Revolution is as complete as can be made out from the rolls in the office of Secretary of State : Enlisted in Capt. Russell's company of Col. Jonathan Brewer's regi- ment for duty on Prospect Hill, Charlestown, 1775 : Gideon Willlame. Enlisted in Ephraim Corey's company, Col. Prescott's regiment, 1775 ; Stephen Sweetaer. Enlisted in Capt. Abner Cranson's company for duty on Prospect Hill, 1775 : Jonathan Mower, Enlisted in Capt. Wuod's company, Col., Jonathan Ward's regiment, 1776 : Nebemiah Newell. Enlisted in Capt. Nailer Hatch's company, 37th Regiment of Conti- nental Army under Lieut.-Col. Wm. Bond. 1775 : Nailer Hatch, capt. ; Nathan Eaton, lieiit. ; Elijah Caswell, sgt. ; Barnabaa Newball, sgt. ; Unite Cox, sgt. ; Chas. Hill, corp. ; Amos Sergeant, Dan. Knower, Eben. Eaton, Ebeu. Barns, Floyd Pratt, Geo. Barrington, John Grover, Joshua Caswell, Josiah Pain, James Pain, Joseph Baldwin, Joshua Gill, Joel Whitmore, John Graham, John Spragne, James Nichols, Joseph Hollo- way, John Hatch, Nathan Bucknam, Nathan Burditt, Obadiah Jenkins, Prince Hill, Pbinehas Sergeant, Robert Burditt, Stephen Pain, Solomon Sergeant, Samuel Holloway, Samuel Bishop, Samuel Burditt, Samuel Grover, Solomon Dow, Silas Sergeant, Thomas Wheeler, William Spragne. Enlisted in Wm. Perkins' company of artill'ery Col. Hichard Gridley'e regiment, 1775 : Eliakim Caswell. Marched to Watertown April 19, 1775, Beujaniiu Blaney, capt.; Na- than Lyndes. Sent to Point Shirley under Capt. Benjamin Blaoey in 177G. Enlisted in Capt. Stephen Dana's company, Col. Mcintosh's regiment 1776, for one month : Nehemiah Oaks, John Sergeant, fifer ; Jacob Ser- geant, Samuel Waitt, John Jenkins, Joseph Jenkins, Nathl. Fluyd Benjamin Bill. Samuel Oliver, Nathan Hills, John Paine, Joseph Bald- win, Charles Hills. Enlisted in the Continental Army for three years, 1777: Samuel Barna, Andrew Bennett, Samuel Bishop, Samuel Berry. John Blackford John Boyd, John Burnam, Wm. Bucknani, John Blancbard, Jodea Buckuam, Robert Bushley. Enlisted in Capt. Benjamin Edgell's company, Col. .John Jacobs' regi- ment, 1778 : Samuel Grover, John Grover. 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1779, 1779, 1779, 1779. 1781, 1781, 1781, 1781, 1781, 1781. 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1780, 1777, 1779, 1779, 1778, 1782, 1782, 1782, 1782, 1782, 1782, 1782, OTHER ENLISTMENTS. Joseph Shaker ... 3 years William Watts ... 3 years Thomas Battom. . . 3 years Daniel Green .... 3 years Joel Whittemore . . 3 years John Low 3 years . 3 years . 3 years . 3 years ■ 3 years . 3 yeara . 3 yeara . 3 years . 3 years 3 years . 3 years . 7 years . 3 years Daniel Rankin . Edward Pierce . Jonathan Knowe: James Salluck . Joshua Geary . Pomp Magus . . Samuel Hazeltun James Barrett . Thomas Wheeler Phillip Pratt . , , Enoch Jenkins . , Obadiah Jenkins Sam'l Barns, Capt . 3 yeara And. Bennett, Corp . 3 years Edward Pratt .... 6 mos Sam'l Hazelton ... mos Benj. Hills 6 mos James Barrett .... 6 mos Wm. Buutnall .... 6 mos John Christie .... 6 ""^8 Thomas Wheeler . . 6 mos James Johnson ... 6 mos Peter Barber .... 6 mos John Bailey .... 6 mos John Boyd 9 mos Joshua Geary ... .9 mos Benj. Wait 9 mo8 Daniel Itankin ... 6 mos Robert Morrison . . 3 years Timothy Carder . . 3 years Samuel liazeltoa . . 6 mos David Wait 6 mos Asa Witt 6 mos Aaron Brigham . . . C mos Ebenezer Watson . . fl mos 1782, James Barrett .... 6 mos 1782, Benjamin Hilts . . . 6 mos 1782, William Wreutnell . G mos 1780, Anthony Hoskins . . 3 moa 1780, John Taylor 6 mos 1780, Jerry Lovering ... 6 mos 1780, John Bailey 6 moa Benjamin Blaney, Captain, Nathan Lyude, Lieutenant, William Wait, Lieutenant, Amos Sheets, Sergeant, Amos Howard, Sergeant, Nehemiah Oaks, Sergeant, Jabez Lyude, Sergeant, Bernard Green, Corporal, Micah Wait, Corporal, Jacob Parker, Corporal, John Venter, Corporal, W. Sergeant, Drummer. Samuel Green, Fifer. Timothy Tufts, Ebenezer Wait, Thomas Wait, Joseph Lynde, Daniel Chadwick, Edward Jenkins, Ebenezer Pain, John Nichols, Jr., Joseph Pratt, John Sprague, Thomas Sargent, Jacob Sargent, Joseph Burditt, Aaron Bucknam, John Dexter, Richard Dexter, Jacob Pratt, John Howard, Charles Hill, Ebenezer Shute, 474 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Francia Pbililpa, John TufM, Ezra Howard, BeEoi^tD^Q Lynde, fiononi Vinton, William Sprague, Philomon Monroe, Janiee Wade. Robert Oliver, Jonathan Gardner, William Upham, Edward Newhall, John Jenltina, Joseph Jentcinfl, John Gould, Stephen Pain, Jr., Benjamin Bucitnam, David Sargent, Samuel Baldwin, Levi Joseph Perliins, John Manser, John I^msdetl, Phlneas Sprague, Era Hatch. Among the men who have been specially mentioned asi conspicuous in service during the war, were Capt. Benjamin Blaney, Capt. John De.xter, Capt. Naler Hatch, Sergeant Bernard Green, Corporal Timothy Tufts, Pomp Magus, (a negro), Capt. Daniel Waters, Capt. Jonathan Cakes, Dr. John Sprague and Dr. Ezra Green ; the last four performing their chief ser- vice on the sea. Capt. Waters distinguished himself while in command of thearmed ship "Thorn, "carrying eighteen gunsand one hundred and twenty men, by the capture of the English brigs " Tryon " and " Erskine," carrying thirty-four guns and one hundred and sev- enty-one men. Capt. Oakes commanded at various times the Brigantine "Hawke" and the ship "Favorite," in which he made successful cruises. Dr. Sprague, in the military service in the early part of the war, was afterwards in the schooner "Active" and surgeon on board the State sloop " Winthrop," in which he re- mained until the close of the Revolution. Dr. Green, also first in the military service, afterwards became surgeon of the "Ranger," commanded by Paul Jones, and later of the ship "Alexander." But it is making an invidious distinction to mention even their names while there were so many others equally patriotic, and if not performing, yet ready to perform as brilliant service. In the troubles with the French at the close of the last century and in the War of 1812 Maiden took little part and suffered few burdens. Nor was the embargo a matter of special interest to its people. While the people in the sea-ports encountered embar- rassments and losses, those only a little removed from the coast saw only the clouds without feeling the storm. Maiden from the date of these events led a peaceful life, gradually increasing its population and business, and, .is the neighboring city of Boston began to overflow its borders, felt the wave of prosperity and wealth (lowing towards the town. (Jn the 23il of May, 1849, the two hundredth anni- versary of the incorporation of the town was celebra- ted. An oration was delivered by James D. Green, and a poem by Gilbert Haven, Jr. A procession was formed under the marshalship of Augustus L. Barrett, assisted by Aaron Barrett, Charles Eastham, J. P. Lord and Francis Odiorne, and escorted by the Washington l,ight Infantry, of Boston, with the Boston Brigade Band, and marched to Bell Rock Pasture, where the ceremonies were had. On the platform were seated, besides the Orator and Poet, Gilbert Haven, the president of the day, John P. Bigelow, the mayor of Boston, Samuel T. Armstrong, Rev. Messrs. Streeter, Neal and Church, of Boston, Rev. Mr. Hague, of Roxbury, Rev. Mr. Whittemore, of Cambridge, Rev. Messrs. Buddington and Ellis, George Washington Warren, Richard Frothingham, Rev. Dr. Ballon, Daniel P. King, Rev. Mr. Upham, Isaac Hill and Rev. Aaron Green. After the cere- monies the procession was again formed, and marched to the dining-pavilion, where accommoda- tions had been provided for two thousand persons. In the evening there was a display of fire-works, and the town was illuminated. When the War of the Rebellion broke out, the people of Maiden were ready to perform their part in the terrible emergency. On the 20th of April, 1861, at a citizens' meeting, it was resolved "that we be- lieve it to be the duty of every lover of his country and his race to assist in crushing out the rebellion and treason now existing in the Southern States " — "and that the Town of Maiden, true to its ancient history, will furnish the men and the means to the ex- tent of her ability for this object and we recommend the immediate formation of a company of volunteer militia to aid in preserving the Government of the United States." A committee was chosen to raise funds and purchase uniforms, consisting of J. H. Ab- bott, George D. B. Blanchard, J. S. Rice, Paschal P. P. Ware, M. Crocker and Lorin L. Fuller. The sum of $2526.05 was raised by the committee. At a legal meeting of the town held on the 1st of May, 1861, it was voted that the selectmen, with a committee of seven, be authorized to expend a sum not exceeding $10,000 in aid of the families of volunteers. The committee consisted of Matthias Crocker, George D. B. Blanchard, Lorin L. Fuller, J. H. Abbott, Rich- ard Ward, G. L. Fall and George W. Wilson. On the 15th of July it was voted by the town to pay a bounty of $100 to each volunteer mustered in before the 20th of August. At the same meeting a recruiting committee was chosen, consisting of David L. Webster, Gilbert Haven, E.S. Converse, R. G. Hill, Caleb Wait, Henry Rams- dell, Henry W. Van Vorhees, Daniel Emmons, Mat- thias Crocker, John Shackford, Hubbard Russell, Geo. P. Cox, Charles S. Maldt, Thomas Darling, John Turck, Matthew Fitzpatrick, James Cutter, James Cruickshanks, Jjorin L. Fuller, J. H. Abbott, Hub- bard R. Lewis, Wm. H. Hill, Joshua Webster, James McShane, A. H. Evans, C. Cronan, Wm. H. Cromack, Thomas M. Butnam, F. D. Hayward and Henry A. Wentworth. On the 27th of August, 1862, it was voted to pay a bounty of $100 each to men enlisted for nine months. Most of the men raised during the spring of 1861 enlisted in Company K, Seventeenth Regiment, for three years, and a few in Companies A, C, D, H and I of the same regiment. In 1881 the population of Maiden exceeded twelve MALDEN. 475 thouaand, and by an act passed March 31st, in that year, it was incorporated as a city and divided into six wards. The act of incorporation provided that the government should be vested in a mayor, a board of seven aldermen and a Common Council of eigh- teen. The Board of Selectmen were required to divide the town into six wards, and it was provided that the election of city and ward officers should take place annually on the first Tuesday of December, and that the municipal year should begin on the first Monday of January, following. In 1887 the act was amended so that the city should be divided into seven wards, and that one alderman and three members of the Council should be chosen from each ward. The city officers for the first municipal year, 1882, were as follows : Mayor. Elisha S. Converse. Aldermen. Wai-d 1. Tristram Griffin. " 2. JohnM. Devir. " 3. Joseph M. Kuasell. " 4. George T. Coverly (Chn.) ■' 6. Lorin L. Fuller. " 6. Frank M. Clark. Common Cmmcil. Ward 1. Charles F. Shute. John P. Eussell. Wra. Perkins. Ward 2. Wm. H. Murphy. Wm. F. Hackett. Michael McNamoe. Ward 3. James Bartlett. James C. Taylor. Edward 0. Holmes. Ward 4. Henry E. Turner, Jr. Patrick H. Desmond. Sylvester W. Gould (resigned). George T. Bailey (for va Ward 5. James Pierce, president. Charles Spragne. Frank F. Silliman. Ward 6. Charles L. Davenport. Daniel P. Wise. Osceola A- Whitmore. City\Clerlt. Leverett D. Holdeo. Clerk of Council. George A. Gardner. Treamtrer. A Ibert F. Sargent. Auditor, Marvin Lincoln. Solicitor. Thomas Savage. Engineer. Albert F. Sargent. ABBeseora. George C. Blanchard. Charles A. Whittemore. Asa K. Brown. Overseers of Poor. Henry M. Hartshorn. Timothy Connell. Dana Holden. Water ComtnisBioyierB. Herbert Porter. Wm. F. Chester. George W. Walker. Collector of Taxe-s. Charles A. Holmes, resigned. Geo. E. Hitchcock, vacancy. School Committee. Edward Gay. Elnathan D. Howes. Russell B. Wiggin. Joseph \V. Chadwick. Marcellus Ooggan. Benj. B. Lawrence. Andrew J. Freeman. John M. Corbett. Alfred A. Turner, Jr. Sinking Fund Commissioners. Stillmau K. Roberts. Albert H. Davenport. George W. Walker. James H. Whitaker. Ezra A. Stevens. James Pierce. Trustees of Public Library. John K. C. Sleeper. Russell B. Wiggin. Daniel L. Millikin. Wui. A. Wilde. Thomas Lang. Joseph W. Chadwick. George W. Walker. Wm. F. Merrill. Deloraine P. Corey. Chief of Police. Harris P. Mitchell, Chief Engineer Fire. Thomas W. Hough. Sup. of Streets. Andrew J. Weutworth. CUy Physician. Peleg Wadsworth. Sitpt. of Schools. Wm. U. Lambert. ;c. ami Treat, of Sink. Fund Com. Theodore N. Fogue. Water Begittrar. Librarian. Phineas Sprague. Henry L. Moody. Supl. of Water Works. Supt. of Almshonae. Ward W. Hawkes. | George W. Stiles. The mayors of the city since 1882 have been: John K. C. Sleeper, 1883. Marcellus Coggan, 1888-S7. Lorin L. Fuller, 1884-8.1. Joseph F. Wiggin, 1888-90. The Fire Department of the city consists of a chief engineer, four assistants, one engineer of steamer, one stoker, five drivers, twenty-eight hosemen, ten hook- and-ladder men, and one secretary to the Board of Engineers. The apparatus of the department consists of two steam fire-engines, one old steam fire-engine stored, two hose-wagons, three hose-carriages, one hook-and-ladder carriage with 333 feet of ladders, one supply wagon, one double puug, three single pungs, one pung for hooks and ladders, one engineer's car- riage, one engineer's sleigh, six thousand feet of hose, a fire-alarm, nine horses, four houses and two hun- dred and fifty hydrants. The amount of money ex- pended during the year 1889 was $14,842.05. The amount of money paid out by the treasurer during the same year for city expenses was $624,- 888.18. Of this sum $110,373.43 was paid out for the support of schools ; $15,486.53, for street lights ; $54,909.12, for streets ; $16,424.70 for the Poor Depart- ment, and Police Department $16,076.52. The following is a complete list of those who have represented Maiden in the General Court since 1680 : Job Lane, 1680 Joseph Wilson, 1688-89, '94, 1703- 04 Henry Green, 1689, '94, 1703-04 John Spragne, 1690 Phineas Sprague, 1691 John Green, 1692-94, '96 John Greenland, 1695, 1708, '10- 16, '17, '20 Edward Sprague, 1696, 1703 Isaac Hill, 1698 Phineas Upham, 1705, '16, '18 Jacob Wilson, 1710, '19, '31, '37 Jonathan Sargent, 1721, '24-28, '30 Samuel Backnam, 1722, '39 Timothy Sprague, 1732, '34 Samuel Wayte, 173S-36 Joseph Lynde, 1739, '41, '43 Samuel Green, lli2 Joses Biicknam, 1744-51, '63 Barnard Townsend,1755 Benjamin Hills, 1764, '57 Thomas Pratt, 1758-59 Ezra Green, 1700, '62 John De.\ter, 1703-64 Ebenezer Harnden, 1705-74 Ezra Sergeant, 1776-77, '81, '84, '86 Benjamin Blaney, 1778-80, '83, '87 Wm. Wait, 1788 Thomas Hills, 1789 Isaac Smith, 1790-96 Barnard Green, 1797 Edward Wade, 1798 Jonathan Oakes, 1799-1802, '06- '13 Jonas Green, 1811-16 Ebonezer Harnden, 1813-14 Ebenezer Nichols, 1816-17, '19 Nathan Nichols, 1819-20, '23, '24 Cotton Sprague, 1823-26 Edward Wade, 1820 -'28, '31, '32 Isaac Stiles, 1829 James Crane, 1832, '36 Wm. H. Richardson, 1832 Wm. Pierce, 1833, '35 Sylvanus Cobb, 1833, '36 Uriah Chamberlain, 1836 George Emerson, 1836 Timothy Bailey, 1836 Daniel A. Perkins, 1837 E. N. Harris, 1837 Leavitt Corbett, 1838 Theodore L. Stiles, 1839 Wra. Nichols, 1839 Wm. Oliver, 1840 Bcl^amin O. Hill, 1842 Jonathan Oakes, 1843 Samuel S. Upham, 1845 Lemuel Cox, 1847 Thomas Wait, 1850 Wm, Johnson, 1861 Temple Dodge, 1852 Henry W. Van Voorhes, 1863 David Faulkner, 1851 Wm. J. Fames, 1865 David K. Sbepard,'1856 George P. Cox, 1857 Phineas Sprague, 1868 J. Q. A. Grlltin, 1859-UO Richard Ward, 1801 Caleb Wait, 1802 George W. Copeland, 1863-6.') James Pierce, 1860. 476 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. In 1867 Maiden and Somerville constituted the Fourth Representative District of Middlesex County and were represented aa follows: 1867— James Pierce of Maiden David SI. Beau of Maldcu John A. Hughes . . of Somervillo 1868— John A. Hoghee of Somerville John Runey of Soniervillo George P. Cox of Maiden 1869— George P. Cox of Maiden John Runey of Somerville Charles H. Guild of Somerville 1870— George P. Cox . . .■ of Maiden Joseph M. RnssoU of Maiden Selwin Z. Bowman of Somerville 1871— Selwin Z. Bowman of Somerville Charles II. Guild of Somerville Joseph M. Russell of Maiden 1872— Charles H. Taylor of Somerville Samuel A. Carlton of Somerville John H. Abbott of Maiden In 1873 Maiden, Everett and Somerville constituted the Fourth District, and were represented as follows : 187^— Quiucy A. Vinal of Somerville Alonzo H. Evans of Everett John H. Abbott of Maiden 1874 — J. A. CummiogB of Somerville Horace llaskins of Somerville J. K. C. Sleeper of Maiden 1875 — lames Pierce of Maiden J.A.Cnmmings of Somerville S. Z. Bowman of Somerville 187C- Charles 0. Pope of Somerville Theodore N. Foque of Maiden Alonzo H. Evans of Everett In 1877 Maiden and Everett constituted the Eighth District and were represented as follows: 1877— John K, C. Sleeper of Maiden Henry M. Hartshorn of Maiden 1878— Elisba S. Convereo . • of Maiden George S. Marshall of Everett 1879— Ellsha S. Converse of Maiden James P. Magee of Maiden 1880— James P. Mageo of Maiden George S. ^larshall of Everett 1881— Ezra A. Stevens of Maiden William Johuson of Everett 1882— Ezra A. Stevens of Maiden William F. Chester of Maiden 1883— William F. Chester of Maiden George E. Smith of Everett 1884— Joshua H. Millelt of Maiden George E. Smith of Everett . 1885— Joshua H. Mlllett of Maldeu George W. Walker of Maiden 1886— George W. Walker of Maiden Dudley P. Bailey of Everett In 1887 Maiden alone constituted the Ninth Dis- trict, and was represented as follows: 1887-Willlam A. Wilde. 1889-Uenry E. Turner, Jr. Daniel L. Mllllkon. Thomas E. Barker. 18»8— Daniel L. Mllllken. I89U— Thomas E. Barker. Wlllluui A. Wlldo. Henry E, Turner, Jr. The city of Maiden is supplied with water from Spot Pond and Eaton's Meadow, for which it owes a debt of |.')80,000, of which the following amounts were issued and became due at the times specified : rJOO.WlO at 6 per cent, lnue Falhay'i "Hlitory of Now Englnnd," vol. I. p. 34s. parish records. On this limited territory there was a clear organic union of Church and State ; but the Church power here was supreme. As a consequence, the secular and religious affairs of the community were so interwoven and blended that it is now extremely difficult to disentangle the ecclesiastical history from the civil history of an ancient New England town. If either history is to be written truthfully and perspicuously, the writer must occas- ionally state, or at least make intelligible reference to, certain events and transactions that properly belong to the other history. The attempt, however, will be made in the following anuals to keep as nearly as possible within the limits of ecclesiastical history. It should also be said, in a preliminary way, that the sources of information respecting the early history of Maiden are unfortunately quite meagre. The town records previous to the year 1678 have disap- peared. The existing records of the First Church reach back only to the year 1770. This church, at present date (1890), is two hundred and forty-one years old. Its records covering the first half of this period are lost. Aside from such of the town and church records as have been preserved, a valuable source of historical material is found in " The Bi-Cen- tennial Book of Maiden." This small volume was published in connection with the enthusiastic cele- bration of the two hundredth anniversary of the in- corporation of the town, which occurred in 1849. Its authors were a committee appointed by the citizens, and consisting of Rev. A. W. McClure, then pastor of the First Church ; Rev. J. G. Adams, then pastor of the Universalist Church ; and William H. Richard- son, Jr., then a prominent citizen of Maiden. The chief purpose of the book was to put on record the memo- rable ))ublic services of that great Anniversary Day. But the committee wisely added a considerable amount of historical and genealogical information, which, if not as ample nor as methodically arranged as might be desired, must yet have been gathered at cost of much laborious and faithful research, and is now of the greatest value. Indeed, in no other one volume can at present be found so much of the kind of material which is indispensable in writiug the history of Maiden. There is also in " The History of Middlesex County," by Samuel Adams Drake, an in- valuable article upon Maiden, written with rare his- toric insight and accuracy, by Deloraine P. Corey, Esq. To Mr. Corey and to the authors of" The Bi-Cen- tennial Book of Maiden" the present writer is largely indebted. The additional information that will be presented has been gathered, item by item, from va- rious and widely-separated sources. The Or(5anization oe the Fir.st Church.— The following account of the origin of the town, and of the First Church in it is given, in quaint language, by Edward Johnson, in his famous book entitled, " Wonder- Working Providence of Zion's Saviour in MALDEN. 479 New England." Speaking of events which occurred in 1648, he says : '1 About this time tiie town of Maiden had his first foundation stone laid by certain persons, who isaued out of Charlestown, and indeed had her whole structure within the bounds of this more elder Town, being severed by the broad spreading river of Mistick the one from the other, whose troublesome passage caused the people on the North side of the river to plead for Town privileges within themselves, which acconliogly was granted them. . . . The people gathered iuto a church some dis- tance^_of time before they could attain to any Church Othcer to adminis- ter the Seals unto them, yet in the meantime at their Sabbath assemblies they had a Godly Christian named Mr. Saijant, who did preach the Word unto them, and afterwards they were supplied at times with some young studeuts from the CoUedg, till the year 1650." From this statement we learn that the entire terri- tory of Maiden was at fir-st within the bounds of Charlestown ; that the people who first settled upon this territory came from " the elder Town," that is, from that part of Charlestown which was on the south side of Mystic River ; that the people on the north side, or "Mistick side," as it was called, were moved to " plead for Town-piivileges," on account of the "troublesome passage" over "the broad spread- ing river ; " that " the people gathered into a church," and maintained regular Sabbath services of preach- ing and worship, "some distance of time" before they could obtain a minister; that, during a part of this period, one " Mr. Sarjant" " did preach the Word unto them," and that afterwards a similar service was rendered by young .students from Harvard College. Mr. Sarjant was doubtless the William Sargeant who, as Mr. Corey affirms, " was here as early as 1643," and whose lauds, " which were possessed by his de- scendants nearly two centuries, were in the southern part of the town." The fact that he was by occupa- tion a " haberdasher," that is, a seller of small wares, such as ribbons, needles and thread, indicates that he was a lay-preacher, who, doubtless by his godliness and experimental knowledge of Christ and the Holy Scriptures, was able to edily the people. He was ad- mitted to the church in Charlestown, January 10, 1639. He came from England in 1638, and was made a freeman in Charlestown in 1639. The exact date of the organization of the First Church in Jlalden is not known. There is evidence that it was not organized before 16-19. From the "Bi- centennial Book" we learn that: " The Middlesex Registry of Deeds, (Lib. 11, pp. 82, 83) contains a record of a defaced agreement (and attestation thereto,) between the Commiasiouers of Charlestown and Uysticside, for dividing the unappro- priated common lauils, in which occurs the following clause: * In con- sideration, the brethren of Mystic-side are, by the providence of God, shortly to go into a church estate by themselves, and for the more com fortable proceeding and carrying on of that work of Christ among them.' — This instrument, it is said, purports to have been drawn by authority of a certain writing bearing date, March 26, 1649. From this it appears that the church at that time was not organized, but un- doubtedly was a few weeks after." Such was the conclusion of Dr. McCIure, and it seems to have been well grounded. "The instru- ment " containing an " agreement " must have been drawn after the date of " a certain writing," for it was drawn "by authority " of that writing. That writing was dated March 26, 1649. It must, therefore, have been after that date that "the brethren on Mystic side," were preparing " shortly to go into a church estate by themselves." Very likely the " instrument " was drafted on the same day as the " writing " {only after the " writing"), as both appear to have been es- sential to the consummation of "the agreement." Moreover, that the word "shortly" indicates a period of not more than a few weeks is made quite probable by the fact that the people of Mystic side, at this very time, were taking measures to secure the incor- poration of their town. Their petition to the Gener- al Court was responded to, on May 11, 1649, in the following laconic Act of Incorporation : "In answer to the peticon of seuU inhabitants of Mistick side, their request is graunted, viz., to be a distinct tonne of themselves, and the name thereof to be Maulden." (Kecords of Massachusetts, vol. iii. p. 162). As late, probably, as March 26, 1649, or sixteen days before the date of the above Act of Incorpora- tion, " the brethren on Mystic side," most or all of whom were doubtless members of some church, as the very term " brethren " would seem to indicate, were preparing "shortly to go into a church estate." It can hardly be doubted that these same " brethren " were the men, or among the then, who petitioned the General Court to incorporate their town. It is quite certain, then, that they were seeking at once the incorporation of their town, and the organization of a church within it, and, more than probable, that they obtained both at about the same time. The date of the organization of the First Church in Maiden, therefore, is almost certainly not far from xMay 11, 1649. The statements of Edward Johnson are indefinite. Referring, perhaps, to the year 1648, he says : " About this time the town of Maiden had his first foundation stones laid," but we know that the town was not incorporated until 1649. His subsequent statement, that "the people gathered into a church some dis- tance of time before they could attain any Church officer to administer the seals unto them," gives us no date. For ought he says, the expression "some distance of time " may refer to the period between May 11, 1649, and the date of the settlement of the first minister in Maiden. It is absolutely certain that no church was organized in this town before March 26, 1649, for after that date, or at that date, "the brethren" were preparing "shortly to go into a church estate." This is the testimony of a legal document witnessed and recorded. As compared with this legal and positive statement, the careless and indefinite statements of Johnson are of no weight. Moreover, there is evidence that the chief purpose of the Mystic side men in seeking the incorporation of their town was, that they miglit enjoy better re- ligious privileges. Richard Frothinghan, in his " His- tory of Charlestown," informs us, that as early as January 1, 1649, "a large committee was chosen from 480 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the inhabitants" residing on the south side of the Mystic River, " ' to meet three chosen brethren on Mistick side,' to agree upon the terms of a separa- tion, and the boundaries of a new town. This com- mittee made an elaborate report beginning: ' To the end, the work of Christ, and the things of his house there in hand, may be more comfortably car- ried on, it is agreed as followeth : ' " that the Mistick side men shall be a town by themselves, &c. This language indicates that, at that date, the work of Christ had been begun on Mystic side, and that the things of His house were " in hand," but not that a church had been organized, and that they were in the full enjoyment of Christian privileges. The truth appeared to be, that they had already estab- lished, in an informal way, religious services on Mystic side, which had been conducted for the most part by a Christian layman, William Sargeant, but that now they proposed to organize a church, settle a minister, build a parsonage, and, perhaps, a meet- ing-house. When the First Church in Maiden was formed there had previously existed in the territory now com- prised in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts forty- two churches. Three of these had been organized in England, and transferred bodily to this country. Two of the entire number, however, had removed to Connecticut. The Maiden Church, therefore, when formed in 1649, was the forty-first church in Mass- achusetts. Several of those early churches have, within the last hundred years, ceased to be orthodox Congregational Churches ; and at present date (1890) there are only twenty-three orthodox Congregational Churches in this Commonwealth which are older than the First Church in Maiden. This church is more ancient than any church of the same denomi- nation within the former limits of Boston. Only one church, indeed, of this order, within the present lim- its of Boston is older, and that is the First Church in Charlestown (now a part of Boston). The Old South Church, Boston, so famous in history, was organized in 1GG9, and the Park Street Church a.s late as 1809, The latter is a young church in comparison with that sisterhood of ancient churches to wiiich the Maiden Church belongs. TuE First Membkrs of the Cuurch. — It would be interesting to know more than we do of the men and women who were the original members of this ancient <:hurch gathered on Mystic side. But we may be thankful that, while the biography of uo one of them has come down to us, we are not left in entire ignorance of their general character. The fact thai they " issued out of Charlestown " tells us something. We know what sort of people settled in that town nineteen years before. They were Governor Win- llirop's people, godly men and women for the most part, I'uritans in faith and character, people of such sterling integrity and worth as the world always has need of — of such moral and religious stamina, indeed. as are more needed in every community and nation than any other class of people. On board the ships that brought them over the .sea they had an abundance of religious services — " Preaching and catechising, fasting and thanksgiving, were duly observed." Win- throp, on the voyage, wrote a little book, entitled " A Model of Christian Charity," which evinced that in his own heart was living the spirit of Christ. Before dwelling-houses could have been prepared for all the company they organized ihe Church of Christ, and established the Christian ministry. Those who joined them during the years immediately following were like-minded. Indeed, no other class of people were permitted to make their homes in the Colony. The colonists speedily pushed out from Charlestown, southwest across the channel to Shawmut (Boston), westward to New Town (Cambridge), and northward across the Mystic River to Mystic side (Maiden); and soon to regions still beyond, taking possession of the wild lands, subduing the wilderness and establishing Christian homes. And Cotton Mother, speaking of this people, tells us that, "Wherever they sat down they were so mindful of their errand into the wilder- ness, that still one of their first works was to gather a church into the covenant and order of the gospel." (Magnalia, vol. i. p. 79.) As early as 1631, or only one year after the settle- ment of Charle-stown, English people were living on Mysticside. Seven years later the population bad come to be considerable ; and ten years from that date, or in 1648, the inhabitants on this territory were numerous enough to be moving for the organization of a church. This movement and their previous zeal in establishing and maintaining regular religious ser- vices are what we would expect of men and women, wlio belonged to_Governor,Winthrop's colony. There were among them some of the first settlers of Charles- town. We know that several of their number came over the sea later. But they all belonged to one and the same class of English people. They were Puritans. They accepted heartily the Calviuistic interpretation of the Scriptures. Their religious beliefs had made them righteous and self-sacrificing, courageous and great lovers of liberty. They feared and loved God. Christ was dear to their hearts, and lived in their lives. Sin and irreligion were hateful to them, prayer and Christian service were their delight. Such in character and faith were the people who founded the First Church in Maiden. Some of the original members of the Maiden Church were previously original members of the church in Charlestown. Others of this number joined the Charlestown Church some years after it was formed, Others still, who were among the original members of the Maiden Church, may never have united with the First Church in Charlestown. There is evidence that, in some instances, good Christian people resided for several years in Charlestown, and yet were never con- nected with the church in that town, for the reason MALDEN. 481 tliat from the first they expected to remove sooner or later to some other plantation. Edward Johnson, the author of " The Wonder- Working Providence of /ion's Saviour," was one of this class. He was a prominent man in the Colony, and eminent ill Christian service; yet he resided six years in ('harlestown without becoming a member of the I hurch there. He then removed to Woburn, and toiik an active and leading part in the organization of the First Church in that town. Some of the founders ol the church in Maiden may have pursued a similar course. In that case they removed their church rela- tiiiri directly from some church in the old country to the new church in Maiden. No catalogue of the original members of the Mai- den Church has been preserved, yet the names of some of them are known. Mr. Corey speaks of "a document in relation to the church, written in 1648," which contains the names of several " of the leading men of Maiden." As this document pertained " to the Church,'' the men whose names it contained prob- ably took part in the organization of the church the next year. "They were Joseph Hills, Ralph Sprague, Edward Carrington, Thomas Squire, John Wayte, James Greene, Abraham Hill, Thomas Osborne, John Lewis and Thomas Caule." ^Ioseph Hills was a lawyer by profession, and an eminent man, not only in his town and church, but also in the Colony. Dr. McClure places him in his list of " distinguished citizens," and records the fol- lowing particulars respecting him : "He was born in 1602; came to New England at least as early as 1G39, and was admitted as freeman in 1645. He resided at first in Charlestown, then in Maiden, and at last in Newbury, whither he re- moved in 1657, and where he died February 5, 1688, aged 86 years. He was representative from Charles- town in the General Court for 1647, in which year he was also Speaker. He was for some time captain of the Maiden Company, and represented Maiden from 1650 to 1656. He was for several years one of the Assistants of the colony. . . . His first wife was Rose Dunster, a sister of Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard College."' Mr. Corey, speaking of the part Mr. Hills took in laying the foundations of the town, says: "He had been engaged in important commissions with the leading men of the government." " He had just com- pleted the famous revision of the Massachusetts laws, which was printed in 1648, and which was the first code of laws established by authority in New England. He came with his wife, Rose, from Maldou, in Essex, England, and in compliment to him. Mystic side is supposed to have received its new name." Mr. Frothingham speaks of him as " the principal char- acter io Maiden ; " and Edward Johnson describes him as " active to bring the laws of the country in " (Bi-Contennial Book," p. 168.) order, and as "the leader of the Maiden band" even before the first town oflicers were chosen. Ralph Sprague, one of the founders of the church in Maiden, came from England, " at his own cost," probably with Higginson's company, to Salem, in 1629. His wife, Joan, came with him ; also two brothers, Richard and William. He was one of the pioneers who, that same year, came through the woods from Salem to the mouth of the Mystic River, took possession of the place on the southern side of the river, afterwards and now called Charlestown, and settled there. Probably he was a member of the church organized at Salem under those godly minis- ters, Skelton and Higginson. He was certainly a member of the church organized in Charlestown, and which in a few weeks removed to Boston, for his name is in the list of those, who, in 1632, were dismissed from the First Church in Boston to organize a new church in Charlestown. This Second Church in Charlestown, now called the First Church, was the church from which the brethren came who organized the church in Maiden. Ralph Sprague took the oath of a freeman in 1631, was made con- stable at the General Court in 1630, held several military offices, and was frequently representative in the General Court. He died in November, 1650. Edward Carrington, as Dr. McClure informs u.s, was admitted freeman in Charlestown in 1636 ; was one of the principal men in Mystic side at the time of the incorporation of Maiden. He also seems to have been a man of some wealth and considerable influence. Thomas Squire came to Charlestown with his wife, Bridget, in Winthrop's company, in 1630 ; was No. 83 on the list of church members, in Boston ; was dis- missed in 1632, with others, to oiganize the new church in Charlestown. " John Wayet, Esq., was very prominent among the first settlers of Maiden. He was the representative of the town in the General Court from 1666 to 1684, and in the last-named year, was Speaker of the House. He served many years also as one of the selectmen." (Dr. McClure.) James Greene came from England, wa-s in Charles- town in 1646 and in Mystic Side in 1647. He was a member of the church in Charlestown. He and his wife, Elizabeth, were doubtless among the original members of the First Church in Maiden. He died March 26, 1687, aged aeventy-seveu years. Abraham Hill was made a freeman in Charlestown in 1640, and died in Maiden, February 13, 1676. He was the ancestor of the Hills in Cambridge and of several noted families in New Hamjishire. His wife's name, perhaps, vrna Sarah. Thomas Osborne was in Charlestown in 1644, and was made freeman in 164!). He lived on Mystic side. His wife, Sarah, was one of the sisterhood who " stood up manfully in defence of their pastor. Rev. Mr. Mathews, against the General Court." In 1662 he and his wife were dismissed to the church in 31-iii 482 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTS, MASSACHUSETTS. Charlestown. The next year he " united with Gould as a Baptist, having embraced the opinions of that sect a3 early as 165S." (Savage.) John Lewis came to Charlestown in 1634. His first wife's name was Margaret, and by her he had six children. His second wife's name was Mary Brown, and six children were born to them. He died Sep- tember 16, lf).')7. Thomas Cauie, or Call, " a baker, came from Eng- land with his wife, Bennett, and three children. He died May, l(i7fi." The name of his second wife was .Foanna, and she wiis one of the brave women who pleaded for their minister before the General Court. (Dr. McClure.) Such were the ten men who, it is thought, were among " the leading men of Maiden " at the time its First Church Wii-s organized. Six of them surely were among the original members of the church, and veiy likely all of them were. As a class, they were evi- dently men of ability, integrity and influence. They were worthy to be the founders of a Christian Church and to aid in founding a Christian State. Among the original members were also William Sargeanl, " the godly Chri.stian " and lay-preacher, and his good wife, .Joan, .lohn Upham, who was a leading citizen, held many important offices and trusts in both the town and the ('olony, and was " deaconof the church for at least twenty years," and his wife, Elizabeth, were likewise in the list of first members. In the same class, too, without doubt, were moat, if not all, of the thirty-six women who, as will later be shown, so honorably and publicly stood up in defence of their minister when they thought him wronged. To this select number others doubtless belonged, whose names, though now unlettered on the pages of the earthly church records, are, we believe, iraperishably " written in the Lamb's Book of Life." The church, which thus began its history early in May, 1649, entered at once and vigorously upon the difficult task of obtaining a minister. The members do not seem to have been unduly fastidious. Within about a year they extended calls to no less than nine candidates, viz., to "Mr. Miller, then at Rowley; Mr. Blinman, Mr. John Wilson, son of the first pas- tor of Boston ; Mr. Samuel Mather, Mr. Ezekiel Cheever, Mr. Lyon, to one of the Watertown officers, to one of the Charlestown church officers and to Mr. John Breck." (Dr. McClure.) Several of these were probably at the time students in Harvard College preparing for the ministry. Some of the list after- wards became (li.stinguished ministers. None of them accepted the call from Maiden. Rev. Mahmadukk Math kws the First Minis- TEK. — The first pastor of the church was Rev. Marma- duke Mathews. He received and accepted a call some time in the early part of the year 16.50. The exact date of his settlement is not known. During his brief piustorate he was a sorely alllicted man, but his troubles were not occasioned by unhappy relations between him and his church, but partly by neighbor- ing churches, and chiefly by the General Court and the magistrates. His case was a remarkable one, and deserves much ampler treatment than we have space to give it. Rev. Marmaduke Mathews, son of Matthew Ma-' thews, born in 1606, at Swansea, in southern Wales, graduated at Oxford February 20, 1624, at the age of eighteen ; arrived at Boston September 21, 1638. His wife, Catharine, united with the First Church in Bos- ton February 6, 1639. He settled in Yarmouth and was the first minister in that town, remaining there from 1639 to 1643. Winthrop calls him a "godly minister." Morton, in his " Memorial," under dale of 1642, mentions his name as among "the special- ist " of "a considerable number of godly and able gospel preachers," with whom " about that time the Lord was pleased, of his great goodness, richly to ac- complish and adorn the Colony of Plimouth," " who then being dispersed and disposed of to the several churches and congregations thereof, gave light in a glorious and resplendent manner as burning and shining lights." Hutchinson speaks of "a set of pious and learned ministers '' who were pastors of churches in Plymouth Colony in 1643, and Hubbard affirms that one of this number was Marmaduke Mathews. Having closed his ministry in Yarmouth in 1(543, Mr. Mathews, probably in 1644, removed to Hull and preached in that town, it would seem, several years, for in 1650 he was spoken of as having to^e^y preached in Hull. The civil authorities in Plymouth Colony appear to have had some dealing with Mr. Mathews before 'he left Yarmouth. Mr. Frederick Freeman, in his " History of Cape Cod," informs us that even under the jurisdiction of the Pilgrims, " A strict watch was kept over the churchee by the magistracy. No church could be gathered without the penniseion of the nmgiBtrates, and auy minister preaching without their approbation was liable to a penalty. Mr. Mathews thus offended, and waa fined ten pounds." But the antiijuarians have not yet decided with any unanimity whether he committed this ofl'ence through mere inadvertence ; or because he did not be- lieve that a minister of Christ, in his beliefs and offi- cial service, should be subjected to the will of the civil authorities ; or was thus punished because he was judged to have preached erroneous doctrines. Yet Mr. Freeman, in a foot-note, adds the following apparently just remark: "Mr. Mathews has been represented by some of his contemporaries as ' weak and eccentric,' but we are inclined to think the weak- ness was mere artless simplicity, and the eccentricity the frankness of a man void of subtlety." The imposition of this fine, however, in 1643, and the troubles connected with it, may have occtvsioned his departure from Yarmouth, which occurred the same year. The people in Hull were satisfied with his ministry, yet for -some reason he left them. They MALDEN. 483 then petitioned the magistrates of the Massachusetts ('oli>uy that he might be re^ar/ied to ihem. On May '.', 1649, the following remarliable response was made to their petition : " The Court thinks it no way meet to grant . . . their desire for M r. JIathewa returning to thorn, nor residing with them, and do declare that they find several erroiiiuus expressions, otliers weak, incouTenieot and unsafe, for which it judgeth it meet to order, that the said Mr. Mathews should be admonished by the Governor in tlie name of this Court." (Records of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 276). This action of the magistrates indicates that in some way they had already reached the conclusion that this minister's preaching was not what it should be. Two days later, or on May 4th, the General Court or House of Deputies received a petition from the people of Hull "for the encouraging [that is, the furnishing of pecuniary aid to] Mr. Mathews to go to them and preach amongst them.'' The reply of " the whole Court " is : " That Mr. Mathews should not return to Hull, nor reside with them." And further they "do declare that they find several erro neous expressions, others weak, inconvenient and unsafe, for which they judge it meet to order, that the said Mr. Mathews should be admonished by the Governor in the name of the Court." Doubtless the admonition was duly given by the Governor. Mr. Mathews did not return to Hull. In the early part of the next year, 1650, Mr. Math- ews is preaching acceptably to the people in Mai- den. The church wishes to ordain him as its pastor. In the mean time Mr. Mathews requests of the Court an opportunity to explain the language used in his preaching to which exception had been taken. The voluntary presentation of this request was frank and honorable, and discloses an ingenuous confidence on his part that he could give a satisfactory explanation. On June 21, 1650, the Court ordered that his request should be granted, and that on the 28th of that month an opportunity should be furnished him to "give sat- isfaction for what he had formerly delivered as erro- neous, &c., to the elders of Boston, Charlestown, Rox- bury and Dorchester, with such of the magistrates as shall please to be then present (if he can.) '" Mr. Mathews appears before that council, but fails to give satisfaction. Two churches, that of Charles- town and that of Roxbury, wrote to their brethren in Maiden, earnestly advising them not to ordain him. "The latter, in reply, requested that any 'sin' in their pastor-elect might be pointed out, and they would consider it. No reply was received from Rox- bury previous to the ordination, and only the views of Mr. Nowell, from Charlestown, but whether in be- half of the church, or as a magistrate, is not stated. Sir. Mathews was ordained."^ The brethren in Mai- den were aware that the church in Salem "ordained," that is, installed, Mr. Skelton as its pastor and Mr. 1 Records of Massachusetts, vol. iv, part 1, p. 21. 2 Frothingliam'8 " History of Charlestown," p. 122. Higginson as its teacher; that the church in Charles- town ordained Mr. Wilson as its teacher. They knew also that the Cambridge platform, adopted two years before (1648), allowed a church not only to choose, but ordain its own officers. Why, then, should they not ordain as their pastor the man whom they had chosen to that office? In ordaining Mr. Mathews they supposed they were doing what they had a perfect right to do, and evidently intended no disrespect to magistrates or to other churches, and had they and their pastor been left to themselves, they might have long labored together in the interest of Christ and His kingdom — for ought that can now be seen — in great peace and joy. Another year passed. On May 7, 1651, the Gene- ral Court again assembled. Early in the session Mr. Maihews was summoned to appear and give satis-fac- tion for " former and later miscarriages." He appears at the appointed time. May 15th, and listens to charges, nine in number, grounded upon certain pas- sages taken from his sermons. He " owned not" the charges ; but they were supported by the testimony of two Maiden men, John Hawthorne and Thomas Lynde. Hawthorne, at another time, was anxious to obtain from the Court a license to keep a tavern in Maiden, and sell intoxicating drinks. The hearing appears to have continued through several days. Mr. Mathews made an elaborate defense in a paper of considerable length, in which he explained in detail the several passages in his sermons on which the nine charges had been grounded. He was a trained schol- ar. He delighted in careful distinctions and defini- tions. These seemed to him obvious and important, and in his simplicity he thought he could make them seem so to others. He read his Hebrew Bible flu- ently, held it, perhaps, in his hand, as he discoursed to the plain men of the Court upon the meaning of certain Hebrew words, and gave the exegesis of cer- tain passages in the Hebrew Scriptures. The tribunal before which he stood was made up of sturdy, honest Puritans. They were farmers, mechan- ics, wood-choppers and captains of military compa- nies, — good men and true, doubtless, all of them. But they could not understand the fine theological distinctions and exegetical subtleties of the Oxford divine. Only fourteen years before, the whole Col- ony had been thrown into the wildest excitement and panic by the Antinomian teachings of Ann Hutchinson, which were judged to be subversive of good morals and of all civil law and order, as well as of the divine law and Christian faith. The deputies and magistrates were suspicious that Mr. Mathews was another Antinomian, or something worse. In reality, he was far removed from Antinomianism, al- though, beyond question, he did believe in the inde- pendence of the local church, and that a Christian minister is responsible for his religious beliefs and teachings to no authority save that of the church of which he is a minister, and that of Christ, the only 484 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Head of the Church. Apparently it was this belief, his rare scholarship not always wisely exhibited, his fond- ness for using unusual words and expressions in at- tempting to make plain what he regarded as important theological distinctions, that aroused suspicions and occasioned all his troubles. In his theological belief he appears to have been a strict ('alviuist. There is no evidence that he wasaspiritualist.oratranscendental- ist, in the ordinary sense of those terms. Buthismind worked analytically, and he was in the habit of pre- senting his analysis of scri|)tural doctrine in his ser- mons. For example, one charge made against him was that of teaching, that the saints have a larger va- riety of righteousnesses than ('hrist Himself has. His reply was : " When I said that saints have more variety of righteousnesses than Christ hath, it wasin the explica- tion of the word in Isaiah, 45: 24, which in the origi- nal is in the plural number, righteousnesses. ' Surely in the Lord have I righteousnesses and strength ; ' not that they have more variety of righteousnesses than He hath to give; because they have from Him, besides inherent righteousness and moral righteousness, im- putative righteousness also, which He needed not for himself" Tliis statement, in which he discriminated between the different kinds of righteousness, may have seem- ed to the plain men of the Court to be dark sayings, " unsafe and inconvenient expressions," but there was nothing in them that was inconsistent with the strictest Calvinism ; and this was evidently the judg- ment of his own people, among whom was Joseph Hill, one of the ablest, most intelligent and orthodox men in the Colony. Mr. Mathews' rhetorical and .some- what startling method of presenting this discrimina- tion was doubtless what alarmed the brave captains and other deputies in the Ceneral Court. Another charge made against the Maiden minister was that of teaching that no sin should be reproved save the sin of unbelief, and that no virtue should be enjoined save that of faith. This charge was grounded upon a fact — namely, the teaching, by Mr. Mathews, that all sins are included in that unbelief which the gospel so severely condemns ; and that all virtues are included in that faith which the gosi)el so earnestly enjoins. Hut this teaching is by no means equivalent to saying that there are no sins to be reproved ex- cept unbelief; or that there arc no virtues or duties to be enjoined except faith. Consequently Mr. Mathews rejilied : " I do believe and profess that all sins, of all per- sons, both under the law and under the gospel, are to be reproved both in unbelievers and others. And if any words, at any time, in any [ilace, among any per- sons, have fallen from my lips or pen, which in the judgment of any seem to sound otherwise, I do not own them as my judgment." (Hutchinson papers.) This answer was doubtless honestly given ; and if SI), it is dilQcult to see why it was not satisfactory. All that is recorded of Mr. Mathews goes to show that he was a highly cultivated man for the times in which he lived. That he was most devout and spirit- ually-minded, there can be no question. That he was thoroughly evangelical in his faith, of a pure and pa- tient spirit, perfectly frank and guileless, and unusu- ally faithful and zealous in all the work of the Christian ministry, is almost equally certain. He jiresented to the Court carefully prepared and able — |)erhaps too able — answers to all the charges prefer- red against him. Then came a written testimony, signed by nine members of his church in Maiden, affirming that in his answers to the Court he had stat- ed, upon the points in question, for substance what he had delivered in his sermons, — nine brethren thus testifying for him against two Maiden men testifying in op]>ositiou to him. Moreover, there is still extant a deposition, in favor of the pastor, signed by five of the leading brethren of his church, dated May Itith and certified by a magistrate on the 17th, in which they affirm that the answers " our Reverend Pastor, Mr. MarraadukeMathews, hath given unto the Court " " are the substance of what was publicly delivered by him, and are the truth and nothing but the truth." But all was in vain. The church, as well as its pas- tor, was under suspicion, and the testimony in his favor — though it so greatly preponderated in both character and quantity the testimony against him — availed nothing. The tribunal would not acquit him. On the contrary, " the Court declared" that the ac- cused minister had " formerly and latterly given of- fence to magistrates and elders, and many brethren, in some unsafe, if not unsound, exi)re.ssions in his public teaching ;" that he had " not yet given satis- faction to those magistrates and elders who were ap- pointed to receive satisfaction from him ; " that since that time he had " delivered in his public ministry other unsafe and ofi'ensive expressions," on account of which "magistrates, ministers and churches" had been moved " to write to the church of JMalden to ad- vise them not to proceed to his ordination," — that "yet, contrary to all adviceand the rule of God's word, as also the peace of the churches, the church of Maiden hath proceeded to the ordination of Mr. Mathews." The Court, therefore, " taking into con.sideralion the premises and the dangerous consequences and effects that may follow such proceedings," ordered that the offences "touching doctrinal points " should first be duly considered by a Committee of Magistrates and Deputies. This committee consisted of " Mr. Simon Bradstreet, Mr. Samuel Simonds, Captain Wil- liam Hawthorne, Captain Edward Johnson, Jlr. John Glover, Captain Eleazer Lusher, Captain Daniel Gookin, Mr. Richard Brown and Captain Humphrey Atherton." These five captains and four untitled citizens were to examine a scholarly minister, a graduate of Oxford, and decide the question of the soundness or unsoundness of his theology. They MALDEN. 485 ui'ie to meet on the lUli of June following, at the Ship Tavern, Boston; and it was thoughtfully pro- vided that, "iu case of difficulty," the committee could call in some of the " Reverend Elders" to give " help and advice." They were required to make re- turn to the Court at its next session. The church of Maiden, for the olTence of ordaining Mr. Mathews without the approbation of magistrates and churches, was ordered to make answer at the next session of the Court. It was also ordered that Mr. Mathews, for "sufl'eriug himself to be ordained, contrary to the rules of God's word," " to the offence of the Magis- trates, Reverend Elders and some churches, should give satisfaction to the Court at its present session by an humble acknowledging of his sin for so proceed- ing." But in case he refused to do tbis, he was "to pay the sum of £10 within one month." Fifteen deputies dissented from this judgment. The whole number was forty-one. Mr. Mathews failed to appear before the Court to make humble acknowledgment of his "sin" in suffer- ing himself to be ordained the pastor of the church in Maiden. Consequently the marshal was ordered " to levy " on his goods " the sum of £10 as his fine." The marshal, in attempting to execute this order could find no goods in the possession of the minister, except a library, and in due time he so reported to the Court. This latter, consequently, at its next session, ordered that the execution of the judgment of £10 against l\Ir. Mathews " shall be respited till other goods appear besides books." Mr. Mathews was popular with his people; and his church, being indignant with Mr. Lynde, one of its members, for having given testimony against the pas- tor before the Court, proposed to subject him to se- vere discipline for his offence. The Court of Assist- ants, hearing of this, addressed to the church a letter, dated March 4, 1()51, which is significant as indicat- ing the relation of tiie magistrates, or of "The Conn- sell," as they called themselves, to individual churches. The letter is as follows : ^'Christian Friewh and Brethren: "We, being cieiiibly informed of some ptlrpose of youre to proceed fiirtber to censure Thomas Lynde for tlie testimony he gave in Court against Mr. Matbews, and that to excommunication, and knowing our- selves witli what tenderness and caution he gave bis aforesaid testi- mony, and what disturbance your proceeding may probably occasion, both in t!ie churches aud civil government ; we thought it no less than our duty, in a case of this concernment, yet without atiij inttntion ur denre ill the least to infrinye the liberty the Lord Jems Christ hath piu-ehased for his churches, to desire you to take counscll and advice of three or four of your next neighhouriug churches in the case aforesaid, before you pro- (.eed to further censure ;— it being also Thomas Lynd's earnest request, as we are informed ; so that if the case shall appear clear to others, as it may seem to do to you, you may then proceed with more peace and com- fort, aud be more fully convinced, if then be should continue obstinate. But in case it should appear otherwise to other churches than it doth to you, the rule of God's word may be further attended therein, for the preservation of true love and peace, which we desire you will jointly endeavour to promote with ourselves. So we rest your loving friends. " By order of the Counsel!, "KuWARli Rawson, tSecrt/iin/.*' (Muss. " Hist. Coll.," vol. iii., second series.) In the mean time the committee of nine captains and yeomen, appointed by the Court to investigate the theology of Mr. Mathews, proceeded to discharge their duty. A detailed narrative of the proceedings in that investigation, on June 11, KiSl, at the .Shi|) Tavern, Boston, would be of exceeding interest. But no such narrative has been preserved. There is ex- tant, however, a characteristic letter which Mr. Mathews addressed to that committee. The date of the letter — June 13, 1(J51 — indicates that it was writ- ten after he had appeared before the committee, and had passed the ordeal of his examination. He wrote thus :• "To ye Honored Committee of ye Generall Court, appointed to examine some doctrinall points delivered att Hull and since yt time at Mai- den by M. M., Honored of God and of bis people : " Having given you an accoimt of my sence and of my faith in ye conclusions wch were accused before you, I thought good to acquaint you, yt, if any among you (or others) should count that faith a fausie, aud that seuce to be uon-seuce, I desire yt God may forgive them ; I doe, conceaving yt such doe uot yet so well know what they doe, as they sbal! know hereafter. "Vet, in cflse yt tbis should reach any satisfaction, to such as are (yett) unsatisfied with my expressions, for to know that I do acknowl- edge yt there be suudrio defects in suudrie points yt I have delivered, I doe hereby signifle yt through nieny I cannot hut see and also in- genuously confess yt some of my sayings are not safe nor sound in the superlative degree : to wit : they are not most safe ; nor yett eyther sound or safe in a comparative degree; for I easily yeald yt notonely wiser meu probably would, hut also I myself posihlie niouglit, have made out X's luynd (Christ's mind) aud my owne meaning in termes more sound and more safe than I have done, had 1 not been too nmcb wanting both to his sacred nuijesty, whoso unworthy'messenger I whs, and also to my hearers, and to myself, for wch I desire to be humbled, and of wch I desire to be healed by ye author of both. As I doe not doubt but yt couscieutious and charitable hearted Christians (whose property and practise it is to put uppon doubtfuU positions not ye worst construction but ye best) will discern, as I doe, yt there is a degree of souuduess in what I do owne, though but a positive degree. " However, it is aud (I trust) ever shall be, my care to be more circum spect thau I have hitherto been iu avoyding all appearances yt way for ye time to come, y t soe 1 may ye bettor approve myself through ye graco of Christ and ye glory of God, such a workman ua need not be ashamed. Iu ye interim I reniayne amongst his unworthy servants ye most un- worthy, and " Your accused and condemned felluw-creature to commend in ye things of t'brist, " Makm.^duke Mathewks. " Boston, this 13th of ye 4 month, 10.')1." (Frothingbam's " History of Cbarlestown," pp. 124, IS.'i.) The committee's report is dated .June 17, ItiGl, and reads thus : "Upon serious consideratiou of the charges lirought in against Sir. Matbews, together with the answers to them by himself given, an also upon conference with himself concerning the same, we, the Conunittee, yet remain much unsatisfied, finding several particulars weak, unsafe and unsound, and uot retracted by him, some whereof are contained in tbis paper, with his last deliberate answer thereunto. "Simon BliOAnSTREET, "William Hawthorne, " KicHARn Brown, ",buiN GlA)VER, " Klkazku Lusher, "llfMcHREy Athf.rton." Three other member.sof the committee did not sign this report. One of the three, however (Samuel Symonds), notified the Court that he was not present at the examination of Mr. Mathews ; but having jicr- used his writings, he fully assented to the report of the committee. 486 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The Court in its autumnal session resumed its con- sideration of tbe case of Mr. Mathews and that of his church. In response to summons, the pastor and three members of the church in Maiden— Mr. Joseph Hills, Edward Carrington and John Wayte— appeared before " the whole Court," Oct. 24, 1651. Mr. Math- ews' case was taken up first. The Court had not received much light from its committee respecting the theology of the pastor. Moreover, the idea seems at last to have dawned upon the magistrates and deputies that the churches and ministers were better fitted to deal with theological questions than a com- mittee of soldiers and citizens. Accordingly, as Mr. Mathews had not given satisfaction through " their Committee or otherwise," the Court declared " that, although the civil and church powers may proceed concerning offenders in their several ways, without interfering one with another, yet, in this case, upon consideration, they judge it doth stand with wisdom to have the churches to act before themselves.'' Ac- cordingly, it is decided that the church of Maiden shall speedily deal with Mr. Matthews. And if he "doth acknowledge his errors and unsafe expressions, and give satisfaction under his hand," and the magis- trates are informed of it within six weeks, " the mat- ter at present may so rest." Otherwise the secretary of the Court " shall give notice to the churches of Cambridge, Charlestown, Lynn and Reading" — not excluding other churches — "to send messengers" to constitute a council, which shall give advice to the church in Maiden, and also shall decide the questions at i.s8ue respecting the theological beliefs of Mr. Mathews. The Court next considered the offence of the church in ordaining Mr. Mathews without the approbation of the magistrates and otherchurches. The three breth- ren present, under the lead of Joseph Hills, himself an able lawyer, and at that time a member of the Gene- ral Court, defended their church with great ability. They presented a written argument. Mr. Frothing- hani speaks of it as a " manly and well-prepared doc- ument," and adds : " It argues, first, that the od'ensive expressions delivered at Maiden were not so much before ordina- tion as after; and 'for the bu!-jepb Hills, Edward Carrington and John Wayte, who are hereby em- jHiwered to malve proportion of tlie said aum on the reat of the members >A' Die church, except before excepted." There seems to have been preserved no complete list of the theological errors charged against Mr. Mathews. Statements of some of these charges, how- ever, with Mr. Mathews' answer, are extant. Two of them, with the answers given, have been noticed. There is not space to present more; but it seems well- nigh inexplicable that such answers as he gave were not satisfactory — at least to the more intelligent of the reverend elders of the churches — and that they did not interpose in his behalf. Mr. Mathews, convinced at last that he could not make himself understood, and that he musf be labor- ing under some real inability to set forth clearly, and with proper and safe expressions, the truths of God's Word, on the 28th of October, 1651, sent to the Court the following confession : '* To the Honoitrable Court : " Marmadulve Matthews humbly sheweth, — ''Thatthruugh mercy I am in sttme measure sensible of my great insuf- ficiency to declare the counsel of God unto bis peojile (aa I ought to do), and bow (through the darkness and ignorance that is in me) 1 am very apt to let fall some expressions that are weak and inconvenient ; and 1 do acknowledge that in several of those expressions referred to in the examination of the Honoured Committee I might (bad the Lord seen it so good) have expressed and delivered myself in terms more free from exception ; and it ia my desire (the Lord strengthening me), as nmcb aM in me lietb, to avoid all appearancea of evil therein for time to come, a^j in all other respects whatsoever ; which, that I may do, I humbly de- sire your hearty prayers to God for nie, and, in special, that I may take heed to the ministry committed to me, that I may fulfil it to the praise of God and profit of his people. " Your humble servant in any service of Christ, ** Maemadiike Mathews.*' The same day, October 28th, thirty-six women of Maiden, several of them wives of the leading men in the church, honored their pastor, and gained for their own names a glorious immortality, by sending to the court the following petition : " To the Hand Court : " The petition of nuiny inhabitants of Maiden and ('harlestown, or Mistick side, humbly sheweth : That the Almighty God, in great mercy to our souls, as we trust, bath, after many prayera, endeavors and long waiting, brought Mr. Matbewa among ua and put him into the work of the ministry ; by whuae pious life and labors the Lord bath afforded us many saving convictions, directions, reproofs and consolationa ; and whose continuance in the service of Christ, if it were the good pleasure of God, we much desire ; and it is our humble request to this honored Court that you would be pleased to pass by some personal and particular failings (which may, as we humbly conceive, be for your glory, and no tiriof of heart to you in time to come), and to permit him to employ those talents God baa furnished him withal. So shall we, your humble peti- tioners, and many others, be bound to pray, &c. " Joan Sargeant. Thankelord Shepperd. Joau Sprague. Fra. Cooke. Jane Learned. Eliz. Kuoher. Eliz. Carrington. Bridget Dexter. Bridget Squire. Lydia Greenland. Mary Wayte. Marget Pemerton. Sarah Hills. Han. Whitlamoro. An. Bibble. Eliz. Green. . Eliz. Greene. Mary Ilust. Wid. Blancber. Eliz. Grover. Eliz. Addama. Han. Barret. Sarah Bucknam. Eliz. Mlrrable. Sarah Osbourn. An. Hett. Mary Pratt. Eliz. Green. Joan Chadwicke Marget Green. Helen Luddingtoi Susan Wilkinson. Joanna Call. KttChell Attwood. Marge Welding. Rebec. Hills." If any persons now living can trace their descent from any one of those noble matrons, they may well be proud of their lineage. On the 31st of October Joseph Hills, in behalf of his brethren, made further representation : '* In this they set forth the great pains they had taken to procure a minister— having applied to not leas than nine ' orthodox, approved men ' — before they had any thought of Mr. Mathews. They also urged that the written objectious to him, sent by certain ' honored magistmtes,' diti not come in the form of ofiicial acta, but merely aa advice, which the church felt at liberty to accept or not, aa they pleased." (Dr. Mc- Clure.) But no argument, pleading or petition was of any avail ; the Court was inexorable. The only response made to the pathetic petition of the thirty-six women, and the repeated pleadings of Joseph Hills, himself a deputy and a member of the church for which he pleaded, was the stern judgment of the Court, that the young church should be burdened and disgraced by a fine of fifty pounds. The next year, (May 27, 1652) "The me.ssenger8 of the churches of Charlestown, Cambridge, Lynn and Reading make these returns to the Court." They report some confession from Mr. Mathews, but are not fully satisfied. In view of this result of council, the Court," having perused Mr. Mathews' confession,'' " and finding it not to be such and so full as might be expected, yet are willing so to accept it at present as to pass it by," but refu.se to reuit the fines imposed upon Mr. Mathews and the church, " the country be- ing put to so great trouble, charges and expenses in hearing of the cause." But at the autumnal session (October 26, 1652), the Court, iu response to petitions, remitted Mr. Mathews' fine, and ten pounds of that impo.sed upon the church. On May 29, 1655, in answer lo the petition of Joseph Hills and seven other members of the church, in which they humbly acknowledge their ofience, and crave a remitment of over thirteen jmunds of the fine yet un- paid, the Court accepts the humble acknowledgments but refuse to remit the fine. Finally, on the Slst of May, 1660, it was ordered that the whole matter of the fine imposed upon the church should be submitted to the County Court of Jliddle.sex for examination and adjustment. " In 1662 the Court abated ten pounds of the fine of Edward Carrington." It cost the colonial government something to collect that fine from the Maiden church. It is doubtful whether the whole of it was ever paid. But at a later date the General Court gave to Joseph Hills a considerable tract of land in recognition of his valuable public services. Mr. Mathews appears to have \g(t Maiden of his own will, probably in 1652. He preached for a short time in Lynn, but in two or three years returned to 488 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. his native town, Swansea, in Southern Wales, where he was known and beloved. He became at once vicar of St. John's Church in that town, where he labored with zeal and success, until the Act of Uniformity was passed in ]G62. This was too much for him to bear. In the interest of religious freedom he refused to submit, and was one of the two thousand Puritan ministers who were driven from their churches and silenced. Dr. Calamy says of him ; " He left a good living when he had nothing else to subsist upon. He afterwards preached by connivance of the magistrates in a little chapel at the end of the town. He was a very pious and zealous man, who went about to instruct people from house to house. All his discourse, in a manner, was about spiritual matters. He made no visits but such as were religious and ministerial, and received none but in a religious manner. . . . He lived above the world, and depended wholly upon Providence for the support of himself aud his family. . . . He lived to a good old age, and continued useful to the last. He died about 1683." ■ After Mr. Mathews' departure from Maiden, Mr. Nathaniel Uphani preached for a time as stated sup- ply. He was the son of John aud Elizabeth Upham. His father has already been referred to as one of the original members of the church, and one of its deacons for twenty years. Nathaniel was born in England, and was but three years old when the family arrived in this country. He was admitted as free- m.i8on in 1053, and was then probably not far from twenty-one years of age. He married, on the 5th of March, IGGl, in Cambridge, Mi.ss Elizabeth Steadman, and on the 20th of the same month he died. Dr. McClure thinks that " he was undoubtedly one of the students from the college mentioned by Johnson, as assisting to supply the pulpit before the coming of Mr. Mathews." If so, he took only a partial college course, for his name is not in l4ie catalogue of the graduates of Harvard. liEV. Michael Wicglksworth and His Col- LEAOUES. — This distinguished divine, the second min- ister settled in Maiden, was born October 18, 1031, probably in some i)art of Yorkshire, England. His father's name wjis Edsvard. The son, in his brief autobiography, says : " I WHS burn of Godly Paronts, tliat fcmcd tbe Lord greatly, even friiin tluilr yuiilli, but in un ungodly pliice, . . . that was consumed with fire In a great |>urt of it, after God had brought them out of it. 'I'hoso godly parents of mine meeting with opposition and perecculion for religion, because they went from their own Pariab Oburch to hear the w.inl anil reieivo the Lord's Supper, etc., took up resolutions to pluck- up their sUikes and remove themselves to New England, and accord liigly Ihey did so, leaving dear relations, friendsand acquaintances, their native land, a new hullt house, a nourishing trade, to expose themselves to the ha/.wird of the seas, and to the dislreasing difflcullies of a howl- ing wililerness, that they uilglit en.ioy Liberty oftjonscic'uce and Christ III his i.rdlimnccs. And the I.,>rd brought them hither, and landed them at Oharlestown, after uuuiy dinkullies and Uai.mris, and me along with Ihem, Iwlng a child no«|ifull seven years old." The family arrived " Nuo Conformist's Homorlal," vol. il. pp. 027, "probably in the latter part of August. 1638." (Meinoir of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, by John Ward Dean, pp. 14, ISfi.) In October they went to New Haven, and for a time were in straitened circumstances, as they " dwelt in a cellar, partly underground, covered with earth, the first winter." The next summer the father, am- bitious to give his only son a good education, placed him under the instruction of the celebrated Ezekiel Cheever, then a young man, afterwards a teacher in Ipswich, Charlestown and Boston. The boy's educa- tion was soon interrupted by the lameness and ill- health of his father. But in his fourteenth year, as he was judged " not fit for husbandry," he was again sent to school, and " in two years and three-quar- ters " was deemed fitted for Harvard College ; " and thither,'' he says, "' I was sent far from my parents and acquaintance." He speaks pathetically of the sacrifices his father made in securing the education of his son, and tells the story of his own conversion : " It was an act of great self-denial in my father, that, notwithstanding bis owu lameness and great weakue^is of body, which required the ser- vice ami iielpfulness of a eon, and having but one son, to be the staff and supporter of his weakness, he would yet, for my good, be content to deny himself of that comfort and assistance I might have lent him." " When I first came to the College I had, indeed, enjoyed the benefit of religions and strict education, and God in his mercy and pity kept lue from scandalous sins before I came thither and after I came there ; but alas! I had a naughty, vile heart, and was acted by corrupt nature, and rherefore could propound no right and noble ends to myself, but acted from self and for self. I was, indeed, studious, and strove to outdo my compeers, but it was for honor and applause and preferment and such poor beggarly ends. Thus I had my ends, and God had his euds far dif- fering from mine. . . . But when I had been there about three years and a half, God, in his love and pity to my soul, wrought a great change in me, both in heart and life, and from that time forward T learned to study with God and for God. And whereas before that I had thoughts of applying myself to the study and practice of physick, I wholly laid aside those thoughts aud did choose to serve Christ in the work of the ministry, if he would please to fit me for it, and to ac- cept my service in that great work." He was graduated in 1651. Mr. Dean informed us that, " In the college catalogue, the name of Michael Wigglesworth stands at the head of his class ; " that " he was chosen fellow of the college not long after he was graduated, and was one of the earliest members of the corporation, chosen by the body itself;" and that, " he was a tutor as early as July, 1652." Later in his life he was considered a candidate for the pres- idency of the college, and probably was elected to that office, but declined to accept the position." (See Mr. Dean's "Memoir of Michael Wigglesworth," pp. 88-89.) Having prepared himself for the Christian minis- try while serving the college as a tutor, he received a call to become the minister of the church in Mai- den. The exact date of the ordination is not known. Dr. McClure says: "When about twenty-two years of ago ho was invited to preach in JIaldeTi. It was some five months before he coucludBd to accept tbe in- vitnUon. He supplied the pulpit a year and a half, being much troubled to decide what his duty might bo, before he was inducted into the pas- toral office. This was in or about the year 1654." Mr. Dean, in his " Memoir of Mr. Wigglesworth," says: "I presume that his ordination did not take MALDEN. 489 place till after Aug. 25, 1G5G," as that was the date of his dismission from the church in Cambridge and recommendation to the church in Maiden. Mr. Wigglesworth was a young man of deep piety, and sincerely devoted to the service of Christ. Cotton Mather, speaking of him as a tutor in the college. " With a rare faithfulness did he adorn the Station. He used all the means imaginable to make bis Pupils not only good Scholars, but also good Christians, and to instil into them those things which might render them rich Blessings unto the Churches of God. ... He employed his Prayers and Tears to God for them ; and had such a flaming zeal to make them worthy men, that, upon Reflection, he was afraid, lest his cares for their Good, and his affection for them, should so drink up his very Spirit as to steal away his heart from God." (Funer.al sermon.) It was a young man of such piety, and of such evangelistic fervor, as well as of rare scholarship, who came to Maiden to be its second minister. He was ordained as Teacher. His predecessor, Mr. Math- ews, was ordained as Pastor. This distinction, then familiar to the churches, was not so much a dis- tinction of offices as a division of ministerial labors. According to the Cambridge Platform: "The pastor's special work is, to attend to exhortation, and therein to administer a word of wisdom ; the teacher is to at- tend to doctrine, and therein to administer a word of knowledge." Either might administer the sacra- ments. The pastor was to have the watch and care of the church ; the teacher was to instruct the people in the doctrines of Christianity. The distinction im- plies that there were to be, if possible, two ministers in every church. Few young churches were able to support two ministers. But Mr. Dean suggests that, " Perhaps Mr. Wigglesworth may have thought him- self not well fitted for the active duties of parochial life, and may have chosen the office of teacher, to in- dicate the service he was best able to render to his parish." The ardent piety and the passion for the conversion and salvation of souls, which he carried into his min- isterial labors, are disclosed in a few extracts from his private Sabbath memoranda, first published by Dr. McClure : " March 21, 1658. Oh, how vehemently do I desire to serve God, and not myself, in the conversion of souls this day I My sonl longs after thy house and work, GodT"' "January 9, 1659. My soul panteth after thee, God I After more of thy favors, more of thine image. satisfy me with the fatness of thy house, make me to drink of the rivers of thy joys, so that for the outward pressures I may have inward supportings and consolations. I long to serve thee, Christ ! help thou me 1 " " February 6. My soul, be cheerful in thy work ; thou servest a good Master." "June 5. Now, in the strength of Christ, I desire to seek him and the advancement of God's glory, in the salvation of souls this day. Oh, that I might see the fruit of my labors before I die I my soul I per- form this as thy last." Mr. Wigglesworth's physical constitution was never robust. He suffered repeatedly from attacks of severe sickness. Not many years after his settlement he was found to be afflicted with some occult disease, which seriously interrupted his public ministerial labors, and at length occasioned the entire suspension of them. He thought of resigning his office, but his people seem to have been unwilling that he should do so, though he soon cea.sed to receive a salary. During the time of this enforced relinquishment of his pulpit (a period of at least twenty-one years) three ministers in succession were called to be his colleagues, and each was ordained as pastor of the church. The first of these was Kev. Benjamin Bunker. He was born in Charlestown in 1635, and was the son of George and Judith Bunker. His father owned some of the high land in that town, and Bunker Hill received its name from him. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1658, and was ordained pastor of the church in Maiden December 9, 1663, when he was twenty-eight years old. He died in his pastorate, February 2, 1669-70. The fact that " Mr. Wiggles- worth wrote his elegy, in which he gives him a high character for .sincerity, modesty and devotion to his calling,'' indicates that the relations between them were fraternal and helpful. The second colleague was Rev. Benjamin Black- man, son of Rev. Adam Blackman, first minister of Stratford, Ct. Sprague's Annals, (article on Wiggles- worth) inform us that he " was ordained in Maiden in 1674, and resigned his charge in 1678." Mr. Dean re- marks : " Rev. Mr. Blackman was ordained as pastor." The town records simply state that he " supplied the desk four years, and left in the year 1678." His de- parture appears to have occurred " in consequence of some discontent." In 1679 " a committee settled with Mr. Blackman ; " but " nine years afterwards, in May 1688, he sued the town for arrears still due." (Dr. McClure.) He went from Maiden to Scarboro', .Me., where he seems to have been respected as a jireacher and a citizen. He was the representative of that town in 1683. It is believed that he died in Boston . Rev. Thomas Cheever, son of the celebrated school- master, Ezekiel Cheever, was the fifth minister in Maiden, and the third colleague of Mr. Wigglesworth. He was born August 3, 1658, graduated at Harvard in 1677, came to Maiden in his twenty-second year, "began to preach there on the 14th of February, 1679-80, but was not ordained til! the 27th of July, 1681. His connection with this parish la.sted about six years, including the time heacted as stated supply." (Mr. Dean, in Memoir of Mr. Wigglesworth.) In 1686 some difficulty arose between hiin and his people, on account of certain offensive words uttered by him. What the words were is not now known, but " they are supposed to have been of a theological nature." (Mr. Corey.) The trouble was so serious that an pcclesiastial council was called, " which met in Mai- den, April 7, 1686, and adjourned to Boston, where meetings were held May 20th and 27th, and .June 10th." The council, while nol!»approving of the offensive words, yet advised the church to grant Mr. Cheever " a loving dismission." (Mr. Dean, Memoir 490 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of Mr. Wigglesworth, pp. 90,91.) After his dismis- sal he " lived in retirement nearly thirty years," but " on October 19, 171'), he wm settled as pastor of the First Church in Chelsea, where he officiated over thirty-four years, and where he died, December 27, 1749, at the advanced age of ninety-one." (Mr. Dean.) The fact, that while settled at Chelsea he preached in Maiden two sermons, which were i>rinted, indicates, that pleasant relations had been restored between him and the Maiden Church. At the time Mr. Bunker was ordained, Mr. Wig- glesworth was in the West Indies. He had sailed for Bermuda, September 23, 1663, mainly for the benefit of his health, but also, as he himself says, "to help the people's modesty," in putting in his place "a better watchman " and ''a more painful laborour." He re- mained in Bermuda seven months and a half, and then returned home, none the better for the stormy voyage and warm climate, and consequently much discourag- ed. But the adectionate manner in which the people received him upon his return, greatly cheered his heart. Although for many years after this he was notable to preach, he wasyet not inactive. He was faithful in conversing with his people, as be had opportunity, upon the subject of personal religion ; and these con- versations were eflectual in the conversion of many, and in the instruction and comfort of Christians. He also employed his pen, and became the most cele- brated poet in New England in that early time. His purpose, however, was not to obtain fame, but to serve Christ, even when disabled by sickness, in the proclamation of His gospel. The first poem he pub- lished was "The Day of Doom." As many as ten editions have been issued. The date of the last is 1867. The first edition (1692) of eighteen hundred copies was sold within a year, which (as Mr. Dean thinks), considering the small population of the country at that time, " indicates a popularity almost, if not quite, equal to that of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin,' in our time." For a century and a half at least, it was highly es- teemed by the Christian people of New England for the religious instruction and inspiration it imparted. .Judged as poetry, the work has no great merit. Some of its lines are uncouth and rough. The author was evidently more anxious about the religious teaching than about the snioothne.ss of liis verse. He accepted the extreme views held by some theologians of his day, respecting the future state of the non-elect who die in infancy, ana expressed this view in a few lines in his long poem. Because of these few lines, some in modern lime.s have expressed their abhorrence of the whole poem and of its author, believing the latter to have been a man of hard and cruel, if not fiendish, temper. Yet in truth he was possessed of a most sweet and gentle spirit, his life wag full of kind words and deeds, and was devoted to the good of others. Of this work it hail been said : " It breathes throughout a strain of piety. . . . True, there are some tluDgs in thifl composition which do not perfectly suit the moderate re- ligion of the present day ; yet, whether this be owing to the improve- ment or degeneracy of our virtue I leave to be answered by the Uvea and consciences of my brethren." (Mr. Dean's "Memoirs," p. 69). Another published poein was entitled, " Meat out of the Eater." This too, received the public favor. Mr. Wigglesworth also, during the interruption of his public ministry, devoted himself to the study, and soon after to the practice of medicine. He seemed to have become a skillful physician, for his medical ser- vices were in demand by the people, not only of Maiden, but also of the towns beyond. By his kind offices to the sick, and his tender sympathy for the suffering, he appears to have endeared himself to many. Some, however, may still regard him as a hard, unsympathetic man, and never forgive him for a few lines of his poetry. But the Rev. Andrew P. Pea- body, D. D., a distinguished Unitarian, who is an op- ponent of many of Mr. Wigglesvvorth's beliefs, is yet quoted by Mr. Dean as saying of the Poet Preacher of Maiden : " He was, it is believed, notwithstanding his repulsive creed, * a man of the beatitudes,' a physician to the bodies no less than to the souls of bis parishioners, genial and devotedly kind in the relations and duties of his social and protessioual life, and distinguished — even in those days of abounding sanctity— for the singleness and purity of heart that char- acterized his whole walk and conversation." ("Memoir of Mr. Wig- glesworth," pp. 124, 125.) During the terrible witchcraft delusion of 1692, Mr. Wigglesworth appears to have taken no active part on either side. But in the last year of his life, in a letter to Dr. Increase Mather, he interpreted the suf- ferings of the people at that day, from drought and war, as " a judgment of God for the innocent blood shed in those melancholy times." His restoration to health was sudden and unex- pected. About the year 16ttti, — "It pleased God," says Dr, Cotton Mather, " wondrously to restore bis faittlful servant. He that had been tor near twenty years almost buried alive comes abroad again, and for as many years more must, in a public usefulness, receive the answer and harvest of the thousands of supplications with which the God of bis health had been addressed by him and for him." (Funeral Sermon.) During these last twenty years of his life he was the only minister in Maiden, and his faithful minis- trations appear to have been abundant and, with the exception of one time of sickness, continuous. '• It was a surprise to u^," remarks Dr. Mather, "to see a little, lei-ble shadow of a man, beyond seventy, preaching usually twice or ihrice in a week — visiting and comforting the afflicted, encouraging the private meetings, catechising the children of the flock, managing the government of the church and attending the sick, not only as a pastor, but as a physician too, and this not only in his own town, but also in all those of the vicinity. Thus he did unto the last, and he was only one Lord's day taken otf before his last." Attacked by a fever, after a sickness of ten days he entered into rest. His death occurred at nine o'clock on Sabbath morning, June 10, 1705. He was nearly seventy-four years old. As already intimated, the famous Dr. Cotton Mather, of Boston, preached the funeral sermon. Mr. Wigglesworth had been in malden. 491 Maiden, the Lord's " faithful one for about a jubilee of years together.'' His frail form was laid away amidst the graves of many of his parishioners, " and his sepulchre is with us unto this day." Not far from the time when Mr. Wigglesworth received his call to become the minister of Maiden, or in 1654, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Reyner, of Rowley. After some five years of happy married life, she died Dec. 21, 1659, leaving one child, Mercy, hardly four years of age. The bereaved hus- band's grief was sincere and deep. He lived a widower about twenty years, or until 1679, when he married Miss Martha Mudge, probably the daughter of Thomas Mudge, of Maiden. She was then about eighteen years of age, and six years younger than his only daughter. This great disparity in age occa- sioned much opposition to the marriage. His kin- dred disapproved of it. His people frowned upon it. His brethren in the ministry remonstrated. His intimate friend. Dr. Increase Mather, addressed to him a letter of expostulation, in which he said, among other things: " The like never was in New England. Nay, I question whether the like hath been known in the Christian world." His letter in reply to Dr. Mather, though not preserved, doubtless contained a full and frank explanation. It was shown to several other ministers ; and while they were not satisfied, they seem to have made no further opposition. It is believed that he never regretted the marriage, for after her death he spoke of her with great affection and gratitude. One son and five daughters were born to them. She died Sept. 4, 1690, after a mar- ried life of about eleven years, aged twenty-eight. His last wife was Mrs. Sybil Avery, widow of Dr. Jonathan Avery, a physician of Dedham, Massachu- setts. She was a daughter of Nathaniel Sparhawk, of Cambridge. The exact date of their marriage is not known, but the year was probably 1691. "She was born about the year 1655, and consequently was about seven years older than his previous wife, though more than twenty years younger than lie. She be- longed to a family of some distinction in the colony." " She survived her husband a little over three years," and "died August 6, 1708, in the 54th year of her age, leaving one child, Edward." (Dean's " Memoir," pp. 105, 121.) This youngest son, Edward Wigglesworth, D.D., was the first Professor of Divin- ity at Harvard College on the HoUis foundation, and held the office for forty-three years. i7(> immediate successor was his own son, Edward Wigglesworth, Jr. D.D., who continued in otfice twenty-six years. His immediate successor on the Hollis foundation was the Rev. David Tappan, the grandson of Abigail, the first daughter of the Maiden preacher by his second wife. This daughter was married to Samuel Tappan, of Newbury. Dr. McClure properly speaks of it as "a very remarkable circumstance," that the first three Hollis professors " who held the chair for eighty suc- cessive years, with high reputation, should have been respectively, the son, grandson and great-grandson of that good man." Michael Wigglesworth. (" Bi-Cen- tennial Book," pp. 155-156.) Rev. David Parsons, the Sixth Minister in Malden. — The church now proceeded to the difficult task of finding a minister who could fill the large vacancy made in the town of Maiden by the lamented death of Mr. Wigglesworth. But soon a sad division appeared in the church, and a still more serious con- flict began between the church and the town — the lat- ter at that time standing, in its relation to the church, as a parish. Within two years five minister.s in suc- cession were approved by the church and nominated to the town. In four of these oases the town con- curred with the church, but usually with a divided vote. All these calls were declined, probably on account of the contentions and the small salary offered by the town. The civil authorities then inter- fered. The following summary account of this inter- ference in given by Dr. McClure : "July 1, 1707, the Town of Maiden was presented by the Grand Jury to the Quarter Sessions Court (or not having a minister settled according to statute, and ordered to obtain one forthwith, and was threat- ened with the severity of the law. September 9th the Selectmen made answer that they have applied them- selves to Mr. Clap, and were waiting for his reply. The Selectmen were required to give further answer at the adjourned Court. September 30th the Select- men answer that Mr. Clap had replied in the nega- tive a few days before; they requested further time, which was granted. December 9th the Selectmen report, 'that they have had a general meeting of the town, and are in a hopeful way of being su|)plied, having applied themselves to Mr. Gookin. . . . March 9, 1708, Lieut. Henry Green, in behalf of the towA, reports, that they have applied to Mr. Joseph Parsons, who has the matter under consideration. . . . Sept. 14, 1708, Lieut. Henry Green and John Green, in behalf of Maiden, inform the Court ' that they have had several meetings of the Church, andone of the Town, in orderto the accommodating of that affair, referring to a minister, but can make noth- ing take effect, but yet are in a very unsettled and divided frame, and so like to continue, and leave themselves to the pleasure of the Court.' " In view of all these transactions, " The Court do unanimously agree and conclude as foUoweth: That Mr. Thomas Tufts is a suitable person, qualified as aforesaid for the work of the ministry in that town of Maiden, and see cause to settle him there in that work ; and do order the town to pay him for his mainten- ance during his continuance in said work amongst them, after the rate of £70 money per annum." ('' Bi-Ceutennial Book," pp. 158-159.) In the mean lime Mr. David Parsons, of Spring- field, was invited by the church to preach as a can- didate. It so happened that he and Mr. Tufts ap- peared iu Maiden at the same time, both desiring to 492 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. preach on the same Sabbath. It was arranged that one should preach in the morning and the other in the afternoon. Tliey did so. Troraptly, on Monday, the cliurch met and voted to give Mr. Parsons a call, twenty-sis out of thirty-one, voting for him, and the others not voting at all. Two days later, on Wednes- day, October 27, 1708, the town met, and by a vote of fifty-three approved of the action of the church. Twelve persons, however, signed a protest, to the effect that they conceive such action to be a con- tempt of authority, and do think that they are not able to maintain two ministers at once. But a hum- ble i)etition was sent to the General Court, praying that the order of the Quarter Sessions Court, which had appointed Mr. Thomas Tufts to be the minister of Maiden, might be revoked. In response the Court directed that the said order should be 'stayed until the result of the call to Mr. Parsons should be known. It would not be surprising if a clergyman, who ac- cepted a call given so hastily and under such peculiar and extreme pressure, did not find his ministry a pleiisant one. He was ordained, probably, in the spring or summer of 1709. The town contracted to put the parsonage in repair, and to give him a salary of sixty pounds a year, the use of the parsonage and " all the naked money,'' that is, all the money dropi)C(l into the contribution box by strangers and the more liberal inhabitantx. On .Tune 14, I'liO, the town w.as presented to the (.Quarter Sessions for non-fulfilment of the contract with Mr. Parsons. The prosecution was directed by a committee of the church, and the defence was made by a committee of the town. The verdictof the jury sus- tained the complaint. After an examination of the parsonage by some of the justices, it was ordered that the .selectmen pay a fine often pounds unless they speedily " repair the house and fences." The repairs were made and subsequently the case was dismissed. In 1721, Mr. Parsons, after a ministry of some twelve years, was dismissed, by advice of a council, and doubtless commended as a good and faithful minister, for he was settled again the same year (September 15, 1721), as the first minister in Leicester, where he la- bored in the ministry until March C, 17.'i5, at which date he was dismissed. He died at Leicester in 17;{7. When he came to Maiden there were divisions in the church and town, and they seem to have continued through his ministry, but evidently were not all oc- casioned by himself. If he had strenuous enemies, he also had devoted friends, quite a number of whom, in the ardor of their personal attachment to their piLstor, removed with bini to Leicester. Rev. Jo.sici'K Kmf.r.son, the Seventh Minister or Mai.den.— Mr. Emerson's faithful .and successful ministry extended over a period of forty-five and one-half years. He was born in Chelmsford, April 20, 1700, and was the son of Edward, "some time deacon of Newbury," and Rebecca, daughter of Cor- nelius Waldo, " from whom," says one of her de- scendants, " came that beloved name into the family." ("Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson," by James Elliot Cabot, vol. i. p. S.) Deacon Edward Emerson was the son of Rev. .Joseph Emerson, " the pioneer minis- ter of Mendon, who barely escaped with his life when the village was destroyed by the Indians," and of Eliz- abeth Buckley, grandd.aughter of Rev. Peter Buckley, who, " being silenced by Laud for non-conformity, crossed the sea, in 1G34, to New England, and pushed out through the woods . . . to Concord, and there spent most of his fortune as a pioneer of civilization." He was a famous minister in his day, greatly honored " by his people, and by all the ministers in the coun- try." Rev. Joseph Emerson, the Maiden minister, who could boast of such a distinguished ancestry, is represented to have been a precocious child ; was able to pray in the family, in the absence of his father, before he was eight years of age, " to the edification, and astonishment" of those present; was admitted to Harvard College in 1713, when he had but recently finished his thirteenth year, and was graduated in 1717. "He began to preach to general acceptance when he was eighteen." He was engaged in teaching and preached occasion.ally, during the next two or three years. In March, 1721, the church and town of Maiden, holding separate meetings on the same day, voted to call Mr. Emerson to be their minister. At that time he was not far from twenty-one years of age. He was ordained October 31, 1721. On De- cember 27, 1721, he married Miss Mary Moody, of York, M'l'ne, daughter of Rev. Samuel Moody and Hannah Sewall, who was " the only daughter of John Sevvall, of Newbury, and the first cousin of the Rev. Dr. Sewall, minister of the Old South Church, Bos- ton." "Father Moody," though distinguished for his eccentricity, was a man of prodigious mental tbrce of unimpeachable integrity and sincerity. His min- istry was uncommonly successful. He "was a zealous friend of revivals of religion." Whitefield " visited him and preached to his people." He has been spoken of as "a man of transcendent zeal in doctrine and practice." " When the offended par- ishioners, wounded by his pointed preaching, would rise to go out of church, he cried out, 'Come back, you graceless sinner, come back!' And when they began to fall into ill customs and ventured into the ale-house on a Saturday night, the valiant pastor went in after them, collared the sinners, dragged them forth, and sent them forth with rousing admonitions." ("Memoirs of Ralph W. Emerson," vol. i. p. 10.) Till' children of Rev. Joseph Emerson and Mary Moody numbered nine sons and four daughters. Seven sons and three daughters lived to grow up. Three of his sons were ministers, viz. : Joseph, who was born Aug. 25, 1724, graduated at Harvard in 1743, ordained at Pepperell, February 26, 1747, and died October 21), 1775 ; William, who was born May 21, 1743, graduated at Harvard in 17(i], and was ordained at Concord, January 1, 17liO, and died October 20, MALDEN. 493 1776; and John, who was born November 25, 1745, graduated at Harvard in 1764, was ordained the first minister of Conway, December 21, 1769, and died June 26, 1826, at the age of eighty-one. Rev. Wil- liam Emerson was " the patriot minister of Concord." He |)reached to the minute-men, and was a leader in the Revolutionary movements of the day. He was distinguished for hiii eloquence as a preacher, and es- pecially "noted for his beautiful reading of the hymns." He was also a man of literary tastes, but had little opportunity to cultivate them. He volun- teered to serve as the chaplain of a regiment, and when, in 1776, a reinforcement was sent from Jlassa- chusetts to the army at Ticonderoga, he went with the troops as chaplain. But the unaccustomed expo- sure brought on a severe attack of bilious fever, and he died at Rutland, Vt., at the age of thirty-three. " His wife was Phebe Bliss (his ' Phebe-bird ' he calls her in one of his letters), daughter of the Rev. Daniel Bliss, his predecessor in the Concord pulpit." Two children were given tiiem, William and Mary Moody. This William Emerson, Jr., was born in Concord, May 6, 1769, graduated at Harvard in 1789, was ordained at the age of twenty-three at Harvard (a town some twelve miles from Concord), May 23, 1792, and was called to the First Church in Boston in 1799. He married, October 25, 1796, Ruth Haskins, fifth daughter of Mr. John Haskins, of Boston. The fourth child and third son of Rev. William Emerson, Jr., and Ruth (Haskins), was Ralph Waldo Em- erson, who was born in Boston, May 25, 1803. This celebrated author, therefore, was the great-grandson of Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Maiden. Mary Moody Emerson, the sister of Rev. William Emerson, Jr., was a remarkable woman, and her unique char- acter is vividly set forth by her nephew, Ralph Waldo Emerson, in an article published in the Atkuitic Monthlu of 1883. Rev. Wm. Emerson, Sr., the eminent patriot and eloquent preacher of Concord, was doubtless a man of sincere and earnest evangelical faith. But Rev. John Pierce, D.D., affirms that Rev. William Emer- son, Jr., minister of the First Church in Boston, "in his theological views, perhaps went farther on the liberal side, than most of his brethren with whom he was associated." And he significantly adds, " I know not to what extent he preached his peculiar views, but I am not aware that he has ever definitely express- ed them in any of his publications." Dr. Charles Lowell, says of him: "He wius, to say the least, far from having any sympathy with Calvinism." (Sprague's Annals, vol. viii. Unitarian.) Mary Moody Emerson spent most of her childhood and youth in Maiden, first with her grandmother Emerson until the latter died, and then with her aunt, a sister of her father. She was a woman of keen intel- lect, and appears to have accepted, with satisfaction, the religious faith of her fathers. There was nothing negative in her nature, and she could not endure a religion made up chiefly of negations. Her idea seemed to have been that all men of earnestneas and power musl believe in Calvinism when they know what it is. Duplicity was no part of her character, and she could have had no patience with any coji- cealment or compromising of religious faith. Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Maiden, was a stanch Puritan in faith and character. He heartily accepted the Calvinistic interpretation of the Scriptures, and preached faithfully what he believed. His heart wiis full of kindness and his nature was sympathetic, yet in his preaching he was never negative, indefinite or compromising. His own son, the Rev. Joseph Emer- son, of Pepperell, in a sermon preached in Maiden in memory of his deceased father, said of him: "He was a Boanerges, a son of thunder to the workers of iniquity ; a Barnabas, a son of consolation to the mourners in Zion." He preached and prayed and labored for the conversion of his people, and not in vain. He believed in the new birth, and in revivals of religion. He and Samuel Moody, his fatherin-law and Daniel Bliss, the predecessor of his son William in the ministry at Concord, it is said, " were prominent supporters of Wbitefield, and invited him into their pulpits." Daniel Bliss, " a flame of fire," as his suc- cessor and son-in-law called him, was " the introducer of a new style of preaching, bold, ' zealous, impassioned, enthusiastic,' which brought him into trouble with the lukewarm Arminianism of the day." ("Memoir of Ralph W. Emerson," vol. i. p. 12). The Maiden minister is believed to have been in profound sym- pathy with this style of preaching. At the same time he had a reputation as a high scholar, and delighted in .scholarly studies. Mr. Cabot spoke of him as "a heroic scholar." His own granddaughter, Mary Moody Emerson, calls him " the greatest student in the country," and remarks, that " He was a reader of the Iliad, and said he would be sorry to think that tlie men and cities he read of never existed." He "left a library considerable for those days." AVithal he seems to have been an eminently prudent man, wise in speech and action. During his ministry a prolonged and fierce conflict raged in the town, respecting the location of a new meeting-house, which resulted in a division of the people, and the organization of the iSouth Church in Maiden, yet he " was not rei)roached by any as the cause." He was a positive man, and did not r^iain silent in those troublesome times in his parish. He spoke openly and preached faithfully against the contentions and alienations, but a])pears to have retained the respect of both parties. He must have been a nuin of vigorous health, as during his long ministry of more than forty-five years he lost but two Sabbaths by sickness. He died suddenly. The (plaint language of the town record is : He " deceased in the evening of the 13 day of July, 1767, very soon after lying down to sleep who was cheirly and in health before " All his living children, ten in number, were present at the funeral of their father, and followed 494 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. him as his form was borne to the grave. He was greatly beloved by his people, and long after his death hi« name was familar and his memory fragrant in Maiden. Rkv. Peter Thacher, D.D.— Mr. Thacher was the eighth minister of the First Church in Maiden. He was born in Milton, March 21, 1752, and was the son of Oxeubridge Thacher, " a very eminent lawyer, and a coadjutor of the early patriots of the Revolu- tion." He was the grandson of Rev. Peter Thacher, who married a daughter of Rev. John Oxeubridge, the latter a pastor of the First Church in Boston. He was the great-grandson of Rev. Thomas Thacher, the first pastor of the Old South Church, in Boston. The grandfather of our Mr. Thacher was pastor of the church in Milton for forty-six years; and his father. Rev. Thomas Thacher, was pastor of the Old South Church f(ir about nine and two-thirds years, having been installi^d the tirst pastor of that church, Febru- ary 16, 1G()9, and dying in the pastorate, October 15, 1678. His father was Rev. Peter Thacher, minister at Salisbury, in England. He did not come to this country. The eighth minister of the First Church in Maiden, therefore, belonged to an eminently ministerial family. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1769. After the death of Jlr. Emerson the old animosities among the people of Maiden seemed to have revived, and there was much division and conflict over the ques- tion of electing a new minister. At this critical juncture, Mr. Thacher, by invitation from a single man, preached one Sabbath morning in the Maiden church. " His youthful and engaging mien," says Dr. McClure, " his silvery voice and golden eloquence so charmed the disturbed elements, that during the intermission it was decided by acclamation that this was the man to heal the dissensions." He was or- dained September 19, 1770, when he was only eighteen years of age. He was a magnetic and brilliant preacher, yet perhaps more eloquent than profound. He had sincere evangelistic fervor, especially in the earlier part of his jniniatry. It is said of him that, — " His ruling puRsiuu, fruiu Lis earlieot years, seoins to liuve been to procluim tlie Gospel of tiie grace of God to his fellow-men ; and to tliis eTerything else wna rondereil subonlinate, and, so far as possible, subser- \ient. Willi the studies belonging appropriately to his College course, lie c«nneclud the study of Theology ; and at the time of his graduation ho was well-nigh prepared, according to the usage of the time, to enter on bis profi'seionul career. . . . His Aret efl'ol'ts in the pulpit awak- ened an unconinioQ interest. The multitudes crowded tiftor him, and hung upon his lips almost m if he had been a representative from some brighter world. Wbiteauld, in reference particularly to the lorvonr of his prayers, called him ' the Young Elijah ; ' and the strictness of his orlhoiloiy, not less than the depth and warmth of his devotion, gave him great favour, ospeclally with the more zealous portion of the com- munity." (Sprague's " A ils," vol. 1. p. 720.) The Hon. Harrison Gray Otis, who sat under Mr. Thachers preaching during his later ministry in Bost-.s] the strongest assurance, that if they should declare America to be a Free and Independent Republic, your constituents will support and defend the measure to the Last Drop of Their Blood and the Last Farthing of their Treas URES." (" Bi-Centennial Book," pp. 210, 212.) It is said that Mr. Thacher even, " on one occasion, joined a military corps, but, having put himself under command of the military ofiicer of the town, he was ordered to remain at home, that he might serve the cause of humanity in the discharge of the appropriate duties of his office." (Sprague's " An- nals," vol. i. p. 720.) After a ministry of some fourteen years in Maiden, Mr. Thacher was called to the pastorate of the Brat- tle Street Church in Boston. Such a proceeding was unusual in those times, the union of pastor and peo- ple being then regarded, not only as sacred, but inviolable except for the most imperative reasons. The ciimplaints of his peojile in Maiden "were loud and bitter." I5ut the prospect of a larger service in a wider field prevailed with their pastor, and the peo- ple yielded. While they refused to the end to sanction the action of the Boston Church, they gave to their pastor a letter of affectionate commendation. "He was dismi^sed Dec. 8, 1784, and was installed in the Brattle Street Church, Jan. 12, 1785, where he continued in office seventeen years, or until his last illness." *' His religious character is represented to have shone most brightly in the earlier and later periods of his life. During the period when he was brought into contact with the world, politically and socially, at so many pcilnls. Ilic fervour of his religious feelings is sivid to have considerably abated, and his public ministration to have bicouie, if i.ot leas popului. MALDEN. 495 at least less Bpiritiial and less effective. But towards the close of hip uiinistrj', especially when the evil days of adversity came, hia mind re- covered the tone of deep evangelical feeling which he had early exhib- ited, and Christianity, by her most serene and heavenly influences, illu- minated bis path to the grave." (Sprague's " Annals," vol. i. p. 722.) Having gone to Savannah for the benefit of his health, he died there December 16, 1802. Soon after he was settled in Maiden, on October 8, 1770, he married Mrs. Elizabeth Poole. Ten children were born to them ; two of them becoming distin- guished clergymen, and one an eminent lawyer. Many honors were conferred upon him, and among them the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, in 1791. The Ancient Meeting-Hodses in Malden.— The meeting-house in which the scholarly Mathews preached, and, during the early part of his ministry, the gifted Wigglesworth also, was located, as Mr. Corey informs us, " a little to the westward of Bell Rock." It was probably a small and plain building, designed to be used only temporarily as a place of worship. Bell Rock — an historical locality in Mai- den, and well known to all the older inhabitants — is about a third of a mile south of the pre.sent city hall, on the west side of Main Street, a few rods from the old parsonage house, which is on the opposite side of the street, and at the present time (1890) is owned by George H. Wilson, Esq. This rocky elevation re- ceived its name, according to tradition, from the cir- cumstance that in the early time a bell was placed upon it to call the people together on the Sabbath for worship, and on other occasions. This bell, it is said, was rung at first by being struck with a liammer, and afterwards by being swung in a frame from which it was suspended. Not till 1693 did the town vote " that the bell shall be hanged on the top of the meet- ing-house." On November 9, 1658, the selectmen, by written contract, engaged one Job Lane to build a new meet- ing-house, for which they were to pay him " the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds in corn, cord wood, sound and merchantable at prices current, and fat cattle." This second house of worship was also locat- ed near Bell Rock ; probably a little to the south of it. The contract required that it should be "a good, strong. Artificial meeting House, of Thirty-three foot Square." "All the sells, girts, m ay ue posts, plates, Beams and all other principal Timbers shall be of good and sound white or Black oake." Among other things, there were to be " a territt on the topp about six foot squr, to hang the bell in with rayles about it," " thre dores . . . east, west and south," a "pull- pitt and cover to be of wainscott to conteyne (five or SIX persons," a " deacon's seat allao of wainscott with door, and a table joyned to it to fall downe, for the Lord's Supper," and " seats throughout, made with good planks, with rayles on the topps, boards at the Backs, and timbers at the ends." " The windows," says Dr. McClure, " were few and small, on account of the great expense of them, and were constructed with diamond panes in leaden sashes, according to the fashion of the times." "A Seating Committee," elected by the town, an- nually assigned to each member of the congregation his seat in the house of worship, arranging the people "in an order corresponding to their share of the min- ister's rate, — age, deafness and dignity being taken into account." The work of this committee was called "dignifying the seats," and must have been, for both the committee and the people, a serious busi- ness. It was an out-cropping, in an uncongenial clime, of the old English aristocratic temper. More- over, it was thought necessary to good order, to seat the men on one side of the house and the women on the other side. A few of the most wealthy and nota- ble persons in the community were sometimes, by special vote of the town, permitted to build for them- selves, at their own cost, square pews separated from the common seats. March U, 1692, the town of Maiden voted, that "Corronal page hath liberty to build a pew." Colo- nel Nicholas Page was a wealthy merchant and a prominent military officer, whose favorite residence was on a fine farm in Chelsea. When living there he worshiped with the people of Maiden and generously aided them in supporting the minister. He presented to the First Church in JIalden two elegant silver chalices, which bear this inscription: "The gift of Col. Nicholas Page to the Church in Maiden, 1701." They are still used by the church at every communion service. Colonel Page appears to have been the first man who received permission from the town of Mai- den to build for himself and family a square pew; subsequently a few others were accorded the same privilege. These persons, of course, were exempted from coming under the orders of the committee ap- pointed to " dignify the seats." The deacons also ob- tained a similar exemption, as they occupied "the deacons' pew," which was always located immediately under the front of the pulpit, and was elevated some- what above the level of the other pews. A pew was also set apart for the deacons' wives, and probably another for the minister's family. The remainder of the congregation were seated by the seating commit- tee. But who should seat that committee? It is^tusy to see that this might become a momentous question, especiallsifthe committee should be inclined to dignify themselves unduly by appropriating .some of the most honorable seats. A single record shows how the town of Maiden, in one instance at leti-st, solved this dillicult problem. On January 2, 1695, at a town- meeting it was " Voted, that Two deakens shall seate those commitis that is acointed [appointed] to Seate ye meetiug-hous." It was doubtless thought that the deacons, as they could not have been otlended by any official and unfair assignment of their own seats, would be under no temptation to take revenge, but would exercise an impartial judgment in deciding -196 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the Rrave question of the rank and dignity of the sev- eral members of the seating committee. Many of the young people were permitted to sit together in the galleries of the meeting-house. Con- sequently the town of Maiden, following the general practice in New England, made careful provision to keep them in order. At one time the householders, or masters of families, were required to take turns in performing this police service. Afterwards a parish otficer was annually elected, who was called "the tithirig-man," and one of whose duties it was to main- tain strict order in the house of God during the hours of public worship; but lie probably was never a very popular man among the more ardent and impul- sive youths of Maiden. Near to an old-fashioned meeting-house in New England would almost or quite invariably have been seen the horse-blocks and horse-sheds, or stables. The former were for the convenience of the women in mounting their horses; and the latter were for the sheltering of the horses during the long services of jjublic worship. In Maiden, December 9, 1689, it was voted in town-meeting, that six men, whose names are given, should have " the privilege of a peece of land of 24 foots long and 9 foots wide, . . . for to set a stable to shelter their horses on the Sabbath days." Similar votes were passed in subsequent years. On March 5, 1 711, seventeen men were accorded the priv- ilege of erecting stables on the town's land, near to the meeting-house, not exceeding "three foots and half in breadth for on hors." The narrowness of the stables indicates that the people did not ride to meet- ing in any kind of " wheel-carriage," but " on horse- back." The second meeting-house, the building of which was begun in 1G58, appears not to have been finished until after June, 1G60. But it answered the needs of the people, as a house of worship, for more than forty years, or until 1702, when it was enlarged "by cut- ting it in two, and carrying off one end twenty-four feet." In 1721 the town raised forty pounds" for the further enlargement of the meeting-house.'' In 1727, sixty-seven years after the building of this second meeting-house, or twenty-live years after the first en- largement of it, it was found necessary to build again the house of God. The question of location was in- stantly raised, and a prolonged and bitter conflict en- sued, during which seeds of strife and division, of personal alienation and animosity were sown, which sprang up and bore bitter fruit through .scores of years. Mr. Emerson had then been settled only five or six yeara. He was a wise man and a lover of peace, but he coulil not calm the tempest. The people in the south part of the town contended for the old site near Hell Kock; the people in the north part for the site on which now stands the Universalisl house of wor- ship. Other sites were proposed, but received little consideration. The painful details of the struggle need not be rehearsed. It is sufficient to say, that the contest raged until the General Court interposed with the stern order that the new house should be placed on the north location. On August 28, 1729, the frame of the third meeting- house in Maiden was raised. It "was built," says Dr. McClure, " with but one gallery ; but afterwards another was built above the first. These were appro- priated to children and youth." According to Mr. Corey's vivid description : The building "was unpainted, both inside ar.d outside. The pulpit stood on the north side, opposite the great south door, which was the principal en- trance. Another door-way, on the easterly side, gave additional facilities for ingress and egress. In two corners stairways gave access to the gallery ; and the description quaintly adds: 'The east stair was for women and the west stair for men, and they could not get together in the gallery without getting over the railing.' " Rev. Thomas C. Thacher, son of the eighth minister of Maiden, writing, in 1849, of this third house of worship, in which, when a child, he listened to the eloquent preaching of his father, says : " There seems to rise again before me that ancient, weather-beaten church, the place of my earlier wor- ship, and where my venerated father taught and prayed. . . . Some of my ancient friends may re- member that old meeting-house. It was one of the plainest and strictest of its sect. It looked the old Puritan all over. It had no tower nor belfry. Its little bell was hung outside on a beam projecting from the gable-end of the building. Close by stood the old .school-house, with its enormous fireplace and rude benches, where I learned my rudiments.'" In this plain meeting-house the people worshiped for about seventy-three years. It gave place, in 1803, to a brick church, which, though repeatedly remod- eled, has stood to the present time (1890), and is now used by the Universalist Society, or the First Parish. When this house was built, if we may judge from the laconic parish record, there was no long debate or conflict respecting the building of it or its location. Perhaps the people recalled sadly the traditions that had come down to them respecting the dissensions and conflicts of the former time. The record is dated Dec. 7, 1801, and reads thus : "Voted, to build a brick meeting-house. Voted, to purchase the bricks rather than make them. Voted, to pass over the (ith and 7th articles. Voted, to ad- journ." This hou.se was dedicated .fanuary 19, 1803. The bell for this chnrch was given by the eccentric Mr. Dexter, usually called "Lord Timothy Dexter.'' The two cupolas, which were at first placed upon the house, were taken down in 1824, and in the place of them was erected the present steeple. Thk Paksonace Land and Housus.— On Decem- ber 22, Kif)!, the town, by vote, gave and granted to the then "present preaching elder (Mr. Mathews), 1 " Bi-Ceutenniul Book," p. 181, MALDEN. 497 and his next successor, and so, from time to time, to his successors, four acres of ground purchased of James Green for that end, and the house built there- upon, at the charge of all the inhabitants." This land was the parsonage land, now owned by George H. Wilson, Esq. This house was probably located a few rods south of the dwelling-house now owned by JSIr. Wilson, and was occupied by the successive min- isters of Maiden for about seventy-three years. On August 1, 1724 — Mr. Emerson then being the minis- ter — this parsonage-house, with nearly all its con- tents, was consumed by fire. Within a few months a new house, located a few rods north of the site of the burned house, was completed, and Mr. Emerson with his family moved into it, January 5, 1725. Dr. Mc- Clure affirms that "the frame of this house — the rest of it having long since been pretty much renovated — is still standing." It was sold to Mr. Wilson by the First Parish in 1845, and at the present time (1890) is still standing, and still owned by Mr. Wilson. This is the house in which the celebrated missionary, Rev. Adoniram Judson, was born, on August 9, 1788, his father, Rev. Adoniram Judson, being at that time the pastor of the First Church in Maiden. The pres- ent age of this ancient house is one hundred and six- ty-five years. The Malden South Church. — The action of the General Court, in arbitrarily deciding the question of the location of the third meeting-house, did not terminate the contentions and alienations that had vexed the town. The southern people were grievously oftended by the order of the Court. On the 9th of August, 1730, Rev. Mr. Emerson preached the farewell sermon in the old meeting- house near Bell Rock, from the text: "Remem- ber how thou hast received and heard." The next Sabbath the congregation worshiped for the first time in the new meeting-house. But the day was not a joyful one to all the people. A divi- sion of the parish was impending. The old aliena- tions continued. At length the malcontents decided to withdraw and establish public worship in the southern part of the town. On Sept. 13, 1730, they held their first separate meeting, and some time in the next year began to erect a house of worship on "Nelson's hill." The location was on or near the pres- ent corner of Hancock Street and Broadway, in Everett. " The meeting-house," says Mr. Corey, " was never fully completed, and it is said to have been in a very dilapidated condition in 1787." " It was reached by a way twenty-six feet wide, which led from the highway." Dr. McClure speaks of it as standing, " on that black and lonely hill," " in the midst of lots," and remarks, that " those who resorted to it never enjoyed the convenience of a public road." The separate meeting first established was main- tained for three years. " A Council of three churches" was then called to organize a church. It seems to have taken two or three days to etfect the 32-iii organization, for the council met April 16, 1734, and on April 18th, " embodied what for fifty-eight years was known as the Maiden South Church." The number of male members at first was sixteen. No officers were chosen until the 4th of September in that year, when John Mudge was elected deacon, and Jonathan Sargeant and Ebenezer Upham were elected ruling elders. On Sept. 24, 1735, Rev. Joseph Stimpson was chosen pastor, who, on account of his ill health, was dismissed in 1744. The next pastor. Rev. Aaron Cleveland, was installed in 1747, and in two or three years was dismissed. He was an intimate friend ofDr. Benjamin Franklin ; was the great grand- father of the Hon. William E. Dodge, of New York city, and of the Rt. Rev. A. Cleveland Cox, Bishop of the diocese of Western New York ; and he was the great-great-grandfather of Grover Cleveland, Ex- President of the United States. He died in Phila- delphia, at the house of his friend Benjamin Frank- lin, August 11, 1757. The third and last pastor of the South Church was Rev.EliakimWillis,who was ordain- ed Oct. 25, 1752. The existence of this church from its beginning seems to have been little more than a lin- gering death. " In the course of thirty or forty years," says Dr. McClure, "their interests so far de- cayed that they barely maintained the forms of pub- lic worship. Mr. Willis was obliged to take the par- sonage to satisfy his claims for salary. He then preached for some time, for a little pittance, which was raised from Sabbath to Sabbath," depending mainly " upon his labor as a farmer for a livelihood." . In 1787 a brief spasm of life was given to this dying church, by the addition to it of a score of disaffected members of the First Church. Their first work was to repair the long-neglected meeting-house. "They found the windows badly shattered, the clap-boards hanging down by the end, and the whole edifice pre- senting a most cheerless and desolate aspect." Five years later this house, which should never have been built, was abandoned forever as a house of worship. The South Church decided to terminate its separate existence, and to return to the mother church. On March 25, 1792, the two churches assembled in the " North Meeting-House," and there " voted to be in- corporated, with their officers, into one body." Rev. Adoniram Judson, Ninth Pastor of the First Church. — He was the youngest son of EI- nathan and Mary Judson, wis born in Woodbury, Conn., in June, 1752, and graduated at Yale College in 1775. He married, November 23, 1786, Abigail Brown, who was born December 14, 1769, in Tiverton, R. I., and was the eldest daughter of Abraham and Abigail Brown. The First Church, on December 8, 1784, had reluc- tantly parted with its popular minister. Rev. Peter Thacher. On July 3, 1786, it voted to call to the pas- torate Rev. Adoniram Judson. His settlement, how- ever, was strenuously opposed by some of the people. The church found great difficulty in agreeing upon 498 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the composition of the council that should be called to ordain the pastor-elect. The majority voted from time to time to call an ordaining council, specifying each time the churches which should be invited to send delegates, until no less than four such votes had been passed. Letter missives were issued for three of these councils. One was prevented from assembling by a great storm. Of tlie other two, the first met November 15, 1786 ; but after an examination of the circumstances attending the call, its members were not able to agree upon a result. Mr. Judson, after understanding that " the difficulties," which caused a difference of opinion in the council, " did not imme- diately relate to him," requested a dissolution of that body." "And upon his desire the council dissolved.'' The last council summoned by letters missive as- sembled January 23, 1787; "and notwithstanding there were found some objections against the ordina- tion, they deemed it their duty to proceed to the ex- amination of the pastor-elect." Having carefully ex- amined him, " the Council were unanimously satisfied with his qualifications for the Gospel Ministry," and accordingly " ordained him to the pastoral office." (Church Records.) The "objections," which prob.ably came for the most part from persons who were not members of the church, but of the parish only, appear to have been made, not against Mr. Judaon personally, but against his theological beliefs. These opponents, however, weie extremely earnest and persistent. They pleaded also that the settlement of Mr. Judson would prove " an effectual barrier in preventing the mutually wished-for union of the two parishes in this town, both of which have severely felt their separation and thus remaining will probably terminate in the ruin of both." Twenty-one men, under the lead of Capt. John Dexter, presented to the council an earnest pro- test against the ordination of Mr. Judson, which, however, proved of no avail. The signers of this pro- test are reported to have been men of prominence and influence, and most of them soon seceded and united with the people of the South Precinct. Probably various considerations influenced those who set them- selves so strenuously against the settlement of Mr. Judson. Indeed, it looks as if a serious attempt was made at this time by a minority, to change the doctrinal faith, if not the ecclesiastical polity, of the church. It is quite significant that the vote of the church to call Mr. Judson (as well as that to call a previous candidate, Kev. David Avery) was preceded by another vote, which was worded as follows : " For th6 liirornmtlon of tlio Gcnllejiien that wo May Invite to Settle ■niongc n». . . . Vulcd, thut wo consider ourselves a Congregational Church In Cumuiunion and Followshlp witli the Cliurches of that order In this and Nolghborlng Slalos, and Expect the Pastor tliat may be Sett over ua In the Lord to be Instated and to Couform in all Ecclesiastical M»tl«r» to the General Practice and Usages of this and other Ohurchoj of that Denomination agreeable to the word of God." (Church Records.) The only specific theological objection, which wa.« put on record, to the settlement of Mr. Judson, was that of Capt. John Dexter, who entered a protest against " Settling a Minister of Bade Hopkintonian Principels," referring evidently to the principles of " Consistent Calvinism." But what Capt. Dexter and his party called " Bade" principles were the Christian beliefs which, at a later day, made the son of that |)a8tor-elect a self-sacrificing and apostolic missionary — " The apostle of Burmah," as he was called, whose name is immortal. What that objector and his party found fault with were those interpretations of the Scriptures which inspired the men who founded the Andover Theological Seminary, who organized the American Board for Foreign Missions, and nearly all our great missionary and benevolent societies ; which inspired in the churches that evangelistic spirit that, under God, has brought on the great revivals of relig- ion, for which New England has been distinguished during the present century. It was a sad day for the First Church in Maiden when it had on its roll, or on its parish-roll, the names of men who were opposed to such " Principels," and called them " Bade." This factious spirit was unanimous. Indeed, it proved to be the beginning of a sad history. Mr. Judson was an able and godly man, but belabored in vain to unite the divided people. After struggling at the task for about four and a half years, at his own request, an ecclesiastical council was called, which sanctioned the dissolution of the pastoral relation. He was dismissed August 21, 1791, with emphatic commendations from the couucil, and also from the people to whom he had ministered. He was installed in December, 1792, pastor of the Congregational Church in Wenham, Mass., and, after a pastorate of seven years, was dismissed at his own request, in 1799. In 1802 he was installed pastor of a Congregational Church in Plymoutti, Mass., and remained there fifteen years, or until 1817, when he resigned on account of a change in his views respecting the mode and the subjects of Christian baptism. He died in Scituate, Mass., November 25, 1826, aged seventy six years. Although he at last followed his distinguished son into the Baptist denomination, he was buried, at his own re- quest, from a church dedicated to the service of his earlier faith. To the question which has repeatedly been asked, " What was the relation of the Judson family, when residing in Maiden, to the First Baptist Church in that town ? the answer must be, rume whatever, for the simple reason that there was no Baptist Church in Malrien at that time. The pastorate of Rev. Mr. Judson, with the First (or Congregational) Church in that town, as we have seen, commenced January 23, 1787, and terminated August 21, 1791; but the First Baptist Church in Maiden was not organized until 1803, or until twelve years after Mr. Judson had left the town. His distinguished son, the missionary, was born in Maiden, August 9, 1788, and doubtless in his infancy received in baptism the seal MALDEN. 499 of that ancient covenant which Paul teaches is not disannulled in the Christian era. He was only three years of age when his family left Maiden, and was twenty-four years old before he became a Baptist. Twenty-one years, therefore, had passed after he left Maiden before he embraced the distinctive views of the Baptists ; and his father did not embrace them until twenty-six years after he had left this town. It is difficult to see, therefore, what special relation any of the Judson family had to the First Baptist Church in Maiden. But in God's Providence it is an honor to the town, and all the Christian Churches in it may well rejoice and give thanks that such a uoble missionary as Dr. Adoniram Judson, "the apostle of Burmah," was born in Maiden. Rev. Eliakim Willis, the Tenth Pastor of THE First Church. — When the First and South Churches in Maiden met in the North meeting- house, March 25,1792, and "voted to be incorporated, with their officers, into one body," that vote made the Eev. Eliakim Willis the minister of the First Church Previous to that vote the First Church had no pastor, but was provided with deacons. The South Church probably had no deacons, but was provided with a pastor. When, therefore, the two churches " with their officers," were merged into one church, the latter was fully officered. There does not appear to have been any formal installation of Mr. Willis into his office. No council was called, either for an install- ation service or to advise, or even to recognize the union of the two churches. There was, doubtless, a reason for this. Any examination of the beliefs of Mr. Willis, or of those held by his former church, might have made trouble. Little is known of the early life of Mr. Willis. He was born in Dartmouth, Mass., June 9, 1714. Dart- mouth at that time included the territory now com- prised in the city of New Bedford. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1735 ; was called to the pastor- ate of the South Church in Maiden, October 16, 1751, and was ordained October 25, 1752. He had been the minister of the South Church about forty years, when he was called to be the tenth pastor of the First Church. And when he entered upon the latter pas- torate he was nearly four-score years of age. He was then for several years the sole settled minister in Maiden. He died in the pastorate, March 14, 1801, at the age of eighty-seven years. The funeral services were held on the ISth of March. Six neighboring ministers were invited to serve " as pall-holders," viz.: "Revd. Messrs. Roby,Prentiss, Osgood, Morse, Thacher and Lathrop. Doct. Morse being on a journey, Doct. Eliot was apply'' to in his room." The services were conducted with "great solemnity." The meeting- house was "shrouded in black." The members of the church wore badges of mourning. " Doct. Lathrop made the first prayer. Doct. Thatcher preached from 2 Tim., 4 Ch., 6, 7, 8 verses. Mr. Prentiss made ye last prayer." Ati imposing procession followed the body of the venerable minister to the grave. Although his prolonged ministry in Maiden appears not to have been in spiritual results a successful one, yet in his death he was highly honored. September 27th, " a letter left by Mr. Willis, and delivered by his executors," was read to the church, " wherein he begs the church to accept from his ex- ecutors a bible, and exhorts that the scriptures may be read in public every Lord's day ; whereon the church voted that the scriptures be read in public, forenoon and afternoon, every Lord's day, except in severe cold weather." Mr. Willis also " left a number of theological works as the basis of a parish library." In his theological beliefs Mr. Willis was evidently an Arminian. The Arminianism of his day, however, must not be confounded with that of the Wesleys. It was, indeed, in several respects, the extreme op- posite of the Wesleyan Arminianism. The latter was " warm, vital and evangelical ;" the former " was cold, formal, unreligious, sceptical, tending to scepticism and infidelity." (" Sketches of the Theological History of New England," by Enoch Pond, D.D., p. 28.) It would more properly have been called Pelagianism, or Semi-Pelagianism. Prof. Moses Stuart affirmed that the Arminianism that troubled some of the churches of New England in the last century, and in the beginning of the present, was not the theology of Armiuius, but " was Semi-Pelagianism in some re- spects, and Semi-Rationalism in some others ; a com- pound of latitudinarian sentiments." " Arminianism now is, one might almost say, everything or anything that is opposed to orthodoxy. It exists in all forms and all gradations." (" Biblical Repository," 18.31, p. 804.) Perhaps themostprominent characteristic of the so-called Arminians was their violent opposition to about every doctrine that is distinctively Calvinistic. Yet they generally claimed that they were standing only for a broad, liberal and tolerant theology ; that it was really of no consequence what a man believed ; that a good character and a respectable life were the main things ; and that these can be attained apart from any experimental religion or change of heart. " They discouraged warmth and engagedness in religion as things of a bad tendency," and were afraid of noth- ing so much as what they called enthusiasm. Innova- tions in point of doctrine were considered of small importance. If people attended public worship on the Sabbath, and paid their taxes, and made no pre- tensions to any unusual seriousness, but sneered and scoffed at those who did, they might expect to be re- garded as very good men." (" Sketches of the Theo- logical History of New England," by Dr. Enoch Pond, pp. 29, 30.) The Arminian ministers wholly disregarded, in their preaching, the Scriptural distinction between saints and sinners, between the regenerate and the un- generate. They abominated all evangelistic fervor, and especially revivals of religion. The advent of Whitefield and the power of his preaching aroused 500 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. their anger, and he was excluded from their pulpits. They ceased to make a credible evidence of conver- aion a condition of admission to the church, and in- vited all persons of decent character and respectable lives to come into full communion. The consequence was that few became church-members, and in many instances even the congregations sadly diminished. The undeniable historic fact is, that this so-called Arminianism was the common, broad highway to Unitarianism and to Universalism. In less than a year after, Mr Willis was ordained as the minister of the South Church in Maiden, or on December 28, 1752, that church adopted a new Con- fession of Faith and Covenant which were written undoubtedly by the pastor. As a confession of faith it was extremely meagre and vapid, having in its original form only three articles of belief As a creed it was also indefinite, superficial and equivocal. In one part it was unintelligible, and in some of its state- ments glaringly defective and misleading. Any Ar- minian of that day could have subscribed to this creed without hesitation. Evidently it was intended to be an Arminian confession of faith. At a later date the Universalists in Maiden made it the basis oi their creed and covenant. When Mr. Willis became the pastor of the First Church (March 25, 1792) he brought with him this Confession of Faith and Covenant. There is no rec- ord of its adoption by the First Church ; yet it ap- pears to have become, in some way, its Creed and Covenant, and to have remained such so long as that church was permitted to sustain any relation to the First Parish. Mr. Willis also not only brought into the First Church the members of the South Church (very few probably in number), who had been religiously edu- cated under his Arminian preaching and creed, but also brought back to the First Parish, at least, if not into the church, the score of men who were so in- tensely dissatisfied with Mr. Judson's " Bade Hop- kintonian Principels," and who, in consequence ol his ordination, withdrew to the South Parish. The only class of people in New England, at that time, having any connection with evangelical churches, who were strenuously antagonizing orthodox beliefs, were the so-called Armiiiians. The twenty-one se- ceders, who were so bitterly opposed to the evangeli- cal beliefs of .\doniram Judson, were delighted with the beliefs of Mr. Willis. This corroborates the view that both .Mr. Willis and the secedcrs from the First Parish were Arminians. Less than three years after the settlement of Mr. Willis as pastor of the First Church, at a church meeting held November 10, 1791: "Tlio I'liator Bcquiilnloi) tlio l.rclliron with Iii» deelro of knowing lliulr nilnil, relHtivv In tlio lulniiMion of any of a liliimuloKi life and con- roiwllon, to llio ownlnn; or rocogiiizlng of tlie Covenant, that tlioir clilWnin nilglit bo ailiiiltlua to Ujiptl»in,— also relative lo the terms or manner of rcclviiig nienibore Into full communion (i.«.), with or with- out a written RelaUon." The church record adds : "After some time spent, with respect to the first, the Church ad- journed to the 24th iuBt«nt." The next records are as follows : " Nov. 24 the Church met according to adjournment. After some time spent, being much divided in seutiment, and several ntenibers be- ing absent, voted to adjourn, for farther consideration, to ye first tues- day of April next, to meet at the north meeting-house. " 1794. — At a Church meeting Decemb' IS)**' the Pastor communicated to them a Request to him Signed by a Number of the Brethren of tlie Church to appoint a Chh meeting, that the Last Vote of the Church might be Reconsidered, and the matter then under Consideration be taken up, if the Chh should think fit, — after some Conference, the Church Voted in the Negative, by the majority of One. " 179.S, April 70^. — The Church met according to adjournment, and lat Chose Deacon Ranisdell Moderator. 2'' keep his speech and conduct so indefi- nite and neutral as to satisfy both parties. But, as usual in such cases, he seems to have satisfied neither. The Universalists had no further need of him, as he would not announce himself a Universalist, and unite with thfm in their attempt to change the long estab- lished religions faith of the church and parish. The members of the church (w)io, though now few in number were nearly all,— strange to say, considering the religious instruction they had so long been receiv- ing—thoroughly orthodox in their beliefs), were dis- pleased, because their pastor did not take an open and firm stand with them, and lend them in a brave defence of the ancient faith of their church. He could not see it to be his duty to take either course, but in the mid.st of the battle determined to flee from the scene, and leave the contending parties to settle their strife as best they could. In his letter of resignation, while he expressed sin- cere affection for his people, and gratefully recognizes their love and kindness to himself, he also speaks in plain terms of his grievous trials, and earnestly de- fends the neutral course he had taken, which seems to have been severely criticised by some of his people. His resignation was accepted, after he had been kindly invited to supply the pulpit for a short time. An ecclesiastical council was called to approve of this sundering of the pastoral tie, and he was dismissed August 8, 1827, with warm commendations from the council and from both the church and the parish. The Sepaeatiost or the First Chuech feom THE FiEST Parish. — Previous to May 8, 1826, cer- tain members of parish had become acquainted wiih several Universalist ministers. " Whittemore, Ballou, Streeter and Dean, Universalists, had preached in Mai- den in the old brick school-house once standing on Pleasant Street." At the above date began the eflbrts, already noticed, to introduce into the pulpit of the First Church these or other Universalist preachers, al- though Mr. Green was still the pastor, — efforts which overwhelmed him with grief, forced his resignation, and brought on a controversy which for years filled the town with the most painful dissensions and bit- ter enmities. Mr. Green's resignation of his pastoral office did not arrest, but rather intensified, the contest between the Universalists and those who adhered to the ancient faith of the church. The struggle, however, was con- tinued mainly, not within the church, but within the pari.sh. It would seem from the records of the par- ish, and also from those of the Church, that the Uni- versalists were now determined that the entire prop- erty of the parish should be used— as it never before had been used, and as it was never entrusted to the parish to be used — for the support of a Universalist minister and for the propagation of Universalism in Maiden. On the other hand, nearly all the members of the First Church resented the attempt to settle over them a Universalist minister, without the vote of the church and against its will. They knew that from the beginning the Congregational Churches had enjoyed the priceless liberty and the sacred right of electing their own pastors; and that the parish, at a later date, had come into being mainly to exercise a trusteeship in the service of the church, and had never intentionally, by the Bill of Eights or by any legislation, been invested with the right to vote in the election of a pastor, except in concurrence or non- concurrence with an election previously made by the church ; and that all the property in the care of the parish was trunt property — property entrusted to it for certain specific purposes and for no other — which MALDEN. 503 could never be honestly and rightfully used except in support of the faith and the minister of that particu- lar church to which the parish itself was legally and organically united. The number of the members of the church at that time, according to the church records, was eighty- three, twenty of whom were males, and sixty-three were females. The number of active members then living in Maiden was probably less. The male mem- bers doubtless, were all, or nearly all, members also of the parish, and others in the parish sympathized with them and actively supported them. The women of the church were not members of the parish ; had they been, the final issue of the conflict, beyond question, would have been quite different from what it was. The comparative strength of the two parties was usually indicated in the choice of a moderator at the parish meeting, although often the number of votes cast was not recorded. At a meeting of the parish held Aug. 1, 1827, in the choice of a moderator, "Ed- ward Wade, Esq. (the candidate of the Universalists), had eighty-eight votes, and Ephraim Buck, Esq. (the candidate of the Congregationalists), had one hun- dred and eleven, and was elected." This was an im- portant meeting, for (on account, apparently, of some illegality in the calling and transactions of several previous meetings, including the annual meeting in May), all the parish officers were to be elected, and, what was of still more moment, "a committee to sup- ply the pulpit was to be chosen." As the Congrega- tionalists were now the majority, they elected the parish officers and also the committee to supply the pulpit. But at the next annual parish meeting, held March 20, 1828, although the number of votes cast for moder- ator was not recorded, Edward Wade, the leader of the Universalists, was elected to that office, and all the parish officers elected, also the five members of the committee chosen to supply the pulpit, were Universalists. It would be interesting to know how the orthodox majority of the year before had been overcome, and a Universalist majority had been gained. But the parish records are silent upon this subject, and they were never again under the control of the Congregationalists. Previous to this annual parish meeting the Kev Sylvanus Cobb, a young Universalist preacher of considerable reputation iu his own denomination, and especially distinguished as a controversialist, had preached several times in Maiden, probably in the hall of the school-house then standing on the south side of Pleasant Street, upon the site now occupied by the Masonic Building. Mr. Cobb had made a favor- able impression upon the Universalists, and at the pariah meeting above referred to (March 20, 1828), " Tbe following motion was made anJ adopted, viz., tiiat from llie higb oppinion this society Entertains of the Revd Sylvanus Cobb our Committee be I eqiiested to Employ him aa our Minister for one year— ou Hucb terms as shall be satisfactory to him and honorable to the so- ciety— and in case of bis delinquency for any part of said time, such other person or persons as they may think proper." But at a parish meeting held June 25, 1828, it was " Voted, To adopt the motion made iu writing by Mr. Benj» G. Hill, which is as follows— That the high satisfaction derived from the Pas- toral Labours of the Rev. Sylvanus Cobb since bis stay in Maiden that it is deemed a subject of e.\pediency to appoint a Committee to wait on him to obtain his terms of settlement with the society and report (aa soon as can be convenient) to this meeting. Voted, That Mr. Beiy» Lynde, W" Barrett and Dea. Eben' Townsend be a committee for the purposes above. Voted, Not to proceed any further on business of this meeting untill the committee aforesaid report their doings." This committee, after an interview with Mr. Cobb, who was already residing in the parsonage, returned to the meeting and presented in writing a long report, in which are stated in minute detail the terms upon which Mr. Cobb agrees to settle "over said Parish or Society as their Pastor." The society at once voted that the report be accepted, " and that Mr. Cobb be settled agreeably thereto ; " also that the " installa- tion " shall take place July 30, 1828, and that a com- mittee be chosen " to write letters of communication to the several Clergymen which they may deem pro- per to officiate at the solemnization of the connection between this society and the Rev. Sylvanus Cobb." Several other votes are entered upon the record as having been passed, and finally tbe clerk records that, by vote, the meeting was dissolved, and officially signs his name. Then he adds another record, as follows: " N. B. this Vote waa taken but overlooked to be put in its regular place, which vote was as follows, viz., Voted, that this Parish concur with the recommendation of the church. . . . The recommendation is as followeth ... at a meeting of the trrst church of Christ in Maiden at the Parsonage house June '^3, 1S28, voted unanimously that this church recommend to tbe Parish with which we stand connected to settle Rev. Sylvanus Cobb as our Pastor. Ebenr Townsend, Clerk protem. Attest Ch'. Hill, Parish Clk." On the day appointed for the installation services, (July 30, 1828) "the Council met in the parlors of William Barrett — Hosea Ballon, of Boston ; Sebastian Streeter, Thomas Whittermore, of Cambridge ; Russell Streeter, of Watertown, and Walter Balfour, of Charles- town, assisting." Turning now to the records of the First Church in Maiden, we find several entries which are of marked significance, especially when compared with the above recorded transactions of the so-called " First Church," and of the First Parish. Under date of "Maiden, May 31, 1828," is found the following record of action taken by the First Church at a church meeting : "Whereas a complaint has been laid !in before the First Congrega- tional Church in Maiden agaiust U'. Ebenezer Townsend, specifying that, contrary to the wishes and faith of tbe Church, bo is aiding and assisting in supplying the pulpit in the First Congregational Society iu this place with an Universalist preacher, which doctrine to this Church is heresy ; and whereas the first and second steps according to the gospel have been taken witli him without ulitaining satisfaction ; and whereas he has been cited to appear before the Church and answer to saiit com- plaint, and he having failed to render any sjitisl'action to the Uburcb ; therefore Voted, that wo consider said Tow nseud's (conduct?), as stated ill the above complaint, a breach of Church covenant, and that he be no longer a member of this Church. Voted that the above be read be- fore tbe Church at their next couimuuiou, before tbe administratiou of the ordinance of tbe supper. Attest, EiiinAiM Buck, Clerk." 504 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The next record presents a scene which most pa- thetically discloses the sweet and tender spirit of the pastorless church and the unfailing fidelity of its members to their evangelistic and Christly mission, even in the darkest days of its great tribulation. The record reads thus : "Maiden, June 1, 1828. "This clay tlio sacmment of the Lord's Supper »iis adniiuisteied, and four persons were admitted by profession to this Church, viz.: Uriah Oakes, Jr., Granville Jefts, Charlotte Cakes and Eliza A. Pierce. The three first were baptised. Attest, "Ephbaiu Buck, Clerk." This scene, coming in as it does in the height of the battle, amidst the clash of arms, "the thunder of the captains and the shouting," seems even now like a rift in the overshadowing blackness through which can be seen heaven. The record immediately following the above is as follows: " Malden, July 30, 1828. *' This day the Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, an Dniversalist preacher, is said to bo installed to the ]>astor:tl cure of the first church in Alalden. The churcli, having heard that the above iustallatiou was to take place, pre- pared and sent in the following {remonstrauce, but the council refused to hear it. Remonstbance. "To the Ecclesiastical Council to be convened in Maiden July 3(lth, 1828, for the purpose of installing the Rov. Sylvanus Cobb, as Pastor of the first Church and Parish in said town. •'Gentlemen, — Having heard that a meeting of the first Church in Maiden, without the desire, or request, or knowledge of the members, had been called by the Kcv. Sylvanus Cobb, who himself was not a member; and that at said unauthorized meeting, attended only by Mr. Ebenezer Townsend (excommunicated from our Cliurch May 31, 1828), bis wife, Susannah, and Miss Klizabeth H. Sargent, the liev. Sylvanus Cobb was elected l>y tbcni a member, as they claim, of the first Church in Maiden ; and that afterward the aforesaid persons, together with tlie Uev. Sylva- nus Cobb, proceeded to receive to Church fellowship sundry other per- sons, and also to elect the Rev. Sylvanus Cobb to be the Clerk, ami the said Ebenezer Townsend to bo a Deacon of the said first Church, as they claim; and also having heard that the first Parish in Maiden had given to the Kev. Sylvanus Cttbb a call to settle in the ministry over the said first Parish ; and that Wednesday, the thirtieth day of .July Instant, wjw appointed for the installation — "Wo, the undersigned officers and members of the church connected with the said first parisli, having never alienated ourselves, by certificate or otherwise, from the said Cliurch or Parish, wholly disown and disap- prove of (lie doings of the above named Ebene;£er Townsend, his wife and Miss Elizabeth A. Sargent and those connected with them in the above- named transactions, as being entirely unprecedented and contrary to all ecdesituticul usage, and contrary to our own wishes and feelings. And we do also hereby remonstrate against any ecclesiastical Council proceeding to install the Rev. Sylvanus Cobb as pastor over tho First Church in Maiden. Maiden, July 20, 1828. " Ei'iiRAiM Buck, > ,^ Lewis Fisher, ,. o t. t Deacons. ... „ ' " SILAS Sarobnt, ) Nathan Newkall, " Amos Sahoent, Wm. H. Riouabdson." "PifiNEAs Spbaouc, "Wo, tho undersigned, being members of the First Church in Maiden approve of tho above remonstrance." To this approval of the remon- strance are alfixcd the signatures of twenty-nine women, and the whole Is followed by tho oRlclal cortlDcatlon : " True copy, Ephraiiu Buck, Clerk." This rentonstrance had no effect at the time, as the council of Univcrsalist ministers which was called to install the Rev. Mr. Cobb refused to hear it read. It is but fair to look next at the records of the Univcrsalist Cliurch in Maiden. Opening the book, we find that they are called " Records of the First Church of Christ in Maiden." The record of the first meeting is, in part, as follows : " At a meeting of the First Church of Christ in Maiden, holden at the Parsonage house. May 22'', 1S2S : *'l"t. Voted that we approve the doings of the Parish in employing Kev. Sylvanus Cobb to lead in our public devotions, and minister unto us the word of life, the present year. "2^. Votedthat Kev. Sylvanus Cobb and Mrs. Eunice H. Cobb bo re. ceived into fellowship as members of this Church. "S"*. Voted to receive Brs. Charles Hill, Artemus Cutter and Edward Wade into fellowship as members of this Church. **4ti>. Chose Br. Sylvanus Cobb Secretary of this Church." A committee was then appointed " to prepare a new draus;ht of the Confession of Faith and Covenant used by the Church in the admission of members, with suitable amendments, and also to draught a code of By-Laws." The meeting was then adjourned. The question inevitably arises at this point. Who elected Rev. Mr. Cobb and received him as a member of the First Church in Maiden? It is recorded that he was received at a meeting of the First Church in that town. But it is certain that neither the deacons nor any other of the numerous members of the First Church who signed " the remonstrance " had re- ceived any notification of that meeting, or had any knowledge of it until after it had been held. Was that so-called church meeting composed, at its open- ing,of simply Ebenezer Townsend, his wife Susannah, and Miss Elizabeth H. Sargent? and did they three assume to be the " First Church in Maiden," and as such church receive members and elect Mr. Cobb as secretary ? If so, the prayer : " God have mercy on their souls," ought to have gone up from the hearts of all good people in Maiden ; and not for those three persons only should the prayer have been offered, but also for all who abetted or sanctioned such a transac- tion. It is not believed that such a procedure would now be regarded by any member of the Univcrsalist Church in Maiden with any other than' feelings of repugnance and reprobation. The First Univcrsalist Church in Maiden held its second meeting on June 7, 1828, at which it received seven persons by confession of faith, adopted " a new draught" of the Arminian Confession of Faith and Covenant, written by Rev. Eliakim Willis, " with suitable amendments,'' and also adopted a resolution as follows : " Itetohed^ That whereas Deacons Buck and Sargeant have withdrawn themselves from the Parish with which we, as a Church, stand con- nected, have absented themselves from our religious meetings, and have united themselves to another religious Society, we can, therefore, no longer recognize them as Deacons of this First Church of Christ in Mai- den ; and it is expedient that we proceed to choose at least one person to that office at tho present time. . . . Chose Br. Ebenezer Townsend First Deacon of this Church." But Deacons Buck and Sargent, in the "Remon- strance" of July 30, 1828 (quoted above), distinctly and publicly affirmed that they were still "officers and members of the church connected with the First Parish, having never alienated ourselves, by certifi- cate or otherwise, from said church or parish," nor MALDEN. 505 had they united themselves to any other religious society. They continued for years after this to be officers of the First Church and members of the First Parish. There is no record, up to this date, of any vote by which the First Parish had formally and le- gally sundered its long-continued connection with the First Church, nor of any vote by which the First Church had formally and legally sundered its long- continued connection with the First Parish. It should be noticed that Ebenezer Townsend ap- pears at this meeting as a member of the church, so called, there assembled, and is elected deacon. But there is no record of his having been received to this Uuiversalist Church. He must, therefore, have been one of those two or three members of the First Church who, on May 22, 1828, met secretly at a private house, called themselves " The First Church of Christ in Maiden," received Rev. Mr. Cobb and four other per- sons, as they claimed, into the " First Church," and then elected Mr. Cobb secretary of that church. Mrs. Susan Townsend and Miss Elizabeth H. Sargent are also recognized in the records of the Uuiversalist Church as members of that church, but there does not appear to be any record of their reception into that church. This indicates that they united with Mr. Townsend, on May 22, 1828, in calling them- selves " The First Church of Christ in Maiden." It does not appear that any others were associated with those three persons in that notorious act of assump- tion and fraud, until they had received Mr. Cobb and others as members. The First Uuiversalist Church in Maiden held its third meeting " at the Parsonage, June 23, 1828." The record of this meeting is as follows : "Ist Chose Br. E. Wade, Moderator pro tern. ** 2^ Chose Br. E. Townsend, Secretary pro tern. "3'' Voted unanimously, That this Church recommend to the Parish with which we stand connected, to settle Rev. SylTanua Cobb as Pastor of our Church and Parish. " EuEN Townsend, Secetarypro tern. " A true copy of the Record of the meeting. " SvLVANUs Cobb, Secretary^ Returning now to the history of the First Church, we cannot find that more than three of its members' united in the organization of the Uuiversalist Church, viz.: one man and two women ; and the oue man was, after due form and process of discipline, excommuni- cated from the First Church before the Uuiversalist Church held its second meeting. The brethren of the First Church, and other men in the town who sympa- thized with them, retained their connection with the First Parish so long as there was any hope of restoring the parish property to the uses for which it had been intrusted to the parish. As late as January 23, 1832, they appear to have made a most earnest but fruitless effort, through the power of the ballot, to discharge their obligations as honest men, placed in care of trust property, a part of which had come down to them, unperverted in its use, through nearly two centuries. At a meeting of the First Parish, held at the above date, the whole number of votes cast for moderator was 228. Of this, Edward Wade, Esq., a leader of the Uuiversalists, received 134 ; the good physician and orthodox deacon, Ephraim Buck, re- ceived ninety-three ; and Thomas Odiorne received one. Another unsuccessful attempt of this kind was made at a parish meeting held March 26, 1832. This was the last effort which the orthodox party made, through the ballot, to save the parish property to the uses for which it had been intrusted to the parish. It may not be best, in this place, to describe in detail the proceedings by which a Uuiversalist majority was secured in those decisive parish-meetings. It is a painful story. Suffice it now to say that the majority, according to abundant and trustworthy evidence, was obtained by methods which were anything but right- eous and honorable. And when that majority was obtained, the bars were put up. New rules for the admission of members were forthwith adopted, which thereafter made it impossible for any persons except Uuiversalists to become members of this ancient orthodox parish. After the orthodox party had failed to restore by their votes the parish property to the .service of evan- gelical faith, the service to which it was consecrated by its donors, they brought suit at law against the parish. But this, too, failed of success. The courts at that time were dominated by the influence of an extraordinary decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth, which had bereft the Congre- gational Churches of some of their dearest rights and most sacred liberties'. That decision was given in the year 1820, in what has usually been termed "the Ded- ham case," but is now correctly cited as Baker versus Fales, 16 Mass., 488, and was regarded by some of the most eminent lawyers of the time, headed by Daniel Webster, as an unwarranted and unrighteous deci- sion. The Universalists in Maiden pleaded that decision as justifying their method of organizing their church, their seizure, by a majority vote unrighteously ob- tained, of the entire parish-property, which had been sacredly devoted by the contributors of it to the sup- port of an evangelical church and ministry, and their devotion of that property forever to the support of a Uuiversalist Church and ministry. Possibly they had the legal power to do at that time what they did. But might does not make right. No power, no civil constitution, no law or statute, no decision of courts, can transmute falsehood, fraud and breach of trust into righteousness, else American slavery, with all its inexpressible wickedness and infamy, and a thousand other tyrannies, persecutions and atrocious wrot;gs, would have been made righteous. The members of the First Church clung affection- ately to their place of worship, attending faithfully the religious services held at the brick meeting- house, until, without their consent, against their pro- test, and to their dismay and grief, the Uuiversalist 506 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. majority in tlie parish called the Kev. Mr. Cobb, an avowed Univer.salist, to become the settled pastor of the First Church and Parish, and he accepted the call. Then the stern, remorseless voice of arbitrary power said to them, as it said to their Puritan Fathers in England two centuries before— Conform to a faith and to a worship which your souls abominate, sit un- der preaching which you believe to be false and haz- ardous to the eternal interests of men, or flee hence and go whither you will. They would not be false to God and their vows; they would not deny their Lord and His gospel, nor defile their consciences; and so they lied from their own house of worship, endeared to them by a thousand sacred associations and tender memories, where they and their fathers and mothers had worshipped God, where they had received baptism and had confessed Christ as their Saviour and King. The exiled flock turned first into Captain John Sar- gent's Hall, a little dingy upper room near the corner of Salem and Ferry Streets, now used as a court- room. Afterwards they gathered for their public religious services in a small hall in the second story of the brick school-house on Pleasant Street. There were no persons of wealth among them. They had left a good meeting-house, a fine parsonage-house, and ample parsonage lands, the parish wood-lots, and a ministerial fund of about $4000 — the whole, ac- cording to one estimate, valued at about $20,000. They were few in number, and could ill afford to bear the pecuniary burdens which they now assumed. But they were rich in faith, in hope and in good works. The brethren of the First Church, and other men sympathizing with them, had now separated from the Universalist Church and minister, but not from the First Church. As has already been shown, in the conscientious discharge of their duty as en- trusted with the parish property, they took active part in the parish meetings as late as March 26,1832. But in July of that year they organized a religious society, which, in the place of the First Parish, was soon legally connected with the First Church. In the preamble to the Constitution and By-Laws of that society, they say : — "Wberuas we consider the Borvice and worship uf (lud, in ita purity And stinplicily, not only a high und important duty, but an int'stiniable |»rivilcge, one that Inflnitely transcendBail others, and one for the support of wliich all things else, if necessary, should he sacrificed ; — and being fully pereuaded iu our own niiuda that the right ways of the Lord are perverted in tlie first religious Society In tltis place ; aud that any further attempts to restore the ancient order of things in tlio first reli- gious Society would Iks not only useless and vain, but fraught with nionj evils than W3uld bo atoned for by alt the ministerial property be- longing to said Society if obtained ; therefore we whoso names are here Inserted ... do, on this twentieth day of July, in the year of our Lord oigliteen hundred and ihirty-two, hereby constituto and form ouraolves Into n religious Society, by the name of Tlie Trinilarian Congregational BotMy ;— and we do hereby mutually covenant aud agree with each other, and with such other persons as may hereafter unite with us, that we will maintain and support Uio public worship of God (to the extent of our ability), according to th« ancient usages of Congregational Socie- ties In Now England." The First Church was now wholly separated from the First Pariah. It had passed through the greatest trial in its long history of nearly two hundred years. But it had not been alone in its tribulations. It had known the blessedness of fellowship in suf- fering. In the early part of the present century eighty-one Congregational Churches in Massachusetts were forced in a similar way to separate themselves from the parishes or societies with which they had been connected. In most of these cases, however, Uni- tarians were the aggressors, and pursued a course in many particulars similar to that adopted by the Uni- versalists in Maiden, taking from orthodox Churches their meeting-houses, parsonage-houses, ministerial lands and all other property. In some instances they wrenched from these churches even their communion service and church records. The action of the Uni- versalists in Maiden with reference to the communion service of the First Parish will be noticed further on. Rev. Alexander Wilson McClure, D.D., the Twelfth Pastor of the First Church.— The fol- lowing extracts have been taken from a manuscript biography of Dr. McClure, which has been com- menced (and it is hoped will be completed) by one eminently fitted to give to the world, in appreciative and elegant words, the life of this brilliant man, this masterful and brave minister of Christ : " Alexander Wilson McClure was born in Boston, Way 8, 1808, and was named for his maternal grandfather, Captain Alexander Wilson, whose mother was the only daughter of Rev. John Morehead, the first Presbyterian Minister of Boston. His ancestry was S;otch-Iri8h on both sides of the house, his great-great-grandfather on his father's side being John McClintock, one of the besieged at Londonderry, Ireland, during the famous sii-ge of 1(589. These families were identified with the great Protestant struggle of the period in the North of Ireland. His uncle, Kev. David McClure, was a distinguished Missionary to the Indians of his day. " His father, Thomas McClure, was a merchant of vigorous intellect and great force of character. He was possessed of fine business ability and was the owner of Schoonei-s and Coasters which carried on active trade along the Eastern Coast quite far to the South. " His niotiier, Mary Wilson, . . . was a woman of much personal charm, aud possessed a dignified aud elegant bearing, which, added to a fine wit and talent in conversation, made her a prominent member of the social circles of her day. " He was the youugest of all his father's children, and on him was lavished all that a father's pride and a mother's affection could suggest. His capacity was considered exceptionally good from earliest childhood, and ills precocious scholarsliip excited the wonder of his parents and teachers. At the age of eight he was reading Shakespeare with avidity, had finished KoUin's Ancient History and other works, and at fifteen, when ready to enter (College, he had made himself acquainted with all the books in the Library of the Boston Athenaeum. He was trained in the Boston Latin School and entered Yale College in 1823. . . . A finished and higli-hred bearing was. through life, one of bis prominent characteristics. At College his life was of the gayest. His well disci- plined mind enabled him to perforin liis college duties witli very little labor, and his irrepressible spirits sought amusement and excitement in ways which often defied the strict rules of the College. His father dying very suddenly at the conclusion of his sophomore year, he was trans- ferred by his mother to Amherst College, where he graduated at the age of nineteen," During Mr. McClure's senior year there occurred a season of special religious interest in the college, and under its quickening influence, with all the enthu- siasm of his natare, he consecrated himself to the service of Christ, and soon "Set his face towards the ministry." There is a vivid account of his conver- MALDEN. 507 sion, including a letter which he wrote to his mother at the time, in one of Jacob Abbott's books, entitled " The Corner-Stone," pp. 320-331. His name is not given, but it is known that the subject of the narra- tive was Senior McClure. The depth of his convic- tions and the genuineness of the religious change which he experienced doubtless had much to do in determining his subsequent theological beliefs. In- deed, he was born into an era of heated theological discussion. His father had be^n a prominent mem- ber of the old Federal Street Church, Boston, and for years sat under the preaching of the distinguished Dr. William Ellery Channing. But when Dr. Chan- ning embraced Unitarian views, the sturdy Scotch- man, Thomas McClure, could not brook the new gospel, left the church, united with the Park Street Church, and was subsequently elected one of its dea- cons. Such an experience of the father could hardly have failed to exert a moulding influence upon the religious character of the son, especially after his conversion. Mr. McClure entered Andover Theological Semi- nary in 1827, and was graduated from the same in 1830. In the seminary he was the class-mate of men who afterwards bore such distinguished names as William Adams, D.D., LL.D., George B. Cheever, D.D., Bela B. Edwards, D.D., William G. Shaufler, D.D., and President Leonard Woods, D.D., LL.D. The year following his graduation Mr. McClure was a resident licentiate at Andover. At the begin- ning of this year, or some time in the autumn of 1830, his life, like a new-creating power, came into the history of Maiden. He preached as stated sup- ply to the First Church — probably coming from An- dover every Saturday — until AprilG, 1831, when he be- came acting pastor. In this capacity he labored until December 19, 1832. At this date he was ordained to the Christian ministry, and installed pastor of the First Church in Maiden. The ordaining council as- sembled in the hall of the Brick School-house at nine in the morning. Public services were held in the Baptist Church in the afternoon. Rev. Dr. Lindsley, of the Park Street Church, Boston, preached the ser- mon. " The services," writes the clerk of the church. Dr. Buck, " were solemn and interesting, the day was pleasant and the congregation respectable." Six days after his ordination (December 25, 1832), at South Hadley, Mass., Mr. McClure and Miss Mary Brewster Gould were united in marriage. Mrs. McClure was the daughter of Rev. Vinson and Mindwell Wood- bridge Gould, of Southampton, Mass. The young pastor and his bride were soon received into the house of Dr. Buck, and resided there for about a year. The house was on the corner of Main Street and Gould Avenue, on a lot which is now vacant. The advent of Mr. McClure to Maiden, in the au- tumn of 1830, was most opportune. Rev. Aaron Green had been dismissed August 8, 1827. For about seven months after his dismissal the First Church and the orthodox members of the First Parish had control of the pulpit, and it was supplied by various orthodox ministers. " Mr. Talcot Bates " appears to have preached as a candidate for settlement, and some of the people desired that he should be called to the pastorate ; but the parish, at a meeting held Dec. 26, 1827, voted not to extend to him a call. Rev. William W. Niles also preached as a candidate, and made a number of warm friends, at whose request a parish-meeting was called to see if the members of the parish would invite him to settle with them in the ministry. But the parish, January 8, 1828, re- fused even to consider the question of his settlement, by a vote of fifty-three against twenty-nine. There is no record that the church took any action in either of these cases. The Universalists, on March 8, 1828, having, by a majority vote in the parish, obtained control of the pulpit, and having at that date voted to invite a Univeraalist — Rev. Sylvanus Cobb — to ofB ciate as their minister for one year, the First Church was driven to seek another place of worship and an- other minister. The first indication, in the records of the church, of any change in its place of worship, is under date of May 18, 1828. On that day, it being the Sabbath, the First Church worshiped in Captain John Sargent's Hall, and Rev. Cornelius B. Everest preached. At a church-meeting, held after divine service in the afternoon, it was voted, that the Rev. Mr. Everest "be invited to exercise all the rights and duties of a Pastor of this church." He accepted the invitation, and appears to have served as acting pas- tor for about one year. The Rev^. John R. Adams, brother of-Dr. William Adams of New York, preached to this little flock for some time previous to tlie com- ing of Mr. McClure. When the latter began his ser- vice as stated supply, the First Church had held ser- vices of worship separate from those of the First Parish for more than two years ; but the conflict was still raging. None of the orthodox party bad sev- ered their connection with the First Parish, and the clangor and heat of theological debate still filled the town . McClure was a strict Calvinist. He belonged to the class of theologians designated at that time as Old School, in distinction from those called New School. Those men whom Capt. John Dexter con- demned, on account of their "Bade Hopkintonian Principels," were New School in their theology, or, as they preferred to call themselves, " Consistent Calvin- ists." Theologically, Mr. McClure was in sympathy with his predecessors in the Maiden pulpit, Mathews, Wigglesworth and Emerson. Rev. Mr. Wigglesworth, after his decease, was referred to, in an oration deliv- ered at Cambridge, as " Orthodoxus Maldunatus." The same title might appropriately have been given to Rev. McClure. But the difference between the Old School and the New, of that time, was trifling in comparison with the difl^erence between both of those Schools and the Arminians. Mr. McClure was 508 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. thoroughly evangelical in his faith. Out of his own experience, as well as out of the Word of God, he had learned to believe in the reality and the necessity of the new birth. Under a profound sense of the de- pendence of all men upon the regenerating grace of the Holy Spirit for salvation, he preached, and lab- ored and prayed for the immediate conversion of the impenitent among his people ; and not without marked success. He had not preached a year before a powerful revival of religion came on. When he en- tered upon his labors in Maiden he was but twenty- two years old. When the time came to gather the re- cent converts into the church, and welcome them to the Lord's Table, as Mr. McClure had not been or- dained, and therefore could not officiate at the sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper, it was arranged that Dr. John Codman, of Dorchester, should perform that ser- vice. Accordingly, on communion Sabbath, Novem- ber 03e, the members of the church, now spiritually revived, assembled, and with great solemnity, with fastings, confession and pray- ers, and in the presence of neighboring ministers, they abolished that Arminian creed, and with joy and thanksgiving adopted a thoroughly evangelical Confession of Faith and Covenant, thus placing the church once more upon its ancient foundation— that upon which it stood in the days of its greatest spirit- ual power and glory, '■ the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone." This occurred only four days before that communion Sabbath on which twenty-three re- cent converts were received into the fellowship of the church, and received only upon credible evidence that they had been born of the Spirit. In the mean time it devolved upon this young min- ister, not only to preach the gospel for the conversion of his impenitent hearers and the strengthening of the faith of Christians, but also to cheer the desponding hearts of the little exiled band, and to lead them in a vigorous defence of both their faith and their rights. The manuscript biography already referred to has in it this passage : " Mr. BIct'lure roused the orthodox minority to action, and resorted to a lawsuit to obtain the property which had been bestowed by the Calvinistic founders of the Maiden Uhnrcb. But the case was lost. All that remained for them to do was to begin again aa an infant church, buy a site, and erect a new house of worship as they might be able. The only property which they retained was the treasures which cer- tain departed membera bad dedicated to the sacramental use of the Church. Mr. McClure — then twenty-two years old — guarded these quaint and sacred vessels at no little risk to himself. Now that the in- terest in points of theological belief has changed, we cannot conceive of the intense e.\citement they caused then. iDuring a course of four lecturos on ' Universalism ' delivered by Mr. McClure, in Maiden, in 1832, he was escorted home after each by a body of young men to protect him from personal violence at the hands of the opposing party." When Mr. McClure began his ministry in Maiden, the First Church was at its lowest. Its enemies were exultant and defiant. Their leader. Rev. Sylyanus Cobb, was a man of large physical presence. Mr. McClure had none of that kind of largeness to boast of. He was of slender stature, and very youthful in appearance. He was received in the town by the opponents of his faith and of his church in a manner anything but courteous. They spoke of him as " a mere boy," and he was insulted upon the streets. At first they deemed it quite safe to make him in various ways the butt of their ridicule. But those who, either in private or public, assaulted him or his re- ligious faith with contemptuous speech, seldom or never made the second attack. He was a man of fine scholarship, and an accomplished theologian, of good breeding and high spirit, and withal, an almost match- less controversalist. All this made it dangerous to jissault him. But he was also a man of brilliant and caustic wit. His power in the use of irony and sar- casm, and of quick and sharp repartee, has seldom been equaled. Those who at first thought to deride him, soon regarded him with suitable fear, and for their own protection, if from no higher motive, treat- ed him with marked respect. His sincere piety and his downright earnestness in all the work of the Christian ministry endeared him to his own people, gained for him the confidence of all, and softened the MALDEN. 509 asperity of even the worst enemies of his faith. A minister who was acquainted with him, and well in- formed respecting his achievements in Maiden, says : " I had a profound respect for his gifts, his character and his work. In the earlier years he fought a hard battle, but fought it bravely, and came at last to be greatly esteemed and honored by those who had fought against him." Mr. McClure's wit was often as harmless as it was brilliant, but sometimes it hurt. In either case, how- ever, it was a part of himself, as natural as the tones of his voice. He never put it on exhibition. It might be said of him, as Ralph Waldo Emerson said of his Aunt Mary, that he " never used [his wit] for display, any more than a wasp would parade his sting." He used it only for a purpose, and generally it was effective. The following incident illustrates his ability in the line of sharp repartee. It is related by a distinguished professional gentleman who was present at the meeting. , Mr, McClure, as chairman of the School Comnuttee, arose in a towu-meetingand requested a larger appropriation of money for the support of the public schools, and supported his request by facts and arguiiieutfi. InStaotty a man whose reputation for generosity was not high, sprang to his feet to oppose the additional appropriation. His remarks, however, were largely a violent tirade against clergymen. He declared them to be useless metubers of society, cnmberers of the ground, lazy fellows, a heavy burdeu upon the community, supported al great expeuee by the town. He also remarked that in deference to his wife he paid ten dollars a year for the salvation of his soul, and he con- sidered that a dear and even extravagant price. He Bat down amidst loud laughter and applause. Mr. McCIure calmly rose from his seat, explaining further the urgent need of a, larger appropriation for the schools, and then added ;^* Although I differ from the gentleman, who has just spoken, on the main question at issue, I am happy to say that there is one point on which I fully agree with him, and that is that ten dollars a year paid for the salvation of his soul is too much. But the gentleman forgot to state the reason, which is, that ten millions of such souls as his could dance together on the point of a cambric needle with- out jostling, at the same lime crying, ! the immensity of space ! ' The speaker srise on Belmont Hill, which is designated " Mystic-side Con- gregational Union," and which, it is expected, will soon grow into a church. The school at Edgeworth is sustained by " The Edgeworth Mission Society," and was organized in 1852, with about twenty schol- ars. Its sessions were held at first in a freight depot, then in a private house, later in a school-house. A chapel was built in 1866, and was dedicated in Decem- ber of that year. This Sabbath-school, during the thirty-eight years of its history, has had only three superintendents: Thomas S. Williams, Esq., for some years superintendent of the Boston and Maine R. R., Dea. James Freeman, for many years Deacon of the First Church, and Mr. Joseph W. Chadwick, Master in the Boston Latin school. Each of the first two served in this oflice about ten years. Mr. Chadwick, the present superintendent, has served about nineteen years. A prayer and conference meeting (vVith preach- ing occasionally) is held every Sabbath evening. The history of this mission has been one of great success and of marked usefulness. Other Congregational Churches. — In the spring of 1848, the Congregationalists who resided in North Maiden, — a territory now comprised in the beautiful town of Melrose, — feeling that the growing population in that vicinity should be better provided with religious privileges, organized an Orthodox Con- gregational Church. They erected a house of worship, which was dedicated in 1849. The same year the Rev. Stillman Pratt, who had preached to them for several months, was installed as their pastor. Such was the origin of the present prosperous Congrega- tional Church in Melrose. The organization of the Winthrop Church in 1848 in South Maiden, — a territory which is now comprised in the pleasant and rapidly growing town of Everett — has already been mentioned. It wor- shipped for a time in the hall of the South-West Dis- trict School-house. ■ Its first minister was Rev. George E. Pratt, who was ordained in 1849. This church was unhappily divided in 1858. But the two parts were brought together again in 1861, constitu- ting the present united and efficient Congregational Church in Everett. The First Congregational Church in Maple- wood.— On July 2, 1873, four persons at the house of Mr. Frank P. Harriman, of Maplewood, Maiden, prayerfully considered the question of the organiza- tion of a Congregational Church in that part of the town. On Wednesday of the following week another MALDEN. 513 prayer-meeting was held with special reference to the same subject, at the house of Mr. John H. Potter. The following paper was drawn up December 22, 1873 : " We the undersigned, residents of Maplewood and vicinity, desire that a Congregational Church be established in this place, and guarantee our support for the furtherance of that object." Tweuty-two persons signed this paper. These people decided at once to hold services of public worship on the Sabbath. Rev. J. \V. Turner was invited to serve as acting pastor. The Massachusetts Home Missionary Society ofl'ered to contribute S-iOO towards his support, provided op portunity should be offered him to preach and labor elsewhere one-half of the time. It was soon arranged that he should divide his services between Maplewood and Edgeworth ; the first place being in the easterly, and the other in the westerly part of Maiden. The people at Maplewood leased Randal's Hall, and the first service of public worship was held on the morn- ing of the first Sabbath in January, 1874. They had furnished the hall and named it "Salem Hall.'' A Sabbath-school was instituted, in the afternoon, of eighteen members. On January 20, a Sabbath-school was fully organized with Mr. Frank P. Harriman, superintendent ; Mr. John H. Potter, assistant super- intendent; and Mr. E. P. Woodward, secretary and treasurer. During the first year the average attend- ance was forty-six, and during the second year fifty- three. " The First Congregational Society in Maple- wood " was organized March 30, 1874. " The First Congregational Church iu Maplewood " was organ- ized, by advice* of a Council, in Salem Hall, on June 10, 1874. In the same hall the church and society worshipped nearly three years. Iu the lat- ter part of this period the society erected a house of worship, which was dedicated June 7, 1877. A debt was incurred, and some difficulty has been ex- perienced in canceling the same, but there is now a good prospect that the society will soon be en- tirely free from debt. Rev. J. W. Turner may properly be called the father of this church. He was an able and earnest preacher, a true and godly man, and he became warmly attached to the little flock that gathered around him, and was greatly interested in the or- ganization and prosperity of this church. He closed his labors with this people in February, 1875. On the 16th of May, in the same year, Rev. Silas Ketchum was called to be the pastor of this church and society. He preferred not to be installed, but served as acting pastor until October 1, 1876. Mr. Ketchum was a scholarly and accomplished man. His able sermons and faithful pastoral labors were highly appreciated by his people, and they parted with him with sincere regret. The next acting pastor was Rev. Alfred S. Hudson, whose ministry in Maplewood commenced October 8, 1876, and who 33-iii at the same time was acting pastor of the young Congregational Church in Linden (a portion of the city of Maiden, lying northeast of Maplewood.) He continued with the church in Maplewood nearly seven years. His labors were earnest and faithful, but were prosecuted in the face of some difficulties, for which, perhaps, neither he nor his church were responsible. His pastorate terminated in June, 1883. After this various ministers supplied the pulpit until September 1 1883, when Rev. H. Allen Shorey be- came acting pastor, and served as such until Octo- ber 1, 1884. At that date Rev. William F. Obear commenced his labors as the acting pastor of this church and society. He is still with them, and his ministrj' is happy and successful. The church is united and faithful, supporting a flourishing Sabbath-school and all departments of church work, and is inspired by the hope of still larger prosperity. The present number of church memfeers is eighty-five, of whom thirty are males and fifty-five females. The Union Congregational Church in Linden (Northeast Maiden), was organized with fourteen members, by advice of an Ecclesiastical Council, June 13, 187G. Of the fourteen members, eleven presented letters to the Council, and three made public confes- sion of Christ. A Sabbath-school had been organized January 17, 1874, and at about the same time union religious services had been commenced in a hall then standing on Lynn Street. The Sabbath-school and the weekly religious service had been continued until the time came to form a church. "The Union Con- gregational Society " was organized May G, 1876, to act in connection with the church, and was incorpor- ated June 7th of the same year. At a meeting of the church held soon after its or- ganization, J. F. Jeferds and William J. Pratt were elected to serve as deacons until January, 1877. At its second meeting the church voted to call Rev. Alfred S. Hudson to. become its acting pastor for six months from October 1, 1876. The society subse- quently concurred with the church in extending this call to Mr. Hudson. He continued his ministry, however, with the church and society for about five years, terminating his pastoral labors November 26, 1881. Rev. Edmund S. Potter succeeded Mr. Hudson as acting pastor, commencing his labors June 1, 1882, and he still continues his acceptable and successful ministry with this people. The Union Congregational Society soon after its organization initiated measures to build a house of worship. The corner-stone was laid October 11, 1876. Religious services were held for sr^me time in the vestry. The auditorium was furnished in the fall of 1879. A debt was incurred which w:is gradually di- minished until the last payment wiis made December 28, 1886, and the society began the year 1887 free from debt. But the house was not formally dedicated until October 24, 1879. The present members of the church 514 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. number forty-six, of whom thirteen are males and thirty-three are females. The present superintendent of the Sabbath-school is Mr. H. (1. Tomlinson, and the number of members is two liundred and six. This thurth abides in llie unity of the Spirit and in the bond of peace; and with its wise and faithful pas- tor is doing good wurl; tor (jiirist and His kingdom in that part of the city. The First Bai'ti.st Church in JIalden.— This church was organized in 1803. During the previous century and a half the First Church has been the only church at Maiden Centre. Various influences at last combined to bring about the Ibundingof a Bap- tist Church. Some of these influences had been active for at least si.xteen years, or from the time of the set- tlement of Kev. Adoniram Judson as pastor of the First Church. The Baptists were strictly evangelical in faith. Tlu y believed in conversions and revivals under special manifestations of theregeneratinggrace of tlio Holy Spirit. Some of the more spiritual and godly members of the First Church had become alarmed in view of various sad developments of Ar- minianism, under the ministries of their pastors, Willis and Greene. Such Christians would naturally be attracted by the earnest evangelistic preaching of Baptist ministers, even though taking at first no spec- ial interest in their views of baptism. Their own deeper religious needs were not met by the preaching to which they were accustomed to listen. They had been shocked to learn that members of their own church and congregation were bitterly opposed to the conversion of souls and to revivals of religion. The following statements respecting the actual religious condition of Maiden at that time are undoubtedly in the main true, and they largely explain the demand which existed for evangelical preaching and for the founding of a Baptist Church : "Nut n fiiw of the nieinbers of tlic Purisli Cliurcli, acliiiieted through iDfant baptism, hail hecoiiio the active opiioiiolite of the Kreat revival whlcli was then comineDciiig iu New ICiiglaiiil. An energetic i>rotest to the Bottlenient of Mr. Juilson, tlio fatlier of our beloved Burnian mis- sionary, had been outered on tbo records because he was of the * Bade Iloplflntonian rrincipels.' And the opposition to what was then so prop- erly called ' experimental religion ' at length prevailed and Mr. Judson retired. Hut the eyes of numy were opened. . . . But while some pro- fessed their convictions, and \inited with Baptist churches in the viciiiily, othem ronniined, waiting to see whoreuuto this thing would grow. Meanwhile there was in this town an alarming dearth of spiritual reli- gion. Such was the state of things when, in 1797, Kev. Dr. Shephard, of Brentwood. N. II., visited Maiden, and was invited to preach at tlio house of Mr. .lohn Tufts. This sermon, tho first Baptist sermon ever preached in the town, attracted innnediute attention, so different was its whole spirit from anything heard at the Parish Ciiunh, Meetings wore conliuuoil on tho afternoon and evening of every third Wednesday, llev. MeHsiD. Shephard, Peak and Smith oniciating. God blessed the enterprise' and a revival of religion was the result. Sabbath preaching began In 180U." ((;iiurch Manual of the First Baptist Church in Maiden.) In 180.S Rev. Henry Pottle, an earnest and warm- hearted Baptist minister, preached in Maiden. A revival followed and about fifty were subsequently baptized. It is sadly indicative of the moral and religioiig degeneracy of the town, once distinguished for its godliness, that this revival of religion awoke the spirit of persecution, and the little band of Bap- tist Christiana were driven from the Centre School- house. It was the same spirit that a few years before so furiously opposed Adoniram Judson, on account of his evangelical fitith and preaching, drove him from the First Church, and put in his place Eliakim Willis with his Arminian creed and preaching. The only place now open to the Bajjtists was a barn on Salem Street, owned by Mr. Benjamin Faulkner. In this barn they worshipped until September, 1804, " unde- terred by the winter storm or the opposition of their enemies." Under the direction of Mr. Pottle a church was organized, composed mainly of recent converts. "They met at the house of Mr. I'liillipH, and Mr. Joseph Dyer was chosen clerk. -V committee was appointed to call a Council, that their pro- ceedings might be regular in form, and that the new church might be in fellowship with the surrounding churches of their * Faith and Order.' The Council, composed of delegates from the Baptist churches in Boston, Newton and Beverly, couveued on the 27th of February, 1SU3, iu the barn, where the brethren and sisters, forty-two in number, were dul.v constituted and recognized luj a church, under the name of the Fir^t Baptist Church iu Maiden." (Church Manual.) In January, 1804, probably in the barn, this church for the first time commemorated the Lord's death, the number of communicants being sixty-four, fifty- two of whom were recent converts. In September of 1804 their meeting-house was so nearly completed that they occupied it as a place of worship, iind when finished it was dedicated. It was located on ground now included in Salem Street Cemetery. In this " exceedingly plain house, with its large windows and square belfry," the church worshipped thirty-nine years. The first deacons of the church were Samuel Wait, Jr., and Samuel Wheeler. Rev. Mr. Pottle ap|iears to have terminated his siiccessful ministry with this church early in 1807. The number of church-members at the time he left was 110. He was succeeded in 1807 by Rev. William Bently, who re- mained only one year. He was followed by Rev. Ely Ball, who served as preacher, but was not invited to be pastor. From 1808 to 1815 there was no settled pastor. The church iu these years appears to have suffered from internal strifes and divisions. During this period various ministers supplied the pulpit, one of whom wii-s Rev. J. Livermore, who preached two years. Rev. Samuel Wydown was then called to the pa.storate, but he left at the end of one year. In 1810 Rev. Ebenezer Nelson, who had removed from South Reading to Maiden, became the pastor of the church. He labored for seven years, but remained nominal pastor two years longer. He died in office May 4, 1825, in the seventy-second year of his age, and the fortieth of his ministry. He is said to have been the first and only minister who has died while in official connection with this church. His successor was a young man, Mr. John (Jookson, who was ordained pastor of the church March 24, 1824, and left after a pastorate of two years. Rev. J. N. Brown was in- stalled as pastor December 20, 1826, and remained one MALDEN. 515 year. A call was extended to Rev. Avery Briggs, September 28, 1828, who served the church four years, during which he baptized nearly sixty per- sons. The house of worship was also enlarged and furnished with a bell. The next pastor was Rev. Con- ant Sawyer, who continued in office three years. Rev. E. N. Harris was settled as pastor April 1, 1837, but soon " avowed his belief in Universalism, and, by his unchristian inlluence, involved the church and society in great difficulty. He was finally excom- municated, but subsequently renounced his errors and sought restoration to the church." Rev. Joseph M. Driver officiated as pastor from 1838 to 1840 ; and Rev. Nathaniel W. Williams from 1840 to 1843. During the pastorate of the latter there was a sea- son of special religious interest ; William Oliver, John B. Faulkner and Thomas Wait were chosen dea- cons ; and a spacious and elegant meeting-house was erected on the corner of JIain and Salem Streets at a cost of $10,000. This house was dedicated February 22, 1843. In June, 1843, the church recalled a former pastor. Rev. John Cookson. He was succeeded in 1848 by Rev. Charles B. Smith, whose pastorate was terminated in 1850. His successor was Rev. William F. Stubbert, who began his pastorate September 1, 1851. In 1853 themeeting-house, ten years after it was dedi- cated, was repaired and a baptistery was added and at thesame time the vestry was made more commodious, the entire improvements costing about $5000. But this beautiful house of worship was destroyed by tire March 3, 1855. Invitations from the Congregational and Universalist Societies to occupy their houses of worship were accepted, and the work of erecting a new house upon the old site was soon commenced. The new church was dedicated February 14, 1856. During Mr. Stubbert's pastorate of eight years, seventy-two persons were admitted to the church by baptism and sixty-seven by letter. Elisha S. Con- verse and William Hunter were elected deacons, the former in 1854, the latter in 1856. Mr. Stubbert left in 1859. The next pastor was Rev. Daniel W. Faunce, D.D., who began his ministry with this people in May, 1860. But two years later the church was again aliiicted with a great calamity. Their house of worship, only six years after it was completed, was consumed by the flames. It was in the midst of our great Civil War. The recent building of the church now destroyed had drawn heavily upon the resources of the people. Nevertheless they bravely set themselves to the work of building again the house of God upon "the same hallowed spot." The new church was dedicated March 31, 1864. In this year, Deacons John B. Faulkner and Elisha S. Converse having resigned their office. Freeman A. Smith and Alfred R. Turner were elected deacons for the next seven years. The pastor- ate of Rev. Dr. Faunce was one of marked success. He labored with the church six years and then re- signed, to the great regret of his people. During his pastorate one hundred and thirteen persons were added to the church, and of these sixty- one received baptism. In 1867 Charles Merrill and David Ilutchins were elected deacons. And on the 17th of July in that year Rev. George F. Warren, of Lowell, was installed as pastor of the church. He resigned his pastorate November 7, 1869. Rev. Samuel W. Foljambe, D.D., began his minis- try with this people May 1, 1870, and resigned his office October 1, 1886. His pastorate of more than sixteen years was longer than that of any of his pre- decessors in the service of this church. The ministry of this eloquent preacher and faithful pastor proved a great blessing to the people. His hearers received knowledge of the truth, and were edified. Many were convicted of sin, born of the Spirit and added to the church. Early in his pastorate two new Baptist Churches were organized, which were offshoots of the church under his care. From the First Baptist Church in Maiden : "July 18, 1871, eiffhteen persons (afterwards increaaed to twenty-two) were dismissed to aid iu forming a church io Kverett ; and Aug. 17, 1871, letters of disoiissal were granted to nineteen persons (subsequently increased to twenty-four) to form a church in Maplewood. the outgrowtli of the Sabbath-school established in 1868." John H. Parker was elected deacon in 1871 and re- elected in 1878. E. T. Underbill w.as elected deacon in 1874, William Hardy in 1880 and Horace M. Wiley the same year, and William Mann in 1882. John II. Parker was reelected in 1878 and 1885 and Horace M. Wiley in 1887. James B. Upham was elected 1888. James H. Morse, Jesse Cudworth, Josejih Hague and David Hutchins in 1889, and G. Fred. Estie in 1890. The present pastor of this church and society is Rev. J. Nelson Lewis. He began his ministry with them October 23, 1887, and recognition services were held November 16th of the same year. The members of this church at the present time number 625, of whom 210 are males and 415 are females. The mem- bers of the Sabbath-school number 891. The question of a new and larger house of worship was again pressed upon this people in the early part of the year 1888. At a special meeting held on the 3d of December in that year, a committee was ap- pointed to procure plans and raise money. The com- mittee consisted of Deacon E. S. Converse, E. F. Bickford, A. R. Turner, Jr., Deacon J. B. Upham, W. C. Langley, Jr., James Pierce, Deacon John H. Parker, Deacon Jesse Cudworth, Deacon David Hutchins, John N. Williams, Deacon H. M. Wiley and G. L. Richards. A. R. Turner was chosen chair- man and G. L. Richards secretary. " On Monday evening, Jan. 28, 1889, a public meeting was held in the church to create an interest in the movement. Speeches were made by the Pastor, Bev. J. Nelson Lewis, A. K. Turner, Jr., K. F. Bickford and E. S. Converse, who said formally that if the people would raise SlO.OOO for the new church he would give J:«,nO(), and if more was raised, he would give dollar for dollar. Stereoptioon views of plans for the church were also shown. ol6 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. " By July 1, 1889, tho auiaunt of $30,000 had been subscribod, which secured tho eubecription of 830,000 by E. S. Convotso. In tlic mean time the coniniiltce hud eclectcd H. S. McKiiy, of Boston, as tho architect. At a meeting of tho eociety hold on May 2'J, 18S9, tho coniniittce of twelve waa made the building conunitlee, and E. F. Bickford was chosen chuirniau and G. L. Kicliardtj secretary. "The old church was moved t.) the northeast corner of the lot about Oct. Ist. and arrangementa wore immediately made for the construction of the foundation of tho new church. " On the 26th of February, 1S90, at a meeting of tho society, the com- mittee reported that owing to the unsettled condition of tho labor market, and to recent large fires in Boston and 1-ynn, tliecost of build- ing materials had very much increased, also that the requirements of the church wore such that the building could not be erected for $C0,0U0, as at first projiosi-d, and that in view of this they recommcnilcd that $.30,000 or more 1)0 appropriated, with the understanding that this sum be raised by subscription, if possible ; which was voted. In connection with the above vote, Uon. K. S. Converse renewed his former generous olTor to contribute as much more as the church and society should raise prior to Jan. 1, 1892." In addition to this ample contribution of Mr. Converse to aid in building the new house of wor- -ship, he has recently presented to the Baptist Society a fine parsonage house, the grounds of which arc contiguous to the spacious meeting-house lot. The value ol this parsonage house, and of the land given with it, upon a part of which the north end of the new church stands, has been estimated to be $20,000. It is due to this public and princely benefactor to add that he and his estimable wife have also, within a few yetirs, presented to the city of Maiden the munificent gift of a Free Public Library Building, which is to serve as a fountain of intellectual light and life, and also as the memorial of a beloved son who was suddenly taken from them in his early man- hood. To this noble gift Mr. Converse has added permanent funds for tlie puich;iae of books. He has also given costly paintings and beautiful statuary. The First Bajitist Church in Jlalden, like other churches, has had its times of trouble and trial. The flames have twice consumed its house of worship. It has been obliged repeatedly to make great sacri- fices in building the house of God. IS'or has perfect peace always reigned within itself, as is indicated by a famous pamphlet, entitled : "The History of Wars and Fightings (Without Shedding of ISIood), in the Baptist Church in Maiden, Written By John Sprague, 8". Ma^ One of the Members 1812." Vet, ou the whole, this church, during the eighty-seven years of its history, has been blest abundantly in things temporal and spiritual. It has wrought bravely and nobly for Christ and Jlis Kingdom. The early days of this church fell upon the most critical period in all the long history of evangelical faith in this town, and it proved itself eiiual to the hour. It rendered a splendid service in the defence and propagation of tiiat faith at just the time when its enemies were Hushed with seeming victory, and unbelief, gross in- temperance and ungodliness abounded. If it shall remain true to the same evangelistic beliefs and fear- lessly proclaim them for tho salvation of men, the prospect is, that with ampler means it will render in the future still grauder services for God's Kingdom of truth and righteousness in Maiden, in the land and in the world. The FiRiST Baptist Chuech in Maplewood. — Religious meetings began to be held by Baptists in this part of Maiden February 22, 1886. Preaching services, conducted by Rev. G. F. Warren, then pas- tor of the First Baptist Church at the Centre, soou followed, attended with considerable religious interest. A Sunday-school was organized in August, 1868, with sixty scholars. For a time its sessions were held in the Grammar School-house, but at length the use of this house was forbidden by a single member of the School Board. His action, however, was soon over- ruled by the full board. In the fall of 1869 a chapel, which was nearly completed, was blown down by " the great September gale " of that year, and made a com- plete wreck. But a meeting of the Baptist Church at Maiden Centre was at once called, and $1000 were subscribed. The people at Maplewood raised $800 more ; and another chapel better than the first was erected. It was dedicated March 3, 1870. In Sep- tember of the same year Rev. William Boyd became " the first regular supply." He ceased to supply the pulpit in April, 1871. A similar service was then rendered by Mr. J. K. Richardson, a student in New- ton Theological Seminary. A Baptist Church of twenty-eight members was organized August 2, 1871, and was recognized October 18, 1871. Mr. Richard- son was its acting pastor until his theological course was completed at Newton, when he accepted a call to become the pastor of the church, and was ordained July 10, 1872. But receiving a call from Rutland, Vermont, he closed his ministry with this church in April, 1874. On Ai)ril 0, 1875, Rev. M. N. Reed be- gan his pastorate with this church, and terminated the same in November, 1877. The next ministerial laborer with these people was Mr. T. G. Cass, a student at Madison University, who came June 25, 1878, and one year from that date was ordained as pastor of the church. Early in the year 1880, the entire debt of the church ($1500) was paid off. In 1882, under the energetic leading of the pastor, aided by the Massa- chusetts Baptist Convention and by contributions from churches and friends, the present commodious house of worship was erected, to which was attached the old chapel as a vestry. The cost of the whole was over $11,000, all of which was secured before the house was dedicated in October, 1882. Rev. Mr. Cass resigned his pastoiate early in 1888, to accept a call from the Baptist Church in Claremont, N. H., and Rev. S. A. Severance became pastor in A])ril of the same year. He continued his labors until October, 1889, when he resigned to accept the pastorate of the Baptist Church in Keene, N. H. In December, 1889, Rev. George W. Rigler, of Antrim, N. H., acce|)ted a call from the church in Maplewood, and is its present pastor. This church, with its congregation and Sabbath-school, has steadily increased through the nineteen years of its history, the members of the church numbering at the MAIDEN. 517 present time 164, and the members of the Sabbath- school 225. The Centre Methodist Episcopal Church. — Itinerant and other Methodist preachers held religious services in private houses within the limits of Maiden many years previous to the organization of a Method- ist Church in the town. As early as 1791 Rev. Jesse Lee preached in the east part of the town, near the Saugus and Chelsea line, and under the influence of that sermon two men, Mr. John Waitt and another Mr. Waitt, were converted. In 1800, or not far from that year, Mr. Joseph Snelling and Rev. Thomas C. Pierce came out from Boston and preached in Mai- den, Mr. Snelling discoursing with great impressive- ness upon the lives of poets. But the earliest movement of the Methodists in the direction of church organization was made in North Maiden (now Melrose). As early as 1813, religious services, preliminary to the founding of a Methodist Church, were conducted there by Rev. Timothy Mer- ritt. He was succeeded in this labor the same year by Rev. Thomas C. Pierce, and he by Rev. Ephraim Wiley. Under the direction of Mr. Wiley, "in the summer of 181.5, a church was duly organized accord- ing to the Discipline." Mr. Wiley was succeeded in 1818 by Rev. Orlando Hinds, "who ofliciated one year, during which a meeting-house was built." The church thus organized was the mother Methodist Church in Maiden. On May 12, 1815, two persons were converted un- der the influence of a revival in North Maiden. These persons were James Howard and his wife, Mary (Cox) Howard. In the early part of the fol- lowing year (1816) Mr. Howard and his family moved to Maiden Centre, and for several months resided in the house of Mr. Samuel Cox, which is still standing, on Pleasant Street, opposite the last factory. The next year he moved into his new house on the west side of Summer Street, near the corner of that street and Rockland Avenue. It is said that wlieu Mr. and Mrs. Howard moved to Maiden Centre, they and Mr. John Waitt, who lived on Cross Street, were the only Methodists in that part of the town. Religious meetings were con- ducted at an early tlay in the house of John Waitt. But at the residence of Jlr. Howard, in August, 1816, appears to have begun the movement which led to the organization of a church. Some time in that month, at the request of Father Howard, as he was called, and at his residence. Rev. Ephraim Wiley held a public religious service, and preached from the text: "These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their roljes, and made them white in the blood of the Land)." Soon after this a class was formed under the leadership of James Howard, which met at his house and was maintained for several years. Perhaps it was merged into the class which, as we shall see, was formed in 1820, but Mr. Howard continued to be its leader. In the mean time religious meetings, under the lead of Methodist ministers, were held, first in the school-house at the corner of Salem and Sprague Streets, then in Stiles' Hall, at the corner of Pleasant and Washington Streets — where now stands the new and beautilul Methodist house of worship — and also in the hall of the Brick School-house on Pleasant Street, which ap- pears to have been the cradle of infant churches in Maiden. On August 15, 1819, Gilbert Haven, the father of Bishop Gilbert Haven, requested the First Church, of which he was then a member, to give him a letter of dismission and recommendation to the Baptist Church. He was persuaded, however, to withdraw his request. Mr. Haven, himself a m.an of warm and earnest evangelical piety, was evidently restless under the cold, indefinite preaching of the Arminian minis- ter who at that day was pastor of the First (Congre- gational) Church; and on June .3, 1821, he again asked for a letter of dismission, but now he expressed a desire to be' recommended to the ]\Iethodist Church, which was then being organized, or had recently been formed there, showing that it was not chiefly any change of view respecting Christian baptism that led him to leave the First Church. His request was granted. Rev. S. Osgood Wright, himself a Methodist min- ister, in his historical discourse, already referred to, which was preached December 1, 1S31, gives what is probably a trustworthy account of the origin and early history of the Methodist Church at Maiden Centre. Speaking of Mr. .lames Howard, his wife Mary and IMr. John Waitt, who, as he affirmed, were the only Methodists living at Maiden Centre in 1816, he says : " They coiitinueil to livo in tlio love ami fellowship of the Church of their espousal, without receiving any accessions to their uuuibers until the year 1820. At this time n revival commenced in the liorth society and extended to the centre of the town. Several persons now withdrew from the Baptist Churcli and one from the Congregatioualist, who to- Kether with several others, were formed into a class. These, like many in similar circumstances, had many difficulties to encounter and many prejudices to overcome. Being without a house of worship, they met in the school-house hall {the Brick School-house), and wore supplied » portion of the time with preaching by the minister of the north church. Bcceiving a gradual accession of numbers, they proceeded to erect a meeting-house, which was dedicated in 1825. Rev. Joseph JIarsh labored very successfully with this society at this time ; and to him bo- longs much praise for his activityand perseverance in providing ahouse of worship. The first preacher who resided with them wiu) Key. Kben- ozer Ireaon, who came in 18i8. Bev. John T. Burrill succeeded him, and remained two years, and gave place to Rev. Tiiuothy Jlerritt, the present minister. This church has had its seasons of adversity and pros- perity. It has moveil onward under the guidance of the day-star of hope, and sat down in tears and tlio darkness of clouds and disappoint- ment. It has received a gradual increase of members, and tlie whole number is now fifty." The meeting-house, referred to by Mr. Wright as dedicated in 1825, is still standing upon its original site. It has, however, been remodeled into a double dwelling-house, and is located on the west side of Main Street, the fourth building south of Mountain Avenue. The date of its dedication is said to have 518 HlSTORr OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. been April 27, 1826. The second house of worship was located at the corner of Pleasant and Wii.verly Streets, and was dedicated October 20, 1842. This house also is still standing, and is now occupied as a store by a furniture dealer, Mr. C. C. Homer. The third house of God built by this church, and the one in which it now worships, was dedicated May 13, 1874. This large and beautiful house is located at the corner of Pleasant and Washington Streets, on the site of the old Stiles Hall, in which the early Methodists in Maiden sometimes worshipped. The names of the ministers who were in charge of this church previous to 182G are not known. But beginning with Rev. Joseph Marsh, of that year, the church has had thirty-eight pastors, one of them — Rev. Joseph Cummings — serving in two pastorates, separated by an interval of thirty-one years. The present minister in charge is Rev. W. P. Odell, who is now in the fourth year of his successful pastorate. 185C-51. Rev. W. S. Studley. 1852. Rev. W. R. Clark. 1853. Eev. J. D. Bridge. 1854-55. Rev. Wm. R. Bagnall. 1866-57. Rev. Lorenzo R. Thiiyer 1858-59. Rev. Daniel Steele. ISGO. Rev. Isaac S. Cushniau. 1861-62. Rev. E. 0. Haven. 1863-65. Kev. J. W. F. Barnes. 1866. Rev. L. T. Townsend. 1S67. Rev. A. O. Hamilton. 1868-70. Rev. T. Berton .Smitli. 1871-73. Rev. J. J. Jones. 1874. Rev. Joseph Scott. 1876-77. Rev. D. V. Knowles. 1878-79. Rev. Joseph Cummings. 1880-82. Rev. S. F. Jones. 1883-85, Rev. J. II. Manefleld. 1S86-90. Kev. W. F. "d.-ll. 1826. Rev. Joseph Marsh. 1827. 0. W. Fairbanks. 1828. Rev. Ebonczer Ireson. 1829-30. Rev. J. T. Burrill. 1831. Rev. Timothy Merritt. 1832. Rev. A. U. Swinerton. 1833. Rev. C. Noble. 1834. Rev. N. 11, Spaulding, 1830, Rev. R. W. Alien. 1836. Rev. E. Otheman, 1837. Rev. H. B. Skinner, 1838. Rev. Charles Ilayward. 1839. R«T. S. 0. Hiler, Jr. 1840. Kev. Moses Palmer. 1841-42. Rev. George Landon. 1843. Rev. Joseph Whitman. 1844. Rev. a. W, Frost. 1845. Rev. Jacob Sanborn. 184li-47. Rev. Joseph Cumniini 1848-49. Rev, Joseph Bennison. This church was organized in 1821, and its Sunday- school in 1822. In its early years it had a hard strug- gle, as many a church of Christ has had, for exist- ence, and at times since that day it has been main- tained only by the loving devotion and large sacri- fices of its members. Hut glorious has been its victory. Its days of small things and struggle for life are over. It has, for the present, the finest house of vvor.ship in the city, also a larger number of church members than any other church in the city, save the Catholic, and the largest Prote.Htant Sabbath-school, except the school of the First Baptist Church. The number of its church members at the present time is (j(5(i, and the number of its Sabbath-school 736. 'i his church stands up bravely for all true moral reforms, for truth and righteousness in the city and in the land, and for pure and earnest evangelical religion every- where. Thk Muthodist EfiscoPAi. Cmrucii, Maim.i:- wooi), Mai.den.— The following historical sketch of this church lias been courteously furnished by its present piwtor, Rev. J. W. Fulton. It has been in a few places slightly abbreviated, or condensed. The first religious gathering in this part of the city was held in the year 1837, in the first school- house that was ever built here. A Baptist brother, Aaron Waitt, preached at 6 o'clock p.m., Sundays, in warm and pleasant weather. No conversions are reported, and no organization was accomplished. In 1839 and 1840, Father Blodgett, a farmer in Linden, and a Methodist local preacher, obtained the use of the house occupied by Samuel Burrill, which now stands on Salem Street, at the head of Beach Street, and during those years held two prayer-meet- ings a week, bringing the people in stormy winter weather in his sleigh. People also came from East Saugus to help him. From these meetings a revival started, which reached most of the families in this part of Maiden. Many were converted. Among the number was Miss Lydie Reagh, who organized, in 1843, the first Sunday-school in Maplewood. This school was held during the summer in the school- house that stood where Mr. Rockwell's house now stands, at the corner of Rockwell and Salem Streets. The first superintendent was Joseph Cheever. There were five classes. As cold weather came on, the school was held at Miss Reagh's house. It gradually dwindled away to one girl, Francis Ferrald, who came every Sunday for six months, to recite her lesson to Miss Reagh. In 1850, in one room of a small school-house, which stood where the present school-house stands, a second Sunday-school-house was organized. Charles Meade, the teacher of the public school, assisted by Sanford B. French, Albert Norton and Temple Dodge, of Maiden Centre, all Congregationalists, were the leaders. Mr. French was superintendent. After sustaining this school for some time, three of these brethren moved away, and it was thought, on account of the predominance of Methodists, chat a church, if one should ever be organized, must be of that denomination. So the Congregationalist broth- ers then asked the Methodists to take charge of the school. Mr. Wilbur Haven then became superintendent, and Mr. Newcomb his assistant. Miss Rebecca Knowles, of Maiden Centre, led the singing. In the same school-house preaching services were conducted by a local preacher — Mr. Staples, of Lynn, who received $200 a year. He was followed by Ed- ward Oathman, of Chelsea, and he by local preachers, Fathers Blodgett, of Linden, and Poole, of Lynn, who preached alternate Sundays. The first house of worship erected in this part of Maiden was that of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1857. From the congregation which worshipped in it was organized the present Baptist and Congre- gationalist Churches, of Maplewood. This first house of worship was located where the present Methodist Church stands. The land was given by W. R. Fer- nald and Joshua Webster, on condition that it should always be used for a Methodist Church, and that said MALDEN. 519 church should always stand directly opposite a certain elm tree. The building committee were Silas Anderson, W. A. Fernald, Edward Fuller, George Barber and John Emerson. The contract for the cellar was signed April IS, 1857, by H. R. Lewis, contractor. The first money for the cellar was given by Mr. W. Huntley, who, when solicited by Father Blodgett, remarked that he had nothing to give but some old cent-pieces in a barrel. This Father Blodgett accepted with thanks, and the next day carried off the barrel in his old tip-cart. Upon opening the barrel it was found to contain thirty-five dollars in old-fashioned one- cent pieces, and these weighed fifty-seven pounds. The ladies organized a society for furnishing the church, some of them, under the lead of Miss Eeagh, binding shoes to obtain money. The church was dedicated in Feb., 1858, and the sermon was preached by Rev. E. O. Haven, afterwards Bishop Haven, who was a cousin of Bishop Gilbert Haven. The members of the first Board of Trustees were Gilbert Haven, Charles Pratt, Edward Fuller, W. R. Fernald, Thomas Reagh, Father Blodgett and Eben Neagles. Local preachers, Blodgett and Poole were in charge. In the spring of 1858, Rev. E. O. Haven was ap- pointed to this charge by Conference. The number of church members at this time was twenty-six. He was followed by Rev. Charles H. Sewell, who v,'as pastor for 1859 and ISGO. His successor in 18(51 was Rev. A. P. Andrews. During the pastorate of the latter the church was burned to the ground. In 18G2, Rev. E. O. Haven was again pastor. In 18G3 and 1864, Rev. L. P. Frost, a local preacher, was in charge. Until 1863 the school-house was used as a place of worship. But in that year a chapel was built at a cost of about $3000, nearly one-half of which came from the insurance upon the former building. The church was subsequently served by the follow- ing pastors : 18G5. Rev. W. C. Sawyer. 1860-07. Bev. S. Cusliing. 1808-69. Uev. Jolin W. Hamilton 1870. Rev. .1. W. Trask. 1871..nev. C. C. Wilber. During Mr. Smith's term of service, on account of the discipline of a member, a number left the church, which so reduced its finances that Mr. Smith felt compelled to leave the pulpit, but he still kept offi- cial control, and Rev. George H. Clark supplied the pulpit the remainder of the year. Afterwards the pastors were: 1S7S. Rev. B. W. Allen. 1SS4-Sr,. Rev. Josepll Candlin. 187(1-80. Rev. S. S. lloilgers. 1887-80. Kev. Seth Gary. 1881-83, Rev. J. n. Emerson, During the last year of Rev. Mr. Gary's pastorate the church was entirely remodeled, at an expense of $4500. This work was not completed until the pres- ent year. The edifice was re-opened and re-dedicated 187i-73. Rev, R, W. Copela 1874, Rev, I. H, Packard. 187r>. Rev. Charles Young. 1870-77. Rev. C. N, SmiUl, June 22 and 23, 1890; $2500 had previously been raised by subscription, aud at the time of dedication the remaining $2000 was secured. The present edi- fice is a Gothic structure, finished and furnished in oak, and lighted by electric lights. The present number of members in the church is one hundred and twenty, and in the Sabbath -school two hundred. Thus through several reverses this church has been brought, and is now in a prosperous condition. Among its pastors may be found several who have received the honorary title of Doctor of Divinity, and one who was made Bishop. This church now, in gratefiil review of the past, can sing : ■■ Thns far the Lord hath led me on, Thus far Ilia power prolongs my days." May they also ever be able to sing, with faith in God for the future : ' And every eve Some fresh i ling shall make known emorial of Hia grace."^ Belmont Methodist Epi.scopal Church. — This church was organized by members of the "Bel- mont Union Church " on July 26, 1888. This Union (Church was preceded by the " Glendale Christian Union Society." The latter was organized more than twenty years ago by the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation of Maiden. It was strictly undenominational, and maintained a Sabbath-school and religious meet- ings in a school-house on Ferry Street. This Union Society undoubtedly accomplished good, but its trials were many, including a lawsuit. The source of its troubles was twofold : it was a Union Society, and its location, after South Maiden became the town of Everett, was near the line between Everett and Mai- den. Either of these .sources of trouble is almost in- variably, if not always, sufficient to occasion the death of a mission or a church. The Glendale Christian Union Society became extinct. The Bai>tists of Ever- ett took possession of the property it had gathered, and there is now on Ferry Street a Baptist Mission Society. The Christian people who withdrew from the Glen- dale Union still felt the need of religious privileges in that part of the city, and some movement was made to procure a site for a chapel on Ferry Street, in Maiden. In the mean time Mr. John P. Russell offered as a free gift a lot of land containing about five thousand square feet, situated on Fairmont Street, Belmont Hill, on condition that a chapel should be built upon it, and that the church to be or- ganized .should be forever strictly undenominatioual or non-sectarian. In consequence of this ofler of Mr. Russell, on June 5, 1882, "The Belmont Chris- tian Union Society in Maiden " was legally organ- ized. The written instrument, or constitution, under which it was organized, consisted of Preamble, Stand- in"' Rules and By-Laws. The stauding rules were 520 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS only two in number. The second of these reads as follows : " NomolioD to change the Bociety from a union to a denominational or sfctarian (Soci.tj') shall bo received, and no aectarian discussion shall be allowed in the Society meetings. And we do further agree to the fol- lowing by-lows, for the more particular government of this Society." At the same meeting at which this society was or- ganized, and pledged to remain forever a Union Soci- ety, it accepted Ijy a unanimous vote Mr. Russell's gift of land, with the conditions upon which it was offered, and also voted that the sincere thanks of the society should be expressed to the donor. The land was deeded to the society by Mr. Russell, and the con- ditions already referred to were expressed in the deed. Upon this basis the society received subscriptions from benevolent people of various religious denomina- tions, also .sums of money raised in other ways, and with the same built a chapel upon the land they had received. A SaUI)ath-scho(il was organized, prayer- meetings were held, and preaching on the Sabbath by various evangelical ministers, mostly Congregational, was maintained until September 15, 1884, at which date the society voted to hire Rev. William F. Obear to serve as acting pastor for one year, beginning on the 1st of the following October, at a salary of S.'iOO, it being understood that he should also labor one-hall of the time as acting pastor of the First Congrega- tional Church in Maplewood. Under the lead of Rev. Mr. Obear, on May 13, 1885, "The Belmont Union Church " was organized with eight members. It was organized, as its name indicates, as a strictly undenominational, though evangelical, church, and this in honest fulfillment of pledges made tn the donor of the land, and vir- tually al.so to all the donors of money. Mr. Obear labored successfully with this society and church for three years. During this period thirty-six persons were added to the eight original members of the church, a large portion of whom united by confession of ('hrist, making a total of forty-four members. Tlie cliurch and society then invited Rev. .John E. Wheeler to serve as pastor one year. He entered upon his duties November 1, 1887, and labored about nine months. During this time nine persons united with the church, five of them by confession of Christ. The members of the Sabbath-school numbered nearly 200. In July, 1888, a warrant was posted for a meeting of tiie society to be holden on the 24th of that month. The second article in the warrant was as follows : " To hear a proposition from the Methodist Episcopal, Cluirch in Maiden, and to take such action on the same as may be deemed advisable." The society ac- cordingly met .July 24th, and, after the meeting was organized, voted to hear the propositions sent from the Melliodisl Episcopal Church in Maiden. It was pre-scnted in writing and was in substance, thiit, "The Belmont Christian UnionSociety shall sell or convey to Trustees of the BelmontMethodist Episcopal Church when organized " all the property real and personal " of said Union Society, and that the said Trustee.-i of the Belmont Methodist Episcopal Church will, in such case, assume the mortgage outstanding on said real estate, and also all the floating debts of said Union Society, amounting to about $1000. It was also added : "This proposition is upon the under- standing that Mr. John P. Rufsell will release to the said Trustees of the Belmont Jlethodist Episcopal Church all right and title and interest he may have at law or equity by reason of the conditions con- tained in his deed of said real estate to the Union So- ciety, dated June 29, 1882." After hearing this proposition read, the Union So- ciety, in violation of one of its own " Standing Rules," and also of its solemn contract and promise to remain t()rever a Union Society, upon the basis of which contract and promise money had been raised to build a chapel, voted — though not unanimously — '" to auth- orize the selling or conveying of all the real and personal property " in its possession to the trustees of the Belmont Methodist Church, " whenever such Board of Trustees shall be organized." It was under- stood that Mr. Russell had given his assent to this arrangement. Whether the questions of his legal right to authorize such a transaction, and of the legal- ity and morality of all these proceedings, were prop- erly considered, the records of the society do not in- form us. The presiding elder, however, was present, and read to the meeting the written proposition from the Centre Methodist Episcopal Church. Two days later, or on July 26, 1888, some thirty members of the Belmont Union Church met at the chapel. No public notice of the meeting had been given. A minority of some eighteen or twenty mem- bers had no knov/ledge that such a meeting was to be held. The thirty members thus assembled voted to give to themselves letters of dismission from the Bel- mont Union Church, and recommendation to the BelmontMethodist Episcopal Church, soon to be con- stituted. They then voted to authorize the clerk of the Union Church to give letters of dismission and recom- mendation to such absent members as should desire him to do so. These thirty persons were then and there constituted and declared to be by the presiding elder, who had been present through all the proceed- ings, a Mel/indiM EpUcopal Chitrrh. The pastor ot the Centre Methodist Episcopal Church — the Rev. Willis P. Odell — was also present, and was declared by the presiding elder to be the pastor of the new church. Such was the origin, according to the records and the testimony of competent witnesses, of the Bel- mont Methodist Episcopal Church in Maiden. No comment is needed. The Belmont Union Church never by vote declared its own dissolution, and therefore still exists as a true Church of Christ, with all the rights, liberties and possessions which belonged to it at the time when thirty of its members thus left it. The fact that this MALDEN. 521 church does not at present maintain public religious services does not render it non-existent. The second and present pastor of the Belmont Methodist Church is Rev. Oliver W. Hutchinson. He began his labors September 15, 18SS. The church was organized with thirty members and a Sabbath-school with 130 members. The church now (1890) has eighty- six members, and the Sabbath-school about 250. The chapel has been moved to a larger lot on the corner of Boston and Fairmont Streets, and has been en- larged, the whole at an expense of about $3000. The entire property is now valued at about $0000. "The church is entirely free from debt. The congregation and Sunday-school constantly grow. The people feel encouraged ; they believe they are laying the foundation ofa large and prosperous church." The First Univeesalist Church and First Parish. — Some account of the origin of this church on May 22, 1828, of its connection with the First Parish, and of the installation, July 30, 1828, of its first minister, Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, has already been given. Mr. Cobb continued in office until August 28, 1837, when the parish accepted his resignation. His successor was Rev. J. G; Adams, of Claremont, N. H., who was installed February 28, 1838. The Uuiversa- liat Church the same year, or ten years after its organization, under the ministry of Mr. Adams through its Deacons, Artenius Cutter and Abraham T. Neally, made a formal demand upon Silas Sargent, deacon of the First Church, for "all the property" then " in his possession belonging to the First Church of Christ in Maiden." The property referred to in- cluded the communion service and probably a small trust fund. Deacon Sargent refused to surrender this property without the consent of the First Church. The Universalist Church then began a suit at law against Deacon Sargent, and the case was brought be- fore the Supreme Judicial Court. But representa- tives of the two Churches, after two meetings for conference, both parties being desirous of avoiding the vexation and expense of litigation, on October 25, 1839, signed an agreement according to which the Universalist Church was to withdraw the suit at law then pending before the Supreme Court, and forever waive its claim to the property in dispute,. yet without admission that that claim was unfounded or unjust, and the First Church was to pay to the Universalist Church one hundred dollars, yet without "at all admitting that their claim to the property in dispute is or can be invalidated." This agreement was ratified by the two churches. It is worthy of record that in subsequent years the two pastors of these churches, McClure and Adams, united heartily in promoting temperance, and in other labors for the welfare of the town. " Antago- nistic," says Mr. Corey, " as they were in their re- ligious beliefs, with the memories of the recent con- flicts of their societies still alive, they stood shoulder to shoulder and hand in hand in the many reforms which they instituted or promoted, and cemented a friendship which time did not destroy, which is still green in the heart of the survivor, and which may make more joyous the meeting on the shores of life." Mr. Adams' ministry with the Ilniversalists con- tinued fifteen years. His resignation was accepted by the parish with much reluctance, Feb. 2, 1853 ; the members of the Parish at the same time putting on record expressions of their high esteem and warm aft'ection for him as their pastor and friend. The next minister of this people was Rev. D^ V. Livermore, who was installed Dec. 18, 1853. After a ministry of nearly two years his resignation was reluctantly accepted, to take efl'ect Nov. 1, 1855. His successor was Rev. W. C. Brooks, who probably was installed in September of 1856. He resigned Dec. 31, 1857, and the dissolution of the pastoral relation took place April 1, 1858. He was followed by Rev. Thomas J. Greenwood, who " entered on his labors as pastor of the First Parish, May 2, 1858." He labored in the pastoral office with marked fidel- ity for five years, bringing an unusually large num- ber of persons into the church. Yet his official relation was terminated by the parish in August, 1863. His successor was Rev. Thomas Gorman, who accepted a call, and entered upon his duties, but after a few months' labor, resigned the pastorate. Rev. J. F. Powers was the next minister. He began work on the first Sunday in April, 1866 ; and, after a pastorate of five years and seven months, re- signed on account of exhaustion from overwork, preaching his last sermon on the third Sabbath in October 1871. Rev. William S. Bell was then invited to become the pastor. He was installed in October, 1872, but as early as March 10, 1873, the parish voted to accept his resignation. The parish next called to the pastorate Rev. Wil- liam H. Ryder, of Arlington, who began labor July 1, 1873, but was not installed in his office until Oct. 5th of that year. Mr. Ryder, by his eloquence in the pulpit, and by his efficiency and popularity as a minister, largely promoted the prosperity of the church and parish. After serving in this posi- tion about nine years, he received a flattering call to become the pastor of the Universalist Society in Cincinnati, Ohio, and accepted the call. Upon his resignation, his pastoral relation to his people in Maiden was dissolved July 15, 1882. A series of resolutions expressive of deep regret at parting with him, and of sincere esteem and gratitude, were unan- imously adopted by the parish. Rev. G. F. Babbitt was called to be the successor of Mr. Ryder, and was installed Feb. 29, 1884. After some two years of service, not being able longer to believe in the distinctive doctrines of Universalisni, and having accepted the evangelical faith as held by the Baptist denomination, he resigned his pastorate and was dismissed May 1, 1886, and is now success- 522 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. fully laboring as the pastor of a Baptist Church in Westboro', Massachusetts. The pr(«ent pastor is Rev. W. F. Dusseault, who was called from Marlboro', Mass., and was installed May 5, 1887. Mr. Dusseault is the eleventh pastor of the Universalist Church and Parish in Maiden. It is worthy of notice that there appears to be but one record of any action on the part of this church in calling or dismissing a minister. The parish ap- I)ears to have assumed the entire authority and re- sponsibility in every instance — save in the settlement of Mr. Cobb — of electing and dismissing the chief officer of the church. The brick meeting-house, built by an orthodox church and parish in 1802, is now occupied by the Universalist Church and Parish. The house, how- ever, ha.s been repeatedly remodeled and renovated. The change in its structure was made in 1831!, during the ministry of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, when the build- ing was " divided into two stories, the upper being used for public worship and the lower containing a large hall and other rooms for public purposes." This ancient meeting-house has been wel! preserved by the First Parish. It " seems," as Mr. Corey justly re- marks, " to bear an ever-present air of youth." The Chukcii of the iMM.icuLATE Concep- tion. — The following sketch of the history of this church is taken, in an abbreviated form, mainly from an elaborate and interesting historical article pub- lished in the Sacred Heart Review, July 12, 1890. Maiden h.iti existed as an incorporated town two hundred and four years before any Roman Catholic Church was establislied within its limits. Previous to 18.'»3 the few Catholics in Maiden were obliged to hear Mass in adjoining towns. But during that year Rev. John Ryan w.as appointed the first Roman Catholic pastor in Maiden, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Fitz- patrick. His pastoral care, however, was not con- fined to Maiden, but extended ovcrMedford, Mclro.sc, Wakefield, Stcmeham, Winchester and Everett. The Review presents as follows the early history of Catholicism in Maiden : " Tho first Miiss wus telflinited in Groeii's llnll, now known as Dowl- Ing's Block, corner of Pli'iiaanl and Miildlcsox Stroots. Tlioro were aliout 200 CatlioIIcA a«80inblud on that occasion. Tlic Sunday-scliool in tlio beginning nnmborod alioiit sixty cliildren. For flonio time Father llyan resided witli a parisliioner on .Tockson Street, tlien purcljased the liouso wbicli is now tho convent. In this dwelling the Holy Sacrilice WHS olTernd until the basement cliajiel of the clinrcb was ready for divine sorvico. Among the prominent parisliionors of early days may bo men- tioned Denis Orimos, in whose house Father Uyan rosidct' ; .lobn Uaf- forty, drsl sexton ; and .lohii James Mnlioncy, who linil been American Consul to Algiers ; in pniMing we may say that tho beantifnl residence and grounds now occupied l)y Mr. Dntton, of the firm of Houghton 4 Dutton, of Boston, was in those days tho home of Mr. Mabonoy. " Tho progress of the church wiu extraordinary, notwithstanding tho fact that Maiden, like many anotbercity, held within it« boundaries a few desporoiioes whose threats and deeds proved them validly entitled to tho nauio in whiob they gloried, 'Know-nothings,' and made tbom aliens, Indeed, to the groat body of enlighienod Americans, " WItbIn one year the few Catholics in Maiden purchased a lot of laud for a church on Sum nior Street, and the Catholics of Mcdford, equally zealous, purchased a lot in Medford. But it was found that their united strength was necessary and tho land was sold, and tlie Catholics of both places united and purchased the present site, between Medford and MaWen, and built a church thereon. This was in 1854, tho year ever memorable as that which saw proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, in honor of whieh the newly-erected church was named. The first Mass was offered there on Christmas day. As it first stood the little church accommodated three or four hundred peo- ple. " Father McSbane succeeded Father Ryan ; Father Scully labored there as pastor later on ; Father Gleasou became pastor in 1808. During ills pastorate the church Wiis twice enlarged, a parochial residence and a school-house built, and the School Sisters of Notre Dame introduced into the diocese-tlie former parochial residence becoming their con- In 1884 Rev. M. F. Flatley was appointed pastor of the parish in Maiden, and is now its permanent rector. At that time Wakefield, which, at first, was a mission attended from Maiden, had a parish, and Father Flatley had been its first pastor. Winchester had been set ofl' with Woburn and Everett with Chel- sea. Stonehani had a distinct Catholic parish, with a mission in Melrose, and there was a separate parish in Medford. " Fatiier Flatley was born in Ireland in 1843. After milking his early studies there in a private classical school, he came to Anierif^a, gradu- ated in 1865 from Holy Cross College, Worcester ; received the first honors of his class, carrying off the gold medal. His theological studies were made in St, Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and there he was or- dained a iiriest, Dec. 28, 18(58, He then turned to the diocese of Boston, for which he had studied. It was in St. .Jaraes' Church, Boston, of which Father James A. Healey {now Bishop of Portland, Me.) was then pastor, that Father Flatley spent the first five years of his ministry in tho holiest of callings. In June, 1873, he was sent to Walcefield," His pastorate in Wakefield is represented to have been laborious and successful. During the business panic of 1873-78, with the co-operation of his people, he paid off a debt of $14,000. Having been trans- ferred, in 1884, to the parish in Maiden, he was made, in 1888, its first permanent rector. " During his short pastorate here he has renovated and beautified the church, BO that it will now compare favorably with many of the churches of the Archdiocese, He has purchsised three acres of land, known as the Coburn estate, in the east end of Maiden, and there ho has ojiened a new mission, and in the near future he will build there a church and school. " Near the Parochial School on Highland Avenue, is another beautiful lot of land which be has secured, and will devote to parish purposes. He is about to open a new cemetery of seventeen acres which is now being laiti out into lots. With the enormous running expenses of tlie parish he has paid nearly 8-5,000 of the debt," Father Flatley is assisted by three curates — Fathers Curran, Sullivan and Cunningham: " Uev, V. .1, Curran , , . was born in liandolpb, Mass,, Feb. 14, 1853, He nuide his early studies in Randolpli, graduated from the High School March lo, 1871, being the first Catliolic to receive a diploma. The fol- lowing S6|itember he entered St, Charles' College, Md,, graduated there- fi-om in 1S74, and in September entered St, Josejih's Seminary, Troy, N, Y, Ho was ordained priest Dec. 21, 1878, His first agjpointment was lo St, Peter's, Cambridge, whore he labored n year and a half, being as- signed to Maiden Juno 8, 1880. During his ten years in this parish he lias been identified with every good work. " Hov. D. F, Sullivan was born in Boston May S, 1865 ; graduated from Holy Crow College, Worcester, June 2, 1870 ; entered St. Joseph's Semi- nary, Troy, N. Y., 1876 ; ordained priest Dec, 20, 1879, After serving MALDEN. 523 ID Cambridgeport and Winchester two years, he was appointed to Maiden Dec. 27, 1881. " Rev. F. A. Cunningham was born in Roxbury in 18G3 ; ho graduated in Boston College in 1884. A post-graduate of 1885, he received the de- gree of B.A., went to the American College, Rome, the same year ; was ordained there in 1889. Ue merited the honor of writing the poem, •America's tJreetiug,' upon the occasion of the golden jubilee of our Holy Father, Leo XIII." " The Catholic Church of Maiden is finely situated on Pleasant Street. It is built of brick, is cruciform, has a capacity of seating 1300. The basement chapel is plain, yet very devotioual. The main church is beau- tiful. The paiutings are worthy of special note. . . . It was during the renovation of the church effected in the present pastorate that these paintings were added. The statue of the Sacred Heart, which stands within the sanctuary, is the most beautiful in this country. It is the very statue that took the prize at the Paris Exposition of 1S80. . . . The sanctuary is lit by an arch of thirty gas jets ; the body of the church by sixteen upright candelabra eacli containing twenty-two lights. There are forty altar-boys and a sanctuary choir of forty members attached to this church." The " School Sisters of Notre Dame " constitute a teaching order, which h distinct from that of the " Congregation of Notre Dame," and from that of the Sisters of Notre Dame, and was originally founded in France in 1598. " The first house in America was established at St. Mary's, Pennsyl- vania, in 1847, but was subsequently transferred to Baltimore, where Mother Mary Clara is Superior. In 1850 a house was established in Milwaukee, Mother Mary Caroline, Superior. This is the General Mother-House for America, and is the special head-house and novitiate for all the western houses, Baltimore being the same for the eas^tern province. . . . Their parochial schools are attended by 56,22'2 children. In academies there are 2010 pupils ; inaaylums 1713 orphans. " Their firstschool in the north was opened in September, 1881, in Mai- den ; the second in Canton, 1885, Rev. .lohii Flatley, now of St. Peter's, Cambridge, then rector ; the third in Roxbury, 1889, Redemptorist Fathers in charge." It is reported, that in the parochial school in Mai- den — '* There are 7-'>0 pupils, boys and girls. Their ages range from five to fourteen years inclusively. The school embraces three departments— the primary, preparatory and grammar, each subdivided into two grades, each grade composed of two divisions. '* The coui-ae of study is as follows : Elementary or advanced, accord- ing to the grade of the pupil ; Christian doctrine, embracing Catechism, Holy Scripture and Church History ; object lessons, introducing phys- iology, botany, geology, etc. ; spelling, reading, combining elocution ; arithmetic, mental and written ; book-keeping and algebra, geography, history, grammar, rhetoric, composition, both of letters and essays, and natural philosophy." It is stated in the last report of the superintendent of schools, that in the year 18'(9 the number of children between five and fifteen years of age in the parochial school in Maiden was 605, and that the number in the public schools was 2317. The Review, from which we have so freely quoted, makes no allu- sion to our public schools, nor to the education of any children in the city, except those in the parochial school. This would have no special significance, if the Catholics in this city, as in all northern cities and towns, were not greatly indebted to our system of public schools. Many Catholics, educated in our public schools, are well aware, that neither they nor their children would have received any school education whatever, had it not been for our system of free schools. These educated and intelligent Cath(j|ic8 would doubtless be much gratified if their church authorities and publications would gratefully and courteously acknowledge this large indebtedness. We have not been able to verify the statement of the Review, that Catholicism in its early days in Maiden suffered from "a few desperadoes, whose threats and deeds " "made them aliens indeed to the great body of enlightened Americans." But even if the state- ment be true, it is but fair to say, that the citizens of Maiden have no sympathy with anything that tends to interfere with the fullest freedom in the worship of God. St. Paul's Epi.scopal Church. — Previous to the organization of this church, another Episcopal Church, known as " Grace Church," had existed for a brief time in Maiden. The following historical account of these two churches is mainly an abbreviation of written documents which have been kindly furnished by pres- ent officers of St. Paul's Church : On Sunday, September 27, 1861, evening service, according to the rites of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was held by Rev. William H. Munroe (then rector of Trinity Church, Melrose), for the first time in Maiden, in a small hall on Irving Street. Even- ing services were continued in this hall until Decem- ber 1st, when a larger hall, over the Boston and Maine Depot, was secured. In this hall evening ser- vices were conducted until June 1, 1862, when both morning and evening services were held. A morning service, however, was held on Christmas, 1861, on Sunday after Christmas, and on Easter Sunday, 1862. During all this time the church was dependent upon clergymen from neighboring towns to conduct the services. On October 17; 1861, at a meeting held in the evening, the following document was presented and signed : " The undersigned, citizens of Maiden, hereby associate ourselves to- gether as a Religious Parish and Society, under the name of Grace Church, for the worship of Almighty God, in accordance with the Canons and Liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Oct, 17, 18G1. "G.W.Clark, J. S. F. Cashing, William Erabley, John V. H. dish- ing, James Hamnett, Samuel H. Woods, Mary C. Clark, Mary P. Cox, Abbie W. Woods, J. A. Woods." A subscription list was also made up for the support of a rector, amounting to $99. During the first five months of 1862 a series of ser- mons on the doctrines and polity of the Episcopal Church was given in this hall, on Tuesday evenings, by Bishop Randall, Drs. Bolles and Lambert, Rev. Mr. Palmer, Dr. Wells, Rev. William R. Huntington, Rev. P. D. Huntington and Dr. John Cotton Smith. On May 3, 1862, a petition for a warrant to call a vestry to organize Grace Church was signed. This petition was granted by B. G. Hill, Justice of the peace, and a warrant was issued May 5th. The meet- 524 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. in§ thus legally called was held May 12, 1862. Prayer was offered by Ilev. William IT. Munroe, of Melrose, .1. >S. F. Gushing was elected clerk, and G. W. Clark, moderator. J. S. F. dishing and William Embley were elected wardens. G. W. Clark, William A. Herrick, James Hammett, William Linderby and Thomas M. Kaulback were elected vestrymen. J. S. F. Cushing, 8. H. Woods and O. W. Clark were elected delegates to represent the church, and to ask its admission to tlie Diocesan Convention to be held in Bcston, Juue 4, 1862. From the number of votes oast it would appear that ten persons were present at this meeting. The Rev. Joseph Kidder officiated as rector from May to October of 1802, giving his services as a labor of love. December 30th the Kev. Dexter Potter was invited to become the rector of Grace Church. He accepted the invitation and remained with the church until February ;', 18()4. During tlfis period the church and congregation appear to have been quite small, as on November 3, 1863, the number of communicants in the church was twenty, and the numbei of Sab- bathiichool scholars from thirty-five to forty. April '2f\ 1864, Rev. C. Ingles Chapin was called to the rectorship at a salary of $800. He made the fol- lowing report to the convention in the spring of 1865: "Grace Church, MuMen : Baptisms, 17 ; communicantB last reported, 19 ; died, 1 ; removed, ;i ; added, 19 ; present number, 34: ; coufirmeiid, 9 ; marriages, 1 ; burials, 5. Sunday-school : Teachers, 7 ; scholare, (i. Missionary collections, J20 ; for Sunday-school, $55 ; for Children's Chapel Fund, 8110 ; Christmas and Easter festivals, y41.50 ; other pur- poses within the Parish, $225. " By the blessing of God our work has been prospered. The present pressing need of the Parish is a suitable cliuich >u- chapel. This want supplied, there is nothing to prevent a rapid growth." As early as May, 1862, the refusal of a lot of land known as the Heater Piece, on the Dexter estate, was obtained, but afterwards the site, for some reason, was not regarded ;is a suitable one for a church. But in iMarch, Wt^t, under Rev. Mr. Chapin's rectorship, the subject of land and a chuicli was again brought up, and a committee was appointed to examine a church in Chelsea, with a view to its purchase and removal, but the project was found not to be feasible. August 4, 18G.5, Rev. C. Ingles Chapin resigned and soon after services ceased, and (Jrace Church existed only as a corporation. The records of Grace Church came to an end with a meeting held Nov. 22, 1809, at whlcli time James Hammett was clerk. Persons who were members of Grace Church affirm that this abrupt termination of its services, followed after a time by the extinction of the church itself, was occasioned by some lack of harmony in the brother- hood, and also of funds to meet necessary expenses. Alter the cessation of religious services, quite a number of the members of Grace Church hired seats at the Aiothodist Kpihcopal Church, and on Easter Sunday, IStiG, the house was given up entirely to the parish of (irace Church, Bishop Randall preaching in the morning and Rev. George Denham in the even- ing, the choir using the Episcopal Church music throughout the day. Steps were taken early in the year 1867 preliminary to the organization of another Episcopal C^hurch in Maiden. On January 13th of that year services of worship, conducted according to the liturgy of that church, began to be held in private houses, and on February 1st the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, in Waits' Block, having been engaged, the services were held in them. On March 26, 1867, a meeting was called of all per.sons interested in form- ing a parish or corporation in Maiden, according to the rites and usages of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a petition, requesting B. G. Hill, justice of the peace, to call a meeting for the purpose of or- ganizing such a parish, was signed. A warrant for this meeting was issued April 14th. The meeting thus legally called was held April 21, 1867, and a Protest- ant Episcopal Church was organized under the name of SL Paul's Church. This meeting was held in Waits' Block, and officers of the church were elected, as follows : As Wardens, Charles F. Stansbury and A. B. Converse ; as Vestrymen, C. A. Btearns, Ct. W. Wilson, William W. N. Cox, Alexander Henderson and O. N. Coburn ; as Treasurer, G. W. Clark ; as Clerk, Alexauder Henderson. A constitution and bylaws were adopted and signed by the following persons : Charles F. .stansbury, William Stearns, A. B. Converse, G. Wilson, 0. N. Coburn, G. \V. Clark, Alexander Henderson, Leonard W'oods, M.D., J. S. Chapin, James Ilamnett, J. M. Kaulback, Josey^h .\. Hill, J. S. F. Gushing, J. Edward Burtt, C. L. Hanford, t'harles Downer and William linderby. The hall over the Boston and Maine Depot was leased at $125 a year. The use of apart of the furni- ture formerly used by Grace Caurch was offered by its treasurer to St. Paul's Church. April 10, 1868, Rev. (Jeorge Putnam Huntington, son of Rev. Dr. Frederick D. Huntington, Bishop of Central New York, was called to take the p.astoral charge of St. Paul's Church and Parish. He accepted April 17th, for one year, at a salary of 1500, and enter- ed upon his duties the following Sabbath. On May 30, 1809, lie was elected rector, and accepted the office. At a meeting of Grace Church, held May 14, 1808, the following resolutions were offered and adopted : '* lifSoU'ril, That the organisation known as tirace Church bo from this date dissolved, and the property belonging to it be transferred to an organization known as St. Paul's Church, Maiden." "This action was legalized by an Act of the Legislature passed March 31, 18711." During the period between April 2, 1867, and No- vember 28, 1870, several committees were appointed to consider and report upon the question of the loca- tion and erection of a house of worship. Numerous sites and various plans for obtaining a house of wor- ship, including the project of removing a church from Medford, were rei>orted. But none of these reports were found on the whole to be acceptable. Finally, MALDEN. 525 on November 28, 1870, a committee was authorized to purchase a lot ou Washington Street, of Mr. Charles Heath. This land was eventually secured, and upon it was erected the present Episcopal Church. " This church was consecrated by Bishop Eastburn, on May 23, 1872. The total cost of the buildings and grounds was $15,729.72. The parish house was built in 1883, at a cost of about $2500. " Bev. George P. Huntington resigned the rectorship on account of ill health, August 15, 1884. Rev. John Milton Peck was called to be his successor, and preached his first sermon February 22, 1885. He re- signed June 4, 1887. "Mr. Peck suddenly departed this life July 24, 1890, at Menahaunt, near Falmouth, Mass., where he was passing the summer with his family. In his early life Mr. Peck was a Congregationalist, but later became an Episcopalian, and entered the Episcopal ministry. He had served as rector in the Episcopal Parishes of Rutland, Vt., Claremout, N. H., and in several other places. He came to Maiden from Bridgewater, highly recommended by the bishop. He has since preached in various places in the vicinity of Boston, and during the present summer had supplied the Episcopal pulpit in Brookline, where he preached the Sabbath before he died. Rev. Mr. Peck was a scholarly man, and of much literary culture. He has written several pleasing poems." The present rector in the Episcopal Church in Maiden is Rev. George Alexander Strong. He preached his first sermon as rector, October 15, 1 887. At the present time the wardens of the church are Allan J. Chase and William Be de las Casas ; Clerk, William D. Hawley; Treasurer, Matthew C. Grier; Vestrymen, Alfred Touks, Charles B. Shaw, Charles J. Addy, George T. Brown, Otis E. Waitt and George C. Tate. The present number of communicants is 220, and of Sunday-school scholars, 206. The seats in this church are free. The charter requires that " no rent charge or exaction shall ever be made or demanded for occupation or use of its seats." The expenses are met by the Sunday oflertory. St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Linden, Mal- DEN. — The following sketch of the origin and history of this church is official : "The services of the Episcopal Church in Linden began November 23, 1873, when but few persons took part in the worship. From 1873 to lS7t> the Rev. George P. Huiititigton, then rector of St. Paul's Church at Maiden Centre, held full evening prayers and preached on the fourth Sunday, in the afternoon, every month. The hist of these services was held September 24, 1876. But services of worship were again commenced by Rev. Mr. Huntington January 8, 1882. From that time different neighboring clergy- men conducted worship until December 31st, when Mr. T. L. Fisher first read the evening service, and from that time officiated as lay-reader, the Rev. Mr. Huntington coming once a month to celebrate the Holy Communion. Mr. Fisher was ordained to the diaconatein May, 18>-'3, and continued in charge until he was ordained to the priesthood in December, 1884. He entered upon the duties of his ministry on Chri.st- mas Day. " Services of public worship thus far had been held in various places, but in the last part of this period in Associate Hall. The cellar for the new church was completed before December 17, 1883, and the church was consecrated by the Bishopof Massachusetts, April 29, 1884. The cost of the church was $6163. This sum, however, does not include payment for decoration of the walls of the church, the altar, lecturn, prayer- desks, chancel rail, clergy chairs, two chandeliers and memorial windows, all of which were presented. "St. Luke's Parish was formally organized by the election of a vestry on July 1, 1885. The Bev. T. L. Fisher closed his sepvices as rector of St. Luke's Church on the first Sunday in Lent, 1888. The Rev. L. H. Merrill entered upon his duties, as the successor of Bev. Mr. Fisher, October 18, 1888, and terminated them in February, 1890. He was followed by the present rector, Bev. Edward Owen, who began his labors in the same month in which Bev. Mr. Merrill left. The present number of communicants is fifty, and the Sunday-school scholars number fifty-five." The First Unitarian Congregational Society of Maiden was organized with ten members {six males and four females), December 21, 1875. The names of the original members were, Nathaniel W. Starbird, Asa R. Brown, Harrison J. Dawes, Seth C. Jones, Martha J. Noyes, Caroline M. Frauch, Jose- phine Coburn, Louis D. Starbird, C. M. H. Abbott and Daniel M. Wilson. To these were added twenty- seven members the first year, and nine the second year. All members of the society subscribed to the fol- lowing statement: " The undereigued unite iu the foUowiug faith and purpose. Oiir faith IB iu God, and in His Son Jesus the Christ. And wo hereby form ourselves into a Society, that we nuiy co-operate iu tlie study and prac- tice of Christianity." The first pastor was. Rev. Daniel M.Wilson, who be- gan his ministry with this people in 1876, and closed it in December, 1878. The second pastor was Rev. Henry Westcott, who was installed November 1, 1881. While taking his summer vacation, lie died siuldcnly of heart-disease, July 16, 1883. The third and [iresent pasjtor is Rev, Benjamin H. Bailey, who entered upon his labors with this society April 9, 1884. The organization of this society took place in Richardson's Hall, in Central Square, but its religious services were held mainly in Odd Fellows' Hall until the dedication of its new house of worship, which took place October 11, 1878. This house was erected at a cost, aside from the land, of $8000, and is located on Haskins Street, not far from Main Street. The members of the society number, at the present times 526 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. seventy-two, forty-five of whom are males, and twenty- seven are females. The Sabbath-school was organized willi eight iiu'uibprs in 1877. The number of its members now i.s over one hundred and ten. This society at the present time is more prosperous than it ever was before. Within a year it has pur- chased a new and superior organ for its church, at a cost of $1(!00. Its accomplished and faithful pastor is respected and beloved by his people, and is con- stantly adding to his friends and enlarging the so- ciety. The Faulkner Evangelical Union Church. — This church is located at '" Faulkner Station," — a name given to that portion of the city which is ac- commodated by a railroad depot of that name, and is situated between Maiden Centre and Maplewood. The evangelistic movement which led to the organi- zation of this church was commenced by Mr. Fred- erick A. Houdlette. In 1882 he erected the Mystic Hall, near Faulkner Station, as a place of public worship, though a part of the building was devoted to other purposes. For a time he bore the entire financial burden of maintaining religious services. His chief a«sociate in conducting religious meetings was (lapt. George W. Lane, an earnest and successful Sabbath-school missionary for a number of years on the coasts of Maine and North Carolina. A Sabbath- school was organized in Mystic Hall in October, 1882, with ."ix teachers and sixty-eight scholars, and with Mr. Houdlette as superintendent. Earnest evangel- istic prayer-meetings were also held weekly, and ser- vices of worship, with preaching, on the Sabbath. Rev. E. S. Potter, a Congregational clergyman, who had then labored in the ministry with large success forty-eight years, was invited to serve as acting pas- tor, and he entered upon his labors June 4, 1882, and preached his last sermon September 1, 1881). On March 22, 1883, at a meeting held in Mystic Hall, of which Mr. Houdlette was chairman, and Mr. E. A. Atwood, secretary, a society under the name of "The Faulkner Evangelical Union," was organized with Mr. A. C. Dowse as clerk; Mr. George R. Conrad as treasurer; Messrs. J. I. Stewart and Daniel Wilder as auditors; and Mr. E. A. Atwood as superintendent of the Sabbath-school. The religious belief of the society was expressed in the following formula : "ThU Union recognizes the Scriptures of tlio Old and New Tostn- niouta uB llii Bolo autliority in mutters of doctrine, uud its infallible rule of fuitli and pracUco. It requires on the part of its members a substan- tial assent to them. It, requires that tho public ministry shall accord with them. Ilut, bncanso not all petrous agree iu their interpretation of the Scriptures, and to the end that none may be ollended or oxcludeil from Its fellowship, this Union docs not require, as a condition of mem- b«r»hlp, that every amdldate shall perfectly undorst^uid them, or agree with every other member in their interpretation of the same, being Toryconfldont that tho Lord hath much truth yet to break forth out of His Holy word." (Then follows the Apostles' Creed.] In the summer of 188.5 Deacon John B. Faulkner, who had been a member for many years and an officer of the First Baptist Church in Maiden, a gentleman of wealth, and in honor of whom the railroad station had received its name, intimated his intention to present a lot of land to the Union, and to build upon it a house of worship, whereupon the Faulkner Evangelical Union, by taking the necessary legal steps, became, on December 8, 1885, an incorporated society. On the 17th of the same month Deacon Faulkner conveyed, by deed, to the Faulkner Evan- gelical Union, a lot of land valued at $1000. In the deed the donor makes the following statement: " I donate this property to the Society, and Church when instituted, known by the naute of The Faulkner Evangelical Union, to be on- trusted to the Prudential Committee of said Society, with a Board of Trustees, who shall act in concurrence with the above-named Commit- tee. " The object of this donation is the establishment and maintenance of the oidinancesof religion in accordance with the belief and usages of the society as it now exists. Aud furthermore this house of worship shall be kept free from all Incumbrance whatsoever, to have and to hold the granted pren)lse6,with all the pri vileges and appurtenances thereto be- longing, to the said The Faulkner Evangelical Union, to their own use aud behoof forever." The organization of the Union Society was designed to be preliminary to the organization of a church. Accordingly "The I'aulkner Evangelical Union Church" was organized on February 12, 1886, with Mr. E. A. Atwood as clerk and treasurer. The con- fession of faith adopted was evangelical. The house of worship was completed in June, 1886. The entire expense of the building, including the land, was about $7000, and the whole was a munifi- cent gift to the Faulkner Evangelical Union and Church from Dea. John B. Faulkner. The church was dedicated June 9, 1886. In the public services of the afternoon, Dea. Faulkner, with fitting words, presented the keys of the church to the chairman of the Board of Trustees, closing with the remark: "I hope this will prove a blessing to the people." In the evening a sermon was preached by Rev. John L. Withrow, D.D., of the Park Street Church, Boston, and Rev. W. F. Obear, of Maplewood, offered the dedicatory prayer. The present number of church members is forty- four, and the members of the Sabbath-school number about one hundred and twenty. Rev. Harry P. Ran- kin, a Methodist minister, is the present acting pastor. There are now in Maiden, ministering to the relig- ious and spiritual needs of its more than twenty-three thousand inhabitants, fourteen Christian churches. One of these churches is two hundred and forty -one years old. The other thirteen have come into exist- ence during the period of the last eighty-seven year.s. With all their imperfections, mistakes and partial failures, they have yet stood as bulwarks against im- morality, intemperance, all unrighteousness and crime. Without churches and the preached gospel. Maiden would have been uninhabitable to respectable people. They have been the light, the joy and the glory of the town ; while iu their ministries of salva- tion and consolation they have been to thousands as the open gates of Heaven. MALDEN. 527 CHAPTER XXXIX. MALDEN — {Continued). SOCIETIES. BY GEO. HOWARD FALL. There are over seventy societies to be found in Maiden to-day. Many of tliese are secret and com- paratively unimportant. Quite a number have no more members than officers. Still others are little more than mutual admiration clubs. Societies which are purely secret or self-centred have little claim upon the pen of the hi-storian. To be of general in- terest, they must be connected with the general wel- fare, or must, at least, be typical of the community's development. An individual's history is of value just so far r.s it represents the spirit of the times or just so far as his life and acts present a history of the times. Of the same nature is the history of a society. If it has sought to accomplish public work, whether good or bad, the historian is bound to recognize it. But if private matters and individual interests only have been considered, a history of it would be a tax upon public forbearance. Many of the societies are doing general work, and illustrate phases of social development. Of these there is none more important than the Maiden Delib- erative Assembly. This society was organized Decem- ber 8th, 1875, by ten young men, who met at the house of Mr. Charles D.Weld. Its object and pur- pose was (first) the full and free discussion of the leading questions of the day ; (second) exercise and training in parliamentary practice. Its founders were Elijah George, Otis E. Waitt, Sidney D. Shat- tuck, A. R. Turner, Jr., A. F. Crocker, Chas. D. Weld, Horace F. Gleason, J. C. Auld, Frank F. Sar- gent, J. Q. A. Brett. The society now numbers over eighty members, comprising representatives from every class and profession. Such subjects as the fol- lowing have been discussed : /Resolved, that it will subserve the best interests of Maiden to adopt a city charter ; That church proper- ty ought to be taxed ; That a property qualification should be one of the conditions of the exercise of the suffrage; That the enactment of national laws providing for compulsory education should be en- couraged ; That the right of suffrage should be ex- tended to women; That all railroads should be owned and controlled by the State ; That the Bible should be read in the public schools ; That Pomeroy ought to be hanged ; That Chinese immigration ought to be prohibited ; That prohibitory legislation is conducive to the best interests of this Commonwealth ; That England would be justified in interfering in the laws between Turkey and Servia. That Free Trade will best advance the commercial interests of the United States; That all National, State and Municipal offi- cers should be denied the right of suffrage during their term of office ; That labor organizations are detrimental to the general welfare ; That capital pun- ishment should be abolished ; That the President of the United States should be elected for a term of six years, and no longer ; That Tilden was fairly elected ; That bad cooking is the cause of more misery than alcoholic liquors; That women should vote in muni- cipal elections; That the poll-tax should be abol- ished ; That life is not worth living. This society has exercised a potent influence upon Maiden affairs. Many officers, first of the town, and later of the city government, have been among iu members, and in the assembly room learned to fairly view those questions which otherwise they might have seen only through the mist of local and politi- cal prejudice. In the town-meeting, and in the ward-room, speeches have been continually made under the stimulus of passion and self-interest. In the assembly room, one motive controlled discus- sion, — that of the pure reason. No limits except those of time have ever been allowed to interfere with the freedom of debate. Again and again have the citizens poured into the meetings as the one place where they could hear fairly discussed the living questions of the day. These were called the public meetings of the assembly, and ladies were always welcome. The great success of this society has been due to two causes. First, any man could join provided he possessed good morals and intellectual capacity. These were the only requisites. The society has never been ruled by a "set." Secondly, freedom from burdensome rules and orders. Members are allowed to come into and go out of the room when they please. Hence an uninteresting debate will clear the hall^)er se; and disputants know that in order to keep their audience they must have something to say worth hearing. Ninety per cent, of all debating societies are killed out by the strictness of their rules. Among the many sulijects of public interest which the assembly has considered was one concerning the advisability of revising the city charter. The assem- bly voluntarily took upon itself, early in 1888, the task of preparing the outlines of a new charter. A com- mittee of five was appointed, who examined all the charters of neighboring cities, and also studied for some six weeks the problem of municipal govern- ment. As a result, the modern problem of city gov- ernment became widely discussed in Maiden, and the end is not yet. This self-appointed task of the assem- bly is only an instance. The water question, the sewerage, the electric light, streets, fire department, etc., etc., have all been over- hauled and examined from an impartial standpoint. The Sewerage Bill, for the Metropolitan Valley, which passed the Legislature recently, is due largely to the efforts of the assembly. The assembly brought the merits of the scheme before the people of Mai- 528 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. den, at one of its public meetings. The citizens of Maiden did the rest. The following gentlemen have served as presidents of the assembly since its organization: Elijah George, Harry P. Ballard, George F. Foster, A. A. Knights, George A. Litllelield, Frank P. Bennett, A. K. Turner, .Jr., George D. Ayers, Alfred H. Jones, Sid- ney D. Shatluck, .Jerome H. Fiske, John S. Patton, Charles D. Weld, George L. Gould, Alfred E. Cox, Daniel L. Milliken, A. J. Freeman, R. K. Robinson, Tristram Griffin, Elnathan D. Howes, Clarence A. Perkins, F. H. Page, William F. Merrill, Frank E. Woodward, Charles R. JIagee, F. O. Woodrufl", Geo. Howard Fall, George L. Richards, John M. Corbett, George H. Woodrutf, Eugene H. Cox, Charles G. Schaedel, H. Hubbard, F. A. Lux, Harry H. Barrett, Edwin S. Hlaiue, H. L. Boutwell, Curtis S. Pease, F. I. Winsiow and George W. Cox. Old and New— 77te Woman's Club of Maiden.— On Friday, October 18, 1878, thirteen Maiden women met at the house of Mrs. H. H. Robinson, at. the in- vitation of Mrs. Harrietts R. Shattuck, "to consider the feasibility of forniing a woman's club in Maiden." From this small beginning, " Okl and New" has gradually grown into a large club, numbering, in March, 1890, 100 members. It is the only woman's club in the city, and one of three in Middlesex Coun- ty. The presidents during the twelve years of its existence have been Harrielte R. Shattuck, Rosella F. Baxter, Loriette A. Eaton, Harrietts H. Robinson and Cora E. Pease. December 10, 1889, the club was duly incorporated under ihe charter-name of the Old and New, of Mas- sachusetts. The incorporators are Cora E. Pease, Ella F. Bean, Cynthia M. Shepherd, Harriette R. Shattuck, Adeline A. Nichols, Rosella F. Baxter, Harriette H. Robinson, Lena D. M. Siner, Caroline 1). Waldron and (Caroline A. Danforlh. The jjurpose of the club, as staled in its charter, is literary and educational work, and establishing and maintaining a place for .social meetings for the convenience of the women of Maiden and vicinity. Mutual improve- ment is its object, and incidentally, whatever work for the outside public it may be able to do in addi- tion. In pursuance of the first object, lectures and other entertainments are given by members of the club, and by persons invited to address it, on literary, ethical, scientific and domestic topics. Half of the twenty-four meetings each year are in charge of three committees, who, on the afternoons respectively as signed to them, provide speakers and topics appro- ])riate to their respective dei)artments. The other half of the meetings are in charge of the club itself, wliich provides for tliem in executive se8.sion. Dur- ing the last year the club listened to essays upon "Utopias; Old and New;" " Mirabeau and the French Revolution;" "Robert Browning;" "The Schools of Russia;" "Electrical Engineering;" "Dust and Dampness;" "Some Curious Beliefs of the Ancient Botanists and Herbalists ; " " A Group of Tolstoi's Women ; " " Ethics in its Practical Rela- tions;" "Morals of Materialism;" and the "Re- moval of Lord Elgin's Marbles from Greece." Of the thirteen meetings conducted by club mem- bers alone, two have been devoted solely to business. One was occupied with accounts of summer vacations, one with readings by members, two with debates, one with housekeeping essays, and a short entertainment to close, two with essays by members, the subjects be- ing " The Science of Financial Success " and " The Ethics of Financial Success." The main idea of mutual improvement has been advanced by original work, in writing, speaking and debating, as well as in listening. One feature has been an original magazine, containing compositions in prose and rhyme from the members of the club. There are also a writing-group and a reading-group formed by the club, the former having been in existence about nine years, and the latter less than one year. The writing-grou|) has been a great means of developing the literary and critical talent of those club members who belong to it. Its president from the beginning has been Mrs. R. F. Baxter. It is a rule that each of the twelve members of this group shall write at least five articles each year ; and these articles are read in the group and criticised in a friendly but candid spirit by each one present. By this means the members have learned not only to bear the more adverse criticism, but also to know how to criticise frankly in return. Courses of public lectures are occasionally given by distinguished lecturers, under the auspices of the Old and New. Another feature of the club's outside work is the formation of a committee which sends reading- matter every week to a number of women living in isolated localities. It remains to speak of the management of Old and New, which is the most important fact regarding it, and the secret of its success. The leading principle upon which this club is founded is the belief that every woman has within her the germ of some latent talent, which only needs cultivation in order to bear fruit. " Old and New " stands for the development of the individual, and its main intent is to draw its members out and encourage them to speak their inner thought. In order to carry out their ideas, it was necessary to adopt two principles, — democratic man- agement and rotation in office. The business of the club is transacted by its members in executive session. There are no executive committee or directors, and, although under the charter trustees are necessary, these officers are merely nominal. They can do nothing unless first instructed by the club at a regular execu- tive session. The opportunity for wire-pulling is thus reduced to its lowest terms. A new matter is first pre- sented before (he whole clul) by any individual who wishes to present it. It is then fully and fairly dis- cussed, and, unless referred to a committee for some reason, is decided by a majority vote. MALDEN. 529 It has been a rule from the beginning that no officer except the .secretary and ihe treasurer and no member of a committee shall serve in the same position for more than two consecutive years, or be eligible for re-election until a year has intervened. It was felt in the beginning, and is now still more strongly, that a club whose object is " mutual improvement" cannot attain that object without giving opportunity to all to compete for the honorary offices. Without the provision for rotation, experience shows that only one or two women ever have a chance in any society to become a president or a vice-president, or a chairman, and thus to learn to preside and to conduct meetings. The result in Old and New has been that in twelve years six women have become educated in the duties of a presiding officer. The principle of rotation in office does not apply so strictly in societies for philanthropic or special work; but in a woman's club, where women meet together to learn and to grow, it is at the same time a safe- guard and an inspiration. Old and New has proved the value of this principle by long and successful ex- perience. The Woman's Chkistian Temperance Union. — This association was organized April 19, 1876. Mrs. P. S. J. Talbot was chosen president ; Miss Hattie A. Sawyer, secretary; and Mrs. Charles Merrill, treas- urer. Mrs. Talbot still holds the office as president, a continuous service of more than fourteen years. The object of this Union is to educate public .senti- ment to the standard of total abstinence from alco- holic liquors as a beverage, to secure the right educa- tion of the young as to the use of alcoholic liquors and narcotics, to reclaim the fallen, to enlist and unite the women of the city in temperance work, to obtain the legal prohibition of the liquor traffic, and by co-operation with other associations in the State and nation, to promote the cause of universal temper- ance and sobriety. The first work of the Maiden W. C. T. U. was to assist in organizing a reform club, hiring a club-room, furnishing it with a library and games to interest these reformed men, that they might not return to their former resorts. A gospel temper- ance meeting was held every Sunday evening with large and interested attendance. Large numbers signed the pledge, and many intemperate men were reformed. A juvenile temperance society was formed with Mr. S. F. Fairfield and sister as superintendents. It be- came very prosperous, with a membership of five hundred, and still continues under the name of the " Loyal Temperance Legion." Its pre.sent very efficient superintendent is Mrs. Dr. Peleg Wadsworth. One of the " boys " from this region recently organ- ized a total abstinence society in the University at Berlin, Germany, which is increasing in influence and popularity. The W. C. T. U. has placed scientific temperance text-books in the Public Library, and in all the libra- 34-iii ries of the i\Ialden public schools ; also treatises on tobacco ; and, in answer to their petition the School Board have placed the temperance text-books in the hands of each public-schoolteacher, also in the hands of the pupils of the three highest grades in all the public schools of Maiden, at the same time directing that the children of the lower grades shall be taught orally by the teachers, examinations being re(inired as in other studies. Interesting temperance books by the best authors have also been placed in all the libraries of the Mai- den Sunday-schools. Temperance lessons are taught, temperance Sunday-school concerts are held, and hundreds of children and teachers have signed the pledge, and the rolls of honor which are passed once a year in the Sunday-schools, under the supervision of the W. C. T. U. superintendent. Literature, written upon the different phases of the temperance question, is very widely circulated among the people at large. The press and the churches arc influenced by the society to encourage and sustain a healthy, earnest temperance sentiment in the com- munity, which has for the past fourteen years been successful. No licenses for the .sale of intoxicating liquors have been granted by the city government ex- cept for medicinal and mechanical purposes; and in no town or city of Massachusetts has the prohibitory law been so thoroughly respected and enforced as in Maiden. The wonderful growth of Maiden, it having doubled its population in ten years, is largely due to the fact of there being " No liccn.se,'' the result in a great measure of the W. C. T. U's. faithful work. The work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union permeates every branch of society, and hiis de- partments seeking to reform the many vices and social evils which so constantly tempt the young from the path of truth and virtue. It is non-sectarian in relig- ion, and non-partisan in politics, seeking to .save in the name and spirit of the divine Master whom it loves and serves. Malden Medical Improvement Society. — This society Was instituted in 1888, but it was really an outgrowth of the Holmes Medical Club, which w.os started in the city of Maiden some ten years ago, and included the select phy.sicians of Maiden, Medford, Melrose and Stoneham. This society is conducted on the same plan .as the State Medical Society, meet- ing monthly, when essays and i)apers are read. There is also a presentation of cases. In the winter of 1889, there was given a course of lectures worthy of note. In this society was born the idea of the Maiden City Hospital ; and when Deacon Converse was asked what he could do to help embody the idea, he re- sponded nobly by giving $10,000 in cash, and several •acres of beautiful land. .John L. Sullivan is the pres- ent president of the society ; John B. Mahoney, secre- tary ; Godfrey Ryder, treasurer. The Brttish-American: Association. — The chief aim of this association is to get the British-American 530 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. people to become naturalized citizens, thereby ena- bling them to vote; also to encourage social inter- course among the members. The present officers are Si mi. P. Priest, president; James Scales, vice-presi- d«nt; A.J. Crockford, secretary. The society now m;n bers about forty members. Malden Industrial Aid Society.— This society w:is organized in 1875, the year of the great fire at the R iblier Works. Its object, as stated in the constitu- tion 9 to relieve and prevent destitution, by render- in j; I'rompt, efficient, and judicious aid to the deserv- ing, necessitous poor in our own town ; and to encour- age thrift, by endeavoring to cultivate the self-respect and self-reliance of those to whom aid is rendered. The society also endeavors to find employment for the unemi)loyed, and is conducted on the same plan as the Boston Industrial Society. The members number about two hundred, and meet once a year to select officer.s and to distribute about flOOO. Any citizen can become a member by paying the small amount of one dollar. The present oflicers are E. S. C inverse, president; J. K. C. Sleeper, vice-president; John W. Ohadwick, secretary ; William H. Sargeant, treasurer, and John H. Parker, auditor. United Order of the Golden Cross, Mystic COJIMANDERY. — This association was organized for the purpose of paying to its members a death benefit of from S-WO to $2000, also of caring for sick members and for mutual help. It is a secret order, composed of about 100 members in Maiden Centre, and about eighty in Maplewood. The order itself was organized in Tennessee in 1870, and now numbers about 18,000 to 20,000 mem- bers. It ranks third among the great orders, the Ancient Order of United Workmen holding the first rank, .secondly the Knights of Honor, and thirdly the Golden Cross. One of the features of the Golden Cross Order is that the members pledge themselves not to drink, l)uy or make intoxicating liquors while they belong to the order. Ladies are permitted to join. Harvey L. Boutwell, Esq., a citizen of Maiden, goes to Louisville, Kentucky, this year, as the Su- preme Representative of the Grand Commandery of Massachusetts. This society has gained more mem- bers within the past year than any other similar order in the United States. Good Templars.— Laurel Lodge, No. 152, 1. O. G. T., organized in 1887, and now numbers from forty to fifty members. It is a temperance organization, whose object is to reform the drunkard, and keep sober men sober. It is the largest secret temperance organization in the country. The Sons of Temper- ance is an older order, but not as influential. When it was first organized it admitted men only; but a few years later the Order of Good Templars was formed, tor the purpose of admitting women a.s well as men. The order fiourishcd rapidly, and did such good work that the Sons of Temperance changed their rules and admitted ladies, following the example so nobly set. Free Masonry. — Masonry is more flourishing in Maiden than in any other city or town of its size in the Commonwealth. The oldest organization is the Mt. Vernon Lodge. Its charter bears the date of A.D., 1857, and its members now number 230. Offi- cers : Worshipful Master, John Newell ; Senior War- den, Joseph F. Wiggin ; Junior Warden, Edward G. Wise; Treasurer, James Hammett ; Secretary, Alfred Tonks. Converse Lodge. — This newer organization received its charter the 8th of January, 1887, and the brothers now number 142. Officers : Worshipful Master, Fred- erick J. Foss ; Senior Warden, Joseph W. Sanders ; Junior Warden, Eugene Nelson ; Treasurer, Joseph M. Russell ; Secretary, Charles R. Magee. Following these orders come first ; The Royal Arch Chapter of the Tabernacle, which received its charter in March, 1887. The companions now number 197. Oflicers: Most Excellent High Priest, Geo. E. Nor- ris; Excellent King, Frederick G. Currier; Scribe, George L. Griffin; Treasurer, Joseph M. Russell; Secretary, Arthur W. Hutchins. Second : Melrose Council, Royal and Select Masters, organized December 12, 1856; constituted February 27, 1868 ; 193 members. Officers : Thrice Illustri- ous Master, Wiliiain Bickford ; Deputy Master, James Emerson ; Principal Conductor of the Work, Freder- ick G. Currier; Treasurer, Wiuslow B. Southwortb ; Recorder, Arthur W. Hutchins ; Master of Ceremo- nies, George E.Cofran; Captain of the Guard, Clarence O. Walker; Conductor, Edwin A. Kelley ; Chaplain, James H. Waite; Steward, Chas. C. Blanchard; Sen- tinel, Henry L. Putnam. Third : Beauseant Commandery, Knights Templar. Date of charter, October 20, 1886. Officers: Emi- nent Commander, SirT. Fred. Martin ; Generalissimo, Sir Rudolph Cramer ; Captain-General, Sir Henry D. Wilder; Treasurer, Sir Joseph L. Bicknell; Secre- tary, Sir Allan J. Chase. Malden Young Men's Christian Association. — In the fall of 1884 this institution first took form and shape in the mind of one young man whose hope it had been for several years, and then by the union of several others, whose desires were as strong as his. As a result, a dozen or more young men who desired an opportunity lor self-culture and improvement in various studies, decided tojoin together in a kind of class, to meet at their houses one evening in each week, and talk over the readings which they should undertake in their leisure hours. They represented the various religious denominations of Maiden, and sought religious progress as well as intellectual cul- ture. The meetings were continued during the win- ter, and whep the spring approached the cla-ss de- cided to hold a small prayer-meeting on Sunday even- ings for the purpose of helping and influencing the young men of the city. The first meeting was held at the Baptist vestry, and then alternately among the various churches. Next they rented a hall in Bar- MALDEN. 531 rett's Building and finally in Bailey's Building- By this time many citizens were asking that the work might become permanent and that an active and efB- cifcnt association might lie formed. At this time the class consisted of the following members: G.Louis Richards, Samuel M. Fairfield, F. J. Salsman, Dr. George M. French, Geo. C. Currier, Chester Crosby, Arthur Leonard, Caleb Crawford, William Merrill, Fred. Schwartz, Chas. J. Bartlett, Richard Kerr, H. S. Howard, N. E. Nourse. September 10, 1885, an initial meeting for the pur- pose of organizing a larger association was held at the vestry of the Baptist Church. At this time a com- mittee, representing the several churches, was ap- pointed to canvas for members. The ten who were appointed for the purpose entered immediately upon their task, and at the October meeting reported that the signatures of over three hundred young men had been secured, also that a general feeling in favor of the work existed in the community. At the next meeting, held October 21st, Walter C. Douglass, the State secretary of the Massachusetts associations, was present. In his remarks, he said : " We have a defi- nite and distinct work to do — to labor for young men. This work is needed to meet the various temptations and pitfalls which the adversary has placed in their way. As the devil works distinctly in every large community for the downfall of this class more than any other, so our work is for the same class and to the opposite result." The Maiden institution, which chose to base its action upon the principles which had made possible the formation and successful prosecution of sixty sim- ilar associations in other parts of the State, adopted the truths expressed in that part of the constitution which states that "the object of the association shall be to improve the .spiritual, intellectual, social and physical condition of young men by appropriate means and methods in harmony with the spirit of the gospel." A further extract from the constitution, relative to the duties of members, shows what the institution ex- pects of itself: " The members of this association .shall seek out young men and endeavor to bring them under moral and religious influences by introducing them to the members and to the principles of the as- sociation. November 25, 1885, at a meeting held in the vestry of tbe Methodist Church, the following Board of Directors was constituted: Hon. J. K. C. Sleeper, George E. Gay, G. Louis Richards, Clarence O. Walker, John H. Parker, Herbert Porter, W. H. Sargeant, M. C. Grier, Rev. M. M. Cutler, William B. de las Casas, A. D. Cromby, A. J. Chase, Freeman A. Smith, H. B. Griffin, S. M. Fairfield. The board was empowered by the constitution to choose a president and two vice-presidents for the association. For president it chose the principal o^ the High School, Mr. George E. Gay, a man pre- eminently fitted for the position. For vice-presidents Hon. J. K. C. Sleeper and Clarence O. Walker. Matthew C. Grier and Wilbur H. Sargeant were made respectively secretary and treasurer. To the impor- tant position of general secretary, the board calleil William R. Comer, who was formerly connected with the Boston association. The next and very important step was to secure proper headquarters. The Masonic building was then being erected, and, through the generosity of Maiden citizens, hand.somely furnished rooms were opened to the public in that beautiful building in November of 1886. The rooms were made free, to be used by any young man, whether a member of the association or not. Classes for vocal music and instruction in penman.ship were formed, and a course of entertainment furnished for the win- ter. At the annual meeting, in December, 188fi, Mr. Gay declined further service, and Mr. Herbert Porter was elected president in his .stead. Under his effi- cient care and faithfulness, for two years, the associa- tion gained in number and extended its influence. October 12, 1888, a vote was passed, making the association a corporation under the laws of the State. With the new form of organization came a change in the filling of the offices. Those who had been the incentive and spirit in previous years declined to fur- ther serve, and at the head of the association was placed Mr. William R. Hawley, who also served effi- ciently for two years. The community, seeing, by the earnest efforts of former workers, that the influence of the association's work was being felt in every home, and in almost every church, gave it a zealous support. In August, 1889, Mr. William R. Comer resigned his position as general secretary, and Mr. W. H. Simouds, who was acting in a similar capacity in Keene, N. H., was elected to the office. It is due to Mr. Comer, how- ever, to say that the present prosperity of the associa- tion is largely due to his ability and faithful eflbrts during the previous years, which were the formative years of the society. Each year of the association's existence had brought forth several young men to that point in every man's life when he accepts or rejects the proffered Gospel of salvation. But it was left to the laborers in the fall of 1889 to see the spiritual harvest for which many had long looked- The as.sistance of Messrs- Martin and Peabody were secured for this service, hnd the association could say with the apostle, " And the Lord added to the church daily-" In the fall of 1889 a short-hand class was formed and largely attended. In the spring of 1890 an Out- ing Club was organized, and, through the generosity of Hon. E. P. Converse, grounds were secured at the Fells for lawn tennis and base-ball. In five years the Maiden Young Men's Christian Association takes its place the eighth in size in the State, though the city itself ranks as the eighteenth in size. A large proportion of Maiden's best citizens have enrolled their names among its members. To .')32 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the co-operation and influence of such men have been added the noble ettbrls of the Women's Auxiliary. These ladies have cared for the parlor, keeijiug it sup- jilied with flowers, and have furnished refreshments at llie association's reception. The value of their labor in behalf of the association can never be esti- mated. TJhe societies existing in Maiden at present are as follows : UA8QN1C. Mount Vernon I,odgo, chartered 1858 ; Converse Lodge, A. F. & A. M., chartered 1887 ; Royal Arch Chapter of the Tahcruacle, chartered 1886 ; MolroHO fVuincil, K. i S. M., inBtituted 18i>7 ; Beauscanl Commandery of KnightKTeniplur, iustitnlcd I88C. oni' Middlesex Lodge, No. 17, chartered 1865 ; JIaldeu Lodge Association, I. 11.0. v., Middlesex EDcainpmcnt, No. 9, chartered 1887; Maiden Odd FellowB' Aasociatiou ; Patriarchs Militant, I. 0. 0. F. ; CautoD Maiden, No. 56. MISCELLANEOUS. American Legion of Honor, organized 187!». Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 12 ; organized 187:i. Ancient Order of United Workmen, Mizpab Lodge, No. 10 ; organized 1S79. British-American Association, Linden Branch, No. 4, Linden. Grand Army of the Republic, Major General Hiram G. Berry Post, No. 40. Order of the Sons of Veterans, George H. Patch Camp, No. 80. Major-General Hiram G. Berry Woman's Belief Corps, No. 6; organ- ized 1878. Golden Rule Alliance, St. John Chapter, No. 17; organized 1830. Homo Circle, Mystic .Side Conncil, No. .12 ; organized 1882. Independent Order of Red Men, Weuepoykin Tribe, No. 47. Knights of Honor, Maiden Lodge, No. 302 ; or,(anized 1870. Maple- wowl Lodge, No. S5;i, Maptewood ; organized 1878. Knighta of Pythias, Spartan Lodge, No. 59. Frank L. Converse Lodge, No. 75. Jvuightsand Ladies of Honor, Linden Lodge, No. 391, Linden. JI. C. O. 0. F., lona Court, No. 10; organized 1870. New England Order of Protection, Reliance Lodgi-, No. 3, Ijiiulcii. Same, Progress Lodge, No. II, organized 1S8S. Mmwtichusetts Volunteer Militia, Company Ij, Kiflb Itt-giiiient, Mai- den Rilles ; organized 1883. Order of Columbus, John Hancock Settlement, No. 2; instituted I88i>. Order of the Iron Hall, Local Branch No. 238, Linden. Order of Tonti, Washington Lodge, No. 33 ; instituted 1880. Order of United Friemls, Longfellow Council ; instituted 1882. Same, Salome Council, No. Ivl, Lindeu ; instituted 1883. P. K. V. B. 0. Royal Arcanum, Mystic Side Council, No. 265; organizeil 1879. Same, Linden Council, No. 172, Linden ; organized 1878. B. S. of G. F., Siloam Assembly, No. 80. Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Maiden. Paul Revere, No. 18, Temple of Honor ; organized 1877. Whittumoro Lodge, No. 180, Independent Order Good Telnplar.s. Sagamore Council, No. 3, Tejnple of Honor. St. .Mary's Total Abstinence Society, organized 1885. Laurel Lotlge, No. 152, Independent Order Good Templars. Paiillne Revere Social, No. IG, Temple of Iloiuu-. Itolianuo Division, No. 18, SoTis of Temperance. Cartleld Division, No. .'i5. Sons of Temperance. I'niou Kndowment, organized 1889. rnil<-d (inler of Gulden Cross, Maiden Coraniaudery, No. 45 ; instituted 1871. My»llc Conunandory, No. 210, Faulkner ; iustituteil 1882. Same, Sloplewood Commandely, No. 219, Maplewood ; instituted 1882. Inlled Onler of Pilgrim FoOiors, King Philip Colony, No. 17. High Rock Colony, No. 39, Maplewood, instituted 1882. Carpenters' and Jolner-i' Union, No. 152, Instituted 1889. JIaldeu Itoanl of Trade, Inslllnted 1889. JIaldon Civil S<'rvlco Iloforni Associotlon, Mjilden Deliberative As- •enibly, JIalden FIronion's Relief Aasoeiotlon, Maiden Industrial Aid Society ; Maiden Society for Medical Improvomont, instituted 1888. Maplewood Kcading-Rooni. Union Maternal Society, organized 1886. Maldeu Mutual Benefit Association, organized 1875. Old and New — The Woman's Club. Samaritan Circle. Young Men Christian Association, organized 1885. Women's Auxiliary and Young Men's Christian Association. Woman's Cljristiau Temperance Union, BIOGRAPHICAL. ELISHA SLADE CONVERSE. Elisha Slade Converse, son of Elisha and Betsey Wheaton Converse, was born in Needham, Mass., July 30, 1820. His parents removed to Woodstock, Conn., in 1824, and here he remained until twelve years of age, when he went with his parents to Thompson, Conn., and for nearly a year worked in a cotton factory at that place. In 1833 he came to Boston, where he lived for a short time with his brother, Deacon James W. Converse, and attended the McKean School. He was subsequently employed by his brother-in-law, Mr. Aaron Builer, of South Boston, as clerk in his store, where he remained until 1836. He then returned to Woodstock, where he attended school and worked on a farm until seventeen years old. At this time he went to Thompson and engaged for two years with Mr. Albert G. Whipple to learn the clothier's trade. He soon after formed a partner- ship with Mr. Whipple which continued until young Converse was twenty-one years of age, when he purchased Mr. Whipple's interest and contiuued the business. In 1841 Mr. Converse removed to Boston aud formed a partnersliip in the shoe and leather business with Benjamin Poland, under the firm-name of Poland & Converse. During this period he lived with his brother. Deacon James W. Converse, on Pearl Street, and also at Jamaica Plain. In 1847 he removed to Stoneham, where Poland & Converse had a branch business (if grinding aijd preparing drugs, spices, etc. This partnership was dissolved in 1849, and Mr. John Uobson became associated with Mr. Converse, and the business was continued under the firm-name of Converse & Kobson until 1853, when Mr. Converse withdrew from the partnership, and founded the Boston Rubber Shoe Company. He was elected its treasurer, in which capacity he has remained to the present time. This company is one of the representative institutions of New England. Mr. Converse early manifested laudable interest in religious matters. He united with the First Baptist Church of Thonip.son, at Brandy Hill, in 1832, and while living in Boston was a member of the Federal Street Baptist Church. He became a member of the Baptist Church in Maiden in 1847 and was chosen deacon in 1854, and officiated until his resignation, :?4 '^'Z>i.-t^f£lyL/, LU-'C^l.-i^-C^.l-C U-'i^^i^'Z^- ,^^:<5^&-vss t^C^l^^i/^ CyC^^-^^^. MALDEN. 633 March 17, 1865. He removed to Maiden in 1850, locating on Linden Court. Upon the organization of the Maiden Bank, in 1851, he became one of its directors, and in 185G was chosen president, and has occupied that position to the pres- ent time, a period of thirty-four years. September 4, 1843, he united in marriage with Mary Diana Edmands, and their family consisted of four children, viz. : Frank Eugene, born October 1, 1846, and died December 15, 1863 ; Mary Ida, born January 7, 1853, married January 4, 1882, Mr. Costello C. Converse, of Boston ; Harry Elisha,born May 7, 1863 ; and Francis Eugeni.a, born May 14, 1865. All measures tending to advance the interests of Maiden have found in Mr. Converse an earnest advo- cate. He represented the town in the General Court in 1878 and 1870, and in 1880 and 1881 was a member of the Senate, and upon the incorporation of Maiden as a city he was chosen its first n\ayor by an almost unanimous vote. He is the man whom the citizens of Maiden most delight to honor. In 1863 a sad affliction was visited upon Mr. and Mrs. Converse by the tragic death of their eldest son, who at the time was assistant cashier of the Maiden Bank. He was shot and killed in the bank at noon- day by E. W. Green, of Maiden, the motive being robbery. He was a youth of seventeen, of great promise and of singular purity, the inspiration and delight of a wide circle of loving hearts to whom he stood for sweetness and light. The Converse Memorial Building, erected as a memorial to Frank Eugene, was dedicated October 1, 1885. In 1888 Mr. Converse gave a fund of !{!25,000 for the extension of the memorial building when necessary, and has recently given, in money and land, about $30,000 in aid of the Free Hospital. P.iVID A VERS. David Ayers, the son of David and Sarah (Seaverns) Ayers, was born in Needham, Mass., in that part of the town which is now Wellesley, July 27, 1818. The only school education which he received was in the common schools of his native town, with the exception of about four months' instruction in 1833 in the private school of Mr. Marshall S. Rice, of New- ton. In 1832 he removed to Boston, and for a little more than a year was office boy forthe late Theophilus Parsons, Esq., at that time practicing law in Boston. When not needed at his office he worked at Mr. Parsons' house, doing such work as was required of him. After leaving Mr. Parsons' office he entered Mr. Rice's school, as stated above, and in the fall of 1833, he left school again, returned to Boston, and became salesman and helper in the retail grocery store of Benjamin Dutton, his brother-in-law. In 1835 he entered the employ of Baxter & Dutton, and in 1837 that of Stratton & Houghton, both firms being wholesale grocers. He remained with Stratton & Houghton until 1843, when he became a partner with Mr. John Stratton, under the firm-name of Stratton & Ayers. At the end of about a year this partnership was dissolved. He remained, however, in Mr. Strat- ton's employ until 1847, when he again became a partner in the firm of Stratton & Ayers. In 1850 John Stratton retired from the firm, and his son, George F. Stratton, took his place. In 1861 Mr. James F. Eaton became a member of the firm, the name of which was then changed to that of Stratton, Ayers & Eaton. In 1865 Mr. George F. Stratton retired, and Ayers Si, Eaton continued in business until 1875, when they also retired from active business. In 1856 he was married to Martha E., daughter of Ivory Lord and Nancy (Hill) Huckins, of Great Falls, N. H., by whom he had four children, of whom two sons and one daughter are now living, viz., George D. Ayers, a member of the Sufiblk Bar ; Charles II. Ayers, a merchant of New Plaven, Conn., and Cora E. Ayers, still residing in Maiden. Mr. Ayers joined the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in 1843, and is still a member of that fraternity. In that order he is a member of Massachusetts Lodge and Massasoit Eucampment, and also the Grand Lodge and Grand Encampment of Massachusetts. He is a Past Grand of Massachusetts Lodge, and Past Chief Patriarch of Massasoit Encampment, Past Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge, and was for several years one of the District Deputy Grand Masters. He is also a Past Grand Patriarch of the Grand Encampment of Massa- chusetts. In 1858 he became a citizen of Blalden, and has taken an active part in its affairs, especially in town-meetings. Never, unless sick, was he absent ■ from any of them. He served on mauy important committees, took an active interest in schools, and served seven years, from 1873 to 1876 inclusive, and from 1884 to 1886 inclusive, on the School Committee. From 1872 to 1878, inclusive, he was a member and secretary of the Board of Road Commissioners of the town of Maiden. He is carefnl, methodical and painstaking in all matters, especially where public interests are concrned. He thoroughly studied all public questions in regard to which he was called upon to act. In all the positions he occupied he took great pains to know his duty, and was just, firm and resolute in the performance thereof. He has been one of the trustees of the Maiden Savings Bank since 1878, and one of the examining committee of the bank since 1880, both of whicli positions he now fills. He has also been one of the vice-presidents of that institution. His views are broad and progressive. He always endeavors to keep abreast of the times, is bold and outspoken, but tolerant of the opinion of others. In politics he is a progressive Democrat, a tariff and civil service reformer. He is one of the vice-presi- dents of the Maiden Civil Service Reform Association. 534 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. REV. M. F. FLATLEY, P.R. Rev. M. F. Flatley, P.R., Maiden, Mass., was born in Ireland, where he made his early studies in a pri- vate classical school, and in St. .Tarlath's College, Tuam. When about eighteen years of age he arrived in I'xjslon, and the .same week entered the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. Here he studied rhetoric and jihilosophy, and graduated with the highest honors, June, ISC'). In September of the same year he entered the Theological Seminary of St. Mary's, Baltimore, Md., conducted by the Sulpic- ian Fathers. After a theological course of three years and a half, he was ordained priest, December 28, 1868, in the old cathedral, by the Most Rev. Martin J. Spaulding, D.U., Archbishop of Baltimore. His first mission was Brookline and Brighton — at that time, January 1869, forming but one parish. July 12, 1869, he was appointed to St. James' Church, Boston, as assistant to Rev. James A. Hcaley, now Bishop of Portland, Maine. After serving four years in this large and important parish, embracing the entire centre of the city, he was appointed by His Grace, the Archbishop, in June, 1873, to be the first pastor of Wakefield and Reading. While in St. James' Parish, Boston, he was a con- stant and zealous worker in the cause of temperance. He organized the St. James' Young Men's Total Ab- stinence Society, and was its director for four years. He won tor it the most costly and beautiful banner in the State, and made the society the largest and most flourishing in the city. He was one of the chief or- ganizers of the Massachusetts Catliolic Total Abstin- ence Union, also of its first convention, and was elected its treasurer five successive years. Being the first priest to live in Wakefield, he had to provide everything for church and parochial house. He raised the church — only a portion of it was built — fourteen feet, had it wheeled round to face up-town, built a brick basement, and purchased the land for its extension. He also purchased a parochial house and grounds. Notwithstanding the panicky times, he paid olf a debt of $14,000 and left the church and church property entirely free from debt, when he was transferred from Wakefield to Maiden, In July, 1884, Archbishop Williams appointed him adniinisirator of Maiden, and in September of same year he was ap- pointed its pastor. In the year 1888 he was promoted and appointed permanent rector of Maiden. During his short stay in Maiden he has already greatly improved the exterior, and at much expense has beautified the interior of the brick church. He has purchased land for school purposes, and on one of the lot« he is now erecting a brick school-house, to cost about ^75,000. He has also purchaaed land for a new (•emetery, and a costly estate of three acres near the centre of -Maiden, on which church and school will be erected, and form the beginning of a new parish. Father Flatley has lately returned from an extended tour of Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land. KEV. JOSHUA W. WELLMAN, D.D. Rev. Joshua W. Wellman, son of James Ripley and Phebe (Wyman) Wellman, was born in Cornish, Sullivan County, N. H., November 28, 1821. His father. Deacon James Ripley Wellman, was born in Cornish, N. H., February 21, 1789, and died there November 1, 1860. He was the son of James and Althea (Ripley) Wellman. James Wellman, the grandfather, was the son of the Rev. James Wellman, who was installed the first pastor of the First Church in Cornish, September 29, 1768. He was born in Lynn, Mass., was graduated at Harvard College in 1744, and died in Cornish, aged eighty-five years, De- cember 18, 1808. Althea (Ripley) Wellman, the grandmother, was a descendant in the sixth genera- tion from Governor William Bradford, of Plymouth Colony. Joshua Wyman Wellman, after attending the public schools in Cornish till he was fifteen years of age, was fitted for college at the Kimball Union Academy, Meriden, N. H., from which he was grad- uated in 1842, entering Dartmouth College that year, and graduating in 1846. In the winter of 1838-39 he taught school in Hart- ford, Vt., and later, during his college course, in Up- ton and East Randolph (now Holbrook), Mass. From 18-16 to 1849 he taught in Kimball Union Academy a part of each year, and in 1847 was for two terms principal of the academy in Rochester, Mass. Enter- ing the Andover Theological Seminary in 1847, he was graduated in 1850, and was then a resident licen- tiate in the seminary for one year. He was ordained to the Christian ministry and in- stalled as pastor of the historic First Church in Derry. N. H., June 18, 1851, where he remained five years. He was installed pastor of the Eliot (Jhurch, Newton, Mass., June 11, 1856, and dismissed October 23, 1873. His pastorate in Newton included the exciting period of the Civil War. During the early period of the con- flict he visited the South and saw something of the horrors of war. He was strongly opposed to slavery and supported the war as necessary to save the Union. His plain statement of his views in his sermons pro- duced considerable excitement at a time when many believed that the pulpit should be silent on such subjects. He continued, however, in every way which seemed to him to be proper, to help forward the cause of justice. The church became eminently patriotic, and twenty-seven men from the congrega- tion enlisted in the war. During this pastorate the church grew from small membership to be one of the largest and most promi- nent churches in the State. March 25, 1874, Mr. Wellman was installed pastor of the ancient First Church in Maiden, Mass., the "^m V ^ *5!^«i W' ASHLAND. 535 history of which is given at lengtli in this volume; and which, under his care, grew into a large and in- fluential church. He remained in this position till May 6, 1883, since which time he hiis not been set- tled, but has continued to preach in various locali- ties, while using much of his time for literary work. October 24, 1854, he married Ellen M., daughter of Caleb Strong and Prudence (Durfee) Holbrook, of East Kandolph (now Holbrook), Mass. Their children are: Arthur Holbrook, who married, October 11, 1887, Jennie Louise Faulkner; Edward Wyman, who married, October 1, 1884, Emma R. Patch ; Ellen Holbrook, who married, October 24, 1883, Robert Cushman King, and Annie Durfee Wellman. Mr. Wellman was elected a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in 1867, and he has been one of the man- agers of the Congregational Sunday-school and Pub- lishing Society since 1870; and a trustee of Phillips Academy, in Andover, since 1870. He is a member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, a corporate member of the General Theological Li- brary, of Boston, and for many years a director of the American College and Educational Society, of which he is now vice-president. He was a leading advocate of the formation of the Congregational Club of Bos- ton, of which he was an original member. Olivet College, in 1868, and Dartmouth College, in 1870, bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He has published: "The Church Polity of the Pil- grims ; " " Review of the Sabbath Hymn and Tune- Book ; " " Our Nation under the Government of God," a war sermon preached in 1862; '' Christianity and our Civil Institutions;" "A Review of Dr. A. V. G. Allen's Biography of Jonathan Edwards ; " besides numerous sermons, addresses and magazine articles. He made an argument before the Visitors of Andover Theological Seminary, in the famous "Andover Case," so called, which was published in the book called the "Andover Case." CHAPTER XL. ASHLAND. BY GEORGE T. HIGLEY. The Surface. — The town of Ashland is situated in the southwesterly part of Middlesex County, and is bounded northeast by Framingham, east by Sher- born, south by Holliston, southwest and west by Hop- kinton, and northwest by Southborough. Its meas- urement from east to west is four miles, from north to south three miles, and it contains twelve and five- eighths square miles. Its population in 1885 was 2633, and its latest valuation (1889), was $1,300,901. Its out- line is irregular, the only straight divisional line against neighboring towns beingthe Holliston bound- ary. The Framingham line is nearly straight, having but a slight bend at Winter Street. Against South- borough there are three bearings, against Hopkinton four, and in the short distance bounding onSherborn, there are two, the bend in this line being but slight. The town was incorporated March 16, 1846, being composed of portions of the towns of Framingham, Holliston and Hopkinton. The part taken from Hop- kinton was the territory lying between Cold Spring Brook and Sudbury River; from Holliston, that lying east of Cold Sjjring Brook and down the river to the old Framingham line traced below ; from Framingham, the rest of the territory on the south side of the river and all on the north side. The old line between Frandngham and Hoiliston, beginning at a point on the river a few rods below the iron bridge, crossing Union Street, ran easterly nearly parallel to the north boundary of Wildwood Cemetery, to a stone bound near the northeasterly corner of the " Old Orchard," in the woods on the Town Farm, thence southerly to abound intheroad about ten rods northof the houseof the iate W. D. Cole, and thence easterly with a slight southerly deflection past a stone bound situated on land of Mrs. W. H. Wright, at the entrance of the Cozzens meadow, to the angle in the middle of the Sherborn line. This old boundary line cut in two the farms of the two Grouts, Higley, Dearth and others. The surface of the land is moderately hilly. Taking a bird's eye view, the most marked feature is the de- pression caused by the Sudbury River, which flows through from west to east. A hardly less noticeable depression is the valley of Cold Spring Brook, which stream, after traveisiug the southwest part of the town, joins the river well to the east. Indian Brook, com- ing down to the river from the southwest, in the west part of the town, yields another line of low-lying sur- face. Away in the extreme east there is a wide plain of low land, mostly swamp and peat meadow, lying south and west of Waushakum Pond. Into this pond flow two brooks coming from the south, one from be- yond the Holliston line. P>om these various deprf s- sions. in all directions, the land rises to hills of mod- erate elevation. The low lands are wide or gently slope upward, and upon the elevations are plains, the surface everywhere affording convenient farms. On most of the elevated lands, woods and cultivated fiel Is are intermingled. But few points in the landscape are so conspicuous as to have acquired distinctive names. What i.s new "the village" was, before the incorporation of the town, called Unionville. The extended hill which rises slowly at the southwest of the village is calhid " Magunko," in remembrance of an Indian settlemeat of the same or a similar name once located upon its eastern slope. In the north part of the town aslig.'it- ly higher elevation has received the name of " Wild- cat Hill;" noith of the river, in the east, " Ballard Hill" and "Banner Hill," at the southwest of the 536 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. cemetery, are names now seldom heard. Of the names which have formerly been applied to certain districts, names not always euphonious, none seem to survive except that of " Oregon," which designates a small cluster of houses bordering on Southborough, and " Chattanooga," which is the name of the new factory village at the westerly end of the town. These names are also applied to the schools in their respec- tive districts. For the rest of the town the names given to the schools apply to the districts : " Number Two " designating the .southwest part of the town, and "Number Six" the southeasterly district. Ref- erence is still made to the " Cutler District," to des- ignate the school and territory about one mile north- east from the village, and otherwise known as "Dis- trict Number Five." But this appellation is going out of use, the family for whom the district was named having now moved away. While to point out any particular locality the name of the person living near may be given, yet, at the present time, the in- fluence of no family seems to be so pervasive as to give its name to the neighborhood. Of the population of the town, which is now, doubtless, somewhat above the figures of 1885, about one-third live upon its farms, these inhabitants being scattered evenly over its surface, though somewhat less thickly in the northern part than elsewhere. The remainder are gathered in a village situated at nearly the geographical centre of the town, upon an almost level plain lying at the junction of the river aud Cold Spring Brook. Before these waters meet, the river, whose general flow is easterly, sweeps round by a bend to the south, thus cutting off or blunting the sharpness of the angle which would otherwise be formed by the junction of the streams, and forming an almost circular boundary to the village on the east. On the southwest this plain pushes up Cold Spring Brook, and up the river valley to the west, while it presses back against the land lying between these two valleys. Thus is formed the village plain, a basin more than half a mile in width, and extend- ing far up the river, and having pleasant overlooking hills on all sides. Sudbury River forms the norther- ly and northeasterly boundary of the village, Cold iSpring Brook the southeasterly and southerly, and the steadily-rising slope of land which, at its eleva- tion, is called " Magunko," the southwesterly. 'i'he whole town is traversed from west to east by the Boston and Albany Railroad, of which the Ash- land Station is twenty-four miles distant from Boston. The New York and New Ivigland Railro.ad Com|)any run their cars from Ashland Centre, at tlieir junction with llie Boston and .Mliany, thri>ugh Hopkiiiton and Milford to Providence, Ithode Island. Incoui-oration.— In 1837 tlie tirst petition for setting oil' the town, signed by James Jackson and 130 others, was presented to the Senate. The Com- mittee on Towns reported a bill which, liowever, was denied a "third reading." The petition was afterward referred to the next General Court. In 1888 the sub- ject was again brought up, many remonstrances from clusters of individuals being sent in. Each of the three towns from which it was proposed to take a portion of the territory voted to oppose the measure, and sent agents to carry out their wishes. The peti- tion got no further than the committee of the Senate, whose report of " leave to withdraw " was accepted. The matter rested till 184G, when a new petition, drawn up and circulated by Calvin Shepherd, Jr., and signed by James Jackson and 209 others, was again presented to the Senate. This petition was re- inforced by others until about all the voters residing within the limits of the proposed town had become petitioners. At this time the towns of Framingham and Holliston voted not to oppose; while Hopkinton passed a contrary vote — yeas, 159 ; nays, 115 — and ap- pointed their resident lawyer, Samuel Walcott, Esq., agent to act for them in opposition. Remonstrances were sent in from various persons residing in the three towns interested. The petitioners were repre- sented by .a lawyer from Sudbury. A very thorough hearing was had before the joint Committee on Towns ; all the facts favorable, or the contrary, were brought out by the opposing parties. The reports of this committee and of that of 1838 recite at length the statistics of population, resources and business, and present a showing favorable to the petitioners. The bill, as proposed by the committee, with the excep- tion of the change of name fromUnionville to Ashland, suggested by Calvin Shepherd, Jr., who was then a member of the House of Representatives, was passed by both Houses, was signed by Governor Briggs, and took effect upon its passage, March 14, 1846. The boundaries of the town, which had been determined by the survey of William F. Ellis, are full}' defined in the act of incorporation. Within a year or two afterwards the selectmen of Ashland, meeting in con- ference with those of the neighboring towns, set up monuments at each of the angles. There have been gcveral efforts made, by persons interested, to change the boundaries, but only one has been successful. In 1853, for the benefit of parties who then occupied the mill at Cordaville, the bound on the south side of the river, which stood at first west of the road leading from the mill to Hopkinton Centre, was carried down stream to its present position, leaving that road wholly in the town of Hopkinton. The act of incorporation attempted to apportion equitably the town burdens. Ashland was to support, (luring their natural lives, one-twelfth of the Fram- ingham paupers, one-fifth of those belonging to Hop- kinton, and one-eighth of the Holliston poor. Hollis- ton pauper-farm, which remains to the present time within the Ashland limits, was not to be taxed, a provision which, at the request of Ashland, was an- nulled by the Legislature of 1848. Ashland was re- quired to assume six hundred dollars of Hopkin- ton's debt, which sum was soon afterwards paid. It ASHLAND. 537 seems to have been admitted that Ashland became owner ol" all the public property located on its ter- ritory, which consisted principally of a very lew school-houses. Hopkinton, however, craved the fire- engine, which one night certain of its inhabitants carried away, but in the law suit which followed, the Court decided that the engine must be returned, wliich was done. Oeganization. — The first town-meeting was held March 31, 1840, in the Chapel Hall. At this meeting, which was called by Major Calvin Shepard, as a jus- tice of the peace, a full corps of town officers was chosen. The town's first honors were bestowed upon Calvin Shepard, Jr., Josiah Burnham, Dexter Rock- wood, Andrew AUard and Albert Ellis, they being chosen selectmen. Benjamin Homer began his twenty-years' term as treasurer. Among the other officers elected familiar names appear : William F. Ellis, S. N. Cutler, William Eames, William Seaver, James Jackson. Daniel Eames began his service as moderator. C. F. W. Parkhust was chosen town clerk, perhaps for his even, free penmanship, an illus- tration of which could afterwards, for many years, usually be seen posted at the side of the meeting- house door, where he " published" all the proposed marriages. At lliat first meeting a rule was estab- lished, which has prevailed ever since, that warrants for town-meetings must be posted at least eight days before the meeting, and another attempt was then made, which has failed, whenever tried, to the present day, to enact a code of town by-laws. At the second meeting, held on April Sth, the assessors were intrusted with the duty of arranging the highway districts, and they appear to have marked out thir- teen, a number not substantially varied from, but for a short period, through the entire history of the town, to the abrogation of the law relating to highway surveyors in 1889. A committee of seven were chosen to take into consideration the whole subject of school districts, schools, school- houses, and the divi- sion of the school money. The names of Elias Grout and William F. Ellis stand respectively first and second on this list. Their report made at the ad- journed meeting, with slight amendments, was adopted. No less than five town-meetings were held before the end of June. During those months about the whole work of the town seems to have been laid out, and particularly the subject of roads and school- houses was dealt with. Further Acts of the Town. — At the annual meeting in 1847 the appropriations were $2000 for town expenses, $500 for highways, and $800 for schools, figures that were not much changed during the first years of the town. In 1850 the fire-engine called the "JIagunko" was bought for •$500. About the same time the town purchased of James Jackson bis interest in the Chapel building. In this year the question of building a town-hall began to be agitated in connection with necessary school provisions for the Centre District. It was not, however, until 1855, and after many plans had been proposed and votes passed, that the appropriation of .$10,000 was finally made, and a committee actually set about the work of building. The Building Com- mittee were, Elias Urout, Andrew Allard, John A. Whitney, James Jackson and William Jennison. In December of that year this committee reported the building erected at a cost slightly less than the ap- propriation. They appear to have charged the town twenty-five dollars each for services. At the same meeting the superintending School Committee were authorized to make necessary changes in the system of conducting the schools and to hire a grammar-school teacher. The graded system for the Centre District was introduced the next year. In 1858 the old custom of letting out the i)aupers to the lowest bidder was still in force, though the overseers of the poor were allowed the alternative of hiring a farm upon which to place the town paupers. Late in the following year the Thomas Fiske farm was purchased for that purpose. Six years later the town sold this place, and purchased of Elias Grout a more commodious farm in the e.asterly part of the town, which has since been occupied as the home of most of the Ashland paupers. From the year 1861, through the war, the town furnished its.'-everal quotas of soldiers, responding promptly with men and money, when called upon. Some account of its work may be found elsewhere. Up t^ the year 1S71 the old "Magunko"had served to extinguish the few fires which had over- taken the town, " Capt." John A. Whitney standing high upon the engine and urging on the thirty labor- ing men who were working the brakes. But the days of hand-power were passing away. In that year the sum of $7500 was voted for a steam fire-engine, hose- carriage and house, and the next year hooks, ladders and a truck were added, the whole resulting in an excellent fire equipment, since appreciated on many occasions. The firemen at first paid $.3.50, annually, and allowed their poll taxes, later received .$(3, and in 1878 $12. About this time action was taken by the town in favor of the Hopkinton Railroad, with the proviso that its northerly terminus should be at the centre of the town. Within two years following $10,000 were invested in the capital stock of the road, an invest- ment which proved a loss to the town, .as a subse- quent sale by the mortgagee divested the stockholders of all property in the road. The purchasing of Wildwood Cemetery in 1869, and the establishment of the Public Library in 1880, will be spoken of in subsequent paragraphs. For some .account of the laying out of roads, and provisions made by the town for schools, relerence may be had to the subsequent portions of this narra- tive, which treat of those subjects. Public provision was first made for lighting the 538 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. streets in 1881, an appropriation of $300 being then made for that purpose. Many individuals had before erected lamp-posts, and the town now furnished lamps and service. At a later date the town also set many of the posts, and the streets in the village were fairly well lighted with kerosene oil lamps. At the close of 1889 an electric light company from South Framingham was admitted to do business, and at the beginning of the following year had erected two arc and about forty incandescent lights. At the close of the war the town's indebtedness was $30,000. The building of the school-house on Main Street, the subscriptions to the Hopkinton Rail- road, the purchase of the land and preparing the grounds of Wildwood Cemetery, and the provision of a steam fire-engine, were extraordinary expenses in- curred since the war, carrying up the indebtedness in 1872 to 153,000. Annually an appropriation has been made to reduce the debt, varying from $4000 to $1500. In 1882 the town debt was $25,000 and consisted principally of notes not soon to mature. To have in readiness the means of paying these obligations at maturity, a sinking fund was established and three commissioners were appointed. The sinking fund, by vote of the town, is to be discharged in 1890. At the beginning of 1889 the town debt had been re- duced to about $10,000. Town Officers.— When the voters of the town of Ashland first assembled in the Chapel Hall for the transaction of business, the work to be done was not new to them. They had learned the method of pro- cedure by attending similar meetings in the towns from which they had come. A full proportion of those who gathered had been accustomed to take an active part in such meetings, and had held otBces in the parent towns. This will account for the direct- ness with which they proceeded to lay out within the first few months the whole work of organization. The first town officers elected were therefore not a random or an experimental selection, but they were men who had been tried and found equal to similar work before. Thus was early established a rule which has been fol- lowed since, to elect to office those men who have proved themselves qualified. The burden of doing the town work has been assigned to substantially a cer- tain few persons, who year after year have been chosen to the offices, sometimes upon one board, sometimes upon another, but almost always their names appear- ing somewhere in the list. Those men who have served as selectmen have often at other times been chosen assessors or overseers of the poor. Not un- frequently a new man will be elected as a third as- sessor or overseer, but it will always be found that at least one of the board has held some important office before and has demonstrated his fitness to be trusted. It has been the policy of the town usually to re-elect the town clerk in recognition of the fact that his knowledge of the doings of the town ac- quired in past service is valuable, and may be used in assisting other officers. For about the same reasons the treasurer is not often changed ; experience has taught him how best to manage the town's finances. Upon the board of school committee it has been the custom to elect one or more of the clergymen, if there i are such in town who are noted for scholarship, and have remained sufficiently long to form an acquaint- ance with the people. Politics have invariably been ruled out of meetings held for the election of town officers. The man supj)osed to be best fitted for. the office-according to the judgment generally prevailing, has as a rule been elected. The assessors, school committee, treasurer and tax collector have always been paid for services, the allowances, however, at first being small. The town's first treasurer, who retired at the end of 1866, never charged above thirty dollars annually, and for most of the time he was serving, only ten dollars. The treasurer for 1866 charged $100, setting an example which has been followed by all the succeeding treasurers. The school committee for many years were paid only one dollar per day, the assessors two dollars. The members of these boards now get two and one-half dollars. The selectmen made no charge for services for many years, nor did the overseers of the poor. More re- cently the work of the different boards has increased, and their pay has been advanced in proportion. The trustees of the library, the trustees of Wildwood Cemetery, the commissioners of the sinking fund and the park commissioners seem to be the only boards whose members now receive no pay for ser- vices. The matter of pay is never a just criterion by which to judge of services which have been rendered, as many of the town's agents have spent time and money freely, with no expectation of a recompense, and without even receiving afterwards any public acknowledgmentof their valuable services. The writer ;s happy to record that the town has once in its whole history, departed from its usual custom of unappre- ciative silence. When their first treasurer, after long and obliging services, retired from the office, the town, at their meeting of March 5, 1866 (so say the records), did " extend a vote of thanks to Benjamin Homer for his acceptable services as treasurer the past twenty years." The real agents of the town who have done the work are only partly represented in the lists of town officers, and of these there is allowed only space for two lists. The selectmen since the organization of the town are as follows, viz. : 1846— Calvin Shcperd, Jr., Josiah Burnham, Dexter Rockwood, An- drew AUard, Albert Ellis. 1847— William Jenuison, Penuel Clark, Dexter Rockwood, Eliae Grout, William Eomes. 1848— William F. Ellis, Josiah Cloyes, John Works. 1849-62— Elias Grout, Willard E. Eames, William Eames. 1863— Simeon N. CuUer, Willard R. Eames, William Eames. 1854 — Elias Grout, James Jackson, William C. Jennison. 1855— William Eames, J. E. Forbush, Charles Twitchell. 1856-57 — William Eames, Benjamin Homer, Henry Cutler. 1858— Elias Grout, Henry Cutler, John Clark. 1869 — Elias Grout, William Eames, Benjamin Homer. 1860-61— Elias Grout, W. A. Scott, J. N. Pike. ASHLAND. 539 1862— J. N. Pike, Henry Cutler, Charles Alden. 1863-64— J. N. Pike, Cbarles Alden, John Clark. 1865— J.N. Pike, Charles Alden, Alvah Metcalf. 1866— J. N. Pike, Alvah Metcalf, Benjamin Homer. 1867— J. N. Pike, Alvah Metcalf, C. H. Tilton. 1868 — W. F. Ellis, W. K. Eames, B. T. Thompson. 1869— W. F. Ellis, Elias Grout, W. A. F. Noyes. 1870— John Clark, B. T. Thompson, J, H. Dadmun. 1871— John Clark, Henry Cutler, J. H. Dadmun. 1872— John Clark, Alvah Metcalf, S. A. Cole. 1873— Charles Alden, S. A. Cole, E. N. Boss. 1874-76-Charles Alden, Abner Greenwood, J. A. Whitney. 1877-78— Abner Greenwood, R. N. Boss, S. S. Baker. 1879-80— A. Greenwood, S. S. Baker, J. \. Balcom. 1881- B. N. Ross, C. H. Tilton, A. Metcalf. 1882-83- C. H. Tilton, B. N. Boss, C. F. Grout. 1884-85— Adrian Foote, J. A. Balcom, B. H. Hartsborne. 1886— A. W. Eames (2d), J. A. Balcom, G. C. Fiske. 1S87— A. \V. Eames (2d), W. F. Ellis, G. C. Fiske. 1888— Adrian Foote, C. H. Tilton, J. A. Balcom. 1889— Adrian Foote, J. A. Balcom, W. W. Smith. 1890 — A. Foote, J. A. Balcom, C. E. Loring. Only one Senator has gone from Ashland, J. N. Pike, in 1872. Since 1856 Ashland has been united with Hopkinton in its representative district. For the years 1856 and 1857 the town passed votes not to send a representative. The following representatives from Ashland served in the years below specified : 1851-52, James Jackson ; 1853, Elias Grout ; 1854, Simeon N. Cutler ; 1855, William M. Thayer ; 1859, William F. Kliis; 1862, Benjamin Homer; 1805, John Clark ; 1868, William Seaver ; 1871, J. N. Pike; 1874, Charles Alden ; 1877, Wm. F. Ellis ; 1880, S. F. Thayer ; 1883, Caleb Holbrook ; 1886, F. N. Oxley ; 1889, Abner Greenwood. Ways. — The public ways as they existed at the incorporation of the town were nearly all retained, while others have been added. By consulting a map of Ashland, it will be observed that the roads formerly extended through the town in three systems. Thus there were roads crossing from Holliston, Hopkinton and the southerly part of Southboro', and all centering in Framingham. The Hopkinton road lay through the village of Unionville, and the traveler could take his choice of ways, by the old road through Cherry Street, past what is now the Dwight Printing Com- pany's grist-mill over the " Common," or by the more level way through Union and Fountain Streets and Park's Corner. The road from Holliston led past the old burying- ground, William Fames', the Poor Farm and Park's Corner, with a diversion by the Joseph Morse placeto South Framingham. The inhabitants of the southern part of Southborough and further west went by the " Oregon " road, traversing the northerly part of the town. All the inhabitants dwelling north of the river, as far west as " Chattanooga," and those south of the river living east of the paper-mill and north of W. D. Cole's, depended upon Framingham for school privileges, and went to Framingham Centre to trade, to vote and to attend church, excepting that for a time a Baptist church might have been reached at Park's Corner. The people of Unionville journeyed to Hopkinton to church and town-meeting, while the inhabitants on the east side of Cold Spring Brook north to the Framingham line toiled slowly over the hills to Holliston for the like privileges. At the incorporation of the town a new centre of trade, church influence and municipal business was created, which it became necessary to connect with the outlying districts by passable roads. Ways were also required to render the schools accessible to the inhabitants of the new districts. For these purposes new roads were built, the principal of which areas follows : from F. O. Grout's house through the woods over the old disused Central Turnpike to the junction with Foun- tain Street ; from the " Oregon " District southerly to its junction with Winter Street, opening a road to Fay ville ; from Cordaville, through what is now " Chattanooga," to Winter Street, Southborough building its portion ; from William Eames' place southerly to the Warren Morse place, avoiding the hill and the distance round " the old red school-house " in the woods ; Cross Street in District No. 3, to give the inhabitants living on High Street access to their school ; Concord Street from Fiske's to Front Street. At a few points roads have been altered, straightened or discontinued, notably near the Albert Hayden place, by which the road over " the Common " to Framingham was shortened and improved, and near Josiah Burnham's house, the old road having been abandoned and a new one built for convenience of the neighborhood in reaching both their school and the village. At a somewhat later date Main Street was continued from Union Street toward Holliston, in a straight line to its junction with Prospect Street, thus avoiding the necessity of the detour past the cemetery ; and quite recently a way was built from the house of William Eames, past District No. 6 school-house, by which a difficult hill on the old road has been avoided. Most of the early roads were laid out by the county commissioners, and met with more or less opposition from the town. In the village there have been changes in the roads since the town was set off. Pleasant Street was very early built by the town, Mr. Jackson giving the land, and was a substitution for a discontinued road, which clung to the south shore of the Mill Pond. All the buildings upon Pleasant Street to Alvah Metcalf's house, and all on the avenues leading south from this street to the railroad, have been erected since the or- ganization of the town. The land for Central Street was given by the own- ers, Benjamin Homer and the heirs of Capt. John Stone, and the street was constructed by the town about 1850. At the opening of the new cemetery Homer Avenue was laid out, affording a direct way thereto. The old road from the railroad crossing to Elias Grout's house was formerly broken at Union Street, the northerly part leading into that street at a point slightly nearer the new house of Mr. Holbrook than at present, and the southerly [part hugging the bank of the river from Union Street to Cold Spring bridge. The northerly part of Alden Street, as f^r south as Central, was opened to the public by Charles Alden, in honor of whom it was named, in 1868, for 540 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the purpose of making his land accessible to building. The part south of Union Street was laid open about the same time by Albert Leland, the owner of the land in that, neighborhood. The connecting portion between Union and Central streets was seized and laid out by the town several years later, in the face of some opposition. Esty Street was opened by C. C. Esty, the owner of most of the land through which it was constructed, in 1868, and was afterwards accept- ed by the town. BuiLDlNos. — Substantially all the buildings now standing upon tlie streets so far mentioned have been erected since the incorporation of the town, and nearly all between the years 1868 and 1873. On the other hand, the houses as they now appear, with a few exceptions, were at that time standing on Main Street, from Union to its northern terminus, and on Front Street from the Jennings house west to Mrs. .Terusha Whittemore's. On Union and Cherry streets very few of the houses are older than the town ; on Concord and Granite streets all are new. None of the buildings in town are very old. One who came to town in 1818 says that there were thea in sight on the whole plain, from a point of view at the factory, besides the" Long Block " and the" Boarding-House," only the houses of Michael Homer and Capt. Stone at the east, the " Old Mansion " at the south, and that of Matthew Metcalf away at the west. Across the river at the north, part way up the hill, was the Clark house. As to the business buildings, when they were erected, for what purposes, and who occupied them, can be gathered from the account to be given later of the industries of the town. Landmarks. — In the changes that have taken place, many landmarks have been removed. It is only about twenty years ago that the dwelling- house was burned which was situated on the spot built upon by Sir John Frankland, near the Hop- kinton line, and which contained as parcel of itself portions of the original Frankland house. In the easterly part of the town the old house for many years occupied by J. E. Morse, said to have been built by James Haven two hundred and sixty years ago, has recently been burned. The " Old Mission '" house occupied by Roger Dench over one hundred and fifty years ago, and which stood upon the premises of Mrs. Eliza A. Howe, but a few feet southwesterly from her house, was burned in 1877. The long quadrangular house formerly occupied by Capt. John Stone, located on the north .side of Union Street, about where the house occupied by Curnyn now stands, was taken down about 18.30. A little to the southwest, on the new school grounds, may still be seen the cellar-hole of the barn used in con- nection with this house. The house occupied by Benjamin Homer in 1846, and which had descended to him from his grandfather through his father, was moved about 1870 to its present location on the east side of Homer Avenue. Burial-Geounds. — In 1846 there were three burial-grounds within the limits of the town. In the woods at the extreme south, almost at the Holliston line, on the old disused road leading from William Eames' house, over the hill, there is a spot of land which has been used for a burial-ground until quite recently by the inhabitants of that neighborhood. In the days when the travel from Framingham to Hol- liston passed, this locality was not so lonely and desol.'ite as now. What is probably the oldest burial- ground in town is the half-acre of land on Union Street, near the Newhall boot-shop. Here are a tomb and grave-stones, marking the graves of some of the early settlers. Since the town was set ofl' this yard has become the property of the town, and has been walled in and otherwise improved. Until 1809 the principal burial-ground was the two acres lying in the rear of the Congregational Church. Originally at this point there was a small grave-yard owned by the Union- ville Evangelical Society. Later the town of Hop- kinton became the owner of the lot, and added suffi- cient land to increase the yard to its present size. Within a year or two Hopkinton has released what in- terest, if any, it had remaining to the town of Ashland, so that the last named town now owns the fee in the land. The yard seems to be for the most part filled with graves, yet the holders of the lots continue to bury their dead within its limits. WiLDWOOD Cemetery.— In 1869 the town pur- chased of Charles Alden twenty-three acres of land, situated half a mile east of the village, on the north- east side of Homer Avenue, and lying on the southeast bank of the river. The ground rises from the river in an irregular and pleasing manner, to an ele- vation of about seventy-five feet in the extreme rear, the surface everywhere presenting a full view of the village which lies below. When first taken, most of the land was covered with a growth of oak and chestnut-trees, which have since been partly cleared away in those portions which have been graded and wrought for use. Only a small part of the whole tract has yet been occupied, but this section has been carefully laid out in paths and lots, the natural contour of the surface readily lending itself to the designs of the landscape artist. A con- siderable sum of money was at lirst expended in im- proving the grounds, and sufficient portions of the sur- face were then wrought to meet burial requirements to the present time. Many families have purchased lots upon which they have erected monuments. Burials have begun upon the high groumls and by the river side. The grounds are well-kept, the town employing a gardener who devotes his time to the work. A small stream of excellent water runs through the grounds along the southwest part, at the foot of the hills, which is used for drinking and also for watering the hill-slopes, the water being forced up by machines. Wildwood (Cemetery is the name given to this beau- tiful burial-ground. Eight years ago the town ASHLAND. 541 bought an additional acre of land at the entrance of the grounds, and removed therefrom the old buildings, so that now the inhabitants of Ashland have secured for all time a worthy place for the burial of their dead. The original committee appointed by the town to prepare the grounds, making a cemetery out of the forest, appear to have done their worlc well. Their names are Warren Whitney, Henry Cutler, Willard R. Eames, Charles Alden and Alvah Metcalf. The cemetery is now under the government of a board of five trustees chosen by the town, one of whom is chosen annually to serve for a term of five years. Schools. — The town of Ashland adopted the method of conducting schools which had prevailed in Framingham. There was no division into territorial districts, each having a corporate standing, owning and holding its school property, as was the case in many country places, but the town bought the land and erected the school-houses. At the same time there was a quasi-district arrangement, the method- of the district system being in part followed. There were chosen at the annual town-meeting two com- mittees, called respectively the school committee and the prudential school committee. The former had a legal standing, but the latter existed by custom and by acquiescence on the part of all concerned. Under this system the prudential committeeman had charge of the school-house in his district, provided fuel and hired the teachers. A meeting was usually held in each district at least once a year, at which the pru- dential committee for the ensuing year was nominated and the question determined, by bidding or otherwise, as to who should provide the fuel for the next year and the price to be paid for it. The nominee of the district was invariably elected at the succeeding town- meeting. The school committee proper, usually called the superintending school committee, in distinction from the prudential committee, consisted of three persons cho.sen for their fitness for the otfice. They were taken from the class of liberal, or at least well- educated men ; often they were old teachers. The duty of the school committee was to examine the candidates for teachers, to visit the schools, to have a general superintendence over them, including the text-books, and to make an annual report, in writing, to the town upon their condition. In this way the schools were conducted many years in an acceptable manner, especially to the inhabitants of the outside districts. But the influence of the cities and larger towns be- gan to be felt, where the cumbersome machinery of the system above described had been abandoned, and a simple system introduced of schools conducted under the sole charge of one committee, and graded by classes so far as practicable. In 1859 the town abandoned the election of a prudential committee, and added three members to the school committee, which, again increased in 1868, became a committee of nine, one-third elected each year. For a time care was taken that, at least, one member of the nine should be chosen from the residents of each district, in order to maintain tlie proper equilibrium of school influence throughout the town. The districts, too, at first, held their meetings, as before, to nominate the candidate for decision from their district. But it proved inconvenient always to maintain this rule, and deviations from it were more and more allowed, till the rule had at last become obsolete. Then it began to be felt that a committee of nine persons was larger than could be needed for a small town, and that the school business could be done more conveniently and no less efficiently by a board of a smaller number. The town about 1880 had reduced the number to three, one member to be elected annually, and this arrangement, proving entirely satisfactory, has pre- vailed to the present time. The division of the school money among the dis- tricts was at first made by vote of the town, and seems to have been based on the number of families or scholars in the district. But the rule was varied, sometimes equal amounts being assigned to all the districts. Once the Centre District was allowed to count as one and one-half. Later the division was left to the judgment of the superintending school committee, and this committee appears to have re- covered from the town gradually a recognition of the rights which the law really gave them. Feeling that the burden upon scholars of purchas- ing school-books had become excessive, in order to reduce the price, in 1882 the town appropriated $300 to be used in purchasing a supply to be sold without profit for cash. This plan was pursued successfully two years, when the law requiring towns to furnish school-books free to their scholars went into effect. The supply on hand was then turned over to the new use. Books and supplies are now purchased as needed, and are issued by the agent of the town upon the requisition of the school-teachers. In the spring of 1889, taking advantage of the new law, a union with the town of Hopkinton was efliected and a superintendent of schools was chosen for the two towns, who has now completed one year of suc- cessful service. The locating of schools which pre-supposed a divi- sion of the town into districts was done by the com- mittee on schools appointed at the second town-meet- ing held on April 8, 1840. The limits of the district having been determined, to find the actual spot for the location of the school- house, measurements were made to decide as to its geographical centre, and the house was built at a point on the road nearest that centre. There were originally seven districts, reduced to six when the school-house in District No. 3 was erected. Five new school-houses were built very early, and they stand to- day in their original locations, though in three of them no schools now assemble. The school in the 542 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Centre District, otherwise called District No. 1, was kept in the chapel, a two-story brick building, which stood on the site of the town-hall, but more to the front. Only the fir^t story in this building was fitted with school furniture, and regularly occupied for school purposes. There were seats for about fifty scholars. Overflow schools were sometimes kept in the hall above and in other buildings in the village. Before 1850 the number of pupils attending the Cen- tre School had become double that in District 6. Be- tween these two schools there were many contests in spelling occurring on winter evenings. The schools in the other districts were smaller, particularly in Nos. 2 .and 4. After 1855 the attendance in the out- lying schools began to decrease, a tendency which has not been checked even to the present time. The result has been seen in the clcsing of the schools in Districts 2, 3 and 5, though the last-named school was also weakened by the cutting off' of a portion of the district by the flowiige from " Dam 2." In the north- erly part of the territory of District 3, in 1887, a new school-house was built to accommodate the children from the new village at Chattanooga Mills. Meantime a great change has been going on in the centre of the town. It was early found that the school accommodations were insufficient, that something more than one school-room in the Chapel building was needed. It was also believed that there were now scholars enough in this district to put in success- ful operation the graded system, which had proved beneficial in the cities and larger towns. At a meet- ing of the town held in 1855, it was decided to erect a town building, upon the first floor of which provi- sion should be made for the schools in the centre of the town. Four school-rooms of a size to seat fifty pupils each were provided and furnished in a sub- stantial and, for the time, superior manner. The schools in this district then began anew under the graded system. From 1856 for two years a high school was taught by H. F. Allen, and about 1863 portions of the tuitions of scholars attending the pri- vate school of Warden Reynolds were paid for a year or two by the town. With these exceptions it was not attempted to carry scholars beyond the grade of the grammar-school, requiring those who desired to pur- sue more advanced studies either to go out of town for the needed instruction or to obtain it in the occa- sional private schools which were taught on the tui- tion plan. High School.— In 1867 the uumber of scholars having increased, to meet the general desire, .as well as to keej) abreast with neighboring towns, it was again voted to organize a high school, though the number of resident families was not suflicient to com- pel the town to take such action. From the date of its final establishment there has been no interruption to the high school. At first the services of but one teacher were required. Later, when the number of scholars had increased, an assistant was furnished, and now for many years two teachers have devoted their time to the school, and, if short periods at the change of teachers be excepted, with almost uniformly satisfactory results. The principal, at least, has always had the preparation afforded by a college course of study ; the assistant now employed is a col- lege graduate. So successfully has this school been conducted, that very few scholars have gone away to other schools, even for acquiring the necefsary pre- paration for college or the higher technical schools. Following is a list of the principals of the high school, with dates and periods of teaching : J. O. Norris, 56 weeks, from June, 1867 ; H. E. Mar- rion, 8 weeks, from September, 1868; Francis Savage, 27 weeks, from January, 1869 ; H. E. Bartlett,40 weeks, from September, 1869 ; J. A. Page, 13 weeks, from September, 1870 ; A. S. Roe, 187 weeks, from January, 1871 ; J. B. Messervey, 40 weeks, from September, 1876 ; A. J. George, 240 weeks, from September, 1876 ; W. H. Thompson, 40 weeks, from September, 1882 ; F. E. Whittemore, 120 weeks, from September, 1883; E. H. Alger, 13 weeks, from September, 1886; C. W. Ayer, 4 weeks, from January, 1887; H. A. Blood, 63 weeks, from February, 1887 ; Walter Moores, 80 weeks, from September, 1888. Other Schools. — The grammar school, though belonging to the series of graded schools in the Cen- tre District, has been open to pupils from all parts of the town, who have chosen to attend. This school has always been the special care of the committee, and none but teachers of sterling character and large experience have been employed, The appointments of teachers to the lower grades, and in the mixed schools, have usually been made from the graduates of the high school, or of one of the State normal schools. It has been the practice of the committee to retain gooo teachers, advaucing them in grade and pay, and marriage of a female teacher has not worked a forfeiture of her position. The schools have suf- fered at times from the excursions of marauding sup- erintendents from larger places, but the offer of high- er wages has not always proved a suflicient lure. Teachers have usually preferred to keep their present assured positions, though they get less money. An exception, however, must be allowed in the case of the high school principals, who have as a rule left at the end of from two to six years for better positions, as the town though liberal in all school matters, neces- sarily sets a limit to salaries. Contrary to the tenden- cy in the outlying districts, the number of scholars in the centre of the town has always been increasing. Before 1870 the four rooms in the town hall building, with the addition of one of the ante-rooms upstairs, could not be made to seat all the scholars. A room was fitted up in Adams Block, at the corner of Rail- road and Alden streets, providing for about forty of the smallest scholars. This arrangement not proving permanent, .is no other quarters could be secured, the school committee, with the consent of the selectmen, ASHLAND. 543 put up and furnished the small school building now standing east of the town hall. Still the rooms were crowded, the number of pupils running up as high as seventy-five in the lowest grade. In 1871 eighty rods of land were bought on South Main Street, and the four-room school-house now occupied was erected and furnished at a cost of about ten thousand dollars. This relieved the pressure, furnishing accommoda- tions sufficient to the present time. More recently the conviction gained ground that the rooms in the town hall building did not meet the modern require- ments of school-rooms, and that some of them were needed for other purposes ; as a result, in 1889 the town voted to erect an appropriate school building on their lot of land, situated on Central Street, lately bought for the purpose, and are now engaged in put- ting up a building which will accommodate the high and grammar schools, and one other school. Until about the year 1855 there were only two sessions or terms of the schools, consisting usually of twelve weeks each. The summer term began in May, a female teacher being employed, and none but the smaller scholars attending. The principal school was in the winter term, commencing the first Mon- day after Thanksgiving. A male teacher was em- ployed, and, as all the large boys and girls in the district attended, the strong qualities of the teacher were sure to be tested. Soon after the year above named, female teachers only began to be employed, and the number of weeks of schooling was increased. For many years the schools below the high school were kept thirty weeks annually, the time being divided into three equal terms. Recently, two to five weeks have been added to the length of the school year. The high school year has always been forty weeks. With the change from male to female teachers in the winter, the attendance of grown-up boys and girls in the district schools fell away. It may, however, be said that those who, under the early custom, would have attended school in the winter, but now remained at home, were few, for most of this class, about this time adopting the new fashions of living, went into the boot-shops, or, going away from home, struck out for themselves. But looking back and comparing the palmy days of the district school with those of later times, it cannot but be observed that a certain amount of sturdiness has been subtracted from the outlying districts, and its substitute for the people of those districts must be found, if at all, in the growth and culture afforded by the high school now convening in the centre of the town. Two Teachers. — It is impossible to refer to each of the long line of teachers who have toiled in this town ; but going back a considerable period, a pass- ing reference may be made to one or two who have left a specially lasting impression by virtue of their personal influence. Under the old district adminis- tration the names of L. H. Cobb and Samuel Upton will occur to the minds of residents who have now passed middle life. Upton taught in the Centre District for two or three winters, conducting a large school with very great ability. He was at the time taking his course in Dartmouth College. He after- wards became a lawyer, and is now a judge in the highest court in New Hampshire, his native State. Cobb was also a Dartmouth student, a classmate of Upton, and preceded him in school work in Ashland. Cobb taught five winters in District No. 0, taking the school through the period of its greatest strength. There were then in that school fifty scholars, of ages varying from four to twenty-one. His administra- tion was severe but just, and truly inspiring. So much interested in hio work was he, that, in addition to his regular duties, he aided his scholars in forming a lyceum, the meetings of which were held weekly during the winter terms of several years. About everything of an intellectual order within the capac- ity of the scholars was planned and executed at these meetings. There was always a debate, with the reg- ular array of disputants, after the manner of lyceums in those days. There was a " paper," upon the prep- aration of which much time had been spent; there was declamation, music, everything but a play. To add to the interest, other schools were invited to par- ticipate in the exercises, the final wind-up usually being a good-natured combat in spelling. At these meetings lectures were sometimes given by Cobb, Upton and others, including Sanborn Tenney, then the Park's Corner teacher, afterwards the professor in natural science. The result of all this fervor, breath- ing intellectual life into No. 6, was the awakening of aspirations among the youth of that district. Two of the boys at least who participated in the debates of that lyceum have, as men, made their mark : E. F. Dewing, after the war, judge of the District Court in New Orleans, and afterwards, for years, to the time of his decease, a prominent lawyer in a neighboring town, and Kev. J. E. Twitchell, D.D., for many years a successful pastor of prominent city churches, and now located in New Haven, Conn. Libraries. — The earliest known library kept for use within the territorial limits of this town was the collection of books, principally novels, purchased and owned by Ephraim Bigelow. He lived on the place occupied by the late W. D. Cole in the easterly part of the town. From about 1815 for twenty-five years people came from all directions, within a radius of five miles, to take out books, paying for their use at the rate of two cents a week. When the school library was provided for the Park's Corner District in Fram- iugham, this collection was carried over to that point and placed in the care of George Fay, who also had charge of the school library. About the year 18.30, Matthew Metcalf, Eiias Na- son and Andrew Allard went to Boston together and bought one hundred and fifty volumes, paying two hundred dollars, and placed them in the counting- 5U HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. room of the cotton factory for general circulation. The selection was made mostly by Mr. Nason, who was then teaching school in the village. This library was in use about ten years, when the books were sold to ihe families interested in them. The original con- tributions were from one to five dollars, and no charge was made for the use of the books. About 1840 the State had a series of books prepared under the supervision of the Board of Education, which were furnished upon payment, to those towns that desired to introduce them. These books treated upon scientific and historical subjects, and were bound iii a uniform style. Fifty or more volumes were placed in each of the school-rooms in Frauiingham and Hop- kinton and were issued to the households in the dis- tricts. Much interest was manifested in this move- ment, and the books were eagerly read; but no new books were added, so the interest gradually fell away. The library belonging to what is now the Centre District is supposed to have been scattered and lost. Twenty volumes, originally in the district now comprising the westerly part of the town, are still in existence and in a fair state of preservation. Shortly before the war a few persons clubbing to- gether bought about fifty volumes, mostly histories and biographies, and placed them in the office of the shoe-shop ofC. H. Tilton, in charge of George H. Ellis as librarian. The subscribers had free use of the books ; other persons were allowed to take them out upon |iayinent of a fee. After about one year the club suspended and divided the books among the members. In the year 1859, with money raised by subscription, the Agricultural Library (so-called from the prevail- ing character of the books) was purchased and put into general circulation. This was the first ell'ort made, after the incorporation of the town, to furnish a free library. It would appear from the books of the librarian still preserved, that there were upwards of 125 volumes in this library. The principal patronage came from the farmers, but nearly all the families in town, at one time or another, appear to have taken out books. No additions were made and the books gradually disappeared. Mr. S. W. Wiggins, the libra- rian, at whose store the library was kept, still had in his possession at the establishment of the present Public Library, eight volumes, which he placed in that collection. A period of twenty years now followed, in which discouraging views prevailed, and the untoward end of the Agricultural Library was cited by way of illus- tration, forgetting that to attain success other books than those on farming are needed, as well as frequent reinforcements by the addition of new books. But that the towns-people desired to read, if only books of the right kind could be furnished, was shown all through this period by the patronage given to private circulating libraries. First came to town one Uriah Pollard in 1870, bringing 500 fresh volumes, mostly novels and histor- ies, and putting them in circulation at a charge of two cents a day. This library was kept in the store of Horace Yeaton, in a building since burned. For two or three years this venture proved profitable to the owner, as the circulation was large. The period of popularity was prolonged by the addition from time to time of a few new volumes. After the interest had fallen off the library was sold. Next, a club of a dozen persons was formed, and fifty dollars raised, by which a small library was pur- chased, to be kept at the drug-store of Billings & Ox- ley. This movement lasted a year, at the end of which time the books were sold by auction to the sub- scribers. Then followed other circulating libraries, each in turn having its day. Mrs. Franklin Moulton pur- chased a small library of interesting books, which she kept at her residence on Railroad Street. W. T. Hill selected about 200 volumes, mostly novels, covering and labeling them neatly, and keeping them several years at his printing-office. Still later, S. A. Davis, profiting by the example of others who had turned an honest penny in the business, placed a library of about three hundred volumes in his periodical store on Railroad Street. This, like the libraries which preceded it, was composed of popular works, and was largely patronized until the opening of the Public Library. He still retains his books and loans them as they are called for. In parallel movement with the libraries there have been circulations of books and magazines owned by clubs, which, after having gone the rounds, would be divided or sold at auction among the members. There have been few, if any, years in the history of the town when one or more clubs of this character have not been in the field. At least one special effort has been made to furnish the public with the free use of magazines and papers. E. P. Tenney during his pastorate with the Congre- gational Church, raised funds by solicitation, hired a room in the then post-office building and had it fur- nished for a general reading-room. This room was kept open one year, day and evening, with, however, but a small attendance of readers. Even after the partly successful experiment with the Agricultural Library before referred to, there were those who believed that a free public library, if properly managed, could be made to succeed, and furthermore that the interests of the town demanded that an effort should be made to establish such a library. In the spring of 1871 A. S. Roe, then principal of the high school, now m.astcr of the Worcester high sciiool, made strenuous eilbrts to awaken an interest in the subject; some of the citizens, at his request, met at the town hall building and dis- cussed the question. It was thought that one thou- sand dollars would be needed to start a public library with prospect of success. Mr. Roe drew up a sub- ASHLAND. 545 scription paper and commenced its circulation. Alvah Metcalf, Henry Cutler and a few others put down liberal sums; but when two hundred and fifty dollars had been subscribed, it was found that the limit to which the people would then go had been reached. Many persons, when approached, proved to be unwill- ing to contribute, giving as a reason that the time had not yet come for a public library. The town, it was said, was struggling under a large war debt, and the consequent heavy taxes, and was suffering under the general depression in values and incomes, which had overtaken the whole land at that time. So the sub- ject was reluctantly dropped. Public Library. — The condition of the town's finances annually improved. Year by year some part of the debt was paid. In 1880 the opinion began to be entertained that the time had come for the estab- lishment of a free public library. It was in the spi-ing of that year that (}. T. Higley, having requested the insertion of an article upon the subject in the warrant for the annual town-meeting, made a motion at that meeting, which was carried, that such a library be es- tablished by the town under the provisions of the statute law. This proved to be a beginning. A com- mittee, consisting of G. T. Higley, W. F. Ellis, S. S. Baker, Adrian Foote, Elias Grout and Paul Stevens, were chosen to carry this vote into effect. No action was taken till the succeeding fall. At that time the committee, having called to their aid many of the cit- izens, planned a series of entertainments which after- wards took place, with the effect of raising the needed funds, and at the same time awakening a general in- terest in the subject. In this movement the churches and other public organizations participated. All the population, exceptions, if any, being very few, took an active personal interest. The funds obtained from entertainments were more than doubled by cash sub- scriptions, which immediately followed, the whole secured sum amounting to nearly one thousand dol- lars. With this eight hundred volumes were pur- chased, which became at once a working nucleus. The town voted to assign the dog tax to the library, and this, wiih two hundred dollars appropriated an- nually to the present time, has now served to collect a library of nearly three thousand volumes. The selec- tions of books have been made by the trustees, princi- pally through their secretary, who has made it a strict duty to study the subject. Books that have become standard are easily found. To acquire a knowledge ol new books, the notices which appear in the literary columns of the j^apers and in periodicals devoted to the subject are studied, and from notes taken the pur- chasing lists are made. Books asked for by persons using the library, especially by teachers and students, are bought if no valid reason exists for excluding them. This process of selection has been found to work satisfactorily, as only the best books and those that are wanted are admitted. All ages, and classes, and dwellers in all parts of the town use the library. 35-m In it the schools find aid in their work, special priv- ileges being granted in the use of the books to teachers and students. A board of six trustees chosen by the town, one-third annually, conduct the library. A printed catalogue has been prepared for home use, supplementary slips being added after each new pur- chase. Although the books are freely entrusted to the care of young persons to be taken to their homes, after nine years' constant'use, not half a dozen vol- umes have been lost, or were unaccounted for at the last annual examination of the library. The system in use, of fines, of charging upon personal cards, and of requiring each applicant for a book to fill out a slip to be left with the librarian, absolutely protects the library from all loss or damage, except the ordinary wear and tear. Hitherto the library has occupied one of the ante- rooms in the town hall building. At the last meeting of the town a vote was pa-ssed to move it into one of the large rooms on the first floor of this building, where it is intended also to fit up a public reading- room. Mills, Waters, Etc.— At the time the town was established, most of its business was done in the mills located upon the river. First in order of importance was the four-story frame mill of the Middlesex Union Factory Company, in which cotton-cloth was manu- factured. This mill, which stood upon the present site of the Dwight Printing Company's machine- shop, at the corner of Main and Myrtle Streets, had been built some thirty years before by a corporation called the Middlesex Manufacturing Company. In 1827 certain Boston parties had bought the property, and one year later had become incorporated under the name first mentioned. James Jackson, who had had experience in a mill in Sutton, had come to this place about 1825. He was appointed renident manager of the new company, and had remained in this office to the time our narra- tive commences, in 1846. At this time a small build- ing stood near the east end of the factory, occupied for counting-mom by the company, and for a store. " Long Block," then glorying in three times its pres- ent length, was across the street, filled with tenants, operatives in the factory. The " Boarding-House," standing at the head of the street, vacated about six years before by Mr. Jackson himself, was now occu- pied, as its name imports, as a home for the unmar- ried employees. The small houses farther to the west were filled with factory tenants. Since Mr. Jackson's advent the enterprise had prospered. By buying stock from time to time, he had, in 1846, become sub- stantially the owner of the property. At this time the mill was still running at its full capacity, turning out products valued at $65,000 annually ; but owing to competition and other causes, later the business be- came unprofitable, and was closed, Mr. Jackson retiring. The factory was never again started ; in 1854 it was burned to the ground, Thus came to an end the 546 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. business enterprise which had given birth and pros- perity to the village of Unionville, and had definitely led up to the establishment of the town. The couuting-room building survived the fire, and, after being used for some years as a store, was moved away ; nothing of the factory remained except the large wooden undershot water-wheel, which for many years afterwards was allowed to revolve, at first, pre- sumably, to keep it from rotting, but finally, as we small boys concluded, solely for amusement. Close upon the dam stood the grist-mill then as now, only that the farmer who then brought his corn to grind, was never sure of having his grist ready when he wanted it, as the factory took what it needed of the water first; if any was left the grist-mill had it. But the failure of the factory brought revenge to the grist- mill, which ever since has had its own way. In the spring of 1868 the Boston Flax-Mills bought the property, and proceeded to erect the frame building, known as the machine-shop, now standing at the corner of Main and Myrtle streets, intending to occupy it for the manutacture of linen goods. Before the works were completed, in the fall of that year, the whole property was sold to the Dwight Printing Company. The Dwight Printing Company was organized as a corporation under Massachusetts laws in 1868, with a capital of $300,000. There were originally three stock- holders, — William Dwight, Jordan, Marsh & Com- pany, and Francis Skinner & Company. Subse- quently Jordan, Marsh & Company bought out the other stockholders, thus becoming sole owners of the three hundred shares of stock. Still later the indi- vidual members of this partnership succeeded to the ownership of the stock, and are now its sole owners. The Dwight Printing Company first bought of the Boston Flax Mills, about six acres of land, which comprised the original plant of the Middlesex Union Factory Company. This conveyance covered the fac- tory and grist-mill water privileges, and the lands helow the dam, including the canal, which had been formerly used in connection with them. Other con- veyances to the company followed, by which title was obtained to 125 acres of additional lands along the northerly banks of the river and the north shore of the Mill Pond. The purpose of this company was to establish an extensive business in bleaching, dyeicg and printing cotton cloths. Immediately after its organization the company ■ prepared plans for a series of extensive buildings, such as would be needed in their business. Within the next two years seven large granite buildings, in- tended to be covered with mansard roofs, were begun and carried forward, four of them to completion. A machine-shop already built was furnished, utilizing the water-power. At the same time a new street was cut through the company's land on the north side of the river, and ten double houses were erected for the use of employees. Including houses standing upon the lands purchased by the company, tenements for forty families were provided. The company's build- ings were erected under the supervision of Gen. Wil- liam Dwight, Jr., who came to Ashland and remained during the process of erection. Kichard M. Ross was chief mechanic, and Adrian Foote was put in general charge of the company's property, taking up his resi- dence in town and remaining to the present time. The eflect of the sudden entrance of this company into town and its conspicuous building operations was to raise the price of real estate, and cause other new busi- ness to start up. New stores were opened, houses were built. Land which before had been held only for agricultural purposes, was surveyed and put upon the market for building lots. Workingmen who had saved a few hundred dollars, thought the time had come for them to secure homes ; so buying thirty or forty rods of land, they built houses, raising by mort- gage the balance of funds needed to complete them. Those were times of general inflation; the cost of labor and materials was high ; consequently their houses, when completed, represented high values. The mortgages placed upon them were sometimes larger than the whole cost of similar premises fifteen years later, or before the war. The company had only partly erected their build- ings, when it began to be rumored that the city of Boston was in search of a further water supply, and had its eye upon the Sudbury River. This at once put an entirely new complexion upon the prospec- tive value of this enterprise. If the water of the river was to be taken for domestic use, it was clear that the proposed business of the company could not be carried on, as products from the dyeing processes must necessarily go into the water and pollute it. It was therefore decided to cease work upon the buildings until the water question should be finally determined. This action of the company in suspending all operations came disastrously upon the town. The prospects predicated upon the increase of business which would be caused by the carrying on of the company's operations, came to an end, causing gen- eral disappointment. Houses and other buildings became vacant, and the values iu real estate fell away. In 1872 the city of Boston obtained from the Leg- islature an act which condemned finally to their use the waters of the Sudbury River and its tributaries. From this time it was manifest that the conii)any's buildings could never be occupied as at first intended. The question now was for what purposes, and to what extent could they be used. To determine this question, a suit was brought against the city of Bos- ton, in 1876, in the nature of a claim for damages for injury to the company's water rights. The ques- tions of law involved were carried up to the Supreme Judicial Court, and the decision, drawn up by Justice ASHLAND. 547 Ames, reported in Volume 122, of the Massachusetts reports, page 585, finds that while riparian proprie- tors " retain all their common law rights in the river, HO far as they are not inconsistent with the use de- fined in the statute," the petitioner had acquired no right by express grant or prescription " to befoul the water, or render it unfit for drinking purposes," and was not entitled to damages. This was equivalent to deciding that the water of the river could still be used for " domestic purposes, for watering cattle in it, for cutting ice," and also for mechanical power if not attended with pollution. Since that time the property has awaited a pur- chaser ; $500,000 have been expended in land and buildings, the latter containing 175,000 feet of floor room. A spur track from the Boston and Albany Railroad brings freight and coal to the doors of the buildings, afibrding the best of facilities for handling goods. The plant has been kept in good condition, and will some day doubtless be put to a profitable use. The Dwight Printing Company also owns the " Bigelow Paper-Mill property," including about nine acres of land, a wide flowage, and valuable water rights situated on Sudbury River about one and a half miles west of Ashland Village. A. D. Warren, a thread manufacturer of Wor- cester, in the latter part of 1879, came to Ashland, and leasing for a terra of years one of the Dwight Printing Company's buildings, fitted up a factory for the manufiicture of spool cotton. After the mill had been running but a short time, in January, 1880, a corporation was organized under the name of the Warren Thread Company, with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars. All the stock was immediately bought by Eben D. Jordan, James C. Jordan, Eben D. Jordan, Jr., and Adrian Foote, who from that time to the present have remained the sole owners of the stock. Eben D. Jordan was chosen president, and Adri.in Foote treasurer. This mill takes cotton yarn as it cumes from various fac- tories in New England and twists it into thread. The thread, which is of many sizes and colors, is wound upon spools, and after being marked accord- ing to quality and to suit customers, is shipped to all parts of the United States. About seventy-five hands are employed at the mill, who have work the year round. The value of the annual product is about three hundred thousand dollars. The next concern of importance was the paper-mill of Calvin Shepard & Son. The "son" was Calvin Shepard, Jr., who, at his father's death, succeeded to the property and business. The mill stood half a mile east of the village, at the junction of Fountain and Union Streets, just west of the iron bridge. The paper, which was for newspaper supplies, was at first made by hand. Afterwards water-power was used, and finally steam and water-power combined. The water to carry the mill was taken out of the river just above the dam recently removed, at a point about seventy feet southwest from the bridge, and was car- ried directly across Union Street to the north. The raceway has been filled with earth, though its south- erly end can yet be traced. The old site of the mill has been entirely obliterated by the Boston Water Board in leveling the ground upon the bank of their water-basin. The first mill was burnt down in 1842, and was immediately rebuilt on a larger scale. Shep- ard employed twenty to twenty-five hands. He turned out an annual product of about $30,000. His business, at first successful, owing to competitiim and other causes, at length became unremunerative, and was closed about 1850. For a year or two after that date he attempted the manufacture of combs, but did not succeed in making this new business profitable. The property was now sold to Lee Claflin, and Shepard moved to Taunton. In 1857 he took up his residence in Boston, serving most of the time for thirty years afterward as visitor for the Overseers of the Poor and Provident Association. He was one of the m'ost prominent men in the early history of the town. He is now residing in Edgartown much enfeebled with age. Charles Alden bought the Shepard Paper-Mill property of Lee Claflin, of Hopkinton, about 1855. He introduced machines to pulverize quartz and other minerals. Just before the war he had succeeded in obtaining a monopoly of the emery manufacture, having the sole right to import the Smyrna stone, the only stone then supposed to be available. The war coming on, the call for emery to be used in polishing and for other purposes was enormously increased, and Alden, having the facilities fir its manufacture, turned his whole attention to that bu.-iness. During the war his business was thriving and remunerative, and he acquired property. Later there was still a market for emery, as it came more to be used in the arts, but on account of others engaging in its manufacture and uther sources for the supply of stone being found, a competition in the business arose, which greatly re- duced the profits of its manufacture. In 1868 Alden changed the fi.rm of the business ownership, which had already become a partn-rship, to that of a corporation, under the name of the Wash- ington Mills Emery Manufacturing Company, him- self, at first, holding a majority of the stock. This company became owner of the property, and contin- ued to carry on the business at that point until the city of Boston bought its real estate and water rights. Shortly before the expiration of the time allowed the- company to remove their buildings, they were con- sumed by fire, the insurance being recovered only after a protracted lawsuit. The company then re- moved its business to New England Village, now North Grafton. In about 1870, Alden, having disposed of his inter- est in the emery manufacturing business, built a mill on the west side of Union Street, just north of 548 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the iron bridge, for the manufacture of emery-wheels. A stock company was formed for this purpose, under tlie name of the Vitrified Wheel and Emery Com- pany, with Alden as first manager. This company carried on its business till bought out by the city of Boston, after which the building was taken down and removed. After Alden withdrew from this last-named com- pany he built an emery-mill on the spur track at the Cutler Mills ; but had hardly begun business when the city of Boston also absorbed this concern, remov- ing the buildings. This closed the business enter- prises of Alden in Ashland. Very marked results accompanied the success of his early emery business. He purchased a large tract of land of Benjamin Homer, in 1866, and about the same time smaller tracts from the heirs of John Stone and others, and commenced building houses. His operations were mostly in the neighborhood of Homer Avenue and the street which bears his name. Nearly all the houses on these streets were built by him or with the aid of his money. To any reputable person who would buy from him a house-lot he would furnish means for erecting the house, taking back a mortgage to secure the money loaned. The registry in which Ashland real estate conveyances are re- corded contains evidence of a large number of deeds given by Alden between the years 1867 and 1873. His share in the work of building the Methodist Church is referred to in the account given of that church. In 1879 Alden removed from town, engaging in other enterprises till nearly the time of his death, which occurred in 1888. His funeral was attended at the Methodist Church, in Ashland, and his re- mains were buried in Wildwood Cemetery, the land for which was bought of himself, and which, as one of the board of town trustees, he had helped to lay out and beautify. About a mile below the Shepard Paper-lMill stood the Cutler Mills. At this point the water-power ear- ly employed in connection with the iron foundry o< Gilbert Marshall and Richard Sears was used by Sears to run the saw-mill built by him, and from 1818 to carry also the grist-mill erected by Calvin Bige- low, the owner at that date of the water privilege. Subsequently the property, passing successively through the hands of James Whittemore and Wil- liam Greenwood, finally came into possession of S. N. Cutler. The grist-mill stood at the northerly extrem- ity of the dam, was a one and one-half story building, and was painted in the old-time Venetian red. At the southerly end of the dam was the saw-mill, with its up-and-down saw and all the openers to the weather, for which such mills of old were famous. This mill was also rigged with a set of stones for the grind- ing of gypsum into flour, or "plaster," as it was called, which in those days was used by farmers to sow upon old pasture lands, and to put in their po- tato-hills as a fertilizer. The farmers brought their corn to the mill for grinding, and the miller took a toll of two quarts for each bushel ground. In the winter logs were brought to the mill-yard on sleds, and later in the season the boards or planks into which they had been sawed were carried away. All these processes were carried on leisurely, much to the comfort of the patrons of the mill, who, while their grist was being prepared, learned the news from the miller. Cutler at first continued the operating of these mills in the old way, but later he began buying corn, and, after grinding it into meal, selling to the stores. His new business grew rapidly, one or more of his sons were admitted into partnership, and the name of the firm now became S. N. Culler & Son. They bought their corn by large quantities in the West, and became heavy patrons of the railroads, thus inducing the Boston & .41bany Railroad Compa- ny to build a spur track for their benefit. A large and convenient mill furnished with elevators and other apparatus, was erected on the side of the stream next to the track. This mill was wholly burned in the fiill of 1867, but the next spring it had been re- placed and was running. Thus by energy an exten- sive and valuable business was established, which was continued till the removal of the firm in 1876. At this time the city of Boston bought the whole prop- erty, and subsequently took down the building, so that now no trace remains. The original site of the old red mill is now many feet under water in " Basin 2," of the city's system of water supply, on the Sud- bury River. A little to the west of where the high- way formerly passed under the railroad the bed of the spur track m.ay still be traced, but the site of the principal mill has been dug over and is lost in the graded bank, or lies partly covered by water. One mile west of the village, on the Sudbury River, is located the box-mill of Alvah Metcalf. The dam and the original building were erected about 1835 by John Cloyes, for the manufacture of sash and blinds. Very early a set of stones was put in for grinding corn. In 1844 Cloyes sold to Daniel White, who one year later conveyed to Henry Brown. In 1847 H. F, Goodale, of MarlboTough, became owner. As a tenant under Goodale, Micah B. Priest, also of Marlborough, manufactured boxes used in casing boots shoes and bonnets. Metcalf bought the property of Good- ale in 1S60, and continued the business, gradually increasing it. In 1870 the mill proving too small for the amount of business to be done, was pulled down, and the present commodious bi/ilding erected. To supplement the water-power, not always sufficient in summer, steam was provided. The stones for grind- ing corn were left out of the new mill. Two years ago a stone dam was built, so that now the milf has superior facilities for turning out boot-boxes. About two million feet of boards are made into boxes an- nually. The careful supervision and personal labor of the owner have built up this successful business. ASHLAND. 549 Haifa mile farther west are the remains of the Bigelow Paper-Mill dam. This was once the site of a flourishing business in the manufacture of a fine quality of hand-made paper. The original owners were John, David and Perkins Bigelow, and Gardner AVilder (2d.) They bought land lying upon the stream in 1817, and in that or the following year, built the dam and mill. Shortly before the establishment of the town, the last of the Bigelows had withdrawn from the business. David Bigelow, who maintained his hold longest, resided in Framingham Centre, and rode daily to his mill. There are still remaining traditions of the personal beauty and superior social influence of the women belonging to the Bigelow families. About 1846 Hon. Isaac Amfes, judge of Sufiblk Probate Court, for himself or as attorney for Hazen Morse, was interested in this mill. Silas Warren, Samuel Whitney and probably others were connected with it, and engaged, after the town was organized, in the manufacture of wall-paper. Samuel Whitney used to tell how, when he once found him- self short of materials, he went into his potato-field and gathering the vines and weeds, ground them up and made them into pulp, thus saving fifty dollars in the way of stock. But the business was at length closed and the property remained idle. The mill was burned about 1866. After this property had ceased to be used it passed successively, by deeds, to John Clark, 1864; E. P. Dewing, 1865, and to Thomas Corey in 1868. In 1869 the Dwight Printing Company bought the land, water privilege and rights of flowing, and are now the owners. The dam had been maintained until very recently, but now the middle part has been washed away. Siill farther west on the river, near the town limits, on the site of the " Old Forge," are located the Chattanooga Woolen-Mills, owned and oper- ated by Taft & Aldrich. At this point there is a dam and a fall of about twenty-five feet, with two wooden water-wheels of one hundred and sixty horse- power. About the time of the incorporation of the town, W. B. and A. J. Wood, the owners, built a paper-mill, which, for .several years, was run by Isaac Ames. In 1863 David Fales & Company started up the works, manufacturing satinets and woolen goods. They carried on the business for about eight years, after which the mill was left idle. In 1873 the Woods sold the whole property to C. and C. T. Aldrich, who enlarged the mill and put in steam-power, to be used when the water was low. In 1876 Charles Aldrich sold his interest to L. H. Taft, of Uxbridge, who, six years later, sold to his father, Moses Taft. The pres- ent firm is composed of Moses Taft and Charles T. Aldrich, the latter residing upon the premises and conducting the mill. Taft & Aldrich employ about seventy-five hands. Since Aldrich came, a village has grown up at this point, which is called Chat- tanooga, and a school-house has been built in the neighborhood. On Cold Spring Brook, about three miles from its junction with Sudbury River, there was formerly a saw-mill and grist-mill, which in early times were in operation when the water in the brook was .sufficient to run them. After the incorporation of the town S. N. Cutler & Company appear to have had an in- terest in the property. But the mill was many years ago abandoned, and the privilege is now lost in the flowage of " Dam 4 " of the Boston water supply. On a small brook which empties into Waushakum Pond, at the place late of W. D. Cole, for many years prior to 1850, stood a shop owned by James Bigelow. Here was a small water-power which Bigelow employed to run a turning-lathe and a saw rigged for wheelwright work. Bigelow could make anything, from a clock to an ox-cart. While en- gaged in rimming out a gun-barrel at his lathe, an end of his neckerchief caught on the shaft of the rimmer, which, winding round quickly, before he could become disengaged, caused his death. There are no great ponds within the town limits, excepting a portion of Waushakum. The Fram- ingham boundary line, which crosses this pond, leaves in Ashland, perhaps, a little less than a quar- ter part. This part of the pond aflbrds the best fishing. Here, until about twenty years ago, sports- men caught good strings of perch and horned-pout in the summer, and pickerel through the ice in the winter. But since the pond has been " improved," by the cultivation of black bass, no fisherman has any luck. The Ashland waters, once a principal source of pecuniary benefit, the town can no longer call its own. Of the six once flourishing mills that stood upon the banks of the Sudbury, only two remain, and these no doubt are doomed. In 1872 the City of Boston ob- tained from the Legislature an act conferring the right to take the waters of the river and all its tributaries for the purpose of acquiring an ad- ditional water supply. As rapidly as its plans could be formed, the city proceeded to obtain, by purchase or seizure, all the business property upon the river ea.st of the village, and cleared off' completely the banks of the stream in this section. It placed an em- bargo upon the valuable water-power in the centre, without offering the owners any compensation. The two remaining privileges west of the village it has so far permitted the owners to use, but always in the face of uncertainties as to how long or in what man- ner they may be allowed to use them. With the ex- ception of the small amount of water required to keej) up the flowage of the stream, and the amounts that may be necessary for extinguishing fires, for domestic purposes, and for generating steam in the towns bordering on the river, all the waters of the Sud- bury and its tributaries above a certain point in the town of Framingham have been presented as a gift by the Legislature to the city of Boston, reserving only to immediate owners the right to 550 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. sell their interest therein for such price as they may be able to get, or to recover compensation for property taken only by the vexatious process of law. The city of Boston, in accordance with the provisions of this act and the rules of law, has paid the price for lands bought and has satisfied the judgments ob- tained for lands and rights seized in the cases of those who by law were entitled to recover and who have brought suits. But the large indirect damage to the town, in the destruction of its business and taxable property, has not been paid, nor is it by law recover- able. The many and valuable rights of private owners to drain into the river and its tributaries, seized by the city, have not been paid for, and tbe right to obiain compensation is now irrecoverably lost, because the owners had received no actual notice of the seizure and did not bring their action for damages within the time allotted by statute. Under the guise of general legislation, the city of Boston has obtained the passage of punitive laws, restricting the rights of land-owners in the free use of their property and widely enlarging the sphere of the law of nuis- ance. The agents of the B rston Water Board have continually annoyed the owners of lands lying upon the banks of the river and the iu-flowing brooks, by com- ing uninvited upon their premises for the purpose of discovering sources of pollution to the water, and by issuing orders for removal of such causes of pollution without first having procured any authoritative deter- mination of what is a pollution of their water supply. " Dam 2," of the Sudbury water system, which was built about 1878, in the town of Framingham, flowed the river to the Shepard Dam. The city of Boston built an iron bridge just below this point, and also a bridge below the site of the Cutler Mills, and, by laving out and building such parts ss were necessary, opened two good roads to Park's Corner, in place of the one old road, in part submerged, which formerly crossed the river at the Cutler Jlills. Less than a mile up Cold Spring Brook the city, in about 1885, built a dam nearly half a mile long, for storing water on this brock. The lands covered by this basin were obtained from the owners by pur- chase, the deeds conveying full title. In 1890 the city of Boston began the dam on Indian Brook, hav- ing obtained title to the lands proposed to be covered partly by purchase and partly by seizure. The agents of the Boston Water Board have for- bidden fishing upon the ice in their b.isins in the winter, though no prosecutions for that offence have yet been made. All persons are prohibited from bathing in the Sudbury or its tributaries. In 1888 an act was passed by tbe Legislature for- bidding bathing in tlie Waushakum Pond, as the Sherborn prison takes water from that source ; but this act seems to be .strictly confined to the waters of the pond ; therefore, it is suggested that Ashland boys may learn to swim in the Bigelow Pond, on the afilu- eut brook, a mile to the southwest. Boot and Shoe Bdsiness. — In the early years of the town the work of making shoes was not all done as it now is — in the factory — nor was the business all carried on by a few large concerns. There were small manufacturers, who would buy a few sides of leather in Boston, cut and make them into shoes in their shops in the country, and then return to the city, selling the products of their own labor. In those days there was no difiiculty in finding a market for such goods at paying prices. Men, who, in the end, became large manufacturers, frequently began in this way, acquiring a practical knowledge of every part of the business, from the selecting of the stock, through the processes of manufacture, to the final disposition of the goods in the market. This manu- facturing in a small way was then common, and was often taken up by men, who, for the time being, hap- pened to have no other employment. In this way, too, work could be afforded for a whole family, as there would be some part that each member could assist in doing. When the small shop began to enlarge and furnish work for persons outside of the family, the business was carried on in a way quite unlike the present. In 184t), and for a few years afterwards, there were no large gatherings of workmen in the shops of the manufac- turers ; all the work, except the cutting of the leather, was done away from the shop. The shoemaker would come, often from a neighboring town, with his team, and take out stock enough to keep him in work for a week or more. Quite far back, when shoes, rather than boots, were made in this section, the workman would take the leather just as it came from the hands of the cutter, who did his work without the aid of machinery. Going home with the stock, his wife would bind and close the shoes, while he did the bottoming. His boys would be taught while young to peg, and, later, to last, and, still later, before they had reached the age of twenty-one years, they would acquire skill in fitting and trimming, thus becoming expert in all the parts of the bottoming process. There were many farmers who worked on shoes in the winter, when they had nothing else to do; and, generally, the work of the shoemaker could be taken up and laid down to suit circumstances. Where the manufacture of boots was carried on, the crimping, clo.sing and treeing, though at first done by the workmen at their own houses, was at length con- fined to the shop of the manufacturer. Slowly ma- chines were invented for doing the work at the factory ; but for a long time the bottoming was per- formed wholly by hand, and at the homes of the workmen. Finall)-, upon the introduction of the pegging machine, the bottomer was obliged to go where this was set up, as such machines cost too much for him to buy. The invention of other machines soon following, the employment of steam-power at the factory to run them finally required the assem- bling of all the workmen at that place. Now within ASHLAND. 551 the last twenty years the little shops, which so com- monly stood by the houses of the workmen and were used by them, have been abandoned, and the com- paratively free life of the shoemaker of thirty years ago has been exchanged for the routine work of the factory operative. Wages may have increased, and a better average living been gained, but the former freedom of the individual h.as been partly lost in the changed methods of doing work and especially in the surrender of rights to associations which have been established for the protection of the workingman. As the manufacture of boots and shoes has been and still is the principal business in this town it will be proper to give a somewhat full account of this busi- ness, beginning at the time the town was incorporated and tracing the history of the different shops. Calvin Dyer in 1846 was occupying for his boot- shop the building on Main Street, which is now the stable of Mrs. John Phippa. He had a few years be- fore erected both the house and shop standing at this point. At an earlier date he had manufactured in the Mitchell and Bryant shop, to be spoken of later. He was very active in getting the town set off". He remained, however, only a year after that event, moving his family to Worcester, himself accepting employment as passenger conductor on the Boston and Worcester Railroad. Daniel Morey followed Dyer in this shop, but did not continue long in the business. The buildings had been mortgaged to Lee Claflin, and the mortgage was now foreclosed. In 1852 Simpson Jones bought these premises of Claflin, and moved in from the Broad barn, where he had started a few months before. The boots manu- factured by him were sold by Whitney & Hiues, of Boston, on commission. Later he manufactured for Lee Claflin. In about 1860 the shop which stood at the corner of Union and Main streets, on land now owned by John Connor, had been vacated by William Wheelock, and as this was a larger and more con- venient building, Jones now occupied it, turning his former shop into a stable. About this time he be came a partner in the firm of Newhall & Company, of Boston, he receiving the stock and making up the boots, while the Boston partners attended to the buy- ing and selling. This substantial business was con- tinued till his death, in 1865. William Wheelock came from Mendon in 1857. John Clark built for him a shop at the junction of Union and Main Streets, upon the Connor land, then owned by Clark. Wheelock, as a partner in the firm of Severance & Wheelock, at once began manufac- turing boots in tliLs building. This business lasted but a year or two. Wheelock then bought the land where now the Newhall shop is located, and moving there a small building from Hayden Row, made of this a nucleus about which a larger shop was built. As a partner in the firm of Boyd, Brigham & Wheelock, be here attended to the manufacture of shoes till about 1871,' when his, health failing, he was obliged to cease doing business. He died with consumption two years later. Wheelock introduced into his shop a caloric engine, which in that day was in these parts considered a novelty. H. Newhall & Company, of Boston, bought this .shop of Wheelock and carried on the business until 1882. They enlarged the building and put in steam- power. The factory was first in charge of Samuel Seaver until his death, in 1876. For the next four or five years C. M. Adams was superintendent, and dur- ing the last year a Mr. Godfrey, from Milford. The firm finally transferred its business to their shop in Woodville, giving as a reason that they could manu- facture there at a lower figure. The building has since remained unoccupied. In May, 1846, the boot-shop of Edwin A. Forbush, which stood on the south side of Union Street, at what is now the Neff' place, w.as totally burned. This shop was never rebuilt. Forbush after the fire, for a few months, did busi- ness in a part of the antiquated "Stone" house, which then stood ou the opposite side of the street. He next formed a partnership with William Seaver, and for about two years they manufactured boots in the Seaver shop, to be referred to later. They also played checkers very late of nights, if tradition may be trusted, both being experts in the game and quite equally matched. In 1849 Forbush bought one of the " Sullivan " houses and erected a boot-shop within the yard of the enclosure. It has always been sup- posed that this building was located very near, indeed, to the west line of the lot, as there was a sharp con- troversy in words about the rights of the respective owners, echoes of which have not yet wholly died away. Forbush, after dissolving connection with Seaver, for a short time manufactured boots in his new shop. About this time he invented a machine for siding boots. He got Lee Claflin interested, and by his aid fitted up a foundry for the manufacture of machines in one of the Shepard Paper-Mill buildings, which were now owned by Claflin. After experimenting here at a cost of $40,000, Claflin having tired of the ven- ture, Forbush took his machine to Lawrence and there had castings made. Afterwards a Milford con- cern became interested, but at this point Forbush abandoned the enterprise, and nothing more wiis done to bring the machine into use. The model was burned in the Boston fire of 1872. It is said that at one time Forbush was offered one hundred thousand dollars for his invention. When Forbush returned to Ashland, a-s Thayer and Wiggins were manufacturing boots in his shop, he formed a partnership with P. Ware, Jr., and commenced on shoes in Leland's Block, of which building some account will be given later. The business was continued, either in this or his own shop, until after the coming on of the war. A sewed shoe was made by this firm for army use. 552 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Later, skins in the shape of the ordinary buffalo robe were cut into uppers and made by them into mocca- sins, the fur side in. After dissolving partnership with Ware he continued in business alone, still mak- ing moccasins; now working for Wilson, Corey & Company. After North Carolina was opened at the close of the war he went to Winston, in that State, and le.ised a plantation for a term of years. He also opened a store in Winston. Meantime his shop in Ashland was occupied by his son, P. W. Forbush, who for about two years manufactured shoes, which were sold by P. Ware in Boston. E. A. Forbush re- turned to Ashland in 1869, and after running his shop one year, ceased work on account of failure of health. Ten months later he died. George S. Downs, during the sickness of Forbush, carried on the business as his agent. After his death Downs began business for himself, manufacturing shoes for Potter,White & Bailey. This business was continued for several years, until receiving an ofler of a lucrative position as superintendent of the shoe- shop in the State Prison, he moved away. That was the end of this boot-shop as such. About ten years ago this building was converted into a tenement- house. Forbush was an active, public-spirited man ; he was frequently elected to town office, for m!>ny years was chosen moderator of the town-meetings, and was a leading member in the Baptist Church. William Seaver came to Ashland from Hopkinton about 1840. In 1846 he was manufacturing boots in the first shop built and occupied by him, the same building now standing on Front Street ne.\t to the hardware store of Perry & Enslin, and occupied as a dwelling. Seaver also built and occupied till his death the dwelling-house standing next door west. After the dissolution of the partnership with E. A- Forbush, spoken of above, he continued the business alone in thesame building. About 1852, in this build- ing, George W. Jones was interested with him as a partner for about three years. Later, Seaver moved into a shop across the street, standing on the present site of the barn of A. Greenwood & Son. After a time his sons, George and Henry, were admitted into partnership. They manufactured mostly small boots of cheap grade. In about 1863 Seaver accomplished some real estate e.^changes, and as a result became owner of the whole land now covered by the Green- wood coal shed and Blake's building. He then sold off the small buildings that occupied the ground, to be taken away and converted into dwelling-houses, and moved upon the spot now covered by Blake's building, a shop of about the same size, which had stood a,t the junction of Main and Union streets, and had been formerly occupied successively by Wheelock & Jones as before related. He sold to Blake and Bal- com the easterly part of the lot, and they erected a building of similar dimensions to his own, leaving between the two buildings a clear space of forty- eight feet. Here he and his sons, under the firm- name of Seaver & Sons, carried on the business till 1872, when the Boston fire destroyed a large amount of goods belonging to them, and upon which the in- surance proved almost worthless, owing to the failure of the companies carrying the risk. This fire was the cause of finally closing his business as a boot manufacturer. For many years afterward he was en- gaged in the business of undertaker, keeping goods for sale and personally conducting funerals. He died in 1888, after a somewhat prolonged illness. From the first he was a prominent man in town affairs, holding various town offices. He was a deacon of the Congregational Church, almost covering its whole history. As a justice of the peace, he tried civil causes, while justices still had jurisdiction. Earlier, criminal cases also were tried before him. His judg- ment was often sought in matters having a legal bearing. Hiram Temple came to town about the time of its organization, and commenced manufacturing boots in the second story of the passenger station, which then stood on the north side of the track near the Main Street crossing. Temple seems to have suc- ceeded to the business of Montgomery Bixby. While in this building George F. Seaver joined Temple, first as an employee, later becoming a partner in the busi- ness. When the Baptist Society, moving into their new church, abandoned their chapel on Front Street, Temple bought and fitted this building for a boot shop and store. George Brewster was put in charge of the store, which occupied the front part, while the boot business was carried on in the remaining por tions. After two or three years a fire totally con- sumed the building. Temple then erected a build- ing on the south side of Railroad Street, near where now stands the store of Mrs. McPartlin, which, in connection with his partner, Seaver, he occupied for the boot business. In a short time, selling out to his partner, he moved to Marlborough where he still re- sides. Seaver soon left this location and started business at Park's Corner. Returning after about a year, he joined his father in the partnership spoken of above. After the dissolution of this business connection, about the time of the Boston fire, he manufactured boots as a partner with one Thompson in a building owned by Ezra Jlorse, situated near Mor-se's lumber- yard on Front Street. Within a year or two a fire occurred, by which this building was consumed. Seaver, then going West, closed his business connection with this town. In 1888 he died in Chicago. He served a.s town clerk for several years. Albert Leland came from Holliston and set up the manufacturing of boots shortly before the establish- ment of the town ; his first shop, now known as the " Light-House," and situated near Cold Spring Brook, on Main Street, was located in the rear of the Grout & Enslin Grocery. From this building he moved into Broad's barn, where he was manufacturing about 1849, ASHLAND. 553 when it was burned. In 1850 he erected the building now owned by Mrs. Ann Manning, situated on Summer Street. Here he manufactured boots in the rear, while he kept store in the front part of the building. S. F. Woodbury became a partner with him in the store business in 1852. In 1853 he and Woodbury bought the corner lot on the opposite side of Summer Street, extending from Main Street to what is now the market of A. W. Eames. The southerly part of the land was sold to Charles Wenzell. Upon the front part Leland & Woodbury erected the building since known as Leland Block, or Central Block. The first building was begun in 1853, and the work had pro- ceeded as far as the roof-boards, when a violent wind blew down the whole structure. Some defect in the foundation contributed to its fall. It is said that there was scarcely a whole timber left in the mass of ruins. With the aid of contributions from citizens who sympathized with them in their misfortune, funds were secured again to set up the building, which was now carried to completion. In 1858 Woodbury conveyed his interest to Leland. The building, as first erected, stood too high for convenience, so it was lowered some six feet, to its present level. The shingled roof was afterwards covered with slates, and the homely columns, which for many years stood at the front, were removed. In this form, substantially, the build- ing stood till June, 1889, when, catching fire from the blazing livery-stable of W. A. Scott, the high-pitched roof was burned off. Later in this year, B. C. Hatha- way, of Westborough, became owner, and added to the attractiveness of the building by putting on the present flat roof, and otherwise changing the external appearance. Albert Leland moved into this building about 1854, and afterward carried on the manufacture of boots, for the most part alone, till about 1870, when the second and third stories of the building were changed into tenement dwelling.", and the two floors in the roof into halls and bed-rooms. About 1857 Leland rented all of the building, which had before been occu- pied for manufacturing boots, to P. Ware, Jr., who, with E. A. Forbush, manufactured shoes for some two or three years. When this firm moved out, Leland again took up the boot business, taking into partner- ship George B. Cole, his son-in-law. The building was now divided up, several concerns occupying dif- ferent floors and carrying on business at the same time. In 1864, besides Leland & Cole, Blake & Bal- com were occupying. In 1866, Leland & Cole having dissolved, were running separately on different floors, and on a third floor C. M. Adams was doing busine.s3. Nearly all the time in connection with the making of boots, Leland had carried on a store chiefly with others, of which some account will be given later. He was a man of solid proportions, physically and mentally, and by his enterprise accumulated a snug property, part of which he left to his favorite church, the Baptist. He died in 1877. George B. Cole was at first in partnership with Albert Leland, and later was doing business for him- self in Central Block, as ha.s been stated above. In 1868, when Blake & Balcom vacated the Clark shop, now standing on the east side of Main Street, a little south of Union Street, Cole began occupying and afterward bought it in 1872. In the same year he built the house next beyond, where he resided for a time. In this shop he continued the manufacture of boots, either alone, or in connection with his brother S. Augustus Cole, until 1876. In that year, while returning from the Centennial Exhibition at Phila- delphia, he took a violent cold, which shortly after- wards resulted in his death, he not having yet reached middle age. He was an active, courteous man, who took an interest in the affairs of the town, and of the Baptist Church, of which he was a mem- ber. Shortly before 1850, Sylvester Hartshorn and Abra- ham Tilton formed a partnership, under the name of Hartshorn & Tilton, and fitted up for a shop, the old William Greenwood blacksmith building, which stood on Cherry Street, a few feet south of the pres- ent dwelling of A. T. Jones. This firm manufac- tured boots for only a year or two, and then dissolved. Abraham Tilton went on with the business in con- nection with Charles H. Tilton two years longer. Abraham had before manufactured boots at the place of his former residence in the westerly part of the town. About 1853 he built a shop near his house on Pleasant Street, in which he manufactured boots some eight or ten years. After his death the shop was altered into dwelling-house tenements. Charles H. Tilton, in 1853, bought a lot of land on the bank of what is now the Dwight Printing Com- pany's Canal, at a point opposite Dea. Perry's house, and built a frame shop about 23 by 28 feet. In that building he commenced the manufacture of boots, which was continued by him at this place three years, after which this building was moved a short distance up Pleasant Street, and converted into a dwelling- house. In 1856 he purchased a quarter of an acre of land on the south side of Pleasant Street, where his present shop stands, and erected a two-story building of moderate dimensions, here entering upon business on a larger scale. The war coming on, he engaged in making army shoes. Larger quarters were now called for. In 1862 one hundred feet were added to the buildings. The processes of making shoes were now rapidly changing. Machinery was added year after year, Tilton being always ready to try any new machine that promised success. Steam-power, being required to run the machinery, was next introduced. All parts of the manufacturing were now done in the factory, very little of the bottoming even after this time being put out, and a few years later none at all. The work was principally upon boots of medium 554 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. weight, for which a market was found throughout the country, and especially ih the West. The name of the maker was stamped upon the best qualities of the goods. About 1874 another one hundred feet was added to the maiu building, and a factory was built to supply the shop with lasts. This latter business was given up in 1880, that this building might be added to the capacity of the boot-shop, and at the same time two hundred feet more were built on, and a large .store-house erected, the latter being connec- ted to the main building by a foot-bridge. Previous- ly a side-track had been laid to the factory by the Boston & Albany Railroad Company ; so that now hand-trucks, for carrying stock or goods, could run from the railroad freight-platform to all points in the buildings. These building opei-ations resulted in es- tablishing in Ashland one of the largest and most convenient boot-shops in the St.ite. Meanwhile there had grown up along with the shop a whole neighbor- hood of houses, Tilton having erected many of them, and himself owning twenty-five tenements; he also added two large frame barns, in which were kept blooded stock. Having retired from the boot busi- ness in 1885, he is now giving attention to his farm and to the improvement of his stock. Houghton, Coolidge & Co., the large firm of man- ufacturers and dealers in boots and shoes, who have several boot and shoe factories in the State, and whose principal place of business is on High Street in Boston, took a lease of the Tilton shop for a term of years in 1885, and at once entered upon a large manufacturing business. They found this shop fully equipped with machinery, provided with sufficient steam-power, and with freight-cars at its doors. Since that date the business has gone forward with only an annual stop of a week, to take account of stock. This shop affords employment for about five hundred men, women and boys, and turns out three thousand pairs of boots and shoes daily. The value of the annual business is $1,000,000. The pay-roll for 1890 will amount to $275,000, being double that of the first year. The workmen are paid regularly on Thursdays of each week. The plan pursued by this firm is to manufacture samples of boots and shoes in the fall and winter, which they show to their customers throughout the country. Orders are received through the medium of traveling agents, who go the rounds twice a year, to be filled at ditterent dates through- out the season. As fast as orders are taken, the shop is put at work upon them, and the goods are manufactured, which, if not wanted for delivery im- mediately, are stored in their own store-room, or in the large unoccupied stone buildings of the Dwight Printing Comi)aiiy. At all seasons of the year, es- pecially from July onward till the middle of the fall, large quantities of boots and shoes are shipped to all points in the West and Southwest, being loaded di- rectly from the storage buildings into the freight cars of the Boston and Albany Railroad. In the winter the help are working mostly upon shoes, at other seasons upon both boots and shoes. All classes and qualities for men's and boys' wear are made in this shop. The resident managers of the factory are W. B. Temple and J. E. Tilton. Paschal Blake came to town in 1862 and worked the first six months for Abraham Tilton. Afterwards he was in partnership with Tilton one year. He then set up business for himself, commencing in rooms in the Leland building. After a few months Josiah A. Balcom formed with him a partnership under the name of Blake & Balcom. At the end of two years the firm moved into the shop on Main Street, fitted for them by John Clark, who had moved the building uiron this spot from across the road in the field where it had served as a barn. In 1868 they bought of William Seaver a lot of land, where now are the coal-sheds of Abner Greenwood, and built upon the easterly side a two-story shop of about the same dimensions as Blake's building, now standing just at the west. Seaver & Sons had erected a similar shop on the site of the last- mentioned building. A space of about forty-eight feet which was left between these shops people began to suggest might well be utilized as a continuation for Concord Street toward the Main Street crossing. But the owners of these two buildings thought a better use could be i>ut to that open space, so they built each half-way across a narrow two-story projection, giving the appearance on the Front Street face of one large building and on the back side of two projecting wings. This firm continued to carry on the business till 1874, when they dissolved partnership, Balcom buying the real estate. About this time the shop lately occupied by Seaver & Sons was in the market. Blake, purchasing this, set up and carried on business alone. On April 6, 1879, the whole combined building was consumed by fire. Blake has since continued to reside in Ashland, but has not engaged further in the manufacture of boots. Josiah A. Balcom, after dissolving partnership with Blake, as above related, commenced the manufacture of boots alone in the same shop. He pursued mostly that method of doing business which at this time was becoming customary among the shops, that is, to fill orders for goods, and not to make up a large stock in advance of orders, destined to commission houses to be nuirketed at a loss. He did about the same vol- ume of business as before the dissolution. He re- mained here till the fire before spoken of, after which he opened business again in the Cole shop, near Union Street. His work now was principally upon shoes. His business increasing, in 1886 he bought a lot of land situated next to his home on Alden Street, and erected a three-story frame building, equipping it with modern conveniences, including steam-power. Here, every working day in the year, his business goes for- ward regularly, the steam whistle summoning and dis- missing the workmen, who, having once been admitted ASHLAND. 555 to this shop and given satisfaction, are permanently retained. , C. M. Adams began themanufacture of boots in 1866 in the second story of the Wiggins store. Remaining here a year or two, he moved into Leland Block, where he continued business about three years. He then moved into buildings of his own recently com- pleted at the corner of Alden and Railroad Streets. He occupied for his boot business a portion of the larger building and the second story of the bakery stable, which stood upon the site of the present bakery shed. In 1879 a fire which started in the stable con- sumed that building, and catching the large building, destroyed that also. The building as it now appears was immediately re-erected, Mr. Adams occupying, however, with his boot business only the middle por- tion of the first floor, and that only for a short time subsequently to his connection with H. Newhall & Company, as superintendent in their shop. At a still later period, in partnership with C. S. Brewer and C. F. Davis, he manufactured shoes for a year or two in the " Gothic Arcade," on Alden Street, .and afterward alone, his own building being occupied with other business. For two or three years, at a period before the fire, D. R. Chamberlain was in company with him. After this partnership was dissolved Chamber- lain continued to work for him until the final failure of his health. In 1888 Charles Grieshaber, buying out the stock of C. M. Adams, commenced the manufacture of shoes in the Gothic Arcade, a one-story building situated on Alden Street. This building is furnished with a hot-air engine, which is used in Grieshaber's business, affording the necessary power. Montgomery Bixby was manufacturing boots, at about the date of the organization of the town, in the second story of what was then the railroad pas- senger depot, being followed a year or two later in the occupancy of this building by Hiram Temple, as has been before related. Bisby had been preceded in business by Calvin Dyer, and at a still earlier time by Mitchell & Bryant, when the building stood a few feet north of the Main Street crossing. It has been before stated that about 1857, S. W. Wiggins was in the boot business three years, in part- nership with E. S. Thayer. At the time when the town was organized, besides keeping store on the first floor of the brick building now owned by J. N. West, in the second story he was manufacturing boots alone. This business he had been engaged in for several years, commencing in 1841. Benjamin C. Pond, a man well known in the early days of this town, was foreman in this shop. The business was then carried on according to methods now out of date ; there was more barter than cash ; keeping a store at the same time, the boots manufactured by him were bartered in Boston for hardware and other stock for the store. In buying stock for the shop the barter also came in play ; so many feet of upper- leather, so many pounds of sole-leather and so much cash would be given for a case of boots. Here in town the workmen on boots were paid largely in orders on the stores. Where a boot-shop and store were carried on by the same person, the work was paid for in goods chiefly out of the store. After Wiggins moved into his new building, in 1850, the custom of orders declined rapidly, and within a few ye.ars became obsolete. Upon moving away Wiggins closed his boot business. George W. Jones, in about 1853, after dissolving partnership with Dea. Seaver, manufactured boots for Whitney & Hines over his store, situated at the corner of Main and Summer Streets. This business was continued but a short time. Stores. — It is not intended to give a full account of the stores which have done business in this town ; only a few can be referred to. Many, if not all the early stores were general- — that is, dry-goods, groceries, crockery and furniture were kept for sale in them. The first in the order of time kept in the village was the store which stood at the east end of the cotton factory. This was opened by Homer Tilton, about the time the factory was built. A Mr. Barton followed Til- ton, who, in turn, was followed by William Jencison. Jennison was in occupancy at the time when the town was set off. Soon after he moved into his own store, of which mention will be made below. George W. Fair- banks was the last occupant of this store, which was closed about 1855. One of the earliest genera! stores w.'is kept by Eben Tombs in the basement of the house of W. R. Eames. This store was finally closed about 1840. In 1841 S. W. Wiggins moved into the brick build- ing now owned by J. N. West, occupying the first floor for a store, and the second for a boot-shop as has been related. In the store business he followed a Mr. Parks. The succession before this had been from Studle}' & Homer, through Valentine & Brew- ster, to P.arks. In early times the second story of this building was entered by an outside st.iir-way at the east end, and was occupied for offices when not in use for other purposes. Wiggins continued to carry on the business of a general store at this place till about 1850, when he put up the large frame building standing on the north side of Front Street at the corner of Concord, and which is still known as his building. Upon its completion he moved in, and kept a general store for two or three years, when he sold out and went West. The business was now carried on successively by William Jones, by Thayer, Sweet & Company, Cheever & Thayer (Silas F.), and Cheever alone until 1860, when Wiggins again came into possession. For a long term of years Wiggins now had the ownership and control, establishing a firm character for the store. In 1876 the business passed into the name of E. S. Thayer & Company, Wiggins remaining manager. Later, his health be- coming less secure, he slowly withdrew, and finally 556 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the store was closed. A portion of the building was leased to A. A. Coburn, and has since been occupied by him for the sale of dry-goods and clothing. William Jenni.son is well remembered by persons of middle age, a.s being for a series of years one of the principal store-keepers in town. He began a few years before the town was incorporated in the factory store. In 1845 he bought land of the Uuionville Evangelical Society and built what is still known as the " Brick Store," situated on the northeast side of Main Street, west of the Congregational Church. About the .same lime he built the bouse nearly oppo- site, which he occupied with bis family. He kept a general store till 1851, when, dying, the business came into the hands oi his son William. The last-named, aided by his brother Albert, both of whom had ac- quired experience under their father, carried on the business for a few years longer. They then sold out and moved to New York. After the departure of the Jennisons the brick store never seemed to retain its tenants. It has been occupied at intervals to the present time chiefly for a store and market. In 1847 the Dwight Printing Comjiany became the owner of the real estate. George A. Tilton was engaged in various ventures for the sale of goods from about 1860 to 1887. Be- ginning with a stock of drugs in Woodbury's build- ing, he moved into the Brick Store, which he bought about 18G2. He now added a stock of groceries. In 1867 he sold the business to W. A. Tilton and E. F. Greenwood. About this time he erected two small buildings at the east of the brick store to meet the then great demand for business accommodations. A few years later these buildings becoming vacated, he moved them to Alden Street and converted them into a store for himself which he called the Gothic Arcade. This store was afterwards closed and the real estate passed into other hands. William A. Tilton, beginning as an apothecary in the Brick Store, afterwards erected on leased land the small building at the east of the Central House, which he occupied in this business for six years. He then sold to E. T. Billings, who has continued as proprie- tor to the present time. The building is now owned by George E. Wbittemore. For several years Bill- ings has served as town clerk, having his office in this building. Something has been said about the boot business of Albert Leiand. His store business was hardly less important. In the first building he erected, which is now owned by Mrs. Manning, and situated on Sum- mer Street, he provided for a general store, which was kept in the front part, customers ascending several steps from the street upon entering. In 1852 S. F. Woodbury became a partner in the business of this store. A few years later Central Block was built by Leiand & Woodbury, as has already been related, and Woodbury continued a ])artner with him in the store business. lu 1858 the partnership was dissolved, Woodbury taking the stock. As has been before mentioned, these were the days of store orders, given by the boot-shops, which probably formed the basis of half the trade. If the manufacturer owned a store, he was doubly fortunate, for he got a profit both on the boots the workman made and on the goods he bought. After a few years Woodbury retired and William Jones was taken into partnership with Le- iand. Horace Yeaton succeeded Jones, and after Yeaton others, either alone or in company with Le- iand, kept a general store till 1869. After this time Leiand did not engage in business. In the year last named Bernard Billings opened a drug-store on the first floor of Central Block. In 1872 F. N. Oxiey became a partner, and the firm took the name of Billings & Oxley. In 1875 0xley bought the interest of his partner and continued the business alone till 1890, when he sold to C. E. Thayer, the present proprietor. James O'Brien, who occupies the westerly front room in Central Block for his shoe-store and harness- shop, first commenced business in 1874, in White- house Building. He made the change in location in 1879, then adding boots and shoes to his stock. His trade has been largely increased. George W. Jones bought a lot of land of Captain Stone and erected a building at what is now the cor- ner of Main and Summer Streets, in 1846. He after- w.ards occupied these premises for the purposes of a general store. In 1853 this building was moved southerly on Main Street fifty or sixtj' feet, to be used as a dwelling-house. At the same time a build- ing which had stood in the rear and been occupied as a barn was brought forward to the corner and re- ceived additions. This constituted his store till about 1870. In 1867 A. A. Coburn had become interested with him, and together they now enlarged the build- ing to its present dimensions. About this time Jones formed also other business connections in Boston. When he died, in 1872, he was a partner in the firm of Jones, Williams & Faxon. In 1870 William Enslin bought one-third interest in this real estate. This stand was now occupied by A. A. Coburn and Franklin Enslin, who had formed a partnership under the name of Coburn & Enslin. A large general-store business was done till 1878, when the firm dissolved; dividing the stock and the building, Coburn taking the dry-goods and Ens- lin the groceries. Coburn continued to trade here in dry -goods and clothing till 1886, when he moved into the Wiggins Store, on Front Street, where he now is. Enslin dealt in groceries until 1877, when he sold to E. F. Miller & Son, who after a short time sold to C. F. Grout and C. W. Enslin. The last named formed a partnesbip under the name of Grout & Enslin, and have continued the business to the present time. Ever since Jones opened a store on this corner a substantial and prosperous business has been done at this point. ASHLAND. 557 In 1883 Henry I. Pike and J. E. Woods came from Westborough, and forming a partnership under the name of Pike & Woods, commenced doing a grocery business in the new briclc building of A. Greenwood, situated at corner of Front and Concord Streets. They called themselves the Boston Branch, put prices down and sold mostly for cash. They at once secured a good trade in this and neighboring towns. In the spring of 1889 the partnership was dissolved, Woods keeping the business and Pike going back to Westborough. About 1850 John Clark came from Acton and be- gan the manufacture of tinware in the lower part of one of the Brewster buildings, which stood on the site of Greenwood's stable. He also kept hardware for sale. After two years he bought the land on the north side of Front Street, then vacant since the burning of Temple's shop, and erected the building now used for dwellings and the hardware-store of Perry & Enslin. He now greatly increased his busi- ness of manufacturing tin-peddlers' supplies. In 1855 Edwin Perry began viforking for Clark in the store and in issuing goods to the peddlers. Five years later Clark sold the business to Lyman Patch and Perry, — the former taking a deed of the real estate. The business now went on under the name of E. Perry & Co. After about four years Patch sold his interest back to Clark. Then for seven years the business was conducted under the name of Clark & Perry. A large number of tin-peddlers' carts were now sent out, covering the country in some directions to the distance of thirty or forty miles. The firui usually owned the carts, the peddlers often, but not always, providing the horses. These were the palmy days of tin-peddling, as the good price then obtained for rag stock encouraged barter, by which the tinware was largely disposed of. In 1877 Clark sold all his interest, including the real estate, to Edwin Perry and Franklin Enslin, who have continued to the present time an extensive business under the firm- name of Perry & Enslin. S. F. Woodbury, after the firm of Leland & Wood- bury had been dissolved, carried on the store in the Leland building for about two years. He then bought and enlarged the Temple boot-shop on Rail- road Street, where he kept a store for a short time. In about 1870 he erected another building just at the west, a portion of which he occupied for a clothing- store. In 1873 he exchanged his stock with Horace Yeaton for real estate, and three years later bought it back. He closed business in 1877. C. B. Stockwell occupied for a shoe-store the west- erly portion of the Woodbury building until it was burned, in 1877. He then leased a lot of land on Front Street, where he built a small store, which he is now occupying. About 1875 A. F. Farwell fitted up a confectionery factory and store in the building next west from the brick store, where he continued in business till he sold, in 1887, to R. E. Hunt, the present owner. Of the stores established more recently, and now running, are the dry-goods store of C. T. Scott and the grocery of O'Connor & Shaughnessy. S. A. Davis began his business as a dealer in news- papers and periodicals in 1870, having his first store in Whitehouse building. Later he became a dealer in fruits and confectionery. After Draper vacated the store in Broad's building on Railroad Street in 1877, Davis took possession and has remained in this location to the present time. When changing to these larger quarters he found room to add a stock of fancy goods and books for a circulating library. From time to time clothing dealers have brought in stocks and opened stores, but none have been able to establish a permanent business. Of those who have remained longest, may be named H. M. Dufur, the noted wrestler, and George S. Hutchins. Tailors. — Among tailors, Waite's name is remem- bered in part from the tailor's work his widow did for many years after his death. Bodemer, who followed in the early years of the town, had for his place of business the renovated blacksmith's shop which once stood about where the steamer-house now stands. Next came Baylies, who occupied the same quarters. Later, Lewis Kingsbury for several years had his shop in West's building. W. M. Draper, who in the seven- ties occupied the store now of S. A. Davis, made his way chiefly by his marked personal traits. John N. West came from Boylston and established his business about 1867. He had bravely maintained his hold, brought up a family of children and was still work- ing at his trade when, a few years ago, by a sudden stroke he was totally di.sabled. Want of space forbids reference to the long line of dressmakers and milliners. Bakery. — Ever since C. M. Adams first erected his building at the corner of Alden and Railroad Streets, in 1870, the town has had the benefit of a local bakery, as the serviceable oven at that place has attracted its counterpart, the baker. Frank B. Tilton, coming from Natick, was the first to open a bakery in this town. He was followed by Fiske & Stratton, several other bakers successively followed in the business in Adams Block, none remaining above a year or two, until Michael F. and Thomas R. Twiss took possession in 1884. Under the name of Twiss Brothers they have carried on the business to the present time. M-4.RKETS. — Until about twenty-five years ago there were no meat markets in the village, the people there, as elsewhere, depending for supplies upon the carts which called at their doors. A. W. Eames (2d) opened a market in a building erected for him on Summer Street in 1870, and the business has been continued ever since at that point. Many different persons have at times kept meats and provisions for sale at various stands, but few have continued long in the business. Besides Eames, Theodore Jones and John H. Jack- son at the present time keep well-patronized markets, and send around carts in this and neighboring towns. 558 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. For many years Melvin Whittemore has carried on trade in fish, both from his market and his wagon. Carpenters. — At the head of the list of carpen- ters who are noted for length of service, and results accomplished, stands Richard R. Brewster. He came to town soon after James Jackson, being specially engage to look after the carpenter work needed about the cotton-factory. In 1845 he built a house on Front Street, which he occupied till his death, in 1878. About 1835 he succeeded to the business of Sludley & Homer. They had built a carpenter's shop just at the west of their brick building, now known as J. N. West's, and had carried on a lumber-yard and store at that point. To conduct the store business in the brick building, Brewster took into partnership first William and later Samuel Valentine. The store and partnership were dropped in a few years, but the carpenter's shop and the lumber-yard he kept. Later this shop was moved to the spot now covered by the brick block of Abner Greenwood, and fitted for a dwelling. It was finally taken down in 1885. He now built and occupied a carpenter's shop situat- ed on Front Street, about where now stands the coal- shed of Abner Greenwood. This was probably about 1840. His lumber-yard, near West's building, about the same time he moved upon land now of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company, lying between their track and Front Street, east of Greenwood's building. In his yard he kept a good stock of lumber for sale, till near the time of his decease. About 1850 he rented the lower part of his carpenter shop to one Hammond, who came from Dover, for a wheelwright business, and the second-story to Aaron Rice for a harness-shop. He built at this time a second carpen- ter-shop at the east of the one rented, standing about on the site of Greenwood's barn. Subsequently this building was rented to John Clark, William Seaver, the Sons of Temperance and other tenants. Both oi these buildings were finally moved away and convert- ed into dwellings. About 1850 he and Orlin Allard built a steam-mill on the south side of Front Street, near the railroad track, at about the location of Ezra Morse's buildings, and fitted it with machinery for making doors, sash and bliuds. This mill had a steam planer, the first used in Ashland. Charles V. Guy superintended the running of the mill, which after a year or two was burned, taking fire in the absence at breakfast of the attendant. Some years later Guy went west with Wiggins, and engaged* in the manu- facture of lumber. Brewster built for their owners many of the houses and other buildings in town. He was active in es- tablishing the Congregational Sunday-school and church, though not a church member. His influence was felt in the setting ofl!'and building-up of the town, and his aid was freely given to its business interests. Charles Homer, one of the children of Michael Homer, learning his carpenter's trade in Fram- ingham, commenced business here in partnership with Studley, reference to which has already been made. He soon went away, later engaging in government work. For one of these contracts with the government he claimed that a large sum of money was due him, which could never be obtained. He finally returned to Ashland to spend his last days, and died in 1888. Edward and Charles Knowlton were doing carpen- ter work before andaftertheestablishmentof the town. Charles Knowlton superintended the rebuilding of Shepard's paper-mill after the fire in 1842. Alonzo Perkins was at one time associated as a partner with Charles Knowlton. He was among the early soldiers in the Civil War. Eleazer Whittaker was Mostly engaged in doing carpenter repairs at the cotton factory. He was said to be very " ingenious," could " make and attach a mosquito's bill.'' Willard Stiles was following his trade as carpenter in 1846. He built many of the older houses. His .son, Gilbert Stiles, succeeded to the business. Abijah Adams and George H. Adams, his son, came from Rutland about 1855 and built a house and shop on Main Street, where now the daughter of the former and the son and widow of the latter reside. E. L. Sherman, whose native place is Westborough and who is still working at his trade as a carpenter, came to town in 1844. Warren Wright, who began carpentering with George H. Adams, his nephew, formerly drove stage from Hayden Row through Hopkinton Centre to Ashland. J. F. Porter is known beyond the limits of the town as a builder, and is now erecting the school-house on Central Street. Charles H. Bigelow, son of James Bigelow, whose early home was the W. D. Cole place, was noted before he had become par- tially disabled, for the excellence of his work. It is said that Bigelow would work half a day with George H. Adams, as partner upon a job, without speaking, these two silent men fully comprehending each other. Blacksmiths. — In former times blacksmiths' shops were located without much reference to villages, just where their owners happened to reside. In 1846, Daniel Lamb had for many years pursued this trade in a shop on the Sherborn Road at the limit of the town. Lamb kept working at that spot till disabled by old age. The shop remains, but has been turned to other uses. Just above the Shepard, or, as it is called in the older histories, the Howe dam, on the river bank, Alexander Clark, with his sons, Newell and Alexander, kept a blacksmith-shop. The busi- ness at this place was discontinued about 1840. Newell Clark was in the Greenwood shop for a short time about 1840. In 1841 he occupied a black- smith-shop for a year or two, which stood where Greenwood's old office now is on the south side of Front Street. This building was afterwards moved oif and changed into a dwelling-house. Clark went to South Framingham and opened business. ASHLAND. 559 William Greenwood's blacksmith-shop stood on the west side of Cherry Street, at a spot a little to the south of the present residence of A. T. Jones. This seems to have been the principal shop in this region in pre-Ashland times. About 1843 Addison Fisher came from Medway and opened a blacksmith-shop on Front Street at a point about where Blake's building now stands. Capt. Moses Claflin followed Fisher in the business. In 1847 Abner Greenwood, quitting the old location of his father, William, on Cherry Street, commenced work in this shop. In 1850 he built his shop on Con- cord Street, and soon after the two dwelling-houses next to the south. In 1853 he formed a partnership with Harvey Piper, who had before worked for him, which continued till 1856, when Piper bought the business. In 1859 Piper moved into the basement of Taggart's new wheelwright shop across the street, and Greenwood resumed blacksmithing alone in his shop. Here he contiimed till 1868, making money, when Gibbs took the business, selling out to Whitcomb. George Boutilier occupied this shop twelve years, beginning in 1878. In 1882 Greenwood erected the fine brick building standing at the corner of Front and Concord Streets. • Herbert H. Piper, upon the failure of his father's health, succeeded him in business and remained two years in the Taggart basement. He then leased a spot of land on the east side of Concord Street, and building a shop, has since carried on his trade there. Painters. — Henry J. Dadmun, who was born in the northern part of what is now the town of Ash- land, in 1808, early learned the house-painter's trade, and followed it in this town and vicinity throughout his life, which closed in 1879. About 1850 John W. Spooner came from New Bedford and engaged in the same business. Later these men formed a partnership under tlie name of Dadmun & Spooner. For many years they worked together; then separating, they shared between them nearly the whole business of the town. Both built houses and paint-shops. Dadmun, after dissolving the firm connection with Spooner, took his son James into partnership, and later C. F. Grout. James died two years before his father. The business was closed at the latter's death. Dadmun and Spooner were both men of marked individuality. Spooner, being active in the prosecution of temperance work, was threatened with injury, and the firing of his build- ing more than once seemed to him proof that injury was actually intended. C. H. Spooner and G. T. Jones, once employees of Spooner, now have a monopoly of the house-painting work in Ashland. O. A. Wilcox in 1870 erected a building on the west side of Concord Street, close to the canal, in which to do ornamental and carriage-painting. After following his trade for a series of years, he sold his building and business to II. A. Taggart. Since that time somehalf a dozen different persons have occupied this building, each for a short time only. Wheelwright. — With the exception of Ham- mond, who for a short time occupied one of the Brewster carpenter-shops, R. A. Taggart is the only one who has made an exclusive business of doing wheelwright work in the village. He built and occu- pies a shop on the west side of Concord Street. Coal Dealers.— At first George W. Jones did all the coal business, two or three car-loads a year sup- plying his customers. In 1867 Ezra Morse succeeded to Jones' coal business, and two years later added a stock of lumber. He erected sheds and continued in the business about ten years. In 1866 J. N. Pike and C. H. Tilfon erected a coal- .shed between Front Street and the railroad, and en- gaged in the business, Pike soon selling to his part- ner. In 1869 Abner Greenwood bought the shed and commenced a business which he has carried on to the present time. He deals in anthracite coal exclusively, handling one thousand tons annually. He also sells hay, lime and cement. C. H. Tilton in 1873 again returned to the coal trade, building sheds along the railroad near his boot factory. In 1885, when he closed his boot manu- facturing, he transferred the coal business to his son, C. H. Tilton, Jr., who now carries it on. Ice Dealer. — For many years G. C. Fiske has lupplied ice to the people of Ashland from his two ice-houses. In addition to this business he carries on the farm formerly worked by his father. Barbers. — There have usually been at least two barber-shops in the village. Charles H. Nichols, whose place of business is on Front Street, com- menced in 1871. Hotels. — Capt. John Stone built and opened the Railroad House, now Scott's Hotel, in 1834 ; a barn was also built, standing more to the front than the present stable, with cow-yard where Central Block now stands. Stone at that time quit the old dwelling on Union Street, known as the "Simpson" house, and moved into the hotel with his family. He car- ried on the hotel only about a year. Later he took up his abode in the dwelling situated a few rods to the west, which has ever since been occupied by him or his descendants. Stone continued to own the hotel property and leased to different parties. The lessees seem to have occupied in the following order, none of them for long periods : Reignolds, Fuller, Angler, Atherton, Barber, Warren, Bates & Thayer Bates, Scott. Smith Bates and Silas F. Thayer bought out Silas Warren in 1848. The business included the livery stable. In the spring following, Thayer sold to his partner the hotel business, but retained the livery. Thayer carried on the livery stable nine years and then sold to W. A. Scott, himself moving to Hopkin- ton. Bates sold the hotel furnituie and business to Scott in 1849. From that time to the present Scott has carried on the hotel and stable. In 1868, after the death of Captain Stone, he bought the whole 560 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. hotel property. The stable was burned July 30, 1851, at the time of an offlsers' drill, when there were many strangers in town, and again on June 15, 1889. It has now again been rebuilt. In the years before the town was incorporated the second story in the wooden easterly extension of the hotel was some- times used as a hall for public meetings. In 186!) O. A. Wilcox bought the lot of land on the north side of Front Street, on which now stand the Cen- tral House and post-office building. There were two houses then upon it. Altering and enlarging the more easterly of these to its present proportions and furnishing it, he opened a hotel which was named the Central House. Here he carried on the business, until 1878, when becoming dissatisfied with results, he moved to Kansas. The receivers of the Mercantile Savings Bank having taken possession as mortgagee, at first leased these premises to various persons, as tenants ai will, and finally sold in 1879 to F. D. Osgood, who shortly afterwards conveyed to Michael Manning, the present owner of the property. In 1869 the Megonko House and livery stable, situated on Pleasant Street, were erected and furnished by C. H. Tilton. S. F. Thayer returned from Hopkin- ton to conduct the- business. At the end of four years the livery stable was closed, and the hotel business passed into the hands of C. F. Hanson. Hanson was followed successively by Babcock and Greely. In about 1880 the hotel building was finished into tenement dwellings. There have usually been one or more restaurants in operation in the village, their lease of life not often extending beyond one year. Livery Stables. — The history of the Scott livery stable has been given in connection with the account of the hotel now bearing the same name. The livery stable on Summer Street, for many years conducted by S. F. Thayer, was built by Charle." Wenzell about 18G1, he buying the land from Albert Leland. Wenzell kept stable five or six years, and sold to Ed. Carter, who continued the business only a year or two. The whole property now came into the hands of John Clark, who took James Moffatt into partnership in the livery business. Later Clark .sold to Moffatt the business, retaining owner- ship of the real estate. In 1875 Thayer bought the personal property, and in 1889 his son, Charles E. Thayer, became owner of the real estate. In 1846 S. F. Thayer began keeping livery stable in a building which stood upon the present site ol Mary C. Broad's dwelling-house. In the same year, 1847, Willard Broad became owner of this building and the house which stood at the corner, whose loca- tion is marked by the cellar-hole, visible now for many years. Thayer occupied only for a year, then moving into the "Stone" stable on Main Street. Afterward Broad's barn was occupied successively by Wenzell for a livery stable, and Albert Leland as a boot-shop, till it was burned in about 1850. The second story was occupied from about 1845 as a boot- bottomer's shop by Willard Broad, who hired work- men and ran teams. Years later Broad was a pioneer in the gilding of boot-tops, and accumulated a small property before the shops introduced gilding-ma- chines. Railroads. — In 1834 the Boston and Worcester Railroad Company, having completed its road from Boston to this point, ran its trains into the low build- ing which now forms the easterly end of the freight- house. This was its first station. Later the two- story boot-shop, which had stood back of the Main Street flag-house, was moved forward to the north side of the track and served for purposes of a railroad passenger station in its first story and for a boot-shop in its second. There were outside stairs at the east end. Below, just east of the building, was an open shed, which at a later date was moved easterly and attached to the first depot, making of the whole the present freight-house. About 1850 the passenger sta- tion was sold and moved to the north side of Front Street, where such part of it as survived a subsequent fire was rebuilt into the present post-office building. A new station was erected on the south side of the track, on the snot now covered by the west end of the present building, which served till 1888, when it was moved across the street and converted into tlie store now owned by Mrs. McPartlin. The present fine building was erected in the last-named year. It is to be followed by a brick freight-house, to stand on Front Street. In 1872 the Hopkinton Railroad Company, having completed their road from Milford to Ashland, com- menced running trains, and there has been no inter- ruption in the service to the present time. The new track laid on the south portion of the Boston and Albany road-bed, leading from Cherry Street east, admits the trains to the station of the latter road. Owing to the failure of the Hopkinton Railroad Com- pany to meet their obligations, the mortgage on the road was foreclosed in 1883. At the sale the property was bought by George Draper, who afterwards sold to the Milford and Woonsocket Railroad Company, which in turn has leased to the New York and New pjnglaud Railroad Company for a term of ninety-nine years. The latter company is now in possession, John T. Jackson being the local freight agent, while passenger tickets are sold by the agent of the Boston and Albany Railroad Company. The last-named company has been the successor ot the Boston -and Worcester Railroad Company since 1867. Timothy Vincent was the first general station agent at this point. In about 1841 he was succeeded by James H. Jones, who continued in that position till October, 1873; during the last four years of this period the business being mostly done by his son, C. U. Jones, who had been appointed clerk. Since the resignation of his father, J. Newton Pike has served as agent. ASHLAND. 561 Express Companies. — Ever since the first days of express companies Ashland has had an agency. Wil- liam W. Whitaker will be remembered as one of the earliest of the agents and afterward as man-of-all- work about the station till his death, about five years ago. E. F. Greenwood was for many years the active agent of the Adams Express Company, now repre- sented by A. J. Lowe. J. N. Pike is agent of the American Express Company and H. G. Stiles of the Ashland and Boston Express Company. Post-Office. — The Unionville post-office was es- tablished January 7, 1835, presumably, in great part, for the benefit of the cotton-factory. Matthew Met- calf was the first post-master, and the factory store- building was the place where the post-ofljce was kept. On March 17, 1840, William Jennison succeeded to this lucrative position, and on March 6, 1846, James O. Clark was made happy by appointment to it. All this time the office was kept in the factory-store, which building, considering it was also the counting- room for the factory, and devoted to various other im- portant purposes, must have been the principal busi- ness centre of the village. The general post-ofiice at Washington, from which names and dates have been obtained, has this note : " April 29, 1840, name changed to Ashland." As the town was incorporated on March 16th it will be seen that the Post-Office De- partment, so far as it was concerned, graciously ex- tended the life of the dying Uuionville just forty-four days. Clark held the office till April 8, 1847, when Willard W. Warren obtained the appointment. Dur- ing, or perhaps at the commencement of Warren's term, the post-office was transferred to the store of G. W. Jones, at corner of Main and Summer Streets. James H. Jones was appointed January IS, 1851, and opened an office in the railroad station. He perform- ed the work of postmaster unassisted for years, in ad- dition to his regular duties as railroad agent at this point. Later, his daughter, Caroline H. Jones, aided him, gradually taking upon herself the whole work. When Jones' health finally failed, Miss Jones was appointed assistant, and conducted the oflice, her father only signing necessary papers. About 1873 the location of the post-office was changed to the small building in the curtilage of the Jones house, on Main Street. Jones died August 18, 1885. On Sep- tember 21st of the same year, Adrian Foote was ap- pointed to the office. On February 26, 1887, Caleb Holbrook assumed the work as post-master, which he had before carried on as Foote's agent. The office was removed in 1885 to the Coburn Building, situa- ted on the north side of Front Street. Newspapers. — The Ashland Advertiser is the orig- inal local newspaper. It was first published August 7, 1869, by George W. Morse, of whom some notice appears elsewhere. H. H. Tilton soon acquired a half- interest. The printing was first done in rooms in the second story of the Jones Building, on a hand-press. About a year later the editing and printing were 36-iii transferred to the third story of the Broad Building, where the paper remained till its removal to South Fraraingham, January 21, 1876, and consolidation with the Framiiigham Qazette. The following per- sons were concerned as owners or editors, or both, while the business remained in Ashland: Morse & Walker, Walker & Mayhew, Geo. P. Mayhew, Edgar Potter and Potter & Vincent. The Ashland Adverti- xer is now printed weekly at South Framingham, by the Lakeview Printing Company, and contains about the same matter as the Framingham Gazette, but somewhat difl'erently arranged on the local pages. The Ashland Advocate and Ashland Tribune are week- ly papers, having a circulation in Ashland, and are printed, respectively, in Marlborough and South Fra- mingham. SuRVEVOES. — Mathew Metcalf was a surveyor of land fifty years ago. He was also a justice of the peace and made many of the deeds of that day. His handwriting, though fine, was always even and clear. William F. Ellis, who had been a student with Metcalf, began work as a surveyor, shortly before the organization of the town. He did substantially all the local work of that kind till about ten years ago, when his railroad eugineering, in which business he had also become an expert, took him away temporar- ily. He still retained his residence in Ashland and returned in 1887, to resume his local work. Follow- ing the employment of surveyor so many years in Ashland, he became acquainted with the farms and other divisions of land, having in many cases person- al knowledge of the bounds and dividing lines. He was a justice of the peace, and his bold, uniform hand- writing may be found upon very many of the deeds, affecting Ashland property, i)assed during the last fifty years. He also wrote wills and administered upon estates. He was kept much in town oflice, and there is probably no board of town officers upon which he h.as not served. His influence in establish- ing and conducting the town has been second to none. He died suddenly of heart-disease, in August, 1888. George A. Ellis and William F. Ellis, sons of the Ellis above mentioned, while learning the business of surveyor, assisted their father, but moved away upon entering on business of their own. George H.Stone, a son of Captain ,Tohn Stone, has been known as an engineer and surveyor, although he spent most of his life in operations away from town. He studied in the office of Simeon Borden, of Pall River. Beginning for himself, he was first engaged in the engineering department of the Boston & Wor- cester Railroad Company. He was living in Natick from 1857 to 1862, at which latter date he joined the army, being attached first to the Sixth, and later to the Twenty-sixth Regiment of Massachusetts Volun- teers. He was made lieutenant of engineers, and placed on the stafl' of General Weitzel, at New Or- leans. In this city he was in charge of the work of restoring the levees destroyed by the rebels at their 562 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. retreat. After the war he returned to Natick, and later was engaged about a year and a half as engineer in the construction of the European and North Amer- ican Railroad in JIaine. In ]tomary in the Con- gregational order, the " parish " holding the title to the property and transacting the business, and the •' church " conducting the religious exercises. Any person, male or female, above twenty-one years of age, is eligible to membership in the parish, but is received only upon its formal consent. No one is admitted to the church except upon assenting to its creed and articles of covenant. The church at its organization 'numbered twenty- ASHLAND. 565 one members, all but three joining by letter from neighboring churches, of whom thirteen came from Framingham. Many more members soon joined, and the church appears to have been always self-support- ing. Its member>hip in the course ol fifteen or twenty years arose to about one hundred and fifty, but has, especially since the efetablishment of the Methodist Church, which drew from its numbers, fallen away, 80 that there are now but one hundred and twenty. Twice in the history of the church the inside of the building has been remodeled, the first to accommodate a larger audience, the second, which occurred in 1889, to secure a conformity to modern ideas. The pews were originally sold by auction to attendants at the church, are still largely owned by individual pro- prietors, and are taxed for the support of preaching. The society has taken part of the pews for unpaid taxes and these are rented. A portion of the expenses is now raited by subscriptions, and the Social and Literary Society turn in a contribution of about two hundred dollars annually. There is no permanent debt, and the parish has never placed a mortgage upon the premises. Prominent men in' the town, though not members of the church, have been and still are active members of the parish. A prosperous Sunday-school convenes every Sabbath in ths year in the church and chapel. With this is connected a library, often renewed. A few years ago a branch of the Christian Endeavor or- ganization was established, which has served to add to the membership of the church, doing in a more quiet way the work formerly accomplished by revi- vals. This church has had but few deacons, their terms of service having been long. Calvin Shepard, Jr., was appointed at the organization of the church ; a few years later William Seaver was chosen. These two men served for many years, the latter continuing to act until shortly before his death, whieli occurred in 1887. After Deacon Shepard moved away from town. Dexter Rockwood was chosen and continued to act till his death. Later have followed in the office Edwin Perry, William Ockington and W. H. Hoven- den, who aie still acting. The following is a list of the ministers who have been settled or hired for periods of more than one year : James Mclntyre, who, while a student in the senior class at Andover Theological Seminary, had commenced preaching to the congregation in April, 18.34, was ordained and installed pastor of the church January 21, 1836. He was employed at a salary of five hundred and fifty dollars. His father- in-law, Barllett. of Xewburyport, built for him the house standing opposite the church, which was occu- pied by him while he remained in town, and was sold to James Jackson on his departure. He is said to have been a remarkably genial man, and suc- ceeded well in uniting in one congregation the var- ious denominational elements. After two vears, his wife dying, at his own request he was dismissed, and returned to Elkton, Md., his native place. Forty years later, by invitation, he attended the semi-centen- nial celebration of the Sunday-school, and received the hearty welcome due to the pleasant memory of his early labors. The next pastor was Joseph Haven, Jr., also a young man from the seminary at Andover. He was ordained and installed November 6, 1839, and re- mained seven years, carrying the church through the period during which the question of a new town was agitated and its organization effected. He is said to have taken a strong interest in the formation of the town. He was a man of fine personal appear- ance and an able preacher. He and his father, also a minister, who lived with him, bought of Captain Heywood the house now owned by S. W. Wiggins, and occupied it during his stay in town. The salary paid him was six hundred and fifty dollars. His contract with the society made provision for termi- nating his term of service by either party giving six months' notice. It is said that, spurred on by advisers who believed in the potency of doctrinal sermons, he once preached a discourse in which the short-comings of other denominations than his own were pungently set forth, and that this caused otJence in the minds of some. The Baptist portion of the congregation from this time withdrew, and took steps to establish a church of their own denomination. On December 16, 1846, he was dismissed to accept a call from Har- vard Church, in Brookline, in charge of which he remained four years. Afterwards he became succes- sively Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Amherst College, Professor of Systematic Theology in Chicago Theological Seminary, and again Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Chicago Univer- sity. He died May 23, 1874. His books on " Mental and Moral Philosophy " and the " History of Ethics " have had a wide sale. Charles L. Mills, following Mr. Haven, was in- stalled as pastor February 11, 1847. He was a man of advanced middle age. His health gave way, and he was dismissed at his request in April, 1849, return- ing to Middlefield, Conn. A very pleasant memory still remains of the happy influence of Mrs. Mills as a '■ perfect lady." William M. Thayer, of Franklin, was ordained and installed June 20, 1849. He was a graduate of Brown University and had recently studied theology with Dr. Jacob Ide, of Medway, a theologian of the old school. Mr. Thayer's seven years of ministerial labor were exhibitions of strength and zeal. His interest extended to town afiairs so that he became popularly known, and was chosen to represent the town one year in the Legislature. He bought the lot of land and built the house now owned by B. W. Houghton, on Pleasant Street. His voice finally failed him and he was dismissed, December 25, 1856. He returned to Franklin, where he has o66 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY. MASSACHUSETTS. since resided. After the recovery of his voice he engaged in lecturing on temperance, becoming well- known throughout the State. He was for many years secretary of the Ma«sacliusetts Total Abstinence So- ciety. He is still engaged in preacliing and lecturing. He is the author of a series of juvenile works, setting forth in a popular manner the lives of distinguished Americans. T. F. Clary, a man of middle age, followed Mr. Thayer, being installed December 25, 1856. He came from Thetford, Vt., where he had concluded a success- ful pastorate. He was thought by many to bean able preacher, liut misfortunes seemed to combine against him, resulting in his dismissal, March 30, 1859. Horace Parker, a recent graduate of Amherst Col- lege, next supplied the pulpit for two years. He was ordained but not installed. May .91, 1861, the records of the council showing an implied protest at the irregularity of such a proceeding. He w.as a direct, practical preacher, and succeeded in adding members to the church. He has since labored in the churches at Leominster, Ashby, Pepperell, Lunenburg, and other places. In the winter of 1864-65 he was with the Christian Commission in the array. A. H. Currier was ordained and installed December 3, 1862, and held the office of pastor for three years. This was during the stress of wartimes, and he gave strong support to all town measures in aid of the war. He built and occupied the house on Pleasant Street now owned by G. W. Norris. There was strengtli and reasonableness in his preaching and a peculiar degree of gentlemanliness in his manners. April 28, 1865, he was dismissed to become pastor in a much larger field of the Second Congregational Church in Lynn, where he labored for many years. He is now a professor in Oberlin College. George G. Phipps was stated supply from Septem- ber, 1865, to December, 1867. He was a very accept- able preacher and a genial companion. He went away to be settled over the church at Wellesley, where he remained for many years. He is now pas- tor of the Congregational Church at Newton High- lands. M. M. Cutter followed as pastor, being ordained and installed December 29, 1868. He, too, was of a social turn, and was beloved, especially by those young people who, like himself, were devotees of the musical art. He was dismissed, at his own request, March 31, 1873. E. P. Tenney was stated supply from the s|)ring of 1873 till June, 1876. Subsequently his efforts in this vicinity in raising funds for Colorado College, of which he had been appointed president, were suc- cessful. He is now living in Mancheater-by-the-Sea. Thomas Morong preached first on .Inly 1, 1876. Later he was hired as stated supply. On June 12, 1878, he w.as installed pastor, and remained in the service of the churcli till Jlarch 4, 1888. During this time the church prospered. Never did it seem easier to raise all needed funds. Mr. Morong's thought was mature, often unique, always interesting. 'His ser- mons were carefully prepared, his illustrations being often drawn from the fields of science, with which he li.ad made himself familiar. With him, in particular, botany was a favorite study. Taking it up first as a pastime, he became afterwards a close student and a recognized authority in this science. He is now en- gaged in making original researches in South America, being in the employ of certain botanical societies. He was finally dismissed from his pastor- ate February 24, 1890. On the same day Charles H. Dutton was ordained and recognized as pastor of the church. Mr. Dutton is a graduate of Amherst College and has been a student in the Hartford Theological Seminary. All the ministers of this church, it is believed, have been graduates of colleges. All have brought with them wives, who have in a greater or less degree assisted them in their pastoral work. Seven of the twelve have been ordained, thus showing the prefer- ence of this church for young pastors. Baptist (Jhurrh. — The first preaching service oc- curred December 30, 1841. The gatheriug was at William Waite's house, situated, as the streets are now named, at the corner of Main and Cherry. Aaron Haynes, of Southborough, delivered the ser- mon. On January 6, 1842, a regular prayer-meeting was established, the houses of the attendants in turn serving as the place of assemblage. Occasional preaching services were also held at dwelling-houses, and sometimes in the chapel then standing on the site of the present town-hall. In May, 1843, regular Sunday services were begun in the hotel kept by Thomas Barber (now Scott's Hotel), students from Newton Seminary officiating. On November 8th, in the same year, the Union- ville Baptist Church was organized, with a member- ship of forty-five, twenty-two residing in the town of Hopkinton, twenty-three in Framingham, many hav- ing formerly been regular attendants at the meetings of the Congregational Church and contributing to its support. Only two of the original members of the Baptist Church are now living, — Mrs. Caroline Bal- lard and Mr. Frank Chickering. An effort was soon made to provide a house of worship. Through a committee appointed for the purpose, a lot of land now lying on the south side of Front Street, opposite the dwelling of Mrs. E. A. Forbush, was 2>urchased of William Seaver, and a cellar, of which the remains can still be seen, wa.s commenced. The purpose for which the land w.as to be used had been kept a secret, and when it became known that a Baptist church was going up at that point, there was a small tempest in the neighbor- hood. So this spot was exchanged for other land owned by Seaver, on the opposite side of the street, — the sjime now occupied by the hardware concern of Perry & Enslin. .\ frame chapel was now built on ASHLAND. 567 the land thus finally acquired, having the dimensions of thirty-one by forty-five feet, and at a cost of one thousand dollars. This building was dedicated on March 20, 1815, by appropriate religious services, and at the same time was ordained Zenas P. Wilde, the first pastor of the church, who had responded favor- ably to the moderate call by the society of three hun- dred dollars annually. This building was occupied by the church for their religious services during the next five years, after which time it was sold and used for a boot-shop until its destruction by fire. On the 30th day of April, 1S49, the society adopted as their corporate name the Ashland Baptist Church. A larger place of convening was now found to be needed. A committeeconsistingof Benjamin Homer, Edwin A. Forbush, Charles Morse, Albert Leland and Richard Montague were chosen to erect a church upon the new lot of land lately purclnsed of Captain John Stone, situated on the east side of Summer Street. The committee's action resulted in securing for the society its present commodious building, which was dedicated on April 10, 1850, by services conducted by the pastor, B. F. Bronson. Funds to purchase the land and build this church were obtained by subscription, but not in sufii'ient amount; so that a debt remained, which was discharged by Oliver Brewer and Charles Morse, who received the notes of the church deacons for the moneys advanced by them. During the ministry of Kev. K. Holt this indebted- ness, or what remained of it, was paid ofl', so that the society then became quite free from debt. Since then, on account of misfortunes, other debts have been in- curred, though the church is now paying the running expenses. The present membership is one hundred and twenty, about one-third of whom are non-resi- dents. The church records to March 2C, 1846, the date of the burning of the E. A. Forbush boot-shop, were destroyed in that fire. A general minute has been entered covering the early years, and the princi- pal facts relating to the church down to nearly the present time were recently gathered by Miss M. A. Homer and are preserved in a manuscript history. Prominent among the early members of the society appear the names of Michael Homer, Benjamin Homer, T. S. Burlingame, who was the first deacon, Alvah Orraes, Lyman Fay and E. A. Forbush. Later Albert Leland became connected with the church, and afterwards to the time of his death was, perhaps, its most influential member. He was a man of prop- erty, and at his decease left to the church a devise of real estate which will eventually become operative. For consistency and usefulness in more recent years the life of Dea. David R. Chamberlain is cited, who died February 14, 1880. In calling a paator it has not been the custom of this church, at least in recent years, to convene a council for installation ceremonies. Any person who has been ordained in the Baptist Church, is eligible to serve as pastor, and the only distinction in hiring seems to be that the term may be limited, or left in- definite, according to the circumstances of the given case. Both methods have been practiced by this church, the present pastor, S. T. Frost, having been employed for an indefinite period. Following is a list of pastors, with a few brief notes concerning them : Z. P. Wilde closed his labors July 2, 1846, and after preaching in Marblehead, Boylston, and perhaps other places, became a missionary in New York City. He was noted for his able pastoral work. B. F. Bronson was pastor from December 7, 1846, to November 10, 1850. He was afterwards connected with churches in Waltham, West Putnam, Connecti- cut and Andover, Mass., where he is now living in retirement. ' Prof. Hen.-y Day came from Brown University to take charge of this church March 1, 1851. He re- mained only till June 6, 1852, when he returned to his college work. He is remembered as an interesting preacher. Later he was a pastor in Philadelphia and in Indianapolis, and now resides in the last- named city. N. Medbury, who lived upon the farm now occupied by William Enslin, was pastor from 185.3 to 1854. K. Holt officiated from January 3, 18.56, to January 29, 1860, then going to Milford. He is now living in Petersham. W. W. Ames was pastor from February 26, 1860, to September, 1861. D. F. Lamson commenced work with the church April 20, 1SG2, and closed on November 29, 1865. He not only conducted his church ably, but worked for and with the town in promoting enlistments, and in awakening enthusiasm during the war. Later he became pastor of churches in Northboro', Worcester, Hartford, Conn., and in Manchester- by-the-Sea, where he is now residing. R. B. Moody ably occupied the pulpit from April 26, 1866, to February 22, 1868. Afterwards he was for many years pastor of the church in Plymouth, and is now at the Monument Church in Chariestown. G. B. Potter's term of service was from May, 1868, to November, 1870. He died at Newton, and was buried November 25, 1870, in Wildwood Cemetery. Annually his grave is decorated by his surviving soldier comrades. W. R. Maul, who served from January 15, 1871, to November, 1872, was thought by Benjamin Homer, who listened to his sermons every Sabbath, to be the ablest preacher who had stood in the Bapti-st pulpit. He was Afterwards paator at Hobcken, and is now at the Mariners' Church on Staten Island. J. D. Meeson followed, October 5, 1873, to April 1, 1875, going thence to Lebanon, N. Y. He is now in Melrose without a charge. N. B. Wilson was pastor from November 1, 1875, to April 31, 1878, and L. S. Fitts from September, 187S, to May 1,1881. 568 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. A. M. Higgins took charge on May 1, 1881, and continued to February 14, 1883, when he went to Somerville to reside. He now preaches at different places, as opportunities are afforded. ('. D. R. Meacliam was pjtator from May 1, 1883, to June, 1886, going at that time to Canton. He has built a residence in Stoneham. D. G. Macdonald was pastor from August, 188(5, to January, 1888, while pursuing his studies in the theo- logical seminary. He has now returned to labor in Canada. S. T. Frost, the present pastor, began his labors in July, 1888. Methodist Episcopal Church. — There were people residing in town who, although they had been in the habit of attending religious services at the Congrega- tional or Baptist Churches, had never felt quite at home. It had been intended, whenever a favorable time came and sufficient means coukl be insured to carry it on, that a church of the Methodist faith should be established. In view of the growth of the town, and the fact that a competent leader having financial .means — in the person of Charles Alden — was ready to take up the work, in 1866 the question of establish- ing a church began to be entertained. The move- ment commenced with the holding of prayer-meetings at the houses of believers in that faith. Besides Jlr. Alden, Mr. Hayden, Hiram Mellen, (ieorge Scott and others, including persons from Hopkinton, became in- terested and met together at the meetings. It was not till the spring of 1868 that plans had become fully ma- tured. At that time Mr. Alden attended the General Conference, and, making known the purpose of the Methodist people here to establish a church, obtained the assignment of his friend, Rev. George W. Mans- field, as a minister to this station. Mr. Mansfield had been resting for two years, that he might recover his broken health. He came at once and opened his work, commencing preaching services in the Town- hall, which were continued here each Sabbath, until the succeeding spring. Soon after the^arrival of Mr. Mansfield the work of establishing a church was begun. The records show that on July 15, 1868, the Methodist Episcopal Church of Ashland was organized, according to the forms of law. On July 5th, preceding, the Q,uarterly Conference had appointed as trustees, Charles Alden, George Scott, William A. Tilton, J. N. Pike, and A. T. Davis. At the the meeting of the trustees held on the date of its organization, J. N. Pike was chosen president, and A. T. Davis secretary. At tlie same meeting a committee on the building of the church was appointed, consisting of the persons above named with the exceptiim of Mr. Davis, and with the ad- dition of three more members — Charles H. Tilton Alvah Metcalf and John Crismess, This committee went speedily to work, Mr. Alden taking a very ac- tive part. A lot of land situated on the eastern' side of Alden Street, at the junction of Church Avenue, was furnished by Alden from lands owned by him- self. Plans for the building were obtained and the work commenced and pushed forward, so that before the next spring the church was completed, furnished, provided with an organ, and ready for occupancy. The church was dedicated free of debt, JIarch 3, 1869, the presiding elder conducting the exercises. The funds for building and furnishing this church which, including all expenses, cost about $15,000, were furnished chiefly by Charles Alden in the first in- stance, and it is said in the final outcome, that the enterprise cost him .tSOOO in actual money. At a meeting of the trustees held May 24, 1869, the fol- lowing vote was passed, " that we, the trustees accept the deed of the M. E. Church from Brother Alden," and that the " trustees extend to Brother Alden a vote of thanks for the interest he has taken and the money he has expended in building and furnishing the M. E. (jhurch." For the purpose of reimbursing Mr. Alden in p.art for moneys advanced, subscriptions were obtained from the people. About $500 were raised at a fair held by the church, which were used to defray expense of carpets and other furnishings. In the building of the church and collecting a con- gregation, the efforts of the pastor and his wife were constant and effective, much of their success being due, doubtless, to skill derived from previous ex- perience in similar work. This church started off with a membership of sixteen, which has been in- creased .so that the present number is one hundred and thirty. Its original members came in part from the other churches, but there was never any other than kind feelings exercised toward the churches from which they came. Alden had for several years, up to the time when he began to attend the Methodist meetings, been a regular attendant at the Congrega- tional Church, and superintendent of its Sunday- school. That church had recently shown courtesy toward its Methodist attendants by hiring for several months as its pulpit supply, a Mr. Cushing, who wag a Methodist minister. This church has freely joiued with other churches in all work which can best be done unitedly. A flourishing Sunday-school is con- nected with the church. The succession of pastors is as follows, their terms beginning about April 1st, the regular time for change of ministers in this denomination. George W. Mansfield was with the church from April, 1868, three years. His excellent work has already been alluded to. His wife was a very able assistant. Since leaving Ashland his health has allowed him to con- tinue in his ministerial labors. He has now been at Gloucester since April, 1889. A. O. Hamilton was with the church two years be- ginning April, 1871. He was noted for good dis- courses, and particularly for his fine performances as a reader. While here he was pursuing, as he found time, the study of medicine, and is now a physician ASHLAND. 569 in practice in East Boston, having taken charge of but one church since leaving Ashland. Loramus Crowell was a scholarly preacher and had formerly been a presiding elder ; coming in 1873, he remained one year. In 1874 Henry Lummis commenced a pastorate of three years, during which time he became greatly re- spected both by his church and the people of the town. As a member of the school committee, oppor- tunity was afforded for making use of his wide and accurate scholarship. After serving as pastor at va- rious stations, he is now discharging the duties of a professor in one of the Western colleges. J. R. Gushing followed in 1877, remaining three years. He was a genial man and an acceptably preacher. He too became well known in town, hold- ing for a time the office of school committee. He has left samples of his large, even handwriting in the committee's record-book, having served as secretary of that board. He is now pastor of the Stanton Avenue Church in Boston. Elias Hodge followed in 1880, his term of service being two years. He was an acceptable preacher and an agreeable companion. W. H. Cook came in 1882, remaining one year. E. A. Manning was an able preacher and a wide- awake citizen. He was often employed to report public meetings for the press. It is in this capacity that for many years his erect figure upon the stage has become familiar to the frequenters of the Chautauqua meetings at the Framingham camping-ground. He came to Ashland in 1883 and remained two years. In 18S.5 Pastors Full and Hopkins supplied. J. C. Smith was assigned to this church in 1886. There were those who thought his sermons equal to any that have been delivered in the church, He re- signed in the summer of 1887, and has recently deceased. C. H. Talmage, while pursuing his course of theologi- cal study in Boston University, was sent here to supply the pulpit in the last part of 1887. In the following year he was appointed pastor. He manifested energy in all his work. He succeeded in collecting the scat- tered-congregation and in securing much-needed re- pairs of the church edifice. The next year he was assigned to a church in Boston Highlands. Harvey H. Paine came in 1889 and is still with the church. Civil War. — When the war broke out in 1861 the town was in debt $16,000, chiefly for the cost of the Town Hall built six years before. The town, how- ever, assumed readily the new burden imposed by the war. No one at first supposed that there was to be a long, hard trial of strength between the contending parties. As Ihe war progressed it became apparent, however, that only the greater resources of the North would enable that section finally to prevail. The town of Ashland came forward in response to every call and provided its full quota. At first it was only necessary to appeal to the patriotism of the citizens to secure the required number of volunteers. After- ward inducements were ofl'ered in the way of bounties to the persons enlisting and aid to their families. The bounties paid varied widely, but tended to in- crease as the war went on, sometimes runuing above $400. Ashland provided for the calls made out of its own citizens, if a very small number of recruits near the close of the war be excepted. When soldiers were wanted public meetings were held, which were addressed by citizens and by speakers from abroad. .\t the close of the meeting volunteers were called for, and under the inspiration of the hour were readily obtained. The first call by the President for twenty companies of three months' men, made April 15, 1861, was filled from the State Militia. Of the thirty-nine regiments of three years' men called for on May 3, 1861, Massachusetts procured by solicitation the priv- ilege of sending six regiments. In the Eleventh and Twelfth, sent forward at this time, Ashland fur- nished a considerable number of men. In July of the same year an act of Congress au- thorized the President to call for 500,000 men, and thenceforward requisitions were made upon the States as soldiers were wanted. In response to the calls upon the town of Ashland, enlistments were made onward quite to the close of the war, chiefly for three years. The Thirty-second Infantry and Second Cavalry contained a large number of these men. In response to the President's call of August -1, 1862, for 300,000 nine months' men, a considerable number en- listed in the Fifth Infantry. The other enlistments are widely scattered in the service, and are mostly for three years, a few being for one year and one hundred days, respectively. The town made liberal promises to its volunteers. Taking early advantage of the war acts passed by the Legislature, they voted in the fall of 1861 to appropriate money in aid of the families of the soldiers, and in the summer of 1862 for the en- couragement of enlistments. Subsequently similar votes were passed, adding to the sums appropriated; and in March, 1863, it was voted that the selectmen be instructed to send for the bodies of deceased soldiers. In 1865 the poll-taxes of the soldiers were abated for that year. The whole amount of money appropriated and expended by the town for war purposes was about 812,000 ; a sum nearly as large, raised and paid as aid to the families of the soldiers, was afterward re- paid by the State. According to the report of the Adjutant-General, Ashland furnished one hundred and eighty-four men for the war, which was a surplus ot eleven above all demands. Among these soldiers, three only were commis- sioned officers, these men having been promoted from the ranks. The following is a roll of officers and pri- vates, intended to include residents of Ashland, and persons serving upon its quotas. The first date given is that of muster in. A final date standing unexplained shows' the close of service, which may be by expira- 570 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tion of term, by order of War Department, or by other discharge. Slh Regt. Inf. (100 dayt), Co. tf.— Webster Brooks, Corp., July 27, '64, November 16/64; Elbridge Moulton, July 27, '64, November la, '64; Norman Smith, July 27, '64, November 16, '64. Oompmty i'.— Moses Clark, "July 19, '64, November 16, '64 ; Charles H. Jewell, July 19. '64, November IC, '64. lOlh XJniUlaclifd Co. Inf., (100 daijs)— Trunk A. Johnson, Isl liout., Aug. 9, '64, November 10, '04. .l^th Unattaclied Co., Inf. (1 year) — Otis Chickering, November 25, '64, June 27, '65 ; Joseph P. Ockington, Nov. 25, '64, June 27, '6S. 6Hj Segt. Inf. (9 moiilht), Co. C— Charles E.Kimball, September 16, '62, July 2, '63. Compawj E. (Mustered in, September 16, '62 ; mustered out July 2, 63) — Lewis H. Kingsbury, sergt. ; Henry Perkins, corp. ; Frank A. Wall, Corp.; Webster Brooks, Geo. S. Chamberlain, Francis H. Chickering, Albert B. Comey, S. Augustus Davis, George A. Ellis, Levi Fairbanks, Geo. S. Fisher, Henry M. Frail, John W. Gowell, Ezra Morse, corp,; Marcena M. Greenwood, Joseph W. Hartshorn, Eliphalet J. Jones, Elbridge Moulton, Joseph P. Ockington, John A. Parker, AugustUH Perkins, Charles C. Pollard, Stephen Spooner, Dana M. Wenzell, William H. Wheeler ; Henry G. Harriman, Corp., Jan. 13, '63, died of typhoid fever at Newbern, North Carolina. 42ii Regt. Inf. (9 months), Co. B.— David Robinson (HoUiston) Septem- ber 3, '62, August 20, '63. ad Regt. Inf. (9 monlht), Co. B.— Stanislaus Fontaine, October 11, '62 ; John Gavin, October 11, '62, July 30, '63 ; Thomas Eowley, October 11, '62. Ulh Reg. Inf. (9 mnnlhs) Co. A'.— Avery Sylvester, September 12, '62, June IS, '63. nth Reg. Inf. (9 montts), Ca>. f. — William F. McNamara (Framingham) September 26, '62, July 7, '63. Comjiany I.— Charlea H. Moore (Marlboro'), October 7, '62, October 21, '62, transferred to"F" Co., July 7, '63. 5th Bat, Lt. Art.(^ years). — Paesiello Emerson, December 22, '03; wounded at Berryvijle, Va., discharged June 12, '65. 15th Bat Lt. Art. {3 yeara).— John H. McGarrity, Sept. 16, '64, Jan. 14, '65, trans. 6tb Battery, June 19, '65 ; Eugene Shepard, Sept. 16, '64, Aug. 4, '65. 2d Reg. H'vy. Art., Co. B.— Fred. O. Grout (Blackstone), Aug. 31, '64, Jan. 15, '65, trans. Co. E, 17th Inf., June 30, '66 ; Edward C. Marsh, July 59, '03, Sept. 3, '66. Company £.— Ora P. Howland, Sept. 20, '64, June 26, '65 ; William H. Nason, Sept. 19, '64, Dec. 16, '04, trans. 17th Inf., Co. G, prom. Corp., June 30, '65. Company G. — Geo. P. Read, Dec. 7, '63, April 4, '64, died Anderson- ville, Ga. ; Avery Sylvester (Worcester), Dec. 7, '63, Oct., '64, died Flor- ence, S. C. ; Wright Walker, Sept. 19, '64, Jan. 17, '65, trans. 17th Inf. Company L.— Amos R. Babcock, Doc. 22, '63, Sept. 3, '05 ; William D. Bell. Doc. 22, '63, Sept. 3, '65. ith Reg. ITvy Art. (1 year), Co. K, 2(Hh Unattached Co. Wvy Art.— Charles 0. Pollard, corp., Aug. 23, '64, June 17, '65. 2n(/i VtuUtached Co. Wvy Art. (1 j/eni). —James Madden, Sept. 19, '64 June 16, '66. 2d Reg. Gav. {3 years), Co. B.— George A. Cook, Corp., Sept. 23, '63, Feb. 22, '64, prisoner, June 13, '65 ; Eastman Duley, Sept. 17, '03, July 20, '05 ; George F. Duley, Sept. 22, '63, Oct. 4, '64, died Andersonville, Ga. ; E. A. Forbush, Jr., alias James Smith, Sept. 14, '63, July 20 '65 ; George V. Marsh, Jan. 6, '64, July 20, '66 ; Stephen Spooner, Sept. 4, '63, Feb. 22, '64, killed by guerrillas near Drainsville, Va. Company C— Benjamin Johnson, Dec. 15, '63, Dec. 30, '63. Company D. — Stephen A. Cole, sergt., Jan. 5, '64, wd. Fort Stephens, Md., July 20, '65 ; Arthur L. Parker, Dec. 8, '03, wd. Five Forks, Va., May 24, '65, for disability ; Harlan P. Boyd, Jan. 5, '64, July 20, '65, as absent, sick ; Orton W Cole, Jan. 5, '04, July 20, '65; Uussell W. Col- lier, Jan. 6, '61, wd. Vienna, Va., July 0, '65; Charles D. Hart, Dec. 21, '03, wd. Fort Stephens, Md.. trans. V. R. C, July 20, '66 ; Joseph W. Hartshorn, Jan. 6, '64, July 20, '65 ; George W. Morse, Jan. 6, '64, Sept, l.i, '64, wd. Slienandoah Valley, Va., June 21, '65 ; Edward McKnight, Jan. 6, '64, Sept. 13, '04, lost right armiShenandoah Valley, Sept. 11, "05, from hospital ; Arthur W. Stiles, Jan. 5, '64, July 20, '65. Company E— Augustus J. Davis, (S. Augustus Davis,) Sept. 9, '04' June IS, '65 ; Charios F. Davis, Sept. 6, '64, June 1.1, '05. Oompony F.— John S. Notlago, Fob. 23, '64, cap. and died Sept. 29,' 64, Danville, Va. Company H.— Chas. E. Duley, Corp., Dec. 21, '63, Aug. 25. '64, wd. Berryville, Va., July 20, '65; John Cowhey, Dec. 31, '63, July 10, '65, for disability. Company «■.— Hiram Mellen, Dec. 12, '63, July 20, '65. Company Vnhnovnt. — Dennis McCarty. 1«( Reg. Inf. (3 years) ft), ff.— Charles W. Hathaway (Framingham), Aug. 17, '61, May 25, '64. 2 J Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. ^.— Thomas K. Clapp, May 25, '61, wd. bat. Cedar Mt., Aug. 9, '61, for disability ; Benjamin F. Montague, May 26, '61, Aug. 9, '62, killed at bat. Cedar Mt. ; Timothy Sullivan, May 25, '01, Oct., '63, enl. V. B. Army. lOWi Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. C— Martin Kennedy (Boston), Dec. 8, '63, June 21, '64, trans. 37th Inf., trans. 20th Inf., June 19, '66. llth Reg. Inf. (3 years) Band (must, in Aug. 3, '61, must, out Aug. 8, '62).— Sanmel S. Baker, Abner E. Bell, Charles S. Brewster, George F. Coxon, Edward Daniels, Lorenzo Frost, Beoj. H. Hartshorne (Sept. 23, '61, disability), Robert J. Neal (Boston), Wm. A. F. Noyea, Augustus Perkins, Charles Spooner. The same band, leaving out Hartshorne and adding Benj. G. Brown. James H. Dadmun, Gilbert W, Holbrook and Prince Spooner, served (three years) in Third Brigade, Second Division, Second Army Corps, from July 10, '63, to July 1, '65. Company /I.— John Shaughnessy (Boston), June 13, '61, Feb. 22, '64. Comxmny C— Edward Gross, June 13, '61, Aug. 15, '62. Company H.— William Mansfield, June 13, '61, Feb. 22, 64, to re- enlist ; William Mansfield, eorp., Feb. 23, '64, July 14, '65 ; Charles K. T. Knowlton, June 13, '61, July 13, '63, killed Gettysburg, Pa. Company I. — William Maley, (Boston), June 13, '61. 12(ft Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. B. — Granville H. Smith, corp. (Framing- ham), June 26, '61, Oct. 20, '62, died of fever at Smoketown Hospital ; Isaac B. Babcock, June 26, '61, July 8, '64 ; Alouzo G. Duran (E. Eay- mond, Me,), June 26, '61, Sept. 17, '62, killed at Antietam, Md. ; Lorenzo Frost, June 26, '61, Aug. 1, '61, trans, llth Inf. ; Arthur L. Parker, Juue 26, '61, Feb. 2, '63, wd. and disch. ; John B. Whalen, June 26, '61, July 8, '64. Company F. — Augustus Perry, July 22, '63. Company G.— Thomas Johnson, July 22, '63 ; Emil Ruff, Sept. 22, '63; Charles L Stoddard, July 21, '63, April 6, '64, disability. Company K.— James L. Bell, July 21, '03, June 25, '64, trans. 39th Inf., Co. B. June 29, '65 ; Henry R. Smith, July 21, '63, June 25, '64, trans. 39th Inf., Co. B. died Andersonville, Ga. Company I. — George A. Cook, corp., June 26, '61, Oct. 12, '62, for wounds rec'd in battle ; Hans C. Hanson, July 21, '63, June 25, '64, trans. 39th Inf., Co. D, died Andersonville, Ga. ; Sanford P. Lane, July 21, '63, June 25, '64, trans. 39th Inf., prisoner and died probably at An- dersonville, Ga. Unassigned Kecritite.^Francis Baldwin, July 21, '63 ; William Ryan. Sept. 22, '63, April 12, 1864. 13«i Ileg. Inf. (;.i years), Co. if.— Charles E. Duley, (Sudbury) July 10, '61, Dec 15, '02, disability. Company Z.^James Sullivan (Marlboro'), July 16, '61, Aug. 1, '64. 16Wi Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. B.— Edward T. Dean, sergt., July 2, '61, July 27, '64 ; Albert Hadley, corp. (HoUiston), .Tuly 2, '61, July 27, '64 ; Eastman Duley (Sherborn), July 2, '61, Dec. 11, '02, for wounds received in battle ; Chester E. Lessure, corp., July 2, '61, May 13, '63, killed Chancollorsville, Va. ; Edward Enslin, July 2, '61, July 27, '64; Wil- liam H. Maynard, July 2, '61, Jan. 7, '62, disability ; Edwin L. Perry, Nov. 4, '61, Dec. 12, '63, trans. V. R. C. ; Altert A. Whittemore, July 2, '61, July 27, '64; Elbridge G. Whittemore, July 2, '61, Sept. 24, '61. disability. llth Regt. Inf. (3years), Co. F.— Wright Walker, Sept 19, '64, June 30, '66. 18(» Heg. Inf. (3 years), Co. F.— Geo. H. Houghton, Aug. 24, '61, Dec. 19, '62. 20»/ Reg. Inf. (3 jrarf), Co. ^.—Michael Hennesey, Mar. 4, '62, Mar. 29, '64, to re-enlist; Michael Hennesey (Cambridge), Mar. 30, '64, taken prisoner, died Feb. 22, '05, Salisbury, N. C. Company C. — Albert Reiss, sergt. (Boston), July 18, '61, wd. at Fred- ericksburg, Va., Feb. 18, '62 ; Jacob Bender (Boston), July 18, '01, Mar. 0, '03, com. sorgt. Company F.— James McGuire, Miir. 4, '62, May 28, '112, woiinded Fredericksburg, Va. Company O.— John Wells, Sept. 19, '64, .lune S, '66, Utinssiijned Recruits. — Michael Bradley, Mar. 4, '02 ; James Kennedy, Mar. 4, '02. 21»( Beg. Inf. (3 years), Co. i".— Mathias Hockman, Aug. 29, '62, Aug. 30, '64. 6^^^< ^^- ASHLAND. 571 22d Reg. Inf (3 years), Co. BT.— Adoniram J. Smith, Oct 4, '61, Jan. 31, '63, disability. 2SdIteg. Inf. (3 j/ean), Co. vl.— Elliott S. Reed, Oct. 9, '61, Dec. 2, '63, to re-enlist ; Elliott S. Reed, Dec. 3, '63, July 28, '65. 24th Reg Inf. (3 years), Co. y(.— George H. Warren, Sept. 6, '61, Sept. 6, '64. 26th fi«ij. ill/. (3 jeaie), Co. .4. —Frederick A. Nottage, Oct. 10, '61, Dec. 17, '63, to re-enlist for Hopkinton, July 13, '65. Company D.— Martin L. Parmenter (Webster), Oct. 9, '61, Dec. 17, '63, to re enlist ; Martin L. Parmenter ( Webster), Dec. 18, '63, July 13, '65. Company i7.— John .S. Powers (Framingham), Aug. 14, "62, Jan. 18, '64, to re-enlist ; ,Tobn S. Powers (Framiugham) Jan. 19, '64, June 3, '61, killed Cold Harbor, Va. Vfnasngned Btcnito.— Aaron Rice, Feb. 23, '64, Feb. 26, '64. 26/fe Reg. Inf. (3 ijearn), Co. A. — John H. Balcom, musician (Pepperell), Sept. 2, '61, Dec. 31, 1864. to re-enlist ; John H. Balcom, musician, Jan. 1, '64, Aug. 26, 1865. 29IA Rtg. Inf. (3jear«) Co. H.— John H. Aldrich, Dec. 16, '61, Oct. 22, 1862, died Long Island, N. T. 31sl Keg. Inf. (3 years), Co. .fiT.— Willard W. Watkins, Feb. 4, '62, Feb. 4, 1864, to re-enlist; Willard W. Watkins, sergt., Feb. 15, '64, Sept. 9, 1865. 32d Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. H, — Augustus A. Coburn.Jlst sergt., Jan. 5, '64, Dec. 4, 1864, 2d lieut., disch. at close of war; Albert C. Andrews, 1st sergt., Jan. 5, '64, June 29, 1865, absent, wounded ; Aug A. Coburn, sergt. (Framingham), Aug. ;il, '62, Jan. 4, 1861, to re-enlist ; William Formean, sergt., Jan. 5, '64, June 29, 1865 ; Albert C. Andrews, Corp., Aug. 11, '62, Jan. 4, 1864, to re-enlist; James L. Bell, Corp., July 21, '63, June 29, 1865 ; William Formean, Corp., Aug. 11, '62, Jan. 4, 1864, to re-enlist ; Geo. B. Twitchell, Corp., Jan. 5, '64, wd Sept. 16, 1804, trans. V. B. C. Mar. 28, 1865 ; Oscar W. West, Corp , Aug. 11. '62, Jan. 4, 1864, to re-enllst ; Oscar W. West, Corp., Jan. 5, '64, July 11, 1865 ; Edward F. Whitteraore, Corp., Jau. 5, '64, May 12, 1864, lost right arm near Spottsylvania, June 3, 1866 ; Willard Aldrich, Aug. 11, '62, Jan. 4, 1864, to reenlist ; Willard Aldrich, Jan. .1, '64, July 12, 1865 ; William Fitz, Aug. 11, '62 ; Preston W. Forbush, Aug. 11, '62, assigned to quar- termaster's dept.. May 30, 1865; David Hennessey, Aug. 11, "62, Jau. 4, 1864, to re-enlist ; David Hennessey, Jan. 6, '64. May 23, 1864, pris- oner North Anna .River, paroled Nov. .30, 1864, died Annapolis, Md. ; Frank A. .lobnson, Aug. 11, '62 ; John Maley, Aug. 11, '62; Andrew J. Perry, Aug. 11, '62, Dec. 18, 1S63, trans. V. E. C, Jan. 4, 1864, to re en- list ; Andrew J. Perry, Jan. 6, '04, June 18, 1864, wd. at Petersburg, July 13, 1865; Silas S. Seaver, Aug. 11, '62, Jan. 4, 1864, disability; Geo. B. Twitchell, Aug. 11, '62, Jan. 4, 1864, to re-enlist ; George H. Vose, Aug. 11, '62, May 30, 1865 ; Edward F. Whittemore, Aug. 11, '62, .Ian. 4, 1864, to re-enlist ; Samuel G. Winch, Aug. 11, '62, May 30, 1865. ■.ad Reg. Inf. (3 ;/oars), Co. C— William Bell, Aug. 6, '62, Sept. 12, 1863, trans. V. R. C, Sept. 5, 1864, disability ; George Scott, Aug. 6, '62, June 11, 1806. 35W Reg. Inf. (3 yearj), Co. yl.— Wm. H. Frankland, Corp., Aug. 9, '62, Oct. 4, 1862, sergt., Nov. 3, 1863, disability. Company 0.— John W. Hodges (Chelsea), Aug. 19, '62, Dec. 13, 1862, killed. 36M Reg. (3 years), Co. F.—ChaB. 0. Metcalf, musician, Aug. 13, '62, April 30, 1864, disability. 38»i Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. ff.— William O. Andrews, Aug. 20, '62, Nov. 3, 1863, disability. 69fft Reg. Inf. (3 years) Co. B. — Levi Ramsden, Jan. 4, '64, wd. Spott- sylvania, Feb. 9, 1865, disability. Company C— Abner P. Chase, Jan. 4, '64, Sept. 17, 1862, wd. Antie- tam, Va., April 8, 1865, disability. 6blh Reg. Inf. (1 year), Co. E.— Lionel D. Phillips, Sept. 9, '04, Jan. 6, '06. Veteran Reserve Corps. — Edward J. Ford, Sept. 20, '64. Navy (3 ^enrs). — William Sloan, Aug. 19, '64, furnished by J. N. Pike; John Sullivan, Aug. 19, '64, furnished by John Clark; John Wilson, Oct. 20, '64, furnished by Henry Cutler. nth Marine Reg. Inf. (3 years), Co. A. — Moores R. Adams, Sept., '61, Sept., '64. 5(4 y. H. Reg. Inf. (9 mon/^n).— Lorenzo Frost, after Aug. 8, '62. 13(4 N. Y. Cav. (1 year), Co. K.— George T. Higley, Oct. 8, '64, trans. 3d Provisional N. T. Cav. Sept. 21, '65 ; Wakefield L. Higley, Oct. 8, '64, trans. 3d Pro. N. Y. Cav., died in hosp. Washinjjton, D. C, Sept. 4, '65. Residing in or Credited to the Quota of Ashland, biU Regiment, if any, un- known. — Lorenzo Bolden (colored), Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 3, '64 ; .\dol- phus Burgess (colored). Fort Monroe, Feb. 6, '65 ; Benj. Davenport (colored), Vicksb\irg, Miss., Nov. 3, '64; Herman S. Greenwood, July 12, '63, Dec. 10, '63, disability ; John Harvey, enl. out of town ; Henry W. Jackson; Thomas C. Pond, July 21, '63, disch. for disability ; Wm. H. Pratt, July 21, '63, Sept. 16, '63, disability ; Henry Wellington. Drafted (3 years) and Furnished SnhsiUules or Paid Commutoiion. — Lyman Beck, July 10, '63 ; E. Francis Olaflin, July 10, '63 ; Charles Cloyes, July 10, '63 ; Daniel Fenton, July 10, '03 ; Edwin Perry, July 10, '63 ; Alfred B. Rugg, July 10, '63 ; Samuel Seaver, July 10, '03 ; Charles H. Tilton, July 10, '63 ; J. Edward Tilton, July 10, '03 ; Jacob Winchester, July 10, '63 ; Curtis B. Young, July 10, '63. BIOGRAPHICAL. ALTAH METCALF. Alvah Metcalf was born in Appleton, Maine, April 12, 1824. He was the eighth in descent from Michael Metcalf, who came from England, and settled in Ded- ham, in 1637. His father was born in Franklin, Mass, but had removed to Maine when a young man, and there his eight children were born and brought up. Alvah was the second child by his mother, Melinda Phillips, of Auburn, Mass. ; he is the seventh in direct line from Rev. George Phillips, the first minister in Watertown, Mas.s., who came to America from England in 1630. His opportunities for an education were few, but he improved what he had. He attended district school only winters, and when there was no school in his own district he went to another near by. In those days a fire-place occupied the greater part of one end of the room, and (bur-foot logs were rolled in without being split. During the summer of his eighteenth year he worked in Massachusetts, and in the winter of 1845 he ob- tained his last schooling. But his education did not end there. He has always been a great reader, giving especial attention to history and science. Natural Science is his hobby and he never tires of studying the works of the great naturalists. His strong application and his retentive memory have stored his mind with knowledge, so that he may, without doubt, be classed among the best of self-educated men. While at home in Maine, Mr. Metcalf had worked chiefly at coopering, but at the age of twenty-one he came to Massachusetts. Arriving at Boston in the morning, he at once set out by stage for Franklin, where he was to work during the summer. He reached his destination at night, not having eaten anything sifice he left the schooner in the morning, for he was afraid that he might want his only remain- ing si.x-peuce for .some other purpose. The next two years he spent in a cooper-shop in Smithfield, R. I. Mr. Metcalf obt:uned his first e-xperience in wood- working when he was employed by Milton Whiting, in his saw and grist-mill, Unionville, Franklin. Here he worked for seventeen dollars a month, laboring at least fifteen hours a day. The ne.xt year 1850, he took charge of the business himself, and hired the mill for four years. In 1855 he hired part of the mill 572 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. belonging to Peter Whiting. The upper part was used for making shoddy and cotton batting, but in the lower story Mr. Metcalf sawed logs and made the boards up into boxes that were used for straw-goods, boots and shoes. Many places in this vicinity were supplied from this mill. In 1856 he bought the Luther Rockwood farm in Holliston for $2600, and moved his liimily there. Farming, however, didn't agree with him, or rather he didn't like farming, so the next year he traded the farm for the mill and house that he now owns in Ash- land. At this time he was worth about $4000. The original dam at this place was built by John Cloyes about 1835. It was eighteen inches high, and the power obtained was only sufficient to run a turning-lathe and a grindstone. Later a mortising machine was put in, and sash and blinds were manu- factured. In 1844, Cloyes sold out to Daniel White, who the next year conveyed it to Henry Bacon. In 1847 it came into possession of H. F. Goodale, of Marlboro', who let it to Micah B. Priest, also of Marlboro'. It was with Mr. Priest that Mr. Metcalf exchanged his farm in 1857, and became owner of the mill where he has since carried on the manufacture of boxes, and gradually increased the business. During the war this mill always had plenty to do, because there was always a supply of lumberon hand, and customers could be sure of prompt attention to their orders. Adjoining the mill is a small shop where for about five years kegs were made for Emery Mills, then situated in the eastern part of the town. Nearly all of the towns in this vicinity have at one time or another been furnished with boxes, as South Framing- ham, Natick, Holliston and Westboro'. The quality of box furni-hed has always been first-class, and orders are quickly filled. In 1870 a new and larger mill was built in place of the old one in such a way that only a few hours were lost in changing from the one to the other. The new mill is 44x61 feet, with two ells each 24 feet square. The attic is used for storing boxes and lumber, the second story is given up to the manufacture of boxes, the ground floor is used chiefly for planing, while in the basement are the water-wheels and the engine, the latter necessary through the increased business. The engine is of twenty-five horse power. A stone boiler-house has been built behind the mill, and a large chimney constructed. Two years ago a stone dam was built in the place of the old wooden one. New and improved machinery has been added, and recently a large tank and automatic sprinklers have been introduced for |)rotectiou against fire. Over two railion feet of lumber is used annually, and $30,000 worth of boxes were sold. From 1871-75 the manu- facture of flocks was carried on in addition to the box business, while the stones for grinding grain were left out of the new mill. Mr. Metcalf has been twice married — first, May 30, 1850, to Harriet H. Vose, and second, to Harriet M. Makepeace, October 11. 1859. By bis first marriage he has three children ; by bis second, seven. His services to the town have been many and varied. He has been measurer of firewood, highway surveyor, overseer of the pour, asstssor and School Committee. For nine years he was one of the trustees of Wild- wood Cemetery, and on the Board of Selectmen he has served six years. He has been one of the trustees of the Methodist Church since its beginning, having also been one of the building committee. He is also a member of the Masonic Order. In 1877 he took a trip to Cilifornia, being gone two months. He visited Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles and the Yosemite Valley. The valley is en- tered by two routes from Merced — the Mariposa and Coulterville. Mr. Metcalf went in by one of these routes and came out by the other, traveling over four hundred mile.-' by stage. He was one of a party of eight who, with a guide, took mustangs and rode out to the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees. He brought home with him agreat many curiosities, most of them illustrative of his favorite study — natural science These now fill a large cabinet in his home and are with much interest shown to all his guests. In 1881 he lost a part of his left band in a planer. It was cut oft' below the wrist. Being a temperate man the wound soon healed, and in a week he was out to the mill to look after his business. He retains the use of his wrist and the amount of work he can do, though maimed, is surprising. While on the Board of Selectmen he was zealous in suppressing the liquor traffic. He has always been a hard worker and a careful planner. Though he has lost considerably in business accommodations, he has never failed to meet his own obligations, and by personal supervision and strict at- tention to business he has built up the large manufac- tory he now controls. CHARLES TAFT ALDEICH. The ancestors of Mr. Aldrich were Englishmen, some of whom came early to America, settling in Rhode Island, near the site of the present enterpris- ing town of Woousocket. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Isaac Aldrich, one of the pioneers in woolen manufacturing in New England and engaged in it soon after Samuel Slater introduced cotton machinery at Pawtucket. Charles, son of Isaac, born in Rhode Island in 1815, married Abigail K. Taft, of Uxbridge, in 1842. They had eight children, of whom Charles T. is the oldest, who was born in Millbury, Mass., April 12, 1845. His childhood and youth were passed in com- pany with his brothers and sisters at the home of his parents. When about four years old he met with an accident which resulted in a lameness for life. It was thought his lameness would prevent his taking A ASHLAND. 573 any part in the business in which many of this fam- ily had been engaged, so that after leaving the gram- mar school he attended the High School with the in- tention of fitting for college. During this stage of preparation for the higher degrees of learning the desire to learn the business of manufacturing fre- quently showed itself. He finally decided to waive the college course and master the details of woolen manufacture. To do so he entered a woolen-mill in which his father, Charles, was a superintendent, and there learned the business, and in 1862 went to Bell- ingham, Mass., and there commenced the manufacture of flannels with his father. "In this business he was successful until 1868, when the mill was burned, en- tailing much loss. He then went to Kansas with the intention of farming on a large scale, but the great drouth of 1869 put an end to his efforts in this direc- tion. Leaving Kansas, he went into Arkansas and built a flour-mill in the vicinity of " Pea Ridge," a location made memorable by the great battle fought there during the War of the Rebellion. Owing to illness caused by the climate, he returned to New England in 1871, and commenced the manufacture of horse blankets in Worcester. This business was very profitable, owing to his using material that had not been utilized before, and also to the prevalence of the " epizootic " distemper among horses that year, which created an unusual demand. In 1873 Mr. Aldrich settled in Ashland, where he commenced the manu- facture of satinets and blankets for the New York market. This manufacturing seems likely to continue in the family, as his oldest son, Charles T., Jr., is engaged in the same business in a mill in Worc.ster County> and the other sons are with their father at home. Mr. Aldrich married Emma G., daughter of Smith Aldrich, of Blackstone, in 1864, and from this union there are Charles T. Jr., born July 19, 1806; Henry A., born March 31, 1868 ; Louis H., born November 4, 1870, and Alice M., born June 11, 1873. Mrs. Aldrich died November 23, 1889, deeply mourned by her family and friends. Mr. Aldrich is a Methodist in religion and a Republican in politics. Although interested in public matters, he has avoided political offices and at- tended closely to his business and built up a pietty home and village about his mills. Mr. Aldrich has recently i-ustained a severe loss in the burning of his mill buildings, October 7, 1890. This water privilege, situated on the Sudbury River, is a very valuable one, and the mills will be rebuilt, unless the city of Bos- ton shall decide to take the wafer, a project now under discussion. Mr. Aldrich is a specimen of robust manhood from which the lameness of his childhood does not seem to detract, and belongs to the class of New Englanders known as self-made and successful. ELIAS GROUT. The subject of this sketch is a descendant in the sixth generation of Captain John Grout, the famous ' miller of Sudbury, who came to this country as early as 1638. His father, Elias, Sr., was born in Medfield, but settled in Sherborn, and in 1801 removed to the south part of Framingham. He served in the Revo- lutionary War, was a " minute-man " from Sherborn in 1775, and was in the battle of Bunker Hill. Elias, Jr., the ydungest son of Elias, Sr., and his wife, Eleanor (Dadmun), was born June 3, 1816. He received a good education at the Framingham j and Leicester Academies, and was a successful teacher in the common schools for many years. At the in- corporation of Ashland, in 1846, his farm was in- cluded in the new town, which has honored him with most of the offices within her gift. He was repre- sentative in the Legislature of 1858, selectman, assessor, overseer of the poor, school committee for many successive years. Being raised upon a farm he has ever taken an intelligent interest in agriculture; was president of the Middlesex South Agricultural Society, 1861-62, and a member of the State Board, 1863-65. Mr. Grout has often been intrusted with public and personal matters, where carefulness, integrity and sound judgment were required. In 1852 he was sent to England by the Jennings Heirs Association, to in- vestigate their claims to the great William Jennings estate there. After a careful inquiry and search of the archives of the Library of the British Museum, Doc- tors' Commons, Chancery Courts, Government State Paper Office, and other sources, he reported to his associates that no claim of real or supposed heirs in America could be sustained — a conclusion fully con- firmed by agents since employed. In 1865, Mr. Grout was engaged by H. J. Sargent and other heirs of the distinguished James Swan, for- merly of Boston, to go to Charleston, West Virginia, to examine into the leg.al status of the vast tracts purchased by said Swan in the last century, 1780- 1790. On this trip, in May, 1865, he met a son of the late Josiah Randall, trustee of certain French claimants to these lands, and the following winter he was employed by Mr. Randall, and spent three months exploring the lands in question, and examin- * ing the records in some fifteen counties — reporting in writing to Mr. Randall in Philadelphia. After disposing of his farm, Mr. Grout engaged in the cotton business from 1867 to 1882, with head- quarters at Kingston, N. C. . Since then he has enjoyed the quiet of his pleasant home and family. He married Nov. 21, 1839, Harriet Fiske, daughter of Richard and Betsey Fiske, of Framingham, a lady of good education, rare beauty of person and excellence of character. Their children were : Charles Muzzey, born October 24, 1810, lost at sea off Bahama Islands, October 3,1864; Channing Fuke,hijrn July 24, 1842, married, first, Carrie P. Tilton, second, Sarah Jones; merchant, Ashland; Edgar Follen, born December 24, 1845, owner of cattle ranch, Wyoming ; Mary Rowland, born May 7, 1850, married Samuel 574 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS E. Poole, deceased, of Ashland. She has one son, Charles G. Poole, born June 18, 1870. CHARLES HENKY TILTON.' The Tilton family are of English origin, and Abra- ham Tilton was the first to emigrate to America, com- ing with the colony of one hundred and twenty Eng- lish and Scotch families, which arrived in Boston in 1718. John Morse, who was the maternal ancestor of the Tiltons, also came over with this colony. Among this band of sturdy settlers are to be found the names of many who, as pioneer settlers, laid the foundations of what have since become prosperous towns and villages in New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts. Abraham Tilton joined bis fortunes with that portion of the colony (eighteen families) which settled Hopkinton, and where to this day are to be found worthy representatives of that name. In the fourth generation from Abraham was Leonard^ the father of the subject of this sketch. Leonard was born in Hopkinton, October 7, 1800. Catherine H. Morse, the wife of Leonard, was born in Dummerston, Vermont, January 7, 1806. They had six children, the first-born being Charles Henry, who was born November 30, 1829. His parents are both deceased, his father June 11, 1841, and his mother September 13, 1877. When Charles H. was three years old the family moved to Bennington, Vermont, and here he remained until the death of his father. It was here that his school-days were passed, his educational ad- vantages being such as were afforded by the district schools of the Green Mountain State. On the death of his father, who left but a very limited estate, Charles, whose assistance in the support of the family was needed, left school and with the family removed to that part of Hopkinton now Ashland, where Charles entered a shoe-shop and for a number of years, by prudence and close attention to all details in the manufacture of boots and shoes, not only be- came well-versed in the business, but also became an important factor in the family economy. At the • age of twenty-one, being dissatisfied at the prevailing rate of wages paid to competent and skilled operators, Charles started in a small way for himself, his first case of boots (which were children's red-topped boots) being made from stock supplied on credit by a Boston leather merchant, who was a shrewd observer of young men and knew the value to such, of a kind word and kindly assistance ; nor was young Tilton's case the only one where Hon. Lee Claflin gave timely assist- ance by allowing credit to such as could bring the collateral inherent in an honest face. Mr. Tilton was successful in his business undertakings, and gradually worked his way up to an enviable promi- nence in this great New England industry, establish- ing himself in one of the finest and best-appointed 1 CoDtributed. shoe factories in the Commonwealth, it being known all over this section of the country as "the model boot and shoe factory," which was built by him on his own land, of which he had bought some one hun- dred acres, erecting thereon some forty dwellings, laying out streets and, with his own hands, setting out shade and fruit trees, thus making it the most beauti- ful section of Ashland. October 1, 1850, Mr. Tilton married Caroline M., daughter of Henry and Myra C. (Coggius) Babcock, who has borne him two chil- dren—Jennie M., May 23, 1860, and Charles H., Jr., November 30, 1862. Jennie M. was married, May 25, 1888, to Rev. Carey F. Abbott, of Nashua, N. H.,and they have one child, Ruth Tilton, born November 26, 1889. In politics Mr. Tilton has been a thorough- going Republican since that party was first organized. While avoiding political office, he has in town affairs been efficient and useful, being for a number of years on the Board of Selectmen and for four years its chair- man, also a member of the Board of Assessors, justice of the peace, a director in the South Framingham National Bank and president of the Middlesex South Agricultural Society. He retired from the boot and shoe business in 1886. Mr. Tilton is a lover of the horse, as is also Charles H., Jr., and has some fine specimens in his commo- dious stables at Ashland. He is also a breeder of fine cattle, and his opinion on matters relating to the breeding and care of stock is quite professional. As a citizen, Mr. Tilton is upright and law-abiding; is a contributor to the support of the Congregational Church ; is well-informed on the general topics of the times, and with easy fortunes is taking a good share of that happiness and contentment which should go hand in hand with merited success in one's life work. J. NEWTON PIKE. Says an old philosopher, "All men, whatever their condition, who have done anything of value ought to record the history of their lives." Eventful periods occur at rare intervals in the lives of men the most distinguished, but even in their more retired walks of private life there are few whose lives are not marked by some vicissitudes of fortune, which, however trivial they may seem, are yet sufficient to excite great interest. The events which give the highest interest to biog- raphy are of a volatile and evanescent nature and are soon forgotten. It is the part of the biographer to collect these passing events and fix them indelibly upon the pages of history, that succeeding genera- tions may know how their predecessors lived, what ideas governed them, what trials and difficulties they encountered and how they overcame them, and even their domestic relations, for all these teach a lesson that will be serviceable by pointing out what paths led to success, and what roads are to be avoided as leading to failure. ^ ^ 7^, ASHLAND. 575 There is none so humble that his life can fail to be an object of interest when viewed in the right light. How much more will this interest be enhanced when we contemi)late the life of a man who, by his own heroic struggles, has hewn out his own pathway to success and compelled the fates to grant him his reward. Most certainly one who by his own efforts has attained affluence and social position, and through all the changing events of life has preserved his in- tegrity unimpaired, is deserving the pen of the historian. Such a man is the subject of this sketch. He was born August 24, 1824, in that part of the town of Hopkinton, Mass., which is now incorporated in the town of Ashland. Here, too, his father, Benjamin, was born, and his grandfather, Jonathan, lived for many years. The latter was a minute-man, and par- ticipated in the famous battles of Bunker Hill and Ticonderoga. At the former engagement he stood within a few feet of the immortal Warren when he received his death-wound. J. Newton Pike was one of four children and spent his youth at his father's home, enjoying the school privileges of his time, viz., twelve weeks in the winter, and twelve weeks in the summer, at the district school. These opportunities he improved to the best possible advantage until the spring of his thirteenth year, when, hi.s father's health being poor, the boy was obliged to give up the summer term and assist in earning a livelihood for himself and the balance of the family. In the summer of his fifteenth year he went away from home to work on a farm, returning in the au- tumn and atteuding the winter school. At twenty- one, through the kindness of a friend who loaned him the necessary funds, young Pike attended the autumn term of the Hopkinton Academy, and during the winters of the next four years taught school, be- ing employed on a farm during the summer mouths of '46 and '47, and in the track department of the Boston & Albany Railroad during the summers of '48 and '49. In '50 he was placed in charge of a force of men in this department on this railroad, and contin- ued therein until October, IS66, when he resigned this position, and accepted that of clerk in the office of the Emery Works of Charles Alden, where he re- mained until 1875. These works were merged into the Washington Mills Emery Manufacturing Com- pany, of which corporation he was chosen clerk. In '74 this plant was purchased by the Vitrified Wheel and Emery Company, and Mr. Pike was made fore- man of the emery department of the business, retain- ing that position until in '78 the city of Boston pos- sessed itself of the Sudbury River, for a part of its water supply, which permanently closed the manufac- ture of these goods in this section. Superintendent W. H. Barnes, of the Boston & Albany Railroad, learn- ing of Mr. Pike's release from service with this com- pany, tendered him the position of station-agent at Ashland, which position he accepted and has occupied constantly ever since. In 18G0 Mr. Pike was elected a member of the Board of Selectmen for the town of Ashland. The War of the Rebellion breaking out, he distinguished himself by his devotion to his country's flag, and his services in raising troops, and in assisting the families of soldiers, caused his townsmen to elect him chair- man of the board in 1862, which position he filled for six years with great credit to himself, and to the gen- eral satisfaction of his townsmen. In 1871 he was elected Representative from the Fifteenth Representative District, consisting of the towns of Ashland and Hopkinton, and in 1872 was sent to the Senate from the Fifth Senatorial District, consisting of the towns of Newton, Natick, Framing- ham, Ashland, Sherborn, Wayland, Weston, Hol- liston and Hopkinton. In 1871, Mr. Pike was appointed trial justice by His Excellency, William Claflin, Governor of the Commonwealth, which position he continued to fill until the establishment of the district courts. He has also served repeatedly as member of the School Committee, and overseer of the poor. May 12, 1851, Mr. Pike married Martha, daughter of Josiah and Martha Burnham, — a fortunate union, for Mrs. Pike proved to be a true helpmeet in the fullest sense of the word, and has, by her wise coun- sel, ready hand and abiding faith, helped to win the victories of life. And now, as the twilight approaches and the shadows are falling toward the east, together they look back to that May morning with feelings of gratitude that life has yielded them so much of its joys and comforts. Two children have blessed this union — Edgar A., born May IG, 1864, and died June 19, 1865 ; Willie B., born April 18, 1866. He married Angy, daughter of George and Jane Boutilier, November 9, 1887, and lives with his parents. Another member of the family who has been as one of their own children to Mr. and Mrs. Pike is Mollie E. Burnham, born October 8, 1869, and whose parents died when she was six years old, since which time she has been a member of Mr. Pike's family. Mr. Pike was made a Mason at Framingham, and wa-i one of the charter members of North Star Lodge of this town at its institution. In 1870, with his wife, he united with the Method- ist Church, and has been one of its trustees ever since, and for the past ten years superintendent of its Sabbath-school. Modest and retiring in his manner, upright and honorable in his business transactions, loyal to his friends, conscientious in the discharge of his life duties, he has won the esteem and respect of all who knew him, and life has been crowned with a gener- ous degree of success. May he long live to enjoy the same. 576 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. CHAPTER XLI. BY DUDLEY P. BAILEY. The town of Everett, formerly known as South Maiden, was incorporated March 9, 1870, and named in honor of Edward Everett. It contains a territo- rial area of about 23?5 acres, lying between the Mystic River on the south (separating it from Boston and Charlestown), Medford on the west, (Maiden River forming the boundary), the city of Maiden on the north, Chelsea and Revere on the east, Island End River forming the boundary for a part of the distance. A tongue of land, extending on both sides of Broad- way, from Mystic River nearly to Mystic Street, con- taining the old Charlestown Almshouse, belongs to and is under the jurisdiction of the city of Boston. About five hundred acres, in the southwesterly por- tion of the town, consist of salt marsh, and the whole of that section is but little above tide-water, but from the Eastern Division of the Boston and Maine Rail- road, and the Saugus Branch, the land gradually rises toward the northeast, reaching an altitude of 133 feet above mean low water on Belmont Hill, and 175 feet above mean low water on Mount Washington, which last is the highest point of land in town. Between these two hills runs a narrow valley, broadening into extensive meadows, as it stretches northwesterly to Maiden. On the easterly side of this valley rises Corbett Hill, from the summit of which the land slopes gently northeasterly to the Maiden line. The greater proportion of the town is not more than fifty feet above mean low water. The general shape of the town approaches the form of an ellipse, its longest axis running northeast and southwest. Its greatest length is about two and one- half miles ; its greatest breadth about one and three- quarters miles. The number of acres taxed in 1890 was 1816. About one hundred acres in the northeasterly por- tion of the town are occupied by Woodlawn Cemetery, one of the most beautiful in the vicinity of Boston. Between 150 and 200 acres are occupied bystreets and ways, and a considerable portion consists of water surface. Of Everett's geology, Nason's "Gazetteer of Massa- chusetts," says : " The geological formation is upper conglomerate, drift and the St. John's Group. The soil is sandy loam in some parts ; in others clayey." This last feature is found almost uniformly on the high lands. Clay land suitable for the manufacture of bricks is also found on the lowlands not far above tide-water. There are about 1100 to 1200 acres suitable for building. Some of the best building land is compris- ed in the strip of territory southwest of Belmont Hill and Mt. Washington, and just above the railroad ex- tending from Chelsea to Maiden. The soil in this tract is composed for the most part of a sandy loam, with a sub-stratum of gravel. Farming is carried on to a limited extent, mostly in the form of market gardening. The number of farms in 1885 was forty. The aggregate value of their pro- ducts was .$66,076, the largest items being milk, $19,- 955; green-house products, $12,520 ; vegetables, $13,- 577. The total value of the agricultural property was $466,925. Of the taxable area, 946 acres, accord- ing to the census of 1885, were devoted to agricultural pursuits, of which 356 acres were cultivated, and 390 acres uncultivated, the latter including 12 acres of woodland. The number of manufiicturing establishments in 1885 was forty-four, of which two were corporations having eighteen stockholders, and forty-two private firms, with fifty-eight partners and members. The total capital invested was $1,129,698, of which $60,400 were invested in buildings and fixtures, and $127,070 in machinery. The value of stock was $878,016 ; the value of goods made, and work done, was $1,496,795 ; the number of employees was 717 ; the amount of wages paid, $304,270 ; the aggregate number of day's work performed was 11,886 out of a possible 13,566 — an average of 268 working days for the year, leaving 13 per cent, of lost time. The oldest branch of manu- factures is that of bricks, one establishment in this branch dating from the year 1795. Of the total manu- factured product, bricks, building materials and stone work represented $803,454; clothing and straw goods, $33,941 ; iron goods, $66,000; oils, paints, colors and chemicals, $492,497. The fire losses by the different manufactories for the ten years ending June 30, 1885, were $146,750. Everett ranked in 1885 as the seventy-eighth town in the Commonwealth in regard to its manufacturing products, and the one hundred and fifty-first in regard to the product of each individual. The principal manufacturing establishment in Everett is that of the Cochrane Chemical Company, consisting of several large buildings, occupying thir- teen acres of land and employing about 140 hands. The business was begun by Alexander Cochrane at Maiden in 1858. On his death, in 1865, he was suc- ceeded by his sons, Alexander and Hugh Cochrane. In 1^2 they purchased the establishment in Everett, founded in 1868 by the New England Chemical Com- pany with a capital of $.300,000, this company having been financially unsuccessful. After purchasing the works of the New England Chemical Company, Messrs. A. and H. Cochrane erected two new build- ings, doubled the capacity of the works and made Everett the principal theatre of their manufacturing operations. The building west of the Eastern Rail- road was burned in 1882, but has since been rebuilt. The company manufactures acids and other chemicals, chiefly sulphuric, muriatic, nitric and other acids. The Union Stone Company was established in 1869 EVERETT. 571 and formerly carried on quite a business, employing about forty hands in the manufiicture of emery wheels and emery wheel machinery for grinding and polish- ing. The works were burned in 1881, and though they were rebuilt the company apparently never re- covered from the blow. In 1889 it failed and in March last its works, consisting of a factory and 71,000 feet of land, were sold at auction. The Waters Governor Works, established by Mr. Charles Waters for the purpose of manufacturing steam-engine governors on a patent issued to Mr. Waters January 3, 1871, were located in Everett, about eight years ago in a building formerly owned by Hervey Waters and designed by him for a scythe factory. Mr. Charles Waters died in 1880, and Mr. Edward Dewey purchased the business and on April 27, 1882, became owner of the factory at Everett, where he shortly after commenced manufacturing operations, which were continued by himself and Mr. R. B. Lincoln, under the firm-name of Edward Dewey & Co., until the death of Mr. Dewey, April 9, 1890. Since that time the business has been carried on by Mr. Lincoln, the surviving partner. The establish- ment employs from forty to fifty hands and manu- factures from 2500 to 4000 steam governors annually. Li November, 1888, Messrs. O. J. Faxon & Co. started, in one of the buildings connected with the works, a foundry which manufactures castings for the governor works and piano plates. The furniture factory now owned and operated by Charles H. Bangs was originally established by Mr. Geo. D. Otis in 1885 for the manufacture of chamber furniture. The establishment was purchased by Mr. Bangs in March, 1888, and is now devoted to the manufacture of drug-store interiors, for which Everett has the largest establishment of its kind in the world. The business was begun by Mr. Bangs in the latter part of the year 1885. The idea originated with Mr. Bangs of making such work in sectional form for con- venience in shipment and adaptability to different situations or locations. This method has become very popular on account of the quality of the work that can be produced by being able to concentrate the re- quired workmen upon a single specialty. The enter- prise has grown from a very modest beginning to one of large proportions, Mr. Bangs having in his em- ploy at the present time between eighty and ninety employees, including a great many different trades, such as designers, draughtsmen, carvers, show-case makers, glass-grinders, metal-workers, silver-platers, millmen, cabinet-makers, glass-stainers, etc. Besides these several men are employed for setting up the work, which is now being shipped to every part of the United States, and several the past year have been exported. The present output of the establishment is at the rate of nearly a quarter of a million per year, and the demand seems to be rapidly increasing. Many of the finest drug-stores in the country are the product of these factories. 37-iii Stephen H. Kimball's factory was originally estab- lished for the manufacture of children's carriages in 1875. The factory was partially burned January 29, 1879, but was afterwards rebuilt and enlarged. The establishment is now devoted mainly to the manu- facture of invalid chairs and athletic goods. In 1881 White, Wiley & Co. established a varnish factory near the Chelsea line. The firm dissolved January, 1883, and the factory in Everett was trans- ferred to Messrs. Wiley & Richardson, who carried on the business until April, 1888, when Mr. Benj. J. Richardson, one of the original firm, became sole pro- prietor. No information has been furnished in re- gard to its operations. Though not coming within line of manufacturing business, the sale of spring water has assumed pro- portions which entitle it to mention as one of the im- portant industries of Everett. Everett or South Mai- den spring water has from time immemorial been noted for its excellent qualities. The first systematic at- tempt to make it an article of merchandize was made by the Everett Spring Water Co. in 1881, when they purchased the land at the junction of Ferry and Chelsea Streets, andsoon after established a plant in- cluding the present Everett Spring House. They have since done an extensive business in the sale of Everett Spring Water. The Belmont Hill Spring, owned by the Belmont Hill Water Co., enjoys a deservedly high reputation, and the water from this supply commands a large sale. The Glendale Springs, operated by S. G. Bennett, are of more recent date. A large proportion of the residents of the town are engaged in business in Boston. The population of the town, according to the census of 1890, is 11,043, as compared with 2220, May 1, 1870. The valuation of the town May 1, 1890, was $7,889,650, of which *7, 451,300 was real estate and $438,350 personal property. The assessed valuation of real estate is divided as fol- lows :— Land, $3,355,950 ; buildings, $4,095,350. The number of dwelling-houses May 1, 1890 was 2225, as compared with 414 in 1870. The total tax- ation for the State, county and town purposes in 1890 wa8$120,585.92, and the rate $14.50 on the $1000. Of the total population of 5825 shown by the census of 1885, 4610 were native-born and 1215 of foreign birth. Of the native-born, 3253 were born in Massachusetts, 637 in Maine, 313 in New Hampshire, 116 in New York, and 92 in Vermont. Of the foreign-born, 436 were born in Ireland, 463 in the British Provinces, 173 in England and Scotland. As to civil condition, 3012 were single, 2503 married, 299 widowed and 11 di- vorced. As Everett was originally a part of Maiden, its his- tory grows out of that of the parent town, of which it is a continuation. The history of South Maiden there- fore first demands notice. The whole town of Maiden was originally included, 578 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. by virtue of a grant in 1633, within the territorial limits of Charlestown, the country north of Mystic River being known as "Mystic Side" or "Mystic Field." The exact date of the first settlement is not known, but as early as 1629, Ralph Sprague, who in the preceding year had landed at Salem, and taken up his residence at Charlestown, with his two brothers Richard and William, passed over and explored the country on Mystic Side, which they found an " un- couth wilderness," full of " stately timber," inhabited by a remnant of the once powerful tribe of Pawtuc- kets, under the rule of an Indian chief called Saga- more John, who dwelt at Beacham Point, now the Van Voorhis estate. His tribe had been under the leadership of the Sachem Nanapashemet, who was killed in 1619. After his death his widow, the Squaw Sachem, estab- lished her authority over the tribe, and among the curiosities to be found at the Middlesex Registry of Deeds is a grant from the Squaw Sachem of a large territory in the vicinity, probably including the ter- ritory of Maiden and of several adjoining towns, dated in 1639. In 1634 an allotment of laud was made to the seve- ral inhabitants of the tract, afterwards known as the Five Acres Lot, bounded by the line running from the Powder Horn Hill to the North or Maiden River; and the Charlestown Book of Possessions, as early as 1638, shows allotments of numerous tracts on the Mystic Side, within the territorial limits of Everett. Penny Ferry was established where Maiden Bridge now is in 1640, and it continued to exist until the opening of the bridge in 1787. The road to the ferry, according to Corey's " History of Maiden," lay near the edge of the marshes, between the burying-ground and Mystic River, in part coinciding with Bow and Main Streets. So far as known, the earliest settlers in what is now Everett, were William Sargent, described as a " godly Christian," in 1643 or earlier; Thomas Whittemore, near Chelsea line. 1645 or earlier ; Thomas ('aule, at the Ferry, as early as 1643 ; Deacon John Upham, in 1 650, apparently in what is now West Everett ; Peter Tufts, between 1638 and 1640. He kept the Penny Ferry, where Maiden Bridge now is, in 1646. William Bucknam, the ancestor of a long line of prominent citizens of Maiden, appears as a jjurchaser of real es- tate as early as 1649, and was certainly a resident at Mystic Side prior to 1664. • The old house supposed to have been erected by him was, until about a dozen years ago, occupied by our veteran fireman, Joseph Swan, one of his descendants, and stood on the site of Mr. Swan's present residence. Portions of this edifice are still standing near the spot. It is among the old- est buildings in town, if not the oldest. By act of the Court of Assistants passed May 16, 1849, O. S., " Upon the petition of the Mystick Side men they are granted to be a distinct Towne, and the Jiame thereof to be called Mauldon." The boundary between Charlestown and the new town appears to have been established on a line running from near Powder Horn Hill in a northwesterly direction to the North (now Maiden) River, and Stephen Fosdick, Thomas Whittemore, William Sargent and Richard Pratt are mentioned as abutters thereon. The portion still remaining within the limits of Charlestown included all the southwesterly portion of Everett, and must have corresponded nearly with what was afterwards the Southwest School District, though including a somewhat smaller area. Judging from references in ancient deeds, the line, which passed through the Bucknam farm would extend from southeast to northwest, some distance southerly from Nichols, High and Hancock Streets. The ex- act location cannot now be given. These territorial arrangements continued until 1726, when the remaining territory of Charlestown north of the Mystic River was annexed to the town of Maiden except a small strip of land at Penny Ferry, which has been mentioned before as still be- longing to the city of Boston. Steps had been taken to effect a separation from Charlestown as early as 1721. It appears from the Maiden town records that " At A General Town meting jn maiden on ye second of June 1721, John pratt moderator. It was putt To vote to se wher This Toun will Joine with our Charlestown naightbours jn petitioning To ye Generall Court for Ther coming off from Charlestown to be one Township with maiden according To ye warrant. And ye vote passed on the Aflrmative. And That is all yt dwell on ye north side of mistick River up To maiden line; and from boston line To medford line." Chelsea was then a part of Boston and so remained until 1738. On account of the opposition of Charle.stown the separation was not consummated until 1726, when it was effected in answer to the petition of Joses Buck- nam, Jacob Wilson and Jonathan Birrett. The tract thus set off comprised about one-half of the present town of Everett, and thirty-four years later, in 1760, it was inhabited by thirty families. South Maiden had always been separated in some measure by natural geographical features from the rest of the town by the Great Swamp, extending from the Chelsea line westerly so that a comparatively narrow strip of habitable territory conuected the south with the rest of the town. The southerly part had not been long .annexed to Maiden kefore they began to desire separation. The immediate occasion for this movement was the re-location of the meeting-house at the Centre, which, by an order of the General Court, made August 4, 1729, was to be placed where the Universalist Church now stands, instead of on the old site at or near Bell Rock. The location of this meeting-house gave rise to a very bitter controversy between the north and the south parts of the town. The new meeting-house was occupied for the first time August 16, 1730, and EVERETT. 579 on the 13th of September following, the people on the south side held their first separate meeting for public worship. In 173-t they appear to have erected a house of worship on what is now Belmont Hill, on the lot now occupied by Hawes Atwood as a resi- dence, at the corner of High Street and Broadway. The lot for the church was given by Jonathan Sar- gant, a worthy descendant of the " godly Christian " before mentioned, " in consideration of the love, good-will and affection that I have for and do bear for the Christian people that inhabit in the south part of Maiden, and for the propagation of the Gospel among them," and " for the erecting of a new meeting- house in order to the worshipping of God in the Con- gregational way." His deed is dated August 6, 1731, and the lot comprised a quarter of an acre and was reached by a way twenty-six feet wide which led from the highway. A council of three churches met April 16, 1734, and on the 18th embodied the South Church with sixteen male members. On the 4th of September following Jonathan Sargant and Ebenezer Upham were chosen ruling elders, and John Mudge, deacon. Rev. Joseph Stimpson, of Charlestown, was settled as pastor of this church September 24, 1735, and con- tinued to serve, with some interruptions on account of ill-health, until 1744, when he was dismissed. The south part still remained by law an integral part of Maiden proper, but a movement had been in- augurated some time before to have it incorporated as a separate town or precinct, and at a public town- meeting, held March 5, 1733, it was " voted that Jon- athan Barrett, John Willson and Lieutenant Samuel Bucknam to be ageants to appear at the Generall Court the second Wednesday of the next Sessions to act in behalf of the town of Maiden, referring to a petition of Joses Bucknam, John Mudge, and sundery other of the inhabitauce of the Southerdly part of said town, which petition is that the Generall Court would set them of into a disstinct Township or precinct, according to the bounds mentioned in said petition." At a town-meeting held May 17, 1736, "according to the desire of Mr. Jonathan Sargant and others, it was put to a vote to see if the town will set them of with all the inhabitants and estates into a distinct township or parrish by the bounds hereafter mentioned, beginning at a stake and heep of stones in the marsh by Molton's island, which is the station-line or bounds between Boston and Maiden, and so as bos- ton line runs to the creek where Boston line crosses the creek in Capt. Oliver's farm, and from thence on a strate line to pemberton's brook at the bridge, and from the said bridge south and southwesterly as the lane runs to the end of hutchinson's lane, and from thence on a strate line to sandy bank river, then as the river runs to the mouth of it, and from the mouth of the said river southeast as the grate river runs to wormwood point, formerly so-called, [now a part of the VanVoorhis estate] and from the said point northeastwardly as the river runs to the first station, with all there proportionable part of all there ministerial lands belonging to the said town, and it passed in the negative." These bounds would include somewhat more than the present territory of Everett. In 1737 the efforts of South Maiden for separation were more successful, and by act of the General Court passed December 27, 1737, the south part of Maiden was set off as a separate parish by the lines prayed for by the petitioners, "Saving that Samuel Bucknam, John Shute, James Hovey, James Green, Obadiah Jenkins, Isaac Waite, Isaac Wheeler and Jonathan Knower" were allowed to continue with the North Precinct, so long as they, with their families, should attend the public worship there. From this time much of our knowledge of South Maiden and of the men who were prominent in its affairs for more than a hundred years later, is derived from the records of the South Parish and South School District. The first precinct meeting was held January 23, 1738, at which Captain Samuel Green was chosen moderator ; Thomas Waite (3d), clerk ; Captain Samuel Green, Stower Sprague, Benjamin Blaney, Samuel Stower, Joseph Willson, committee to call precinct meetings. At a meeting held March 13, 1738, a permanent or- ganization was effected : Elder Jonathan Sargant, moderator; Thomas Waite (3d), clerk; James Bar- rett, Captain Samuel Green, Nathaniel Upham, John Burditt, Joseph Willson, committee ; Lieut. Thomas Burditt, Thomas Waite (3d), Stower Sprague, Benja- min Blaney, John Winslow, assessors ; Joses Buck- nam, treasurer; and Phinehas Sargant, collector. A parish was a territorial corporation at that time, and taxes were assessed for the support of public wor- ship in the same manner as ordinary town taxes. The assessors held their first recorded mee'ingat the house of Benjamin Blaney, now occupied by William J. Part- ridge, June 9, 1738, and assessed a sum of seventy-five pounds for the support of" ye ministry." At a meeting of the South Precinct March 30, 1739, "a vote was called for to see if ye Precinct would finish ye school-house, and ye vote pased in ye negitive." At a public meeting of the South Precinct in Mai- den, May 8, 1739, voted, " To finish ye outeside of the meeting-house." The South Precinct maintained a troubled existence of fifty-five years For about three years after the departure of Mr. Stimpson they were without a pastor. On April 2, 1747, Rev. Aaron Cleveland was called to the pastorate at a salary of £360, "old tenor " — depre- ciated paper-money, not worth twenty cents on the dollar. Shortly after, on April 24, 1747, the South Parish voted to raise £1200, old tenor, for the purpose of providing a parsonage, and selected the tract of land which, with eight acres added in 1749, is now known as the "Sargent and Popkin Estate," on Main, 580 HISTOEY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Prescott, Everett and Tremont Streets. The old par- sonage may still be seen at the corner of Main and Prescott Streets. Mr. Cleveland commenced his labors May 23, 1747, and continued to serve until Nov., 1750. For somewhat more than a year from this time the parish was without a pastor. On Oct. 16, 1751, it concurred with the church in calling Rev- Eliakim Willis as the precinct's minister, but the negotiations for his settlement were somewhat pro- tracted, and it was not until February 20, 1752, that the terms were definitely fi.xed, the salary to be £53 6«. Sd. specie value, use of the parsonage, enlarged and repaired, and 18 cords of wood. Considerable opposition was developed by a portion of the parish, who desired re-union with the North Precinct, which now proponed to pull down the new meeting-house and remove it to its original site. These overtures were rejected and Mr. Willis commenced his labors. The affairs of the parish steadily declined from this time, owing largely to internal discord and the withdrawal of influential members. In 1758 it proposed a re-union with the North Parish, the united parish to maintain two ministers to be paid from the town treasury, but the North Parish acted upon these proposals " in the negitive." On March 23, 1766, the South Precinct, finding itself unable longer to raise the money to pay Mr. Willis his salary, voted to convey to him its par- sonage-house and land, 'on condition that he would relinquish his civil contract and preach to them for three years, the weekly sontributions to belong "to the parish, and to be paid to Mr. Willis for the purpose of extending the period of his service. This parsonage estate remained in the hands of Mr. Willis and of his devisees until 1870, when all of it except the house-lot was sold and cut up into build- ing lots. At the end of the term for which he was thus compensated, Mr. Willis, at the request of the parish, engaged to continue the work of the ministry for a free contribution. From March 27, 1775, to June 5, 1787, through all the period of the Revolu- tionary War, and for four years after, there is no record of any parisli. meeting. At the latter date, in consequence of dissensions in the North Parish, growing out of the ministry of Rev. Adoniram Judsou, a considerable number of wealthy members left t)ie former and joined the South Pre- cinct. With this seasonable reinforcement, the pros- pects of the South Parish brightened. The then dilapidated old meeting-house on Belmont Hill was repaired, and for four years the parish enjoyed an era of prosperity. On the dismission of Rev. Mr. Judson, in 1791, the way was opened for a reconciliation between the North and South Parishes. At a meeting held January 12, 1792, the South Parish accepted the terms of union reported by a joint committee of the two parishes, and on February 23, 1792, after a separation of fifty-five years, the arti- cles of union were confirmed by the General Court. Rev. Mr. Willis became the pastor of the united churches, and so continued until his death, though with Rev. Aaron Green as colleague after September 25, 1795. By the terms of the agreement it was stipulated also that the Rev. Mr. Willis should be allowed to preach in the South Meeting-house six Sabbaths a year so long as he should continue able to administer the sacrament to any of the then church. The old meeting-house continued to stand for sev- eral years longer, but was at length sold about the year 1796. On December 10, 1800, we find the last entry of a meeting of the South Parish, at which meeting it was " Voted that the Money the Meeting- House was Sold for that Belonged to the South Par- ish in Maiden Should be as a fund in the bands of the Treasurer of the South District upon Intrest so long as the District Continues to be a District in the South Part of Said Town and that the Intrest of that Money be anualy be Laid out By the Said District Comttee for the Benifitof the Schooling of the youth." At this point we may notice a few of the prominent citizens who were residents in this part of Maiden during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century. Captain Isaac Smith was for many years a repre- sentative of the town of Maiden in the General Court, and was said to have been an influential mem- ber. Though taken from the almshouse in Boston when a boy, he sustained, as a citizen, an enviable and untarnished reputation. He is mentioned as the commander of an armed vessel in the Revolutionary War. He lived first in the north part of the town and afterwards removed to South Maiden, where he had large landed possessions, which, after his death, in 1795, were for the most part sold to his son-in-law, Captain Nathan Nichols, for many years a prominent and respected citizen of Maiden. At the time of his death Captain Smith was said to have been the wealthiest man in Maiden. As indicating the stand- ard of wealth in those days, it may be added tliat Captain Smith left, after his estate was settled, about $20,000 to be divided among his ten heirs. Rev. Eliakim Willis, already mentioned as pastor first of the South Parish and then of the united par- ishes, was a man of eminent piety and very highly respected in the community. He was born in New Bedford, January 9, 1714, and graduated from Har- vard College in 1735. He died March 14, 1801, aged eighty-eight. He was chairman of the committee that reported the instructions of the town of Maiden, addressed to Ezra Sargent, then re2)resentative in the General Court. There still renuiined at or near 1800 several citi- zens who had tak en a prominent and honorable part in the Revolution ary War. Among these may be mentioned Cajitain Benjamin Blaney, who com- manded the company of militia from this town in the battle of Lexington, and the company which marched to join Washington's arniy^in [New Jersey in Decern- EVERETT 581 ber, 1776. His father was a prominent maa in the South Parish, and a magistrate of some note, and was found dead in the road when returning from the discharge of his duty, not without suspicions of murder. Captain Blaney was prompt in duty and persevering in eflbrt. He frequently served as mod- erator in parish meetings. He removed from the town in the latter part of his life. Colonel John Popkin was of a Welsh family, and was born in Boston in 1743. Before the Revolution- ary War he was a member of Paddock's artillery company. In the army he was a captain of artillery in Gridley's regiment, and was in the battle of Bunk- er Hill and at the siege of Boston. He was commis- sioned captain in Knox's artillery and was in the battle of White Plains ; he was made a major in Greaton's regiment January 1, 1777; wag aide to General Lincoln at Saratoga and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of Crane's artillery regiment July 15, 1777, in which position he continued until the disbanding of the army, in 1783. After the war he resided in Bolton and later in South Maiden, in the old South Parish parsonage-house devised in part to his wife by Rev. Mr. Willis, on Main near the corner of Prescott Street, where he died, May 8, 1827. He was a member of the Society of Cincinnati, and was for many years an inspector of customs in Boston. He walked to and from Maiden, four miles, every day, from 1789 until he was more than eighty-four years old. His most distinguished descendant was Rev. John S. Popkin, born January 19, 1774, a cler- gyman and professor in Harvard College, and his successor in the Society of the Cincinnati. Captain Jonathan Oakes was born in Maiden, Oc- tober 4, 1751, and was in command of a vessel in the merchant service before he was twenty years of age. In the latter part of 1776 he was captain of the pri- vate armed brigantiiie " The Hawke," of ten guns and eighty men. The next year " The Hawke" was taken into the service of the State, and sailed with Captain Manley, on the disastrous crui.se in which his asso- ciates were captured at Halifax. Captain Oakes was more fortunate, and, being separated from them, he escaped and took several valuable prizes. Hecontinued in command of the "Hawke" until 1779, making three important captures in 1778, when he purchased an in- terest in the armed brigantine " Thomas," of which he took cftmmand. In 1780 he made a cruise in the ship " Favorite," of tert guns, and when he returned he took command of the " Patty," of which he was an owner. In 1781, while in comand of the latter vessel, he took the British brig " Betsey," bound to Lisbon. He was a representative in the General Court for twelve terms, the longest service on record with one exception. Captain Oakes died August 16, 1818, at the age of sixty-seven years, leaving a son of the same name, who also was for many years a prom- inent citizen of South Maiden. Two grandchildren of the latter are now living in Everett. Captain Daniel Waters was among those who marched with Captain Blaney on the day of the bat- tle of Lexington, where he saw his only service upon the land. Immediately upon the investment of Bos- ton he was appointed by Washington upon the gun- boat doing duty on Charles River, and, in 1776, was promoted to the schooner " Lee," in which position he distinguished himself by bringing the prize ship "Hope," which had been captured by Captain Mug- ford, into Boston Harbor, in the face of the British fleet, and by assisting in the capture of a number of transports, in one of which was the colonel and a por- tion of the Seventy-first Regiment, with supplies of great value to the Continental service. He was ap- pointed a captain in the United States Navy, March 15, 1777. He sailed as a volunteer with Captain Manley in the " Hancock," and upon the capture of the British frigate " Fox," of twenty-eight guns, was put in command of that vessel. Both vessels were captured at Halifax by a superior British force. Cap- tain Waters was taken a prisoner to New York, where he was retained until April, 1778, when he was ex- changed. In March, 1779, he was in command of the United States brig " General Gates." He commanded the ship "General Putnam," a privateer of twenty guns, on the expedition to the Penobscot, in 1779. In December, 1779, he sailed on a cruise in the armed ship " Thorn," of eighteen guns and 120 men, and, on Christmas morning captured two British brigs, "Try- on " and " Sir William Erskine," after inflicting great loss upon both. These two brigs carried thirty-four guns and 178 men. The " Thorn " lost eighteen men, killed and wounded, among the latter being Captain Waters, who received a wound in the knee, from the eS'ects of which he became permanently lame. The "Tryon," after being captured, escaped, while the " Thorn " was pursuing the " Erskine," but in a shat- tered condition. In January, 1780, Capt. Waters fell in withtheship " Sparlin," of eighteen guns and seventy-five men, from Liverpool for New York, which was taken after an action of forty minutes. His next, and probably his last voyage, was as commander of the armed ship " Friendship,'' from Boston, to which he was appoint- ed in January, 1781. After the war he retired Irom the sea and lived on his farm in Maiden, where he died March 26,1816. The site of his. residence was at or near the present location of the Everett Spring House, and his lands extended on the westerly side of Ferry Street, as far north as the estate of Thaddcus Peirce, and southerly to Island End. Besides the persons above mentioned, the names of Nalor Hatch and Nathan Nichols, ai>pear as com- manders of armed vessels. Capt. Hatch commanded a company which was stationed at Beacham's Point, on the Van Vooris estate, during the battle of Bunker Hill. He also commanded the earthworks afterwards thrown up at Beacham's Point, and at the junction of Main and Bow Streets. 582 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. For many of the foregoing particulars I am indebt- ed to the historical sketch of Maiden, by Deloraine P. Corey, in Drake's '' History of Middlesex County," to the " Bi-centenuial Book of Maiden," and to Mussey's " Reminiscences and Memorials." It may be well to notice in this place some of the changes in the southern part of the town. In the course of one hundred and sixty or seventy years since its settlement, it had become a fairly prosperous farming community, with convenient roads and means of communication with Boston. It is probable that the oldest road is that leading to Penny Ferry, al- ready mentioned. It is impossible to give the exact date at which this road was laid out. In 1796 a county road was laid out three rods wide from Main Street to what is now Everett Square, and thence northeasterly in a nearly straight line over Belmont and Corbett Hills, and through the swamp, and then turning easterly to Linden. A portion ol' this road is now known as Lynn Street, a part as School Street, and for upwards of a mile between these two, it was mostly within the limits of what was afterwards the Newburyport Turnpike. The road to Wormwood Point, now known as Beaeham Street, was laid out in 1681 ; Shute Street as a town-way in 1695, and after- wards as a county road. Chelsea Street, formerly ex- tending through Bucknam and Locust Streets to Main Street, was laid out in 1653. Another old road is Ferry Street, formerly known as the county road to Winnisimmet. Main, Ferry and Chelsea Streets have been several times widened by the county commis- sioners. Elm Street, Nichols Lane, (now a part of Nichols Street), Paine's Lane (now a part of Chelsea Street), and Baldwin Avenue are also old roads. So far as can be ascertained, these are the only roads in South Maldeu of an earlier date than 1800. Former- ly, ordinary travel went around through Medford, and thence to Boston, making quite a journey and inter- fering seriously with public convenience. The build- ing of Maiden bridge, which was formally opened to the public by the firing of cannon and other festivi- ties, Sept. 29, 1787, proved of great benefit to South Maiden, offering, as it did, a direct route to Charles- town and Boston. This bridge was built by private capital, and was for seventy-two years owned and operated by the Maiden Bridge Corporation as a toll-bridge. The payment of the tolls imposed a heavy tax upon the public travel, and continued to impede the growth of South Maiden. To reach Boston it was necessary, according to the " Bi-centcnnial Book of Maiden," to pass two toll- bridges, and a man could not ride into Boston and out again without paying the heavy tax of forty-seven cents. The south part of Maiden did not long remain without a separate local organization. The South Parish was succeeded by the South School District. On the 6th day of May, 1799, the town of Maiden voted " To accept the report of the committee ap- pointed to divide the town into districts." This report provided for three districts, — the North, the Middle and the South Districts, — the boundaries of the South District to begin at the wharf on Maiden Bank, so called, thence running easterly over the hill to the Chelsea line, leaving Jacob Perkins and Asa Tufts a little to the southward of said line. This line was probably not far from the line between the South and North Parishes, and included a slightly larger area than the present town of Everett. The South Precinct had evidently had a school-house for many years located on the southeast side of the County road, laid out in 1796 ; but on the division of the town into districts, it was deemed advisable lo build a new one, and on October 7, 1799, the town voted to build a school-house in the south part of the town, of the same dimensions as the one proposed for the north part, and to raise 1600 for the purpose of building these school-houses. William Emerson, Stephen Pain, Jr., Joseph Barrett, Jr., Bernard Green, Esq., and Capt. Amos Sargent were appointed as a building committee for both. On the 7th day of April, 1800, the selectmen were empowered to purchase land as a site for the school-house, and pursuant to this authority they purchased of Thomas Sargent, for $20, the lot near the corner of Hancock Street and Broadway, where the house of Hon. Alonzo H. Evans now stands. The South School- house was erected thereon at the cost of about $300, and continued on or near that spot for the next forty- two years. The old school-house was bought of the proprietors by the town at an appraisal for $50, and sold for .$35. The first meeting of the South District was held December 10, 1800, on the same day as the last meeting of the South Parish. Capt. Benjamin Blaney was chosen moderator, Ezra Sargent (since 1758 clerk of the South Parish) was chosen clerk, Capt. Jonathan Oakes, Stephen Pain, Jr., Capt. Amos Sargent a committee ; Mr. John Howard, treasurer. It was voted " that the Committee Shall hire such a Master, and when they think best for the Benifit of the Children." It was also voted " that the fifty Dol- lars that Belonged to the Proprietors of the old School- house ly on interest, and that the interest of it be an- nualy Laid out for the Benifit of Schooling of the youth of the South District." In 1802 Uriah Oakes, whose descendants to the third generation are still living in town, appears as treasurer. The last entry in the handwriting of Ezra Sargent is under date of March 12, 1804. He was succeeded April 12, 1805, by Winslow Sargent. From April, 1808, to March 4, 1819. there is no record of any meeting of the South District. At the meeting held on the latter date Captain Ebenezer Nichols appears a.s moderator ; Isaac Parker, clerk ; Nathan Lynde, treasurer; Captain Eben Nichols, Captain Nathan Nichols and Isaac Parker were chosen a committee to purchase land for the district at their discretion. EVERETT. 583 At a meeting held March 25, 1820, it was voted '' to remove the School-house, and Captain Nathan Nich- ols, Captain Ebenezer Nichols, Captain Uriah Oakes, Captain Thomas Oakes and Thadeus Pierce were chosen a committee for the purpose." June 14, 1823, Captain Nathan Nichols was chosen clerk, and from that date to 1830 the records are very neatly kept in his handwriting. He was for many years a prominent citizen of Maiden and a man of sound business quali- fications, and grandfather of our present town treas- urer. On the 12th of March, 1830, Solomon Corey was chosen clerk, and so continued until 1834. Nathan Lynde was treasurer of the South District from March 4, 1819, to March 21, 1835, a period of sixteen years. From the year 1820 the names of William Pierce, Thaddeus Pierce (father of the pres- ent Thaddeus), Thomas Oakes, Captain Henry Kich Elisha Webb, David Faulkner, Daniel A. Perkins, Leavitt Corbett, Alfred Osgood and Seth Grammer frequently appear in the proceedings of the South District. At a meeting held March 27, 1837, measures were taken for establishing a primary school, which was subsequently opened in Webb's Hall, so-called, in the house now owned and occupied by Dea. Calvin Hos- raer. By a report of the financial concerns of the South District for the year 1839, the cash receipts are stated at $641.52. In 1841 the increasing population of the South Dis- trict and the local jealousies of its different sections led to an agitation for a division, and on March 19, 1842, Captain Jonathan Oakes, William Pierce, Ste- phen Stimpson, Benjamin Nichols, Benjamin S. Shute and Solomon Shute were chosen a committee to report on a proper division line between the two districts. This committee reported March 21, 1842, in favor of a line running across the hill so as to leave Daniel A. Perkins, Jonathan Baldwin, Jr., and William Whitte- more on the west side of the hill, the east side to keep the school-house and land for their own. At a town- meeting held April 18, 1842, it was voted that the South District be divided according to the aboveline, and all the inhabitants southwest of said line were set off as a new district by the name of the South- west School District. At this time there were in South Maiden eighty-eight houses and one hundred and five families as compared with fifty-two houses in 1828. The South School District continued in existence until 1853, and the old school-house was, in August following the division, removed to the present Glen- dale School-house lot on Ferry Street, which the South District purchased of Mary Policy for the sum of $300, originally containing about two acres, of which an acre and three-quarters were sold. The old school-house was repaired and continued to be used until 1854, when it was replaced by a new building, which continued iu use until 1885, when it was, in turn, replaced by the present Glendale School-house. John Cutter, Jr., was chosen clerk of the South District June 18, 1842, and served until March 7, 1849, when he was succeeded by Charles D. Adams, who continued in office until the abolition of the dis- trict system. The Southwest District, as the new district was called, embraced the larger portion of the population and wealth of the former South District. It held its first meeting on May 12, 1842. William Peirce was chosen moderator; William Johnson, the last clerk of the South District before the division and for many years a prominent citizen of Maiden and Everett, as- sessor, town treasurer, representative to the General Court in 1851 and 1882, was chosen clerk ; Stephen Stimpson, Prudential Committee. A Building Commit- tee was chosen consisting of Jonathan Oakes, Stephen Stimpson, George Winslow, Uriah Oakes, Charles Baldwin, Henry Van Voorhis and William Peirce. This committee was authorized to select and purchase a lot of land as a site for the school house, and to bor- row not exceeding 11500 for building the same, in addition to $500 to be raised by taxation, making a total of $2000 placed at the disposal of the building committee. A plan prepared by A. Benjamin was presented and it was voted to make the building two stories high, and thirty by forty feet in size on the ground. The committee were authorized to expend not exceeding $2400 for this building. The Prudential Committee were authorized to employ such teachers as they judged proper, and a school was opened in a small house on School Street, while the new building was in process of erection. By a report of the Building Committee, presented at a meeting held August 22, 1842, it appears that the contractor, Mr. Elisha B. Loring, received for labor and material furnished $1581.89. The cost of the land, which was purchased of Jonathan Oakes, now worth probably $5000 or more, was $150. The chairs for the building cost $108, and the furnace $149.44. These and various other items brought the total cost up to $2595.11. A vote of thanks to the Building Committee was adopted and the Prudential Committee was directed to employ a male teacher. The upper story was not at first used for school purposes, but continued to be used as a hall, and the Building Committee were authoiized to furnish the same with seats. The Prudential Committee were also at the same meeting authorized to let the school- house hall for all religious worship, lyceumsand sing- ing-schools, but not to allow dancing or drilling. At the annual meeting of the district held March 21, 1842, Solomon Corey was chosen clerk and con- tinued to hold that office until the abolition of the district system in 1853. A school district library was established iu 1842 and rules were adopted for the regulation thereof on March 21, 1843. David N. Bad- ger was chosen as the first librarian at the same meeting. 584 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Schools were opened in the new school building in the fall of 1842. From the report of the Prudential Committee March, 1843, it appears that the number of school children in the Southwest School District, be- tween the ages of four and sixteen years, was 119, and that the amount paid for teachers' services from the organization of the district was $306, male teachers receiving thirty dollars and female teachers sixteen dollars per month, and other incidental expenses brought up the total expenditures to $347.67. The district continued to prosper and was steadily reduc- ing its debt when, on Friday, the 27th day of Febru- ary, 1846, at about one o'clock in the morning, the new school building took fire adid was totally de- stroyed with its contents, including apparatus and library. The loss was estimated at $2700 ; the insur- ance was only $1 200. The examination of the schools was to have taken place the same day. On the 12th day of March the district met and voted to build a new school -house larger than the first, and chose as a Building Committee, George Winslow, Stephen Stimpson, Samuel H. Clapp, Capt. Jonathan Cakes, William Peirce, James H. Dix, Charles Baldwin and David N. Badger. From a re- port of the treasurer at the same meeting it appears that the total expenditure for schools was $497.02 for the preceding year. It was voted that the new school-house be fifty-five feet long, forty-two feet wide, two stories high ; the first story to be fitted up immediately for school purposes, the second to be used as a public hall until needed for use as a school- room. It wag also voted to raise $500 for the build- ing by taxation this year. An attempt to reconsider this action March 24th, was defeated by a vote of forty- two to twenty-five, but the width of the building was reduced to thirty-six feet instead of forty-two, and the expenditure was limited to $3300, which was considerably exceeded. The new building, like the old, was erected by our late esteemed fellow-citizen, Mr. E. B. Loring, with that thoroughnass which was characteristic of his work. It continued to be used for school purposes by Maiden and lOverett for forty- three yeai-s, and after being remodeled in 1871, and imrtially burned in 1875, was abandoned for school purposes in the fall of 1889. Transformed into an engine-house during the year 1890, it promises to serve out a further extended term of usefulness. The final report of the Financial Committee, sub- mitted March 18, 1847, shows a total expenditure on the building of $3642.32, of which the contractor, Mr. E. B. Loring, received $2903.33, including extras. The whole number of scholars in the district. May 1, 1846, between the ages of four and sixteen years was 166. On the 30th day of October, 1847, it was voted to let the school-house hall free for Sabbath- schools. A committee consisting of Jonathan Cakes, Solomon Corey and Daniel A. Perkins was chosen at the same meeting to petition the Legislature for leave to assess and collect their own district taxes. This movement developed into an eflFort to have South Maiden set off and incorporated as the town of " Winthrop," and a petition for this purpose, headed by Jonathan Oakes, was presented to the General Court, February 2, 1848, by Mr. Bowker, of Boston, and referred to the Committee on Towns, which, on April 13, 1848, reported " leave to withdraw" and the matter was referred to the next General Court, April 17, 1848. At the next session, on January 11, 1849, the petition was taken from the files of the previous year and referred to the Committee on Towns, which again reported leave to withdraw March 19, 1849, which report was accepted March 29th. At the follow- ing session redoubled efforts were made for separation, and numerous petitions were presented from South Maiden, beginning with one headed by James H. Dix, presented by Mr. Brewster, of Boston, January 16, 1850. Other petitions followed, headed respectively by Miss Joanna T. Oliver and Willard Sears. From a statement entered in the record-book of the Southwest District under date of February 1, 1850, the following interesting facts appear in regard to Maiden and the proposed new town. The whole town grant for schools for 910 scholars was $3000, of which the Southwest District with 147 children received $495.35, and the South District with 77 children received $259.49, and both with 224 children, $754.84. The valuation of the Southwest District was: Real estate, $255,658 ; personal, $70,321. South District: Real estate, $102,843; personal, $18,145. Total, $446,967, without including estates of non-residents. The estimated number of polls in the proposed town of Winthrop was 305; number of inhabitauta was 1169. The whole amount of property was stated to be $711,233. The parent town of Maiden, attacked on the north by the petition to incorporate Melrose (which was successful), and on the south by the petition to incor- porate Winthrop, struggled earnestly to preserve its territorial integrity, and succeeded in postponing the incorporation of South Maiden for twenty years more. The Committee on Towns reported leave to withdraw as before, and this report was accepted April 29, 1850. The effort for separation was by a petition presented to the Legislature March 25th. The matter was April 18th referred to the next General Court in which the petitions were taken from the files Feb. 14, 1857, and adverse report made April 18th, and accept- ed April 21st. The last meeting of the Southwest District was held March 16, 1853, at which Solomon Corey was chosen clerk ; Timothy C. Edmester, Prudential Com- mittee; Stephen Stimpson, treasurer; Wni. Pierce, and H. W. VanVoorhis, Finance Committee. Their term of oflice was short, for at a town-meeting held April 4, 1853, Maiden abolished the district system. As showing the relative importance of South Mai- den, the following figures, giving the school appro- EVERETT. 585 liriations for the whole town and the proportion all()ttpin 185-t, to $910,675 in 1860, and to 11,10-1,- 493 in 1867. The number of miles of accepted streets in 1859 was eleven, increased in 1869 to fourteen. At the outbreak of the war thirty-seven of the citi- zens of South Maiden responded to their country's call, but until the organization of a Grand Army Post here the record of their names and deeds was never brought together, and is even now imperfect, though the most important facts so far as known are given below. Previous to 1883 there was no Grand Army Post at Everett, partly owing to the fact that Everett was not a distinct municipality until several years after the war. In the spring of 1883 a few of the veterans con- ceived the idea of organizing a post. On canvassing the town it was found that fifty or sixty old soldiers were at that time residents of Everett. The post was formally instituted on Thursday evening, June 14, 1883, in Everett Hall, with a membership of twenty- four, by Deputy Commander Geo. S. Evans and staff. The name of James A. Perkins Post was adopted in honor of Lieut. James Amory Perkins, of the Twenty- fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, a gallant and effi- cient officer, who was killed in an assault upon Fort Wagner on Morris Island, August 16, 1863, at the early age of twenty-seven years. The Post prospered and increased from the outset, meeting first in Odd Fellows' Hall until the spring of 1884, when it leased what was lately known as Grand Army Hall, on Chelsea Street, adjoining the Masonic Building. About this time a relief fund was established for the relief of old soldiers and sailors and their families, whether members of the organization or not, and it now amounts to a considerable sum. In the spring of 1889 the Post leased its present quarters on the third floor of Plaisted's Block. The membershij) in April, 1890, amounted to nearly ninety. It annually observes Memorial Day with appropriate ceremonies, and from an eloquent address by the adjutant of the post. Comrade Andrew J. Bennett, delivered on Sun- day afternoon. May 29, 1887, a few extracts are given, with some additions giving such particulars as can be obtained in reference to the men of South Maiden who offered themselves on the altar of their country during the Civil War. " Roll of Honor op South Malden, 1861-1865. These are the names of patriots who have passed over to the majority : Robert Atkins, Third Iowa, who left a peaceful home, never in the flesh to return. James M. Baldwin, First Massachusetts Cavalry ; Harry H. Currier, Forty-fourth Massachusetts; Hugh L. Currier, Forty-fourth Massachusetts. Well I knew these in the old days, in the decade before the strug- gle ; in the sunshine of youth, before we dreamed that any occasion would present itself in their lives to make them heroes. Edward E. Clapp, Pennsylvania Infantry, who fell at Spottsylvania in 1862 ; one whose life, yielded up at the demand of his country, had given the promise of large usefulness. " He had that line fibre of man- hood which is better than genius.'' Rest, beloved son j and attectionate brother ; soldier of the Republic, faithful unto death, rest ! " Green be the turf above you, friends of our better days ; None knew you but to love you, none named you but to praise." Charles Dean, Sr., morocco dresser, died at Soldiers' Home, Chelsea, May 27, 1887; Hervey Dix, Third Iowa, who fell in 1861, in a victorious engagement at Kirksville, Missouri, whose last words were, "The Third Iowa never surrenders." The lyric muse has chanted his dirge in a requiem dedicated to his regi- ment. His familiar form, I doubt not, is present to the mind's eye of those who knew him. Stephen Emerson, theological student, graduate of Harvard College, First Massachusetts Infantry, killed at Chancellorsville, May 5, 1863. Had this youth re- turned, he might, perhaps, have been our Laureate. At the call to arms he doffed his college gown, girt on his armor, went to the front and died like a hero. " Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life for his friends." Jose|)h P. Emmons, brickmaker, about twenty-two years old, a former Maiden school-boy, died at Ander- sonville. Company I, D. 0. Cavalry, and afterwards Company G, First Maine Cavalry; Wm. H. Faber, rope-maker, Nineteenth Massachusetts ; an old Maiden school-boy. Some of you will remember when the flag was at half-mast in this village, in 1864, his death having been reported. He recovered, re- turned and died at home. 590 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Bphraim Hall, Nineteenth Massachusetts, one of the cleverest men of one of the cleverest regiments sent out by the old Bay State. Jesse Lincoln, Thirty-fifth Massachusetts ; a smooth- faced boy. His comrade relates that one morning when his company was moving out to the front, and Jesse, weak and debiliated, had been ordered by the surgeon to remain in camp, he persisted in following; " Bob looks 80 lonesome, going off without me,'' said the boy. Edwin Lord, First Massachusetts Cavalry. A brave man. Joseph Spooner, First Massachusetts ; type of stal- wart New England stock, grandsoldier of the glorious First Massachusetts, whom Hooker led and Cudworth loved, who was in all the campaigns from the bap- tismal battle of Bhickburn's Ford, in July, 1861, till one day in 1864, when the survivors stood before our war Governor, who characterized them as " War-worn and scar- worn veterans." John Spooner, Forty-fifth Massachusetts. Younger brother of the preceding. Somewhere along the broken line, where the waters of the Gulf beat against the coast of the Lone Star State, he found a grave. Augustus S. Stimpson, First Massachusetts Cavalry. He was a fireman, as was his comrade. Lord. The circumstances of this man's life, before he became a soldier, from week to week, and month to month, made him familiar with danger, William Whitteniore, Forty-fourth Massachusetts. We could not think of him as dead ; it seemed as though at any time we might see him approaching us, with the smile of greeting in his eyes." The following is the list of names of living com- rades who enlisted from South Maiden : Geurge Atkins, 2d Mass. Biirtlett Baldwin, Ist Mass. Cav. Frank A. Brown, IVth Mass., tlie first man to enlist from South Mnlden. Scbiisti.in Cutter. rluis. H. Dean, 2d Mass. Cav. Paniel Desmond, 33d Mass. .lolin Earle. tieo. Emerson, 45tb Mass. Horace Flagg. Alexander Greene, 1st Cav. Tlios. Orovcr, 45tli Mass. Kdward Lawton, 17th Mass. Fred. Lincolu, Navy. Elisha A. Loring, ndtli Ma Frank M. Loring, 4:.tli »Ia Stephen McMagli. Hii iMil \Vm. H. Mirick, 17Hi Mass. Isaac Newton Organ, 38th Slass. Wni. C. Peabody, 33d Mass. Wni. F. Pike, ."ith and (list Mass. Edward L. Shute, 8tli Mass. Gulian H.Vau Voorhis,44th Mass. James A. Wallace, 4.'ith Mass. Andrew J. Bennett, Ist Mass. Lgt. Battery. It is to be hoped that a suitable monument may be erected in our new town cemetery to the soldiers who fell during the. War of the Rebellion. The Universalist Society, the second religious so- ciety in South Maiden of those now existing, was formed in 1865. As near as can be ascertained, re- ligious services began to be held by them in 1864, but the earliest record of any meeting for business is under date of March 28, 1865, at Badger's Hall. This meeting was called to order by Wilson Quint. Wil- liam Johnson was made chairman and K. M. Barnard clerk. A committee consisting of Messrs. Quint, Lewis and Barnard was appointed to make arrange- ments with Rev. B. K. Russ, of Somerville, to preach for one year as a supply. The society continued to worship in Badger's Hall until September, 1872, their principal ministers being Rev. T. J. Greenwood, Dr. A. A. Miner, Rev. H. J. Cushman, Rev. L. L. Briggs, Rev. A. J. Canfield, Rev. W. H. Cudworth and Rev. W. H. Rider, then a theological student. Just before the incorporation of the town they completed their organization as a religious society, July 8, 1869, the petitioners for this purpose being William Johnson, Anthony Waterman, J. D. Bean, H. M. Currier, David N. Badger, James Pickering, Thomas Leavitt, Elisha B. Loring, Elisha A. Loring, Francis B. Wal- lis, Thomas Lewis, Adams B. Cook, R. M. Barnard, Philip Ham. Shortly afterlthelincorporation of the town, a move- ment was commenced for building a church, and on May 22, 1871, it was voted to commence building when subscriptions reached 13000. On the 24th of September, 1871, a building committee was chosen, consisting of Anthony Waterman, Elisha B. Loring and R. M. Barnard. On the 19th of October, 1871, the committee was instructed to commence. The lot at the corner of Summer Street and Broadway was purchased, and the corner-stone laid May 14, 1872. The first religious service was held in the vestry June 22, 1872, and the building was formaliy dedicated Wednesday, September 25, 1872, and the first relig- ious service in the new church was held on the Sun- day following. This church was remodeled in 1889, and re-dedicated January 17, 1890, with appropriate ceremonies. The first superintendent of the Universalist Sun- day-school was Mr. Wilson Quint, who was succeeded by J. D. Bean, Mr. Philip Ham, Isaac E. Coburn, Rev. R. P. Bush, September 10, 1888, and Mr. A. J. Bennett. The Sunday-school has increased from 150 in 1879. to 227 in the spring of 1890. The Sunday- school library contains 550 volumes. The imlpit con- tinued to be occupied by preachers settled in neigh- boring towns, principally Rev. Warren H. Cudworth, until December 1, 1879, when R. Perry Bush, then a student in the divinity school at Tufts College, was engaged its a stated supply until April 14, 1880, when he was unanimously called as pastor, and was in- stalled June 13, 1880. The original cost of the building and land was $10,000, and it had a seating capacity of upwards of 200, which by the remodeling was increased to about 400, at a cost of $9000. It is adorned with memorial windows, the gift of R. M. Barnard and Henry Schrow. The architects of the remodeled building were Messrs. Brigham and Spofl!brd. In 1866 two new school-houses were erected, one on Thorndike Street and the other on Ferry Street, at a cost of about $8500, finished and furnished. Schools were opened in the lower story of both buildings in the spring of 1867, the upper stories being left uiifin- EVERETT. 591 ished until some years later. Both of these buildings have since been sold. In 1868 a school-house was al- so erected on Hancock Street at the corner of Hanson Street, costing for building and land $2165.61. The first school in this building was establislied in the spring of 1869. This school was discontinued in November, 1874, and the land and building sold at auction for !?1341.17, in 1875. On July 15, 1867, a Sunday-school was organized in the Glendale District by members of the Young Men's Christian Association of Maiden, which result- ed January 1, 1870, in the organization of the Glen- • lale Union Christian Society, with twelve members, which purchased the lot of land on which the Glen- dale Chapel now stands, August 1, 1872, for $672. In 1882 a movement was inaugurated for building a house of worship; the corner-stone was laid July 6, 1882, and the completed edifice was dedicated Octo- ber 11, 1882, the sermon being preached by Rev. W. F. Mallalieu. The cost of the building and land was about $2700. A Sunday-school was maintained there and also occasional religious services until 1888, when, these having been discontinued, the chapel was leased to the First Baptist Church in Everett, which, on December 16, 1888, opened a Mission Sunday-school there, which h.ad a membership of 126 in December, 1889. The number of volumes in the Sunday-school library is about 300. The only other organization antedating the incor- jioration of the town is that of the Palestine Lodge of Free Masons, which originated in a meeting held Sep- tember 23, 18G8, at which permission was asked of the Mt. Vernon Lodge of Maiden to form a lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in South Maiden, and Palestine was the name agreed upon for the new lodge. The peti- tion, signed by 14 members of Mt. Vernon Lodge was granted at the regular communication of Mt. Vernon Lodge held December 3, 1868. The dispensation was granted December 8, 1868, by Charles C. Dane, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The (irand Master appointed George W. Pierce, Master; Henry L. Chase, Senior Warden, and Alfred Tufts Junior Warden. The first regular communication of the Palestine Lodge was held in the engine-house ball, January 14, 1869, at which the organization was completed, as follows : Treasurer, Thomas Leavitt ; Secretary, James P. Stewart; Senior Deacon, J. Franklin Wakefield; Junior Deacon, Philip Ham; Senior Steward, John G. Berry; Junior Steward, Al bert W. Lewis; Inside Sentinel, Benjamin Corey; Marshal, Stephen A. Stimpson; Tyler, Thomas Lea- vitt ; Chaplain, James Skinner. The lodge continued to operate under dispensation until December 8, 1869, when it received a full char- ter. The charter members were George W. Pierce, Hen- ry L. Chase, Alfred Tufts, Thomas Leavitt, James P. Stewart, J. Franklin Wakefield, Philip Ham, Steph- en A. Stimpson, Benjamin Corey, Albert W. Lewis, Henry W. Van Voorhis, John C. Van Voorhis, Peter Hanson and John G. Berry, the same who petitioned lor the dispensation. But four of these, Messrs. Lea- vitt, Lewis, Stewart and Ham, still remain members ; Messrs. Pierce, Tufts, Wakefield, Hanson and Stimp- son have died, and Brothers Chase, H. W. and J. C. Van Voorhis, Corey and Berry have withdrawn. The lodge was formally constituted December 22, 1869, by Grand Master William Sewall Gardner, and suite, and the first board of officers was installed at the same meeting. The lodge continued to hold its meetings at engine-house hall until the spring of 1872. The need of a building, both for their own and town purposes, was apparent, and the action of the town in postponing the ereetion.of a town hall sug- gested the idea of erecting a building suitable both for town and lodge purposes. As the result, the Ma- sonic Building, at the corner of Broadway and Chelsea Streets was commenced in October, 1870, completed in 1871, and enlarged in 1872. The lodge moved to their new hall in the spring of 1872, and the same was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on Tuesday evening, June 11th, in the same year, by Grand Mas- ter Sereno D. Nickerson, of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The Masters of the lodge have been as follows: George W. Pierce, 1869-70-71-72; Chas. n. Stearns, 1873-74 ; Charles F. At wood, 1875-76; Philip Ham, 1877-78 ; Columbus Corey, 1879-80 ; Nathan Nichols, 1881-82; John F. Nichols, Jr., 1883-84; James A. Wallace, 1885-86; Francis A. Dyer, 1887-88; George W. Whittemore, 1889-90. There have been admitted in all 165 members, of whom eleven have died, thirty-four have been dis- missed, and fifteen excluded. With all these developments of local life, the agi- tation for incorporation as a separate town, which had slumbered since 1857, revived in full force. In the autumn of 1867 petitions were circulated, and, having obtained numerous signers, were presented in the next General Court. The first was that of Hawes Atwood and sixty-two others, presented by Mr. Hughes, of Somerville, in the House on Jan. 10, 1868, for the incorporation of South Maiden as a new town. Remonstrances were also presented. The attempt was unsuccessful, and on the 25th of February, 1868, the committee on towns reported reference to the next General Court, which, on the 27th of February, was accepted. At the next session the eflbrt was renewed, the petition of Hawes Atwood and others being taken from the files of the previous year and referred to the Committee on Towns. January 18, 1869, several ad- ditional petitions were also filed with some remon- strances. March 16th the committee again reported leave to withdraw, but a minority dissented and re- ported a substitute bill. On the 19th day of March, the report coming up for consideration, a substitute bill incorporating the town was moved by Mr. Good- speed, of Athol, on behalf of the minority of the Com- 592 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. mittee on Towns. This bill was debated on two suc- cessive days, and on March 25th was rejected by a tie vote of 67 to 67, and on the same day the report was accepted, 69 to 67. On the 26th of March reconsider- ation was moved, and the matter was again debated on March 30, 1869, when the motion to reconsider was rejected by a tie vote of 101 to 101. After this the report was accepted, thus ending the struggle for that year. The name of Winthrop having already been appropriated by another town, it became neces- sary to substitute some other name for the proposed new town, and Everett was selected at a meeting held at the Congregationalist vestry. The vote of the town of Maiden to purchase the franchise of the Spot Pond Water Company, thus incurring a heavy water debt, furnished another argument to the petitioners for separation in the struggle of 1870. At the next session of the Legislature in 1870, there were two projects before the General Court — one on petition of E. S. Converse and others to annex the whole of Maiden to Boston, on which leave to with- draw was reported ; another, a petition to incorporate the town of Everett. Petitions came in more numer- ously than before, there being some 309 petitioners against 66 remonstrants. The committee, of which William Cogswell, now member of Congress, was chairman, reported leave to withdraw February 14, 1870, but a minority dissented and reported a substitute bill, and on February 23d the motion to substitute the bill was debated the remainder of that day and a part of the next, when the bill was substi- tuted — yeas, 126; nays not counted. The next day, on ordering the bill to a third reading, the vote stood: yeas, 130 ; nays, 69. Among the distinguished names recorded in favor of the division were those of T. H. Sweetser, J. E. Fitzgerald, B. F. Mills, Bushrod Morse, G. H. Ruffin, C. R. Train and A. J. Water- man (both of the last afterwards attorney-generals) ; and on the other side, General William Cogswell, A, W. Beard (late State treasurer, and now collector), Selwyn Z. Bowman (afterwards member of Congress), T. C. Hurd (clerk of courts of Middlesex County), and J. K. Tarbox (afterwards member of Congress). The bill was engrossed in the House, February 26th, and sent to the Senate, where, after passing through prior stages, it was, on the 3d day of March, ordered to a third reading, 216 yeas to ten nays, among the yeas being Messrs. George M. Buttrick, (now a resident of Everett), C. R. Ladd (afterwards auditor) and Patrick A. Collins (late member of Con- gress). The bill was engrossed in the Senate on the following day, and on March 9th it was euactjed in both Houses and signed by the Governor. The achievement of this victory after so protracted a struggle was signalized by great rejoicings in Everett. On the evening of the day on which the bill was signed the people gathered in the [lublic square and in the ves- try of the Congregational Church ; speeches of congrat- ulation were delivered, and a salute of 100 guns fired. with other demonstrations of rejoicing. In May the organization of the new town was celebrated by a sumptuous collation under one of Yale's largest tents, in which some six hundred persons participated. Alonzo H. Evans presided, and, after a short address of welcome, read letters from the Governor of Mass- achusetts, the mayor of Boston and other distin- guished persons. Interesting speeches were also made by Lieut.-Colonel Parker, Rev. Albert Bryant, Patrick A. Collins, A. O. Brewster ?.nd others. Among those prominent in the contest for the incorporation of the new town were A. H. Evans, Hawes Atwood, William .lohnson, Anthony Waterman, Stephen H. Kimball, V Henry S. Whitmore, Columbus Corey, William E. Titcomb and Thomas Leavitt. The first town-meeting warrant was issued by James G. Foster, justice of the peace, March 9, 1870, and the first town-meeting was held March 21, 1870, in the vestry of the Congregationalist Church, where the town-meetings continued to be held during the first year after the town was incorporated. At this town- meeting Alonzo H. Evans was chosen moderator, 9 Joseph H. Cannell, clerk, by 119 votes over J. F. Wakefield, who had 104 votes, Mr. Cannell having served by successive re-elections to the present time. Hawes Atwood cast the first vote. Hawes Atwood, A. H. Evans, Columbus Corey, Anthony Waterman and Elisha B. Loring were appointed a committee on the division of debts, public property, etc., with Maiden. It was voted to have five selectmen, and the first board elected, who were also overseers of the poor, consisted of Henry W. Van Voorhis, Wm. H. Lounsbury, Elisha B. Loring, George W. Peirce and P. Richmond Pratt. Of these, George W. Peirce and Elisha B. Loring have since deceased. Mr. Loring had filled many places of trust in the parent town of Maiden, and served by successive re-elections until March, 1876. He died February 21, 1890, after living to an advanced age, universally trusted aud respected. James G. Foster, Wm. Johnson and Otis Merriam were elected assessors. Daniel Emmons was chosen treasurer, by 116 votes to 104 for P. P. P. Ware, and served by successive re-elections until January 1, 1880. For School Committee, George S. Marshall and Charles F. Atwood were elected for three years ; J. H. Whitman and Wilson Quint for two years, and James G. Foster and II. M. Currier for one year. „ Mr. Quint declined to serve on the School Committee, and the joint convention of selectmen and School Committee elected Dr. J. F. Wakefield. Solomon Shute, Benjamin Corey, E. B. Edmester, Thomas Leavitt, George Sargent and Timothy Mur- phy were elected constables. The number of ballots cast at the first town-meeting was 232. A code of by-laws was adopted May 17, 1870. The first audi- tors, chosen November 8, 1870, were Columbus Corey and Joseph H. Cannell. On the 4th of April the following approjiria- tions were made; For schools, including contingent. EVERETT. 593 18000.00 ; highways, $3500.00 ; salaries of town offi- cers, $835.00 ; poor, $500.00 ; Fire Department, $200.00; contingent, $3000.00; street Jauips, «500.00 ; bridges, $500.00; interest on town debt, $3000.00. These — with the State tax, $2720.40; county tax, $1109.91 ; overlays, $974.53— made a total tax levied the first year of $24,845.84. The number of dwelling-houses in town May 1, 1870, was 414 ; the number of acres of land taxed, 1959, or about 120 acres greater than it is at present, 120 acres west of Maiden River having been set off to Medford in 1875; the number of children be- tween five and fifteen years of age, 432. In the division of the town property, the town of Everett received all the real estate located within its limits, with some personal property, valued in all at $37,606.99, and in consideration of same, it assumed $38,500.00 of the debt of the old town. As showing the changes in the rates of interest, it may be re- marked that the first loan procured by the town of Everett bore seven per cent, interest, and this rate was paid for several years. By the report made to the secretary of the Board of Agriculture, by the town clerk, October 17, 1870, it appears that there were at that time twenty-six miles of streets, four having been laid out and accepted the first year, viz. : Lincoln Street, Fremont Avenue, Garland Street, and Oak Street, now called Central Avenue. The school accommodations of the town at that time consisted of the old Centre School-house, with two small rooms and one large one ; the Glendale School-house, with two small rooms, and the Han- cock Street, Ferry Street and Thorndike Street School-houses, jyith one finished room each. Among the first things that came up for considera- tion by the new town, was that of providing a Town- House, which was indefinitely postponed ; the pro- posed alterations in the old Centre School-house met the same fate. At a town-meeting held January 11, 1871, it was voted to lease the hall and offices in the Masonic building for town purposes. The first town-meeting in Everett Hall was held March 28, 1871, where all subsequent town-meetings have been held. The incorporation of the town gave a marked im- petus to all kinds of local improvement. Several additional tracts of land were laid out into house- lots, and opened to settlement, and the increase in population and wealth the first five years was very rapid, the population increasing from 2220 in 1870, to 3651 in 1875, and the valuation from $1,736,379.00 to $4,404,650.00. Nor was it in material growth only that this pros- perity was manifested. Two religious societies, the Baptist and Methodist, came into existence within the first two years after the town was incor- porated. The Methodist Church originated in a class-meeting held at the house of Joseph Ladd, April 12, 1870. The society was formally organized SS-iii October 11, 1870, and ground was broken for their church on the same day. The church had sixteen constituent members. The first pastor was Rev. W. F. Mallalieu, D.D. The corner-stone of the new edi- fice was laid December 19, 1870, and the completed structure was dedicated May 24, 1871, the cost of the building and land being $14,000. Rev. William Cheney was pastor from April, 1871, until April, 1872; Rev. Edward W. Virgin from April, 1872, to April, 1875 ; Rev. Edward P. King from April, 1875, to April, 1878 ; Rev. Edward R. Thorndike from April, 1878, to April, 1881 ; Rev. Thomas Corwin Watkins from April, 1881, to April, 1884; Rev. J. W. Dear- born from April, 1884, to April, 1887; Rev. F. T. Pomeroy from April, 1887, to April, 1890, and Rev. Charles Young from April, 1890, to date. The Sunday-school, which numbered in April, 1890, 352, as compared with 198 in 1879, was organized May 28, 1871. Charles W. Johnson was the first superin- tendent, and served four years. The parsonage was built in 1875. The membership of the church in April, 1890, was 218 and 14 probationers, as compared with 128 members and 14 probationers in 1879. The church was seated with pews in place of settees, which had been previously used, in 1880, at a cost of $500. The number of volumes in the Sunday-school library is 500. The total amount of money raised for church expenses from the date of organization has been $35,000. Until 1882 this church was burdened with a heavy debt. Sunday, June 4, 1882, was set apart for raising the debt, and voluntary subscriptions were asked for and some $4000 were pledged, to be paid in two years in four payments. The pastor. Rev. T. C. Wat- kins, labored indefatigably to makeup the remainder, and his efforts were finally crowned with success. To him belongs the honor of being the pioneer in the movement for raising the church debts in Everett, and within a very few years every other church in town, stimulated by the example of the Methodists, had likewise paid its church debt. On Tuesday, July 4, 1882, subscriptions having been made covering the total amount of the church debt of .$8000, the event was commemorated by ajubilee in Library Hall. The Baptist Church started about a year later than the Methodist. The first meeting was held at the house of Levi Brown, on Charlestown Street, April 5, 1871, at which it was ascertained that there were some forty residents of Everett who were members of Bap- tist Churches, besides others of Baptist sentiments. On Sunday, April 9, 1871, the first public religious service was held, consisting of a prayer-meeting in Everett Hall, followed by the organization of a Sunday-school. Deacon Levi Pierce was moderator, and Mr. J. H. Parker, of Maiden, was the first superintendent, and 5. H. Kimball the first treasurer. On June 8, 1871, a meeting was held at Levi Brown's house for the purpose of organizing a church, and a nucleus was there formed. The church was formally 594 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. constituted July 3, 1871, with thirty-two charter members, by a council of which Rev. G. W. Gardner, D.D., was moderator. The sermon was preached by Rev. S. W. Foljambe, of Maiden. W. O. Dodge was elected first clerk ; Dr. Levi Pierce, treasurer, who resigned and was succeeded by G. L. Packard. P. F. Packard and Levi Pierce were the first deacons. For several months Mr. J. H. Arthur, a student in the Newton Theological Seminary, afterwards a missionary in Japan and since deceased, labored with great success, and gathered in a large number of members. Rev. W. F. Stubbert w,is called to the pastorate October 10, 1871, but declined. On January 22, 1872, a unanimous call was extended to Rev. William B. Smith, who accepted the call and com- menced his labors on the first Sunday in February, 1872. He was in.stalled May 9, 1872. This pastorate was of short duration, as dissensions soon sprang up in the church. Mr. Smith resigned, and his resig- nation was accepted April 11, 1873, to take effect May 1st. On the 24th of September, 1873, the church was formally organized as a corporation, and, on the 15th of October following, purchased the lot of land on which its church edifice stands, from David N. Badger. The corner-stone of the church was laid June 24, 1874, by Rev. S. W. Foljambe. During a considerable portion of the period since Mr. Smith's resignation the pulpit had been supplied by Rev. J. R. Stubbert, a student in Newton Seminary. On the 22d day of September the church was formally dedicated, and Rev. Frank B. Sleeper, who had been called to the pastorate July 8, 1874, was installed. The first Sunday service in the new church was held September 27, 1874. There were seventy-three members at the date of the dedication, and eighty- three in the Sunday-school. The land, building and furnishing cost about $13,000. The building has a seating capacity of about 280 in the main part, and seventy-five in the vestry. Mr. Sleeper continued pastor until November 25, 1877, when he resigned and accepted a call to the First Baptist Church in Gardner. For some time after this the church was without a pastor, but depended upon supplies for preaching, among whom Rev. L. G. Barrett deserves mention as one whose labors were especially fruitful. September 23, 1878, a call was extended to Rev. W. F. Stubbert, D.D., of Bloomfield, N. J., who had been preaching for the church since May. He consented to remain for a time, but closed his labors January 25, 1879, after a short but most useful pastorate, in which he did much to restore and encourage the church. Rev. L. L. Potter, then a student, was em- ployed for six months, April 7, 1879. The church then numbered 185. Mr. Potter was called as a permanent pastor, and was formally installed October 9, 1879. His pastorate lasted but about a year, as he resigned September 5, 1880, and closed his labors September 30th. The pulpit was then supplied for some time by Rev. A. N. Dary, who was called to the pastorate February 25th, while still a student at Newton, and ordained August 4, 1881. He resigned September 23, 1883, and closed his labors October 1st. Rev. William O. Ayer, was called January 1, 1884, and began his labors with the church February 10th, and was installed February 26, 1884. During his pastorate, stimulated by the example of the Methodists the church resolved to pay off its debt, which amounted to upwards of .$5200. The day chosen to invite pledges for this purpose was Easter Sunday, April 13, 1884, when, after a sermon appropriate to the occasion, pledges were invited, and in less than one hour the whole amount was guaranteed, the final payment being made in IMarch, 1887. During the year 1886 extensive repairs were made on the church. The Sunday-school has had, besides Mr. John H. Parker, of Maiden, four superintendents, viz.: William O. Dodge, N. J. Mead, R. A. Edwards and Amos E. Hall, the present incumbent. There are about 500 volumes in the Sunday-school library. Rev. W. O. Ayer resigned June 20th, and closed his labors June 29, 1890, after a useful and successful pastorate of nearly six and one-half years, during which the membership of the church was increased from 174 to 271, a net gain of 97. The number of persons baptized was eighty five. The educational wants of the town received early attention. The upper story of the Ferry Street School-house was finished, and a grammar school opened there in the autumn of 1870, which three years later was reduced to a sub-grammar grade. A movement was started in 1871 to erect a new and commodious school-house in place of the old Centre building, which had been standing nearly a quarter of a century, but this was defeated, and instead, the Centre School-house was remodeled and refurnished with improved seats and desks, which had previously been of an antiquated design. In the autumn of 1870, although the population of the town had not reached the number essential to make a High School obligatory, a beginning was made at the Centre School-house with a class of six- teen, of whom five graduated in 1874 — the first grad- uating class. The school has been from the com- mencement under the charge of Mr. R. A. Rideout, who had been from 1866 a teacher in the Centre Grammar School, first of South Maiden and after- wards of Ev<9rett. The whole number of different pupils connected with the High School since its estab- lishment has been 379, of whom sixty-nine have taken a business course of two years. The number of gradu- ates has been 122, several of whom have served the town with credit as teachers in the public schools, while others have filled other positions of usefulness. In the thirteen years from the establishment of the Maiden High School in 1857 to 1870, inclusive, only fourteen pupils from South Maiden graduated from that institution. The Everett High School was kept EVERETT. 595 first iu the old Centre School-house, from which it was removed to the third floor of the Masonic build- ing in 1872, and from that to the Locust Street School- liouse in 1875, where it remained until 1881, when it had dwindled to only fifteen pupils. In 1882 it was removed to its present quarters, where it has shown a marked increase in numbers until within the past year. An assistant was first employed in 1872 ; a second assistant was employed in 1886. Among our educational institutions should be men- tioned the Home School, established April 15, 1874, and at first kept in the Cuneo Building near Everett vSquare. In 1875 it was removed to a building erected for its use next southwest of the Congregational Church, where it remained until 1889. It was at first under the charge of Mrs. A. P. Potter and Miss O. J. Pierce, and after the retirement of Miss Pierce was continued under the management of the former. In June, 1880, it awarded diplomas to its first graduates. I II September of the same year a college preparatory department was added. Subsequently a branch of the school was opened at Natick in 1885 and has been very successful. Owing to the rapid growth of the town a more re- tired location was found to be desirable, and iu 1888 a tract of land on the corner of Summer and Argyle Streets, containing 40,000 square feet, was purchased, and iu the following year a large and commodious edifice was erected, which was opened for the school iu September, 1889. The architect was BIr. Geo. F. Wallis, the builder Mr. O. H. Peters, of Everett. The elevated location of the building commands a fine view of the surrounding country, and the school has been equipped with all the appliances for doing the best work. The course of study embraces four years. Although the introduction of water by the towu of Maiden was one of the prominent grievances urged as a ground of separation, Everett had not been in- corporated more than a year before the necessity of a water supply became apparent, and on the 29th of March, 1871, a committee of five was chosen, consist- ing of Otis Merriam, Anthony Waterman, Lewis P. True, W. II. Lounsbury and George S. Marshall, to see what arrangements could be made for a supply of pure water from the city of Charlestown, and also to meet a committee of the Legislature for the purpose of securing the necessary legal authority. On June 29, 1871, the act of the Legislature of April 19, 1871, authorizing the introduction of water, was accepted, and a committee of five, consisting of Alonzo H. Evans, W. H. Lounsbury, Otis Merriam, Anthony Waterman and Lewis P. True, was appointed to procure estimates from different sources, and tore- port on the best plan. On the 5th of September this committee reported, their report was accepted, and the town voted by a large majority to introduce water, and to authorize the treasurer to issue bonds of the town, to an amount not exceeding $50,000.00, for a term of twenty years, at a rate of six per cent, inter- est per annum, to defray the expense of the introduc- tion of water. It was estimated that this sum would be sufficient to lay nine and one-fourth miles of pipe. Otis Merriam, H. W. Van Voorhis, Alonzo H. Evans, W. H. Lounsbury and Charles Woodberry were chosen water commissioners, with full powers for making all contracts and laying all pipes. This com- mittee entered into a contract with the city of Char- lestown, October 5, 1871, by virtue of which the city of Charlestown was to furnish water, the town of Ev- erett to lay and maintain the necessary pipes and structures for the distribution of the'water, the city of Charlestown receiving eighty-five per cent, of the water rates, Everett receiving only fifteen per cent. The water commissioners concluded a contract with George H. Norman, of Newport, Ehode Island, Octo- ber 11, 1871, for laying 40,000 or more feet of pipe, with seventy-five hydrants and gates for same, for the sum of $4G,640.00, of which 5000 feet were to be ten- inch pipe, 4000 feet eight-inch, 18,000 feet six-inch, and 13,000 feet four-inch pipe. The work of laying the pipes was not commenced till early in October, but before it could be completed cold weather set in, and it was necessary to suspend operations until the following spring. About 23,000 feet of pipe had been laid. The original estimate of $50,000.00 having proved insufficient, the town was authorized by the Legislature to expend a further sum of $50,000.00, to be raised by taxation or borrowing. The town, on April 22, 1872, accepted this act, and authorized the further issue of bonds, like those previously issued, to the amount of $50,000.00. The work was resumed as soon as the spring opened and carried forward without interruption, until about thirteen miles, or three and three-fourths miles more than the original estimate, had been constructed. Water was intro- duced May 1, 1872. The cost of the works to Febru- ary 28, 1873, was about $84,000.00. The burdensome contract with the city of Charles- town continued in force until June 1, 1886, when, through the efforts of a committee, consisting of Thomas Leavitt, F. P. Bennett, Geo. Taylor, I. T. Win- chester, N. J. Mead, G. F. Foster and Daniel Russell, a modification of this contract was secured, by which Everett has received fifty per cent, of the water rates since July 1, 1886. The water-works were further improved in 18S8 by the construction of a plant for providbig a high-water service, which was put iu successful operation in July, 1888, the entire cost being less than $10,000.00, this including the purchase of a lot of land, the erection of a pumping-station on Irving Street, with the neces- sary machinery, and also the purchase of land and the erection of a reservoir on Mt. Washington. The total expenditures on account of the Water De- partment to DecemberSl, 1889, have been $159,255.49, besides $2853.77 expended for hydrants, about $10,- 000.00 for the high-water service, and $103,020.00 for interest on the water debt to Dec. 31, 1889. Of this 596 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. amount, $126,873.37 have been provided for by taxa- tion. The water rates received from the incorpora- tion of the town to December 31, 1889, were f4G,r)52.72, of which about .'?30,000.00 have been received since tlie modification of the water contract in 188G. The receipts in 1889 were $10,003.39, and in 1890 about $11,000.00, the receipts being now adequate to pay the cost of maintenance of the water works and the interest on the water debt, besides providing a sink- ing fund. It is probable that it will be unnecessary to impose any furtlier burden on the tax-payers on account of the water-works, and that taxation may thus be materially reduced. The gross amount of the ■ water debt December 31, 1889, was $100,000.00. The total amount of pipe laid to December 31, 1889, was 106,319 feet, or about twenty miles, of which 12,444 feet were two-inch pipe, 941 feet of three-inch, 46.704 feet of four-inch, 47,621 feet of six-inch, 2681 feet of eight-inch, and 7128 feet of ten-inch pipe. The Everett Lodge of Odd Fellows was instituted March 18, 1875, with fifteen charter members, as fol- lows: A.F.Ferguson, C. O.Sanborn, Carlos E. Bolton, W. W. Bullock, Nathan B. Raymond, J. 0. W. Dear- ing, William Tyzzer, Jr., Josiah A. Kingman, William H. Pierce, George A. Colby, Joseph W. Bartlett, A. B. Robinson, David Smith, George W. Paine and S. C. Currier. The first meeting was held in the Masonic Hall, through the kindne-ss of Palestine Lodge, and subsequent meetings were held in Everett small hall until July 18, 1875, when the lodge moved into a room fitted up for that purpose on the third floor of the Masonic Building, where they remained until April, 1888, when, having purchased the present fine brick Odd Fellows' Building, formerly known as the Library Building, and having fitted up the third floor for a lodge-room, they moved into their present quarters, which were dedicated with appropriate exercises May 2, 1888. The membership of the lodge in the Spring of 1890 was 180, as compared with 69 in the year 1879. A. F. Ferguson was Noble Grand for thirteen years, being succeeded by Walter U. Day, who at present fills that position. The rapid increase of population made it evident that new school accommodations would soon be re- quired. The upper story of the Thorndike School- house was finished in 1873 at a cost of about $1000, and a new school was opened therein the fall of 1873. In the spring of 1873 plans were brought forward for the erection of two new school-houses, one at Mt. Washington and the other at Locust Street. The Mt. W.ashington School-house project was defeated. Fav- orable action was at first secured upon the Locust Street School-house, but at a subsequent meeting reconsid- eration prevailed, and the matter wont over until the spring of 1874, when an appropriation of $8000 was made, to which $800 was later added from the school appropriation. The cost of the land, 15,020 square feet was, $2388.- 50, and the building erected, by Mead, Mason & Co., cost $5253, making a total cost of land, building, furnaces, $8826, without finishing the upper story. Two schools were opened in the building in Novem- ber, 1874, and in 1875 the upper story was finished at a cost of about $1350, bringing the total cost to about $10,786. The building was further enlarged in 1888, by the addition of fourschoolrooms, besides addition- al hall room, the old building being moved back. The architects were Messrs. Brigham and Spoftbrd, and the contractor Mr. G. M. Coan, and the appro- priation for the same was $7000. An additional lot of land in the rear was purchased for $1900 in 1889, and the total cost of the building as it stands has been upwards of $20,500. Largely through the efforts of Mr. S. C. Currier, a town clock was procured and placed in the tower of this school-house in 1889, and the event was celebrated by a gathering at the school- house, at which addresses were made by various citi- zens. The building of the Mt. Washington School-house was delayed until 1877, when an appropriation of $5000 was made at a town-meeting held March 8, 1877. The original lot of land, consisting of 12,779 square feet, was purchased of the Boston Five Cents Saving Bank for $1277.90 (ten cents per foot). The plan was drawn by G. F. Wallis, and the building erected by J. H. Kibby & Sou, of Chelsea, costing, with the upper story unfinished, about $6000. Schools were opened in the lower story in the spring of 1878. The upper story was finished in 1880, and the building was reconstructed and enlarged, as it now is, in 1887. the architects being Brigham ASpoffbrd, and the con- tractor, J. A. Corkum. The lot has also been enlarged by the purchase of 19,000 feet of additional land, and the whole cost of building and land as they now stand has been upwards of $16,600. During the period of hard times, from 1875 to 1881, the educational interests of the town suffered se- verely. The population of the centre of the town outgrew the accommodations furnished in the old Centre School-house, and in 1876 Badger's Hall, since remodeled into dwelling-houses, was engaged, and a primary school opened in the same. This sufficed for two years, when the necessity of further enlarge- ment compelled the hiring of a room over the present store of I. T. Winchester, where a school, first of the intermediate, but afterwards of the primary grade, was located. At a town-meeting held-Juiy 15, 1878, a motion to appoint a committee to consider the matter of purchasing a lot of land and erecting another Centre School-house there, was defeated by a' vote of 143 to 29. On May 27, 1879, another similar effort was defeated by a vote of 93 to 60. In the spring of 1881 a committee of nine, ap- pointed in November, 1880, to consider the subject of school acconmiodations in concurrence with the School Committee, reported in favor of additional accommodations, both for the Centre and the Mystic Village Districts. An appropriation of $6000 was EVERETT. 597 made for the latter, with little opposition in addition to the proceeds realized, from the sale of the old Thorndike Street School-house, making an available fund of $6600, with which the present Thorndike Street School-house was erected in the same year, three schools being opened in the building in the following autumn. The architect of the building was Tristram Griffin, and the contractor, Joel Snow. The proposal for an additional Centre School-house encountered a bitter opposition, extending until late in the night at several successive town-meetings ; but, notwithstanding all the opposition, an appropriation of $12,000.00 was secured, and a building committee selected. The lot of land on Church Street, contain- ing 19,088 feet, was purchased of H. G. Turner, for $2278.40, on the 10th of May ; the filling and grading of the lot cost ?!470.70. Mr. Tristram Griffin was the architect. Ground was broken for the building Janu- ary 21, 18S1 ; the foundation was constructed by Mr. W. M. Dodge for $940.00. The contract for the building above the foundation was awarded to Richardson & Young, of Boston. The cost of the building, aside from the furnishings and blackboards, was $7384.70. The furnaces and other appliances brought the total up to the appropriation of $12,000. The building was dedicated on January 2, 1882, with appropriate ceremonies, in which the Hon. John D. Long, then Governor, and Hon. J. W. Dickinson, secretary of the Tioard of Education, participated. It was not the building in itself which elicited this marked demonstration, but the fact that it marked a turning-point in the educational history of Everett, which has been steadily onward from that day to the present time. The building was first occupied for school purposes Monday, January 9, 1882. The lot was further enlarged later in the year, by the pur- chase of additional land between the original lot and Liberty Street, at a cost of $1000.00, giving a total area of 26,495 square feet. In 1886 the building was enlarged by adding two rooms for the lower grades, and one room of double size for the High School, with suitable recitation rooms. The enlargement was de- signed by Mr. Tristram Griffin, the former architect, and the 'additions were constructed by the former contractors, Richardson & Young, of Boston, the foundation being the work of Patrick Linehan, of Maiden. The total cost of the addition was $7000.00. In it are the High School, and six schools of the primary and intermediate grades. , In 188.'5 the Glendale School-house, after being in service for thirty-one years, could no longer ac- commodate the increased school population of that district, and at a town-meeting, held March 10, 1885, an appropriation of $6500, with the proceeds realized from the sale of the old building, was made for the erection of a four-room school-house on the old site. The architect employed by the building committee was John Lyman Faxon, and the contract- ors were Mead, Mason & Company. The building contains four rooms, and the total cost of the edifice, with eleven thousand five hundred and seven feet of addition.al land purchased in the rear and heating apparatus, was about $8300, of which the contractors received $6625. Four schools, much better graded than before, were opened in the new building in November, 1885. Within two years after the enlargement of the Church Street School-house in 1886, so rapid was the increase of popul.ation that the Centre schools began to be again over-crowded, and complaints were made as to the sanitary condition of the old Centre School - house, which at the incorporation of the town was far the best of our school-houses. A committee of nine was appointed to consider the subject, and this committee reported unanimously in favor of selling, or otherwise disposing of, the old Centre School-house, and of appropriating the sum of $25,000 for the purpose of erecting a brick school-house in the central partof the town sufficient to contain eight rooms, each 28 by 36 feet. The appropriation recommended was unani- mously passed, and the matter of erecting the building was committed to the same committee, and this com- mittee purchased twenty-two thousand square feet of land at the junction of Broadway and Broadway Court, at eighteen cents per square foot, making the total cost of the land $3960. The committee em- ployed Wesley L. Minor as architect. The founda- tions were constructed by Patrick Linehan, of Maiden, at an expense of $988.25, and the building contract, above the foundations, was awarded to Mead, Mason & Company, at the price of $18,722, to which extras amounting to upwards of $2000 must be added. Various other items have brought the cost to date up to $27,941.86, and there is still an unsettled claim on account of the contractors. On the 23d of September, 1889, three schools were opened in the Broadway School-house, and on the 14th of October the last of the remaining schools in the old Centre School-house was removed to the new building. The old building was thus finally abandoned, after a continuous service for school purposes by the towns of Maiden and Ever- ett of forty-two years. The erection of the Broadway School-house com- pleted the entire reconstruction of the school accom- modations of the town of Everett. There remained no longer a solitary school-house inherited from the town of Maiden. Everett has now six large, com- modious and fairly well ventilated school-houses con- taining thirty-nine school -rooms, with a seating capacity of two thousand and twenty-nine, and two recitation rooms — all costing $103,275. The town employs thirty-eight teachers. Within the past two years these school-houses have been provided with electric one-session signals. The subject of an evening school had been agitated for some years, but never took shape until 1889. Oti the 19th day of March, pursuant to the recommenda- tion of the School Committee, an appropriation of 598 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. $500 was made, and on the 15th day of October fol- lowing, after the legal notices had been given, an evening school was opened in the Broadway School- house, the sessions being maintained Monday, Tues- day, Wednesday and Thursday evenings from 7.30 to 9.30. The number of different scholars attending during the first term was 115, the largest number at any one session was 81, and the average number present for the whole term, ending Friday, Dec. 20th, was 29. The oldest scholar attending was 41 years of age, the youngest 13, and the average age was 15 2-15 years. This institution affords a means of education to any who have previously enjoyed very limited opportuni- ties in this direction, and bids fair to achieve perma- nent usefulness. For five years after its incorporation, Everett was an integral part of the representative district, consisting of Maiden, Somerville and Everett, represented in the Legislature by three members. The first effort to se- cure a rejiresentation from Everett was in the autumn of 1872, when Alonzo H. Evans received the nomi- nation at a Republican caucus and was elected. As Everett was a small part of the district, it did not secure representation again until 1875, wlien Mr. Evans was again nominated and elected, having thus served in the Legislatures of 1873 and 1876, both years on the Committee on Banks and Banking. In 1876 the re-arrangement of the districts as- sociated Everett with Maiden as a district having two representatives, of which, by agreement with Jlal- den, Everett was to have six representatives in ten years. The first representative in the new district was George S. Marshall, who was nomi- nated after an animated contest in the largest caucus ever held in Everett up to that time, by a vote of 150 to 140 for Robert M. Barnard, anil was elected in November, 1877, serving in the Legis- lature of 1878 on the Committee on Banks and Bank- ing. He was re-elected in 1879, serving in the Legis- lature of 1880 on the Committee on Education. William Johnson was elected as his successor in 1880, serving in the Legislature in 1881 on the Com- mittee on^Woman's Suffrage. He was succeeded in 1882 by George E. Smith, Esq., who was elected, after a spirited contest at the polls, over our late esteemed fellow-citizen, John S. Nichols. Mr. Smith was re- elected in 1883, thus serving in the Legislatures of 1883 and 1884, on the Committee on Education in 1883, in 1884 on the Committee on Taxation ; also as Mouse chairman of the Committee on Roads and Bridges. He was succeeded in 1885 by Dudley P. Bailey, who was tlie last representative from Everett in the old district. In 1886 Everett became a district by it- self, entitled to one representative, and Mr. Bailey was re-elected as tiie first representative in tlie new district, serving in the Legislatures of 1886 and '87 as House chairman of the Committee on Taxation in both years, and on the Committee on Probate and In- solvency in 1887. He was succeeded by Joseph H. Cannell, who was elected in 1887, and re-elected in 1888, serving in the Legislatures of 1888 and 1889 on the Committee on Street Railways. In the caucus of 1889 the candidates were Adams B. Cook, Thomas Leavitt and John S. Cate, the latter being nominated and elected, serving in the Legislature of 1890 on the Committee on Street Railways. All of the foregoing representatives elected have been Republicans. The Democratic nominees from Everett who have contested the elections have been as follows: 1871, Joseph E. Nichols; 1872, Columbus Corey ; 1873, E. A. Alger, Jr., and C. Corey ; 1874, C. Corey; 1875, J. E. Nichols; 1876, J. E. Nichols; 1877, Daniel Emmons; 1878, Daniel Emmons, (Demo- cratic) and Alfred Tufts (Greenback) ; 1879, Wear T. Melvin, (Butler Deni.) and George F. Foster (Reg. Dem.); 1880, Charles F. Atwood; 1881, Charles F. Atwood ; 1882, John S. Nichols, Sr. ; 1883, Charles F. Atwood ; 1885, Otis W. Greene ; 1886, Woodbury A. Ham; 1887, Charles C. Nichols; 1888, William Bassett.' Everett has never been represented in the Senate until two years ago. In 1874, Alonzo H. Evans, the first representative, was nominated, but in the great political avalanche of that year he was defeated. From this time, owing to local jealousies, no candi- date from Everett succeeded in securing the nom- ination of the Senatorial District Convention until 1888, when Mr. Evans was nominated and elected, being re-elected in the autumn of 1889, and serving in the Senate in 1889 and 1890. In both years he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Banks and Banking, and served also on the Committee on Taxa- tion. It would be interesting to write our political history more in detail, but it W(mld be a very delicate sub- ject to treat, and it is perhaps better that many of the local contests of the past should not go into history. As a part of our local municipal history the follow- ing names of the different citizens who have filled the more important town offices since the incorpora- tion of the town are presented : Selectmen : W. H. LoHiislmry, 18T0-72 ; H. W. Tan Voorbis, 1870-72 ; George W. Pierce, 1870-71 ; E. B. Loring, l«70-76 ; P. Eicbnioml Pralt, 1870-71 ; Joseph E. Nichols, 1871-7:! ; Colunihus Corey, 1871-70 ; Clarke Thompson, 1872-76 ; Lewis P. True, 1872-74, 188G-87 ; Samuel J. Cox, 1873-75, 1877-80; Philip Ham, 1874-76, 1880-8.i ; Charles F. Atwood, 1876-79 ; Adams B. Cook, 1876-79, 1880-81 ; Woodbury A. llam, 1879- 80, 1881-83; Gulian H. Van Voorbis, 1879-80, 1887-90; Nathaniel J. Mead, 1880-81 ; Isaac T. Winchester, 1881-83, 1884-86 ; Geo. F. Foster, 1883-84; Fred. Johnson, 188:1-84; Harden Palmer, 1883-86; Niltbaniel B. Plummer, 1884-86 ; Frank P. Bennett, 1886-87 : Francis B. Dyer, 1886-90 ; John S. Cote, 1887-S9 ; Charles H. Spencer, 1889-00. Clerk : Joseph H. Cannell, 1870-90. Treasurer: Daniel Emmons, 1870 to Jan . 1, 1880 ; Wm. Johnson, 1880- 80; Joseph E. Nichols, 1886-90 ; Nathan Nichols, 1890. Mr. Johnson died in office in 1886, his fellow-citiKens testifying their regard for him 1 In 1889 there the opposition no Democratic candidate for representative, and trated on Thomas Leavitt, Independent Itepubli- EVERETT. 599 by re-electing him while on his dying bed. Appropriate resolutions wore passed in honor of him in town-meeting, April 27, 1886. Assessors : Wm. Johnson, 1870-80 ; Jas. O, Foster, 1870-74 ; Otis Mer- riiim, 1870-73 ; Robert M. Barnard, 1872-75; Joseph E. Nichols, 187IJ- 7^. 1880-87 ; Henry VV. Van Voorhis, 1876-78, 1880-86 ; Columbus Ooley, lti77-87, 1890; Jrancis E. Dyer, 1878-80; Albert W. Lewis, 1886-90; .\iiios Roberts, 1887-89 ; Geo. G. Ladd, 1887-90; Daniel 0. Dearborn, t-90. School Committee : Jas. G. Foster, 1870-71 ; H. M. Currier, 1870-73 ; lieo. S. Mareball, 1870-73, 1870-79; Chas. F. Atwood, 1870-76 ; Dr. J. F. Wakefield, 1870-71, 1881-84 ; J. H. Whitman, 1870-73 ; G. C. Hickok, 1S71-83, 1886-87 ; Andrew J. Bennett, 1872-74 ; E. A. Alger, Jr., 1873- 74 ; Dudley P. Bailey, 1873-74, 1876-80, 1882-90 ; Albert W. Lewis, 1S74-78, 1879-90; John H. Burt, 1S74-76 ; Isaac E.Coburn, 1874-77; Frun- ria E. Dyer, 1874-78 ; Harden Palmer, 1877-83 ; James B. Everett, 1N7S-81 ; Henry A. Tenny, 1878-81, 188.V85 ; Stephen F. Hoogs, 1880- ^ >, 1886-89, 1890 ; Nathan Nichols, 1886-90 ; John C. Spoflbrd, 1886-90 ; lioo. M. Buttrick, 1887-90; Roscoe E. Brown, 1889-90; Geo. N. P. Mead, 1889-80 ; Mary 0. Bullfinch, 1889-90 ; Sarah J. Clough, 1889-901 Darius Hadley, 1890. Auditors : Columbus Corey, 1870-71 ; J. H. Cannell, 1870-76 ; Thos. Leavitt, 1871-74, 1876-76 ; George F. Foster, 1872-73, 1874-76, 1878-79 ; A. F. Ferguson, 1874-75, 1876-80 ; S. A. Stimson, 1876-77, 1888-89; H. A. Tenuey, 1877-79 ; Charles E. Jennings, 1879-83 ; Frank P. Bennett, 1879-81 ; Geo. H. Burr, 1881-86, 1889-90 ; Henry K. Veazie, 1883-90 ; Chas. 0. Nichols, 1886-88 ; Henry E. Taylor, 1890. The first Water Committee cousisted of five persons, to be elected an- nually, pursuant to chapter 205, of the acta of 1871. The persons chosen on this committee were Charles Woodberry, Wm. II. Lounsbury, H. W. Van Voorhis, Otis Mcrriani, A. H. Evans, and they served for two years, when they were succeeded by the Water Board elected pur- suant to chapter 6S of the acta of 1873, who have been aa follows : W. H. Lounsbury, 1873-76; Irving A. Evaus, 1873-74; Geo. F. Foster, 1873-74; Thos. Leavitt, 1874-80, 1882-90; Chas. D. Stearns, 1874-77; Chaa. W. Merrill, 1870-78 ; Stephen A. Stimson, 1877-81 ; Nathan Nich- ols, 1879-82 ; Nathan B. Smith, 1880-82 ; Geo. Taylor, 1882-86 ; Daniel Russell, Jr., 1882-86, 1890; Robert H. Jenkins, 1886-90 ; Isaac T. Win- chester, 1880-90. A sintiug fund was established in 1876. Tlie fol- lowing citizens have served as sinking fund commis- sioners : Amos Roberta, 1876-89 ; Josiah A. Kingman, 1876-89 ; Chaa. Wood- berry, 1876-77 ; Joseph H. Cannell, 1876-90 ; Ja.s. P. Stewart, 1889-90 ; Jas. E. Larkin, 1889-90. The selectmen acted as overseers of the poor for the years 1870-80. The overseers of the poor since that time have been as follows : Robert B. Rogers, Sr., 1S80-S2 ; Adams B. Cook, 1880-85, 1888-90 ; Stephen C. Currier, 1880-81, 1882-83; N. F. Shippee, 1881-84 ;. Samuel P. Cannell, 1883-90 ; Geo. S. Marshall, 1884-90 ; D. P. Murphy, 1886-88. The selectmen also acted aa Board of Health dur- ing the ten years 1870-80. The members of the board since that time have been as follows : Geo. F. Foster, 1880-81 ; Adams B. Cooli, 1880-81 ; Alfred Tufts, 1880-81 ; Francis E. Dyer, 1881-82 ; Isaac T. Winchester, 1881-84 ; Dr. W. O. Hanson, 1882-86 ; Dr. J. F. Wakefield, 1883-86 ; Joseph M. Bas- sett, 1884-80 ; John Reed, 1886-87 ; Wm. Goodhue, 1886-90 ; Dr. Ab- bott Sanford, 1886-88 ; D. W. Fitzgerald, 1887-88, 1889-90 ; Dr. E. W. Hill, 1888-89 ; Br. W. K. Knowles, 1888-90 ; Dr. E. C. Newton, 1890. Trustees of the Public Library : Jamea B. Everett, 1880-90 ; Henry A. Tenney, 1880-90 ; Geo. E Kimball, 1880-90 ; Dudley P. Bailey, 1880- 90 ; F. B. Wallis, 1880-84, 1889-90 ; C. F. Atwood, 1880-81 ; Geo. S. Mar- shall, 1880-81 ; Wm. G. Colesworthy, 1880-82 ; Edward R. Thorndike, 1880-81 ; Rev. R. P. Bush, 1381-90 ; W. G. Beaver, 1881-83 ; Geo. H. Burr, 1881-90 ; Geo. E. Smith, 1882-90 ; Albert N. Dary, 1883-84 ; Gil- man C. Hickok, 1884-90 ; Martin J. Cahill, 1884-89. The selectmen have acted as surveyors of highway for the years 1870-72, 1874-75, 1879-80. 1885-87. The following gentlemen have been elected as survey- ors of highways : Daniel Eames, 1872-74; Geo. W. Paine, 1876-77 ; Benj. F.Nichols, 1880-85, 1887-89. The Highway Department has been managed by the following gentlemen as road commissioners for the terms named : Louis P. True, Caleb Richardson and Geo. W. Paine, 1875-76 ; Robert M. Barnard, 1877-78, 1*89-90 ; Samuel J. Sewall, 1877-79 ; Geo. W. Pierce, 1877-78; Leonard Emerton, Sr., 1878-79; Beiy. F. Nichols, 1878-79 ; Solomon Shute, 1889-90 ; Thos. Leavitt, 1889-90 ; Amos Stone, 1890. Until the year 1881 the financial year of the town ended on the last day of February and the town- meetings were held on the fourth Tuesday in March. By an amendment of the by-laws made in 1881 the financial year was made to correspond with the cal- endar year, the accounts being made up for ten months ending December 31, 1881. In 1882 and subsequent years the annual town-meeting has been held on the first Tuesday in March. The by-laws were further amended April 28, 1887, by .adopting certain building regulations, and these, not having been found sufliciently stringent, were amended and strengthened in December, 1889, and with these and certain other amendments the by-laws of 1881 con- stitute the regulations governing town affairs. The expenditures of the town of Everett for the first two decades of its history, 1870-89 inclu.sive, have been as follows : Total. 1870-80. 1880-89. 1870-89. School, current expenses . . . *llll,979.66 8174,983.35 $285,963.01 " special 23,073.00 83,000.66' 100,073.72 Public Library 10,924.60 10,924.00 Highway, current expenses . . 00,847.06 77,098.89 137,945.95 " construction .... 60,833.14 16,073.36 76,606.50 " gravel lots 6,910.26 8,000.00 13,916.25 " street watering 6,118,81 6,118.81 " Maiden Briilge . . . 4,600.00 .... 4,600.00 sidewalks 12,386.45 12,386.45 '• street lights .... 8,114.67 26,176.38 34,201.05 Shade-trees 274.00 1,189.96 1,463.96 Stone crusher ■ . . 2,833.63 2,833.63 Fire Department, general . . . 13,785.15 25,738.23 39,623.38 " " special . . . 6,536.48 1,048.95 7,186.43 Poor Department 18,128.30 38,065.88 66,194.24 Police^ 2,000.50 26,867.24 29,407.74 Interest on town debt 40,082.04 42,936.55 83,018.19 Interest on water debt .... 4:!,020.00 60,000.00 103,020.00 Sinking Fund 12,026.00 39,488.05 61,513.05 Water-works 107,607.48 60,610.021 168,217.60 Hydrants 2,829.37 2,829.37 State military aid 6,008.25 0,680.50 13,288.75 Salaries 24,370.42 32,817.71 67,188.13 Defalcation 23,207.63 .... 23,297.63 Miscellaneous 29,749.08 39,833.54 69,582.02 Taxes abated and refunded . . 7,717.23 15,071.98 23,389.21 Tax titles 071.72 431.89 1,103.01 Total for town purposes . . $609,837.08 $812,005.60 $1,421,843.28 State tax $28,468.80 $48,190.00 $76,668.80 County tax 16,403.35 27,211.64 43,014.99 State and county taxes paid $44,872.15 $7f>,401.64 $120,273.79 Total $054,709.83 $887,407.24 $1,542,117.07 I Oi ttled claims in course of liquidation to be added. Included in miscellaneous until 1877. No specific appropriatit 600 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Of these expenditures $1,205,122.38 were raised by taxation— $463,294.21 in the years 1870-80 and $741,828.17 in the ten years 1880-89 inclusive. Water bonds were issued to the amount of $100,000, and $77,000 borrowed for other town purposes, be- sides the portion of the Maiden debt assumed and loans paid off, and there have been received from var- ious sources other than taxation and loans (chiefly the bank, corporation and dog taxes, sale of town property and water rates), $214,164.96, making the total taxation, loans (net) and other receipts, $1,596,287.34. The total principal of the water debt, January 1, 1890, was $100,000, and of the town debt, $117,500, of which $38,500 were inherited from Mai- den. Against this was held a sinking fund of $69,676.21, of which $32,725 has been derived from taxation, $22,369.55 from interest on investments, and the balance from various sources. Down to 1878 the Fire Department had continued very much in the condition in which it was in 1847, except that iu 1875 a hook-and-ladder company was formed, apparatus purchased, and a house erected for the same. At a town-meeting held May 9, 1878, the town voted to purchase a steam fire-engine and equipments, an appropriation of $3400 being made. After the new steamer, the " Joseph Swan," had been purchased, the Fire Department was reorganized and made more efficient. On March 19, 1885, an appro- priation of $1600 was made to provide an electric fire alarm, and the remodeling of the old Centre School-house for an engine-house, at a cost of $6700, will afford facilities which promise to increase still more the efficiency of the department. At the time the town was incorporated the street- car accommodations were very poor, the rails being mostly of wood, surmounted by iron straps. The running time was very slow, and the fares high. On the Eastern Railroail and the Saugus Branch were located two unsightly structures, built in 1854 for stations, utterly inadequate to the wants of the pub- lic. The fares were eight cents for single trip and six and one-half cents for commutation tickets. This was reduced in May, 1879, to six cents for single fare, and five cents for commutation tickets. In the fall of 1879, after a united effort, a new station was secured between Broadway and Main Street, the lot being purchased by private subscription and the town laying out Railroad Street in the rear. In 1880 a station was established at East Everett, the expense being mainly defrayed by private subscription, and trains began stopping there on Monday, December 20, 1880. In 1881 a freight track was located at the foot of Carter Street on the Saugus Branch. In 1882 a new station was built on the Saugus Branch, about one thousand feet north from the site of the old station, at the foot of Waters Street. The open- ing of the new station was celebrated by a banquet and entertiiinment, at which about 260 persons were present. Though the removal of the station aroused much bitter feeling at the time among those who were discommoded, it has proved beneficial in the end, as it resulted in establishing still another station on the Saugus Branch at West Street, which was opened about the 1st of March, 1890, although trains had stopped there for passengers since June, 1888. The horse-car accommodations continued to be very unsatisfactory until within the last three years, the running time being frequently changed, besides being verj' slow, and the management un progressive, not to say stupid. There was, however, some im- provement, as the track had, in the course of years, been relaid with iron rails, and in some places paved, and fares somewhat reduced. The route to Everett Springs had been opened Sept. 14, 1882, as a branch line. The rails were laid to Elm Street in June, 1884, and cars commenced running hourly trips on this route as an independent line July 1, 1884. Half- hourly trips were inaugurated May 2, 1885. The ex- tension to Woodlawn Cemetery was commenced July 24, 1884, and cars began running hourly and half- hourly trips most of the day before August 10, 1884. A larger number of half-hourly trips was instituted May 8, 1886. One of the most important events affecting our horse-car accommodations was the advent of the Lynn & Boston Railroad, which secured a conditional location to Everett Square in April, 1886, and an unconditional Iqcation June 9, 1886. Cars com- menced running over this line August 11, 1886, and have made hourly trips from that date to the present time. The Middlesex Railroad at last began to awake to the fact of impending competition, and when, later in the year, through con.solidation with the Highland Railroad Company, more progressive elements were infused into the management, the outlook for better accommodations visibly brightened. During the summer and fall of 1887 the work of improvement commenced in earnest. On July 4, 1887, the fares to Boston were reduced from six to five cents. The horse-car tracks which had previously been located on School Street, were relocated on Broadway. From the Eastern Railroad to Everett Square a double- track paved with granite blocks was laid, and a single- track, also paved, extended over the hill to Ferry Street, and thence through Ferry Street to Maiden Centre. Cars commenced running over Belmont Hill belwen Maiden and Boston December 19, 1887. During the same year a new route was located through Buck nam Street with the track in the mid- dle of the street and paved. Cars commenced run- ning over this route December 8, 1887, the location on Chelsea Street from Bucknam to Main Street being discontinued. In 1888 a paved double-track was laid below the Eastern Railroad to Sullivan Square, resulting in further reduction of running time, and greater regularity and frequency of trips. EVERETT. 601 During the past year the track has been inoved iuto the centre of Main Street and paved, resuhing in another great improvement, and in June, 1890, a loca- tion was granted for a double-tracli on Ferry Street between Elm and Chelsea Streets, and also on Chel- sea Street from Ferry Street to Everett Square. It is expected that a second track will soon be laid through Main Street, and that the advent of electric-cars may still further shorten the running time between Everett and Boston. During 1888 also the horse-car tracks were laid in Ferry Street from Broadway to Elm Street, and the East Middlesex Railroad Company commenced running cars by that route to Chelsea and the Beaches. At the time the town was incorporated, and, Indeed, for many years afterwards, its sidewalks were in very poor condition, though gradually improving. Since 1880 the improvement has been more rapid, the town having in that year adopted the practice of paying one-half the expense of setting edge-stones and lay- ing brick or concrete sidewalks in front of the estates of those who will pay one-half of this expense. The widening of Main, Chelsea and Ferry Streets, in 1874 and 1875, involving an outlay of $43,218, was one of the principal public improvements in our highways. In 1882 and subsequent years, largely through the efforts of the Everett Town Improvement Associa- tion — a most useful society, which existed from 1882 to 3 887 — the streets of the town have been quite ex- tensively adorned with shade-trees. In 1888 the sys- tem of lighting the streets with electricity was intro- duced. The Everett Public Library was dedicated May 1> 1879, and was opened for the delivery of books May 10, 1879. It had been proposed as early as 1871, when the proceeds of a ball held November 21, 1871> were set aside as a contribution to a fund for that purpose. The movement first took definite shape at a meeting of citizens held in Everett Small Hall, June 21, 1878, when a board of directors was chosen and a committee appointed to solicit contributions of money and books. The library, when opened, was composed mainly of books thus contributed, number- ing 1289 volumes. It was maintained as a private enterprise through the liberality of various public- spirited citizens until May 3, 1880, when it was turned over to and accepted by the town, and has since been maintained at the public expense. A reading-room was opened January 26, 1884, but discontinued within about a year, as not required by the public wantS' The number of volumes in the library December 31' 1889, was 6181 ; the number of deliveries in 1889, 27,850, as compared with 10,940 in 1880. The total expenditures upon it to December 31, 1889, have been $11,603.47, of which $4145.89 have been expended for books and magazines. The town makes an annual appropriation for the library ($1000 in 1890, besides the dog-tax, amounting to $1279.08). The fir^t town-clock was a gift to the town by Mrs. Caroline M. Barnard. It is a large tower-clock weigh- ing 900 pounds, was placed in the tower of the Congre- gational Church, August 15, 1883, and started August 25th. The expenses attending the necessary changes in the tower were met by subscription secured through the agency of a committee of the Everett Town Improvement Association. It was formally presented to and accepted by the town at a meeting held November 13, 1883, and suitable resolutions of thanks to the public-spirited donor adopted. Up to the year 1876 the large Catholic population residing in town had enjoyed no local place of relig- ious worship. In June of that year a Sunday-school was opened, and regular Sunday services shortly af- terwards began to be held in Everett Hall, in which they continued to be held for a year and a half. On July 13, 1877, 12,160 square feet of land on the corner of Broadway and Mansfield Place were purchased for $3040. The erection of the present church edifice was begun in 1877, the vestry being finished ready for occupancy about January 1, 1878, and the main au- ditorium some years later. The church is under the pastoral care of Rev. Joseph F. Mohan, rector, or- dained in 1871, who was until lately assisted in his labors by Rev. James G. Gilday, as assistant rector. It is estimated that about one- quarter of the popu- lation of Everett is connected with this church. Grace Episcopal Church dates from June 10, 1886, when the first service was held in the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, conducted by Rev. J. S. Beers, Rev. G. W. Durrell and the choir of St. Thomas' Church of Somerville. On February 5, 1886, at a meeting of those interested in the establish- ment of an Episcopal Church, held in the same place, it was voted to continue the services, and a system of pledges was adopted. On February 15, 1886, the first election of ofiicers took place and the society took definite shape. On March 12th the name of Grace Church was decided upon, and the committee reported that they had hired G. A. R. Hall for Sunday services. The society was first conducted as a mission, and Rev. Francis Gilliat, the first missionary, assumed charge May 4, 1886. The society grew and prospered, and on January 21, 1887, it was voted to purchase the land on Chelsea, at the head of Corey Street, for church purposes. It was conveyed to them April 23, 1887, at the price of $6500. On the 14th of Decem- ber, 1887, Mr. Gilliat tendered his resignation, and Rev. J. P. Pierce, of Dorchester, supplied the pulpit until April 22, 1888, when Rev. Percy Barnes suc- ceeded Mr. Gilliat as missionary. On June 8, 1888, the society voted to build a chapel on the land be- longing to the parish. This was commenced July 16, 1888, Norman C. Clark, architect. The new chapel cost, with furnishings, about $5000. The first service in it was held December 23, 1888. On De- cember 2, 1888, Mr. Barnes resigned and Rev. J. P. 602 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Pierce again took temporary charge. On April 22, 1889, the society voted to request the appointment of Rev. T. B. Martin, of Pine Meadow, as missionary in the church, who commenced his labors July 7th. After having operated for upwards of four years as a mission, the society was organized as a parish with a governing power of the rector, two wardens, clerk, treasurer and eight vestrymen, on the 10th of April, 1889. The youngest of the religious societies of Everett is the Advent Church, which was organized March 28, 1889, with eight constituent members. The date of the first meeting for public worship was March 31, 1889; the officiating clergyman was Elder L. Boutelle. The church has not yet had a settled pastor. The number of members now belonging to the church is 21. It has raised for church expenses during the past financial year about $400, and $2.5 for benevo- lent purposes. A Sunday-school was organized May 12, 1889, at a meeting of which R. S. Sidelinger was moderator, with 12 members, since increased to 40. John H. Murphy has been its superintendent since organization. The first oflicers of the church were: Elder, John H. Murphy : Deacon, A. A. Anderson ; Clerk, Reraly S. Sidelinger; Treasurer, Charles H. Weeks. The Sunday-school library numbers 225 volumes. The Everett Young Men's Christian Association, which has been a living force for good in town dur- ing the past five years, was organized September 15, 1884, although a society for special work among young men had existed previously for about five months. The first officers were Francis Batchelder, president; William F. Moore, secretary ; Benjamin F. Noyes, treasurer ; the first two having held simi- lar positions in the provisional organization, and having continued in these positions by subsequent re-elections until September, 1889, when, with all the other members of the board, they declined a re-elec- tion. Captain Noyes died in November, 1884. His place was filled temporarily until the follow- ing May, when George H. Small was chosen for the office. In 1885 the Executive Committee wa.s increased to five, and A. N. Smith was chosen vice- president, and held office until September, 1889. Mr. W. B. Marshall was the first assistant secretary, but declined a further election at the end of two years, and Mr. W. B. Price was chosen in his place, being elected the following year. Thus only one change was made in the board during four years. The har- monious and efficient action of this first Executive Committee contributed in no small degree to the suc- cess attained by the Association. The present officers, elected in September, 1890, are Rollins A. Edwards, president; F. C. Uanforth, vice-president; VV. B. Marshall, secretary ; F. Batchelder, treasurer, F. J. Harding, assistant secretary and E. E. Randall, assist- ant treasurer. The first room occupied by the Association was the banquet-room in Odd Fellows' Building, then known as Library Building, which was opened with appro- priate exercises in the hall above on the evening of November 24, 1884. Rev. Phillips Brooks, of Boston, was the principal speaker, being followed by Rev. W. O. Ayer, and the president and the secretary of the Association. Later a change was made to the front room iu the same building, and the Association being obliged to vacate this, another change was made to Everett Small Hall as the only available place. During the spring and summer of 1887 the demand for a building grew more and more pronounced, stimulated by the inconvenient quarters in which the Association was then located, and in October of that year the organ of the Association, the Y. M. C. A. Star, piiblished the plans and elevation of the pro- posed building. This seemed to crystallize the move- ment. A canvass was begun soon after, and in 1888 the present lot of land was purchased, the corner-stone of the building was laid July 21, 1888, and the present commodious and convenient building was erected after much persistent and self-sacrificing work, at a cost of $17,0.30, Brigham and Spoflx)rd being the architects and G. M. Coau, contractor. The seating and furnishing of the hall and other parts of the building cost about $2500 more. The ladies of the town supplied the piano used in the building, and also raised enough money to pay for furnishing the mem- bers' parlor. Afler the Woman's Auxiliary was formed, they furnished seats for the large hall, besides making a gift of $500 for the building fund. The Boys' Branch paid for fitting up their room and social hall. The Yoke Fellows furnished the room in the tower, and the Heartsease Band, the reception, read- ing and amusement rooms. The grand piano in the large hall was a gift from the Say and Seal Club. Mr. Herbert Loud and other friends have presented pic- tures. The building was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, November 12, 1888, Rev. Phillips Brooks again being principal speaker, while Rev. W. O. Ayer, with Messrs. Batchelder and Moor, ofliciated in the same capacities in which they did almost exactly four years previously. The religious work has always been kept in the foreground, and the strong Monday evening meeting, for men only, has really been the backbone of the Association. The gymnasium was o])ened in December, 1S8S, and at once attained a de- served popularity among the young men. Mr. Walter C. Day volunteered his services the first season and is now engaged on a salary. In April, 1888, the Boys' Branch was formed, the first officers being Ellie H. Dorety, president ; George D. Marshall, vice-presi- dent; Charles W. Hajigood, secretary ; and Fred. N. Small, treasurer. Master Dorety took a great interest in the work and made an excellent presiding officer. His untimely death in the summer following was a great loss to the Branch. The Woman's Auxiliary was formed on May 1, 1888, and the assistance ren- dered has been invaluable in upbuilding the Asso- EVERETT. 603 ciation. The first board of officers was, Mrs. A. P. Potter, president; Mrs. A. Campbell, Mrs. J. W. Moore, Mrs. J. W. Slasury, Mrs. J. S. Gate, vice-presi- dents ; Miss Grace L. Batchelder, secretary ; and Miss Garrie L. Stimpson, treasurer. This Association has entertained the district convention on two occasions, and the first Woman's Auxiliary convention ever held in the world took place in Everett. From a very interesting and valuable article in our enterprising local paper, the Everett Herald, on Octo- ber 29, 1887, the following summary, showing the re- ligious status of Everett, was furnished: Avenige Attendance. Sunday- Sunday Friday Cliuich. Church Service. Congregational, 235 Uniyersalist, 140 Metliodiat, ITS Baptist, ISO St Mary's Catholic, 91111 Grace Episcopal, Glendale Cliapel, Courtlaud St. Oliapel, The foregoing figures, if brought forward to date, would undoubtedly show a marked increase. During the past year some highly interesting in- foruiiition in regard to the religious condition of our town has been obtained by means of a religious can- vass, taken under the auspices of the various churches. It is, of course, not entirely complete, but gives a fairly good idea of the religious condition of the town. The whole number of calls made was 1968, including 7606 persons. The church preferences of these per- sons were as follows : Congregational, including the Mission at the Line, 1399; Methodist, 11.32; Baptist, 1109; Universalist, 943; Episcopal, 585—309 indi- viduals expressed no preference, but claimed to be Protestants, and there were 257 persons included as Lutherans, Swedenborgians, Presbyterians, Spiritual- ists, Adventists, etc., making582-t reported as Protest- ante, with 1782 noted as Catholics. The total popu- lation at that time was estimated at 10,000. On the basis of these census reports, it was estimated that the total number of Pro(estanls was 7260, Catholics, 2380. It was found that there were attending churches out of town: Congregationalists, 150; Methodists, 85; Baptists, 27; Universalists, 7; Episcopalians, 15. The average attendance in the Protestant Churches was stated to be 2235, leaving, after deducting children under five years of age, 4476 who did not regularly attend public worship. Many of those, however, un- doubtedly attend more or less frequently, and it would certainly be safe to estimate the church-going population at upwards of fifty per cent, of the total population. The foregoing facts were presented by Rev. F. T. Pomeroy at a Sunday evening mass-meet- ing, held in the Y. M. C. A. Hall, January 5, 1890. The steady growth of the population in Everett has made it apparent for some time that a system of sew- erage had become necessary. The matter was brought up at a town-meeting held March 13, 1888, at which a committee of fifteen was appointed to consider the matter and report at a future meeting.; This commit- tee, by its chairman, Amos Stone, presented its report at a town-meeting held March 5, 1889, when it was voted, 267 in favor to one opposed, that the system of sewerage recommended in the report of the com- mittee be adopted, and that the treasurer be author- ized to borrow from time to time, with the approval of the selectmen, a sum of money not exceeding S50,- 000.00, to pay for the same. The plan presented esti- mated that the existing streets requiring drainage had a total length of twenty-eight miles, and they esti- mated the cost of the proposed system of sewerage for these twenty-eight miles of streets as follows : 3 miles of 36 by 36 inches.'at 83,00 J47,ri20.00 3 miles of 24 by 24 inches, at 2.00 31,680.00 3 miles of 18 by 18 inches, at 1.50 2;i,700.0O 3 miles of 12 by 12 inchen, at 1.00 l.'i,S4().00 16 miles of 10 by 10 laches, at 0.80 65,584.00 amounting to $186,384.00, the average cost per mile being estimated at $6057.00, and the average cost per foot at $1.26. The actual construction of the sewer has recently been commenced. It will, when constructed, connect with the system of metropolitan sewerage just laid out by the State Sewerage Commission, but until this is ready will have an outlet into Mystic Kiver. There was no local newspaper in Everett at the time of its incorporation, but soon afterwards the publisher of the Maiden il/iVror established an edition of that paper, called the Everett Pioneer, which he continued to publish until about 1875. The first strictly local paper was the Everett Free Press, the first number of which appeared May 24, 1873, then a small sheet of four pages, each 11 x 14 inches, with four columns of reading matter. On the 10th of April, 1875, it was enlarged to seven columns, and on July 17, 1886, it was further enlarged to cover eight pages. The columns of the Free Pi-ess have been valuable not only for local news, but also as a per- manent record of facts relating to our local history. The Free Press continued to be the only newspaper published in town until October 31, 1885. Its pub- lisher from the first has been Mr. Benjamin F. Morgan. On October 31, 1885, the first number of another local paper, T/ie Everett Herald, appeared, published by Benjamin Johnson, publisher of the Maiden Oily Press and the New England Qrocer. It was edited for three months by Mr. C. G. Newcomb. In January, 1886, Mr. George W. Davies succeeded to the editorial chair, and has since held that position. The Herald is Republican in politics and independent in expres- sion, and it is devoted to local interests. Its manage- ment is enterprising; it is ne.atly printed and has shown commendable enterprise in gathering news, which has been rewarded by a steady growth in its circulation. In April, 1890, Mr. George W. Davies 604 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. purchased of Mr, Johnson all his interest in the Herald, and became publisher as well as editor. Both of the local papers are issued on Saturday, at a sub- scription price of two dollars per annum. In addition to the above, the Rev. T. C. Watkins, for a short time during his pastorate, published a small local paper devoted to the interests of the Methodist Society, called the Sunbeam, and the Kev. F. T. Pomeroy conducted a similar enterprise, called the Friendly Hand. The Young Men's Christian Association has also issued a small sheet for several years past, called the 1'. M. a A. Star, established in April, 1886. The first four issue? were published at irregular intervals, but from September, 1886, it was issued regularly once a month until recently, when the practice was resumed of issuing it at irregular intervals. One of our latest local institutions is the Everett Savings Bank, which was incorporated March 1, 1889. The first meeting of the corporators was held April 11, 1889, and the corporation was organized with the following officers: President, Wilmot R. Evans; vice-presidents, Woodbury A. Ham, Robert M. Bar- nard ; treasurer, Samuel P. Cannell ; clerk, Henry K. Veazie; trustees, Woodbury A. Ham, Wilmot R. Evans, Robert M. Barnard, Samuel P. Cannell, George S. Marshall, Samuel M. Johnson, Isaac T. Winches- ter, Adams B. Cook, Daniel B. Fessenden, Thomas Leavitt, Cyrus S. Hapgood, John S. Cate, Nathaniel J. Mead, Heury K. Veazie, Joseph E.Nichols, James P. Stewart, Francis E. Dyer, Thornton A. Smith, Dudley P. Bailey. The bank opened for business May 11, 1889, and the total amount of deposits received up to the close of business on June 30, 1890, was $40,864, and the total number of depositors had been 331. At the same date there remained on deposit $20,247, held by three hundred and sixteen depositors, showing an average to each depositor of $64.07. The Everett Co-operative Bank opened for business October 14,1890; President, Samuel Freeman (2d), vice-president Charles B. Ladd, secretary and treas- urer, Charles E. Jennings. The following societies also exist in town besides those already mentioned : 0/ Ho, -Lincoln Council, No. 7G3. Eetablisbeil Avlerican Legi Octolwr 1,1881. Ancient Order of United Workmen. — Franklin Lodge, No. 61. Estab- lisllell NovoTiibsr 11, 1883. Order of the Sons of Veterane.—Oen. A. P. Martin Camp, No. 02. Estab- lished April 20, 188B. Women's lieli^ Corjia.— JvLmoa X.FGikiuti Corps, Nu. 40. EHtublisbed April 20, 188C. Home Circle. — Comfort Council. Improved Order of Ited Men. — Assowomsett Tribe, No. 50. Estab- lisliod December l;i, 1887. Knights and Ladies of Honor. — LongfoUow Lodge, No. 009. Knighti of tlie Golden Eaj/Ie — Halspeur Castle, No. 60. Established February 8, 1887. New England Order of l^oUclion. Order of Tonli.~Bny Stale Lodge. iioyal .Arcanum.— Palladium Council, No. 287. Established March 22, 1879. Royal Conclave of Knighti and Ladies. Sons of Temperance. — Golden Star Division, No. 81. Establit.hed December, 18S4. United Order Golden CTrcfe.— Wendell Phillips Conimandery, No. 279. Established February 20, 1885. United Order of Pilgrim Fathers.— Goy. Bradford Colony, No. 78. The following statistics of Everett will show its rapid growth : Pop. School VhU- Valtiatioyt. Tax Lectj. HaU. Ko. of DuiVg- Houi^es. 1870 2152 432 Jl, 736,379 J24,845 84 J13 30 41-t 1871 2471 603 2,423,232 31,040 78 12 00 4i)l 1872 2712 541 3,091,924 38,912 10 11 80 544 1873 3177 602 3,911,875 55,023 94 13 30 635 1874 3408 618 4,408,525 62,378 74 13 30 701 1876 3500 680 4,404,650 62,389 85 13 .30 770 1876 36(H 697 4,491,400 46,898 00 10 00 782 1877 3086 724 4,642,550 47,4ia .W 10 00 804 1878 3833 744 4,090,950 49,103 93 11 50 822 1879 3888 734- 4,103,950 45,272 70 10 50 828 1880 4037 764 4,221,400 46,736 27 10 50 854 1881 4402 832 4,263,650 59,963 68 13 50 800 1882 4538 879 4,633,000 73,900 96 16 40 881 1883 4810 912 4,796,650 62,745 04 12 60 937 1884 5154 965 4,950,160 66,309 36 12 80 1000 1885 5640 1039 5,133,600 69,168 66 12 80 1114 1886 6275 1145 5,461,800 70,072 77 13 30 1259 1887 6965 1217 6,836,850 82,895 48 13 50 1420 1888 8115 1415 6,499,100 91,.309 14 13 30 1024 1889 9202 1059 7,210,.300 113,720 75 15 00 1848 1890 10,(170 1847 7,859,650 120,585 92 14 60 2225 The foregoing statistics of population are those of the assessors. The census returns gave the population as 2220 in 1870 ; 3651 in 1870 ; 4159 in 1880 ; 5825 in 1885 and 11,043 in 1890. With a remarkable record of progress during the first two decades of its history, Everett enters upon its third decade almost large enough to be a city, and with great possibilities for the future if its opportuni- ties are rightly improved. BIOGRAPHICAL. AMOS STONE. Amos Stone, third son of Phineas — a lineal descend- ant of Rev. Samuel Stone, who came to this country from England A. ii. 1633 — and Hannah (Jones) Stone, was born at Weare, New Hampshire, August 16, 1816, and lived there with his parents until 1824, when they removed to Charlestown, Middlesex County, Massa- chusetts. He was educated at the Charlestown Free School. At the age of fifteen he went to work in his father's grocery-store, and remained there until he was twenty-one years of age. He then engaged in the real estate busine.ss, and has continued in that busi- ness more or less down to the present time, and has become one of the largest real estate holders in Mid- dlesex County. Charlestown was incorporated a city in 1847; he was elected its first city treasurer and collector of taxes, which office he held eight years, till the close of 1854. The first two years the office was a trying EVERETT. 605 one; he followed an easy-dispositioned town treas- urer and collector, who took no pains to enforce the prompt payment of the taxes assessed. Mr. Stone, be- ing a systematic and prompt business man, proceeded in an energetic manner to collect the back taxes com- mitted to him, and all others when they were due ; many solid business men, who had been benefited by the former collector's indulgence, protested, but, find- ing Mr. Stone was in earnest, paid. One large rail- road corporation repeatedly refused to pay its taxes ; one afternoon, as an important train was about to leave the station, he attached the engine just before it was coupled to the train ; the result was a check for the amount due, with the costs, was handed to him, and the train allowed to depart. After a few such instances taxes were paid reasonably prompt. In the fall of 1855 Mr. Stone was elected treasurer (if the county of Middlesex, and held that office for thirty years, until January 1, 1886, when he declined a re-election. The following will show the public aj)- preciation of his services : " Mr. Amos Stone, who has held the important office of County Treasurer for Middlesex for some thirty years, having decided to retire on account of advanc- ing years, he being sixty-eight years of age, the County Convention for Middlesex, which was held this week, nominated for the office Mr. J. O. Hayden, one of the proprietors of the Sonierville Journal. Mr. Hayden is every way qualified for the position and he will dis- charge the duties of the office with the fidelity and accuracy that has distinguished his predecessor for over a quarter of a century. "The following resolution was unanimously passed by the Jliddlesex County Republican Convention, held in the city of Cambridge, October 7, 1885, as a testi- monial to the long services of its retiring County Treasurer, Amos Stone. The resolution was offered by the Hon. Selwyn Z. Bowman, of Somerville : **Rcitohi'd, That we, tile Republicau dolegates in County Convention assembled, lieeire to place upon record our Jippreciation of the character and Bervices of Amos Stone, Esq., who for thirty yeare has so ably and acceptably peiibrmed the duties of Treasurer of this County of Middle- sex. His long term of service is the best evidence that he baa per- f.irmed those duties to the satisfaction of the people, regardless of party, :iiid that be has bad their coniidence and esteem. We congratulate him upon his long and honorable career in so prominent and responsible a position in which he has always shown himself a courteous gentleumii, an able financier and a clear-headed business man, and, as he volunta. rily withdraws from the cares of public life, we can assure him that he liikes with him the best wishes of the people that bis remaining years limy be full of happiness and prosperity." In 1854 the Charlestowu Five Cents Savings Bank was incorporated. He took an active and leading part in its organization, and was elected one of its truitees and its first treasurer, which positions he has continuously held. It has proved one of the most prosperous and suc- cessful banks in the Commonwealth. For more than ten y«ars he, as treasurer, with the assistance of the president, performed all the labor of the bank without any compensation to either. In 1*61 the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance Company was incorporated and organized, in which he took a leading part, and was chosen one of its di- rectors, and soon succeeded to the presidency, which position he now holds. In 1863 he was elected a director in the Monument National Bank, and, on the death of Hon. James O. Curtis, was elected its president, which position he now holds. He was one of the original shareholders of the Mystic River Company, a large landed corporation, and for more than twenty years has been its clerk and treasurer. In the several positions held by him as treasurer, he has administered the duties with signal ability, allowing no waste of the public funds, and has con- ducted the business as though it was his own private affair, allowing no monies to be paid out except duly approved by the proper boards or officers, and in strict conformity to law. His attention to business, great executive ability and physical endurance, enabled him to work six- teen hours per day, and to perform all the duties in the several offices that he held at the same time, and during the thirty years that he held the office of county treasurer, never employing a clerk or assist- ant during the entire term. The writer of this has frequently heard him say that he never wanted more than six hours of sleep out of twenty-four. His htrict fidelity and clear head have enabled him to perform all the duties without loss to himself or the several treasuries committed to his trust. With all his cares and close application to business, he was ever ready to hear and give judicious advice and council to aid the poor and unfortunate to over- come their difficulties and troubles, nor felt himself demeaned by so doing, some of whom -to-day rejoice in the beneficial results of the same, and in possessing a good business position and property through his advice and assistance. He was generous, and gave freely to relieve the wants of the distressed poor, dis- pensing his charities mainly in person, so that he could see to whom, where and in what manner his money was given and the results thereof In politics he was formerly a Democrat—voted for Franklin Pierce — then he became a Republican and voted for John C. Fremont and has continued in that party since. When the Rebellion was begun he was one of the first to come to the support of the Government ; be- fore the Government had made any provision for the soldiers enlisted, was one of the twenty-one persons who paid the expense of fitting out the first three companies from Charlestowu to go to Washington to defend the Capital. Although exempt from draft by reason of age, he sent the first representative recruit from Charlestowu at his own expense, also sent a colored recruit, and contributed hundreds of dollars during the continuance of the war for military pur- 606 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. poses. Early in life he joined the Free Masows and is quite prominent in the order, and is now treasurer of two Masonic organizations. He remained a single man until after he was fifty years of age ; he married Sarah E. Mills; they live in the town of Everett, Middlesex County, Massachu- setts, where they have a beautiful and pleasant home. They moved from Charlestown to Everett in 1872. Until recently Mr. Stone has not taken an active part in town affairs in Everett, though a liberal con- tributor to all matters of public interest. In 1888, when a committee was appointed to consider the ques- tion of sewerage, he was appointed a member and was chosen chairman. On March 6, 1889, this com- mittee presented an able report, drafted by Mr. Stone, which was adopted by a vote of 267 to 1. A com- mission of five, of which Mr. Stone was chairman, was chosen to carry out the recommendations contained in the report. In March, 1890, to enable him more effectively to carry out these recommendations, he was elected one of the road commissioners of the town of Everett for three years, the first and only town office he has ever held. JOHN C. SrOFFORD.' One of the younger residents of Middlesex County, whose successful professional career is worthy of mention, is John C. SpofTord, of Everett, Mass. Mr. Spofford was born in Webster, Androscoggin County, Maine, November 25, 1854, where his early life was that of the American country boy: working on the farm in summer, and in winter attending the district school, where he first began to play with draughting tools, and to look forward to his present profession. Afterward, however, this education was considerably extended at Monmouth Academy, Mon- mouth, Maine, and at the Maine Wesleyan Seminary, at Kent's Hill. Following the time-honored custom of New England students, Mr. Spofford at this period taught school for several terms. He has always since taken an active interest in educational matters, having served on the School Committee in his native town, and having beeu for four years a member of the Everett School Board. At about this time also, Mr. SpoflTord worked a good deal at the carpenter and the mason's trades, and thereby acquired an actual knowledge of building construction, which has since proved of great service to him. In 3879 he entered the office of H. J. Preston, in Boston, and began in earnest the study of archi- tecture. In February, 1881, Mr. Spofford was engaged as a draughtsman by Messrs. Sturgis & Brigham, well- known Boston architects, and remained with that firm until 1886, having charge in that time of the construction of many important public buildings and noteworthy private residences. Among these were the Commonwealth building, in Boston, the residence of H. H. Rogers, of the Standard Oil Com- pany, in New York City, and the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company's building, on State Street, Boston. In March, 1887, Mr. Spofford formed a partnership with Mr. Willard M. Bacon, under the firm-name of Spofford & Bacon, but withdrew from this a year later and united with Mr. Charles Brigham, formerly of Sturgis & Brigham, in forming the present firm of Brigham &Spoff'ord, who are well-known as the archi- tects of the alterations and enlargement of the Capitol buildings of Maine and Massachusetts. Of the less important work that has issued from their office the following buildings may perhaps be considered especially noteworthy : — The City Hall at Lewiston, Maine ; the Town Hall at Fairhaven, Massachusetts ; the Memorial Hall at Belfast, Maine ; the Episcopal Church at Melrose, Massachusetts ; the Union Square Baptist Church at Somerville, Massachusetts ; a church at Roxbury ; the residence of J. Manchester Haynes, at Augusta ; that of B. D. Whitcomb, at Elm Hill, Roxbury, and that of C. H. Souther, at Jamica Plain. The new stations at Stough- ton and Roxbury, on the Providence Division of the Old Colony Railroad, are also their work. Mr. Spofford has taken much interest in Masonry and Odd Fellowship and in the work of various fra- ternal societies; among others in that of the Knights and Ladies of Honor of which he has beeu Grand Protector of Massachusetts. In Aug. 1888, the subject of this .sketch succeeded the Hon. Ainsworth R. Si)offbrd (the libarian of Con- gress) as president of the " SpoflTord Family Associa- tion." At that lime seven hundred members of this family gathered from all parts of the United States to commemorate the fact that 250 years before in the year 1638, John Spofford and Elizabeth Scott came from Yorkshire, Eng., and settled at Rowley (now Georgetown,) Mass. Mr. Spofford is also connected with the well-known Wentworth family, being a lineal descendant of that John Wentworth who held by tjueen Anne's appointment the Lieutenant-Gover- norship of the Province of New Hampshire, from 1717 to 1730. Captain .fohn Wentworth, Mr. Spof- ford's grandfather's great- grand father fought on " the plains of Abraham," at the Battle of Quebec, and helped to carry Wolfe to the rock beside which he died. The character of a certain eminent man was once summed up in these words : " Ho could toil terribly." The writer has known Mr. Sj)oHord from his earliest childhood and feels sure that no one who has met him often, either in the hay-field, or in the school-room, or at the draughting table, will be disposed to dispute his ability to do, when necessary, two days' work in one, and come back next morning ready for another FRAMINGHAM. 607 day of the same sort, and his friends, relyiog on the marked ability to withstand the wear and tear of life which his liins-people have shown, hope from his hand and brain in the future much good architectural work. In the longevity below mentioned there is some- thing curious. How few of us can look back upon a child- hood spent in a house wherein dwelt five generations of our own kin. Some sneering foreigner once said that very few Americans could tell their great-grandfather's name. However that m.ay be, it is very certain that there are not in any land many living who can call back, as a thing seen with their own eyes, the form and features of their grandfather's grandfather. At the age of four- teen Foster Wentworth, the great-great-grandfather of Mr. Spoflbrd, entered the Revolutionary Army as a waiter for his father, the Capt. .Tohu Wentworth men- tioned above. When he died, at the age of ninety- nine John 0. was about 7 years old, Mr. Spofford married, on the 7th of July, 1881, Miss Ella M. Fuller of Turner, Maine. Mr. and Mrs. Spof- ford soon after removed to Everett and made it their permanent home. They have one child, Mabel Fuller Spoflbrd, born April 11, 1883. CHAPTER XLII. FRAMINGHAM. BY REV. lOSIAH H. TEMPLE. Framingham is situated in the southwestern part of Middlesex County, midway and on a direct line between Worcester and Boston. The old turnpike between these cities ran through the Centre village; the Boston & Albany Railroad runs through the South village ; the Old Colony Railroad, Northern Division, from New Bedford to Fitchburg, and to Lowell, runs through both the South and Centre villages. When the act of incorporation was granted in 1700, the town was bounded easterly.by Sudbury, Cochitu- ate Pond and Natick lands ; southerly by Sherborn and the Indian lands ; west by Marlborough and north by Sudbury. Its present boundaries are, northeasterly by Wayland, easterly by Natick, southeasterly by Sherborn, southwesterly by Ashland, west by South- borough and Marlborough, and north by Sudbury. As originally laid out, the Plantation contained about 20,500 acres. Subsequently several tracts, of greater or lesser extent, were transferred to other towns. Simpson's Farm of 500 acres was set to Hop- kinton, when that town was incorporated in 1715. Holliston took off a point of the southern extremity of the town in 1724. In 1727 Southborough took in the long strip of land known as Fiddle Neck. The Leg was annexed to Marlborough in 1791. By these subtractions the area of the township was reduced to 18,976 acres. In 1846 a tract of about 3000 acres was setoff' to form, with parts of Hopkinton and Hol- liston, the new town of Ashland. In 1871 a tri- angular piece of land was taken from the town of Natick and annexed to Framingham. The present area of the town is 15,930 acres. The more striking natural features of the territory are the range of high hills on the north, near Sud- bury line, known by the names of Nobscot, Doeskin Hill and Gibbs" Mountain ; the four ponds lying in a cluster near the southern border ; Cochituate Pond, on the eastern border ; and the Sudbury River, which flows diagonally through the town from southwest to northeast. The view from the top of Nobscot is broad and diversified ; and the prospect from the Normal School, on the westerly face of Bare Hill, is one of great variety and rare beauty. English adventurers explored these lauds as early as 1633, and became acquainted with the features of the country ; but the Colonial government took no action intended to promote a settlement here till 1640, when a considerable grant, within its limits, was made to the widow of Rev. Josse Glover. In 1633 a company of four men started from Watertown to go to the Connecticut River. Theparty consisted of John Oldham, Samuel Hall and two others, who went to look out a place for a new settlement at that then dis- tant point. The only way from Cambridge to Hartford, where the path would not cross any considerable stream of water, was up the northern bank of the Charles River to Waltham Centre ; thence to the northerly end of Cochituate Pond ; thence, following a southwesterly course through the village of South Framingham, into what was the northwest part of Sherborn ; then turning more west, through Hopkinton, and foUow- iug the upper south slope of the water-shed of the streams that ran into Narragansett Bay and the Sound. The route was somewhat circuitous, but comparatively safe. The Oldham party probably had a limited knowl- edge of the geography of the country, and followed, in the main, an old Indian trail. The chronicle of the time says that Mr. Oldham " lodged at Indian towns all the way." This trail was followed in 1636 by Rev. Messrs. Hooker and Stone, and their large company, on their journey from Cambridge to Hart- ford, and was known in contemporary records for two generations as '' The Old Connecticut Path." In the earliest notices of the territory now embrac- ed in this town, it is described sis Wilihrness Land lying north of the path from Sudbury to Nipnox. Later (1662) it is called " The tract of waste lands be- longing to Thomas Danforth, Esq., lying between Marlbury and the OW Conneclicut Path;" and still later (1693), " A Plantation situated between Sud- bury, Marlbury, Sherborn, and the Indian Plantation at Natick, and westerly is the wilderness." A con- 608 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. siderable part of these lands, viz. : those which lay on the easterly side of Sudbury Eiver, was disposed of by the General Court to individuals and to the Natick plantation, between the years 1640 and 1660. In 1660-62 the Court granted to Thomas Danforth, Esq., the larger part of the lands on the westerly side of the liver. To this granted land Mr. Danforth added, by purchase, the tract situated west and south of Farm Pond, extending as far as the old Sherborn line. The combined gift and purchase covered about two- thirds of what constituted the township ; and the place was, for many years, officially designated as " Mr. Danforth's Farms." No record has been discovered of any act of the General Court by which these lands were created into a plantation. Settlers came on slowly and were much scattered. Until 1676 all the adults were members of the church in Sudbury ; and most of them had home-ties there, aud did not desire and were not able to bear the burdens of separate civil and eccle- siastical charges. When Sherborn was organized into a township, the inhabitants living in the south part of our territory " had privilege and did duty " there, the statute providing that " for all such places as were not yet laid within the bounds of any town, the same lauds : with the persons and estates thereupon, shall be assessed by the votes of the town next unto it; the measure or estimation shall be by the distance of the meeting-houses." A few families dwelling in the northwesterly part of the plantation went to meet- ing and paid taxes in Marlborough. Indian Occupation. — ^The natural features of the country included in the limits of the original town grant mark it as a desirable abiding-place of the native red man. The swamps abounded in beaver and other fur-bearing animals ; the ponds were stop- ping-places of migratory fowl, and the breeding- places of shad and salmon ; the several falls, and the mouths of the smaller streams running into Sudbury River and Stoney Brook, were excellent fishing- places ; the higher hills sheltered the larger sorts of wild game, and were well covered with chestnut trees to furnish a store of nuts ; and the plains sup- plied rich and easily-tilled planting-fields. The Indian had a faculty of adapting means to ends, and uniformly pitched his tent, and chose his village site, with a view to take advantage of natural facili- ties for securing food, game and fi.sli in their season, corn and nuts for the late summer and fall supply. Looking at our territory, and taking the natural advantages of location as a guide, we should expect to find Indian villages of considerable size at three distinct points, viz., at the outlet of Cochituate Pond near the falls at Saxonville, and around Farm Pond. All the conditions requisite to Indian congregate life are found at these localities. And the probability arising from these natural indications, is made a cer- tainty by the existence at these several points of un- mistakable Indian remains, and by historical records. The Indian Village of Washakamaug. — When Thomas Fames took up land, and built a house at the north end of Farm Pond in 1669, the lands to the east and southward were owned by John Awassamog ; and most of the Fames farm was subse- quently purchased of him, or his children. How ihis tract came into Awassamog's possession, is stated in legal instruments bearing his signature. In a pa- per duly executed, appointing his son his successor, and dated December 1, 1684, he recites : " John Awassamog, of Naticke, not now like to continue long before his decease, and notable to looke after the Indian title that yet do remain unpaid for by Euglisb proprietore, do hereby acknowledge Thomaa Awassamog, my natural sou, my natural heir, and betrust and empower liim in my stead to sell, bargaiue, and alienate auy of that laud the Indian title of which do yet belong to me, according to the sagamore title His marke. John O AwoHomug.'' > In a deed dated January 21, 1684-85, in which his sons and other blood-relations joined, conveying the title of his Framingham and other lands to the said heir and successor, John Awassamog recites as fol- lows: "Euowall men by these presents, that we, John Awaesamoag, Samuel Awassamoag, John Mooqua, Peter Kphraim, Eleazer Pegan and Joshua Awassamoag, Indians of Natick, in the county of Middlesex, in New Kugland, fur reasons us thereunto moving, liave given and granted, and do by thofee presents grant, alieue, enfeofte, assigne, make over and con- firm onto Thouijts Awassamog, Indian of the same town aud county aforesaid, all that our whole native title, right and interest in that tract of land lying, situate and being betweene the bounds of Natick, Charles river, Marlborougli, and a point of Blackstoue'sriver beyond Mendou — all of which said riglit, title and interest in the said laud (that is not already legally disposed of) we, the said John Awassamoag, Samuel Awassamoag, Joshua Awassamoag, John Mooqua, Peter Epbraim and Eleazer Pegan, do hereby avoucli and declare to be, at the delivery of tlieso presents, our own proper estate, aud lawfully in our power to alienate and dispose of, — it being our natural right, descending to us from the chiefe sachem Wuttawi'Shan, uncle to the said John Awassa- moag, Sou., who was the chiefe sachem of said laud, aud uearly related to us all, as may be made to appear." - This deed carries the title and ownership of the lands in question back to " the chief sachem Wut- TAWUSHAN, uncle of John Awassamoag, Sen.," and (ixes approximately the time of his occupancy here. This date could not vary much from 1620-30. At any rate, the records make it clear, tliat about 1630 the lands lying between Farm Pond and the Natick line, aud indefinitely southward, were owned by the chieftain Wuttawushan, and that the title descended to his nephew Awassamog, who was living on our territory in 1649-50, and till 1684, and through whom the title passed to the Fames family. About the year 1635, Awassamog married Yawata, the daughter of Nanepashemet, chief of the Pawtucket tribe, whose possessions extended from Chelsea aud Lynn on the coast, through Middlesex County to the Pawtucket Falls (Lowell) on the Merrimack River. The young couple lived for a time at Winnisimet (Chelsea), where their oldest child Muminquash (known afterwards as James Rumneymarsh) was born. 1 Mass. Col. Records, v. Ml. - Mass. Co!. Records, v. ."ial, 532. FRAMINGHAM. ('.09 Their other children were known as John Awassa- mog, Jr., Samuel Awassamog, Joshua Awassamog, Thomas Awassamog and Amos Awassamog. When the apostle Eliot began his labors with the Indians at Nonautum, Awassamog appears to have been living at Mistick (Medford), and sometimes at- tended Mr. Eliot's preaching. Awassamog died in the early part of 1685. That his last years were spent near his Franiingham home is made evident from the recital in the deed given by his sons to the sons of Thomas Eumcs, of the fact, that " for sundry years until his death, he, the said Thomas Eames, did give relief to John Awassamog, chief proprietor of these lands." His widow was alive in 1086, when she signed a deed of lands of her tribe in Salem. She probably died at the house of her son, James Rumneymarsh, in the bounds of Natick. Indian Village at Cochituate. — This word is spelled in official documents, Wauhittuate, Ooijcha- wicke, Catchchauitt, Charchittawick, Katchetuit, Co(;hiuhawauke,Cochichowicke, etc. As is so common with Indian place- words, modern usage has changed the original application of the term. Neither the In- dians nor the early English settlers applied the name to the poud, but to the high bluff just south of the outlet. The exact Indian use of the term is given by Thomas Mayhew, Peter Noyes and Edmund Rice, in their record of the laying out of Mrs. Glover's farm in 1644 : " The southwest bounds are the little river that issueth out of the Great Poud at Cochituate.'" The word signifies, " place of the rushing torrent," or " wild, dashing brook," referring to the outlet in time of high water. Of the original native owners of the land at this point and the immediate vicinity we have no positive knowledge. This tract was included in the grant made by the General Court, under the right of emi- nent domain, to the Indians at Natick, after that plantation was established ; and the deeds to the English purchasers, all of which bear date subsequent to this grant, are signed by Waban, Piambow, Tom Tray and others. These uames and some other reasons favor the inference that these lands were in- cluded in the inheritance of the tribe which dwelt at the Falls below, to be noticed hereafter. Bat fortunately for history, the village-site ou the blutf was left untouched by the plow till a period within the memory of men now living; and the re- mains clearly indicate the permanent residence of a ccmsiderable clan. Mr. Joseph Brown, who was born near by, and was often on the spot, says, " I have been in the old Indian fort which stood on the highest point of the hill south of the outlet of Long Pond, a great many times. It used to include about an acre and a half of land. A circular bank of earth with ditch outside, the whole about four feet high, enclosed it; and there was a raised mound in the centre, made, I suppose, for a lookout. There were several cellar- 39-iii holes — 'granaries' — inside the bank. It was woods all around ; but this place was always bare. It was first plowed up by Col. James Brown, who leveled the bank, filled up the holes, sowed rye, and made it into a pasture. There was an Indian weir in the brook, at the foot of the blutf, a little way down from the outlet." To this clear statement nothing need be added. Quite recently, two large mortars were found here ; also abundance of pestles, gouges, spear-heads and fragments of steatite kettles, etc. Six or seven large granaries are still visible. The size of the evidently strong fort indicates that the Indians regarded it as a place of importance, as well as a place of security. The land on the west slope of the hill was favorable for a planting-field. The height of the hill made it a good lookout-point. But the carefully constructed weir shows that the fisheries here were a prime factor in native estima- tion. The number of large granaries (which were lined with clay) shows that immense quantities of shad and salmon were caught, dried and stored here in the spring, for use in time of need. Indian Village at the Falls. — The following deed, executed before the General Court had made formal grant of the land in question, is pretty con- clusive evidence of aboriginal ownership on the part of the grantors, and it goes far to establish a very early occupancy by the same parties : " TbiB witnesseth that William Bomau, Captain Josiali, lioger, A .rallies, and Keaquiean, iDiliana, now liveiug at Naticke tlie Indian IMantation ueare Suiibury in tlie Maseacliusetta Bay in New England, (Tur and in cuneiduration uf a valluaMe sume of Peage and otlior goodeu toUHinliand paid by Juhn Stone of Sudbury afureuanied tu onr full content amiugham was assessed £1. Dec. 28, 1675, Framingham is ordered to raise one soldier, as its proportion of a levy of 300. But whether the word be spelled with or without an I, there is no doubt that the Plantation received its name from the birthplace of Thomas Danforth in England. The Old Connecticut Path. — This traveled way was alluded to in connection with the early journeys of Mr. Oldham's party and the migration of Rev. Messrs. Hooker and Stone and their com- pany from Cambridge to Hartford. At a later date this path — which is named on the Sudbury town records in 1643, and was formally laid out from Watertown to Mr. Dunster's farm (in the present town of Wayland) in 1619 — became an important factor in the settlement of Framingham, and deserves special notice. It influenced the course of explora- tion hither, and most of the early land grant to patrons and settlers were located on this path. Coming from Watertown to the northerly end of Cochituate Pond, thence it followed the present road to the house of Joseph Brown, where it turned more to the west, crossing Cochituate Brook at the fordway, where was afterwards the fulling-mill dam ; thence by a southerly and southwesterly course to a point about thirty rods east of Hollis Hastings'; thence on nearly a straight line to the Parii rubber-works, and across the railroad, when it turned slightly to the west, going past the South School-house site, and from thence bearing to the left, over the Beaver Dam, nearly as the road now runs into Sherboru,and round the southerly side of the QuinneL meadow, just shun- ning the marshy lands,' and turning more west, crossed Cold Spring Brook, about thirty rods above its junc- tion with Hopkinton River ; thence westerly to the cold spring on the Frankland place, in the west part of Ashland, and so through Grafton,^ in this State, and Thompson, Conn. > See Russoirs Grant, Mass. Col. Rec, iv. pt. 1, p. 370. * " Hassanamesit is near uuto the old road-way to Connecticut." Mass- lliBt. Sue Coll., 1,185. FRAMINGHAM, 611 Early Land Grants— 7lfr«. Glover's Farm.— The earliest grant of land within our town limits, by the General Court, was made 1639-40, to Mrs. Elizabeth Glover, widow of Rev. Josse Glover. This farm, laid out as 600 acres, was found on measurement to contain 960 acres; embracing all that land lying between Sudbury town-line (now Wayland) on the north, Sudbury River on the west, Cochituate Brook on the south, Cochituate Pond on the east, and from the northeast point of this pond to the nearest point of Dudley Pond, and so by this pond to its northeast corner, and from there north, direct to the old Sudbury line. Thomas Alayhrw's Farm. — " October 17, 1643, Mr. Mayhew is granted 300 acres of land in regard to his charge about the bridge by Watertown mill, and the bridge to belong to the country " [iMass. Col. Hec, ii. 51]. In 1666, Mayhew assigned his grant to John Stone and Nathaniel Treadway. "In obedience to this grant and assignment. Now laid out this 18th day of June, 170S, said 300 acres to the heirs of John Stone and Nathaniel Treadway: This land, lying between Marlborough, Magunkook and Framingham, and so bounded : This land is some good, some bad, some pine and some oak land, and some meadow in it, as may appear from the plat of the same surveyed by David Haynes." Grants to Edmund Rice. — "October 23, 1652, Ed- mund Rice, of Sudbury, preferring a petition for the grant of three little pieces of meadow, containing about 20 acres, and 30 acres of upland, lying a mile from Cochituate Brook, hath his request granted." In 1655 Edmund Rice petitioned the General Court for another parcel of land " near the path leading to Connecticut ; " and June 3, 1659, is the record : "Laid out, the farm of Mr. Edmund Rice, of Sudbury, in the place appointed by the Court, that is, beginning at a hill, leaving Conecticott path on tlie north or northwest- erly of it, and a brook on the south of it, and two hills and a little piece of meadow on the east of it, with five acres of meadow lying on the east side, being part of the same grant; also the said tract of land being bounded with the wilderness on the west, all (Tf whicli said tract of land containeth eighty acres." This eighty acres lay between Beaver Dam Brook, (ileason's Pond and Gleason's Hill; the southwest corner bound being a tree at the Beaver Dam. Grants to John Stone. — In 1656 Mr. Stone bought of Ihe Indians eleven acres of land at the Falls in Sud- bury River, which, with fifty acres additional, was confirmed to him by the General Court in May the same year. Later he secured, by purchase, other considerable tracts of land upon the river below the Falls, and elsewhere. Russell's Farm. — "May 15, 1(;57, Mr. Richard Rus- sell having binn very serviceable to the countrie in his publicque imployment of Treasurer for many years, for which he hath had no annuall stipend, this Court doth graunt him five hundred acres of land, in any place not formerly graunted, upon Nipnop River, at his choice." This grant was laid out May 6, 1659, and is thus described: "Laid out unto Mr. Richard Russell, Treasurer, five hundred acres of land, lying in the wilderness, upon both sides of the j)ath that leadeth from Sudbury toward Nipnop, & is bounded on the northeast with Washakam Pond, and a swampe adjoyning thereto, and on the west by a marked tree and the west side of an ashen swampe, and on the south with the upland adjoyning to the southerly or southwest point of that meadow which lyeth on the westerly side of the aforesaid meadow, and on the north extending on the north side of the aforesaid path, and is surrounded with the wilderness. Edmund Rice, Tho. Noyes." Wayte's Farm. — " May 25, 1658, In answer to the petition of Richard Wayte, one of those that were first sent out against the Pequotts, & for soverall ser- vices, the Court judgeth it meete to graunt him three hundred acres of land." The record of the laying out of this grant is as fol- lows : " Laid out unto Richard Wayte, marshall, three hundred acres of land in the wilderness, between Chochittuate and Nipnop, in manner following, viz. there being a necke of land about two hundred & twenty acres, more or less, & is surrounded with Sud- bury River, a great pond, & a, smale brooke that run- neth from the said pond into the river, and from the southerly end of the said jwnd running to the river againe by a westerly line ; and on the westerly side of Sudbury River to extend his bounds fnmi the said river twenty pole in breadth so farre in length as his land lyeth against the said river ; also, on the north- erly & northeast of the said brooke & pond, he hath five patches of meadow, containing about twenty acres more or less, being all surrounded with wilder- ness land ; also, on the northeast side of Washakum Ponds he hath sixty acres, being bounded with the said pond on the southwest, and an Indian bridge on the east, and elsewhere by marked trees, the wilder- ness surrounding. " Oct. 20, 1658. TuoMAS Danforth, Andrew Belcher." Corlett's Farm. — " In answer to the petition of Daniel Weld and Elijah Corlctt, schoolmasters, the Court, considering the usefulness of the petitioners in an employment of so common concernment for the good of the whole country, and the little encourage- ment that they have had from their respective towns, for their service and unwearied pains in that employ- ment, do judge meet to grant to each of them two hundred acres of land, to be taken up adjoining to such lands as have been already granted and laid out, by order of this court." Mr. Corlett was schoolmaster of Cambridge, and his farm of 200 acres wiia laid out within our bounds, May 28, 1661. It took in the Elisha Frost farm, and the land to the west. Mr. Danforlh'a Farms.—" Oct. 16, 1660. Whereas, 612 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. at the request of this Court, Mr. Thomas Danforth hath attended the service of this Court in surveying the laws at the press, and making an index thereto, this Court judgeth meet, as a gratuity for his pains, to grant him two hundred and fifty acres of land, to be laid out in any place not legally disposed of by this Court." This lot was laid out adjoining Sudbury town-line, on the west side of Sudbury liiver. " May 7, 1002. The Court judgeth it meet to grant to Mr. Thomas Danforth, two hundred acres of land, adjoining to same lands he hath between Conecticot path and Marlborough, and appoint lOnsign Noyes of Sudbury, with old Goodman Kice and John How, to lay it out, with other lands granted to him by this Court ; and the act of any two of them to be account- ed valid, bolh for quantity and quality." This 200 acres was laid out adjoining to and west of the for- mer grant of 250 acres. On the same day, i.e., May 7, 1662, " It is ordered, that for and in considoration of Mr. Thomas Danforth his furnishing the Com rainsi oners to York, i.e.. Major General Denison and Maj. Wn». llawthorn, with ten pounds money, sliaU have granted him iie an addition to the two hundred acres of land granted him hy this Court in Cth page of this Session, so much land lying between Whip- sufferage and Conecticutt path, adjoining to his farm, as old Goodman Rice and Goodman Uow of Marlborow shaU judge the said ten pounds to be worth, and they are impowered to bound the same to him." "Oct. 8, lOO'i. Laid out unto Thomas Pauforth Esq. a parcell of laud lying bi'tweeno Rlarlborough and Kenecticut Path, and is bounded easterly by Sudbury lauds adjoined to that part of their bounds neere lyannum, the land of John Stone, and a part of Natick Plantation; southerly by the lands of the said Thomas Danforth and Natick lands; northerly with the other part of Sudbury boumls towards Marlbury; and westerly with the country lands, the said west lino being limited by a pine tree marked with D and standing on the north side of that branch of Sunbury river that eometh from Marlbury [Stoney brook] and on the west side of Angellico brook, and from the said pine continuing a southwest line unto the other branch of Sudbury river that is the bounds o( Natick plantations fHopkinton river] ; and from the said pine tree northerly continuing unto Sudbury bounds, running by a tree marked in the highway that leadeth from John Stone's house to Marl- bury ; in which tract of land bounded as abovesaid is contained two hundred acres of land belonging unto John Stone [the Oorlett Farm] and is excepted out of that laid out unto the said Thomas Danforth ; also four hundred and lifty acres of laud granted by the General Court in two several grants to the said Thomas Danforth ; and the remainder thereof is for the satisfaction of moneys disbursed by the said Thomas Danforth for the use of the country, by the appointment of the General Court. Given under our han^ls the 27th of May, 16tJ2. " Edmond Rice, "John How. " At a County Court held at Cambridge, Oct. 7, l(ifi2, Edmond Rice and John How, appearing in Court, acknowledged this above written to bo their act, according to the appointment of the General Court. " Daniel Gookin, "Stmon Willarp, "Richaud Russell. "The Court allows & approves this return." ^ This grant covered most of the Framingham terri- tory on the westerly side of Sudbury River, and be- tween the river and Southborough line. Thus it appears that for the ten pounds money paid out, Mr. Danforth received a tract of about 14,000 acres. Adding the 450 acres previously set off to him, and the Wayte and Russell farms, he held in all, 1 Maes. Col. Roc, iv. pt. 2, pp. 67, C8. by gift and purchase, not less than 15,500 acres of land within the limits of the old Framingham planta- tion. William Croumes Grant, — A farm of 500 acres was granted, October 8, 1G(J^, to William Crowne, •' as an acknowledgment of the great paiues he was at in behalf of this country when he was in England." This farm lay on the southerly side of Hopkinton River, and covered what is now the village of Ash- land — then reckoned Framingham territory. Grants to Thomas Eames. — ^On his petition of Octo- ber 17, 1670, the Court made a grant of 200 acres to Mr. Eames, which was laid out " in the wilderness adjoining to Lancaster." Jan. 24, 1G76-77. Mr. Eames asked the Court for a grant of the Indian lands at South Framingham, near his former home. The following deed recites all the particulars of this grant : "Whereas in Court at Nonantum January 24**' 1676 Thomas Ea me propounded to have a parcel of land belonging to Natick that is eucom- past-ed by ye land of Sir. Thomas Danforth, John Death and John Stone on three parts, and the Indians theu cousonted that in exchange of lands between Sherborn and Natick the above said parcel of laud desired by Thomas Eams should be included in ye lands that Sherburu men have in Exchange from Natick, as attested by a copy of that Court record under ye hand of Major Dauiel Gookin deceased : Also whereas in answer to a motion made by Thomas Eams to ye General Court held at Boston ye 28^'> day of May 1679 the Court did there allow and coniirm the grant and Exchange made of ye lands above mentioned, as appeared by ye record of ye siiid Court : Also whereas Shei'buru in ye Exchange by them made with Natick did omit to include the above said lands therein, so that to ye day of ye date hereof ye said Natick Indians have had no con- sideration in money or lands for their above said lands that was pro- pounded by Thomas Eames as above : Also whereas Thomjis Eames be- fore his decease was peaceably seized of said lauds, and did settle ye same by disposeing some part thereof to his children that now are dwelling thereon with four families, and did also sell to others sundry parts thereof that are uow dwelling thereon, all which to dispossess woidd be' very great injustice; Nuw know all men by these presents, that we Peter Ephraim, Thomas Waban, Daniel Tonawampa Minister, Jonas Motta- hant, Joseph Tabamomoso, Indians of Natick with ye consent and by the order of the rest of ye Indians of that plantation, for and in consid- eration of the premises, as also not forgetting the great suffering of yo said Thomas Eames by those Indians that burnt his house, barn and cattle, and kilted his wife and three children, and captivated five more, whereof only three returned, who are now dwelling on ye said lands, whome now to ruine a second time by turning them off those lands we are not willing to be any occasion thereof; Also, we well knowing, that although the above said Thomas Eames by reason of his being impover- ifehed as above said, did not procure a legall conveyance of ye said lands, yet for sundry years until his death did give releife to John Wansamug Cheife proprietor of those lands; We the above uauied Peter Ephraim, etc. for and on ye behalfe of ourselves as also the rest of ye Indians, that can claim any right or title in ye above said tract or parcell of land ; for and in further consideration of Ten pounds, current money, to us in hand paid before ye sealing and delivery hereof by John Eames sou of ye above named Thomas Eames deceased, who dwclloth upon part of ye said lands, the receipt whereof wo do acknowledge by these presents ; as also for twelve pounds more current money for ye use of ourselves, and ye rest of ye Indians of ye said plantation to be by us disposed of as the Governor or Leiu* Governor for the time being shall order, for ye true payment of which twelve pounds, the said John Eames hath given a specially under his hand and seal bearing date with these presents ; have yivev, granted, bargained, sold, eiifeiffcd, etc." This farm was bounded north by Sudbury River from the point where the Eames Brook enters to a point near the north side of the Agricultural grounds, thence the line ran easterly to the northeast corner of the State Muster grounds ; the east line ran from this FRAMINQHAM. 613 point by a southerly course to Beaver Dam Brook, which brook was its southerly bound'; the west bound was the Wayte meadow and Farm Pond. The eighty acres already granted to Edmund Rice was excepted out of the grant, under the title vested in John Death. Mr. Eames also received a grant from the town of Sherborn, of a home-lot of thirty acres. This was located on Chestnut Brook, about half a mile up the stream from the Hunt place, and adjoined the home- lot of Thomas Awassamog. The Belcher and Lynde Farm of 150 acres, lying north of the Corlett grant, was a gift from Thomas Danforth, dated March 6, 1672-73, " to his loving kins- man, Andrew Belcher, Jr." Gookin and How's Purchase was a tract of 1700 acres covering what is known as "Rice's End," and includ- ing the celebrated Indian Head Farm. These pro- prietors bought the tract of the Indians of Natick, May 19, 1G82. Bdckminster's Lease. — Reserving the common lands at the southwesterly part of the town, and GOO acres on Nobscot and Doeskin Hill (the former for the use of all his tenants, and the latter for the bene- fit of his heirs), and excepting the forms of Winch and Fro.st, and the Mellens, Mr. Danforth in May, 1693, executed a lease for 999 years of the balance of his Framingham lands, to Joseph White, of Roxbury, and Joseph Buckminster, of Muddy River. Owing to failure on the part of the lessees to pay the annual rental, this lease was canceled, and another lease to Buckminster alone, was executed March 25, 1699, running 999 years, the annual rental being twenty- two pounds current money. Two Classes of Land Titles. — All the lands ly- ing easterly of Sudbury River were held by right of grant from the General Court, or purchase of the In- dians, and confirmation by the Court ; while the title to the west side lands included in Mr. Danforth 's grants, is derived from a lease running 999 years. First Settlers. — Only a part of the men who received grants of land within our territory became actual settlers. The first man to build upon our soil was John Stone, who removed from Sudbury (now Wayland), and put up a house at Otter Neck, ou the west side of Sudbury river, in 1646 or 1647. By what right he held or claimed the land here is not known — probably that of squatter sovereignty, — but so for as appears, no one questioned his title. The next settler was Henry Rice, who received a deed and built a house on his father's grant in 1659. John Bent bought land of Henry Rice, came on in 1062, and built near the fordway over Cochitnatc Brook, on the west side of the Old Connecticut Path. Thomas Eames settled near Mt. Wayte in 1G69. Joseph Bradish was here at this date, but his location is unknown. Two of John Stone's sons, Daniel and David, settled near their father as early as 1667. And these were probably all the inhabitants living within our limits when Philip's War broke out and put a stop to settlements. These families were all from Sudbury, and are denominated in deeds and other of- ficial documents, "Sudbury Out-Dwellers," or " Sud- bury Farmers." The first recognition of the place by the colonial government as in a sense a distinct plantation, is in 1675, when Framingham was taxed a country rate of one pound, and was required to furnish one soldier for the country's service. The death of King Philip in 1676, and the killing in battle or hanging of the principal hostile chiefs, and the destruction of the Indian villages and strong- holds, gave assurance of a permanent peace, and set- tlers began to come on in considerable numbers. But for twelve years the new-comers were Sudbury people, and (except the Stones) located on the east side of the river, and on the Eames, Rice, and Gookin and How grants. John Death bought one-half of the Benj. Rice land in 1673, but did not build till 1G77. His house stood near the Beaver Dam. Thomas Gleason had bought the north half of the same land in 1673, and located near the pond which bears bis name, in 1678. In 1676 or 1678 John Eames and Zachariah Paddleford took up lots on their father Eames' grant, and with their father became inhabit- ants. John Pratt and Thomas Pratt, Jr., settled on Pratt's Plain at the same date ; and in 1679 Isaac Learned settled south of Learned's Pond. About 1687, when Mr. Danforth had matured and made known his plans for disposing of his lands by long leases, settlers began to locate on the west side of Farm Pond, and on the west side of Sudbury River. The Whitneys and the Mellens, from Water- town, settled on Danforth land in 1G87 or 1688 ; George Walkup, Stephen Jennings and John Shears were in possession of lands near Nobscot in 1689 ; the Havens, from Lynn, came on in 1690 ; Samuel Winch was here at that date; Thomas Frost built south of Nobscot as early as 1693 ; the Nurse, Clayes, Bridges, Elliot and Barton families settled at Salem End in the spring of the same year. All these lo- cated on Danforth land. And these last named, luswell as the settlers for the next ten years, came on mostly in groups. The Salem End families came from Salem Village (Dan- vers) ; the Pikes, Winches, ^Boutwells and Eatons came from Reading. Bowen, the Ilemenways, Sea- ver. Pepper, Heath, etc., came from Roxbury. John Town, the first to locate near the Centre Village, came from Essex County, and was allied by marriage to the Salem End families. Settlers came on rapidly, particularly upon the west side lands, after 1690; so that at the date of Mr. Danforth's death, in November, 1699, there were in all about seventy families located in our territory, and a population of near 350 souls. Eleven houses had been built at Rico's End, fifteen on Pratt's Plain and Sherborn Row, ten on Mellen's Neck and southward, twelve at Salem End, seven on Pike Row and the 614 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, road to Southborougb, and twelve at North Framing- liam, inchuliiig Stone's End. A romantic as well as tragic interest attaches to the colony that located at Siilem End. As before stated, these families came from Danvers, then called Salem Village, where they were involved in the strange complications and sad results of the witchcraft delu- sion. Rebecca (Town) Nurse, the wife of Francis, and mother of Benjamin and Sarah (Town) Clayes, the wife of Peter, were sisters, and were among the earliest of the accused victims and sufferers. They were committed to the prison in Boston, March 1, 1692. Mrs. Nurse was the mother of eight children and was an honored member of the old church in Salem. At her trial, the evidence against her was so weak that the jury twice failed to convict ; but on a third return to court, because she failed to give satisfactory answers to certain questions which they proposed, they brought her in guilty. It was after- wards shown that from deafness, she had failed to fully comprehend the proposed questions. She was executed July 19, 1692. The wife of Peter Clayes was tried, and found guilty, and condemned to death. In August she was committed to the jail at Ipswich, to await execution. Her husband was allowed to visit her in prison, and spent much of his time there. And in some way she found means to escape, and was concealed by her friends till the removal to Framingham, the next spring. As the witchcraft frenzy abated in the fall of 1692, probably the authorities were not anxious to recapture the fugitive. Mrs. Clayes was the mother, by her first husband, Edmond Bridges, of Benjamin and Caleb Bridges, who were of the Salem End Colony. It should be said to his credit, that Gov. Danforth was largely instrumental in allaying the witchcraft excitement, and stopping convictions by the court. Incorporation of the Town. — The first move- ment of the settlers, looking to incorporation into a township, was made March 2, 1692-93. The names attached to the petition are of men dwelling at Rice's End, South Framingham and Park'.-i Corner, i.e., east side settlers. The intention evidently was to have the centre village of the new town on Pratt's Plain (now the State muster grounds), and attain, by grant or otherwise, the " wilderness land," i.e., Danforth 's farms, lying to the westward. But Mr. Danforth had already conceived the plan of bringing his large landed estate under settlement and into town privi- leges, and the east side scheme failed. That iirst petition has important historical value, and is here inserted : *'Tho Petition of tlieir Maj"e» eiibjccta now Dwelling upon sundry ffannoB granted in tliose llenioto lands scittuato and lyeing betweene Sudbury, Concord, Murlbury, Natick and Sherborne, and westerly is the •Humbly Shewelh " That your jietitionors s lu-es, And li:ive from time to ti ) of us liave ttiere dwelt neer fforty especially of Late, Soe that now wee are about fforty ffamilies, Some liayeing built and some building, And wee hope may sincerely say that wee have endeavored to attend the Worship of God, Some of us att one Towne & some iitt another as wee best might, butt by Reason of our remoteness, four (live and some six miles from any Meeting-house, Are uncapable to carry our ffanjilyes with us nor yett to sanctifie God's Sab- baths as wee ought besides many other inconveniences (Inevitable) in our present circumstances. And there being Lands Adjacent tliat might well accommodate more ffamilyes lyeing partly in Natick bonnds, the Indians to whome it belongs being mostly gone some by death and others removed elsewhere, and our westerly bounds being the wilder, ness, Soe that wee hiive a prospect If this HonW Court shall favour this our humble address. That our numbers will be flfurther Increased, where- by wee may be enabled to carry on the worship ot God & have the bene- fitt of prudentiall order among ourselves " The Premises Considered " Yo' petitioners doe therefore humbly request y« favotir of yo' exellency and this Hon''' Couit, That by the authority of this Court we may be made a Township & have the order and privileges that have beene accustomed to others in our circumstances i.e. Some Easement in our Taxes that wee may the better bee enabled to carry on our publick Town charges ; That some addition may bee granted us out of the wil- derness adjacent, And in case the Hon" Court shall see reason to Ly- cence Natick Indians to make sale of any part of their Large Plantation that wee may have liberty to purchase those Lands that will bee accom- modable to this place." Signed by John Bent, Benjamin Whitney, John Eames, Thomas Gleason, Isaac Learned, John How, Thomas Pratt, David Stone, David Rice, Thomas Drury, Nathaniel Haven and twenty others. The next move was made by west side settlers in 1694-95. This was checkmated by Sherborn, which started a plan looking to the annexation of Rice's End and Pratt's Plain to that town. In 1697 a petition — largely signed by both east-side and west-side inhabitants — was blocked by the Sud- bury farmers living near Cochituate Pond. These conflicting interests were hard to be adjusted. Sudbury had contributed some of her best men as settlers on these lands, and still exercised a quasi jurisdiction over the northeasterly portion, under the title of Sudbury Farms. Sherborn had naturally drawn the settlers who dwelt around Farm Pond towards her meeting-house, received them to her church and conferred civil and political privileges in consideration of taxes for the support of public wor- ship. Her opposition to a new town here was most determined and persistent and potent. And when, after a struggle of seven years, it became evident that the new township wtis to be erected, she secured the insertion of a clause in the act of incorporation, " saving unto Sherborn all their rights of land granted by the General Court to the first inhabitants, and those since purchased by exchange with the Indians of Natick or otherwise.'' This clause gave rise to a legal contest of nine years' duration, the double tax- ing of several families, much bad feeling, and was only ended by the Legislature granting unto the town of Sherborn " 4000 acres of wilderness country land where they can find it any way convenient for said town, in conipeii.sation for these seventeen fami- lies." The act incorporating the town of Framingham bears date June 25, 1700. FR4.MINGHAM. 615 At this time there were tliirty-three houses on the westerly, and thirty-one on the easterly side of the river. The number of inhabitants was " above three hundred and fifty souls." No Central Village-Site. — A peculiarity of our town is, that there is no central point marked out by nature as the village-site, to which all material and social interests easily gravitate. The geographical centre was broken, swampy land, inconvenient for roads and uninviting for settlement. The original meeting-house site, in the old cemetery, was pitched upon, because it accommodated the more thickly set- tled out-districts, viz., Rice's End, Pratt's Plain, Park's Corner and Salem End ; and because it was nearer to Sherborn Row {now South F'ramingham) than the Sherborn meeting-house was, and thus would bring these families within the statute which required all settlers to seek civil and religious privileges in the town to whose meeting-house their residence was nearest. The site of the present Central village was selected as a compromise of conflicting interests, with which nobody was quite satisfied. The lands most eligible for home-ste.ads and for cultivation were dis- tant from this point, and were distant from each other. And what added to the difficulty of centralizing and uniting our early population was the fact that these detached clusters of settlers were each a little centre of its own in previous associations and social ties. The Stones were a power by themselves, and were given places of honor in Sudbury church and town, to which they were strongly attached. The same was true of the families at Rice's End. The Pratt's Plain settlers had received like favor from Sherborn church and town. The Bigelows, Learneds, Whitneys and Mellens had common associations formed while they lived in Watertown. The Havens were large land- holders, and were somewhat isolated. The Salem End families had been mutual sufferers from the witchcrail delusions and judicial trials at Danvers, and had taken refuge and found a peaceful home in this then wilderness land. The Reading and the Roxbury colonies, which located in the northerly part of the plantation, had each its separate interest and ties. The selection by Col. Buckminster of his homestead farm in the upper valley of Baiting Brook, naturally brought his old neighbors to locate near him, and to consult his wishes and follow his lead. And the fact that the settlers on the east side of the river held their lands in fee simple, while the settlers on Danforth lands had only leases, was a cir- cumstance, perhaps trival in itself, but which had its influence in separating interests. The lea.sed farms held several valuable rights in common, from which the east-side settlers were debarred. Mr. Danforth was a man of large views and well-defined aims. He planned to build up a township of enterprising men by leasing the land on easy terms, and securing to each tenant a right of pasturage and fuel in the reserved commons, which embraced a tract of about 5000 acres. In addition, Mr. Danforth set apart a large tract " for the benefit of the ministry." The diverse social elements were slow in assimilat- ing, were often agitated by disturbing influences, and once came perilously nearer a destructive ex- plosion. The ministerial lands were the subject of unchristian contention, and the commons, which were intended to be a band of union and mutual advantage, became a field for individual avarice and over-reaching. First Meeting-House. — To meet the needs of the many families who could not go to the neighbor- ing towns to attend public Sabbath worship, and to strengthen their appeal to the Legislature for an act of incorporation, our settlers proceeded, in the sum- mer of 1698, to erect the frame of a meeting-house, and cover it in. This house stood on the high land in the east central part of the old cemetery. As originally built, it was in size thirty by forty feet, and two stories high, fronting the south. It was so far finished that Sabbath services were held in it the next year. It was boarded and clapboarded, but not painted. The windows on the front side were of uniform size, and in regular order; on the ends, and north side, they were put in where, and of .such size, as individual pew-owners pleased — probably many of them without frames. Originally there was one large double door in front ; but individuals were allowed, or took the liberty, to cut doors at the ends and north side, wherever most convenient to reach their re- spective pews. Inside, the walls were unfinished. The pulpit stood on the north side, opposite the great door. A gallery extended across the ends and front side — the east end and half the front was called the "women's gallery," and reached by the " women's stairs," at the southeast corner ; the west end and half the front was called the " men's gallery," and reached by the men's stairs," from the southwest corner. A " bar " across the centre of the front gallery indicated the dividing line, which was not to be crossed by either sex. Long seats of the rudest construction ran around the galleries, next the walls, and in front. On the lower floor were two bodies of seats, or benches, separated by an alley — the cast range al- lotted to the women, the west to the men. The dea- cons' seat was in front of the jiulpit. Under (he g.alleries were long seats, running parallel with the walls. By special vote of the town, individuals were allowed to take away portions of these long seats, and build pews, against the walls, six feet by four and one-half or five. The site selected was " the most accommodable spot" on the ministerial land for the scattered popu- lation. It brought " the seventeen families " nearer to a place of worship than Sherborn meoting-house. The east side settlers gravitated to the Great Bridge by easy paths from Rice's End and Sherborn Row. The people from Nobscot and Stone's End had paths 616 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. to Pike's Row, and thence by the Edgell place on nearly a straight line to the meeting-house. A road from the Hemenways through Temple Street, met the road from Salem End on the present R. W. Whiting place, which then ran east past the house of C. J. Frost, about twenty rods east of which it received the path from the Mellen and Haven neighborhoods, and then led direct to the meeting-house. The First Minister.— August 21, 1700. The town made overtures to Mr. John Swift, of Milton, then supplying the pulpit, to continue their minister, offering him, in case he should be settled " one hundred acres of land and ten acres of meadow." [The land comprised the tract, whose bound.aries extended from the bridge by the old cemetery, southwesterly to Duck Pond and the southern declivity of Bare Hill; thence southerly to Sudbury River; thence as the river runs to the bridge aforesaid.] May 22, 1701. The town "voted to give a call to Mr. John Swift to abide and settle with us, the in- habitants of Framingham, as our legal minister." Chose Abial l^amb, David Rice, Benjamin Bridges, John Town, John Haven, Peter Cloyce, Sen., Sam- uel Winch and Thomas Drury to give the call in be- half of the inhabitants. " Voted, To give Mr. Swift, in addition to the land and meadow, £60 in money yearly, and find liim in hia wood (thirty-five cords) ; to fence in twenty acres, with a good ditch where it is ditchable, and wliere it can't be ditched to set up a good five-rail fence ; and also to give £100 towards the building of a house, one-fifth of the same in money.*' The church was organized, and a pastor ordained October 8, 1701. Externally, the meeting-house was not attractive, nor was it very comfortable within. But all the peo- ple had helped to build it, and all loved it as their sanctuary, and as marking the " God's Acre" where their dead were buried. With a small enlargement in 1715, it met the wants of the first generation of settlers, but the second generation and the new comers demanded something better, and with great unanimity in 1725 voted to build a new house on the old spot. Through the opposition of a minority, actuated by ideas of location, and in part by a purpose of land speculation, the building was delayed, and the question of location came near splitting the town asunder, and actually rent the church in twain. 1733. A presentment was issued by the Superior Court against the town, for not having a decent meet- ing-house in said town. The Second Meeting-House was built in 1735. It stood at the northeast corner of the centre Common, (just inside the present fence), fronting south. Size fifty-five by forty-two feet, thirty feet between joints. Had three stories. Doors on south, east and west sides. £550 was granted to build the house, and finish ithe outside — though it was not painted till 1772. £350 was granted, at different times, for finish- ing the inside of the house, The pulpit was on the north side, and double galleries extended around the other three sides. The committee was instructed to build a pulpit, a body of long seats below, leaving an alley between the men's and women's seats, lay the floors, make seats in the lower gallery, and two pair of stairs (men's and women's) to said gallery. The space next the walls under the galleries was reserved for pews. The new meeting-house, though standing literally " in the woods," and surrounded by swamps, became a potent factor in town affairs, and as a converging point for the town highways ; and between 1735 and 1745 these were readjusted and laid out in the main as they exist at present. The population had increased from 350 to 900. The appropriations for ordinary town expenses in 1745 were £735, old tenor— £200 for highways, £300 for preaching, £135 for schools, £100 for incidentals. The first pastor, Mr. Swift, died Ap ril 25, 1745. His successor, Mr. Matthew Bridge, was ordained February 19, 1746. The town granted him a settle- ment of £000, old tenor, and a yearly salary of £2ti0. The expenses of his ordination were £109 8s. 2d. ; including £96 9s. 4d. for keeping the ministers and messengers two days ; £3 18s. ; for chickens, £10 2s. for beef and £0 .3s. for tavern bills. As a result of the contest about the ministerial land, growing out of the claim and seizure of said lands by the lessee of Mr. Danforth, a divided sentiment had obtained in the church, aggravated by difficulties with the first pastor. The settlement of a new minis- ter was the occasion of the culmination of the alienated feeling. The majority was uncompromising, and the minority seceded and took steps which led to the organization of a .second Congregational Church in October, 174G. A small meeting-house was built, and Mr. Solomon Reed was ordained pastor of the new church in January, 1747. The new organization numbered over eighty members, and maintained a separate existence about ten years, when a part re- turned to the old church and a part united in forming the Fir.st Baptist Society in Framingham. Emigrations. — Framingham contributed largely of her enterprising inhabitants towards the planting of colonies at several new centres. A considerable number of our citizens became grantees of Oxford in 1713. Among them were Town, Barton, Elliott, Lamed, Gleason, Lamb and Stone. Some Mellen, How and Haven families removed to Hopkinton be- tween 1715 and 1720. The Bents, Steveuses, Stones and Howes were among the early settlers of Rutland. Others become incorporated with Holliston in 1724, with Shrewsbury in 1727, with Grafton near the same date and with Templeton a few years later. In the Wars. — The following Framingham names are found on the rolls of the expedition to Canada in 1G90: John Jones, Francis Moquet, Daniel Mack Clafelin, Joseph Trumbull, Caleb Bridges, Daniel Mixer, Daniel Stone, Jr., Samuel Wesson, Jacob Gibbs. They enlisted in the Sudbury company, and were sharers in the grant known as the Sudbury- FRAMINGHAM. 617 Canada Grant of 1741, which was located in Maine, embracing the present towns of Canton and Jay. The survivors of this company, while prosecuting their claim in 1741, met several times at Mr. Moquet's tavern in Framingham. Forts and Garrison-Houses. — The war known as Queen Anne's War came on soon after the incor- poration of the town. It was declared in May, 1702, and terminated by the treaty of Utrecht, March 30, 1713. This w.is a period of general alarm, in which Framingham participated; though few of our men were drafted into the service. In the expedition to Port Royal, September 16, 1710, Joseph Buckminister was captain of grenadiers in Sir Charles Hobby's regiment, and sailed in the brigantine " Henrietta." Others from Framingham in this expedition were David Rice, died April 20, 1711 ; Jonathan Proven- der; Benjamin Provender, died January 21, 1711; Joseph Adams. Ample pi'ecautions were t.aken to meet hostile visits from tlie Indians, who scourged the frontiers. A sentry was posted on the top of Bare hill, during the time of public worship, on the Sabbath, to give alarm, in case of the appearance of the savages. Several forts or garrisons were built in different parts of the town, by neighbors clubbing together for mutual pro- tection. From the vote of the town in 1710, for dis- tributing the ammunition, it is probable that at that date there were not less than four such garrisons. The location of three of them is known. One stood near the then house of Joseph Buckminster, a little to the southeast of the present house of E. F. Bowditch; another at Salem End, between the present houses of James Fenton and Dr. Peter Parker, on the north side of the brook; a third on Mellen's Neck, to the north of Josejih A. Merriam's. The fourth was prob- ably located near the south end of Learned's Pond. The Salem End fort was built of logs, with a watch- box above the roof at the gable end, and w.os sur- rounded by long pickets firmly set in the ground. This outer defence had a heavy plank gate, hung on wooden hinges. There was a stoned-up cellar under- neath, where food could be stored, and a well just outside the gate. When an alarm was sounded, all the femilies within reach hurried to the fort. It is a current tradition, that on a dark night, when the neighboring families were collected here, with two watchmen in the sentry-box, the dogs gave warning that an enemy was near. The sentries fired in the direction whence the sounds came, and the alarm ceased. The next morning, blood was discovered near the gate, and tracked across the swale to near the Badger farm. Mr. Barry gives the following : " An aged inhabit- ant of this town relates an instance of narrow escape from death, on a like occasion, which occurred to his grandmother. Having gone alone to the yard to milk, about two hours before sunset, she carefully looked around to see if there were Indians in the neighborhood. Supposing herself secure, she pro- ceeded to her work, and while in the act of milking, an Indian (who, as was their custom, had disguised himself with brakes, and crawled along on his belly) suddenly struck her in the back with a knife. She instantly sprung, and by the etlbrt twitched the knife from the Indian's grasp ; and before he could rise, had advanced so far, that she succeeded in reaching the house, with the knife in her back. An alarm was immediately given, by three successive discharges of a musket, which soon brought a reinforcement from the neighborhood of what is now called the Silk Farm, where was a garrison well provided with powerful dogs and arms. On pursuing, however, they found no traces of the Indian. The woman sur- vived her injury." The farmers went to their work in the fields, carry- ing with them fire-arms for protection. The husband would go with his wife to the barnyard, and watch while she milked the cows. " An aged woman of this town heard, from her grandmother, an accountof this practice in her day ; the latter adding, that her hus- band's presence was, after all, of no great service, for instead of watching for Indians, he would throw him- self upon his back, and sing loud enough to be heard through the neighborhood." (Barry.) » At this datte, and for many years after, one or more dwelling-houses in every district was built so as to be arrow-proof and bullet-proof. A description of the Learned house, which stood where Mrs. Katherine Fames now lives, will answer for all. It was a two- story house without a leanto. The frame, i. c, the sills, posts, girths and plates, were of heavy timbers. Instead of studs in the lower story, logs split in half were set upright, face and back alternately, so as to match by overlapping the edges. The space under the windows on the back side was filled in with bricks ; on the front side and ends with two-inch planks. The lathing was nailed to the logs on the inside, and the boards were nailed in like manner on the outside. The doors were of planks, and the win- dows were provided with inside shutters. Some of these ganison-houses were lined with planks instead of split logs. The Dr. Stone hou,se, which stood on Pratt's Plain, near the arsenal ; the John Eames house, built where is now R. L. Day's house ; the Nathaniel Haven house, which stood west of Washakum Pond (the Charles Morse place, now in Ashland) ; the original Nathaniel Eames house, late Jonathan Fames', were plank-lined garri- son-houses. A similar house, built about 1730, by Nathaniel Haven for his son, and placed on the oppo- site of the road from the father's, is still standing, as is the Nathaniel Eames house. The former is owned by Joseph Morse. Father Ra lle's War. — This war lasted from 1722 to 1726. Its principal theatre was in the province of Maine; but the French Indians from Canada made assaults on the infant settlements along the entire 618 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNT?, MASSACHUSETTS. northern border of Massacliusetts ; and all our towns were called upon to contribute their quota of men. Framingham shared in these levies. Colonel Joseph Buckrainster, then in command of the South Middle- sex Regiment, sent troops to the relief of exposed points. Jona. Lamb was employed to transport mili- tary stores from Boston to Rutland, then a frontier town. In Sergeant Thomas Buckminster's " Rutland Scout " were David Pratt, Philip Pratt, and Thompson Wood, of Framingham. Gideon Bridges, Jeremiah Belknap, Hackaliah Bridges, Simon Goddard, Jere- miah Wedges and Benoni Hemenway were out in a detachment from August 25th to November 28, 1722. Daniel How, Benjamin Hemenway, Mark Whitney and Daniel Rider, of this town, served in Captain Samuel Wright's Rutland Company, from November 10, 1723, to June 10, 1724. Jeremiah Wedges and Uriah Clark were in service at Fort Dummer, Feb. 1st to May 31, 1724. In 1725, June to November, Daniel How, promoted to be sergeant, Thomas Walk- up, Benoni Hemenway, John Stone and Samuel Hud- son, apprentice to Jonathan Ragg, were in Captain Samuel Wright's company. Muster Roll o/ Captain Isaac Clark's August 2lst to September 18, 1726 : Company of Troopere, out from Capt* Isaac Clark, . Franx Lt. Jona Lamb, Frara Cort Joseph Ware, Sherb Corp. Nathaniel EauieB, Fram Corp, Ebeuf Leland, Sherb Corp. Jonas Eaton, Fram Corp. Eleazer Kider, Sherb Trump Tho" BeWowa, Marl Trump Nero Benson, Fram Clerk, Samuel Stone, Frara James Clayes, Fram John Bent, Fram Joseph Haven, Fram Josiah Rice, Fram Daniel Pratt, Fram Matthias Clark, Fram Thomas Winch, Fram Jacob Pepper, Fram Abraham Rice, Fram Ezekiel Rice, Fram Robert Seaver, Frara Samuel Frizzell, Fram Phinehas Rice, Moses Haven, Uriah Drury, Joseph Briutnall, Bezaleel Rice, George Walliup. Isaac Stanhope, Samuel Walker, Thomas Stono John Stacy, Jonathan Nutting, Oliver Death, Samuel Williams, Joseph Leland, Asa Morse, Edward Learned, Isaac Leland, George Fairbank, Joseph Morse, Jonathan Fairbank, David Morse, Jonathan Dewing, Fram Fram Fram i Fram Fram Fram Sherli Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb Sherb French and Indian Waes. — This town was not the theatre of any of the thrilling events of these wars, which were the final struggle of the French Government to secure control of New England, in which that power utilized to the fullest extent the savage tribes of our northern border. Our men, how- ever, took an active and honorable part in the defence of the frontiers. Joseph Buckminster, Jr., was col- onel in commission and command of the South Mid- dlesex militia at this date, and was prompt in enlist- ing and forwarding trooi)s as called for by the provin- cial authorities. In the memorable expedition against Louisbourg in 1745, in Capt. Kphraim Baker's company. Sir Wil- liam Pepperell's regiment, were Lieut. John Butler, (who died in the service), Philip Pratt, James Clayes, John Nixon (then eighteen years old), John Seaver, Robert Seaver, the father, and his two sons, Joseph and Benjamin (one of whom died at Louisbourg). Jonathan Youngman, Jonas Gleasoii and Sheans Berry were out in the same expedition. Capt. Josiah Brown (of Sudbury) and his troopers were ordered out on an alarm September 23, 1747. On the muster-roll are the names of Lieut. Thomas Winch, Corp. Daniel Gregory, Clerk Daniel Stone, Trumpeters Jonathan Belcher and Nathaniel Seaver, Centinels Samuel Winch, Phineas Gihbs, Jonathan Maynard, Isaac Read, Benjamin Eaton, William Brown, John Bruce, Elias Whitney, John Hemenway, Micah Gibbs, Samuel Frost, Joseph Brintnall, Mat- thew Gibbs, John Gould, of Framingham. Daniel Brewer, John Harris, Isaac How, John Par- menter and William Hutson were in Lieut. John Catlin's detachment at Fort Shirley, December 10, 1747, to October 31, 1748. Thomas Walkup was in service during the war ; was with Capt. H. Hobbs' rangers in '48, and at No. 4 with Capt. P. Stevens in '49. John Edgell, an apprentice to Jacob Pike, of this town, was impressed, and joined Capt. Josiah Willard, Jr.'s company at Fort Dummer, February _10, 1748. He was in a detachment of men under Sergt. Thomas Taylor, marching from Northfield to the fort July 14th, when they fell into an ambush of French and Indians. Two of Taylor's men were killed, and eleven taken prisoners and carried to Canada. Edgell was among the latter. He lost everything of arms and clothing ; and during the march to the north was subjected to great hardshij^s, by which he was inca|iacitated from labor. He, with the other captives, was sold to the French, and remained in Canada till the last of Sep- tember, when he was released and returned home. Jonathan Brewer was out in the campaign of '49 ; stationed at Fort Dummer. He and John Nixon, both of whom were distinguished officers in the War of the Revolution, took their first lessons in camp and field service in this war. The old French AVar ended in 1749, and what is known as the Lmt French and Indian War began in 1754. The active militia of Framingham at this date numbered about 170 able-bodied men, and 90 on the alarm list. Of our men, not less than 160 were out at different times during this war — some of them of course being counted more then once, as having en- listed or been drafted for successive expeditions. In the opening camjiaign of this war, in 1754, the following men of this town enlisted in Capt. John Johnson's company, and were out three months, viz., Jonathan Brewer, Simon Learned, Joseph Butler, Phinehas Butler, John How, Eliab Brewer, John Pierce, Simon Gleason, Phinehas Gleason, William Dunn, William Graves, Phinehas Graves, Michael Haven, Simon Pratt. John Nixon enlisted March 27, 1755, in Capt. FRAMINGHAM. 619 Ebenezer Newell's Roxbury Company, and received a commission as lieutenant; but before marching he was transferred to Capt. Jonathan Hoar's Concord Company, and was promoted September 8th to be captain. The company was attached to the Crown I'oint expedition, and was in service till December 17th. Jonathan Gibbs was lieutenant in the same company; Amos Gates was sergeant; Ebenezer r.outwell was corporal ; George Walkup was drum- mer, and in a short time was promoted to be drum-ma- jor. Jonathan Tread way was taken sick and sent home on furlough November 3d, and died December 17th. Other Framingham men enlisted in Capt. Newell's company at the same time as Lieutenant Nixon, and were in the Crown Point expedition, and discharged January 3, 1756 : Sergeant Shears Berry, Sergeant Isaac Gleason, Corporal Jonathan Belcher, Abijah Berry, Eben. Darling, John Darling, John Edgell, Simon Edgell, Thomas Nixon, Joseph Sever, Benja- min Tower. Four men from this town joined Capt. Stephen Hosmer's comi>any, for the Crown Point expedi- tion, one of whom, David Sanger, died at Albany, December ir)th. Three of our men were in Capt. John Taplin's company, same expedition ; and six others enlisted jn different companies, making forty- four in all who took part in this first campaign of the war. In 1756 thirty-eight of our men were in the service. Capt. John Nixon and his company were stationed at the camp near Lake George. His brother Thomas, aged twenty, was ensign, and Simon Edgell, twenty- two, was sergeant. Benjamin Angier, William Puffer, Jacob Towusend, Isaac Allard and Ensign John Stone died in the service this year. Daniel Coller was taken captive by the Indians near Lake George. Francis Gallot was taken prisoner at Oswego, when that fort was captured, August 14th. Captain Josiah Stone, with his troop of horse, was in service at Crown Point, September 15th to Octo- ber 30th. The year 1757 was long remembered as the year of great preparations and great disappointments. The expedition against Crown Point and Ticonderoga was popular, and officers and men enlisted readily— to be balked in their expectations by the order of Lord London, who sent them on a fruitless ex- pedition against Louisbourg. The following characteristic letter will explain it- self:— " Fbaminoham, .Tnly 18, 1857. "May it ple,aso the Hon''' his Majesty's Council : "In obedience to an order from your Honours of the 10th of May, 1 757, I have taken effectual care and caused every person, both upon the Alarm liist and Tnained band List, in the Regiment of Militia under my com- mand and also the respective Town stoclts in said Kegiment, to be furnish- ed with Arms and Ammunition accordingtolaw.and now ready with my whole Regiment, to meet and confront the French in any part of the Province, at a minute's warning, even with seven days' provisions. ** I am. Tour Honours most obt. eerv'. " Jos. BUCKUINSTER." The regular companies from this neighborhood, last year, remained in the service ; and most of our militia were called for in one or other of the " alarms '' about Fort William Henry. Timothy Pierce, son of Thomas, was made prisoner at the tak- ing of this fort and carried to Canada. In 1758 seventeen Framingham men were with Col. Ruggles' regiment, mostly in Capt. John Nixon's company, on the New York frontier ; Ensign Thomas Trowbridge and fifteen men were in Capt. John Taplin's company, raised for the re- duction of Canada, and ten men enlisted in Captain Aaron Fay's company for the same destination. Micajah Gleason was in the expedition against Louisburg. Ralph Hemenway enlisted and marched with his company, but was taken sick and lay in the hospital for some time. The General Court allowed him for his extra expenses, £3. 5. 0. 1759. Niagara was invested by Gen. Prideaux, July 6 and was taken on the 21th. Ticonderoga was reached by the division under Gen. Amherst, July 22, and after a siege taken ; when Crown Point was abandon- ed by the French, who retired to the Isleaux Noix, at the northern extremity of the lake. Capt. John Nixon, with many of his old officers and men, turned out March 31, and was stationed at Worcester, in Col. T. Ruggles' regiment, till April 30. At this date his company was reorganized, and attached to Col. John Jones' (of Hopkinton) regi- ment, which marched under Gen. JeflVey Amherst, for the invasion of Canada. The company was in ser- vice till Dec. 20. The Framingham names are as fol- lows : Capt. John Nixon. Lieut. Joseph Gibbs. Lieut. Thomas Nixon. Ena. James Mellen. Jonathan Pierce, aged 25. Silas Hemenway, aged 21. George Lilly, aged 21. Nathaniel Brown, ai^ed 18, Oliver Robinson, aged 19. Caleb Drury, Jr., aged 23. Be/,aleel Wright, aged 49. Ebenezer Cutting, aged 17. Jona. Hemenway, aged 19. Elijah Houghton, aged 20. Thomas Kenilall, Jr., aged 45. Isaac Fislc, Jr., aged 22. John Mattliews, aged 40. Joseph Stone, aged 37. Dan. Tombs, Jr. (Hopk.), aged 19_ Gilbert Dench (IIoi*.), aged 17. Ebenezer Haven, aged 22. Esau Northgate, aged .37. Allen Flagg, aged IS. Daniel Haven, aged 45. Jotioph Bigelow, aged 24. John Gould, aged 38. Phinehas Graves, aged 24. Elijah Drury, aged 22. Isaiali Taylor, aged 25. Micah Gleason, aged 17. Peter Gallot, aged 24. Daniel Haven, aged 20. Isaac Fisk, Jr., served through the campaign. While returning home he was taken sick between Crown Point and No. 4, and with great difliculty got as far as Mt. Grace (in Warwick), seventy miles from home. His father went with a horse to fetch him to Framing- ham. But he was so ill that he could not get on or ott'ahorse without help ; and the father was absent seven days, and he was not able to do anything for about six weeks. Expenses allowed by the General Court, £1. 1. 4. 1760. Ten Framingham men enlisted for the reduc- tion of Canada, and were assigned to Capt. William 620 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Jones' Co. (of Holliston), and were in service from Feb. 14 to Dec. 26. Capt. Nixon'.s company was in service from April 15 to Nov. 17, 1761. It was a popular company, and numbered thirteen officers and eighty-eigiit pri- vates. Eight of the officers and twenty-three of the men were from Framingham. The small-pox was very prevalent in Canada at this time, and many of the American soldiers took it. " The petition of Ralpli Ilemmenway, of Framingham. "To his Exoollency Fra Beniarrt : *' Humbly aheweth that his son, John HemniPuway, enlisted in 1701 under Capt. Brigham, of Southborongh, Col. Whitconib's regiment, and continued in service till the army broke*up'; and in his return took the smalt-pox, and was taken down six days after his return home, and con- tinued thirteen days, and died ; by reason of which your petitioner was put to great trouble and cost : he had to move his family half a mile dis- tant ; and could not take them home in less than three months; and paid two nurses i;i. 4., besides 16 shillings for necessaries. Prays the C'Ourt to allow him, as others are allowed in such cases.^' The General Court allowed him £4. 4. Miscellany. — 1754. The first four months of this year are made memorable by the prevalence of a fatal distemper, known as the great " sickness." The town records notice the death of seven persons as vic- tims of the disea.se; but it is nearly certain that other deaths occurred, which were not recorded : The God- dard family, living on the i)lace now of J. H. Temple, and the families living north of the Mountain, appear to liave been the greatest suffers. Rev. David God- dard, minister, of Leicester, while on a visit here, was taken down, and died .lanuary 19. His mother died February 4tli, and his father, the Hon. Edward God- dard, died February 9. Others of the family were sick but recovered. Joshua Hemenway, Jr., died January 30. The distemper broke out in Holliston about the middle of December, and between that date and March there were forty-six deaths in a population of four hundred. " Four families were wholly broken U|), losing both their heads. The sickness was so pre- v.alent th.at but few families escaped. For more than a month there were not enough well to tend to the sick and bury the dead : tlio' they spent their whole time in these services ; but the sick suffi'red and the dead lay unburied; and th.at, notwithstanding help was procured, and charitable assistance afforded by many in neighboring towns. In the height of the disease there were from two to five burials each day." [.lournal of Rev. Mr. Prentice.] The selectmen applied to the Legislature for aid, and " the sum of £26, 1."?, 4, was granted and |iaid out the public treasury to the selectmen of Holliston, (in consideration of the calam- itous circumstances occasioned by the late mortal sick- ness that prevailed there), to be applied forthe use and relief of such jioor, indigent persons as ni.ay most need the same." The number of deaths in Sherborn was between twenty and thirty. 1755, Nov. 18. A terrible earthquake took place a little after four o'clock, in a serene and pleasant night, and continued near four and a half minutes. The sliock was the most violent ever known in the coun- try. Its course was from northwest to southeast, and it extended entirely across New England and the Middle States. 1756-7. During this winter snow fell to the deptli of nearly six feet. The following extracts from a journal kept by Henry Eames, indicate the progress of the storms : " Dec. 17, 1756, snow 15 inches deep. Snow 20th day, 15 inches more. Snow 23d day, 7 or 8 inches more. Cold rain, 26th day; 27th, warm three days, then some rain. Jan. 3, 1757, cold N. W. snow, about two or three inches. Jan. 9, about noon very hot fog, then rain. 17th, very cold N. W. wind. 22d, rain, and thaw very fast. 24th and 25th, snow to the value of 10 inches ; the night after, eight inches more. 30th and 31st, thawed away most of the snow th.at came last ; the whole depth above 4 feet and 4 inches. Feb. 2, snow and hail seven inches deep. 5th, snow seven inches deep more. 6th, rain most of the day. 7th, snow three inches deep. 10th, S. wind and rain, till the snow wasted the most of it." Polls and Estates, 1760. — From an official re- turn it appears that at this date Framingham had Number of ratable polls .101 Number of non-ratable polls 30 Number of dwelling-houses 198 Number of work-houses or shops 28 Number of mills 8 Number of Iron foundaries 1 Number vf servanl^ for life 7 Trading stock MO l:i Money at interest £936 17 4 Number of horses 162 do of oxen 265 do of C0W8 724 do of sheep 886 do of swine 3 months old 35 do acres of cow pastures 1,(I2:)J<; do bushels of grain raised 20,(i6.'» do barrels of cider made 1,716 do tons of English hay ^~l^ do tons of meadow hay I,(i2ll^ Slaves and Colored Inhabitants. — The num- ber of slaves returned in the preceding t.able is seven. Perh.aps no better ])lace will occur for giving a list of the Negro slaves (so far as is known) owned at different times by Framingham families. In 1716, John Stone held as a slave, Jane, wife of John Jackson, of New London, Connecticut, who commenced a process to recover her freedom. Jane, a negro girl owned by Col. Buckminster, was b.ai)tizod in 1722. October 9, 1733, Thomas Frost bought of Jonathan Smith of Sudbury, for £60 current money, a negro man named Gloster, aged about 30 years. Plato Lambert, born December, 1, 1737, was taken wlien an infant by Mrs. Martha Nichols of this town. Primus, owned by Aaron Pike, was baptized in 1744. Mereali, owned by widow Samuel Frost, was bap- tized in 1746. FRAMINGHAM. 621 Jenny, owned by Lieut. Thomas Winch, and Vilot owned by Jonathan Rugg, were baptized in 1746. Flora, owned by Deacon Peter Balch, was baptized in 1747, and is named in his will made in 1755. Flora, Brill, and Titus, owned by Mrs. Ebenezer Winchester, were baptized in 1748. Hannover a negro man owned by Nathaniel Bel- knap, was baptized in 1755. Phebe, owned by Captain Simon Edgell, was bap- tized in 17s on (he town of Boston, and the exasperation of the people at such an attempt to overawe and coerce them, pre- pared the way for the tragic scenes of the 5th of March, 1770, known as Tlie Boston Massacre. A principal character in the bloody aflray was a Framingham man. Crispus Attucks, who is admitted to liave been the leader of the party, was a mulatto, born near the Framingham town line, a short distance to the east- ward of the State Arsenal. The old cellar-hole where the Attucks family lived is still visible. He was probably a descendant of John Aultuck, an Indian, who was taken prisoner and executed at the same time with Capt. Tom, in June, 1676. Probably the family had intermarried with negroes who were slaves, and as the otlspring of such marriages were held to be slaves, he inherited their condition, although it seem.s likely that the blood of three races coursed through his veins. He had been bought by Dea. VVilliam Brown, of Framingham, as early as 1747. But he thus early acquired some ideas of the value of man- hood and liberty, as appears from the following advertisement in the Boston Gazette of October 2, 1750: FRAMINGHAM. 623 " Ran away from his Master, William Brown of Framiogham, on the 30th of Saptember last, a mulatto Fellow, about twenty-seven years of age, named Crispus, 6 feet 2 inches high, short curled hair, bis knees nearer together than common, and had on a light coloured Beaver-skin coat, plain brown fustian jacJict^ or brown all-wool one, new buck-skin Breeches, blue yarn stockings, and a checked woolen shirt. Whoever will take up «iid Runaway and convey him to his aforesaid Master, shall have ten pounds old tenor Reward, Jlnd all neces8.ary charges paid. And all Masters of vessels and othei-s are hereby cautioned against conceitltng or carrying off said Servant, on penalty of the law." A descendant of Dea. Brown says of him : " Crispus was well informed, and, except in the instance re- ferred to in the advertisement, was faithful to his master. He was a good judge of cattle, and was allowed to buy and sell upon his own judgment of their value. He was fond of a seafaring life, and probably with consent of his master, was accustomed to take coasting voyages. The account of the time says, " he lately belonged to New Providence, and was here in order to go to North Carolina." He was of huge bodily proportions, and brave almost to recklessness. John Adams, who defended Capt. Preston at his trial, says: " Attucks was seen about eight minutes before the firing at the head of twenty or thirty sailors in Cornhill, and had in his hand a large cord-wood stick. . . . He was a stout fellow, whose very looks were enough to terrify any person. . . . when he came down upon the soldiers by the sentry- box, they pushed him off; but he cried out, ' Don't be afraid of them ! They dare not fire! Kill them ! kill them ! Knock them over ! ' " At the firing he was killed instantly, two balls entering his breast. He was about forty-seven years old. May 28, 1770, the town, by unanimous vote, de- clared against "the pernicious practice of purchasing and drinking Foreign tea, and also of trading with the importers of English goods ; " and March 2.'5, 1774, it was endorsed, "That we ourselves, or any for or under us, will not buy any teas subject to duty ; nor knowingly trade with any merchant or country trader that deals in tliat detestable commodity." And the declaration was made : " And since such means and methods are used to Destroy our Privileges, which were purchased by the Dearest Blood of our Ances- tors, those that stand foremost in a proper Defence of our Privileges, shall have our greatest Regards ; And if any shall be so regardless of our Political Preservation and that of Posterity as to Endevor to Counteract our Determination, We will treat them ill the Manner their conduct Deserves." May 18, 1774, the town chose the following Com- mittee of Correspondence : Joseph Haven, Esq., Capt. Josiah Stone, Dea. William Brown, Ebenezer Marshall, Lieut. David Haven, Joseph Buckminster, Esq., and Maj. John Farrar. Capt. Josiah Stone, Joseph Haven, Esq., and Dea. Wm. Brown were appointed delegates to the Provin- cial Congress, which met at Concord in October. Capt. Stone, with Dea. Brown as his substitute, was sent to the Second Congress ; and Joseph Haven, Esq., and Capt. Stone were sent to the Third Congress. September 9, 1774, the town voted " To purchase, at the town's expense, five barrels of powder and 5 cwt. of bullets or lead, for an addition to the town's stock." September 30, 1774, voted " to purchase a chest of 25 fire-arms and two field-pieces, of such size as the Committee shall judge proper." Joseph Winch, Daniel Sanger, James Glover and Captain Benj. Ed- wards were the committee. This meeting was ad- journed for four days, and public notice was given requesting that " every person above the age of six- teen years shall attend, to consider and deter- mine with regard to the Militia as the whole body shall judge proper." A very full meeting convened, and it was voted " that there be two Militia Com- panys besides the Troop in this town : and that each company choose such officers as they judge best to have command in this day of distress in our Public Affairs." The Provincial Congress, which met in October, adopted a plan, providing that all able-bodied men should be enrolled, and that those should assemble immediately, and elect their proper oflicers, and that these company officers should assemble as soon as may be, and elect field oflicers: and that the militia, so organized, should be .subject to the orders of the Committee of Safety. At a meeting of the town, November 8th, " it was voted to accept the resolve of the Provincial Congress relative to the Militia." And this led to the forma- tion of two companies o( minute-men. Fortunately the papers showing the method of organizing these companies are preserved, and are herewith copied : " We, the subscribers, from a sense of our duty, to preserve our Liber- ties and Privileges; And in coiuplianco with the Resolves of the Pro- vincial Congress, together with the desire of our superior oificers, volun- tarily enlist ourselves Minute-men, and promise to hold ourselves in readiness to march at the shortest notice, if requested by the oflicers we shall hereafter elect." This paper was signed by Simon Edgell, Thomas Drury, Samuel Abbot, James Clayes, Jr., John Fisk, iloses Learned, Matthias Bent, Jr., John Eaton, Lawson Buckminster, Frederick Manson, and others, to the number of sixty-eight. This company organized December 2(1, as appears from the following certificate : *' These may certify that in Framingham, on the second of December, 1774, a number of men enlisted as Minute Men, and was formed into a companye ; then made choice of Mr. Simon Edgell captain, Thomas Drury first lieutenant, Lawson Buckminster second lieutenant, oflicers for said Companye according to the directions of the late Provincial Congress in their Resolve in October 2G, 1774. "Signed " Samuel Bullabu, "MicAu Stone, " Abnkr Peury, " JOUN TttOWBUIPGE, " N. B. Said companye consists of 70 men, including offlcei's." At the same time a second company, comprising sixty men, was enlisted, and organized in the same way. The ofiicers elected were : Thomas Nixon, cap- Field oflicers of this Regiment. 624 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tain ; Micajah Gleason, first lieutenant; JohnEames, second lieutenant ; Samuel Gleason, ensign ; Ebene- zer Hemenway, clerk. Some of the other leading names were : Peter Olayes, Abel Childs, Moses and Nathaniel Earaes, John Farrar, Jr., Jona. Hemen- way, Jona. Hill, Needham Maynard, Asa and John Nurse, Jona. Temple, Joseph Winch. These compiinies at once put themselves in active drill in the manual and field mantpuvre. Each man was required to provide himself with a musket, bayonet, cartridge-box and thirty-six rounds of ammunition. The companies met as often as once a week, and squads of men, by arrangement, would meet at the houses of the officers, and spend evenings going through the manual exercise. Says one of them : " 1 have spent many an evening, with a number of my near neighbors, going through tlie exercise in the barn floor, with my mittens on." These minute companies were in part composed of the young and adventurous spirits among us ; but many of our most substantial citizens enlisted, and were faithful in drilling, and ready to " fall in" when the emergency came. 1775. " January 2, 177-5. At a town meeting duly warned, it was voted, that there shall be a contribution for the town of Boston under their present Distress. And Maj. John Trowbridge, Gideon Haven, Daniel Sanger, Benjamin Mixer, Ebenezer Marshall, David Patterson, Deacon William Brown and Dr. Ebenezer Hemenway were chosen a committee for that purpose; and next Wednesday and Friday at 1 o'clock were appointed as the times when the people should assemble at such several places as the committee shall designate, to bring in their subscriptions." Capt. Josiah Stone and Deacon William Brown were chosen delegates to the Second Provincial Congress, to meet at Cambridge the 1st of February. Capt. Benjamin Edwards, Joseph Nichols, Daniel Sanger, Capt. Amos Gates and Col. Micah Stone were chosen a Committee of Inspection, " whose duty it shall be to see that the Association of the Continental Congress be duly carried into full execution." The Battle of Lexington and Concord. — April 19, 1775. The news that the British troops were on the march for Lexington and Concord appears to have reacheil Framingham before eight o'clock in the morn- ing. The bell was rung, and the alarm guns tired; and in about an hour a considerable part of the two companies of minute-men and one company of the militia 'were on the way to Concord, which place they reached about noon. Capt. Edgell went on foot the entire distance, carrying his gun. Those living at the extreme south and west sides of the town were a little behind the party from the centre and north side. Soon after the men were gone, a strange panic seized upon the women and children living in the Edgell and Belknap District. Some one started the story that " the Negroes were coming to massacre them all !" Nobody stopped to ask where the hostile negroes were coming from ; for all our own colored people were patriots. It was probably a lingering memory of the earlier Indian alarms, which took this indefinite shape, aided by the feeling of terror awakened by their defenceless condition, and tlie uncertainty of the issue of the pending fight. The wife ofCapt. Edgell and the other matrons brought the axes and pitchforks and clubs into the house, and securely bolted the doors, and passed the day and night in anxious suspense. Our companies reached Concord, not in season to join in the fray at the North Bridge, but in season to join in the pursuit of the flying British column. From the evidence preserved, it appears that a part of our men participated in the daring assault at Mer- riam's Corner, and that all had arrived and were active in the more successful attacks in the Lincoln woods. Captain Edgell and Captain Gleason had seen service in the Indian wars ; they were cool and daring, and kept their men well in hand, which accounts for the few casualties of the day among them. Captain Nixon and our two captains, who acted in concert, well knew the need of discipline in harassing a re- treating enemy, and that most casualties happen on such occasions from rashness and needless exposure. A single deliberate shot, from a man behind a safe cover, is eft'ective," when a dozen hurried shots are harmless. Our captains kept up the pursuit till the British reached and passed Cambridge ; and then the men disposed of themselves as best they could for the night. The following incident shows the value of presence of mind in emergency. In the pursuit from Concord, when on the borders of Lexington, Noah Eaton (2d), of this town, fired upon the British, and squatted be- hind a knoll to reload, just as a regular came up on the other side of the knoll, and as it proved, for the same purpose. Eaton instantly brought his gun to his shoulder, and demanded a surrender. The soldier laid down his musket, when Eaton proceeded to re- load. Seeing the state of the case, the soldier re- marked, '• My gun is empty, but I could have loaded in half the time you take, as I have cartridges." The soldier returned to Framingham with his captor the next day, and continued in his service. Josiah Temple, then living at Lechmore Point, Cambridge, started with a detachment of militiamen to intercept the British, on their return, and in the .severe skirmish which took place just on the line be- tween Lexington and Cambridge, received a musket- ball in the shoulder, which he carried to his grave. Daniel Hemenway, a member of Captain Edgell's company, was the only one of our minute-men who was wounded that day ; but he kept on with his com- rades to Cambridge, and remained in the service four- teen days. Ebenezer Hemenway, of Cai)tain Gleason's com- FRAMINGHAM. 625 pany, shot a British soldier named Thomas Sowers, near Merriam's Corner, and took his gun, which he brought home with him. As will appear from the muster-rolls, all our Fram- ingham men followed the British as far as Cambridge, and passed the night there. And only eight of the total oi one hundred and fifty-three returned home the next day. The rest remained in the service for longer or shorter periods, as indicated below. Captain Edgell took seventy-seven men to thescene of action, thirty-eight of whom returned at the end of four days; the others continued in the service from ten to nineteen days. Captain Edgell was out twenty- two days. The second company marched under Cap- tain Micajah Gleason, Captain Nixon having been promoted. This company numbered forty-nine men, who were in service from three to twenty-eight days. Captain Jesse Eames took twenty-four men of the militia to Concord and Cambridge that day, most of whom were out ten days. It was at the earnest entreaty of the Committee of Safety and the general officers, that Captain Edgell, Captain Gleason and Captain Eames, and so large a part of our minute-men and militia remained at Cam- bridge. The Executive Committee had summoned the Provincial Congress to meet April 22d ; and they begged these minute companies to hold the ground till more permanent companies could be enlisted. On the 23d the Congress resolved to call on Massa- chusetts to furnish 13,500 men for eight months' ser- vice. On that day Captain Gleason resigned command of his minute company, and immediately raised from his own men, and other companies on the ground, a company of fifty men, and reported for duty. His commission is dated April 23d, and his company was that day mustered into service. The next day, Lieut. Thomas Drury, of Captain Edgell's company, resigned his commission, and com- menced recruiting a company for the eight months' service. On that and the few following days he en- listed sixty-three men. His commission as captain is dated April 24th, and his company drew pay from that dale. In all, eighty-nine Framingham men were enlisted for the eight months' service in 1775. April 24th the Committee of Safety sent ten sets of beating papers to Colonel Jonathan Brewer, a native of Framingham, but who, since 1770, had resided in VValtham, on the border of Watertown. He prompt- ly raised a regiment, composed of eight companies and 400 men. The officers of the regiment, all of whom enlisted April 24th, were : Colonel, .lona. Brewer, of Waltbam, born in Framingham. Lieutenant-Colouel, William Buckminster, of Barre, born in Framing- ham. Major, Nathaniel Cudworth, of Bast Sudbury. Adjutant, John Butler, of Peterborough. Quartermaster, Charles Dougherty, of Framingham. 40-ui Surgeon, D. Townsend, of Boston. The same day, April 24th, Captain John Nixon was tendered a commission as colonel of a regiment ; and on the 27th the Committee of Safety ordered that he receive nine sets of " beating papers," which he was to send to such men of his acquaintance as were con- sidered suitable to be commissioned as captains. The field officers of the regiment when organized were : Col- nel, John Nixon, of Sudbury; Lieutenant-Colonel. Thos. Nixon, of Framingham; Major, John Buttrick, of Concord ; Adjutant, Abel Holden.ofSudhury; Quar- termaster, John White, of Haverhill ; Surgeon, Isaac SpofTord, of Haverhill ; Surgeon's Mate, Josiah Lang- don, of Sudbury. The officers of the regiment drew pay from April 24th, and it was recognized by Gen- eral Ward, and sect by his orders on several impor- tant expeditions; though it appears not to have mus- tered into service, as a regiment, till June 5th. April 24th, nine sets of beating-papers were issued to Colonel David Brewer, a brother of Colonel Jona- than, then a resident of Palmer. June 15th, the Committee of Safety reported that " Colonel David Brewer had raised nine companies, amounting, in- cluding officers, to 465 men, who are now posted at Roxbury, Dorchester and Watertown.'' This regi- ment was commissioned June 17th. The lieu- tenant-colonel was Rufus Putnam, of Brookf^eld ; the major was Nathaniel Danielson, of Brimfield ; the adjutant was Thomas Weeks, of Greenwich ; with Ebenezer Washburn, of Hardwick, quartermaster, and Estes Howe, of Belchertown, surgeon. Micah Dougherty, of this town, enlisted for the eight months' service in Captain Jona. Danforth's company, in Col- onel David Brewer's regiment. Samuel Brewer, a native of this town (brother of Jonathan and David), but then living in Kulland, en- listed in the eight months' service, was ai)pointed adjutant-general of the troops in Roxbury under General Thomas. He was wounded at Bunker Hill, June 17th. In 1776 he raised and commande, dismissed May 9,18-14; Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, D.D. (Y. C. 1839), ordained November 22, 1844, dismissed July 2, 1851 ; Rev. Joseph C. Bodwell, D.D., (D. C. 1833), installed June 30, 1852, dismissed November 5, 1862 ; Rev. John K. McLean (U. C. 1858), installed February 19, 1863, dismissed September 1, 1867 ; Rev. M. J. Savage, in- stalled Jaouary 23, 1868, dismissed April, 1870; Rev. Lucius R. Eastman, Jr. (A. C. 1857), installed June 8, 1871. At the separation in 1830, the parish held the meet- ing-house; and the church connected therewith has been known as The Church of the First Parish. The pastors have been Rev. Artemas B. Muzzey (H. U. 1824), ordained June 30, 1830, dismissed May 18, 1833 ; Rev. George Chapman (H. U. 1828), ordained Novem- ber 6, 1833, died in office June 2, 1834 ; Rev. William Barry (B. U. 1822), installed December 16, 1835, dismissed December 16, 1845 ; Rev. John N. Bellows, ordained April 15, 1846, dismissed 1849 ; Rev. Jos- eph H. rhipps, ordained 1849, dismissed 1853 ; Rev. Samuel D. Robbins, installed 1854; dismissed 1867; Rev. H. G. Spaulding(H. U. I860), installed 1868, dismissed 1872 ; Rev. Charles A. Humphreys (H. U. 1860), installed November 1, 1873. First Baplist Church In Framingham. — The earliest denominational effort in this town by the Baptists, was made about the time when Rev. Mr. Reed re- signed the charge of the Second Congregational Church, and by persons who had been conuected with that church. This was probably in the .spring or summer of 1757. Elders Whitman Jacobs and Noah Adams, from Connecticut, preached here ; and in 1762, Mr. Jacobs administered baptism to four persons. A Baptist Society appears to have been organized that year, which supported preaching part of the time. Between 1762 and 1792 about thirty persons were baptized in Framingham ; but there is no evidence that they were constituted into a church. In 1809, there were but five Baptist professors here, viz., Rev. Charles Train, Beuj. Haven, the wife of John Fiske, the wife of Moses Fiske, and the wife of Amasa How. In 1810, Elder Grafton baptized two persons; and in 1811 Mr. Train baptized five. August 4, 1811, a church was organized under the name of " The Baptist Church of Weston and Framingham." A powerful revival commenced in this church, and spread through the town in 181-4-15, as the result of which about fifty were added to the church. In the fifteen years while this church continued a branch of the Weston church, the numbers added were 177 by baptism, and 32 by letter. May 3, 1826, this church became a distinct body, with 119 members. The First Baptist Society in Framingham was in- corporated June 22, 1812. Preachers and Pastors.— rMr. Joseph Byxbe, Jr., who lived on the Hopkins (T. B. Wales, Jr.) place, was probablj' the first stated preacher. Others were, Nathaniel Green, who lived and died in Leicester; Simon Snow, of Upton, preached here and at Weston two or three yeai-s, afterwards became a Congrega- tionalist, and died at Thomaston, Me. ; Noah Alden, of Bellingham, was here in 1773 ; Elisha Rich, a gun- smith, lived in town for a time, and preached regu- larly on the Sabbath; removed to Chelmsford, and thence to the West ; Edward Clark supplied the desk from 1780 to '90; removed to Medfield, but returued in 1801, and preached till the settlement of Mr. Train. Rev. Charles Train (H. U. 1805), was ordained Janu- ary 30, 1811; dismissed September 1839. Rev. Enoch Hutchinson was installed August 24, 1840 ; dismissed January 8, 1841. He was a college graduate, and distinguished scholar in the Arabic language and literature. Rev. James Johnston preached from June 27, 1841, to August 10, 1845. Rev. Jona. Aldrich (B. U. 1826) commenced his labors September 27, 1846, and resigned April 3, 1851. In this time he baptized eighty persons. Rev. Wm. C. Child, D.D., a gradu- ate of Union College, was pastor from May 1, 1851, to .\pril 1, 1856. During his pastorate fifty-three per- sons were baptized. Rev. Joseph A. Goodhue (D. C. 1848), was here, 1859 to July 31, 1862. Rev. A. W. Carr succeeded, and remained till November 1, 1865. Rev. Arthur S. Train, D.D. (B. U. 1833), was in- stalled in 1866, and died in office January 2, 1872. Rev. W. P. Upham commenced his labors October 1, 1872, and resigned in 1877. Rev. George E. Leeson (B. U. 1874) was ordained July 29, 1877 ; died in office August 20, 1881. The present jiastor. Rev. Franklin Hutchinson, was born in West Iloboken, N. J., Au- gust 26, 1853 ; educated at N. Y. University, and Union Theol. Sem., class of 1881 ; ordained June 18, 1882. 77ie First Methodist-Episcopal Church. — A move- ment to establish this denomination in this town was made in 1788. Probably Lieut. Jona. Hill became acquainted with the tenets and methods of the denomination FRAMINGHAM. 643 when in the array near New York, in the Revolution- ary War ; at which time Francis Asbury, the first liishop of the church in the United States, was actively at work in that region. The first class consisted of Jona. Hill (leader), Benj. Stone, Isaac Stone and their wives, and Matthew Stone. They first met for religious worship in the dwelling-house of Henj. Stone. This was one of the earliest — if not the earliest — church of the order, gathered in Massachusetts. The records of the old Needham Circuit) do not extend back of 1791 ; and there is no doubt that the Saxonville Class helped to make up the reputed number of thirty-five members. For several years the church in this town was visited by various preachers, viz.: John Hill, Bishop Asbury, Jesse Lee, Ezekiel Cooper and George Picker- ing, through whose missionary zeal Methodism was firmly established in New England. For thirty-five years the growth of Methodism in town was slow, and confined to a few families. In 1825 Mr. Lewis Jones, who w.as an earnest man and a successful worker in the denomination for a thii-d of a century, gathered a class at " The Corners," north of Saxonville, of which he was appointed leader. The names of the members of this class are as follows : Lewis Jones, Sarah Stone, Catherine Hill, Persis Hill (afterwards Eaton), Joseph Potter, Jane Walker, Joseph Moulton, Olive Moulton, Hannah Stone, Betsey Eaton, Luther Underwood, Walter Stone, Eliza Stone, Pamelia Hill, L. Dudley, Sallie Flagg, Eliza Belcher, Elbridge Bradbury, Betsey Bailey, lioxana Godenow, Elenor Godenow, Lewis Dudley, Patty Dudley, Ann Moulton, Abagail Bradbury, Wil- liam Dudley, Susan Stone, Sally Underwood, Fisher Ames, L. Ames, M. Eaton and Jenny Eaton. A meeting-house was erected at the Corner id 1833- 34, and a society was duly organized during the last- named year. A prominent and worthy member of the church dur- ing this comparatively early period of its history was Jotham Haven, a local preacher, father of the late Bishop E. O. Haven. During the single decade that the society continued to worship in the church at the " Corners," it enjoyed only a scant prosperity. The Conference preachers who served it were C. Virgin, Peter Sabin, N. B. Spalding, Paul Townsend, Thomas W. Tucker, George Pickering and Willard Smith. The society, in the year 1842, considering themselves financially too feeble to support a Conference preacher, Rev. L. P. Frost, then teaching in Wayland, near by, was en- gaged to supply the pulpit, which he did most accept- ably. In 1844, for the better accommodation of people living around the factories, the church was removed to the village. In 1880 the present tasteful and commodious house of worship was erected, at a cost, including the land, of about $10,000. It was dedicated January 6, 1881. The Saxonville JRelirjious Society was incorporated February 22, 1827, and a meeting-house was built the same year. Religious worship was at first conducted by ministers of the Unitarian denomination, and sub- sequently for a time by the Methodists and others. A Congregational Church was organized May 26, 1833, which later took the name of the Edwards Church in Saxonville. The first pastor of this church was Rev. Corbin Kidder (A. C. 1828), ordained July 30, 1834; dis- missed October 25, 1837. His successors have been Rev. Isaac Hosford (D. C. 1826), ordained February 24, 1838, dismissed March 10, 1847; Rev. Birdsey G. Northrop (Y. C. 1841), or-iained March 10, 1847, dis- missed November 6, 1857 ; Rev. Henry Allen (D. C. 1849), installed November 6, 1857, dismissed October 1,1859; Rev. John H. Pettengill (Y. C. 1837), in- stalled April 16, 1860, dismissed 1862; Rev. George E. Hill (Y. C. 1846), installed October 15, 1863, dis- missed 1870 ; Rev. Charles Jones (U. C. 1832), in- stalled October 4, 1870, dismissed 1879; Rev. Samuel Bell (D. C. 1866), was stated supply 1880 and '82 ; Rev. Theodore L. Day (Y. C. 1867), commenced his pastoral labors in March, 1883, and continued in office till his death, in 1885. He was succeeded by Rev. Moody A. Stevens, the present pastor. A Universalist Society was formed November, 1829, and built a meeting-house, which was dedicated Sep- tember, 1832. The society employed ministers, who entered upon their pastoral duties without the form of a regular installation. After maintaining preach- ing for about twenty years, the society dissolved. Catholic Churches. — Mission work was commenced at Saxonville by Rev. George Hamilton as early as 1844, which resulted in the organization of St. George's Parish and the erection of a church, which was opened for public worship September 14, 1845. The successors of Fr. Hamilton have been Rev. Edward P^arrelly, Rev. John Walsh, Rev. Anthony J. Rossi, a graduate of St. Mary's Seminary, near St. Louis, Mo., and Rev. James E. Rogers. In July, 1877, a new parish, known as St. Bridget's Parish, was organized, taking in Framingham Centre, South Framingham and Ashland. This parish purchased the church edifice at the Centre, built by the Universalists, and later built a commodious church at the South Village, which is now known as St. Stephen's Church. Regular wor- ship is maintained at both i)laces. This parish is in charge of Rev. John S. Cullen. The South Tiaminyham Baptist Church was consti- tuted March 17, 1854. A meeting-house was erected and dedicated March 15, 1855. The pastors have been. Rev. Bradford H. Lincoln, installed March 30, 1854; dismissed Nov. 2, 1855. Rev. Samuel W. Foljambe, installed April 20, 1856; dismissed December 31, 1858. Rev. Theron Brown (Y. C. 1856), installed December 15, 1859; dismissed November 29, 1861. Rev. Samuel Brooks (B. U. 644 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 1852), was here about two years. Rev. A. M. Hig- giiis (B. U. 1854), installed March 31,1865; dismissed January 1, 1867. Eev. T. T. Fillmer (Roch. U.), in- stalled January 3, 1868 ; dismissed . Rev. George R. Darrow, installed February 1, 1874; preached two years. Rev. Henry G. Safford {B. U. 1858), installed December 12, 1875; dismissed 1885. Rev. E. S. Wheeler. iSI. John's Church, Protestant Ejnscopal. — On appli- cation of Charles R. Train, George Eastwood, T. C. Hurd, J. W. Brown, A. R. Esty and others, the parish was duly organized December 21, 1860; wardens, J. W. Brown, A. R. Esty ; clerk, T. C. Hurd. Services were held for a time in the town hall ; then in the old Utiiversalist meeting-house. In 1870 a tasty stone church was erected on the west slope of Bare hill, and first occupied on Easter Sunday, 1871. It was consecrated June 12, 1872. A Methodist Episcopal Church was gathered at South Franiingham in February, 1869, and formally organ- ized at the Quarterly Conference held at the house of H. W. Carter, November 5, 1869. There were at this date about twenty members in full connection. Ser- vices were held in Waverley Hall till the autumn of 1873, when the Kennedy property was purchased by the society, and the hall since known as " Irving Hall " was fitted up for a place of worship. The dedicatory sermon was preached December 21, 1873, by Rev. William R. Clark, D.D. A new and hand- some church edifice has lately been erected. The South Conh Buckminster, tanner, 1703; Jonathan Rugg, blacksmith, 1704; Jonas Eaton, carpenter, brick- maker and tanner, 1706 ; John Singletary, cooper, 1709; Dea. Moses Haven, shoemaker, 1710 ; Eben- ezer Hemenway, weaver, 1711; Jonathan Maynard, weaver, 1713; Joseph Haven, shoemaker, and Eben- ezer Boutwell, tinker, 1721. William Ballord, the tailor, and Thomas Temple, the cabinet-maker, came later, but before the old French War. Professional weavers made only the better class of dress goods, woolen and linen, and linsey-woolsey; the mother of the family usually had a spinning-wheel and loom, and made the common clothing goods. Forges were established by Andrew Newton on Hopkinton River in 1745, and by Ebenezer Marshall on the same stream, at the site of Cutler's mills in 1747. These turned out axes, hoes, scythes and farm- ing tools generally. Later a forge was put in on the river, north of Addison G. Kendall's. Manufactures. — It was not till after 1800 that the water-power of Sudbury River and its main affluents was fully utilized for manufacturing purposes. The Revolutionary War taught our people to de- pend on themselves for the necessaries of life, and the rude machinery of the household and the fulling- mill met the demand. But the return of peace and prosperity created new wants which these primitive appliances could not supply. Immense importations from abroad were made, and foreign luxuries became home necessities. This state of things w^s suddenly arrested by the breaking out of hostilities between England and France, and the restrictions placed upon commerce by these governments aimed directly against each other, but indirectly affecting our coun- try. The embroilment of our government led to the embargo act of 1807, and the interdict of commercial intercourse with England and France of 1809, and culminated in the declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812. This embroglio threw our people again upon their own resources for supplying the need of clothing and commodities. Extensive man- ufixcturing establishments were started for almost every sort of merchandise. The dams already constructed on the Hopkinton and Sudbury Rivers and Cochituate Brook were brought into use for new and more complicated ventures. The first of the new enterprises was the cotton- factory on the Hopkinton River, at what is now Ash- land Centre. January 23, 1811, Samuel Valentine, Jr., bought the privilege of Samuel Clark, and in con- nection with Aaron Eames, Elias Grout, Fisher Met- calf and others, organized the Middlesex Manufac- turing Company. Buildings were erected and the manufacture of cotton goods commenced. The enter- prise had a varied history till 1828, soon after which it came into possession of James Jackson, a man of energy and business tact, through whose influence the village of Unionville sprang up, which flourished and grew into an important centre. Mr. Jackson sold the property in 1852. It is now owned by the Dwight Print Company. Cotton Factory at Saxonville. — The starting of this enterprise was only a few months later than the one at Unionville. In the same year Hopestill Leiand, of Sherborn, bought the Deacon Brown priiilege on Cochituate Brook, of Ebenezer Brown, and erected a cotton-mill. February 6, 1813, Calvin Sanger, Aaron Leiand, Joseph Sanger, Leonard Dearth, Benjamin Wheeler, Luther Belknap, Hopestill Leiand, Jr., Comfort Walker, Moses Adams, Lewis Wheeler, Micah Adams, Joseph L. Richardson, Phillips Clark and Elias Whiting were incorporated a.s the Fram- ingham Manufacturing Company, for the inirpose of manufacturing wool and cotton, with power to hold real estate to the value of $30,000, and personal estate to the value of $50,000. The next year, Mr. Leiand sold six acres, with corn and grist-mills, to this com- |)any, and thirty-two acres to Calvin Sanger — all the interest of the new enterprise. Mr. Walker located here, and the company started with energy and soon 646 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX CO¥NTY, MASSACHUSETTS. gathered a considerable number of families, having children old enough to work in the mill, opened a store in charge of Samuel Murdock, employed a blacksmith (Joseph Prichard) and did a large, though not profitable, business for a number of years. The property eventually passed into new hands repre- sented by I. McLellan, of Boston. The factory build- ing was burned in 1834. In July, 1844, this privi- lege 'was sold to William H. Knight, who put up a building and set up machinery for spinning woolen yarns. Mr. Knight sold to the city of Boston. Woolen Factory at Sa.Tonville.—Apri] 5, 1822, the following persons, viz., Jere. Gore, John S. Harris, Stephen Gore, Jr., Ephraim Jones, all of Boston, and Abner, Benj. and Eliphalet Wheeler, of Framingham, bought of Charles Fiske, Isaac Dench, Josiah Stone, Abel Eaton, Abner Stone, and others, the land on both sides the river, together with the water privilege and buildings, dwelling-houses, etc., at the Falls in Saxonville, and the next year built the first woolen- mill. February 4, 1824, the parties above-named were incorporated under the name of the Saxon Fac- tory Company, for the purpose of manufacturing woo! in the town of Framingham, with power to hold real estate, not exceeding the value of $100,000, and capi- tal stock to the amount of $200,000. May 8, 1824, Jere. Gore and his associates sold the entire estate and water rights, for $20,000, to the Saxon Factory. The canal had been dug and a mill erected in 1823. February 8, 1825, the Saxon Factory and the Lei- cester Factory were, by act of the Legislature, " made one corporation, for the purpose of manufacturing wool, cotton and machinery in Leicester and Fram- ingham." June 11, 1829, Joseph Head, Henry Gardner, Ed- ward Miller, H. H. Jones and others were incorpor- ated as the Saxon Cotton and Woolen Factory, for the purpose of manufacturing cotton and wool in the town of Framingham. February 16, 1832, the name of the company was changed to that of the Saxon Factory. The statistics of this company April 1, 1837, were: Woolen-mills, 5; sets of machinery, 11; wool consumed, 744,000 lbs.; cloth manufoctured, 268,640 yards; value, $311,- 800 ; males employed, 105 ; females, 141 ; capital in- vested, .$415,000. In 1837 the New England Worsted Company pur- chased the entire property of the Saxon Company and removed their worsted machinery from Lowell to Framingham. The main business since then has been the manufacture of worsted carpet-yarns and woolen-blankets. In 1858 this entire property was bought by M. H. Simpson and Nathaniel Francis, and the name changed to the Saxonville Mills. No change was made in the kind of goods manufactured. During the late Civil War the company filled large orders for blue Kersey army cloth. The statistics for 1805 were: Number of mills, 4; sets of machin- ery, 25; pounds of scoured wool consumed, 2,000,000; gross value of stock used, $800,000 ; yards of blanket- ing manufactured, 1,500,000 ; value, $900,000 ; pounds of yarn manufactured and not made into cloth, 600,- .000; value, $300,000; yards of army cloth made, 150,000; value, $200,000; males employed, 393; fe- males, 390. Statistics for 1875: Mills, 2; capital, $800,000; value of goods manufactured, $850,000; males emploj'ed, 263; females, 2G8. In 1878 the company commenced the manufacture of hair-cloth, in imitation of seal-skin ; but the move was not a success. The mills were burnt in 1883, and re-built on a difterent plan — a large single story edifice. Carpet Factory.— In 1829 Mr. Wm. H. Knight bought of Col. James Brown the old fulling-mill privilege on Cochituate Brook, changed the cotton-thread machin- ery and immediately commenced the manufacture of carpets. His means were limited, and not at all commensurate with his skill. At first he would pur- chase wool only sufficient for a single piece of car- peting, work it up, take the piece to Boston, and from the proceeds buy more wool. The business prospered, and in 1839 Mr. Knight bought the "bridge lot," eighty rods below the fulling-mill site, where he put in a dam, erected new buildings and started large carpet works. In 1844 he purchased the old cotton- mill privilege, where he put in m.achinery for spin- ning woolen yarn. Controlling and using these three water-powers, which embraced the whole fall of the stream, his business rapidly increased, so that in 1845 — only fifteen years after his humble beginning — the returns show : Amount of wool annually consumed. 465,000 pounds; yards of carpeting produced, 199,037 ; value, $149,530; males employed, 191 ; females, 41. Mr. Knight sold all his property and water-rights on Cochituate Brook to the city of Boston, June 25, 1846. The buildings connected with the bridge lot works were burnt on the morning of March 20, 1847. Paper-Mills. — In 1817 Dexter and David Bigelow erected a mill on the Hopkintou River, for the man- ufacture of writing-paper ; and in 1828 Calvin Shepard and Son purchased the site of the Dench Mills, on the same stream, and put in paper-making machinery. These privileges are now in Ashland. In 1837 the stock manufactured was 278 tons ; value of paper, $46,000 ; males employed, twelve ; females, eleven ; capital invested, $50,000. Book- Bindery. — Otis Boynton established a book- bindery here in the spring of 1822. In 1833 John J. Marshall joined the concern, and a book and station- cry store was opened. The business was carried on till February, 1864. Hatters. — Daniel Bridge, felt-maker and hatter, built a shop in the Centre in 1781, and remained here a few years. In 1823 Silas Hunt and Ira Mitchell established a hat manufactory, where is now Otis Cliilds' dwelling-house. In 1845 four hands were em- ployed, and the net income of the business was $2500. The business was given up in 1852, Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Jones removing to Milford. FRAMINGHAM. 647 Tanneries. — Colonel Joseph Buckminster and Jonas Eaton built tan-worka very early. Joshua Eaton, soon after 1723, established a tan-yard near School- house No. 7. David Stone and Jonathan Hill had a tannery north of Saxonville before 1769. They sold to John Stone, of East Sudbury, who sold March 17, 1788, to Elijah Clayes, who carried on the business till March 27, 1790, when he sold to Micah Fiske, by whom and his sou Charles it was conducted for half a century. Isaac Warren bought the John Fiske Tannery of Eli BuUard in 1797, and carried on the business till his death. In 1780 Thomas and Ezekiel Williams of Roxbury, tanners and curriers, bought the Mixer Tannery, on Roaring Brook, near Southborough line, where is now the brick-yard, which they sold in 1790 to Benjamin Eaton, Jr., who continued the business, and died there. There was a tannery north of the Albert G. Gibbs house, known as the Dench Tannery, but by whom started is uncertain. In 1809 Joseph Bennett sold it to his son Nathaniel S., who sold April 21, 1817, to Lewis Keyes and Francis Dana, who sold December 8, 1818, to Aaron and Henry H. Hyde, who carried on the business for many years. These tanneries were operated on the cold process, requiring at least six months to properly cure the hides. The introduction, elsewhere, of the hot liquor process, and modern machinery, broke. up the business in this town. Straw Braid and Bonnet Manufacture. — In 1799 or 1800, the wife of Joseph Bennett and her daughter, Betsey, commenced the plaiting of grass and rye straw, which material was made into hats and bonnets ; and thus a profitable business was started, whicli con- tinued for some years. The bonnets were trimmed around the edges witli nipping braid made of three strands. The following memorandum shows that Mrs. Mary Rice, wife of Capt. Uriah, started a like business at nearly the same time: "Oct. 2, 1800, we began to work on straw bonnets and trimmings; and cleared $340." Mrs. Rice carried on the business for about fifty years. Her trade was principally in Boston, Salem, Gloucester and Portland. Maj. Benj. Wheeler went into the straw braid and bonnet business in 1807. His trade was largely with the South, and amounted in some years to $.30,000. About 1813, Capt. J. J. Clark commenced the bonnet business, which he continued till 1830. The wife of Joseph Sanger was also engaged in the manufacture of straw bonnets. The starting of this business in town created a new and profitable family industry. The braid was made by the girls and boys at home. The winter rye was cut in June; the straw scalded and cured. That part which grew within the sheath was cut in uniform lengths, and whitened by brimstone fumes, and split on a hand machine, coarse or fine, according to the demand and the skill of the braider. The fine braid was known as " Dunstable." A smart girl would braid 10 to 12 yards per day of the fine, and 18 to 24 yards of the coarse. Pine braid was sold at 3 to 3} cents per yard. Store-keepers took it in payment for goods. They sold their goods for two prices, cash price and straw price ; the latter being considerably higher tlian the other. The wife of Lovell Eames commenced manufactur- ing bonnets in 1825 ; and about 1830, her son Horace took charge of the business, and added a distinct de- partment of bleaching and pressing, for himself and the bonnet makers in this and the neigliboring towns. Franklin Manson commenced working for Mr. Eames in 1836; and in 1840, Mr. Manson took the business into his own hands. In 1844, Mr. Manson entered into partnership with George Richardson, for the manufacture of straw bonnets. Tlieir straw shop (now Liberty Block) was built in 1845. The partner- ship was dissolved at the end of two years; and soon after Mr. Manson built a shop, and carried on busi- ness on his own account, till 1804. Alexander Clark commenced the manufacture of straw bonnets, as a distinct business in 1838, and with his brother Newell continued till 1853, when he began the manufacture of palm leaf hats and shaker hoods, which lie and his son kept up till a late date. After leaving Mr. Manson, George Richardson and his brother Augustus carried on the bonnet business till 1860. Augustus Richardson built a new shop, where he manufactured straw goods to a large extent, for some years ; and was succeeded by George P. Metcalf and H. K. White. Curtis H. Barber succeeded to the business of Mr. Manson in 1864, and now has a large manufactory of his own, near the Baptist meeting-house. The statistics of this industry in this town, are: 1836. Straw bonnets manufactured, 2950 ; value, $5350. 1845. Number of bonnets manufactured, 31,000 ; value, $20,100. The cost of the braid was $450. 1855. Number of straw bonnets made, 107,- 000; straw hats, 00,000; males employed, 25; fe- males, 300. 18G5. Number of straw bonnets made, 120,000; value, $180,000. Numl)er of straw hats • made, 120,000; value $12,000. Number of males employed, 50 ; females, 800. Number of palm leaf hoods manufactured, 230,000 ; value, $65,000. Num- ber of males employed, 6 ; females, 40. 1875. Value of straw goods manufactured, $830,000. Capital in- vested, $255,000. Massachusetts Silk Company. — March 14, 1836, Thomas G. Fessenden, Geo. C. Barret and Wm. H. Montague were incorporated as The Massachusetts Silk Co., " for the [jurpose of raising, reeling, throw- ing and manufacturing silk, in the town of Framing- ham." Capital stock $150,000. April 25, 1836, the di- rectors bought, for $7150, the home farm of Col. Nat. Fiske, containing 139 acres, with buildings, etc. 648 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Eight or ten acres of land were planted with mulberry cuttings, which grew luxuriously. The company was taxed for two or three years. A little before this date, Wm. Buckminster, Esq., planted what is now known as the old agricultural grounds, with mulberry cuttings, with a view to the feeding of silk worms. The trees flourished ; but the worms were not a success. Framingham India Rubber Com-pany. — May 16, 1836, Wm. K. Phipps, Dexter Hemenway and Isaac Stevens were incorporated as the Framingham India Rubber Company, ''for the purpose of manufacturing all articles consisting wholly or in part of Indiarubber, in the town of Framingham." Capital stock, $70,000. Wm. K. Phipps was the originator of the project. He was of an inventive genius ; and had discovered a method of dissolving rubber, and spreading it on cloth, etc. The company commenced work in the summer of 1835, in Mr. Phipps' shop. After incor- poration, they bought three-fourths of an acre of land, and built a large shop where they manufactured large quantities of rubber-coated canvas for car-tops, cloth for aprons, using silesia for the base, and some rubber shoes. The price of the raw rubber was six or seven cents per pound. Besides the corporators, James Boyd of Boston, Samuel Warren, Micah Stone, John Ballard (2d), and Gardner Kellogg were stockholders. The comjiany carried on business for three years ; sold the real estate to J. J. Marshall, who converted the shop into a dwelling-house (now owned by Mrs. M. F. Tracy and Mrs. J. Hammond). The stock- holders met with no loss, and made no gain. Soon after Mr. Phipps' success in dissolving rubber was known. Dr. Simon Whitney commenced making experiments and discovered a new process. May 16, 1836, Simon Whitney, Geo. Bullard, W. E. Faulkner, and Barker, of Weston, were incorporated as the Water Power India Rubber Company, " for the pur- pose of manufacturing all articles composed wholly or in part of India rubber, and also various kinds of ma- chinery." Capital stock, $130,000. This company erected a shop on Stony Brook, just below Bullard's Bridge, where they made men's wearing apparel, aprons, bonnets, etc. The name of the company ap- pears on our tax-list 1830-42. The shop was removed to the William Moulton place, and is now W. C. Wight's livery stable. The Oossamer Rubber Company began work at the South village in 1876, and removed to Park's Corner in 1877. The Para Rubber Shoe Company commenced business at the South village in 1884. The history of these last two enterprises belongs to a separate section. Hasiiiigs' Carriage Manufactory. — Hollis Hastings commenced the manufacture of harnesses and car- riages in 1832. In 1835, he bought the old Town House, and reraoyed to the corner, south of bis father's wheelwright's shop, where he carried on carriage and harness-making in all their braucheH, with success, for about thirty-five years. Fire Department. — In 1818 a fire-engine was pur- chased by subscription ; and the town appropriated $70 to build an engine-house. It was placed directly back of Symmes' harness-shop. Fire-wardens were first chosen in 1819. In 1823 a set of fire-hooks, a harness for the engine, twenty- four buckets, and poles for the wardens were pur- chased, at an expen.se of $100. A fire-engine was procured atSaxonville in 1828 or '29; and an engine- house was built there in 1833. In 1835 the town voted to remit their poll taxes to all regularly enlisted firemen. In 1841 a new engine was bought for the Centre, and the old tub removed to the South village^ and a company formed there. An act to establish a Fire Department iu.Framingham was passed February 3, 1847, which was accepted by the town, and the department organized in 1853. There are now owned by the town two steam fire- engines, one located at the Centre and one at Saxon- ville. A hook-and-ladder company has been organ- ized at the South village. There is also a well-ap- pointed hose company. A .system of fire-alarms has been established in each of the villages. The hand- engine was transferred to Nobscot, where a full and efficient company has been formed. Railroads. — The project of building a railroad from Boston to Worcester was agitated as early as 1827. The charter was granted June 23, 1831. Two routes were surveyed, one where it is built, and the other through Framingham Centre. The route through the Centre was regarded as the most feasible ; but the Wheeler brothers and others interested in the turnpike strongly opposed this plan, and their op- position led to the selection of the southern route. The road was opened for travel to Angler's Corner Aprils, 1834; to Ashland September 30, 1834; to Worcester June 30, 1835. The first train through this town consisted of an engine (the " Yankee," weighing six tons) and seven cars, of about the size of a stage-coach, with doors at the sides. The train stopped at the South Framing- ham station for a while, and then stopped at Farm Pond to take in water, which was passed up in pails. The fare between Framingham and Boston was seventy-five cents in .summer and $1 in winter. The opening of the railroad gave a great impetus to the business life of the South village, and caused a declension as marked in the Centre. The Saxonville Branch Railroad was opened in 1846. The Milford Branch was completed and opened in 1847. In 1850 a branch was built connecting the South and Centre villages. Tiie Agricultural Branch Railroad, from South Framingham to Northboro', was built in 1854; and purchased and extended by the Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg Company to Fitchburg, in 1865. The Mansfield & Framingham Railroad was completed and opened in June, 1870 ; and the Framingham & Lowell Road in August, 1871. The last three roads FRAMINGHAM. 649 are leased and operated by the Old Colony Ruad as its Northern Division. Banks. — The Framingham Bank was incorporated March 25, 1833 ; the persons named in the act as corporators were Micali Stone, Dexter Fay, Sullivan Fay, Elijah Perry, Rufus Brewer, Moses Edgell and Josiah Adams. Capital stock, 1100,000 ; increased in 1846 to $150,000, and in 1849 to $200,000. It was changed from a State to a National bank in Novem- ber, 1864. The successive presidents have been Josiah Adams, Micah Stone, Oliver Dean, Sullivan Fay, Francis Jaques, Moses Edgell, James W. Clark, I. S. Wheeler, J. J. Valentine. Cashiers: Rufus Brewer, William H. Foster, Edward Illsley, Francis Jaques, Francis T. Clark, James J. Valentine, Fred. L. Oaks. The first dividend was declared April, 1S34; and in no instance since have the regular semi- annual dividends in April and October been passed. This bank was removed to the South Village in 1888, having purchased the assets and assumed the liabilities of the bank established there. The South Framingham National Bank was organ- ized June 14, 1880, with a paid-up capital of $100,000. President, James W. Clark ; cashier, F. M. Stockwell. The succeeding presidents were Adolphus Merriam and Franklin Manson. Fred. L. Oaks succeeded F. M. Stockwell as cashier. In 1888 this bank sur- rendered its charter^ and its business was assumed by the older bank. Framingham Savings Bank. — This institution was chartered in March, 1846, and commenced business the following May. Col. Moses Edgell, in whose mind first originated the idea of a savings bank in this town, was chosen president at its organization, and held the office till 1871. He was succeeded by George Phipps, who remained in office until his death, February 19, 1876. Charles Upham succeeded Mr. Phipps, and died in oflice, March 10, 1880. Luther F. Fuller, Adolphus Merriam and F. E. Gregory have since held the office. The secretaries and treasurers have been Rufus Brewer, Edward Illsley, Lorenzo Sabine, Coleman S. Adams, L. F. Fuller. Amount of deposits November 1, 1846, $4969; amount November 1, 1882, $1,314,318.58. A branch, for receiving and paying deposits, was opened at the South Village in March, 1883, and the bank removed there the next year. In August, 1885, an injunction was placed upon the bank, since which date its business has been confined to the care of its securities, adjustment of losses and bringing its afliiirs into shape for a fiill resumption of business. The Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Bank of South Framingham was incorporated April 23, 1883, and commenced business in May. President, Willard Howe ; Treasurer, George E. Cutler. Amount of deposits, March 1, 1890, $403,982. Tlie South F-aming/!am Co- Operative Bank was or- ganized in 1889 ; authorized capital, one million dol- lars. Boston Wateu-Wokks. — Cochitaate System. — The act, authorizing the city of Boston to take the water of Long Pond was passed March 30, 1846. It con- ferred the right to construct a dam at the outlet, eight feet higher than the floor of the existing flume. In 1859 the Legislature gave the city power to raise the dam two feet more. Aug. 13, 1846, the city received a deed from W. H. Knight, conveying all his riglit and title to Long and Dug Ponds, and the adjacent lands, which had been purchased by him of the Framingham Manufacturing Company, and of individual owners, and comprising, beside the water privilege, one factory building situ- ated at the upper privilege, 83x33 feet, three stories high, and filled with worsted and woolen machinery, in full operation ; also two large dwelling-houses and six acres of land adjoining ; three dwelling-houses and one acre of land at the middle privilege; and at the lower privilege, one factory, 147x33 feet, three stories high, with ells, all filled with machinery in complete working order ; also one other factory, 100x33 feet, three stories high, filled with carpet looms. The price paid Mr. Knight was $150,000. The works were so far completed that water was introduced into Boston Oct. 25, 1848. The full capacity of Cochituate Pond in gallons is 2,011,165.000. The original cost of the works, in and around the pond, including the conduit, was $1,403,212,31. Sudbury River System. — The act authorizingthecity of Boston to take the water of Sudbury River, Farm Pond and their affluents, in and above the town of Framingham, was passed April 8, 1872. The formal taking of Sudbury River under this act was done January 21, 1875. A temporary dam across the river, below the mouth of Eames' Brook, to turn the water into Farm Pond, was built immediately ; and also a trench was dug from the southerly end of the pond to Beaver Dam Brook, by which the water could be conveyed into Cochituate Pond. In December, 1875, and February, 1 876, the city of Boston made seizure of the lands bordering on Hopkinton River and Stony Brook, for the purposes of storage basins ; and proceeded to construct three dams— No, 1, below the junction of Hopkinton River and Stony Brook ; No. 2, on Hopkinton River, and No. 3, on Stony Brook. Reservoir No. 1 covers 126 acres; No. 2, 154 acres; No. 3, 285 acres; Farm Pond, 190 acres. The combined holding capacity is 4,847,552,989 gallons. These basins and the conduit were so far finished that water was let into Chestnut Hill Reservoir February 13, 1878, though the dams and basins were not considered finished till the succeeding winter. The original cost was: PaW B. F. Butter and the MiU owuere, iucluiiing M. H. Simpson (r>43,l'J0 Paid land damages 607,572 650 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Paid building new highways 00,512 Paid cost of tliree dams and gate-houses 322 329 Paid cost of conduit 2 778 400 Paid cost of engineering, and niiscelianeous ..... 321,228 Paid temporary connectiou 75,611 $4,008,842' These figures do not include the cost of Chestnut Hill reservoir, and the distributing service below, nor the cost of hind, construction of daui and baain No. 4, completed at a later date. New.spapers.— The first newspaper established in this town was the Framliigham Courier, a good-sized folio, printed and published weekly by George Brown. It was started in April, 1835, and was continued for leas than a year. The Framingham Gazette was established in June, 1871, by Pratt & Wood. The Framingham Tribune was established in October, 1883, by Charles J. McPherson. Saxonville Post-Office.— This office was estab- lished March 5, 1828, Francis A. Bertody, post- master. He was succeeded by Charles Fiske, January 4, 1830 ; Henry F. A. Richardson, February 28, 1854 ; Samuel P. Griffin, June 22, 1855 ; Samuel S. Danforth, August 15, 1859; John R. Clark, August 15, 1801; Luther F. Fuller, May 30, 18G5 ; Patrick Hayes, Jr., 1885; J. W. Parmenter, 1889. The South Framingham Post-Office was estab- lished February 12, 1841, Jo.seph Fuller, post-master. He was succeeded by Edward A. Clark, April 1, 1844; Samuel O. Daniels, July 7, 1849; Willard Howe. July 1, 1853; John B. Lombard, 1885; Edward F. Phinney, March, 1890. The Nobscot Post-Office was established June 18, 1878, Josiah S. Williams, post-master. Provision for the Poor.— By his will, dated 1728, Abraham Belknap left £10 for the support of the poor of the town. In 1736 the town granted £5 for the relief of a poor family. And the custom pre- vailed for many years to take up a contribution on Thanksgiving and fast days, and to pay for the board and clothing of the sick poor out of the town treas- ury. Overseers of the poor were first chosen in 1741. In 1757 the overseers hired the house, built by Rev. Mr. Swift for a study, for a work-house. A work- house, 32xlG feet, was built in 1771, on the Centre Common, a few rods northwesterly from the present town hall, where the able-bodied poor were placed and kept at work. It was taken down or removed about 1805. In 1813 Col. Micah Stone left to the town a legacy of about $10,000, the annual income of which was to be applied to the support of his own needy descendants, if any, and the balance to the general poor. For many years the custom prevailed of Idling out the town's poor to the lowest bidder for terms of five years. In 1823 Col. James Brown took them ; in 1828 John Wenzell was the lowest bidder. In 1832 the town purchased the farm of Mrs. Solomon > Those figures are taken from the printed Reports of the Boston Water Board. Fay, enlarged the buildings, procured stock, etc., at a total cost of $4964.17. The house was burnt in 1841, and the present more commodious one erected. In 1868 George Phipps gave to the town the sum of $10,000, " To be held as a perpetual fund, called the Phipps Poor Fund, the annual income of which is to be distributed by the selectmen, at their discre- tion, for the support of the worthy poor of the town out of the almshouse." In his will Mr. Phipps left the additional sum of $10,000, the annual income of which is to be expended under the same conditions as the first gift, said fund now amounting to $20,000. War of the Rebellion, 1861-65.— The action of Framingham on the breaking out of the Rebellion was i)rompt and decisive. Upon the first tidings of an attack upon the Goverment of the United States many of pur young men enrolled themselves in the active militia; and by the end of April, 1861, nearly a full company was rai.sed and ready for organization and equipment. May 6, 1861, a town-meeting w.ts held to act on the following articles : P'irst, " To see if the town will appropriate money to constitute a fund to pro- vide a suitable outfit for such military companies as may be organized in this town and accepted by the State, and to furnish all necessary aid to the families of members of the companies, residents of the town, during such time as they shall be absent in the ser- vice of their country." Article second, " To see if the town will choose a committee to receive and expend said fund." Under these articles the following preamble and votes were passed : "Whereat a grave and extraordinary emergency now exists ; whereby tlie security of our beloved government is threatened by a portion of the people who are hound and sworn to support, defend and obey it : And whereat, in the prosecution of its designs, the rebellious portion have resorted to the employment of armed force ; have unlawfully and forcibly seized and do now hold much property belonging to the common goverunient, and do generally disown and set it at defiance ; And whereas, we, the citizens of this town, do profess, and are ready to maintain our unswerving loyalty to the government obtained by our fathers by the sacrifice of their blood and treasure, and handed down to us as a sacred and inestimable gift, under which we have enjoyed those blessings which make life happy :— We have assembled together this day, to take such measures as are in our power, to assist in preserving and maintaining tor ourselves and our children, this good- ly heritage. "Voled 1. That the town a)ipropriate the sum of S8000, to constitute the proposed fuud. "Voledi. To choose a committee of nine, to take charge of and expend the said fund ; and C. C. Esty, Oliver Bennett, Wni. H.Car- ter, David Fiske, Joseph Fuller, George A. Trowbridge, Francis Jacques, VVm. Hustings and Heury Cowles wore chosen that commit- teee." It is worthy of notice that the above provision for aid to the families of soldiers is seventeen daj's prior to any action by the Commonwealth. The militia comp.any proceeded to perfect its organ- ization, and continued in active drill till the 24th of May, when it was ascertained that it would not be received into any existing regiments. And the Legis- lature, in extra session, having made provision for I FRAMINGHAM. 651 the miuutenance of the militia at the expense of the Commonwealth, the town's aid was suspended, and the company disbanded. Most of its members, how- ever, enlisted for the war in existing or projected regiments. Upon the 4th of July, 1862, the President issued a call for more volunteers for three years' service. The (luota of this town was forty-four. At a meeting of our citizens a committee was chosen to obtain sub- siriptions for a fund to pay a bounty of $100 to each volunteer who should enlist under this call. Forty- eight subscribers contributed the sum of $4700, and the same was paid out in bounties. In August, 18G2, a call was issued by the President for volunteers for nine months' service. September 1, 1862, at a town-meeting it was *' Vt^led To reimburse from the town treasury to the contributors the Buni of $4700, already advanced to pay bounties. Voted, that there be paid from the town treasury, $100 to each volunteer, wlien mustered into service, as a bounty. Voted, that the sum of SIS.OOU be a^jpropria- ted for the purposes above named, to be expended uuder the direction of the selectmen.*' The contributors of the $4700 fund held a meeting September 3, 1802, and voted fliat the said sum of money now reimbursed by the town, be placed in the hands of a committee, to be called the Citizens' Mili- tary Committee, to be expended at their discretion, for the promotion of enlistments, and for the relief of soldiers and their families. At the March meeting in 1863 the town " voted, that tlie selectmen be instructed to bring home and inter the bodies of such soldiers as may die in the service, at the town's expense ;" and directed the trustees of the Edgell Grove Cemetery to set apart a suitable lot for that purpose, to be called the Soldiers' Lot. As authorized by statute, at various times the town raised and paid the bounties for men to fill all our quotas. Total amount expended by the town in bounties and recruiting expenses • . . . . $33,828.86 Amount paid by the town as aid to families of soldiers, most of which has been reimbursed by the State . . $20,456.87 Amount of individual subscriptions to the various re- cruiting and bounty funds 29,142.50 $83,428.23 In addition to the above-named money expenditure, the Ladies' Association, Auxiliary to the Sanitary Com- mission, were active and generous in preparing and forwarding boxes filled with articles of necessity and comfort, for the sick and wounded soldiers, in the barracks and hospitals. Such associations were or- ganized at the Centre, at Saxonville and at South Framingham. These blessed ministries of love were above all price. The number of soldiers of all grades enlisted and sent into the field by Framingham during the war was as follows : One hundred days* men . Nine months' men . . . One year's men 8 Three years' men, cavalry 43 Three years' men, heavy artillery 20 Three years' men, light artillery 42 Three years' men, infantry 169 Men enlisted in United States Army 4 Men enlisted in United States Navy 21 Total 404 Number of men killed in action or died of wounds, twenty. Number of men died of disease while in ser- vice, eleven. District Court. — The Southern Middlesex Dis- trict Court was established in 1874. It meets daily at the court-room in South Framingham. Justice, C. C. Esty ; Special Justices, L. H. Wakefield, Walter Adams. Judge Esty was succeeded by Willis A. Kingsbury in 1885. Camp-Meeting Association. — October 2, 1871, Rev. W. E. Clark and E. D. Winslow purchased forty-five acres of land, including Mt. Wayte, at the northerly end of Farm Pond, and laid out the ground for preaching-stand, tents and cottages. The first "camp-meeting" was held in August, 1872. The Chautauqua Assembly now holds its annual sessions on these grounds. State Muster Grounds. — These grounds, situ- ated on Pratt's Plain, at the junction of Eastern Ave- nue and Concord Street, were purchased by iheCom- monwealth in 1873. The lot covers about 115 acres. The Union Street Railway Company was organized in 1888. The track extends from the Cen- tre to the South Village, and from there to Saxon- ville. Professional Men. — Lawyers. — In early times our people sought legal advice, and put their suits in charge of lawyers located at or near the county-seats. Rev. Mr. Swift was often employed to draw up wills, as was his successor, Mr. Bridge. Thomas Dniry, Joshua Hemenway, Edward Goddard, Col. Buck- minster, senior and junior, held the oflice of justice of the peace, and wrote deeds and other official papers. Mr. Goddard was well educated, and under- stood the principles of law, as well as the forms of legal proceedings, and was often employed by the town in the prosecution and defence of suits. The same was true of Joseph Buckminster, Jr. Joseph Haven, Josiah Stone, Jona. Maynard severally held commissions as justice of the peace, and did a large official business. Mr. Stona was appointed special judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1782. Eli Bullard, (H. U. 1787) opened a lawyer's oflScein Framingham in 1791, and was in practice till his death. Josiah Adam.s, (H. U. 1801) admitted to the bar 1807, was here till his death. William Buck- minster, (class of 1809 H. U.) admitted to the bar 1811; at Vassalboro', Me., till 1822, then in this town till his death. Lawson Kingsbury, (D. C. 1808) w!is here from 1814 till his death. Omen S. Keith (H. U. 1826,) was in practice here 1830-38; removed to Boston. Charles R. Train .(B. U. 1837), in practice 652 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. here 1840-63 ; removed to Boston. C. C. Esty (Y. . C. ]84r)) commenced i)ractice in 1848; appointed judge of the District Court 1874. Robert Gordon (H. U. 1843) opened an oflice herein 1802, and remained till his death F. F. iicard, 11. U. 184.H, had an of- fice in tliis town, 18r>l-r)(i. Coleman S. Adams, studied law in Baltimore, Md.; opened an oflice in Framing- ham, 185S. Theodore C. Hurd, U. C. 1858; in town 1800 till he was chosen clerk of the courts of Middle- sex County. E. W. Washburn had a law ollice at South Framingham, 1870-78. Those who have re- cently entered the profession here, are Sidney A. Phillips, D. C. 18G!); Walter Adams, II. U. 1870; George C.Travis, II. U, 18(;'.); Ira H. l'\)rbes, Charles S. Barker, Fred. M. Esty, Willis A. Kingsbury, H. U. 1873; judge of District Court, John W. Allard, D. C. 18.54; John M. Merriam, H. U. 1880; J. E. O'Neill. Phyncians. — John Page, 1712-23; Bezaleel Rice, 1720-43; Joseph Nichols, 1730-u2; John Mellen, 1747; Fibenezer llemenway, 17.50-84; .loremiali I'ike, aniited bone-setter, was contemporary with Dr. Ilcm- enway ; John Sparkhawk, 1757; Richard Perkins, H. U. 1748, was In practice here 1758; Elijah Stone, 1705-1804; Daniel Perkins, 1785-92 ; Richard P. Bridge, 1789; John B. Kittredge, 1791-1848; Timo- thy Merriam, 1791-1835; Ebenezer Ames, 1812,18, removed to Wayland ; Simon Whitney, II. U. 1818, was in practice here 1822-01 ; John T. Kittredge, A. C. 1828, was in practice with his father till his death, 1837 ; Edward A. Ilolyoke, 1838-13; Otis Iloyt 1S38- 47; Enos Iloyt, 1847, till his death, 187.5 ; .lohn W. Osgood, 1842-07 ; George A. Hoyt, D.C. 1847, 1852- 57 ; George M. Howe, 1802-82 ; Allston W. Whitney, 18.52-07; O. O. Johnson, 1850-82; Henry Cowles, 1852 tilf now ; Edgar Parker, 1800-70; E. L. Warren, 1870-78; George Rice, Y. C. 18(iO, physician and pharmacist ; George Beard, eclectic physician, has late- ly died ; Z. B. Adams, H. IT. 1853, complete■(/, Waller N. Sharp, at Saxonville. Enos H. Bigelow at the Centre. Members of Congress.— Lorenzo Sabine, Thirty- second Congress; Charles R. Train, 1859-03; C. C. Esty, 1872-73. State Senators. — Captain Josiab Stone, 1780, five years; .Jona. Maynard, lOsq., 1801, seven years; Rev. Charles Train, 1829-31 ; .Fosiah Adams, Esq., 1841; Joseph Fuller, 1X52; Ablal S. Lewis, 18.50; James W. Clark, 1871; Edward J. Slatterly, 1887. 8TATI9TIIJ8. Poptilntion, PolU. Yohiution. lO'.l'.l OVM- 350 1710 about 416 Ill 1706 1,280 331 .C2H97 17». »d. 1770 1,01)8 380 170O 1,598 383 £3519 e.. M. 18(K) 1,025 360 114,843 ISlO 1,670 306 18,509 1820 2,0.17 472 22,572 1830 2,313 004,356 1840 3,030 090 851,360 1850 4,2,'-,2 906 1,910,013 18G0 4,227 1,078 2,208,.5:i7 1805 4,C05 l,»05 2,799,308 1870 4,008 1,107 3,897,847 1875 6,107 1,310 4,303,280 1880 0,202 1,0'IS 4,786,1411 1885 8,276 2,104 5,980,2(X) 1881) !1,5U0 2,044 7,173,570 3'<)i(i« Oro«(«— 1880, 852,207. Rule on JlflOO Jlo 1884, 110,380. " " 1S88, 107,339. " " !.■) Stoct- Bnmh—'imuei 1888 }120,000 7111011 Fmii/a— lOatcin Fund, Library $.'>00.00 Acadomy Fund, Scliools 1,258.94 Centre Oonnnon Fnnil 450.00 Stone Fund, Poor 8,050.02 KiIkoII Orovo CVnieti'ry Fund 4,020.00 riilpps Ooniotery Fund 6(X1.00 Pliipps Poor Fund 20,00U.(K) EdKoU Library Fund 47,0(KI.0O Howe Cemetery Fund 260.00 1888.— Vulnution of real estate 16,431,000.00 Valuation of personal est^ito 1,742,610.00 Number of pertfons iwaefwed 3,170 Number of persons on property 1,361 Number of persons on polls only I,sl9 Number of dwolling-liouses 1513 Number of boi'ses o77 Number of cows ;n;6 Number of olber cattle *. . . 254 Number of sheep 031 Number of swine . . , 15a Value of buildings 83,521, 41K).00 Value of laud 2,300,000. iK) Tuwii Officers \^&\) : Clerk, Frank E. Hemenway ; selectmen, Walter Adams, John H. Goodell, Joseph C. Clo yes, George A. Reed, George O. Bent : treasurer, Samuel B. Bird ; collector, Charles J. Frost ; auditor, William A. Brown ; assessors, Francis E. Stearns, Elcazer Goulding, Josiah S. Williams ; road commis- sioners, William H. Walsh, Ira L. Dunaveu, George P. Metcalf; overseers of poor, James L. Brophy, William F. Ward, Charles O. Trowbridge ; constable, William C. Wight; School committee, Joseph B. Johnson, Lewis M. Palmer, F. C. Stearns, John W. Allard, John S. Cullen, Walter Adams; board of health, Z. B. Adams, .1. .1. Boynton, F. H. Sprague ; commissioner of sinking fund, Cliirord Folger ; trus- tees of town library, Z. B. Adams, C. A. Humphrey, F. B. Home, S. A. Phillips, L. F. Fuller, L. R. East- man, Jr., W. F. Ilurd, S. B. Bird, J. S. Cullen, Walter Adams, ,1. W. Allard, J. B. Johnson. Town ArniopitiATioNS, 1889. Sobools 831,470.2:1 Superintendent of Schools 1,000.00 Highways, regular 1I,OIKI.UO IIlKliways, special 17,160.90 Support of poor 0,900.21 Couliugeudes 4,000.00 Police 6,500.00 Kufurcing liquor law 1,600.00 Fire Departmeut 8,900.00 Klectric light* 6,000.00 FRAMINGHAM. 053 Board of Health ^,W)(t.m Town Library .'{.i'in.iio Ilydranta 2,!ll«l.iJ0 Firoaliirin 1,60().00 G. A. K 600.00 Docoratiuti iJay 200.00 Salarlua of town olDcora . . . 4,170.1)0 Abatitment of taxe4 ],30(».0() IncldeiitulN 2,o;i7.ilO CIIAI'TKU XMIl. l<7iAMINai/AM—(,CoiUlnued). IIY C. J. Mcl'lll'.KSON. In ulti*ni|itiii{; to Hpeak of Soulli I'Vumiiif^hain, the writer links the conHiilcrate jiiclf^nietit of tliowe of hm iieighhors wlio are nativew of the town and who, con- sequently, must he better ponted upon the condition of things liere a quarter of a century ago and more. No attempt is made in this chapter to treat of the earlier days, that portion of tlie history of the wliole town of J'Vamingham l)eing left in the well-qualified hands of the Itev. J. H. Temple. This chapter deals only with the more modern develo[)ments, and a pic- ture of the phice as it is to-day, and is written by one ol her busiest toilers, an adopted son whoso love for and ])ride in the old as well as the new town, is scarcely second to any. Twenty-live years ago South Kraminghaui liad al- ready shown signs of an ambition to be something more than the unjiretentious farming village of earl- ier days. The IJoston & Worcester (now the Uoston it Albany) liailroail had been opened in 18.'{.'), the branch toSaxonville in IH-it'i, tlie branch to Milford in 1847, the branch to Knimingham Centre in 1800. 'I'hus more than ten years before the war the vil- lage bad become a point of some size on the railroad mai) of the State. lUit it was destined to become at an early day one of the greatest of New England rail- road centres. The value of a railway running north and south, across the several main lines east and west, was early seen, for such a line would be a great distributing road for ports to the south, like New lli'dford, l''all River and Newport, besides beluga feeder to the roads with which it intersected. So it was that in 18(15 the railroad from South Kramingham to Kitchburg was com|)leted ; that from South Framing- ham to Mansfield in 1870; and tlial from Framing- ham to Ijowell in 1871. The last three named roads form a part of the (Jld Colony system ; the first three narfjfcd are owned by the lioston & Albany. Still an- other road is projected by the Old Colony Company, this being a direct line from South Framingham to Hoston, by way of Uedham or West Koxbury. The last annual meeting of the Old Colony stockholders authorized the directors to proceed with this con- struction. To-day there are living in South Fram- ingham about 2-')0 railroad employees, besides their families. There are over one hundred trains daily, passenger and freight, arriving and leaving here. The elegant stone Boston & Albany i)assonger station was built at a cost of over 100,000. The freight-yards of both systems are large ones, that for the Old Col- ony being an especially busy place, as trains are broken and made uf> here for all Southeastern Mass- achusetts. The Old ( Colony brick round-house eon- tains twelve locomotives, and is already too small for the business here. These unrivaled railroad advan- tages account very largely for the wonderful growth of the place, and promise great things for its future. The Boston & Albany management is now rapidly pushing its four parallel tracks westward from Bos- ton to South Kramingham. The agent in (diarge of the Boston & Albany interests here is C. T. Boynton ; the (Jid Colony agent is (i. F. Amadon. Years ago South Framingham was a favorite pictnic resort, but with the exception of charming Lakeview, most of its attractive groves have had to give way to modern improvements and growth. To-day the town is one of the most beautiful to be found anywhere. With the exception of the business section, most of its surface is undulating, and through it like great silken tlireads wind the Sudbury Itiver and its tribu- taries. Nestling within its borders are four beautiful great ponds, named resiiectively Farm, Waushakum, Ijcarned's and Oleason's. From the first two the city of Boston takes part of its water supply. The (own has been as healthful as beautiful. A few years ago the Water Hoard of thecity of Boston, building a conduit across Farm I'ond, drained off the pond, leaving the bottom exposed to the sun all summer. The consequence was a small e|)idemic of malaria, which lasted lor two years or so, but with that brief excejjtion good health has been the rule here. This, with the natural attractions of the place, brought many people to reside here, even before the develop- ment of the place as a business centre. Thk Puiimc Scuool.s have been excellent and with excellent supervision, liaving had a superinten- dent for many years, Dr. O. W. Collins filling that position at present. The School Committee consists of six members, two being elected each year for three years. The number of scholars in town in 1880, be- tween the ages of five and fifteen years, was 1 114, and that number has gradually increaseil from year to year, until for tlie school year ending April 1, 1800, the number was 2009. The rapid growth of the town the past eight years, conseijuent upon the establish- ment of several factories here, brought in some who hail not had the advantages of an early er, secretary. The Catholic Union was organized for literary and social improvement in February, 1890, with thirty members, and now has forty. Meetings are held on Thursday evenings in St. Stephen's Hall. James J. McCloskey is president, and Thomas R. Hill, secre- tary. The Framingham Club, the leading social organiza- tion of the town, was organized about the first of 1890, being incorporated on March 11th, with ninety mem- bers. The membership now is 114. Chas. E. Haber- stroh is president and Chas. BuUe, secretary. The FRAMINGHAM. 669 club-rooms are in Smith Blocli, and are open to mem- bers every day and evening in the year. The Commercial Club was organized in February, 1888, its membership being limited to twenty-five. Thomas L. Barber is president, and R. L. Everit is secretary. The club's room is in Liberty Block. The Framiitgham Historical and Natural History Society was organized March 31, 1888, with twenty members, and now has eighty. 0. A. Belknap is president, Willard Howe, secretary, and Edgar Pot- ter, curator. The object of the society is the collec- tion and preservation of articles relating to and illus- trating the history of Framingham and vicinity ; nat- ural and scientific curiosities; specimens of natural history ; recording and preserving items of passing events that may become items of interest in the fu- ture, and the erection of a building as a safe reposi- tory of the same. The society's quarters, with its collection, are at the residence of Willard Howe on Concord Street. The Framingham Dramatic Club is an association formed in May, 1890. Austin W. Phipps is manager and Miss Fleda Brown, secretary. The object is the presentation of local dramatics, and the club meets in Elmwood Opera-House. The Framingham Medical Society was organized December 29, 1887, with ten members. It is an asso- ciation of physicians from this and surrounding towns, the membership, at present, being fourteen. Meetings are held monthly on the first Tuesday at the houses of members. The Framingham. Hospital is the result of some years of agitation, and the society is now incorporated under a charter from the Legislature of 1890, with the right to hold $50,000 worth of real and personal property. Active steps will soon be taken to make the organization of practical benefit to the community. The Framingham Drill Club is an organization of young men and boys, most of whom are students in the schools of the town, and the object is chiefly phy- sical improvement. The club comprises about eighty members, and is divided into two companies, making a small school batallion. Out of compliment to Supt. LukeR. Landy, of the State muster-field at this place, who was chiefly instrumental in organizing them, the boys voted to be known as "The Landy Cadets." The boys are uniformed, have regular drills, and are allowed under the school law to carry arms. Their drill-master has been Lieutenant Hun- ter, of Company L, of the Ninth Regiment, of Natick, and under his instructions the boys have come to a high degree of proficiency in drill, with a corre- sponding improvement in their general carriage. The Woman's Club was organized in May of 1889 with twenty-three members, and now has tbirty-five. The object is mutual improvement along an intellec- tual line, and it meets fortnightly on Tuesday after- noons. Mrs. Sewell Fisher is president and Mrs. C. F. Beard, secretary. The Framingham Art Club was organized May 1 , 1890, with thirty members, and now has forty. Mrs. C. F. Beard is president and Mrs. C. U. Fuller, secretary. The studio is in Smith Block and lessons are given three times a week. At present instruction is chiefly confined to drawing and painting, but other branches of art will be taken up in time. It is de- signed to give exhibitions from time to time, and to establish an evening art school. Waushakiim Brass Band was formed in the sprirg of 1888, and is finely uniformed. The membership is twenty-eight. Ed. S. Hemenway is leader. The band-room is in Union Block. Elmwood Bugle, Fife and Drum Corps was organized Oct. 20, 1886, and numbers fifteen musicians, well uniformed. W. E. Walters is captain. Meetings are held in Alpha Rink. The South Middlesex Driving Association was organ- ized in May, 1890, and its track is at the grounds of the Middlesex South Agricultural Association, in this village. The track is kept in good condition for practice, and occasionally trotting races are held, | with liberal purses to the winners. C. J. Fillmore is secretary of the association, L. P. Sleeper is track manager. The directors are H. S. Drake, J. H. Jordan, E. L. Deschamps. The Middlesex South Agricultural Society, which was organized in 1854, formerly held its fairs at Framing- ham Centre, but in 1869 twenty-five acres were bought on Union Avenue, in this village, and con- venient exhibition buildings established there, as well as a half-mile trotting track, the whole at a cost of S16,000. Since then a few acres have been sold, but the grounds and buildings are in excelient condition, and the annual exhibitions in September are largely attended. Each year $600 is received from the State for premiums, nearly twice that amount being offered exhibitors. The annual meetings are held the first Monday in December. N. B. Douglas, of Sherborn, is president, and Samuel B. Bird, oi Framingham, secretary. The Firemen's Mutual Belief Association was organ- ized January 21, 1889, among the firemen of the town for the objects which its name implies. William H. Burke is president, and George T. Fuller, secretary. There are about 40 members. Quarterly meetings are held on the first Monday evenings of January, April, July and October. The South Framingham Base Ball Association, main- tains grounds on Concord Street, which are fenced in, and on which baseball and other athletic sports are held. Frank E. Farrar is manager of the asso- ciation, and Russell M. French, treasurer. A Nationalist Club has been started, July, 1890, with C. A. Simpson, president, and W. D. Mc Pherson, secretary. The Industrial Unions. — The industrial unions of the town are quite well organized, and hold regular meetings. Among these unions in the village are the 670 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Carpenters' and Joiners', Painters' and Decorators', Lasters' Protective, International Leather- Workers', Rubber-Workers', Brotherhood of Bailroad Brake- men, Trainmen's Protective Association. Among the organizations which have lately gone out of existence in the village are : The Citizens' Association, a body of gentlemen seek- ing to improve the growth and prosperity of the town, was organized February 8, 1886, but died after two years, although accomplishing much good in that time. The Literary Society was started in March, 1875, with fifty members, and had over one hundred mem- bers afterwards. It was very prosperous for ten years, but in 1886 surrendered, giving the money in its treasury — about $50 — to the Choral Union. The Choral Union, organized in 18s4, existed be- tween four and five years, aud had a marked effect upon the musical culture of the town. Concerts were given from time to time, but, like many another good thing, it finally succumbed to lack of interest. Bu.siNESS Interests. — As a business centre, South Framingham has already achieved considerable dis- tinction. It is the natural centre of a circle of twenty-five or thirty miles, within whose radius are a score or more of thriving towns. We have seen that it is on two main lines of railway with their branches ; being situated twenty miles west of Boston, twenty miles east of Worcester, twenty-five miles south of Fitchburg and Lowell and thirty miles north of Taunton. Most of the village is of level land, and the business part is considerably cut up with railroad tracks, atlbrding numerous sites for manufacturing establishments. Unlike many towns, this one is not tribute to any other town or city, but is an independ- ent community, rapidly growing from its own re- sources. Previous to 1840 there were but a few strag- gling houses each side of the Boston and Worcester Railroad track. The development of the straw-hat aud bonnet industry in the "forties" drew outsiders in, until in war time we find that business flourishing in town, and there was practically no other manu- facturing business here. The bonnet business which had been begun by Mrs. Lovell Eames in 1825, and enlarged by her son, Horace, who took charge in 1830, was purchased by Franklin Manson in 1840, and carried on until 1864 by him, when it was sold to Curtis H. Barber, who subsequently took his son, Thomas L., in with him. To-day this large business is carried on by T. L. Barber & Company, at a finely appointed factory on Park Street, which year by year has been extended and improved. In the busy season about four hun- dred employees are kept at work, one hundred and forty of whom are men, the rest women. The product is ladies' straw-hats in diflf'erent styles, and the firm has a very high reiiutation for fine work. The sales- rooms arc with Messrs. Gotthold & Company, 561-563 Broadway, New York. Mr. Temple, in his " History of Framingham," has told of the connection of Alexander and Willard E. Clark in the business, also of Augustus and George Richardson, George P. Metcalf and H. K. White. The firm which succeeded these latter gentleman was (A.) Richardson & Crafts. This firm was succeeded by the new firm of Crafts, Emmons & Billings ; this in turn by Emmons & Billings, with a change later on to H. O. Billings & Co., and still later, in 1888, by the present firm of Staples & Smalley. These latter gentlemen came from Westboro', leasing the factory of Mr. Billings. About the 1st of December, 1887, a large part of this factory was burned, but Mr. Billings, with great enterprise, set about rebuilding, and by dint of hard work on the part of a large force of men, night and day, in about two weeks a large and better factory than any of its predecessors stood finished. Messrs. Fales & Sons, belonging here, were the builders. This great speed was necessitated on account of the busy season at the factory. In recog- nition of Mr. Billings' enterprise and his determina- ti(jn to keep the business in town when outside par- ties had offered hioi inducements to remove elsewhere, 250 of the business men of the town tendered him a complimentary banquet, which probably has never been equaled by any other similar event in the town. This factory now employs in the busy season about 250 hands. The largest industry in the town to-day is that of the Pard Rubber-Shoe Company, of which A. L. Coo- lidge, of Boston, is president, and J. L. Stickney, treasurer. It was in 1881 that this company was formed in Boston with a capital stock of $300,000, in- creased a few months afterwards to $500,000, and still later to $1,000,000. Certain enterprising gentlemen here saw the opportunity to secure the industry for the town, and shortly the terms were arranged. By these terms a company known as the South Framing- ham Manufacturing Company was formed in town to put up the buildings and lease them to the Para Com- pany. The total cost of the land and buildings was $101,000. They were completed early in 1882 and occupied. The officers of the building company are : Franklin Manson, president; Sidney A. Phillips, Esq., clerk ; Willard Howe, treasurer. The plant is well located, but a few minutes' walk from the post- office and railroad station, covers fifteen acres, and is on the line of the Boston and Albany Railroad, from which a spur track runs into the factory yard and by the large store-houses. The average number of em- ployees is about 1000, divided between both sexes. Joseph D. Thomas is superintendent, and he has had a large experience in the 'rubber business in this and foreign countries. Until recently the company made rubber clothing as a part of its product, but this branch of the business has been discontinued and at- tention paid wholly to footwear. The product em- braces all grades, from the heavy lumbermen's boots to the finest and most highly-finished ladies' rubbers. FKAMINGHAM. 671 Some of these latter are finished with fancy cloth, silk or satin and fur-tipped tops. The ordinary arctics and rubbers are made, as well as a line of fine tennis shoes. Messrs. Houghton, Coolidge & Co., of Boston, are the selling agents. The Para pay-roll amounts to about $10,000 per week, and about 14,000 pairs of boots and shoes are made daily. There are over five acres of floor space in the establishment. The largest steam-engine is of 1000 horse-power. Tlie Oossamer Rubber Clothing Company began work here in 1875, their plant — all brick buildings — being located on the line of the Boston & Albany Railroad. Messrs. Tra M. and Wm. H. Conant, of Boston, com- prise the company, and T. H. Videto is superintend- ent. The Boston office is at 300 Federal Street. The South Framingham plant is valued at about $75,000. The Messrs. Conant were the pioneers in this business, and this is believed to be the oldest gossamer company in the country, and the facilities are such that a larger product can be turned out than from any other rubber clothing mill. All qualities of rubber cloth for clothing are made, from the common cotton to the richest silks. About twenty hands are employed in the coating de- partment, and some 300 girls are employed iu the Boston department, making the cloth into clothing. Gregory & Co.'s Boot Factory, which is the second largest industry in town, and one of the largest boot factories in New England, was established here in 1882. At that time the firm was known as Bridges & Co., and it was only on January 1, 1890, that Mr. D. T. Bridges retired from the head of the concern, after having been connected with it for forty-three years, and being a partner for thirty-three years. The busi- ness was originally located in Hopkinton, and had twice been burned out before it was finally decided to locate at South Framingham on account of its superior business facilities. On April 24, 1885, the new factory was half destroyed by fire, a brick par- tition wall saving the rear half. The burned part was immediately rebuilt. The factory stands on high ground, buta few rods from the Boston & Albany Rail- road, from which it has a special track; 240x40 feet is the ground size, and four stories above a high basement, the height. Store-houses and other build- ings afford additional facilities. The goods made are mostly of the heavier kinds, although many of them are handsomely finished. The firm comprises N. P. Coburn, of Newton ; ex-Gov. William Claflin, of New- ton ; James A. Woolson, of Cambridge ; D. T. Bridges, W. F. Gregory, Oliver B. Root, of Framingham. Five of the foremen have been with the concern an average of over thirty-five years, and many of the employees have worked for the firm a long time. The usual number of employees is about 400, although more can be accommodated, and are employed at times. Williams Box Factory was located in the "Old Stone Mill," on Howard Street, in 1870, the firm- name then being Fales & Williams. The firm car- ried on a general building and wood-working busi- ness, but dissolved partnership in 1875, when Mr. Abner Fales continued the building business, and Mr. S. H. Williams the mill business. The box business finally outgrew the " Old Stone Mill," and Mr. Williams erected a model plant a short distance away, the Old Colony Railroad, beside which the mill stands, putting a spur track into the mill yard. This new mill, three stories high, was built by A. Fales & Sons in 188G, and occupied in January of 1887. It is fitted with the most modern machinery for sawing the logs into boards, planing them, and manufactur- ing packing-boxes for the rubber boot and shoe and other factories in the neighborhood. About thirty men are employed, and 12,000 to 15,000 feet of boards are made into boxes daily. The mill is run by steam- power. Vie Framingham Box Company was started in Feb- ruary of 1889. Previous to that, about the 1st of August, 1888, Mr. S. G. Damren started a paper-box factory here, being located on the third floor of S. H. Williams' box factory. After running it for a kyi months he was obliged to go to Maine on other busi- ness, and the box business was sacrificed. It had been shown, however, that such a business could live iu town, and so a company was incorporated with $5000 capital, all paid in, and Mr. J. W. Jones, who had been Mr. Damren's foreman, was secured as gen- eral manager, being also a stockholder. J. J. Valen- tine is president of the company, and W. M. Ranney, treasurer. The company, which started with ten hands, now keeps thirty constantly employed, mak- ing 5000 boxes daily. While shoe-boxes are a special- ty, almost every variety of paper-boxes are made, some of them being very handsome. Mr. Jones is one of the most progressive box-makers in the coun- try, and the business is rapidly growing under his management. A. M. Fames & Co., wheel manufacturers. Alfred M. Fames began making wheel-hubs in the basement of Union Block in 1871, and continued that business until 1877, when he enlarged the business, going into the manufacture of wheels. His brother, Edwin A., had, in company with Geo. W. Bigelow and C. C. E^ty, been manufacturing wheels in Union Block, under the firm-name of Fames, Bigelow & Co., their business being transferred to the Framingham Wheel Co. in 1874, the latter company discontinuing busi- ness in 1882. Edwin was a very fine wheel-maker, and is to-day, and became superintendent of Alfred's business, which in 1877 employed but three men but now employs about twelve, making all sizes of wheels, but making a specialty of the highest grade of light carriage wheels, supplying the best carriage-makers in New England. A large business is also done in rims, spokes and hubs. The buildings include two three-story factories, boiler and engine-house and sev- eral store-houses. Both brothers have been in the wheel business constantly from boyhood. Edwin went to 672 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Worcester at the age of nineteen, and in four years was foreman of the shop, in which capacity he remain- ed seven or eight years, coming to South Framingham and starting the firm of Eaines, Bigelow & Co. in 1870. Alfred was superintendent of the Toledo Wheel Co., coming here in 1870 and starting business. About 1874 Edwin went to West Chester, Pa., where he was foreman for one year, then going to Elizabeth, N. J., where he was foreman for five years. In 1881 he went to Paris and fitted up with the latest improved ma- chinery one of the largest wheel concerns in Europe. The Framingham Electric Company is now an im- portant factor in the town's economy. Mr. S. O. Daniels, a native of this town, but afterwards a busi- ness man of Natick, had established an electric light- ing plant in the latter town, and on December 23, 1886, Mr. Daniels started work on a small plant for South Framingham. The lights were started on January 15, 1887, witli a power of seven arc lights. When once the utility of the system had been de- monstrated, and more customers had been secured, Mr. Daniels bought of Gov. Wm. Claflin a lot of land in the centre of the village on tlie Milford Branch Railroad track, and erected a fine plant there. March 28, 1888, Mr. Daniels suddenly died at his home in Natick of apoplexy, and the electric business was left in charge of H. W. True, who had been Mr. Daniels' superintendent. The business having been put into a stock company, the controlling interest was pur- chased by the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, and Mr. True was installed as manager. Under his wise and energetic management the business of the company has been very much extended, and the town now uses electricity exclusively for its street lights. Improvements have been made at the generating station from time to time, and at this time the ca- pacity of the station is 125 arc lights and 2500 incan- descents, while there are actually in use about 100 arc lights and 2000 incandescent lights. There are two engines and several dynamos, all of the latest type. Ordwiiy's Reed-chair Factory. — It was in February of 1888 that Mr. A. H. Ordway, attracted by the fine rail- road facilities, removed to this place from Mattapoi- sett a comparatively small chair-manufacturing bus- iness. Temporary quarters were secured in the Dunn Building, on Howard Street, but in the fall of the same year a convenient factory of three stories above the basement, 40x100 feet on the ground, was erected on land secured of Wellington H. Pratt. This fac- tory was finished and occupied in November, 1888, and this business has proved one of the most desira- ble in the town. Mr. Ordway confines his manufac- tures chiefly to one or two patterns of a base-rocker arm-chair of reed-work, and these are shipped all over the country. About forty liands are employed, and the factory is equipped with all the necessary conveniences. Besides the chairs, an elegant line of bent-wood and plush-upholstered foot-rests is made. Marston's BaMan Factory. — Attracted by Mr. Ord- way's business and the inducements held out by the place, Mr. H. A. Marston, of Wakefield, moved his business here in the fall of 1889, building liimself a model four-story factory, 40x100 on the ground, be- sides a brick boiler and engine-house, bleach-house, etc. He located his factory directly opposite Mr. Ordway's, and between them there is a branch of the Old Colony Railroad. Mr. Marston's business is the importation of rattan from Singapore and other for- eign points, and the splitting of it up into a fine class of cane, leaving the pith or reeds for chair-man- ufacture, like Mr. Ordway's. Mr. Marston's ma- chines are of his own manufacture and patent, and he maintains a machine-shop in his factory for build- ing them. He lights the factories from his own electric plant, and heats them from his steam-boilers. Beside the cane and reed manufacture, Mr. Marston is a large dealer in wooden chairs of Western manu- facture. There are about fifty employees. Neiv England Rattan Company. — Mr. A. H. Ord- way was chiefly instrumental in securing the location here of Mr. H. A. Marston's business, and Mr. Mars- ton in turn, aided by other citizens, 'nduced the New England Rattan Company to move their business from Wakefield to this place, and the latter company was not slow to see the superior opportunities for transacting business here. So it followed that in March, 1889, a fine tour-story factory with high base- ment, was finished for their occupancy, just opposite those of Messrs. Ordway and Marston. The company manufactures an elegant line of rattan and reed chairs of many patterns and styles of finish, besides tables, easels and other parlor furniture in bamboo work. The oflicers of the company are : President, W. E. Ryan : Secretary and Treasurer, Mathias Hollander; Directors, H. Ryan, L. S. Mansfield, R. M. French, H. Leuchtman, Richard Cuft'. About forty-five hands are employed. The Union Pullishing Company was formed and be- gan business here in April, 1884. From fifteen to twenty hands are employed. Rooms were first taken in Union Block and successively enlarged until March of 1886, when the third floor of Liberty Block was taken. These quarters having become too small, the company has now moved into the new Tri- bune Building on Irving. Street. The company does a general job printing and newspaper publishing bus- iness, the papers published being the Framingham Tribune, Aahland Tribune, Sherborn Tribu ne, Southboro' Tribune, Sudbury Tribune. C. J. McPherson is presi- dent and manager, and A. P. McPherson, treasurer. The Lakeriew Printing Company was organized early in 1889 to succeed the J. C. Clark Printing Company, which was established here in 1872, occu- pying quarters ever since in Union Block. The com- pany employs from fifteen to twenty hands, and does a general job ])rinting and newspaper publishing business, besides being agent for certain specialties. FRAMTNGHAM. 673 The papers published are The Framingham Gazette, Ashland Advertiser, HoUiston Transcript. C. F. Cut- ler is president, and W. F. Blake, treasurer and manager. The Last-Factory of E. D. Stone was established about ten years ago, Mr. Stone coming from Auburn, Me. A superior grade of shoe-lasts is made, its prin- cipal customers being the Para Rubber-Shoe Com- pany, near whose works it is located, and the shoe- factories in this and vicinity towns. It is well I equipped with steam machinery and employs about ten hands. A. Fales & Sons have a well-equipped steam-power plant, on the line of the Old Colony Railroad, for the manufacture of builders' finish and materials. They are large builders themselves, erecting many railroad stations and other large buildings. They employ, on an average, from forty to fifty men, although some- times having many more. Leather Goods. — In 1886 William D. Higgins started in the village the manufacture of leather music-rolls, collar and cuff-boxes, toilet-cases and similar work, keeping a small force of men at work. Recently he has sold out to H. F. Tworably & Co., who now conduct the business. George H. Fames started in the same business last year, and has made it so successful that he has recently built and moved into a new factory off Union Avenue. T. L. Stiirtevant, who is an inventor of some notei is now building steam-yachts here on the shores of Waushakum Pond. His latest invention is a steam- boiler with a wonderful capacity to generate steam. Its fuel is gas or petroleum, and its great generating power allows of its being of very small size. Thus a thirty horse-power engine is put into a thirty-foot boat, and the result is a remarkable speed. Among Mr. Sturtevant's other inventions are the Sturtevant Stone-Crusher and Pulverizer, a rifle and cartridge. Mr. Sturtevant has also been a large owner in the Bowker Fertilizer business, starting it with Mr. Bow- ker about twenty years ago. The Ice Butines.i. — -The local trade has been well supplied from the ice-houses of C. C. Stevens, C. L. Foster and John Willis, but in the summer of 1889 immense ice-houses, with all the attendant machinery, stables, dwelling-house, etc., etc., were built near the shore of Waushakum Pond by the Drivers' Union Ice Company of Boston. This plant, which is situated on the Milford Branch Railroad, cost about $.50,000, and in it can be stored 50,000 tons of ice, which is gathered here of purest quality. The Framingham Gas Fuel and Power Company, which holds a franchise from the town, was organized in 1888, under Massachusetts law, with $75,000 capital. It proposes to furnish gas for all domestic and manufacturing purposes, such as for illuminating, heating, cooking, for gas-engines, making steam, forging, etc. Land has been bought on Irving Street, and at this writing the construction of the system is 43-iii nearly completed. C. J. McPherson is president of the company and H. S. Jackson treasurer. Grain Elevator. — Sprague & Williams, who,in addi- tion to their grocery business, have done a large grain business, erected in the spring of 1890 a grain- mill and elevator, on Hollis Court, adjacent to Mil- ford Division of the Boston & Albany Railroad track. It is supplied with every requisite labor-saving con- venience. The Beef Befrigerator of Geo. E. Fitch & Co. was established in the village in 1884, being connected with Armour & Co.'s great Chicago establishment. The next year a convenient new building was built with a large ice capacity and overhead railroads for handling the more than $100,000 worth of annually dressed meat which comes to it in refrigerator cars and is disbursed. John J. Anderson manages the business, another branch of which is cared for at Westboro' by Mr. Fitch. H. L. Sawyer, in addition to his large tin, piping, stove, hardwareand plumbing business, has for several years manufactured japanned powder-flasks and fi.sh- bait boxes at his Howard Street factory. Thomas Wise & Co., machinists, manufacture the Wise steam motor, which has been used somewhat in the United States Navy. Mr. Wise is also the maker of a storage system of incandescent electric lights. E. E. Crandall & Co. manufacture and deal in all varieties of carriages, besides conducting a general repair-shop for all branches of the business. F. F. Avery manufactures an extensive line of mat- tresses for shipment to other cities as well as neighbor- hood trade. JV. B. Johnson makes a superior grade of harness dressing under the name of the Perfection Harness Dressing. He employs a number of selling agents. A. H. H. Warren & Co. conduct the book-bindery which was moved here from Cambridgeport in the .summer of 1889. Excellent work is turned out, cus- tomers coming from other towns and cities. Express Brmness. — With the business growth of the place, the express companies have kept pace. Of these there are now seven, all well equipped for business. These are the Adams, American, New York and Boston Despatch, Boston it Worcester, Farrar's, Davis, Dart & Co's. Among the industries conducted here the past few years may be mentioned the Sterling Rubber Works, manufacturers of go.ssanier rubber ('lothing, which were removed to Readville about four years ago ; the Framingham Wheel Works, Charles E. Bradlev's carriage-works, the J. M. Anthony machine-shop, the three latter concerns going out of business. Cutler & Company's grain mills did agood business until about 1879, when they were destroyed by fire, and the business removed to their mills at North Wil- braham, although the business office is still retained at South Framingham. A spring-bed business, con- ducted by a Mr. Frail, of Hopkinton, employed about 674 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. fifteen men. The factory was located off South Street, but was burned about ten years ago, and the busi- ness was discontinued. Professional Men. — In addition to the clergy- men, mentioned among the churches, there are — P/ii/aicians: J. J. and J. S. Boynton, L. M. Palmer, J. J. McCann, E. A. Hobbs, O. W. Collins, F. W. Patch, Anna Wilkin. Beniisis: C. F. Beard, George F. Beard, W. I. Brigham, W. C. Chamberlaiu, J. A. Hayes. Lmoyers: W. A. Kingsbury, Sidney A. Phillips, Walter Adams, L. H. Waivefield, George C. Travis, C. C. Estey, Ira B. Forbes, F. M. Esty, John W. Allard, Charles S. Forbes, J. L. O'Neil, John M. Merriman, T. W. Barrelle. Civil Engineer : J. J. Van Valkenburg. Architects: J. W. Patston, George L. Nichols. Employing Mechanics. — The following individ- uals and concerns are all in business in the place, and some of them employ quite a number of hands: Builders : A. Fales & 8ons, Wells & Tuttle, James Daisley, Avery Daisley, John P. Kyte, J. R. & R. P. Clark, James H. Combs, James McMahan, N. T. Ab- bott, John Butland, Edward Damon, W. E. Fay, Rice Brothers, C. R. Harding, Edward P. Simpson, all car- penters ; a«d A. D. Swan, C. P. Haskell, masons. Plumbers, Gas and Steam Pipers : H. L. Sawyer and James Sheldon ; Thomas Wise, piper. Wheelwrights, Blacksmiths, Carriage-builders ami Horse-shoers : Thomson Brothers, W. J. Arbuckle, E. E. Crandall &Co. ; M. McNamara, shoei. Painters : Gilman Fuller, H. R. Mockler, J. E. Vollmer, Joseph Harail, J. F. Roach, E. E. Crandall & Co., W. T. Wright, Robt. McCann, J. H. Randall. Roofers and Concrete-parers : French Brothers, M. E. Balcome & Co., Drury & Co. Stone-masons : .Tohn Gallagher, D. McLaughlin, Peter Teabeau, .Tesse Bryant, William Green. Lather: Edwin Hamblin. Shoe-makers: Thomas Rimmer, John Slater, John J. Slattery. Ilarness-makt-rs : D. C York, Joshua Smith. Hair-cutters : John A. I\Iorse, Alonzo Sackett, Geo. Gaudig. Henry Taylor, Frank Farnsworth. Marble and Granite-worker: J. B. Whalen. Granite-worker : James O'Connor. Tradesmen. — Dry Goods: Clifford Folger & Co., A. M. Lang, A. J. Wood & Co. Clothiers: E. B. Mclntyre & Co., F. C. Hastings, C. H. Whitcomb & Co., The Wardrobe. Boots and Shoes : Geo. E. Fowler, Geo. A. Carr i% Co., J. F. McGlennan, A. J. Heraenway, Clifford Fol- ger & Co. Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods, other than those named : O. S. Buttolph. Furniture : A. R. Newton & Son, J. J. McCloskey. Grocers: Sprague & Williams, Stearns Brothers, Adams & Morse, Slattery & Flynn, C. S. Oaks, M. E. Hamilton, AVhitmore & Daboll, Robt. McGlory. Marketmen : E. H. Kittredge & Co., L. F. Eames, F. H. Hunt, Coburn & Hooker, W. H. Greeley, W. F. Ward, Hawkes & Hemenway. Fish-Markets : Fitts Brothers, Bennett & Gerrish. Butter, Eggs and Cheese: Wellington H. Pratt, Geo. M. Amsden. Junk-dealer : Samuel Falkner. Bakers: Wm. Stratton, T. H. Abbott, J. G. Klier. Coal and Wood : Willis M. Ranney, H. C.Kingman, Otis Cutting. Lumber and Building Material : W. M. Ranney, Fales & Sons. Lime, Sand, Cement, Hay, Etc. : H. C. Kingman. Grain and Flour : Cutler & Co., Sprague & Wil- liams, Eastman Brothers. Milliners : Mrs. E. E. Teague, Miss A. J. Wood, Miss Grace Lee, Miss E. B. Fuller. Dressmakers : Mrs. Withington, Mrs. A. Page, Miss Hill. Jewelers and Watch-makers : Cyrus N. Gibbs, W. W. Haynes, J. M. Bacon, A. W. Edmonds. Druggists: Charles L. Curtis, G. W. Cutler, Geo. Rice, I. A. Lombard. Confectionery : F. M. Wilbur, Geo. J. Masterson, besides grocers and druggists. Hardware and Paints: W. E. Harding & Co., H. L. Sawyer. Toys, Pictures, etc. : Geo. E. Watkins & Co. ■Newsdealers: Allen Robie, G. W. Cutler, G. J. Masterson, Armstrong's Restaurant. Restaurants : H. C. Bowers, G. W. Armstrong, S. S. Given. Florists : W. S. Phelps & Sons, C. J. Power. Real Estate Agents : B. Judd, W. F. Richardson, A. H..Tuc.ker. Local Teamsters and Expressmen . Geo. H. Davis, A. J. Sullivan, Edwin Stone, E. E. Ramsdell, Ira L. Dunaven, D. McLaughlin, John Horr, A. Saucier. Livery Stable Men and Hackmen : Joshua Smith, D. J. Cooney, A. W. Fay, C. J. Fillmore, Lawrence Flynn, Jr., W. A. Flynn, F. E. Brooks. Tailors: M. Cotter, K. Ryan, C. D. Bates, J. M. Morrissey. Carriage Dealers : E. E. Crandall & Co., Thomson Bros., Rock & Young. Fruit Dealers : S. & G. Garbarrino, E. T. Yon. Undertakers : W. T. Gove, P. N. Everett, M. Under- wood. Laundries: L. E. Russell, Sun Kee & Co., The Charlie Company. Photographers: J. L. Sweet, F. J. Williams. Billiard Parlor : F. E. Deming. Insurance Agents: W. E. Clark & Son, J. S. Adams, Burtis Judd, F. M. Esty, A. H. Tucker, S. G. Davenport. Auctioneers : H. W. Cotton, J. H. Eames, Edgar Potter, W. F. Richardson. Milkmen : A. P. Houghton, L. 'jiould. Dog Kennels and Breeders : J. R. Teague, J. A. IMorsc. Bill Poster: Manager of Elm wood Opera House. ^J^^g/^^^ FHAMINaHAM. 675 BIOGRAPHICAL. MICHAEL H. SIMPSON. Michael H. Simpson was emphatically an Essex County man, although much of his long and active business life was spent in Suffolk and Middlesex Counties, where he brought into a high state of de- velopment the well-known industries connected with the " Roxbury Carpet Company " and " Saxonville Mills." He wa.s the son of Paul Simpson, Esq., a wealthy ship-owner of Newburyport, during the days when a phenomenal success sometimes attended the sending of cargoes of merchandise to foreign ports. Deciding early upon a business career, young Simp- son entered into it with that energy and keen insight which distinguished him in after-life. Before they were of age, he, with Charles H. Coffin, of New- buryport, and George Otis, son of Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston (afterwards partners), made a highly successful venture by sending a ship and cargo to Calcutta, they being sole owners. This may, perhaps, be considered the ba.sis of the fortune which Mr. Simpson afterwards acquired. His business career soon showed that to a fine physical constitution he united a keen sagacity in adapting means to ends, unusual executive ability, and an indomitable will. By the connection of his firm with the wool trade of South America his attention was drawn to the neces- sity of freeing Buenos Ayres wool from burrs to enhance its value. His inventive brain soon grasped the situation, and he produced a machine for this purpose which proved of great value, the modern burring-machine, now in general use, being the out- growth of this invention. In the various industries with which his name was connected, for him to dis- cover a need or necessity for improvement was to give himself no rest until be had devised a way for the accomplishment of the desired end. His exten- sive career as a manufacturer and employer of labor also gave scope for the development of those finer qualities of mind and heart which characterized the man. It was his delight to lay out parks and drives, in connection with his estates, which he always opened to the public. In order to give employment, he would purchase tracts of waste land and convert them into richly productive fields. As a friend and companion he was genia! and charming. He possessed a mind well stored with the resources of history and philosophy. He ever recognized a beneficent, over-ruling Provi- dence in all the ways of life, and sought by precept and example to inculcate the principles of a high morality in all those with whom he was brought in contact. His love for his native town manifested itself in his generous benefactions to the Public Library, towards town improvements, a fund for keeping the streets watered and in various other ways. Mr. Simpson was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth Rilham, of Boston, by whom he had several children. His second marriage was to Evangeline E. Thurston Marrs, of Framingham, who survives him. His death occurred at his residence in Boston, De- cember 22, 1884. HON. PETER PARKER. Peter Parker, one of the most honored and most successful of the early missionaries who went to China from the United States, was the third son of Nathan and Catherine (Murdock) Parker, and was born June 18, 1804, in Framingham, Massachusetts. When he was four years of age his father had a severe attack of illness, from the effects of which he never fully recovered; and, as his two older brothers had died in infancy, Peter was very early obliged to assist in the support of his parents and of his three sisters. At the age of fifteen he taught the common school in the adjoining town of Holliston, and for some years was employed as a teacher in the differ- ent school districts of the neighborhood. In a short memoir of himself, which he wrote, he says that while thus employed he never failed to put into the hands of his father all the money that he received, " not reserving a single dollar " for his own use. Be- fore leaving home to teach in Holliston, he had made a public profession of his determination to lead a re- ligious life, and it was not long before he informed his friends that he wished to prepare himself to en- ter the Christian ministry. But the ill health of his father, and the dependence of the family on his lab- ors, interposed difficulties, which for some years pre- vented his beginning the necessary studies. At last, when he had attained the age of twenty-one, his fa- ther was able to make arrangments by which he could be assured of a support for himself and family for the rest of his life, and friends having offered to provide Peter with the pecuniary assistance he might need while obtaining a liberal education, after he had exhausted the few hundred dollars that he had of his own, he entered Day's Academy, in Wrentham, and began in March, 1826, in his twenty-second year, to fit for college. In September, 1827, he entered Am- herst College, as freshman. There he remained three years, till he gained the consent of his friends to go to Yale College, in New Haven, where he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, graduating with the class of 1831, in which were a large number of men who afterwards became distinguished in the different walks of life. After graduation he began the study of theology in the Yale Divinity School. About this time the officers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions were consid- ering the possibility of doing something for the evan- gelization of the great Empire of China. The diffi- culties in the way seemed insuperable. The re- strictive policy which characterized the government of that country made anything like full and intimate intercourse with the people well-nigh impossible. 676 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. But it had been found that the Chinese were very ready to avail themselves of the services of the phy- sicians of the East India Company, and that these benevolent men had been very successful in obtaining the confidence of those whose maladies they had healed. It therefore occurred to the friends of missions in the United States, that a missionary who should also have had a thorough medical education might be able to use his ability as a physician to gain access to the people, and thus introduce Christianity among them. With this object in view, it was proposed to Mr. Parker, who was known to be ready to devote his life to missionary work among the heathen, to fit himself to go to China as a medical missionary. Ac- cordingly, while pursuing his theological studies in the Yale Divinity School, he at the same time studied medicine in the Yale Medical School, and in March, 1834, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Having also completed his theological studies, he was ordained as a Christian minister in Philadelphia, the following 16th of May, and sailed from New York for Canton, ,Tune 4th, which city he reached October 2fith, in the same year. After spending some time in the acquisition of the language of the people. Dr. Parker opened in Canton, November 4, 1835, a free hospital for persons affected with diseases of the eye, of the treatment of which the native practitioners were particularly ignorant. The success which he at once attained surpassed all that the most sanguine hopes of the friends of missions had anticipated. The first day, though previous notice had been given, no patient ven- tured to come. The second day, a solitary female, afllicted with glaucoma, presented herself The third day half a do/.en persons appeared ; and after this those who were suffering began to come in con- stantly increasing numbers. At the end of a year the aggregate of p.atients who had been relieved amounted to 21.'')2 ; and, according to the Report which was published at the time, " had the object been to swell this catalogue, and were the strength of one in- dividual suflicient for the task, the number might have been increased by thousands." The success which had at once attended the labors of Dr. Parker made it evident that he had proved himself admirably fitted for the work which had been entrusted to him. Perhaps, much of this success was due to the r.are qualities of the man. Possessed of an imposing physique, with a manner which was naturally digni- fied and composed, there was, in addition, something so benevolent, so kindly, and so truthful in the ex- pression of his face, aiul the tones of his voice that he irresistibly inspired every one with whom he came in contact with confidence in the honesty of his pur- pose and his readiness to extend sympathy and as- sistance. While working for the relief of the suffer- ings of those who came to the hospital, it should also be stated that he sought in every way in his power to commend to all the value of the Christian religion. The doors of the hospital continued to be open to all comers till June, 1840, when, in consequence of the disgraceful and persistent efforts of the British Gov- ernment to force the Emperor of China to alter the laws of the country, so that Englishmen could sell opium without let or hindrance to the Chinese peo- ple, ensued war. The port of Canton was threat- ened with blockade by the English fleet, and it be- came necessary to close the institution. From the time that it had been opened, in 1835, during a period of a little over four years, upwards of nine thousand persons had received treatment and relief. Dr. Parker said : " Patients from all parts of the Empire had availed themselves of the benefits of the hospital. The applicants during the first years of its establishment had been confined to the lower and middle classes ; now persons of all ranks — military, naval and civil — were among the number; the Nan- hoe hien, or district magistrate, the custom-house officer, salt inspectors, provincial judges, provincial treasurer, a Tartar general, Governors of Provinces, Commissioner Linn himself, and a number of the imperial family, had sought relief of the foreign phy- sician." The account of what Dr. Parker had done, and his successful and repeated performance of many very difficult surgical operations, had attracted the attention and admiration of medical men in the United States and Great Britain, and a high place had been accorded to him in the profession. It certainly was a great misfortune that at this time he was obliged to withdraw from Canton. What he had already done was felt by all persons who were interested in the cause of missions in China to have been of inestimable value, by disarming the preju- dices of a great multitude of influential people against the foreigners, whom they had been taught to think of as "outside barbarians.'' During the years of his first residence in China, in addition to his work in the hospital. Dr. Parker on several occasions rendered valuable assistance in the general work of missions. The most important, per- haps, of his services of this kind w.as in connection with the expedition, undertaken in 1837, by several of the missionaries in China, which had for its object the establishment of a mission in .Japan. Th.at ex- pedition proved to be a failure as far as the immediate object in view wm concerned ; but, on his return to Canton, Dr. Parker published an account of the voyage, and of a visit wtiich was made to the Loo Choo Islands. The closing of the hospital in 1840 gave Dr. Parker an opportunity of returning to the United States for a visit. Having started from China in July, he reached New York in the following December, and spent the.next eighteen mouths in unwearied efforts to diffuse information through the country respect- ing China, and to interest Christian people every- where in the cause of missions among the Chinese. In addition, he had interviews with Presidents Van .^K^f ^,^^^ ^v^< FRAMINGHAM. 677 Buren, Harrison, and Tyler, and with the Secretary of State, Mr. Daniel Webster, before whom he urged the importance of sending a United States minister to China, as soon as the war then waging should come to an end, for the purpose of arranging a commercial treaty with that government, and of giving protec- tion to American citizens resident in the country. It was owing to the representations which he made, that the Hon. Caleb Cashing was sent to China in the following year as American Minister. Dr. Parker also made a hurried visit to England, for the purpose of calling the attention of English Christians to the advantages which might be obtained by sending out medical missionaries to China. He was successful in bringing the subject to the attention of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, the Duke of Wellington, the Marquis of Lausdown, the Bishops of London and of Durham, and a large number of other distinguished men. He made the acquaintance of Sir Benjamin Brodie, Dr. Holland, Sir Henry Halford, and other prominent English physicians and surgeons. He was presented in Paris to Louis Philippe, the King of the French, and had the opportunity of a long conversation with him on the condition of affairs in China. Having returned from England to the United States in June, 1842, he sailed a few months later from Boston for Canton, having previously been married in Washington. March 29, 1841, to Miss Harriet C. Webster, daughter of Mr. John O. Webster, of Augusta, Maine. Mrs. Webster accompanied him, and was the first foreign lady to reside in China. On reaching Cauton he re-opened the hospital, and was even more successful than before. But it was not long before Hon. Caleb Cushing arrived, in February, 1844, as Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary of the United States to China, who at once requested Dr. Parker to become Chinese Secretary and Interpreter of the Legation. After careful consideration, and with the hope that he might have wider opportunities of usefulness, he accepted Mr. Cushing's oiler. He gave up his con- nection with the American Board, but with the help of native assistants, whom he had trained, he was able to continue his oversight of the hospital till in 1855, finding his health impaired, he resigned his secretaryship, and returned to America, During these years he repeatedly acted as ChargS d' affaires ad inierim. A few months after reaching home, at the special request of the government, he returned to China as United States Commissioner and Minister plenipo- tentiary, for the purpose of revising the treaty of 1844. On his way to China, passing through Lon- don, he had a consultation with the Earl of Claren- don, in order that the policy of the two governments they represented might be concurrent. In Paris, also, he had an interview for the same purpose, with Count Walewsky, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs. His duties as Commissioner occupied Dr. Parker for two years, when he felt obliged to resign and to return to America, his health having been somewhat enfeebled owing to the eflects of a sunstroke. He fixed his residence in Washington, with his paternal homestead in Framingham as a summer resort. His later years were spent in retirement, the only public office which he held being that of Regent, of the Smithsonian Institution, to which he was elected in 1868. After several years of infirm health he died in Washington, January 10, 1888, in his eighty-fourth year. ADOLPHDS MERRIAM. Adolphus Merriam was de.sceuded from a pioneer family of the town of Concord, Mass. His ancestor, Joseph Meriam, came from the county of Kent, Eng- land, in 1638 and settled in Concord. From that early date until the death of Joseph Merriam, the father of Adolphus, in 1856, through five generations, the family name was prominent in the history of that town. The Meriam settlement became known as "Meriam's Corner." It was at this spot that the first vigorous attack was made on the retreating British as ihey left Concord on the memorable 19th of April, 1775. Josiah Meriam, the grandfather of Adolphus, was one of the men at the North Bridge, and used an old flint-lock which his ancestor had brought with him from England. It was his house that the British entered on the retreat, and in it exercised freely their spirit of mischief and plunder. This house, by the way, is not the Meriam house which is now standing, but was an older one, all trace of which is gone, that stood nearer the corner of the Bedford and Lexington roads. Joseph Merriam, the father of Adolphus, when a young man moved from Meriam's Coruer to a farm ou the Virginia road, near the Lincoln line. Here Adolphus was born August 23, 1820. He was the youngest of ten children. His early life was that of a farmer's boy, with its usual amount of hard work and limited advantages. In addition to the few years of study in the district school he enjoyed a term in the Framingham Academy. When he was seveateen years old he went to South- bridge, Massachusetts, and entered the office of the Hamilton Woolen Company, in which his brother, Charles, was interested. For several years he served what may be called a term of apprenticeship in the business of woolen and cotton manufacture. His master and model was Samuel L. Fiske, whom he faithfully served and ardently admired, and whose influence had a marked efl'ect in strengthening his own natural habits of thrift, of promptness in dis- charging obligations and of honesty and honor in business aflfairs. In 1846 he married Caroline McKinstry, daughter of John McKinstry, of Southbridge. Mr. Merriam remained in Southbridge twelve years. During this 678 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. time he was steadily promoted until he was entrusted with the superintendency of large interests connected with the Hamilton Woolen Company. In 1850 he purchased a small mill in Springfield, Vermont, which he operated successfully for four years. He then returned to Southbridge and entered into a part- nership with Joshua and Gayton Ballard in the manufacture of woolen goods. Mr. Merriam was very active in all public matters in Southbridge. He was one of the leaders of the Lyceum. When a young man he identified himself with the temperance movement, to the principles of which he strictly adhered during his life. He corre- sponded with Rev. Adin Ballon and George Draper, with reference to the social community which they founded at Hopedale, and seriously contemplated joining it. He served the town as assessor and select- man, was connected with the National and Savings Banks of the town, and during the war was active as selectman in filling the town quota and in advocating the Federal cause. In 1864 he moved to South Framingham, where he lived until his death. He became interested in the manufacture of woolen goods in Millbury, where he was associated with Peter Simpson ; and in Corda- ville, in company with Hubbard Willson. He was also a director of the Hamilton Woolen Company, and clerk of the corporation, and a director of the jEtna Mills at Watertown. In addition to these in- terests he was for many ye.ars a director and president of the American Powder Company, and president of the Gunpowder Trade Association of the United States. When the Framingham Savings Bank became em- barrassed, it was the demand of the community that Mr. Merriam accept the presidency of the reorganized board of trustees. He was at the time the president of the National Bank, and was very reluctant to add to the business cares which already demanded close attention. The duties involved in the reorgani- zation, and in the restoration of the credit of the Savings Bank, were very exacting and subjected the president to much annoyance and anxiety. He en- deavored to perform them with the same care that he expended in his own affairs. He often expressed his confidence in the final restoration of credit and re- sumption of business by the bank, and his calm con- fidence and patient work did much to assure deposi- tors, and to bring about the successful termination of the bank's misfortune. In addition to discharging this public trust, Mr. Merriam, in the course of his life, cared for many pri- vate trusts, all of which were scrupulously managed and settled. Mr. Merriam avoided prominence in public affairs in Framingham. His influence, however, was exerted quietly toward the promotion of niiiiiy worthy politi- cal, social and moral causes. He was the first presi- dent of the South Framingham Literary Society, and was one of its most constant workers during the ten years of its life. For a short time in his school-days in Concord, Theodore Parker had been his teacher. In later life he was an earnest student of Parker's sermons and writings, which he felt were in accord with his own religious convictions. When the move- ment to establish a society of liberal Christians in South Framingham was initiated he gave it his hearty support. Later he was made the moderator of the First Universalist Society, and worshiped with that society constantly until his death. Mr. Merriam died November 27, 1888, after an illness which had incapacitated him for active work for several months. The summary of his character which appeared in the Framingham Tribune, aX the time of his death, is so just that it may well conclude this sketch : "The death of Adolphus Merriam brings a loss to Framingham that will be keenly felt. In all matters where his interest was enlisted his course was marked by keen insight and sound judgment. Perhaps his distinguishing trait was his plain and simple manner, wholly devoid of the ostentation af- fected by some men when they achieve a small part of the success that was his. Always genial and ap- proachable, it was his lot and pleasure often to advise other men, and his advice was always worth seeking. His presence will be sadly missed, but his influence will be felt for a long time to come." JOHN BALL KITTREDGE, M.U.' Doctor Kittredge was a descendant of John Kitt- redge, who settled in Billerica as early as 1G60, where he died October 18, 1676. He was a considerable land-owner in Billerica, and received a grant of sixty- four acres in the limits of what became Tewksbury, on which some of the later generations of the family have resided. The eldest son of John, Sr., was named for his father, settled in Billerica, studied medicine, and was the first of a long line of noted physicians. Dr. John (3d), the eldest son of Doctor John (2d), called his eldest son John (4th), whose eldest son was John (5th). The brothers of John (5th) were Simeon and Benjamin. Benjamin was born March 7, 1741. He was a well- known physician of Tewksbury and Andover, and was the father of eight sons, all physicians, viz: Ben- jamin, of Exeter; Henry, of Tewksbury; John Ball, of Framingham ; Jacob, of Billerica and Ohio ; Rufus, of Portsmouth ; George, of Epping, N. H. ; Theodore, of Kittery ; Charles, of Watertown. John B., the subject of this sketch, was born Octo- ber 8, 1771 ; studied with his father, as was the cus- tom of the time, came to Framingham in his twenty- first year, and probably entered the office of Dr. Dan- iel Perkins, and took his practice when he moved West the next year. I By J. H. Temple. f' y)^. ■ ^//^v./>. I "^^^i-cr-ttn^ S^-^^^^^^-J^ FRAMINGHAM. 679 Framingham was then in a kind of transition state. The Revolutionary War had changed the social order and business conditions, as well as the inhabitants. The older men were striving to repair the wastes of war; the younger men were planning new enterprises and taking the lead in municipal affairs. The popu- lation of the town was much scattered, and the cen- tres of trade and enterprise were at several points near the outskirts. Aside from the meeting-house, there had been little to attract people to the territor- ial centre. The minister, Rev. David Kellogg, was, however, strong in the regards of the people, and, by his talents and high ministerial character, was a power for good in all social and religious and business affairs. And the signs all pointed to the site of the present village as the coming centre of town activity and influence. The young physician wisely located at this point, and allied himself with the new movement and with the pastor of the church. He was a man of fine presence, and affable, though dignified manners, and every way calculated to make a favorable impression. The inception of the plan for the establishment of a grammar-school of high order at the Centre — which soon was transformed into the Framingham Acad- emy — gave Dr. Kittredge the opportunity of ingra- tiating himself with the leading families, by further- ing in every wise way the new educational institution and drawing in pupils. He gave a hearty support to the movement ; and his interest in the Academy and the public schools continued through his active life. Undoubtedly the reputation of the family as physi- cians predispo.sed the public in his favor ; but he was a born doctor, and started with the determination of achieving success. He gave his time and his best work and leading interest to his profession, and made everything else subsidiary. And he had broad sym- pathies, which prevented favoritism. A family in humble circumstances was sure of receiving his kind attention and the most considerate treatment. Technically, as judged by present standards, his medical education was defective. But practically, he was well equipped — by natural taste, by quick percep- tive powers, by the habit of close observation, by the logical faculty of tracing cause and effect, as well ;is careful reading of the works then extant. Perhaps his Jorte lay in his accurate diagnosis of disease. It may have been partly intuition; but his careful analysis of symptoms, and study of temper- aments and habits of living, and family predisposi- tions, aided the natural perception. And his cheery and hopeful demeanor in the sick- room was a powerful adjunct to the medicine he pre- scribed. " We'll have you out again in a few days 1" was the inspiring assurance with which he was wont to bid good-bye to his patient. His large practice brought fame and wealth. And after his means became ample, he was greatly helpful to young men of good character and habits — particu- larly mechanics just starting in business on their own account — by loaning them money on their individual note. It was done not grudgingly, but willingly. The debtor felt that the lender took an interest in him and his success, and had confidence in his hon- esty and ability ; and thus the loan was a powerful motive to diligence and economy, as well as a work- ing capital. Dr. Kittredge died February 29, 1848. He married Mary Kellogg, daughter of Rev. David Kellogg, pas- tor of the church in Frauiii gham. Their children were: 1. Ellen, who married Dexter Stone, a mer- chant of Philadelphia, and had two daughters, Mary, and Ellen K. ; 2. John T., who graduated at Amherst College 1828, studied medicine with his father, began practice in his native town, and died at the early age of twenty-six. HOLLIS HASTINGS. The subject of this sketch is descended from Thomas Hastings, who, at the age of twenty-nine, with his wife, Susanna, came to New England in the summer of 1034 and settled in Watertown. He em- barked at Ipswich, Eugland, April 10th of that year, in the " Elizabeth," William Andrews master, and probably arrived in May. He was admitted a free- man May 6, 1635, and was a selectman of Watertown from 1(338 to 1643, and again from 1650 to 1671. He was town clerk in 1671-77 and '80, and Representa- tive in 1673. His wife died February 2, 1650, and in April, 1651, he married Margaret, daughter of Wil- liam and Martha Cheney, of Roxbury. His children — all by the second wife — were Thomas, born July 1, 1652; John, March 4, 1654; William, August 8, 1655 ; Joseph, September 11, 1657 ; Benjamin, August 9, 1659 ; Nathaniel, September 25, 1661 ; Hepzibah, January 1, 1663, and Samuel, JIarch 12, 1665. He died in 1685, at the age of eighty. Of the children of Thomas, John, born as above, in Watertown, married, June 18, 1679, Abigail, daugh- ter of John and Abigail Hammond, of Watertown, and died March 28, 1718, only a ift^s days before his wife, who died on the 7th of April following. He left eight children : Abigail, born December 8, 1680 ; John, baptized December 4, 1687; Elizabeth, bap- tized December 4, 1687; Hepzibah, baptized at same date; William, baptized July 13, 1690; Samuel, born 1695, and Thomas and .Joseph, baptized July 10, 1698. Of these children, Joseph married, October 2, 1716, Lydia, daughter of Abraham and Mary (Hy the advantages of this route, as determined by the topographical survey— advantages so great that another highway to the West has since taken the same outlet — it was an additional recommendation that the valley at the base of Wellington Hill was sparsely populat- ed. It formed the outskirts of two old towns. Water- town and West Cambridge (now Arlington), and was, by reason of its remoteness from the centres of those towns, occupied exclusively by a farming population. In 1848 a charter was obtained for the Fitchburg Railroad, and it was opened to Waltham in Decem- ber of that year. At the crossing of Concord Turn- pike was placed the station of Wellington Hill, des- tined to make the centre of the charming surburban town of Belmont. At this time there were about one hundred and twenty-five families residing upon the territory now included within the limits of the town. Improved facilities for communication with the neigh- boring metropolis led to a steady growth in numbers. The increase was not rapid. There was no place of public worship nearer than West Cambridge or Watertown, no store, post-office, nor public hall. The policy of the railroad in respect to train accommoda- tions and rates of fare was a fluctuating one, as, indeed, it continued to be for many years. The roads and the schools were not such as to otter special attractions to those seeking a residence. Believing that they could govern themselves and provide for their needs as citizens more satisfactorily than was possible while they continued in the towns of which they formed a comparatively unimportant part, a large majority of the residents near Wellington Hill and in the village which had been begun around the station at Waverley, applied in 1854 to the Gen- eral Court for an act of incorporation as a town. This petition was signed by Charles Stone and 127 others. Remonstrances were presented by citizens of Waltham, from which a few acres were asked ; of Watertown, which would lose half of its already cir- cumscribed territory ; of West Cambridge, whose " Flob End " suddenly acquired new value, and a few voters in the proposed new town ; the land companies, two in number, owning real estate in Waverley and at Strawberry Hill also opposed the peti- tion, and by concurrent vote of the two Houses of the Legislature, the petitioners had leave to withdraw. In 1855 petitions, headed by Jacob Hittinger, David Mack, Albert Higgins and Leonard Stone were received in the Senate and referred to the Com- mittee on Towns. Remonstrances from the towns, whcse territory was att'ected, were also presented, and from citizen^ of Watertown whose residences were in BELMONT. 683 the proposed town. After several hearings a bill was reported, which did not go beyond the house first taking action upon it, being refused a third read- ing in the Senate by a vote of nine to four. Immediately after the adjournment of the Legis- lature, measures were taken by the appointment of committees and subscription of money for expenses, to keep alive the interest of the people in the project, and a petition from Jacob Hittinger and 101 others was presented to the Legislature of I80G. Remon- strances were also presented. The Committee on Towns reported leave to withdraw, but a bill was sub- stituted, which passed the Senate and was defeated in the House. In 1857 a petition was presented, signed by Jacob Hittinger and 129 others, the usual remon- strances being offered. After a careful and exhaus- tive examination into the merits of the enterprise, the Committee on Towns were unanimous in report- ing a bill, which was defeated in the Senate. The petition of 1858 was signed by Jacob Hittin- ger and 201 others. The remonstrants, like the peti- tioners, were more numerous than in previous years, as the possibility of favorable action upon the peti- tion became greater. Leave to withdraw was re- ported, and a substitute bill was introduced in the Senate only to meet with defeat. In 1859 the peti- tioners, again headed by Jacob Hittinger, were 203 in number. The usual remonstrances were presented. A majority of the Committee on Towns reported a bill which, after long and careful consideration, passed the House, and the struggle was at last ended by the favorable action of the Senate and the approval of the Governor, Hon. Nathaniel P. Banks, which was given March 18, 1859. The town, as incorporated, took from Waltham 429 acres, from West Cambridge 1773 acres, and from Watertown 1446 acres, making a total of 3648 acres, or 5.75 square miles. Arlington bounds it upon the north, Cambridge upon the east and Watertown on the south. Its western boundary touches Lexington, Waltham and Watertown. Its town-hall is six and a half miles W.S.W. from the State-House. The pop- ulation in 1853, when the first petitions for incorpor- ation were circulated, was 1004, which was increased to 1175 at the date of incorporation. The valuation in 1859 was $2,036,077. The first town-meeting was held March 28, 1859. At this meeting the act of incorporation was accepted, and Mansur W. Marsh, Jacob Hittinger, J. Varnum Fletcher, Jonas B. Chenery and Joseph Hill were elected selectmen, and Mr. Marsh was subsequently chosen chairman of the board ; J. Oliver Wellington, Josiah Bright, Edwin Locke, William J. Underwood and H. K. Fillebrown were elected assessors; Samuel P. Hammatt, town clerk, and George S. Adams, treasurer and collector of taxes. The first town tax was $12,500.85, which was raised by a levy of $5.11 on $1000, and a poll tax of $1.50 on 325 polls. One hundred and twenty-six regularly called town-meet- ings have since been held, and thirty-six adjouyied meetings. The second meeting of the new town was held April 13, 1859. Under the fourteenth article of the warrant, " to see if the town will defray the expenses necessarily incurred in procuring their act of In- corporation," etc., the town voted to pay the expen- ses, and the treasurer was authorized to borrow, upon the notes of the town, a sufficient sum for the pur- pose, not exceeding $9000, and to pay the same over upon auch vouchers as were approved by the sub- committee of the petitioners for incorporation. Bills were immediately presented and paid, amounting to $8779.20. A suit in equity was thereupon brought by Jonathan Frost and others, to obtain a decree compelling a restoration of the money to the town treasury, the note having been paid in due time from moneys obtained by the tax levy of 1859. The case was heard before the full bench of the Supreme Court in March, 1862, and an order was issued re- quiring the treasurer to restore to the town treasury the sum paid out with interest, the whole amounting to $10,681.14, but deducting $478.68, which was al- lowed to the plaintiffs in equity, for counsel fees and other expenses incurred in bringing the suit for the benefit of the town. Mr. Adams, the treasurer, was reimbursed by a subscription. Later decisions have gone further than this, in forbidding a town to raise by taxation money to be expended in opposing its own dismemberment. For much of the early history of the territory now included within the limits of Belmont, one must look to the town from which it came. There was but little common interest among its scattered inhab- itants until they united in the struggle for corporate existence. Ecclesiastically, politically and socially, they were identified with the towns in which they dwelt. In the latter part of the year 18.55 the need of a suitable building for public worship became felt to such a degree that January 1, 1856, a paper was put in circulation upon which the sum of $7000 was pledged in amounts ranging from $100 to $500. At a meeting held January 3d, of that year, the follow- ing committee was chosen to build a " meeting- house:" David Mack (chairman), Samuel O. Mead, Charles Stone, Edwin Locke, Albert Higgins, John L. Alexander and J. M. Hollingsworth. In Septem- ber, Mr. Mack resigned his position and J. Oliver Wellington was elected chairman in his stead. The church was located on Concord Turnpike, near the railroad station. It was built by John C. Sawin from plans by Enoch Fuller, and was completed in the fall of 1857. Its total cost was about $13,000. The church was dedicated December 2, 1857, and was occupied as a place of worship by the Belmont Congregational Society (Unitarian) until February 12, 1890, when it was destroyed by fire. At the time of the fire it had become the property of J. V. Fletcher. Nearly two years before it had been decid- 684 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ed to erect a new building under the leadership of the ladies of the Arachne Club ; subscriptions were secured, and entertaiuraenta in aid of the enterprise were given, prominent among the subscribers being the firm of J. V. Fletcher & Co. and Edwin F. Atkins, who gave $5000 each. The building commit- tee consisted of J. Henry Fletcher, William E. Stowe, H. O. Underwood, Mrs. J. M. Hernandez and John F. Richardson. A site having been selected, nearly opposite the old church, the new building was erected in 1889, at a cost of upwards of $2G,000. Hartwell & Richardson were the architects of the new church, and the builder was E. Atwood, Jr. The walls are of field stone, the gables and tower of wood, covered with cement plaster. The tower, at the northerly corner of the building, contains the bell from the old church and a clock provided by the town. Within, the finish is of cypress, the roof of the auditorium being of hard pine. Beautiful me- morial windows are placed in this room. The vestry and ladies' parlor are upon the same floor as the large audience-room, and can be made a part of it when required, and a well-appointed kitchen and dining-room testify to the fact that the modern church supplements its work as a factor in Christian civilization by ministering to the social needs of hu- manity. The church was dedicated April 9, 1890, with appropriate .services, including an original hymn by the pastor, and the dedicatory sermon by Rev. Brooke Herford, of Boston. The pastors of the Society since its organization have been Rev. Amos Smith, from October, 1857, to March, 1872; Rev. Harvey C. Bates, October, 1873, to September, 1870 ; Rev. Ivory F. Waterhouse, March, 1877, until his death, at the age of fifty years, March 2, 1882; Rev. J. Bradley Oilman, May, 1883, to March, 1886 ; and Rev. Hilary Bygrave, from November, 1886, to the present time. Rev. Mr. Smith continued to reside in Belmont after his resignation, until his death, September 12, 1887, at the age of sev- enty years. The first steps to provide for regular public worship at Waverley were taken at a meeting held May 27, 1861. There were present at this meeting Daniel Deshon, John Taggard, John 'Sylvester, Har- rington, Samuel Greene, William Lowry, Frank Cot- tle, W. A. Hlodgett and Seromus Gates. A committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions to an amount " not less than five hundred dollars," for the support of worship for one year from June 1, 1861. At an adjourned meeting held Saturday, June 1st, the committee reported that they should be able to secure the necessary funds, and it was voted to extend an invitation to Rev. Charles Jones to preach for one year in Waverley Hall, at a salary of four hundred dollars. The call was accepted. The following year au attempt was made to substitute the Episcopal for the Congregational form of worship and two subscrip- tion papers were, under the direction of a committee, presented to the inhabitants of the village. The can- vass which followed resulted in a larger support, both in money and numbers, for Congregational worship, and at a meeting held May 12, 1S62, it was voted to continue that form. An eflbrt made at a subsequent meeting to reconsider this vote was not successful. Rev. Hubbard Winslow was now invited to become the pastor of the little society, and he filled that oflSce until June 1, 1863. For more than a year following the pulpit was supplied by various preachers. Sep- tember 1, 1864, Rev. Josiah W. Turner assumed the pastoral charge at a salary of eight hundred dollars per annum. July 11, 1865, an ecclesiastical council of the neighboring (Trinitarian Congregational) churches was held, for the purpose of recognizing " The First Congregational Church of Waverley." The original members of the church were : Rev. Josiah W. Turner, Mrs. Almena W. Turner, Rev. Daniel Butler, Mrs. Jane D. Butler, Daniel Deshon, Mrs. Eunice Deshon, John Sylvester, Mrs. Lucy J. Sylvester, William Jewett, Mrs. Lois M. Jewett, Seromus Gates, Mrs. Lemira H. Gates, William Lowry, Miss Frances M. Grant, J. Douglas Butler, Miss Mary F. Turner. William Lowry was the first deacon of the church, in which office he has been succeeded by Solyman W. Grant and William Jew- ett. Rev. Mr. Turner was installed as pastor February 1, 1866, and was dismissed July 1, 1873. His suc- cessors have been: Rev. John L. Ewell, December 10, 1874, to March 16, 1878 ; Rev. William H. Teel, July 3, 1878, to August 1, 1883 ; and Rev. George P. Oilman, from November 16, 1883, to the date of writ- ing. The society supporting the church was legally incorporated Feb. 29, 1868, as the " First Congrega- tional Society of Waverley." Active steps were at once taken under the leadership of the pastor for the erection of a house of worship. A lot at the north- east corner of White and North Streets waa donated by the Waverley Company, subsci'iptions were pledged and the corner-stone of a church was laid August 12, 1869. The building was erected from plans drawn by Hammatt & J. E. Billings, and was dedicated Janu- ary 13, 1870. The style of the church is Early Gothic. Its plan is a quadrilateral with a bell-tower in the corner and is divided into church and vestry in connection. The church proper has an open tim- ber roof and windows of painted and stained-glass of simple design. All the finish and pews are of oak, and the pulpit and furniture are of black walnut. The seating capacity is about two hundred and twen- ty. It may be remarked in passing, that the Sab- bath-school at Waverley antedates the church by sev- eral years. The Waverley Christian Union was organized in December, 1882. Its membership consists of those who contribute to the support of the union and sub- scribe to the following covenant: BELMONT. 685 " In the love of the truth and in the spirit of Jesus Christ, we join for the worship of God and the service of man." The society has held a regular preaching service and a Sabbath-school in Waverley Hall since the date of its organization. The pastor of the Belmont Congregational Society has thus far been the pastor of the union. Thirty-four persons were baptized by Rev. J. B. Oilman at a service held November 1, 1885. Additions have been made to the society from time to time, and the erection of a house of worship has been contemplated, and will be accomplished in the not far distant future. All Saints' Guild (Episcopal) was organized on All Saints' Eve, October 81, 1887, at the home of Miss Lucy A. Hill, Waverley. For nearly two years previous to its organization, Rev. Edward A. Rand, of Watertown, conducted occasional cottage services, the first of these being held at the residence of Mr. H. A. Scranton, Waverley, on Good Friday evening, April, 1886. Sunday afternoon services were held during the summers of 1887 and 1888 at Miss Hill's residence ; evening cottage-service has been held once a month on a week-day since the formation ol the Guild, and latterly. Rev. Mr. Rand, assisted by Rev. Thomas Bell, of Arlington, has conducted a Sunday afternoon service once a month at the Town Hall, Belmont. The present oflicers of the Guild are ; Rev. Edward A. Rand, president; Mrs. H. A. Scran- ton, vice-president ; Miss E. J. Woodward, secretayr ; Mrs. A. A. Adams, treasurer, and an executive com- mittee of eight members. The families in the northeast part of the town have very largely continued to find their church-home in the town of Arlington. A mission enterprise in the Mount Auburn district of Watertown has also re- ceived liberal support from residents of Belmont. The Roman Catholics in the town, although main- taining a Sabbath-school for a number of years, have been connected with parishes in Arlington, Cambridge and Watertown until a very recent date. After hold- ing regular services at the Town Hall for some months, a site was selected for a church on Common Street, near School Street, and subscriptions were be- gun for the expenses of erection in May, 1886. The work was pushed forward rapidly under the super- vision of a building committee, consisting of Edward Quigley, James Hart, W. J. Reed, J. F. Leonard and C. J. McGinniss. The first Mass in the church was celebrated June 5, 1887, and it was dedicated March 31, 1889, by Right Rev. John J. Williams, Archbishop of Boston, assisted by a large number of the clergy of the diocese. The dedication sermon was by Rev. D. O'Callaghan, of South Boston, and an address was given by Rev. Robert J. Fulton, of Boston College. The pastor of the church, which bears the name of St. Joseph's, is Rev. Thomas H. Sbahan. Upon the territory incorporated into the town of Bel- mont were three school-houses, one on Brighton Street (still standing on the same location), one on Washington Street and one at the corner of Beech and North Streets, at Waverley. In the building on Brighton street were two schools, the higher of which, the North Grammar, was taught by Mr. Arthur 1'. Smith. The other buildings each contained a primary school. A fifth school, called the South Grammar, was at once organized in the Washington Street school-house and placed under the charge of Mr. David Mack. The reputation of both of these gentle- men as instructors testifies to the educational advan- tages enjoyed at even this early day in our history by the youth of the town. Arrangements were also made by which pupils already admitted to the High Schools might complete, without change of school, the course of study they had entered upon. Another school- house, on Grove Street, was at once provided for, the scholars in the southeast portion of the town remain- ing until the completion of this building in the schools of Watertown. Mr. Smith resigned his posi- tion in the North Grammar School in 1864, and the school was, a few months later, reduced to an inter- mediate grade upon the establishment of a new Cen- tral Grammar School. Ill health necessitated the re- tirement of Mr. Mack in September, 1861. His suc- cessors were Rev. James Thurston, 1861 ; William W. Colburn, 1861-62; Augustus W. Wiggin, 1862- 63, and De Forest Safford, 1863-65, when the school was merged in the Central Grammar School, of which Eben H. Davis became the first principal. In the following year this school took the name of the High School, which it has since retained, although in 1869 it was, for a few months, reduced to a grammar grade. Mr. E. H. Davis resigned in 1870 to accept a superintendent's position. His successor was Thomas W. Davis, who was directed, in taking charge of the school, to restore it to its higher grade. Mr. T. W. Davis resigned in 1881 to engage in teaching in the city of Cambridge, but has continued to reside in Bel- mont. Charles L. Clay was principal in 1881, and in December of that year was succeeded by the present principal, Henry H. Butler. The liberality of the town in educational matters is illustrated by the fact that this school has been maintained for so many years with no requirement therefor under the laws of the Commonwealth. Its sessions for two years were held in the vestry of the Congregational Church. The High School building on School Street was erected in 1867 at a cost of $15,000, and was dedicated December 2d of that year. The hall in its lower story was occu- pied by the town for its meetings until 1882, after which both stories were devoted to school purposes. The Washington Street building was moved to the same enclosure as the High School in 18G7, and is stili in service. The school-house at the corner of Beech and North Streets was burned in 1872. A new brick building was erected the next year in a more central location at the corner of North and Waverley Streets, the cost H8G HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of building and land being about $16,000. Meanwhile, the snhool was accouiinodated in the vestry of the Waverley Congregational Church. A school-house on dishing Street, in the Mt. Au- burn District, was built in 1871. This and the build- ing on Grove Street were purchased by Cambridge in 1880, when the territory adjacent to Fresh Pond wed with a view to such occupancy. In the mean time nearly $75,000 has been expended in the construction of a " Convalescents' Home " upon the southwest slope of the hill, to which patients from the General Hospital on Blossom Street, in Boston, are brought where pure air seems to be all that is needed to gecure their recovery. The view from the Home covers the villages of Watertown, of Newton and Waltham, and is bounded by the hills of Norfolk and Worcester Counties. The grounds of the hospital are bordered on the west by Mill Street. This is one of the original streets of Watertown, running parallel to Beaver Brook, upon which, in 1662 or 1663, Thom- as Agar, of Roxbury, built a mill for fulling cloth. This was the second mill erected within the old boundaries of Watertown. Its precise location can- not now be determined. In 1663 it was sold " to Thomas Lovft'an, late of Dedham, County Essex, Old England, cloth-worker." In 1669 or 1670 Love- eran sold it to Timothy Hawkins (from whom Agar bought the privilege) and Benjamin Garfield. Near, possibly at the site of this mill was Plympton's sati- net factory, which was destroyed by fire in 1848. The great water-wheel was set in motion during the fire, and so resisted the flames. Its last fragments disap- peared in 1876, and the ruins of the wall into which it was built still remain at the foot of what is now called the cascade. An illustration of the wheel forms the frontispiece of Country Life, published in 1866 by R. M. Copeland, who then owned the prop- erty, and it has been reproduced in popular maga- zines. Richard M. Staigg, the artist, afterward resid- ed upon the estate. Beaver Brook was a favorite resort of James Russell Lowell, and the mill formerly standing at the upper pond is the scene of one of his most charming poems, of which a contemporary says, " there is no finer specimen of an ideal landscape in modern verse." " Hushed with broad Bunlight lies tUe hill. And, minuting the long day's loss, The cedar's shadow, slow and still. Creeps o'er its dial of gray moss. Warm noon brims full the valley's cup, The aspen's leaves are scarce astir, Only the little mill sends up Its busy, never-ceasing burr. Climbing the loose-piled wall that hems The road along the mill-pond's brink. From 'neath the arching barberry-stems, My footstep scares the sliy chewink. Beneath a bony buttonwood The mill's red door lets forth the din ; The whitened miller, dust imbued, Flits past the square of dark within. No mountain torrent's strength is here ; Sweet Beaver, child of forest still. Heaps its small pitcher to the ear. And gently waits the the miller's will. Swift slips Uudino along the race Unheard, and then, with flashing bound. Floods the dull wheel with light and grace, And, laughing, hunts the loath drudge rountl," A few rods below, on the other side of Lexington Street, on the Waltham side of the brook, are the far-famed Waverley Oaks, the most remarkable group of aboriginal trees in New EnglaiTd. Here Lowell's poem, "The Oak," was conceived. There are in all twenty-six of these trees. Of the principal group, which stands upon a long mound, .supposed to have been produced in remote ages by glacial action, Underwood writes : " The oaks are seven or eight in BELMONT. 693 number, as like as so many stout brothers, planted on sloping drives west of the brook. They have a human, resolute air. Their great arms look as if ready to 'hit out from the shoulder.' Elms have their graceful ways, willows their pensive attitudes, firs their loneliness, but the aboriginal oaks express the strength and the rugged endurance of nature." It was the opinion of Agassiz that no trees on the Western Continent have greater age, and an exami- nation of one which fell some years since, indicated that it had withstood the tempests of more than eight hundred years. Mill Street now ends at the Concord Turnpike. Beyond and leading to Lexington is its continuation, Winter Street, near which, upon the estate of Geo. H. Cotton, is the well-known Belmont Natural Spring, whose waters are largely sold in Boston, to those who demand something purer than Cochituate or the Mystic can supply. Eastward from the junction of Mill and Winter Streets, Concord Turnpike (in modern speech — ave- nue), leads over Wellington Hill to the central vil- lage of Belmont. Upon the summit of the hill is the Highland Stock Farm, where were bred the Dutch cattle, to which reference has been made in another place. Descending the slope, the panorama spread before the observer is unsurpassed, unless, possibly, we except the view from Arlington Heights, a mile to the noi'thward, and embraces the metropolis and its suburbs in every direction. The handsome estate upon the north of the avenue was at one time owned by Henry M. Clarke, a wealthy paper manufacturer, and upon it he built the costliest barn of its time in New England. After the place became the property of Charles Fairchild, a residence was built upon it for the occupancy of William D. Howells, and the frieze in the study bore the Shakespearean inscrip- tion, " From Venice to Belmont." Elisha Atkins, of the Union Pacific Railroad, lived in the house on the brow of the hill, his son and successor, Edwin F. Atkins, beiug domiciled in the Ware homestead on the south side of the avenue. Near his house is still to be seen the weather-beaten stone which, until 1859, marked the junction of the three towns from which Belmont was taken. This part of the hill, with the Town Hall and church at its foot, furnishes the landscape which, displayed upon a trefoil to sym- bolize the three towns, forms the background of the seal of the town, adopted in 1882, while far to the front the seal displays an ideal figure, a colossal statue of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and gardens. Back of the E. F. Atkins estate runs a section of the old turnpike, abandoned because of its steepness, and now grass-grown. W. Sloane Kennedy, the biog- rapher of Longfellow and Whittier, has pitched his tent beside the old road, and looks out upon a view the beauty of which he must himself describe. The grounds around the home of the writer in- clude a disused portion of this very turnpike along which Emerson often trudged as he went to and fro between Concord and Harvard College. " It is now in part a wild and lovely grass-grown lane, commanding an inspiring view of Cambridge, Medford, Roxbury and the sea. At night, the myriad lights of the vast entourage glitter below and far away; on the distant horizon the steady electric lights at the Point of Pines gleam out, and always the red light of the revolving lamp down the harbor waxes, wanes and disappears, to again appear, linger a moment and then be again snuft'ed out in the black void around it." Just below, upon the old road, Mrs. Abby Morton Diaz, another biographer — for did she not write the " William Henry Letters " ? — has found a home. At the left of her enclosure are the grounds on Pleasant Street surrounding the house of the late David Mack, specially remembered in Belmont for his connection with its library, but of more extended reputation be- cause of his membership in the phalanx which gath- ered at Brook Farm nearly fifty years ago. For a number of years he conducted a school for young ladies here, and was for a time a teacher in the public schools. He died July 24, 1878, at the age of seventy- four years. Here also lived for a few months the artist, George Fuller. At the corner of Pleasant Street and Concord Ave- nue is the Town Hall and Public Library Building, on a corner of the homestead of Eleazer Homer, whose house, with its old-fashioned combination of brick and wood walls, is still standing. Before it, for many years, was to be seen a fine specimen of the Kalmia latifolia, or mountain laurel, remarkable for its beauty, and thriving in a region in which the shrub had never been indigenous. Across the railroad tracks is the Belmont Park, beyond which are the handsome dwellings upon the old " plantation," now occupied by the Underwood family. The mansion-house of James Brown (now the property of his son), with its charming lawn and dense woodland at the north, looks out upon the park and plantation and the new Unitarian Church beyond. In the quaint old house south of the Brown estate, among other relics of the past, is the arm-chair of Henry Price, the first Grand Master of Freemasons in America, who, at the age of eighty-four years, met an accidental death a hundred years ago. On the other side of the way, beyond the buildings of the Un- derwood estate, is the octagonal building now used as a summer-house, which, at the time of the incorpora- tion of the town, was the station of Wellington Hill, standing at the junction of Common Street and Con- cord Avenue. Passing along Common Street, .and leaving the little Catholic Church of St. Joseph's on the left, we reach the Winthrop W. Chenery estate, now the prop- erty of W. L. Lockhart. So gradual is the ascent to the top of the hill above that with a sense of surprise we look back at the view which includes the spires of Arlington and Medford. A few steps farther and 694 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. we gaze to the westward upon the village of Waver- ley, lying almost at our feet, with the hills of Wal- tham forming a background. Continuing upon Com- mon Street we may come again to the Payson Park i but Washington Street — one of the oldest streets in the town— anciently called Hill Street, from Pequos- sette Hill, near whose summit it passes, turns here to the east. Descending its slope toward the valley of Fresh Pond, past the homes of the Stone family, we enter School Street, on the right. At the very foot of Pequossette Hill is the Hittinger residence, where Jacob Hittinger lived at the time when, for five suc- cessive years, he headed the list of those who sought for recognition as an independent town. From the green-houses which his sous have erected on this farm 14,000 cucumbers have been sent to the Boston mar- ket in a single day. Trespassing, by courteous per- mission, upon the private way leading through the farm to Grove Street, we stand upon the confines of the town and look upon the little village of the dead, set apart thirty years ago for the final resting-place of those who, one by one, would cease to be reckoned among the world's living, as they went forward to a longer and better life among the great majority. Until 1880 the larger part of the village of Mount Auburn, located on (the modern) Strawberry Hill, between Belmont and Mount Auburn Cemeteries, be- longed to the town of Belmont. In April of that year, after a prolonged hearing before a legislative committee, all this territory, with other land adjacent to Fresh Pond, comprising in all 570 acres, was an- nexed to the city of Cambridge. The city had for several years endeavored to secure control of the en- tire shore of the pond for the purpose of maintaining, under her own regulations, the purity of her water supply. Defeated in successive Legislatures, her ef- forts at this lime were successful, and in spite of the unanimous protest of the townspeople, Belmont lost one-tenth of its taxable property, one-third of its school-children and one-sixth of its area, being left with a territory of about 3075 acres. On the new boundary line between Belmont and Cambridge, not far from the old Bird tavern, on Belmont Street, is a singular depression, called the Amphitheatre upon the maps which Professor Hosford has prepared in illus- trating his theory of the location of the ancient city of Norumbega, only a few miles away. The eastern boundary of the town coincides with that part of Brighton Street to which Cambridge has given the name of Adams Street on one side .of Con- cord Avenue and Wellington Street upon the other. Near the junction of these streets lived Richard Rich- ardson, selectman in Cambridge from 1791-95, who built that part of the Concord Turnpike which lay near the line between West Cambridge and Water- town. Not far from the toll-gate at this point he built a tavern, anticijiating that the turnpike would become a great thoroughfare, and he had large holdings in the stock of the company. The investments were not profitable and he lost heavily. A number of his de- scendants reside in this town. Wellington Street is Brighton Street again before we reach Hill's Crossing and the stations of the rail- roads, which are built on land formerly belonging to the Hill family. The name has been associated with the locality for nearly two hundred years. Its most noted member was Isaac Hill, editor and statesman, who was born April G, 1789, in that part of the West Precinct of Cambridge which became a part of Bel- mont. He was the owner and editor of the New Hampshire Patriot, published at Concord for more than twenty years, beginning in 1809. Failing of an election to the United States Senate in 1828, he was Second Comptroller of the Treasury under Jackson in 1829, and was chosen to the Senate in 1830. At the close of his six years' term he was elected Governor of New Hampshire and held that ofiice from 1836 to 1839. In 1840 he became Sub-Treasurer of the United States at Boston. After his retirement from public life he continued his editorial labors until his death at Washington, D. C, in 1851. This part of West Cambridge was known as the South District, and was disrespectfully spoken of as "Flob-end." From it came many trusted and re- spected oiBcials of the town. The names of Hill, Frost, Russell and Locke, of Wellington and Prentiss, are to be found on page after page of the old records. From this section, too, was Mansur W. Marsh, first chairman of the selectmen of Belmont, who had pre- viously served West Cambridge in the same capacity, having been a selectman of that town eleven years, represented it in the Legislature and held the posi- tions of assessor and School Committee. His service as selectman in the two towns was in all twenty-two years, at intervals from 1841 to 1876. It is gratifying to record that he still lives, the oldest citizen of the town, enjoying in the evening of life the satisfaction that attends the consciousness of long and faithful labor for the public good. His residence on Prospect Street, was, in 1775, the "house on the hill," to which the women and children fled for refuge on the 19th of April, when the British, psissing through Menotomy to destroy the rebel stores at Concord, made the homes of the valley unsafe. While Bel- mont justly claims a share in the associations and glory of the battle of "Concord, Lexington and Cam- bridge," — for all this part of her territory was included in the West Precinct of Cambridge, — it is not known that any English soldiers came that day within the present limits of the town. Tradition speaks of one poor fellow, wounded and separated from his com- mand, wandering down Spring Valley, and doubtless wishing for the night to come and hide him from un- friendly eyes while he made an expiring effort to reach the barracks from which he set out in high spirits a few hours before; but whether he lived or died, or indeed Wiis more than a creature of the im- agination, history refuses to tell. BELMONT. 695 The tornado of 1851 passed through the present town of Belmont. Beginning near Prospect Hill in Waltham, and extending across the Mystic River in Medford, its destructive force was put forth with the greatest energy as it passed across the northern point of Watertown into West Cambridge. Eev. Charles Brooks, of Medford, in describing it, says, " It exhibited a power in the elements never witnessed by the oldest inhabitants of this region. Houses strongly built were demolished as if they had been made of paper ; oak and walnut and cedar trees of the largest growth were entirely uprooted, some of them snatched out of the ground and carried through long distances; roofs of buildings taken up as if by sudden suction, and carried into the embrace of the cloud and transported for miles.'' The damage to estates now in Belmont was reckoned at about $10,000. Returning along Pleasant Street from our jaunt about the town, the Wellington homestead recalls the name of Jeduthun Wellington, whose enterprise and public spirit gave the first distinctive name to this locality. He was, in fact, a leading citizen of his day ; he had been sergeant and lieutenant in the Revolutionary Army, afterwards colonel of militia, and had received the honors of his towns-folk as selectman for eighteen years, precinct assessor, treas- urer and collector, and Representative in the General Court for nine years. To encour.age travel over the turnpike passing near his house, his yoke of stout oxen was at the service of the teamster, who other- wise might not be able to climb the old road which a later generation has ceased to use. It was little won- der that the friend in need should be regarded with favor, and that the steep bit should become known as Wellington's, and then, Wellington, Hill. The eleva- tion is three hundred feet above the sea level, mid- way in height between Prospect Hill on the west, and Meeting-house Hill on the south. The rain fall- ing upon its eastern slope finds its way through Wel- lington Brook and Alewife Brook, or Menotomy River, into the Mystic ; that which drops upon its western front reaches the ocean by a longer route through Beaver Brook and the Charles. Various attempts have been made to establish a local newspaper which should represent the interests and give the weekly history of the town. These pub- lications have had a brief existence. The Middlesex Townsman, published at Arlington, but with a branch oflBce in Belmont, was discontinued for lack of sup- port, after being issued weekly for about eighteen months. During the year 1889, the Belmont Courier appeared regularly under the management of Harry W. Poor. This paper depended for its circulation upon the town of Belmont alone. It paid expenses, and it was proposed to continue its publication for another year, but upon the accept.ance by its proprie- tor of a position upon the Boston Globe, he decided to discontinue it. The local news is now gathered by the Belmont Bulletin, a special edition of the Water- town Enterprise, prepared for circulation in the town of Belmont. " The History of Guildhall, Vt.," a volume of 275 pages, bears the imprint of Waverley, Mass., 1886, and its author, E. C. Benton, was his own compositor, pressman, and publisher, the printing being done upon a private press at his own residence. In addition to the private school of David Mack, and the Belmont school of B. F. Harding, which have already been alluded to, an eflbrt was made to estab- lish in Belmont the Wayside School, which had had a successful experience in Concord under the super- vision of Miss M. C. Pratt. Miss Pratt was at the head of the school when it was moved to Belmont, but her connection with it soon ceased, and, largely because of the lack of proper accommodations at the outset, the school was discontinued, after occupying in suc- cession houses on Pleasant Street, Clark Street, and the Thayer mansion at Waverley. In these days, when physical training goes hand in hand with mental cul- ture, it is perhaps not out of place to refer to the rid- ing-school of J. Howard Stone, as one of the educa- tional institutions domiciled in the town; and to pass from this to the organizations engaged in fostering a taste for athletic sports, the Belmont Base Ball Asso- ciation, which is in the third year of its existence, the Belmont Tennis Club, whose grounds on Thomas Street are newly laid out, abd were formally opened by a reception to friends, given July 4, 1890. A similar organization has convenient grounds at Waverley. Belmont is notable for the number of its old fami- lies, those whose ancfstora have resided upon the ter- ritory from the time when the division of lands was made among the proprietors. The final division was made by Watertown in 1636, and by Cambridge in 1685. Representatives of the Watertown families of Chenery, Clarke, Livermore, Bright, Barnard and Stone, are occupying lands which were in the posses- sion of their ancestors two hundred and fifty years ago, and the names of Wellington, Locke, Hill, Frost, Richardson and Prentiss, perpetuate the remembrance of those who assisted in 1685 in the settlement of Menotomy, or the West Precinct of Cambridge. The ability and reputation of these families is indicated by the public positions which have been so often and so acceptably filled by their members. In independence of thought, sound judgment, atid loyalty to right, the citizens of Belmont stand second to none of their sister communities, and in exemplifying these traits, they only portray the character of those who occupied these hillsides and these valleys many years ago. A list of the leading officials of the town since its incorporation is appended : Seikctmen.— Mansur W. Mursh, 1859-63, 1807-71, 1870 ; Jacob Hittiu- ger, 1869-61; J. Varnuin Fletcher, 1869-01, 1867 ; Jonas B. Wiunery, 1859; Joseph Hill, 1869 ; Thos. Livermore, 1862-03, 1809-70; Wni. Uonry Loclte, 1802-01,1866; Ainoo Hill, 1804-00 ; Cha». L. Hey wooil, 1804; George W. Ware, 1806 ; Daniel L. Tuinter, 1805-60 ; Fred. W. Bright, 1807-68 ; Josiah S. Kendall, 1808-70, 1873-79, 1881—; Imiac Watta, 1871-72 ; J. Willard Hill, 1871-72 ; Henry Rlcliarduon, 1872-74 ; George W. Ware, 696 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Jr., 1873-78, 1880 ; Thomas S. Hittinger, 1875 ; Convora P. Livermore, 1876-80 ; Henry FroBt, Jr., 1877-82 ; J. Henry Fletcher, 1881-89 ; Jacob Hittinger, Jr., 1883—; Frank Chandler, 1890—. AssESSOES.— J. Oliver Wellington, 1859-76 ; Josiah Bright, 1869-60; Edwin Locke, 1869 ; William J. Underwood, 1859-64, 1867-75 ; H. B. Fillebrown, 1869 ; Thomas Llvermore, 1861-64 ; Josiah S. Kendall, 1865- 79, 1881—; George S. Teele, 1866-66 ; Winthrop L. Chenery, 1S76-79 ; Leonard S. King, 1877 ; Henry Kicbardsun, 1878-80 ; Joseph O. Wel- lington, 1880-; William Munroe, 1880-82 ; Thomas W. Davis, 1883—. Town Clekks.— Samuel P. Hammatt, 1859-60 ; Francis E. Tates, 1861- 70; William W. Mead, 1871-83; Winthrop L. Chenery, 1883—. Town Treasurer and Collector. — George S. Adams, 1859-66; Edwin Locke,*1867-75 ; Winthrop L. Chenery, 1876—. School Committee. — Rev. Amos Smith, 1859-64 ; Edwin Locke, 1859- 64 ;,l8aac Watts, 1859-00 ; Dan'l F. Learned, 1859-69, 1872-80 ; Adolphus Brown, 1869; Amos Hill, 1800-65; William J. Underwood, 1860-61, 1865-69 ; Kev. James Thurston, 1861 ; Josiah S. Kendall, 1862-65 ; George L. Underwood, M.D., 1862 ; William A. Blodgett, 186.3-68 ; Warren S. Frost, 1866, 1868-73, 1879-81 ; Rev. Josiah W. Turner, 1868- 71 ; Edward Whitney, 1868 ; Samuel P. Hammatt, 1808-69 ; Henry Richardson, 1869-85 ; Mansur W. Marsh, 1870 ; Horace Bird, 1870-72 ; George W. Ware, Jr,1870-71 ; Rev. Daniel Butler, 1871, 1875-80; Wil- liam W. Mead, 1872-81 ; Winthrop L. Chenery, 1872-75 ; Solymon W. Grant, 1873-76, 1878-79 ; Luther W. Hough, 1874-75, 1882-87 ; J. Hen- ry Fletcher, 1876-78 ; George H. Caldwell, M.D., 1877 ; George W. Jones, M.D., 1880 ; Rev. William H. Teel, 1881-82 ; Harry 0. Under- wood, 1881-84 ; Frederic Dodge, 1882— ; William Munroe, 1882 ; Horace W. Ball, 1883— ; Edward Haskins, 1883-86, 1890— ; Harry H. Baldwin, 1885— ; Edward F. Otis, 1886 ; Mrs. Caroline A. E. Whitney, 1887-89 ; Mrs. MaryF. W. Homer, 1889—; John H. Edwards, 1889 ; Mrs. Jennie C. Underwood, 1890—. Trustees of Public Library. — William J. Underwood, 1873 — ; J. Varnuni Fletcher, 1873— ; Leonard S. King, 1873; Rev. Harvey C. Bates, 1874-76; Thomas.W. Davis, 1877—; William E. Stowe, 1883— ; John M. Brown, 1883— ; Frederic Dodge, 1889— . Bepresentatives in General Court. — In 1863 Winihrop W. Chenery represented the district in- cluding Waltham and Watertown. The redistricting after the incorporation of the town did not take place till after the State census of 1865. Since 1866 Water- town and Belmont have formed a representative dis- trict. The Belmont representatives from this district have been : Henry M. Clarke, 1867-08 ; George W. Ware, Jr., 1882 ; Edward Whitney, 1876-77 ; Rev. Daniel Butler, 1883 ; J. Varnum Fletcher, 1885-86 ; J. Henry Fletcher, 1890. J. Varnum Fletcher was State Senator from the Second Middlesex District in 1887 and 1888. BIOGRAPHICAL. COL. THOMAS LIVERMORE. Among the oldest families of the ancient town of Watertown is that of the subject of this sketch, Col. Thomas Livermore, a descendant in the aixtli gener- ation of John, who landed on these shores from Eng- land in 1034. The homestead of the family for many generations has been on what is now School Street in the northea.stern part of the old town, in the vicinity of Fresh Pond. Here they appear to have planted themselves at an early day, and not unlikely cleared the primeval forest to found a home. Two Amos Livermores, son and father, together with Oliver, Daniel and Samuel, reach back from Thomas to John, the original settler. They chose a fertile tract of country sloping gently from west to east, and termi- nating on the verge of the Pond. In this sheltered and sunny place five or six generations of Livermores have cultivated and improved the land until it has become rich in orchards and gardens, and^is dotted here and thei-e with pleasant, comfortable homes. Thomas was born May 30, 1798, on that portion of the original tract now owned and occupied by his children, in an old house which was burned in his boyhood and replaced by his father with the present spacious dwelling. His advantages of education were limited to the district school, then open but a few months in the year and often taught by young collegians in the win- ter term, more anxious to earn a few dollars than to properly instruct and guide the young. The work and responsibility of the farm, intercourse with men and acquaintance with practical affairs formed his chief means of education. Thus he grew up to man- hood used to hardship, in habits of patient indus- try and careful economy. Early in life he united with the First Congregational (Unitarian) Church of the town, then under the ministrations of Rev. Converse Francis, afterwards professor in the Divin- ity School of Harvard University. It shows in what estimation he was held by his pastor and associates that he was chosen a deacon of the church in his twenty-fourth year, an office which he held for more than a half a century. Thomas Livermore and Sarah C. Grant were united in marriage April 20, 1824. She was the daughter of a neighboring farmer, like himself used to care and responsibility, and through the nearly fifty years of their married life a most faithful and devoted wife. Mr. Livermore early be- came a member of the Watertown and Waltham Ar- tillery Company, of which he was chosen lieutenant in 1821 and rose to be captain, major, lieutenant-col- onel and colonel during the following eight or ten years. His tall, erect, commanding form made him especially conspicuous as a military oflicer, and he always retained something of a military air and man- ner, due no doubt to his early training in the Artil- lery. To the Ancient and Honorable Company of Boston he was elected an honorary member. He seems never to have lost his interest in military parades, and long after he h.ad withdrawn from the company used to attend the trainings and musters. Col. Livermore was deeply interested in politics. In early life an ardent Whig, he remained true to that party until the great struggle for freedom in Kansas, when he became identified with the Free-Soil party and afterwards with the Republican. In 1844 he was elected on the Whig ticket to the House of Represent- atives of the State Legislature. But when that party broke up on the slavery issue, he took his stand on the side of freedom and ever after gave his vote and influence to sustain the good cause. In the War of ^^ 977 &^ '^^^le/^^jy^ -/ (^ /^ ^/7Z. "7 i ^/0'fr£y£. i BELMONT. 697 the Rebellion he was a stanch supporter of Lincoln and the army, and rejoiced heartily in the downfall of slavery and the triumph of the Union, In municipal affairs he was active and faithful in securing efhcient management. For several years he was elected on the Board of Selectmen in Watertown, and for two years a member of the School Committee. In 1859, when Belmont was incorporated, that portion of Watertown where he resided was annexed to the new town, and his interests were transferred to its growth and prosperity. Here he became identified witli a new church and u new community, and served them as willingly as he had served the old. He was soon chosen on the Board of Selectmen and on that of the assessors, and through the remainder of his life he gave his sympathy and influence to the wel- fare of Belmont. From this sketch of the life of Col. Livermore, it is evident that he was a man in whose integrity his fellow-townsmen had entire confidence. They trusted in his judgment, they relied upon his honesty, they regal ded him as one who was above all crooked and self-seeking ways in his management of public affairs. Plain, unpretending, straightforward, firm and faithful in what he believed was right, such is the record of his life and such the character which he sustained among his fellow-men. Col. Livermore was in feeble and failing health for some months be- fore his death. Of his ten children, seven had passed on before him, and three remained in the old home to cheer his declining days. The end came on March 28, 1873, at the age of seventy-five years, and the stalwart form, that had borne so well the toil and burden of life, was laid at rest in the peaceful shades of Mount Auburn. Mrs. Livermore passed a serene and cheerful old age, surrounded by those who tenderly ministered to her needs, and in her eighty- seventh year rejoined him in the immortal world. JACOB HITTINGEE. Jacob Hittinger was a descendant of an old French family and was. born in Roxbury, March 10, 1811. His father died while abroad five years later, having previously removed to Charlestown, where young Hittinger received his education. In 1825 he entered the employment of George Pierce as a gardener, and five years later engaged in the produce business in Boston with William E. Otis & Co. Of this firm he was a member for several years, being actively inter- ested at the same time in the firm of Hill & Hittin- ger, whose business was cutting and shipping ice from Spy and Fresh Ponds. The firm of Hill & Hit- tinger was dissolved in 1841, and was succeeded by the firm of Gage, Hittinger & Co., of which the only surviving partner is Hon. T. T. Sawyer, of Charles- town. It was to this firm conjointly with John Hill, Mr. Hittinger's former partner, that the merchants of Boston were indebted for the notable enterprise dis- played, when, 1844, the harbor being frozen, a passage was cut from the wharf at East Boston, through which the Cunard steamer could proceed to sea on the day appointed for her sailing. A failure to accomplish the work would have seriously affected the future of Boston as a commercial port. Mr. Hittinger's interest in the firm of Gage, Hittinger & Co. was disposed of a few years later, but he continued to furnish ice to its suc- cessor. Gage, Sawyer & Co., and was interested in the early shipments of ice to the Barbadoea by Lombard & Whitmore. In the closing years of his business life he carried on the trade in his own name. Mr. Hittinger's first wife was Mary Wilson. At her death she left a daughter, who became the wife of Charles Davenport. He married again, April 30, 184ti, Mary Elizabeth King, a younger sister of Rev. Thomas Starr King, whose name is borne by the oldest son of this union, Thomas S. Hittinger, superintendent of the Fresh Pond Ice Company, of which company Mrs. Davenport's son is the treasurer. Soon after his second marriage Mr. Hittinger bought a large tract of land adjoining the old Cushing Estate, within the limits of the present town of Belmont. With the exception of a few months spent in Charles- town, this place was his residence until the end of his life. His intelligent management redeemed from tlie marshes all that part of the estate which is now occupied by three of his sons as one of the largest market gardens in the vicinity of Boston. Of the seven sons of the second marriage six are living, the fourth in order of age, Daniel Webster Hittinger, having died at Belmont, October 28, 1875. Mrs. Hittinger continues to reside in the house standing on the estate at the time of its purchase. Mr. Hittinger's interest in the town of Belmont was shown by his leadership for four successive years of the petitioners for the incorporation of the new town and his devotion of time, influence and money to their interests. For many of the necessary ex- penses incurred he neither asked nor received any recompense. He was a member of the first Board of Selectmen, chosen in 1859; was re-elected in 1860 and 1861, and was an influential citizen until the last years of his life. Pecuniary difliculties, arising in the critical business years of 1873 and 1874, left him a poor man. Though he never recovered his financial standing, he could look with pride upon the stalwart sons whose filial attention ministered to the c-omfort of his dying hours, and feel that they were ready to take up and bear successfully the burdens which old age removed from his shoulders. He died at Bel- mont, April 4, 1880, leaving behind him the record of a life of activity and integrity, and of an influence exerted for the permanent advantage of the commu- nity in which his lot had been cast. C.EORGE FORDYCB BLAKE. The subject of this sketch is descended from one of our oldest New England families, and one that has an 698 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. honorable record. His ancestor, William Blake, came to this country from Little Baddow, Essex, England, in 10)30, the year that Governor Winthrop and the Massachusetts Bay Colony came over, and settled at Dorchester, Mass. In 1636 he removed, with William Pynchon and others, to Springfield, Mass., but his de- scendants for three generations continued to reside at Dorchester and Boston, where they were highly es- teemed, two of them having held the office of deacon of the church and selectmen of the town, and one was a member of the General Court. At the period of the outbreak of the War for Independence we find In- crease Blake living in Boston, on King (now State) Street, near the scene of the Boston massacre, and en- gaged in the manufacture of tin-plate goods. His public-spirited refusal to supply the British with can- teens, which he had furnished for the provincial troops, aroused the retaliatory spirit of the Tories; his shop and other property were destroyed, and after the Battle of Bunker Hill he found it expedient to remove to Worcester, Mass. His son, Thomas Dawes Blake, the father of the present representative of the family, was born in Boston in 1768, and was educated in the schools of Worcester. He was en- gaged for a few years in teaching, tlieu studied medi- cine and later settled at Farmington, Me., where he continued in the practice of his profession until his death, in 1849. George Fordyce Blake was born in Farmington, Me., May 20, 1819. At the early age of fourteen he was apprenticed to learn the trade of house-carpen- try. In 1839 he left his native town to start in the world for liimself. He first went to South Danvers (now Peabody), where he remained seven years, work- ing at his trade. From that place he went to Cam- bridge to take the position of mechanical engineer at the brick-yards of Mr. Peter Hubbell, with the general charge of the works. There he manifested that fidelity, thoroughness, intelligence and inventive talent which have contributed so largely to his suc- cess. Naturally modest, never over-sanguine, that success seems to have surprised him more than those who knew him best. While thus employed, he de- vised a water-meter for which he received his first patent, in 1862. After the removal of the brick- yards to Medford, it was found that the clay obtained there could not be worked with the ordinary machin- ery, and Mr. Blake planned and constructed a new machine for pulverizing the clay, which Wiis patented in 1861. In order more efficiently to free the clay- pits from water, he invented what is perhaps his greatest achievement — the Blake Steam-Pump — and thus laid the foundation of his fortune. The practical testing of his pum]>, at the yards, proving its great capacity, he, in company with Mr. Job A. Turner and his former employer, Mr. Peter Hubbell, com- menced in 1864 the manufacture of steam-pumps and water-meters in a building on Province Street, Bos- ton. The business grew so rapidly that several suc- cessive removals to better quarters were necessary, and in 1873 the firm purchased and occupied the large building on the corner of Causeway and Friend Streets. Their foundry for large castings was at East Cambridge. In 1874 a joint stock company was in- corporated under the title, — " The George F. Blake Manufacturing Company," with Mr. George F. Blake as president. In 1879 the company purchased the large plant of the Knowles Steam-Pump Company, at Warren, Mass., thus greatly extending their facilities. But even with this increase of capacity it was found necessary, in 1890, to remove the Boston manufactory to East Cambridge, where extensive works were erected, covering four acres, with a main building 400 feet long by 100 feet broad, with every convenience for the successful prosecution of the work. The busi- ness has been recently sold to an English syndicate for the sum of $3,000,000, though Mr. Blake still re- tains an interest. In the course of his successful career Mr. Blake has given unremitting attention to his business and has brought his intelligent judgment to bear upon all its various details. For a long time, until the growth of the business made that an impossibility, all the plans and drawings for the special adaptation of machinery were made under his personal supervision. The re- sult is seen in the vast business that has grown up. The Blake pumps have gone to all parts of the world and have been adapted to every conceivable use, some of them, constructed for supplying cities with water, having a capacity of 20,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. In 1869, Mr. Blake removed to Belmont. His beautiful home stands on a breezy hill overlooking a wide stretch of country to the northward and west- ward of Boston, and is surrounded by fine trees and well-kept lawns. While his busy life has kept him from much direct participation in public affairs, he has alw.ays taken a deep interest in all public ques- tions, esjjecially such as pertain to the moral well- being of the community, and, when free from the ex- acting cares of his biisiness, has found true delight and recreation in his library among his favorite books. HON. J. V. FLETCHER. A sketch of the town of Belmont would be in- complete which did not contain extended mention of a family so thoroughly identified with its inception, birth and growth as that of Hon. J. V. Fletcher. He was one of the active workers in securing the act of incorporation, became a member of the first Board of Selectmen, and scarcely any matter of public interest and benefit has appealed to the citizens for support that has not received from him material encourage- ment. The people have endorsed his actions by assigning him the duty of representing their interests in the General Court, and a wider constituency has ratified the local verdict by electing him to a seat in the Senate Chamber. BELMONT. 699 Jonathan Faruum Fletcher is a descendant in the seventh generation of the Eohert Fletcher who came from England to Concord, Masa^ in 1630, and became prominent in the affairs of that town, which was in- corporated five years later. His son William removed to Chelmsford. Joseph, the grandson of William, settled in Westford upon his marriage in 1715, and here, a hundred years later, February 28, 1812, the subject of this sketch was born. Of his early years Mr. Fletcher says little, but the fact that he is the owner of the ancestral home at Westford, delighting to steal a day now and again from business cares to visit it, and that it has become under his hands a Mecca of pilgrimage for members of a large and widely- scattered family, sufficiently indicates the pleasant associations clustering about the spot in which he spent his boyhood. He is a trustee of the Westford Academy. Before attaining his majority he engaged in the provision business in Medfurd, at the age of twenty-four he took to himself a wife, and in the following year, 1837, he established the business in Boston with which his name has been associated for more than half a century, and in which he is still actively engaged. During most of this time he has been the occupant of two stalls at the very centre of Quincy, better known as Faneuil Hall market, and he is now the senior tenant of tiie building. Two additional stalls have recently been added, to accommodate an increasing business. In 1851, when the Faneuil Hall Bank was chartered by the Legislature, Mr. Fletcher was one of the three parties named in the act of incorporation. After be- ing a director of the bank for nearly forty years, he became its president upon the death, in 1888, of Mr. Nathan Bobbins, who was also one of the original corporators. He is also vice-president of the newly- established Hammond Packing Company. In the town of Belmont Mr. Fletcher held the office of selectman in 1859,'60 and '61, and was again elected in 1867. Since that time he has held no town office, except the position of trustee of the Public Library, which he has filled continuously since 1873, the year in which the board was created. He was one of the building committee of the town-hall, and two marble clocks in the main audience-room, and in the reading-room, are the souvenirs of his connection with the building. In 1885 and 1886 he was representative from the district comprising the towns of Belmont and Watertown, and in November, 1886, was chosen Senator from the Second Middlesex District. During his service in the Senate, in 1887 and 1888, he was chairman of the Committee on Banks and Banking, and discharged other important com- mittee work. His son, J. Henry Fletcher, is the present representative (1890) of the Sixteenth Middle- sex District. Upon a charter being obtained, largely through his instrumentality, for the Belmont Savings Bank, Mr. Fletcher resigned his trusteeship in the Charlestowu Five Cent Savings Bank, to become president of the new institution, and his closest supervision is given to its affairs. Mr. Fletcher married, in 1836, Marcy Ann Hill, of West Cambridge. Their golden wedding was pleasantly observed by a large gathering of personal friends and business associates of Mr. Fletcher. They resided in Charlestown for about twenty years, during which time Mr. Fletcher was for two years a member of the Common Council, and four years al- derman of that city. The residence in Belmont was built shortly before the incorporation of the town, upon the estate which had been for many years oc- cupied by Mrs. Fletcher's father. Mrs. Fletcher died October 31, 1888. " Her children rise up and call her blessed." A beautiful window in the new Unitarian Church at Belmont is her husband's tribute to her memory. Mr. Fletcher's duties as the head of the Faneuil Hall Bank tend to draw him away from the active life of the market, in which he has so long been a central figure, and are a preparation for the rest from physical exertion which he has earned by so many years of well-directed, successful toil. In his home at Belmont, and elsewhere, as occasion oflers, he enjoys exercising the privileges of hospital- ity. His first dinner to his associates in the Faneuil Hall and Belmont Banks, after becoming president of the two institutions, was marked by a feature worthy of the highest commendation and repetition, the pres- ence at the tables of the clerks and other employees as well as the directors and trustees. It is a pleasure to see wealth bestowed upon those who can use it aright. In business enterprise, in hospitality and iu charity, Mr. Fletcher has shown himself worthy, and when he chooses to resign the helm of his vessel, he has the satisfaction of knowing that the sons and daughters whom he has trained will be his fit suc- cessors as trustees of the goods which the Lord has bestowed. WILLIAM L. LOCKHART. William L. Lockhart, whose portrait accompanies this sketch, is easily at the head of the manufactur- ing undertakers of this section of the county. His life is a striking illustration of what can be accom- plished by a strong, resolute will, joined to business tact and devoted to tlie development of a special line of trade. As his name indicates, Mr. Lockhart is of Scotch ancestry, belonging to a family which came to Nova Scotia in the early years of its occupa- tion by English-speaking people. He was born July 20, 1827. In boyhood he assisted his father, who followed the occupation of a ship-carpenter, and acquired a love for the sea, which he has never lost. At the age of eighteen he shipped as cook for a voy- age along the coast. Evidently the duties were not as agreeable as he had anticipated, for he left the vessel at Eastport, walked to Machias, and thence 700 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. continued his journey to Boston, where he endeav- ored to find a place to learn a trade. Not being suc- cessful, he returned home, but in a few months came to Boston again and engaged as an apprentice at fifty dollars a year and his board. Having learned the carpenter's trade, he pursued it for a while, but, with a foresight that indicated his business sagacity, decided to devote himself to a specialty, and with this in view entered the employ of John Peak, a leading coffin-maker, and spent four years in learning every detail of the business. At the age of twenty- seven, with a capital of 1300, which represented the industry and patient economy of years, he began for himself at Cambridge, not ftir from the Court-house. In 1860 nearly all that he had made was swept away by fire, but, undaunted, he at once proceeded to re- establish himself, and to erect a building near the railroad station at East Cambridge, which, with its additions and extensions, he has occupied to the present time, although his offices and sales-rooms are in a fine building constructed from his own plans, at the corner of Staniford and Causeway Streets, in Boston. His establishment is, in all its appointments, the most complete in New England, if not in Amer- ica, and all those to whom the need common to hu- manity comes, " to bury their dead out of their sight," have reason to appreciate the provisions made to remove all responsibility from the mourner and place in professional hands the cares incident to such oc- casions. Every detail of the business is conducted under his direct and personal supervision. During the earlier years of his business life Mr. Lockhart's residence was in Cambridge. He has lived in Bel- mont about twelve years, having purchased, in 1878, the estate of the late Winthrop W. Chenery on Com- mon Street. A view of the mansion has appeared in these pages. Its exterior is unchanged from the days of its earlier owner. The apartments within con- form to the critical tastes of the present occupant, who is assisted by his estimable wife in dispensing hospitality to the friends who meet beneath his roof- tree. Mr. Lockhart's delight in the beauties of nature is shown by the enjoyment he finds in the sur- roundings of his residence, in the care with which he has maintained and developed his forest, garden and field. His early bent for the sea is gratified by his ownership of the well-known yacht "Alice," and the months he spends from season to season upon the coast of the Southern States. He has never been an aspirant for public office, though taking a deep inter- est in matters relating to the public welfare, feeling that one's best service to the world can be rendered in faithful attention to the work which has been set for his hands to accomplish. CHAPTER XLV. WALTHAM. BY NATHAN WARREN. The history of a New England town is full of interest and is an object-lesson in the fundamental principles and practice of our government. The rise and progress of such an institution for self-government is that of a little Commonwealth conducted by its own citizens under the purest and simplest form of de- mocracy. The town in New England is a miniature Commonwealth. Its Legislature is the town-meet- ing; its legislators are the voters in their individual capacity. The development of such a government in its political and material affairs, in all matters pertain- ing to its social and educational welfare .and in its religious character, so far as religion was in former times more intimately connected with the body politic, is a study of more importance than the mere recital of events and the growth of wealth and popu- lation. Whether the town remains practically at a standstill for a hundred or more years, like some of our towns — yet prosperous in all that makes happy homes, a well-ordered community — and insures a fair competence to its people in their walks of life, or whether under the impetus of manufactures or trade, or from a fortunate position for enterprise or residence, it shows great progress in business and population and all that belongs to municipal impor- tance, its course is governed by the same elements of republican characteristics and the same principles of popular jurisprudence. To trace the beginnings and locality of early settle- ment — the circumstances which dictated the direction of progress and development ; the causes which gave a turn to local political affairs and led to divisions and the creation of new towns ; the names and qualities of the " forefathers of the hamlet," and of those of their descendants who have guided public sentiment and have fostered and encouraged private and public enter- prise; the incidents of local history, important in their results rather than in the nature of their oc- currence — is a subject worthy of the historian in the bearing it has upon the institutions under which we, as a people, have sought peace and prosperity. The town is the unit of our system of government. It is the primitive source of popular sovereignty. It is the child as well as parent of our institutions, and in New England attains a power and individuality not known and recognized to so full an extent in the rest of the country. The details of its history are pregnant with the fate which has wrought great events on the continent. Waltham w.as incorporated January 4, 1737-38, old style — by the modern calender January 15, 1738. Its history for the first century of settlement is so blended with that of the parent town of Watertown that it is WALTHAM. 701 difficult to separate the incidents of its existence for that period or to fix upon what was distinctive to its territory and inhabitants. With no defined village or local parish interests until shortly before its in- corporation, the early records give us but vague infor- mation as to what portions of the annals of Watertown particularly apply to the early history of the part subsequently set off as Waltham. Until the last of the seventeenth century its territory was practically a wilderness. A fringe of farms occupied the hills in its northern limits. The Great or Sudbury Road traversed the plain on its southern limits by Charles River, but no collection of houses, church or school- house marked any locality to give prominence in traditions or data to anything distinctively belonging to the locality. Watertown, within the limits of which, as above stated, Waltham was included for the first century of its settlement, was one of the first settled places in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, ranking as fourth in the order of incorporation. It has well been called the " mother of towns," for out of her territory have been formed the towns of Weston and Waltham and parts of Lincoln, Cambridge and Jielmont. Besides these contributions from her area she sent forth col- onists to the Connecticut River settlements, to Weathersfield, Connecticut, Martha's Vineyard and the neighboring new settlements in Eastern and Cen- tral Massachusetts, so that hardly a town in Middle- sex County but has families which trace their origin to this prolific and enterprising mother. In 1636 it was the most populous town in the Colony, and fears were entertained that the population was getting too crowded for ihe general welfare. This feeling was doubtless one of the reasons which prompted the healthy exodus to other localities. Within its original limits is the location of the newly-discovered city of Norumbega. This illusory town of the early voyagers, half-mythical, half-au- thentic, has recently given rise to considerable specula- tion. The discoveries made have not been accepted as establishing an ante-colonial settlement, but at least have given a touch of romance to the beautiful and historical Charles River, and the localities along its banks, where enterprising traders from other lands may have given the primitive wilderness a dis- play of thrift and busy civilization. The imagination may fondly picture the waters of the river along the borders of Waltham and Watertown freighted with strange and picturesque craft, bearing to unknown countries the products of the forests, the results of the long and patient toil of the trapper and of the barter with the aborigines. Here, by the researches of the eminent man who has zealously followed his investi- gations, are the evidences of a busy, intelligent popu- lation who have left their record in various places within the ancient borders of Watertown. But the early colonists make no note of their observations of any evidences of previous occupation by civilized men, and it is only after the lapse of two centuries and a half that additional renown and pre-historic information have been given to the region. In the cursory review of the history of Watertown in its general relation with that of Waltham, and so far as it has special reference to the latter, we find much of sterling and absorbing interest that cannot be omitted and yet must be touched upon but lightly. The first authoritative record of discovery or of a visit by European settlers was May 30, 1630, ^Yhen a party of ten from Dorchester went up Charles River in a boat and landed at a spot supposed to be where the United States Arsenal now stands. They were hos- pitably received by the Indians, who were quite numerous in the vicinity, and were supposed to have planted some crops, but they made no permanent settlement. Later, in June of the same year, Sir Richard Saltonstall moved from Charlestown up the Charles River, and established a settlement, to which the name of Watertown was given. Rev. Mr. Phil- lips accompanied him as the pastor of the church, and thus on its religious and municipal basis the nucleus of the original town and prosperous oft'spring was se- curely and permanently located. The new settlers were of the best class of immigrants, hardy, indus- trious, familiar with husbandry or some trade, and imbued with those staying qualities necessary to suc- cessful colonization. Many of them were from the west of England, but the greater number doubtless came from London and vicinity. They were Puritan non-conformists who came to worship God in their own way and to bear heroically the consequences of their acts. Physically and morally they were well equipped to wrestle with the wilderness and to lay the foundations of a State where the nobility of man should be above that of rank. On July 30, 1630, the church estate was formally established as the first work for permanent organiza- tion, the covenant was subscribed by about forty men and civil and ecclesiastical government authorita- tively commenced. At the Court of Assistants, Sep- tember 7th, it was ordered that the town be called Watertown. The character and qualities of the early settlers are conspicuous for an occurrence which had an im- portant bearing upon the future policy of the Colony, and reflects honor upon those who manifested the spirit of the occasion. It was the resistance to tax- ation without representation. When the (yourt of Assistants, in 1632, ordered Watertown to pay its pro- portion of a levy towards making a palisade about Newton, the assembly of the people voted " that it was not safe to pay moneys after that sort," as they were not represented in the Court of Assistants. The agitation of this subject gave origin to the committee of two from each town and to the representative body composed of these committees to manage the affairs of the Colony and to become what is now known as the lIou.so of Rejiresentatives. Thus to the people of 702 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Watertown is due the historic credit of originating this popular representative body, and of establishing its power over taxation. With a prophetic instinct its primitive law-makers composed of the freemen in their collective wisdom seemed to have foreshadowed the contest that was to occur between their descend- ants and the mother country nearly a century and a half later on the same great principle of taxation without representation. The first recorded adventure and exploration of the part of the country now comprised within the limits of Waltham was on the 27th of January, 1632, when Governor Winthrop and "some company with him went up by Charles River about eight miles above Watertown." This journey was doubtless on foot and for the purpose of laying out a public road. The account of this visit is a valuable contribution to local history and description, and the names applied by the explorers to the prominent features of the landscape Are retained to the present day. Winthrop's journal says they " named the first brook, on the north side of the river (being a fair stream and com- ing from a pond a mile from the river), Beaver Brook, because the beavers had shorn down divers great trees there, and made divers dams across the brook. Thence they went to a great rock, upon which stood a high stone, cleft in sunder, that four men might go through, which they called Adam's Chair, because the youngest of their company was Adam Winthrop. Thence they came to another brook, greater than the former, which they called Masters' Brook, because the eldest of their company was one John Masters. Thence they came to another high pointed rock, having a fair aspect on the west side, which they called by the name of Mount Feake, from one Robert Feake, who had married the Governor's daughter-in-law. On the west side of Mount Feake they went up a very high rock, from whence they might see all over Neipnett, and a very high hill due west, about forty miles off, and to the N. W. the high hills by Merrimack, above sixty miles off." Beaver Brook is still quite a large stream, emptying into Charles River on the north, and forming the natural eastern border to what has been known as Waltham Plain. The pond described was what is now a meadow between Lexington Street and the Lyman estate. This pond was on the western branch of the brook, a half-mile or more above the confluence with the eastern branch. It would seem from Winthrop's own record that he regarded the western branch as the main stream and so applied the name. The pond, or its present site, is the only one that can be identified with his record. But within the past generation a heated and quite amusing contro- versy has arisen over the appellation of this and the eastern branch. It is claimed that the latter is the only original and duly accepted Beaver Brook of history and tradition, and that the western branch is Chester Brook. To the eastern branch has been given the appropriate and euphonious name of Clem- atis Brook. This application was considered almost a sacrilegious innovation upon the sanctity of old names, but it remains in popular use. The wordy contest over the subject was conducted zealously in the local paper of the day, almost to the personal estrangement of the principal advocates of the re- spective names, but still the brooks run on as men may come and go and dispute over what was the proper name to be applied to carry out the original designation of the Puritan Governor. The next local object, Masters Brook, emptying into the river on the north, forming the western boundary of the plain, retains its designation, while Mount Feake is the site of the cemetery of the same name. The high rock may be what is called Boston Rock Hill, near where the reservoir of the water- works is located ; while Adam's Chair is supposed to have been destroyed by the Fitchburg Railroad. But historical lore is doubtless at fault or Winthrop's journal was inaccurate. He speaks of Masters Brook as larger than Beaver Brook. This could never have been. That description fully meets the case of Stony Brook, a mile up the river, and flowing into it like- wise on the north. This journey and the facts ad- duced therefrom have been amply treated by local historians, but with evident inability to reconcile the account with objects visited. The conflict of names and descriptions doubtless arose from Wiuthrop's in- advertence in writing his journal or to the confusion of localities in making up his record after his return from his tour of exploration. The Indian name of Charles River in Waltham was Quinobin, and the designation has been preserved in the name of some local organizations. The query has often arisen as to what was the face of the country in the early settlements. Was it con- tinuous and uninterrupted forest and wilderness? Were the settlers obliged to make a clearing in the primitive forest for every tract of land to be cultivated, for every house to be erected ? Reference is seldom made to the fact by historians, either because it has not been deemed of suflicicnt im- portance, or because the settlers made little record on the subject. But " Wood's Prospect," that quaint and highly-instructive volume of experience in New Eng- land in 1033, states that the country was not all for- ests. There was much clear land, not only naturally, but from the work of Indians, who had made and pre- served such tracts for their planting. The first grant of land within the limits of Waltham Wixs that of five hundred acres to John Oldham. This grant was in the southwestern part of the town, and included Mount Feake and in the vicinity of Roberts Station. No reason is assigned for this especial favor to one individual. Oldham was a prominent man of those days, and had figured quite conspicuously in the Plymouth Colony and among the wayward and con- vivial settlers at Merry Mount, and established a WALTHAM. •703 reputation not quite consistent with Puritan simplicity and rectitude. He had led an eventful life, and his leading qualities were quickly recognized by the community with which foituneor hisown inclinations united him. He was one of those men who naturally and by force of circumstances come to the front when occasion requires a leading mind. When the General Court was established he was chosen one of the first representatives from Watertown, and in the original town he continued to reside, never occupying the grant allowed him. He met his death tragically by Indians when trading off Block Island. His death was followed by even more tragic and war-like results, for it gave origin to the famous Pequot War. Thus the first and largest grantee of Waltham, the enter- prising trader, the energetic magistrate, unconsciously brought about the first serious and disastrous Indian war in New England. As the necessities for land increased with a growing population, more territory was divided into large areas, to which local designations were given. These divisions relate almost excluaively to the territory of Waltham. The earliest general grant after the original small lots was that of the Great Dividends, made in July, 1636. The laud was divided into four divisions, each one hundred and sixty rods in width, running parallel along the northern limits of the town. These divisions were sometimes called squad- rons, and the lines dividing them the squadron lines. It is conjectured that they commenced near the pres- ent boundary lines between Watertown and Waltham, and ran in a northwesterly direction. The next general grant of land was the Beaver Brook Plow Lands, extending from the Driftway (now Gore vStreet), near the eastern lineof Waltham, south of the great dividends to the Oldham grant in the west. The part of this grant situated east of Beaver Brook was called the " Hither " or " Little Plain," while the section west of Beaver Brook was known as the Farther or Great Plain. These designations are now all obsolete, save that, perhaps, of the Great,-or Walt- ham plain, on which the city is now principally located. In addition, in 1638, was the Lieu of Township lots apportioned to those freemen who had no lots at the township. They were situated west of the Plain south of the great dividends and extended westward beyond Stony Brook. This completed the general di- vision or allotment of lands in Waltham. The course of settlement was not towards the level lands of the plains, but for some reason it followed only the hills skirting the northern part of the town. As the population was quite exclusively of farmers it doubtless chose the stronger and more fertile land of the hills rather than the sandy soil of the plain. Be- sides that, it was moving in the direction of the gen- eral trend of migration from the original settlement at Mount Auburn. In this section of the town for nearly two centuries was located the numerical and intellectual strength of the town. The region is now devoted to farming and still retains the local appel- lations of Pond End and Trapelo, applied to different sections. The former derives its name from the large pond in the northwest of Waltham, called at different times Mead's, Sherman's or Hardy's as the chance of the possessor of adjacent lands or the caprices of the day may determine.. Trapelo traces its name from no reliable origin, though it is supposed or imagined that the word may be a corruption of the words " trap be- low," used to localize a place of trapping. It is to be regretted that this historical and expressive name is not officially recognized in any local designation. The well-known Trapelo road, still an important thorough- fare, named often in ancient records and famous in tradition, is modernized into North Street. But in popular parlance the name is still applied to the dis- trict. Another locality in that part of the town still re- tains its ancient cognomen of " Piety Corner," a name derived from the fact that some of the deacons and leading men of the church formerly resided in that vicinity. Sudbury road, now Main Street, early laid out as a principal thoroughfare to the western settlements, ex- tended through the comparatively uninhabited plain, important only as a means of communication to dis- tant regions. The fact that the territory was unsettled doubtless accounts for its generous width and straight direction, as otherwiseit might have followed a course to lead past the scattered farm-houses situated at the caprice and convenience of their owners. The first bridge over Beaver Brook was built in 1673, and the records state that a gallon of" liccur" was provided on the occasion, doubtless as a neces- sary element in its construction. The growth of Waltham as an outlying part of Watertown was slow and without annals of note. Its areas were used mainly as pasturage grounds, into which it was divided by local and natural bounds. Large ranges were established extending from Beaver Brook to Stony Brook, and doubtless for a half-cen- tury that land was held in common, unfenced, though allotted in small sections to different ownei-s. The principal hills received early in the settlement the names they now bear, and Mackerel Hill, Prospect (at first, for some reason never explained, called Knop'a Garden), Bear Hill, are recorded as landmarks to bound and designate tracts of laud and the progress of set- tlement. With the increase of population dissensions natur- ally arose in regard to church and educational affairs. The people thought it a hardship to go to the east end of Watertown to church. The school also was situated at the same place. These two pillars upon which New England progress andadvancementrested were desired for local convenience. Military neces- sity also prompted a more convenient policy of as- sembling the able-bodied men. In 1691 the town 704 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. was divided into three precints, Eastern, Middle and Western, practically now tbe municipalities ofWater- town, Waltham and Weston respectively. Lieut. Garfield's company was the train-baud of the Middle Precinct, and thus on a semi-military basis Waltham commenced its territorial identity. In 1692 a town-meeting was held to decide upon the location of a new meeting-house nearer the cen- tre of population, but the irreconcilable division of sentiment prevented any agreemenr,. An appeal was made to Governor Phipps and Council to settle the di.spute through a committee. The committee made a recommendation that a new meeting-house be erec- ted at Commodore's Corner, in the westerly part of the present limits of Watertown, and about one-half mile east of the Waltham line. This meeting-house was to take the place of the original church and be the " place of meeting to worship God, for the whole town." After much controversy and under protest ol many of the freeholders, the request of the committee was accepted and the meeting-house built in 1696. Rev. Henry Gibbs, the pastor of the old church, re- fused to accept the charge of the new church. With the disappointed portion of the residents, be remained with the old church, and Rev. Samuel Angier was chosen as pastor of the new church. The town sup- ported from its treasury both churches, and constant difficulties arose from the expense of repairing the houses, and otherwise maintaining two antagonistic societies. Mr. Angler's church subsequently became the First Church of Waltham, and its establishment foreshadowed the inevitable division of the town. The dissensions were maintained in an embittered struggle of several years, and all eflbrts for adjust- ment only confirmed the contending parties in adhe- sion to their course. The General Court was brought into the controversy, and in 1712 ordered that the church be moved at the expense of both precincts to such a spot in the Middle Precinct as the latter should select. This order was treated with contempt- uous disobedience, and affairs continued to work out their solution by the ordinary development of local interests and prejudices. In 1713 Weston was set off and incorporated as a town, and the territorial division of Waltham, com- prising the Middle Precinct, became thenceforth known as the Western Precinct. The reduction of the area and population of the town, by giving munici- pal independence to the part which liad been most strenuous in its demands and complaints, in regard to facilities for attending church, proved to be no sol ution of the difficulties between the remaining sect- ions. Permanent reconciliation seemed as far off" as ever, and the two churches divided the counsels of the town on all matters pertaining to local govern- ment in religious, |)olitical and educational matters. Efforts were made for the location of a church edifice in the Western Precinct, and in 1715 the town voted " to build a meeting-house for the accommodation of the inhabitants of the most westerly part of the town," but naught came of the decision. Before this, in 1703, a grave-yard at present called Grove Hill Cemetery, in Waltham, had been laid out in the westerly precinct. This sacred abode of the dead, around which in our New England towns the affec- tions of the people are centred, added an increased local attachment to the precinct, apart from the pa- rent town. The spiritual consolation of the church within their limits seemed as essential to the inhabit- ants as the holy and mournful associations of the last resting-place, to which, from the administrations of the pastor and the simple and pathetic solemnity of the funeral, the dead were borne. At the death of Mr. Angier in 1719, and his interment in this grave- yard, the determination for a meeting-house in the precinct gathered new force. The town relented in its opposition, and in April, 1721, approved the rec- ommendations of a committee, that " the west meet- ing-house be removed within two years to a spot about twenty rods west of Nathaniel Livermore's house." In 1720 the line separating the Eastern and West- ern Precincts was determined and laid out conform- ing to the present boundary line, and the Western Precinct began to exercise the powers approaching those of separate municipal government Precinct-meetings were held, records kept, local committees for public affairs chosen, and the farmers began to realize the privileges of a primitive kind of popular sovereignty in their governmental affairs. As the church was not considered worth moving, an edifice of the kind was purchased in Newton and removed and set up on the new location. This loca- tion was at the junction of the present Lyman and Beaver Streets, in the triangular lot we.st of the beau- tiful mansion and grounds of the Lyman estate. The site is at some distance from the circle of the settled limits of the town, in the midst of sylvan beauty of the most grand and picturesque character on one hand and on the other the expanse of highly culti- vated fields and lawns. The repose of its early life is scarcely changed by the progress and activity of a busy town whose growth has proceeded in an opposite direction. Here for upwards of a century it stood in its solitary simplicity, the spiritual home of the com- munity, the monitor of events most marked and im- portant in local history. From its pulpit came the inspired teachings of the successors of the beloved Angier, many of them men of eminent ability and honored reputation, whose names have a veneration belonging to a life passed in sincere service for the welfare of their followers, leaving its impression of good done for no love of favor or earthly reward. Rev. Wareham Williams was chosen pastor in 1723, and was the first settled minister of Waltham, serving in the pastorate until his death, in 1751. With the settlement of the ecclesiastical question another remained of almost equal magnitude to dis- WALTHAM. ros turb the harmony of the two precincts. This was the educational question in the establishment of a local school. It is to the credit of our ancestors that they considered the school interests of so vital importance as to justify the division of the town and public re- sentment over the manner in which their requests for years for the creation of schools had been ignored. The regular article in the town warrant for the grant- ing of " money for the encouragement of learning in the West Precinct" would come up only to be mea- gerly acted upon. Finally two of the assessors, Wil- liam Brown and Nathaniel Harris, refused to levy the usual school tax upon the inhabitants of the West Precinct. This was another instance of the spirit of resistance to taxation without representation, which from the first animated the people and cast its beacon light for the future. Upon a petition to the General Court that body ordered " that the town have two school-houses and two masters, of which each precinct to have one." At a precinct-meeting in 1729, Allen Flagg offered a part of his orchard as a site for a school-house. After some opposition on the part of the town the order was passed to fix upon a piece of ground be- tween old Deacon Sanderson's and Mr. Allen Flagg's, near Harris' Corner, to be the place to build a school- house on for the West Precinct. This place is what has since been known as "Piety Corner." The final causeof controversy and ultimate division was the refusal of the town to grant the precinct the care and extension of highways required by its growth and increase of population. Both precincts had by this time come to the wise conclusion that a house divided against itself cannot stand, and the East Pre- cinct reconciled itself to the fact that a permanent separation was better than an inharmonious union. For some years the Western Precinct bad repeatedly petitioned for a separation and for their incorporation into a town, but the Eastern Precinct had strenuously and successfully opposed the action. Now it gener- ously consented to a division and took formal action to that end. A petition was presented to the House of Repre- sentatives on December 14, 1737, by William Brown, Daniel Benjamin and Samuel Livermore in behalf of the inhabitants of the West Precinct of Watertown, " praying the said precinct may be created into a separate and distinct township, which is also agree- able to the East Precinct in said Town, as appears by their note accompanying the petition." A bill to that effect was passed and was signed by His Excel- lency, Governor Belcher, January 4, 1737-38, and the name of Waltham given to the new town. The name given in the act is the first intimation of what it was proposed to call the town. It is not known by whom or why it was suggested. But it is supposed to have been given because .some of the res- idents came from one of the towns of that name in England. Waltham Abbey, a town near London, is 45-iii generally accepted as the place from which the name was derived. The name is beautiful and appropriate in its signification, being a compound of two Anglo- Saxon words meaning a forest home. The wild and extensive forests still extant in Waltham and those which are preserved and cared for on some well-known estates, with the shaded roads winding amidst their borders of native trees, give even at this day a pleas- ing suggestion of the appropriateness of the name. At the time of the act of incorporation it was or- dered that William Brown be informed to assemble the legal voters to elect the town clerk and other of- ficers, to standuntiltheanniversary meeting in March. At a meeting held January 18th, pursuiant to the notification given by Deacon Brown, the following officers were chosen : Moderator : Deacon Thomas Livermore. Selectmen : Deacon William Brown, Deacon Thomas Livermore, Mr. Daniel Benjamin, Mr. Joseph Pierce, Lieutenant Thomas Biglow. Town Clerk and Treasurer : Samuel Livermore. Constable: Mr. Joseph Hastings. Assessors: George Lawrence, John Cutting, John Chadwick. Sealer of Leather : Mr. Joseph Stratton. Fence Viewers: John Ball, Jr., Joseph Hagar. Surveyors of Highways : John Ball ye 3d, John Viels. Tytheing-Men : Isaac Peirce, Theophilus Mansfield. Hogreve^: Josiah Harrington, Elnathan Whitney. Thus the new town was fully inaugurated in its municipal character and started on its career to work out its destiny. The number of inhabitants at that time was proba- bly about five hundred and fifty. The boundaries of the town were the same as those of the precinct, and the area comprised about eight thousand eight hun- dred and ninety-one acres. Since the incorporation but two changes of any moment have been made in the boundaries and area. In 1849 it received an ac- cession of territory from Newton, on the south side of Charles River, and in 1859 it lost a part of its terri- tory in the northeast part of the town to form a part of the new town of Belmont. The situation of Waltham is most eligible and its natural scenery is varied and beautiful. It combines the rugged and picturesque outlines of eminences which skirt the northern and western limits of the city, wild forest growth, the cultivated areas of thrifty farms and estates under a high state of tillage, walks and drives amid sylvan beauty, stretches of water in ponds and brooks and rivers to diversify the scene and give to the landscapes the effect so pleasing to mind and eye, and withal the busy and thrifty ap- pearance of a typical American manufacturing town where a great proportion of the laborers and artisans live in houses of which they hold the title. The thickly-settled part of the city is on an undulating '06 HISTOEY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. plain, while the surrounding hills form with it a kind of natural amphitheatre. This is intersected by Charles River, giving rise to the designations of " North Side " and " South Side " respectively of those parts of the city. The river is spanned by numerous bridges of substantial structure, which af- ford ample communication to bind the jteople together in the bonds of common local interest. Charles River, besides being the primal element of Waltham'.s prosperity in the facilities it furnishes for manufac- turing purposes, is one of the chief elements of the natural attractiveness. Its course above the factories, where its waters are devoted to the utility of man, is one of. great beauty and charming effect. Winding amid picturesque banks densely wooded, with the foliage extending to the water's edge, broadening into a miniature lake with a beautiful island in its midst, like a gem upon its bosom, furnishing in the intrica- cies of its shores the delightful vistas where the eye loves to lose itself, occasionally varying its natura] features with the outlines of some residence, it sug- gests, with its irregular expanse and wild romantic banks for many miles of its course, a theme worthy of the artist's pencil or poet's imagination. On the other hand, Prospect Hill, one of the high- est eminences in the vicinity, rising four hundred and eighty-two feet above the sea-level, an elevation per. haps insignificant in its comparative height, affords a remarkable view, combining in its range of vision every variety of landscape and giving at a glance so much that may be said to be representative of New England in its traditions and history, its learning and culture, its arts and manufactures, its commerce and agriculture. In this connection no more faithful sketch of the scenery here unfolded can be given than that presented by the most prominent and distin- guished son of Waltham in a local address: "From the creet of the lesaer Prospect Hill is preeented a paoorama o beauty, embracing an entire sweep of the horizon, except when brolten by the summit of the adjoining eminence. The unaided vision follows the vessels of our own or of distant lands, entering and departing the harbor of Boston. On the west, the many mountain ranges of New England rise up before us, mountain on mountain, until summit and cloud are united. You can here watch the heavy, varying shadows of Wachuset and Monadnock, and follow range upon range, until the mountains disappear in the cloud-caps of the azure eky. On the south, in the river valley, clusters the line of picturesque and prosperous New England villages that fill the plateau of the river to the sea. In what part of the world can we find a cluster of thrifty towns and cities that, in beauty or prosperity, equal those that lie at the foot of the Tri-moun- tain city ? — river, lake, and ocean, bill and vale, copse, dell and forest, plain cottage and the stately mansion, diveraifyiug the prospect. Every line of railway that creeps out upon the plain is marked upon this busy and beautiful map of Now England life by an unbroken succession of the habitations of men aud the houses of God. Nature and art thus combined, the evidences of happiness and prosperity multiplyiDg on every side, present a scene that surfeits every sense with pleasant emo- tions." The soil of Waltham and the natural features otherwise are well adapted to agriculture and the purposes of more thickly populated residence. The soil in the northern part, which, as has heretofore been stated, was the locality first settled, is strong and fertile; that of the plain on the north side of the river is a lighter, sandy loam, with a substratum of sand, while that of the south side is of the same general character, but with a substratum of almost impervious clay. There are no sterile tracts or irre- claimable swamps of any great extent to impede the successful progress of the husbandman or present obstacles to the resident. The rocky summits and sides of the hills are covered with a thrifty growth of forest when allowed to grow without the impediment of axe or forest fires. Oak, in its several varieties, white pine, elm, the common maple, birch and hem- lock are the principal indigenous trees, while nearly all kinds of this latitude are found scattered through its forests. Such are some of the natural features of Waltham at its incorporation, which exfst to a greater or less extent to-day, and are appropriately connected with its history. Their utility has entered into its develop- ment. The physical characteristics of a place have their political significance in the broad sense of the term. It may be interesting also, both for casual and his- torical purposes, to note the general appearance, char- acteristics and environment of the town in other than its natural aspects at the time of its incorporation, when it entered upon its history as a separate muni- cipality, and took the cares and responsibilities of an individual township. Waltham was then little more than a community living in scattered farm-houses, with no well-defined village or centre of population. Between Beaver Brook and Pleasant Street was an inn and a few houses, presenting the nearest sem- blance to a village. The single church was quite isolated, standing at some distance from this locality. The territory to the west, where is now located the busy and thickly populated limits of the city, then extended as vacant land, devoted to pasturage, a little agriculture and forest growth. Waltham Plain, a familiar appellation in all the surrounding country, was only a broad tract of unoccupied land, intersected by a wide and straight country road — the Sudbury Road, then a great thoroughfare of traffic and communication, and one of the main arteries of travel in the Colony from Boston to the interior and western towns. Consequently, the number of taverns for the enter- tainment of man and beast was out of proportion to the population. There were two or three in the east- ern section of the town and as many in the western section. In this connection it is said that towards the close of the century the Sudbury Road was the greatest highway leading from Boston, and the travel of stages to New York and the interior of heavy teams and lighter vehicles of use and pleasure was important and incessant. There were at one time nine inns within the limits of the town. As in those days, next to the meeting-house on Sunday, the inn was the centre of news and local gossip, as well WALTHAM. 707 as a place of hilarity and hospitality, the imagination may picture along the old road many characteristic scenes of life and excitement incidental to the olden time and to the traditions of the country inn as cel- ebrated in prose and poetry. There were few other streets in the town. Beaver Street, as at present named, and the Trapelo Koad, were the principal thoroughfares leading in the direc- tion of Boston. Traverse roads, like Skunk or Mixer's Lane, sometimes recorded as the way to the school-house, now called Bacon Street, leading to Piety Corner ; Prospect Lane, running over the hill as at present ; South Street, extending to the Poor Farm, a lane where now is Harvard Street, running to the fields adjacent to Mt. Feake ; Grove Street, known as the back road to Watertown ; a road leading from Piety Corner to the hills towards Lincoln, Pig- eon Lane, running northward to Trapelo, were about all the highways which broke the solitude of the lit- tle town and opened the intervening land to cultiva- tion and settlement. In the northern part lay the social, political and financial strength of the town. The farmers of Trapelo, Pond End and Piety Corner came over to the town-meetings in the church and managed public affairs both by intellectual and numerical force. At this period they furnished the most prominent town officers and representatives and administered the gov- ernment with firmness and good judgment. The abilities of the early residents are displayed by their acts and results ; and the names of Wellington, Bright, Smith, Livermore, Lawrence, Stearns, Niles, Clark, Childs, Sanderson, Fiske are represented among the citizens of the present day. At this period the Province was in a quiet state in its political affairs and in its relations with the mother country. The contest between the New England Colonies and the French, which was to test so severely the spirit and valor of the people in the successful attack upon Louisbourg, had not commenced, but the cloud was rising upon the horizon. The Provinces still regarded England as their old home. No sub- jects were more loyal. There was no thought of aught but devotion to the mother country. Jonathan Belcher was Governor. He was appointed by the Crown, and although he was born in the Colonies, was an ardent advocate of the royal prerogative. George the Second was King and Walpole was at the head of the ministry, hastening to his fall, which was to close a remarkable career in office. While the Provincials felt a deep interest in everything pertain- ing to the welfare of the kingdom, they were jealous of any infringement of their rights of local government, and already controversies were arising between the Governor and the General Court on questions of local issue, which were eventually to be settled only by war and final separation. Already had Montesquieu, with his far-reaching prescience in political affairs and keen penetration of coming events, noted the fact that in the forests of America was arising a peo- ple who would ultimately become a nation and shake off the trammels which bound them to another govern- ment. Religion had lost much of its austerity and intol- erant character among the people through the lapse of time and change of mind and character since the early settlement. But still the church ruled in secu- lar as well as in spiritual affairs. Its potent influence was felt in all the walks of life. It was the nucleus of the body politic as well as the soul of the spiritual body. On every Sabbath-day the greater part of the population congregated at the meeting-house. The men, and women, and boys sat apart, the latteroften on the pulpit or gallery-stairs. The deacons sat in front facing the congregation, while the sexton turned the hour-glass as the hours were exhausted in the discus- sion of the heads of the long sermon. The choir, made up of the graduates of the winter singing-school, rendered the plaintive and vigorous hymns of the ancient psalmody with native harmony and sonorous effect. The gathering of the people at church, especially those who came from a distance, and brought their dinners, gave to the community an opportunity for neighborhood greetings and for the in- terchange of the current news of the day and the gos- sip which gave a savor to the uneventful routine of life. The sacred and secular associations which clus- ter around the meeting houses of that day are an effective part of the unwritten yet not less important and interesting history of the land. It was about this period that the great awakening in religious matters took place in the Colonies. Ed- wards, the great philosopher and theologian, repre- sented the Calvinistic doctrines and expounded them with a vigor and effect, earnestness and erudition hitherto unknown in the country. Whitefield, re- cently arrived from England, was making a tour of the Colonies and quickening religious zeal by his fer- vid eloquence, his charm of manner, sincerity of views and marvelous versatility as a pulpit orator. A lively interest was created throughout the Colonies by the controversies over opposing principlesof faith, and acrimonious and sometimes bitter discussions arose through a more liberal interpretation of the Scriptures and progressive independence among the people on sectarian matters. Newspapers were hardly known in the country towns, and not of general circulation. There were but a very few throughout the broad extent of the Colonies, and those gave but the most meagre synop- sis of what may be called the news of the day. In general literature we find our times in the days of Pope, Swift and Fielding in England, and of Franklin and Edwards in our own land, who may be consid- ered the pioneers in American literature. There wa.s little variety to select from throughout the households, and that pertained mainly to a religious character. In private libraries, as shown in the enumeration of 708 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. books bequeathed or administered upon, it is curious to note the religious commentaries and works upon di- vinity, without one ray of the lightof poetry, or fiction, or descriptive writing, though such works were then extant, and to-day are regarded as of standard char- acter. The constant reading and re-reading of these works gave a fund of limited knowledge on those sub- jects, but above all inculcated a purity of style and diction and a vocabulary of excellent English which marked the writings and utterances even of those whose ways of life led them from the domain of let- ters. Subsequently when our towns sent forth their little manifestoes against the tyranny of the British Orown, and the farmers gave expressions to their sentiments in words full of meaning, their written protests called forth admiration in British Parliament for their incisive English, purity of style and ele- vation of thought and expression. In financial matters an irregular and debased paper currency was afflicting the people and causing em- barrassments and losses in trade. There were differ- ent issues of paper, and the early and latest were called respectively old and new tenor and passed in a ratio of three or four to one. In nearly all trans- actions and payments recorded at this time, the stip- ulation is made that the terms shall be of old or new tenor. Slavery existed to a limited extent, and we may occasionally note the sale of a servant or quaint observation upon the disposition of such a chattel in a will. Local amusements were few and simple. They were confined mainly to the neighborhood gathering or perhaps a dance at the tavern. Stern realities took the place of the social amenities of life and taught the dependence of all upon the pursuit of a livelihood amid the severe scenes of nature and the primitive hardships and inconveniences of a country still new and unredeemed from the wilderness. But in Boston the colonial life shone resplendent, and the town, with its closer connection with Eng- land and its centres of wealth and trade, reflected in ambitious imitation the customs prevailing in the old countries. And I cannot close this sketch of the times at the period when Waltham was enrolled among the towns of the Bay Colony better than by introducing, from the interesting book of W. R. Bliss on " Colonial Times," a vivid picture of Boston as it appeared to the denizen from the outlying country in this very year, 1738 : " From the elevated site of St. George's Tavern on Roxbury Neck the traveler saw the steeples of Boston, its harbor lively with vessels, the King's ships riding before the town. As he rode along the narrow way leading into the quiet town the most prominent object attracting his attention was a gallows standing at the gate. When he rode within he found in everything around him a wonderful con- trast to the quiet and monotonous views which had always surrounded his life at his country home. The streets were paved with cobble-stone and were thronged with hackney coaches, sedan chairs, four- horse shays, and cala,shes in some of which gayly- dressed people were riding, the horse being driven by their negro slaves. Gentlemen on handsome saddle- horses paced by him. He noticed with amazement the stately brick houses and their pleasant gardens in which pear-trees and peach-trees were blooming. In the Mall gentlemen dressed in embroidered coats, satin waistcoats, silken hose and full wigs were tak- ing an after-dinner stroll with ladies who were attired with bright silks and furbelowed scarfs, and adorned with artificial flowers and patches on their cheeks. Boston was an active, thrifty, trading town ; its shops, distilleries, wind-mills and rope-walks were all agoing, and as he turned into King St. and pulled up to the Bunch of Grapes tavern, he was near the Town House aud conveniently situated for all purposes of business or pleasure." Such is an imperfect view of the aspect of the country and of affairs at the time Waltham entered the sisterhood of towns of the Massachusetts Colony. And as every town, as an integral part of the Colony, had its direct influence in the policy that was to de- cide the destiny of the country, we can trace the humble yet important sphere of such a community, the relations which it bore in the pending era of his- tory. It was the character and sentiment of the towns banded together by a common feeling and in- dependently asserting their rights and publishing to the world their principles of government which pre- pared the whole people for concerted action, as though by common impulse, and precipitated the Revolution that was to startle the world and work changes in governments and peoples far beyond the limits of the American Continent. In the first annual election after the incorporation, in March, 1738, an entire change was made in all the officers from the highest to the lowest, with the excep- tion of the clerk. Thomas Hammond, John Bemis, John Smith, Ensign Thomas Harrington and Deacon Jonathan Sanderson were chosen selectmen. Samuel Livermore was chosen clerk and treasurer, an office he was to continue to hold for many years in suc- cession. Lt. Thomas Biglow was chosen Represen- tative. A pound was built, as we are informed by the appropriations, and the "town Stockes were fitted up." Thus we are impressed with the facts that un- ruly cattle and men were to be cared for and re- strained in the very inception of government. Action was also taken in July of the same year towards the permanent establishment of a school, and a commit- tee was appointed "to treat with Mr. Thomas Har- rington and agree with him if they can to keep the school for one-quarter of a year as cheap as they can." The agreement was made, and annually there- after for some years £80 were appropriated for the ensuing year. Subsequently, the same year the school was made a moving school. For this purpose, the WALTHAM. 709 territory was divided into three squadrons or districts, and the school was to be kept a proportionate part of the year in each squadron. Each squadron was to furnish a place for the school and board for the teacher. The First Squadron included that portion of the town east of the church and north of Beaver .Street ; the Second that west of the church and north of Beaver Street; and the Third all south of Beaver Street, including the plains from the Watertown line to Stony Brook. This division gives an adequate idea of the sparse population within the limits of the present thickly populated portion of the city, and of the disproportionate number of inhabitants in the I'armiug area of the north and east. The regular school-house remained at "Piety Corner" where it was first located. The records also throw light upon the customs of the time in the ample provision made for the funeral of a widow buried at public expense. Four pairs of men's and two pairs of women's gloves were provided, and also " such a quantity of rum as should be found necessary," Also in another case, gloves were fur- nished at public expense for the minister and select- men and for the bearers, who, according to the custom of the day, literally bore the corpse on their shoul- ders to the grave- yard, and cider for all who attended the funeral services. In January 1739, a joint committee was appointed by Watertown and Waltham to arrange for the ap- portionment of the outstanding debt of the town of Watertown at the time of the division. The debt was satisfactorily divided with the arrangement that Watertown should assume £95 5s. 3rf. and Waltham £80 8s. lid. In March of the same year a commit- tee of the three towns originally comprised in the territory of Watertown, Weston and Waltham was appointed to renew the boundaries of the grant at Wachusett Hills. This tract of land was granted to Watertown by the General Court in compensation for land taken from the town when Concord was laid out. The boundaries of Concord by its grant of six miles square encroached upon Watertown, and after repeated grants, which were never located, the Gen- eral Court, after the lapse of a century, apportioned a tract of two thousand acres at Wachusett. This land was held jointly by the three towns until Waltham and Weston sold their share in 1756 for £267 6s. 8d., or two thousand pounds, old tenor. Another joint ownership of the three towns was that of the Great Bridge which crossed Charles River at Watertown. It was built at the head of tide-water and was undoubtedly the first bridge over the river, and for many years the only one. It furnished the only access by land for the towns north of the river to Boston by way of Boston Neck. The building and maintenance of the bridge was always a subject of much controversy until the present century. Water- town maintained that as it was for the use and convenience of so many towns, it should be sup- ported by the county, but its claims in this respect were not allowed. When Weston and Waltham were set off, it was one of the stipulations that those towns should bear their proportion of its support. In 1742, on the adjustment of the accounts by the selectmen of the three towns, the share of Waltham was £59 6s. 7d. Waltham continued to contribute to the support of this bridge until the beginning of the present cen- tury, when, in relinquishing its share of proprietorship of the weirs located near the same place on the river which were originally owned by Watertown, its obli- gations for further contributions were canceled. About this time, on voting to re-apportion the pews in the meeting-house for the en.suiug five years, the first choice was given to the largest tax-payer and so on in order through the house, with the provision that where the claims were equal, age should deter- mine the choice. Samuel Livermore, in considera- tion of the use of his land for the meeting-house to stand upon, was granted a pew on the east side of the pulpit for himself and heirs during such occupation. The ammunition of the town was kept in the belfry. The stock required by law amounted to 150 pounds of powder, 300 pounds bullets and 450 flints. In 1744 the number of men reported by Captain Sam- uel Livermore, as under his command, was 90. Capt. Livermore was a man of much prominence and many offices — captain of the militia company, deacon of the church, sexton, town clerk, town treasurer, represent- ative repeatedly to the General Court. As the cause of education was one of the primary causes of the separation from Watertown and the es- tablishment of the town, the records show that the subject of the schools was ever an important one in the town-meeting. The moving schools were for a time abandoned and then re-established. Finally, district schools were organized permanently in differ- ent quarters of the town and maintained with regu- larity. Waltham has ever kept up its traditional interest in the schools, supported them generously, and maintained their high character in accordance with the standard of the day. No town has with more careful vigilance guarded the public welfare in this respect. In all that regards public education, it has stood in the front rank and been true to the history and memories of its origin. Also from the beginning of its corporate existence another subject of contention which precipitated the division has ever received especial care and support. The highways were an early and fruitful theme of local consideration. In the belief that they were not what they should be when the former municipal rela- tions were maintained, the town from the first made ample provision for their care and extension, and displayed the sincerity of its views by its action. Among the most liberal appropriations were those for the highways. These appropriations, expended with care and system, have been maintained to the present time. Waltham roads in the past have stood the test 710 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of criticism, and have been cited in official reports without its borders for their construction and care of maintenance. It is only since larger increase of wealth in other suburban communities, allowing greater expenditures per mile and per capita, that her roads have not held the first place in comparative excellence. In the French and Indian Wars, which drew all New England into active and bloody participation, Waltham furnished its due proportion of soldiers. Though the records do not show that separate compa- nies for such service were organized, there are the names of its citizens borne on the rolls of companies organized in the vicinity. Louisbourg, Lake George and Ticonderoga drew from every New England hamlet the youth who sought to defend the Colo- nies and m.aintain the military renown of their an- cestors. The growth of the town was slight during these years, as nothing occurred to stimulate the coming of many new residents. The community depended on its natural increase. Early marriages and large fami- lies marked provincial life. The yeomanry of Wal- tham; like that of all its sister towns, was developing into vigorous hardihood with the strong physical and intellectual qualities that in due time, under a des- tiny which they could not foresee, were to startle the world with a revolution in the form and principle of government, and give a new turn to human affairs. They were unconsciously forming a character and husbanding resources to stand them in the days of trial. The school-house and the town-meeting were inculcating the principles and powers of self-govern- ment, and the spirit of freedom was abroad in the land. The files of the probate records give us interesting details of the inner life of families and estates, and of the customs and legal forms affecting social and busi- ness matters. The inventory of the personal effects of Isaac Brown, who died at this time, is recorded. He was evidently a yeoman and shopkeeper. Besides the firelock and sword, which were usually included in the list of valuables transmitted by will or inherit- ance, was one negro girl, " Vilet," whose value was placed by appraisal at £26 13s. id. Among his shop- goods were "garlix," "osnabrig," "Dowlas" and " Tammy," articles then undoubtedly recognized by the fashion of the day. John Ball in his will directs that if his negro man " prove Cross or Disobedient to the commands of his wife that he be sold by his Ex- ecutor." Capt. John Cutting's estate furnishes an inventory of literature, including the "Great Bible" and two small Bibles, some of Mather's works, " Christ dying a sacrifice," "the Blessed Hope," "Sundry Pamphelets," besides five slaves, with their appraised value as follows : Slave Lucy, £20 ; Bartholomew, £20; Dinah, £20 ; Ishmael, £15, and Thomas, £1. In some inventories the list of books left or bequeathed inclu- ded what is now regarded as the standard literature of the day ; in others, Latin and Greek classics in the original ; but generally the books were of a solemn and deeply religious character. In 1757, when the Acadians or French Neutrals were exiled from their homes and distributed among the different provinces, some of the unfortunates were sent to Waltham. They became a burden of public support and were not the objects of that hos- pitality and charity to which their misfortunes would seem to have entitled them. Every town would re- lieve itself of them when occasion would allow, and if one of them strayed from another place he was quite peremptorily ordered away. At one time as many as thirty were residents in the town. Different in race and religion, speaking a foreign tongue, ac- customed to another mode of life, friendless and homeless, they undoubtedly suffered a physical and mental pain which in these days would appeal to our warmest sympathies. But the bitterness of the con- test along the Canadian border waged between the English and French, and their descendants, with the cruel participation of the Indians and the fierce animosity of religion, steeled the hearts of the pro- vincials against the humane feelings which otherwise would have marked their conduct. Much of the local legislation is on the subject of schools, their assignment to different parts of the town, the hiring of teachers and appropriatious for their pay. After several suggestions which were not, at first, favorably received, the town in 1760 voted to hire a school-mistress. Mrs. Geo. Lawrence was ap- pointed and may be assumed to be the first female teacher in the town. In 1761 a work-house was ordered to be built and a committee appointed for the purpose. It was prob- ably located near the corner of Weston and South Streets. In the same year action was taken, in co- operation with Newton, to build a bridge over Charles River near the mouth of Beaver Brook. This was at the location of the present Newton Street bridge, and was the first bridge over the river within the limits of Waltham. The close of the F'rench War, in 1763, while it brought peace to the Colonies, and dispelled the fears of the savage invasions, to which the northern bor- ders had been subject, drew in its train the results which soon alienated the people from England and precipitated the final separation. England began to devise new means to pay for the war and keep up its military establishment in America. The Stamp Act, in 1765, was among these resources. Instantly the people were aroused. Every little hamlet felt that a question of principle was at stake, more than that of the mere amount of the tax. Waltham was in touch with its sister communities on the questions of popu- lar colonial rights, which agitated the public mind for the next ten years, and its records give ample evi- dence of the patriotic spirit which animated its peo- WALTHAM. 711 pie and sought expression in the resolutions and action of its town-meetings. It was the town-meet- ings which kept public opinion aroused and made their influence felt, even across the sea, so that the British Parliament passed an order forbidding that they should be held, except for the choice of officers and the appropriations for ordinary expenses. In 1764 Joseph Dix was chosen representative and commenced a service of fifteen consecutive years, thus representing the town through the critical period of American history. He succeeded Samuel Liver- more, who had served seventeen years, fourteen of which were of consecutive service. At this time the population of the town was 663, including four- teen slaves. There were ninety-four houses and 107 families. Boston was the commercial and political centre of the Colonies, and as the seat of provincial government gave inspiration to all the lesser towns within the cir- cle of its influence. Its resolutions and actions were endorsed so as to give greater force to its leadership and to its greater interest in all that appertained to public welfare. In 1767 the town endorsed Boston's approval of the measures to " promote industry, econ- omy and manufacturing," and later, by other acts, showed its disposition to keep in step with the pre- vailing and growing sentiment of liberty. Late in the year 1772 the famous Committee of Correspondence of Boston was formed and commenced that work which was great because great results fol lowed. The object of the committee was to open a correspondence with all the towns in the Colony and with other Colonies, and to publish to the world the sense of wrong inflicted upon the people by the home government. It was a plan to create a unity of sen- timent and action, and encourage an interchange of opinion on the great question of the hour. It has been aptly termed the foundation of the American Union. The time had come when the feelings of every little community were brought to a tension that could not stand mere inaction. Submission was deg- radation and ultimate loss of liberty, and the spirit of loyalty, ever so manifest, must yield to higher prin- ciples. January 23, 1773, the letter from the committee was read in town-meeting. It asked for au explicit declaration of the sense of the people, and solicited full communication of their sentiments. It also set forth in spirited words the grievances of the Colonies and the invasion of their civil and religious rights. The town appointed a committee, consisting of Sam- uel Livermore, Esq., Jonas Dix, Esq., Captain Abijah Brown, Leonard Williams, Esq., and Deacon Isaac Stearns, "to take the same into consideration, draw up a vote in answer to said Letter, and report." But there is no record that such a report was ever made. Another letter, setting forth the barbarous and un- christian practices of African slavery, was read at a town-meeting in May, and referred to the repiesenta- tive, toact upon according to his discretion. In July, 1774, the selectmen voted to lay in a stock of ammu- nition, consisting of four half-barrels of powder, four and one-half hundred-weight of bullets, andSOO flints. In September, in response to a recommendation of an assembly of delegates from Middlesex County, held at Concord, that the town appoint local Committees of Correspondence, the following vote was passed at a town meeting : " Voted and chose Captain William Coolidge, Dea. Elijah Livermore, Captain Abijah Brown, Lieutenant Abijah Child and Ensign Abraham Pierce a commit- tee for other towns to send to in any emergency, and they to send to other towns on any emergency." This committee was a local Committee of Safety. When the question came up among the several towns of re- solving the General Court into a Provincial Congress, the town appointed Captain Abijah Brown, Leonard Williams and Jonathan Brewer a committee to adopt instructions to the representative on the subject. Subsequently Jacob Bigelow was chosen delegate. Waltham had two delegates, Jacob Bigelow and Eleazer Brooks. Watertown, three ; Newton, three ; Weston, three. December 12, 1774, a town-meeting was held to take into serious consideration the Association of the Grand American Continental Congress, and according to their resolves, to choose a committee to attentively observe that such association be punctually and strictly carried into execution. Jonas Dix, Cornet Nathaniel Bridge and Dea. Elijah Livermore were chosen committee. At a town -meeting held Jan. 9, 1775, the question was put " to know the mind of the Town, whether they will all be prepared and stand ready-equipped as minute-men, and it passed in the alKrniative." Jonas Dix was chosen delegate to the Second Con- gress at the same meeting. The selectmen for the eventful year, 1775, were Jonas Dix, Cornet Nathaniel Bridge, Lieut. Daniel Child, Josiah Brown and John Clark. One or two merit more than passing notice for their personal qualities and worth, and deserved prominence, as all do, for the important era in the history of the country in which they served and guided the affairs of the little town. "Squire" Dix, as he was called, was a man of great ability, as recognized by the important committees on which he served in Congress, and by the frequent suffrages of his fellow-citizens for posi- tions of responsibility and honor. No man seems to have served the town with more activity, and have done more for the cause of liberty in those historic days. Nathaniel Bridge was intimate with Washing- ton, and entertained him at his house while in com- mand at Cambridge. Thus in the men whom she chose to represent her, at home and in Congress, by the acts of her town-meetings, and by the patriotic fervor and devotion of her inhabitants, Waltham was fully in accord with the neighboring towns when the 712 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. impending struggle for resistance and finally for inde- pendence was to commence. When the first act of the Revolution transpired at Lexington, April 19, 1775, it would be expected that Waltham, a contiguous town, would be prominently conspicuous through her militia company with the events of the day. But the records aresingularly ob- scure in regard to any part taken by the towns peo- ple in that memorable affair. There are a few indi- vidual instances of citizens who joined in the pursuit of the regulars, but there is no other authority, either by record or tradition, that the military force was near the scene of action. It has been a source of wonder and conjecture among local historians and orators, why the town did not unite with the neigh- boring towns in sending its company to the scene of duty. It has even been surmised that Waltham was a Tory town, with a majority of its citizens in sym- pathy with the royal cause. But recent researches in the archives of the Slate fully disprove such intima- tions. There is ample evidence that the citizens were fully aroused with the spirit of patriotism and the militia company was in active service, though not present at the contest along the line of march of the British troops. The record of the Committee of Liberty shows that during the winter preceding the battle, cannon, ammunition and military stores were stored at Waltham. Doubtless in contemplation of a raid by British troops, and from the danger through the proximity to Boston, of their sudden seizure, the committee had the cannon, mortars, powder, balls, shells, etc., transported to Worcester and Concord. Previous to the Concord expedition, spies had been over the road between Boston and Worcester, and had been apprehended at Weston. When it was known that the troops were preparing for a march into the country, it was a matter of doubt whether their desti- nation was Concord or Worcester, and on the day of the battle when Percy's troops marched out over Boston Neck, it was even then a matter of conjecture as to whether they were intended as reinforcements to the troops returning from Concord, or as a diver.' ; June 9, '66, expiration of eer- Boardman, Frederick, Aug. G, '62, 35th D ; June 9, '65, expiration of Roardman, Leonard, Aug. 6, '62, 35th D ; June 9, '65, expiration of Brady, Patrick, Sept. 23, '61, let cav. L ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of Banks, Gardner, promoted to capt., major, lieut-col. June 29, '61, 16th H ; Sept. 2, '63, disability. Baxter, Orson A., lieut., Sept. 20, '61, 1st cav. M ; died of fever Oct. 4, '64, at Williamsburg, Va. Brannon, Martin, Sept. 'io, '61, Ist cav. L; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Banks, Hiram B., lieut., April, '62, 16th K ; killed at Manassas, Va., Aug. 29, '62. Bryant, John, June 29, '61 ; Mch. 30, '63, disability. Bodge, Charles M., Aug. 6, '62, 35th D ; March 30, '66, wound in right 29, '61, 16th H ; March 20, '63, died of J, '61, 16th H ; died at Andersonville July Babcock, Eufus L,, disease. Burgess, Henry F., Ji 21, '64. Buxton, John H., Sept. 4, '61, 22d G ; Feb. 21, "63, disability. Briggs, Benjamin F., July 26, '62, 36th D ; June 9, '66, expiration of service. Boultou, William, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '67, expiration of service. Burrows, James jr., June 29, '61, IGth H ; July 27, '64, expiration of Burbeck, John F., July 2, '61, 16th B ; Dec. 26, '63, to re-enlist. Ballard, George F., Jan. 16, '62, 99th ; Jan. 16, '66, expiration of ser- Browu, Nathan, Jan. 18, '62, navy ; March, '65, expiration of service. Bemis, A. Percy, 13th B ; deserted. Barnes, Otis H., Nov. 28, '61, 32d B ; Feb. 9, '63, disability. Barnes, George L, Oct. 28, '61, 32d B ; Nov. 28, '62, sickness. Promoted 2d lieut. Baldwin, William F., Nov. 11, '(.1, 3-2d B ; died July 28, '63, of wounds received at Gettysburg. Blanchard, William L., Aug. 29, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Brogan, Michael, Sept. 16, '62. 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of ser- Blanchard, Edward E., A\ig. 29, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '03, expiration of service. Baldwin, Frank, Sept. 12, '62, 44th B ; June 18, '63, expiration of ser. Barnes, Theodore L., Sept. 12, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of of service. Died at home April 4, '64. Brady, James W, Jan. 4, '64, 4th cav. Blake, John D., Feb. 4, '64, 66th I; died Sept. 16, '64, a prisoner at Richmond. 1 oppenger, John, June 29, '61, 16th H ; Nov. 10, '62, disability. Cousens, Ivory L., Aug. 18, '62, 32d K; June 29, '66, expiration of service. Cousens, Samuel, Aug. 13, '62, 32d K ; Dec. 20, '64, expiration of service. Crosby, Charles C, Aug. 21, '61, 2l8t D ; Sept. 24, '61, expiration of Connelly, Patrick, June 29, '61, I6th H ; June 29, '64, expiration of Coolidge, James B., July 28, '62, 35th D; June 9, '65, expiration of Corrigan, Joseph, July 2, '61, 16th K ; killed June 18, '62, at Fair Oaks. Cox, Michael, July 2, '61. 16th C. Caughey, George H., Sept. 17, '61, 1st cav. M ; Dec, '64. Cunningham, William, Oct. 28, '61, Ist cav. H; Feb. 11, '63, disability. Re-enlisted '64. Connelly, Michael, June 13, '61, 11th D. Cullen, Michael, Jan. 13, '61, 28th I ; Jan. 1, '64. to re-enlist. Cloudman, William H., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64. Promoted sergt. major. Corey, George H., Sept. 5, '61, 3d battery ; Sept. 16, '64, expiration of service. Carey, John, May 1, '«!, 28th ; Nov. 21, '62. Chapin, Ezra, Jnne 29, '61, 16th H; July 27, '64, expiration oi service. Clasby, Daniel J., Jnne 29, '61, 16th H; Aug. 28, '63, wounds received at Chancellorsville. Conlan, J., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. L ; April 20, '64, to re-enlist. Final discbarge, Nov. 14, '65. Carney, John, Sept. 23 '61, 1st cav. L ; Aug. 19, '64, disability. Clarke, Charles E., July 2, '61, 16th K ; July 27, '«4, expiration of service. , Cousens, George B., Aug. 17, '61, 18th H ; '65, expiration of service. Carson, F. D., Aug. 29, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Carson, E. C, Aug. 29, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Collins, John, Sept 16, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Crowley, William, Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Collins, John, Sept. 16, '62, Sth K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Crowley, F. C, lieut. Sept. 16, '62, Sth K ; July 2, '63, expiration of Curtis, John D., Sept. 16, '62, Sth K ; .luly 2, '63, expiration of service. Curtis, J. H., Sept. 12, '62, 44th F ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Connors, Timothy, 4th excelsior brigade. No further record. Cousens, Charles W., Feb. 4, '64, 66th I. Carr, Henry C, June 29, '61, 16th H ; killed May 3, '63, at Chancellors- ville. Darling, Gardner H., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Jnly 24, '64, expiration of service, severely wounded. Donaboe, John H., Dec. '26, '61, 99th N. T. Darling, Charles H., Sept. 20, '61, 1st cav. U ; '65, expiration of service. Re-enlisted '64. Final discharge Nov. 14, '65. Dillon, John, June 29, '61, 1st cav. H ; died Oct. 7, 62, of wounds received at Bull Run. Dennett, E., Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Durivage, Henry A., Dec. 6, '61, 30th cav. ; drowned, .\pril 22, '62, near the mouth of Miss, river. Dwelle, George B, Aug. 6, '62, 35th D; June 9, '65, expiration of Doherty, Edward, killed at Chancellorsville. Daily, John, Sept. 16, '62,6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Dean, William, Sept. 12, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Dannigan, John, Jan. 6, '64, 56th F ; died June 3, '64, in the service at Philadelphia. Emerson, Warren A., June 29, '61, 16th H ; June 8, 'm, arm amputated. Bdson, Henry, Aug. 16, '61, 16th G ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Emerson, George N., July 29, '61, 13th B. Emerson, Warren F., Aug. 29, '62, 44th E ; June IS, '63, expiration of service. Egan, Thomas, Dec. 13, '61, 28th B ; died at Belle Isle prison, Jan. '64. Fogg, William, Oct. 7, '61, 23d K; May 7, '63, disability. Frost, Charles L., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Frost, Leslie D., July, '62, naval ; served on the vessels Sonoma and Savannah. Fairbanks, Luman F., June 27, '61, 6th H ; killed July 2, '63, at Gettys- burg. Flannery, Lawrence, July 31, '62, 35th D; June 9, '65, expiration of service. Field, George F., July 25, '62. 35th D ; June 9. '65, expiration of service. Fisher, Henry N., Aug. 10, '62, 3.5th D; March 4, '63, wound received at Antiefjim. Forsyth, John Jr., June 29, '61, 16th H ; killed July .3, '63, at Gettys- burg. Fisher, James H., April 21, '61, 16th H; July 27, '64, expiration of service, wounded. Fillebrown, Oliver, Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M; Sept. '24, '64, expiration of service. Fillebrown, Henry A., 5th battery ; expiration of service. Falls, George F., May 6, '61, N. Y. D; killed at Gettysburg. Foster, Matthias S., Jan. 29, '61, 16th H ; July '27, '64, expiration of service, promoted lieut. 724 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, IVIASSACHUSETTS. Field, Edward H., Sept. 1, '51, Ist cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Fislier, Cliarles R.,Sept. 16, ■62,5th H ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Fiske, William F., Sept. 16, '62, 5th K. Fillebrown, George E., Sept. 12, '62, 41th E ; Jnne 18, '63, expiration of service. Farwell, George O., Sept. 12, '62, 47th A ; .June 18, '«3, expiration of service. Fiske, Marcus M., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A •, .June 18, '63, expiration of Frost, G. Frank, Sept. 26, '62 4fith A; July 7, '63, expiration of Field, Lyman Jr., June 29, '61 liith H;killed at Fair Oaks, June 19, '62. Farnuni, George W., 23d E. Flynn, Patrick, May 25, '61, 2d I ; July 14, '65, expiration of service. Fletcher, William H, May 23, '61,1st B; May 25, '64, expiration of service ; pro. to Ist lieut. Glenn, Robert, Sept. 6, '61, Ist cav. M ; Oct. 9, '64, expiration of service. Green, Charles, Jan. 1, '62, 28th E ; Feb. 10, '63, wound received at Fredericksburg. Guinan, Michael, Dec, '61, 17th D ; Feb. 10, '65, expiration of service. Goodnow, A. W,, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Goodnow, A. R., Sept. 2, '61, 22d A ; Oct. 17, '61, expiration of service. Gay, C. S., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Gallagher, John, Oct. 28, '6', 1st cav. H. Gilson, Lemuel, September 19, '61, Ist cav. L : Dec. 11, '62, disability. Grinnell, Amos, Juno 29, '61, 16th H ; Joly 27, '64, expiration of ser- vice. Grant, Daniel G., June 29, '61, 16lh H ; July 27, '04, expiration of ser- vice. Galloway, Charles, June 29, '61, 16th H ; Nov. 16, '62, disability. Goodnow, E. W., .Sept. 23, i'61, 1st cav. L; resigned '66, promoted tu Ist lieutenant. Gray, George, Dec. 21, '63, 20th I ; Jan. I, 'M, hospital steward. Green, George M., .Inne 29, '61, ll.th H ; Aug. 12, '63, wounded at Chancellorsville in the hip. Garrity, John, July 25, '62, 35th D. Gibbs, John M., Sept. 12, '62, 44th F ; June 18, '63, expiration of ser- vice. Gillespie, John, Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; died June 23, '64, near Peters- burg. Grant, Samuel, Sept. 1, '62, 6tli K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Gibbs, Frank F., Sept. 12, '62, lltli A ; June 18, 63, expiration of ser- Gibbs, Capt. William, Seiit. 6, '01, 1st cav. L ; Feb. 3, '62, by personal request. Holhrook, Charles, served iu the navy. Hutcbins, H. E., served in the navy. Howard, Henry W., Aug. 14, '62, 38tli K ; '65, expiration of service ; promoted to captain. Hastings, Charles E., July 31, '62, 36tb D; March 13, '63, disiibility. Holland, Henry, 17lh II. Hickey, Edward, June 29, '61, loth H; killed July 3, '63, at Gettys- burg. Hovey H. L., Sept. 2.3, '61, 1st cav. M ; May 22, '63, disability. Harlow, S. R., Aug. 24, '61, 20th j Nov. 21, '62, disability. Hoyt, William R., Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. L ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Iloyt, Charles N., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 14, '65, expiration of service. Ilowai-d, Andrew F., Sept. 20, '61, 16th H ; July 27, "64, expimtlon of Ilolbrook, Maynard, Aug. 14, "62, 40th C ; killed at Cold Harbor, 1864. Hall, Frank C, July 31, '62, 36th D ; June 9, '05, expiration of service. Hatch, Edward, June '29, '61, 16tli U ; killed May .3, '63, at Chancellors- ville, Va. Hatch, David G., Juno 2!i, '01, loth U ; killed at Gottysbiirg, I'a., July 2, '63. Harrington, Herman I>., July 2, '61, 16tli K ; July, '64, expiration of service. Hayes, William, Oct. 6, '61, Ist cav. M ; died '63, at hospital Hilton Head. Hickey, Thomas, Sept. '23, '01, 1st cav. M ; '65, expiration of •Dilated In '04. Hamed, David, July 2, '61, 16th K ; Doc. 22, '62, disability. Holbrook, Joseph, June 29, '61, 16th H ; died at Falmouth, Va., disease. Henson, A. P., June 29, '61, 16tb H ; July 27, 'M, expiration of s Havy, Patrick, Oct. 4, '61, Ist cav. M ; '64, expiration of i enlisted. Hildreth, James 0., 40th A. Harnden, Nathaniel A., Aug. 11, '62, 40th A. Harnden, Wilson, Aug. 11, '62, 40th A. Hoyt, Otis, promoted capt. June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service, wounded at Bull Run. Hodgden, Sewell L., June 29, 61, 16th H ; June 29, '64, expiration of service. Holbrook, Bradford, June 29, '61, 16th H ; March 23, '63, disability. Huntress, George E., June 29, '61, 16th H ; June 29, '64, expiration of Hall, Henry C, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. How, Henry W., June 29, '61, 16th *H ; killed June 30, '62, at Glendale, Va. Hunt, C. R., Aug. 19, '61, 1st cav. M ; October, '64, expiration of service. Howe, Hiram F., Oct. 31, '61, Ist cav. I; Sept. 24, '84, expiration of service. Healy, John, June 29, '61, 16th H ; Aug. 12, '63, disability, wounded at Chancellorsville, Va. Hartwell, A. H.,Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Hartwell, Henry W., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expiration of Hill, Edward L., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Houghton, B. S., Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; died at Newbern, N. C, Jan., 1803. Howe, Charles A., Sept. 16, '02, 5th K; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Hutchinson, John A., July J, '61, 16th E ; Jan. 25, '66, expiration of service ; re-enlisted in '64. Harrington, Charles F., Oct. 20, '62, Andrew's sharpshooters, Oct., '64, expiration of s Johnson, George E., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Sept. 23, '64, expiration of Jenkins, William, Aug. 11, '62, 40th A ; June, '66, expiration of service. Joyce, Patrick, Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Jackson, A. M., May 5, '61, 74th N. Y. D ; Sept. 27, '62, disability. Kane, Rogers, Jan. 1, '62, died Aug. 4, '62, at the hospital. Keyos, Samuel A., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Dec. 19, '62, disability, wounded at Bull Run. Kirk, Thomas, June 28, '01, 16th H ; Jan. '29, '63, wound in the head. Kiff, Orlando S., Oct. il, '61, 1st cav. M ; Nov. 14, '65, expiration of ser- vice, as absent sick. Kidder, Charles L., > ug. 26, '62, 35th D ; Feb. 6, '63, disability, wounded at Antietam. Kimball, Lafayette, Jnne 29, '61, 16th H ; Jan. 6, '63, disability. Kimhall, Geo. H., Apr. 16, '61, 13th B ; Jan. 31, '62, com. 4th La., N. A. Kenney, Patrick, July 2, '61, 16th K ; Jan. 26, '63, disability. Kelley, Jeremiah, Aug. 24, '61, 19th 1; spring '60, expiration of Kendall, Charles D., Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration Kalhuer, Daniel, Dec. 13. '61, 28th 1 ; Nov. 17, '65, expiration of service. Kendall, Amory H., Aug. 29, '62, 44th E; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Kennedy, Martin, Apr. '62, navy ; Oct., '04, expiration of service, vessel Maratansa. Keith, Theodore S , acting as assistant surgeon. Lane Leonard C, July 1, 1863, 16th E ; wounded Mine Ituti, '03, disabil- ity, Dec. 15, 1864. Luce, Charles, June 29, '61, loth H ; Nov. 23, '62, disability. Luce, Henry B., June 29, '61, loth H ; July 14, '05, expiration of ser- vice, roenlistcd July II, '64. Lombard, R. T., June 29, '61, 16th H; lieutenant, promoted captain of Co. F, 11th Heg., '64, afterward major 11th Ri-g. Locke, William M,, April 26, '61, 16th 11 ; July 27, '64, e.\i>iralion of service. Lawton, George, June 29, '61, 16th H ; killed July 3, '03, at Gettysbviig, Pa. Lawless, John, navy ; was present at the taking of Mobile. Loyd, John, navy, assistant engineer. WALTHAM. 725 Livermore, William B., Sept. 12, '62, 44th E ; Juno 18, '63, expiration of Lane, Cornelius C, Sept. 12, '62. Lawrence, Natban N., Dec. 6, '61, cav. attuclied to 3lJth Reg., June 16, '62, disability. Moore, M. A., Capt. Sept., '61, Ist cav. M ; '63, disability, died at Wal- tlian, '64. Mann, Elias, Aug. 8, '62, 38th ; Oct. 10, '6r), expiration of service, died Oct. 13, '6.5, of lung fever caused by exposure in the service. Miller, Leonard H., Aug. 14, '62, 38th K ; died in New Orleans, July 13, '63, of diseaae. McAdama, Thomas, July 25, '62, 35th D; May 2S, '63, disability, wounded, died at Waltham, March 26, '66. Miles, Francis, Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; died Oct. 10, '62, of fever, at Port Royal. Marron, James. Sept. 23, '61, 1st caV. M ; March 29, '63, disability. Re- enlisteJ, taken prisoner and confined at Libby Prison, Va. McNamee, James, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- McGuire, Patrick, '62, 28th G ; died in New York in consequence of wounds received in battle. ^turray, William, Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. McLearing, Barnard, 99th N. Y. McMullen, Patrick, Sept. 17, 'lU, 24th D ; Sept. 17, '64, expiration of service. Manson, Frederick, Aug. 14, '62, 4ntli A •, May 23, '66, expiration of service. .McLellan, F., 28th G. Miles, Thomas, Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Jan. 19, '65, resigned, first lieu- tenant. Mullaney, Matthew J., Apr. 30, '61, 16th K ; Oct. 29, '62, wounds re- ceived at Gleudale, June 30, '62. May, George T., May 5, '61, 11th D ; June 20, '64, expiration of ser- vice. I McGonigal, Barner, July 12, '61, 16th K ; died at Andeisonville Prison- July 29, '64. ^ . McGuinness, Franci.8, July 22, "61, 17th H ; Aug., '64, expiration of ser- vice. Mack, Thomas F., July 24, '61, 20th H ; March 5, '62, disability. McAvoy, Andrew, Dec. 16, '61, 30th I ; Jan. 1, '64, to re-enlist. Murphy, Thomas, July, '62, 80th ; July 6, '65, expiration of service. Moore, Charles F., April, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- Manton, Patrick, Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. L ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of McMahan, Jo bn, Aug, 29, '61, 13th B ; Aug. 1, '64, expiration of ser- vice. McVey, Patrick, Sept. 23, '61, 24th I ; Oct. 3, '63, disability. Manning, John, navy. Murray, James, Dec. 11, '61, 6th Mass. battery ; died in New Orleans, Dec. 10, '62. Maynard, George H., Feb. 22, '61, 13th D ; Feb. 17, '63, for promotion. Millar, William K., Sept. 12, '62, 44th D; July 2, '63, expiration of ser- Millar, Leslie, Sept. 12, '62, 44th B ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Millar, Thomas, Aug. 19, '62, 5th K ; July 2, 63, expiration of service. McBride, Micliael, Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; died on passage home from New hern, N. C, '62. Morse, Lewellyn, Sept. 26, '62, 45th G ; May 7, "63, expiration of ser- Moore, John F., Aug. 29, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of ser- Matthews, William H., June 29, '61, 16th H i July 27, '64, expiration of service. Murray, Henry, July, '64, 60th G ; '65, expiration of service, re-enlisted Dec. 24, '64. Moore, Darius B.. July 13, '63, 32d D ; killed at Laurel Hill, Va., May 12, '64. Noonan, Edward J., Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. L ; re-enlisted. Nelson, Samuel, Sept. 16. '62, 6th K ; July 3, '63, expiration of ser- Newcomb, John S., Dec. 3, '63, 2d H. artillery G ; died Aug., '64, at Andersonville prison. O'Brien, Patrick, Sept. 23, "61, l»t cav. M ; discharged, re-enlisted. O'Hern, Patrick, Jan. 10, '6'2, 99th N. Y. ; July, '65, expiration of ser- vice, re-euliated Feb. 16, '64. Parker, Anderson E., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Dec. 27, '63, disability. Powers, Edwards, Oct. 5, '61, Ist cav. L ; Oct 5, '64, expiration of ser- vice. Peabody, Henry W., July 25, '62, 3otb D ; Jan. 9, '65, expiration of ser- Beck, John M , Sept. 16, '61, Hth B;ind ; Aug. 15, '62, Law discharging military bands of music. Perry, John, June 29, '61, 16tli 11 ; June 29, '64, expiration of ser- Polechio, Joseph, June 29, '61, 16th H ; June 29, '64, expiration of ser- vice, transferred to Co. D. Piper, Nahnm, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- vice. Parks, J. L., Sept. 23, "61, 1st cav. M ; Feb., '63, disability. Powers, John E., June 29, '61, IGth H ; '63, disability. Parks, George E., Sept. 14, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of Parks, Charles H., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 26, '63, disability. Peterson, Joseph, Aug. 22, '62, 40th B ; June 16, '65, expiration of ser- vice. Palmer, Mason M., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Dec. 24, '62, disability. Parmenter, Henry W., June 29, '61, 16th H ; June 29, '64, expiration of service, messenger at Washington, D. C, '65. Potter, James M., June 20, '61, 16th H ; Sept. 15, '63, disability. Peck, William B., Sept. 17, '61, 1st cav. L; Jan. 4, '64, hospital stew- ard. Pope, George B., Sept. 12, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of ser- vice. Parsons, Charles G., Aug. 6, '62, 11th Mass. battery ; L. A. July 7, '63, expiration of service. Parsons, William H., Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Perkins, Joseph 8., Aug. 19, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of ser- vice. Priest, Francis H., Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; died in the service at Newbern. Priest had been with the company from Newbern to Gouldsboro', N. C. ; had marched 160 miles ; was returning sick and exhausted ; in sight of Newbern he exclaimed, " Thank God, we are near home," and soon after died. Qualters, John, July 2, '61, 16th K ; Jan. 14, '03, disability. Quinn, James, Jan., '62, 99th K. Y. Qualters, Lawrence, July 25, '62, 35th D ; June 9, '66, expiraUon of ser- vice. Quakers, M. J., Oct. 12, '61,1st cav. L ; Nov. 15, '65, expiration of ser- vice, re-enlisted in '64 4th cav. L. Roony, James, Sept. '23, '61, 1st cav. M ; April 15, '64, to re-enlist; re- enlisted. Died at Waltham from exposure in Libby prison. Ryan, George W., Nov. 21, '61, 32d B ; Jan. 22, '63, disability. Kyan, Samuel, Dec. 13, '61, 30th I ; Jan. 6, '66, promotion to U. S. C. T. 1st lieut. of 1st Inf Corps D'Afrique. Reed, Lewis A., June 29, '61, 16th U ; July 2, '64, expiration of *.r. Bogere, John S., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; '65, expiration of service, re-enlisted '64. Riddle, H. W., Sept. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service, as absent, sick. Rupert, Charles, June 29, '61, I6th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of sur- vice, 1st lieut. Feb. 14, '64. Russell, John H., Juno 29, '61, 16th 11 ; Jlay 6, '6.1, disability, woun.lod Nov., '61. Rodman, John, July 2, '61, 16th K. Rogers, Francis P. H., liout., June 29, '61, 16th H ; killed at Fair Oaks, Va., Juno 19, '62, promoted to 1st lieut. Robiiison, N. S., Juno 29, '61, 16th H ; Oct. 17, '63, disability. Robinson, William H., Juno 29, '61, 16th H ; Feb. 16, '63. disability. Robinson, George F., June 29, '61, I6th H; Dec. 31, '62, wound received Jnue 18, '62, near Fair Oaks. Bobinson, Hiram A., Nov. 28, '61, 3-2d B; June 29, '65, expiration of service, re-enlisted Jan. 6, '64. Rogers, Patrick, Nov. 9, '61, navy, served on the vessel "Sagamoro." Roberta, William, chief engineer, Aug. 15, '66, navy resigned Sept., '60 726 HISTOEY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. reentered '61 ; eerved on vessels " Michigan," '* Roanoke/* " Fnlton," ** Memphis," '* Niagara," " Housatonic." Band, Nahum, Sept. 16, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, to re-enlist, re-enlisted and died In Andersouville, Aug. 13, '64. Scott, Edward S., .June 20, '61, 16th H ; Feb. 9, 63, for disability. Stickney, GeorgeA., July22, '6'2, 36th D ; June 9, '66, expiration of ser- Smith, Simeon, June 29, '61, 16th H ; Oct. 2, '62, disability, died on his way home. Spring, George W., July 31, '62, 36th D ; June 9, '66, expiration of ser- Stearns, William A., June 29, 61, 16th H Oct. 29, '62, disability. Smith, John F., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 14, '65, expiration of ser- vice, re-enlisted in the 11th Inf. Sanderson, John L., Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. Sanderson, Henry B., July 2, '61, 16th K ; July 27,' '64, expiration of service. Sullivan, Daniel, Sept. 13, '61, 29tb A ; died Feb. 15, '63, at New Or- Sherman, Hiram G., July 31, '62, 35th D ; Nov. 29, '64, expiration of service, promoted to 2d lleut. Sanderson, Geo. , Oct. 6, '61, 1st cav. L. ; Oct. 6, '64, expiration of Stearns, William H., July 12, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of Stedman, John, April 20, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- vice. Sawin, John C, Sept. 23, '61, 1st cav. M; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of service. St. John, George B., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Feb. 14, '63, disability. Smith, John J., July 2, '61, 16th K ; Feb. 11, '63, disability. Sanderson, Converse S., Oct. 5, '61, Ist cav. L ; Oct. 5, '64, expiration of service, transferred to Co. L, 4lh cav. Sawyer, Obarles H., Oct. 23, '61, Ist cav. M ; Oct. 23, '64, expiration of service, transferred to Co. M, 4th cav. .Savage, Samuel Q., June 29, '61, 16th H; 2d Lieut. May 6, '63, disabil- ity, died at Washington of wounds received at Chancellorsville. Soule, John W., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- vice, wounded at Glendale. Stone, George G., June 29, '61, 16th H ; died at Waltham, Feb. 24, '66, transferred to V. R. C. Mar. 15, '64, surgeon's clerk, '65. Sherman, Robert C, Aug. '61, l6th K; killed July 2, '62, at Fair Oaks, Va. Sanderson, Horace, July 2, '61, 16th K ; killed May 3, '63, at Chancel- lorsville, Va. Sullivan, Dennis, Sept. 16, '62, 6th K ; July 3, '63, expiration of service. Smith, Thomas G., Sept. 16, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of ser- Smith, Edward P., Sept. 12, '62, 44th E ; June 18, '63, expiration of ser- vice. Sherman, John M., Sept. 12, 62, 44th E, June 18, '63, expiration of ser- vice. Stearns, Ephraim, Sept. 26, '62, 45th G ; July 7, '63, e-vpirationof ser- Smitb, Thomas P., Sept. 26, '62, 46th G; July 7, '63, expiration of Thomas, Hiram, Aug. 10, '62, ,35th D , May 11, '66, disability. Thompson, Levi, June 29, '61, 16th H : Dec, 20, '63, to re-enlist. Thompson, C. H., July, '61, 16th K ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Thayer, John G., Dec. 19, '61, Ist cav. M ; '64, disabiUty, died in Cali- fornia from exposure in service. Taylor, James C.Sept '61, 32d K ; Feb. '63, disability. Tower, Herman C, Sept. 12,'62, 44th E : June 18,'63, expiration of service Thompson, Henry R., Sept. 26, '62, 45th A ; July 7, '63, expiration of service. Townsend, James A., 42d. Vlles, John, July 16, '61, 13th ; Sept. 1, '62, by act of Congress. Viles, John E., July 1, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Viles, Walter S., June 20, '61, 6th D, Sickles' Brig.; July 23, '63, leg amputated. Whitney, John H., July 26,'62, 35th D ; June9,'65, e.xpiration of service. Wyman, John M., July 25, '62, 35th D ; April 23, '63, disability. Whitney, William G., July 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Whiting, Charles A,, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July, 27, '64, expiration of Smith, John S., May 6, '61, 6th Excelsior Brigade, N. y. ; '64, disability. Sullivan, James, 35th D. Stickney, Warren, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of ser- vice. Smith, William A., June 29, '61. 16th H ; Nov. 4, '61, disability, Isl lieut., died at home from exposure in the army. Stickney, Thomas E., Feb. 4, '64, 56th I ; May 29, '64, killed at North Anna River, Va. Thompson, Samuel, Sept. 23, '61, let cav. M; Sept., '64, expiration of service. Townsend, Jacob G., Juno 29, '61, 16th H ; Not. 21, '62, disability. Trayner, Charles, May 6, '62, 2d I ; July 3, '63, he was killed at Gettys- burg. Tcadley, Daniel, 10th 1. Thompson, Thomas W., Aug. 6, '02, 36th D ; June 13, '65, expiration of service. Thompson, M. M., Aug. 16, '62, 86tb D ; Aug. 9, '66, arm shot ofl at Trenton, N. J., July 4, '65. Wormwood, A. F., Oct. 5, '61, 1st cav. M ; Sept. 24, '64, expiration of ser- Wheeler, George E., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Jan. 19, '63, disability. Wheeler, Charles M., July 25, '62, 35th D ; April, '63, wound in arm, transferred to V. R. C. Wheeler, Edward B., Aug. 16, '62, 35th D ; '62, disability, re enlisted and discharged Feb. 27, '63. Wills, William E., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Oct. 18, '62, white swelling on the knee. Wright, Henry E., June 29, '61, 16th H ; Dec. 4, '62, wound in left hip. Wright, Almon, June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 27, '64, expiration of service. Wright, Jaaon B., June 29, '61, 16th H ; July 22, '63, disability, leg am- putated. Wright, Lyman, June 29, '61, 16th H ; Jan. 29, '63, disability. Whitcomb, Horace G., Oct. 5, '61, Ist cav. M ; '65, expiration of service. Waters, Michael, Oct. 6, '61, 1st cav. M ; June 2, '63, disability. Weeks, Albert, Jan. 1, '64, 26th E ; Aug. '26, '05, expiration of service. Waters, William, Dec. 13, '61, 28th D. Vilkins, Ira D., Jr., July 12, '61, 16th G ; Jan. 4, '64, to re-enlist. Wood, William, Aug, 14, '62, 38th E ; July 23, '63, disability. Wellington, Nathan, July 26, '62, 35th D ; June 9, '66, expiration of service. Wellington, F. D., June 29, "61, 16th H ; May 13, '63, disability, injured severely by the falling of a tree. Whitney, George A., Feb. 9, '62, 32d F ; April 19, '66, expiration of Wellington, John M., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expiration of Wellington, George F. S., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expira- tion of sel-vice. Wellington, Wm. S., Sept. 12, '62, 44th A ; June 18, '63, expiration of service. Warren, Nathan, Sept. 26, '62, 45th G ; July 7, '63, expiration of service. Whitney, Henry L., Sept. 26,'62, 45th A ; July 7,'63, expiration of service. Whitcomb, Otis A., Sept. 16, '62,6th K; July 2, '63, expiration of seiTico. Whalen, John H., Sept. 16, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Wormwood, James 6., Sept. 19, '62, 5th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of Winslow, Zenas, Sept. 16, '62, 6th K ; July 2, '63, expiration of service. Wellington, James L., March 3,,'62, 32d F ; '66, expiration of i CHAPTER XLVII. WALTMAM— {Continued). BY JOHN W. WILLI.S, M.D. Among the earlier doctors of Waltham was Uriah Hagar, M.D., who studied with Dr. Spring and Dr. Hunnewell, of "VVatertown. He probably took his medical degree at Harvard. He was born in 1776, and began practice in Walt- WALTHAM. 727 ham about 1800. For nearly twenty years he was the only doctor in Waltham. He died in 1841. Ebenezer Hobbs, A.M., M.D., was born in Weston in 1794. Graduated from Harvard in 1814 ; received his medical degree there in 1817, and settled in Walt- ham. He continued in practice but a few years, when he was appointed to the responsible position of superintendent of the Boston Manufacturing Com- pany of this town, which office he held for more than forty years, till failing health, which immediately preceded his death, compelled his resignation. A part of this time he was also the treasurer of this large corporation. He left its affairs in a highly prosper- ous condition. This formal record falls short of showing the great influence which for many years he exerted upon the affairs of Waltham. A gentleman dignified, yet kindly, in manner; one to whom leadership is natur- ally accorded. He belonged to a school which seems to be passing from among us. He died in 1863. His successor .seems to have been Samuel Luther Dana, A.M., M.D., LL.D., who was born at Amherst, N. H., July 11, 1795. He was prepared for college at Phil- lips Academy, Exeter, N. H., and with his brother, the late Prof. James Freeman Dana, entered Harvard in 1809. The brothers were endowed with a love for the Natural Sciences, and entered upon the study of cer- tain branches of it with great enthusiasm. They often made excursions through the country lying thirty miles around Boston for the purpose of examining its geological structure and collecting mineralogical specimens. The result of these researches was a volume pub- lished by the brothers in 1818, entitled the "Miner- alogy and Geology of Boston and its Vicinity." Immediately after graduating, in 1813, young Dana commenced reading law with his uncle, Judge Samuel Dana, then residing in Charlestown. Having, however, a military inclination, stimulated, perhaps, by the times, he received, March 12, 1814, an appointment as third lieutenant in the United States First Regiment of Artillery. May 1st following he was promoted to second lieutenant, and served through the war with Great Britain, in New York and Virginia. At the close of the war, in 1815, the army was re- duced, but Lieutenant Dana was offered retention in the artillery arm, which he declined, and resigned his commission May 31, 1815. Shortly afterward he commenced the study of medi- cine with Dr. Amos Bancroft, of Groton, Massachu- setts. He received his medical degree and com- menced the practice of his profession in Gloucester, Massachusetts, in 1818. From 1819 to 1826 he practiced in Waltham, re- linquishing which, he established there a chemical laboratory for the manufacture of oil of vitriol and bleaching salts. He subsequently founded the Newton Chemical Company, occupying grounds which were then a part of Newton, but since annexed to Waltham. He was manager and chemist for this company until 1834. He then received the appointment of resident and consulting chemist to the Merrimac Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, whither he moved, and performed the duties of that office until his death, which occurred March 11, 1868. Dr. Dana was an original investigator, especially in chemistry as applied to the industrial arts, and made many original observations and discoveries, notably in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. His investigatioLs into the more obscure points of the art of printing on cotton-cloth shed much light upon'the subject, and led to many improvements in the pro- cess. His discoveries with respect to bleaching cot- ton were first published in the " Bulletin de la Soci^t^ Industrielle de Mulhause." The principles there established have led to the American methods of bleaching, of which Persez, in his " Traits de I'impression des Tissues," says, " It real- ized the perfection of chemical operations." While in England in 1833 he published a clear exposition of the changes which occur in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. When the discussion of the dangers arising from the use of lead pipes for conveying water for drinking purposes came up in this country he took part in it, writing several pamphlets and making a report to the City Government of Lowell upon the subject. His translation and systematic arrangement of the treatise of " Tanguerel on Lead Diseases " was an im- portant contribution to medical knowledge. Dr. Dana gave much time to agricultural experi- ments, especially with reference to manures, and his " Farmers' Muck Manual" was a very valuable dis- cussion and exposition of an important subject. His " Essay on Manures '' received the prize offered by the Massachusetts Agricultural Society in 1843. Dr. Dana enjoyed the friendship and acquaintance of the leading scientific men of this country and Europe. He was twice married, his wives being sisters, daughters of Rev. Joseph Willard, president of Harvard University from 1781 to 1804. Dr. Dana received the degree of LL.D. from Am- herst College in 1847. Horatio Adams, M.D. was born in 1801. He took his medical degree from Harvard in 1826, and in 1857 the honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him also by Harvard. His whole professional life was spent in Waltham. Very early in his residence here he took a prominent and leading position in his profession. In 1858 he gave the annual address before the Massachu.setta Medical Society, and all through his life, by voice and pen, joined prominently in discussions of the medical questions of the day. A paper on the action 728 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. of water on lead pipe, written by him, was published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was prom- inent in town affairs, and was on the first Board of Di- rectors of the Fitchburg Railroad. He was also president of the American Waltham Watch Company. He died in 1861. Benjamin Faneuil D. Adams, son of Horatio Adams, M.D., was born in Waltham in 1839. He took the degree of A.B. in 1860 and M.D. in 1864, from Harvard. After several months in Europe, he commenced the practice of medicine in Waltham. A large and responsible practice, in virtue of his own merits as well as in remembrance of his recently de- ceased and honored father, was at once accorded him. He was chairman of the first Board of Health formed in Waltham. He was obliged by ill health to relin- quish practice in 1882, and has since lived in Colo- rado Springs, Colorado. Theodore Kittredge, M.D., was one in the long line of physicians of this name. The family line both in the number of generations and individuals seems of sufficient interest to be in part recorded here. It will be easier to follow the genealogy by numbering the generations. Ist. John Kittredge, born in England, was one of the founders of Billerica, where he received a land grant in 1660. He died there in 1676. 2d. Dr. John Kittredge, the first in the line of physicians, was born in Billerica in 1666. He ap- pears to have passed his life there and died in 1714. 3d. Dr. John Kittredge of Billerica, born 1685, died 1756. 4th. John Kittredge, born in 1709, appears not to have been a physician, but the hereditary tendency asserts itself directly with increased force for his son. 5th. Dr. Benjamin Kittredge, born 1741, died 1776, leaving eight sons, every one of whom became phy- sicans. They were named and located as follows: 6th. Benjamin, Exeter, N. H. ; Henry, Tewksbury, Mass. ; John, Framingham, Mass. ; Jacob, Billerica, Mass., removed to Gallipolis, Ohio, in 1815, and died there in 1824; Rufus, Portsmouth, N. H. 7th. George, Epping, N. H. ; Theodore, Kittery, Maine; Charles, Watertown, Mass. cSth. Dr. Theodore Kittredge, son of George, was born in Epping, N. H., in 1801. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1823. He seems to have practiced medicine in his native town till 1832, when he removed to Waltham. He married Harriet Winslow, daughter of the distinguished Rev. George Pickering, one of the founders of Methodism in this country, and among the first to preach it in Massachu- setts. Dr. Kittredge was a man of much energy of character. He liad a large practice in Waltham, and, from his prominence and extended acquaintance in the Methodist denomination, was often called to sur- rounding towns. He was a devoted member of the then new sect, a class leader for many years. With the exception of one year spent in Bath, Maine, the remainder of his life from 1832 to 1879 was passed in Waltham, making, with his Epping labors fifty-six years of continuous and active practice. He died in Waltham in 1879. He had two brothers, one of whom, Dr. George Kittredge settled at Newmarket, N. H. He was at one time a member of Congress from New Hampshire. The other brother, Charles, was a druggist. 9th. Dr. Frank Rufus Caleb Kittredge was born in Epping, N. H., in 1828. He graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1853. Most of his life was passed in Waltham. He was a man of much natural ability, well educated in his profession and otherwise. His pecuniary necessities never compelled labor, and he failed to take so prominent position in his profession as under other circumstances, his abilities natural and acquired, would have commanded. He died in 1888. It will be noticed that only the direct line — although two hundred and twenty-five years in length — has been followed from the first Dr. Kittredge to the Waltham branch. There has been and are many other doctors in and from other branches. It may well be doubted if any other name in this or any other country has furnished so many generations or so large a number of physicans as has that of Kitt- redge. Royal S. Warren, M.D., was born in Alstead, N. H., in 1822, and received his degree from Harvard in 1846. He settled in Waltham in 1847, and commanded a large practice, till, in 1865, he met with a railroad accident from no fault of his. While cross- ing the Fitchburg Railroad at Moody Street he was run into and terribly injured. He was confined to his house for about a year, and barely escaped with his life. He was permanently disabled. In 1868 and 1869 he represented Waltham in the Legislature. He also served on the School Committee. He removed to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1880, where he has since resided. Charles Dowse, M.D., was born in Brighton, Mass., in 1813. He was educated at Wesleyan University and Harvard Medical School, where he took his degree. For the last six years of his life he practiced in Waltham, where he died in 1860. His widow, a sister of Hon. Wm. Baldwin, of Boston, survives him. The physicians, members of the Massachusetts Medical Society, now resident in Waltham are: Theron Temple, Berkshire Medical College, 1856. Practiced in Waltham since 1882. John Q. A. McCoUester, Jefferson Medical College, 1856. Practiced in Waltham since 1888. John W. Willis, Harvard, 1861. Practiced in Wal- tham since 1861. Edward R. Cutler, Harvard, 1863. Practiced in Waltham since 1870. Cornelius J. McCormick, Harvard, 1876. Practiced in Waltham since 1876. William F. Jarvis, Harvard, 1880. Practiced in Waltham since 1882. WALTHAM. 729 Alfred Worcester, Harvard, 1883. Practiced In Waltham since 1883. Henry A. Wood, Harvard, 1883. Practiced in Waltham since 1887. Claribel M. Hutchinson, Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, 1887. Practiced in Wal- tham since 1889. Walter S. Hays, Bellevue Medical College, 1885. Practiced in Waltham since 1889. Wayland. — Among the older physicians of Way- land, or East Sudbury, as it was then called, was Ebenezer Roby, born in Boston in 1701, graduated at Harvard in 1719. He settled in Wayland about 1720, visited England, from whence his father came, in 1723, and traveled on the Continent. In 1730 he married Sarah, daughter of Rev. John Swift, of Fram- t ngham. One of the wedding presents from the father to his daughter was a negro slave. The house in which he lived was burned quite recently. He continued in the practice of medicine to the time of his death, which occurred in 1772. His tombstone, now stand- ing, testifies to the high esteem in which he was held as a man and physician. His successor was his son. Dr. Ebenezer Roby, Jr., who was born 1732, and died in 1786. Dr. Joseph Roby, son of Ebenezer, Jr., succeeded to the practice of his father ; making the third in line. He died in 1801. Dr. Nathan Rice appears to have been next in the order of succession. He was born in Framingham in 1769, commenced the practice of medicine in Way- land in 1796, and died there in 1814. His father, David, and grandfather, Bezaleel Rice, M.D., were of Framingham. A grandson is the present Watson E. Rice, M.D., of North Grafton, and two of his granddaughters are the wives respectively of Alvah Hovey, D.D., presi- dent of Newton (Baptist) Theological Institution, and John W. Willis, M. D., of Waltham. A third grand- daughter is the widow of Rev. Carpenter, and is a missionary in Japan. Dr. Ebenezer Ames succeeded Dr. Rice in 1814. He was born in Marlboro', 1788, graduated in medicine from Harvard, and spent the whole of his professional life in Wayland, where he died in 1861. Dr. Ames through his long career was much respected as a citizen and for his professional ability. Waltham Hospital.— The " Waltham Hospi- tal " was chartered in 1886. No definite steps tow- ards active organization were taken till 1888, when the promoters of a small private hospital, which was now becoming able to serve the purpose for which the Waltham Hospital was incorporated, were elected to membership in the latter, thus giving to the hospital de facto the advantage of being de let/is a corporation capable of receiving gifts large or small. The president of the trustees is Hon. F. M. Stone ; the attending physicians are J. W. Willis, M.D., E. R. Cutler, M.D., C. J. McCormick, M.D., W. F. Jarvis, M.D., A.Worcester, M.D., H. A.Wood, M.D. Consulting physicians and surgeons, M. H. Rich- ardson, M.D., Bo.ston ; J. W. Elliot, M.D., Boston ; AddieS. Whitney, M.D., Boston; J. A. Mead, M.D., pathologist, Watertown ; matron. Miss May Hackett. The nursing service is furnished by the Waltham Training-School for Nurses, although the two cor- porations are entirely distinct. Waltham Training-School ior Nurse.s— The physicians of Waltham, like many others of their pro- fessional brethren, had long felt the need of better nursing service. The great majority of the old-time nurses — although with many notable and honorable exceptions — had taken up their business simply be- cause they did not know what else to do with them- selves. Considerations of fitness or preparation for their work had small place. Up to this time training-schools for nurses only ex- isted in connection with hospitals, and the service of a trained graduate nurse was difficult and expensive to obtain. Consequently only the wealthy outside of hospitals could command it. Considerations like these impelled the members of the Massachusetts Medical Society, resident in Waltham, and working harmoniously together, to attempt the establishment of such a school without the aid of a hospital. Such a thing had not before been done, but that had little deterring influence. Had not Waltham been the first to take cotton in its natural state from the field, and, under one roof, by machinery, produce cotton cloth ? Had not the American Waltham Watch Company produced the first watch ever made by machinery? The foundation ideas were that nurses could be trained in private practice, that in many respects would be better prepared for their sub- sequent work than those who had merely hospital training, and while receiving such training could ren- der excellent nursing service under their instructors. The plan was acted upon in February, 1885. Pub- lic interest was easily aroused, for the public as well as the doctors had felt the need. A small guaranty fund was readily subscribed. A committee of three ladies, in connection with the doctors, undertook the business management. A class of seven young women was formed, for a pupilage of two years, who were to receive their board, a portion of their ward- robe, about one hundred dollars for the first, and one hundred and fifty for their second year, instruction by lectures and at the bedside from their medical teach- ers, and at the end of two years a certificate or di- ploma of graduation. The scheme was a success from the start. It almost immediately became self- sustaining ; the guarantors were called on for very little. Constantly larger classes have been formed each succeeding year, and the demand for service of graduates of the school is greater than the supply.' > For further Information seo " A New Way of Training NurwM," by A. Worcester, M.D., published by Cupples^A Kurd, Boeton. 730 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. HoMCEOPATHic PHYSICIANS. — George EuBsell, M.D., Harvard Medical College, commenced to prac- tice here about 1840. In 1848 removed to Boston, but still retained a good share of his business here. He was succeeded by Thomas Wales, M.D., Harvard Medical College, who remained here but about a year; and was followed in 1853 by Charles F. Adams, M.D. (place of graduation unknown). He continued here until 1858, and was succeeded by Charles F. Saun- ders, M.D. (place of graduation unknown). He re- mained until 1860, and was succeeded by Edward Worcester, M.D., University of New York, who is still in practice. Irving S. Hall, M.D., Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, came herein 1874; is still in practice. J. F. Hadley, M.D., Boston University Medical College, located here in 1885 ; is still in practice. A. C. Reed, M.D., Boston University Medical Col- lege, came in 1889, and still remains. CHAPTER XLVIII. WA L TBA M—( Continued). ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY — BANKS. BY ALEXANDER STARBUCK. Churches. — A by no means to be overlooked cause of Waltham's secession from the parent town was the location of the meeting-house. In olden times, when the meeting-house might be an extra three or four miles ofl'and attendance at service a not to be defeiredduty, the location was a matter of serious im- portance. The first site was selected with a view to accommodate those by whom it was to be used. In a large township, such as Watertown originally was, the centre of population was liable to change to a very marked degree, and the meeting-house, which on'ce was centrally located, prove on the outskirts of popu- lation. A readjustment was sought, and if satisfac- tion was not obtained a new meeting-house would often be authorized with a new centre of population, which often proved the nucleus of another town. So it was with the Farmers' Precinct, or Weston, and so it was with the Middle, afterwards the West Precinct, or Waltham. In 1692 the old meeting-house was located opposite the old graveyard, just southwest of Mount Auburn. An effort was made to remove it where it would be more convenient for the people. After much ill-feeling a new building was put considerably farther west, at a locality known as Commodore's Corner. The pastor, Rev. Henry Gibbs, refused to recognize the new order of things and continued to preach in the old building and Rev. Samuel Angier was called to the pastorate of the new society. Mh Angler's church, being the one recognized by the authorities, was, therefore, the original church. November 4, 1712, the General Court ordered that as the ministers of the Middle Precinct had been sup- ported by voluntary subscription it was voted that each congregation bear the charges for its minister and repairs of its meeting-house. Furthermore, that both precincts bear the expense of removing the mid- dle meeting-house to such a site as that precinct should determine. The majority of the town treated this order with contempt. May 13, 1715, the town voted to "build a meeting- house for the accommodation of the inhabitants of the most westerly part of the town." This was the present Waltham, Weston or the Farmers' Precinct having been previously set off. This vote was never carried out. In 1719 Rev. Mr. Angier died and was buried in the burial-ground set off to the precinct, now Grove Hill Cemetery. In November, 1720, inhabitants of both precincts prayed for a division line in order that assessments might be properly apportioned in accordance with the order of the Court of November 4, 1712. The line was laid out starting from the Charles River, running "on a north course forty-nine degrees east," and end- ing at the southwestern bounds of what is now Arling- ton. The report of the committee of the General Court further recommended the removal of the West Meeting-house within two years to a spot about twenty rods west of Nathaniel Livermore's house, and that the old meeting- house be removed or a new one built on School-house Hill, the West Precinct to bear its part of the expense of the removal or rebuilding of the east house. This report was concurred in by the Court, and April 24, 1721, the town voted to comply with the recommendations. This practically settled the ecclesiastical differences, but gave nuclei around which could cluster the inhabitants, who were ulti- mately to form two townships. After the death of Mr. Angier no pastor was regu- larly settled for quite a period. Rev. Hezekiah Gold, Rev. Timothy Minuet and Rev. Mr. Gibson were among those who preached to the people. Mr. Francis names Robert Sturgeon also as one of the pastors, but this must be an error, since the General Court, in November, 1722, accuses him of having been privately ordained to a "pretended middle church." The report says he had been rebuked by two councils and recommends that he be prosecuted by the Attor- ney-General if he persists in his course. This report, which also recommends the demolition of the Middle meeting-house when the new West one was built, was agreed to. Rev. Warham Williams was finally or- dained pastor June 11, 1723. At the time of Waltham's incorporation the people were worshiping in a meeting-house which stood near the present entrance to the Lyman estate. Rev. War- ham Williams died in 1751, and in 1752 Rev. Jacob Gushing, of Shrewsbury, was ordained as pastor. In WALTHAM. 731 1767 the old church was abandoned and a new church built on the triangular lot nearly opposite the en- trance to the Lyman estate. This building stood until it was torn down in 1741. Mr. Gushing died in 1809, and was succeded by Rev. Samuel Ripley. During the War of 1812 some of the society not ap- proving the anti-war stand adopted by Mr. Ripley, engaged Rev. Elisha Williams to preach for them in a school-house then situated east of the old burying- ground, and afterwards in the hall of the Kimball tavern. The society reunited again after the war, but in 1820 fresh trouble arose and the Second Relig- ious Society was formed. The first society continued under Mr. Ripley's charge 'until 1841, and then became extinct. The other societies receive attention under their respec- tive heads. Christ Church, Episcopal. — This church was organ- ized A. D. 1848, under the ministry of the Bev. A. C. Patterson, who was then officiating in the vicinity of Boston, for the purpose of planting the Episcopal Church in places where it had not been established. Services were first held in Rumford Hall, which con- tinued to be used by the parish as their place of wor- ship for about one year. In the mean time the pres- ent church, on Central Street, was erected. The Rev. Thomas F. Fales was called to be the first rec- tor, and entered upon his duties in November, 1849. In 1890 Mr. Fales retired, and was made pastor Emeritus. Rev. H. N. Cunningham, of Watertown, Conn., has accepted a call to the pastorate. The church has been once enlarged since its erection, adding about one-third to the number of its sittings. Methodist Episcopal Church. — About the year 1820 the nucleus of the Methodist Episcopal Church be- gan to form in the shape of class- meetings, a class of twenty-four being gathered, with Charles Barnes as leader. The class met regularly until 1825, when, a majority of the members removing to Lowell, it was discontinued. Circuit-preaching was occasionally bad and small appropriations were allowed for its support. Between 1828 and 1830 class-meetings were re- sumed, Marshall Livermore being leader, succeeded by Marshal Jones, and he (in 1833) by Dr. Theodore Kittredge. Services were occasionally held in the factory school-house on Elm Street, Smith's Academy on School Street and the Masonic Hall on Main Street. In March, 1837, regular services were com- menced at Masonic Hall, Rev. Ziba B. Dunham, pas- tor. The next year the church then owned by the Second Society and standing on the Common was purchased, and in June, 1838, a regular organization was formed with about forty members. Between 1838 and 1843 Waltham and Watertown were united in one conference, the following pastors being resident here: 1838, Rev. T. Pickering; 1889, Rev. Edward A. Lyon ; 1840, Rev. H. G. Barrus ; 1841, Rev. G. W. Frost; 1842, Rev. B.K.Pierce. In 1843 Waltham was separated from Watertown. Since then the fol- lowing pastors have been assigned to this society: 1843, Rev. David Kilburn ; 1845, Rev. John Paulson; 1846, Rev. Moses Webster ; 1848, Rev. Jacob Sanborn, (under Mr. Sanborn the church was raised and a ves- try put in); 1850, Rev. G. W. Bates (Mr. Bates died while in charge) ; 1851, Rev. N. J. Merrill ; 1853, Rev. Luman Boyden ; 1854, Rev. J. 8. Barrows ; 1856, Rev. T. W. Lewis; 1858, Rev. E. A. Manning (in the fall of 1859 the church was moved to the site of the pres- ent one, remodeled and dedicated January 25, 1860, the society in the mean time meeting in Rumford Hall. On Sunday night. May 27, 1860, the edifice was entirely destroyed by fire, and again Rumford Hall was called into requisition. The new church was completed and dedicated March 13, 1861). 1861, Rev. S. Kelley ; 1863, Rev. D. K. Merrill ; 1865, Rev. C. L. Eastman ; 1868, Rev. D. E. Chapin ; 1870, Rev. L. J. Hall ; 1872, Rev. J. Wagner; 1875, Rev. W. A. Braman; 1876, Rev. W. W. Colburn ; 1879, Rev. G. H. Mansfield; 1880, Rev. I. H. Packard ; 1883, Rev. G. F. Eaton ; 1886, Rev. J. M. Avann ; 1889, Rev. Charles Tilton. During Mr. Avann's pastorate a branch organization was formed on the south side of the river and in 1888 a church building was erected. In 1890 a separate church organization was created for the South Side body, and it was incorporated as the Immanu-El Church. Rev. W. A. Wood has been pastor of the new society since its organization. Trinitarian Congregational Church. — Sixty-five years ago the only meeting-house in Waltham was located on the triangular lot of land formed by the three roads near the residence of the late Geo. W. Lyman, Esq. To meet the wants of the growing village, and particularly the operatives of the Boston Manufactur- ing Company, all of whom in that day were Protest- ants, the "Second Religious Society '' was formed in 1820. It was agreed that the denominational rela- tions of the church which should be formed should be determined by a majority of the subscribers lo the new society. Accordingly it was voted that the church should be Congregational. It was organized in the Congregational way, September 28, 1820. Its original members were eighteen in number. The society built its meetiDg-hou.se on Church Street, on the spot now used as the Catholic Cemetery, dedicat- ing it January 16, 1821. Four years later there were found to be great ditterences in their views of doctrin- al truth between " the Church and the Society." A separation took place. The church unanimously in April, 1825, adhering to their pastor. Rev. Mr. Hard- ing, then took the name of the Trinitarian Congrega- tional Church. A new " Society " was organized and a house of worsliip was built on Main Street, near Lyman Street. Here the church continued to wor- ship till within twenty years. Their present edifice was dedicated in 1871. The pastors of this church have been : From 1820 to 1837, Rev. Sewall Harding. 732 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. From 1837 to 1857, Rev. John Whitney. From 1858 to 1864, Rev. R. B. Thurston. From 1865 to 1878, Rev. E. E. Strong. From 1878 to 1881, no settled pastor. The present pastor, Rev. B. M. Fullerton, took charge of the society in the year 1881. The Catholic Soriely. — The Catholic Society was instituted in Waltham in 1830. At the time the building occupied by the Second Society on Church Street was burned, the sheds belonging to it were saved. The Catholics purchased the lot and these sheds with it, and fitted up a section of the sheds for a church. They used this temporarily, however, and shortly after built a wooden building for this purpose. This was destroyed by fire in June, 1848. Up to 1839 there was no settled pastor, clergymen from Bos- ton conducting the services from time to time. In 1839 Rev. T. Fitzsimmons was appointed pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. M. Lynch, and he in turn by Rev. Luther Strain. Mr. Strain continued pastor until 1847, at Which time Rev. Patrick Flood was ap- pointed to succeed him. During the pastorate of Mr. Flood, which continued until his death, in Decem- ber, 1863, the large brick church on School Street was erected. The building was occupied in 1860 and ded- icated in 1877. Upon the death of Rev. Patrick Flood, Rev. Bernard Flood, a nephew, was appointed. He also died, as it were, in the harness, in December, 1876, from sickness brought on by his labor and expo- sure in superintending the remodeling of the church. Rev. Timothy Brosnahan, his successor and the pres- ent pastor, was appointed early in 1877, and under his pastorate the church edifice has been completed and furnished, the grounds laid out and beautified, and the present parochial residence built (in 1884). So heavy were the labors in this parish, one of the largest in the vicinity of Boston, that it was necessary to have an assistant, and Rev. J. J. Murphy was given that position in 1876. On his appointment to a par- ish in' Weymouth, Massachusetts, Rev. J. S. McKone was appointed to the place. He in turn was trans- ferred to a church in East Boston, and was replaced by Rev. Frs. J. J. Mahoney and J. Lally. Fr. Lally died in 1888. Fr. Mahoney was promoted to his po- sition and Rev. John A. Daily was appointed. Fir at Parish. — The church in which this society holds its services was dedicated February 9, 1839, and Rev. George F. Simmons was installed as pastor Oc- tober 27, 1841, Rev. Samuel Ripley being " associate pastor." Mr. Simmons closed his ministry here, on account of ill health, in April, 1843. Mr. Ripley re- signed his pastorate April 6, 1846, on his removal from town. During the first thirty years which elapsed after the resignation of Mr. Simmons the parish had but four pastors. Of these the Rev. Thomas Hill was longest settled, having been fifteen years minister of the par- ish, returning here after eight years' absence and re- maining until 1873. The dates of the beginning and close of the pastorates which have filled these thirty years are as follows : Ordination of Rev. Thomas Hill, December 24, 1845. Resignation January, 1860. Ordination of Rev. J. C. Parsons, June 6, 1860. Resignation, May, 1864. Installation of Rev. C. McCauley, December 29, 1869. Resignation, December, 1872. The church edifice was thoroughly repaired and re- modeled in the year 1867, under the superintendence of Mr. Henry W. Hartwell, to whose skill its present attractive appearance does great credit. Rev. Edward C. Guild was installed June 7, 1873, and resigning after about five years' service, was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. Edward J. Young. Baptist Society. — The First Baptist Church in Wal- tham was organized November 4, 1852, with a con- stituent membership of twenty-one — eleven females and ten males. During the first three years of its existence it sustained Sabbath services in Rumford Hall, holding its weekly prayer-meetings at the pri- vate residences of its members. At the expiration of three years its present house of worship was erected, and dedicated February 14, 1855; Rev. Baron Stow, of Boston, preaching the sermon, and Rev. M. B. Anderson, of Roxbury, offering the dedi- catory prayer. The first pastor was Rev. M. L. Bickford, whose pastorate extended from August, 1853, to June, 1863. The pastoral office was then filled successively by Rev. E. B. Eddy, Rev. A. M. Bacon, Rev. W. H. Shedd, Rev. W. H. Barrows, 1872, and Rev. F. D. Bland, 1875, ivho retired in 1879. Rev. J. V. Stratton was in.sialled in 1880. During his pastorate a division occurred in the church, and a new society, the Beth Eden, was organ- ized on the south side of the river, in 1887. The meetings of the new society were begun in the build- ing used for a skating rink, and were afterwards held in Endecott Hall. A new church edifice, begun in 1889, is in process of erection. Rev. George W. Gardner was installed pastor of the new society in November, 1888. On account of ill health he has been compelled to resign his pastorate, his resigna- tion to take effect in November, 1890. Mr. Stratton's pastorate ended in 1887, and the following year he was succeeded by Rev. William M. Mick, the present pastor. VniversalUt Society. — In the spring of 1837 the Uni- versalists in Waltham set up a meeting in the hall of the Waltham Bank building, on Main Street, for regular public worship, and in August of that year Rev. William C. Hanscom, a young man of uncom- mon promise, became their preacher; but rapidly- failing health soon caused him to relinquish his work, and after struggling with that fatal disease, consump- tion, until May, 1838, he passed quietly away in the triumphs of the faith he had so fondly cherished. A humble marble monument marks the resting-place of his remains upon thesummit of our Grove Hill Ceme- WALTHAM. 733 tery. The late Rev. Syl vanus Cobb, D.D., in the spring of 18S8, succeeded him as preacher to that people. Being straitened for room, they obtained permission from the town and removed from the Bank Hall into the Town Hall, in the old grammar-school building on Lexington Street. But the accommodations afforded them in this place, though somewhat better than those they had left, were found to be still insufficient. About this period the First Parish Society erected their present church edifice on Church Street, and it was by invitation of those members of that parish who declined to accompany the main body into their new place of worship, that the Universalists removed from the Town Hall into the old parish meeting- house, then standing near the residence of George W. Lyman, Esq. Up to this time the body had existed only as a voluntary association, but on the 6th of March, 1839, they organized in legal form into a religious society, and took measures to secure an act of incorporation, by the name of the " First Univer- salist Society in Waltham." Encouraged by the proffered assistance of the late Theodore Lyman, Esq., the society proceeded to erect a house of worship upon a lot presented to them by Mr. Lyman, on the corner of Lyman and Summer Streets. In the spring of 1840, Rev. Mr. Cobb relinquished his charge, and in the autumn of the same year was succeeded by Rev. Edwin A. Eaton, who ministered to the society about three years ; and in the spring of 1844 he was succeeded by Rev. T. G. Farnsworth. He retired from the pastorate in 1848, but continuing his residence in the town, he continued his member- ship also in the society during its existence. From 1848 to 1855 the society had no settled pastor, but by temporary supplies continued, with little interruption, to maintain regular public worship. In 1854 they sold their lot on Lyman Street, and removed their meeting-house to the corner of Main and Spring Streets. Rev. Massena Goodrich was their pastor from the spring of 1855 to 1857. He was succeeded in the fall of 1857 by Rev. Henry A. Eaton, whose ministry with them continued between one and two years, during which time a serious dissension arose in the society, the result of which was, the meeting- house passed out of their hands, and they ceased to exercise the functions of a religious organization. From an early period of its existence there was within the society a church organization and a flour- ishing Sunday-school. A new society was organized in September, 1865, by the name of " The Universalist Society of Wal- tham," and established regular public worship in Rumford Hall. Rev. Benton Smith, through whose labors, as the missionary of the Massachusetts Uni- versalist Convention, the body was gathered, minis- tered to the society some four years. Rev. Mrs. P. A. Hanaford supplied their desk for one year; and in September, 1871, Rev. M. R. Leonard entered upon the duties of his charge. Mr. Leonard was succeeded in 1884 by Rev. L. P. Blackford, the present pastor. The present church edifice was erected in 1880. Waltham Society of the New Jerusalem Church.— li is now more than sixty years since the Heavenly Doc- trines, drawn from the Sacred Scriptures and re- vealed through the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg, found interested readers and receivers in Waltham. Meetings were held at first at the residence of Cap- tain John Clark, and were continued in, private rooms until the need of more ample accommodations ibr the increasing numbers was .sensibly felt. This want was fully supplied about thirty years ago by the building of a stone chapel on Lexington Street, in a section of the city known of old as "Piety Comer," and since that time Benj. Worcester has led in pub- lic worship. A part of the building was also used for the " Waltham New Church School," which was removed to the more commodious quarters it now occupies in the brick building nearby, built in 1864, expressly for its accommodation. In December, 1869, nearly everything perishable of the chapel was destroyed by fire, the walls alone standing to mark the spot hallowed by many pleas- ant and sacred associations. In one year from the time of the fire a larger and more beautiful church had arisen on the same site, in which religious ser- vice has since been regularly held. On Sunday, July 4, 1869, a distinct society of the church was formally organized, the membership numbering twenty-four, to which there have since been some additions. The total number of church-mem- bers resident here, however, is considerably larger than the society represents, many retaining their connection with other societies. In addition to his labors as leader of the society, Mr, Benjamin Worcester has charge of the New Church School. Ascension Church. — The Episcops^lians were the first society to erect a church edifice on the South Side of the river, and much of the honor of this work belongs to Rev. Thomas F. Fales, pastor of Christ Church. In 1882 the society was organized and in 1882 the present edifice was erected. Rev. H. S. Nash was installed its first pastor, a position he occupied until 1885, when he resigned and the place was supplied by Rev. Carlton P. Mills. Mr. Mills wag succeeded in 1888 by Rev. Mylton Maury, and he in 1889 by Rev. A. B. Shields, the present rector. Banks. — In the spriug of 1836 a petition by Luke "Fiske, George Miller and Nathaniel Maynard, for au act of incorporation under the title of the Waltham Bank, wa.s granted by the (Jeneral Court, and the company wiia incorporated with a capital of $100,000. A meeting was held at the Massasoit House, then standing at the corner of Main and Linden Streets, to accept the act of incorporation. Ephraim Allen was elected moderator and Luke Fiske was chosen president of the corporation. The act was accepted and by-laws adopted. Luke Fiske, Ephraim Allen, 734 HISTOEY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Willard Adams, Nathaniel Stearns, William Hobbs and Jonas Clark, of Waltham, and Benjamin Dana, of Watertown, were chosen directors. At a meeting held May 30th, it was voted to add five directors to the list, and James Draper, of Wayland, Marshall Jones, of Weston, William Porter and George Miller, of Waltham, and William Brigham, of Boston were elected to the board. June 2d a committee was ap- pointed to consider the question of a banking-house- June 9th the committee recommended the erection of a brick building thirty-six feet by twenty-six feet and two stories high. July 5th it was determined to build on the lot where the bank building now stands. At the same meeting Nathaniel Maynard was elected cashier. The first meeting in the new building was held October 1, 1836, and the fact that stock had been paid for to the amount of $50,000 in gold and silver was sworn to. October 24, 1836, the first emission of bills, amounting to $64,500, was authorized, and No- vember 7th a further emisssion of $44,300 was di- rected. The capital was subsequently increased to 1200,000, but in 1864-65, in consequence of losses, it was reduced to $150,000, at which point it now stands. In December, 1864, the bank was chartered as a national bank, and on April 1, 1865, commenced business under its new charter. The law passed by the Legislature, coinpelling the separation of deposit and savings banks, made it necessary to build a wing on the westerly side. The Savings Bank was incorporated March 18, 1853, and the act was accepted April 15, 1853. On the acceptance of the act the following oflScers were elected : Horatio Moore, president ; Eliphalet Pear- son, vice-president ; D. A. Kimball, secretary and treasurer ; Horatio Moore, Ebenezer Hobbs, E. Pear- son, J. H. Priest, R. P. Davis, Gillum Barnes, George Bigelow, Leonard P. Frost, Phineas Upham, Thomas Page, Samuel B. Whitney and D. A. Kimball, trus- tees. The other original members were : Nathan Hagar and Nathaniel L. Sibley, of Weston ; Jona- than S. Parker, of Lexington ; Asahel Wheeler and Galen Merriam, of West Newton ; D. T. Huckins, T. Livermore, Seth Bemis and H. Cooper, of Watertown ; Wm. F. Wheeler and Wm. Foster, of Lincoln ; Wm. Mills and Thos. Rice, Jr., of TSTewton Lower Falls; Horace Heard, of Wayland ; Thomas Barnes, George W. Frost, John Roberts, Amory Moore and Daniel C. Stratton, of Waltham. The old building was demolished in 1888, the two banks occupying quarters temporarily in the J. W. Parmenter building on Moody Street. The new building was completed in September, 1889, at a cost of $50,000, and on September 30th of the same year was first occupied for business. CHAPTER XLIX. WALTHAM— { Continued). .SCHOOLS AND NEWSPAPERS. BY ALEXANDER STARBUCK. Schools. — Waltham's separation from the parent town of Watertown appears to have been principally due to three causes : first, the early separation into military precincts ; second, the location of the church ; third, educational interests. As early as April 7, 1729, a meeting of the inhabitants of the West Pre- cinct was held to consider, among other things, a lo- cation for a .school-house. Allen Flagg agreed to donate to the precinct a suitable strip of land at the north end of his orchard for the purpose, and it was voted to accept the offer. February 4, 1729-30, Zachariah Smith, Allen Flagg, Thomas Harrington, Thomas Bigelow, Jonas Smith, John Childs and John Cutting were delegated to see the selectmen and have inserted in the warrant for the next town-meeting an article providing for an appropriation to build on the land of Mr. Flagg a school-house. The town de- clined the gift and refused to grant the money, greatly to the disappointment of the petitioners. That action was taken in March. In May a com- mittee was appointed at a meeting of the people of the West Precinct to endeavor to have that district setofi'asa separate town, "and take Effectual care that the same may be Established that Learning may be Advanced among us or some other proper methods whereby to obtain the same." A petition represent- ing the sentiment of the people of the precinct was forwarded to the General Court, which ordered the town served with a copy and cited it to show cause why the petition should not be granted. April 19, 1731, a committee was chosen by the town to oppose the division. Nevertheless the Court recommended, among other things, that the town provide two school- houses, with two duly qualified schoolmasters, — one for each precinct. The town (August 16, 1731 ) re- fused to accept the recommendations and the assess- ors of the West Precinct, — Nathaniel Harris and Deacon William Brown,— feeling that the East Pre- cinct was unjust to them, refused to assess the grant made by the town for the support of schooLs. .Again, in March, 1732-33, an attempt was made for separa- tion and again it was unsuccessful. June 28, 1736, Nathaniel Harris, William Brown and Daniel Benjamin, in behalf of the people of the West Precinct, and against the resolute opposition of the East Precinct people, obtained permission from the General Court to set off land from the com- mon lauds devoted to highways, sufficient to raise a sum of £1500, which was to be invested and the interest used for the support of schools. So bitter was the feeling growing out of this act that it culmi- nated in a meeting of the inhabitants of the West WALTHAM. 735 Precinct, December 7, 1737, at which a vote was passed to petition the General Court for separation. The prayer was granted, and January 4, 1737-38, the town of Waltham was incorporated. In July, 1738, the selectmen appointed two of their number to secure a schoolmaster. In August they reported that they had agreed on Daniel Harrington, and he was employed. There were three school dis- tricts. The principal school at that time was in the location known as " Piety Corner." Salary of Mr. Harrington, £20 per quarter. January, 1739-40, Adam Boardman was school- teacher. January 25, 1741-42, Joseph Roberts was engaged to teach at £5 per month, and on March 10th of the same year it was voted to have a " mov- ing" school. In May John Cams agreed to keep the school for two months in the district where John Dix lived, at the north part of the town, at £5 per month^ with an allowance of 19s. per week if he boarded himself. In September the " movable " school was discontinued ; £10 was appropriated to repair the school-house, and £80 to support the school. In November the selectmen agreed with William Lawrence to teach the school for eight months, dating from the previous July, the pay to be £6, old tenor and his board. Mr. Lawrence was succeeded in 1745 by Elisha Harding. In March, 1746-47, a " moving " school was again established, and Deacon William Brown was chosen to teach the North District. March, 1747-48, Samuel Livermore, Jr., was appointed to teach the West, Centre and North Districts. Jan- uary, 1748-49, Caleb Upham was appointed a school- teacher. In September, 1751, a discussion arose as to whether the teacher should be a male or a female. It was finally decided in favor of the former; and in November of the same year it was voted to spend the town's money to support the school in the school- house, and that the teacher should be "a grammar- school master." 1752, Jonas Clark and Samuel Livermore, school- masters. Mr. Livermore continued to teach until 1751). He was succeeded by Isaac Livermore, who taught until some time in 1758. Leonard Williams taught in the latter part of 1758 and the early part of 1759. In March, 1760, the town appropriated £2 to carry on a children's reading-school in the southwest part of the town. Deacon Isaac Stearns was appoint- ed by the selectmen to engage a school-mistress for the northerly portion of the town, and it was agreed to have a grammar school-mastci- teach one quarter in the school-house. Mrs. George Lawrence was se- lected by Deacon Stearns, and we may safely con- clude that she was the first female teacher regularly engaged by the town. In 1761 Jonathan Livermore, Samuel Williams and John Wyeth were paid for teaching school. In 1762 Samuel Williams and a Mrs. Clark performed the same service ; in 1763 Mrs. Lawrence, a daughter of William Coolidge, a daugh- ter of Lois Fiske and Mr. Williams were selected. In May, 1764, payment was ordered for the following- named school-teachers : Thomas Fisk's daughter, Jo- seph Hagar, Jr.'s wife, Joseph Bemis' wife, George Lawrence's wife, Hopestill Bent's daughter-in-law, Jonathan Sanderson, Jr.'s wife, John Dix's daughter, Ebenezer Brown's son and Samuel Williams. In March, 1765, it was voted that the grammar school should be a " moving " school during the remainder of the year. Leonard Williams and Elijah Brown were appointed to teach it. The town granted £41 for educational purposes in September, of which £12 were for the women's schools. In 1769 Jonas Dix, Jr., was appointed teacher of the grammar school, and continued in the office un- til 1772, when he resigned on account of ill health. The town voted in the same year to build a new school-house near the old one, but took no further action towards carrying out its vote. In 1770, how- ever, a committee was appointed to carry the vote into execution and to repair the old building. In 1771 a son of Josiah Brown was one of the five teachers employed by the town. In 1772 William Fisk succeeded Jonas Dix, Jr. Miss Ruth Russell and a daughter of Jonathan Hammond were also teachers. In March, 1774, the town voted to build a new school- house near the meeting-house. By the report of the committee having the matter in charge, made in September, it appears that the work was done at an expense of £81 5.?. 3rf. In November of the same year the town voted to take down the old school-house and build one in the northwest section of the town. In 1777 Jonas Dix, Jr., and William Fisk are re- corded as teachers. In 1779 Samuel Kendall, Mr. Morse, Mr. Bridge and Eunice Mixer were paid for teaching. In June, 1780, the appropriation for schools was refused, probably because of the financial pressure of the Revolution. October llth the town again refused an appropriation, but November 29th it granted £3360. The currency of the time was in a sad state, as may be inferred from the fact that £12,000 was appropriated for the purchase of 7200 pounds of beef. The teachers for that year were Eunice Miser, Samuel Kendall, Mr. Boardman, Ru- hamah Wellington and Mr. Bridge. In 1781 Jonas Dix, Jr., and Mr. Bridge appear to be the instructors. The selectmen voted in Decem- ber of that year to engage Ebenezer Bowman to keep the school " near the meeting-house." Mr. Bowman continued to teach the following year. In 1782 Nathan- iel Bridge's name also appears on the list of teachers. In September, 17.S3, John Remington was hired to teach the school near the meeting-house, and Joseph Jackson that at the foot of the hill. In the following year Benjamin Green, Jr., was paid for teaching and he was again engaged to teach the grammar school in 1785. Septembers, 1785, the town wasdivided into four school districts— Pond End, Trapelow, the southwest part of the town above Mixer's Lane (Bacon Street) and the Middle District, which included the balance. 736 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. In February, 1786, Joaas Dix was engaged to teach the grammar school for one year. In March John Remington was paid for teaching and Abijah Bigelow was engaged to teach at the new school-house at the west end of the plain, as long as the appropriation lasted, he to keep " two schools a day " after April Ist. Mr. Jackson, Nathan Underwood and John Child also appear to have been teachers during the year. Capt. Samuel Bigelow appears to be one of four teacher.-i employed in 1787. In 1790 Messrs. Bridge, Dix and Mead were paid for teaching. The school grant of December, 1790, was thus apportioned to the several school-houses : Upper end of Plain, £25 (3«. 8d.; Foot of Hills, £22 2.').; near the meeting-house, £30 5s. Sd.; Trapelow, £18 3«. lOrf.,- proprietors of new school-house (probably at the Lower Plain), £4 2s 3d. In 1791 it was voted to buy the school-house at the Upper Plain and Trapelow, they having been pro- nounced suitable and the proprietors being willing to sell. An appropriation of £77 lis. was made for the one at the Upper Plain, the amount being divided among twenty- one proprietors, all residing on upper Main and on South Streets ; £50 18(t. lOd. were paid for the one at Trapelow. The house near the Widow Barnard's was not accepted. In the selectmen's records for 1791 appears an order ap- propriating 3s. 6d. to pay for a horse and chaise " to bring the school mistress from Framingham.'' In April, 1792, a vote was passed to remove the school-house near the meeting-house to a point just below the present cemetery on Main Street. In Sep- tember, 1795, the town appropriated £50 to purchase stoves and shutters for the schools and make some repairs, and chose a special committee of three from each school district to attend to the expenditure of school appropriations. They probably acted as a school committee, and the organization was continued from year to year, as we lose sight of special appro- priations for teachers. In 1797 the schools taught by males are styled " men's " schools and those taught by females " women's " schools. In this year the town appropriated $25 to establish a singing-school. In 1801 a School Committee of ten was elected, and this arrangement appeared to work so satisfactorily that it was continued voluntarily until the statute law made it mandatory. In 1803 the town appropriated .$120 for a teacher of music. In 1813 the Factory Village (Bleachery) was set ofl'.as a separate school district. In 1817 the town voted to set off the Boston Manu- facturing Co.'s estates for a school district and to dis- continue the one at the Bleachery. In this connec- tion it is well to note that for many years the Boston Manufacturing Co. sustained schools of its own for the instruction of the children of its employees. Rev. Mr. Ripley appears about 1819-20 to have caused considerable trouble in his flock by using a portion of his time in teaching school, and it was made a matter for town interference, an effort being made to appoint u committee to interview him and induce him to quit teaching, but his friends were too numerous and the project was abandoned. In 1829 the town voted to exclude needle-work from the morning session of the summer schools, allowing it in the afternoon, and in 1830 a small sum was appro- priated to procure medals to be given the most de- serving scholars. In spite of the law of 1789 in regard to the estab- lishment of grammar schools, no effort was made to comply with it until 1820. In 1821 the town was sued for non-compliance with the act, but little heed was paid to the suit. The attempt to establish such a school was unsuccessfully repeated year after year. In 1832, however, the town appropriated $1200 to build a grammar school-house and town-house on the old meeting-house common. Subsequently a vote was passed to erect the building on the "gore of land" owned by Mr. Lyman, that gentleman offering to give the land and $200 to assist the work. This did not seem to suit, and after vote upon vote the town purchased of Mr. T. R. Plympton the land now occupied by the North Grammar School, increased the appropriation sumewhat and erected the building there. When the present structure was put up, the old building was sold and removed to the corner of School and Exchange Slreets, where it was remodeled into a tenement-house. In 1833 the town appro- priated $300 to enable the School Committee to hire a school-master and establish a High School, and di- rected the committee to commence such a school at the earliest possible day. The first principal of this school was Franklin Hardy. After him came Josiah Rutter (1835), William H. Ropes (1838), E. A. W. Harlow (1841), Charles F. Simmons (1842), Daniel French (1842), William H. Ropes (1844), Leonard P. Frost (1847). During Mr. Frost's term of service the town gave up the hall in the upper story, changed it to make it suitable for school uses and established a High School there distinct from the grammar school, Mr. Frost taking charge of the former and his broth- er, George W., of the latter. In 1859 L. P. Frost suc- ceeded his brother George ; after him came William E. Sheldon (1869), Alonzo Meserve (January, 1871), John I. Prince (September, 1871), John S. Hayes (1879), John I. Prince (1879), Bradford W. Drake (1879), who is now teaching. In 1868 the town es- tablished a grammar school on the south side of the river and Arthur P. Smith was elected principal, a position he still retains. In the High School the principals succeeding L. P. Frost are Timothy W. Bancroft (1859), Andrew J. Lathrop (1864), James C. Parsons (1865), Minton Warren (1874), William E. Bunten (1876), Ruel B. Clark (1877), Charles W. Parmenter (1878), Eugene D. Russell (1889). There are at present fourteen school buildings, about 2400 scholars and seventy teachers. The present High and North Grammar School buildings were erected in 1867 ; the South Grammar building in 1876; the West, 1876; Heard Street, WALTHAM 787 1880 ; Prospect Street, Orange Street and Bacon Street, 1883; Grove Street, 1887; the High Street Primary remodeled 1890. The Newton Street build- ing was erected in 1833, but bears no semblance to the original structure. In 1864 the advocates of the New Church faith erected the school building used by them and have maintained a school there which receives pupils from all over the United Slates. In 1888 the St. Joseph Parochial (Roman Catholic) School was established and the building was completed lor school purposes. Newspapers. — The newspaper life of Waliham, so far as can be ascertained, commenced with the publication of The Hive, the first number of which appeared under date of March 2, 1833. It was an eight-page periodical, priuced in magazine style with a page form eight and a half inches by five inches. Ii was edited and published by S. B. Emmons, who for many years kept an apothecary store on Main Street, in the building west of the Townscnd Block. It was for many months printed at the office of James B. Dow, then located at No. 122 Washington Street, Boston. By its first editorial we learn that it was " de. voted to the publication of Original and Select Tales, Essays, Music, Biography, Travels, Original and Select Poetry, Amusing Miscellany, Humorous Anecdotes, etc., etc." It was published on alternate Saturdays, at one dollar per year. For some reason, which does not appear through a perusal of its columns, publication was suspended from May 25, 1833, until February 14,1835, the numbering both in issues and pages proceeding at the latter time as though there had been no interregnum. When its publication was revived it was printed by " Dill and Sanborn, Music, Book and Job Printers, 43VVa3hington Street, Boston." September 5, 1835, it was printed in Waltham for the first time by W. C. George, who had just established himself in Waltham as a book and job printer. January 10, 1836, the last number of The Hive appeared. In his valedictory editor Emmons said : " This number of the Hive completes the present volume. It will be succeeded shortly by a paper of a larger size, to be published every week." On the 7th of May, 1836, the first number of the Waltham Star, the paper probably alluded to by Mr. Emmons, appeared. It was published by Willard C. George. The second number appeared under date of June 4, 1836, and the third June 11th. Its life was a brief one and its publication was soon suspended for want of patronage. The Middlesex Reporter was published in Waltham about one year commencing in 1841. Nathaniel P. Banks, Jr., was its editor. It appears that two other attempts were made to establish newspapers in Waltham between 1836 and 1848, but names and dates are not at hand. The Waltham Mirror made its opening bow on July 6th of the latter year. It was a quarto, with a page form twelve and one-half inches by nine and one-half inches. It was published semimonthly by V. S. Williams, who kept 47-iii a periodical and general goods store in Wellington's building, just west of the bank, and was edited by H. B. Skinner, M.D., who had a Boston office at 60* Cornhill. The Mirror lived about a year and then went the way of its predecessors. Between 1849 and 1856 two more unsuccessful attempts were made to convince the people of Wal- tham that they needed a newspaper. May 18, 1850, D. Farnham commenced the publication of the Ram- ford Journal. Like its predecessors its life was brief. In April, 1852, appeared the first number of the MassasoU Balance and Waltham Advocate, published in Rumford Building by Kelley & Co. It also soon died. Apparently undismayed by the failures of the pre- ceding twenty-three years, Josiah Hastings, in 1856, launched the Waltham Sentinel on the sea of journal- ism. Mr. Hastings had previously published a two- page advertising sheet which was distributed free. On the 15th of February, 1856, he issued the first number of Walthara's first successful newspaper. The currents and the winds seemed propitious, and for twenty years the Sentinel paid its weekly visits to hundreds of Waltham firesides. It was edited by " an association of gentlemen." Its end was mel- ancholy, even to the verge of the tragic. In 1876 the elder Mr. Hastings, his son William, who for many years had assisted his fiUher in the conduct of the paper, and three grandchildren, the son and two daughters of William, died within the brief period of a few weeks. There was no one of the family left whose training was in the direction of newspaper work, and in 1877, the Sentinel was sold. It was purchased by George Phinney, proprietor of the Waltham Free Press, and became merged in that paper. In February, 1863, George Phinney, who had had previous journalistic experience.in Bridgewater, com- menced the publication of the Waltham Free Press. At that time there was no distinctively Republican paper in Walthau*. The Free Press early became the Waltham organ of that party, and has contin- ued the exponent of Republican ideas to the pres- ent time. In the fall of 1884 Mr. Phinney dis- posed of the paper to Robert B. Somers, at that time a compositor in the office of the Waliham Daily Tribune. Alexander Starbuck was requested to take the position of editor, and did so. In the fall of 1885 Mr. Starbuck purchased a half-interest in the paper, and in November of that year the office, which up to that time had been located on the north side of the river, was removed' to its pres- ent location, on the south side. March, 1888, Som- ers & Starbuck commenced the i)ublicati<)n of a daily edition, which continues in successful operation at the present time. October 1, 18S9, the newspaper and job-printing business, which, up to that time, had been run jointly, were divided, and the partner- ship dissolved, Mr. Somers assuming the job-print- 738 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ing and Mr. Starbuck taking the newspapers. In its early life the Free Press passed through a varied experience. It was started in the second story of a building in the rear of Central (then Miller's) Block, which' was previously used for sleeping apart- ments for the hotel in the upper stories of the block, but which has since been turned quarter round and moved to the line of Lexington Street. While located here it passed the ordeal of fire. It was then moved to a stone building back of Town- send's Block, and for a second time encountered fire. No serious accident, however, has since be- fallen it. The next newspaper to be established in Wal- tham was the Waltham Record, which was started in 1876 by Barry & Berry. After a few months' experience Mr. Berry retired from the firm, and Mr. Barry[carried on the business until 1885, when he disposed of the i?«corrf to Pratt Brothers, of Marlboro'. The paper was transferred to that town and merged with a large number of publications issued from the Marlboro' office. While in Mr. Barry's charge it was exceedingly well conducted. During the latter portion of its publication in Waltham it was issued semi-weekly. The Waltham Daily Tribune was first published October 2, 1882, under the management of Eaton & Reeli. It was first issued in Hovey's building on Moody Street, just south of the railroad. Mr. Reed subsequently disposed of his interest to Mr. Eaton. Mr. Eaton continued in possession and retained the position he held from the first as editor, until March 1888. He then sold out to a company of gentlemen who formed a corporation under the name of " The Waltham Tribune Company." For several months the paper was under the management of E. G. Bond. Late in the fall of 1888 he was succeeded by H. E. Browne, the present editor and manager. The com- pany was incorporated in 1888 with a capital of $14,000. On May 5, 1886, E. G. Bond published the first number of the Charles River Laborer, a weekly news- paper issued, according to its prospectus, in the in- terest of the workingmen particularly. It was printed by. Rice & Drake, at their office, on Pine IStreet, near Moody. It lived a little more than a year. October 16, 1886, the Waltham Times, a daily news- paper, published by Rice & Drake and edited by T. P. James, made its appearance. It lived about a year, and suspended publication. Several amateur periodicals have appeared from time to time, lived a few months and then quietly died out, but as they were not designed to enter the professional field, no attempt is made to give them in detail. A single attempt has been made in Waltham to es- tablish a magazine. In March, 1836, Willard C. George published the first number of the Repertory, a monthly magazine of twenty-six pages, published at $1.00 a year. Mr. George must have received but lit- tle encouragement, as it is said that the second num- ber of the periodical never appeared. The Christian Freeman and Family Visitor, edited by Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, was printed by Josiah Hast- ings about two years, beginning in the spring of 1839. The office was then removed to Boston, the paper being some years after merged into The Trumpet, which in turn was merged in The Christian Leader. CHAPTER L. WALTHA M— ( Contin ued). THE AMERICAN WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY. The projector of the enterprise of systematic watch- making, which has become an industry of no small [)roportions in America, was Aaron L. Dennison. He was a typical Yankee youth, born in Freeport, Maine, in the year 1812. As he early evinced a taste for mechanical pursuits he was apprenticed to a watchmaker. After serving in that capacity about three years, in Brunswick, Maine, he went to Boston, where he obtained a situation with Messrs. Currier & Trott, where he endeavored to perfect himself as a journeyman. The varieties of style in the construction of Swiss and English watches, and the diversified jobs which naturally come into the hands of the watch repairer, would tend to stimulate ingenuity and develop thought in one who was interested in his work. Mr. Dennison certainly seems to have been pos- sessed of progressive tendencies, so that it very nat- urally occurred to him that there might possibly be some improvement in the methods of watch-making, especially in the direction of a greater unifoanity in sizes of corresponding parts in watches of the same make. Visiting the United States Armory at Spring- field, Massachusetts, he became greatly interested in the machinery used in the manufacture of muskets on the " interchangeable plan," and very naturally the idea of applying the same system to the manu- facture of watches presented itself to him; and the more he contemplated it the more firmly was he con- vinced that the general sj-stem or method which was evidently such a success in the making of firearms, might, and without doubt would, in time be employed in the performance of the required operations on the .smaller and more delicate parts of pocket time- pieces. Having become possessed with this general idea, Mr. Dennison devoted many hours of his spare time to the study of the numerous details involved in the adaptation of such a scheme. His continued contemplation of the subject only served to convince him that the mechanical difficul- WALTHAM. 739 ties could be surmounted, and that therefore the scheme of machine-made matches was practicable, and, in time, was sure to be adopted. With the earnest and very natural desire to see in tangible form some results from his long-continued study, Mr. Dennison endeavored to impart to capital- ists some of the enthusiasm which his long contem- plation of the scheme had aroused in himself. It is quite probable, however, that capital at that time was even more conservative than it now is; so that it is not surprising that several years should elapse before any one was found bold enough to risk his money in an enterprise the success of which was at least problematical. But in 1819 Mr. Dennison had an interview with Mr. Edward Howard, who seems to have been filled with an enthusiasm equal to his own, but with quite a different scheme for its object. At that time Mr. Howard was, in company with Mr. D. P. Davis, en- gaged in the manufacture of clocks and scales, and also standard weights and measures, for which they had a contract from the State of Massachusetts. They had also done something in the way of making fire- engines ; and at that time Mr. Howard was greatly interested in a scheme for building locomotives on an extensive scale. Mr. Dennison succeeded not only in dissuading Mr. Howard from any attempt to engage in the locomotive business, but made him a convert to his own project for watch-making. Having then obtained an ally, who soon became quite as enthusiastic as himself, Mr. Dennison's own courage and confidence increased, and the two men began their search for a capitalist, who would be able, by the aid of their prophetic vision, to discern a profitable return for an invest- ment in their novel undertaking. This individual they found in the person of Mr. Samuel Curtis, of Boston, 'who consented to invest the sum of $20,000 in the enterprise. The undertaking having been de- finitely decided upon, the next thing to be determined was as to the nature of the first practical action. Without doubt Mr. Dennison had long before plan- ned in his own mind very many details, and was pre- pared to submit a definite course of procedure. His suggestion was that a personal visit of inspection and investigation be made to the watch-making districts of England, and, at the same time, arrangements for the purchase of needful supplies which could not be readily procured in American markets, such as enamels, jewels, etc. This recommendation of Mr. Dennison's was adopt- ed ; and accordingly he soon went to England, where he spent several months in gathering information as to the systems and methods in use by the English watch-makers ; his observation only serving to con- firm him in his belief that Americans could readily compete with them, especially in view of the fact of the extreme conservatism of the English, which prevented their ready adoption of new. methods. In a letter written by Mr. Dennison, while in Europe, he says, " I found that the party setting up as manufacturer of watches bought his Lancashire movements,— a conglomeration of rough materials,— and gave them out to A. B. C. and D. to have them finished ; and how A. B. C. D. gave out the different jobs of pivoting certain wheels of the train to E. cer- tain other parts to P., and the fusee cutting to G.— dial-making, jeweling, gilding, motioning, etc., to others, down almost the entire length of the alphabet. . . . Finding things in this condition, as a matter of course, my theory of Americans not finding any difficulty in competing with the English, especially if the interchangeable system and manufacturing in large quantities was adopted, may be accepted as reasonable." During the absence of Mr. Dennison the other parties in the enterprise were not idle, so that after his return, work was commenced on a model watch, and some machinery and tools. Work was com- menced on a factory building in October. 1850, and it was completed in the following January. It was located on Hamden Street, in Roxbury, — now a part of the city of Boston, — and designated as the High- land District. At that time the business was con- ducted under the name of " The American Horologe Company," and the capital invested consisted princi- pally of the $20,000 furnished by Mr. Curtis, together with the practical manufacturing experience of Messrs. Howard & Davis, and the enthusiasm and confidence of Mr. Dennison. Of this combination, the dollars gradually but surely and forever disappeared ; the manufacturing experience was considerably enlarged ; and the enthusiasm probably remained unchanged. Of course, in commencing the business of watch- making, one of the primary matters to be decided was the form of watch to be adopted, which involved the construction of a model from which to work in the building of the tools and machines required. A small room was partitioned off in the Howard A Davis clock factory, and two men were detailed to begin this work. They were the brothers Oliver and David Marsh. They were soon joined by Mr. Charles S. Moseley, whose name is familiar in many of the watch factories of the country, and to whom is due the credit of designing many machines now in use in all American watch factories. Among others who were engaged on the original watches and machines, it is proper to mention here Mr. James Baker, who after- ward became a foreman of one of the departments of the Waltham factory, which he left in 1874, to en- gage in mercantile business, returning, however, after a few years' absence, and is still industriously at work. Mr. Nelson P. Stratton also soon became employed in the new enterprise ; and very naturally, for he was a watchmaker by trade, having been engaged with the brothers James & Henry Pitkin, who in 1838 attempted to establish a watch factory at Hartford, 740 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Conn., and did indeed make about 800 movements, but, as their cost was greater than imported watches, the enterprise was abandoned. Believing that Mr. Stratton's experience in the Pit- kins' factory would be of great value, Mr. Dennison persuaded him to give up his position with Messrs. McKay, Spear & Brown, jewelers, on Washington Street, Boston, and cast in his lot with the promoters of the new industry. In taking this action no mistake was made, for Mr. Slratton soon became prominent in the mauagement of the busine-ss ; but of him more will be said here- after. Of the other workmen who were employed at an early date, mention should be made of Mr. James T. Shepard, a brother-in-law of Mr. Stratton, who left the Springfield Armory to contribute his labor and skill to the new undertaking. He early became the head of one of the departments of the work, and still continues in the same position in the Walthr.m factory. Among others who, early entering the service of the company, naturally came to occupy responsible positions, were Mr. John .1. Lynch, who was foreman of the jeweling department, until his death in Sep- tember, 1885, and Mr. Albert T. Bacon, who was for many years the general superintendent of the Wal- tham factory. Mr. David Marsh was adjuster of high-grade watches, until he left the factory to enter mercantile business. In the summer of the next year (1851) a model watch was completed. In size it corre.sponded with the 18 size movement as made at the present time by all American factories, but it is said to have been radically different, however, in that it was designed to run eight day.s with one winding, instead of about thirty-six hours, as does the ordinary watch. But it was soon found tKat such a form of watch was im- practicable, and itwasabandoned fortheone-day watch. Before ayy watches had been completed, the name of the company was changed to the Warren Manu- facturing Company (probably in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, whose birth-place was not far from the Koxbury factory), and the first hundred move- ments produced bore this name. These were com- pleted and placed on the market in 1853. The next few hundred were named Samuel Curtis. But it was soon realized that the company uame was not suffi- ciently suggestive of its business and it was changed to the Boston Watch Company. The two or three years' experience at the Roxbury factory seems to have convinced the managers that the location was in many respects an unfavorable one, inasmuch as it was extremely dusty in the sum- mer months, and it was also felt that in planning for the future growth of the business, no slight regard should be had for the requirements of the employes, and provisions be made for their happiness and com- fort in the direction of homes. Influenced by this feeling, Mr. Dennison began to search for a new and more favorable location. In his explorations among th* suburban towns within a reasonable distance from Boston, he fou?id a most charming spot which seemed to possess all the desired qualifications. This location was at Stony Brook, at the extreme eastern boundary of the town of Weston, and about eleven miles from Boston, on the line oi the Fitchburg Railroad. But the owner of the de- sired land, Mr. N. L. Siblej', not having the enthusi- astic faith in the future magnitude of the watch- making industry which possessed Mr. Dennison, could not be made to realize the very great pecuniary ad- vantage which would accrue to him from the estab- lishment of such a factory. Failing to agree with Mr. Sibley on terms of pur- chase, that location was given up, and search was made for some available site, which was soon found in the " Bemis Farm," which was situated on the south side of the Charles River, about three-quarters of a mile from the centre of the village of Waltham, and only ten miles from Boston. Having then found a satisfactory location for the factory, the next thing was to make it evident to the employes that country life wiis a thing to be very greatly desired. Accordingly, Mr. Dennison used to plan excursions into the country, the objective-point, of course, being a certain pasture on the south bank of the Charles River. And then he would endeavor to awaken in his companions a little of the enthusiasm which seems always to have possessed him, by point- ing out to them some of the very charming locations on which to build houses. It is related that, on one of these outing days, Mr. Dennison mounted a stone wall, and waving his long arms toward the adjoining field, he exclaimed to his companions, " Somewhere about there, gentlemen, there is going to be a watch factory." The factory was subsequently built on the spot then designated ; and moreover, some of the men actually located their homes on the very lots chosen for them. The establishment of an industry so novel and, in the opinion of its projectors, so promising as watch- making, naturally set in motion other schemes for money-making, which should be more or less de- pendent upon or co-operative with the new factory. The Waltham Improvement Company was incor- porated in March, 1854, with a capital of $100,000. They purchased most of the land in the vicinity of the watch factory site, amounting to several hundred acres, and laid it out into building lots, with main thoroughfares and intersecting streets. Of the capital stock of this land corporation, the Boston Watch Company held thirty shares, at $100 each. Work was soon commenced on the new factory buildings, and prosecuted so vigorously that by Oc- tober of that year they were ready for the reception of the machinery and tools. An engine and the WALTHAM. 741 needful boilers were put in place, shafting put up, and the machinery moved from the Roxbury factory and put in operation. This factory was built in the form of two parallel wings running towards the river, with a square build- ing connecting the two in front, in which were located the various offices. The material used in the construction of these orig- inal buildings was found on the spot, in the form of the gravel which constitutes the bulk of the soil of that region. This gravel was mixed with lime mor- tar, and the compound poured into a mould of planV, which was constructed in the form of a section of the building. After a section of this "concrete" had stood a sufficient time to become hardened, another section was built upon it in like manner, and so the process was continued, till the desired height was at- tained. This method of construction was so successful that it was proposed to continue it, and one or two smaller buildings were made in the same manner; but when, after partly completing a building designed for use as a boarding-house, a rain-storm washed it nearly all down, confidence in that form of construction seems to have suffered a fatal shock ; for it was not again attempted. Of these original buildings, the last one was demolished in 1879. For some time after entering the new factory about fifty hands were employed, but few, if any, watches were produced. This necessitated a continual draft upon the very limited capital of the company, re- lieved by little, if any income, so that it was but a question of time when financial trouble would be inevitable. And in less than two years matters had become not only serious but desperate. All the money which could be obtained had been absorbed, the product was small, and, with a natural prejudice against a new watch, the sales were slow ; and by the spring of 1857 the end ot the second stage was reach- ed, and the company made an assignment. The property was offered for sale by the assignee, and, on one rainy day in May, there was a gathering in the open court between the buildings, and in a short time the factory, with all its equipments, to- gether with what unfinished product it contained, passed from the ownership of the men who had toiled so hopefully for it. Mr. Royal E. Robbins, of New York City, who had for some years been in the watch importing business, bid in the property, for himself and the firm of Tracy & Baker, who were to quite an amount creditors of the unfortunate watch company ; the price being $56,000. The new firm-name was Tracy, Baker & Co. ; but as this factory was so far distant from the watch-case business of Messrs. Tracy & Baker, which was located in Philadelphia, those men soon disposed of their interest to Mr. Robbins, who associated with him Mr. James Appleton and Mr. E. Tracy, and con- ducted the business from September 1, 1857, under the firm-name of Appleton, Tracy & Co. Almost immediately the great commercial and financial crisis of that year occurred, and for about a year it was necessary to carry on the works without returns from sales. With the aid of the New York firm of Robbins & Appleton, and of some friendly bankers in Boston, means were found to keep the factory running until, in the autumn of 1858, better times appeared, and a market for the product was gradually made. But it was a severe struggle, and a great trial to the faith and patience of Mr. Robbins. His capital beingall involved, and his ability to carry through to success such a novel and risky enterprise being a good deal questioned, he was reduced to straits for money, which, in view of the subsequent history of the concern, presents a great contrast of conditions. Many a time Mr. Robbins deposited with his own hands in Boston banks large boxes of watches, as col- lateral security for his notes, discounted at eighteen per cent, by capitalists to whom he had been intro- duced. The co-operation of the workmen was secured, and many concessions on their part, of both time and wages, were considerately contributed to tlie mainten- ance of operations throughout this disastrous period. It was difficult enough, as many business men will remember, for the best and longest estabiished con- cerns to borrow in that year, and it may well be be- lieved that the effort to revive a bankrupted watch- making business found very little favor amongst the few who had money to lend. However, in 1858 the clouds began to break. The factory had by hard experience learned how to make watches by machinery, and to make them well, at a comparatively low cost. The future began to look very promising, but more capital was needed. In these circumstances Mr. Robbins proposed to the Waltham Improvement Company, that, inasmuch as the prosperity of that company was in a great measure dependent upon the success of the watch firm, their mutual interests would be best promoted by a union of properties in one company, whose capital should be made large enough for their objects. This proposal was so evidently wise that it met with accept- ance, and " The Waltham Improvement Company, at a shareholders' meeting, held August 20, 1858, voted to buy the wat, besides providing for lec- tures and debates, it started a collection of books. This institution was substantially encouraged by the manufacturing company, and as a foundation for a permanent library, the Manufacturers' Library was transferred to the Institute. This was a nucleus of the large and well-selected library which was finally given to the town as a public library. From small beginnings, the gradual accretions of books, from gift and purchase, swelled the number and insured a per- manent and valuable collection. The manufacturing company with continued liberality erected a building for the lectures of the Institute, and provided cases and facilities for keeping and delivering the books. The proceeds of rent were devoted to the purchase of new books. The class of books purchased and added were of a general character, adapted to the use of such a population, and of a high order, which shows the care in their selection. The library was open every Saturday evening, and the annual fee for its privileges was merely a nominal sum. To minors especial encouragement was given for availing them- selves of the use of the library and attendance at its lectures. Thus the library in the sphere of its use- fulness, and the additions to its shelves, grew with the growth of the town, and was an important ele- ment in the social, moral and intellectual life. The noble and broad-minded men who were the projectors of the factories showed that they were guided by higher motives than those which attached to mere business enterprises. When the library was trans- ferred to the town, it comprised about three thousand well-chosen volumes. Soon after its organization as a Public Library, the Social Library, of the First Parish Church, was given to it. This library had been establiched under the statutes passed for the encouragement of learn- ing and knowledge in that way, and was connected with the church of the town, though the books were mostly of a general and secular character. In 1873 the library of the Farmers' Club, consisting of about two hundred and fifty volumes of agricultural works, was added to the library as a gift from the club. As the extent of the library and the convenience of the people required better accommodations, in 1880, by the advice of the directors, the town authorized the removal to a new block erected by Charles A. Welch, at the corner of Charles and Moody Streets, where, upon the ground-floor, much better facilities were secured. The area was judiciously divided into reception, reading, reference alid alcove rooms, and the location has proved itself as well adapted to the purposes as any place not especially provided for such use in its original design. It is hoped that at some future time public or private munificence may provide a building devoted to its exclusive use as a Public Library. By the city charter the manfge- ment of the library is in charge of a board of six di- rectors, two of whom are elected annually by the Board of Aldermen. The appropriations by both the town and city have always been liberal and have been granted with an adequate comprehension of the benefit of such an institution. By co-operation with the School Board the library is made greatly to aid the scholars of the public schools in their studies. Special attention has been given to reference books, and the room devoted to their use is one of its most interesting apartments. The librarians have been WALTHAM. 751 Misa Lorenza Haynes, Mr. A. J. Lathrop and Miss Sumner Johnson, who at present holds that position. The number of books is about fifteen thousand. CHAPTER LII. WALTHAM— ( Continued). MANUFACTORIES. BY ALEXANDER STARBUCK. Not many years after the settlement of Watertown advantage was taken of the water privileges within its borders for the establishment of such manufactures as the limited needs of the colonists required and would support. The earliest one of which we have any account as having been established within what are now the corporate limits of Waltham was a full- ing-mill, erected at or near the site known as Ken- dall's Mill, on Beaver Brook. On the 30th of May, 1662, Timothy Hawkins sold to Thomas Agar, of Roxbury, fuller, three-quarters of an acre of land at this place, "' with all the accommodation of water, for the erecting and maintenance of a fulling-mill in said place, and on the river that passeth through the same ; also the right of way." Mr. Agar did not continue the business long at this place, for the record says that December 18, 1663, but little more than a year at best from the time he could have had his mill in operation, he sold the land, " with the fulling- mill thereon erected, to Thomas Loveran, late of Ded- ham, Co. Essex, Old England, cloth- worker." Lover- an seems to have continued in business here until 1669-70. January 3d of that year he sold the mill to Timothy Hawkins and Benjamin Garfield. Prior to 1690 — how long before does not appear — the mill wa.s used for grinding corn. In 1700 Samuel Stearns, a son-in-law of Timothy Hawkins, was the owner in whole or in part of the property. It appears by a vote passed by the town of Water- town, at a meeting held January 5, 1679-80, that a grist-mill was in process of erection on Stony Brook, the town voting " that the new corn-mill now set up and to be finished at Stony Brook, be freed from rates for 20 years." In 1684 this mill was owned by John Bright and others. According to Bond: "These mills were probably owned some time by Lieutenant .John Brewer, and afterwards, for a long time, known as Bigelow's Mills." Bond also says: "The mills built on the three points just referred to " (that is, near the weir established at Watertown and the two localities mentioned in this article) " were the only ones in the town for the first seventy, probably the first hundred, years after its settlement." There was probably a mill also on the brook running east of Lexington Street, and crossing Beaver Street, a branch of Beaver Brook. Probably the next mill which was erected in Wal- tham was the one known as the Boies Paper Mill, and was built and carried on by John Boies. Mr. Boies manufactured brown and white paper and his mill stood on land now occupied by the Boston Manufacturing Company. It was at that time a pic- turesque locality. The date of the erection of the mill is not definitely fixed, but it was probably be- tween 1780 and 1790. The Massachusetts Magazine for April, 1793, published an engraving of the mill, showing the dwelling of Mr. Boies near by, and accompanied it with the following description ; " We have the pleasure to present our patrons with a south view of Mr. John Boyce's Paper Manufactory, com- bining a prospectus of his dwelling-house and out- buildings, together with a view of the meeting-house, (he seats of Messieurs Townsend and Pacy, and Charles River. Theeituation is acknowledged to be one of the most elegant and delightful in the town- ship of Waltham, and has deservedly acquired the name of EDEN VALE. It is about ten miles from Boston, and one half mile from the Great Road on the Plains." Boies' estate in 1798 was valued at .-JloSO. A similar mill was built by Governor Gore, near the site of the present Waltham Bleachery, prior to 1800. In 1802 Nathan Upham erected a small ivooden building on Stony Brook, near the Weston line and commenced the manufacture of coarse wrapping papers. Nathan, and Amos his brother, had served an apprenticeship with John Boies. They con- tinued the business until 1820, when they disposed of the mill to .John M. Gibbs, who also continued the manufacture until 1835, when he sold the mill to John and Stephen Roberts. Stephen died in 1845, and John became sole owner. Eventually John's son William became a partner, and the business was carried on under the style of John Roberts and Son. .John Roberts died in 1871, and William still carries on the business, but the firm-name is unchanged. The goods produced are sheathing and asbestos papers principally, and large quantities are yearly produced. The old wooden mill was long ago re- placed by a more commodious and substantial .stone structure, and the water-power of the brook was assisted by the steam engine. In 1810 the Governor Gore mill was purchased by the Waltham Cotton and Woolen Company, which was organized that year. It is said that this company at one time employed about two hundred hands and its weekly products reached 10,000 yards. Accord- ing to " M. U.'' in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections for 1815, the mill at that time run, in its cotton department 2000 spindles, and worked 300 pounds of cotton per day ; in the woolen department were run 380 spindles, four jennies and two jacks. Fourteen woolen looms were in operation and sixty pounds of wool used per day. A portion of the weaving was done outside the factory in the 752 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. neighboring and even in some distant towns. It was unsuccessful, however, as a financial venture and nine years after its incorporation (in February, 1819), its property was sold to the Boston Manufacturing Company for $200,000. The Boston Manufacturing Company was incor- porated in February, 1813. Francis C. Lowell and Patrick I. Jackson purchased the mill and water privilege established by Mr. Boies and, joining with Nathan Appletou and others, organized the company and were incorporated by the Legislature with a capi- tal of $400,000. Work was at once commenced on the buildings, and the mill nearest Moody Street was completed during the first year. While the building was in process of construction Mr. Lowell visited England to study the mechanism of weaving as practiced there and to obtain improved machinery, with the intention of providing fur the complete pro- duction of cotton-cloth by machinery. The new mill built by the company was of brick, five stories high, ninety feet long and forty-five feet wide, and running 3000 spindles. The roof was of the double-pitch pattern. Within five years this portion of the mill has been remodeled to conform to the more modern portions. It was several months after Mr. Lowell's return from England before the new power loom was perfected. The first record of its work is on the books of the company under date of February 2, 1816, at which time the entry was made of " 1242 yards 4-4" or thirty-six inches wide cotton. There is no doubt that this entry records the date of the first manufacture of cotton-cloth in America where all the operations were performed under one roof. The goods mentioned were made in imitation of the cotton imported at that period from India. The first product was at the rate of 4000 yards per week. Only one store in Boston, that of a Mrs. Bow- ers, on CornhlU, dealt in goods of this kind, and as home-made cotton-goods were not viewed with par- ticular favor, the sales were not by any means en- couraging. The experiment was tried of selling the product by auction. It proved successful ; about thirty cents a yard being realized, and the business of the company was firmly established. In 1818 a new mill was erected, and the production thereby increased to 2.5,000 yards per week. Three widths were made : 30 inches, 37J inches and 54 inches ; the price being 30, 37i and 50 cents per yard,, respectively. In 1833 the canal now in usk by the company was built. In 1836, by reason of drought, the water-sup- ply failed, and a steam-engine was added to the mill equipment. In 1847 the old wooden dam was re- placed by the present granite one. In 1852 a new mill, 200 feet long and 80 feet wide, was built for the manufacture of e.\tra-widc sheetings; and soon after the first wide sheetings made in America were woven in this mill. The number of spindles at that time was 40,000. In 1873 a new mill, 150x91 feet, was built ; in 1879 an addition of 117 feetwas built to this, and in 1882 another addition was made. In 1888 the remodeling of the old mill made the structures uni- form ; and at the present writing, another new mill, 100 feet long, 70 feet wide and four stories high, is be- ing built between River Street and the Fitchburg Railroad and between Elm and Moody Streets. The number of spindles at present in use is 60,000, but the new mill will largely increase this number. Soon after the Boston Manufacturing Company pur- chased the plant of the Waltham Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing Companj' the old mill was demolished, and a new building commenced for the bleaching of the company's product and the manufacture of a bet- ter grade of cotton-cloth. The original intention was to utilize the bleachery simply for the bleaching, fin- ishing and dyeing of the company's goods, but the field was gradually extended until its customers are found in every portion of the United States. The old methods, including the large wooden drying-sheds, were replaced in 1873-74 with more modern appli- ances and buildings, the present structures being built of brick. The present capacity of the works is a little over 100,000 yards of cloth per day. In 1868 the Boston Manufacturing Company com- menced the manufacture of hosiery, but the manu- facture was, after several years' trial, abandoned, or rather superseded by that of underwear. The present production of undershirts and drawers is about 150,000 dozens per year. The industry was started at the bleachery, but the machinery was subse^quently re- moved to one of the company's new mill-buildings, near Moody Street. The people of Waltham are much indebted to the pioneers of the Boston Manufacturing Company for many things. The corporation established, and for many years maintained at its own expense, schools. The Rumford Institute, which for many years was one of the educational institutions of Waltham, originated among its employees, and was carefully fostered by it until within comparatively few years. The library organized by the institute was the nucleus for the present Public Library. In various other ways has the company shown a lively interest in the wel- fare of Waltham. In the year 1819 Patrick T. .Tackson and others commenced the manufacture of lulphuric acid in a building near the junction of Charles River with Beaver Brook. About six years after the business was removed to a large lot of land bounded at present by High, Newton, Pine and Hall Streets. Here for many years a very extensive manufacture of this acid was carried on by a corporation called the New- ton Chemical Company, the land at the time of their incorporation being a portion of Newton. For many years this establishment was without a rival in its special business. The manufacture was abandoned in 1872, and the land is now nearly covered with dwelling-houses. WALTHAM. 763 In 1835 Dr. Francis F. Field, a dentist, invented a process for the manufacture of crayons for the use of schools, tailors, carpenters, etc. This was the beginning of a business which was for several years carried on by Mr. Zenas Parmenter and by Messrs. Parmenter, Powers & Powell in a little shop, near the corner of Lexington and Pond Streets. A fire destroyed their shop and their increasing busi- ness demanding more room, they removed to the up- per part of a building on Felton Street owned by Davis and Farnum. The accommodations here did not long suffice, however, and about 1863 the old bed- stead factory, the site of the present factory, was hired. At first only the upper portion of that build- ing was used, but the then firm of Parmenter & Walker soon occupied the whole building and has since so enlarged it on the east, the west, the north, the south, and perpendicularly that not a semblance of the original structure is left. In 1881 Mr. Par- menter purchased Mr. Walker's interest, and in Jan- uary, 1882, a company was formed and incorporated under the title of the Parmenter Crayon Company, with a paid-in capital of $45,000. From the insig- nificant beginning of fifty years ago, the business has reached colossal proportions. From two cases a week, which was formerly considered a good showing, the production has increased until now it has an average of from twenty to twenty-iive cases per day, with facilities for twice that amount. The goods are shipped to all parts of Europe, and to the more distant por- tions of the globe, including New Zealand and Japan. In 1862 Messrs. Kidder and Adams, machinists in the employ of the American Watch Company, be- lieving that there was an opening for the manufac- ture of watch repairer's tools, left the employ of that company and commenced the manufacture of lathes for the trade. Their enterprise did not prove suffi- ciently remunerative, and their business eventually passed into the hands of Mr. John Stark, who has since continued it. Mr. Stark died in 1887, and the business is now carried on by his sou. In 1872 Messrs. John E. Whitcomb and George F. Ballou, then in the employ of the American Watch Co., left the service of that company, and commenced the manufacture of watch-makers' lathes. They made what has ever since been known as the " Whit- comb " lathe, embodying in it the distinctive features which the experience of the watch company had found to produce the best results. In 1874 Mr. Ballou retired from the co-partnership, and in 1876, Mr. Ambrose Webster, who had resigned his position as assistant superintendent of the American Watch Com- pany, joined with Mr. Whitcomb in the association known as the American Watch Tool Company. October 15, 1886, Mr. C. Hopkins Van Norman commenced the manufacture of watch-makers' tools. The business increased to such an extent, that in 1889 a large wooden building was erected near Pros- 48-iii pect Street to accommodate it. The capital stock was increased in 1890, and the plant removed to Springfield, Ma.ss. The demand for lathes and tools made by these companies extends throughout the civilized world. The American Watch Tool Company has furnished a very considerable portion of the equipment of sev- eral watch-factories in this country and in Europe. In 1883, Mr. Charles Vanderwoerd, after a connec- tion of twenty years with the American Watch Com- pany, resigned his position of general superintendent, and purchased the plant of some machinists who had recently commenced the manufacture of watch- makers' tools. A company was organized under the name of the Waltham Watch Tool Company, for the purpose of making watch tools and machinery. After making considerable machinery for watch-factories, the attention of the company was turned to the manufacture of watches on its own account. A tract of land on Charles Street was purchased from the town, and a brick building, 100x25 feet, and three stories high was erected. The original plans con- template a structure with a central tower about forty feet frontage with a wing each side, the part now built being only a wing. The entire frontage of the completed building will be 240 feet. In the rear of the factory is a two-story wooden building which is used as a carpenter's shop and gild- ing-room. In June, 1885, the present name of the corporation, " The United States Watch Company," was adopted in place of the former one, as express- ing more clearly the business of the company. The company is meeting with encouraging success in the sale of its watches and ii? considering the com- pletion of its building according to the original de- signs. In 1844 Mr. R. P. Davis established an iron foundry in a building near the Moody Street crossing of the Fitchburg Railroad. The business subsequently passed into the hands of Frederick J. Davis, who, in 1860, erected a much larger building for it between Felton Street and the railroad. Soon after the es- tablishment of the business in its new location Mr. John R. Farnum acquired an interest in it, and the business was carried on under the name of Davis & Farnum. The firm-name was changed in 1876 to the Davis & Farnum Manufacturing Company, by which name it is now known. The excellence of the work turned out by Davis & Farnum soon so crowded them with orders that their establishment on Felton Street was entirely inadequate to meet their increasing busi- ness and the tract of land near the Bleach ery, now occupied by them, was purchased and the buildings erected in 1870. The foundry building is 250 feet long and 125 feet wide, with three cupolas, having a combined melting capacity of thirty-five tons per day, running what is termed a three-bour heat. There are also a pattern shop about 100 feet square and a sheet- iron shop 100 feet by 50 feet, besides an' oflSce build- 754 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ing and tenement-houses. About 150 persons are em- ployed by the company during its busy season. The specialty of the company and the branch of business in which it has won its chief distinction is the equipment of gas plants with every detail in machinery and apparatus. Its operations in this line have extended not only through New England, but through the West and South and into the British Provinces. In 1880 Mr. Henry Kichardson, whose service as a machinist in the employ of the American Watch Tool Co. had led him to study the subject, began to experiment in the manufacture of a fine grade of emery wheels, with the design to produce a wheel better adapted to the fine work of watch and watch- machine makers than any at that time made. He was successful and the following year associated with him Mr. Henry Shuman, also a machinist. A por- tion of the brick building, now wholly occupied by the firm, was leased and the business vigorously pushed. The business was originally conducted under the name of The Richardson Emery- Wheel Co., sub- sequently being changed in style to The Waltham Emery-Wheel Co., its present title. In 1883 Mr. Harlan P. Hyde became associated with the firm as treasurer and general manager. Mr. Hyde's previous experience of nearly twenty years in the business made him a valuable accession. Mr. Shuman retired from the firm about six years ago. The business has steadily increased, new buildings have been erected to meet increasing demands, and instead of Messrs. Richardson and Shuman being able to supply the trade the labor of fifty employees is taxed to the ut- most to that end. Even the buildings used are found inadequate and the company has purchased an ex- tensive tract of land near the Central Massachusetts Railroad, where a large brick building, 250 feet long by 40 feet wide, especially adapted to the work is being erected. A considerable portion of this build- ing will be two stories high. Commodious olBces will be arranged and separate buildings for engine and boiler-rooms will be built. The Waltham Gas-Light Company was incorpora- ted in 1853. At the meeting for organization in January, 1851, Horatio Adams, R. P. Davie, I. R. Scott, R. S. Warren and Horatio Moore were chosen directors, and Thomas Page clerk and treasurer. Horatio Adams was elected president. The author- ized capital was $150,000, although only .$35,000 worth of stock was at first issued, the works being constructed for less than the paid-in capital. In October 1854, gas was first supplied to customers, the price being $4 per 1000 cubic feet. In 1855 the pro- duction was 3,000,000 cubic feet. The present pro- duction is about 25,000,000 cubic feet. The paid-in capital has been greatly increased until it reaches now $140,000. In 1886 an electric plant was added to the equipment, and on the 24th of December of that year the electric light was first used for street and store illumination in this city. In 1890 a con- tract was made to supply power to the Newton Street Railroad, and as the electric plant in use by the com- pany had been outgrown, and there was a con- siderable demand foi power for industrial pursuits, new buildings were erected, a new engine and boiler added and the equipment in every way largely in- creased. In 1889, the Judson L. Thompson Manufacturing Company of Syracuse, N. Y., having outgrown its facilities for manufacture in that city, and being desirous of locating nearer the market for its goods, which consisted of metal buckles for rubber foot- wear and small hardware decided to locate in Wal- tham, a tract of land at Roberts Crossing being placed at the company's disposal by the owner, William Roberts, Esq. A brick building 400 feet by 75 feet has been erected, and the business of the com- pany has been removed to this city. Three shoe factories flourished in Waltham betweeji the years 1855 and 1860 — one owned by Bills & Jones, located on Bacon Street, another owned by C. S. Gay, near the corner of Bacon and Pond Streets, and a third owned by B. F. Clough, and situated back of Prospect Street. The one owned by Bills & Jones employed just previous to the War of the Rebellion about 100 hands, that of Mr. Clough employed 60 persons in 1857, and the other about twenty-five. The business was long ago abandoned and the buildings remodeled into dwellings. An industry which originated in Waltham, and which, while it did not in the brief years it was lo- cated here materially affect this municipality, has produced most important results in the commercial world, is the refining of kerosene oil. There seems to be no reasonable doubt but the first successful ex- periments in this country, if not in the world, through which kerosene oil became a cheap and popular illuminant, were conducted in an iron building known for years as the " Tar " factory, erected on the north bank of the Charles River, just east of Peterson's ice- houses. The building was constructed in 1852 or 1853 and was built for the purpose of utilizing gas tar, the waste of gas-houses. The early products were coal- tar benzole, naphtha, dead oils and pitches. Quoting from a letter written by Joshua Merrill, Esq., presi- dent of the Downer Kerosene Oil Company, " From the distillates were derived a variety of products such as coup oil, used in combination with fatty oils and castor oil. Another product, benzole, was used in making gas by passing air through it in a machine invented by Drake. It was a success and was largely used until the more volatile petroleum naphthas super- ceded it. Picric acid was another product made from phenic acid, a product of the coal-tar distillation. The dead oils were sold mostly to a Mr. Hiram Hyde, who erected a plant near the factory for preserv- ing wood by creosoting, the dead oils containing large percentages of creosote. It was not until about 1865 .:^, 7^r7c,/'a, r/:' ^?^//^Vi' /^J- /'/// / ^> f WALTHAM. 755 that Luther Atwood and William Atwood made kero- sene at these works. They used a product obtained in Canada, probably the outflow of the petroleum wells, which were, up to this date, unknown to exist, but they had, in some former time, flowed out oil through the surface of the ground and it had evapor- ated, leaving a kind of pitch. This was a true petro- leum product and the Atwoods at once discovered its utility for oil-making. The oil made from the Canada petroleum surface pitch was the first burning oil made in this country. James Young, of Glasgow, Scotland, had made a product from coal distilled in retorts as early as 1850. Young's oil was very poor, disgusting in odor and of poor quality, while Atwood's was white in color, sweet in smell and of excellent burning qualities. I consider Luther Atwood the ^ father of the burning oil industry from coal and petro- leum, and to Waltham belongs the honor of having had him for a citizen from 1852 to 1856, and the plant from which the great industry subsequently devel- oped." The building now occupied in its greatly enlarged form by the Parmenter Crayon Company was used by Stratton Brothers for awhile for the manufacture of furniture. The extent of the business carried on by them in its most prosperous time may be judged from the fact that in 1857 they employed thirty men, making on an average 6260 bedsteads, 62-t arm-chairs, 3756 what-nots, 2496 tables, and 2600 ottomans a year. In 1859, however, little trace of the business was left. An organ-factory was established in 1890 by E. W. Lane. The business is, however, as yet in its infancy. Other small industries might be mentioned, but the amount of capital invested and number of hands em- ployed make the industries important only in the BIOGRAPHICAL. JONATHAN BROWN BRIGHT.' Jonathan Brown Bright was born in Waltham, Mass., April 23, 1800, and died there, Dec. 17, 1879. Mr. Bright's volume, " The Brights of Suflblk, England," printed for private distribution in 1858, but accessible to genealogical inquiries, closes with Henry Bright, Jr., who came to New England in 1630, and settled in Watertown, Mass. Henry Bright, Jr., married Anne Goldstone, who came from Suffolk, England, in 1634. Through her he inherited the homestead of her parents, in Watertown, east of and adjoining the estate of the late John P. Gushing, and opposite that of the late Alvan Adams. Here Henry Bright, Jr., lived and died. His son, the first Nathaniel Bright, of Watertown, married Mary Coolidge, of the same town ; and their son, the second Nathaniel Bright, married Ann Bow- 1 By the Rev. Thomas HiU, D.D., LL.D., of Portland, Me. man, all of Watertown. The homestead of the sec- ond Nathaniel Bright was about three-fourths of a mile west of the Goldstone place, and still remains in the hands of his descendants. The old house upon it, taken down in 1877, was said to have been built before 1700. The third Nathaniel Bright, son of the second, married Sybil Stone, of Sudbury, Mass., a descendant of Gregory Stone. Their son, John Bright, of Wal- tham, married Elizabeth Brown, of Watertown, daughter of Captain Jonathan Brown. This John Bright settled, in 1776, in Waltham, where he lived until his death, in his eighty-seventh year, in 1840. His ten children, of whom Jonathan Brown Bright was the youngest, were born in the house which stood nearly where that stands in which the latter died, on the main highway into Waltham, on the eastern bank of Beaver Brook, the estate being divided by Grove Street. Elizabeth Brown, the mother of Jonathan B. Bright, was a daughter of Jonathan Brown, of Water- town (captain in the army at Lake George, 1758), and Esther Mason, of Watertown, a descendant of Hugh Mason. Captain Jonathan Brown was a son of Jona- than Brown, of Watertown, and Elizabeth Simons, of Lexington. This Jonathan was son of Captain Abraham Brown, of Watertown, and Mary Hyde, of Newton. Captain Abraham Brown dropped the final e, which his father, Jonathan Browne, and his grand- father, Abraham Browne, had carried. Abraham Browne had married Lydia , in England, and settled in Watertown, Mass. ; and his son Jonathan married Mary Shattuck, of that town. The old Brown estate, an original grant to the first Abraham, now reduced in size, is still owned by descendants of the name. The main body of the house was built by Captain Abraham Brown, but a part is still more ancient. It stands on the road from Watertown village to Waltham, a little to the east of the estate once owned by Governor Gore, afterwards by Theodore Lyman. The items given above may be recapitulated in the following table, giving the pedigree of Jonathan B. Bright on both the father's and the mother's side. Henry Bright Jr. — Anne Goldjtone. Nathaniel Bright = Mary Cuolidge. Nathaniel Bright —Ann Bowman. N.ithauiel Bright — Sybil Stone. John Bright — Elizabeth Brown. Abraham Browue — LyJia . .lonathan Browne — Mary Shattuck. Capt. Abraham Brown — Mary Hyde. Jonathan Brown — Elizabeth Slmondii. Capt. Jonathan Brown — . Ksther Ma^on. Elizabeth Brown — John Bright. John Bright, the father of Jonathan Brown Bright, was a farmer and a tanner. Only two of the descend- ants of Henry Bright, Jr., are known to have re- ceived a college education— Henry, Harvard 1770, and Nathaniel Francis, Harvard, 1866. But they have been and are, almost without exception, men of good 756 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. • sense, with a taste for reading, and of practical, sound judgment. Jlr. John Bright's large family made industry an essential virtue among his children ; and his strictly religious character made him a strict disciplinaHan to enforce it. At the age of four Jonathan B. was sent to the district school ; and during the next ten years was taught to read, to write and to cipher, working at home during the long vacations. At fourteen he was sent for one quarter to Westford Academy, after which he took lessons for a short time of the Rev. Samuel Ripley, so long pastor of the First Parish, Waltham ; but, having no desire for a collegiate education, he resumed labor on the farm and in the tan-yard. In 1816 he attended, one term only, Framingham Academy. The next year, having no more taste for tanning or farming than for study, he went, with an older brother, to New Orleans by sea, thence up the river to St. Louis, and became his brother's clerk in a store. Here he remained until of age, with the ex- ception of one season in a branch store at Franklin, on the Missouri. As soon as he was of age he began a retail business for himself in St. Stephens, Ala- bama ; but the next year moved to Selma. During the following year, 1823, of the seven men of Northern birth in that town, four died of fever; and the other three, including Mr. Bright, suffered severely with the same disease. This decided him to quit the South. In 1824, finding no vessel at Mobile for Bos- ton, he went to New York and sought employment. Making an engagement with Blackstock, Merle & Co., cotton brokers, he paid first a brief visit, after seven years' absence, to his home ; then returning, spent twenty-five years in New York, first as clerk, after- wards as partner ; the firm changed to Merle & Bright, and then to Merle, Bright & Co. In 1849 he returned to the homestead on Beaver Brook, then occupied by his maiden sister Mary, with whom also an unmarried brother John resided. Mr. Bright built here a larger house a few feet east of the old one ; and he and his only child, with the brother and sister, constituted the family. Thirty-two years' absence had not diminished his attachment to the old place and to the companions of his childhood. They passed away before him, but the thirty years of quiet enjoyment which followed his retirement to the place of-his birth were made much happier by the pro- longation of the sister's life nearly to the close of his own. In 1827 Mr. Bright married Miss Mary Huguenin Garbrance ; but his happiness with her was inter- rupted by her early death in 1830. Her only child, a daughter, came with her father to Waltham in 1849, and in 18G1 married her cousin, William EUery Bright. The thirty years, from 1849 to 1879, in which Mr. Bright lived free from active business cares, were by no means years of idleness. With the exception of a journey in 1859 to Nassau, Havana, New Orleans and St. Louis, and a shorter one in 1860 to BuflFalo and Quebec, the occupation of all those years was found in his native town, doing private kindnesses and fostering public improvements. I remember that one of the earliest impressions I received of him was from the chairman of the board of assessors, who told me that he had just had a peculiar experience : Mr. Bright had come in, after the town had been assessed, and said, " You have not made my tax large enough ; add so many thousand dollars to my personal proper- ly.'' It revealed the character of the man ; it was both his integrity and his public spirit that made him thus voluntarily assume a larger proportion of the public expenses. In 1856 he was put on a town committee to select ground for a new cemetery ; drew up the report, which was accepted, and named all the avenues in the new grounds, Mt. Feake, after ancient Waltham families — :i token of the strong interest which he then took in the matter of genealogy. He furnished a good deal of valuable local history and antiquarian lore to the Waltham Sentinel and the Waltham Free Press, during the years 1856-63. He was an active promoter and leader of the Union League of the town during the Civil War ; and before that in the organization of a Farmers' Club, which is still in active operation. But the wire-|)ulling neces- sary to success in carrying on matters dcpgndeut on popular votes was so distasteful to a man of his pure, simple and manly integrity, that, after 1858, he reso- lutely declined to serve on any committee in town affairs. In 1848, just before retiring from business in New York, Mr. Bright accidentally heard that Dr. Henry Bond, of Philadelphia, had a genealogy of the Bright family. Mr. Bright had a great interest in that mat- ter, although up to that time he had had no leisure to examine it. He immediately wrote to Dr. Bond, and the correspondence was kept up until the latter gen- tleman's death. Dr. Bond proved to have descended, in one line, from Henry Bright, Jr., and was also re- motely connected with Mr. J. B. Bright by the mar- riage of his grandfather to Mr. Bright's aunt. Dr. Bond visited Mr. Bright at Waltham and spent some weeks there, while both were much engaged in col- lecting genealogical material. Mr. Bright afterward employed Mr. H. G. Somerby to make researches in England ; and in 1858 printed his valuable records of " The Brights of Suffolk, England." Since that volume was printed Jlr. Bright has col- lected material which would fill three more volumes of the same size, relating to the family on this side the Atlantic, and to other families of the same name.' 1 Mr. Bright was admitted a resident member of the New England IJisturic Genealogical Society Deo. 11, 1850, and made himself a life member March 20, 18G3. He interested himself much in the society, and was a frequent donor to its library. In 1870 he gave five hundred dol- lars to the Building Fund, for purchasing and fitting for the uses of the society the building which it now occupies. I I WALTHAM. The descendants of Henry Bright, Jr., have been mostly farmers and mechanics, occasionally shop- keepers, none holding other than town or parish offices; but none dishonoring the name. The number bearing the name is small, not exceeding, to the year 1850, one hundred and fifty ; but the descendants in the female line have been more numerous. By a will dated December 15, 1860, Mr. Bright be- queathed to Harvard College fifty thousand dollars, the iucome of which should be equally divided be- tween the purchase of books for the college library and the support of scholarships to which Brights, lineally and legitimately descended from Henry Bright, Jr., shall have priority of claim. "I have se- lected Harvard College," he says, " the most ancient and venerated seat of learning in my native State, to be the custodian of this legacy, as an expression of my appreciation of its liberal yet conservative charac- ter; trusting that its government will always respect the sincere convictions of the recipients of the income thereof." His daughter was made sole executrix, and by a codicil her husband was added as co-exe- cutor. They paid over the full legacy a year in advance of the time allowed by law; so that the college entered at once upon the enjoyment of the in- come. Mr. Bright's phrase " liberal yet conservative char- acter," which he applies to the college, might well be employed in describing himself. With an energy of character which in le.ss than thirty years lifted him from the humblest commercial beginning to a competence that could afford such a legacy, he com- bined a genuine shrinking modesty which obscured his worth from careless eyes. His energy led him to join in aiding liberalizing movements; his modesty held him in I'eserve and allowed his cool, sound judgment to keep him in a more conservative position. His independence was maintained by this happy self-re- straint, which would allow him to run into neither extreme of standing by old errors nor of rushing into new ones. Early in life Mr. Bright adopted views of the Christian religion in substantial agreement with those of Dr. Channing, and he never saw reason to modify them in any essential degree. His warmest virtues were kept, as it were, cool and in the back- ground by this wise and modest caution. Hegavetime^ labor and money to many good causes, public and pri- vate ; and he gave with a kindly, cheerful spirit ; yet so unostentatiously and so wisely that men's attention was more taken up with the results of the action, than with the action itself In private, personal kindnesses he exercised a great delicacy ; so that, in some cases, the recipient of a needed help received regular peri- odical donations of a fixed sum, and endeavored for some time in vain to know from whom, or through what channel, they came ; in other cases the recipi- ent thought of the gifts as tokens of ftiendship, rather than any pecuniary aid. WILLIAM E. BRIGHT. William Ellery Bright was born in Mobile, Ala., September 26, 1831, and died at Waltham, Mass., March 12, 1882. His father was Henry Bright, who was born in Waltham, August 31, 1793. His mother was Abigail Fiske, who was born November 3, 1794. His earliest American ancestor upon his father's side was Henry Bright, born in the county of Sulfolk, England, in 1602, and coming to this country in 1630 with the company that settled at Watertown, Mass. The subject of this sketch was of the seventh genera- tion from this founder, and the order of his ancestry was as follows, viz. : Henry', John*. Nathaniel'', Henry", NathanieP, Henry'. Nathaniel*, On the maternal side he was also of the seventh American generation. The succession was as follows : John', Jacob^ William", Abigail", Thomas", Henry'. Jonathan', Mr. Bright received a good early education at pri- vate schools in New England, and was for many years a member of the well-known firm of Torrey, Bright & Capen, one of the leading carpet stores of Boston. In 1861, February 28th, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth G. Bright, daughter of .lonatlian Brown Bright, of Waltham. From this union are three children,— a son, bearing his father's name, and two daughters, who, with their mother, survive. A correspondent of the Boston Trannpript, who writes after a long and intimate acquaintance with the deceased, says of him : " He was a man of excel- lent business faculty, with a calm, clear and capacious head, a soul of the highest rectitude and honor, and a heart framed of generosity and kindness. In 187.') the good people of Waltham elected him to the Gen- eral Court, and urged him to be a candidate ag.iin the next year, but the pressure of his business obliged him to decline. For the same cause he declined various other local ofiices which he was, from time to time, solicited to undertake. A continuous residence of some thirty years in that town had made him well known ; his steadfast integrity and his approved in- telligence and liberality had gained him iinbouiuled confidence; while the warm heart and open hand which he carried to works of piety and ciiarity, his uniform suavity of manner and his good judgment and frank co-operation in matters of public interest in town and church, endeared him to tlie hearts of all who knew him." JOHN UOliEUTS. Mr. John Roberts the subject of this sketch, waa born in Boston in 1802. At the age of fourteen he 758 HISTOKY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. left school and went to work in a shop for wagon- building, where he remained until he was twenty-one. At that time he established himself in Watertown in the same business and continued there until 1835. Previous to this time there had been a small paper- mill on Stony Brook, in the southwest part of Wal- tham, near the confluence with Charles River. In 1835 Mr. Roberts, with his brother Stephen, who had had practical experience in paper-making, purchased this mill and entered into the business of paper man- ufacture. In a few years he bought out his brother and thereafter conducted the business alone until the last part of his life, when his son was associated with him. The firm-name of John Roberts & Son is one of the oldest and best known in the paper manufac- turing trade. Mr. Roberts put all his energy, indus- try and leading qualities into his new business, and established the basis of an honorable and successful career, with the competence that follows good judg- ment and thrifty management. Beingnaiurally of an inventive mind, he introduced many improvements of his own into machinery and the process of manu- facturing. Among his inventions was a machine for tarring sheathing-paper used for building purposes. Previously this paper had been dipped by hand. Mr. Roberts' invention gave him a specialty in this kind of paper and established a high grade of standard article in tarred paper. He also manufactured the first fine grade hardware papers in this country, which are now so extensively used. In all improve- ments in machinery and methods his foresight and practical knowledge guided him to get the best. He was one of the earliest manufacturers in the United States to introduce the celebrated Fourdrinier machine into the manufacture of paper, a machine which, in its many modifications, is universally in operation in paper manufacture. The picturesque mill of stone, covered by a luxuriant growth of woodbine, sur- rounded by the beauties of nature and the evidences of thrift and prosperity, stands upon the original site and continues in successful operation under his son, William Roberts. Mr. Roberts was a man of great firmness and force of character, of the strictest integrity and high busi- ness principles. Beneath the practical exterior of his nature he had a warm and generous heart which quickened in the desire to assist others who were worthy and in trouble. In a quiet and unostentatious way he materially helped many a young man in his business who was struggling with adverse circum- stances and who, he thought, was honest and capable, and needed only pecuniary aid in order to be estab- lished on a good business foundation. His generosity though well known, was bestowed with little display. He was especially interested in the laying out and adornment of Mount Feake Cemetery, where, by the banks of the river on which he had lived and passed the greater portion of his life, his body now reposes. He died in 1871, at the age of sixty-nine years. As a public-spirited citizen, most patriotic when the country was in danger, he took an active part in whatever related to the welfare of the community. JONAS W. PARMENTER. Mr. Jonas Willis Parmenter was a man of good, country-bred New England stock, who rose to prominence in local business matters and to afllu- ence by untiring industry, shrewdness and integ- rity. Born in 1817, in the town of Sudbury, where the family name has been prominent since the days of early settlement, he came to Wal- tham in early manhood, and was, until the time of his death, actively engaged in pursuits identified with the interests of his adopted home. He com- menced with no capital but a clear head and willing hands, and worked up through the hard discipline and experience of the man dependent entirely upon himself. He was at first employed in the Bleachery in an humble capacity, and afterwards started a small trade on Main Street. About 1850 he engaged in the coal business, and carried on that business success- fully until failing health obliged him to retire. From small beginnings, with good business ability, zealous attention to the conduct of his afl'airs and unim- peachable credit, he built up a trade that steadily increased in amount and prosperity with the growth of the town. With this business as a foundation he amassed a handsome property acquired by trade and fortunate investments. Although his regular busi- ness was local, in his investments his operations took a broader range. His judgment in this respect was quite marked for the unerring sagacity displayed. Mr. Parmenter was endowed by nature with a large share of common sense, with good judgment and large perceptive faculties. When he decided fully on a given question or course of action subsequent events almost invariably proved him to be right. His long service with the Waltham Savings Bank, as one of the trust- ees, and with the National Bank, as director, brought him in connection with many people seeking loans, and to them he gave the same attention as to his own immediate business. He never allowed his personal bias to influence him in accepting or rejecting an ap- plication for a loan, but guided his decisions entirely by the value and character of the security oflered. In financial matters he was of excellent judgment and wise, natural foresight. By his connection with the Waltham Improvement Company, which was soon merged into the American Watch Company, he early became interested in the latter, being its firm friend when friends were not as plenty as in these days of its great prosperity. He was a reserved man and of few words, but of warm feelings in all the domestic relations of life. In the home circle, where he was best known, he was revered for his qualities of mind and heart. He had strong convictions and never concealed them but by ^ ^,.-yl wrable Senate and House of Representatives of the Common- wealik of Massachusetts in General Court assembled: "Humbly show the undersigned citizens of said Commonwealth that they are severally the owners and proprietors of real estate, although they do not now reside thereon, but elsewhere situated in that part of Charles- town, in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, being Westerly and South- westerly of the bridge over the Middlesex Canal at Charlestown Neck, so-called, that the interests and just rights of yOur memorialists require that the part of Charlestown being Westerly and Southwesterly of said bridge should be incorporated into a separate and distinct town. '*W^herefor your petitioners pray that the prayer of Guy C. Haw- kins and others, now pending before your Honorable bodies for the in- corporation of that part of Charlestown into a new town by the name of Somerville, may be granted and in duty bound will ever pray." Dr. E. C. Booth, in an interesting sketch of Somer- ville, says that " when the matter came before the Leg- islature, toward the close of the session, it was found that the act could not be secured with the boundaries as they were designated in the petition. The Rev. J. D. Green, member from Cambridge, a moment before the vote was to be put, declared nothing could be effected at the present session unless the line was drawn outside the neck as it now exists, and a narrow strip in the northerly part of the town extending near to Mystic Pond was ceded to Cambridge. Oniy two of the committee of the petitioners were present; but Mr. Hawkins declared he would assume the re- sponsibility of the concession, and the act thus modified passed the Legislature and was approved by the Governor March 3, 1842." The act as is follows : "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in Gen- eral Court assembled, and by authority of the same, as follows : "Sect. 1. The westerly part of the town of Charlestown, in the County of Middlesex, bounded and described as follows, viz.: beginning at the southerly corner of Widow Stearns' lot, near the town ledge, and running north seventy degrees east four hundred and four feet ; thence north thirty-five and a quarter degrees east of Mystic River; thence along the Mystic River to the line of the towu of Medford ; thence SOMERVILLE. 761 aloDB the Medford line to Alewivo Brook ; tbeuce aloug the biook to tbt* line of the town of Cambridge ; thence along the Cambridge line to the junction of Miller'a River with Charles River; thence along the westerly side of Charles River to the westerly corner of the Mill dain ; thence along the southwesterly side of the Mill Pond to a point where a line north by the magnetic needle, will strike the point of beginning, is hereby incor- porated into a town by the name of Somerville ; and the inhabitants of the town of Somerville are hereby invested with all the powers and privileges, and shall be subject to the duties and requisitions of other in- corporate towns according to the constitution and laws of this Common- wealth. ' ' Sect. 2. The iohabitanta of said town of Somerville shall be holden to pay all arreare of taxes which have been assessed upon them by the town of Charleatown, before the passing of this act, and also their pro- portion of all county and State taxes that may be assessed upon them previously to the taking of the next State valuation, said proportion to be ascertained and determined by the last town valuation ; and the said town of Somerville shall be holden to pay their proportion of the debts due and owing at the time of the passage of this act from the town of Charleatown, and be entitled to receive of the town of Charles- town their proportion of all the corporate property now owned by said last mentioned town, such proportion to be ascertained and determined by the last valuation of said Charleatown. "Sect. 3. The said towns of Charlestown and Somerville shall be respectively liable for the support of all persons who now do or here- after shall stand in need of relief as paupers, whose settlement was gained or derived from a settlement gained or derived within their re epective limits. "Sect. 4. Until the next apportionment of representatives to the General Court, the town of Somerville shall be entitled to one represen- tative in the General Court and the town of Charlestown shall be enti- tled to four representatives. "Sect. 5. In case said towns shall disagree in respect to a division of paupera, town property, town debts or State and county taxes, the Court of Common Pleas for the County of Middlesex are hereby authorized to and shall, on application of either town, appoint three disinterested per- sona to hear the parties and award thereon ; which award, when ac- cepted by the Court, shall be final. "Sect. 6. Any justice of the peace in the County of Middlesex is hereby authorized to issue his warrant to any principal inhabitant of the town of Somerville, requiring him to warn the inhabitants of eaid town to meet, at the time and place therein appointed, for the i)urpoBe of choosing all such town officers as towns are, by law, authorized and re- quired to choose at their annual meetings. ■ " This act shall be in force from and after its passage." Ou the 30th of April, 1856, an act was passed alter- ing and defining the boundary line between Somer- ville and Cambridge, which provided that " The dividing line between these towns should hereafter he as fol- lows ; beginning ou Milk Row (so-called) at a point being 'Hi ft. 8 inches distant from the point on Milk Row where the land of Anna Huunewell is divided from the land of Benjamin Rand, and thence run- ning in a northeasterly direction along the boundary line of said estates, there measuring from Milk Row 222 ft. 4 inches, thence turning at a right angle and running northwesterly along the west side of a until it strikes Cottage street (so called), there measuring 21»fJ ft. 6 inch- es, then turning and running along the southerly side of said Cottage street in a direction north of west until it reaches Elm street (so called), there measuring 308 ft. until it intersects on the westerly side of Elm street the line before established between the said towns." The territory of the new town was four square miles in extent and contained 2700 acres. Within this territory were the several hills called Quarry Hill, Ploughed Hill, Winter Hill, Prospect Hill and Cobble Hill, and Ten Hills Farm, which, consisting of 600 acres, lay on the banks of Mystic River and was granted to John Winthrop, September 6, 1630. On this farm Winthrop built a house which he probably occupied during a portion of the year. The first ves- sel built in New England was built by Winthrop on this farm called "Blessing of the Bay," and launched about July 4, 1631. In 1677 it passed out of the hands of the Winthrop family and in 1740 was bought by Robert Temple and from him acquired the name of Temple's Farm, by which it was known in later days. In still later years it has been owned by Elias Hasket Derby and leased to Samuel Jacques, in whose hands it became famous for the thorough and successful manner in which it was conducted. On Quarry Hill the old powder-house stood, in which powder was stored at the beginning of the Revolution. On the Ist of September, 1774, Gen- eral Gage sent Lieutenant-Colonel Madison with 216 men in thirteen boats up the Mystic, who crossed Win- ter Hill, and, seizing the powder, conveyed it to Castle William. Forts and redoubts were built on the other hills in 1775 and on the 18th of July in that year, on Prospect Hill, General Israel Putnam unfurled a flag bearing on one side the inscription, " An appeal to Heaven,'' and on the other, three vines, the armorial bearing of Connecticut and the motto of the State. On the 1st of January, 1776, with a salute of thir- teen guns, a Union flag with thirteen stripes was on this hill flung to the breeze. In 1777, Burgoyne and his soldiers were encamped as prisoners on Prospect and Winter Hills under a guard commanded by Gen- eral Nathaniel Goodwin of Plymouth. On Cobble Hill, the McLean Insane Asylum, a branch, as it may perhaps be called, of the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, was built and opened in 1818. This hospital stands on the groiiuds once occupied by the residence of Joseph Barrell and received its name from John McLean, who gave to the institution about $115,000. It has received numerous other gifts, among which may be mentioned those of Samuel Eliot, in 1819, of $10,000; of Joseph Lee, in 1830, of $20,000, and of Mary Belknap, in 1832, of $88,602, the residuary amount of her estate. The different superintendents of the institution up to the present time have befen Dr. Rufus Wyman, a native of Woburn, appointed March 23, 1818, Dr. Phineas G. Lee, a native of New Britain, Conn., appointed in 1832; Dr. Luther V. Bell, a na- tive of Francestown, N. H., appointed in 1866; Dr. Chauncy Booth, a native of Coventry, Conn., ap- pointed in 1856; Dr. John E. Tyler, a native of Bos- ton, appointed in 1858; Dr. George F. Jelly, a na- tive of Salem, appointed in 1871, and Dr. Cowles, the present superintendent. On Cobble Hill a fortifi- cation planned by I'utnam and Knox was begun November 22, 1775, which was a part of the works encircling Boston and afterwards forcing its evacua- tion by the British forces in 1776. On Ploughed Hill the Ursuline Convent was built which was destroyed by a mob in 1834. It was first established in Boston and removed to Somerville in 1826. On Central Hill, as it is now called, but really one of the eminences of Prospect Hill and con- nected in the early part of the Revolution with the other eminences by a rampart, are located the City Hall of Somerville, the Public Library and High 762 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. School building. There are few localities in Massa- chusetts from which so comprehensive and interest- ing a view of the surrounding country may be had, and it redeems the city from the monotonous expres- sion which the generally flat character of the terri- tory would otherwise give to it. On Winter Hill separated from Prospect or Cen- tral Hill by a valley which forms a considerable por- tion of the main part of the town, the most extensive fortifications of 1775 were built. They were begun by Stark on the 18th of June, and when finished they were occupied by General Sullivan with troops from New Hampshire. At the time of the incorporation of the town its valuation was $988,513, -and its population 1013. It had one grammar-school, five primary schools, no meeting-house, less than two hundred houses, no stores, one factory and one old tub fire-engine. It had been simply an outlying suburb of Charlestown, its people maintaining themselves by the products of their milk and vegetable farms. The factory referred to was the Milk Row Bleaching Company which was incorporated April 18, 1838, with a capital of 150,000, for the purpose of bleaching calendering, printing, dyeing and finishing silk, cotton and linen yarns. This company was authorized, April 17, 1848, to in- crease its capital to $100,000 and to change its name to " The Soraerville Dyeing and Bleaching Com- pany." There had been enterprises established within the territory forming the new town, however, which had brought its people into closer contact with the busi- ness world, and had doubtless excited a feeling of un- rest in the quiet life they had pursued. The Middle- sex Canal had been chartered in 1793 and opened in 1803 from Charles River to the Merrimack. In 1804 the Medford turnpike was opened, and in 1835, about the time that other important avenues of travel were constructed, the Lowell Railroad was opened. The final incorporation of the town was one of those steps in the process of evolution which when taken .seem almost matters of accident, but which are really con- summated in obedience to inexorable law. In compliance with the act of incorporation, a warrant issued by Ephraim Buttrick of East Cam- bridge, justice of the peace, directed to Charles Edward Oilman, dated March 5, 1842, requiring him to call a town-meeting at two o'clock in the afternoon of March 15th, for the organization of the town at the Prospect Hill School-house. At a meeting of citizen.s lield March 10th, of which Columbus Tyler was chairman, and Nathan Tufts, Jr., secretary, a committee of three was chosen to nominate a commit- tee of nine to nominate a list of town officers. The committee of three was composed of Guy C. Haw- kins, Charles Adams and James Hall, Jr., who nomi- nated for the committee of nine : O. N. Towne, Wm. A. Tufts, W. A. Russell, Jr., Joseph Miller, Charles Miller, John Runey, Robert Vinal, Hiram Hackett and Wm. Bonner. At the town-meeting held on the 14th of March, Francis Bowman was chosen modera- tor and Charles E. Oilman, clerk. Edward Tufts was chosen treasurer and collector, and Nathan Tufts, John S. Edgerly, Caleb Leland, Luther Mitchell and Levi Russell, selectmen. The School Committee were James Hill, Henry Adams, Levi Russell and Alfred Allen; the Assessors, Guy C. Hawkins, John C. Magoun and Oliver Tufts ; Assistant Assessors. Nathan Tufts, John Runey and Charles Adams ; Overseers of the Poor, Isaac S. Spring, Charles Adams and Robert G. Tenney; Board of Health, Hiram Allen, Robert G. Tenney and P. W. Hayes ; Constables, Robert Sanborn and Benjamin Fiske; Field-Drivers, Robert Sanborn and Asa Tufts; Fence-Viewers, Wm. Bonner and Wm. A. Tufts ; Tythingmen, Wm. Bonner and Moses Griffin ; Finance Committee, Robert Vinal, Wm. Munroe and Luther Mitchell. The selectmen were made surveyors of highways. At an adjourned meeting held on the 4th of April, $1800 was appropriated for schools; $2000 for high- ways ; $450 for county tax ; $200 for the poor, and $300 for contingencies. At the same meeting Wm. A. Rus- sell, Jesse Simpson and Robert Sanborn were chosen a committee on fisheries, and Hirara Allen, Levi Rus- sell, T. Frost, Robert G. Tenney and Charles Adams, fire-wards ; John S. Edgerly was added to the School Committee; and Francis Bowman was chosen to fill the place of Levi Russell on the Board of Selectmen, who had declined. The following persons were subsequently chosen selectmen in the year set against their names up to 1871, the year of the incorporation of Somerville as a city: 1843, Francis Bowman, Luther Slitchell, Caleb W. Loland, John S_ Edgerly and O. N. Towne. 1844, Luther Mitchell, Caleb W. Leland, John S. Edgerly, James Hill, Jr., 0. N. Towne and Benjamin Hadley. 1845, Francis Bowman, Benjamin Hadley, George 0. Brastow, Joseph Clark and Sila« Kingsley. 1846, Bei^amin Hadley, Joseph Clark, Silas Kingaley, Edward Cut- ter and Isaac S. Spring. 1847, Isaac S. Spring, Bei^amin Hadley, Edward Cutt«r, Joseph Clark and Gardner T. Ring. 1848, Abrani Welsh, John S. Edgerly, Thomae J. Leland, Gardner T. Ring and Charles Miller. 1849, John S. Edgerly, Thomas T. Leland, Charles Miller, Abram Welsh and Gardner T. King. 1860, John S. Edgerly, Charles Miller, Thomas T. Leland, Chester Guild and James Hill. 1851, John S, Edgerly, Thomas T. Leland, Charles Miller, Chester Guild and John Runey. 1862, John S. Edgerly. Thomas T. Leland, Charles Miller, Nathan Tufts, Jr., and John Runey. 1863, John S. Edgerly, John Runey, Nathan Tufts, Jr., James M. Shute and Joseph Clark. 1864, John S. Edgerly, John Runey, James M. Shute, Joseph Clark and John K. Hall. 1866, John K. Hall, James II. Shute, C. C. Walden, Benjamin Wood- ward and Benjamin Randall. 186C, James M. Shute, C. C. Walden, John C. Tenney, John 8. Edger- ly and N. C. Hawkins. 1867, James M. Shute, John S. Edgerly, Samuel Hamblin, Bet^amio Randall and John C. Tenney. 1858, James M. Shute, John C. Tenney, Benjamin Randall, Mark Fiske and Samuel Hamblin. SOMERVILLE. 763 1859, James M. Sliute, John C. Tenney, BeDJamiu Raudall, Mark Fiske and John S. Ware. 1860, Benjamin Randall, Mark Fiske, Albert Kenoeson, Henry A. Snow and Thonuvs Cunningham. 1861, Benjamin Randall, Henry A. Snow, Thomaa Cunningham, Al- bert Kenneson and Charlea H. Guild. 1862, Beryamin Randall, Henry A. Snow, Thomas Cunningham, Al- bert Kenneson and Charles H. Guild. 1863, Henry A. Snow, Thomas Cunningham, S. C. Whitehen, Levi Tomson and John R. Poor. 1864, John R. Poor, Levi Tomson, Francis Houghton, Nelson Howe and George W. Hadley. 186.=^, Nelson Howe, Levi Tomson, George W. Hadley, John R. Poor and Francis Houghton. 1866, John R. Poor, Nelson Howe, Francis Houghton, George W. Hadley and Silas H. Holland. 1867, Francis Houghton, George W. Hadley, Silas H. Holland, George O. Brastow and Jacob T. Glines. 1868, Francis Houghton, Silas H. Holland, Jacob T. Glinea, Charle^ S. Lincoln and John A. Paine. 1869, Francis Houghton, Silas H. Holland, Jacob T. Glines, John A. Paine, Charles S. Lincoln, Horace Haskins, John G. Hall, Austin Bel- knap and Robert A. Vinal. 1870, John G. Hall, Horace Haakins, Austin Belknap, Jr., Cyrus S, Crosby, Jacob T. Glines, Robert A. Vinal, Francis Houghton, Charles S. Lincoln and Nelson Howe. 1871, Austin Belknap, Charles S. Lincoln, John G. Hall, Robert A. Tinal, Horace Haskius, Cyrus T. Crosby, Person Davis, Jacob T. Glines and Francis Houghton. The following persons have represented Somerville in the General Court from the date of its incorpora- tion in 1843 to the present time : 1843 — Caleb W. Leland 184- -No 1845— Caleb W. Leland 1846— None 1847— None 1848— None 1849— George 0. Brastow 1850— Same 1851— Same 1862— Edward C. Purdy 186S— None 1854— Chester Guild 1855— James M. Shute 1856— Isaac Story 1857— John S- Edgerly 1858— RoUin W. Keyes 1859— Isaac F. Shepard 1860— Asa Fisk 1861— Columbus Tyler 1862— George 0. Brastow 1863— Chester Guild 1864— Charles Powers 1865— Robert A. Vinal 1866— Frederick R. Kinsley In 1867 Somerville and Maiden constituted the Fourth Representative District of Middlesex County and were represented as follows : 1870— S. Z. Bowman, Somerville George P. Cox, Maiden Joseph M. Russell, Maiden 1867— James Pierce, Maiden David M. Bean, Maiden John A. Hughes, Somerville 1868 — John Ruuey, Somerville John A. Hughes, Somerville George P. Cox, Maiden 1869— George P. Cox, Maiden John Runey, Somerville Chester H. Guild, Somerville In 1873 Somerville, Everett and Maiden constituted the Fourth Representative District in Middlesex County and were represented as follows : 1873— Quincy A. Vinal, Somerville 1875— S. Z. Bowman, Somerville 1871 — S. Z. Bowman, Somerville Chester H. Guild, Somerville Joseph M. Ruftsell, Maiden 1872— John H. Abbott, Maiden Charles Taylor, Somerville Samuel A. Carlton, Somerville J. A. Cummings, Somerville James Pierce, Maiden 1876 — Theodore N. Foquo, Maiden Charles G. Pope, Somerville Alonzo H. Evans, Everett Alonzo H. Evans, Everett John H. Abbott, Maiden 1874— K. C. Sleeper, Maiden Horace Haskins, Somerville J. A. Cummings, Somerville In 1877 the First War* of Somerville constituted the Fourth Representative District of Middlesex County, the Second Ward the Fifth District, the Third and Fourth Wards the Sixth District, and these districts were represented as follows : DUtricL llUlricL 1877- Charles G. Pope .... 4th 1882— Charlee H. Guild ... 4th Thomas Cunningham . 5th Quincy A. Vinal . . . . 6tU Enoch R. Morse .... 6th Edward Glines 6th 1878— Richard E. NIckerson . 4th 1883— Elijah C. Clark .... 4th Thomas Cunningham . 6th Charles S. Lincoln . . 6th Jacob T. Glines . . . . 6th Edward Glines . . . . Clh 1879— Richard E. Nickerson . 4th 1884— Elijah C. Clark .... 4th James Long 6th John M. Woods . . . . otii Jacob T. Glines . . . . cth Joseph M. Bailey ... 6th 1880— John Haskell Butler . . 4th 1886— Levi T. S. Davta ... .4th Robert L. Spear .... 6th Wm. H. Flynn .... 6th Person Davis 6th Joseph M. Bailey . . . Cth 1881— John Haskell Butler . . 4th 1886— Levi T. 8. Davis .... 4tli Quincy A. Vinal .... 5th Wm. H. Flynn .... 6th Person Davis 6th Samuel C. Darling ... 6th In 1887 the same wards constituted the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Districts : DUlrict. Ditlrict. 1887— Samuel Cutler 5th 1889— Joshua H. Davis . . . . 6th James T. Darlin .... 6th Francis H. Raymond . (ith Samuel C. Darling. . .7th Irving L. Russell . . .7th 1888— Samuel C. Darling . . 5th 1890— Joshua H. Davis . . .6th Francis H. Raymond . 6th Francis H. Raymond . 6th Irving L. Russell . . .7th Fred. K. Kilmer . . . "th As has been already stated, at the time of the in- corporation of Somerville as a town there was no religious society or meeting-house within its borders. In earlier times the existence of a distinct parish was almost invariably the pioneer of a new town. All through the periods of colonial and provincial days the precinct was established as the nucleus of a sep- arate municipal life, and indeed the town was almost another form of the precinct, adding civil services and methods to the ecclesiastical life of the people. In later times the factory on some outlying stream be- came the centre of a new population, which in time found it necessary to demand a distinct corporate individu.^lity. But Somerville, an exception to both rules, was a mere extension of the people of Charles- town farther out into the rich lands near the Mystic, without any well-marked or natural line of division — a people who gradually became so numerous a« to pay a considerable sum of the town tax without re- ceiving its equivalent in improvement of schools, roads and other features of a well-governed com- munity. The first movement made towards a separate relig- ious organization was made by Elizabeth Page Whitt- redge, of Beverly, a teacher in one of the public schools, who, on the 1st of June, 1842, opened a Union Sabbath-school on Medford Street. Its ofli- cers were George Tapley, superintendent ; Elizabeth Page Whittredge, assistant ; Miss E. A. Bonner, sec- retary, and Jeremiah Thorpe, librarian. This Sab- bath-school formed the nucleus of the first church, which held its first meeting in an upper room of the engine-house the third Sunday in March in 1844. Rev. Richard Manning Hodges, of Cambridge, otlic- iated, and about thirty families were represented. Mr. Hodges continued his service with the society about a year, and on the 22d of August, 1844, the First Congregational Society was organized. Imme- 764 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. diately after, a meeting-house was built on Highland Avenue, on land presented to the society, by Jacob Mudge and Ezra Sleeper, of Boston, and dedicated September 3, 1845. Mr. Hodges is thought by the writer to have been a native of Salem, and graduated at Harvard in 1815. Before preaching in Somerville he was at one time settled in Bridgewater, but at the time of his ser- vice in Somerville was unsettled and a resident of Cambridge. Dr. Richard M. Hodges, the successful and distinguished physician of Boston, is his son. The following persons took an active part in the formation of this society: Henry Adams, Sanford Adams, Hiram Allen, Charles Bennett, Mary Bonner, William Bonner, Emily Bonner, Levi Bolles, Sam- uel C. Bradshaw, Jr., George O. Brastow, Edward Cullen, Fitch Cullen, John S. Edgerly, Charles Forster, William B. Graves, Guy C. Hawkins, James Hilt, Jr., Mary B. Homer, Mrs. Jordan, Charles Miller, Abigail Prentiss, Mary Kuney, John Runey, Stephen B. Sewall, A. C. Spring, O. N. Town, Nathan Tafts, Timothy Tafts, Columbus Tyler and Robert Vinal. The successor of Mr. Hodges, or rather the first settled minister in this society, was Rev. John Turner Sargent, of Boston, who was installed February 8, 1846, and resigned March 4, 1848. Mr. Sargent was also a Harvard graduate and a member of the class of 1827. He was a member of the family in Boston bearing that name, of which Col. Henry Sargent, an artist of note and a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Lucius Manlius Sargent, the author of " Dealings with the Dead by a Sexton of the Old School," were well-known members. He was a man of thorough education, scholarly habits and refined tastes, and could not fail to cleanse and purify the moral atmosphere of any community in which his lot might be cast. Rev. Augustus R. Pope followed Mr. Sargent and continued in the pastorate until his death. May 24, 1858. Mr. Pope was a native of Boston and graduated at Harvard in 1839, and from the Cambridge Divinity School in 1842. Before his settlement at Somerville he had been .settled over the First Church of Kings- ton, and both in Cambridge and Kingston the writer, who knew him well during the latter part of his life, had opportunity of seeing the energy and devotion with which he carried on every work he was entrust- ed to perform. In Somerville his boundless activity could not find full play within the narrow limits of his church, and various enterprises and interests, among which were those of an educational character, received and profited by his earnest labors. Rev. Charles Lowe succeeded Mr. Pope, and was installed Mr.y 8, 1859. Mr. Lowe graduated at Har- vard in 1847, and from the Cambridge Divinity School in 1851. He remained with the society until ill health compelled him to resign on the 18th of June, 1865. He continued, however, to reside in Somer- ville until his death, in June, 1874, and though, serv- ing as the secretary of the American Unitarian As- sociation, to be of service as trustee of the Public Library and in other capacities to the community in which he lived. Rev. Henry Hervey Barber succeeded Mr. Lowe and was installed December 2, 1866. Mr. Barber had previously been settled five years in Harvard. Rev. J. S. Thompson succeeded Mr. Barber, but at the present time, October, 1890, the society is without a pastor. The first meeting-house of this society, built of wood, was burned July 22, 1852, and the second, built of brick, which was dedicated April 28, 1854, was also burned October 8, 1867. The present brick church erected on the same site was dedicated January 31, 1869. The Perkins Street Baptist Society was organized May 4, 1845, and held its meetings in a building on the Neck and was called the Neck Village Baptist Society. In the summer of 1853 the building was removed to Perkins Street in Somerville and enlarged, and on the 22d of February, 1854, by an act of the Legislature the present name of the society was assumed. On the 8th of January, 1866, the meeting-house of this society was burned, and on the 26th of June, 1867, its present church edifice was dedicated. Previous to 1845 the easterly part of Somerville had few inhabi- tants, and the first meeting house of the society was built at the corner of Main and Haverhill Streets in Charlestown at a cost of $6124.98, and dedicated June, 1845. The new edifice, built in 1866, cost $25,000. The first pastor of this society was Rev. William Stow, who was ordained June 25, 1845, and remained in service until 1850. He was succeeded by Rev. C. H. Topliff, who was ordained September 30th in that year, and Rev. N. M. Williams followed Mr. Toplift' in 1852. Other pastorates followed, but at the present time the society has no pastor. The First Orthodox Congregational Society was organized at a meeting held at the house of Ebenezer Davis, September 15, 1853. Oliver Dickson was chosen moderator, S. N. Watson, clerk, and Isaac S. Gross, treasurer. The Prudential Committee chosen were : Ebenezer Davis, Joseph Lovett, Temple Paul, G. S. Wheelwright and John R. Poor. On the 28th of June, 1854, a committee was chosen to select a lot of land and procure plans for a church edifice. The corner-stone of the church was laid October 10, 1854, and the house on Franklin Street was dedicated July 12, 1855. On the 4th of May, 1855, Ebenezer Davis, Oliver Dickson and Joseph Lovett were chosen dea- cons; N. J. Knight, Joshua H. Davis, James L. Tyler and O. H. Granville, examining committee; Joseph Lovett, treasurer ; and Moles H. Sargent, clerk. On the 30th of November, 1855, it was voted to extend a call to the Rev. Benjamin Judkins, Jr., and he was installed January 3, 1856. Jlr. Judkins closed hia pastorate June 2, 1858, and after a supjdy of the pul- SOMERVILLE. 765 pit by Rev. David Temple Packard, he was invited to become pastor, and was installed September 21, 1860. Mt. Packard resigned April 1, 1866, and preached his farewell sermon on the 23d of September. On the 16th of March, 1867, the meeting-house of the society was burned, and on the 27th of June, 1867, Rev. L. R. Eastman, Jr., was installed. The corner- stone of a new house of worship was laid August 27, 1867, and the house was dedicated September 30, 1868. Mr. Eastman resigned April 29, 1871, and was followed by Rev. Wm. S. Hubbell, of West Roxbury, who was installed February 1, 1872. Mr. Hubbell resigned November 5, 1881, and his successor. Rev. Wm. E. Merriman, was installed April 19, 1882. The present pastor of the society is Rev. James H. Ross. The following are the other religious societies in Somerville: The First Baptist was organized Decem- ber 30, 1862. Its house of worship is on Belmont Street near Summer, and its present pastor is Rev. F. O. Cunningham. The Free- Will Baptist Soctety has a church edifice on Broadway, between Lincoln and George Streets, and was removed from Charlestown to Somerville October 1, 1874. The present pastor is Rev. E. D. Moulton. The Union Square Baptist Society was organized in 1885, and has a place of worship at 73 Bow Street. Its present pastor is Rev. Charles S. Scott. The West Somerville Baptist Society was organized in June, 1874. The church edifice is on Elm Street, corner of Winslow Avenue, and Rev. Drew T. Wyman is pastor. The Winter Hill Baptist Society was organized June 27, 1881. Its house of worship is on School Street, opposite Maple Avenue, and Rev. E. D. Mason is pastor. The Broadway Congregational Church was organ- ized in June, 1864. Its present pastor is Rev. C. E. Andrews, The Day Street Congregational Society was organ- ized in April, 1874. lis house is on Day Street, corner of Herbert, and Rev. H. C. Hitchcock is its pastor. The Prospect Hill Congregational Society, which was organized December 30, 1874, has a church edi- fice on Warren Avenue, near Union Square, which was dedicated October 19, 1876. Its pastor is Rev. Edward S. Tead. The Winter Hill Congregational Society was organ- ized January 29, 1883. Its house is on Central Street, corner of Broadway, and its pastor is Rev. Charles L. Noyes. The Emanuel Episcopal Church was erected in 1870, on Central Street, corner of Summer, and Rev. N. V. Bishop is pastor. The St. Thomas Episcopal Church was erected in 1870, on Somerville Avenue, near Union Square. Its pastor is Rev. George W. Durell. The St. James Episcopal Church is on Newbury Street, near Broadway. The St. Ann's Catholic Church was dedicated Sep- tember 25, 1881, and stands on Thurston Street, corner of Medford. Its pastor is Rev. John B. Galvin. St. Joseph's Catholic Church was dedicated Novem- ber 21, 1874, on Washington Street, corner of Webster Avenue. The pastor is Rev. Christopher T. McGrath. The Broadway Methodist Church was organized in June, 1873, and its house of worship on Broadway, opposite Sargent Street, was erected in 1872. Its pastor is Rev. A. M. Osgood. The First Methodist Society, whose house is on Bow Street near Summer was organized in 1856. Its pastor is Rev. George Skene. The Flint Street Methodist Society was organized Xovember 17, 1868, and has a house of worship on Flint Street. Rev. C. M. Melden is its pastor. The Park Avenue Methodist Society is located in West Somerville, on Park Avenue near Elm Street, and its p.istor is Rev. H. Mathews. The Union Square Presbyterian Society was organ- ized September 25, 1887, and has a house on Warren Avenue. Its pastor is Rev. C. S. Dewing. The First Universalist Society was organized in 1853. Its first church was burned January 2, 1860, and the present one on First Street, corner of Tufts, was dedicated in 1869. Its present pastor is Rev. Charles A. Skinner. The Third Universalist Society was organized Au- gust 10,1881. Its place of worship is on Morrison Street, corner of Elm, and Rev. Mr. Smith officiates as the |)astor. The Winter Hill Universalist Society was organized June 23, 1879, and is located on Thurston Street, corner of Evergreen Avenne. Rev. Charles A. •Skinner officiates as pastor. In 1850 a Fire Department was established by an act of the Legislature passed on the 2d of April of that year, and the equipment for extinguishing lires has grown from the single tub-engine located .vithin the territory at the time of the incorporation of the town, to an apparatus surpassed by no com- munity in the State of equal size and jiopulation. The Fire Department now consists of James N. Hop- kins, chief engineer, and Nathaniel C. Barker, a.ssist- ant, with the following apparatus and men : Steamer, Somerville, No. 1, located on Highland Avenue, with H. A. Byrnes, engineer, W. A. Burbank, fireman, L. D. Bixby, clerk, Irving C. Jackson, driver, L. D. Bixby, driver of hose-carriage, James A. McLane, fireman, Frank Langen, assistant foreman and seven hosemen ; the John E. Wool Hose Company, No. 1, on Webster Street, with Thomas H. Daley, foreman ; the Winter Hill Hose Company, No. 2, on .Marshall Street, with F. W. Ring, foreman ; the George H. Foster Hose Company, No. 3, on Washington Street, with C. H. Bridges, foreman ; the George O. Brastow Hose Company, No. 4, with Samuel H. Stevens, foreman, and the R. A. Vinal Hook-and- Ladder Company No. 1, with Edwin H. Bright as 766 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. foreman, and a fire alarm with forty-six stations. Besides the above the Department has two fire extinguishers and about eight thousand feet of hose. The sum expended for the current expenses of the Department during the year 1889 was $32,696.05. In 1853, by an act of the Legislature passed Febru- ary 23d in that year, the Charlestown Gas Company was allowed to extend its pipes into Somerville, and on the 11th of April in the same year the Cambridge Gas Co. was allowed the same privilege ; but on the 13th of April, 1854, Augustus R. Pope, James M. Bhute and others were incorporated under the name of the Somerville Gas Company. In 1851 the first directory of Somerville was published, containing the names of five hundred and sixty-one males. It was published by Edward Tufts, of Somerville and is a small duodecimo pamphlet of thirty-two pages. At that time the population of the town, which in 1842 was 1013, and in 1843 had increased to 1445, had still further increased to 3540. The names of the justices of the peace contained in the Directory were Henry Adams, Alfred Allen, George O. Brastow, Luther V. Bell, Ebenezer F. Cutter, John F. Hall, Jonas H. Kendall, John C. Magoun, Samuel Poor, Edward L. Stevens and Columbus Tyler. A list of the streets and places, of which there were fifty, may be interesting for purposes of com- parison with the present localities of the town. They were as follows : Broadway, from Charlestown to West Cambridge. Elm, from Broadway to Milk. Medford, from East Cambridge to Medford. Adams, from Broadway to Medford. Central, from Broadway to Milk. Sycamore, from Broadway to Medford. Derby, from Broadway to Medford Turnpike. Walnut, from Broadway to Bow. Cross, from Broadway to Medford. Bush, from Broadway to Pearl. Glen, from Broadway to Flint. Franklin, from Broadway to Cambridge. Mount Vernon, from Broadway to Perkins. Pearl, from Crops. Medford Turnpike, from Charlestown to Medford. Park, from Beech to Broadway. Heath, from Park to Derby. Bond, from Park to Derby. Perkins, from Franklin to Charlestown. Cambridge, from Charlestown to Cambridge. Tufts, from Cambridge to Cross. Joy, from Cambridge to Poplar. Linden No. 3, from Cambridge to Milk. Boston, from Cambridge to Walnut. Linden, from Milk to Walnut. Prospect, fi-ora Cambridge to Cambridgeport. Dane, from Cambridge to Milk. Vine, from Cambridge to Milk. Suow Hill, from Beacon to Milk. Beacon, from Somerville to Cambridgeport. Church, from Medford to Central. Milk, from East Cambridge to Cambridge. Bow, from Milk to Milk. Laurel, from Milk to Sumner. Oak, from Milk to Beech. SprinK, from Milk to Summer. Belmont, from Milk to Summer. Porter, from Elm to Summer. Linden No. 2, from Elm. Russell, from Elm to Cambridge. Orchard, from Russell. Cottage Place, from Russell. Hamlet, from Church. Summer, from Central. Beech, from Oak to Spring. Harvard, from Beech to Summer. Elm Court, from Harvard. Harvard Court, from Harvard. Myrtle, from Perkins to Cambridge. Florence, from Perkins to Pearl. On the 29th of April, 1854, the Middlesex Railroad Company was incorporated and constructed, in 1855, a street railway to Boston, from the eastern boundary of the town through Washington Street. In May, 1851, the Medford and Charlestown Railroad Com- pany was chartered, and on the 29th of May, 1857, George O. Brastow, Henry A. Snow and Isaac F. Shepard and others were incorporated as the Somer- ville Horse Railroad Company, one of these occupy- ing Main Street and Broadway and the other Wash- ington, Milk and Elm Streets. The Somerville Horse Railroad Company was authorized by its charter to receive the rights, powers, privileges and franchises ot the Middlesex Railroad Company, so far as the same relate to proceedings within the limits of Som- erville. At the present time all the various lines of street railway in the town are owned and managed by the West End Street Railway Company, whose centre of operation is in Boston, which was incorpo- rated in 1887. In 1880 the population of the town had increased to 8025, and its valuation, which had increased from $988,513 in 1842 to $2,102,631 in 1850, had further increased to $6,033,053. The number of houses was at this date 1282, the number of polls 1751, and the town debt was $90,924. The first militia company in Somerville was the Somerville Light Infantry, organized in October, 1853. In May, 1854, the company was enrolled as Company B, Fourth Regiment, Third Brigade, Sec- ond Division ; but the regiment was afterwards num- bered the Fifth, instead of the Fourth. The first captain was George O. Brastow, who was succeeded, June 29, 1854, by Francis Tults, who served until April, 1859. Captain Brastow was then re-elected, and served until the autumn of 1861. Captain B. F. Parker succeeded Captain Brastow, and still later it was commanded by Captain W. E. Robinson, Captain J. N. Cofiin, Captain G. W. Daniels, Captain Charles F. King, Captain R. Kramer and Lieutenant R. T. Blackwell, and was disbanded July 6, 1876. Coming now to the period of the Jate war, the ac- tivity and patriotic spirit which characterized the people of the whole Commonwealth were displayed in Somerville. Before the blow was struck, the Som- erville Light Infantry, in anticipation of trouble on the part of the government of the State, had been, like other militia companies in the Commonwealth, notified of a possible call for men and of the necessity SOMERVILLE. 767 of retaining only such men in their ranks as would be willing to respond at a moment's notice. When, therefore, on the 15th of April, 1861, dispatches were received announcing the surrender of Fort Sumter and the issue of a proclamation by the President of the United States, calling for seventy-five thousand men for three months' service, Somerville was fully prepared to perform her share in the emergency. Further dispatches announced that Governor Andrew had issued orders to the commanders of the Third, Fourth, Sixth and Eighth Regiments of Massachu- setts Militia to report, with their commands, on Bos- ton Common the following day. A little later the Fifth Regiment, under the command of Colonel Law- rence, of Medford, was called for, and the Somerville company quickly responded. On the 17th of April a meeting of the citizens was held for the purpose of rendering such aid to the company and to the fami- lies of its members as might, under the circum- stances, become necessary. Henry A. Jones was chosen chairman, and Aaron Sargent secretary. A committee of five, consisting of B. F. Adams, James M. Shute, Columbus Tyler, Charles H. Guild and Charles S. Lincoln, was chosen to prepare a plan, and subsequently at the same meeting the following resolution was reported and adopted : " Besolved, that in the opinion of this meeting the town should take measures to provide for such fami- lies of members of the Somerville Light Infantry as may need aid during the absence of that company in defense of the National Government and of the rights and liberties of mankind." Remarks were made by James M. Shute, Columbus Tyler, E. H. Wakefield, M. H. Sargent, Ebenezer Davis, Asa Fisk, John R. Poor, C. C. Walden and others. Subscriptions were at once raised, amounting to $4308.50, and of this amount the sum of $700 was presented to Captain Brastow, who had entered the hall with his company. It was voted that the remainder of the amount sub- scribed should be deposited in the Lechmere Savings Bank, subject to the drafts of the Board of Select- men. On Saturday, the 20th of April, the company gathered about the flagstaff in Union Square, ^yhere the flag was saluted and Rev. Mr. Fairbanks made a fervent prayer. A procession was then formed under the direction of John K. Hall as chief marshal, and marched to the Congregational Church, in Franklin Street, where each member was presented with a Tes- tament by Moses H. Sargent, each of which bore the following inscription : "' And behold I am with thee and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest and will bring thee again into this land, for I will not leave thee until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of."— Gen. 28 : 15. The procession then es- corted the company to Faneuil Hall, in Boston, where it was quartered until the next morning. On Sunday, the 21st, it went to New York by the Fall River route, reaching that city in the evening. At New York the regiment embarked on steamers for Annapolis, and reached Washington on the morning of Saturday, April 27th. It was quartered in the United States Treasury Building, performing guard duty during four weeks ; and then encamped for one week in Camp Andrew, on the Virginia bank of the Potomac, about four miles from Washington. On Monday, June 2d, the regiment encamped in Camp Massachusetts, about one mile southwest of Alexandria, where it remained until Tuesday, July 16th. The regiment was engaged in the battle of Bull Run, in which Frank E. Haua- ford, a member of Company B, was killed. On Sun- day, the 28th of July, the regiment left Washington ; and arriving home, the Somerville company was re- ceived by the Second Battalion of Infantry, and es- corted by citizens, under a salute of one hundred guus, to Prospect Hill, where, gathered round the flag- staff, they were addressed by Rev. Mr. Fairbanks and N. B. Proctor and an ode of welcome wassutig. Cap- tain Morton responded to the addresses of welcome, and received also, with his men, the more private congratul.ations of his neighbors and friends. W. Francis Morris, a member of the company, was left in the hospital, in Washington, sick, and died on the 3l8t of July. At a legal meeting of the town, held on the 29th of April, 1861, it v.-as voted to instruct the selectmen to provide for the families of volunteers, and to author- ize the town treasurer to borrow a sum not exceeding $5000 for the purpose. On the 28th of April it was voted to borrow 16000 for the purpose of aiding fam- ilies. In June, 1862, the President called for three hundred thousand men, and of this number the quota of Somerville was ninety-two. On the 19th of July the town voted to raise a company to fill the quota and to pay a bounty to each volunteer of one hundred dollars. For this purpose it was voted to borrow twelve thousand dollars. A committee of sixty, with the selectmen added, was chosen as a rallying com- mittee. On the 27th of August, 1862, the town voted to pay a bounty of one hundred dollars to other volun- teers, and on the 24th of September to pay an addi- tional bounty of seventy-five dollars to members of the Somerville Light Infantry. On the 27th of April, 1863, it was voted to borrow ten thousand dollars for aid to soldiers' families, and on the 10th of December, 1863, other ai)propriation8 were made for the purpose of enlisting volunteers. In 1862 the Somerville Guard, raised to fill the quota called for in June of that year, was recruited to the full number of one hundred and one men, and en- camped on the 12th of August on Prospect Hill, when it was mustered in for three years, and remained until the 3d of September, when it encamped at Box- ford. It was attached aa Company E to the Thirty- ninth Regiment, and on the 6th of September took the cars for Washington. After a short encampment at Arlington Heights, it went into quarters at Pooles- ville, Maryland, where it passed the winter. 768 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. In April, 1863, the regiment removed to Washing- ton, and on the 9th of July joined the Army of the Potomac, with which it remained until the close of the war. The casualties of the Somerville Guard, during its service, were as follows : F. J. Oliver, Washington Lovett, Joseph W. Whitmore, Henry E. Howe and Richard J. Hyde died in rebel prisons; William D. Palmer, Samuel O. Felker, Robert Pow- ers, J. H. Roberts, William M. Harburn, Eugene B. Hadly, Willard C. Kinsly and John Moran were killed. Besides these, Frederick A. Glines, James M. Allen, Charles G. Jones, David Gorham, John E. Horton, George H. Hatch and David Kendrick fell victims to disease. It is unnecessary to recount all the various voles of the town concerning the enlistmeut of men and appro- priations of money for bounties and aid to families. It is sufficient on this point to say that the whole amount of money appropriated by the town for war purposes, exclusive of State aid, was f 1.33,039.41, and that the amount contributed by citizens was $65,823.38. It is stated by Dr. Booth, in his sketch of Somer- ville, already referred to, that "Somerville furnished forty commissioned officers and one thousand and eighty-five men fjr the war in all branches of the ser- vice, which was a surplus of one hundred and forty- seven above the number required. Ninety-eight were killed or died of disease incident to the hardships of war, and two hundred and fifty were wounded. A marble monument was erected in the cemetery in 1863 to the memory of the dead, and was paid for by the money raised at the citizens' meeting, held April 18, 1861, for the purpose of aiding the Somerville Light Infantry, previous to its dejiarture for a three months' service. It was the first soldiers' monument erected in Massachusetts." The writer finds no roll of soldiers in the office of the clerk of Somerville, and has therefore been obliged to rely on the Massachusetts record published by the adjutant-general of the State for such a list as he is able to furnish In this record he finds only four hundred and fifty-one names entered as belong- ing to Somerville, and their names will be found in the list included in this sketch. To be added to this list are, of course, the names of three or four hun- dred who entered the naval service to the credit of Somerville which the writer has not the data at hand to include in the list. To be further added are the soldiers credited generally to Massachusetts, of whom Somerville had its share placed to its credit. The writer trusts that it may be properly within his prov- ince to suggest to the authorities of the city that early steps be taken to secure from the archives in Boston and Somerville and other available sources a complete list of all soldiers and sailors entering the service either credited to or belonging to the town. The following is a list of the members of the Som- erville Light Infantry belonging to Somerville, who were mustered into the United States service in April, 1861, and served three months : George 0. Bra«tow, capt. Wm. E. Robinson, 1st It. Fred. E. Kinsljy, 2d It. Walter C. Bailey, agt. John Harrington, sgt. Wm. R. Corlen, sgt. John C. Watson, sgt. Henry H, Robinson, corp. James E. Paul, corp. Isaac Barljer, Jr., Corp. Albion Adams. John Adams. Hawes Atwood. Edwin C. Bennett. Martin H. Binney. Warren A. Bird. Charles H. Bonner. Edward Brackett. Albert Caswell. Elkanah Crosby. John E. Davis. John T. Giles. Joseph J. Giles. Joseph Hate, Jr. Henry C. Hammond. Frank E. Hannaford. *ieorge F. Harris. John K. Hodgkins. James R. Hopkins. Pliny R. Howe. Richard J. Hyde. Horatio Jenkins, Jr. Charles Kilham. Willard C. Tinsley. Charles A. Mooney. Francis W. Moors. George W. Nason, Jr. Fletcher N. Nelson. Judson W, Oliver, Joseph W. Paine. Oscar Parsons. Charles H. Powers. Charles C. Quimby. Benjamin F. Schellinger. Lucius H. Shuttuck. Wm. E. Shaw. Nathan A. Simonds. Charles H. Sweeney. John Van De Land. Edward M. Walker. Kinsley Wallace. Wm. W. Watson. George F. Whitcomb. Joseph Young. Mustered Sept. 19, 1862, /or nil: moitlJu in Co. B, 5th Regiment: Benjamin F. Parker, capt. Walter C. Bailey, 1st It. John Harrington, 2d It. Edward W. Denny, 1st sgt. James E. Paul, sgt. Kinsley Wallace, sgt. Charles T. Robinson, egt. Henry A. Augier, sgt. Ebenf C. Mann, Jr., corp. Charles E. Davis, corp. Granville W. Darcett, corp. Nathaniel Deunett, corp. Edwin Turner, corp. Cyrus B. Howe, corp. Willard L. Hawea, corp. Wm. F. Snow, corp. Thoa. R. Wateon, corp. James H. Flagg, mus. Frank Walburg, mus. Henry H. Robinson, 2d wag. Natll' T. Abbett. Melvin Adams. Wm. A. Aiken. Lewis A. Allen. Joseph Anthony. Wm. W. Anderson. Joseph Arnold. Joseph A. Austin. Wm. Ayers. George W. Barnes. Thouiaa A. Barr. Eoiuanus E. Beers. Charles K. Brackett. Samuel R. Brintnell. Calvin A. Bruce. George W. Burroughs. Alonzo Butler. John Cashin. Russell T. Chamberlain. John Clausen. Fred. K. Cobb. James Cunningham. Fred. Cushing. Ferdinand D. Daniels. Wm. E. Dickson. James H. Dellaway. AdolphuG Dusseault. Wm. ElUott. James Emraott. Henry E. Gilson. Alvin F. Gliddon. Moses F. Greenwood. Daniel Hallahan. Peter B. aaley. Joseph Hanson. Daniel A. Hartwell. Michiiel Havlin, Patrick Hayes. Cieorge W. Hinckley. Charles B. Hollander. Charles H. Holland. Edwin A. Hubbard. Wells W. Huston. James H. Jewett. George A. Kimball. John C. Leavitt. John W. Leavitt. Nicholas Lee. George E. Lincoln. Wm. E. Locke. Eli W, Loveless. Wni. Manning. George W. Maynard. John A. Mills. George E. Mitchell. Henry M. Moulton. Michael Mumnaugh. Edward Netlinger. Benj. B. Parsons. George E. Pattee. Albert H. Paul. John A. Poor. John H. Potter. Charles A. Pressy. Gardner W. Ring. Henry H. Robinson. John W. Roberts. Edward L. Shattuck. Joseph Sinclair. Edward Stout. SOMERVILLE. Ton G«orge E. Sturtevant. Sam. J. F. Thayer. FranciB H. Thompson. Samuel G. Tompkins. FranciB E. Whitconib. Joseph A. White. Albert Williams. George A. Willett. Edward E. Winslow. Charles n. Woodwell. .John Younie. James Clark. Mustered July 31, 1861, Alvin G. Lovejoy. Peter Thooipson. Mustered Jan. 1, 1K64, Frederick Whitcomb. Mmlered Sept. 5, 1S61, for 3 ;/.th Regiment, Co. E .- Samuel F. Teel. Patrick Sheriden, Jan. 3, 1864, Co. H. Mustered May 23, 1864, three years, 28M Regiment : Martin Binney, 1st It. Dennis Day, Dec. 13, 1861, Co. A. Timothy Lyons, Jan. 2, 1864, Co. C. Dennis W. Johnson, Dec. 28, 1S63, Co. D. James Lawsou, March 14, 1864. Richard Shalley, Jan. 24, 1802. John Gormley, Dec. 13, 1861, Co. E. Peter Tehen, Jan. 2, 1864, Co. I. Edward Carmien, March 21, 1864, unassigned. Mustered May 14, 1861, thret years, 29lh Regiment: Thonins Hayes. D«la H. King, Jan. -2, 1864, Co. V. Thomas Bond, Aug. 31, 1864, un- assigned. Mustered Jan. 2, 1864, three years, ■.iOth Regiment, Co. A : Charles Mars, corp. John Battles, Dec. 13, 1861, Co. B. Y70 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The following enlisted for one hundred days, and were mustered into the service July 25, 1864, in Co. B, 5th Eegiment: John N. Ooffln, capt. Charles T. Kobinson, Ist It. GranvillB W. Daniels, 2(1 It. George W. Burroughs, let sgt. Wm. E. DinkBon, sgt. Charles E. Uolihs, sgt. Philip 0. Woodberry, sgt. Edward H. Aiken, Corp. Jabez P. Delt, corp. George H. Hale, corp. Fred. W. Johnson, corp. Frank Walburg, mus. Alvin R. Bailey. Wm. Buckinan. Henry F. Carter. John W. Hiitch. Henry Hodson. Frank James. Henry Loveriug. James McCait. Frank McDerniott. Wm. A. Mellen. George B. Neise. Caleb A. Page. Edward Peacock. Thomas S. Pratt. Luther II. Preston. George F. Bicker. J. W. Robinson. Wm. 0. Bussell. Samuel 11. Stevens. Charles H. Tyler. Frederick A. White. Mustered into the service /or one hundred days, July 20, 18(i4, in Co. D, 42d RegimeiU : James £. Merritt. Mustered Nov. 16, IsCl, three years, 32d Jlegiment : Joseph Austin, 1st It. John A. Norris, Nov. 27, 18(il, Co. 0. Wm. H. Norris, Oct. 31, 1801. James Donahoo, July 9, 1802, Co. O. John Murphy, July 0, 1864, Co. M. Mustered June 7, 1805, three years 39i/t Regiment : Fred. K. Kinsly, col. Melville C. Parkhurst, capt., June 7, 1866. Joseph Giles, Ist It., Aug. 14, 1862. Willard 0. Kiusly, lot It., Nov. 13, 1862. Johu U. Deuault, Ist It., Sept. 8, 1864. Edwin Mills, 2d It, Jan. 8, 18C4. George A. Bodge, 2d It., April 3, 18i». Edwin Wells, sgl.-uuy., Aug. 12, 1862. *Elkanah Orofeby, sgt. John Kennedy, sgt. George Myers, sgt. Wm. D. Pulmer, sgt. Wm. H. Thomas, sgt. George Vando Sarts, sgt. Wm. M. Carr, corp. Willard C. Foirchild, corp. Fred. A. Qllncs, corp. David Gorham, Corp. John E. Horton, Corp. Leslie Stevens, Corp. Daniel Crowley, mus. James H. Newell, muB. Jesse B. Abbott. James M. Alien. Wm. J. Arnold. Wm. A. Baker. Charles H. Beldmg. August Bent/,. iBel John T. Bolton. Win. F. Boyuton. George W. Wren. Davis P. Buckman. John Byrnes. John B. Caulield. Gustavus A. Clark. Ambrose W. Coles. Chandler G. Cole. Herbert Collott. Thomas Conner. •George Cutter. Amos F. Davis. Albert H. Dodge. Wm H. Dodge. J athan C. Dyer. Charles E. Edlepsou. Samuel Emerson. George A. Farrar. Walter Fay. Charles C. Fellows. Samuel 0. Felker. Charles E. Fitcham. John E. Fuller. Elijah H. Gilcrease. Dexter Gray. Edward L. Grant. Wtu. F. C. Graham. Eugene B. Iladley. Edward M. Hale. John Halford. John H. Hanley. George R. Harlow. Wm. M. Ilarburn. George H. Hatch. George A. Hills. Patrick D. Hogan. Patrick Horgun. Henry E. Howe. Richard J. Hyde. Thomas L. Hyde. Charles G. Jones. Thomas Kelley. David Kendrick. E. F. Kenneston. John F. Locke. Washington Lovett. Johu McCarthy. Alexander McGurdy. Sauuiel IMcJunkeus. George McNall. John Mctjuade. James U. Merrett. John S. Merrett. John Moran. George A. Northy. Thonutti O^Brien* Henry O'Neil. Johu O'Sullivan. '.Vni. Odiorno, James McNay, Co. B. Daniel Cooper, May 19, 1864, Co. F. John McMulIin, Jan. 12, 1M64. Mustered Mar. 4, 1864, three years, 57th Jtegimeni, Co. tf ; Michael Cashman. Andrew Foge rty. Wm. Hyde. Mustered Jan. 14, 1864, t/*rt;« yearsi bUtli Regiment, Co. C : George King. Andrew Graham, Feb. 9, 1864. Joseph W. Martin. Henry H. Hill, Jan. 4, 1864, Co. B. Wm. Howarth. Johu M. Lovett. George Shneidi. John Creamer, Mar. 12, 1864, Co. H. Wm. H. M.Calvert, April 2, 1804, Co. I. Jl/ii«(uU was a successful one, and until the patent on the ma- chine expired the company held the market at its own ]>rice. The process of electrotyping fancy types and borders was also introduced by Mr. Siiule, and added largely to the profits of the company's business. During his connection with the foundry company he laid the foundation for wealth on which, in later years, by shrewd business management he has been steadily building. In 1848 Mr. Shute removed to Sonierville, then a town in the si.xtli year of its nninicipal life, and at once won the confidence and esteem of his fellow- citi/ena. From 1853 to 1859, inclusive, after his retirement from active business in Boston, he served as chairman of the Board of Selectmen of his adopt- ed town, and on declining further service, the town, at its annual meeting held on the 5th of March, 1860, voted " that the thanks of the town be presented to the Hon. James M. Shute, for the able, energetic and faithful manner in which he has for several years performed the arduous duties of chairman of the Board of Selectmen, and that they be entered upon the books of the town." From 1861 to 1864, inclusive, he was a member of the Executive Council, and no member of the board during those years held more confidential relations with Governor Andrew, or was held by him in higher esteem. During the busiest and most exacting years of the war he was chairman of the Finance Committee of the Council, and the admirable finan- cial condition of the Commonwealth at the close of the struggle is a sufiicient commentary on his service. As chairman of the Hoosac Tunnel Commission for several years, he rendered valuable service to the State. On the resignation, in 1866, of John M. Brooks, a member of the commission he was anxious to have ex-Governor Andrew appointed in his place, and proposed to surrender to him the position of chairman. Governor Bullock, of course, was ready to make the appointment, and Mr. Andrew gave a hesitating consent to accept it. This consent, however, he afterwards withdrew in the following letter to Mr. Shute which is included in this sketch for the purpose of showing both the relations exist- ing between him and Mr. Shute, and the conscien- tiousness which he carried with him into the perform- ance of public duties : "96 Washington Stiieet, Boston, Oct. 10, ISGO. '* Ml/ dear Mr. Hhute : — I have again recoiisidereil the subject of which we talked yesterday, aDd with every desire to help ywu, and to aid tlin grand design of another through route to the Lakes, I am stiM wholly unable to perceive liow / could be of substantial advantage without so far neglecting 'The Law' as to injure nie pecuniarily very much more than any compensation I should receive would repay. For I could never be satisfied without trying lo master every problem, nor without doing my utmost to conquer success, on whatever line of action we might under- take to ' tight it out.* Thus T should soon tind myself in over head and ears, to this work, neglecting all other things, working at a trade other than my own, and losing sight of the only tradi: which is my own ; and when I know t-o many men whom I think to be better fitted at the moment than I am to take a leading part on your Board, 1 do not feel that, in declining it, I omit any duty. I am very grateful for youV- kind and generous appreciation of me, as well as for the cordial and friendly way in which you have always treated me during an acquaintance both intimate and confidential, in which we have shared together the cares of office. *' Nor do I fail to recognize the Governor's good will and consideration towards me in couseuting to entertain my name when presented and to give it precedence. I owe, both to the Governor and yourself, my hearty thanks, and hope always to remain, *' Your sincere friend A servant, "John A. .\nuuew." Mr. Shute married, November 25, 1835, Mary Eaton, daughter of Thomas Robinson, of Boston, at that time engaged in business in Chili, and hits had thirteen children. Of these, two died in infancy, one, a girl, at four years of age, and two sous at full age. Of these two sons, Thomas Robinson died in the Feejee Islands, and the other, James M., Jr., married Helen / ^ /^^/^4^. ^--r^-^ I SOMEKVILLE. 777 Damon, of Holden, and died in Somerville. The re- maining children, five daughters and three sons, are all married. Walter, the oldest sou, is engaged in the lumber business in Charlestown ; Frank, the second son, carries on the hardware business in Boston ; and Arthur, the third son, is in the lumber business in Ellsworth, Maine. Two of the daughters live in Cam- bridge, two in Somerville, and one in Boston. About 1870 Mr. Shute suffered a severe fracture of a thigh-bone, from the effects of which he was for a long time confined to his house in Somerville. After a partial recovery he removed to Boston about twelve years ago, purchasing the house No. 137 Newbury Street, where, with his wife and the children of his deceased son James, he still lives. The writer of this sketch has known him for many years, both in public and private life, and has had occasion to know the esteem in which he has been held, both as a private citizen and a servant of the State. KNOWLTON SAMPSON CHAFFEE. Matthew Chaffee lived in Boston as early as 1636, and was a ship carpenter by trade. He was made a freeman May 17, 1637, and was a member of the Artil- lery Company in 1642, and removed to Newbury in 1649, where he bought a large farm of Dr. John Clark. Thomas Chaffee was in Hingham in 1636, and removed to Swansey before 1660. From one of these the sub- ject of this sketch is descended. He was born in Becket, Massachusetts, July 11, 1814. His father and grandfather, both named Thomas, lived in Becket and carried on the business of farming. Thomas Chaffee, the father, born in Becket, March 15, 1768, married at Ashford, Conn., November 21, 1791, Abigail, daughter of Colonel Abraham Knowltoii, of Lee, and had the following children; Sampson Knowlton, born August 4, 1792; Frederick, November 25, 1793 ; Wolcott, May 3, 1795 ; Numan H., December 15, 1796 ; Alma, February 9, 1801 ; Anna H., February 4, 1803 ; Thomas S., March 24, 1805 ; Lucinda, January 12, 1807 ; Premiss, Jan- uary 1, 1809; Abigail H., April 12, 1811, and Knowl- ton Sampson, the subject of this sketch, July 11, 1814. Mr. Chaffee attended the public schools of his native town and the Lenox Academy, leaving the latter institution at the age of eighteen. As his father's means were small he was obliged at this age to earn his own living and assist if possible in the maintenance of the family home. His first occupa- tion was that of driving a peddler's wagon, which in the d.ays before railroads were built, when small traders found it diflicult to travel to central points for purchasers, and drummers were unknown, was an important one, and was carried ou in New England to an extent almost equaling in magnitude in some instances, by especially enterprising men, the busi- ness of many well-known wholesale merchants of our own day. In this line of business the late James Fiske began his career, and the highly finished car- riages and well-groomed horses of the various owners and drivers rattled into the villages of Miissachusttts with as much tiourish and excitement as attended the arrivals of coaches on the different important lines of travel. It was not long before Mr. Chaffee owned and drove his own team, and by unusual enterprise and activity laid the foundations of the wealth which in later years he has been able to accumulate. With a mind and resources outgrowing one after another the limited opportunities which such a man would naturally find in the kinds of business first sought by him in earning a livelihood, after a few years of peddling he engaged in the stage business on the great through route from Springfield to Albany. First as driver and afterwards as a proprietor, he con- tinued in this business until the establishment of rail- road lines drove the stages off the road. While acting as driver his day's work was in summer and winter, in all weathers from Springfield to West Stockbridge and back. By the exposure attending these early oc- cupations lie secured a rugged constitution which has served him well in the responsible enterprises with which he has since been connected. While still a young man he removed to Somerville, in the earliest years of that town, and established himself in the coal business at tide-water in East Cambridge. After liv- ing in Somerville three or four years he removed to East Cambridge and has since that time made that part of Cambridge his home. In the coal business his means permitted hira to start only in the humblest way. By economy, thrift, thorough integrity and the exercise of a shrewd judgment in the general management of his trade, the business, however, grew to large proportions, and the savings of his earlier years began to swell intmen, and all other officers and convenient for the ordering the prudentials of the town, and executing of all other mat- ters and things in the law appointed by them to be done, and whereas, the Freeholdei-8 and other Inhabitants of the town of Ilopkinton have often desired the direction and assistance of the Comety of the Trustees of the said Town of Uopkiuton in order to there meeting and convening together for the purpose and intentions aforesaid, and the said Comety have desired the Subscriber, one of the said Oommity and a Justice of the Peso within the said County of Middlesex to make out and sign notification, there being no Selectmen or other Town Officers in the said town. These are therefore to notify the town tennants both Free Holders and other Inhabita.nts of Uopkiuton aforesaid to meet at their Public Place for Divine Service and worship on the Lord's Day, on Wednesday the twenty-fifth of March, next coming, at ten of the clock before noon, to choose Selectmen and all other officers that the law allows of and directs unto. Given under my hand and seal in this twenty-ninth day of Feby. in the twelfth year of the reign of King George, Anno goodomi 1723 — 24. John Leveritt, "Justice of Ike Pettce."^ " Mr. John How you are directed to set up the above written notifica- tion in some public place in Hopkinton. " J. Leveritt." On the day named in the warrant the town to the number of upwards of thirty met and transacted the following business : " Voted — that we resolve to take upon us the powers of a Town and proceed and choose Town officers as the law directs shall be choosen in the month of March. " Voted — to choose five Select Men. " Voted — that all pei'sons that have taken land and have made im- provements in said town and are here present may vote. " Voted — that John How shall be Moderator in said meeting. " Voted — that John How should be Town Clerk and the first Selectman. " Voted — that John Wood sbould be second Selectman. " Voted — that Henry Melen should be third Selectman. " Voted — that Joseph Haven should be fourth Selectman. " Voted — that James Cular should be fifth Selectman. •' Voted — that the divisenal line as to the Constables Collections to be the hyway leading from Womsloiis meadow, so-called, to the meeting- house place and so continue to the river. " A'oted-^that Samuell Watken should be Constable for the year en- suing, in ye East End of ye town. '• Voted — that Mr. Benjamin Burnap should bo l!onstabIe in ye West end of ye town. " Voted^that Mr. EInathan Allen should be Town Treasurer for ye "Voted — that Johnathau Knowlton, Thomas Walker, Mr. John Wood and James Coles, Senior, should be Snrveyorys of byways for ye year ensuing. "Voted — that Mr. Uobert Hambleton and Mr. Kohert Huston sbould he Tying men. " Voted — that Joseph Comeiis, Ebenezer Lock should be fence " Voted — that Francis Pareo and Thomas Coock should bo bogh *' Voted that swine should run at large this year. "Voted— that Daniel Stone and John Butler should bo field drivers. " Voted—That Thomas Walker should bo Clark of the nuuket." The following is a list of those who served as select- meu in the years set against their names : 1724-25 — Joseph Haven, Capt. John Wood, John Jones, Benjamin Burnap, Henry Blellen. Aug. 26, 1725, John How was chosen selectman \o supply the place of Capt. John Wood, removed by death. 1725-1^6- John How, Joseph Haven, Robert Houston, Lieut. Henry Walker, Peter How. 1726-27— Joseph Haven, Benjamin Burnap, John Jones, Henry Mul- len, Peter How. 1727-28— Henry Walker, John How, Peter How, Daniel Claflin, Rob- ert Houston. 1728-29 — Henry Walker, Henry Melleu, Joseph Haven^ Joseph Bix- by, Samuel Work. 1729-30— Henry Walker, Peter How, Joseph Bixby, John Brewer, Isaac Whitney. 1730-31— John Junes, .losepli Haven, Joseph Bixby, Paul Langdon, John Brewer. 1731-32— John Jones, Joseph Haven, Paul Langdon, John Brewer, Deacon Bixby. 1732-33 — Paul Langdon, Nathaniel Smith, John Jones, John Osborne, Edmund Bowker. 1733-34 — Capt. Junes, Joseph Haven, Paul Langdon, Jabez Dudge, Peter How. 1734-35— Capt. Jones, Joseph Haven, Lieut, Paul Langdon, Ebeneiser Kimbal, Peter How. 1735-36 — Daniel Claflin, John Brewer, Joseph Hollen, Ebenezer Lock, Jacob Gibbs. 1736-37- Peter How, Jabez Dodge, Thomas Walker, En^n John Wood, John Brewer. The annual meeting held in March was, by the General Court, on the 6'*' day of June, declared null and void, and on the 26^'> day of July the following board was chosen : Capt. John Jones, Eben- ezer Kimbal, Deacon Benjamin Burnap, Lieut. John Wood. 1737-38 — John Jones, Peter How, Isaac \Vliitney, Benjamin Burnap, Jr., John Wood. 1738-39— John Jones, Joseph Haven, Peter How, Jabez Dodge, Eben- ezer kimbal. 1739-40— John Jones, James Goocb, John Haden, Ebenezer Kirubal, Beuj. Burnap. 1740-41 — John Junes, Joseph Haven, James Gooch, John Wood, Joseph Houghton. 1741-42 — Capt. Gooch, Benj. Burnap, Thomas Walker, Lieut. Wood, Jacob Gibbs. 1742-43 — John Jones, James Gooch, Charles Morris, Cai»t. Dencb, Deacon Kimble. 1743-44 — John Junes, Capt. James Gooch, Charles Morris, Henry Mellen, Roger Dench. 1744— 45— Major John Jones, Henry Mellen, Thomas Walker, C. Mor- ris, Benj. Wood. 1745-16— John Jones, James Gooch, Henry Mellen, Charles Morris, Benj. Burnap. 1746-47 — Peter How, John Wood, Thomas Walker, John Jones, Joseph Haven. 1747-48— James Gooch, John Jones, Dec. Kimble, Sulumon Parks, Dec. Mellen. 1748-49— John Jones, James Gooch, Henry Mellen, John Wood, Thoniiia Walker. 1749-50-~Juhn Jones, Benj. Wood, Henry Mellen, James Work, John Rock wood. 1750-51— John Wood, Daniel Burnap, Timothy Townsend, Joseph Cody, Joseph Haven, Jr. 1752— John Wilson, Henry Mellen, John .Junes, Tliomas Wood, Ja-son Walker. 1763 — John Wilson, Joseph Wood, Jacob Gibbs, Benj. Wood, George Carriel. 1754— John Wilson, Henry Mellen, Joseph AVood, James Work, Eleazer Rider. 1755_john Woud, Joseph Cody, John Nutt, John Wilson, Henry Mel. len. 1756— Thumas Mellen, Joseph Albee, Lamsou Jones, Caleb Claflin, John Wood. 1757— Thomai* Blellun, Joseph Albee, John Wilson, John Jones, John Chamberlain. 1758— Joseph Albee, John Wilson, Thomas Mellen, Richard Smith, James Nutt. 1759— John AVood, Samuel Chamberlain, Joseph Mellen, John Wilson, Jason Walker. 1760— John Wilson, Joseph Mellen, Jacob Chamberlain, William Eamee, Israel Walker. rs4 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 1761 — John Wilson, Joseph Albee, Jamee Wark, John Jones, Joseph Mellen. 1762 — John Wilson, John Hohipb, John Jones, Jr., Joseph Mellen, Samuel Chamberlain. 1763— Thomas Mellen, Timothy Townsend, John Holmes, John Cham- berlain, Jficob Gihbs. 1704— John WilBon, John Jones, John Albee, John Nutt, Samuel Chamberlain. 1765~John Jones, James Wark, Thomas Mellen, Timothy Townsend, Samuel Chamberlain. 1766— John Wilson, Joseph Mellen, John Chamberlain, Jacob Gibbs, John Oeborn. 1767— Joseph Mellen, John Wilson, Eleazer Bider, Timothy Town- send, James Nutt. 1768— Thomas Mellen, Joseph Albre, Timothy Townsend, John Cham- berlain, Abraham Tilton. 1769- Jason Walker, John Holmes, John Jones, James Wark, John Clark. 1770 — John Wilson, Jason Walker, John Jones, Joseph Wood, Samuel Parks. 1771 — Joseph Mellen, Samuel Chamberlain, Roger Dench, Elisha llayden, James Hiscock. 1772— John Wilson, John Holmes, James Nutt, Samuel Parks, Roger Dench. 1773 — Thomas Mellen, Decon Haven, Samuel Chamberlain, Gilbert Dench, William Andrews. 1774 — Captain Mellen, Captain Townsend, Jasper Daniels, Jacob Gibbs, Colonel Jones. 1775— Captain Holmes, Samuel Parks, Barrekias Morse, Gilbert Dench, Jasper Daniel. 1776— Captain Holmes, Colonel Jones, Barrekias Morse, Samuel Parke, Ebenezer (;lafiin, Jr. 1777 — Colonel Jones, Moses Haven, Samuel Parks, Samuel Bowker, Walter McFarland. 1778— Colonel Jones, Barrekias Morse, Captaiu Dench, Edmund Chamberlain, Henry Mellen. 1779— Colonel Jones, Barrekias Morse, Samuel Parks, Captain Holmes, Isaac Clark, Jr. 1780— Captain Dench, David Cutler, Captain Eames, Isaac Clark, Samuel Hayden. 1781- Colonel Jones, Bars. Morse, Captain Holmes, Henry Mellen, Matthew Medcalf. 1782- Henry Mellen, Matthew Medcalf, Abner Fiske, Captain Mc- Farland, James Freeland. 1783— Matthew Medcalf, ('aptaiu Holmes, Bars. Morse, Isaac Clark, Isaac Burnap. 1784— Colonel Jones, Matthew Medcalf, David Cutler, Samuel Haven, John Freeland. 1786— Matthew Medcalf, Bars. Morse, Henry Mellen, James Nutt, John Hayden. 1786— Captain Holmes, Colonel Jones, Bars. Morse, Samuel Parks, EbenezerClallin, Jr. 1787— Captain Walter McFarland, Lieutenant Abel Fiske, Isaac Bur- nap, Captain N. Perry, Jeremiah Stimpson. 1788— Captain Gilbert Dench, Captain John Holmes, Ijieiitenaut Isaac Burnap, Joseph Walker, Captain Nathaniel Perry. 1789— Henry Mellen, Joseph Walker, Samuel Havon, Nebemiah How, Timothy Townsend. 1790- Abel Fiske, Walter McFarland, Henry Mellen, John O. Wil- son, Benj. Adams. 17M1— Abel Fiske, Henry Mellen, Isanc Burnap, Aaron Claflin, Wm. Valentine. 1792— Henry Mellen, Walter McFarland, Nebemiah How, Wm. Vat entlne. 1793— Matthew Metcalf, Colonel Nathan Perry, Joseph Walker, Wm. Valentino, Wm. Nutt. 17!)4— Henry Mellen, Neiiemiah How, Joseph Walker, Nathan Perry, John Goulding. 1795— Joseph Walker, Nohemiali How, Samuel Haven, Dr. Jeremy Stimpson, Eleazer Perry. 1796~JoHeph Walker, Nehcmiah How, Samuel Haven, Isaac Buruap Moses Berry. 1797— Joseph Walker, Nohemiah How, Samuel Haven, Isaac Burnap, Johnathan Stearns. 1798— Joseph Walker, Henry Mellon, Nathan Perry, Nebemiah How, John Haveu. 1799— Timothy Shepard, Henry Mellen, Nathan Perry, Joel Norcrose, Josiah Rock wood. 1800— Dr. Shepard , Henry Mellen, Dec. Walker, Nathan Perry, Caitt. Wm. Wood. 1801 — Natbau Perry, Nehemiah How, Walter McFarland, Johnathan Stearns, Wm. Wood. 1802— Nathan Perry, Wm. Wood, Asa Fames, Johnathan Stearns. 1803 — Timothy Shepard, Nathan Perry, Moses Chamberlain, Josiah Lock wood, Sampson Bridges. 1804 — Timothy Shepard, Benj. Adams, Joel Norcross, Benj. Pond, Isaac Burnap. ^ 1805 — Benj. Adams, Benj. Pond, Joel NorcrosB, Moses Chamberlain, { John Goulding. 1806— Moses Chamberlain, Benj, Adams, Benj. Pond, Abijah Ellis. Joseph Morse. 1807 — Asa Fames, Abijah Ellis, Samuel Phipps, Aaron Smith, Benj. Herrick. 1808— Abijah Ellis, Samuel Phipps, Abel Smith, Daniel White, Fisher Metcalf. 1809- Abijah Ellis, Samuel Phipps, Nathan Perry, Elisha Adams, .losepb Morse. 1810— Walter McFarland, Nathan Perry, Joel Norcross, Joseph Val- entine, Amezjah Claflin. ISll^Moses Chamberlain, Nathan PeiTy, Joseph Walker {2d), Perry Daniels, Joel Norcross. 1812 — Joseph Valentine, Joel Norcross, Nathaniel Loring, Isaac Bur nap, David Eamos. 1813— Joseph Valentine, Amaziah Claflin, Nathaniel Loring, David Fames, Samson Bridges. 1814 — Joseph Valentine, Aniaziah Claflin, Samson Bridges, Wm. Rockwood, Wm. Wood. 1815— Joseph Valentine, Amaziah Claflin, Wm. Wood, Wm. Rock- wood, Joseph Walker. 1816 — Benj. Adams, Joseph Walker, Samson Bridges, Nathan Phipps, Wm. Rockwood. 1817 — Nathan Phipps, Samson Bridges, Joseph Walker, Isaac Homes, Joseph Smith. 1818 — Nathan Phipps, Samson Bridgesi Isaac Homes, Joseph Smith, Joseph Morse. 1819— Joseph Valentine, Samsou Bridges, Amaziab Claflin, David Fames, Elijah Fitch. 1820— Joseph Valentine, Nathan Phipps, Samson Bridges, Elijah Fitch, Isaac Homes. 1821 — Nathan Phipps, Samson Bridges, Elijah Fitch, Isaac Homes, Thomas Buckley. 1822 — Nathan I'hipps, Joseph Valentine, Michael Homer, Nathan Woolson, Carlton Corbett. 1823— Joseph Valentine, Elijah Fitch, Carlton Corbett, Michael Homer, Samuel Prentiss. 1824 — Joseph Valentine, Nathan Phipps, Samson Bridges, Arba Thayer, Daniel Singletary. 1825— Joseph Valentine, Nathan Phipps, Arba Thayer, William Jeni- sou, Mathew Metcalf. 182C— Nathan Pliipps, Arba Thayer, Mathew Metcalf, William Jeni- Bou, Timotliy Perry. 1827— Nathan Phipps, Arba Thayer, Mathew Metcalf, Timothy Perry, \athan Adams. 1S28— Abraham Harrington, Arba Thayer, Mathew Metcalf, Timothy Perry, John Goulding, Jr. 1829— Mathew Metcalf, Nathan Phipps, James .lacksoii, Aarou Smith, John H Jones. 1830- Mathew Metcalf, Nathan Phipps. Arba Thayer, John H. Jones, Amasa Eames. 1831— Samuel B. Walcott, Arba Thayer, Amara Fames, Nathan Ad- ams, Richard Gantage. 1832— Samuel B. Walcott, Mathew Metcalf, Ama/.iah Clatlin, Samsou Bridges, Richard Gamage. 1833— Samuel B. Walcott, Nathan Phipps, Samsnn Bridges, Ezra Haskol, John Stone.. 1831 — Samuel B. Walcott, Nathan Phipps, Sanisun Bridges, Aniara Eames, Ezra Haskol. 1835— Samuel B. Walcott, Nathan Phippe, Amara Fames, John Slone, Samuel D. Davenport. 1S3C — Samuel B. Walcott, Moses Phipps, Samson Bridges, Josiah Bur- nani, Cromwell Gibbs. 1837— Nathan Phipps, Josiah Burnani, Cromwell Gibbs, Albert Wood, Abner Albee. HOPKINTON. 785 1S38 — Albert Wood, Amara Eames, Josiah Burnam, Williard Wads- worth, Silas Mirick. 1839— Mathew Metcalf, Williard Wadaworth, William A. Phipps, Joseph Woodward, William Adams. 1840 — Williard Wadaworth, Joseph Woodward, William Adama, Mont- gomery Bixby, Nathan Coburn. 1841 — Mosea Phipps, Nehemiah Pierce, Williard Wadaworth, Jona- Phelps, Silas Moore. 1842 — Moses Phipps, Nehemiah Phipps, A. R. Ellery, Benjamin Homer, Almore Adams. 1843 — Amara Eames, Nehemiah Pierce, Abram R. Ellery. 1844 — Amara Eames, Albert Wood, John Workes, William A. Phipps^ Addison Thompson. 1845— Amara Eames, Cromwell Gibbs, William Seaver, Calvin Dyer, John Workes. 1846 — Cromwell Gibbs, Nehemiah Pierce, Nathan P. Coburn. 1847 — Henry Waldron, Charles Seaver, Joseph Woodward, Beqjamin, F. flerrick, Augustus Phipps. 1848— Augustus Phipps, Charles Seaver, Joseph Woodward, Benj. F. Herrick, Almon Adams. 1849_WiUiam A. Pbippa, WUliam Claflin, Isaac V. Adams, Lowell Claflin, Hiram Comee. 1850— William Claflin, Isaac V. Adams, Dexter Rice, Uriah Bowker, A. G. Walker. 1851 — Albert Wood, Samuel D. Davenport, Eliakim A. Bates, John A. Bagley, David W. Eames. 1862— Albert Wood, A. G. Walker, Uriah Bowker, William Adams, Cromwell Gibbs. 1853 — Augustus Phipps, Joseph Woodward, Amasa Pierce, Uriah Bowker, Artemus Johnson. 1854 — Albert Wood, Uriah Bowker, A. W. Johnson, Amasa Pierce, Cromwell Gibbs. 1855 — Isaac V, Adams, Almond Adams, Addison Thompson, Samuel D. Davenport. 1856— Almon Adams, I. V. Adams, Ambrose Woolson, A. W. Johnson, Cromwell Gibbs. 1857— Albert Woods, A. W. Johnson, C. W. Claflin, Daniel T. Bridges, F. B. Mansfield. 1858— Almond Adams, C. W. Claflin, D. T. Bridges, P. R. H. Matthews, Dav id Eames, . 1869— B. F. Herrick, F. B. Mansfield, Gardner Parker, E. A. Bates, David Eames. I860— E. A. Bates, F. B. Mansfield, Otis L. Woods, David Eames, L, B. Mayberry. 1861~N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, B. F. Mansfield, David Eames, Otis L. Woods. 1862— N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, Gardner Parker, C. P. Morse, Thos. Meade. 1863— N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, Gardner Parker, C. P. Morse, Thos. Meade. 1864— N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, Gardner Parker, C. P. Morse, Thos. Meade. 1865 — E. A. Bates, E. Thompson, Thos. Meade, Charles Seaver, M. C. Phipps. 1866— E. A. Bates, E. Thompson, M. C. Phipps. 1867— B. A. Bates, M. C. Phipps, S. 8. Maybry, Thos. Meade, Sylves- ter Phipps. 1868— E. A. Bates, M. C. Phipps, S. M. Kyes, O. L. Woods, B. M. Fahey. 1869— R. M. Fahey, Otis L. Woods, J, Fitzgerald, Addison Pine. 1870— E. A. Bates, R. M. Fahey, Robert C. Jenkius, Amasa Pierce, John Fitzgerald. 1871— Wm. A. Phipps, M. C. Phipps, Dexter Rice, Wm. B. Claflin, Owen Woods. 1872— Wm. A. Phipps. M. 0. Phipps, Wm. B. Claflin, Owen Wood, F. W. Wood. 1K73— Wm. A. Phipps, M. C. Phipps, Wm. B. Claflin, Owen Wood, F. W. Wood. 1874— Wm. A. Phipps, M. C. Phipps, Wm. B. Claflin, Owen Wood, F. W. Wood. 1875— AV. A. Phipps, M. C. Phipps, Wm B. Claflin, Owen Woods, F. W. Woods. 1876— Owen Woods, .Albert Adams, Henry Flynn. 1877 — Owen Wood, Martin B. Phipps, Henry Hynn. 1878 — Owen Wood, Martin B. Phipps, Henry Flynn. 1879— M. 0. Phipps, 0. Meserve, 0. 0. White. 50-m 0— C. Meserve, M. C. Phipps, D. J« O'Brien, M. M. Woods, Wm. 0' 1881—0. Meserve, D. J. O'Brien, M. M. Woods. 1882— M. C. Phipps, D. J. O'Brien, M. M. Woods, L. H. Wakefield, Wm. O'Shanghnessy. 1883— Eraatus Thompson, D. J. O'Brien, M. M. Woods, M. C. Phipps, John Phelan. 1884 — Eraatus Thompson, D. J. O'Brien, M. M. Woods, John Phelan, Horace Wood. 1885— Horace Wood, D. J. O'Brien, John Phelan. 1886— Horace Wood, D. J. O'Brien, John Phelan, Granby A. Bridges, Gardner P. Woods. 1887— M. M. Woods, D. J. O'Brien, John Phelan, Horace Wood, R. M. Fahy. 1888— M. M. Woods, Philip H. Carroll, Horace Phipps. 1889— Horace Phipps, Marcus M. Woods, John Loaghlin. 1890— H. Phipps, John Loughlin, Fred A. Wood. A list of the moderators of the annual meetings, treasurer, clerk and representative of each year: 1724 — John How, moderator; Elnathan Allen, treasurer; John How, clerk. 1724-25— Henry Mellen, moderator; John Joues, treasurer; Joseph Haven, clerk. 1725-26 — John How, moderator ; John How, treasurer ; Joseph Hav- en, clerk. 1726-27 — John How, moderator ; John How, treasurer ; Joseph Hav- en, clerk. 1727-28— Henry Walker, moderator; John How, treasurer; Henry Walker, clerk. 1728-29— Henry Walker, moderator; Daniel Claflin, treasurer; Joseph Haven, clerk, 1729-30— Henry Walker, moderator ; Daniel Claflin, treasurer ; Henry Walker, clerk. 1730-31 — John Jones, moderator ; Daniel Claflin, treasurer ; Joseph Haven, clerk. 1731-32 —John Jones, moderator ; Daniel Claflin, treasurer ; Joseph Haven, clerk. 1732-33 — Paul Langdon, moderator ; Daniel Claflin, treasurer ; Joseph Haven, clerk. 1733-34 — John Jones, moderator; Daniel Claflin, treasurer; Joseph Haven, tlerk, 1734-35 — John Jones, moderator; Daniel Claflin, treasurer; Joseph Haven, clerk; John Jones, representative. 1735-36 — Peter How, moderator; Daniel Claflin, treasurer; Daniel Claflin, clerk ; Capt. John Jones, representative. 173t)-37 — John Jones, moderator; Thomas Walker, treasurer; Peter How, clerk. July 26th— John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Ebenezer Kimbal, clerk, 1737-38— John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Peter How, clerk. 1738-39— John Jones, moderator ; Nathaniel Smith, treasurer ; Peter How, clerk. 1739-40 — John Jones, moderator; Joseph Haven, treasurer; Peter How, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1740-41 — John Jones, moderator; Joseph Haven, treasurer; Joseph Haven, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1741-42 — Capt. Gooch, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Joseph Haven, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1742-43 — John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer; Charles Morris, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1743-44 — John Jones, moderator; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Charles Morris, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1744-45 — John Jones, moderator; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Charles Morris, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1745-46 — John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Charles Morris, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1746-47 — John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; James Gooch, clerk ; John Joues, representative. 1747-48 — James Gooch, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; James Gooch, clerk. 1748-49 — John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer; James Gooch, clerk. 1749-50— John Jones, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Thomas Walker, clerk ; John Joues, representative. 786 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 1760-51 — John Jones, modejutor ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Thomas Walker, clerk. 1752— Joseph Haven, moderator ; Thomas Walker, treasurer ; Thomas Walker, clerk. 1763 — John Wilson, moderator ; Timothy Townsend, treasurer ; Thomas Walker, clerk. 1754 — Henry Mellen, moderator; Joseph Haven, treasurer; Thomas Walker, clerk. 1755 — Heury Mellen, moderator ; Joseph Haven, treasurer ; Thomaa Walker, clerk. 1756 — John Jones, moderator; Timothy Townsend, troasurer ; Tim- othy Townsend, clerk. 1757 — John Wilson, moderator; Timothy Townsend, treasurer ; Tim- othy Townsend, clerk. 1758 — Henry Mellen, moderator ; Timothy Tuwusend, treasurer ; Timothy Townsend, clerk. 1759 — Henry Mellen, moderator ; Timothy Townsend, treasurer; Timothy Townsend, clerk. 1760— Thumas Mellen, moderator ; Jacob Gibbs, treasurer ; John WilsoQ, clerk; John Jones, representative. 17G1 — John Jones, moderator; Jason Walker, treasurer; Juhn Wil- son, clerk. 1762 — John Jones, moderator; Jason Walker, treasurer; Juhn Wil- son, clerk. 17G3 — TIjomas Mellen, moderator ; Jason Walker, treasurer ; Jason Walker, clerk ; Juhn Jones, representative. 1764 — John Jones, moderator ; Jason Walker, treasurer ; Jason Walker, clerk. 1765— Thomas Mellen, moderator ; Jason Walker, treasurer ; Jason Walker, clerk ; John Jones, representative. 1766 — Thomaa Mellen, moderator ; Jason Walker, treasurer ; Jasun Walker, clerk. 1767 — Joseph Mellen, moderator ; Jason Walker, trciisnrer ; Jason Walker, clerk ; Joseph Mellen, representative. 1768 — Joseph Mellen, moderator; Jason Walker, treasurer ; Jasou Walker, clerk ; Joseph Mellen, representative. 1769 — John Wilson, moderator ; Juhn Abbe, treasurer ; John Abbe, clerk; Joseph Mellen, representative. 1770— John Wilson, moderator; John Abbe, treasurer; John Abbe, clerk. 1771— John Wilson, moderator; Joseph Mellen, treasurer; Cjamuel Barrett, Jr., clerk ; Joseph Melleu, representative. 1772 — Samuel Chamberlain, moderator; Jacob Gihbs, treasurer; LSam. uel Barrett, Jr., clerk ; John Wilson, representative. 1773 — Thomas Mellen, moderator; Jacob Gibbs, treasurer; Samuel Barrett, clerk ; John Wilson, representative. 1774— Capt. Mellen, moderator ; Jacob Gibbs, treasurer; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk; Capt. Slellen, representative. 1775 — John Homes, moderator ; John Homes, treasurer; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk. 1776 — Col. Jones, moderator; Jaiues Nutt, treasurer; Samuel Barrett, clerk ; John Homes, represeutative. 1777 — Col. Junes, moderator; James Nutt, treasurer; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk. 1778 — Capt. Dcnch, moderator ; James Nutt, treasurer ; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk. 1779 — Col. Jones, moderator; James Nutt, treasurer; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk. 1780 — Capt. Bench, moderator ; David Cutter, treasurer ; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk ; Gilbert Detich, representative. 1781 — Capt. Dench, moderator ; David Cutter, treasurer ; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk ; Gilbert Dench, representative. 1782 — Col. Jones, moderator; Joseph Walker, treasurer; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk ; Gilbert Dench, representative. 1783 — Mathow Metcalf, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Samuel Barrett, clerk. 1784— Col. Jones, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Samuel Bar- rett, clerk. 1785— Mathew Metcalf, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Samuel Barrett, clerk ; Gilbert Dench, representative. 1786— Col. Jones, moderator ; James Nutt, treasurer ; Samuel Barrett clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1787 — Mathew Metcalf, moderator ; Mathew Metcalf, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Gilbert Dench, representative. 1788- Gilbert Donch, moderator ; Mathew Metcalf, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1789 — Gilbert Dench, moderator ; Mathew Metcalf, treasurer, Thomas Freeland, clerk. 1790 — Gilbert Dench, moderator ; Samuel Haven, treasurer; Thomas Freeland, Jr., clerk; Eben Olaflin, representative. 1791 — Dr. Jeremy Stimpson, moderator ; Samuel Haven, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, Jr., clerk ; Ebon Claflin, representative. 1792 — Heury Mellen, moderator ; Samuel Haven, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk. 1793 — Mathow Metcalf, moderator ; Samuel Haven, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Mathew Metcalf, representative. 1794 — Dr. John Nelson, moderator; Timothy Townsend, treasurer; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Mathew Metcalf, representative. 1795 — Gilbert Dench, moderator ; Timothy Townsend, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Mathew Metcalf, representative. 1796 — John 0. Wilson, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; Thomaa Freeland, clerk ; Gilbert Dench, representative. 1797 — John 0. Wilson, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1798 — Walter McFarland, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer ; Thomas Freeland, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1799 — Timothy Shepard, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer ; Ephrm. Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1800 — Doct. Shepard, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer ; Ephrm. Read, clerk ; Dr. Shepard, representative. 1801 — Walter McFarland, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Timothy Shepard, representative. 1802 — Asa Eawes, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk. 1803 — Timothy Shepard, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Dr. Shepard, representative, 1804 — Walter McFarland, moderator; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1805 — Moses Chamberlain, moderator ; Joseph Walker, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1806 — Moses Chamberlain, moderator ; John Gouldiug, treasurer ; Ephr. Bead, clerk ; Walter McFarland, represpntative. 1807 — Asa Eanies, moderator ; Johu GouUUng, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1808— Asa Eames, moderator ; John Goulding, treasurer ; Ephr, Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1809 — Moses Chamberlain, moderator ; John Goulding, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Walter McFarland, representative. 1810— Moses Chamberlain, moderator ; John Goulding, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Moses Chamberlain, representative. 1811— Moses Chamberlain, moderator; John Goulding, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Moses Chamberlain, representative. 1812 — Joseph Valentine, moderator ; Thomaa Bucklin, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Joseph Valentine aud Moses Chamberlain, represen- tatives. 1813 — Joseph Valentine, moderator; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk; Joseph Valentine and Moses Chamberlain, represen- 1814 — Joseph Valentine, moderator; Thomas Bneklin, treasurer; Ephr. Bead, clerk. 1815— Joseph Valentine, moderator ; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk. 1816 — Nathan Phipps. moderator; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer; Ephr. Bead, clerk; Nathan Phijipsand Walter McFarland, representatives. 1817 — Nathan Phipps, moderator ; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer; Ephr. Bead, clerk. 1818— Nathan Phipps, moderator; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk. 1S19— Nathan Pliipps, moderator; Thomas Bucklin, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk. 1820— Joseph Valentine, muderator ; Muses Chamberlain, freasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Nathan Phipps, representative. 1821— Nathan Phipps, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk. 1822 — Nathan Phipps, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Joseph Valentine, representative.. 1823 — Joseph Valentine, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk; Joseph Valentine, representative. 1824 — Joseph Valentine, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, troasurer; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Joseph Valentine, representative. 1825— Joseph Valentine, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer ; Ephr. Read, clerk ; Joseph Valentine, representative. HOPKINTON. 787 1826 — Nathan Phipps, moderator ; Mosee Chamberlain, treasurer ; Ephr. Reail, clerk ; Nathan Phipps, representative. 1827 — Nathan Phipps, moderator ; Mosea Chamberlain, treasurer ; D. Singletary, clerk ; Thomaa Bucklin, representative. 1828— A. Harrington, moderator; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer; D. Singletary, clerk. 1829 — Nathan Phipps, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasnrer ; D. Singletary, clork ; Thomas Bucklin, Matthew Motcalf, represoutativee. 1830— Nathan Phipps, moderator ; Moses Chamberlain, treasurer ; D. Singletary, clerk ; Mathew Metcalf, representative. 1S31— Nathan Adams, moderator; D. Singletary, treasurer ; D. Single- tary, clerk ; S. B. Walcott, represenfcitive. 1832— S. B. Walcott, moderator; D. Singletary, treasurer ; D. Single- tary, clerk. 1S33— S. B. Walcott, moderator; Daniel Eames, treasurer; D. Single- tary, clerk; S. B. Walcott, representative. 1834 — S. B. Walcott, moderator; D. Singletary, treasurer; D. Single- tary, clerk ; S. B. Walcott, Nathan Phipps, representatives. 1835 — Nathan Phipps, moderator; D. Singletary, treasurer ; [D. Singletary, clerk ; S. B. Walcott, Nathan Phipps, representatives. 1836— S. B. Walcott, moderator ; D. Singletary, treasurer ; D. Single- tary, clerk ; S. B. Walcott, Michael Homer, representatives. 1837— Nathan Phipps, moderator ; D. Singletary, treasurer ; D. Singletary, clerk ; Jeffrees Hall, representatives. 1838— Amara Eames, moderator; Augt. Phipps, treasurer ; D. Single- tary, clerk ; Moses Phipps, Jefferson Pratt, representatives. 1839 — Mathew Metcalf, moderator; Daniel Singletary, treasurer; D. Singletary, elerk ; Jefferson Pratt, Amara Eames, representatives. 1840 — Amara Eames, moderator ; Marshall Whitney, treasurer ; D. Singletary, clerk ; Jefferson Pratt, representative. 1841 — S. B. Walcott, moderator ; Marshall Whitney, treasurer ; Augt. Phipps, clerk ; Amara Eames, representative. 1842 — S. B. Walcott, moderator ; Marshall Whitney, tro'BSurer ; Augt. Phipps, clerk ; Marshall Whitney, representative. 1843 — Amara Eames, moderator ; Marshall Whitney, treasurer ; Augt. Phipps, clerk ; Neh. Pierce, representative. 1844 — Albert Wood, moderator ; J. Pratt, treasurer ; Augt. Phipps, clerk ; Josiah Burnam, representative. 1815 — Amara Eames, moderator ; Nathan A. Phipps, treasurer; Augt, Phipps, clerk. 1846 — Abijah Ellis, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, tre;isurer ; Augt. Phipps, clerk ; S. B. Walcott, representative. 1847 — Amara Eames, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; A. H. Keith, clerk; Augt. Phipps, representative. 1848 — S. B, Walcott, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; A. H. Keith, clerk ; William Olaflin, representative. 1849 — Angt. Phipps, moderator; A. C. Putnam, treauurer ; W. Wood- ard (2d), clerk ; William Claflin, representative. 1850 — Albert Wood, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; W. Wood- ard (2d), clerk ; William Claflin, representative. 1851 — Augt. Phipps, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; L. P. Co- burn, clerk ; William Clatlin, representative. 1852 — Augt. Phipps, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; L. P. Co- burn, clerk ; Levi P. Coburn, representative. 1853 — Augt. Phipps, moderator ; A. C. Putnam, treasurer ; L. P. Co- burn, clerk ; John A. Fitch, representative. 1854— Daniel F^mes, moderator; A. C. Putnam, treaaurer ; J. A. Tillinghast, clerk ; John A. Fetch, representative. 1855 — John Fetch, moderator; John S. Crook, treasurer; J. A. Till- nghast, clerk ; Uriah Bowker, representative. lN56 — Albert Wood, moderator; John S. Crook, treasurer; J. A. Till- Dghast, clerk ; Albert Wood, representative. 1857 — Albert Wood, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ;"J. A. Till- nghast, clerk ; Albert Wood, representative. 1858— Daniel Eames,'moderator ; J. Whittemore, 'treasurer ; J, A. Till- nghast, clerk ; W. F. Ellis, representative. 1859— Albert Wood, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. A. Till- nghast, clerk ; Wm. A. Phipp, representalive. I8tj0 — Albert Wood, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. A. Till- nghast, clerk ; Hilton Claflin, representative. l861^Albert Wood, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. A. Till- nghast, clerk ; Benj. Homer, representative. 1S62— Daniel Eames, moderator; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. Till- nghast, clerk ; Erastus Thompson, representative. 1863— C. P. Morse, moderator; J. Whittemore, treasurer; J. Tilling- hast, clerk ; N. P. Coburn, representative. 1864 — N. P. Coburn, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. A Woodbury, clerk ; John Clark, representative. 1865 — C. Meserve, moderator ; J. Whittemore, treasurer ; J. A. Wood, bury, clerk ; E. S. Thayer, representative. 1866— C. Meserve, moderator ; J. S. Tilestou, treasurer ; J. A. Wood bury, clerk ; h. H. Bowker, representative. 1867 — C. Meserve, moderator ; L. B. Mayberry, treasurer ; J. A Woodbury, clerk ; J. N. Pike, representative. 18G8— C. Meserve, moderator; L. B. Maybry, treasurer; J. C. Palmer, clerk ; M. C. Phipps, representative. 1S69 — J. Whittemore, modeiator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; C. M^ erve, clerk ; E. A. Bates, representative. 1870— J. A. Fitch, moderator; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; C. Meserve, clerk ; J. A. Pike, representative. 1S71~J. A. Woodbury, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; C. Mea erve, clerk ; A. C. Putnam, representative. 1872— J. A. Woodbury, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer; B. F. Coburn, clerk ; M. L. Buck, representative, 1873 — C. Meserve, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; B. F. Co- burn, clerk; Chas. Alden, representative. 1874 — C. Meserve, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; B. F. Co- burn, clerk ; C. Meserve, representative. 1875 — C. Meserve, moderator; L. B. Maybry, treasurer; B. F. Co- burn, clerk ; E. A, Bates, representative. 1876 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator; L. B." Maybry, treasurer; B. F. Coburn, clerk ; Wm. F. Ellis, representative. 1877 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator; L. B. Maybry, treasurer; J. Wbittemore, clerk; John Mahon, representative. 1878 — C. Meserve, moderator; L. B. Maybry, treasurer; J. \Vhitte- more, clerk ; J. Whittemore, representative. 1879 — C. Meserve, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; J. Whitte- more, clerk ; Silas F. Thayer, representative. 1880 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator ; L. B. Maybry, treasurer ; J. Whit- temore, clerk ; Owen Wood, representative. 1881-0. Meserve, moderator ; Owen Wood, treasurer ; G. P. Wonder- ly, clerk ; Owen Wood, representative. 1882 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator ; Owen Wood, treasurer ; C. P. Wouderly, clerk ; Caleb Holbrook, representative. 1883 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator; Owen Wood, treasurer; C. P. Wonderly, clerk: Cromwell McFarland, representative. 1884— R. M. Fahey, moderator; Owen Wood, treasurer; C. P. Won- derly, clerk ; Alonzo Coburn, representative. 1885 — C. Meserve, moderator ; Owen Wood, treasurer ; C. P. Wonder- ly, clerk , Fred. N. Oxley, representative. 18S6 — K. M. Fahey, moderator; E. D. Bliss, treasurer; C. P. Won- derly, clerk ; D. J. O'Brien, representative. 1887- R. M. Fahey, moderator ; E. L. Bridges, treasurer ; C. P. Won- derly, clerk ; D. J. O'Brien, representative. 1888— K. M. Fahey, moderator ; E. L. Bridges, treasurer ; 0. P. Won- derly, clork ; Abner Greenwood, representative. 1889 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator; E. L. Bridges, treasurer; C. P. Wonderly, clerk , Alonzo Coburn, representative. 1890 — J. A. Woodbury, moderator; D, J. O'Brien, treasurer; John F. Fitzgerald, clerk. Military. — It appears that in the expedition against the West Indies, in the Spanish War, in 1741, the town furnished eleven men and a boy, who en- listed under Captain Jonathan Prescott. These men were : Henry Walker, Henry Walker, Jr., Edward Caryl, Gideon Gould, Frances Parce, Thomas Bellews, Eleazer Rider, Cornelius Clafton, Samuel Frale, Samuel Clemons, Ebenezer Collar and Samuel Rousseau. The affair was badly managed; disease set in, and only Gideon Gould and the boy, Henry Walker, Jr., returned to Hopkinton. The tirst record of money being granted for military purposes was at the October meeting, 1743, when the town voted £20, old tenor, with the addition of £2 al- ready in the hands of Captain Jones, to provide a stock of ammunition. This grant was probably made in anticipation of war between France and England. 788 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. This war waa declared June 2, 1744, known in America as " King George's War," and was well rep- resented by Samuel Speen, Edward Bowker, Josiah Bowker, John Kelley, John Devine, Gideon Gould, Samuel Walker, Sr., Timothy Tounling, Capt. Charles Morris, Ebenezer Hall, Jr., Robert Bowker, Slicah Bowker, Jonathan Fairbanks, John Galloway, Eben- ezer Hal), Isaac Jones, Elisha Kenney, Isaac Morse, Benjamin Stewart, Edmund Shays, Patrick Shaysi Simpson Twamuch, John Watkin, Joshua Whitney, John Wilson, Sr., and John Wilson, Jr. Patrick Shays was the father of Daniel Shays, who afterward was at the head of the well-known "Shays' Rebel- lion." Sergeant John Devine, Gideon Gould and James Cloves were at the capture of Louisbourg under General Sir William Pepperill, 2d company, First Massachusetts Regiment. At the annual meeting in 1755 the town voted to appropriate twenty pounds to furnish guns, powder and bullets, which were stored in the meeting-house. Many from Hopkinton were engaged in the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1754 to 176.3. Joseph Cody, Jr., George Ware, Daniel Gasset and George Stimpson went to Crown Point. Daniel Gould, Jason Rice and Solomon Walker were wounded in the service. Pelatiah Bixby, John Evans, Cornelius Claflin, Joseph Cody, James Pierce, Samuel Bowker, Benjamin Watkins, Daniel Evans, were at Fort George in Cap- tain .lones' company. Thomas Webster, John Evans and John Walker were at Fort William Henry in 1756. The passage of the Stamp Act by the British Par- liament appeared to arouse the indignation of the citizens of Hopkinton, as well as the citizens of neigh- boring towns, for at a town meeting held November 27, 1767, the following article was acted upon, "To consider some measures lately proposed by several wise and publick-spirited gentlemen, adopted by the town of Boston, to use our utmost indeavors unitedly to save this Province from Poverty and Ruin that threaten us ; By using and recommending the strictest frugality and economy ; By encouraging to the utmost of our Power our own manufactures, not only such as we have been heretofore in the Possassiou of, but also by introducing new ones ; By discouraging to the utmost of our power the importation of European Goods, particularly the Articles Enumerated in the account published in the proceedings of the town of Boston Relating thereto — Voted: That the town will take all the produce and manufactures of this Prov- ince; and to Lessen the use of Superfluities and Par- ticularly the following Enumerated Articles imported from abroad, viz : Loaf Sugar, Cordage, Anchors, Coaches, Chases and Carriages of all sorts, house fur- niture. Men and Women's hatts, Men's and Women's apparel. Ready-made household furniture. Gloves, Men and Women's Shoes, Sole Leather, Sheating and Deer-tails, Gold and Silver and Thread Lace of all sorts. Gold and Silver Buttons, Wrought plate of all sorts. Diamond, Stone and plate ware. Snuff, Mustard, Clocks and Watches, Silversmith's and Jeweller's Ware, Broadcloths that cost above 10«. per yard. Muffs, furrs and Tippetts, and all sorts of Millinery Ware, Starch, Women and children's Stays, fire engines, china ware. Silk and Cotton Velvets, Gauzes Peuterers' Hollow Ware, linseed oyl. Glue, lawns, Cambrick, Silks of all kinds for garments. Malt Liquers and Cheas." This action of the town tended to awaken the spirit of industry and constituted every household a busy workshop. "At a meeting held Sept. ye 21, 1768, for the pur- pose of seeing if the town would think proper to make choice of one or more suitable persons to serve them as a committee at a convention proposed to be held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, the 22nd day of September, Instant, at ten of the clock, before noon, the citizens of the town Voted — To send one man to represent the town at the Convention at Boston." They chose Capt. Joseph Mellen to represent them. '"Voted, to choose a committee to give advice to our Representative." They chose Dr. John Wilson, Samuel Chamberlain, John Nutt, Jacob Gibbs, John Albe and James Wark. At an adjourned meeting October Sd they voted four dollars for the expenses of Capt. Mellen White at Boston, and thanks for his services. As the feeling against England deepened, a resort to arms became a certainty, and in consequence the town commenced to make preparations for the inevi- table crisis. It was voted September 5, 1774, to grant £12 "to buy a stock of Powder, bullets and tents." September 12th it was voted " to send Capt. Dench and James Mellen as delegates to attend a Provincial Congress .at Concord." A committee was also chosen " to draw up a bill of regulations in the time of con- fusion and non-operaiion of the civil law." February 20, 1775 it was voted to have three companies in town. " Roger Dench was chosen Captain for ye East Company, John Homes for ye West Company and John Jones for ye Alarm Company." The town also voted " that any man train under that Captain Jie liketh best, and that every man equips himself with arms and ammunition according to Law." On the 17th of April it was voted to have a com- pany of Muster Men numbering forty, and that these men have £1 each at their enlistment. It was also voted to raise £50 to pay the Muster Men, and £6, 13.f. -id. for powder and other purposes. April 19, 1775. when the news reached the town of the advance of the British on Lexington, the citizens of all classes became intensely excited, and no people in the colonies caught the echo of the " shot heard round the world,'' with a quicker or more responsive ear, than the people of Hopkinton. For the Minute Men mustered at once and went forward to aid in ar- resting the progress of the enemy. HOPKINTON. 789 The following pei'sons were present April 19tli, at Eoxbury : Capt. John Homes, Lieut. Aaron Albe, Lieut. Dan- iel Ernes, Sargt. Henry Millen, Sargt. EbenezerClaf- lin, Jr., Sargt. John Freeland, Sargt. Samuel Bowker, Corp. John Battle, John Pirmenter, Isaac Burnap, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Wm. Freeland, F. Wm. Barnes, Joseph Thomas, Elisha Hayden, Wm. Bread, Abel Fiske, T. Walker, Joshua Andrews, Jacob Parker, Thomas Mone, Nathan Perry, Nathan Loring, Alex. Calby, Francis Homes, Caleb Clafflin, Jr., Arthur Carey, Daniel Loring, John Wales, Grendley Jack- son, David Johnson, Thomas Fletcher, Joseph Jack- son, Joseph Coddy, Atherton Clark, Joseph Biirnes, Benj. Adams, John Hers, Samuel Stimpson, Isaac Jones, Samuel Valentine, Reuben Johnson, John Commey, Jacob Chamberlain, Elisha Warren, Dr. Sigismund Bondley, John Homes, Jr., Benjamin Smith, Isaac Claflin, Ebenezer Singletary, Jeremiah Butler, Thomas Hayden, Daniel Singletary, Amariah Hayden, Ebenezer McFarlin, Ebenezer Smith, Na- thaniel Smith, Jr., Joseph Loring, Thomas Low, Amos Barrett, Wm. Haven, John Gibson, Samuel Clark, John Ernes, Fred'k Haven, Jr., Ezekiel Adams, Samuel Snell, William Prentice, Wm. White, Thomas Fanning, Levi Dunton, Moses Watkins, Anthony Jones, Jr., Eli Claflin, William Pierce, Amos Stimp- son, Alex. Stimpson, William Fanning, Joseph Freeland, Samuel Claflin, Moses Rice, Daniel Seaver, James McFarland, John Claflin, Elisha Adams, Aaron Emes, Henry Dunn, William Thomas, Simeon Miller, Simeon Green. Asa Bowker enlisted May 8, 1776, for three months and Arthur Carey, July 23d, served nine days in Samuel A. Warren's company. Col. Read's regiment ; James White enlisted, in Capt. Cramor's company, Col. Arnold's regiment ; Aaron Fames, Joseph Neeld, in Capt. Jacob Miller's company. Col. Doolittle's reg- iment ; George Clark, Theo. Biss, in Col. Patterson's regiment, Capt. Fay's company, in 1775. Capt. James Miller, Lieut. Aaron Albee, Lieut. Samuel Claflin, Sergt. James Freeland, Sergt. Joseph Freeland, Sergt. Samuel Snell. John Snell, Samuel Hiscock, William Prentis, John Clemens, Daniel Sever, Benj. Mastick, Ebenezer Tombs, Nathan Evans, William White, Thomas Fanning, David Dunston, Moses Watkins, Anthony Jones, Thadeus Spring, Richard Hiscock, Joseph Dickinson, Eli Claflin, Abel Ephraam, Seaver Hammond. Joshua Burnam, James Gibson, William Pierce, William Tombs, Edward Gould, Thomas Free- land, Lovett Mellen, William Fanning, Thomas Mc- Farland,Col. Ward's regiment. An abstract of the mileage of men to and from camp, at a penny a mile, reckoning twenty miles to a day, 1776 : Milea Travel and Wiigea Major John Haden 64.1 5£ 9£ Serg. John WilUon 64.1 6£ 7f 6» JohnWhitnej 64.1 6£ 7£ JohnEames 64.1 6£ 7£ Abel Smith 64.1 6£ 7£ Nath«l. Peke 64.1 6£ 7£ John Walker 64.1 6£ 7£ James Wise 64.1 6£ 7£ List of men that arrived at Fishkill, June 19, 1774, Captain Perry's Company, Ballard's Regiment. Age Height Daniel Bowker 17 5 4 John White 31 6 8 Isaao Wilson 20 5 8^ Levi Smith 21 6 7 Daniel Wheaton 44 6 Joseph Welsh 38 6 4 Simeon Evans 30 5 4 Lint of Six-Monthi Men 1777.— James Ames, Levi Smith, John Young, Joseph Bread, Asa Bowker, Peter Barton, John Staney, John Clemons, David Mellen, David Wheaton, , Timothy Walker.— Captain Banks' Company. Sergeant, John Walker; Corporal, John Eames ; Corporal, John Whitney; John BuUard, John Stone, Archibald Pierce. — Captain Baldwin's Company. LM of Three-Yean ilfen 1777.— William W.hite, John Walker, Micah Watkins, Daniel North, Erastus Harris, William Fanning, Nathan Evens. Descriptioe LM of Men for 1779. Age. Height. Archibald Wood 36 5 7 Thomaa Lowe 25 5 10 Pheneaa Wood 18 6 1 Stephen Thayer 16 6 Nath«i Duntlin 20 6 8)^ Horatio DunUiu 19 6 6J4 Daniel Wheeler 44 6 Isaac Wilson 20 6 8 Simeon Evans 29 6 8 Daniel Bowker 17 5 4 Lisl of the Seventh Bivition of Six Month Men, Marched from Springfield Under Captain Dix, July 7, 1780. Age. Height. John Young 17 6 3 David Wheeler 17 6 8 Levi Smith 23 5 6 David Miller 17 6 7 Ondtr Capt. Isaac Pop« July 25, 1780. Age. Height. Timothy Walker 27 5 8 A Lisl of Men Enlisted Agreeable to the Resolve of December, 1780. Age. Height. Simon Eamee 44 67 John Hescoock 18 6 9>^ Abner Gasshat 19 6 8 Seth Morse 17 5 11 George Wear 16 5 6 Daniel Bowker 20 6 7 Joseph Young .16 6 6 Reuben Albee 20 57 David Wheaton 17 6 8>^ Benj. Green 18 5 3 Thomas Morey 38 5 11 Isaac Savage 40 6 7}.^ Archibald Wood 36 5 7 Thomas Lowe '-6 6 10 Phineas Wood 18 5 1 Stephen Shyer 16 6 Nath'. Duutliu 20 b i)4 Horatio Duntlin 19 6 6 List Serving in the Army fa 1780.— Simeon Pago, Moses Craigie, Oliver Tidd, John Harris, Sergeant William Harris, Asa Rider, William Toombs. Age. Height. Peter Barton 21 6 6 Asa Bowker 23 5 7 rgo HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. A List of Men Enluted Agreeable to the Resolve of December, 1780. Age. Height. SitnoD Eames 44 57 John Hescock 18 5 9^ Abner Gassbet 19 5 8 Seth Murse 17 5 11 George Weare 16 5 6. Daniel Bowlcer 20 6 7 Joseph Young 16 5 6 Reuben Albee 17 5 83^ . Benj«. Green IS 6 3 Thomas Morey 38 6 11 Isaac Savage 40 5 7J^ List Serving in the Army in 1780.— Simeon Page, Moses Craigie, Oliver Tidd, Asa Rider, John Harris (Sergeant), William Harris, William Toombs. A List of the Men Enlisted in the Continental Armji for Three Years or During the TTar.— Joshua Wheatou, William Fanning, William White, lono Toombs, Isaac Bixby, Edmund Gould, Asa Rider, William Young, Daniel North, Erastus Harris, Jr., Thomas Freeland, Jr., John Walker, William Toombs, James Gay, William Prentice, John Graves, George Fischer, John Welden, John Gould, Thomas Bnshell, John Haven, Adam Britaea, Geffree Graves, Barnhard Bodemaker, Granshaw Me- haran, William Roseman, Frances Duplarey, Samuel Geffus, Moses Gray. At a meeting held June 17, 1776, I find the follow- ing record : "Put to vote to see weather the town will Declare themselves Independent of the Kingdom of Great Britton in case the Contenantial Congre.ss should Declare the same — Past in the Aifemetive by a very Unanamose vote." April 7, 1777, the town voted to give the men that enlisted into the Continental service, eighteen pounds as a bounty by the town each man. The records of the town, in the War of the Revo- lution, for patriotism and love of liberty, cannot be surpassed by any town in the State or country, when taken in connection with the fact that it ap- pears, by a report of a committee made to the town December 28, 1789, that there was less than 200 fam- ilies in town. It appears that in the War of 1812, the town' fur- nished its full quota. Colonel Joseph Valentine was in command at Boston. When the War of the Rebellion broke out, the 'firs't meeting to consider the matter relating to the war, was held April 29, 1861, at which meeting Nathan P. Coburn, Alonzo Coburn, William A. Phipps, Clement Meserve and John A. Phipps were appointed a committee to consider and report what should be done by the town " to aid in the defence of the nation." The committee reported " that the town appropriate a sum not to exceed five thousand dol- lars, to be expended for the purpose of organizing and drilling military companies for the national de- fence." The report wiis accepted and the money appropriated. Lee Clatlin, William A. Phipps, Al- bert Wood, Charles P. Morse and Thomas Mead were chosen a committee to superintend the expenditure of the money. 1862, July 17, the town voted to pay a bounty of fifty dollars to each volunteer for three years, or dur- ing the war, to the number of forty-seven, to fill the quota of the town. On the ISlh of August the town voted to increase the bounty to one hundred dollars, and on September 18th the same bounty was author- ized to be paid to volunteers for nine months' service, and to pay the men Government pay from the time they enlist until they are mustered into the service. No action appears to have been taken by the town in its corporate capacity for the years of 1863 and 1864, although recruiting was continued as usual. April 11, 1865, voted to pay a bounty of one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars to each volunteer to the credit of the town for three years' services, to con- tinue until March 1, 1865. Also to pay the same bounty to drafted men. Hopkinton furnished four hundred and twenty-five men for the w.ar, which was a surplus of sixteen over and above all demands ; three were commissioned offi- cers. The total amount of money appropriated and expended by the town on account of the war exclu- sive of State aid was thirty thousand dollars ($30,- 000.00). The amount of money raised and expended by the town for State aid was as follows : In 1861, $1,499.- 0.3, in 1862, $6,572.11, in 1863, $8,178.71, in 1864, $8,600.00, in 1865, $5,000.00. Total amount $29,849.85. The selectmen in 1861 were N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, David Eames, 0. L. Woods; in 1862, 1863, 1864, N. P. Coburn, E. A. Bates, Gardner Parker, C. P. Morse, Thomas Mead ; 1865, E. A. Bates, Erastus Thompson, Thomas Mead, Charles Seaver, and M. C. Phipps. The town clerk for 1861, 1862, 1863, was Joseph A. Tillinghast ; I. Augustus Woodbury, for 1864 and 1865 ; the town treasurer during all the years of the war was Jonathan Whittemore. A list of persons serving in the Civil War as re- corded in the records of the town : Adams, Charles H.,enl., July 3, 1861, Co. D, 15th Reg. ; res., Hopkin- ton; died, Feb. 27, 1862, at Washington, D. C, in hospital. Adams, Wm. B., enl,, Aug. 5, 1862, Co. F, 14th Reg. ; res., Hopkin- ton ; died at Washington, D. C, Sept. 29, 1863, of fever. Adams, Henry, enl., Aug. 7, 1861, Co. B, 25th Keg. ; res., Hopkinton dis., Oct. 211, 18G4. Armstrong, Luke, enl., Sept. 24, 9 moa., 42d Reg., Co. H. Aldrich, George A., enl., March 4, 1804, 3 yrs, 59th Reg., Co. H res., Hopkinton ; dis., July 31, 1865. liicknall, Sam. B., enl., July 2, 1861, 3 yrs, 16th Reg., Co. B; res. Hopkinton ; dis., Dec. 17, 1862. Bryant, Stilnmn, enl. July 12, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K ; res. Hopkinton ; dis., Aug. 31, 1862. Bradford, J. E., enl., July 17, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K; res. lIo|pkinton ; dis., March 2, 1863. Brown, Geo. H., enl., 1801, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkin- ton ; dia., Jan. 23, 1803. Bruiin, Jeremiah, 3 yrs, 9tb Reg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton. Burke, Martin, 3 yrB, 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps, Sept. 30, 1803. Baker, Henry E., enl., Aug. 4, 1802, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton ; dis., Juls 8, 1864. Barber, Charles H., enl., Aug. 1, 1802, 3 yrs, 14th Keg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton ; dis,, July 30, 1804. Burke, John S., enl., Aug 6, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F; res,, Hopkinton ; died of wounds June 18, 1864, near Petersburg, Va. Bodge, John M., enl., Aug. 5, 1862, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F; died at Hopkinton, Feb. 2, 1865, of chronic diarrhuja. Barber, John, enl., Aug. 1, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Keg., Co. F ; res., Hop- kinton ; died at Fort Craig. Arlington Heights, March 9, 1863. HOPKINTON. 791 Bagley, Frod. C, enl., Aug. 4, 1862, 14lli Reg., Co. F ; res., Ilopkin- ton ; di§., Oct. 10, 1863. Boyle, Laurence, 3 yiB, 19th Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton. Bates, John F,, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K ; res., Hopkinton ; dis., Aug. 1, 1864. Brennan, John, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. A ; res., Hopkinton. Brady, J. S , 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. A ; res., Hopkinton. Burke, Alex., 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. A ; res., Hopkinton. Boyden, Joshua N., enl., Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42nd Reg., Co. 11; res., Hopkinton. Bord, Diivid H., enl., Aug., 1864, 1 yr ; res., Hopkinton. Bemis, Hiram 0., enl., May 13, 1864, 1 yr, 1st Batt., Co. E ; res., Hopkinton ; dis., June 28, 18&'j. Basford, Wm. H. H., enl., Aug. 9, 1864, 1 yr, 4th U. A. ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis., .Tuly 15, 1865. BoyntOD, Heni-y A., Aug. 16, 1864, 1 yr, 22nd H. A. ; res., Hopkin- ton. Brown, Dextiir, enl., Aug. 12,1864, 1 yr, 22nd H. A. ; res., Hopkin- ton ; dis., July 15, 1865. Burke, Michael, eul., Aug. 16, 1864, 1 yr, 22nd H. A. • res., Hopkin- ton ; dis., June 17, 1865. Bales, Amos E., enl., Dec. 28, 1863, 3 yrs, 15th Batt. ; res., Hopkin- ton ; dis.. Aug. 15, 1866. Baker, B. Frank, enl., July 10, 1864, 3,^ mos, 5th Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton ; dis.. Not. 16, 1864. Clapp, Emery B., mus. in June 21, 1861, 3 yrs, 40th N. Y. Beg., Co. G ; res., Hopkinton. Cutter, S. C, enl., Aug. 23, 1862, 9 mos, 42nd Reg., Co. H; res., Hopkinton; dis., Aug. 20, 1863. Connors, Peter D. Cantillo, Jacob, enl., Sept. 6, 1861, 3 yrs, 22nd Reg., Co. A. ; res., Hopkinton ; dis., Oct. 1, 1862. Conroy, Richard, mus. in Oct. 14, 1861, 3 yrs, 30th Beg., Co. M ; res., Hopkinton; died, .\pril 5, 1863, in service. Cary, John, Capt., enl. May, 1861, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. G ; res., Hop- kinton ; killed, June 27, 1862. ClaHin, P. G., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yra, 14th Eeg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton ; died at Andersonville, Aug. 1, 1864. Coburn, Chas. H., enl., A\lg. 5., 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton ; died, Aug. 21, 1862, at Fort Ellsworth, Va. Comey, Manelus, enl., Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 1st Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkin- ton ; died, Dec. 17, 1864, at Hilton Head ; cause, starvation in Rebel, prison. Cudworth, James C, mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton; re-enlisted under geo. order. Comey, Lawson, mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42nd Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton ; killed, Juno 23, 1863, at Brazier City, Lontsiana, Comey, Henry N., Capt., enl.. May 28, 1861, 3 yrs, 2nd Beg., Co. G ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. at close of the war. Comey, Alphonso, enl., April 2, 1862, 3 yre, 26th Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkinton ; killed at Cold Harbor. Comey, James, enl., June, 1864, 3 yrs, 25th Reg., Co. B. ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis., Aug. 7, 1865. Case, Harrison, 3 yrs, 19th Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton ; killed, June 30tb, at Glendale. Connor, William, 3 yrs, 20th Kog.,Co. K ; res., Hopkinton. Cantillo, George E., .Sept. 2, 1861, 3 yrs, 22d Reg., Co. A ; res. Hopkin- ton ; dis, Jan., 1864, to re-enlist. Couclilin, Charles, 3 yrs, 25th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton ; died of wounds received at Roanoke Island. Connors, Michael, mus. in Aug. 21, 1861, 3 yrs, 20th Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton, Chadwick, John, 3 yrs, 3d Reg., Co. A, R. I.; res., Hopkinton. Chadwick, E., 3 yra, 3d Bog., Co. A, R. I.; res., Hopkinton. Clattin, Luther., mus. in Aug. 15, 1864,1 yr, 42d Reg., Co. H ; roa., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug 20, 1865. Claflin, John H., mus. in Sept. 24, 1802, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton. Crowley, Cornelius, enl., June 17, 1861, 3 yrs, 15th Beg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton ; N. Y. Vol. Colman, Reuben C, mus. in Jan. 6, 1864, 26th Reg.; res., Hopkinton ; dis. June, 1864, for disability. Cutler, Ainsworth, enl. Jan. 4, 1864, 3 yra, 4th Reg., Co. D ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. at close of the war. Cunningham, Charles C, eul. Mar. 29, 1865, 1 yr, C2nd Reg., Co. A ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. May 6, 1866. Clapp, William A., mus. in Dec. 16, 1863, let Reg.; res., Hopkinton. Comey, Geo. R.,enl. Jan. 1, 1864, 3 yrs, 15th Bat.; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 11, 1866. Dove, Edward, mus. in Oct. 7, 1861, 3 yrs, 26th Reg., Co. E ; res., Hop- kinton. Dunn, Patrick, enl. Dec. 3,1861, 3 yrs, 30th Beg., Co. E ; res., Hopkin- ton ; dis. Jan. 1, 1864 ; re-enlisted. Daily; James, mus. in Aug. 23, 1861, 3 yrs, 19th Reg., Co. E ; res., Hopkinton. Dignan, Patrick, mus. in Oct. 28, 1861, 3 yrs, 29tb Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. by reason of wounds. Deake, Albert S., enl. July 1, 1862,3 yrs, lCthReg.,Co. B; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. Oct. 7, 1862, by reason of wounds. Dwyer, Michael, mus. in Aug. 11, 1862, 3 yrs, lltli Reg,; res., Hopkin- ton. Desmond, Timothy, mus. in Aug. 7, 1802, Syra, 0th Reg.; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. Juuo 21, 1864. Dohorty, Janjes, mus. in July 27, 1861, 3 yrs, 19lh Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton. Daily, James, 3 yrs, 9th Reg,, Co. C ; res. , Hopkinton. Barnes, David W., mus. in Oct. 11, 1861, 3 yrs, 25th Reg., Co, B ; res., Hopkinton. Ellery, James G., eul. Aug. 6, 1861, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. July 8, 1864. KUard, John, mus. in Juno 16, 1861, 3 yrs, 9tb Reg., Co. C ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. Oct. 28, 1863. Erwin, George, enl. Aug. 4, 1862, 3 yrs, 14tli Reg., Co. F ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. Oct. 28, 1803. EuHtis, Samuel W., enl. May 12, 1864, 1 yr, 22d Reg.; res., Hopkinton ; dis. June 17, 1865. French, Henry D,, mus. in May 25, 1801,3 yra, 2nd Reg., Co. B; res., Hopkinton. Fairbanka, Wm. H., enl. Sept., 1S61, 3 yrs, 20th Reg., Co. B; res., Hopkinton. Foster, Thomas, mus. in Aug 20, 1861,3 yra, 19th Reg., Co. G ; res. Hopkinton. Fay, Sabinus, mua. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg..' Co. F ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. July 9, 1864. Ferhnston, Thomas, mus. in June 28, 1861, 1 yr, 11th Reg., Co. D ; rea., Hopkinton ; killed July 2nd, at Gettysburg. Foley, Martin, 3 yrs, 20th Reg., Co. K ; res., Hopkinton. Foley, Michael, res., Hopkinton ; U. S. Inf. Flint, Maurice, res., Hopkinton ; Navy. Flaherty, Patrick, 3 yrs, 16th Reg., Co. P ; res., Hopkinton. Foley, Thomas, 3 yra, 16th Reg,, Co. F; res., Hopkinton ; died of wounds, May 6, 1864. Fitzgerald, Thoma.a, 3 yrs, 9th Reg,, Co. A ; res., Hopkinton. Fitzpatrick, John, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. A ; n-s,, Hopkinton ; dis. Dec. 12, 1862. Fitzgibbons, Patrick, mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg,, Co. H ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863. Fay, Charles A., enl. Dec. 10, 1863, 3yra, L^it Reg., Co. D, Cav.; res., Ho{)kinton. Pay, AdolpbusJ.,enl. .Iune4, 1864, 3yrs, 5;ithReg,,Co. D; res,, Hop- kinton ; died Oct. 13, 1864. Fitch, Calvin W., mus. in Sept. 20, 18(i2, 9 mos, 45th Reg., Co. A ; res., Hopkinton ; died July 7, 1863, Fitzgerald, Morris, mus. in Aug. 10, 1S64, 1 yr. Navy ; re.3., Hopkin- ton ; dis. Junes, 1865. Flynn, Timothy, mua. in Aug. 15, 1S04, 1 yr, 22d Reg., Oo, A ; res., Hopkinton, Giiasett, Thos. B., mus. in July 17, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K ; res., Hopkinton ; killed at Antietani, Sept. 17, 1863, Gassett, Wm. H., mus. in July 17, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K ; res., Hopkinton; wounded at Antiotam,Sept. 17, 1863; dis. Mar. 23, 1863. Greany, Charles, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. C; res., Hopkinton; killed at Gaines' Mills, June 27, 1802. Grieves, Robert, mus. in Juno 21, 1801, 3 yre, 40th Reg., N. Y,, Co. G ; res., Hopkinton. Gibbons, William, 3 yrs, 19th Kog., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton. Gibson, Charles W., eul. Oct. 17, 1801, 3 yts, 26th Reg., Co. B; res., Hopkinton. Gamage, Theo S, 3yrs, 12th Reg,, Co. B ; res. Hopkinton. Gibson, George S., nuis. in Aug. 7, 1801, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F ; res,, Hopkinton ; dis. Feb. 28, 1864 ; re.oul. Feb. 28, 1864, in same reginient. Genthner, Wm. J. mus. in, Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Reg., Co. 1 ; res., Hopkinton dis. Dec. SO, 1863; re-'enlisted same Co. 792 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. GraDt, Thomas ; res., HopkintoQ ; navy. Grant, Patrick, mus. in, Oct. 1, 1861, 3 yrs, 4th Eeg., Co. H, B. I. Vol.; res., HopkintoD. Green, Edward, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopklnton. Gorman, Morris, 3 yrs, 4th Reg., R. I.; transferred to navy; res. Hop- klnton. Gallagher, , 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. A ; refl., Hopkinton ; dia. June 21, 1864. Graves, George II., mus. in, Jan. 5, 18G4, 3 yrs, 26th Reg.; res., Hop- kinton. Gay, Frank B., mus. in, Aug. 16, 1864, 1 year, 22d D. H. A.; rea., Hop- kinton. Gamage, Henry E., mus. in Jan. 4, 1864, 3 yrs, 26th Reg., Oo. E; res., Hopkinton ; killed in action near Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. Gerry, Joseph H., mus. in Jan. 4, 1864, 3 yrs, 4th Reg., Co. D ; dia. June 21, 186.5. Gerry, George W., mus. in Aug. 17, 1864, 1 yr, let Batt. H. A. Hodge, E. 0., mus. in July 16, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Be^,, Co. B ; res., Hopkinton ; dia. Aug. 1, 1864. Haley, John, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. C; res., Hopkinton. Hodge, Edson F., mua. in Aug., 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Eeg., Co. F ; rea., Hopkinton ; dis. Jan, 30, 1865. Hager John, mua. in Dec. 13, 1861, 3 yrs., 16th Reg , Co. I ; res., Hop- kinton 1 dis. Dec. 13, 1864. Hogan, Michael, mus, in Aug. 7, 1863, 3 yrs, 14th Eeg., Co. F ; res,, Hopkinton. Hughes, James, 3 yrs, 9th Reg,, Co. 0; rea,, Hopkinton; killed at Gaines' Mills, June 27, 1862. Howard James, 3 yrs, 9th Reg,, Co. C ; res., Hopkinton. Hurley, Edward, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. .\ ; res., Hopkinton ; dia. Oct. 19, 1862. Baasington, Daniel, 3 yrs, 16th Reg.; res,, Hopkinton. Henneesy, John, 3 yrs, 25th New York Vol,; res,, Hopkinton, Healey, James, mua. in Aug. 11, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. C ; Hopkinton. Howard, Edwin, mus. In Sept. 24, 1862, 9 moa, 42d Reg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863. Hayden, Lovell B., mus. in Sept. 25, 1862, 9 moa, 42d Reg., Co, H res., Hopkintou ; dia, Aug, 10, 1863, Hager, Frank, mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. H ; res, Hopkinton ; dis, Aug, 10, 1863. Hager, George F., mua. In Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr, 4th H. A., Co. F; rea. Hopkinton ; dia. July 22, 1865. Heggem, John, mua. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. H ; res, opkinton. Halpin, John, mua. in Aug. 9, 1864, 1 yr, navy ; rea., Hopkinton ; dia, Aug, 8, 18C5. Harriman, Mosea, mus. in Aug. 12, 1864, 1st Batt, U. A,; res,, Hop- kinton ; dia, .iunel7, 1865, Hickey, Thomas, mus, in March 18, 1864, 28th Reg., Co. H ; res. Hop- Einton ; dis. April 14, 1865. Harkina, John F, mus. in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr, 22d Co. U. A.; rea., Hop- kinton, How, Elias VV., mua. in Aug. 16, 1864, Co. E, 1st Batt. H, A.; res, Hopkintou, Jenkins, Robert C, mua, in Aug. 9, 1861, 4 yrs, 19th Reg., Co. P ; rea, Hopkinton ; dia. Feb. 12, 1863, for diaability ; re-enlisted Jan. 1, 1864, yrs, 26th Reg., Co. E; dis, Feb. 11, 1865. Jagoe, Robert H,, mus. in Aug. 9, 1864, 1 yr, navy ; res., Hopkinton. Judd, Sheldon J,, mua. iu Aug. 17, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Beg., Co. F; rea, Hopkinton; dia, June 3, 1865. Johnson, Sanmel U,, mua. in Aug. 12, 1864, 1 yr, Co. E, Ist Batt. U. A. res,, Hopkinton ; dis, June 28, 1865. Johnson, Edwin L,, mus. in Aug, 4, 1864, 3% mos, 19th Hnattd. Co, res., Hopkinton ; dia, Nov. 16, 1864. Kennerson, Geo. B., mus in Aug, 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Eeg., Co. F res. Hopkinton ; died in hospital, D. C, June 29,1864, of small-pox. Kemp, Ezekiel, Jr., mus. in May 11, 1861, 3 yrs., 2d Reg., Co. G ; rea, Hopkinton ; dis. May 29, 1864. King, Ja«., mus. in Aug. 19, 1861, 3 yrs, 21st Reg., Co. V; rea., Hop kinton ; die. Deo. 31, 1863. Keys, S, N., mus, in Sept. 18, 1861, 3 yrs, 25th Eegt., Co, B ; res.. Hop kinton ; dis. Oct. 20, 1861. Kemp, Charlea, 3 yra, 62d Reg., Co. K, Penn. Vol.; res,, Hopkinton. Kelley, James, 3 yrs, 9th Reg,, Oo. ; res,, Hopkinton. Knowlton, Wm. H., 3yra, ]6th Reg., Co. ; rea., Hopkinton. Keaney, James, 13th Reg. Ohio Vol. ; res., Hopkinton. Kelley, Patrick, 3 yrs, 16th Reg,, Co F ; res,, Hopkinton. Kempton, Samuel, mus. in Aug. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg,, Co. H ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863. Kinney, John, mus. in March 31, 1864, 28th Eeg.; res., Hopkinton. Kempton, Russell A,, mua. in Aug, 15, 1864, 1 yr, 22d Co. H. A.; res., Hopkintou ; dis, June 17, 1865. Lee, Marshall, 3 yra, 25th Regt., Co. C ; res , Hopkinton. Learned, Calvin S,, mus, in Oct. 7, 1861, 3 yrs, 25th Reg., Co. E ; res,, Hopkinton ; died of fever Feb. 9, 1862, at Roanoke. Locke, Andrew J., mus, in Aug, 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg,, Co. H ; res,, Hopkinton ; died of wound Juno 16, 1864, at Petersburg. Lynch, Patrick, mus. in Aug. 19,1864, 22d U. H. A.; rea., Hopkintou. Lackey, Simon, mua. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 moa, 42d Regt., Co. H ; res,, Hopkinton, Loring, Charles E., mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 moa., 42d Eeg., Co. 11 ; rea., Hopkinton ; dis, Aug. 20, 1863. Lovering, George A., mus. in July 2, 1861, 3 yrs,, 16th Reg., Co. B; rea,, Hopkinton. Learned, Samuel, mus. in Jan. 5, 1861, 26th Eeg. ; res., Hopkinton, McGuire, John D., mus. in July 15, 1861, 3 yrs., 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton. Murphy, Cornelius, 3 yra., 9th Eeg., Co. C ; rea. Hopkinton. Mitten, Martin, mus. in Dec. 16, 1861, 3 yra., 28th Reg., Co. K ; res,, Hopkinton, McCarty, John, 3 yra , 9th Reg., Co, A ; res., Hopkinton. Munroe, N. Bonaparte, 3 yrs., 19th Reg, ; res., Hopkinton. Maboney, Frank, 3 yrs,, 9th Reg., Co. C ; rea , Hopkinton. Murray, James, 3 yrs,, 9th Reg,, Co, C ; res,, Hopkinton. McMahon, Thomas, 3 yrs., 9th Reg., Co, C ; res,, Hopkinton. McTighe, Anthony, 3 yrs., 9th Reg., Co. C; res., Hopkinton; dia. June 21, 1S64. Madden, Michael, mus, in Sept. 12, 1861, Both Eeg., Co. B, Ohio Vol. ; res,, Hopkinton. Madden, John 0,, 115th Reg,, Co, A, Penn. Vol. ; res., Hopkinton. Martin, W. H., mua, in Aug, 7, 1862, 3 yrs,, Hth Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton ; died of wounds June 22, 1864. Morse, Augustus P., mus, in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yra., 14th Eeg., Co. F ; res,, Hopkinton ; dia, July 9, 1864, Miller, W. H., mus, in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton. Millard, Charles H., mua. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs , 14th Eeg., Co, F ; res,, Hopkinton ; re-enl. Mar. 27, 1864 ; dia. Aug. 26, 1865. Merrill, Daniel L., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yra., 14th Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton ; dis. July 9, 1864. Murtaugh, Thomas, 3 yrs,, 9th Beg,, Co. 0; res., Hopkinton ; killed May 8, 1864, at Spottsylvania, Va. McDermott, John, navy ; res,, Hopkinton. McCarty, Timothy, N. Y. Vol. ; rea,, Hopkinton. McCarty, John, 3 yi-s., 11th Eeg., Co. D ; res., Hopkinton, McAuliffe, Michael, mus, in Aug, 11, 1862, 3 yrs,, Uth Beg,, Co, H ; res,, Hopkinton ; died April 23, 1863. Mathewa, Peter, 3 yra., N. Y. Vol. Heavy Art. ; res, Hopkinton ; dia, June 7, 1865. McGuire, Thomas, 3 yra., 9th Eeg., Co. G ; rea., Hopkinton, Murphy, Michael, 3 yrs,, 9th Reg., Co, J ; rea,, Hopkinton, Mllaud, Michael, res, Hopkinton ; navy. Mannx, Lawrence, mus, in Sept, 24, 1802, 9 moa., 42d Reg,, Co, I res. Hopkinton. McDonnough, Martin, mua, in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos,, 42d Reg., Oo. H res. Hopkinton. Mansfield, James A., mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. H res. Hopkinton. Morse, Charles F., mus. in Sept. 12, 1862, 9 mos,, 44th Beg., Oo. F res. Hopkinton ; dia. Sept. 28, 1866. Murphy, Patrick, mua, in Sept. 24, 1862 ; 9 moa., 42d Reg,, Co, C res. Hopkinton. Moi-se, Elisba, mus. in Sept. 12, 9 mos., 44th Beg,, Ho. K ; res. Hop- kinton. Murray, Francis, mua. in Dec, 1863, 39th Reg. ; res. Hopkinton. McMahon, Isaac, enl. Jan., 1864, 3 yra. ; rea. Hopkinton ; died June 1, 1864, of wounds. McMahon, James, enl. Nov. 8, 1863, 3 yrs,, 66th Eeg,, Co, D ; res , Hopkinton ; dis, July 16, 1865. McBride, Edward, mua. in Aug. 9, 1864, 1 yr. ; navy ; rea, Hop- kinton. HOPKINTON. 793 Mahony, Michael, mus. in Aug. 15, 18C4, 1 yi'., 22d Co. U. ■' ■ • res. Hopkinton; diB. June 17, 1865. „ n A • res Matthew.. John, muB. in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr., 22d Co. U. H. A. , reB., ^Monahan, James, mus. in Aug. 15. 1864, 1 yr.. 22d U. H. A ; res.. HopkintOD. Morey, Raphael, ree. Westboro'. Meserve, Jared VV., muB. in Aug. 19, 1864 ; res. Hopkmtou ; 4th Reg. H A ■ dis July 15, 1305. Mcc'artv' Owen, mus. in Jan. 2, 1864, 9th Eeg. ; res. Hopkinton. ManSd, Frederick S.. muB. in May T, 1864, 3 mos., 7th Batt. -. res., Hopklntou ; dis. Aug. 2, 1864. .,., , tt r A • res McDonald, Lawrence, mua. in Aug. 15, 18M, 1 yr., 22d U. H. A. , les., j Hopkinton ; died Jan., 1865, In rebel prison. Newton, Hartwell, muB. in Aug. 12, 1861,3 yr»., loth Keg., Co. B, res. Hopkinton ; dis. Feb. 6, 1863. Noonan, Jeremiah, 3 y«., 28th Keg., Co. ; res. Hopkmton. Neugent, Thomas; nayy ; res. Hopkinton. Newton, Edwin A., mus. in Jan. 15, 1864, 3 yrs., 2Mh Reg., Co.C "LutTrge H., muB. in Jan. 5, 1864, 25th Reg., res. Hopkinton ; "U:fn,'j:Cn.uB. in May. 1861, 3 yrs., 2d Reg., Co. F ; re. Hopkin- '^oib'orlCmrn.uB.iu Aug.3, 1862,3 yrs., 14th Reg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. June 12, 1866. „ , . , O'Neil, Patrick. 3 yrB., 9th Keg., Co. ; res. Hopk.nton O-Bonnell, Patrick, 3 yrs., 9th Keg., Co. I ; re. Hopkmton O'Laughlin. Laurance, mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. H , "o^B^rl'ern'., mus. in Aug. 10, 1864, Navy, 1 yr ; res Hopkinton _ O'Bden, D. J., mus. in Aug. 15, 1864, U. H. A.; res., Hopkmton ; dis. '7HJ;e! Peter, mus. in 16, 1863, 28th Reg.; res., Hopkinton. O'Conners, Jerry, muB. in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr, C. H. A.; res., HopU.n- '"palmer, James H.. mus. In July 9. 1861, 3 y.^ i6th Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkinton;di8. Aug.23, 1862. ,,.,.p„ f 'o D ■ res Parkhurst, L. B., muB. in July 12, 1861. 3 yrs. 15th Reg., Co. D , res., Hopkinton ; dis. July 28, 1864. „ „ „. Hnnkin- Perry, W., mus. in July 2, 1861, 3 yrs, 16th Eeg., Co. B ; res., Hopkin ton ; dis. Feb. U, 1863. „ ^ Co H ■ res., Hopkinton Pierce,Lorenzo, mus.inDec. 7.1863,2dU. A., uo.n.ic , Pyne Wm 3 yrs, 9th Keg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton. Powe'rs, John, 3 yrs, 9th Eeg., C"- «■ --■ HoP^'^^o- Phipps, Daniel, mus. in Aug. 2, 1862, 3 yrs, IMn ueg., vo Hopkinton ; dis. April 1, 1865. f.„ ir. „« Pengree, H. L., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg Co. F, res., Hopkinton ; re-enlisted March 14, 1864; dis. Aug. 16 1885 Pickering, Wm. R„ mus. in Aug. 2, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F , res., ''°Pick:rg, A.H., mn. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F ; re., """pMpps! Horace, mus. in Dec. 31, 1863, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F ; reB., •^-pCpTF.t mi^n Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs. Uth Keg., Co. F ; res.. Hop- ""S;^ aC 9^"-., Hopkinton; mus. in Jan. 4, 1864, 26th Phipps, D. N., muB. in Sept. 24, 1862. 4'2d Reg., Co. H ; rea., Hopkinton ; "'vZ^^ulZ.. mus. in Jan. 4. 1864, 26th Reg.; res., Hopkinton. WetC'john, Jr., mus. in March U. 1864, 59th Eeg., Co. H ; res., ''"p-kl'lEdward A., muB. In May 4, 1864; res., Hopkinton; 3 mos, dis. *"p1ert! H H., muB. in Jan. 9, 1864, 3 yrs, 4th Reg., Co. D ; rea., Hop- "^Z^^t!::^ yiB, mus. in July 13, 1863, 18th Keg., Co. I ; "'^^Zi^.Tl^.n-. 3HmoB.. 19th n.H.; res.. HOP- kinton • dlB. Nov. 21, 1864. ITL, John A., mus. in Sept. 24. 1862, 9 mos., 42d Keg.. Co. H ; res., """."T:;*? T^.\TLy 2, 1861, 3 yrs, 16tb Reg., Co. B ; reB., h!::.'::- atDec^Ts. lB62,'fo; disabmty; re-enlisted Feb. 4, 18.4. diB. July 28, 1866. Kichaidson. E. A., mus. in July 2. 1861. 3 yrs. 16th Reg., Co. B. ; res.. Hopkinton; dis. July 27. 1864. „ r, „. Rogers, F. S., mus. in Aug. 2. 1861, 3 yrs, 21st Reg., Co. 0;™, Hopkinton ; re-eni. Jan. 1, 1864, same Co. ; died of woundB, June, 1864. Rogers, Alex., enl. April 14, 1863, 1 yr, Ist Bat. H. A. ; res., Hopkm- ton ; died Nov. 20, 1805. Ryan, John, 33d Reg., Co. ; res., Hopkinton. Regan, John, 3 yrs., 9th Reg., Co. C; res., Hopk.nton ; mus. out ■""^ckwootM. S., mus. in Aug. 23, 1864, 3 yrs, 3d Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Not. 20, 1805. „ i. .„. Riley, Charles F., mus. in Aug. 7. 1862, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F ; les.. Hopkinton ; died at Andersonville. Rice, Luther, mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, Uth Reg., Co. F; res., Hopkinton ; died at Washington, June 24, 1864. ^ ^ „ Richardson, D. M., mus. in Aug. 7, 1804. 3 yrs. Uth Reg.. Co. F ; res., Hopkinton. Richardson, J. H.,3yr8, 16th Reg., Co. D ; res., Hopkinton. Rankins, James, 3 yrs, 11th Eeg., Co. C ; res., Hopkinton Ryan, John (1st), mus. in June 15, 1861, 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hop- kinton ; mus. out June 21, 1864. Koacb, Patrick, 3 yrs, 6th Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton. Ragan Richard, 3 yrB, 5th Keg.. Co. H, N. H. Vols. ; res Hopkin on. Ring, John, mus. in June 11, 1861. 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. June 21, 1864. r. p r,» Riley, John A., mus. in Dec. 29, 1863, 3 yrs, 26th Reg., Co. C ; res.. Hnrikinton : dis. Aug. 26, 1865. Kockwooi, Juan E , mus. in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr. 22d U. H. A. ; res., HoDkinton ; dis. July 14, 1865. Kockwood, George L.. mus. in Dec. 31. 1863, 3 yrs, 15th Battery ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 16, 1865. ,„ , „ r. u . ShefBeld, Charles M., mus. in Aug. 20, 1861, 3 yrs, 19th Beg., Co. H , "^s'hrhat'cornelius, muB. in June 15, 1861, 8 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., "Thurlrff, H. 0., muB. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, Uth Eeg., Co. F ; res., Hopkinton; dis. March 8, 1864. Stearns, Oberly, mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F , res., Uuokinton ■ re-enl. Dec. 31, 1863 ; dis. Aug. 16, 1866. Stearns, Austin C., mus. in July 17, 1861, 3 yrs, 13th Reg., Co. K; ^';;^r n ti.:: j! mu:: :r:.. n. 1861, 3 yrs. 13th ««., co. k ; res Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 1, 1864. „ , . . skerman James, 3 yrs, 16th Reg., Co. K; res., Hopkinton She™n, D. J., 3 yrs; 9th Reg., Co. C ; res. Hopkinton ; transferred June9,1864,32dl^ass. Hopkinton; killed Jul, Shehan, James, 3 yrs, 9th Keg.,l>o. o , res., uui 1, 1802, at SlaWern Hill. n^nkinton • killed Slattery, Michael, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. C ; res., Hopkmton , killed lune "7 1862, Gaines' Mills. Shanahan, Robert, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. ; res., Hopk.nton ; dis. June '^Indtw, Henry, 3 yrs, 9th Keg.. Co. C ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. March n"^vrpiS;k, 3 yrs, 9th Reg., Co. 1 ; rea., Hopkinton; mus. out ' »n!Micbael,3 yrs, 9th Reg.. Co. C; res.. Hopkinton ; mus. out ■'"smi'h, ttben. mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 42d Reg., Co. H ; res., "^mUh, F. E., muB. in Feb. 22, 1864, 3 yrs, 2d Reg., Co. F ; res., Hopkin- ton • died Feb.' 1, 1865, In Rebel prison. Shivlin, John. muB. in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr. 22d U. H. A.; res., Hop- "smTth, S,.muel A., .nus. in Feb. 22, 1864, 3 yn,, 2d Keg., Co. F ; res., Houkintou ; dis. Aug. 3, 1865. . . „, SmTh, Clement, muB. in Aug. 19, 1864, 1 yr, 22d U. H. A.; res., ""sCr'john, mus. in Sept. 4, 1864, 2d H. A.; re.., Hopkinton. Seave7'A..gustuB, mus. in June 4, 1864, 3 yrs, 26th Reg., Co. E ; res., Hopkinton; die. Aug^26, 1865^ ^^^ ^^^ _ ^^ ^. ^^^_ Sanborn, Geo. L., muB. in ja". ■•, : j • "s— ";■ John. muB. in Feb. 8, 1865, 1 yr, 6lBt Beg., Co. 1; re.., Hopkinton. 794 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Smith, H. D., mu8. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos, 4ad Beg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863. Trainer, Thomas, inus. in July 16, 1862, 3 yrs, 16th Beg., Co. B ; res., Hopktutou. Temple, N. B., mug. in Sept. 2, 1861, 3 yts, 19th Beg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton. Temple, M. H., mus. in Aug. 24, 1861, 3 yrs, 19th Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton. Temple, Martin, 3 yrs, 19th Reg.; res., Hopkinton. Temple, H. M., 3 yrs, 19th Beg.; res., Hopkinton. Thompson, A. O., mus. in Oct. 7, 1861, 3 yrs, 26th Reg., Co. B ; res., Hopkinton ; dis. Nov. 19, 1863. Tower, Joshua H., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs, 14th Reg., Co. F ; res,, Hopkinton ; died at Andersonville, Oct. 9, 1864. Temple, Geo. L., mus. in July 26, 1861, 3 yrs, 19th Beg., Co. U ; res., Hopkinton. Temple, Geo. W., mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Reg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton. Temple, Welcome, mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. H ; res., Hopkinton'; died at New Orleans. Teuiple, Dalston, mus. in Aug. 15, 1804, 1 yr, 22d U. H. A.; res., Hop- kinton ; dis. June 17, 1866. Temple, Everett E., mus. in Aug. l.i, 1864, 1 yr., 22d Co. D. H. A. ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. June 17, 1864. Temple, Andrew A., mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Keg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863; re-enl. Mar. 12, 1864, 3 yrB.,69th Beg., Co. H ; dis. July 20, 1865. Thayer, B. 0., mus. in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton. Thayer, Jona., mus. in Aug. 16, 1864, 1 yr., 22d Co. U. H. A. ; res Hopkinton ; dis. July 15, 1865. Temple, Arba T., mus. in Mar. 11, 1864, 59th Beg,, Co. H ; res Hop- kiuton. Tilman, Henry, mus. in Feb. 3, 1865, 1 yr., 60th Reg. Toomey, Timothy, mus. in Jan. 5, 1864, 28th Beg. ; res. Hopkinton. Vaughn, Elisha, mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Beg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. July 8, 1864. Walker, Geo., mus. in July 2, 1861, 3 yrs., 16th Reg., Co. B; res. Hopkinton ; re-enlisted under general order. Warren, Daniel S., mus. in July 17, 1861, 3 yrs., 13th Beg., Co. K ; res. Hopkinton ; re-enl. same Co. Feb. 19, 1864; dis. Aug. 29, 1865. Whitney, J. J., mus. in Sept. 24. 1862, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1S63 ; re-enl. Aug. 16, 1864, 1 yr., 22d Co. U. H. A.; dis. June 17, 1865. Warren, Geo. W , 3 mos., 1861 ; res. Hopkinton. Wakefield, Wm. H., mus. in Aug. 12, 1861, 3 yrs., 19th Reg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton. Ward, Samuel J., mus. in Aug. 9, 1861, 3 yrs., 19th Beg., Co. L ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Jan., 1862, disability. Ward, George M., 3 yrs, 22d liog., Co. K , res. Hopkinton. Warren, Aaron L.,nius. in Sept. 14, 1801, 3 yrs., 22d Beg., Co. A ; res Hopkinton; uis. Aug., 1S62, disability; re-enl. Jan. 9, 1864, 3 yrs., 4th Cav., Co. D ; dis. Nov, 26, 1805, Wood, Gus W,, 3 yrs., 22d Beg., Co. K ; res. Hopkinton. Weston, II. 0., mus. in Sept. 13, 1861, 3 yrs., 1st Cav., Co. D ; res. Hop- kinton, Ward, Almond, mus. in Aug. 1, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Beg., Co, F; res. Hopkinton ; dis, July 8, 1864. Wuolson, Len\, C, mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Reg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; died of wounds at City Point, June 26, 1864. Wheeler, Albert B., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Reg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. July 8, 1864. Wheeler, Cephas E us, in A>ig. 7, 1862, 3 yrs,, 14th Beg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; dis, July 8, 1864. Wbeelor, .larvisB., mus. in Aug. 7, 1862, 3 yrs., 14th Beg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. July 8, 1864. Wise, Harry F., mus. in Aug. 7, 1802, 3 yre., 14th Beg., Co. P ; res. Hopkinton ; wounded June 22, 1864 ; supposed to be dead, Wlieeler, Willard, mus, in July 17, 1861, 3 yrs., 13tb Reg,, Co. K ; res. Hopkinton ; killed at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. Wright, Wm. B., must, in Aug. 27, 1861, 3 yrs., 19th Beg., Co. K ; res. Hopkinton ; killed at the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. Wright, Chas. H., must, in Aug. 28, 1861,3 yrs., 19th Beg., (Jo. D; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Feb., 180.1, for ilisabllity. Waters, John, must, in Aug., 27, 1801, 3 yrs., 9th Beg., Co. C ; res Hopkinton ; died of wounds, Nov. 5, 1862. Ward, Edward, must, in Sept. 17, 1861, 3 yrs., 4th Beg., Co. F, R, I. Vol,; res, Hopkinton ; dis. Dec. 29,1862, disability. Ward, Willard L., must, in Sept. 21, 1861, 3 yrs., 4th Reg., Co. F, B. 1. Vol.; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Nov. 28, 1862, disability. Ward, Michael, 3 yrs , 40th N. Y. Vol.; res. Hopkinton. Ward, James, 3 yrs, 28th Beg.; res. Hopkinton. Whipple, Willis, must, in Oct. 7, 1861, 4 yrs., 25th Beg., Co. B ; res. Hopkinton ; missing at the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864, sup- posed to have been killed. Watklns, H. A., must, in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Reg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 20, 1863. Woods, Calvin W., must. In Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Reg., Co. U ; res. Hopkinton. Ward, Abner, Sept. 24, 1802, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. C ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Mar. 12, 1863. Wayne, Silas, must, in Sept. 24, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Beg., Co. H ; res. Hopkinton. Ward, John W., must, in July 13, 1862, 3 yrs., 34th Reg., Co. C ; res. Hopkinton ; died in hospital, Jan, 1, 1865, at Anna(>oli8, Md, Wheeler, Wm, H., must, in Oct. 13, 1862, 3 yrs., 2d Beg. Cavalry ; res, Hopkinton. Williams, Thomas, must, in Aug. 12, 1864, 1 year, 1st Beg., Co. E ; res. Hopkinton ; discharged. Wallace, James, must, in Aug. 16, 1864, 1 yr., 22d Co., V. H. A.; res. Hopkinton. Woods, Willard L., must, in Aug. 15, 1862, 1 yr., 22d Co. V. H. A. ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. May 2, 1865. Whittemore, Curtis H., must, in Sept. 12, 1862, 9 mos., 44th Beg., Co. C ; res. Hopkinton ; die. June 18, 1863. Woods, Chas. A., must, in Jan. 18, 1864, 26th Beg.; res. Hopkinton. Webster, John C. Jr., May 16, 1864, Co. E, Ist Batt., H. A. ; res. Hop- kinton, Wheeler, Hiram E., must, in Aug. 15, 1864, 1 yr,, 22d Co. U, H. A. ; res. Hopkinton ; dis. June 7, 1866. Wood, Marcus M., Jan. 4, 1864, 3 yrs., 26th Beg., Co. D ; res. Hopkin- ton ; dis. May 13, 1865. Ward, George, must, in Oct. 11, 1862, 9 mos., 42d Reg., Co. C; res. Hopkinton ; dis. Aug. 21, 1863. Ward, Simeon, must. in. Jan. 4, 1864, 3 yrs., 26th Beg., Co. F ; res. Hopkinton ; died Jan., 1865, in rebel prison. ([ find that by the record that the 14th Regiment is used instead of the Ist Regiment of H. A., which is incorrect as there was no 14th Reg- ment in the same from Mass.) Meeting-Hou.se. — A town-meeting to see about building a meeting-house was held January 5, 1724-25, within one year after the organization of the town. It was " voted to build a hou.se forty-eight feet long, thirty-eight feet wide and twenty feet between joynta and that the house be stooded : that John Bowker, Samuel Comius, Samuel Watkin, be a Comety to provide the timber and frame it. Improving the peo- ple of the town to worke out their rates, that the comety have 4s. a day til March, and after that 4s. Gd. a day they finding themselves vital and drink; that the meeting-house be raised by ye 2d of May. Some difference of opinion arose as to the pro])er location of the meeting-house, three places being se- lected : first, at a lopt chestnut-tree, second, where the timber lieth, third, at a place south of buryiug-place marked by a walnut-tree. As a compromise, all parties agreed to leave it to be decided by /he lot; the lot was cast and it fell upon the spot south of the burying- place in what is the highway. The raising of the meeting-house was a great affair as appears by the record. At a meeting held November 29, 1725, it was "voted that the town appropriate ten pounds for the purpose ; that the meeting-house be raised with spike poles, that it be left with the select- HOPKINTON. 795 men to appoint the time when to raise the meeting- house, that Sart. Samuel Watkins, Sart. John Man- ning and Thomas Walker, be a Comitee to take care and provide for raising ye publick meeting-house ; that all those that entertain those men with a supper the evening after the raising of our publick meeting- house that have been to said raising shall have one shilling 3 pence per head for each man allowed them by the town of Hopkinston, they giving theire names of each man to the town." The house was raised in December, 1725, and was so far completed that the town held its first meeting in it June 2(5, 1726. The trustees contributed £100 towards the meeting-house. The house stood on the spot where its was built until 1829, when it was moved and used as a barn by Col. Joseph Valentine, afterwards by ex-Gov. Ciaflin & Co., as a boot fac- tory. Pew-ground was granted to the leading families who were placed around next the walls ; the size of the pews was fixed by a vote of the town and varied from six feet to seven feet long, and from five feet to seven wide, according to the size of the family. Where a pew came against a window the owner was required to keep the glas.s in repair — an obligation the owners appear to neglect, as the town at one of its meetings chose a committee to board up the windows. The meeting-house was a plain structure without a cupola or steeple, and was painted outside in 1773 for the first time. A number of the original members of the church were Scotch Presbyterians. April 9, 1731, the church voted to comply with the Cambridge platform adopted at Cambridge, 1649, as the rule of their discipline. This action of the church g.ave great otl'etice to the Presbyterians who, in 1734 organized a Presbyterian Church and built a small meeting-house on what is now called High Street, near the Ellery corner, but they eventually removed to New Glasgow, now Blan- ford, west of the Connecticut river. Robert McCook, one of the number, said that he desired no letter of dismission, but thought that the church should ask a dismission from himself. The pa.stor, Rev. Samuel Barrett, Jr., was born at Boston 1700, graduated at Harvard 1721. It appears that he came from Medway here, as the town at a meeting July 24, 1725, allowed John How five shil- lings for going to Midway to treat with Mr. Barrett. In a notice published at the time of his death it is said " He was a pious good Christian ; a man of great candor and good nature." He died December 11, 1772. The trustees gave one hundred acres of land to the first minister that should be ordained and settled in the town, to be for him and his heirs for the term of ninety-nine years, free from paying any rent, and thirty pounds toward building his house upon bis own land. The town voted him £100 "in day labor, oxens worke, boards, shingle, clapboards, slet-worke or other materials needful for the building an house for him, and to pay it by the 1st of October next." The house was built, in 1725, on the present site of the town hall, where it remained until 1830, when it was taken down by Col. Joseph Valentine. Rev. Elijah Fitch was the second pastor ; he died December 16, 1788. It is said of him that he was an eloquent preacher, a fine scholar and poet. He wrote and published a poem of several cantos, entitled " The Beauties of Religion," also a poem called "The Choir," in which he described his manner of life in Hopkinton. The following is an extract from a Century Sermon preached in 1815 by the Rev. Nathaniel Howe. It shows the nature of some of the controversies which take place between a pastor and his people : "When the piiblice took sides upon politics your minister was a federalist, though he was sensible, a very great majority of the town were of difTerent sentiment. He believed then aa he does now that he ought to have more regard for his county than to any particular part of it. And when he has occasionally preached political eemiotiB they have repeatedly occasioned uncomfortable feelings. " Another difficulty your Minster has had to encounter was the want of support. A vast change has taken place in the expense of dressing and living since my ordination, and yet no addition has been made to my salary. '* When a candidate I determined I would never settle till I saw a reasonable prospect of a comfortable support, and when settled I would never complain of my salary. I remained of this mind till I had l)een your miuit^ter for fifteen years. " Borne down with the fatigues of manual labor, pressed into the woods in the winter, to the plough in the spring, into the meadows in the summer, to support my family comfortable and fulfill my promises, I felt the business of the ministry was greatly neglected; that it was iuipossable for me to do what ought to be done in my profession unless the people did more toward my support. " I t^mmitted my thoughts to paper then committed them to four brethren of the church, then to the church as a body and afterward to the town." At a meeting of the town held December 15, 1806, 1 find the following record : Mr. Howe was called upon to read to the town the communication he had made to the church, upon which the vote to " see if the town will (on account of the depreciation of money) add •1116.67, to the yearly salary of the Rev. Nathaniel How till such times as labor and provisions fall in their price as low as when he was ordained." This passed in the negative by a large majority." "Then Mr. How proposed to see if the town would add 8116.67 till such times as the membere of our General Court receive less than two dollars per day for their services. This was negatived by a large ma- jority. " Then Mr. How proposed to see if the town will add $116.67 for seven years from the first day of January next. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr. How proposed to see if the town will make up one-half the depreciation on his salary from this time while he continues their minister. This passed in the negative by a large majority. *' Then Mr. How proposed to see if the town will, in the future, pay two huodrcd dollai-s for bis aunual (salary and average in on labor, corn, rye, cider, butter and cheese, beef, porke, at the prices they bore on the day of his ordination. This passed in the negative by a large majority. " Then Mr. How proposed to see if the town will purchase his house and land and keep it for the next minister. This passed in the negative by a large majority. 796 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. '*Tfaen Mr. How proposed to see if the town will request the church, by a vote, to grant him a dismiesioD. This passed in the negative by a large majority. *' Then Mr. How said he had but one proposition to make, which was to see if the town were willing he should publish the communication he had made to the church and read to the town and all the doings of the town therein. And this also passed in the negative by a large ma jority." Near the conclusion of the sermon Mr. How says : "My brethren, may I ask a question, a plain, simple question ? How shall I obtain your consent ? Shall I take silence for consent? Tour countenances discover a willingness? Thequestion is this, Do you know by what means I have become so rick as to have a great house finished and furnished ? A farm, a herd of cattle, a tlock uf sheep, horses and money at interest? I say nothing of my debts to-day. Shall I answer thequestion? The principal reason is this, because I have been doing jjourbusineM and neglecting my own. What is your business? Tour business is to support your minister, and that what I have been doing for more than twenty years, and what is my business? My business is to study and preach ; and in this have never abounded. It is I have been absent from public worship not more than four or five Sab- baths for twenty-five years ; but I have frequently been present and at- tempt to preach when it has been mortifying to me and could not be edifying to you. I have sometimes admonished reproof both to tht; church and society in a manner that has been thought to discover some degree of severity, but in these cases you have always had the good sense enough to know you richly deserved it." Ministers Phelps and Hall served as colleague pas- tors with Mr. Howe. Mr. Howe had one of the longest and most success- ful pastorates. He succeded in doing much good for the church in many ways, and his death, in 1837, was an event which caused much sorrow. He was a man who, strong in his own convictions, had no fear in announcing them from his pulpit. The first meeting-house was commenced in 1725, and the first meeting held therein was on June 26, 1726. But the building, which was not finished for many years, was removed in 1829, and another was built, which was burned in the destructive fire in April, 1882. May 21, 1723, a bigger part of ye inhabitants of the town met, and " the following business was done :" " Voted, The endeavoring for a minister to preach with us constantly on Sabbath days. 2. "Voted, To levy a tax of an half-penny upon the acre upon all the lots that are either taken up or picked upon by gentlemen that they will take them for the support of a minister. 8. " Voted, That they will every man bring in his proportion to said tax to John How by the last day of June next ensuing. 4. " Voted, To have a contribution every Sabbath, and that every man paper his money and write his name upon the paper, and set the sum that he puts in. 5. "Voted, That Mr. Hustone and Mr. Wood shall receive said contribution, and take an account what it is, and deliver it to the aforesaid John How, and take care of none of said papers that none of them be lost. 6. " Voted, That Mr. John Wood and John How take care that we are constantly provided with a min- ister to preach with us on Sabbath days. 7. "Voted, To meet at John How's house on Sabbath days at present." This was the beginning of the movement which established the church. The pastors which have been in charge of the parish are as follows : Rev. Samuel Barrett 1724-1772. Rev. Elijah Fitch 1772-1788. Rev. Nathaniel Howe 1791-1837, Rev. Amos A. Phelps 1830-1832. Rev. Jeffries Hall 1833-1838. Rev. John 0. Webster 1838-1864. Rev. Joseph Boardman 1865-1868, Rev. George H. Ide 1869-1876. Rev. Horatio 0. Ladd 1877-1880. Rev. Mr. Fullerton ofliciated until Rev. B. Story was installed iu 181)7. English Church.— The Rev. Roger Price, rector of Kings Chapel of Boston, came to Hopkinton in or about 174.5, and took up a tract of land containing seven hundred and nine acres and one hundred and forty-two acres of common land. He built a small church edifice and endowed it with a glebe of one hundred and eighty acres, the deed being dated July 9, 1748. After officiating here for three or four years, he returned to England and was succeeded by Rev. John Troutbeck, who was ap- pointed chaplain of" frigate " Rose in 1769. The fol- lowing appear to be members of the church in 1752, Sir Charles Henry Frankland, Thomasi, Higgins, Julius Chase, William Wesson, Capt. David Ellis, James Devine, Thomas Valentine, Patrick White, John Mastick, Robert Barrett, James Fannys, Thomas Chadock, William Brown, Patrick Shays (father of the rebel Daniel Shays), Hugh Dempsey, Richard Kelly, Rebecca Wilson, Peter Vialas, John Kelly and Mrs. Dench. The present members are James F. Braithwaite, clerk; James Frith Braithwaite, Robert H. Braith- waite, William Kennedy, Samuel A. Kennedy, Robert H. Kennedy, James W. Kennedy, Dr. Walter A. Phipps, George Davis, Harry Hemenway, David H. Fisher. The first building remained where it was built until 1818, when a committee made the following report to the Board of Managers : " That having viewed and examined the church in Hopkinton, and they were decidedly of the opinion that the same was so far decayed that any expenses bestowed on repairing it would be lost, and that they had made a contract with Samuel Valentine to build a new church, which was done at a cost of three thousand sixty-one dol- lars and twenty-four cents; the church was conse- crated October 7, 1818, and destroyed by fire, July 18, 1865." The first Methodist Church was built on Hayden Row Street about eighty years ago, and had for its pastor Elder Bonney. The church building on Church Street was built in 1865, by Deacon Lee Claflin. HOPKINTON. •797 Catholicity in Hopkinton.' — Time rolls his restless course ; the changing years flit on, and, one by one, unbidden to-morrows burst forth to-days only to lose themselves again in the yesterdays of the som- bre, silent past. Life is one continual change, and to none can this be more evident than to him who will carefully pause and reflect on the wonderful transformations that have been eftected during the past forty years, since the inauguration of the Parish of Hopkinton. Who, in those early days would have presumed to predict so glorious a future for this little hamlet? Who then dared hope that the day would ever come when the Catholics of Hopkinton could claim the proud distinction of having erected to the honor and glory of God the grandest edifice within the confines of New England. Truly it seems the finger of God had pointed out the way for His devoted children, and strengthened their hearts in the hour of darkness against the attacks of a bigoted and unrelenting world. But few of the early settlers survive to tell the story of the suflerings and privations undergone in the cause of Christ when the faithful were forced to travel many weary miles over almost impassable roads to receive the consolations of our holy religion. As early as 1846 the Parish of Mil- ford was formed, which included the present parishes of Hopkinton, Medway, HoUiston, Ashland, Upton, Marlboro', Maynard, Rock Bottom, Westboro', Corda- ville and Saxonville. Rev. Father Boyce of Worces- ter was appointed fir.st pastor, assisted by Rev. Father Gibson, by whom regular monthly services were in- stituted in the surrounding towns ; the priest being obliged to travel from place to place, oftentimes ex- posed to the inclemency of the weather, to care for the wants of his devoted flock. Previous to this time the Catholics of Hopkinton attended Mass at the homes of Dominic McDevitt and Edward Mc- Govern, both of Milford ; but upon the arrival of Father Boyce as pastor of Milford, services were held at the residence of John McDonough, who sympathized with !ind materially aided these early pioneers in their unswerving fidelity to their holy cause. Still they remained unsatisfied and longed for a church wherein they might worship God according to the dictates of conscience. The faith of Saints Patrick and Columba glowed in their hearts ; nor could they rest until they had a place wherein a priest might dwell and preach the word of God. With this object in view, a meeting was called in November, 1849, by John Wilson, a Protestant, at his home on Mt. Auburn Street, where were assem- bled all the Catholic men, twenty-two in number, from the outlying districts — very few then resided in the town proper. What transpired at that meeting is best told in the words of Michael Raferty, an eye- witness, and the oldest Catholic resident living : " I have attended many meetings, both political and re- By Thos. H. Lonihan. ligious, but never have I witnessed such enthusiasm displayed as at that first meeting of the Catholics of Hopkinton, and to John Wilson must be given the honor of being the first to propose the establishment of a Catholic Church in our town. His actions on that occasion were something not soon to be forgotten, and his generosity is worthy of record. Seven hun- dred dollars were subscribed in a few moments, and we voted to build a House of Prayer." The following day Dr. Pratt offered an acre of land (now a portion of the Catholic Cemetery) as a site for the proposed church. Michael Raferty was ap- pointed to confer with Father Boyce, who in the meanwhile had received an offer from another source. This was from E. A. Bates, Esq., a citizen who owned considerable property on what is now known as Cedar Street, and, wishing to enhance the value of the same, ofiered Father Boyce an acre of land and $200, provided the building was erected within a cer- tain time. The offer was accepted, Father Boyce paying f 100 ; but the building was not begun before 1851. Toward the close of the year 1849, Father Boyce was succeeded by Rev. Father Hamilton, assisted by Father McGrath, who immediately undertook the arduous work of erecting a church on the site pre- viously selected. The following year Father Far- rilly, of Saxonville, succeeded Father Hamilton, coming here as often as necessity required, and holding services at the home of Mr. John McDon- ough, and later in the old Town Hall, The labors and the sacrifices of the pioneer mis- sionaries of the East form the most important part of our Catholic history. They are chronicled in the traditions of the faithful, and need not be recited here. Despite his manifold duties and the countless sac- rifices incident to so great an undertaking, Father Farrilly determined to build a Church, and early in 1851 the contract was awarded to Artemus Johnson, of Holliston, for the erection of a wooden church, sixty by forty feet, known as St. Malachi's. Two years later an addition was made, and here the Catholics of Hopkinton knelt 'neath the shadowing protection of the cross of Christ and heard the Word of God. It was in the spring of 1854 that Father Farrilly was transferred from Saxonville to Milford, where he was stationed as resident pastor, with charge of the original parish heretofore mentioned, assisted by Father O'Beirne and Father Welch, of Natick, lately de- ceased. Three weary years he labored assiduously for the welfare of his people, when at length his rugged frame, weakened, no doubt, by years of un- ceasing toil, fell a prey to a disease which resulted in his death in August, 1857. His remains were interred in the church-yard, where they reposed until August 15, 1883, at which time they were transferred to the Catholic cemetery, where a monu- 798 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ment had been erected in his honor by his old Hopkinton parishioners. September 15, 1857, Rev. P. Cuddihy, present rector of St. Mary's Parish at Milford, was appointed his successor, who divided the old parish with Father Welch, who had pre- viously acted as curate to Father Farrilly, receiving for himself the present towns of Milford, Hopkinton, Medway, Holliston, Ashland, Marlboro' and Upton. This system continued as late as 1866, at which time Father Cuddihy gave up Hopkinton, Ashland, Marl- boro', and commenced the building of a new church in Milford. The history of Father Cuddihy's pastor- ate during the niue years he remained wHh us, is but the repetition of what every priest has been obliged to undergo, whose mission was to sow the seed of wisdom in a si)ar.sely-settled locality. Yet Father Cuddihy merits more than a passing notice for his indefatigable exertions, and the respect and esteem in which he is held to day by his people is the best criterion by which to judge of his ability as a man and his zealous devotion as a priest in his sacred pro- fession. Upon the retirement of Father Cuddihy, July, 1860, his curate, Father Barry, was appointed first resident Catholic pastor of Hopkinton, with charge of Westboro', Ashland and Cordaville. This was the real beginning of the Hopkinton Parish, and during its brief e-xistence of twenty-four years what has it not accomplished ? The work done in the short time which has inter- vened since the institution of this parish shows more plainly than any words of mine the noble generosity which has ever been characteristic of this people, and the self-sacrificing, zealous spirit of the pastors, who, from time to time, had charge of this devoted Hock. Father Barry diligently followed in the footsteps of his predecessors, and what he accomplished during his mission of four short years here will not soon be forgotten. April 1, 1870, he was transferred to Rock- port, where he remained until his death, which oc- curred Jan. 7, 1883. His remains lie at rest in our own cemetery, as it had always been his desire to return to his former parishioners. A few months ago the St. Johu's C. T. and L. Society erected in his honor a massive and costly monument as a memorial to one whose services were as lasting as they were exceptional. Upon the removal of Father Barry, Father Minetti, an Italian by birth, assumed charge April 23, 1870, remaining in charge until Oct., 1872, at which time he returned to Italy, giving place to Father Ryan, formerly assistant rector of St. Joseph's, Boston. Soon after the advent of Father Minetti the Boston diocese was divided, Springfield being the new See, with Right Rev. P. T. O'Reilly in charge. This left Hopkinton and Ashland as one parish, Westboro' and Cordaville having been included in the new diocese. It was not until August, 1877, that Hopkin- ton became a separate parish, at which time Rev. J. S. Cullen, present rector of St. Stephen's, South Fram- ingham, and formerly curate to Rev. Father Ryan, was placed over a new parish, comprising the towns of Ashland and Framingham. Meanwhile, Hopkin- ton had thrived prosperously. Factories had been built, and the Catholic population, which a few years before numbered but a few hundred souls, steadily increased, until at the time of Father Ryan's arrival they numbered nearly two thousand souls. This, together with the poor condition of St. Malachi's Church, called for a larger and more substantial place of worship. Accordingly, several meetings were held relative to the proposed new church, until at a meet- iug held in 1875, arrangements were completed for the erection of a granite edifice, to be known as the Church of St. John the Evangelist. The land on Church Street was purchased from the late Dr. Pratt, at a cost of $6000, and the laying of the foundation commenced in May, 1876, the first sod being turned by Father Ryan himself Thence the work rapidly progressed, and May 15, 1877, we had the pleasure of seeing the corner-stone laid with imposing rites, by the Most Rev. John J. Williams, Archbishop of Boston. Rev. Fr. Marsden, of Lawrence, delivered the oration. No delay was now permitted, as the "Old Church" had become rather unsafe, and all were desirous of entering St. John's. At length the basement was completed, aud Christmas morning, 1878, Mass was celebrated for the first time by Rev. Father Ryan, which my friend, Rev. Father J. J. O'Connor, now of Cleveland, Ohio, and myself had the honor of serving. What a Mass was that ! Never did the pealing anthems resound more joyously than did our heartfelt Alleluias on that happy morn. The very air of heaven seemed to re-echo with the joyous " Gloria in Excelsis," and the sublime strain of the " Credo." How happy was our beloved pastor that morning ; how feelingly he spoke of the kindness and generosity extended him in the work he had undertaken, and the gratifying results which had attended his every effort; closing his admirable discourse by wishing us a merry Christ- mas and a happy, prosperous future. And we 1 Were we silent? Never were more heartfelt prayers uttered than were poured forth that morning for the health and prosperity of our dear pastor, who had already begun to show signs of weariness from the mighty load with which he was over-burdened. Still he per- severed in his endeavor, overseeing the whole work himself, both at the church and at the quarry, until at length, broken-down by his persistent labors, he was forced to yield to the entreaties of his friends, aud January 11, 1881, started to make a tour of the south for the purpose of recruiting his health, now very much impaired. Meanwhile, the building had been completed, except the interior upstairs, and the spire ; St. Malachi's had been torn down, the lumber dis- posed of, and the land sold. The finances of the parish were in an excellent condition, Father Ryan having paid, during 1880, HOPKINTON. ^99 $13,000 of the debt, which in all amounted to scarce- ly $25,000. On the eve of his departure all the parishioners assembled at the church to bid him farewell, never thinking for a moment it was the last time they should ever see him, and presented him on that occa- sion with a purse of $700 as a slight token of their affection and regard for him. The ne$t morning he departed, and during the following months of his ab- sence frequent letters told of his speedy recovery till we had been lured into the hope of seeing him return in perfect health. Alas ! how sad, on awaking Sat- urday morning, March 26, 1881, word was flashed over the wires announcing the death of our faithful pastor at St. Louis, of spinal meningitis, which he contract- ed during his brief sojourn there on his way home. He had spent the intervening time traveling through Florida, Nassau and Cuba, and was returning home much improved in health when the fatal disease seized him which terminated in his death. His body arrived on the 29th ; escorted from the station by the grandest funeral cortege ever witnessed in this vicin- ity. Two days he laid in state in the basement of the church, which was crowded day and night by the thousands who came to do honor to his memory. The funeral took place Wednesday, preceded by a Solemn High Mass of Requiem, in which Rev. J. S. Cullen, a former curate, was celebrant; Rev. T. Ma- ginnis, of Jamaica Plains, Deacon ; and Rev. P. A. McKenna, Marlboro', Sub-deacon. An eloquent pan- egyric was preached by Rev. Juo. M. Kremmer, of Southbridge, a life-long friend of the deceased. Over 150 priests from all parts of the State were present at the obsequies, the church was heavily draped, the whole town iu mourning and business generally sus- pended. In the words of Hamlet, of him we can say : "He was a man, taken for all in all, we shall not look upon his like again." He had devoted his time, labor, ay ! even his life to promote an enterprise which shall ever stand a monument to his untiring energy. Fa- ther Ryan was born in Boston, December 20, 1845. The greater part of his youth was spent at Lawrence, Mass., whither he went with his parents while yet a mere boy. At an early age he entered Montreal Col- lege, when having completed his collegiate course he entered Troy Seminary, and was ordained to the holy priesthood December 25, 1865. His first charge was St. Joseph's Parish, Boston, where he remained until transferred to Hopkinton, in November, 1872. Would that it were permitted us to give in detail the edify- ing history of his labors while in our midst; and yet! where is the need? Though ten years have passed since he was laid to rest his memory still lives in the hearts of the people, who will ever hold him in lov- ing remembrance. After the demise of Rev. Father Ryan conjecture was rife as to his probable successor. Rev. F. J. Glynn, of Brockton, Mass., then curate here, retained full charge until a pastor should be appointed. Nearly every priest iu the diocese was mentioned as the next rector ; nor was it a matter of slight import- ance, as the condition of affairs needed an able admin- istrator. Here was a costly church half finished, with quite a debt when the size of the parish — about 2000 souls — is taken into consideration. Some little time elapsed, however, before the appointment was made, and it was not until the Sunday after Easter, April 24th, that Father Mohan, who had been selected to fill the vacancy, arrived. Up to this time he had been rector at Ayer, Mass., but, obedient to his Bish- op, cheerfully resigued a flourishing parish to accept one which required the work of years and care before he could hope to enjoy the fruits of his labors. Yet Father Mohan was not a man likely to become alarmed at the enormity of the work laid out for him, nor dis- heartened at the well-nigh hopeless task of complet- ing the church. The financial strain under which the people had been laboring prior to his coming had necessitated a cessation of the same at least for a brief period, and accordingly Fr. Mohan contented himself by renewing the Church Debt Society instituted some years pre- viously by Fr. Ryan. This was a society formed for the purpose of liquida- ting the debt on the church by equalizing the bur- den so that all should |)ay a monthly assessment which, though small, amounted to quite an item in the year's income. During the next few years it thrived, but afterwards gradually fell away, until fin- ally in 1888 it ceased to exist altogether. Having permitted one year to pass without calling on the peo- ple for any subscription aside from the ordinary rev- enues of the church, Fr. Mohan thought it time to make some endeavor to remove altogether the debt which he had been steadily diminishing. But ere he began, a calamity as direful as it was unexpected be- fell the town, which for the time being paralyzed the business interests and delayed for a considerable time all prospects of coBW)leting the chcrch. The morning of April 4, 1882, was a dark one indeed for Hopkinton. About 2 o'clock A. M., we were awakened from our beds to find the very heart of the town, where stood our principal factory, enveloped in flames. Aid was quickly sent from the surrounding towns, but vain were all endeavors to check the onward rush of the flames which now presented one vast wall of fire extending from the cemetery to Walcot Street. Dark, very dark seemed the future of Hopkinton to that grief-strickeu throng gazing upon the ruins on that fatal morning; utterly hopeless seemed every prospect of ever again attaining the prosperity which up to that time we had enjoyed. Then spread forth the rumor, discouraging indeed to those who had depended for their liveli- hood upon that factory, that the company would not rebuild. It was verified but too soon, as a i'evf months later the firm of Bridges & Co. commenced the erec- tion of a new factory at South Framingham. That 800 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. was a severe blow to Hopkinton, one from which the town never fully recovered. All thought of complet- ing the church was now at an end, and it was deemed impracticable to attempt to pay off the old debt. The people generally were in poor circumstances with no prospect of brighter days to which they might look forward, and accordingly it was thought advisable to let matters rest for a while at least and allow them time to recover from the effects of the sad calamity which had befallen them. As in the previous year Fr. Mohan contented him.self with the proceeds of the Church Debt Society calling for no subscriptions un- til the following spring when a collection was taken up which reduced the standing debt considerably. Early in June, 1885, he was transferred to Everett, be- ing succeeded by Rev. M. D. Murphy, our present pastor. During his ministration here he had endeared himself to his people by his modest, kindly bearing and exceptional piety. He was an earnest advocate in the cause of temperance and was charitable beyond measure. As a testimony of the appreciation with which his many good qualities were received on the eve of his departure he was presented with a large purse by his parishioners, who assembled in the base- ment of the church to bid him farewell and wish him a hearty God Speed. The altar boys at the same time presented him with a beautiful gold pyx. Time and space do not permit us to give the credit due to each one of the different curates who so ably seconded the efforts of their pastors in the interest of God and religion. Would that it were permitted us to dwell on the records of the past, giving to each his full share of praise, so richly deserved, from the time of the advent of Fr. Barry, first resident-pastor, to the present time; but we must be content to remember them as we knew them. Below are given the names in the order of their succession : Kev. Fr. Le Bretin, August to October, 1869 ; Rev. Fr. O'Farrell, October. 1869, to Novem- ber, 1870 ; Rev. Fr. McNamara, May, 1871, to Decem- ber, 1871 ; Rev. Fr. CuUen, at pref^nt pastor at South Framingham, December, 1871, to August, 1877; Rev. Fr. Glynn, of Brockton, November, 1878, to Decem- ber, 1881 ; Rev. Fr. Whalen, December, 1881, to Feb- ruary, 1883; Rev. Fr. McMauus, of Salem, April, 1883, to November, 1885; Rev. Fr. Fagan, December, 29, 1885, to the present time. In the summer of 1885 the Rev. M. D. Murphy re- ceived his appointment as pastor of this parish, which was already encumbered by a heavy debt. This was entirely liquidated in a short period of time, and the church, which remained for years in an unfinished condition, with no prospect of completion, dedicated with the most gorgeous details of ceremonial ever witnessed in New England. It is a noteworthy fact that the two great eccle.iiastical dignitaries on this occasion were the same who were selected to act in a similar capacity at Baltimore, on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the hierarchy of America. Mt. Rev. J. J. Williams, D.D., Archbishop of Boston, celebrant, and the Mt. Rev. P. J. Ryan, D.D., Archbishop of Philadelphia, orator. Our sketch ends here, as it is Father Murphy's desire that this work, and not the pen of any indi- vidual, bespeak his praise. Non nobis Domine non nobis sed nomini tuo da gloriam. EARLY SETTLERS. Hopkinton was first settled in 1710 or '12. There were some peculiar facts in the settlement of the place, which had an effect on the character of the people. The first settlers did not come in colonies, as in other places, nor by the way of relationship or acquaint- ance, but single and alone, seeking a home. They came from almost as many different places as there were individuals; the most of the first settlers came from Sudbury, Framingham, Sherborn, Concord, Needham and Marlborough. There was one element that entered largely into the character of these set- tlers. They must have had some knowledge of the place where they were to make their homes ; there were rocks, hills and an almost unknown and un- broken forest. The soil was rich, but required the hardest possible labor for its cultivation. To over- come such obstacles one must have indomitable courage and energy, a self-reliance and a will- power that never tires, and only those who had such qualities would seek here a home. Early in 1719 the town received an important addi- tion by the settlement of some Scotish families. A century before their ancestors had emigrated from Argyleshire, in the west of Scotland, to the counties of Londonderry and Antrim, in the north of Ireland, where they and their descendants shared largely in the persecutions of the Protestants, in the reign of Charles the First and James the Second. Burdened with rents and tithes, and thirsting for the enjoy- ments of civil and religious liberty, three Presby- terian ministers, with many of their congregations re- solved on removal to this country, of which they had heard flattering reports. In the autumn of 1718, 120 families arrived, some in Boston and some in Port- land. Some eighteen families of the 120 in the spring of 1716 came to Hopkinton. Among this number was Hugh Black, William Montgomery, James Collier (one of the first select- men elected in the town), Samuel and James Walk, John, Robert and Patrick Hambletou, Robert McFar- lane, Robert McCook, Robert Hustons, William Don- aghy, Samuel Crooks and Joseph Young, the ancestor of Brigham Young. Among the first settlers were Joseph Bixby, the father of Abner Bixby, born August 30, 1712, and is the earliest recorded birth to be found on the records. Captain John Wood, elected on the Board of Select- men in 1724, and "died Aug'ye 21^ 1725 ;" Henry Mel- HOPKINTON. 801 len, who, it is said, built the first house in what is now Hopkinton, near the Sheffield place ; "Samuel Comins, one of y' builders of y' meeting-house," who came to this place with his wife, Lydia, and six chil- dren, from Needham, in 1716 ; John How, in whose house the meetings were held previous to the build- ing of the meeting-house, and others. According to the census of 1845 the following sched- ule shows the agricultural product of the town : Indian Corn 8,400 bushels, value 6,300 Rye 1,235 " 940 Barley 677 467 Oats 4,225 1,378 Potatoes 17,417 4,363 Other Vegetables COO 450 Hay ♦ 1334 tons 17,238 Fruit 40,155 bushels 5,366 Butter 31,915 lbs. 4,676 Cheese 11,397 690 POPDIITION.— 1776, 1134 ; 1790, 1317 ; 1800, 1372 ; 1810, 1345 ; 1820, 1655 : 1830, 1809 ; 1840, 2245 ; 1850, 2801 ; 18.55, 3934 ; 1860, 4340 ; 1865, 4132 ; 1870, 4419 ; 1875, 4503 ; 1880, 4601 ; 1885, 3922 ; 1890, 40G3. Boot and Shoe Manufaclory. — -The cause of the rapid increase of the population from 1840, when it business about this time. Claflin, Coburn & Co., com- menced the busine.ss in the old meeting-house pre- vious to 1847, ou Main Street, where they remained until their new shop was built, in 1850. The business was removed to Framingham, in 1883. S. A A. Crook commenced the business in 1849 in the J. Walker shop on Hayden Row Street, where they remained until 1853, when then removed into the old meeting- house on Grove Street, and remained there until March, 1860, when they removed iuto their present quarters, the third if not the second largest boot and shoe factory in the State, containing over sixty-five square feet of floorage; the machinery is driven by a one hundred horse-power engine, the capacity of the establishment being thirty-six hundred pairs per day. The Messrs. Crooks are natives of Hopkinton and descendants of Samuel Crook, who came from London- derry, Ireland, and settled in this place in 1719. Erastus Thompson & Co. — Mr. Thompson came to Hopkinton and commenced the boot and shoe busi- was 2145, to 1 too, when it was 4340, notwithstanding ness in 1846, under the firm-name of Thompson, the loss of Unionville in 1850, a loss of nearly 1000, Bales & Barker, in the upper story of the old Cofl'ee- was the successful prosecution of the manufacture i house store on Main Street. The firm was dissolved of boots and shoes. To this town belongs the credit 1 in 1853. Mr. Thompson continued the business in the of showing to the world that the bottoms of a boot or | same place until 1857, when he removed to his new shoe might be put on by wooden pegs. In 1820 I shop, and the business has been carried on under the Joseph Walker, a descendant of Thomes Walker, the present firm-name until the present time. Mr. Thomi>- first "dark of the markit, which office he held for i son died in January, 1885 ; since that time the busi- one fifty years,'' in Hopkinton, made the discovery ness has been carried on by his sons, that he could, instead of sticking on the sole of a I The factory is 40x120, four floors, machinery run boot or shoe, as had been the practice heretofore, { by steam and has a capacity of 1 200 cases per day. A. fasten the parts together by inserting rows of pegs, i Coburn commenced business with W. F. Claflin, cut from well-seasoned birch or maple wood. This I brother of the ex-Governor, in the Woodard shop on discovery has produced a great and wonderful revo- Hayden Row Street, in 1855 ; the firm continued until lution in the manufacture of boots and shoes in the I 1870, when it was dissolved, and a new firm formed New England St&tes. Mr. Walker with his five sons i under the name of A. Coburn Son & Co. A new factory long carried on the business in this town. Pie died I was built on the site of the old factory in 1859, which January 9, 1852. was destroyed by fire • Aug. 27, 1889, which was re- in 1826 two of his sons, Leonard and Lovett set up i placed by a factory on the same site, forty by one for themselves, and for a number of years continued ' hundred and eighty, with an annex twenty-seven by to carry their boots and shoes to Boston and Provi- ! thirty, four floors, and is the best constructed factory dence in a one-horse wagon. The work at that time i in the town and has a capacity of 1200 pairs per day. was done by hand, and in small shops attached to or I G. & F. W. Wood & Co., of Woodville, a part of near by the dwellings of the workmen. By degrees division of labor was introduced in the business, and machinery driven by steam-power required larger shops. Our manufacturers then had the privileges and were proud to stamp their names on their works. But not so in this day of improvements. .Judging from the names we read on the boots and shoes manufactured in Hopkinton at the present time, one would imagine th.at the first settlers had left, and the Dutch and Greeks have taken their places. Mr. Lee Claflin, father of ex-Governor Claflin, commenced the making of boots and shoes in Hayden Row in 1840, employing L. H. Bowker to do the work, while he himself attended to the sale of the goods in Boston. Mr. Bowker was afterward of the firm of Phipps & Bowker. The firm of Davenport & Gibbs commenced 51-iii Hopkinton. They commenced business in 1867, in a building on Wood Street, 25x50, four floors. Em- ])loyment was given to about Iforty persons, the output being 1200 cases the first year, the result ol hand-work alone. In 1870 they bought of their father. Colonel Albert Wood (a descendant of Cajitain John Wood, one of the first Board of Selectmen, elected in 1724, and died August 21, 1725, and from whom the village received its name), the stone mill formerly used by Colonel Wood as a cotton factory, and in 1877 they built a new building, 36x90, four floors, the extensive machinery being run by water- power, the total capacity of the whole establishment being 1100 pairs per day. The Wood brothers are natives of Hopkinton and the pioneers of the business in their native village. 802 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. In 1850 there was eleven boot and shoe factories in Hopkiutou. In 1855 the value of boots and shoes manufactured in Hopkinton amounted to $1,058,820 ; males era- ployed, 1233 ; females, 88 ; total, 1321. In 1885 : value, $1,562,837 ; males employed, 737 ; females, 164; total, 901, showing an increase in valu- ation of over $500,000, and a decrease of over 400 hands, the effect of machinery in thirty years. John Young, a descendant of Joseph Young, who came from Londonderry, Ireland, and settled in Hop- kinton in 1719, was born in Hopkinton, March 7, 1763. He was the father of Bngham Young, the Mormon. He moved from Hopkinton to Whittingham, Vt., iu January, 1801, where Brigham was born, June Ist of the same year. John returned to Hopkinton and lived on Saddler Hill. Walter McFarland, son of Ebenezer McFarland and descendant of Robert McFarland, born in 1749. He represented the town in the Legislature for twelve years and served in the Senate for the year 1787. He held many important positions of public trust. By occupation a fsirmer and civil engineer. Died in 1827. Lee Claflin, son of Ebenezer and Sarah Claflin, was born in Hopkinton, November 19, 1791, and died February 23, 1871. Mr. Claflin was the architect of his own fortune. He had no ancestry to boast of and no one to help him so much as he helped himself. He was the first president of the Hopkinton Bank and through his influence, with that of Colonel Val- entine, D. Bucklin and others, the Hopkinton Academy was instituted. He was in his day and time prominent in the boot and shoe business and a great friend of the Methodist Society and served one term in the Senate. .John Barrett, grandson of Samuel Barrett, the first settled minister in Hopkinton was born in Hopkinton in 1769, and died April 4, 1821. He w.ts the author of an English Grammar, which was published in 1819. He was remarkable as a teacher of the Classic Lan- guage and was one of the teachers of Horace Maun. Col. Joseph Valentine, son of Samuel Valentine, born in Hopkinton, November, 1776, and died March 26, 1845. He possessed fine business capacity and was for a long time one of the most prominent men, of the town. He was a delegate in the convention for the revision of the Constitution in 1820, and represented the town in the General Court for six years, and served as chief marshal at the consecra- tion of Bunker Hill Monument. Col. Albert Wood was born in Hopkinton, August 1, 1801, and died in 1887. Possessed of sterling common sense, he for the long period of his life was one of the most prominent men of the town. He was previous to 1845 in the manufacture of cotton cloths and twine. The statistics of the cotton industry for 1845 show the following facts: Cotton consumed, 280,000 pounds ; manufactured, 612,000 yards; value, $30,500; twine manufactured, 20,000 pounds; value, $2,800; batting manufactured, 30,000 pounds; value, ; males employed, forty ; females employed, fifty. This industry was carried on in Massachusetts by M. Wood, who was the father of Woodville. The machinery was run by water-power supplied by White Hall Pond. He represented the town in the Legislature in 1856 and 1857, and lield many other town ofiices, and was a man of sterling integrity. Capt. Daniel Shays, the leader of Shays' Rebell- ion in 1786-87, son of Patrick Shays, was born in Hopkinton, at the "Shays place" on Saddle Hill (where at the pre.sent time the old well and cellar can be seen), in 1747, He left Hopkinton when about twenty-one years old, and served in the Army of the Revolution. He raised a company of which he was appointed captain, and was wounded in the service. After the war he settled in that part of Pelham now Prescott. He finally settled in Sparta, where he died poor September 29, 1825. He was of Scotch descent, and the name on the early records is spelled Shea, Sha, and sometimes Psha. At a meeting of the trustees held in Boston, 1711, it was, ■' voted, 1st, that the committee for signing leases to the tenants of the lands in Hopkinton be directed and empowered to allot and set out 12,500 acres of the best and most improvable of the land, within said township. 2d, that they are directed to lay out 100 acres of land for the ministry in such convenient place and manner as they shall find most suitable for that use ; that lOU acres of land shall be laid out for tlie first minister that shall be ordained and settled iu the town, to be for him and his heirs for the term of ninety-nine years from the 25th of March last past, free from paying any rent, and that 100 acres shall be laid out for the school a training-field and burying-yard by said committee, as they shall judge most accommodable, and that 200 more shall be reserved to be allotted for other public uses, as the trustees from time to time shall see meet to direct. 3d. That the residue and remainder of the lands over and above the above 12,500 acres with- in said township belonging to the trustees, either by purchase or the General Court grant, (the cedar swamp that part of the town grant by the General Court excepted), shall and remain a common to and among the tenants that shall hold these lands by lease under the said trustees for their use and benefit, each tenant to have a right and privilege to said common, according to the quantity of land contained and specified in their leases for and during their term." " The within is a true copy of Reconl Book of Hopkinton Records No. 3, Page 37. perOALEii Havden, Reg. "Tliis Indenture, made tlie twenty-fiftli day of Marcti in tiie twenty- third year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of Ood, of Great Britain, France and Irt-land, Iving Uefenderof the Kaitli, Ac, Annoque Domini, 1750. Between His Excellancy, William Shirley, Ksq., Tlie flonoralile Jonathan Belcher, William Dnnier and Spencer IMiiim, Esq., Paul nudley, Edward Hutchinaon, Joeiah Willard, Jacob Wendell, Eaqs., The Rev, Dr. Josepli Sowall, The Kev. Edward Holy- oke, Preaident of Harvard College in Cambridge ; The Rev. Nelie- miah Walter, minister of Ro\bnry; The Rev. Nuthanlel .\ppletan, min- ister of Cambridge ; Samuel Sewall, Andr«w Oliver, Thomaa Hutcliiri- son, Esq., and M' Edward Brumfield, merchant, all inhabitants within HOPKINTON. 803 his Majesty Province of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, Triie- tees appointed by a Decree in his MajeBtys High Court of Chancery, Dated the nineteenth day of March, Anno. Dnni. 1712, for the purchae- ing houses and lands fur the perpetuiiting the Charity of the Honorable Edward Hopkins, Esq , and iraptnviug of the same, On the One part : and includes John Jones, James Work, Henry Millen, Benjamin Wood and John Rockwood, Selectmen of Hopkinton, in the County of Middle sex, and their successors within the Province aforesaid, of the other Part ; Witnesseth, that the said William Shirley, Jonathan Belchei-, Wni. Dum- mer, Spencer Phips, Paul Dudley, Edward Hutchinson, Josiah Willard, Jacob Wendal), Esq., Joseph Sewall, Edward Holyoke, Neh*" Waller, Nathaniel Appleton, Samuel Sewall, Andrew Oliver, Thomas Hutchin- son and Edward Bromfield, Trustees as aforesaid, as well for and in con- sideration of the Kents and Services herein after reserved and of the per formance of the Covenants and Agreements herein after expressed and mentioned to he kept, done and performed on the part and behalf of the said John Jones, James Wark, Heury Millen & others ; as also for other good and valuable causes and considerations them here uuto especially moving, Have demised, grauted, and to Farm, Letten, and by these pres- ents do demise, grant and to farm-lett unto the said Selectmen and their successors, three certain tract or parcel of land scituate, lying and being in Hopkinston, within the County of Middlesex aforesaid, con- taining one hundred acres, as survt-yed and laid out by John Joues, Sur- veyor, being under oath, for the use and benefit of n Sroul and t) a iniug field and Beryintj place for aaid Hopkiaston, and is Bounded viz: South- erly on Wilseu and Gordeu, westerly on a High way, northerly on Mr. Barrett and on highway, and Easterly on a highway and on Stimp- son land, the other tract of forty-five acres Layeth at White ball, and is bounded soutlierly on Common land, westerly on Common land, north- erly on John Kelly land, and Easterly on Common land, as may more appear by the plans annext. " To Have and To Hold the above-mentioned demised Premises with the appurtenances, unto the said Selectmen, and their Succ»;9Sor8, for the use aforesaid, for and during, and unto the full Era and Term of Nine hundred and ninety-nine years from the twenty-fifth day of March as above said, thence next ensuing and fully to be complcat and ended : Yielding and paying therefor yearly and every year during the said Term hereby demised unto the Treasurer of the said Trustf-ea fi)r the time being or bis assigns the Yearly Rent of one pepper corn If demanded, next coming. And if it shall happen that the yearly Kent or Rfiits herein before Reserved, or any of them or any part thereof, shall be behind or unpaid, in part or in all, by the space of Thirty days next aflerany of the said days or Times on which the said ought to be paid as aforesaid, That then and from thenceforth it shall and may be lawful unto and for the Trustees or Treasurer there or his Successors and As- signs into the Demised premises and every or any part thereof with the appurtenances, to enter and diKtraio for the same: And the Distress or Distresses there found to take, lead, drive and carry away and the same to detain, impound and keep until the said yearly Rent and Rents in manner and form, as aforesaid Reserved, and the arrearages thereof, if any such shall be, shall be unto the said Trnsteea or Treasurer, or to their or his successors and assigns fully satisfied, contented and paid: And if it shall happen, that the said yearly Rent or Rents herein before Reserved shall be behind and unpaid in part or in all. and no dis- tress made and taken as aforesaid during the thirty days above-men- tioned, by the space of thirty days next after the expiration of the thirty days on which the same ought to have been paid, or a distress might have been made ; That then and from thenceforth, It shalland may be lawful to and for the said Trustees or Treasurer, their and his successors and assigns into and upon the said Demised Premises and every part thereof with the appurtenances wholly, to re-enter and the same to have again, retain, repossess and enjoy in their former estate and title, anything in these Presents contained to the contrary in any wise uot- withstaiiiiing. And the said Selectmen, for themselves and theirsuc- cessors, and every of them, doth covenant, Grant and Agree to and with the said William Shirley, Jonathan Belcher, Wm. Dummer, Spen- cer Phips, Paul Dudley, Edward Hatcbinson, Joeiah Willard, Jacob Wendell, Esqr., Joseph Sewell, Edward Holyoke, Nehemiah Walter, Nathaniel Appleton, Samuel Sewell, Andrew Oliver, Thomas Hutchin- son and Edward Bromfield, Trustees, as aforesaid, their successors and assigns, and every of them by these presents in manner and forio fol- lowing. That is to say. That the said Selectmen, or some of them, shall yearly and every year and from Time to Time during the said Term hereby Demised well and truly content, satisfy, pay or cause to be paid unto the said Trustees or Treasurer, and their or his successors or assigns the said yearly Rent or Rents herein before Reserved, and on the several Days or Times herein before appointed for the payment thereof, and in the same manner and form as the same shall grow due and payable, ac- cording to the true Intent and meaning of these Presents. And at the Expiration of the said Term or other Determination thereof, shall and will surrender and deliver up unto the snid Trustees or Treasurer, their and his Successors, the same premises iu like goodand Teuantahle Repair peaceably, quietly and willingly ; and tiiat he and they shall from time to time and at all times during the said Term pay all Kates and Taxes to Church and Common W^ealth that shall be set and imposed, according to Law, upon him and them and the Premises. And the said Trustees, for themselves and successors, do Covenant, Promise and Agree to and with the said Selectmen and their successors, in manner and form fol- lowing, That ia to say. That they faithfully performing and fulfilling all and singular the Covenants, Agreements and Payments above Ex- pressed, may and shall peaceably have, hold, possess and enjoy all the above Demised Premises, for, and during the Term aforesaid, without Let, Trouble, Eviction i>r Disturbance from them the said Trnste. k Thomas Hvtchinson. Thomas Bromfielh, J Epward BaoMFiELn." [SEAL.] " Memorandum — "Whereas the within named Trustees at their Meeting November lii, 1720, have agreed and voted that the Residue and remainder of the Lands over and above Twelve Thousand five hundred Acres within the Township of Hojtkinston belonging to the said Trustees either by pur- chase or the General Courts Grant (the Cedar Swamps in the Part of the Township granted by the General Court excepted), shall he and remain a C-ommon to and among the Tenements. Ac, Each Tenement to have Right and Privilege in the said Commons according to the quantity of Land specified in his Lease and during his term : That notwithstanding the Exception and Reservation of the Cedar Swamps as aforewiid all and singular the Tenants that shall take and sign Leases within three yeai>4, from the 25th of March last past, &c., shall be allowed the Benefit of cut- ting both Cedar and Pine in the said Swamps for covering. Flooring and finishing the Houses and Barns which they shall erect and maintain on- the Premises ; hut they are prohibited cutting and carrying off any Timber out of the said swamps for sale and if any presume so to do, such shall be impeachable of waste, &c., as in and by the third, fourth and fifth votes past at the said meeting, more amply and plainly may appear, reference thereunto being bad : Wherefore now, pursuant to the Direc- tion and Power given unto us the Committee Subscribers unto this pres- ent Endorsement for ourselves and the within named Leeeers and on r and their Subscribers, We do Covenant and Grant to and with the within named Lessee, viz., His Executors, Administrators and Assigns to have and to hold a right and privilege in the said Conunon according to the Quantity of land, specified in the within written Lease for and dtir- ing his Term. And further that the said Lessee and his Executors, Ad- ministrators and Assigns, shall, and may lawfully from time to time, have the "tienefit of cutting both Cedar and Pine, in the Swamps afore- said, for the covering, llooring and finishing the Houses and Barns ho shall erect upon the Premises within written. And tiie said Lessee for himself, his Heirs, Executors. Administrators and Assigns, doth Covenant and agree to and with the Lessors and their Successors not to ciit or carry off timber of any kind out of the said Swamps for sale orany mor than for the Uses aforesaid on pain and penalty of being Impeached an Prosecuted for Waste. '*In Witness Whereof the Parties have interchangably set their r Edwar hands and seals this Day of "Signed sealed and Deliv ered in presence of ua Samubl Ballaed, Tho&ias Bromfiki.d, ''Suffolk, SS., Boston, Octo. 17, 17ftl. " Edward Hutchinson, Thomas Hutchinson, E field acknowledged the above Instrument by the free act and deed. " Before me John Faterw Domii Edward Hutchinson [Seal Thomas Hutchinson [Seal BROMFiKLn [Seal '. and Edward Broii !Xocuted to bo the; F.R, Jus. Peace.' In closing the history of Hopkinton, there is much, if space would allow, that could be added. The schools of the town are in good condition and in the 804 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. hands of a competent superintendent, and a commit- tee devoted to their interest. The town report for 1890 shows the followings statistics: number of schools of all grades, 23; number of pupils enrolled, 789; support of schools and incidentals, fl2,693.1fi ; Highways, $,3000 ; street-lights, $250 ; support of the poor, .ffiOOO; incidentals, .$1200; town officers, $15«6 ; interest on town debt, $10,150 ; Memorial Day, $100. The town has water- works which furnishes a liberal supply of good water. BIOGRAPHICAL. HON. LEE CLAFLIN. Hon. Lee Clafiin'', (Ebenezer^ Ebenezer'), born in Hopkinton, November 19, 1791, married Sarah Adams, daughter of Elisha and Sarah (Watkins) Adams, December 19, 1815, certificate of the Rev. Isaac Bowney. Engaged in the tanning biisine.« in Milford as early as 1813 ; added the boot and shoe business about 1821. He rose from an humble be- ginning and many judicious steps to wealth and distinction. He represented the town in the Legis- lature in 1834. In 1839 or '40 he returned to Hop- kinton, where he attained many honorable positions ; having been a member of the State Senate in 1859, while a resident of that town. He was very early a prominent member of the Liberty Party, and was always active in the anti-slavery cause. He was in.struraental in establishing three banks, of which he was the first president, the Milford, the Hopkin- ton, and the Hide and Leather, of Boston. He was greatly interested in all educational matters, being one of the three designated founders of Boston Univer- sity. After South Carolina surrendered to the Fed- eral arms, he took an active part in the purchase of the abandoned seminary at Orangeburg, which finally became Olaflin University, which was named for him. While an apprentice to Mr. Warren in Framing- ham he joined the Methodist Church of which he was a devoted and steadfast supporter all his life, lie made many donations to the churches and liter- ary institutions of that denomination, and frequent benefactions of a more general nature to the commu- nity. He was a man of great mental vigor as well as physical strength, which lasted to the end of his life. He died from the effects of an accident, Feb. 23, 1871. By his first wife he had three sons, William, Charles Lee, who died in infancy, and Wilbur Fisk, who resided in Hopkinton until his death, August 31, 1885— she died April (Jth, 1834. Mr. Claflin married March 8th, 1830, Polly Jones Harding, who survived him several yea*s. SAJIUKL AND AlUlAJr CROOKS. The ancestors of Samuel and Abram Crooks were Scotch Presbyterians who, as runs the record, were originally dwellers in Argyleshire, in the west of Scotland. They went from thereto Antrim and Lon- donderry, in the North of Ireland, as early as 1618. .Just one hundred years later than this date, a colony of 120 families, among whom were the Crooks, emigrated to America, a portion of them landing in Portland, Maine, while the remainder came to Boston. Quite a large number of these colonists went northward and became the original settlers of Londonderry, Derry, Derryfield and other of the pioneer towns in New Hampshire, while another portion consisting of eigh- teen families journeyed westward and settled upon the high-lands of Hopkinton, in the winter of 1719. Among these sturdy settlers was Samuel Crooks, from whom, in the fifth generation, the subjects of this sketch are descended. First, Samuel ; second, John; third, Abraham: fourth Samuel, who was the father of Samuel and Abraham, whose portraits accompany this sketch. Their father, Samuel, was born in Hopkinton, August 22, 1792, and in March, 1818, married Eme- line, daughter of Jonathan and Hannah (Thayer, Stearns, to whom were born three sons, John, Samuel and Abram. Their father was a farmer and became one of the leading spirits in the town. For many years he was superintendent of the Town Farm) and was a useful and valued citizen, who died in October, 1873, universally respected. Coming now to the fifth generation, we find the eldest John born. May 29, 1819; Samtjel, the second, who was born in Hopkinton, December 17, 1821, and Abram, the youngest of the family, also born in Hoi)kint(in, March 29, 1826. Samuel and Abram having been so intimately connected, and so closely identified with each other in all business matters, it is thought bet- ter to make the record of their lives a joint one, rather than to give them in separate sketches. The childhood days of these boys were spent on the farm, and their experiences doubtless were similar to those of the average New England farmer's boys. Their educational advantages were such as were commonly afforded by the District School, which was situated about a half mile from their home. Leaving school they were fully occupied with the ordinary farm duties, until at about the age of fifteen, they com- menced in what has since proved to be their life- work, and which has, from very small beginnings, so wonderfully developed, that at this writing Ihey stand Ihird only in the output of their manufacture of all the boot and shoe manufactories of this Commoiiweallli. They began by bottoming boots and shoes at the village of Woodville, in the western part of the town of Hopkinton. Here they gradually acquired a knowledge of the full details of this business as then prosecuted, and in 1849, commenced ;i8 boot and shoe manufacturers in the building then known as the Joseidi Walker shop, which they rented from a man who had befriended them in the early part of their career as manufacturers. Hon. Lee Claflin, the father of Ex-Gov. — William Claflin, of Ncwtonvillc, Mass. / i 'fJn ) I /zyyin^ /-. HOPKINTON. 805 Here they remained steadily increasing their business until 1853, when they removed to Grove Street and carried on a thriving business in " the old meeting- house" which after disuse for purposes of religious worship was fitted up for a manufactory. Here they continued until 1860, when for the purpose of secur- ing more extensive and better facilities for conduct ing their large business, they removed to the " Daven- port Block" on Main Street, in Hopkinton, where they have since remained. The premises now occupied by them cover an area of about two acres, and the main shop is an imposing building of five stories, and is supplied with the latest appliances and machinery, all of which is driven by an engine of 100 horse-power. In this shop are employed about 500 operatives, who are furnished by this firm with steady and remunerative employment, and the result of their busy and skilled handiwork is shown in the daily completion on an average of over three thousand pairs of boots and shoes which go into nearly all parts of the world through the agency of the celebra- ted house of William Claflin, Coburn & Co., of Bos- ton, who handle all of this immense output. The style of the firm -as it has existed for nearly forty years is S. & A. Crooks & Co. Samuel Crooks has been identified with the Orthodox Church since 18-12, and has taken an active part in its welfare, and contributed largely to its support. While declining to take any active part in the official line of political affairs, the Messrs. Crooks have been Republicans ever since the organization of that party. Samuel has been quite prominent in the financial affairs of the town, and for several years the vice-president and a director in the Hopkinton National Bank, and also vice-president of the Hopkinton Savings Bank, both of which are thriving institutions, and both Samuel and Abram have contributed very largely to the success and the importance of this beautiful town, and the prosperity, wealth and happiness of her citizens. November 1.3, 1844, Samuel Crooks married Sarah B., daughter of Ezekiel and Betsey (Johnson) Guy, and there have been born to them seven children — Emeline E., Charles H., Mary E., Alice M., Herman R., Jennie L. and George H., all of whom except Jennie L. are de- ceased. Jennie L. was married December 13, 1883, to G. A. Bridges, and resides in Hopkinton. Abram Crooks was married November 27, 1849, to Annie M. Guy, a sister of the wife of Samuel. From this union there have been three children — Florence I., Mary A. and Arthur R. Of these there are two living — Mary A. and Arthur R. Florence I. died May 22, 1877, aged twenty-one years. Mary A. was married in October, 1882, to Frank Thompson, and they resided in Hopkinton. Arthur R. married October, 1889, Lillian, daughter of Henry and Marietta A. (Fiske) Adams, and they reside in Hopkinton. The mother of the Messrs. Crooks died April, 1864. LOWELL BOWKER MAYBRY. The unostentatious routine of private life, although in the aggregate more important to the welfare of the community, cannot from its nature figure in the pub- lic annals. But the names of men who distinguish themselves for the possession of those qualities of character which so largely contribute to the success of private life and to the public stability, of men who have been exemplary in their personal and social re- lations, thus winning the affection, respect and confi- dence of those around them, ought not to perish. Their example is more valuable to the majority of local readers than that of illustrous heroes, statesmen and writers, and all are benefited by the delineation of those traits of character, which find scope and ex- ercise in the common walks of life. Among the indi- viduals of this class few are better entitled to be held in respectful remembrance than the subject of this sketch. His ancestors were among the early settlers of Hopkinton. His father was Dexter L. Maybry and was born April 22, 1799. He carried on at dif- ferent times in his life both farming and the boot and shoe business. He married Mary Gage Bowker, who was born Nov. 30, 1801, and they had five children, — Lowell B., Susan L., Sarah L., Samuel D., and Eliza C. Lowell B. was born Aug. 28, 1820, in Hopkinton, which has been his permanent home since that date. His childhood and youth were as uneventful as were those of the average New England boy. As the first born there would naturally come to him a degree of responsibility for the care of a younger brother and sisters, who a little later on became the sharers in childhood sports and school-day duties. Lowell at- tended the district school in the winter months and received such education as could there be obtained. Leaving school he went into the boot shop of his Uncle Lovett H. Bowker in Hayden Row to learn that business and there he remained for along period. And becoming well versed in all details of this manu- facture, he in 1854 took charge of Bowker & Phipps' large boot factory in the centre of the town, also the currying business which was connected with it, where he remained eight years. He became prominently associated with the town afl'airs, being elected a director of the Hopkinton Na- tional Bank in 1854, where he served continuously until 1876, when a further expression of confidence was shown by his being elected to the presidency, which position he still holds. He had but little taste for politics add declined nominations to various posi- tions of political trust. Being strongly opposed to slavery he very naturally affiliated with the Republi- cans, and has acted with them ever since their organ- ization. Mr. Maybry is a member of the Congrega- tional Church and contributes to its support. He is a lover of music and has for over fifty years occupied a place in the choir of that church. He has also had a hand in the organization of the various musical as- sociations of the town. 806 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Mr. Maybry has been twice married, — first, Sep- tember 22, 1847, to Sophia P. Walker, who died May 15, 1884, and second, February 27, 1889, to Mrs. Mary M. Glidden, of Claremont, N. H., who is now living. Mr. Maybry was, for many years, treasurer and collector of the town of Hopkinton, and has served ou the Board of Selectmen. He has also, for many years, had the management of the large real- estate interests of Hon. William Claflin in this town, by whom he is highly esteemed a,s trustworthy and reliable. He is also the manager of several other large estates. In matters of public policy his views are sought, and he has the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens of all i)arties. He has an intense love of the beautiful in nature, and is a successful farmer and an amateur florist. CKOJ[WELL MLFARLAND. This family was one of the colony of Scotch and Irish families that emigrated to America in 1718, and many of whom settled in the vicinity of Hopkinton. The name of the first American ancestor was Robert, and he had a son, Ebenezer, who was a soldier in the War of the Revolution. Ebenezer had a son, Law- son, who was the father of the subject of this biogra- phical notice. It seems proper here to note the fact that a brother of Ebenezer was born in Hopkinton, who became a very prominent citizen. He was Wal- ter MoFarland, a farmer, and also a skillful surveyor, in which latter capacity he laid out a large portion of Hopkinton and adjoining towns. He represented his native town in the lower branch of the Legisla- ture for twelve years, and was for one term a member of the upper branch. Cromwell, son of Lawson and Deborah (Rockwood) McFarland, was born in Hopkinton February 7, 1819, and his boyhood days were spent on his father's farm, where he assisted his parents in the duties in- cident to farm life in New England, and joined in the sports peculiar to that locality. After a few years of instruction in the Common School, where at least the average of success was achieved, Cromwell worked on the farm until, at the age of seventeen years, he concluded to try his hand at the prevailing occupa- tion of the town's-people, making boots and shoes. He followed this business until about 1840, when an opportunity ottered for him to join with William A. I'hipps, of Hopkinton (a bruther-in-law), in the busi- ness of supplying fresh meat to the families of Hop- kinton and vicinity. This was long before the days of refrigerator cars, Chicago Dressed Beef or Luncheon Beef, and this firm did all their own butchering. They at first bought fat cattle in the vicinity of Hopkinton, but as the population increased rapidly they soon were obliged to go to the Brighton Stock Yards for the supply. Mr. McFarland has continued uninterruptedly in this business from 1840 up to the present time and has met with a good measure of suc- cess. June 2, 1842, Mr. McFarland married Han- nah, daughter of Moses and Hannah (Adams) Phipps, and they had three children — Curtis, born June 10, 1844 ; Anna, born July 3, 1850, and Henry, December 17, 1852. Curtis died January 15, 1864, and Anna was married August 5, 1809, to J. Sanford Haven, of Hopkinton and they have had two children, one of whom only is living — Henry McFarland married Katie B. Adams, April 1, 1880. Cromwell McFar- land has not been a man to court notoriety, or to seek oflice, but was on the Board of Assessors of Hopkin- ton and represe nted the town in the Legislature one term, and also has been a director in Hopkinton National Bank. Mr. McFarland has ever discharged the duties of citizenship in a creditable manner. Mr McFarland, while not a member of any church, is a regular attendant of the Congregational Church, and contributes to the support of public worship there. For almost fifty years Mr. McFarland and the wife of his choice in his young manhood have journeyed on together, mutually helpful, winning material success beyond any personal need, as they stand facing the approaching sunset of their well-spent lives. WILLIAM ADAMS PHIPPS. The Phipps family are of English ancestry. For our present purpose it is not thousdit necessary to go beyond the date of the early settlement of New Eng- land. There were several of this name who were of the colony of 1718, some of whom landed at Port- land, Maine, and settled that State. The name of the first settler of whom William A. is a descendant, we are unable to determine from any available records, but it is definitely stated in an early history of Maine " that several families of this name had reared large numbers of children, one family having con- sisted oi twenty-six children." With a few such sam- ples at the present day, the census enumerator might safely be charged with inaccuracy. During the early days of the French and Indian War, William Phipps, of Maine, a brave, fearless man, organized a body of 2000 men and marched at their head to join in the assault on Quebec, but losing his way he arrived too late to be of any service, but was afterwards in several engagements and was knighted for bravery, thus be- coming Sir William Phipps. In 1762 he was made Governor of the Province of New Hampshire. Some of the Phipps family were among the early settlers of HoUiston, Mass., and Moses, the father of our subject, was born there and moved to Hopkinton about 1800, where he became a prominent citizen, representing the town of Hopkin ton in 1835, beside being for several years on the Board of Selectmen, and in 1840-41 and '42 was chairman of the Board. He carried on farming be- sides keeping a store and he was also a skilled black- smith. Moses married Hannah Adams and they had seven children — William A., Benjamin, Alpalet, John, James, Hannah and Elmira. Of these children Benjamin, John and James are deceased. The last '/^/^,-i^ MEDPORi). 807 named became a noted physician of Boston. Wil- liam Adams Phipps was born iu Hopkinton, Septem- ber 19, 1809. He spent his boyhood at home and at- tended the district school assisting in the work out of school hours. He made good progress in school and on leaving it he attended for some time a private school in Holliston, also a term in Milford, Mass., and in Thompson, Connecticut. He became a teacher and was efficient in that occupation, teaching in his native town, also in Milford. At the age of twenty-three he left teaching and became a butcher, taking with him his brother-in-law Cromwell McFarland, and they continued several years. About 1847 he commenced the manufacture of boots, in which he continued with success until 1876 when he retired from active business. Sir. Phipps was for many years on the Board of Selectmen, and represented the town in the General Court. He has been a director in the Milford National Bauk. In politics his affiliations have chiefly been with the Republican party. He has been a contributor to the support of the Congregational Church. Mr. Phipps has been twice married, first to Sarah Bowker, of Hopkinton, and they had ten children — Wm. H., Marilla F., Waldo, Vernon E., Frederick S., Anna A., Isabel D., Joseph B., Norman B., and a son who died in infancy. Of these children four only are living. The mother of these children died in October, 1870. His second marriage was with Maria S., daughter of Stephen D. and Hannah (Farrington) Willie, Decem- ber 11, 1872. She is a superior woman and in a re- fined and tender way ministers to the needs of Mr. Phipps in his declining years with uncomplaining tenderness. CHAPTER LV. MEDFORD. BV JAMES A. HERVEY. Medford, one of the oldest towns in Middlesex County, lies about five miles northwest from Boston, and joins bcmndaries on its different sides with Som- erville, .Vrlington, Winchester, Stoneham, Melrose, Maiden and Everett. The town has borne its pres- ent name from its first settlement, but all conjectures which have been made as to its origin are unsatisfac- tory. It is much to he regretted that the first twenty or thirty pages in the manuscript which contain the earliest town records are lost, the opening entry be- ing dated " the first Monday in February, in the year of our Lord, 1674." For all information touching the history of the settlement of the town, we must have recourse to contemporaneous records, to the writings of Winthrop, Dudley, Wood, Hutchinson and others, and to the registries of deeds and probate ; and much light is incidentally thrown upon the life and history of the town by the Massachusetts Colony Records and the Historical Collections of the Massachusetts His- torical Society. All ihe sources of information have been carefully gleaned by Charles Brooks, the histo- rian of the town. Medford has been especially fortunate in possess- ing such an annalist. A native of the town, with which his family had a most respectable ancestral connection, his history of the town was a labor of love, and he devoted many years of his life to the work. It is well observed by his editor, Mr. Usher, that "no complete history of Medford can he written which does not largely embody the material collected by him.'' We are indebted to Mr. Usher for the ad- ditions he has made to Brooks' text, and for his care- ful narrative of the later history of the town, bringing it up to a very recent date. The settlement of Medford, contemporaneous with that of Boston and the towns in its immediate vi- cinity, was made by a detachment from the large body of immigrants who, under the auspices of the Massachusetts Bay Company, came over from Eng- land in 1630, disembarking at Salem. The Massa- chusetts Bay Company, which wxs chartered in 1628, had for its first governor, Matthew Cradock, who, al- though he never visited New England, took an impor- tant part in the management of the affairs of the col- ony, and especially, as will be seen, in the settlement of Medford. Although Cradock seems to have resigned theofficeof governor in 1629, with a viewto the trans- ferrence of the government to New England, he was elected one of the " Assistants " of the Company, and appears to have retained the home direction of its affairs. Winthrop, the first Colonial governor, did not enter upon his office until 1631. The initiatory movements in England for the estab- lishment of the colony, as well as the manner in which the immigrants distributed themselves in forming the different settlements, have been carefully detailed by Governor Dudley in his well-known letter to the Countess of Lincoln. We give these extracts from the letter : — '* 7b ihe Rif/hl Honvrtibte, my iwy good Lady, the Lady Tirid-jet, Couitlt/i!i of Lincoln. "Madam, — Touching the plantation which we here huve begun, it fell uut thua : About the year 1627 Home frieuUa, being together in Lincolnshire, fell into discourse about New England and the planting of the gospel there; and, after some deliberation, we imparted our reasons, by letters and niesuages, to some iu London and the West Country, where it was likewise deliberately thought upon, and at length, with often negotiation, so ripened, that in the year 1628 we procured a patent from his Majesty for our planting between the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River on the south, and the Uiver of Merrimack on the north, and three miles on either side of those riv- ers and bays, as also for the government of those who did or should inhabit within that compass. And the same year we sent Mr. .Tohn Endicott, and some with him, to bpgin a plantation, aud to strengthen such as we should And there, which wo sent thither from Dorchester and some other places adjoining ; from whom, the same year, receiving hopeful news, the next year (1629) wo sent divers ships over, with about three hundred people, and some cows, goata and horses, many of which arrived salcly. " These, by their too large commendations of the country and the commodities thereof, Invited us so strongly to go on, that Mr. Win- HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tlirup, of Suffolk (who was well koowu in his own country, and well approved here for hia piety, liberality, wisdom and gravity), coming in to 118, we came to euch resolution, that in April, 1B30, we set sail from Old England with four good ships. And, in May following, eiglit more followed ; two having gone before in February and March, and two more following in June and August, besides another set out by a private merchant. These seventeen ships arrived all safe in New England for the increase of the plantation here this year (1630), but made a long, a troublesome and costly voyage, being all wind- bound long in England, and hindered with contrary winds after they set sail, and so scattered with mists and tempests, that few of thorn arrived together. Our four ships which set out in April arrived here in June and July, where he found the colony in a sad and unexpected condition ; above eighty of them being dead the winter before, and many of those alive weak and sick, all the corn and bread among them all hardly sufficient to feed them a fortnight. But, bearing these things as we might, we began to consult of our place of sitting down ; for Salem, where we landed, pleased us not. " .\ud to that purpose some were sent to the Bay to search up the rivers for a convenient place, who, upon their return, reported to have found a good place upon Mialick ; but some other of us, seconding these, to approve or dislike of their judgment, we found a place liked us better, three leagues up Charles Elver, and thereupon un- shipped our goods into other vessels, and with much cost and labor brought them in July to Cbarlestown. But there receiving advertise- ments (by some of the lute arrived ships), from London and Amster- dam, of ;some French preparations against us (many of our people brought with ns being sick of fevers and the scurvy, anil we thereby unable to carry up our ordnance and baggage so far), we were forced to change counsel, and for our present shelter to plant dispersedly, — some at Cbarlestown, which standetb on the north side of the mouth of Charles Kiver ; some on the south side thereof, which place we named Boslon (aa we intended to have done the place we first resolved on) ; some of us upon MUtich, which we named Meadford; some of ns westward on Charles River, four mile from Cbarlestown, which place we named Walertowu ; others of us two miles from Boston, in a place we called Roxbury ; others upon the River Saugus, between Salem and Cbarlestown ; and the Western-men four miles south from Boston, in a place we named Dorcliester. They who had health to labor fell to building, wherein many were interrupted with sickness, and many died weekly, yea, almost daily. " After uiy brief manner I say this : that, if any come hither to plant for worldly ends that can live well at home, he commits an error ol which he will soon repent him ; but if for spiritual, and that no par- ticular obstacle hinder his removal, he may find here what may well content him, viz., materials to build, fuel to burn, ground to plant, seas and rivers to fish in, a pure air to breathe in, good water to drink till wine or beer can be made ; which, together with the cows, hogs and goats brought hither already, may suffice for food ; as for fowl and venison, they are dainties here, as well as in England. For clothes and bedding, they must bring them with them, till time and industry produce them here. In a word, we yet enjoy little to be envied, but endure much to be pitied in the sickness and mortality of our people. If any godly man, out of religious ends, will come over to help us in the good work we are about, I think they cannot dispose of themselves, nor of their estates, more to God's glory and the furtherance of their own reckoning ; but they must not be of the poorer sort yet, for divers years. I am now, this 28th March, 1631, sealing my letteiB. " Yotir Honor'sold thankful servant, " Thomas DtiOLEV." In the Charlestowu records, 1664, John Green, in giving a history of the first-comers, says : "Amongst others that arrived at Salem, at their own cost, were Ralph Sprague, with his brethren, Richard and William, who, with three or four more, by joint cousont, and approbation of Mr. John Endicott, Governor, did, the same summer of anuo (1628) (29), under- take a journey from Salem, and traveled the woods above twelve miles to the westward, and lighted of a place situate and lying on the north aide of Charles River, full of Indians, called Aberginians. Their old sachem being dead, his oldest son, by the Kuglish called John Saga- more, was their chief, and a man naturally of a gentle and good dispo- sition. . . . They fouud It wa« a neck of land, generally full of stately timber, a« was the main and the land lying on the east side of the river, called Mystick Biver, from the farm Mr. Cradock's servants had planted, called Mystick, which this river led up unto ; and, in- deed, generally all the country round about was an uncoutti wilder- ness, full of timber." These seem to have been the first Europeans who visited the site of the present town of Medibrd. Of the " fonr ships" mentioned by Dudley as sail- ing from England iu April, 1G30, two belonged to Cradock, and one of the others, the " Arbella," brought over Wiuthrop. Oradock was a merchant and a man of wealth, and the lading of his vessels was largely a private venture. The emigrants sent over by liiiu were men selected for their fitness to engage in the business of the fisheries and shipbuild- ing, ill which he proposed to embark, and among them were " coopers and cleavers of timber.'' Al- though the company declared in 1629 that " the pro- pagation of the gospel is the thing we do profess above all to be our aim in the settling of this planta- tion," there can be no question that they expected to make the enterprise self-supporting, and even profit- able, and from the very start they took the proper steps to attain that end. Governor Wiuthrop iu his journal says : "Thurs- day, 17th of June, 1630 : We went to Massachusetts to find out a place for our sitting down. We went up 'Mystic River' about six miles." This, so far as we know, was the first exploration of the river. Wiu- throp at once established himself on a tract of land on the south side of the Mystic, where he built a house. To this estate he gave the name of the " Ten Hills Farm," which it has ever since retained. The name of " Mystic Fields," or " Mystic," was applied to the lands on the south side of the river, stretching from Charlestowu Neck to the ponds at the head of the stream, and including the Wiuthrop farm. The name " Mystic " was sometimes extended to Medford itself. A grant of six hundred acres of land was made by the " Court of A.ssistants " to Wiuthrop, in 1631, " to be set forth by metes and bounds, near his house in Mistic, to enjoy to him and his heirs forever." Mr. Winthrop appears to have been much pleased with his new possessions, for writing to his son he says : " Here is as good land as I have ever seen there [in England], though none so bad as there," and in a letter to his wife, written November 29, 1630, we find these words: "My dear wife, we are here in a para- dise." It was about the time when Winthrop established himself at the Ten Hills Farm, in the summer of 1630, that Cradock's people made their settlement at Medford. It was probably under Winthrop's direc- tion that the agent of Cradock fixed his headquarters on the north side of the Mystic, nearly opposite the Ten Hills Farm, and here the settlers at once ad. dressed themselves to the work which they had in hand. The existence of the plantation was authori- tatively recognized as early as September 28, 1630, when a tax of £3 was imposed on Medford for the support of military teachers; and, in November of MEDFORD. 809 the same year, another tax of £3 was laid on the settlement. From the beginning, Governor C'radock liad been an earnest and active friend of the new plantations, and had held wise and far-reaching views as to the means by which their prosperity could be secured. Some of his letters are extant, and furnish abundant proof of his enthusiastic devotion to the enterprise, at the same time giving us very favorable impressions of the character of the man. Writing to Endicott, in February, 1628, he says : ** We are very coutideut of your beat eodeiivors for the general good ; and we doubt not but Qod will in mercy give a blessing upon our lal>ors ; and we trust you will not be unmindful of the main end of our planta. tiou, by endeavoring to bring the Indians to the knowledge of the gos- pel, which that it may be speedier and better effected, the earnest desire of our whole company is, that you have diligent and watchful eye over jurown people; that they live unblamable and without reproof, and demean themselves justly and courteous towards the Indians, thereby to draw them to aflfect our persons, and consequentiy our religion ; as also to endeavor to get some of their children to train up to reading, and consequently to religion, while they are young ; herein, to young or old, to omit no good opportunity that may tend to bring them out of that woful state and condition they now ai'e in ; in which caae our predeces- Bors in this our land sometimes were, and, but for the mercy and good- ueae of our good God, might have continued to this day ; but God, who out of the boundless ocean of his mercy bath showed pity and compas- sion to our land, he is all sufticient and can bring this to pass which we now desire in that country likewise. Only let us not be wanting on our parts, now wo are called to this work of the Lord ; neither, having put our hands to the plough, let us look back, but go on cheerfully, and de- pend upon God for a blessing upon our labors, who, by weak instruments, is able (if he see it good) to bring glorious things to pass. " Be of good courage, go on, and do worthily, and the Lord prosper your endeavor. " And now, minding to conclude this, I may not omit to put you in mind, however you seem to fear no enemies there, yet that you have a watchful eye for your own safety, and the safety of all those of our nation with you, and not to be too contident of the fidelity of the savages. It is an old proverb, yet as true, the burnt child dreada the fire. Our coun- trymen have suffered by their too much confidence iu Virginia. Let us by their harms learn to beware ; and as we are commanded to be inno- cent as doves, BO withal we are enjoined to be wise as serpents. The God of heaven and earth preserve and keep you from all foreign and inland enemies, and bless and prosper this plantation to the enlargement of the kingdom of Jesus Christ, to whose merciful protection I commend you and all your associates there, known or unknown. And so, till my ne.\t, which shall he (God willing) by our ships, who 1 make account will be ready to set sail from hence about the 20th of this next month of March, I end, and rest." Another of his letters, written in April, It!29, speaks well for his notions of equity in dealing with the In- dians: " Above all, we pray you be careful there be none in our precincts permitted to do any injury (in the least kind) to the heathen people; and if any offend in that way, let them receive due correction. If any of the savages pretend right of inheritance to all or any part of the lands granted in our patent, we pray you endeavor to purchase their title, that we may avoid the least scruple of intrusion." The importance of the service which Governor Cradock rendered to the infant plantations is recog- nized in the" First Letterof the Governor and Deputy of the New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts Bay, to the Governor and Council for Loudon's Plantation in the Massachusetts Bay, in New England," written in April, 1629. From this we quote as follows : '* We pray you give all good accommodation to our present governor, Mr. Mathew Cradock, who, with some particular brethren of the com- pany, have deeply engaged themselves in their private adventures in these ships, and those to come ; and as wo hold these men, that thus deeply adventure in their private, to be (under God) special instruments for the advancing and strengthening of the plantation, which is done by them without any charge to the company's general stock, wherein, not- withstanding, they are as deep or deeper engaged than any other. "We have sent six shipwrights, of whom Robert Moulton is chief. These men's entertainment is very chargeable to us ; and by agreement it is to be borne two.thirds at the charge of the general company, and the other one-third is to be borne by Mr. Cradock, our Governor, and his associates interested in the private stock. We hope you will be care- ful to see theui so employed as may countervail the charge, desiring you to agree with Mr. Sharp that their labor may be employed two-thirds for the general company, and one-third for Mr. Cradock and his associates, praying you to accommodate said Mr. Cradock's people in all fitting manner, as he doth well deserve. " Our Governor, Mr. Cradock, hath entertained [paid the expenses of] two gardeners, one of which he is conteut the company shall have use of, if need be." It is probable that Mr. Cradock's people at once engaged in the fisheries, building, farming, and in such other employments as furthered the interests for which the settlement was established. Their patron kept a watchful eye over their welfiire. In the first year of their settlement he provided a man, Richard Waterman, "whose chief employment," he writes, " will be to get you good venison." Cradock's opera- tions were not confined to Medford. He had an establishment also at Marblehead, where he employed " Mr. Allerton and many fishermen." As early as 1632, his agent, Mr. Davison, built a vessel of one hundred tons on the Mystic ; and the next year, one of two hundred tons. Davison, in 1638, under the authority of the General Court, built the first bridge over the Mystic River, a short distance from the site of the present substantial stone structure known as the Cradock Bridge. The General Court, March 4, 1634, made a grant of land to Cradock as follows: "All the ground, as well upland as meadow, lying and being betwixt the land of Mr. Nowell and Mr. Wilson on the east, and the partition betwixt Mistick bounds on the west, bounded with Mistick River on the south, and the rocks on the north." In 1635 the court ordered that " the land formerly granted to Mr. Cradock, merchant, shall extend one mile into the country from the river-side in all places." These grants of land covered almost the whole of the north side of the valley of the Mystic within the present boundaries of Medford, and comprised about two thousand acres. This included all the territory of Medford in the earliest stage of its history. Wood, in his description of the Bay Settlements, written in 1634, thus speaks of Medford : " Towards the northwest of this bay is a great creek, upon whose shore is situated the village of Medford, a very fertile and i)leasant place, and fit for more inhabitants than are yet in it." And further oc, he says : 810 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ■ "The next town is Mistick, which is three miles from Charlestown by land, and a league and a half by water. It is seated by the water's side very pleas- antly ; there are not many houses as yet. At the head of this river are great and spacious ponds, whither the alewives press to spawn. This being a noted place for that kind offish, the English resort hither to take them. On the west side of this river the Governor has a farm, where he keeps most of his cattle. On the east side is Mr. Craddock's plantation, where he has impaled a park where he keeps his cattle till he can store it with deer. Here, likewise, he is at charges of building ships. The last year one was upon the stocks of a hundred tons ; that being finished, they are to build one twice her burden. Ships, with- out either ballast or loading, may float down the river, otherwise the oyster bank would hinder them which crosseth the chaunel." While Mr. Cradock must in justice be considered as the founder of the town of Medford, it is doubtful whether his connection with the settlement enured to its ultimate advantage. His monopoly of the land kept out small proprietors, thus restricting the settle- ment of a permanent population, and after his death, which occured in 1644, the settlement lost whatever benefit it had received from his patrona ge. Mr. Sav- age, in his edition of Winthrop's Journal, says : " of so (loiiriahing .a town as Medford, the settlement of which had been made aa early as that of any other, except Cbariestown, in the bay, it is remarliable that the early history is very meagre. From several statements of its proportion of the public charges in the colony rates, it must be concluded that it was, within the first eight years, superior in wealth, at different times, to Newbury, Ipswich, Hingham and Wey- mouth, all ancient towns, , , . Yet the number of people was certainly small ; and the weight of the tax was probably borne by the property of Gov. Cradock, there invested for fishing and other purposes. When that establishment was withdrawn, the town languished many years." With our present scanty information, we can only conjecture that the population of the infant settle- ment consisted in a very large part of Mr. Cradock's dependants and tenants, and so remained for some years after his death. In 16.52 the heirs of Cradock quitclaimed to Edward Collins " all :hat messuage, farm or plantation, called Medford, in New England," by them owned. In 1656, Collins sold 1600 acres of the land, together with the mansion and buildings to Richard Russell of Charlestown. Five years after, Russell sold the " mansion-house " with 1200 acres of land to Jonathan Wade. After the death of Russell, his heirs sold 350 acres to Peter Tufts. These successive sales ot large portions of the Cra- dock estate indicate little more than a change of proprietorship, and show that the taste for land speculation is not a thing of rescent origin. It was not till after the middle of the seventeenth century that the lands of Medford were sold in smaller parcels and the town began to enter upon a natural and healthy growth. According to Brooks, the following Medford names are found in the list of freemen, between 1630 and 1646: John Collins, Jonathan Porter, Richard Bishop, Thomas Brooke, John Waite, William Manning, John Hall, Richard Francis, William Blanchard, Henry Simonds, Zachery Fitch, Richard Wade, Richard Bugbe, John Watson, Abraham Newell, Henry Brooke, Gamaliel Wayte, Hezekiah Usher, Thomas Bradbury, Richard Swan, John Howe, Edmund An- gler, Thomas Oakes, Hugh Pritchard. In the county records we find the following names of men represented as at Medford : George Felt 1633 .Tames Noyes 1634 Richard Berry 1636 Thomas Mayhew 1636 Benjamin Crisp 1636 James Garrett 1637 John Smith 1638 Richard Cooke 1640 Josiah Dawstiu 1641 Dix 1641 Ri. Dexter 1044 William Sargent 1648 Jame.s Goodnow 1050 John Martin 1650 Edward Convere 1650 Goulden Moore 1654 Robert Burden 1655 Richard Russell 1656 Thus. Shephard 1657 Thoa. Danfortli 1658 Thomas Greene 1059 James Pemberton ..... 1059 Joseph Hills 1662 . The following persons owned land in Medford be- fore 1680: Jonathan Wade 1008 Edward Collins \6m John Call 166a Daniel Deano 1669 Samuel Hayward 1670 Caleb Brooks 1672 Daniel Markham 1675 John Whitmore 1678 John Greenland 1678 Daniel Woodward 1679 Isaac Fox 1679 Stephen Willis . : 1680 Thomas Willis 1680 John Hall 1080 Gershom Swan 1684 Joseph Angler 1684 John Bradshaw 1685 Stephen Francis 1685 Peter Tufts 1686 Jonathan Tufts 1690 John Tufts 1690 Simon Bradstreet 1695 William Dady. Rob. Broad ick. Mrs. Anne Higgiuson. Caleb Hobart. John Palmer. Nicholas Davidson. Increase Nowell. Zachary Symnies. John Betts. Jotham Gibons. Richard Stilmau. Mrs. Mary Eliot. The town had, in 1707, 46 ratable polls, indicating a population of about 230. The depressed condition of Medford in the first half century of its existence is plainly enough shown by the small proportion of the tax imposed upon the town under the general levy. It should be remem- bered, however, that the grants of land, some of them lying in Medford, made by the Genera! Court to Rev. Mr. Wilson, Matthew Cradock, and Mr. J. Newell, were exempted from taxation. In the records of the General Court, April 4, 1641, we find the following curious piece of legislation : " It is ordered that all farms that are within the bounds of any town shall be of the town in which they lye, except Meadford." Of course the income of the town was reduced by the amount ot such exemption. In a general levy of £600, in 1634, Medford paid £26 ; Charlestown, ,£45. In 1635, Medford paid ,£10, and Charlestown, £16. Win- throp tells us : "Of a tax of £1,500, levied by the General Court in 1637, the proportion paid by Medford was £52.10«. ; by Boston, 233.10s.; Ipswich, £180; Salem, £170.10s. ; Dorchester, £140 ; Charlestown, £138 ; Roxbury, MEDFORD. 811 £116; Watertown, £110; Newton, £106; Lynn, £105." In 1645, the levy upon the towns of the Province was £616. 15«. ; and Medford's share was £7. Following Brooks, we find that in 1657, Medford was taxed as one of the towns of the county of Mid- dlesex, in a county levy, £3. 6.s. IW. ; in 1658, £3. 38. Id.; in 1663, £4. 4s. 6d.; in 1670, £4. 12s.; in 1674, £4. 3s. lOrf. ; in 1676, £4. Is. lOd. During these years Cambridge was paying £40 ; Woburn, £25 ; Maiden, £16 ; and Charlestown, £60. A county-tax of £1. 13s., 9rf., levied on Medford, January 17, 1684, was paid by the inhabitants as follows : t ). a. t s. d. Capt. Juuatbaii Wade ..064 John Bradslior , . Capt. Nathaniel Wade 4 3 Jonathan Tufts . . John Hall 3 S Daniel Woodward Caleb Brooks 111 Andrew Mitchell . Thomas Willis U :i 7 Roger Scott . . . Stepben Willis U 1 10 Edward Walker . Peter Tufts, Jr 3 4 Jacob Chamberlaio Stepben Francis . . . . u 1 10 Joseph Baker . . . John Whitmore .... 1 7 Gershom Swan 15 £1 15 8 Isaac Fox 11 The excess raised in this tax, over the sum re- quired, was to pay the collector. "The first session of the General Court, under the second charter, began June 8, 1692 ; and they voted that 10s. a poll, and one quarter part of the annual income on all real and personal estate in the Prov- ince, be assessed. These taxes, assessed upon the Province by the House of Representatives from 1692 to 1702, averaged £11,000 per annum. Of this sum, Medford paid, in 1692, £32. 18s. ; in 1696, £42; in 1698, £20; in 1702, £19. Is.; while Maiden paid, in the same years, £121, £90, £45, and £48. Woburn paid £181, £144, £75, and £85. Cambridge paid £214, £189, £102, and £102. " To show a town-tax at this period, and also the names most frequently occurring in the town's records, we here insert ' a rate made bj' the .selectmen. May 16, 1701, for defraying town-charges ; namely, for the deputy, and the laying-in of ammunition, and for fetching and carrying Mr. Woodbridge, and the entertaining of him.' Maj. Nathaniel Wade . John Whitiuore . . . Stephen Hall, Jr. . . Elii ■ We 7 5 5 8 John Bradstreet .... u 7 6 John Man 10 Lieut. Peter Tufts ... 1 5 10 Ens. Stephen Francis . . 16 8 Serg. John Bradsbaw .-Oil 6 Mr. Thomas Willis ... 17 C Nathaniel Hall 5 4 John Francis n l-^ 6 .John Hall, Jr 8 6 Jonathan Tufts 19 10 Stephen Willis, Jr. ... 6 8 Stephen Hall, Sr 6 6 Serg Stepben Willis ..114 Ebenezer Brooks .... 17 8 Samuel Brooks lU 10 Mr. Richard Rookes . . Mrs. Elizabeth Wade . . ; Parcill Hall George Blanchard ... Jacob Shepherd .... Nathaniel Pierce .... James Tufts Timothy Prout Mr. Thomas Swan ... John Tufts Mr. Joseph Prout .... Francis Whitmore ... Benjamin Marble .... James Wright William Merroe .... Thomas Miler Mathew Miler William Walden .... Thomas Clark • Peter Seccomb Eben. Brooks hie Benjamin P»irce Samuel Stone William Paten 2 Mr. Jonathan Duiister . 1 S Mr. John Hall . ... 1 1 10 As we follow down these records of assessments, we find a gradual increase in the number of tax-pay- ers. The tax-list, in 1730 — one hundred years after the town's settlement — includes 98 names ; and, in 1798, we learn that there were 146 " occupiers of houses " who were taxed for more than $100 of property. We have tolerably good proof that Medford had in 1754, its share of men of substance, and could in that respect compare not unfavorably with the neighboring towns. In that year the General Court laid a tax on coaches, chariots, chaises, calashes, and riding-chairs. Medford had i chariot, 7 chaises, and 31 chairs . Cambridge, at the same date, had 9 chaises and 36 chairs ; Woburn, 2 chaises and 9 chairs ; Maiden, 2 chaises and 20 chairs. In its possession of a " chariot," Medford shows to advantage in this record. The vehicle was probably owned by Col. Isaac Royall. The Indians seem to have played an unimportant part in the early history of Medford. Nanepashemit, the sachem of the Pawtuckets, is said to have taken up his residence on the Mystic near the close of his life, and was killed and buried therein 1619. He left three sons, of whom Sagamore John was the chief of that portion of the tribe which resided on the Mystic. Governor Dudley, writing in 1631, says: "Upon the River Mystic is situated Sagamore John ; and upon the River Saugus, Sagamore James, his brother. Both these brothers command not above thirty or forty men, for aught I can learn." Rev. Francis Higginson, in 1629, says of the Sagamores: "Their subjects, above twelve years since, were swept away by a great and grievous plague that was amongst them, so that there are very few left to inhabit the country. . . . The greatest Sagamores about us can- not make above three hundred men, and other less Sagamores have not above fifteen subjects, and others near about ua but two." Governor Winthrop states that, in 1633, Sagamores John and James, and most of their people died of the small-pox. Sagamore John was extremely friendly to the whites, and is thus kindly noticed in " New England's First Fruits :" "Sagamore John, Prince of Massaquesers, was from our very first landing more courteous, ingenuous, and, to the Euglish, more loving, than others of them. He desired to learn and speak our language, and loved to imitate us in our behavior and apparel, and began to hearken after our God and bis ways, and would much commend Englishmen aud their God, saying, ' Much good men, much good God ; ' and being convinced that our condition and ways were better far than theirs, did resolve and promise to leave the Indians, aud come live with us, but yet, kept down by the fears and scofl's of the ludiaus, had not power to make good his purpose ; yet went on, not without some trouble of mind and secret plucks of conscience, as the seijuel declares ; for, being struck with death, fearfully cried out of himself that be had not come to live with us to have known our God better. ' But now,' said be, ' I must die. The God of the English is much angry with me, and will destroy me. Ah ! 1 was afraid of the scoffs of the wicked Indians. Yet my child shall live with the English, and learn to know their Gud, when I 812 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. am dead. I will give him to Mr. Wilson : he is much good mao, and nmch love rae.' So he sent for Mr. Wilson to come to bim, and com- mitted his only child to his care, and so died.*' After the death of Nanepashemit, his wife, or Squa- Sachem, as she was called, succeeded to his authority. She married Webcowit, the medicine-man of the tribe, and, in 1039, she deeded to Charlestown a tract of land bordering on Medford, in terms as follows : " The 16th of the 2d mo., 1039 ; Wee, Web-Cowet, and Squa Sacliem do sell vinto the inhabitants of the towne of Charlestowne all the land within the lino granted them by the Court (excepting the farmes and the ground on the west of the two great ponds, called Mislicke P'^nds), from the south side of Mr. Nowell's lott, ueere the upper end of the poods, unto the little runnet that commeth from Capt. Cook's mills, which the Squa reserveth to their use for her life, for the Indians to plant and hunt upon ; and the weare above the ponds they also reserve for the Indiana to fish at whiles the Squa liveth : and, after the death of Squa Sachem, she doth leave all her lands, from Mr. Mayhue's bouse to neere Salem, to the present Governor, Mr. John Winthrop, sen., Mr. Increase Noweil, Mr. John VVillson, Mr. Edward Gibbons, to dispose of, and all Indians to depart. And, for satisfaction from Charlestowne, wee acknowledge to have received, in full sattisfaction, twenty and one coates, ninten fathom of wampora, and three bushels of corn. In wit- ness whereof, wee have here unto sett o'r hands the day and year above named. " The mark of Squa Sachem, m'c. '* The mark of Web-Cowet, m." The last remnant of the tribe which once held the lands of the Mystic, is said by Brooks, to have taken up its residence in " Turkey Swamp," in the northern part of Medford. The skeletons of five Indians were exhumed, from the grounds of the late Edward Brooks in West Medford, in 18(32, and many evidences of their former occupancy of the locality have been found in tools and weapons of stone. Medford had a very contracted territory up to the middle of the last century, and embraced only the grants made to Mr. Cradock, in 1634 and '35 ; the lands granted to Wilson and Newell, 400 acres in extent, intervened between the eastern boundary of the town and Maiden River. On the north, its line fallowed the range of hills then called the " Rocks," parallel to, and one mile from the river. The Mystic Ponds formed the western boundary, and on the south, the town rested on the Mystic. The area of the town was about 2000 acres. Until 1640, Med- ford was surrounded by Charlestown, which then embraced the present territory of Maiden, Stoneham, Woburn, Burlington, Somerville and a part of the three towns of Cambridge, Arlington and Medford. The General Court ordered, Oct. 7, 1640, that "Mr. Tynge, Mr. Samuel Sheephard, and Goodman Edward Converse, are to set out the bounds between Charlestown and Mr. Cradock's farm on the north side of Mistick River." In 1687, the town appointed three gentlemen, who, in conjunction with three appointed by Charlestown, were directed to fix the boundaries between the two towns. The committee reported as follows : "We have settled and marked both stakes and lota as followetb : From the creek in the salt-marsh by a ditch below Wilson's farm and Medford farm to a stake and heap of stones out of the swamp, then turn- ing to a savin-tree and to three stakes more to heaps of stones within George Blanchard's field with two stakes more and heaps of stones standing all on the upland, and so round from stake to stake as the swamp runneth, and then straight to astake on the south side of the house of Joseph Blanchard's half, turning then to another oak, an old marked tree, theuce to a maple-tree, old marks, thence unto two young maples, new marked, aud thence to three stakes to a creek-bead, tbence straight to the corner line on the south side of the country road leading to [Maiden]." Chafing within their narrow limits, the inhabitants of Medford made repeated efforts for the extension of their boundaries. In 1714, a committee was chosen to petition Charlestown on the subject of annexing certain districts. The petitioners ask " for some part of Charlestown .adjoining to Medford, on the north side of Mystic River." The same year, haying receiv- ed, as is supposed, an adverse reply to that petition, they chose another committee to examine the Prov- ince Record.s, and see if Medford has any right to land lying in Charlestown, and, if so, to prosecute the same at the town's expense. Again, in 1726, the town presented a petition to the inhabitants of Charlestown, praying that the lands on the north side of the Mystic River might be set off to Medford. This request was emphatically re- fused ; and, in 1738, another petition of the same im- port met with a like fate. In 1734, the town voted to " petition the Great and General Court for a tract of the unappropriated lands of this Province, to enable the said town of Medford the better to support the ministry and the schools in said town." The record of the action taken on this petition is as follows : " At a Great and General Court or Assembly for his Majesty's Prov- ince of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, begun and held at Boston, upon Wednesday, the 28th of May, 1736, and continued by several ad- journments to Wednesday, the 19th of November following, — "20 May, 1735 : A petition of the inhabitants of the town of Med- ford, showing that the said town is of the smallest extent of any in the Province, aud yet their town-charges extremely high, so that the main- tenance of ministry and school is very chargeable to them, and there- fore praying for a grant of some of the waste lands of the Province to be appropriated for the support of the ministry and schoolmaster in said town. " In the House of Representatives, read and ordered that the prayer lit the petition be so far granted as that the town of Medford is hereby allowed and empowered, by a surveyor and chairman on oath, to survey and lay out one tlioitsand acres of the unappropriated lands of the Prov- ince, and return a plat thereof to this Court, within twelve months, for confirmation for the uses within mentioned. " In Council, read and concurred. Dec. 29th : Consented to, " J. Bblcheb. " A true copy, examined : " Thade. Mason, ' ' Deputy Secretary. " Under this grant the town selected 1000 acres of land on the Piscataqua River. The tract was called the " Town's Farm," and was sold after a few years' possession. It was of small value. The long-felt desire of the people of Medford for an increase of territory was at length gratified. In 1753 they presented the following petition to the Pro- vincial authorities : iTo /lis Excelleucy, William Shirley, £!sg.. Captain- General and Governor- in-Chief in and over his Majesty^ e Province of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, to tlie Honorable his Majesty^s Council, and to the Honor- able H«""■"<:« "Joseph TiJFTS. [ M Medford.- "Stephen Hall, J This petition was granted April 17, 1754, and from that date the town entered upon a new and more prosperous era of its history. Under the act the boundaries of the town at the north were consider- ably extended, and its accessions on the south included all of its present territory, which lies south of the river. The area of Medford was more than doubled, and now embraced nearly six thousand acres. Since that time it has lost portions of its territory, which have at different times been set off to neighboring towns — to some of them on their formation. The present area of the town is about five thousand acres, or nearly eight square miles. The organization of the municipal government of the Colonial towns in the early times was of the sim- plest sort. The population was small, nothing like the present elaborate system of public service was known, and little was done at the public charge. Medford was very peculiarly situated. Mr. Davison, Governor C'raddock's agent, was vested with full au- thority to conduct the affairs of the plantation, and, owing to the loss of the earliest town records, we cannot tell how soon the people took the management of their concerns into their own hands. Probably it was not till after the death of Mr. Oradock, in 1644. Among the earliest existing records of the town is the following entry touching the proceedings of a town- meeting : " The first Monday of February in the year of our Lord IGVT, Goudnian .lolin Hall was chosen constable by the inhabitants of Meadford for the year ensuing. Joseph Wade, John Hall and Stephen Willis were chos- en selectnien for ordering of the affairs of the plantation for the year ensuing. John Whitmore, Daniel Woodward, Jacob Chamberlain, John Hall,jun., Edward Walker, Walter Cranston, Patrick Hay, Andrew Mitchell and Thomas Killebrown, jun., took the oath of fidelity. " Joseph Wade, Town-drrk." Mr. Brooks has i)reserved for us a coi)y of an old- time warrant for a town-meeting : "To Mr. Stephen Hall, juu.. Constable of Medford, Greeting: You are hereby required, in his Majesty's name, to warn the freeholders and other inhabitants of Medford to meet at their meeting-house, the fii-st Monday of March next ensuing the date hereof, by eight o'clock in the morning, then and there to choose a constable, selectmen, town-clerk and other town-olhcers, as the law directs. And all persons to whom the said town is indebted to bring in their accounts, and lay the same liefore the said town. And the town-treasurer for said Medford Is here- by required to give said town at said meeting a particular account of the disposing of the said town's money ; and whatsoever else may be needed, proper, and necessary to be discoursed on and determined of at said meeting. Ilei'eof you may not fail, as you will answer your de- fault at the peril of the law. "Dated in said Medford, February 1-1, 1702, in the fourteenth year of his Majesty's reign. By order of the selectmen of said Medford. " Jno. Bradstueet, Toim-cUrV A few years later we find that the departments of the public service had increased in number: 814 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. •'March 5, 1694: Caleb Brooks was chosen constable for the year ensuing. Major Nathaniel Wade, Lieut. Peter Tufts and Stephen Wil- lis were chosen eelectnien. John Bradshaw and John Hall, jun., were chosen surveyors of highways. Ensign Stephen Franris was chosen tything-man. John Hall, sen., and Lieut. Peter Tufts, were chosen Tiewers offences ; and Stephen Willie, town-clerk," Again, in 1710 : " At a town-meeting, legally convened in Medford, March 6,1710, Lieut. Stephen Willis, chosen moderator ; Peter Seccomb, chosen con stable; Ebenezer Brooks, John Hall and Samuel Wade, selectmen; John Whitmore, jun., and Thomas Dill, surveyorfi of highways; Ben- jamin Pejrce and Isaac Farwell, viewers of fences ; Ichabod Peirce and John Albree, wood-corders ; Nath. Peirce, hog constable. At said meet ing, Lieut. Thomas Willis was chosen tything-man and sealer of weights and measures. At said meeting, the selectmen were chosen asseesors for this year." Coming down to a later date we find that the de- partments of public service take a more modern com- plexion : "At a town-meeting legally convened at Medford, March 7, 1748, Mr. Andrew Hall was chosen Moderator. Dea. Benj. Willis, Capt. Samuel Brooks, Lieut. Stephen Hall, Select- Thomas Seccomb, Town-clerk. Benj. Parker, Town -treasurer. Joseph Tufts, Thos. Brooks, Edward Hall, Assessors. Stephen Willis, chosen Constable, refused to serve, and paid £10, old tenor. Francis Wbitmore, 2d Constable, hut refused to serve, and paid £10, old tenor. Samuel Reeves, 3d Constable. He refused to serve, and paid £10, old tenor. Samuel Page, hired to serve as Constable, for £25, old tenor. Jonathan Hall, Henry Fowle, Tithing-men. Stephen Bradshaw, Lieut. John Trancis, Stephen Greenleaf, Survey- ors of Highways. Samuel Brooks, jun., William Tufts, John Hall, Fence-viewers. Stephen Greenleaf, John Bishop, Ebenezer Francis, Hog-reeves. John Tufts, Jacob Polly, Thomas Brooks, Wood-corders. Jonathan Watson, Capt. Saml. Brooks, Surveyors of Boaids and Timber. Samuel Reeves, Pound-keeper. Saniuel Francis, Benjamin Tufts, Haywards, or Field-drivers. ■ Simon Bradshaw, Joseph Tufts, Deer-reeves. Dea. Thomas Hall, Sealer of Leather. Benjamin Parker, Sealer of Weights and Measures. Stephen Bradshaw, Grand juror. Andrew Hall, Esq., Capt. Samuel Brooks, Lieut. Stephen flail, jun., Zechariah Poole, Ebene/.er Brooke, a committee to manage the affair of obtaining some part of the lands now belonging to Charlestown, with the inhabitants thereon. Joseph Tufts, Lieut. Stephen Hall, jun., Thomas Brooks, a Committee to audit the Town-treasurer's accfuints for the year iwiat, 1747, and the town's account likewise. The inhabitants of Medford took a deep interest in the rights secured by the charter. In 1782 the town voted that "it was their desire that their representa- tive should act with the greatest caution, and stand for the defence of the privileges granted us by his Majesty in the royal Charter." The town maintained a thoroughly patriotic atti- tude in the stirring events which immediately pre- ceded the Revolution, and from time to time entered vigorous protest against the oppressive acts of the British Government. After the passage of the Stamp Act (Oct. 21, 1765), the inhabitants of Medford held a public meeting and gave open expression to their sense of its unconstitutionality and injustice. A remonstrance, addressed to their representative, was adopted, in which they denounce the Stamp Act as "this most grievous of all acts, wherein a complica- tion of those burdens and restraints are unhappily imposed which will undeniably deprive us of those invaluable liberties and priviliges which we, as free- born Britons, have hitherto enjoyed. . . . Therefore we seriously enjoin it upon you, as our representative, that you be no ways aiding and assisting in the exe- cution of said act." That the town was in full sympathy with the action of Boston in resisting the importation of taxed tea is proved by the following vote, passed December 31, 1772: " Voted that the thanks of the town of Medford be given to the re- spectable inhabitants of the town of Boston for their patriotic care and vigilance (manifest on several occasions) in endeavoring to preserve our civil constitution from innovation, and to maintain the same inviolate. And wedo assure them that our assistance shall not be wanting in the use of all such lawful proper measures as shall be thought expedient to be adopted for the preservation of our liberties, civil and religious." A little later they expressed their sentiments upon the same subject in a series of resolutions adopted in town-meeting. A single extract will show their spirit: *' That we will exert ourselves, and join with our American brethren, in adopting and prosecuting all legal and proper measures to discour- age and prevent the landing, storing and vending and using those teas among us ; and that whosoever shall aid or assist said India Company, their factors or servants, in either landing, storing or selling the same, does a manifest injury to his counlr.y, and deserves to be treated with severity and contempt. " That we are ready at all times, in conjunction with our American brethren, as loyal subjects, to risk our lives and fortunes in the service and defense of His Majest.v's person, crown and dignity ; and also, as a free people, in asserting and maintaining inviolate our civil and reli- gious rights and privileges against all opposerswhatever." A company of Medford men, fifty-nine in number, under the command of Capt. Isaac Hall, took part in the engagements at Concord and Lexington, and one of them, William Polly, was killed. The records of the town show that throughout the Revolution, Med- ford stood ready to make all sacrifices to bring the war to a successful conclusion, and we find frequent entries touching special taxation to meet the expenses of the war, the raising of the town's quota of men, and care for the families of the absent soldiers. Besides furnishing its full quota of men to the Con- tinental Army, Medford contributed three oflicers who rendered distinguished service to the patriot cau.se. Col. .John Brooks (afterwards Governor of Massa- chusetts) was born in Medford, May, 1752, where he early engaged in the study of medicine under Dr. Simon Tufts, and on acquiring his profession, settled at Reading. He had a natural fondness for military exercises, and held the position of major in the Col- onial militia. He commanded a company of minute- men on the llHh of April, and was active in his jiur- suit of the British troops. He received the commis- sion of major in the Continental Army, and assisted in fortifying the heights of Dorchester. He was pro- moted to the rank of Licutenant-Cjlonel of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, the practical com- mand devolving upon him, owing to the sickness of MEDFORD. 815 the Colonel. He distinguished himself by covering the retreat of the army at White Plains, and the value of his service was acknowledged by Washington, whose esteem and confidence he held unto the end. He was a proficient in military tactics, to the study of which he bad closely applied himself, and the reg- iment he commanded was distinguished for the superiority of its discipline. When Baron Steuben was appointed inspector-general of the army, Colonel Brooks was, by the order of Gen. Washington, asso- ciated with him in the duty of introducing a uniform system of tactics into the army. His gallant conduct at Saratoga was especially marked. At the head of his regiment, he stormed the entrenchments on the right flank of the enemy, and maintained his position against all attempts to dislodge him. This action compelled Burgoyne to change his position, and con- tributed in no small degree to his final surrender. At the close of the war he settled in Medford, and once more engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected Governor of the Commonwealth in 1816, and held the office for seven successive terms. The purity of his character, and the eminent service he had rendered his country and State, aa a soldier and civilian, gained for him universal esteem. He died in 1825. Col. Ebenezer Francis, born in Medford, in 1743, raised and commanded the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He fell mortally wounded while engaged in a skirmish with British troops, at Hubbardton, near Whitehall, N. Y. A contemporary record says of him : " No officer so distinguished for his military accomplishments and regular life as he. His conduct in the field is spoken of in the highest terms of ap- plause.'' John Francis, a brother of Col. Ebenezer Francis, was adjutant in his brother's regiment, and dis- tinguished himself by his bravery at Hubbardton. He was wounded at Saratoga, and acquitted himself with honor through his six years' term of service in the Revolutionary army. Medford has remained true to the patriotic tradi- tions of the Revolution throughout its later history. It furnished its full quota of soldiers to the national armies in the War of 1812. Lieut. John Brooks, a son of Governor Brooks, was killed in the battle on Lake Erie. In the Civil War, the town of Medford came up to the full level of its duty. It furnished two full com- panies to the Union army. At the outbreak of the Rebellion the town made a quick response to the call for troops for the defence of the capital. The Law- rence Light Guard, Company E, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment, underthe command ofCapt. .TohnHutchins, rendered valuable service as three mouths' volunteers. In August, 18(52, the company enlisted for three years, and as CompanyC, Thirty-ninth Regiment, Massachu- setts Volunteers shared the varied fortunes of the Army of the Potomac. The regiment served with great credit until the close of the war. In September, 1862, another town company, the Medford Light In- fantry, Capt. Charles Currier, organized for that pur- pose, enlisted for nine months, and as Company F, Fifth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, took hon- orable part with the regiment in the military opera- tions in North Carolina. During the war, Medford furnished a large number of men to other organizations. According to Mr. Usher, eleven calls for men were made upon the town, and the whole number brought by the town into the field was 769. As with all the early New England settlements, the narratives of the ecclesiastical and the civil his- tory of Medford are closely interwoven. For many years after its settlement, the town had, except for brief intervals, no settled ministry. Mr. James Noyes, a graduate of Oxford, came to Boston in 1634, and " was immediately called to preach at Mystic, which he did for nearly one year." After his de- parture, the town appears to have depended upon the occasional ministrations of the clergymen of the neighborhood, and, having contributed to the general fund raised for the purpose, doubtless enjoyed its share of the clerical service rendered to the infant settlements by Rev. George Phillips and Rev. John Wilson. In 1692, Mr. John Hancock, grandfather of the patriot, was engaged as a preacher, but he re- mained only a few months. It would appear from the town records that, in 1694, a subscription was raised for the siU)port of a minister. His board was fixed at five snTllings a week. In 1698, the town hired Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, of Charlestown, to preach for six months, and the connection con- tinued, in some sort, for a period of ten years. He seems never to have been regularly "settled" over ^ the parish, and the record of his ministry is one of constant bickering and disagreement between pastor and people. Their difterences were referred to emi- nent clergymen, and were brought before ecclesiasti- cal councils, for arbitration and settlement ; but Mr. Woodbridge held a most tenacious grasp upon his position, and it was not till 1708 that the connection was dissolved. He died in Medford in 1710, and, despite the long-standing contention, it is pleasant to record that the town made liberal provision for his funeral, which was attended by the President of Harvard College and a good representation of the neighboring dignitaries. In 1696, the town built its first meeting-house "on the land of Mr. Thomas Willis, near the gate by Marble Brook, on a rock on the north side of the Woburn road." It was a small and unpretending structure, "seven and twenty feet long, four and twenty feet wide, and fifteen feet between joints." A second church building was erected in 1727, near the site of the first, which had become too small for the population. In 1713, Medford entered upon a more prosperous 816 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. period of its church history. Rev. Aaron Porter, a graduate of Harvard College, was settled over the parish, aud he remained until his death in 1722. He married a niece of Chief Justice Sewall, and is hon- orably mentioned in his " Diary." The successor of Mr. Porter was the Rev. Ebenezer Turell, whose ministry lasted from 1724 to 1778, a period of fifty-four years. Mr. Turell was a flue type of the old colonial clergyman, dignified, yet social and kindly. It is recorded to his credit that he preached a sermon in favor of inoculation, at a time (1730) when there was a strong popular preju- dice against the new practice. By his will he freed his slave Worcester, and left fifty pounds for his maintenance, in case he should need it. After the death of Mr. Turell, in 1778, Rev. David Osgood, who had, four years before, received settle- ment as his colleague, assumed the sole charge of the pastorship, which he held until his de?.th in 1822 — a ministry of forty-eight years. Dr. Osgood was a divine of considerable local celebrity, and was a man of strong character and convictions. He was an ardent Federalist, and did not hesitate to give free expression to his political opinions in the pulpit. Some of his utterances provoked sharp comment from the contemporary partisan press. With hi** pastorate, the history of the First Parish, as the only church in Medford, comes to a close. The religious fermentation which prevailed in the first quarter of the present century in the churches of New England, extended itself to Medford. After the installation of Rev. Andrew Bigelow, Mr. OsgoocTs successor, in 1823, a considerable number of the members of the church, holding the old theological views, seceded, and established the Second Congregational (Trinitar- ian) Church. The First Parish has maintained its connection with the Unitarian body ever since. The Second Congregational Church, composed, as already mentioned, of those who withdrew from the First Parish, was established in 1824, and erected a church edifice on High Street near the Public Square. Rev. Aaron Warner was the first pastor. As an out- growth from this society, the Third Congregational Church was formed in 1847, and built a house of wor- ship on Salem Street. The new society took the name of the Mystic Church. lu 1874, the Second and Third Congregational Churches were consolidat- ed, and the reunited bodies have continued to wor- ship in the house on Salom Street. The UniversaiLst Society was organized in 1831, and Rev. Winslow Wright was installed a.s its first pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Medford was incorporated in 1828, and built a chapel on Cross Street. Since then the society has built two churches on Salem Street, the second of which it now occupies. The First Baptist Church was incorporated in 1842, under the pastorship of Rev. George W. Bosworth, and worshipped for thirty-one years in a chapel on Salem Street. In 1873 the society erected a new church edifice on Oakland Street. The Grace (Episcopal) Church was organized in 1848, under the rectorship of Rev. David Greene Haskins. Its elegant atone church on High Street, the gift of Mrs. Gorham Brooks, was erected in 1868. In West Medford, the Congregational Church was ' organized in 1872, and the Trinity Methodist Society in the same year. The first Catholic Church edifice in Medford was built in 1885, on Salem Street, on laud which is now a part of Maiden, and was designed for the use of the Catholics of both towns. In 1876, the Catholics of Medford purchased the church building of the Second Congregational Society, on High Street, ' which is now the place of worship of a distinctively Medford parish. True to the teachings of the New England fathers, Medford was from the first a liberal supporter of the cause of popular education. In the earliest record s of the town we find that a town-meeting was called, "to see if the town will have a school kept for three months." The question was decided affirmatively, and it was voted that " this school shall be free." In 1719, the town voted that the school continue during four months, and later, in 1720, it was voted to build a school- house ; up to that time it is probable that the schools were kept in private houses. The same year two schools were organized in the town. " Mr. Caleb Brooks was engaged to keep the West School for three months, at two pounds per month ; Mr. Henry Davi- son, the East, at the same price." In 1730, the town voted to build a new school-house, and to set up a reading and writing school for six months. The following extracts from the town records, as given by Mr. Brooks, will best show the progressive measures adopted by the town for the advancement of education : March 11, 1771 : " Voted to build the echool-house upon the land he- liind the ineeting-houHe, on the north west corner of the land." 177fi : *' Voted that the master instruct girls two hours after the boys are dismissed." April fi, 1790 : A committee was chosen to inquire " if it be expedient for girls to attend the master's school." The committee wisely recom- mended the aflirmative ; whereupoi;, at the next town-nieeting, it was " voted that girls have liberty to attend the master-school during three summer months." Juno 20, 1794: " Voted that females attend the master-school sepa- rately, from the 1st of May to the Ist of October, four houreeach day, and that the boys attend four hours each day,— TUui-sday and Saturday afternoons being vacations," Same date : "Voted, that no children, whether male or female, be admitted into the public school undei- the age of seven yeai-s, nor then unless they have been previously taught to read the English language by spelling the same ; andasthis regula- tion will probably exclude many who have heretofore attended, there- fore it is " Voted, that the selectmen are hereby empowered to pay school-niis. tresses for instructing those childien who arc excluded from the public- town-school, and whose parents are unable to pay such extra expenses. ".\ndafl the great end of the public school is to furnish the youl it with such a measure of knowledge that they may bo abje to read and write with propriety, and understand so much arithmetic as may fit them for the common transactions of life ; therefore. Voted, that the selectmen and school-committee be desired from time to time t« make such rcgulHtiouB in the school as may beet answer the above purposes." MEDFOKD. 817 In 1818, when Medford had 202 families, the expenses of the schools rere as follows : Master for one year, at 820 per month 8240 Board for the same, at 83 per weelc 156 Master, four months, at 820 per month 80 Board for the same, at $3 per weelc 62 Three female teachers, twenty-five weelts each, at 84 . . . 3no Rent for school-houses for female schools 45 With the advance of the present century, broader views began to prevail in Massachusetts as to the true scope of our system of popular education, and Med- ford took an honorable place in the general movement for improved methods in school management, and a more liberal expenditure of money in that behalf At a town-meeting held in 1835, a special committee was chosen " to inquire into the diBerent and best methods of conducting public-schools, and to report what improvements, what number and kind of schools are necessary in this town to qualify every scholar who desires an education, for the active duties of life.'' This committee made such recommendations as led to the immediate grading of the schools, and to the establishment of a high school. It is believed that this high school was " the second or third organ- ized in the State for the free co-education of the sexes in the higher branches of learning." The equipment of the school in the early period of its existence, was on a humble scale, although classical study had from the first a recognized place in the curriculum. Since then, the standard of qualification for admission has been gradually raised, and every opportunity afforded to the youth of the town for thorough preparation for college and the technological schools. It is to the credit of Medford that, for a long term of years, she has held a place in the van of the towns of the Commonwealth as far as regards her expendi- ture of money for the support of public schools. During the early part of the present century, Med- ford was the seat of several private schools, two of which deserve especial notice. Dr. Luther Stearns (H. C. 1791), for many years conducted a classical boarding-school for boys and girls. His school was attended by children from the first families of New England, and enjoyed a deservedly high repute. Dr. Stearns was the father of George L. Stearns, the dis- tinguished philanthropist. Mr. John Angier (H. C. 1821), opened a school of similar character in 1821, and conducted it with great success until 1841, when he retired. His school was frequented by pupils from every part of the country and from the West Indies, and many of them rose to distinction in after life. In connection with her educational establishment, Medford may claim the honor of being one of the first towns in the State to maintain a free public library. As early as 1825, the " Medford Social Library " was founded by a society whose purpose was " to form a collection of books strictly useful, promotive of piety and good morals, and for the diffusion of valuable in- 52-iii formation." The library was maintained by annual assessments on its shareholders. In 1856, the trus- tees of the Social Library, in conformity with a vote of the stockholders, transferred the collection, numbering 1125 volumes, to the town "as the foun- dation of a permanent town library." Since that time the town has made liberal annual appropria- tions for the support and increase of the library, now known as the Medford Public Ijibrary. In 1875, Mr. Thatcher Magoun presented to the town for the use of the library the mansion house on High Street, for- merly occupied by his father, with land adjoin- ing. He also gave five thousand dollars for fitting and furnishing the building for its uses. The Ma- goun mansion occupies a beautiful and stately site, and is architecturally well suited to the purposes to which it is devoted. Here the town has found con- venient accommodations for its growing collection of books. The reading-room is supplied with the best reviews and periodicals of the day, and contains a valuable reference library, which is always accessible to the public. The library now contains about 12,000 volumes, and the annual circulation of books is over 27,000. Tufts College occupies a site just within the south- ern border of Medford, on a beautiful eminence, for- merly called Walnut Hill, but now known as College Hill. The college grounds are a portion of a tract of laud one hundred acres in extent, the gift of Mr. Charles Tufts, of Somerville, for whom the college was named. The first foundation of Tufts College was the sum of $100,000, subscribed by Universal- ists in various, parts of the United States. Rev. Hosea Ballon {2d) was elected the first president of the college in 18G1, and rendered invaluable service to the infant institution until his death in 1861. During the official terra of his successor, Rev. Alonzo A. Miner, D.D., great additions were made to the funds of the college through gifts and endowments of friends. Sylvanus Packard gave generously to the institution in his lifetime, and bequeathed to it a sum amounting to about $300,000. Dr. William J. Walker was also a munificent benefactor, giving to it upwards of $200,000. Other liberal friends of the college were Dr. Oliver Dean, who contributed $90,- 000 to its funds, and Thomas A. Goddard, its first treasurer, who, in the infancy of the institution, when its income was small, met all deficiencies out of his own pocket. The Divinity School of the college was established in 1869, and Rev. Thomas J. Sawyer, Packard Pro- fessor of Theology, was placed at its head. A large number of students have graduated from the school since its formation, and are occupying some of the most prominent and influential pulpits of their de- nomination in the United States. Dr. Miner resigned the presidency of the college in 1875 and Rev. Elmer H. Chapin, a graduate of the college, was elected to fill the vacancy. Under his direc- 818 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. tion the affairs of the institution have prospered, and its curriculum has beea greatly extended. Through the generosity of irlends of the college, several fine buildings have been erected for its use during the last few years. The Goddard Chapel, erected out of funds provided by Mrs. Mary A. Goddard, i.s a stone structure, and its graceful campanile is a pleasing feature in a distant view of the college buildings. The Barnum Museum of Natural History, founded by Mr. Phineas T. Barnum, occupies the fine building given by him to the college. Its large exhibition hall contains an excellent collection of mammals, birds, fishes and reptiles, the gift of the founder. With its growing endowments and the reputation deservedly won for the institution by its able and earnest-minded corps of instructors. Tufts College has an assured field of usefulness open before it. Previous to the present century, the occupations of the people of Medford were chiefly agricullural, and mechanical industries were confined to the supply of local needs. Even up to the present time Medford has been very little engaged in manufactures. A very large proportion of the population finds its occu- pation in Boston, and Medford is rather a place of residence than of trade. Owing to the extensive deposits of cl.iy in the town, brick-making has been carried on from the time of its settlement, and the work done in the past has left permanent marks upon the fields in many parts of the town. The business is still prosecuted in South Medford. A distillery was built in Medford as early as 1735_ and it was followed by the erection of others. From its superior quality, perhaps due to the water used in its manufacture, " Medford rum " has accjuired more than a local celebrity. The business is still success- fully carried on, on the site of the old distillery. During the first three-quarters of the present cen- tury, the great industry of Medford was ship-build- ing, and Medford-built ships enjoyed a high reputa- tion throughout the commercial world. The low banks of the Mystic afforded many favorable loca- tions for ship-yards, and the ships once launched found an easy passage down the deep tide-waters of the river to the wharves of Boston, where they were rigged and fitted out. As early as 1631, Governor Winthrop built a vessel of thirty tons on the banks of the Mystic, and the little craft received the name of the " Blessino of the Bay." This was probably the first vessel built in New England, and perhaps, in the United States. In ]()32, Mr. Cradock built a ship of one hundred tons register, and, a year later, one of two hundred tons. Small vessels, of which we have no record, doubtless continued to be built on the Mystic, but it was not until the beginning of the pre- sent century that the business assumed considerable proportions. In 1802, Mr. Thacher Magoun, who h.is been styled "the pioneer of ship-building in IMedford," established himself in a ship-yard on Riverside Ave- nue, a little below Park Street. He at once com- menced the construction of ships, many of them of large register for those days, and soon gained a rep- utation for the excellence of his models and his skill as a shipwright. Others engaged in the business, among them Mr. Calvin Turner, " esteemed one of the most skilful draughtsmen, as well as one of the most faithful builders in New England. In the course of seventy years 567 vessels, averaging 4'JO Ions register, were built in Medford — an aggregate of 272,124 tons. Many of these ships were of a capacity of more than a thousand tons, and one measured two thousand tons. Some of the finest clippers that sailed the ocean were Medford-built ships. After the opening of the Civil War the business of ship-building rapidly declined in Medford, as it did throughout the United States. The large share of the carrying trade of the world which this couutry had enjoyed passed into other hands, and iron had superseded wood in the construction of ships. The last ship built in Medford was launched from the ship-yard of Mr. Joshua T. Foster, and the pleasant sound of the shipwright's busy hammer is no longer heard on the Mystic. Tlie fine class of American mechanics, that once formed a substantial part of the population of Medford, has largely disappeared ; only a few representatives of the dead industry re- main, and they have had to seek other employmentst for support. But the town still holds in grateful re- membrance the names of Magoun, Turner, Sprague, James, Curtis, Fuller, Lapham, Foster, Stetson, Waterman, Ewell, Cudworth and Taylor, the old Medford masters in the noblest of all arts — the build- ing of ships. The population of Medford has not increased as fast as some of the suburban towns of Boston, but it has had, nevertheless, a steady and wholesome growth. The following table gives the population at successive periods : — lu 1763, Medford had 741 inliabitanls ; I77C, 967 ; 1784, 081 ; 1790, H>2(l; 1800, IIU; 1810,|1443; 1820, 1474; 1830,1755; 1840, 2478 ; 1860, :1749; 1855, 460:! ; 1800, 4831 ; 1805, 4839 ; 1870, 5717 ; 1875, 0267 ; 1880, 7573; 1885, 9041 ; 1890, 11,105. The valuation of the town in 1889 was §9,279,715. To the lover of antiquity and its associations, Med- ford presents peculiar attractions. Few towns in the United States have preserved so many features con- nected with the past, and it is a matter of I'egret that under the hands of what is styled " modern improve- ment," many of these are destined soon to pass away. The old High Street of the town, lined with ancient and substantial buildings, one of them dating back to 1689, is fragrant with the memory of the early time. The river upon which John Winthrop dweltr winds its way through the lovely valley, and, north and south, are the forest-crowned heights of the Jlid- dlesex Fells and the graceful slopes of Winter Hill. The old "garrison" houses of the town are still MARLBOROUGH. 819 standing. The Cradock House, in the eastern sec- tion of the town, erect«d in 1634, is probably the old- est house in English America. It has lately been carefully restored by pious hands, and will remain as a monument to the fathers of the settlement on Mas- sachusetts Bay. The old Royall mansion, the seat of Col. Isaac Royall, colonial magnate and loyalist, still remains one of the finest examples of the domestic architecture of the early part of the last century. Such was and is "GldMedford," the home of kind- ness and hospitality, and a noble type of the ancient New England town. CHAPTER LVI. MARLBOROUGH. Original Grant — Indian Grant — First Meeting of Proprtetors — Ownera of HoMe Lotg m lUGO— First Settlers— Kiny Philip's War—French and Indian War. The territory embraced within the present town of Marlborough originally comprised a portion of the town of Sudbury, which was granted in 1638. In Hi')*) a number of the leading citizens of Sudbury presented the following petition to the General Court : " To the Hon. Governor, Dep. Governor, Magistrates, and Deputies of the General Court uow assembled in Boston. *' The Humble Petition of several of the inhabitants of Sudbury, whose names are here underwritten, showeth ; That whereas your Peti- tittners have lived divers yt-ai-s in Sudbury, and God hath been pleased to increase our children, which are uow diverse of them grown to man's estate ; and wee, many of us, grown into yeare, so that wee should bee glad to see them settled before the Lord take us away from hence, as also God having given us some considerable quantity of cattle, so that wee are su streightened that we cannot so comfortably subsist as could be desired ; and some of us having taken some patna to view the country ' wee have found a place which lyeth westward about eight miles from Sudbury, which wee conceive might be comfortable for our subsistence. "It is therefore the humble request of your Petitioners to this Hon"d Court, that you would bee pleased to grant unto us eight miles square, or so much land as may contaiae to eight miles square, for to make a Plantation. " If it shall please this Hon'd Court to grant our Petition, it is further then the request of your Petitioners t^) this Hon'd Court, that you wilt be pleased to appoint Mr. Thomas Danforth, or Liesten"! Fisher to lay uut tlie bounds of the Plantation ; and wee shall satisfy those whom this Hou'd Court shall please to employ in it. So sipprehending this weighty occasion, wee shall no further trouble this Hon'd Court, but shall ever pray for your happiness. ** Edmund Rice, John Howe, William Ward, John Bent, Sen'r, Thomas' King, John Maymird, John Woods, Richard Kewton, Thomas Goodnow, Peter Bent, John Ruddocke, Edward Rice.'* Henry Rice, The General Court under date of May 14, 16-56, replied as follows : " In answer to the Petition of the aforesiiid inhabitants of Sudbury, the Court judgeth it meete to grant them a proportion of laud six miles, or otherwise in some convenient form equivalent thereunto, at the dis- cretion of the Committee, in the place desired : provided it binder no former grant ; that there be a town settled with twenty or more families within three years, so as an able ministry may bee there maintained. '* And it is ordered that Mr. Edward Jackson, Capt. Eleazer Lusher, Ephraim Child, with Mr. Thomas Danforth or Leisten"' Fisher, shall bee, and hereby are appointed a Committee to layout the bounds thereof, and make retu void." xt Court of Electic ■ else the grant to bee This grant embraced 29,419 acres. A portion of this territory, however, had already been granted to the Indians, May 3, 1G54, as follows : "Upon the Petition of Mr. Eliot, in behalf of the Indians, liberty is granted to the Indians of Ockoocangansett, being eight miles west of Sudbury, to make a town there, provided it do not prejudice any former grant, nor that they shall dispose of it without leave first had and obtained of this Court." This grant contained 6000 acres. At the first meeting of the proprietors held Sept. 25, 1656, '* It is concluded and ordered. That all yt doe take up lotta in y* Plan- tation shall pay to all public charges yi shall arise upon y"> Plantation, according to tbeir House Lotts, and themselves to be residents there within two years, or set A man in, that yo Town shall aiiprove of, or else to loose their lotts ; but if God shall take away any uuin by death, such A one hath liberty to give his lott to whom he will, this order to the contrary notwithstanding." The same year William Ward, Thomas King, John Kuddocke and John Howe, " Were chosen to put the Aftairs of the said new Plantation in an orderly Way." In September, 1657, the following names also ap- pear on their list : William Kerly, John lU-diat, John Johnson, Thomas Rice, Solomon Johnson, Samuel Rice, Peter Kiug, Christopher Banister. *' It is ordered that all such as lay clayme to any interest in the new Plantion at Whipsuppenicke are to perfect their house lots by the 25th of March next ensuing, or else loose all their interest in the aforesaid Plantation. " It is ordered that every one y' hath A Lott in y« aforesaid Planta- tion, shall pay twenty shillings by the 25th of March ensuing, or else to loose all legal interest in y aforesaid Plantation." " Ata meeting of y« inhabitants and proprietors of this Plantation y* Gth of y« xi month, 1659, " It is ordered that A Rate bee made for diffraying and satisfying y» charge for Laying out this plantation and other publicke charges to be collected of the inhabitants and proprietors. " It is ordered. That every pei-son y^ claims any interest in the town of Marlborough, shall pay to all publicke charge, both for tbe minister and for all other town charges that have arisen about the plantation to this day from the beginning thereof, according to their proportion in y* rate now presented with said proportion due ; every person to pay at or before thelUthof November next ensuing, or else loose all legal interest in the aforesaid plantation ; that is to say, four pence an acre for each acre of their House Lotts to the Minister, and three pence for all the estate that hath been kept or brought to keep, being found in the town or about the town ; and nine pence an acre for every acre of their House Lottd to town charges, till all tbe debts that are due from the town to them that have been employed by tbe town or the plantation thereof. ''Signed : "Edmund Rice, Thomaa King, Solomon Johneou, Richard Kewton, William Ward, Thomas Goodnow, William Kerly, Henry Kerly, John Howe, Christopher Banister, John Johnson, John Ruddocke." " It is ordered that there bee a rate made (for Mr. William Brimsmead, Minister, to bee collected of the inbabitanta and proprietors of the town (for six months) at the rate of four pence per acre ujjon House Lotts, and thiee pence per Pound upon cattle." The following is a list of owners of house-lots, 1660 : Edmund Rico, William Ward, John Ruddocke, Thomas Coodnow, Joseph Rice, Samuel Rice, Christopher Banister, Thomas King, Willian Kerly, Solomon Johnson, John Johnson, Richard Newton, John Howe, Sr., John Howe, Jr., Henry Kerly, Richard Barnes, Thomas Rico, Jost^ph Holmes, Samuel Uowo, Andrew Belcher, Obadiah Ward, Edward Rico Richard Ward, John Woods, Sr., John Mayuard, Peter King, Benjamin Rice, a minister, Peter Bent, John Bellows, Abraham Howe, Thotuas Goodnow, Jr., John Rutter, John Barrett, John Rediat, a blacksmith, Henry Axtell, John Newton. 820 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. The first white settler of Marlborough was John Howe, in 1657 or '58. Other early settlers were Ed- mund Rice, William Ward, John Woods, Sr., John Maynard, Jonathan .Johnson, John Ruddocke, Chris- topher Banister, John Barrett, Abraham Howe, Ed- ward Rice, Thomas Rice, William Kerly, Richard Ward, Samuel Brigham, Thomas Brigham, .lohn B^it, Richard Barnes, Abraham Williams, Thomas Goodnow. Pioneers. — Among the early founders of Marl- borough were the following : Adams, Alcocke, Alexander, Allen, Amsden, An- gler, Arnold, Axtell, Badcock, Baker, Banister, Bar- ber, Barker, Barnard, Barnes, Barstun, Bartlett, Bar- rett, Bayley, Braman, Bellows, Bent, Bender, Bigelow, Bond, Bovvker, Boyd, Breck, Brigham, Brown, Bruce, Bush, Church, Cogswell, Cotting, Cranston, Crosby, Cunningham, Curtis, Darling, Davis, Dawson, Dex- ter, Eager, Eames, Edwards, Bay, Felton, Forbush, Fosgate, Fosket, Foster, Franklin, Garfield, Gates, Gibbs, Gibbon, Gleason, Goddard, Gold, Golding, Goodale, Goodenow, Gott, Gore, Gould, Green, Ha- ger, Haggitt, Hale, Hall, Hapgood, Harrington, Har- thorn, Haydeu, Hemenway, Hinds, Holdeu, Holland, Holyoke, Horn, Hosmer, John Howe, Abraham Howe, Hudson, Hunter, Hunting, Jewell, Johnson, Jones, Jo.s!in, Kerley, Keyes, Kidder, Knap, Knights, Lee, Lennard, Loring, Lyscom, Mann, Manson, Marble, Martin, Mason, Matthews, Maynard, Mixer, Moore, Morris, Morse, Moseman, Munroe, Newton, Cakes, Packard, Parker, Parminter, Perry, Percival, Peters, Phelps, Potter, Pratt, Prescott, Priest, Ray, Rediat, Reed, Rice, Ripley, Robinson, Ruddock, Rugg, Rus- sell, Sampson, Sawin, Sawyer, Seaver, Shattuck; Sherman, Smith, Snow, Souther, Stanly, Stevens, Stewart, Stone, Stow, Stratton, Taylor, Tainter, Tem- ple, Thaping, Thomas, Tomblin, Townsend, Trow- bridge, Vockary, Wait, Walcutt, Walker, Walkup, Ward, Warren, Weeks, Wells, Wheeler, Wheelock, Whitcomb, Whitney, Wilder, Wilkins, Williams, Wilson, Winchester, Witherbee, Witt, Wood, Woods, AVyman. The following were residents of the town in 1770: Samuel Brigham, Uriah Brlglmm, George Brigham, Itliamar Brigham, . Paul Brigham, Ephi-aim Brigham, Josepli Brigham, Benjamin Brigham, Asa Brighaui, Solomon Brigham, Caleb Brigham, Peter Bender, Job Carley, Adonijah Church, Jouathan Clefard, Ezekiol Clisby, .facob Fel- ton, Silas Gates, William Goddard, John Gleason, Joseph Gleaaon, Kli/.ur Holyoke, Joseph Howe, Joseph Howe, Jr., Samuel Shernum, David Smith, John Smith, Nathaniel Smith, Samuel Smith, Manning Sawin, Jason Sherman, Joseph Townsend, Jr., .Tonathau Temple, John War- ren, John Weeks, Francis Weeks, Samuel Witt, Samuel Witt, Jr., Dan- iel Ward, John Woods, Josiah Wilkins, Joseph Wheeler, Alpheus Woods, Joseph Williams, Jabez Walcutt, Thonnis Walkup, Benjamin Whitcomb, Josiah Witt, Solomon Bowker, Beu.jamin AVilder, .Tonathan Weeks, Samuel Hunting, Josiah Howe, Wiiherbee Whitney, John Priest, Jr., Benjamin Sawiu, Thomas Berry, Charles Whitcomb, John Baker, John Whitney. Amos Kdmahds, Jacob Hemiuway, Aaron Karnes, , John Shattuck, M'illiara Speakman, G. William Speaknian, Joseph Dar- ling, John Unntford, .lohn Bannester, Solomon Barnard, Daniel Barnes, Daniel Barnes, Jr., Solomon Barnes, John Barnes, Moses Barnes, Aaron Barnes, Honry Barnes, Jonathan Barnes, Jr., John Barnes, Jr., Edward Barnes, Mary Beauian, Noah Beaman, Peter Bent, Jonas Bartlett, Wil- liam Boyd, Abijah Berry, Ivory Bigelow, Jonathan Bigelow, Joel Bige- low, Noah Bigelow, William Bigelow, Thaddeus Howe, Phinehas Howe, Artemas Howe, Elizabeth Howe, Abraham Howe, Asa Howe, Eleazer Howe, Luther Howe, Luke Howe. Klisha Hudson, Simon Howe, Elisha Hedge, Moses Howe, Lucy Howe. Noah Howe, Edward Johnson, Heze- kiah Maynard, Ichabod Jones, Zaccheus Maynard, Solomon Newton, Ezekiel Newton, John Parker, Josiah Parker, Andrew Rice, Jabez Rice, Jonah Rice, Zerubbabel Rice, Abraham Rice, Jesse Rice, Gershom Rice, Ebenezer Richard, John Richard, Joseph Stratton, Jonathan Stratton, Samuel Stratton, Rediat Stewart, Josiah Stow, Samuel Stan- hope. Robert Sinclair, Jonas Temple, Jonathan Tainter, Abraham Wil- liams, Larkin Williams, George Williams, William Williams, James Woods, Moses Woods, Peter Wood, Samuel Ward, Silas Wheeler, Caleb Winchester, Reuben Ward, William Slack, Joshua Bayley, Joseph Lamb, Jonathan Robinson, James Bowers, Samuel Curtis, Abraham .\msden. Joseph Arnold, Robert Baker, Winslow Brigham, Jonathan Barnes, Fortunatus Barnes, Frederick Barnes, Thomas Bigelow, Gershom Bigelow, Timothy Bigelow, Jesse Bush, Micah Bush, John Bruce, Wil- liam Bruce, Samuel Bruce, Amasa Cranston, Abner Cranston, Thomas t-'arr, Daniel Cook, Robert Cane, Timothy Cheney, John Demont, Ben- jamin Dudley, Lucas Dunn, Jtohn Darling, Alexander Boyd, Hezekiah Maynard, Stephen Hale, Samuel Phillips, Levi Fay, Ephraim Barber, Francis Stevens, Samuel Havens, Jack Rice, Silas Carley, Moses Fay, Samuel Ward, Silas Rice, John Dexter, Robert Eames, Robert Eames, Jr., Uriah Eager, Uriah Eager, Jr., Jonathan Eager, John Eager, Aaron Eager, Nathaniel Faulkner, Archelaus Feltou, Nathan Goodale, Abel Gouldiug, Phinehas Gates, John Gold, Nathaniel Gibbs, Abigail Hap- good, Mary Hapgood, Peter Howe ,Seth Howe, Peter Howe, Jr., Thom- as Howe, Jr., Ebenezer Hager, William Hager, Daniel Harrington, James Harrington, Edward Hunter, Daniel fl.ayden, Jacob Hale, Jacob Harrington, John Maynard, Ebenezer Maynard, Ebenezer Joslin, Na- than Mann, Micab Newton, William Newton, Joshua Newton, Adonijah Newton, Benjamin Rice, John Randall, Jabez Bice, Jr., Nathan Reed, Simon Stow, Samuel Stevens, Silas Jewell, Thomas Goodale, Jonathan Loring, Joseph Lawes, Jonas Moi-se, William Morse, Jontts Morse, Jr., Stephen Morse, Ephraim Maynard, Epliraim Maynard, Jr., John Priest, Joseph Potter, Ephraim Potter, John Putuaui, Abraham Randall, David Rand, Thomas Stow, Samuel Stow, Josiah Stow, John Stow, The largest tax-payers in Marlborough, 1770, were Ephraim Brigham, Henry Barnes, Joseph Howe, Peter Bent, Hezekiah Maynard and Zerubbabel Rice. King Philip'sWar. — Marlborough, being a frontier town, was exposed to the incursions of the Indians, and prior to the breaking out of Philip's war a fort had been erected at this point. A number of soldiers were stationed here, and October 1, 1075, a meeting of the following citizens was held to adopt measures of defense : Rev. Mr. Brimsmead, Deacon Ward, Thomas King, .Solomon Johnson, Abraham Howe, .John Howe, Sen., John Woods, Sen., Richard Newton, Abraham Williams, Thomas Rice, John Johnson, Samuel Rice, John Bellows, Nathaniel Johnson, John Woods, Jr., Joseph Newton, Thomas Barnes, Josiah Howe, John Maynard, John Rediat, John Fay, Moses Newton, Richard Barnes, William Kerly and James Taylor. Garrisons were established at the homes of William Keely, John Johnson, Deacon Ward, Sergeant Wood, Charles Williams, Joseph Rice, Simon Rice and Peter Bent. Sunday, March 26, 1676, was a memora- ble day for Marlborourgh. " No more alarm of raging foes," says Mr. Hudson "disturbed the quiet of that Sab- bath morning. The people assembled at the house where prayer was wont to be made, and a fervent peti- tion had been offered for their safety and protection. A hymn of praise had been^sung. .Their spiritual leader, MAKLBOROUGH. 821 the Rev. Mr. Brimsmead, commenced his sermon, and was dispensing to them the word of life, when he was interrupted by the appalling cry — ' The Indians are upon us.' The confusion and dismay which ensued, can be better imagined than described 1 The assem- • bly instantly broke up ; and the people made for the neighboring garrison, where, with a single exception, they all arrived in safety, just in season to elude the savage foe. One of the worshipers (Moses Newton, a son of Richard Newton, one of the thirteen original proprietors of the town), to his honor be it recorded, less moved by fear than by humanity, seeing an aged and infirm female who could not move rapidly from the scene of danger, resolved to rescue her from im- pending destruction, or perish in the attempt. In his noble eflbrt he succeeded, and brought her safely to the garrison, though in so doing he received a ball in his elbow, from the efi'ects of which he never fully recovered. "Being secured in the garrison, they were able to defend themselves, but could afford no protection to their property, much of which was destroyed, or carried away. Thirteen of their dwellings, and eleven barns, were laid in ashes ; their fences thrown down ; their fruit-trees hacked and peeled ; their cattle killed or maimed ; so that their ravages were visible for many years. But what would be more distressing to our pious ancestors, than any other loss of mere prop- erty, was that of their meeting-house, and the house they had erected for their faithful minister — both of which shared in the general conflagration. There is a common tradition, that the Indians set fire to Mr. Brimsmead's house, and that the flames communi- cated with the meeting-house which stood near by, and that that was the cause of its being burnt. This might have been the case ; but the Indians, engaged in a war of extermination, had no more regard for the white man's religion than for the white man's life, which they were taking every measure to destroy. And it is possible, that the fact of this house being located upon the Indian planting field, which gave some oft'ense to the Indians, might have been one cause of its destruction. "Subsequent to this attack upon Marlborough, the. Indians, about three hundred strong, who undoubt- edly felt that they were masters of this region of coun- try, retired to the woods not far distant, and encamped for the night. Lieut. Jacobs, of the garrison at Marl, borough, conceived the bold design of surprising them in their camp. Accordingly, on the night of the 27th, with a party of his men, and a portion of the citizens of the town, he attacked them when they were wrapped in profound slumber, and killed and wounded about forty, without sustaining any loss himself." French and Indian War. — During this war Marlborough was in a constant state of alarm, and twenty-six garrisons were organized as follows : 1. Capt. Howe^a Garrison : Samuel Stevens, James Howe, Juuathau Howe, Samuel Stow, Jonathan Morse. 2. Mr, Breck'a Garrison. 3. Capt. Eerly'8 Garrison; Nathaniel Joslin, Joseph Maynard, Dea. Woods, Nathaniel Johnson, Thomas Amsden, Simon Oaten, Joseph Johnson. 4. Capl. Brigham't Garrison : Peter Plimpton, Benjamin Mixer. 5. Isaac AmsiUm's Garrison: Thomas Newton, Sergeant Maynard, James Woods, Adam Martin, Is. Temple, Deacon Newton, John Amsden. 6. Is. Howe^s Garrison: Moses Newton, David Fay, John Newton, Willow Johnson, Moses Newton, Jr., James Cady. 7. Lieut. WiUi^nns's Garrison: Thomas Beaman, Peter Bent, Richard Barnes, Edward Barnes. S. Ensign Howe's Garrison: Ensign Bowker, Joseph Wait, David Church, BeDJamin Rice, Peter Rice, Joseph Rice. 9. Samuel Mon-ilVs Garrison : Sergeant Barrett, John Barnes, Benja- min Baglej, Joseph Ward, Joshua Rice, Thomas Martin, Samuel Bush. 10. Thomas BrighamU GanHson: Jonathan Brigham, Oliver Ward, Increase Ward. 11. John Howe's Garrison : Zach'. Eager, Ahraham Eager, Daniel Johnson, Samuel Wheelock, Obadiah Ward, Thomas Axtell. 12. Samuel Goodmtw's Garrison: Nathaniel Oakes, Jonathan Forbush, Gershora Fay. 13. Lieut. Howe's GaiTtson ; Thomas Ward, Edward Rice. 14. Nathan Brigham's Garrison: Joseph Stratton, Henry Bartlett, Alexander Stewart. 15. Samuel Ward, 5r.'«, Garrison: William Ward, Wid. Hannah Ward, Jonathan Johnson, Sr., Caleb Rice. IG. John Matthews' Garrison: William Johnson, Samuel Ward. 17. Daniel Ittce's Garrison : VVid. Sarah Taylor, Supply Weeks, Elcazer Taylor. 18. Samuel Forbush's Garrison: James Bradieh, Thomas Forbush, James Gleasou. 19. Edmund Bice's Garrison: David Brigham, Isaac Tomblin, David Maynard. 20. Thomas Rice's Gairison : John Pratt, Charles Rice. 21. Tlirimas Hapgood's Garrison: John Forbush, John Wheeler, Josiah Howe, B Carly, Sr., James Carly. 22. Mill Garrison: Thomas Barrett, John Banister. 23. Simon Maynard's Garrisangelical Congregational Society was formed by persons who left the First Parish. A large number of the church members worshipped with the First Evangelical Congregational Society under the ministry of Rev. Charles Forbush, whose pastorate continued seven months. Third Period, from 1835 to 1890.— In 1835 arrange- ments were made for uniting the First Parish and the First Evangelical Congregational Society, and the church members worshipping with them. To secure this result a petition was sent to the General Court, asking th.at the First Parish and the first Evangelical Congregational Society be incorporated into one parish or society, by the name of Union Society, with all the [iroperty, rights and privileges belonging to said parish and .society. The Legislature granted the petition, and Union Society was incorporated March 6, 1835. MARLBOKOUGH. 827 Soon after this act of incorporation, the church voted to be Icnown as the " Union Congregational Church in Marlboro' " thereby agreeing in name with the society with which they worshipped. In 1836, the house built in 1800 was taken down, and a smaller one built by Union Society. This hou.se was burned November 10, 1852. In 1853, the house now occupied by the church was built and dedicated, August 31, on which day Rev. Levi A. Field was ordained pastor. This meeting-house was repaired in 1868, at an ex- pense of about $12,000, again repaired in 1886, at an expense of about $3000. In 1887, the question of ownership of the Common in front of Union Congregational meeting-house, was brought by an article in the warrant into town- meeting in March. At that time, Theodore Temple, Deacon John E. Curtis and John Henry Maynard were chosen a committee to investigate the facts and report what claim if any the town had in the Common aforesaid. One hundred dollars were appropriated for this pur- pose. In July following, at a special town-meeting, a majority report, signed by Messrs. Temple and May- nard, claiming that the town owned the Common, and a minority report signed by Deacon John E. Curtis, claiming that Union Society owned the Com- mon, were rendered. Neither report was adojited. On motion of Hon. S. N, Aldrich (moderator), a com- mittee was chosen to submit the facts to the Professors of Real Property in Harvard University, and in Bos- ton University, and obtain their opinion respecting the same. The committee chosen were Theodore Temple, John Henry Maynard and John Chipraan. Two hundred dollars were appropriated for this purpose. Messrs. Maynard and Chipman submitted the evidence to the gentlemen according to the instruc- tions of the town. A special t^n-meeting was held October 4, 1887, at seven o'clock p.m., to hear the opinion of the professors, which was " that as between the town and the Union Society in Marlborough the title to the Common in front of the Union Church is now vested in said society, and not in the town." Signed Ed- mund H. Bennett, John C. Grey, Boston, September 21, 1887. At that town-meeting it was voted to in- definitely postpone the subject. The following November, a special town-meeting was called at 5 p.m., and the ownership of the Com- mon aforesaid, considered. John Reagan moved that the selectmen, together with Theodore Temple and John Henry Maynard, be a committee with full power to take possession of Union Common, employ counsel, etc., and that $1000 be appropriated from the liquor licence money for the expenses incurred. The motion was carried. A writ of entry was served upon the officers of the Union Society, November 29, 1887, claiming the common in front of Union Church. The town employed as counsel, James W. McDonnel, of Marlboro', and Frank Goulding, of Worcester. Union Society employed as counsel. Judge E. F. Johnson, of Marlboro', and Judge J. G. Abbot, of Boston. The lawyers for the town rendered a long opinion on the case, in which they said, " As there is no evi- dence that between 1805 and 1808, the town specially, by vote or significant act, dedicated and devoted any part of this lot to any other use, it would follow, upon the separation into town and parish, the title vested in the parish." In the October term of the Superior Court, held in Cambridge, the case was non-suited and the judge decided the case in favor of Union Society. The " Brimsmead Covenant " was adopted October 15, 1G79, and was used till 1837, when Rev. S. F. Bucklin prepared a revised church covenant and by- laws, and also submitted articles of faith, all of which were adopted. The " Half-way Covenant" was in use from 1701 to 1836. By the conditions of the " Half-way Covenent," persons who were not church members could have their children baptized. In May 31, 1818, a Sabbath- school was established and continues to the present. As early as 1810 this church contributed to benevo- lent and missionary societies. Several missionaries have gone to foreign lands from this church. Lucy Goodale, wife of Kev. Asa. Thurston, went to the Sandwich Islands in 1820. Grace Howe, wife of Rev. James Roberts, went to Japan in 1878. Mr. Arthur Brigham went to Japan as professor of agri- culture, in the college at Saporo in 1888. In May, 1818, the church voted to choose a com- mittee of three to examine candidates for admission to the church. This action led to greater care in the admission of church members. In Jan., 1827, it was voted that those coming from other churches should appear before the church com- mittee. In 1883 deaconesses were elected and made members of the church committee. In 1884 a long standing debt of about $6,000 was paiil. The present membershipof the church is about 380. There have been 32 deacons of this church. Below is a list of pastors from 1666 to the present time : Rov. William lirinlBmeail, iTistallcd Oit. 3, 1060, dlsinisseci > .Inly 3, 1701 ; Rev. Koboit Breck, installed Oct. 25, 1704, (Ii8ini.s!icd ' Jnii. 0, 1731 ; Rev. Denj, Keut, installed Oct. 27, 1733, dismissed Feb. 4, 1735 ; Rev. Aaron .Smith, inalallod .Tune 11, 1740, dismissed April 20, 1778; Rov. Asa Packard, installed March 23, 178S, dismissed April 10, 1800 ; Rev. S. F. Bucklin, Installed Nov. 2, 1808, dismissed June 20, 1^32 ; Rev. Chas. Forbush, installed Aug. 21,1833, dismissed 2 Mar. 20,1834; Rev. John N. Goodhue, installed May 4, ls36, dismissed ' Sept. 13, 1839 ; Rev. Ceo. E. Day, Installed Doc. 2, 1840, dismissed Dec. 23, 1847 ; Rev. lliiviil I,. Ogden, installed April 26, 1848, dismissed July 23, 18.10 ; Rev. George Denham, supply. Installed July, I860, dismissed April 1, 18M ; Rev. Levi A. Field, installed Aug. 31, 18.13, dismissed 1 Oct. 22, 1859; I Died in offlfe. 3 Pastor of " First Evangelical Cougregatioual Church and Society." 828 HISTOEY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Rev. Geo. N. Anthony, installed Nov. 8, 1860, dismissed Jan. 27, 1869 ; Rev. Cliarles R. Treat, installed Mar. 30, 1870, dismissed June 1, 1873 ; Rev. John Willard, installed Dec. 30, 1873, dismissed June 30, 1870 ; Rev. S. E. Eastman, supply, installed Sept. 1, 1880, dismissed Oct. 1, 1881 ; Bev. Albert F. Newton, installed Sept. 6, 1882. The SEcoNn Parish • (Unitarian). — On the 7th of June, 1804, according to the records of the Unita- rian Parish of Marlborough, " Sundry inhabitants of the westerly part of Marlborough met at the house of Capt. George Williams, and chose William Boyd, Moderator, and Benjamin Rice, Jr., Clerk." At this meeting, after "taking into consideration the difficul- ties which existed in the Town as to building a meet- ing-house," and for other reasons, which at this day are not fully known, they chose a committee of ten " to iiotify the Inhabitants of the West part of the Town, to attend at the adjournment of tliis meeting, that they might express their minds relative to the becoming a separate Society." The adjourned meeting took place June 11, 1804, and it was " Voted unanimously that they would en- deavor to be separated from the Easterly part of the Town of Marlborough, either as a poll parish, a pre- cinct, or a separate Town." A committee of eleven was chosen whose duty it was " to take all the matters of our meeting into consideration ; and also to select a spot or spots to build a Meeting-House on." This committee met June 15, and voted to recom- mend "to the Inhabitants to build a Meeting-House on the land of Josiah Fay and Capt. William Gates, west of Wheeler's Lane, near what is now Broad Street." On tlie 12th of July, they met .igain, and agreed to petition the Selectmen of the Town to insert an article in the next Town Warrant, " To see if the Town will give their con.sent that those Inhabitants residing in the Westerly part of Marlborough, may be incorpor- ated, — and a separate Town made of the Territory ; and to do and act in the premises as to them may seem proper." At a meeting of the Inhabitants of the Town, July 16, it was voted not to grant the aforesaid petition. Aug. 26, 1804, the Committee of Eleven met, and appointed three of their number, a sub-committee " to prepare a petition to the General Court, and such other papers as they may think nec'essary for the In- habitants of the West End of the Town of Marlbo- rough, who wish for a separation, to subscribe to at their next meeting." The petition to the General Court was drawn up and signed liy George Williams and seventy- five other citizens of the West part of the Town. Messrs. Silas Gates, Benjamin Rice, Jr., and Luke Drury, were chosen as "Three agents to present the jtetition to the General Court, and each was authorized to appear in the name of the whole." The petitioners immediately proceeded to organize themselves as a society, to be known as "The Peti- 1 By J. V. Juckman. tioners for a Division of the Town of Marlborough." Taking it as certain that their petition would be granted, they proceeded to choose officers, to raise money for various purposes, and to make preparations for building a meeting-house on land purchased for the purpose. Before the meeting-house was erected, however, the committee of both branches of the General Court " heard the parties," and, after due consideration, January 23, 1805, reported that " the petitioners have leave to withdraw their petition." The General Court accepted the report, and the efibrt to make a new town was at an end. The petitioners were, of course, much disappoint- ed, and after paying all expenses incurred, voted to distribute the remaining funds among the contribu- tors according to the amount each hud paid, either by taxation or voluntary contribution. Things now took a different turn. The "Petition- ers " met March 28, 1805, and decided to make an efibrt to secure land for a new road between the houses of Samuel Gibbon and Jonah Rice, and also for a " Meeting-House Spot." A committee was ap- pointed to carry out this project, and at an adjourned meeting, April 2, 1805, it was deemed advisable to go ahead and purchase all necessary land, and erect a meeting-house on the land of Benjamin Rice and Windsor Ward. A subscription paper was circulated at this meeting, and pledges amounting to five thou- sand two hundred and twenty-one dollars were se- cured. At the next meeting, April 5, notice was given to the " Town's Building Committee and the selectmen of Marlborough that the inhabitants of the westerly part" of the town " have determined to build a meet- ing-house on lands of Benjamin Rice and Windsor Ward," and that the said building committee had better " lessen the dimension of their house, or pro- ceed in any other way that they in their wisdom shall think fit and proper." The reason given in the notice for t^e step about to be taken was that " it will be most for the peace and happiness " of the parties concerned. From this time on to April 4, 1806, various meet- ings were held concerning the proposed meeting- house, and it was then voted, (April 4,) to "take measures to form ourselves into a Religious Society as soon as possible." At the same meeting, a com- mittee of fifteen chosen for the purpose reported that, " We, the subscribers, wishing to form ourselves into a regular Religious Society, have for many years past been satisfied with the services of the Rev. Asa Pack- ard as a minister of the Gospel, and are still wishing him to be our minister, feeling ourselves able and willing to make him a reasonable compensation for his services in the ministry with us." A committee was appointed " to wait upon the Rev. Asa Packard and request him to supply the pul- pit in the new Meeting-House." MARLBOROUGH. 829 May 12, 1806, a petition was presented to the selectmen asking that they would call a town-meet- ing " to see whether the town will consent that tlie subscribers, together with such others as may join them, shall be incorporated into a Religious Society, by such name as the Legislature of the Common- wealth may direct." A petition to the General Court was also drawn up, setting forth that the subscribers " had at great ex- pense erected a convenient building for purposes of Public Worship ; that they had employed a Public Teacher, who constantly preaches in said building; that they believed that the cause of religion and good morals would be advanced by their incorpora- tion into a religious society," and that therefore " your petitioners pray that they may be incorporated as aforesaid, with such privileges and immunities as appertain and belong to Parishes : — and as in duty bound will ever pray." This petition was signed by George Williams and one hundred and ten others. There were now two branches of the church in Marlborough, and it seems that they were harmonious in all their proceedings, for when a town-meeting was called for the purpose of eftecting a union of the two, by paying all expenses incurred by the new society, each branch voted that " we do not, either of us, mean to oppose or interrupt the other branch of this church, in the enjoyment of the special ordinances of the Gospel, or the settlement of a Gospel Minis- ter," and that they would oppose any such measure as that proposed, on the ground that it would " neith- er contribute to their honor, their peace, nor their happiness, nor be consistent with either." Various efforts were made by the town to bring the two sections together, but to no purpose. The '' Pe- titioners " considered that they were entitled to ex- istence as a separate society, because they had been recognized as such by " The unanimous voice of a very respectable ecclesiastical council, mutually chosen by the two branches of the Church of Christ in Marlborough," and because they had "a teacher of their own choice, and a meeting-house," which they had "occupied more than oue year." The town threw every obstacle in the way, but finally the " petitioners " were successful, for Febru- ary 20, 1808, the " Act of Incorporation " passed the House of Representatives, and February 22d, the Sen- ate, and "The Second Parish of Marlborough," com- monly known as the Unitarian Parish, had a legal existence with "all the privileges and immunities accorded to other parishes." The first parish meeting under the "Act of Incor- poration" was held March 8, 1808. At this meeting, all necessary parish officers were chosen and meas- ures were taken to dedicate their meeting-house and sell the pews therein. The Rev. Asa Packard formally accepted the invi- tation to become the pastor of the new society, and the relation was sustained until he resigned the pas- torate in 1819. During his pastorate, the society received from Mr. Ephraim Brigham the gift of a lot of land now known as the " Brigham Cemetery," — the donor giving as a reason for the gift, his " being moved thereunto by respect for the remains of my honored and beloved parents which were deposited there because infected with small pox." In 1810, the Rev. Mr. Packard was succeeded by the Rev. Seth Alden, who remained pastor of the so- ciety till 18.34, when the Rev. William Morse became his successor. In 1837, the ladies of the parish met and organized a society for benevolent purposes, and mutual im- provement. For many years, they met in private houses, and accomplished much good for the parish. Finally, they gave up this plan, and held their meet- ings in the vestry of the church, until, in 1880, they were installed in sumptuous quarters contained in an addition to the church built for the purpose by the wealthy, public-spirited men and women of the par- ish. The society is to-day known as " The Ladies' General Charitable Society," and is a powerful factor in the management of parish affairs. The Rev. Mr. Morse was succeeded in 1844 by the Rev. Horatio Alger. Under his administration, the parish received a gift of five hundred dollars ($500), from Mrs. Elizabeth Phelps, the same to be devoted to the establishment of a library. The collection of books thus formed was increased by a gift of 200 vol- umes from Henry Rice, Esq., of Boston. Many ad- ditions have been made since that time, until, at the present day, it contains more than 3000 well-selected volumes, illustrating nearly every department of English literature. In 1855, the society took a decided stand against the " Institution of Slavery," and declared that they would "decline all such connection with other churches calling themselves Christian, as shall impli- cate us in any degree or in any way in the guilt of upholding and perpetuating slavery." The Rev. Mr. Alger resigned his pastorate in 1859, and was succeeded in 18151 by the Rev. W. C. Tenney, whose services as pastor ended in 1864. In 1865, the Rev. Eugene De Normandie assumed charge of the parish, and served as pastor till 1869. During this time the church was thoroughly " remod- elled and rebuilt." The Rev. Calvin Stebbins followed Mr. De Nor- mandie in 1869. A new parsonage was built for his use by voluntary contributions from several members of the parish. In 1872, the parish voted to admit women over eighteen years of age as members, with all the pri- vileges enjoyed by men. The services of the Rev. Mr. Stebbins were discon- tinued in 1872. From that year to the present time the parish ,ha8 been under the charge of Rev. J. H. 830 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Wiggin, 1872-1875 ; Rev. R. A. Griffin, 1877-1888 ; and Rev. Edward F. Hayward, the present pastor, who began his term of service in 1889. Such, in brief, is the history of the Unitarian Par- ish of Marlboro'. It is to-day a highly prosperous society, holding in its possession a " Ministerial Fund " amounting to six thousand six hundred dollars ($(JGOO), given by many of the earlier members of the parish ; a fund for the maintenance of the Brigham cemetery, known as the Gibbon Fund; a fine church and organ, and a spacious common. All these, together with the parsonage before mentioned, show the generosity of the noble men and women, who have been enrolled in its membership. Connected with the society is a flourishing Sunday- school, consisting of nearly two hundred members, under charge of S. H. Howe, Esq., who has been for many years its efficient superintendent. The expenses of the parish, with the single excep- tion of a poll-tax, assessed on voting members, arc all met by voluntary contributions. Up to 1875, parish expenses were met by taxation, but at that time all pew-holders donated their pews to the society, and from that date the seats in the church have all been " free." During the eighty-two years of its legal existence the society has never seen a time when its men and women were not ready and willing, each and all, to maintain the honor and dignity of " The Second Parish of Marlborough." Methodist Episcopal Chukch.'— The history of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Marlborough is unique. The seed of Methodism in this vicinity was sown by Rev. George Pickering in 1798. Under his preaching one Phineas Sawyer was converted, and he at once established meetings in his house and factory, in the village of Feltonville, in the north part of Marlborough (now Hudson). The first Methodist Society in Marlborough was organized under the name of "The First Methodist Society in Marlborough," March 18, 1821, with Dan- iel Strattou, president, Lewis Jewell, vice-president, and Solomon Weeks, clerk. For a time the society held its meetings in barns and groves. From 1821 to 1832 preachers from the Needham Circuit supplied, and in 1832 the Marlborough Circuit was formed. In 1827 a church edifice wiis built in a secluded spot now known as " Gospel Hill," about equi-distant from Marlborough Centre, Feltonville and Stow, and this location was selected to accommodate the three vil- lages. The building was dedicated March 5, 1828, by the now famous Rev. E. K. Avery. Amid great persecution the society prospered and became noted. In 1851 a violent contention arose over the question of removing the place of worship to either Marlborough Centre, Feltonville or Rockbot- tom, the latter being a village in Stow. The contest > By L. L. Tarbell. waxed hot, and after several tentative decisions the final vote by agreement was taken December 27, 1852, and resulted in deciding, by a bare majority, in remain- ing on " Gospel Hill," and in " repairing the present, building.'" " From the heat of the debates," or from other cause, the building took fire during that night and was reduced to ashes. Thm the struggle ended, and the several factions were freed, and separated in peace. Steps were at once taken to erect a church edifice in Marlborough Centre, and the present edifice was dedicated with a sermon by Rev. .Toseph Cummings, D.D., October 19, 1853. Favored with some of the most popular preachers in the " connection " the so- ciety has prospered. In 1887, under the pastorate of Rev. P. C. Sloper, the church edifice was remodeled. The church and parsonage are vJilued at $16,000. The present officiary of the church is as follows : Pastor, Rev. Ernest P. Herrick ; Sunday-school superintendent, John Boggs ; organist, Harry Gib- son ; chorister, James H. Warner. Trustees, E. Stowe, C. B. Greenwood, W. W. Hol- yoke, J. W. Baird, G. W. Holyoke, John Boggs, Luther L. Tarbell. President, C. B. Greenwood ; clerk, Luther L. Tar- bell ; treasurer, E. Stowe. Stewards, W. W. Holyoke, H. E. Rice, Thomas Robb, C. L. Perry, E. B. Clark, Hiram Greenwood, G. W. Holyoke, Mrs. W. S. Frost, Mrs. C. B. Greenwood, H. O. Pendleton. Treasurer, W. W. Holyoke. The Fikst Baptist Church was organized April 14, 1808, with the following constituent members : Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Angier, Mr. and Mrs. H. Bel- knap, Mr. and Mrs. W. D. \Valker, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Gates, Miss Lizzie A. Crocker, Mrs. M. A. Dad- mun. Miss Nancy A. Leger, Miss E. M. Gates, Frank H. Lowell, Robert A. Marshall, Edward P. Richard- son, Marshall G. Richards, Miss Lucy Trask, Mrs. William Allen and Mrs. A. F. Brigham. This meeting was held at the house of Jlr. W. D. Walker. Previous to this time, however, baptism services had been held in the town by Father Fritz, the Baptist State Missionary. The first prayer-meet- ing was held at the house of Mr. W. D. Walker, in July, 1866. July 15, 1867, an informal or temporary organization was effected, with W. D. Walker a com- mittee on pulpit supply and man-of-all-work ; M. G. Richards, solicitor of funds; F. H. Lowell, treasurer; E.P.Richardson, clerk; and C. C. Curtis was au- thorized to secure the use of Sons of Temperance Hall as the temporary place of worship. The first public services were held July 21, 1867, and a sermon preached by Rev. D. F. Lamson, of Northborough, Mass. May 16, 1868, a call to the first pastorate of the church was voted to M. R. Deming, who was then acting a-s pulpit supply, and at a meeting held June 6th it was reported that the call was accepted. A MARLBOROUGH. 831 council for ordination met in the Universalist Church, Marlboro', June 18th, and, after examination, Mr. Darning waa regularly ordained and installed as pas- tor. He remained until June 2, 1871. The iirst dea- cons of the church were E. P. Richardson and Charles Angler. The pastors since Mr. Deniing have been as fol- lows : liev. J. T. Burhoe, J. H. Barrows, L. W. Friclj and the present etficient pastor, Rev. Charles Ran- som Powers. Definite action relative to securing a house of wor- ship was taken in 1869. It was then decided to pur- chase the present site of Fulton Hall, for which the sum of $1701 was paid. The old town hall, then standing where the present one stands, was sold at auction on March 9, 1869, and was struck oil' to pas- tor Deming for )?1050. It was removed to its present position, raised a story and titled up with two stores on the first floor, and the upper part was finished and furnished nearly as it is now. November 5, 1885, it was voted either to repair the old and outgrown Fulton Hall or build anew. Land was subsequently purchased on the corner of Wither- bee and Mechanic Streets, and the present fine church edifice erected. It was formally dedicated December 4, 1889. The Church of the Holy Trinity.' — The rectors of St. Mark's Church, Southborough, were called upon from time to time to perform relig- ious offices for English Church families residing in Marlborough. Occasional services were held. While the Rev. F. L. Bush and the Eev. Pelhham Williams, S. T. I), were residing temporarily in Southborough, these services were quite regular. At one time an upper room in the building known as Marlborough Block was the gathering-place of the little band of worshippers. Later, when the Rev. Waldo Burnett became rector at Southborough, a store was rented under the old Fulton Hall, nearly opposite the Old Colony Depot, and church services were held there every Sunday evening, excepting in mid-summer. This " Mission Room " was often uncomfortably crowded. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Sears, of Southborough, offered to build a church, if the people would purchase a suitable lot. Strenuous efforts were made, and the ground at the corner of Main Street and Cotton Avenue was secured. On November 17, 1887, the present beautiful church was opened and consecrated by the Right Rev. B. H. Paddock, D.D., the Bishop of Massachusetts. The Eev. Mr. Burnett then resigned the charge of the parish, and February 1, 1888, the Rev. Geo. S. Pine became the first resident rector. The parish had been organized March 25, 1887, and was admitted into union with the Diocesan Convention, May 22, 1889. The present wardens are William M. Hamilton, and John T. Stewart. The church, on a prominent corner ' By Rev. George S. Pine. of the Main Street, built in the early English style, from a design by Emerson, the well-known Boston architect, is an ornament to the town. Its interior is simple in coloring, but artistic in form. It has a rood screen of wrought-iron, a fine organ and beauti- ful chancel appointments. The music, a prominent feature of the services, is rendered by a well trained choir of men and boys under the direction of Mr. B. B. Gillette. Since the opening of the church there has been a steady growth in the parish. The average attendance at the services and in the Sunday-school has more than doubled, the number of communicants has increased seventy-five per ceu*. and the parish is expanding itself more and more in the field of good works. Univer.salist Chdrch.'^— Unfortunately the early records of the First Universalist Church, of Marlboro', Mass., have been lost, so that much which would be of great interest to the present generation has passed into the sea of oblivion. A few scattered papers and documents, some of which are dated back over sixty years, give no glimpsesof the beginning of the church history. A society for worship was formed about the year 1825, and a church building was erected soon after. Probably no settled i)astor was called for the first few years. The pulpit was supplied from Sunday to Sunday with preaching from a large number of min- isters, among which were many of the most prominent clergymen of that early day. In the year 1829, Rev. Thomas J. Greenwood received a call to become pastor of the church, at a salary of $500. The call was accepted, and for fifteen years Mr. Greenwood ministered to the society, loved by his jieople, and respected by all. The pastorate was very successful, for the society grew constantly in numbers and wealth. Following this pastorate is a period of several years, which, unfortunately is almost a blank from the loss of the Church Record book. About all that is known is that there waa a decline in interest and activity, which was followed by a period of dormancy. In the year 1862 or '63, Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, D.D., was called to the pastorate, although he never became a resident of Marlboro'. The scattered elements of the parish were brought together by him, and re-or- ganized, and a new period of prosperity began. Rev. W. A. Start, now the secretary of the Massachu- setts State Convention of Universalists, was Dr. (!obb's successor. His pastorate began March 19, 1865, and continued three years. During this period, the present church building was erected, the parish greatly strengthened, the congregation increased, and the Sunday-school built up to a membership of over three hundred. The Rev. S. T. Aldrich, followed Mr. Start, in a pastorate which was unfortunate, through the pastor's deflection from the faith, and attempt to = By Kov. F. S. Kice. 832 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. form an Independent Society, . This movement was not a success, and in 1870, Rev. J. H. Weeks became the pastor. He continued two years, being succeeded by Rev. Ada C. Bowles, as non-resident pastor. These pastorates were uneventful, as was also that of Rev. Lorenza Haynes, which followed. Adverse con- ditions made the life of the society something of a struggle. Burdened with debt, and somewhat dis- heartened by its vicissitudes, for a time it was doubt- ful what would be the outcome. Patience and perse- verance, however, conquered, and in 1880, we find the church under the guidance of a former pastor, Rev. W. A. Start, State Missionary, renewed with hope and courage. The debt is lightened by the gen- erosity of friends, and particularly by the munificent gift of Miss Harriet Fay, a member of the church, since deceased. In 1881, Rev. James Taylor became the pastor, holding that position for two years. Rev. W. F. Dusseault followed him in a pastorate of five years, v/hich was abundantly blesssed. The church is at present (1890) in charge of Rev. F. S. Rice, and is united and prosperous. The Roman Catholic Church of the Immac- ulate Conception stands on Prospect Street. It is a handsome brick structure, an ornament to the town and creditable alike to the spirit of faith and gener- osity which placed it there. It is the largest church in Marlborough, its audience room seating some four- teen hundred. Its choir, under the direction of John Dalton (Prof. F. W. Riley, organist) is justly cele- brated for the excellent rendition of its church music. The pastor is Rev. P. A. McKenna. He came here as curate in 1870, and after some years' service as pastor in the adjoining town of Hud.son, was trans- ferred back to Marlborough. His curate is Rev. John T. O'Brien, ordained June, 1889. The Catholics of Marlborough were organized as a separate parish in January, 18G4, when Rev. John A. Conlin was appointed resident pastor. Rev. Ed. Farrelly, pastor of Milford, celebrated the Sacrifice of the Mass, for the first time, in Marlborough, Saint Patrick's Day, 1851. Marlborough was then a mis- sion, and remained so under Father Farrelly's and Father John Walsh's administration until 1864. The corner-stone of the first Catholic Church in Marlborough was laid August 1, 1854. Rev. Nicholas J. 0' Brien preached the dedication sermon. The contrast between the present numerous con- gregation and the one of that day is a fitting accom- paniment to the many other contrasts suggested by the celebration in Baltimore, November 10, 1889, of the Centenary of the appointment of Bishop Carroll, and also by the opening of the first Catholic Uni- versity at Washington, November 13th. St. Mary's Church {French Catholic). — Pastor Rev. C. Caisse. French Evangelical Church — The First French Evangelical Church (Protestant) has a brief history at this date; it has a history to make in the future. In 1888 there was no Protestant French miBsionary located in Marlboro', and the Massachusets Home Missionary Society sent Mr. A. P. Blouin here to sell Bibles and Christian literature and converse with the French people about the Gospel and the New Testa- ment. He came in August, 1888, and remained until March, 1889. Immediately following him came Mr. W. H. Parent, a student from Hartford Theological Seminary, a converted Roman Catholic lawyer. He preached in Forest Hall from March to September. On his return to the seminary, Rev. Edward Pelletier took his place and continues to preach the Gospel in the French language. The audiences grew so large that a church building soon became a necessity. In the autumn of 1889 a fine lot of land on Lin- coln Street, costing $1000, was purchased by Mr. Samuel Boyd, and given to trustees, on which was to be built a French Church. Money for the church building was solicited by Rev. A. F. Newton, from the Middlesex South, Mid- dlesex Union, and Worcester South Conferences. The churches and Sunday-schools contributed gener- ously, and the money was raised. In the summer of 1890 the foundation of rubble work was built, costing $530. In October the erection of a beautiful Gothic Church, contracted for $3000, was commenced. The building is 32x49 feet, with an addition of a porch, 11 feet 9 inches by 27 feet 8 inches. Above this porch is a tower and steeple 72 feet high, crowned with a star, 18 inches in diameter. There is ample room for a parsonage in the rear of the church. The seating capacity is about 250. There are about 3000 French people within a mile of the church. Electric cars pass the church door. The trustees of the society are Samuel Boyd, Dea- con J. E. Curtis, Deacon L. W. Baker, Theodore Meanor, D. A. Walker, F. L. Claflin and Rev. Joshua Coit, secretary of the Massachusetts Home Mission- ary Society. Rev. Edward Pelletier is the pastor. CHAPTER LIX. MA RLBORO UGH—( Continued). Educational— The Preis—Firsl Natiomtl Bank— People's Katioiml Bank— Ptthlic Library— Waltr Workt-Fire DeparimmU— Steam Ratlway. Educational. — As early as 1696 the town em- ployed a master " to read English once a day at least, also to write and cast accounts." In 1698 it was voted to build a school-house, and Jonathan Johnson was employed as teacher. In 1770, a con- tract was made for a second school-house, and in 1701, the town was fined for not keeping a school- master. In December of that year the town voted, " That Thomas Rice and Isaac Amsden doo go forth MARLBOROUGH. 833 with all speed convenient, in the town's name and behalf, to doo what they can to provide a school-mas- ter, qualified according to law, and to treat him with terms for the half year or a twelvemonth, as they shall think fit." In 1702, £7 were paid to John Holman, of Milton, " for teaching our children and youth in reading, writing, and casting accounts ; and also in Latin, as occasion is, and in doing the duty of school-master, four months." In 1715, it was voted to build a new school-house, 24 feet by 18 feet. In 1718, £47 were appropriated for schools. At that day, and for years after, the scliools were kept in different parts of the township, and frequently in private houses. In 1745, it was " Voted, That the school shall be kept at the several parts of the town as heretofore." And Samuel Witt, Colonel Williams, Thomas Hap- good, Thomas Brigham, and Jotham Brigham, were chosen a committee " to order the schools as above." In September, 1745, it was " Voied, That all those families that live more than a mile and a half from either of the two school-houses, where the school has been kept the past year, shall draw their propor- tion of money out of the school rate." Samuel Brigham received £57 10s. old tenor, in full for keeping school two quarters in 1747. March 13, 1748, " On the petition of Samuel Jones and others, at the north-westerly part of the town, it was put to vote, agreeably to said petition, whether the petitioners should have their proportional part of the school according to their pay, and it passed in the afiirmative." "Voted and chosea committee of seven men, to apportion the school in six societies or squadrons, and the scholars to meet at the same school- honses, where the school has been lately kept, and to be settled accord- ing to the pay of each equadroD, taking the north-westerly corner for one eqiiadron. " A'greeably to the vote of the town, the committee, namely, Dea. An- drew Rice, Major John Bruce, John Warren, Daniel Harrington, John Banister, John Weeks, and Abraham Howe, have made the following division ; that is, the squadron west of the meeting-house, the scholars are to meet at the school-house near Noah Church's, or the old tavern place, thirteen weeks, four days, and three-fourths of a day, yearly And the scholars are to meet in the squadron, at the west end of the town, at the school-house near Moses Howe's, six weeks, three days, and two-thirds of one day, yearly. And the north-west squadron, the scholars are to meet at such a place as the squadron shall think proper, two weeks and four days, yearly ; and the squadron easterly of the meet- ing-house, the scholars are to come to the school-house near Joseph Johnson's, sixteen weeks, one day, and one-third of a day, yearly ; and the squadron northerly of the meeting-house, at the school-house uear John Ilapgood's, seven weeks and two-thirds of a day, yearly ; and the squadron at the east end of the town, at the school-house near Joseph Baker's, five weeks, four days, and two-thirds of a day, yearly, "The one-third, two-thirds, and three-fourths mentioned above, are added to the north-west squadron, to make that up three weeks." In 17C2, it was voted, " That the town will build or repare the school-housen in the several squadrants in the town. Where they Now are." Six new school- houses were soon after erected. The exigencies of the town were such that but little attention was given to the schools during the Revolu- tion. 53-iii In 1790 there were seven school districts or squad- rons as they were then called. The act of 1834 establishing a school fund, and that of 1837 creating the Board of Education, inforced new life into the schools and from that time to the pre- sent the citizens of Marlborough have kept abreast with the rapid strides in educational interests through- out the Commonwealth. The yearly appropriation for schools was increased from $900 in 1834, to 135,000 in 1889. There are now free schools in the town with 51 teachers and an average daily attendance of 1684. Whole number of pupils enrolled 2049. Oifls. — The first benefaction to the town for edu- cational purposes was that of Captain Ephraim Brig- liam of £111. 1771. The interest of this fund was used to establish the Brigham School. The fund was finally merged in the general school fund. In 1826 an academy was established, and in the fol- lowing year a building was erected for its accommo- dation. It was an individual enterprise. In 1827 Silas Gates and his son Abraham gave $2000 towards its maintenance, and the name was changed to Gates Academy. After a few years of prosperity it declined, and in 1833 had nearly expired. In that year Mr. 0. W. Albee took charge. He infused new life into the enterprise and his success in bringing the academy up to a high standard was almost phenome- nal. Mr. Albee was a man peculiarly fitted for the position which he filled. Besides being a proficient teacher he was a liberal-minded and public-spirited citizen. He remained in charge of the academy until it was merged in the high school in 1849. The be- quests of the Messrs. Gates were finally transferred to the town, and the interest appropriated to the support of the high school. Generous appropriations have been made for the schools, and they are in a promising condition. The following list shows the present attendance and names of teachers : Bi^elow.—lst grade. Miss Anna Witherbee, 6.3 pupils ; 2d, Miss Hat- tie Brigham, 47 ; 3d, Miss Mary E. Donovan, 61 ; 4th, Miss Emma R. Baker, 47 ; Sth, Miss Mary E. Hartnctt, 61 ; eth. Miss Jennie Walcott, 48 : 7th, Miss Mary Kaler, 35 ; Sth, Miss Angle Dudley, 32 ; 9th, Mr. J. V. .Jackson and Miss Alice Davis, 64. Total, 428 pupils. Hildreth. — 1st, Miss Harriet Alexander, 45 pupils ; 2d, Miss Mary A. Colleaiy, 50 ; 3d, Misses Mary Curtis and Josephine Moi-se, 60 ; 4th, Miss Kate Shaughnessy, 62 ; Sth, Miss Anna Hyde, 64 ; 6th, Miss Maggie McCarthy, 64 ; 7th, Miss Anna Wall, 48 ; Sth, Miss Minnie Worden, 47 ; 9th, Misses Ellen A. O'Connell and Melina Westcott, 63. Total, 466 pupils. Washington. — Ist, Misses Addie Alexander and Lillian Holden, 68 pu- pils ; 2d, Misses Anna Wilder and Florence Morse, 56 ; 3d, Misses Mary O'Callahan and Agnes aicCarthy, 70 ; 4th, Blisses Mary Fitzgerald and Mary Moriarty, 63 ; Sth, Miss Mary McDonald, 46 ; 6th, Miss Winnie O'Donnell, 46 ; 7th, Miss J. B. Colbert, 46 ; 8lh, Miss Bessie D. Free- man, 33. Total, 416 pupils. Pleasant Street. — 1st, grade, .Miss Anna W. Packard, 40 pupils ; lat. Miss Mary A. Mnrphy, 45 ; 2d, Miss N. F. Whelan, 42 ; 2d, Miss M. E. Fay, 41 ; 3d, Miss Mary CavanauKh,46 ; 4th, Miss Lillian Pratt, 48 ; 4th. Miss Nellie Quirk, 61 ; 6th, MissO. W. Gleason,61 ; 6th and 7th, Miss F. A. Gleason, — ; 8tb, Misses E. A. Cook and Mary Collins, 48. Total, 602 pupils. 834 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Bigh School.— ^st year or grade, 64 pupils ; 2d year or grade, 64 ; 3d year or grade, 24 ; 4th or senior year, 27. Total, 169 pupils. Teachers, G. H. Rockwood, Misses Florence Lock, Mary H. Morse, Lucy Pierce, M. L. Whitcher. Farm School, mixed. Miss Emily Morse, 20 pupils. Rice School, mixed. Miss Bertha Stevens, 22 pupils. Robin Hill School, mixed, Miss M. L. Frost, 24 pupils. South Street School, Ist and '2d grades, Miss Mary Fitzpatriek, 2.5 pu- pils. Total, 91 pupils. The present School Committee is as follows : S. H. Howe, chairman ; J. W. McDonald, secretary ; Wil- liam L. Morse, treasurer ; Dauiel W. Cosgrove, Charles Favreau, Ellen A. O'Connell, clerk. Superintendent, H. R. Roth. The Pres.s. — The first weekly newspaper estab- lished in Marlboro, was the " Mirror," in October, 1859, by Stillman B. Pratt, who learned the printer's art in the office of the Middleboro' Gazette, having pur- chased his little plant, wholly on credit, and com- mencing his business life here with a capital of only thirteen cents. This first office was in Union Block, opposite the O. C. R. R., on Main Street, with only one press — for hand use. Mr. Pratt was a native of Orleans, Mass., born November 24, 1836, the son of Rev. Stillman Pratt, and came of a reformatory and protesting family. John Pratt, his first American ancestor, was boy- cotted out of England, by religious persecution, and settled in Dorchester, Mass., in 1632. Other ancestors took part in all the Indian and early wars of Massa- chusetts, including King Philip's. One ancestor was an officer in the French and In- dian war. Both his grandfather and great-grandfather were soldiers of the Revolution. His father was early identified with the anti-slavery and temperance reformation.s, and naturally enough the Marlboro' Mirror, from the start, advocated these causes, then so unpopular. In May 1861, a syndicate having previously capi- talised and established the Marlboro' Journal, the j^/(V- ror was purchased by these gentlemen, and merged with that paper. Soon after this, Mr. Pratt became proprietor of the Middleboro' OazcUe, and later on established at Boston, the American Workman, the official organ of Labor Reform, and in 1869, he was run by that party as their candidate for Secretary of State. Later on when alien influence took possession of the leading labor organization of America, the Workman was sold to other parties. During the ten years, from 1861 to 1871, local journalism in Marlboro' had a varied history. George Mills Joy, editor of the Journal, early enlisted in the Union army, and shortly after the paper was discon- tinued, and for a time Marlboro' had no paper printed within its borders. At the close of the war, Wm. W. Wood re-e.stab- li»hed the Marlboro' Mirror, and in May 1871, after Just ten years' absence, Mr. Pratt returned to Marlboro' and purchased the same, and soon greatly extended the business, consolidating the Mirror-Journal into a "hyphenated" paper; started the vreekly ifarftoro' Advertiser and established a large group of local papers throughout this whole section of the State, under the firm-name of Pratt Brothers. He has owned more local papers in Massachusetts than any other man. In the fall of 1887, Pratt Brothers issued the Daily Mirror, the first paper of its kind in these parts. This daily was discontinued in 1889, A complete file is in the State Library. In 1888, Stillman B. Pratt established here a Relig- ious Reformation paper, the Weekly American, as a protest against the parochial school and other alien aggressions, and in advocacy of " Free Public Schools, Free Speech, Press and Worship, and Free Shops." This paper soon achieved an international reputation, and in 1889, its editorial office was removed to Boston, where it has ever since been published. Mr. Pratt's editorial experience has been enriched by three tours in Europe in 1861, 1885 and 1889. In 1889, the local business was sold to S. B. Pratt's son, Wm. W. Pratt, who is still in charge of the job and newspaper interests under the old firm name of Pratt Brothers. The Enterprise. — About two years ago the publish- ers of The Enterprise in Hudson, Messrs. Wood Brothers, conceived and carried to a successfu 1 issue, the idea of starting a similar paper under the name of The Marlboro' Enterprise, in this town. The first number appeared September 8, 1888, and was received at once with the most marked favor. In less than a year it had demonstrated itself to be a success, and since that time has grown steadily in scope and influ- ence until already it takes a front place in the list of Marlboro' papers. On September 3, 1889, the first number of The Daily Enterprise was issued, and in a short time its business had increased to such an extent that it became necessary to put in a new plant in Marlboro'. This was done, and for the first year the buBiness was carried on in the Hazelton block. About the middle of November, 1890, the business outgrew these quarters, and a new building was erected on the corner of Hiil and Devens Streets, with an office on the Main Street. To this place the paper has been removed, and it is expected will be able to do even better work in the enlarged accommodations. The Daily, is as yet a young paper, but it is alive all over, and gives every evidence of having a strong hold upon the people here. While always aiming to give the news in the fullest and most complete manner, it has carefully refrained from espousing the cause of any particular party, sect or creed. It is run in the interests of good govern- ment, pure morals, and honest citizenship, and is the determined opponent of error, wrong and corruption wherever found. To these principles it attributes its success, and that the public appreciate the eflbrts of the publisher to issue a good clean family newspaper, is evidenced by the increasing pojmlarity of The Enterprise. MARLBOROUGH. 835 The Marlborough Star was established January 1, 1887 as a bi-weekly, through the desire of the Catho- lic Lyceum, and at the suggestion of Fr. McKenna, to have the Catholics who form a great part of Marl- boro's people, to be represented by a weekly de- voted to Irish American and Catholic interests, and especially the advocacy of temperance. It was a six column paper of twenty-four inches in length and numbered four pages. Its editorial work was done by the members of the Lyceum, promiment among whom were John T. Winner and John F. Plunkett. The paper continued under this management for that year and then passed into the control of a stock- company composed of many of the Lyceum people, whose interest in the paper had not ceased. It was made a seven column paper, a little longer than the old one, and started off under the management of ^V. D. Doyle. Mr. James L. Sullivan of Worcester as- sumed its management August 9, 1890. The Marlborough Times is edited and published by Charles F. Morse. Banks. — The First National Bank of Marlboro'. — This was the one hundred and fifty-eighth bank organized under the National Bank Act. When that act became a law, February 25, 1863, Mark Fay, who had long had business dealings with Lancaster Bank, of Lancaster, Mass., travelling to and fro, on the days of the weekly meetings of the directors, gathered around him some of Marlboro's most enterprising cit- izens, and together they organized the First National Bank of Marlboro,' with a caiiital of $50,000 and authority to commence business October 1, 1863. The first directors were Mark Fay, Samuel Boyd, Sidney G. Fay, William Woods (2d), William Gib- bon, Joseph Boyd, John M. Whiton, Erastus S. Woods and George E. Woods. From the start for- tune smiled upon the bank, and on January 28, 1864, the original capital was increased to $100,000, and pn November 7th, in the same year, to $150,000, at which figure it, remained until May 5, 1865, when it was once more increased to $200,000. Mark Fay was unanimously chosen as its first pres- ident, which office he held until his death, in 1876, when William Gibbon was chosen as his successor. In 1878 Sidney G. Fay became president, filling that position until his death in 1882. Edmund C. Whitney, formerly of the Lancaster Bank, was elected as its first cashier, remaining in that position until 1882, when he resigned to become cashier of one of the Boston banks. F. L. Claflin succeeded him as cashier, having previously been in the Newton National Bank. When the charter of the bank expired, in 1882, it was wound up, its stockholders receiving, on August 30th, the sum of $150 for every share of stock they held, and immediately organized another bank with ! the same name to commence business September 1, i 1882, it being the twenty-seven hundred and seven- tieth bank organized under the National Bank Act. The capital was fixed at $300,000, at which figure it stood until 1887, when it was reduced to $150,000. The original directors of this bank were Samuel Boyd, Wm. Morse, Sidney G. Fay, Wm. H. Fay, Charles L. Fay, Edward F. Johnson, Esq., and T. A. Coolidge. Sidney G. Fay was chosen the first president, but as sickness had overtaken him he was never able to qualify, and the duties and responsibilities rested upon the vice-president, Samuel Boyd, who, in Janu- ary, 1883, was made president, Sidney G. Fay having been removed by death. In January, 1885, William H. Fay succeeded to the presidency, and occupies that position at the present time. F. L. Claflin is the only cashier the bank has had. This institution, situated away from the business centre of the town, but in the very heart of its popu- lation, has, by its fair and honorable efforts to serve the community, won for itself an enviable reputation, and a degree of success that justifies the wisdom of its promoters in their efforts to retain and carry on in their midst an institution with such an honoiable past to serve the public in this rapidly-growing town in the future. The Peoples' National Bank. — After a few years of stagnation in the manufacturing business of the town caused in part by " labor troubles," the year 1878 proved to be the beginning of a long season of pros- perity and growth, not only in the manufacture of boots and shoes, but in the large and steady gain in population. For years afterwards the first thing that would attract the eye of strangers when coming into town, would be the large number of buildings in all parts of the town in process of construction. There was at this time one National Bank, also a Savings Bank in the town ; but the growing business interests demanded more banking facilities. Aboutthe first of September, 1878, a conference of a few public- spirited gentlemen was held, and it was decided to see what could be doue towards getting subscription to the capital stock of the proposed new bank. Mr. D. W. Hitchcock, a retired Boston merchant, who made Marlborough his place of residence; in 1872, but who was well and favorably known in the town, accepted the important duty of soliciting subscriptions. In a very short time the wholearaount of $100,000 was sub- scribed, and on Sept. 26, 1878, a meeting of the sub- scribers was held in Central Hall, Corey Block, to choose a committee to complete the organization, aud to decide such other matters as might be deemed best. Mr. S. N. Aldrich presided, and John L. Stone, was secretary. It was decided to have for a name "The Peoples' National Bank," and the following were chosen a committee to take all necessary measures to start the bank, viz., Elbridge Howe, S. J. Shaw, D. W. Hitchcock, Samuel Boyd, S. H. Howe, Joseph Boyd, John O'Connell, George N. Gate, S. N. Aldrich, W. M. Warren, L. S. Brigham, Ste|)hen A. Howe, (2d,) Abel Howe andT. A. Coolidge, of Marlborough, and J. S. Bradley, of Hudson, These same gentle- men were afterward elected as the first Board of 836 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Directors, who organized with Elbridge Howe, as president, S. J. Shaw, as vice-president, and Stephen A. Howe (2d) secretary. With this Board of Direc- tors, the success of the bank was assured from the start. Immediate steps were taken to obtain a charter from the authorities at Washington, and the organi- zation was completed October 31st, and the bank authorized to commence business December 9. After several attempts to select a cashier, on the 4th day of December, John L. Stone, of Marlborough wa.i elected to that position, and on the evening of the same day his bond was accepted. Although not an experienced banker, the selection may be said to have been a for- tunate one, as he was well-known throughout this and the adjoining towns, and his mercantile experi- ence had learned him not only how to secure custom- ers, but also how to keep them. The rooms that were selected in the Town Hall Building for the banking-rooms, not being ready for occupancy as soon as expected the receiving of de- posits was somewhat delayed ; the first deposit being received from the well-known Insurance Agent Mr. Samuel B. Maynard, on January 13, 1879. From that day a steady increase has been made until at the present time the number of depositors is considerably over two hundred, and the amount to the credit of depositors nearly ifnot quite $250,000.00. In November 1882 the bank was moved into the new building owned by Mr. Hiram Temple, and known as Temple Block, thereby securing pleasanter and better rooms for its increasing business. The bank has recently purchased a location on Main Street, and will build a substantial brick building, having all the modern improvements for the transac- tion of the banking business. On the death of Mr. Elbridge Howe, who died in California April 5, 1886, while travelling for the benefit of his health, Mr. D. W. Hitchcock succeeded to the presidency of the bank. It has been the policy of the managers of this in- stitution to engage in all the legitimate branches of banking, not only making it profitable for the stock- holders, but an accommodation to the different classes of customers. With this idea in view, they sell for- eign exchange, buy and sell gevernment bonds, and have first-class bonds for sale for investments, and they never offer anything for sale that they do not own. Nothing of this kind is sold on commission. In January 1888 the bank was "designated a United States Depositary. The following is the condition of the bank at the last annual meeting : RESOURCES. Loans and discounts 9286,G(id.64 Overdrafts 28.85 United Slates Bonds 4 per cent, par value 26,0OO.lJ0 Stocks and securities 2,33U.0U Due from liunlts 03,752.07 Due from United States Treasury IIJ.UO Casli on liand 26,118.50 Expenses and t*xes paid 132:10 Premium on United States Bonds 2,000.00 Kedomption Fund 1,125.00 8407,106.38 LUBILITIE8. Capital stock 1100,000.00 Surplus 20,000.00 Undivided Profits 12,136.40 National Bank-notes Outstanding 22,600.00 Dividends unpaid 995.50 Deposits 251,474.48 8407,106.38 The last dividend was a three per cent, semi-annual dividend declared and payable January 1, 1890. The present Board of Directors consists of: D. W. Hitch- cock, S. H. Howe, John O'Connell, S. N. Aldrich, W. M. Warren, L. S. Brigham, A. C. Weeks, Abel Howe, B. F. Greeley, L. P. Howe, C. B. Greenwood, John L. Stone and Walter P. Frye. Such is a brief history of the Peoples' National Bank of Marlborough, which wise men prophesied would be a failure. Marlborough Savings' Bank} — On the 10th day of May, 1860, Mark Fay, Samuel Boyd, Thomas Corey, William Morse (2d) and Levi Bigelow met at the office of Boyd & Corey, to accept the charter of this institution, which had been granted by the General Court, and approved by Governor N. P. Banks, under date of April 3, 1860. This was thirty-three days be- fore the celebration of the two hundredth anniver- sary of the settlement of Marlborough occurred. The population of the town was 5900, and yet no bank or institution for savings had been organized by its citizens. Mark Fay, the first named in this charter, had for a time previous transacted business for his towns people in the Savings and State Banks lo- cated 'at Lancaster, both in the way of savings for people of moderate means, also in procuring loans upon real estate for those who wished them, and dis- counts for the traders and manufacturers, and know- ing the benefits the town might derive from an insti- tution of this kind, had been instrumental in securing this charter for Marlborough. At the first election of officers. May 21, 1860, Samuel Boyd was chosen president ; Jabez S. Witherbee, vice-president ; John M. Farwell, clerk ; Mark Fay, treasurer, with Thomas Corey, William Morse (2d), Samuel A. Chipman, Benjamin F. Underbill, Levi Bigelow, Francis Brig- ham, A. C. Felton, Asa Lewis, William P. Brigham, Peter P. Howe, C. S. Hastings. The bank was opened for business June 22, 1860, at the office of Boyd & Corey, one day of each week. The deposits the first six months amounted to $2312, when a dividend of 2J per cent, was declared. Wil- liam Morse (2d) was chosen president. May 19, 1862, and remained in this office three years, when Mark Fay was elected president and Edmund C. Whitney was chosen treasurer. Sidney G. Fay succeeded his father as president. May 16, 1870, remaining in office two years, when Elbridge Howe was elected presi- dent. He remained in oflice ten years and was agreat help to the bank, as was Edmund C. Whitney, who held the ofiice of treasurer thirteen years. Edward iBy Edward E. Alley. MARLBOROUGH. 837 R. Alley, the preseut treasurer, was elected October, 1878. S. Herbert Howe was chosen president May 15, 1882, remaining to this date. The deposits now amount to $1,421,576.42. Marlborough County Operative Bank. — President, Charles F. Robinson. Public Library. — The first public library was established in 1792, and the present library in 1870. A gift of several hundred volumes was made by the Mechanics' Institute. The town also voted $1300 for its establishment. The citizens have manifested a lively interest in the library, and liberal appropria- tions have been made for its support. It contains 10,000 volumes. The present trustee.s are as follows : E. L. Bigelow, Miss H. E. Bigelow, W. D. Doyle, Rev. F. S. Rice, J. E. Savage, J. V. Jackman, William H. Loughlin, George Mastel, Francis C. Curtis and Mrs. H. E. Bigelow. The librarian is Sarah E. Cutting, assist- ants, Lottie G. Moore and Mary S. Chamberlain. Water-Works. — The water-works were construct- ed in 1882, and completed at the close of 1883, at a cost of $165,174.48. The water supply is Lake Williams. The capacity of lake and water-shed is 175,000,000 gallons annually. Capacity of reservoir, 5,000,000 galls. Present Board of Water Commissioners. — James T. Murphy, term expires 1890; R. D. S. Mortimer, term expires 1891 ; John A. Connell, term expires 1892. Officers. — James T. Murphy, president of the board ; R. D. S. Mortimer, clerk of the board; James T. Murphy, treasurer of sinking fund ; George A. Stacy, superintendent of the works ; William Mc- Nally, water registrar. The Fire Department, consists of one hook-aud- ladder company and four hose companies. The chief of the department is Mr. George H. Bigelow. The Marlboro' Street Railway was chartered by the General Court in chapter 166 of the acts for the year 1888. The company was authorized to use either animal or electric power in operating its cars. It early became evident that the use of horses was impracticable on account of heavy grades. The Presi- dent, Samuel Boyd and the treasurer, Samuel C. Darl- ing, visited Richmond, Virginia, Scranton, Pennsyl- vania, and other places to examine the working of the electric roads, which has recently been established at those points, and the result was the equipment of the Marlborough road for operation by electricity. The road was completed aud commenced operations on the 19th day of June, 1889. The first Board of Directors consisted of Samuel Boyd, president; Samuel C. Darl- ing, treasurer ; Stillman B. Pratt, Edward R. Alley, Timothy A. Coolidge, Jas. T. Murphy, AlbaC. Weeks. Since the opening the business of the road has stead- ily increaaied, giving a fair rate of profit, and fulfill- ing the anticipation of the projectors. The total length of road operated at the start, 2.514 miles, an extension of one half mile has just been completed. The plant and rolling stock consists of two Arming- ton & Sims' sixty horse-power engines, two No. 16, Edison Dynamos, three box-cars, three open-cars ; the Sprague system is used. CHAPTER LX. MAJiLBOROUGH-iContinved). manufacturing interests. BY EDWARD R. ALLEY. Marlborough has long occupied a front rank among the leading shoe manufacturing towns of New England. From small beginnings in 1835, the busi- ness increased to an annual product of $1,200,000 in 1860. Since that its increase has also been rapid and at the present time the value of the annual pro- duct amounts to the sum of $6,855,000. The making of shoes began here in 1835, when Joseph Boyd, then a young man, having learned to make custom shoes of Col. Ephraim Howe, began manufacturing shoes in a small way in the addition to his father's house, located at the junction of Maple and Bridge Streets, now occupied by Josiah Bennett. He continued here about a year, when Samuel Boyd, his younger brother, having served an apprenticeship and learned the tanner's trade of Col. Davis in North- boro', joined Joseph and together they continued man- ufacturing. In 1837 they bought the Hall Shop, as it was called, which stood on the site of the Marlboro' Block, Main Street. In 1839 Joseph went to St. Louis, remaining there until 1845 when he returned and again joined Samuel in 1846. In 1848 they built the brick part of the Morse Shop on Maple Street, and it was used as a bottoming shop, the shoes being cut in the shop in the rear of what is now the Dart House ; he continued until 1851 when he went to Southboro' and remained there manufacturing until 1858, then returned and joined S. Boyd & Corey, re- maining a year or more when he formed a partner- ship with Eugene Brigham, making up the fiim of J. Boyd & BrighamI; they commenced in the west end of Corey Block ; here they made shoes for the United States Army and were very successful, re- maining there until 1864 when they built their new shop on Main Street, at the corner of Newton Street. Eugene Brigham retired in 1872, when the new firm of J. Boyd & Co. was formed, consisting of J. Boj Alfred N., and Albert E. Proctor, December 12, 1888. The re-organization of United Brethren Lodge was not effected until the fall of 1859. On December 1st of this year, a meeting of the brethren was held under Dispensation at the office of Messrs. Boyd & Corey, corner of Main and Maple Streets. Several representatives of the old lodge of thirty years pre- vious were present, together with resident members of " Middlesex " of Framingham and other lodges. Preliminary arrangements were made for permanent- ly organizing a Master Mason's Lodge, securing suit- able apartments and furniture, and the election of officers. After several preparatory meetings of the brethren, a hall was secured over the Boyd & Corey office, and Alexander C. Felton, Esq., was selected to preside over the lodge as its first Master. December 14, 1859, the brethren met in these apart- ments for the first time, where they continued to hold meetings and work under Dispensation, until a charter was granted September 12, 1860, with the following as charter members: — Sylvester Bucklin, Samuel Chipman, Thomas Corey, Martin Dadmuri, Jr., J. M. Farwell, Alexander C. Felton, Jonah Howe, Asa Lewis, Wm. H. Marston, Burleigh Morse, S.imuel J. M. Weston, Charles F. Morse and Jabez S. Wither- bee. Of these brethren, three, Brothers Samuel Chip- 842 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. man, Jonah Howe and Jabez S. Witherbee were mem- bers of the old lodge, and formed a connecting link between the old and new organization. Numerous accessions to the lodge were made dur- ing the year, adding many sturdy and influential citizens to its membership, and quite outgrowing their limited quarters. During the fall of 1860, ar- rangements were made and a lease obtained of a suit of rooms at No. 136 Main Street, since known as Corey's Block. These apartments were first occupied October 16, 1860, when a special communication was held for the purpose of receiving the officers of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. Most Wor. Winslow Lewis, Grand Master, who, together with his suite, was present for the purpose of installing the officer.^ of the Lodge and dedicating the new apartments. Wor. Bro. Alexander C. Felton was installed Mas- ter, Bros. Burleigh Morse, Sen. Warden, J. S. With- erbee, Jun. Warden, Sylvester Bucklin treasurer, and J. M. Farwell secretary. From this time rapid strides were made in additional membership and Masonic in- terest ; the fathers of the lodge of to-day were then taking their degree.'*, and their zeal and constancy is a sufficient assurance of a thorough initiation. At the date of the reorganization of United Breth- ren Lodge, Feltonville (now known as Hudson), was a part of Marlborough, and many of its best citizens became members of the fraternity and affiliated with the lodge here. This member.ship covered a period of about five years. In the latter part of 1864 the brethren from Hudson, tiring of their long journey to attend lodge meetings, and having sufficient strength to warrant independence, applied for and obtained a charter for themselves. This signal- ized the advent of Doric Lodge, A. F. and A. M., of Hudson, which has since maintained a healthy growth, and been ever active in promoting the tenets of Masonry. An intimate fraternal feeling has al- ways existed between United Brethren and Doric Lodges, and frequent interchange of visits by the brethren serves to strengthen the ties that bind them as one band of friends and brothers. The years of the Civil War found many brothers espousing the Union cause, and taking active service for the maintenance of the Government. The zeal and loyalty of such as were spared to return have never abated. Thirteen Masters have presided over the lodge since its organization in 1859, of whom all are living at the date of this writing (1890) excepting Worship- ful Brother, George H. Adams, who presided with great acceptance during the years 1869 to 1872, inclusive, and who deceased after a brief illness and was buried from the Unitarian Church with Masonic honors. The following are the names of the Past Masters in the order of their election, and their years of service. Woreliipfiil Brothera, Alexanrler C. Felton, 1860-61 ; Burleigh Morse, 1U62-63-64, '67 ■, Sanuiol J. Slww, 1865; W. E. C. Worcester. 1866; George N. Gate, 1868, '75 ; George H. Adume, 1869-70-71-72 ; William 8. Frost, 1873-74 ; Lewis I. Hapgood, 1876 ; George H. Whitney, 1877- 78-79-80 ; Benjamin F. Greeley, 1881-82-S8, '86 ; Frederick J. Jewett, 1884-85 ; Edwin A. Evans, 1887-88-89 ; J. Frank Child, 1890, and is at present presiding master. To these brothers much of the interest in lodge membership and proficiency in works may be attribut- ed. Worshipful Brother Burleigh Morse, whose name appears near the head of this list, is a veteran in Masonry ; his attendance has been long and faith- ful, and his familiar face may be seen at lodge meet- ings as regularly to-day, after thirty years of service, as that of the youngest member. To Worshipful Brother George N. Cate, may be traced a marked advance in accuracy of lodge work and attention to detail, the brother imparting to the membership of his own dignity, which combined with firmness of character, and a thorough knowledge of the mysteries of freemasonry, raised the lodge to a higher plane, with a corresponding increase of interest by the brethren. This discipline has con- tinued to exercise a most salutary effect, and is worthy of emulation. At a meeting of the lodge held October 4, 1882, especially convened for considering the commutation of the Grand Lodge Tax, Most Worshipful Samuel C. Lawrence, Grand Master, was present, and urged the importance of cancelling the remaining debt from Masonic Temple. The meeting was very fully attended, and it was decided to commute the tax by one payment in full. Similar action became almost unanimous throughout the lodges of the State, and the administration of Worshipful Brother Lawrence, saw the Grand Lodge indebtedness entirely ex- tinguished. The quarters secured by the brethren in October, 1860, were from time to time replenished with new furniture, and uninterruptedly occupied by them until the morning of December 7, 1883, when a disastrous fire occurred, destroying both apartments and furniture; unavailing efforts were made to save the charter ; the books and records, however, were secured, and, though somewhat stained by water and smoke, were found to be entirely legible. The lodge sustained a loss of about $1600, on which there was an insurance of $1000. The brethren at once secured the use of Pythian Hall as a place of meeting, until such time as permanent apartments could be provided. Arrangements were early made, and an agreement signed, by which the lodge was to be granted a ten years' lease of the entire upper floor of a contemplated new brick block, since known as " Hazleton's Block " No. 203 Main Street. Though long delayed, the building was flnally completed, and the upper-story suitably divided, with a main hall and ante-rooms, especially adapted for lodge purposes. To a committee of the lodge was intrusted the frescoing and furnishing of these rooms, which were completed and occupied for the first time at a special communication, August 5, 1886. At a public-meet- ing of the lodge, October 14, 1885, Most Wor. Abra- MARLBOROUGH. 843 ham H. HowlanJ, Jr., Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, and his suite were present, and according to ancient customs and usages, pro- ceeded to dedicate the new apartments to Free Masonry, to Virtue aud Universal Benevolence. These impressive ceremonies were supplemented by remarks at length by the Grand Master and members of his suite, charging the brethren to a continuance of those Masonic principles and virtues, which have ever been, and should ever be, the beacon lights of symbolic and practical Masonry. About two hundred members, visitors and ladies were present, and were welcomed to the banquet-room at the close of the for- mal exercises. Regular communications are held dur- ing the entire year, on the evening of Wednesday on, or before the Full of the Moon, though the lodge may, at its option, adjourn over the months of July and August. Special communications are convened from time to time, on such days and dates as the Master may designate. The social character found in Masonry is pre-emi- nently democratic, laying aside for the time those artificial distinctions of rank and wealth, which, though they may be requisite in the world, yet among Masons are unknown. Its members meet on one com- mon level of brotherhood and equality, where virtue and emulation in good works are preferments, and the grand aim is to see " who best can work and best agree." A series of public gatherings have been held at Masonic Hall during the winter months for several years past, to which the ladies are especially welcome. Readings, music aud social games add not a little to the good feeling which characterizes these entertain- ments. So far they have been successful, and have seemingly become inseparable as a social phase of the Masonic family. In addition to that universal charity which per- meates every Masonic body, there is connected with United Brethren Lodge, a Mutual Benefit Associa- tion, confined strictly to the affiliated members of this lodge, by which each brother, paying into a general fund the sura of one dollar, becomes a member. No further assessment is made until a brother dies, when one dollar more is collected and held as a reserve fund. This money is entirely distinct and separate from the funds of the lodge treasury, and payable immediately upon the decease of a brother, to his surviving representative, having as a primary object, the supplying of ready money to the widow or orphans in the hour of their bereavement, when incidental expenses and funeral charges are imperative. The benefits of this arrangement have been most gratify- ing to the members of the fraternity upon several occasions during the few years it has been in opera- tion, and has received the cordial support of a large percentage of the membership. To a true brother the pleasure of giving in the hour of need is ample reward, and in harmony with Masonic obligations. United Brethren Lodge has for many years been especially zealous in its care for sick and needy brethren. A Relief Committee is annually appointed by the Master, to visit the sick and extend pecuniary aid when and where needed. A nurse or watcher is supplied when occasion requires, and the expenses paid from the Lodge treasury. These duties have been most faithfully discharged. It is claimed of our Institution, and is literally true, that a Mason, destitute and worthy, " May find in every clime a brother, and in every land a home." Masonry teaches, however, that charity to the needy should not partake of that exclus'veness, which ac- cords relief to members " of the household only," or be alone confined to the granting of pecuniary aid, for, Masonically speaking, charity also embraces a state of mind, which renders a brother full of love and good-will towards others, to overlook misfortunes and deal gently with the erring. An Adoptive Rite in Masonry, known as " the Or- der of the Eastern Star," has recently been instituted under the guardianship of United Brethren Lodge, and is now working under dispensation. This branch is composed largely of ladies, drawing its membership from the wives, widows, mothers, sisters and daugh- ters of the Masonic fraternity. Affiliated Master- Masons are also eligible as members, and fill a few of the subordinate offices. Much interest has already been manifested, and the work of organization and initiation has advanced rapidly. From the numerous applications for admission, there can be no doubt of its popularity and success. United Brethren Lodge is especially zealous in transmitting the symbolisms of Masonry from the older to the younger members of the Order, every in- itiate being orally instructed in the lectures and work of Ancient Craft Masonry, as handed down by the fathers, without addition or innovation. The atten- tive ear receives the sound from the instructive tongue, guarding with vigilance the unwritten legends of this mysterious order, whose venerable years have numbered in its membership the most illustrious men of their day, whose quiet and unostentatious deeds of kindness have lightened the burden of the unfortu- nate in every land, and whose charity is especially invoked towards a brother, his widow and orphans. Long may it continue in every good word and work, bearing its deeds of love and charity, wherever the hand of distress may prefer its suit, or the burdened heart pour out its sorrows. Houghton Royal Arch Chapter. — This organization dates its beginning from the 14th of May, 1867, when a number of Companions from Framingham R. A. Chapter, residents of Marlborough, met in Masonic Hall for the purpose of consulting in regard to the formation of a chapter in this town. Brother Burleigh Morse presided at this meeting, with John F. Cotting as secretary. It was the unan- imous sentiment of the Companions present that such action should be taken, and it was voted to petition 744 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. the Grand Chapter of Massachusetts for permission to open and hold a Chapter of the Royal Arch Ma- sons in Marlborough. The Grand Chapter promptly considered the peti- tion, and June 11, 1867, the necessary dispensation was granted by Ex. Comp., Richard Briggs, Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter. The name of Houghton R. A. Chapter was adopted, complimentary to Brother George Houghton, of Hud- son, whose generous contributions aided largely in supplying the necessary paraphernalia for lodge pur- poses. The following Companions composed the first Council, and filled the various subordinate offices : Most Ex. Burleigh Morse, High Priest ; P. E. Millay, Ex, King ; W. E. C. Worcester, Ex. Scribe ; Martiu Dadmim, Treasurer ; .loho F. Cot- ting, Secretary; Rev. W. A. Start, Chaplain ; M. P. Rogers, Capt. of Host ; C. F. Moi«e, P. S. ; B. A. Bradley, B. A. Capt. ; George N. Cate, Master of 3d Veil ; 0. D. Hunter, Master of 2d Veil ; George B. Sher- man Master of 1st Veil ; E. F. Longley and L. Dadmun, Stewards. Work under dispensation was continued until the following year, when application was made for a charter, which was granted, and the Chapter duly instituted September 25, 1868. Accessions to membership from year to year have been made from United Brethren Lodge, of Marlbor- ough, Doric, of Hud.son, Siloam, of Westboro', St. Bernard, of Southboro', and various other lodges. The following companions have presided over the chapter since its organization : — Most Ex. Burleigli Morse from 1867 to 1872 inclusive, also during the year 1878. N. S. Chamberlain for the years 187^ and 1874. J. A. Clisbee 1875 to 1877 iuclusive. T. A. Coolidge 1879 to 1884 inclusive. George H. Whit- ney 1885 and 1886. Lyman Morse 1887 to 1889. Edward P. Miles 1890, and at present presiding, all of whom are now active members, excepting Most Ex. N. S. Chamberlain deceased. The Corey Block fire of December 7, 1883, was the occasion of serious loss to the Chapter, fire and water destroying its Charter, Regalia, Furniture, &c., 011 which there was no insurance. The books and records were fortunately saved uninjured. The coun- cil at once secured temporary quarters in Pythian Hall, and took immediate steps to replace their loss, the brethren and their lady friends lending willing hands in assistance. On the completion of Hazelton Block in August, 1885, the chapter removed to Masonic Hall, where they are now permanently located, with an active membership of upwards of one hundred and sixty companions. Regular convocations are held monthly on the even- ing of Friday on or after the full of the moon, usually adjuurning over the months of July and Au- gust. The annual convocation for election of officers occurs at the regular meeting in September. Great harmony prevails in the chapter, inspiring the ofii- cers and brethren in good works, and a unity of feel- ing which is not limited to lodge meetings. An institution drawing together men of all shades of opinion, and cementing them by such strong ties of affection, can only be productive of good, making better men and belter citizens. CHAPTER LXIL MARLBOROUGH-(Continued). CIVIL HISTORY. hworf oration— I^rtl Selectmen— Selectmen from 1661 to 1890— Ibimi Clerla from 1660 to 1890 — Treasurers — Repreeentiitivet — State Senators — County Commissionei-s — Uelegates to Provincial Congress — Delegates to (institutional Conventions — Assistant Treasurer of United States — Population — Valuation. Marlborough was incorporated June 12, 1660, the order of the General Court was " that the name of the said plantation (Whipsuiferage) shall be called Marlborow." The name was doubtless derived from Marlborough, England. It was formerly written Marl- berg or Marlbridge. Marlborough when incorporated, in addition to its present territory, included all that tract lying within the limits of the present towns of Westborough and Northborough, set off in 1717 (Northborough was set off from Westborough in 1766), Southborough set ofi' 1727, and Hudson in 1866. Marlborough was incorporated as a city May 23, 1890, and accepted by the town July 14, 1890. The first selectmen chosen were Edmund Rice, William Ward, John Ruddocke, John Howe, Thomas King, Solomon Johnson and Thomas Goodman. Selectmen. — The following is a list of the select- men from the incorporation of the town to the present time, except ihe period from 1665 to 1739, of which there are no records extant : Edmund Rice, 1661-64. William Ward, 1661-65, '71. John Ruddocke, 1061-65, '71. John Howe, Sen., 1661-64. Thomas King, 1661-64. Solomon Johnson, 1661-65, "71. Thomas Goodnow, Sen., 1661-63, •65. John Woods, 1664, '65. William Kerly, Sen., 1665, '71. Thomas Howe, 1701 . Joseph Newton, 17UJ. Nathaniel Joslin, 1701. James Woods, 1701. John Maynard, 1707, '10. Sanmel Brigham, 1707, '10. Ahrahani Eager, 1707. JoBh\ia Kice, 1707, '10. John Bowker, 1707, '10. Zerubbnhel Eager, 1739. Edwai-d Barnes, 1739. Robert Barnard, 1739, '40, '47. Joseph Baker, 1739, '41. Thomas Brigham, 1740, '43. Daniel Stewart, 1740, '41, '53. Joseph Howe, 1740, '41, '44, '46, •64. Daniel Barnes, 1740, '41, •62, '60, Samuel Stevens, 1741. Joseph Morse, 1741, '46. Uriah Eager, 1741, '52, '53, '55, •56, •SS, '60, •62, •68, ^69. Joseph Tainter, 1741. James Woods, 1741-49, •65-57. , Abraham Williams, 1741-43, '46- 49, '52, '54. Samuel Witt, 1740, '42, '44, '45, '47, '48, '50, '63, '54. Samuel Brigham, 1741, '4-2, '44, '46, '48, '49, '54. Jedediah Brigham, 1741, '43, '47, '62. Andrew Rice, 1743, '50, '58, '63. Jonathan Barnes, 1743, '57, '59 '62. Jabez Ward, 1743. Abraham Beaman, 1744. John Warren, 1744, '46^50, '52- 61, '63-66, '67. Jonas Morse, 1744, '49, '52, '55. Abraham Howe, 1745, '63, '57, '61. John Hapgood, 1746, '49, "58, '66, '57, '69, '60. John Sherman, 1745. Thomas Howe, 174,5, '46, '01, '63, '71. Samuel Jones, 1747, '4S. MARLBOROUG-H. 845 Bphraim Brigham, 1749, '60, '54, '56-59, '61, '62, '66, '67, '69. Joseph Brigham, 1749, '62, '64. Hezekiah Maynard, 1750, '65, 'Tl, •73. Peter Bent, 1750, '56, '69, '66, '67, '70-72, '74, '77. Thomas Bigelow, 1750, '62, '65. .labez Rice, 1762, '55. John WeeliS, 1753, '64, '66, '58-60, '62-66, '70, '73. Samuel Brigham, 1755. Jesse Rice, 1756, '57, '66, '68, '70. Abraham Rice, 1758, '60, '61, '63, '64, '60, '69, '70, '73. Joseph Hapgood, 1758, '63, '64, '66, '67. John Banister, 1759. Daniel Ward, 1760, '61. Daniel Harrington, 1762, '66, '68, ■69, '71, '72. Joel Brigham, 1763, '72. Gershom Bigelow, 1763, '64. John Barnes, 1764. Uriah Brigham, 1765, '68, '69. Gershom Rice, 1765-70, '72, '74, '75. Ebenezer Dexter, 1766, '68. Nathan Goodale, 1767, '69. Simon Stow, 1767, '71, '75, '76, '78, '79, '62, '83, '85, 87. Manning Sawin, 1768, '72, '79-83, '87. Winslow Brigham, 1770-80, '82, •84, '86, '88, '89, '91. Joseph Brigham, 1771. Nathan Reed, 1772. Robert Balier, 1773. Edward Barnes, 1773-75. George Brigham, 1774-76. Silas Jewell, 1774. Cyprian Howe, 1774, '78. Ithamar Brigham, 1775, '76, '78, '79, '82. Jonas Morse, Jr., 1776-77, '80-82, '86, '87, '89. Silas Gates, 1776, '79-Sl, '83, •85, •87. Alpheus Woods, 1776, ^87. Edward Hunter, 1777, ^79. Paul Brigham, 1777. Solomon Brigham, 1777. Jacob Pelton, 1777. Moses Woods, 1778, •83, '84, '86, '88, '92, '93, '95-98. William Brigham, 1778, '82, '85. Samuel Stevens, 1778. Joseph Howe, 1779. M'illiam Boyd, 1780, '87. Daniel Barnes, 1780, '81, '83. Uriah Eager, Jr., 17SU, '81, '83, '84, '86. Amasa Cranston, 1781. Samuel Curtis, 1781. Silas Bayley, 1782. Abel Holden, 1783. George Williams, 1784, '89-91. Benjamin Rice, 1784. Solomon Barnes, 1784, '86, '88. Samuel Stow, 1785. Jonathan Weeks, 1786, '88-91, '93, '94. Joel Rice, 1785. Peter Wood, 17S5. Jabez Rice, 1786, '88. Thaddeus Howe, 1T87. John Stow, 1788, '90, '92-91. Luther Howe, 1788. William Hager, 1789. Samuel Howe, 1789, 1800. William Morse, 1790, '93, '94. Noah Rice, 1790-1800. Edward Barnes, 1790-96, '98, 1802, '3. Archelans Felton, 1790. Abner Goodale, 1791, 1800. Joseph Williams, 1791. William Loring, 1792. Daniel Brigham, 1792-94, 1797- 1813. Samuel Gibbon, 1794-1800, '2, '9. Robert Hunter, 1796, '97-99, 1801, '3, '6. Aaron Brigham, 1795, '96, 1802-5. Stephen Morse, 1795, '96. Jonathan Hapgood, 179fi-1800_ 1802-9, '11. William Weeks, 1797. Joseph Brigham, Jr., 1799, 1801, Paul Brigham, 1801. John Loring, 1801, '11. Ithamar Brigham, 1801, '06, '09, •11-13 Stephen Eames, 1802-05, 'OS. Samuel Witt, 1802. Lovewell Barnes, 1803, '10-17. Thomas Rice, 1804. Silas Gates, 1804, '05, '07, '08. Benjamin Rice, Jr., 1804, '07, '10, '16, '19, '20-22. Micah Sherman, 1806-07, '09, 'Il- ls. .Joel Cranston, 1806-09. Joseph Howe, Jr., 1806-20. William Weston, 1806, '07. I Ephraim Brigham, 1808. 1 John Weeks, 1808-10. I William Barnes, 1810. , Jedediah Brigham, 1810, '14-16. Eli Bice, 1810, '23, '28, '29. ' William Gates, 1811-13, '15, '19- I 21. Abraham Stow, 1812, •IS. ! William Howe, 1812, •IS. Jabez Green, 1814. I Jabez Stow, 1814. Silas Temple, 1814-16. I EphraimMaynard, Jr., 1814, 'l."^, '17-19. Benjamin Clark, Jr., 1814. ! Silas Felton, 1815-25. Solomon Weeks, 1815, '32-38. Ashbel S. Brigham, 1816. John Howe, Jr., 1816, '21, '22. I John Stevens, 1817-19. [ Aaron Stevens, 1820-31. William Holyoke, 182'2-27. Silas Newton, 1823-27, '42. , Ephraim Brigham, 1824, '25. ' Isaac Hayden, 1826-40, '44, '45, j •58-00. Stephen Bice, 1826, ^27. Jedediah Wood, 1828-31. j Ephraim Howe, 1828-40. Stephen B. Phelps, 1830-3.'i, •49- 1 61. I Ezekiel Bruce, 1832-34. George E. Hanson, 1836^3, '58- I 60. I Abel Rice, 1836-41. William Barnes, 1839-42. Winslow Barnes, 1841, '42, '44, •45. Lewis Bigelow, ^1842. Stephen Morse, 1843, •68-60. Jacob Holyoke, 184S. Ephraim Fairbanks, 1843. Emerson Howe, 1843. Jabez S. Witherbee, 1844, '46, '47, '48, '51-64. '67. Silas B. Fairbanks, 1844, '45, '64. Samuel Chipmau, 1844, '46. David Goodale, 1846-18, '50, '51, •57. Francis Brigham, 1846, ^47. Eber Howe, 1846-62. Jacob Fairbanks, 1847, '48. William H. Wood, 1849, '50. Hollis Loring, 1849-61. Jacob Holyoke, 1852. Israel Howe, 1852. Ebenezer Witt, 1852, '53. Dwight Witt, 1853. John F. Cotting, 1853, '54. Lyman Perry, 1853. Samuel Chipman, 1854, '55. Elbridge Howe, 1854-67. B. F. Underbill, 1855, '66, '58-60. George S. Kawson, 1855, '66. Charles Howe, 1856. George Brigham, 1856. Samuel E. Warren, 1866. Asa Lewis, 1857. George E. Woods, 1867. John Goodale, 1858-60. Isaac Hayden, 1860. Benj. F. Underbill, 1860. Stephen Morse, 1860. Geo. E. Manson, 1860. Wm. H. Wood, 1862. I John F. Cutting, 1862, '66, '73- 77. William Wilson, 1864-66. Frederick H. Morse, 1864-66. Charles H. Robinson, 1864-06. William P. Brigham, 1866. S. H. Howe, 1806, '73-75, '87. Levi Bigelow, 1867. Edward A. Gay, 1867. John O'Connell, 1867-68, 1872-83. Asa Smith, 1868. I Elbridge Howe, 1868, '72-79. I Samuel N. Aldrich, 1869-71. Edward A. Gay, 1869-71. I Charles H. Stevens, 1873-74. I E. P. Richardson, 1876. I James T. Murphy, 1876 to the present time. j Samuel Boyd, 1878. D. S. Mooney, 1878. David W. Hitchcock, 1879-83. Francis C. Curtis, 1879-80. ' E. C. Whitney, IsSO. Timothy A. Coolidge, 1880, '82- I 83, 'm. I Joseph A. Tremblay, 1880. ] Charles H. Stone, 1880-84. 1 Williams. Frost, 1880. j Prescott West, 1880. I Charles A. Witt, 1883. George E. Sherman, 1885. Onesime Levasseur, 1886. George A. Howe, 1887. James Campbell, 1888. Michael Quirk, 1889. Godfroid Brouillete, 1889. TOWN CLERKS FROM INCORPORATION TO THE PRESENT ' John Ruddocke was chosen 1660, and continued perhaps till Philip's war, 1675. There may have been another clerk between him and Williams. Abraham Williams, 1682-1700, 1702-12. Isaac Amsden, 1701, '12, '13. Nathaniel Joslin, 1714-26. Abraham Eager, 1726-30. Joseph Stratton, 1731, '38. James Woods, 1732-37, '44^9. Andrew Rice, 1739-13, '50, '51. John Warren, 1762, '63, '56-61, '63-67. Samuel Brigham, 1764, '55. Jonathan Barnes, 1762. Thomas Howe, 1739, '40, '65, 69. George Brigham, 1741. Ephraim Brigham, 1742, '43, '52-64. Jonathan Barnes, 1744-47. Joseph Howe, 1748, '49. John Warren, 1766, '70. Hezekiah Maynard, 1771. Jonas Temple, 1772-74. Moses Woods, 1775-77, '79, '8( Simon Howe, 1778, '82-89. Benjamin Rice, 1781, 1819-26. Noah Eice, 1790-1800. Daniel Brigham, 1801-13. Ebenezer Dexter, 1768. Uriah Brigham, 1769. Winslow Brigham, 1770-80, '82. Samuel Curtis, 1781. Moses Woods, 1783-1803. Benjamin Rice, 1804-06. Daniel Brigham, 1807-13. Jedediah Brigham, 1814. Silas Felton, 1815-27. Heman Seaver, 1828-31. Lambert Bigelow, 1832-63. John Phelps, 1854-61. Edward L. Bigilow, 1862-70. William A. Allen, 1871-75. John M. Whiton, Jr., 1876-81. Peter B. Murphy, 1882 to present time. Jedediah Brigham, 1811-18. Mark Fay, 1826-32, '38, '42, '43. E. B. Witherbee, 1833, '34. Lambert Bigelow, 1836-37, '44- 50, '52. John Phelps, 1839, '40. Hollis Loring, 1841, '61, '53, '64, ' '66. George Brigham, 1856. Winslow M. Warren, 1807- Ber^amin F, Underhill. Nahum Witherbee. Alba 0. Weeks. Patrick J. Conway. REPRESENTATIVES TO THE GENERAL COUR William Ward, 1000. Samuel Ward, 1079. Abraham Williams, 1679-82. '91, '93-90. Joseph Rice, 1683. Obadieh Ward, 1689, '90. Henry Kerley, 1689, '93, 1703. John Brigham, 1089, '92. 846 HISTORV OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Levi Bigelow, 1831, '32, "34, '39. Sylvester F. BuckHn, 1835, '36. Isa-io Hayden, 1837, '39-41. Ezekiel Bruce, 1840, '42. Abel Kice, 1843, '44. Lambert Bigelow, lai."). David Goodale, 1847, '48. Obadiah W. Albee, 1849, '51, '61. Francis Brighatn, 1850, '62. Abraham W. Rice, 1854. Lewis T. Frye, 1855. Hollis Loring, 1856, '67. Leonard E. Wakefield, 1868. John Phelps, 1859. Horatio Alger, 1860. 0. W. Albee, 1801. Francis Brighani, 1862. Samuel Boyd, 1863. Henry 0. Russell, 1864. Nahum Witherbee, 1865-66. Hugh R. Bean, 1867. Frederick H. Moree, 1868. Edward L. Bigelow, 1869, '71, '72. Samuel Howe, 1870. Francis C. Curtis, 1873, '74, '88, "89. Wm. A. Alley, 1875. James T. Murphy, 1876. S, Herbert Howe, 1877. Daniel S. Mooney, 1878. James W. HcDonald, 1879. Timothy A. Coolidge, 1880-81. Samuel N. Aldricb, 1882. Michael J. Buckley, 1883. William N. Davenport, 1884-86. Timothy J. Harris, 1886. Arthur A. Brigbam, 1887. 1. I'orter Morse, 1888. John Barnes, 1692. Samuel Brigham, 1697-99, 1706. Thomas Howe, 1700, '01, '04, '06 '11, '13, '17-19. Thomas Beaman, 1707, '08, '12. Peter Rice, 1709-11, '14, '20, '21, '28-30. Thomas Rice, 171.5, '16. William Ward, 1722. Caleb Rice, 1723-2.5, '27. Nathan Brigbam, 1726, '30. John Sherman, 1731, '.32. Joseph Rice, 1733-36, '39. Ebenezer Witt, 1737. Samuel Brigbam, 1741. Samuel Witt, 1746^9, '61-60, '62- 70. James Woods, 17.50. John Warren, 1761, '63. Peter Bent, 1771-75. . George Brigbam, 1776, '77, 81. Edward Hunter, 1777. Paul Brigham, 1777. Simon Stow, 1778-82. Winslow Brigbam, 1783, '84. Edward Barnes, 1787, '92-98. Jonas Morse, 1790. William Morse, 1791. Jonathan Weeks, 1800-02. Daniel Brigbam, 1803, '10, '12-19. John Loring, 1804-08, '12-14. Ephraim Barber, 1810, '11. Samuel Gibbon, 1817. Joel Cranston, 1820, '21. Silas Felton, 1822, '24, "25. Daniel Stevens, 1828-31, '33. Eli Rice, 1830, '34-36. Stiite Senators. — Joel Cranston, EM Rice, Stephen Pope, Obadiah W. Albee, Charles M. Howe, Samuel N. Aldrioh, William N. Davenport, John W. McDonald. Delegfttes to the Provincial Congress, — Peter Bent, Edward Barnes, George Brigbam. Veh'jales to the Conv^nliOH for Frnnting the Comtilution^ 1779-80. — Ed- ward Barnes, Moses Woods, Winslow Brigham. Delegates to the Convention to Ratify the Constitution of the United Stales. — Jonas Morse, Benjamin Sawin. Delegate tc the Convention in 1820 to ItevUe the Constitution of Massachu- selts.^Joel Cranston. Delegate to the tjonvention in 1853, to Revise tlie Constitution of Massachu- setts. — Isaac Hayden. Assistant Treasurer United Sto(e».— Samuel N. Aldricb. County Commissioner. — William S. Frost. POPULATION. 1600,65; 1670, 210; 1700, 630; 1750, 10(10; 1800, 1635; 1840, 2135, 1860,2941; 1860, 5910; 1870, 7855; 1872, 8941; 1875, 8424; 1880, 10,. 127 ; 1885, 10,941 ; 1890, 13,788. V.\I,UATION. Number of polls assessed 3,875 Personal Estate. Valuation, excluding resident bank stock $850,170 Resident bank stock 165,348 Total 81,015,518 Real Estate. Value of buildings, excluding land . 82,90.5,840 Value of land, excluding buildings 2,363,280 Total 86,269,120 Total valuation of assessed estate 86,284,038 Divided as follows : Personal property owned by residents, exclusive of bank stock and corporation property 8697,470 Personal estate owned by non-residents 64,350 Real estate owned by residents 4,842,660 Real estate owned by non-residents . . 248,145 Resident bank stock 165,318 Corporation property taxable 292,175 Total $6,310,138 Less amount entitled to exemption 25,500 86,284,638 Number of horses assessed, 1122 ; gain 197. Number of cows assessed, 1026; loss, 6. Number of neat cattle assessed, 178 ; loss, 7. Number of sheep assessed, 41 ; loss, 32. Number of swine assessed, 128 ; gain, 23. Number of dwelling-houses assessed, 2006 ; gain, 135. Taxes apportioned as follows : On persona] property 816,451.39 On real estate 8.'^, 359.75 „ r Male 7,654.00 On polls, i „ , \ Female 24.00 Rate of taxation per thousand . - $16.20 CHAPTER LXni. M .iRLBOROUGH—(Contirmed). Odd Fellowship — Celebration of Two Hundredth Anniversary of Incorpora- tion of Toion — TKar of the Rebellion— Societies, etc. Odd Fellowship.' — Marlborough Lodge, No. 85, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was instituted November 28, 1845, in the building now numbered 242 Lincoln Street. Among the names of those who instituted the lodge may be mentioned, Lewis T. Frye, Edward A. Gay, John Chipman, David Brown, Thomas Corey, Lambert Bigelow (2d), Joseph Boyd, William Morse (2d), Samuel A. Chipman, Leander Bigelow, Chas. Dana Bigelow and Sullivan D. Baker. The first officers were: Noble-Grand, Edward A- Gay ; Vice-Grand, Samuel A. Chipman ; Secretary, Leander Bigelow. Among those who soon after were admitted to membership were, William Barnes (2d), Chas. L. Fay, Lewis Felton, Elbridge Howe, David L. Brown, Thomas E. Hapgood, Burleigh Morse, David Barnes, Lorriman H. Russell and Frederick Jewett. Most of these will be recognized as being among the most prominent men in Marlborough, during the past forty years. The Lodge continued to hold its meetings in the building where they organized, until October, 1846, when they occupied a hall over Lambert Bigelow's store, corner of Lincoln and Pleasant Streets. They afterwards occupied a hall at the corner of Lincoln and Mechanic Streets. About 1856, the Lodge began to decline from vari- ous causes, chiefly, the payment of too large sick bene- fits in proportion to their income, and the financial depression from which the town was then sufleriiig. No increase was made in their membership for some time, and they finally surrendered their charter to the Grand Lodge, on July 23, 1858. ' By John S. Fay. MARLBOROUGH. 847 About the year 1873, some interest being mani- fested in the order, a petition signed by Burleigh Morse, Lyman W. Howe, Tileston Brigham and Frederick Jewett, former members of the old lodge, and four other resident Odd Fellows, was presented to the Grand Lodge, who restored the charter, and the Lodge was re-instituted November 6, 1873. William Barnes and Sullivan D. Baker, former mem- bers of the old lodge, united with them at this time, making a total of ten members. Interest in the or- der soon spread. The Lodge has prospered, until, at the present time, it numbers 174 members. From the date of its re institution, November 6, 1873, the Lodge occupied jointly with the Masonic Lodge, the Masonic Hall situated on Main Street. This hall was destroyed by fire, December 7, 1883. They then held their meetings in the Pythian Hall, until the completion of their present quarters, in Corey Block, which were dedicated with appropriate ceremonies October 1, 1888. Here they occupy an elegant suite of rooms, fitted specially for them, and furnished throughout in first- class shape, at an expense of about three thousand dollars. The present ofiicers, (October, 1890) are: Noble-Grand, Arthur J. Clifford ; Vice-Grand, Charles T. Berry ; Kecording-Secy., Percy F. Munsey ; Treas- urer, Charles H. Marston ; Permanent Secy., Alexan- der Berry. On May 15, 1889, on a petition of members of Marl- boro' Lodge, No. 85, and lodges in neighboring towns. King Saul Encampment, No. 69, was instituted in Odd Fellows' Hall. The present membership is eighty-nine. The present ofiicers are : Chief Patri- arch, Dr. C. S. Jackson ; Senior Warden, Herbert W. Brigham; Scribe, Alexander Berry; Financial Scribe, P. F. Munsey ; Treasurer, Charles F. Holyoke. March 11, 1890, Star of Hope Degree Lodge, No. 86, Daughters of Rebekah, was instituted in Marlboro'. They now number one hundred and twenty-five mem- bers. The present officers are : Noble Grand, Mrs. Herbert W. Brigham ; Vice-Grand, Mrs. J. F. Tur- ner ; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Austin B. Howe ; Treasurer, Mrs. Joseph E. Warren ; Financial Secre- tary, Mrs. John S. Fay. In March, 1888, there was also instituted in con- nection with Marlboro' Lodge, No. 85, The Odd Fel- lows Relief Association of Marlboro', Mass. The mem- bership is confined to members of Marlboro' Lodge, No. 85, and its object is to relieve sick and disabled brothers by paying a weekly sick benefit of five dol- lars per week ; this being in addition to any benefits obtained from the lodge, the association being main- tained by assessments from its members. The present board of ofiicers is as follows : President, Oliver E. Howe ; Vice-President, Herbert W. Bringham ; Sec- retary and Treasurer, Charles H. Marston. Direct- ors, — The president and vice-president, and secretary- treasurer, and P. G. George A. Pratt, P. G. Horace Hastings", P. G. E. Irving Sawyer and Fred. L. FeUon. Celebration of Two Hundredth Anniversary OF Incorporation or Town. — The town celebrated its two hundredth anniversary of incorporation June 13, 1869. The ofiicers of the day were as follows : President, Francis B. Fay. Vice-Presidents, Henry Rice, Jabez Rice, Stephen R. Phelps, Dwight Witt, Isaac Hayden, Lambert Big- elow, Solomon Weeks, William .L. Howe, Stephen Pope, John Goodale, Ezekiel Bruce, Alden Brigham. Chaplain, Rev. Horatio Alger. Treasurer, Samuel B. Maynard. Chief Marshal, William H. Wood. Assistant Marshals, Sylvester Bucklin, Henry O. Russell, Wiuslow M. Warren, John Chipman, Edward A. Gay, Francis Brigham. Toastmaster, HoUis Loring. The services were held on Ockoocangansett Hill, and opened by an invocation by Rev. Joseph Allan, D. D. of Northborough ; a poem written by Wm. C. Bry- ant was then read, followed by prayer by Rev. Horatio Alger. Hon. Francis B. Fay at the close of a few re- marks introduced Hon. Charles Hudson, who deliver- ed an historical address. Following the address of Mr. Hudson an original ode by Horatio Alger, Jr., was sung. After these exercises dinner was served, plates having been laid for 1600 persons. A blessing was invoked by Rev. William Morse, of Tyngsborough. At the close of the dinner an original ode by William F. Allen was sung. The toastmaster of the day was Hollis Loring, and the toasts were as follows : 1. This Centennial Gathering of the Boi-ough FaniHiea. — An occasion consecrated to grateful recollections, to cberiBhed anticipations, and to (jQcia!, fraternal and Christian greetings. 2. A cordial welcome home to our eldest Daughter, Wettborough, — who, one hundred and forty-three years ago, received our western border for lier inheritance ; whose precepts and examples have been a noble Re- form School, even to the present generation. Hon. Edward Meilen responded. 3. Our Fair Daughter, .Suulhborough. — Although she resides at the South, yet we are glad to know that she agrees in sentiment with her Mother ; that she goes for '* free Boil, free speech and free men." Response by Rev. William J. Breed. 4. Northborough, our only Grandchild— "Worthy, as such, to be re- ;xarded with especial favor by her venerable Grandmother. Response by George C. Davis. ,'t. The Early Clergy of Marlborough and the 3Iarlborough Associ^ion. Response by Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., of North- borough. 6. The Legislature of Massachusetts — Ever mindful of our material interests, yet never forgetful of our personal rights and liberties. 7. The Ancient, Order of Free and Accepted 3Iasons. This sentiment was responded to by Francis C. VVhiston, who exhibited an apron worn by Lafayette at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument, June 17, 1825. 8. The Founders of Marlborough True to the Old Saxon Motto, — " Per- sonal Liberty the antecedent, National Glory the consequent." Response by O. W. Albes. 9. (htr Pilgrim Fathers, — "They built institutions for men, not men for institutions." 848 HISTORY OP MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Responded to by Rev. Peter Parker, D.D. 10. The Orator of the Day. — Marlborough may well be proud of Bucb Response by Charles Hudson. 11. The Present Clergy of Marlborough.— Though their ranks are now sadly thinned, yet a remnant is left that will never be found want- ing to the cause of sound learning, of unshackled freedom, of vital piety and practical righteousness. Responded to by L. E. Wakefield. 12. The Memory of the RecentDead. — Goodate, Field and BucJcUn. *'We sympathize with those who weep, Whom stern afHictions bend. Despairing o'er the lowly sleep Of kindred or of friend ; But they, who Jordan^s swelling breast No more are called to stem. Who in the eternal haven rest — We mourn no more for them." Dirge by the band. 13. Our Spiritual Guides of Other Dai/9. — We gladly welcome them from their distant fields of labor, to our Festival of Commemoration. Response by Rev. George E. Day, D.D. 14. The First SeUlers of New England.— It fell to their lot to estab llsh Civilization and Christianity in a savage land. They laid the founda- tion of our prosperity ; let them be gratefully remembered by their chil- dren. William Brigham responded. 14. The Memory of Hon. John Davis. — The only Governor of the State and United States Senator, the Borough towns ever produced. Response by A. McF. Davis, Esq., of Worce.5ter. The following sentiment was proposed by Colonel Dexter Fay, of Southborough, and read by Dexter Newton, Esq. : " Marlborough, a IVondeiful Mother. — With children more than a hun- dred years old, and a Grandchild fourscore-years-and-ten, sitting on the maternal lap, and not yet weaned." Sentiment, by Edward Wilkins : "Our Fathers and Mothers of 1660. — Conld they see and know what we do to-day, they would be filled with admiration, like that of the Queen of Sheba, when she Iteheld the splendor of Solomon." Among other sentiments read, were the following : "The Venerable Men who are with ua to-day. — With age, the common excitements and warm blood of youth pass away ; but the heart of the wise man, the older it grows the warmer it feels." "The So7is and Daughters of Temperance. — In the practice of their prin- ciples, may the Dauj^hters be as pure as the crystal fount, and the Sons as constant as the Waters of Niagara." " Our Firemen : the Minute-Men of Modern Times. — Like the Minute- Men of old, they subdue their enemy by the use of their arms ; but, like them too, they often find one file which conquers them — the fire of a lady's eye." Among the letters of regret from gentlemen not being able to be present at the celebration, were those from Hon. Henry Wilson, Hon. Josiah Quincy, Jr., R. W. Emerson, F. B. Sanborn, Frederick A. Pack- ard, Hon. Charles Francis Adams, Hon. Charles R. Train, Hon. John G. Palfrey, John Laughlin Sibley, Hon. E. R. Hoar, Hon. Levi Lincoln, and Hon. Em- ory Wa?hburn. War ok the Rebellion.' — The part Marlbo- rough took in the War of the Rebellion was fully abreast of her sister towns throughout the State. The Board of Selectmen were thoroughly imbued with ihe 1 By J. W. Barnes. spirit of loyalty that everywhere prevailed, and by calling town-meetings from time to time, as occasion seemed to demand, the will of the citizens found ex- pression in raising money to defray the expenses of enlisting men for service in the army, under the sev- eral calls from President Lincoln. War meetings followed each other, and the tires of patriotic ardor burned brightly to the end. In April, 1861, the town voted to raise and appro- priate $10,000 for war purposes. This was followed by other sums, until the town had expended, in all, $51,584.11, of which $15,368.45 was repaid by the State. Men enlisted and joined the first regiments that left the State. Company G, of the Ninth Infan- try, was mainly recruited from this town, and was' mustered in June 11, 1861. Companies I and F, of the Thirteenth Infantry, also recruited here, were the next to leave, being mustered in July 16, 1861. Other enlistments followed, and the town was repre- sented in almost every regiment that left the Slate. Company I, Fifth Infantry — nice months — was most- ly from this town, as also Companies I and E, of the same regiment, for one hundred days. Other regiments that contained a nucleus of Marlborough men, were: Company I, of the Thirty-sixth Infantry, had 23 men ; Company K, Fifty-seventh Infantry, had 25. The Ninth and Sixteenth Light Batteries contained many Marlborough men, as also the Second and Fourth Cavalry. In all, Marlborough had 869 men engaged — 574 for three years, 91 for one year, 108 for nine months, and 96 for one hundred days. John A. Rawlins Post 43, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized and chartered, January 15, 1868. Its first commander was Charles F. Morse, and its present (1890) commander, Francis C. Curtis. The first public observance of Memorial Day was in 1869, in connection with the dedication of the Sol- diers' Monument. The ceremony of decorating the graves of deceased soldiers took place in the A. M., and the ceremonies attending the dedication of the monument, which had been erected by vote of the town, in the p. m., by a public parade of the civil and military organizations of the tovn. The exerci- ses took place on the High School Common. The formal delivery of the monument to the town was by William S. Frost, chairman of the Building Commit- tee. Received on the part of the town by Hon. S. N. Aldrich, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, fol- lowed by an oration by Hon. Henry Wilson. Since 1871 — with the exception of one year — the town has appropriated a sum of money to be expended under the direction of Post 43, for the observance of Memo- rial Day. After the first few years, the sum has been fixed at $150.00. The Post is made up of good men, to the number of one hundred and sixty, is well offi- cered and stands well in the community. A Ladies' Belief Society, in connection with the Post, was organized December 6, 1870. It stands among the first, if not the first, society of the kind / / /--t'TLyC^ ^ -la-y^fi/i^ MARLBOROUGH. 849 ever organized in this department. It has been the strong right arm of the Post, and its woric is so blend- ed with the Post that the history of the one is the history of the other. It has been independent of State Corps, and its members, made up of the wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters of the soldiers, have demonstrated by their twenty years of successful ex- istence, that judicious management and harmonious home rule is more essential to success than an expen- sive membership in a State Corps. Societies. — Marlborough has a large number of societies and organizations. Among these may be mentioned Knights of Labor ; Knights of Honor ; Knights of Pythias ; Marlborough Grange ; Cold Water Temple of Juvenile Temjjlars; Spring Hill Lodge, I. O. G. T. ; St. John's Total Abstinence Society ; Young Men's Catholic Total Abstinence Society ; Catholic Lyceum Association ; Clan-na-gael As.sociation ; Emmett Association ; Grattan Associa- tion ; Houp-la Club ; Lincoln Club ; Royal Society of Good Fellows, No. 84 ; St. Jean Baptist Society ; Union Club ; Union Dramatique ; Marlborough Lodge, No. 84, I. 0. O. F. ; Star of Hope Degree Lodge, No. 86 ; Daughters of Rebekah, Independent Order of Odd Fellows ; John A. Rawlins Post G. A. R.; F. C. Curtis, Camp, No. 94; Hudson Relief Society, connected with Post 43 ; Co. F, Sixth Regi- ment, M. V. M. ; American Legion of Honor; Ancient Order of Hibernians ; Ockoocangansett Tribe, No. 25, Improved Order of Red Men ; Court Marlboro' 7703, Independent Order of Foresters; Daughters of Liberty ; Ladies' Branch, 0. U. A. M. ; Taconic Lodge, No. 13, Order of the United Friends ; Board of Trade, E. R. Alley, president; Marlborough Gas Light Company, S. H. Howe, president ; the Marlborough Electric Campany, Lorren Arnold, presi- dent. BIOGRAPHICAL. SAMUEL BOYD.' The history of a New England town is often largely made by some one man, who, born and always living within its limits, impresses himself upon its social and industrial life, so that the life of the town is truly the life of that man. When Samuel Boyd, at the end of his seven years' apprenticeship in the tanning establishment of Colo- nel Joseph Davis, at Northboro', was urged by a son of his master to remain in the place where he had learned his trade, — a town which then had its two cotton factories and its two tan-yards, — and when warned that the farming town of Marlboro' was no place for him, his ambitious reply was, that other men in other towns had stayed at home and helped 1 By Samuel C. Darling. build up their native place and that that was what he proposed to do. When he came home from Northboro', there was not a single manufacturer in what is now the town of Marlboro', and with the exception of himself and brothers, there was but one young man between the age of fourteen and twenty-five years, who was not either at work upon a farm or absent from the town, for the purpose of carrying on business or learning a trade elsewhere. For more than half a century Samuel Boyd has stayed at home and done his life-work, and built up his native place, so that everybody who had known of him and of his connection with the business and development of the town, freely conceded the justice of the compliment, when, in a leading article of one of the Boston dailies, be was characterized as the "Father of the town." He was one of a family of eleven children of John Boyd and Sophia Phelps. His paternal grandfather served in the Revolutiouary War. Born June 3, 1815, under the noble elms that now overlook the estate of Mr. O. P. Walker, in the southern part of the town, he was reared and educated in the strict prin- ciples and stern experiences of a hardy New England home. Afterservingan apprenticeship at the tanner's trade, he directed his attention to the manufacture of boots and shoes. The business was conducted on a small scale in the L part of what is now known as the Josiah Bennett house, and here was originated the idea of subdivision of labor in the manufacture of boots and shoes. A little room, 20x30, sufficed for the purposes of the business there, and the employ- ment of four men, or a "team," as it was called, to do the work, was the first step toward that multiplied de- tail which now characterizes the business. Succes- sive changes and increase in the volume of the business brought Mr. Boyd and his partners to the erection of "the Big Shop" (so-called), in 1871, a mammoth fac- tory, covering an area of more than one and one-half acres, and believed to be the largest boot and shoe manufactory under a continuous roof in the United States. The development of the business is simply wonder- ful. In 1845 the total value of the product for the entire town of Marlborough was $92,932 ; the usual product of Mr. Boyd's factory alone is $1,500,000. Mr. Boyd's relations with his workmen have always been considerate and just. He has never forgotten the days when he labored with his own hands. In 1888 he conceived the idea of cutting up an estate of sixty acres at Chestnut Hill into house lots for his and other workmen, and of building an electric street railway, that in addition to other advantages, should make it possible for them to take their meals at home. At his own cost, he embarked in these enterprises and the result has not only been a bless- ing to the workmen and in fact the whole town, but has resulted in profit to himself. Long before this, 54-iii 850 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. Mr. Boyd had identified himself prominently with the steam railroad interests of Marlborough. The construction of the Agricultural Branch Railroad was delayed for some years from lack of sufficient capital. Framingham, Southborough and Norlbbor- ough had each pledged $50,000 to the enterprise. The pre-iident of the Boston & Worcester Railroad felt the importance of having Marlborough upon the line of the Agricultural Branch, and his company offered to guarantee six per cent, upon the sum of $60,000 stock, if that sum could be raised for that purpose, but not a cent at the time of this offer had been raised in Marlborough. It was then that Mr. Boyd, foreseeing the value of connecting the road with Marlborough, seconded the president's efforts by guar- anteeing himself to raise $15,000 in Marlborough, which he did, subscribing himself largely to the fund. The re-sult was the construction of the road to the centre of Marlborough, and had Mr. Boyd's subse- quent efforts for a trunk line for Marlborough been fully crowned with success,, the tracks which had thus been constructed to the centre of the town, would have been continued onward from that point to Northborough and Clinton, and the town would have been spared the inconveniences of the present branch to the Y. Mr. Boyd has never sought or cared for public honors. In 1864 he was prevailed upon to allow his name to be used as a candidate for the Gen- eral Court and was elected and served. Once, with- out nomination for the office or consultation with him, he was elected selectman, but he has always felt that he could serve his town better in his business as a manufacturer, than in political position. In more instances than one has he shown a noble public spirit. Fifteen years ago, he offered the town a tract of Ibrty acres for a public park. Ten years afterward he procured, in the face of much opposition, what is now conceded to be the handsomest and, in fact, the only pleasure thoroughfare leading out of town, the re-location and strengthening by the County Commis- sioners, of Maple Street. Forty years ago the estate of Caleb VVitherbee, south of Main Street, had only a laborer's lodge upon it. To-day,'throiigh Mr. Boyd's foresight and energy, it is the fairest and most con- venient residential portion of the city, crowned upon what was then its treeless and wind-swept heights with the stately mansion of the successful manu- facturer. While eschewing political preferment, Mr. Boyd has of course been compelled to hold office in var- ious institutions and enterprises, which he has either originated or i)romoted, and which have converted the pastoral quiet of the village of 1836 into the manufacturing stir of the Highland City of 1890. He was director in the Marlborough Branch Rail- road, now part of the Fitchburg Railroad System ; Director in the Agricultural Branch Railroad : Di- rector and at one time president of the First Nation- al Bank of Marlborough ; Director of the People's National Bank of Marlborough ; President of the Marlborough Savings Bank ; Director in the Hop- kinton Bank of Hopkinton, Massachusetts ; and is now president of the Boyd & Corey Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Company, the Chestnut Hill Real Estate Association and the Marlborough Electric Street Railway Company, of the property of which three last named companies, he is substantially the owner. His latest gift is that of a sightly lot of land for the French Evangelical Mission in Marlborough, upon which a church is- now in progress of erection. At the time of this sketch, his vigor and enterprise in every direction, which makes for the welfare of his native town of Marlborough is unabated and stimu- lating. SIMON HEEBERT HOWE. The characters of good men belong to mankind and there is no duty more pleasant or useful than that which seeks the recognition of their virtues and stim- ulates others to follow them. xVn example of philan- thropic zeal steadily pursuing its benevolent designs amidst the prevailing selfishness of busine.ss compe- tition, will ever be of great benefit to the commun- ity, and benedictions follow the steps of him who proves himself to be a lover of his kind. With re- spectable rank among such characters is found the subject of this sketch. The son of Samuel and Char- lotte (Howe) Howe, of Marlborough, he was born December 21, 1835. His- father was a cooper and carried on that business in Marlborough until 1842, when he retired. Herbert spent his childhood and youth at his home enjoying the sports and performing the duties usual to boys in manufacturing villages in New England and in due time entered upon school day experiences. He first attended the common school and at the proper time entered the High School, from which he graduated, and at the age of twenty, with but little more than his willing hands and active brain as the foundations of a business, he, in connection with his elder brother, Lewis, commenced in a small way the manufacture of shoes in the old cooper shop. During the odd hours of his school days Herbert had learned many of the important parts of shoe manu- facture. He. made shoes for John W. Stevens, and from the proceeds he paid his own board during his school days. By close attention to their business these young men soon became known as factors of some conse- quence in this industry, which has contributed so much to the wealth and importance of their native town. As their business increased there came the need of more room, which was supplied by the addi- tion of a story to the old cooper shop. Shortly after Herbert bought out the interest of his brother Lewis, thus assuming sole proprietorship of a business which continued to increase in its volume, and for lack of l^ MARLBOROUGH. 851 room Mr. Howe bought a shop on the corner of Pleas- ant and Elm Streets and moved the old cooper's shop up beside it and here went on winning the reputation of an honest manufacturer and doing a fair amount of business. He remained here until 1861, when he formed a co-partnership with Allen D. Howe, which continued with but indifferent success up to 1865 when they dis- solved partnership, and from this date 1865, practi- cally commenced the business career of Mr. Herbert Howe, which has been decidedly remarkable and re- plete with many interesting incidents. Always prompt and exact in meeting Bis financial obligations a single incident will serve to give a cue to his whole life. In 1857, the time of "the great snow-storm," when all public conveyance was blocked for several days, he had a note falling due in a Boston bank, and two of the three days of grace had passed, when he started to walk through the drifts to Cordaville, a station on the Boston and Worcester Railroad, six miles distant, which feat he accomjjlished, and found that the road had just been opened through to Boston, where he arrived just a trifle late, but through the courtesy of the cashier, who admired the spirit which could overcome such obstacles, he obtained the paper which for the first and only time in all his financial career came so near to being dishonored. He soon found need of more room and built on ad- ditions from time to time until the present " Home " shop standing on the spot where he commenced busi- ness, is an ornament to the town, and with his other two shops, the " Diamond F " and the " Diamond O," they form a monument to his successful management. These three shops have been put into a stock com- pany, with Mr. Howe as the principal stockholder and president of the corporation, and his son Louis P. Howe, as vice-president. The style of the corpor- ation is the " S. H. Howe Shoe Uo." In these factories are made annually 2,151,474 pairs of shoes. In the financial affairs of the town Mr. Howe has taken great interest, and has been connec- ted with several moneyed institutions. In 1875 he was elected a trustee of the Marlborough Savings Bank, and in 1882 its president, which oflice he now holds. He was one of the original incorpor- ators of the People's National Bank in 1870, and has been on its board of directors uninterruptedly since that date. Mr. Howe has acted with the Republican party ever since its organization, has represented Marlborough in the General Court, and in town affairs has been for many years chairman of the school-committee, a member of the board of select- men, and some of the time its chairman. Mr. Howe has been a constant attendant of the Unitarian Church, also for some time the superinten- dent of its Sunday-school and a liberal contributor to the support of public worship, not only to his own denomination but to every other in the town. In private life Mr. Howe is known as a benevolent and kind-hearted man, whose many charities have been bestowed without ostentation or public an- nouncement. Jan. 1, 1857, Mr. Howe married Har- riet A., daughter of William P., and Lavinia (Baker) Brigham, and from this union there have been four children, Louis Porter, born May 29,1858; Alice Baker, born Dec. 19, 1859; Charlotte Adelaide born May 9, 1861 ; Annie Brigham, born June 15, 1871. Of these children Alice B., died Oct. 1860, and Annie B., died Sept. 1887. Louis P. married India Howe Ar- nold, Jan. 1, 1887 ; Charlotte A., was married to Oscar Herbert Stevens, May 6, 1885. EDWARD r. BARNES, M.D. Edward Forbes Barnes, M.D., was born in Marl- borough, March 21, 1809, and was the oldest son of Edward and Lucy (Brigham) Barnes. Until he was of age he worked on the farm, but after obtaining his majority he commenced his preparation for college and entered Harvard in 183-1 and graduated in 1838 in the class with Rufus Ellis, Judge C'has. Devens, James Russell Lowell, and J. F. W. Ware, attaining a high rank as a scholar. After graduation he de- voted some time to teaching school. Having decided 'to devote himself to the medical profession he pur- sued his medical studies in the Harvard Medical School and completed them in Paris, receiving his degree of M D. in 1844. In 1846 he commenced prac- tice in Marlborough. During the thirty years that followed he was constantly busy in his profession,secur- ing the confidence of his patients. He was an able and faithful physician, and proved himself a skilful and successful practitioner. For several years he served as a member of the School Committee, preparing .some of the annual reports of that body. Dr. Barnes was a lover of good order and of all good institutions. Al- though he nearly reached his three-score and ten years, he retained to the last his faculties in an un- usual degree. Dr. Barnes was an acute observer of passing events, and exercised a conscientious fidelity in the discharge of his duty. He was connected with the Massachusetts Medical Society all through his professional life and was a contributor to medical journals. Biography and his- tory were favorite studies and his memory concern- ing what he had read was remarkable. In local his- torical matters he was well posted, and it is a source of regret that what he had treasured up from his reading is not more available in printed shape. He was by common consent made president of the local Historical and Genealogical Society when it was organized. There was about him a peculiar attrac- tiveness, a subtle fascination. He never obtruded his own opinions upon any one, but was a model of self-forgetfulness, self-depreciation and self-oblivion. There was about him an air of repose, meekness and charity. Though really a very gifted man, he was content, like his Master, to be of no reputation. 852 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. He was, in the best sense of the phrase, a good man. In his nature righteousness and charity were blended. Dr Barnes was married to Maria E., daughter of Asb- bel and Lydia (Russell) Brigham, August 20, 1821, and by this union they had one child, Lizzie F., who was born October 7, 1848, and died July 12, 1869. Also an adopted daughter, Josephine A., born Jan- uary 18, 1870. Dr. Barnes died November 2, 1878, and his widow is still living at the old home. She is a superior woman, respected and beloved by all with whom she associates. JOHN ADDISON FRYE. John A. Frye was born in Marlboro', Mass., Nov. 27, 18.89. His father was Lewis T., and his mother was LevinaS. Lewis T. was a stove manufacturer, and a man of considerable prominence in the town, hav- ing represented it in the Legislature. The childhood of John A. was passed through without unusual incident, and in due time he commenced his school days in the grammar-school, and finished his educa- tion in due course in the high-school, under the efficient training of Hon. O. W. Albee, who, as prin- cipal of the Marlboro' high-school, gained a very wide and justly enviable notoriety as a competent educator. From his careful and thorough training have gone out many of the boys of Marlboro' and vicinity to careers of influence and business success. After leaving school he entered the shoe-factory of Messrs. Hapgood & Russell, where he remained about one year, when he made a change to the factory of S. Herbert Howe, spending about one year ; he then worked in the factory of S. G. Fay, remaining four years, by which time he was a thorough master of this business in all its departments. He left the Fay shop to form a co-partnership with John W. Stevens, on Pleasant Street, taking the management of the factory, and bringing it up to a high state of pro- duction, while Mr. Stevens managed the financial part of the business. In 1868 he bought out Mr. Stevens and single- handed carried on the enterprise most successfully. He remained in the old shop about one year when the busine.ss had so grown that the young manufacturer found it necessary to procure larger quarters, which he found in a shop situated on Elm Street, Marl- borougli, to which he removed and where he remained until 1865, when he again found he had out- grown his accommodations and as the opportunity offered he traded shops with L. A. Howe, at the cor- ner of Pleasant and Chestnut Streets, where Mr. Frye has since remained and where, by a steady growth in the volume and quantity of his manufacture, he has been obliged to make additions at four diff"erent times, each addition being made with reference to the gradual improvement in the quality of the work turned out as well as the quantity of it. In this fac- tory, as it now stands, may be found all the latest and best of the many labor-saving machines which from time to time the ingenuity of the skilled mechanic has pro\'ided. This factory ranks third only in ihe list of large manufactories in town in the total of annual output. Up to 188.3 Mr. Frye had confined himself to the manufacture of shoes of all kinds, but at this date, for the first time, commenced on boots chiefly for children and youth. Like most of the country manufacturers Mr. Frye had disposed of his goods through the medium of a commission house in Boston, but in 1876 he changed tliis time- honored plan and undertook to market his product himself, placing it directly in the jobber's hands. This plan worked so well anil so materially to his benefit that he has continued it to the present time. When by active competition the manufacturers have been forced into very narrow margins for profits, the saving of commissions to middle men has been a very im- portant item. The goods from the manufactory of Sir. Frye are first-class and are known to the trade far and wide. He has managed his business with such sagacity and untiring industry for all these years that a large material return has come to him, and with unquestioned financial resources he is able to gratify a taste for farming in a genteel way for the pleasure there is in it for him, and in doing this he has re- claimed over 100 acres in the vicinity of his native town, making that which was worthless to yield a revenue and changing rocky wastes to green pastures. Mr. Frye has been interested in the breeding of fancy stock and has had a very sujierior herd of Jerseys, among which were some justly celebrated animals. In 1886, becoming convinced of the superiority of the Holstein breed, he sold his Jerseys and imported at great exjiense some of this breed, and now his herd of Holsteins numbers 136 head of high grade cattle. Mr. Frye has with representatives of this herd won several prizes in 1890, having taken the premiums at the New England Fair, at Worcester, the Rhode Island State Fair, at Providence, also at Brattle- borough, Vt., and Danbury, Conn. September 26, 1861, Mr. Frye married Elvira F., daughter of Otis and Leviua (Rice) Russell, and they have had five children, two of whom died in infancy. The living are Walter P., Carrie L., and Delia M. Mr. Frye is a liberal supporter of the Unitarian Church — while Mr. Frye has avoided political activity, declining town offices, he is a decided Republican, having cast his first vote for the martyred Lincoln. Mr. Frye was the first one in town to introduce electricity into his factory for lighting purposes, owning his own plant He is now enjoying the fruits of his successful activ- ity in his handsome house, with fine grounds situated on Pleasant Street, and has the respect and esteem of all good citizens. DAVID WHITE HITCHCOCK.' New Englanders are justly proud of their ancestry, and while Massachusetts has a long list of honored ' By John L. Stone. w *t^xvTr)\' sJV^V^ o>^V^CI3 MARLBOROUGH. 853 names, she must not forget her sister States have a first claim upon a large number. If the young men of other States have flocked to Massachusetts, it was be- cause larger opportunities were possible, and especial- ly so to those who were inclined to mercantile pursuits. So it has been in the town of Marlborough, as many of her most respected and prosperous citizens have come from without her borders. Among this class none perhaps would claim the at- tention of the historian more quickly than David White Hitchcock, son of Lemuel and Sally White Hitchcock, who was born June 19th, 1831, at Wood- stock, Vt. His father was a merchant, both at Weatherefield, Vt., and Claremont, N. H., noted for his integrity and uprightness in business, and much beloved by all who knew him for his kindly and genial disposition. He died at the house of his eldest son, John, in Newton, Mass., Nov. 9, 1866, aged eighty- seven years. His mother was of the White family, of Watertown, Mass. She died in Woodstock, Vt. in 1835. David White Hitchcock was the seventh of nine children, and the only living representative of the family at this date, and received his education at the common schools of Claremont, N. H. Owing to a reverse of fortune and the dea'h of the mother, the family was broken up and scattered, the subject of this sketch bginning life on a farm in Claremont, at the age of nine years. • At the age of fifteen he entered the store of Henry Patten, a Claremont merchant. After spending nearly three years in Claremont, he went to Montpelier, Vermont, as clerk in the employ of Harvey King, then a prominent merchant of that place. At the age of nineteen he went to Boston whither his two elder brothers had preceded him (one being of the firm of M. S. Lincoln & Co., and the other of the firm of Nash, Callender & Co.), and entered the employ of Otis Nor- cross & Co., wholesale dealers in crockery and glass ware. Beginning as the humblest employee of this firm, he soon made it apparent to the head of the firm, a sharp, clear-headed man, that he had in this young man one who would prove a valuable acquisi- tion to his business, and at the end of five years from entering their employ, he was admitted a partner of the firm. Here was given him an opportunity to rise by his unfailing attention to business, his honesty, his energy as a salesman, his shrewdness and prudence as a business man to success and prosperity. He re- mained as a partner of this firm eleven years. At the expiration of this co-partnership in 1866 he withdrew and formed a co-partnership with his brother John under the firm name of John & David W. Hitch- cock, for the purpose of doing a wholesale boot and shoe business at 66 Pearl Street, Boston. The foundation of his future secure, he rapidly in- creased in wealth and prosperity, carrying always with him his earlier reputation for shrewdness, honesty and ability, commanding the respect of all who knew him. The great fire in Boston in November, 1822, found the firm on the eve of retirement from business alto- gether. After the fire it was dissolved and was succeeded in the business by Leonard, Redpath & Lamb, the two former being salesmen and the latter book-keeper of the old firm, J. and D. W. Hitchcock remaining as special partners. He was instrumental, as was also his brother John, in building up the firm of Wallace, Killiam & Bray, manufacturers of boots and shoes, at Beverly, Mass., the two brothers being the special partners of the firm for eighteen years. Mr. Hitchcock has always taken a warm interest in starting other young men whose lives began in as small a way as his own, and assisting them with advice and money, most of them becoming an successful as he has been. In 1873, after retiring from all active business, although still interested in special co-partnerships, and the care of several large estates, he purchased a farm in the easterly part of the beautiful village of Marlborough, Mass., and settled down with his family to enjoy the balance of his days in abundance of lei- sure, and with a reasonable endowment of this world's wealth, to purchase luxury and comfort, that is, home life without cares ; but even here his sagacity in man- aging business affairs and his reputation for wise counsel, were soon discovered by the people with whom he was daily associated. He was elected by his town's people to fill the office of Selectman and served five years, three of them being Chairman of the Board. He also was one of the Board of construction of the waterworks in Marl- borough ; after its completion was for one year Water Commissioner. It was by his exertions that the People's National Bank was established in Marlborough of which Mr. Elbridge Howe, an old and much esteemed resident, was the first president, Mr. Hitchcock succeeding him at his decease and still continuing in office. He is also one of the Trustees of the Marlborough Savings Bank. He is a Director in the National Tube Works Com- pany (a Massachusetts company having its works in McKeesport, Pa.), the largest wrought iron pipe, tube and rolling-mill in the world, giving employment to 5,500 men, having its ollices in Boston, Now York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh, Pa. He is Secre- tary and Treasurer of the National Transportation Company, and Vice-President of the Monorigaliela Furnace Company of McKeesport, Pa., both being oflshoots from the National Tube Works Company. He is also Presidentof the National Warehouse Com- pany of Chicago, and Chairman of the American Water Works and Guarantee Company (Limited), of Pittsburgh, Pa., which lays and operates water works in cities and towns in the United States. Coming to Marlborough for retirement and leisure, these several important offices have been urged upon him until he is again a thoroughly busy man. Lib- eral in all ways, he requires the strictest accounting 854 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. in all monetary matters, and will not countenance fraud or deception. Decided and tenacious- in his ideas, he respects one who freely and honestly speaks his mind, even if it should not coincide with his. Although coming to Marlborough an entire stranger, no one has a livelier or deeper interest in the growth and prosperity of the town. Mr. Hitchcock married Anna Maria, the eldest daughter of William Hervey and Ann Maria (How- ard) Conant, of Boston, and by her had two children, Lemuel and Alice Howard Hitchcock. WINSLOW MORSE WARREN. Winslow M. Warren, son of Samuel and Rebecca (Morse) Warren, was born in Marlborough August 20, 1828. He was born on " the old Warren Place," where his father, grandfather and great-grandftither had lived and toiled before hini. They were farmers and men of sterling worth in the community, and each in his generation acquitted himself well, passing down to the succeeding generation a good name for honesty and probity of character. His childhood and youth were much after the fashion of the aver- age New England boy, — assisting in the lighter farm duties, attending school and growing to vigorous manhood. He commenced his education in the Warren Dis- trict School, on leaving which he entered the Acad- emy, and here closed the educational portion of his life. After a short period of business connected with the farm, he, in 1850, formed a partnership in the meat and provision business with George E. Woods, which continued until 1864, when he entered the firm of Dart & Co., in the express business between Boston and Marlborough, in which business he has continued up to the date of this issue, and of which he has become the proprietor. He has also, for the past twenty-five years, done an insurance business, and has settled many estates. He has been a trustee in the Marlborough Savings Bank, and also a mem- ber of the Committee on Investments. He was one of the original subscribers to the stock of the People's National Bank and on the first Board of Direction. Mr. Warren is a trustee of the Union Society, to which was granted the land now and for many years known as " the Common." Mr. Warren is a Repub- lican, a contributor to the support of the Union Con- gregational Church, a member of the " United Breth- ren Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons," and was for several years treasurer of the town of Marlborough. July 2, 1879, Mr. Warren married Sarah, daughter of William and Martha (Phelps) Wilson. Mr. War- ren is a well-known citizen of Marlborough, long identified with the business interests of his native town, and is the representative of two well-known families of Marlborough, who were highly esteemed in the early days of the town — the Morses and the Warrens. The example of Mr. Warren in his daily walk and conversation, is worthy of imitation by those who shall, in succeeding generations, peruse this history of Mid- dlesex County. WILLIAM GIBBON. William Gibbon, son of Samuel Gibbon and Abi- gail Cogswell, was born in Marlborough .July 25, 1807. His father came to Marlborough from Dedham, Mass., in 1784, and bought the farm where William was born, and which has been in the family since 1784. William had but little opportunity for schooling, attending the school kept by Aaron Brigham twelve weeks a year for several years. He worked on the farm, and, by careful management and natural-born economy, made his way up in the world. In 1863 Mr. Gibbon, in connection with Mr. Mark Fay (one of the fore- most men of Marlborough) organized the First Na- tional Bank, and wa.s on its Board of Directors of the bank for twenty years. During this time he was president, and also vice-president of this bank, and vice-president and trustee of the Marlborough Sav- ings Bank. Mr. Gibbon has acted with the Republican party ever since its organization. February 12, 1835, Mr. Gibbon married Eunice Wilson, of Peterborough, N. H., and they had five children : Abbie A., born August 1, 1837 ; Elizabeth J., born .July 7, 1839 ; Charlotte E., born September 1, 1844; Mary E., born October 20, 1848; John, born April 24, 1851. Of these children, Elizabeth J. and Charlotte E. are de- ceased. Mr. Gibbon has lived a long and useful life in this community, and was respected and beloved by a large circle of friends. He died November 11th, 1890. TIMOTHY A. COOLIDGE.' Timothy Augustus Coolidge, son of William and Ann (Leighton) Coolidge, was born in Natick, Mid- dlesex County, June 25, 1827. The district school bestowed upon him an element- ary education, and beyond this he has depended entirely upon his perceptive faculties, studying from the world about him. His father was a shoemaker in a small w.ay, and as he was one of seven children, he was obliged very early in life to provide for his own su[)port. Until he was twenty years old, he worked in the shop with his father, with the exception of three months, when, as a lad of thirteen years, he " pegged " for Henry Wilson — afterwards United States Senator and Vice- president. Ever since his twentieth year, Mr. Cool- idge has been a growing shoe manufacturer, at first doing most of the work himself, now giving employ- ment to hundreds of people. • Out iu One Tlio a^^ >^<^ fflU c-vx^ ^ ^?-^- •^^^x ^ //, K /»//li,rti(hi |i\ d^^^y 7^ I j,^fS^. i^" ^^ ^/{Pi-m^'TTt^vfi^^^^^G^^ MARLBOROUGH. 855 From 1848 to '58 he manul'actuied shoes iu Con- cord, and from 1858 to the present time, has conducted a manufactory in Marlborough. On the 17th day of October, 1848, he was married, in Concord, to Sarah B., daughter of Abel and Rebecca (Lewis) Davis, their only child being Melissa A. Cool- idge. In September, 1854, he married his second wife, Maria H., daughter of Thomas Davis. In financial affairs he has gained a substantial reputation as self-reliant, cautious, firm and just. Politically he has followed the lead of his early employer, Henry Wilson. Socially he has been found enthusiastic in every department, and holds high Masonic orders (32°). He has also been actively identified with several philanthropic societies ; is an active temperance man, aud a valuable member of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Club and the Board oi Trade. He is a trustee of the Marlborough Savings Bank and was a director in, and is also vice-president of the First Natioual Bank of Marlborough. He is a I'ustice of the peace, and has been a member of the Board of Selectmen, eight years ; chairman four years, and in 1880 and '81 was elected to represent the 32d Middlesex District in the Legislature. WILLIAM N. DAVENPORT. William Nathaniel Davenport, son of William J. and Louisa (Howard) Davenport, was born in Boyl- ston, Mass., Nov. 3, 1856. He attended the district school until he was eleven years of age ; but about this time he was thrown upon his own resources for his support, and went to work in the Boylston Cotton- Mills, and remained there until he was thirteen years of age, when he went from there to Hudson, Mass., securing work in the shoe-factory of W. F. Trow- bridge, where he remained one year. He came to Marlborough January 1, 1872, and went to work in the shoe-factory of Clapp & Billings, remaining nine years. At this time he decided to commence the study of the law, and read law for one year in the office of James T. Joslin, of Hudson, and then entered the Law School at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was admitted to the bar of that State the same year. He then came back to Massacliusetts and entered the law office of E. F. Johnson, Marlborough, remaining one year, and was admitted to the bar of Middlesex County, June 30, 1883. The first public oflice he held was clerk of the Police Court of Marlborough^ which he resigned in June, 1884. This same year he was nominated on the Republican ticket for Repre- sentative to the General Court of Massachusetts, and was elected by a handsome plurality ; and he was nominated and elected for the second term by a larger majority, although the.district was very largely Demo- cratic. Young Davenport had represented his con- stituency so well in the House that he was elected to the State Senate in 1888-89, where he discharged his duties in a satisfactory and intelligent manner. Mr. Davenport is a member of the Congregational Church, and a member of several of the secret benevolent so- cieties, being a member of the United Brethreu Lodge of A. F. and A. M., the Order of Red Men, and has served for two years as Grand Commander of the A. L. of H., and one year as Grand Leader of the Home Circle. Mr. Davenport married Lizzie M., daughter of Lyman P. and Eliza L. (Moore) Ken- dall, of Boylston, Mass. JOHN s. FAY.' John S. Fay, son of S. Chandler and Nancy (War- ren) Fay, w.a8 born in Berlin, Worcester County, January 15, 1840. He obtained his education in the public schools of Marlborough and at the Commercial College in Worcester. When twenty-one years old, at the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company F, Thirteenth Massachusetts In- fantry. He was with his regiment in all its marches and engagements till April 30, 1863, when in action near Fredericksburg, Va., he received a wound from a shell which necessitated the amputation of his right arm and right leg. While in the field hospital he was taken prisoner and confined in Libby Prison for one month. He did not succeed in reaching his home until October— the most mutilated and crip- pled of all who survived of the eight hundred and thirty-one who enlisted for the war from Marlbor- ough. In 1865 Mr. Fay was appointed postmaster of Marl- borough by President Johnson, and by successive ap- pointments has held the position ever since. He has been an active Grand Army man and has held many offices in Post 43, which he aided to organize. He is also a prominent Odd Fellow and a member of the Grand Lodge of Mass^achusetts. He is also promi- nently identified with the Unitarian Society of Marl- borough. Mr. Fay has always been interested in the welfare of his adopted city, and has won the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens. November 20, 1869, Mr. Fay married Lizzie, daughter of James M. and Elizabeth (Pratt) Ingalls, of Marlborough. Their only child is Frederic H. Fay. NAHUM WITHERBEE.- Nahum Witherbee, son of Caleb Witherbee, was born at Marlborough, Massachusetts, April 11, ISU. At au early age he learned the tailor's trade at Jlarl- borougli, and after working at different places he commenced business in Andover, Massachusetts, with a Mr. Abbott as partner. Finding a change desira- ble, he went to Lynn and remained there for some years. Having an offer from Emerson Leiand, of Boston, they formed a partnership in which he con- tinued till 1860, when he removed to Marlborough and started the clothing business there. I from ** Ono iu One Tbouund." 2 By Edwurd t\ .Juliiiaou. 856 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. 1 He was soon elected a member of the House of Rep- resentatives, in which he served two terms, and also held the office of Town Treasurer and Tax Collector, and was one of the committee appointed to build a new town-hall. He was one of the trustees of the savings-bank and one of the investing committee. In 1871 he was appointed a Trial Justice for Middlesex County at Marlborough, and by his care- ful study and his good judgment, he was regarded one of the most accurate in the County. He held that office till his death. He also did a great deal of conveyancing and probate business and acted as ad- ministrator, executor, trustee and guardian. His ser- vices were much sought and he had the full confi- dence of both the people of his town and of the courts. He was often selected as referee and acted in similar positions and in a number of cases was appointed as Auditor by the Superior Court, a position usually filled by practicing lawyers. He was a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and one of the officers of that body. He was a Master-Mason and Chaplain of the Lodge for twenty years. No man in Marlborough has been missed more, as he was affable, and at the same time guided by his view of the right. While he was conservative, he was a man of broad views and unselfish and a steadfast friend. Many people are indebted to his assistance freely given, and his name is always spoken of with respect, and particularly by the many who were the recipients of his kindness. April 30, 1835, he married Miss Mary Smith, of Chelmsford, who survives him. He died February 21, 1882. He left one son. MOSES HOWE. The first American ancestor of this name was John, who first settled in Watertown, and went from there to Sudbury. He was one of the petitioners, in 1657, for the grant which constituted Marlborough, and was the son of John, who came from Warwickshire, England, who was a descendant of John Howe, him- self the son of Hodinhull, and connected with the family of Sir Charles Howe, of Lancaster. The first-mentioned John was admitted a freeman in lii40. He came to Marlborough about 1657, and built a cabin a little to the east of the " Indian Plant- ing Field," where his descendants lived for many generations. This proximity to the " Indian Planta- tion" brought him in contact with the natives, but by his kindness he gained the confidence and good- will of his savage neighbors, who not only respected his rights, but in many cases made him the umpire in cases of difficulties among themselves. John opened the first public house in Marlborough prior to 1670. He died here in 1687. Moses, the subject of this sketch, was in direct descent, by several generations, from John. His father, Ephraim Howe, married Hannah Maynard, of Framingham, November, 1782. Moses was born October 6, 1783, and married Lucy Temple March 16, 1807. Their children were : Eveline, Ephraim, Lucy, Betsy and Eli H. Moses was a farmer, and owned a large farm on the north side of Lake Williams, now occupied by John W. Brigham. He was a man of retiring nature, never desiring any public office, but was a man of sterling integrity. He was born, lived and died in the same house. He died October 4, 1863. EPHEAIM HOWE. The line of ancestry has been given in the preced- ing sketch of his father, Moses. Ephraim was born in Marlborough, June 10, 1810, and received his education at the district school. When a young lad he went to work for Ira Temple, on a farm in the eastern part of the town, and remained there until twenty-two years of age, when he went to Boston and entered the employ of Rufus Felton, a native of Marlborough. H ere 4ie remained until the spring of 1841, when he went to New York City, and entered into mercantile pursuits, in which he has been success- ful. He retains his interest in his old home, making frequent visits to it and noting the growth and prosperity of the thriving town, now grown to a city. An evidence of the fact that a love of early home associations has not been lost amidst his active busi- ness life and long residence in the metropolis, is this record of the family and the engravings accompany it placed in this history through "his instrumentality. He also has made a large contribution for the purpose of keeping in good order the resting-places of his immediate ancestors, a tender tribute to their memory and his affection. STEPHEN MORSE.' Stephen Morse was born at Marlborough, Mass., January 16, 1797. At the age of fourteen he went to Sudbury to learn a trade. At the age of twenty-one he went to Boston in the employ of Mr. Gaflield, then the leading boot and shoe dealer of Boston. There he became acquainted with the substantial men of those days and through their influence gained a posi- tion in the Sufl^olk Bank, where he remained till 1835. A part of the time while in its employ, he traveled over the New England States collecting specie for the bills of the State banks taken by the Suffolk bank and, during this time, was under a heavy re- sponsibility, as the amount of money in his care was very large and the means of transportation were then by teams and coaches not by steam as now. When he resigned he was presented with a hand- some sum of money by the directors and received from them a vote of thanks for both his fidelity and ability while in their employ. I liy Kdvvurd F. .luLii 4*vlt^iP ^s^PSi IP'^/^^y? '^'^.. Sk/^A<2yyu JKjtl^^ ^>zx-t>^ a- Cy/tZ' t^^W' ^cm-'. I PSk. '^^ »^: i/^ J^, i^Jfe^^ MARLBOROUGH. 857 He removed to Marlborough in 1835, and was soon employed by the town as its agent in a lawsuit which was very important and which involved the taking of a large number of depositions and which, after a long contest, resulted in favor of the town. He was also employed in many other town cases and held many offices in the town where his good judgment and industry were of great advantage. He, after be returned to Marlborough, settled a great many estates and, although not a lawyer, gave much advice that would have been to the credit of a member of the bar. He was a prominent member of the Union Society and was always public-spirited and willing. His honesty was never questioned and while be was decided in his opinions, be was always open to conviction if be was shown the right. He owned, at the time of his death, a beautiful farm in East Marlborough which has been in the Morse family for 200 years, and where he had lived many years and which his family now occupy. He married Elizabeth Thompson, of Sudbury, July 5, 1824. She died October 30tb, 1862 ; he married Martha A. Moore, also of Sudbury, who survives him. He left three children, Stephen Morse, Jr., Emily T. Morse and Mary H. Morse. LEVI BIGELOW. Levi Bigelow, son of Gershom and Mary (Howe) Bigelow, was born in Marlborough October 28, 1790. He married July 23, 1809, Nancy Ames, daughter of Deacon Moses and Lydia (Brigham) Ames, born in Marlborough March 1, 1792. At the age of nineteen he commenced teaching school in the town of Holden, Mass., and he followed that occupation winters for about thirty years, the greater portion of the time in his own district. The remaining mouths of the year he devoted to farming. He was for some years, in company with bis brother Lambert, interested in a country store in the west part of Marlborough, but withdrew from the firm after a few years. In addi- tion to his farming he did much in surveying, making out deeds, settling estates, was a justice of the peace for thirty years, and be was always active in the cause of education and for several years was one of the School Committee. He represented the town in the General Court in 1831, '32, '34, '39, and was one of the assessors for seventeen years. In all of these po- sitions he was known for his sterling integrity, firm- ness of mind and steadfast opposition to any thing that savored of compromise or a vacillating disposi- tion. As a teacher he was very successful, a thorough disciplinarian and always had the welfare of his pupils at heart, many of whom, who became prominent busi- ness men, have said that they owed much of their suc- cess in life to the wise counsel that they received at his hands during their school-days. Firmness, persever- ance and honesty were ever prominent traits in his character. His wife died suddenly January 22, 1850, and he died April 3, 1859. The children were Lydia, Leander, Mary Cordelia, Electa, Levi, Jr., Lambert, Edwin M., Horace Holly, Julian, William, Ann Theresa, Arthur J. and Ada Genevieve. HORACE H. BIGELOW. Horace H. Bigelow was born in Marlborough .Tune 2, 1827, and was the son of Levi and Nancy (Ames) Bigelow. Like most New England boys, his education was received in the public schools, which he attended until the age of fifteen, when he began the business of shoeraaking. The spirit of the boy was not much different from that dis- played in the man, and early in his business career his natural mechanical and inventive endowments began to develop, and finally won for him a high place among his business associates. Naturally his inventive genius developed in the direction of the boot and shoe manufacture, and he became the inventor of the heel-pressing and nailing machines, from the sale of which he has won a large fortune. Shoe manufacturing was the early dream of the young inventor, and he soon found bis way into active work in this important industry. His business energies were not confined to Massachusetts alone, but were felt with beneficial results wherever im- proved machinery was used in the various depart- ments of this business. Mr. Bigelow achieved considerable notoriety through his plan of organizing prison labor for the manufac- ture of boots and shoes under contracts. In 1870 he withdrew from active, personal care of manufacturing interests, and engaged in other equally absorbing cares with the energy that had liitherto characterized his actions. Securing control of the Worcester and Shrewsbury Railroad and a large j)or- tion of the real estate on Lake Quinsigamond, he began at once the development of both, and hius al- ready accomplished much in the improvement of the grounds at the Lake, thus making it one of the very attractive sections of our State. As I'residenl of the railroad he provided steel rails, new and better engines and cars, built a pretty station at the lake, with car-houses, and olher improvements, for the accomplishment of which he has e.xpended thousand of dollars, resulting in ])0sitive good to the city of Worcester. At the lake he has built up the charming village of " Lake View," and by a .tysteni of easy payments hm> made it possible for any young man to own a house there. While busy with these important enterprises, he has also been instrumental in establishing other industries. The Bullard Hide Company, of Springfield, Mass., is indebted to biiii for its establishment. The Electric Power Company was promoted by him. The list might be extended greatly in the simple enumeration of the various in- terests that claim hia care and attention. As a busi- 858 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. ness man, he has the record of achieving whatever he has undertaken, and of never giving up until his purpose is accomplished. Mr. Bigelow will ever be credited with being helpful to his fellow-men. The right of free speech is a sacred one to him, and to maintain it in the person of one who was unjustly oppressed, he did not hesitate to spend thousands of dollars. Generous to a vanquished opponent, revenge never enters into his battles against wrong. Joining with Hon. Edward L. Davis, of Worcester, they have given to the City of Worcester one hundred and ten acres of land for a Lake Park. He consum- mated the largest real-estate purchase ever made within the city of Worcester proper. The tract of land (formerly used for railroad pur- poses) lying between Mechanic and Foster Streets, covering 115,000 square feet, he bought, and is holding for the purpose of erecting thereon the finest building devoted to business purposes in New England. With the purchase of this land there came into his hands the large building known as the skating-rink, in which band concerts and various other attractions were offered from time to time ; he was thus able to furnish pleasant amusements to thousands. His only pur- pose in allowing the rink to be run was to give the people amusement at a low cost. Mr. Bigelow is a man of liberal and generous views, a friend of all worthy enterprises, a defender of the poor, and a clear-headed man of affairs. He mar- ried, first, Jan. 22, 1852, Lucy Ann, daughter of Thomas and Patty Howe. She died September 25, 1857. He married, second, June 1, 1859, Adelaide E. Buck, of Portland, Conn. His children are Adelaide Frances, born December 24, 1860, married George A. Stevens, of Worcester, June 23, 1886 ; Irving E., born November 11, 1862, married Lillian A. Drennan, November 17, 1887 ; Frank H. born February 8, 1875. GEORGE N. GATE. George Neal Gate, son of Moses and Abigail (Brews- ter) Gate, was born December 11, 1824, at Wolfbor- ough, N. H. His father died when George was but four years of age. The facilities offered for an early education were very slight, but at the age of eighteen Mr. Gate had fitted himself to teach and secured a position in Rochester, N. H., which he held for two years. At the close of the term in 1843, he went to Boston, seeking a fortune, and secured employment at Ashland, (then Unionville), to learn the trade of a builder. For five years after completing his service he remained in Ashland, carrying on the lumber bus- iness and house carpentering. At this period his health was so seriously affected that for three years lie was obliged to abandon all labors, but in 1856 had so far recovered as to begin in Marlborough upon a limited scale tlie lumber and contracting business in which he is still engaged. Mr. Gate about this time began the building and sale of dwellings on easy terms, making it possible for the man with small means to thereby secure a home for himself and fam- iiy- Mr. Gate was a delegate to the first Free Soil con- vention in Worcester in 1848, has been a director in the People's National Bank of Marlborough and is now a director in the First National Bank and trustee of the Marlboro' Savings Bank. He has been a mem- ber of the United Brethren Lodge of F. & A. M. for thirty years. Mr. Gate was instrumental in the advancement and building up of the lodge as much or more than any other one person, contributing his time and means to that end, which was gratifying to the members of the lodge. He is a charter member of the Houghton R. A. Chapter of Marlborough, and other societies. August 25, 1857, Mr. Gate married Charlotte A., daughter of Mark and Sophia (Brigham) Fay, of Marlborough, who died in 1860, and their only child, a son, died the following year. In August, 1869, Mr. Gate married Adelle E. Glidden, of Lowell. MARK FAY. Mark Fay, son of Josiah and Hepsabeth (Collins) Fay, was born in Southborough, Worcester County, Massachusetts, January 29, 1793, and came to Marl- borough about 1800. His opportunities for an edu- cation were limited to the common schools of that time. He learned the trade of a cabinet-maker and worked at his trade near what is known now as Wil- liams Pond. He kept a country store such as was to be found in country towns in that period. In 1850 it was through his influence that the Marlborough Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad was built, and he contributed very largely of his time and means to carry on and complete this enterprise. In 1800 the Marlborough Savings Bank was estab- lished through his effV)rts and he was its first treas- urer. In 1863 he secured the charter for the First National Bank of M.arlborough, and was its first president and held that office until his death, which occurred June 29, 1876. Mr. Fay married Sophia Brigham in 1817, and they had three sons and four daughters. HON. SAMUEL N. ALDRICH. ' Hon. Samuel Nelson Aldrich, son of Sylvanus Bucklin and Lucy Jane (Stoddard) Aldrich, was born in Upton, Worcester County, February 3, 1838. His education was acquired at the Worcester, Massachu- setts, and Stonington, Connecticut, Academies, and at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Sub- sequently he taught school in Upton, HoUiston and Worcester, Massachusetts. He commenced the study of law in the office of Hon. Isaac Davis and E. B. Stoddard, at Worcester, and finished at the Harvard 1 From ** One in Oue Thousand." WILMINGTON. 859 Law School. In 18G3 Mr. Aldrich was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Marlborough. Since 1874 he has kept an office in Boston, though re- taining his residence at Marlborough, living in Boa- ton during the winter. In the public alf'airs of Marl- borough Mr. Aldrich has been prominent, was lor nine years a member of the School Committee, also for four years on the Board of Selectmen, officiating as chairman of both. He has been a director of the People's National Bank at Marlborough, president of the Marlborough Board of Trade, president of the Framingham & Lowell Railroad, (now a portion of the Old Colony system), and president of the Central Massachusetts Railroad. In 1879 Mr. Aldrioh was elected to the State Senate, where he served as chairman of the committee on bills in the third reading, and on the committee on constitutional amendments. In 1880 he was ag.ain a member of the State Senate. In 1888 he was a mem- ber of the House and served on thejudiciary committee. In 1880 he was the Democratic candidate for Con- gress from the Seventh Massachusetts District. In March, 1887, Mr. Aldrich was appointed by President Cleveland the assistant trea.surer of the United States at Boston, which position he resigned in November, 1890, to accept the presidency of State National Bank. Besides this, he is a member of the Suffolk Bar, is in the practice of his profession, and is still president of the Central Massachusetts Railroad. Mr. Aldrich married in 18()5, at Upton, Mary J., daughter of J. T. and Eliza A. (Colburn) Macfarland. They have a son, Harry M. Aldrich. HON. OUAUIAH W. ALliEE. Hon. Obadiah W. Albee was the son of Moses Albee, and was born in Milford, Massachusetts, March 24, 1808. His father wiis a farmer of limited means ; he had an excellent reputation and w.as an honest man. Obadiah W. attended the district school and mafle good progress, and at eighteen years of age en- tered Milford Academy, and there fitted for college. He entered Brown University in 1828 and graduated in 1832. In college he was a member of the United Brothers Society, and in 1846 was chosen a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He worked his way through college, having only twenty-five dol- lars to start with. His gr.aduation theme was the "Prospects of Liberty in Kurope." He came to Marlborough in the spring of 183.8. In politics he acted with the Whigs (thinking them the most anti- slavery) till the Mexican War convinced him of their pro-slavery i)roclivities. He then acted partially with the old Liberty party, but used his beat efforts, both by pen and speech, to form the Free Soil party which should unite the old Liberty men and the con- scientious Whigs. In the session of 1849 he repre- sented the town of Marlborough in the Legislature. Early in 1850 he sailed for California, going by the way of Cape Horn, returning by the Isthmus in October, 1850. On arriving home he was returned to the House of Representatives, where he served through the memorable session in which Charles Sumner was first elected to the United States Senate. Mr. Albee was elected to the Massachusetts Senate for ]8.'j.'3 and 1857 as a Republican. In 1849 he was a • member of the committc on elections. In 1855 he was the chairman of the committee on federal rela- tions and public lands, also one of the library com- mittee. His most extended legislative efforts, in speech-making, were the following: In 1849, on the anti-slavery resolutions; in which debate Mr. Upliam, the presiding officer of the Senate, borea distinguished part. In 1851, on the proposition for a liquor law; and in 1855, on the Loring address and personal lib- erty bill. Mr. Albee married Miss Margaret Chip- man, and they had six children. He died in July, 1866. DAVID GOODAI.L. David Qoodall was born April 1, 1791, married Millieent, daughter of Thaddeua and Lucy Warren. He was engaged in early life as a school teacher. He was a man of decided talents, entergetic in character and prominent in both church and town atfairs. Ho held the ofiJce of Deacon and filled from time to time the principal offices in the town. He was a repre- sentative to the General Court and a justice of the peace. He died Oct. 17, 1858. CHAPTER LXIV. WILMINGTON. II V WILLIAM T. DAVIS. Soon after the settlemcntofCharleatown the people feeling the need of more agricultural land applied to the (ieneral Court for the same and received a grant of territory four miles square which wjis called Charlestown village. On the 17th of September, 1642, it wa.s ordered by the court that " Charlestown village be called Wooburne." In September 1(;39 the inhabitants of Lynn peti- tioned the Ueneral Court " for a jilace for an inland plantation at the head of their bounds." Incompli- ance with the petition a tract of land four miles square was granted with the condition "that the pe- titioners shall within two years make some godd pro- ceeding in planting so as it may be a village fit to contain a convenient number of inliabitant.s whiclimay in due time have a church there." This tract of land was called " Linn village," and on the 29th of May, 1644, it was ordered by the court" that Linn village at the request of the inhabitante thereof shall be call- ed Redding." 860 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTS, MASSACHUSETTS. The territory of the town of Wilmington is nearly all within the limits of the old Charlestown village, only a narrow strip being a part of the old Lynn vil- lage. In 1724, the people liviug in that partof the town of Woburn which was called Goshen, asked the town either to remove the meeting-house to a spot more convenient to them or to allow them to be set off as a new town. Their request having been refused they ap- plied to the General Court in 1729 for the establishment of a separate precinct and their application was re- jected. In 1730 another application was made to be incorporated as a distinct town, and a committee of the General Court was appointed to meet the agents of the town, and consider the matter. The result was that on the 25th of September 1730, the Generiil Court passed the following act incorporating parts of the territories of Woburu and Reading into a town with the name of Wilmington. ** An act for erecting the north-easterly part part of Woburn and west- erly part of Reading into a towneliip by the name of Wilmington. " Whereas the inhabitants of the north-easterly part of the town of Woburn, and the westerly part of the town of Reading, in the county of Middlesex are 80 situated as to be very remote from the place of the publi'ck worship of God,'in either of tlxe said towns, many of them living near seven miles' distance therefrom, who also labour under other great difficulties and inconveniences on several accounts and have thereupon addressed this Court that they may be set off and erected into a separate and distinct township, — "Be it therefore enacted by His Excellency the Governour, Council and Representives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same. " Sect. 1. That all the lauds lying and being within the north-easterly part of Woburn, and westerly part of Reading aforesaid be and hereby are, set off and constituted a separate and distinct township by the name of Wilmington, according to the metes and bounds following, viz.: be- ginning at the South-easterly part of the Land of Nod, so called, so to extend to Andover line ; thence to Billerica line, and so upon said line, including Abraham Jaques his farm, and so to run from thence on Bil- lerica line oue hundred rods further ; and from thence to extend to the Stone bridge, called the Cold Spring Bridge, near the tree called the Figure of Four Tree ; thence on a Hue to the South-easterly corner of John Townsend's land, lately and now in the possession of Timothy Townseod, about sixty-four rods easterly from Woburn line, including said Townsend's land ; thence on a straight line to the south-east part of the land of Joel Jenkins ; and from theuco to extend to the iirst-men- tioned bounds. "And be it further enacted, "Sect. 2. That the inhabitants of the said town of Wilmington shtill be liable nevertheless, and subject to pay their just proportion of tlieir past dues to all province, county and town rates, for this present year, in the towns to which they respectively belonged, and shall be accordingly assessed in such town in the same manner as they would have been if this act had not been made. "Sect, a. And the inhabitants of the said town of Wilmington are hereby req\iired, within the siiace of three years from the publication of this act, to procure and settle a learned orthodox minister of good conver- sation, and make provision for his comfortable and honourable support ; and also with all convenient speed erect and finish a suitable and con- venient house for the publick worship of God in said town. "Sect. -i. And tbo said town of Wilmington is hereby accordingly en. dowod and vested with all powers, privileges, immuuitica and advantages, which other towns in this province by law have and enjoy." (Passed and published ut Cambridge Sept. 'Jfi, 17au). The territory included within the limits of the new town was small and its population was scattered. The lands were good for agricultural purposes and the people occupying tbeiu were almost exclusively farmers. Like other scattered settlements, that in the out-lying districts of Woburn had suffered from Indian depredations, but at the time of the formation of the new town, comparative peace prevailed, only to be disturbed by the French and Indian Wars, which, a few years later, again threatened it. In obedience to the requirements of the act of in- corporation, a meeting-house was erected in Wilming- ton in 1732, and a church with seventeen male mem- bers was organized October 24, 1733. Wilmington was one of the few towns incorporated at an early period, in which a separate precinct did not anticipate a new municipal organization. It would, however, have been no exception to the general rule had its repeated requests to the town of Woburn and to the General Court been listened to and granted. It was an out- lying village of its mother-town, as its mother-town had been an outlying village of Charlestown, and the General Court believed that any substantial argu- ments in favor of a new precinct were quite as strong in favor of the incorporation of a new town. On the day of the' formation of the church Kev. James Varney was ordained as its pa.stor. Mr. Var- ney was a native of Boston, where he was born August 8, 1706, and graduated at Harvard in 1725 in the class with Rev. Mather Byles and Rev. Benjamin Bradstreet. In the Harvard catalogue of the period when names were inserted in the order of their social family rank, the name of Mr. Varney is the thirty- third in a class of forty-five. Mr. Varney was dis- missed April 6, 1739, on account of ill health and was succeeded by Rev. Isaac Morrill, who was ordained May 20, 1741. Mr. Morrill graduated at Harvard in 1737 in the class with Peter Oliver, Rev. Peter Thacher, Rev. Andrew Eliot and Ebenezer Gay. In the social order Peter Oliver stood at the head of the class, with John Eliot second and Mr. Morrill the twenty-fourth in a list of thirty-four. Mr. Morrill continued in the pastorate until his death, which oc- curred August 17, 1793, at the age of seventy-six. During his pastorate he served a-s chaplain in the French Wars, in which also were a number of his parishioners aa soldiers, of whom Capt. Ebenezer Jones and fourteen others are known to have been killed. Mr. Morrill was succeeded Ijy Rev. Freegrace Rey- nolds, who was ordained October 29, 1795, and re- mained until June 9, 1830. He afterwards preached in Leverett in Franklin County, Massachusetts, and other places, and finally returned to Wilmington, where he resided until his death, December (i, 185;"), at the age of eighty-eight years. During his pastor- ate in 1813 a new meeting-house was erected, to take the place of the old one built in 1732. Rev. Francis Norwood, who followed Mr. Rey- nolds, was installed May 18, 1831, and continued in the pastorate until October 25, 1842. Rev. Barnabas M. Fay succeeded Mr. Norwood and was installed April 23, 1845. He remained until ,Iuly 30, 1850, and was followed by Rev. Josejih E. Swallow on the 26th of March, 1851. Mr. Swallow WILMINGTON. 861 was dismissed January 1, 1856, and was succeeded by- Rev. Samuel H. Tolman, who was ordained August 14, 1856, and was dismissed June 7, 1870. During the pastorate of Mr. Tolman, in February, 1864, the meeting-house of the society was burned and the present house of worship was erected. Rev. Benjamin A. Robie was installed April 13, 1871, and dismissed April 9, 1874. Rev. S. S. Math- ews succeeded Mr. Robie October 28, 1874, and after his dismissal, which occurred October 29, 1875, Rev. Daniel F. Noyes was installed October 11, 1877. Mr. Noyes was succeeded by Rev. Elijah Harmon, the present pastor. In 1882, a Methodist Society was organized, and a church erected near the centre of the town. The Rev. William Thurston is its present pastor. A Catholic Church was built at the Centre in 1887, and is occupied by a society under the care of tbe Andover pastorate. In 1840, a Free Will Baptist Society was organized, and in 1841, a meeting-house was erected._ The soci- ety was, for a few years, under the care of Elder John M. Durgin, but was finally dissolved, and its meeting- house sold to the town for town purposes, to which it is still devoted. The early occupation of farming has always been continued up to the present time ; according to the census of 1885, its products annually were as follows: Aaimal products conaiBting of calf skius, hides, honey, manure, pelts and wool, 14520. Clothing iacluding shirts and shoes, $GI3. Dairy products including butter, cream and milk, S1!*,W4. Food products iucluiling canned fruit, catsup, dried fruit, ice, pickles and vinegar, 882S. Tomato plants, $17. Liquors and beverages Including cider and wine, 89.'t4. Poultry products including eggs, feathers, manure and poultry, $46->!l. Wood products including ashes, fence rails, fuel, hop poles, liuuber ami posts, $ii$46. Axe handles, $7. Hops,secidB and soft soap, $78. Cereals including buckwheat, corn and rye, $1,500. Fruits including apples, barberries, blackberries, blueberries, butter- nuts, cherries, chestnuts, citron, crab-apples, cranberries, currants, gooseberries, grapes, huckleberries, mangoes, melons, pears, plums, qnlnces, raspberries, shellbarks, strawberries and thimbleberries, $8:i37. Hay, t-traw, fodder, stock beets and turnips, $16,411. Meats and game including beef, pork, mutton and veal, $4160. Vegetables including asparagus, beans, beets, cabbages, carrots, cauli- flower, celery, green corn, cucumbers, dandelions, lettuce, onions, oyster- plant, parsnips, peas, peppers, potatoes, pampkins, radishes, rhubarb, squashes, tomatoes, turnips, etc., $765.3. The property of the town exclusive of money, stocks and bonds was according to the census as fol- lows : Value Hay laud, 10S4;i acres 8 44,36'.) Crop land, 402 acres 25,181 Orchard land, 62},3 acres S"''^ Pasture land, 1347 acres 29,23» Unimproved land, 173o;.^ acres 25,!)(;s Unimprovable land, 14 acres "^" Mines, etc., 52% acres '"^* Woodland, 49011^ acres 122,837 Dwellings, 151 ' Barns, 120 **••''"* Other buildingii, 273 22,492 Machines and Implements 20,467 Pomestic animals 36,867 Fruit tree and vines 10,228 Making an aggregate of products of $7i'-,(KiG, and of property of r.2s.i;4r,. Among the products, the chief items were milk, *16,540 ; egg8, .•f3528 ; fuel, $.3858 ; apples, .f 1630 ; cranberries, $5537 ; English hay, $9060 ; fresh hay, $3594; pork, $1904; beef, $1439; and potatoes $3939. The cultivation of cranberries has increased since the above census was taken, and the probable product of that article at the present time is about three thou- .sand barrels, valued in the Boston market at twenty- four thousand dollars. The town has opportunities for a .still further increase of this product, which can- not fail to aid its growth in population and wealth. The demand for cranberries is yet in its infancy, and wherever they can be grown, there is no tear that the supply will exceed it. There is no industry which circulates money with a more far-reaching hand than the cranberry industry, or one which promises better results ill towns where it can be conducted. In the first place, at the very time when woodland has sunk in value to its lowest point, the swamps and shallow- ponds scattered through it, before valueles.s, are con- verted into properties worth a thousand dollars an acre, and then in the annual management of these properties, there are to be paid for in cash, care, and superintendence, barrels, and their cooperage; cart- ing, picking and packing, all distributing money to men, women and children in every needy family, and actually furnishing means of better living, which could in no other way be secured. It is not many years since considerable attention was paid to raising apples, but with the exception, perhaps, of Mr. Henry Sheldon, one of the prominent men of Wilmington, none of the farmers of the town aave either planted new orchards of any importance, or even done much to revive the old ones. It is well known that the Baldwin apple originated in Wil- mington, the first tree of that variety having grown on the farm of James Butters, which became known to Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn, who cut scions from it, and gave it both its reputation and name. Besides the farming interests, there is little to give occupation to the people of the town. At the present lime the shoe business is not carried on, though it is expected that an establishment will be soon located there. The tannery of Perry, Converse & Co., at North Wilmington, the Merrimack Chemical Works and the ice business are the only industries worthy of mention. The time cannot be far distant, how- ever, when activity and prosperity will prevail. The location of the town is about sixteen miles from Bos- ton, and between that city and Lowell, about the same distance from Salem, and not far from Law- rence, and with the Boston and Lowell, the Bos- ton and Maine, the Salem and Lowell, and the Lawrence Branch Railroads traversing its territory, 862 HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. it certainly seems favorably situated for business and growth. But whether or not it shall ever have any large increase of local industries, it is appar- ent that the overflow of population from Boston must, in time, reach and flow into it. Its popu- lation which in 1880 had only increased to 933 from 879 in 1875, has increased to 1250 in 1890, as is shown by the census of this year. The schools of Wilmington reflect credit on a town with so small a population and valuation. With a population of 1250, and a valuation of $761,762, and 186 children between the ages of five and fifteen, one high-school, one grammar and six schools of a lower grade are maintained at a cost in 1889, of $3,225.94. That a town so far from the point in population where the law requires the establishment of a High School, should have voluntarily burdened itself with the needed taxation for its maintenance, shows the high character of the people and their appreciation of the benefits to be derived from a more thorough education than the common schools can furnish. The course of study in the High School embraces Geometry, Khetoric, Civil Government, Latin, French, Composition, Drawing, Algebra, Physics, Physiology, United States History, English History and Music. The School Committee for 1889 were, Charles W. Swain, Frank Carter and Richard L. Folkins. The expenditures of the town for the last year in its various departments were as follows : for cemetery, $312; town oflicers, including police and fire wardens, $975.50 ; miscellaneous, $469.80 ; poor, $1447.72 ; highways, $2291.84 ; public buildings, $336.31 ; schools and supplies, $3572.69 ; library, 1144.78 ; piano, $200 ; common, $40; public well, $104.69; town debt, $1941.56; State tax .S429.77 ; county tax, $496.16; State aid $192, making a total of $12,954.82. The item of a public well in the above list indicates that the town has no system of water-works. Its in- habitants are supplied with water from wells. It would be interesting if some compari.son could be made of the death-rates in those towns supplied with water from wells with those in towns supplied from ponds or streams, and an analysis of the prevailing diseases in the two classes of towns. The writer has no data at hand for such a comparison, except so far as his own town (Plymouth) is concerned, which has water-works, and where, in 1889, the number of deaths was one and a half percent, of the population against one and eight-tenths in Wilmington. So far as the caiilfees of death are concerned, it is to be remarked that while in the lists of deaths throughout the State, about fourteen per cent, are caused by consumption, in Wilmington, in 1889, only one in twenty-two died of that disease. There may be a suggestion here worth following up, in order to discover, if possible, the remarkable exemption from a disease which com- mits such terrible ravages in'the"" population of the Northern' States of our nation In the War of the Rebellion the town of Wilming- ton performed its full share in rescuing our Union from dissolution. It is stated that the quota of the town was ninety and that the number was filled. The writer finds on the books of the adjutant-general the names of fifty-six credited to the town, but to these are t^) be added those who entered the naval service and the share belonging to the town of that large number of negroes and others who were credited to the State and divided among the towns. The follow- ing is a list of those whose names appear in the re- port of the adjutant-general with their rank and with the company and regiment to which they were attached and the term for which they enlisted : Enlisted for nine months id Company D, 50th RegimeDt of Massachu- setts Volunteers : Levi Swain, sgt. ; Edward D. Pierson, egt. ; James P. Morton, Corp.; Privates, George Bancroft, Heno' L. Bancroft, Jr., Ed- win Blanchard, Daniel W, Case, Henry W. Eames, Wni. Fortiss, Gayton Gowiug, Otis Harnden, John L. Iloward, George Millignn, Daniel N. Pearsou, George 0. Pearson, Ambrose Upton. Foorleenth Light Artillery, for three years; Privates, Charles A. Nichols, Sydney White. Fifteenth Light Artillery, for three years : Simeon Jaquith, sgt. First Battalion of Heavy Artillery, Company E, three years : Pri- vates, Charles M. Buck, Horace Eames, Gilman Gowing, George E. Or- cutt, George VV. Sidelinker. Third Cavalry, Company K, three years : Privates, Frank F. Abbott, B. F. Upton. Fourth Cavalry, Company E, three years : Private, Marcus M. Ban- croft. Fourth Cavalry, Company F, three years; Corp., Henry F, Thomp- son. Fifth Battalion, Frontier Cavalry, Company D, three years • Andrew B. Munroe, saddler. Second Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company I, three years; Theodore S. Butters, corp. ; John H. Whitehouse, mus. ; Pri- vates, George M. Bailey, Thomas A. Bancroft, James 0. Carter, Thomas B. Flagg. Thirteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company G, three years : Private, Marcus M. Bancroft. , Sixteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company F. three yeare ; George N. Chase, mus. Twenty-second Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company F, throe years : Private, James Hale. Twenty-sixth Regiment of Miissachusetts Volunteers, Company D, three years : Privates, Peter Alexander, Alanson Bond, John Wilson. Twenty-ninth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company D, three years: Private, Albert V. Lancaster. Thirty-third Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Company D, thiee years ; Privates, Albert Brown, George F. Fames, Frederick Lewis, David G. Pierce, James H. Swain. Fifty-eighth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, .nu Total valuation . »76l,7f)2.00 Number of acres assessed . . . ii.oesj^ Number of acres exempt . . inx Total number of acres 10.071',; Total number of polls iibscsb. .1 :ii7 Dwelling-hoiisea 2»(1 Barns 18'.) Sitw-mills 3 Blacksmith-shops . . ,) Ice-houses 17 Slaughler-liousos . . " Wiuil-mills 3 Churches 3 Sohool-honses .... Other buildings 2111 Horses 217 Oxen .... 12 Cattle .... :10(1 Sheep. . . 17 Swiuo .... U State tax . .'.60.00 County tax . . . - . . f.I.'..24 Town tax . . UBSl.tX) Rate of taxation, SMl'er SliRIl). APPENDIX. VOLUME I.— CAMBRIDGE. HAKVAKD BRIDGE. BY JOHN LIVEKMORE. The history and description of bridges connecting Cambridge and Boston over the Charles River is not complete without some notice of the Harvard Bridge just finished, although not yet opened for public trav- el, owing to an unfortunate disagreement between the two cities as to the manner of crossing the track of the Grand Junction Railroad, over which the bridge must cross, either at grade, or by an overhead bridge, and as the question is still undecided, and is a subject of much bitter feeling, no opinion will be given on the general merits of the question, but only the hope that the controversy will be settled soon to the satis- faction of all the parties concerned. In order to a right understanding of the causes and necessities that led to the building of this structure at the present time, and the reasons for its location where it is, we must go back for more than fifty years and see how step by step the present result has been reached. Jn the year 1828 the Legislature of Massachusetts considered the subject of purchasing all the bridges over Charles River for the purpose of freeing them before their charters would legally expire, which led to a prolonged controversy in which the rela- tions between the public and the rights of corpora- tions received essential modifications ; but no action was taken on the subject until 1830, when a charter was granted to the " Hancoch Free Brhlge Corpora- tion " to enable them to build a bridge over Charles River at some point between Cragies and West Boston Bridge or to purchase one or both bridges for the purpose of making them free, but owing to the pecuniary distress which prevailed in 1836 and 1837, the money could not be raised to conclude the purchase. The scheme failed for the time, but in 1846 they received a second charter enabling them to not only purchase the two bridges, but to maintain them as toll bridgesuntil a fund of $150,000 should be raised to keep them in repair and then they were to be free forever, and so the question of a new bridge was post- poned for the time. For more than twenty-five years the necessity of a new route from Cambridgeport to Boston had been agitated and discussed, but from various causes noth- 8U-1 ing was done until the year 1887, when the Legisla- ture passed a compulsory act apportioning the cost equally between the two cities. From the first Bos- ton was reluctant to proceed with the work and did not enter into the enterprise with either zeal or spirit, but apparently with regret that they were legally bound to do their part. The work, however, was commenced and the mayors of the two cities and Leander Greely (a practical artisan) were appointed.commisdoners to superintend the building thereof, which they have done. The new avenue could be opened for travel as soon as the question is definitely settled about the crossing of the track of the Boston and Albany Railroad. The question of the locality of the bridge was set- tled without much ditiiculty and amicably at last. When the question was before the public, when it was first agitated, no one would have thought of locating it so far south; but since that time the business and population of Boston has been rapidly tending to- wards the "South End," and that part of Cambridge- port now known as Ward Four has been developed, and is fast becoming the most populous portion of the city, and there were not found wanting citizens who advanced a still more southerly location. As has been stated the bridge, was built by special act of the Legislature, which was a compulsory act, and apportioned the cost equally between the two cities of Boston and Cambridge, and $500,000 was set apart for its construction. The bridge is 2157 feet in length, 70 feet wide, and 14 feet above mean high water ; the draw is 135 feet long and 60 feet wide, and is located in the centre of the structure. It is to be operated by an electric motor. There are ten spans to the bridge, on each side of the draw alternating regularly between 105 and 75 feet in width. The piers support girders 105 feet long, between every two of which hangs a 75 foot girder loosely linked to the other one at each end, so as to provide for the natural expansion. There are also two spans 90 feet in length on either side adjoining the draw, and an extra span at the Cambridge end. The iron girders were constructed by the Boston Bridge Works, thedifterent sections being brought from the works on Sixth Street, Cambridgeport, upon huge drays drawn by six yokes of oxen to the water-side, and there put togeth- er and towed to the bridge by lighters. APPENDIX. 865 The contract of the Boston Bridge Company was i $161,900, while the masonry piers built by Shields & Carroll, of Toronto, Canada, were contracted for at $122,820, the masonry abutments by W. H. Ward $15,900, the draw foundations and pier by Boynton ! Brothers $26,875, the spruce lumber by Wm. G. Bark- er, the wooden flooring by W. H. Keys & Company, the spruce posts by Miller & Shaw, the roadway sheathing by Alexander Mclnnis and the iron railing by the Manley Manufacturing Company, of Dalton, i Ga. When this new avenue is once opened to the pub- lic and the several approaches to it improved, and put in order, it will without doubt be the finest and most attractive avenue from the city to the suburban towns in the vici nity, the direct route to the University , Mount Auburn, the Washington or Longfellow Mansion, Elmwood, the home of Lowell, and other residences of distinguished persons, and it is also the great high- way to Lexington and Concord — places of great his- toric interest, so much visited by strangers from all parts of the world. VOL. I. CAMBRIDfiB. William E. Russell was elected Governor of Massa- chusetts November 4, 1890. VOL. It. LINCOLN. William Francis Wheeler died October 10, 1890, aged seventy-eight yenrs, seven months. VOL. III. WALrH.\M. Sherman Hoar was elected member of Congress November 4, 1890. ERRATA. ' Ha .t Do Wa rage 201, vol. ii., first column, first lii read "Mary De War." Page 481, vol. iii.. second coliiinn, twrnty-llih-'l line fr.mi hoUn ".lohn Wayet" shonid read "John Wayte." Page 198, vol. iii., Becond column, twenty-third line from top, " una mous" tjhouldread *'i INDKX. A. Abbott, Edward, i, 153 Abbott, Josiah G., i, Ixxv (ill.) Abbot, Lyman, i, 65 ActoD, i, 241 Act incorporation, i, 241 Re». John Swift, flrBt pastor, i, 243 Music in the First Church, i, 245 Woodlawn Cemetery, i, 246 North ActoD Cemetery, i, 247 Mount Hope Cemetery, i, 247 The Brooks Tavern, i, 247 The Fletcher Homestead, i, 247 The Skinner House, i, 247 The Old Parsonage, i, 247 Revolutionary preliminaries, i, 251 Col. VVinthrop E. Faulkner, i, 255 The Bobbins House, i, 255 Capt, Davis' route to the North Bridge, 265 Abner Hosmer's hunt, i, 257 Rev. J. T. Woodbury's speech, i, 2.57 Capt. Isaac Davis, i, 261 Eevolutionary War, i, 262 French and Indian War, i, 264 The second meeting-house, i, 264 The great Are, i, 268 West Acton, i, 269 Names from Historical Map of Acton, 272 The Davis Monument, i, 274 School-houses, i, 278 The Old Chestnut Tree, i, 279 Geology, i, 280 The artist's view of Acton, i, 280 The 19th of April, 1861, i, 283 The Civil War, i, 284 Memorial Library, i, 287 Congregational Church, i, 290 The Baptists, i, 293 Manufactures, i, 294 Official, i, 295, 296 College graduates, I, 296 Physicians, i, 298 Lawyers, i, 299 Miscellaueuus, i, 30o Biographical, 1, 301 Adams, Samuel, i, 392, 616 Adams, A. M., i, 601 (ill.) Adams, John, ii, 16 Agassi/., Louis, i, 90, 153 Andrew, John A, i, 496 Albee, Obadiah W., iii, 869 Aldrich, Charles T., iii, o72 (ill.) Aldrich, Sanniel N., i, 497 ; iii, 8.58 Aldricli, Tliomas B., i, 153 Allen, Nathan, ii, 203 Allen, Nathan TopIifT, III, 168 (ill.) Alley, Edwanl K., iii, 837 866 Anderson, William H., i, Ixxxi (ill.) Post-offices, physicians, etx., i, 327 Apthorp, William F., 153 Biographical, i, 332 Appleton, Nathan, ii, 8, 14 Ashland, iii, .535 Appendix, iii, 86i The surface, iii, 535 Arlington, iii^l73 Location, iii, 173 Incorporation, iii, 537 Organization, iii, 537 Menotomy, iii, 173 Further acts of the town, iii, .537 Period of settlement, 1625-1732, iii, 173 Town-offlcers, iii, 538 The Squaw sachem, iii, 173 Ways, iii, 539 Early grant of farms, iii, 174 Buildings, iii, 540 Tlie first mill, iii, 174 Landmarks, iii, 540 Early pul-suits, iii, 174 Burial-grounds, iii, 640 King Philip's War, iii, 174 Wildwood Cemetery, iii, 540 The Second Precinct of Cambridge, 1732- Schools, iii, 541 1807, iii, 175 Libraries, iii, 543 Early burial-place, iii, 175 Public Library, iii, 545 Pioneer schools, iii, 177 Mills, waters, etc., iii, 645 The Eevolution, iii, 177 Railroads, iii, 560 Early industries, iii, 183 Express companies, iii, 561 The town of West Cambridge, 1807 -ri7, iii. Post-office, iii, 561 183 Newspapers, iii, 561 First town-meeting. West Cambridge, iii. Physicians, iii, 562 184 Societies, iii, 663 Light infantry, iii, 183 Schools, iii, 186 Ecclesiastical, iii, 663 First Universalist Church, iii, 563 Social Library, iii, 185 Catholic Church, iii, .563 Alms-house, iii, 186 Congregational, iii, 564 Visit of Lafayette, iii, 186 Union Evangelical, iii, 664 The legacy of Dr. Ebenezer Learned, iii. Baptist Church, iii, 566 186 Methodist Episcopal, iii, 568 The Russell School, iii, 188 Civil War, iii, 569 High School, iii, 188 Biographical, iii, 671 Tornado of 1851, iii, 189 Ayers, David, iii, 633 (ill.) Townhouse, iii, 190 Ayer, Frederick, ii, 106 (ill.) War of the Rebellion, iii, 190 Ayer, Frederick F., ii, 105 (ill.) Political, iii, 192 Ayer, James C, ii, lOUi" ), 686 The town of Arlington, 1867-90, iii, 193 Ayer, ii, 639 West Cambridge changed to Arlington, iii. Introduction, ii, 639 193 Topography, ii, 631 The Arlington Advocate, iii, 134 Early Indian tribes, ii, 640 Arlington Land Company, iii, 194 Boundaries, ii, 641 Monuments, iii, 196, 196 Early setllers, ii, 642 Churches, iii, 196 Highways, ii, 650 Industrial pnrsuits, iii, 197 Ford-ways, Ii, 6,53 Market gardening in Arlington and Bt-I- Bridges and taverns, ii, 6.54 mont, iii, 198 Maps and plans, ii, 855 Biographical, iii, 201 Canal, ii. 667 Ashby, i, 306 Railroads, ii, 668 Descriptive, i, 306 Telegraph and telephones, ii, 660 Roads, i, 307 Schools and school-houses, ii, 661 Old settlers, i, 307 Library, ii, 663 Petitions, i, :!08, 309 Water-works, ii, 665 Incorporation, i, 310 Industries, ii, 665 The Revolntion, i, 312 Ancient mills, ii, 666 Mechanical industries, i, 314 Manufactures, ii, 667 Ecclesiastical, i, 316 Newspapers, ii, 669 The Civil War, i, 310 Religious Sociellos, ii, 670 Miscellaneous, 1, 319 Baptist, ii, 670 Civil, 1, 325 Unitarian, ii, 971 Catholic, ii, 672 Congregationalist, if, 673 Methodist, ii, 674 Fires and fire-companies, ii, 675 New town, ii, 684 Agitation for set off, Ii, 684 Incorporation, ii, 685 Bngnall. W. R., ii, 607 Bacon, .Joseph N., iii, 86 Bacon, Jonathan, ii, 856 (ill.) Bacon, B. Franklin, iii, 88 Bacon, John W., i, Ixxi, b'/A, 549, 560, 563 Bacon, Oliver N., i, 560 Baldwin, Loamnii, Col., i, 376, 390, 3!)7, 409, (ill.), ii, 4 Barker, Horace R., ii, 03 (ill.) Bancroft, George, i, 132, 1.=.2 Bancroft, William .\.,i, Iviii, 176, 188 Bailey, W. T., iii, 676 Banks, Nathaniel P., iii, 719 Barnes, Edward F., iii, 851 (ill.j Barnes, J. W., iii, 848 Barney, A. P., i, Ixxiii Battles, Frank F., ii, 81 (ill.) Barton, George, i, 280 Bedford, ii, 811 Early history, ii,811 Early votes, ii, 812 The Shawshine Grant, ii, 813 Indian claims, ii, 814 Name, ii, 816 Boundaries, ii, 816 First meeting-house, ii, 817 Taxes, ii, 817 Some old families and sites, ii, 817 Ecclesiastical, ii, 818 Schools and libraries, ii, 823 Military, ii, 827 Miscellaneous, ii, 836, 839, 840, 844, 8 847, 849, 863 Biographical, ii, 8.54 Belmont, iii, 682 Early history, iii, 682 Incorporation, iii, 683 First town-meeting, iii, 683 Ecclesiastical, iii, 683 Educational, iii, 686 Public Library, iii, 686 Fire Department, iii, 687 Post-office, iii, 688 Water-works, iii, 688 Gas, iii, 689 Civil War, iii, 689. A new hall, iii, 689 Physicians, iii, 689 Secret societies, iii, 689 Savings bank, iii, 690 Industries, iii, 690 Waverly Oaks, iii, 692 Tornado of 1851, iii, 695 Newspapers, ill, 695. Town officials, iii, 695 Representatives, iii, 696 Senator, iii, 696 Bemis, George F., ii, 637 (ill.) Beniis, Seth, iii, 428 (ill.) Bennett, Joshua, ii, 3.55 (ill.) Benton, Thomas H., ii, 33 Bigelow, Levi, iii, 867 (ill.) Bigelow, Horace H., iii, 857 (ill.) Billerica, ii, 223. The beginiiines, ii, 223 The Indians and Indian Wars, ii, 326 INDEX. Religious history, ii, 332 Land distribution, dismemberment, ii 338 ' The Revohilion, ii, 340 Educationul, ii, 344 Religious history, ii, 346 fliiscellaneous, ii, 340 Biographical, Ii, 364 Blake, Francis, i, 499 (ill.), view, 60O Blake, George Fordyce, iii, 697 (ill.) Blanchard, Albert H., i, 680, 706 (ill.) ; iij, 431 Blancbard. Siniim, i, 305 (ill.) Blood, Lorenzo P., iii, 220 Blood, Luther, ii, 569 (ill.) Booth, E. C, iii, 766 Boott, Kirk, ii, 8 (ill.), 13, 17, 19, 23 Boyd, Samuel, iii, 849 (ill.) Boynton, Royal B.,i, 604 (ill.) Bodge, George M., i, 4, 382 Boutwell, George S., i, I, 276 ; ii, 16 Boxboro', ii, 759 Early history, ii, 770 Act of incorporation, ii, 771 Military, ii, 774 Schools, ii, 775 EcclesiasticAl, ii, 777 Biographical, ii, 781 Bracketl, J. (!. A., i, Ivii (ill.) Bradley, Joseph S., iii, 277 (ill.) Bradford, Ruth A., iii, 385 Brabrook, Joseph, i, 302 (ill.), view, 302 Brattle, William, i, 179, 180 Bright, Jonathan Blown, iii, 7.55 (ill.) Bright, Mrs. M. E., residence of, 756 Bright, William E., iii, 767 (ill.) Brown, Abram E., ii, 871 Brooks, Artemas L., ii, 94 (ill.) Brooks, Eliezer, ii, 663 Brooks, Nathan, ii, 606 (ill.) Brooks, George M., i, Ixxvi Brooks, Phillips, i, 65 Bruce, George A., i, Ivii Burns, George J., ii, 639 Burbank, Charles H., ii, 236 Bullock, Alex. H., ii, 16 Burke, William A., ii, 82 (ill.) Burdett, Joseph 0., i, Iviii Burnhani, Walter, ii, 204 (ill.) Butler, Benjamin F., i, Ixvi (ill.) Bullard, Henry, iii, 454 (ill.) Bnllard, Elias, iii, 4.^5 (ill.) Bullard, Appleton, iii, 464 (ill.) Buttrick, Francis, iii, 759 (ill.), vi Burlington, 1, 663 Introduction, i, 663 Civil history, i,Ki65 Ecclesiastical, i, 670 John Marrett's Al ■07 Cambridge, i, 1 Introduction, i, 1 Revolutionary, i, 1 Harvard University, i, 2 Indians of Cambridge and vicinity, i, 4 Ecclesiastical, i, 11 First Church, i, 13, 1.2 First Evangelical Congregational, Cani- brigeport, i, 62 Second Evangelical Congregational, i, 63 Evangelical Cliurch, East Cambridge, i, 63 North Avenue Cougregatlonal, i, 63 Pilgrim Congregational, I, 63 Wood Memorial, i, 64 Third Congregational Society, 1, 66 The Lee Street Society, i, 65 Allen Street Congregational Society, (Unitarian), i, 66 University Church, i, 65 Christ Church, i, 66 St. Peter's Church, i, 67 St. Philip's Chuich, I, 67 Church of the Ascension, i, 67 St. James Parish, i, 67 The Episcopal Theological School, i, 68 Firet Baptist, i, 69 Innmn Square Mission, i, 69 Second Baptist, i, 69 Old Cambridge Baptist, i, 69 North Avenue Baptist, i, 70 The Broadway Baptist, i, 71 Charles River Baptist, i, 72 Union Baptist, i, 72 First UnivomaliBt, i, 72 Second Universalist, i,73 Third Universalist, i, 73 First Methodist Episcopal, i, 73 Harvard Street Church, i, 73 Methodist Episcopal C'nireh, in old Cambridge, ), 74 Grace Methodist Episcopal, i, 74 St. Paul's (African), i, 74, Bush African, i, 74 Reformed Episcopal, i, 74 St. Peter's R. C, i, 74 St. Mary's R. C, i, 75 St. Paul's R. C. i, 75 St. John's (Church of the Sacred Heart), i, 76 New Jerusalem C'hnreh, i, 76 Young Men's Christian Association i, 77 The East End Mission, 1, 77 Harvard University, i, 77 Corporate and material grou th, i, 77 The Medical School, i, 101 The Law School, 1, 103 Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1, 103 Divinity School, i, 104, 140 The Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, i, lo-l The Bussey Institution, i, li>4 The Dental School, i, 1115 The Botanic Garden, i, l>>6 The Astronomical Observatory, I, 105 The Lawrence Scientific School, i, U>5 Progress of education, 1, 105 Student life, i, 112 Commons, i, 112 The laws, lilierlies and onlers, 1, 113 Prayere. i, 117 Discipline, i, 121 Commencement, i, 127 Claasday, i, 131 Dress, i, 131 College Bocletiei, i, 133 Harvard journalism, I, 130 Sports and gymnastics, f, 136 Conclusion, i. Mo The public schools, 1, 142 Kindergailen, i, 147 Tlie Public Library, 1, 14fi Literature, i, 151 Musical, i, 1.53 Medical, i, 1.58 Military,!, 176 Civil, I, UK) Hanking and insurance, i, 198 Manufacturing ami Industrial, 1,201 Sfi8 Miscellaneous,!, 210 Biographical, i, 214 Carlisle, i, 708 Early history, i, 70S Incorporation, i, 711 First towo-meeting, i, 711 Officers elected, i, 711 Meeting-houses, i, 712, 732 Annexed to Concord, i, 714 Voters, etc.,i, 716, 717 Incorporation of town, i, 717 Improvement Association, i, 718 Postmasters, I, 719 Town farm, i, 719 Boundary lines changed, i, 720 Free Public Library, i, 720 Flag-stiiffs and flags, i, 721 Educational, i, 722 Burying-grounds, i, 722 Physicians, i, 72fi Military, i, 727 Ecclesiastical, i, 733 Carey Homestead, view, i, 635. Cameron, Allen, ii, 717 (ill.) Gate, George N., iii, 858 (ill.) Gate, Edward W., iii, 88 Chamberlain, Samuel E., i, 186 Chase. Charles C, ii, 1, 118, 357 Channing, Edward C, l, 152 Chanuing, William H , i, 162 Chauncy, Charles, i, 32, 36, 71) , 161 Chaffee, Knowlton Sampson, iii, 777 (ill.) Chelmsford, ii, 239 Map, ii, 240 Early history, ii, 239 Petition to trade with Indians, ii, 244 Eoads and residences, ii, 244 Witchcraft, ii, 248 The old burying-ground, ii, 248 Indian history, ii, 249 ThePawtuckets or Wamesitts, ii, 23D French and Indian Wars, ii, 260 The Revolution, ii, 255 Shays' Rebellion, ii, 268 The Rebellion, ii, 259 Education, ii, 259 Manufacturei-s, ii, 264 Miscellaneous, ii, 269 Clergymen, ii, 269 Lawyers, ii, 271 Physicians, ii, 272 Church history, ii, 273 Statistical, ii, 274 Biographical, ii, 274 Choate, Rufus, ii, 127 Olafliu, Lee, iii, 804 (ill.) Glafliu, William, iii, 163 (ill.) Clark, Alvan, i, 191, 2(19, 210 Clark, George F., i, 637 Olark, Alexander, iii, 681 (ill.) Clark, Charles A., i, 707 (ill ) (!lark, Olivei R., iii, 314 Clay, Henry, ii, 23 (.\)chraue, Alexander, ii, 356 (ill.) Coggan, Marcellus, i, Ixxxii (ill.) Coolidge, Austin J., iii, 436 Coolidge, Joshua, iii, 426 (ill.) Coolidge, Timothy A., iii, 854 (ill.) Colby, Gardner, iii, 159 (ill.) Collius, Edward Jackson, iii, 161 (ill.). Eh wood, view, iii, 102. Collius, Edward L., iii, 161 Collins, Michael, ii, 322 (ill.) Conant, Luther, i, 284 Ooucord,'.ii, 670 Settlement, il, 670 INDEX. The first road, ii, 571 Initial events, ii, 571 Captain Thomas Wneeler's narrative, ii, 572 Independence in Church and State, ii, -577 Preparations for Revolution, ii, 578 Journal of a British Spy. ii, 579 Concord fight, ii, 584 Brunt and strife of Revolution, ii, 586 Progress and prosperity as a shire-town and a literary centre, ii, 687 Celebration, ii, 588 Monuments, ii, 589 Rebellion, ii, 590 Concord Courts, ii, 593 Militia companies, ii, 594 Meadows, ii, 695 Education, ii, 596 Private schools, ii, 597 Societies, ii, 597 Newspapers, ii, 597 The Damon Mfg. Co. ii, 598 Prisons, ii, 600 Fires, ii, 600 Musical matters, ii, 601 Taverns, ii, 601 Town donations, ii, 601 Clergynien, ii, 603 Lawyers, ii, 603 Physicians, ii, 604 Harvard graduates, ii, 604 Statistics, ii, 605 Officials under U. S, Government, ii, 60S Officials of Massachusetts, ii, 605 Officials of Middlesex Co., ii, 605 Officials of the town, ii, 605 Biographical, ii, 606 Converse, Elisha Slade, iii, Converse, Frank Eugene, ii Cowley, Charles, i, Ixiii ; i (_!ooney, Patrick H.. i, 561 Ooughlan, T. W., iii, 342 Cox, George H., i, 232 Craige, Alexander, i, 5119, 601 (ill.) Crafts, Ellen, iii, 353 Crooks, Samuel and Abram, Crehore, Charles F., iii, 110 Crehore, Joseph, i, 456 Crehore, Lemuel, iii, 160 (ill.) Crockett, David, ii, 23 Crowley, Jeremiah, i, Ixiv Gullen, John S., iii, 680(111.) Cumnock, Alexander G., ii, 79 (ill.) Cummiugs, John, i. 361, 465 (ill.) Curtis, Martha B. Sewall, i, 663 Curtis, Ben.iamiu R., i, Ixii ; iii, 425 (ill.) f^nrtis, George T., i, Ixiii, 1.52 Cutter, Henry, ii, 768 (ill.) (.'utter, Ephraim, i, 363 Cutter, William R., i, 334, 366, 377, 394, 45 453, 663, 746 Cutter, Benjamin, i, 373, 374 D. Dana, Edward T., i, Ivi, 148, 149 liana, Richard, i, xxxviii, 15'2, 191 Dana, Richard II.', i, xxxviii, 1.52,191, 620 Dana, Richard H., Jr., i,lxii, 141 Dana, Samuel, i, xxxiii Darling, Samuel C, iii, 763, 849 Davenport, William N.,iil, 856 (ill.) Davis, Thomas W., iii, 682 Davis, Arthur F.,i, '280 Davis, Curtis, i, 233 till.) Davis, W. T., i, Ixxiv; ill, 456, 769, 779, 859 Daniels, Samuel 0., i, 668 (ill.) i,.5.33 (ill.) 16, 101, 105 , 804 (ill.) Damon, Calvin C, ii, 607 Davenport, Bennett F., iii, 326 Dennison, Aaron L., iii, 738 Devens, Charles, i, xxxi Dickens, Charles, ii, 22 Dodge, B., ii, 886 (ill.) Dracut, ii, 276 Early history, ii, 276 Name, ii, '277 Indian deed, ii, 277 Indian history, ii, 278 Rev. John Eliot, ii, 280 Wanoalancit, ii, 280 Frenchland Indian War, ii, 282 Indian curiosities, ii, 282 A friendly visit, ii, 282 An old garrison-house, ii, 283 A brave woman, ii, 283 Lovewell's expedition, ii, 283 Petition for an Act of Incorporatiou, ii, 284 Common, or resorred land, ii, 284 Roads laid out, ii, 286 Price of land, ii, 286 Votes and records, ii, 287 Early industries, ii, 287 Billerica Great Bridge, ii, 2S7 Line established between New Hanipshiie and Massachusetts, ii, 28S The Dark Day, ii, 288 Pawtucket Bridge, ii, 289 Old Bunt, ii, 290 Ecclesiastical, ii, 290 Educational, ii, 298 The Revolutionary War, ii, 300 Shays' Rebellion, ii, 306 Miscellaneous, ii, 307 Fac-simile of the oath of allegiance, 1783, ii, 308 Central Village Academy, ii, 313 Wrestling by Dracut men, ii, 313 Decrease of territory, ii, 316 War of the Rebellion, ii, 316 Manufactures, ii, 317 Biographical, ii, 317 Draper, George, i, .503 Draper, Ira, i, 503 Draper, James S., i, 503 Draper, Lemuel R., i, 503 Draper, William F., i, 603 Drury, Williard, i,566 (ill.) Dunster, Henry, i, 78, 144 Durant, Heni-y F., i, 237 Dunstable, i, 736 Present condition, i, 736 Topography, i, 736 Business interests, i, 7.37 Origin and early settlement, 1043-1723, i. 738 Continued attacks from the liul Growth of the town, i, 746 Church and school affairs, 1723-1708 i, 742 747 ,751 The Revolntif Miscellaneous, i, 753 Church erected, i, 757 War of the Rebellion, i, 7.58 Cornet band, i, 769 Railroad, i, 759 Bi-Centennial celebration, 1821-90 i. 75>J Biographical, i, 762 E. F.astinan, Mary F, iii. 216 Eaton, Chester W., i, Ixxi, Ixxx ; ii, 717, 810 Edniauds, John Wiley, iii, 167 (ill.) INDEX. 869 Edwards, N. B., ii, 27a (ill.) Incorporation, iii, 614 Edwards, Jonatban, i, 422 Old Central Village site, iii, 015 Edgarton, Charles A., i, 471, 48r) (ill.) First meeting-house, iii, 015 Klliot, Charles William, i, aS First minister, iii. 010 Eliot, John, i, 9, 10, 11, 514, Ofi, 510, 517, 5:iC, (.'ourts and garrison-houses, iii, 617 5:i7 ; ii, 1 Father Ralle's War, 111,617 EraersoD, Edward W., ii, Ii09 French and Indian War, iii, 618 Emeraon, Ralph Waldo, i, 9C, MO, 121, 153, ii, Miscellany, iii, 620 009 Physicians, iii, 622 Emery, Charles, i, 603 (ill.) Taverns, iii, 022 Enthwistle, James K., iii, 081 (ill.) The Revolution, iii, 622 Ensign, Charles S., iii, 369 Villages, iii, 631 Eudicott, John, i, ii Masonic, iii, 632 Everett, Edward, 1, 96, 97, 152 ; ii, 16, 26, 58 Artillery companies, iii, 632 Everett, iii, 576 Educatiou, iii, 634 Incorporation, iii, 570 Town libraries, iii, 640 Industries, iii, 570 Graduates, iii, 640 Early history, iii, 578 Eociesiastical, iii, 641 Ecclesiastical, iii, 579 First Church, iii, 641 Schools, iii, 582 Second Congregational, iii, 641 Newhuryport turnpike, iii, 585 First Baptist, iii, 642 Woodlawn Cemetery, iii, 587 First Methodist Episcopal, iii, 612 Post-office, iii, 587 Saxonville Religious Soceity, iii, 04:: Abolition of tolls on Maiden Bridge, iii. Edwards Church, iii, 643 589 Dniversalist Society, iii, 043 James A. Perkins Post, G. A. R., iii, 589 Catholic Churches, iii, 643 Roll of Honor of So. Maiden, 1881-65, iii, South Framingham Baptist I'liuuli, 690 iii, 643 Masonic, iii, 591 St. John's Episcopal, iii, 644 First town-meeting, iii, 593 Methodist Episcopal, South Frauiiug- Home School, iii, 595 ham, ill, 644 Water-works, ill, 596 South Congregational, iii, 644 Odd Fellows, iii, 590 First Universalist of South Framing Schools, iii, 597 ham, iii, 644 Representatives, iii, 698 Presbyterian, South Framingham, iii. Town-offlcers, iii, 598 644 Town expenditures, iii, 599 Cemeteries, Iii, 6U Public Library, iii, 601 Industries, iii, 645 Ecclesiastical, iii, 601 Railroads, iii, 648 Young Men's Christian Associiitiou, iii. Banks, iii, 619 602 Boston water-works, iii, 049 The press, iii, 603 Newspapers, iii, 650 Everett Co-operative Bank, iii, 004 Post-offices, iii, 650 Societies, and certificates, iii, 004 District Court, iii, 051 Biographical, iii, 604 Camp-meeting Association, iii, 651 Eustis, William, i, 191 State muster-grounds, iii, 051 Evans, Alonzo H-, iii, 693, 7,=.9 Union Street Railway Company, iii, 051 Professional, iii, 651 P. Lawyers, iii, 051 Farley, George S., i, liii Physicians, iii, 052 Fall, George Howard, iii, 527 Members of Congress, iii. 652 Fay, Johns., iii, 846,855 (ill.) State Senators, iii, 652 Fay, Mark, iii, 858 Town-officers, lii, 662 Felton, Cornelius C, i, 98, 132, 214 (ill.) Framingham, South iii, 663 Ferris, Mary L. D., iii, 388 Descriptive, iii, 663 Fiske, John, i, 153 Public schools, iii, 653 Fitch, E. C, iii, 747 New villages, iii, 653 Fitch, Jonas.iii, 240(111.) Business blocks, iii, 6.55 Fletcher,J.V, iii, 698(111.) Public hall, iii, 656 Fletcher, James, i, 238, 28S, 296, 297 Hotels, iii, 666 Flatley, M. F., iii, 534 (ill.) Fire Department, lii, 050 Flint, Charles F., ii, 810 (ill.) The Framingham Water Co., lii, 060 Fox, James A., i, 196, 224 (ill.) District Court, iii, 657 Framingham, iii, 607 Telephone business, iii, 057 Original location, iii, 607 Post-office, Iii, 057 Original plantation, iii, 007 Amusement halls, iii, 658 Indian occupation, iii, 608 Street railroad, iii, 659 Indian village of Washakamaug, iii, 6ii8 Newspapers, Hi, 661 Indian village of Cochituate, iii, 009 Banks, iii, 662 Indian village at the Falls, iii, 609 Churches, iii, 662 Nobscott, iii, 610 Societies, associations and clubs, iii, 007 Murder of the Eames family, iii.OlO Business interests, iii, 670 Name, iii, 610 Biographical, 675 The old Connecticut Path, Iii, 010 Francis, James B.. ii, 14 (111.) Early land grant, iii, 611 First settlers, iii, 613 Frisbee, Jesse F., iii, 133,150 French, Jonas H., 1,767(111.) French, Amos B., ii, 49 (ill.) French, .Tosiah B., ii, 43 (ill.) French, Abram S., i, 602 (ill.) French, Thomas L., iii, 431(111.) Frye, John Addison, iii, 8.53 (ill.) Furbur, Daniel L., ill, 40 a. Garrison, William Lloyd, i, 15:1 Gates, Josiah, ii, 98 (ill.) Gerry, Ira, if, 498 (ill.) Gerry, Elbridge, i, 191, -212 Gibbon, William, iii, 8.54 (ill.) Oilmore, Henry H., i, 150, 196, 203 Gil man, Alfred, ii, 189 Gilkey, Royal, iii, 338 Glciison, B. W., i, 668 (ill.) Gleason, John, ii, 411 (ill.) Goodnow, L. Charles, ii, 412 (ill.) Goodnow, George, ii, 407 Goodyear, Charles, i, 412 Gordon, George A., i, 65 Gore, Cliristophsr, iii, 319 (■oodall, David, iii, 859 Gookin, Daniel, i, 9, 10, 11, 20, 33, 177, 178 Gookin, Samuel, i, 178 Goldsmilh, John, ii, 885 (ill.) Goss, Elbridge H., iii, 205 Grant, U. S., ii, :i7 Green, Samuel A., ii, 501, 567, 569 Green, Samuel Swett, i, 150 Greenhalge, Frederick T., i, Ixii, ii, 10,56 Greeley, B. F., iii, 840 Greenlief, Simon, i, 153 Grout, Franklin, i, 707 (ill.) Grout, Ellas, 111, 573 (ill.) Groton, ii, 601 Location, ii, 501 Original giant, ii, 501 Petitions for plantations, ii, 502 Nameof town, ii, 603 Documentary, ii, 505 Early trials and privations, ii, 507 Garrison houses, ii, 508 Philip's War, ii, 509 Burning of the town, ii, 510 The assault of July, 1094, ii, 511 tjueen Anne's War, ii,513 Lovewell's Fight, ii, 617 King George's War, ii, 619 The earliest minister, ii, 520 Successive ministers, ii, 521 Ecclesiastical history, ii, 625 Groton School, ii, 526 (III.) Lawrence Academy, ii, 526 Physicians, ii, 527 List of Representatives, II, 634 Various officers, ii, 538 Natives 9f Groton, &c.,ii, 530 War of the Rovolullon, ii, 540 Camp Stevens at Groton, ii, 640 Population, ii, 541 Summary, ii, 542 Slavery, ii, 643 Town clerks, 11, 544 Treasurers, ii, 544 Oldetoresand the post office, 11, 545 The old taverns and stage coaches, Ii, ft51 Early landlords, ii, .551 Fire Department, ii.557 Manufactures, ii, 660 Ponds, ii, 560 Hills, ii, 562 Meadows, 11, 662 Brooks, H, 563 Miscellaneous, ii, 664 870 INDEX. Ketlection of ligbt, ii, 566 Biograiibical, ii, 505 H. Hager, Lucie C, ii, 769 Hale, Edward Everett, i, 65, 139 Hammond, John W., i, Ixxix (ill.) Hamiltou, Samuel K., i, Ixxx (ill.) Hancock, John, i, 392 477, 61li Harlow, John M., i, 375 Harriman, Moees A., iii, 465 (ill.) Harrington, David, i, i;30 (ill.) Harvard, John, i, 16, 77 Harvard Bridge, iii, 861 Harwood, Herbert J., ii, 867 Harwood, Harrison, i, 664 (ill.) Harwood, Joseph A., ii, 882 (ill.), view, 882 Hastings, Hollis, iii. 679 (ill.), view, 679 Haskell, Edwin B., iii, 110, 168 (ill.) Hayden, Edward P., i, 414 Haydeu, William K., ii, 854 (ill.) Hazen, Henry A., ii, 323 Hervey, James A., iii, 807 Hayes, Francis B., i, 636 (ill.), view homestead, 637 Hayward, AIniira L., i, 148, 149 Hemenway, Alfred, i, Ixxxii Hereford, Brooke, i, 66 Higginsun, Thomas Wentworth, i, 16u, 151, 191 Higginsou, Mary Thacbev, i, 153 Higley, Geo.T., iii, 535 Hildretb, Charles L., ii, 83 (ill.) Hill, Luthnr, ii, 500 (ill.) Hill, Tboniaa, i, 98, 100 Hincks, Edward W., i, 227 (ill.) Hittinger, Jacob, iii, 697 (ill.) Hitchcock, David White, iii, 852 (ill.) Hoar, E. Rockwood, i, xxx (ill.), 100 Hoar, George F., i, Ivi Hoar, Leonard, i, 80 Hoar, Samuel, i, xliv Hoar, Sherman, i, Ixxxiii ; iii, 865 Bolliston, iii, 431 Location, iii, 431 Early grants, iii, 431 Early petitions, iii, 432 Name, iii, 433 Incorporation, iii, 433 First town-meeting, iii, 434 Eccleaiaatical, iii, 434 Physicians, iii, 441 Lawyena, iii, 443 Civil history, iii, 444 The Itevolution, iii, 446 Manufactory, iii, 447 Banks, iii, 450 The Civil War, ill, 461 Societies, iii, 452 Public Library, iii, 463 Insurance Company, iii, 454 Newspapers, iii, 454 Biographical, 454. Uopkiuton, iii, 780 Location, iii, 780 Indian deed, iii, 781 Incorporation, iii, 782 Fii-st ofllcers, iii, 783 List of selectmen, iii, 783 List of moderators, treasurers, clerks an Upper Falls, iii, 29 Marsh, Thomas J., iii, 315 memory, i, 537 St. Mary's Church, Newton Upper Marshall, Thomas, i,508 ^ill.) Pastor Takawambpait, i, 538 Falls (Catholic), iii, 29 Mason, Frank A., iii, 167 Peabody and Badger, missionaries to St. Mary's Church, Newton Lower Mason, David H., iii, 165 (ill.) the Natick Indians, i, .539, 540 Falls (Episcopal), iii, 29 Mather, Cotton, i, 151 Congregational Church, i, 640. Methodist Episcopal Church, Newton Mather, Increase, i, 70 152 Baptist Church, i, 643 Lower Falls, iii, 29 INDEX. 873 The Eliot Church, Newton, iii, 29 Newton Baptist Church, iii, 30 Grace Episcopal, Newton, iii, 30 Metboilist Episcopal Churcli, Newton, iii, 3U Churcli of our Ijady, HelpofChriBtiana, iii, 30 Newton anil Watertown Univei'salist Society, iii, 30 The Evangelical Congregational Church of Auburndale, iii, 30 The Centenary Methoiliat Episcopal Church of Auburndale, iii, 30 Church of the Messiah of West Newton and Auburndale, iii, 30 The North Evangelical Church, No- uantum, iii, 31 St. Bernard's Catholic Church, West Newton, iii, 31 Newton Highlands Congregational Church, iii, 31 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Newton Highlands, iii, 31 Episcopal Church, Newton Centre, iii, 31 Methodist Episcopal Church, Newton Centre, iii, 31 Unitarian Church, Newton Centre, iii, 31 The Central Congregational Church, Newtouville, iii, 31 The Universalist Society, Newtonville, iii, 31 Methodist Episcopal Church, Newtou- ville, iii, 31 Swedenborgian Society, Newtonville, iii, 32 Chestnut Hill Chapel, iii, 32 St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Chest- nut Hill, iii, 32 Thompsonville Chapel, iii, 32 The First Baptist Church of West Newton, iii, 32 First Unitarian, West Newton, iii, 32 The Myrtle Baptist (colored), iii, 32 The Church of Yahveh (Second Ad- vent), iii, 32 Slavery, iii, 32 Temperance, iii, 33 Fire Department, iii, 33 Alms-houses, iii, 34 The Home for Orphans and Destitute Girls, iii, 34 The Pine Farm School, iii, 34 Home for the Children of Missionaries, iii, 34 Wesleyan Home for the Orphan Cbildreo of Missionaries, iii, 34 Missionary Home in Newton Centre, iii, 34 Singing-school, iii, 35 Sunday-school Union, iii, 35 Natural History Society, iii, 3o The Claflin Guard, iii, 35 Water-works, iii, 35 Conduits of the Boston Water-worlis pass- ing through Newton, iii, 30 The Sudbury River Conduit, iii, 36 Cottage Hospital, iii, 36 Woodland Park Hotel, iii, 37 Newton becomes a city, iii, 37 List of mayors, iii, 38 Worcester Railroad, iii, 38 The Newton Journal, iii, 38 The Newton Graphic, iii, 3S Post-oflices, iii, 38 Lafayette at Newton, iii, 38 First contribution to the Home for Little Wanderers in Boston, iii, 38 Church bell. West Newton, iii, 38 Revolutionary reminiscences, iii, 38 The finest houses in the north and east parts of Newton, iii, 38 Buried treasure, iii, 38 Population, iii, 39 Statistics, iii, 39 Mt. Ida, iii, 39 Block-bouse on Centre Street, iii, 39 Paiks, iii, 40 Charles Dickens at Newton Centre, iii, 40 Goody Davis, of Oak Hill, iii, 40 Circuit Railroad, iii, 40 Educational, iii, 49 Yearly appropriation for schools to 1800, iii, 53 Statistics of 1890, iii, 61 The Fuller Academy, iii, 65 Setb Davis' Private School, iii, 65 State Normal School, iii, 65 Boarding-school of Martha S. Rice, iii, 67 Moses Burbank's school, iii, 67 Academy at Newton Centre, iii, 67 Other private schools, iii, 68 Private schools in successful operation in 1890, iii, 69 La Salle Seminary, Auburndale, iii, 69 West Newton English and Classical School, iii, 70 Miss Spears' English and Classical School, iii, 70 Riverside Home and Day School for Girls, iii, 71 E. H. Cutler's Preparatory School, iii. 71 Newton Theological Institution, iii, 71 Libraries, iii, 81 West Parish Social, iii, 81 Adelphian, iii, 81 West Newton AtheUKuni, ill, 82 , Newton Book Club, iii, 82 Newton Library Association, iii, 82 Library Land Fund Association, iii, 82 Newton Free Library, iii, 83 Newton Centre Library Association, iii, 85 North Village Library Association, iii, -85 Newton Lower Falls Free Library, iii. The Newton National Bank, iii, 86 The First National Bank of West New . ton, iii, 88 The West Newton Savings Bank, iii, 88 Industries and manufactories, iii, 89 Clubs, societies, etc., iii, 110 Newton Horticultural Society, iii, 110 The Jereey Stock Club of Newton, iii, 111 Newton Natural History Society, iii, 111 Eliot Memorial Association, iii, 112 The Newton Cottage Hospital, iii, 113 The Newton Athcnieum, iii, 114 The Newton Club, iii, 114 Civil Service Reform Association, ill 115 Pine Farms School, iii, 115 Rebecca Pomeroy Newton Homo for Orphan Girls, iii, 116 Young Men's Christian .Association, iii, 116 Sunday-school Union, iii, 117 The Qoddard Literary Union, ill, 117 The Tuesday Club, iii, 117 Tlie Newtonville Women's Bureau, iii, 118 Newton Centre Women's Club, iii, 118 ■■ The Nolghbore," iii, 118 Young Men's Social Union, Nowtou Centre, iii, 119 Auhurtidale Iiupioveuieiit Society, iii 119 West Newton Women's Educational Club, iii, 119 "The Players," iii, 119 The Monday Evening Club, iii, 120 Newton Congregatioual Club, iii, 120 The Newton Boat Club, iii, 121 The Wesleyan Home, iii, 121 The Newton Fanciers' Club, iii, V22 Quinobequin Association, iii, 122 Grand Army of the Republic, iii, 122 Newton Centre Improvement Associa- Newton Prohibition League, iii, 124 The Every Saturday Club, iii, 124 Masonic, iii, 124 Dalhousie Lodge, iii, 124 Newton Royal Arch Chapter, iii, 124 Getbsemane Commandery, iii, 124 Union Masonic Relief Association of Massacbusetta, iii, 124 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, iii, 124 Waban Lodge, No. 1S6, iii, 124 Home Lodge, No. 162, iii, 12S Newton Lodge, No. 92, iii, 185 Garden City Encampment, No. 62, iii, 126 Royal Arcanum, iii, 1*25 Clianning Council, No. 76, iii, 125 Triton Council, No. '647, iii, 120 Echo Bridge Council, No. 843, iii, 125 United Order of the Golden Cross, iii, V25 Crescent Commandery, No. Hti, iii, 125 Order of tbe Iron Hall, iii, 12S Branch No. 392, iii, 125 Branch No. 395, ill, 125 Sisterhood Branch, iii, 125 Royal Society of Good Fellows, iii, I2S Newton Assembly, No. 39, iii. 125 Auburn Assembly, No. 142. iii, 125 Knights of Honor, iii, 125 Eliot Lodge. No. 038, iii, 125 Garden City Lodge, No. 1901, iii. 125 Crystal Lake Lodge, No. 2235, iii, 126 Independent Order of Good Templars, iii, 125 Loyalty Lodge, No. ir,4, iii, 125 American Legion of Honor, iii, 125 Newton Council, No. 869, iii, 125 Ancient Order of United Workmen, iii 12S Newton Lodge, No. 21, 111, 125 Massachusetts Catholic Order of For- esters, ill, 126 8t. Bernard Court, No. 44, Hi, 1'25 United Order of Pilgrim Falhem, ill, 126 874 INDEX. Nonantum Colony, No, 77, Women's Christian Temyeian ion. , 125 Improved Order of Red Men, i Norumbega Tribe, No. 76, Military, ill, 125 , Medical, iii, 133, 147 Geology, iii, 160 Biographical, iii, 155 Nesmeth, John, ii, 38 (ill.) Nesmeth, Thomas, ii, 38 (ill.) Needliam, Daniel, i, xlviii (ill.) North Reading, ii, 808 Biographical, ii, 810 Norton, John F., i, 512 Norton, Charles E., i, 152 Noyes, Samuel, iii, 130 (111.) North, Charles H., iii, 778 (ill.) O'Brien, John, ii, 163 (ill.) O'Brien, Michael, ii, 173 (ill.) O'Keeffe, Katharine, ii, 150, 169, 183 Ossoli, Margaret Fuller, i, 153, 191 P. Packer, Edmund H., ii, 216, 219 (ill.) Page, Alfred, ii, 687 (ill.) Page, Thomas H., ii, 687 (ill.) Paige, Lucius R., i, 72, 144, 151, 162, 180, 190, 198 Paine, Robert Treat, i, 131 Palfrey, Sarah, i, 153 Palmer, Moaes P., ii, 567 (ill.) Palmer, Charles D., ii, 57 Park, John C, i, Ixxi Parker, Peter, iii, 675 (ill.) Parker, Moses G., ii, 208 (ill.) Parker, H.C.,i,437 Parmenter, J. W., iii, 758 (ill.) Parmenter, James P., iii, 173 Parmenter, William, i, 224 (ill.) Parsons, Theophilus, i, 153 Peabody, Andrew P.,i, 65, 140, 214, 217 (ill.) 222 , 220 220 Pepperell, Parochial and ecclesiastical. Early settlement, iii, 220 Petition for town, iii, 220 Incorporation, iii, 2iiO Firsttownnieetiug, iii, 220 First meeting-liouse, iii, 221 Subsequent church history, iii, 22: Municipal and militant, iii, 220 The Kivolution, iii, 230 The Rebellion, iii, 2:i4 The " Ilorseshed War," iii 236 Population and valuation, iii, 230 Olticials, iii, 236 Educational, iii, 230 Public Library, iii, 241 Industrial pursuits, iii, 241 Biographical, iii, 240 Periiam, Henry S., il, 239 Pettoo, Otis, iii, 80 Perkins, Henry M., i, 136 Phipps, William Adams, iii, 806(111.) Phillips, Wendell, i, Ixvi ; ii, 20 Pierce, Benjamin, 11, 3 Pierce, Franklin, ii, 3 Pino, George S., iii, 831 Pltcairn, Major, i, 617 Pike, J. Newton, iii, .174 (ill.) Powers, Charles E., I, Uxix (ill.), 002 Powers, Charles, i, 699, 602 (ill.) Porter, Edward 0., I, 629 Pope, Stephen, iii, 277 (ill.) Pratt, Miles, iii, 439 (ill.) Pratt, Asa, iii, 368 Pratt, Charles, ill, 368 Prouty, Gardner, ii, 886 (ill.) Pride, E.W., iii, -281 Putnam, Mrs. S. K., i, 152 Quincy, Dorothy, i, 392 Qulncy, Josiah P., i, 152 Quincy, Josiah, i, 96 R. Rawson, Warren W, iii, 198, 204 (ill.) Rand, Edward A., iii, 378 Itandall, J. W., i, 002 (ill.) Heading, ii, 793 Early settlement, ii, 793 Antecedents and characteristics of first settlers, ii, 794 Old laudraarks, ii, 786 Revolution, ii, 787 The Rebellion, ii, 788 Industries, ii, 799 Buildings, ii, 802 Churches, ii, 804 Old families, ii, 804 .Societies, ii, 807 llevere, Paul.i, 616 Head, J. Henry, ii, 717(111) ftice, Thomas, iii, 164 (ill.) Kice, Reuben N.,ii, 610 (ill.) Bice, F.S., iii, 831 llichardson, George F., i, Ixiv (ill), 186 ; ii, 16 37,373 Itichardsou, Helen Lonise, iii, 340 Iticbardaon, Daniel S., i, Ix (ill.); ii,190, 373 llichardson, George C, i, 196 Iticlmrdsou, John A. G., ii, 551 llicbanlaon, Samuel, iii, 42*(ill.) Kicliardson, W. M., i, xxxviii Itichardsou, Edwin F., i, 186 • llichardson, William A., i, Ixxvii (ill); i ;i7;) Itichmond, Pere?. 0., ii, 100 (ill.) lUndge, Frederick H., i,150 llindge, Samnel Baker, i, '234 (ill.) Itobbius, Nathan, iii, 202 (ill.) Ilobbius, Eli, iii, 203 (ill.) Kobbins, Martha, iii, 424 llubbins. Royal E., Iii, 741, 749 liobbiTis, Amos, iii, 203 (ill.) Huberts, John, 111,757 (ill.) Ilobinson, John P., i, xliii ; ii,20, 25, 127 llodliir, Ferdinand, ii, 73 (ill.) Ilowley, C. n., ii, 689 Rogers, Benjamin, ii, 238ii (ill.) Hugers, Elizabeth, ii, 238 (ill.) Rogers, Emily, ii, 238b (ill.) Kogere, Homer, ii, 412 (ill.) Itogers, /adock, ii, '238 Rogers, John, i, 80, 161 Russell, Charles Theodore, i, Ixii Russell, William E., i, Ixxviii, 150, 191 ; 865. Russell, Chambers, ii, 636 Kussell, Jas., iii, 201 (ill.) Russell, Danl., iii, 219 (ill.) S. Saltonstall, Leverett, i, 96 Surgeant, Charles C, ii, 716 (ill.) Savage, Wm. H., iii, 327 Saunders, Amos Joseph, ill, 249 (ill.) Savory, Charles A., ii, 205 (ill.) Sawtelle, Thomas B., i, 306, 669, 600 Sears, Edmund H., i, 509 (ill.) ,Sewell, Joseph, i, 83 Sewell, Samuel, i, 1.52 Shaw, Mrs. (}uincy, i, 147, 148 Shaw, Georges., 1,318,321 Shays, Daniel, 1, 461 Shedd, WillianiG.T., 1,251 Sheldon, George T., ii, 274 (ill.) Sherborn, i, 680 Early history, i, 680 The pioneers, i, 681 Population in 1674, i, 674, 683 Incorporation of town, i, 683 First town-meeting, i, 683 King Philip's War, i, 684 The garrison-houses, i, 684 The social compact, i, 687 1,688 nd Holliston incorporated. Ecclesiastical, Educational, Framinghara i, 699 War of the Revolution, i, 699 Shays' Rebellion, i, 700 Physicians, 1, 700 Cemeteries, i, 701 War of the Rebellion, i, 702 Societies and clubs, i, 7li3, 705 Reformatory Institution for Women, i Newspapers, i, 705 Biographical, i, 706 Shepherd, Thonuis, i, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24 36, 151 Shirley, i, 456 Incorporation, i, 456 First town-meeting, i, 456 Officers elected, i, 456 First settlement, i, 457 Descriptive, i, 457 Burial-ground, i, 467 Town-house, 1, 458 Post-office, i, 458 Almshouse, i, 458 Military, i,4.59 The French War, i, 459 The Revolution, i, 40i.) Shays' Insurrection, i, 461 War of the Rebellion, i, 462 Manufactures, i, 463 Schools, i, 471 Public Library, i, 475 £cclesiastical history, i, 475 The First Parish, i, 476 The Siiuker Community, i, 478 Universalist Society, i, 480 Tint Congregational Church, i, (irtbudox Congregatioual Chui 484 Baptist Church, 1, 485 Biographical, i, 485 Shule, James M., iii, 775 (ill.) Sibley, John Lungdon, i, 221, (ill.) 645 •Simpson, Michael U., iii, 616, (ill.) Skinner, Henry, i, 301 (ill.), 302 Skinner view, i, 301 Small, Walter 11., iii, 250, '269 Smith, S. F., iii,l, 172 Somerville, iii, 769 Incorporation, iii, 760 The Revolution, iii, 761 The McLean Insane Asylum, iii, 76 The Ursuliue Convent, iii, 761 Prospect Hill, Hi, 761 Corey Hill, ill, 761 Cobble Hill, iii, 761 Winter Hill, iii, 762 INDEX 875 First town-meeting, iii, 702 Orthodox, i,646 Natural history, iii, 303 List of selectmen, iii, 7C2 M6tbodist9,i, 046 Civil War, iii, 304 Keprcsenlatives, iii, 763 Meeting-houses, i, 046 Public Library, Iii, 306 Kcclesiastical, iii, 763 Educational, i, 048 Civil history, ill, 307 Fire Department, iii, 705 College graduates, i, 050. Biographical, iii, 312 Gua company, iii, 7lj0 Military, i, 650 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 1, 384, Street list, iii, 706 French and Indian War, i, 051 410 Middlesex Railroad Company, iii, 766 Ante-Revolution, i, 651 Thompson, Leander, i, 414, 446, 461 First Somerville Light Infantry, iii, "Co Revolution, i, 052 Thom|)Son, Leonard, i, 392 War of the Rebellion, iii, 760 War of 1812, i,063 Thompson, Albert, i, 412 Public Library, iii, 771 The Rebellion, i, 064 Thompson, Abijali, i, 357, 361, 364, 451 (111.) Incorporation of city, iii, 771 New towns, i, 055 Thayer, William R., i, 77 First officet», ill, 771 Cemeteries, i, 655 Thurston, Elizabeth P., iii, 81 Mayors, iii, 771 Pound, i, 666 Tilton, Charles Henry, iii, 574 (ill. Inauguration of first city goverunient, iii, Poor and work-houses, i, 650 Townsend, i, 609 771 Slavery, i, 050 Descriptive, i, 509 Hon. George 0. Barstow's Inaugural Ad- Town-houses, i, 656 Early history, i, 571 dress, iii, 771 Temperance, i, 650 The grant, i, 571 Education, iii, 773 Lafayette, i, 657 The charter, i, 572 Town expenditures, 1889, iii, 773 Homicide, i, 067 First settlers, i. 573 Societies and institutions, iii, 774 Business matters, i, 057 t:cclesiastical atlaint, i, 674 Miscellaneous, iii, 775 Ruck Bottom Mills and Factory, i, 058 War of the Revolution, i,579 Spalding, Jonathan, ii, 35 (ill.) Personal notices, i, 658 The Shays Rebellion, i, 584 Spalding, Sidney, ii, 39 (ill.) Story, Joseph, i, xlii Educational, i, 586 Spalding, Johu, i, Ixxii (ill.) Story, William W., i, 152 Mecbauical Industries, i, 589 Spalding, James F., i, 67 Stone, Amoa, iii, 604 (ill.) The Rebellion of 1861-05, i, 592 Sparks, Jared, i, 47,152 Stone, Bradley, i, 303 (ill.) Lawyers, physicians and college gi-aduates. Spofford, Johu C, iii, 606 (ill.) Stone, John L., iii, 852 1,594 Squire, John P., i, 206 ; iii, 204 (ill.) Stott, Charles, li, 55 (ill.) Post-oBice, 1, 595 Staples, C. A., i, 604, 626 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, i,561 Public Library, i, 595 Starhuck, Alexander, iii, 730, 737 Strattou, Daniel Wilbur, iii, 279 (ill.) Fire Department, i, 696 Stickney, Rufus Barrus, iii, 779 (ill.) Sudbury, ii, 377 Odd Fellows, i, 696 Stevens, William B., i, Ixxxiii ; ii, 401 Early grantees, ii, 378 The Farmers' Bank, i, 696 Stevens, William F., ii, 499 (ill.) Land grants, ii, 378 Town officers, 1, 596 Stearns, Edwin M., ii, 638 ludian deed, ii, 380 Finale, i, 600 Stoueham, ii, 461 Town-meeting, ii, 382 Biographical, i, 001 Early history, ii, 461 Highways and bridges, ii, 383 Train, Charles R., i, Ixiv (ill.) Early proprietorship, ii, 403 Causeway, ii, 384 Trull, .lohn, iii. 312 Petition to the General Court, ii, 400 Church, ii, 384 Trull, Jesse, iii, 312 Early residents and their locations, ii. Land divisions, ii, 385 Tuck, Edward, li, 05 (ill.) 400 Laying out of uew lands, ii, 386; Tuthill, Horace F., i, 238, 272 Incorporation of town, ii, 471 Giirrisons, ii, 389 Ti.thill, William D. 1, 238 First town-meeting, ii, 472 King Philip's War, ii, 390 Tweed, Benjamin F., i, 142 First meetiug-house, ii, 472 Military, ii, 396 Tyler, Jonathan, ii, 44 (ill.) Extracts from church records, ii, 474 Revolutionary War, ii, 399 Tyiigshoro', ii, 357 Civil and religious duties, ii, 470 The Gooduow Library, ii, 404 Early history, ii, 358 Tax of 1754, ii, 476 Railroads, ii, 405 Charter, il, 361 The Revolution, ii, 478,640 War of the Rebellion, ii, 406 Lovewell's War, ii, 367 Inhabitantaof 1784, ii, 480 Celebrations, ii, 4U7 Kcclesiastical history, ii, 370, 374 Circulating Library and Public Libi-ary, Burying grounds, ii, 408 The Revolution, il, 371 ii, 482 Pliysicians, ii, 411 Sous of Tyngsboro', ii, 372 War of 1812, ii, 485 liiographical, li, 411 Manufacturers, ii, 375 Education, ii, 488 Sweetser, Theodore H., i, Ixxvi Social Library, ii, 375 Congregational Society, ii, 489 Unitarian Society, ii. 489 Swallow, Jas., i, 707 (ill.) Swintou, John, iii, 745 The Briuley luausion, iii, 375 The iron bridge, ii, 376 Methodist Society, ii, 489 Traditions, ii, 370 Baptist Society, ii, 489 T. liiiprovuiueutM, il, 370 War of the Rebellion, ii,490 Roll of honor, ii, 493 Talbot, Zephaniah, iii, 455 (ill.) V. Ilay Tavern, ii, 494 Talbot, Charles 1'., ii,85 (ill.) Van Blireli, Martin, ii, 21, 58 Retrospective, ii, 495 Talbot, Thomas, ii, C54 \an Dyke, Henry, i, 06 William Tidd Jt Co.,ii, 496 Tarbell, George «., ii, 036 (ill.) \ aruum, B. F., ii, 21, 28 Five CentSavings Bank, li,490 Tarbell, L. L., iii, 830 Varnum, Atkinson C, ii, 276 Selectmen, ii, 497 Taylor, Moses, i, 304 (ill.) Varniini, Beiijauiin F., ii, 318 Town-clerks, il, 498 Temple, Jos iah U., iii, 607 Varnum, Jaiuea, ii, 320 Representatives and special county com- Towksbury, iii, 281 Varuum, Jamea M., ii, 319 missioners, ii, 498 Location, iii, 281 Varnum, John M., li, 318 Biographical, ii, 498 Geology, iii, 282 Stow, i, 037 The State .\lms-huuse, iii, 282 AV. Descriptive, i, 637 Incor[ioratiou, iii, 286 Settlements, i, 038 The Church, iii, 287 WakeflolJ, ii, 717 Incorporation, i, 038 French and Indian War, iii, 293 Karly settlement, ii,717 Indians, i, 040 The Revolution, iii, 300 First citizens of the old town, li, 718 Ecclesiastical, i, 040 The schools, iii, 300 South Reading incor|>orated, li, 718 The First Church, i, 640 The press, iii, 302 Nome changed lo Wokcft.ld, II, 718 TJniversalista, i, 646 Slavery, ill, 303 The celebration of July 4, 1808, li, 719 876 INDEX. TopograpUy and BituHtioD, ii,72D Ascension, iii, 733 Waters, Charles H., ii, 668 (ill.) Pre-bistoric signs, ii, 722 Banks, iii, 733 Waterhouse, Benj., i, 163, 164 Ecclesiastical, ii, 723 Waltham Bank, iii, 733 Webber, Samuel, i, 93 The First Church, ii, 723 Savings Bank, iii, 734 Webber, Wallace G., view, ii, 850 Baptist, ii, 723 Schools, iii, 734 Wellman, Joshua W, iii, 477, 634 lill.) Uiiiversalist, ii, 723 Newspapei-a, iii, 737 Wentworth, Tappan, i, Ixxiii (ill.) St. Joseph's, ii, 723 Manufactures, iii, 738, 747 Wellington, Austin C , i, 188, 226 (ill) Methodist Esiscupal, ii, 724 The American Waltham Walih ComiK'Hy, Weston, George F., ii, 635 liiiiiiauuel Church, ii, 724 iii, 738 Westford, ii, 089 First Congregational, of Greenwood, Public Library, iii, 7.'>0 Situation, ii, 690 ii, 724 Biographical, iii, 756 Granite mill, Ii, 691 Montrose Uhapel Society, ii, 724 W ird, Artemas, i, xlvi (ill.) Forge Village, ii, 691 Educational, ii, 724 W irner, Frederick A., ii, 220 (ill.) Brookside, ii, 692 Libraries, ii, 724 Warren, Joseph, i, 103 Parkerville, ii, 692 Newspapers, ii, 725 W men, George W., i, Ixiii Nashua, ii, 692 Military, ii, 726 W irren, Winslow Moise, iii, 8.i4 (ill.) Railroads, ii, 692 The Eevolution, ii, 720 Warren, Nathan, iii,^700, 750 Indians, ii, 692 War of 1812, ii, 726 Washington, George, i, 183, 449 Cemeteries, ii, 692 War of the Rebelliou, ii, 727 Washburn, Emory, i, 187 Post-offlces, ii, 693 Burial-grounds, ii, 729 Watertown, iii, 317 Foreign products, ii, 693 Railroad facilities, ii, 731 Mythical period, iii, 317 Military, ii, 694 Streets, ii, 731 Indians, iii, 317 Ecclesiastical history, ii, 697 Public and private buildings, ii, 731 Geographical, iii, 318 Educational, ii, 700 Population, ii, 732 Bounds, iii, 318 List of graduates, ii, 702 Industries, ii, 733 Physical features of the lands within the Town-house, ii, 705 Banking institutions, ii, 73G present boundaries, iii, 321 Industries, ii, 705 Municipal, ii, 737 Agricultural character of the people, iii, Official, ii, 715 Senators, ii, 73» 323 The people, ii, 716 Representatives, ii, 738 Ecclesiastical, iii, 325 Biographical, ii, 716 Historical societies, ii, 738 Early location of First Church, iii 32.'i Weston, i, 486 Men of note, ii, 739 First Parish, iii, 326 Settlement, i, 486 Wadlin, Horace G., ii, 793, 808. Phillips Church, iii, 338 The Farmers' Precinct, i, 487 Wade, Levi C, iii, 171 (ill.) Methodist Episcopal, iii, 340 Early church history, i, 487 Wadswortb, Benj., i, 8:i St. Patrick's, iii, 342' Incorporation, i, 488 Wakott, Edward, i, 565 (ill.) Early people, iii, 344 Military, i, 489 Walker, Theopliilus W., residence of the late. Land grants, iii, 348 The Revolution,!, 490 iii, 712 (ill.) The great dividends, iii, 349 Schools, i, 493 Walker, Sears Cook, iii, 863 Town government, iii, .352 Public Library, 1,494 Walker, Francis A., i, 465 Officers, iii, 352 Industries, i, 944 Walker, Samuel, iii, 424 (ill.) Schools, iii, 353 The Civil War,i, 495 Walker, James, i, 98, 413 Libraries, iii, 357 Massachusetts Central Railroad, i, 497 Walton, Electa N. L., iii, 49 The Pratt gift, iii, 366 Norumbega, i, 498 Waltham, iii, 700 The Wears, iii, 809 Biographical, i, 498 Incorporation, iii, 700 Indian wars, iii, 377 Wheeler, William F., i, 391 ; ii, 612, 638 (ill.) Early exploration, iii, 702 The Revolutionary period, iii, 385 iii, 865. First grant, iii, 702 Civil War, iii, 389 White, Marie(Mrs. James Russell Lowell), i Course of settlement, iii, 703 Business interests, iii, 392 153 Weston set off, iii, 701 Banks, iii, .395 White, William H., ii, 99 (ill.) Natural features, iii, 706 Manufacturing and mechanical, iii, 397 WTiittemore, Thomas, i, 153 Early customs, iii, 709 Societies, iii, 414 Whitteinore, George H., i, 230 Educational, iii, 709, 715 Physicians, iii, 419 Whitfield, George, i, 86 French and Indian Wars, iii, 710, 720 Biographical, iii, 428 Whitney, Edwin, i. 661 (iP.) The Revolutiou, iii, 711, 721 Wayland, ii, 413 rt'hitney, Myron W., i, 332 (ill.), 333, 334 Warof 1812, iii, 713,722 Early history, ii, 413 Whitney, Solon F., iii, 317 Early manufactures, iii, 713 Climate, ii, 419 Whittier, Moses, ii, 87 (ill.) Military gatherings, iii, 716 Education, ii, 420 Winchester, ii, 746 Fitchbnrg Railroad, iii, 716 Philip's War, ii, 421 Civil history previous to 1720, ii, 746 War ol the Rebellion, iii, 717, 722 New meeting-house, ii, 423 Black Horse Village, ii, 74,S Waltham Bank, iii, 718 Educational, ii, 424 Incorporation, ii, 750 Incorporation of city, iii, 718 Ecclesiastical, ii, 424 Civil history from 1850 to present time. City affairs, etc., iii, 718 Revolutionary War, ii, 426 ii, 762 Population, iii, 719 Incorporation of E. Sudbury, ii, 426 ■ Civil War, ii, 752 Military, iii, 720 Soldiers of 1812, ii, 427 Water supplies, ii, 753 Medical, iii, 726 Evangelical Trinitarian Church, ii, 428 Ecclesiastical history, ii, 766 Hospital, iii, 729 The Civil War, ii, 428 First Congregational, ii,766 Training-school for Nurses, Hi, 729 Railroads, ii, 428 Unitarian, ii, 761 HomuBopathic physicians, iii, 730 Public Library, ii, 428 Methodist Episcopal, ii,766 Ecclesiastical, iii, 730 New town-hall, ii, 429 St. Mary's Roman Catholic, ii, 767 First Society, ill, 731 Burying ground, ii, 429 Highlalrd Bethany Society, ii, 767 Christ Church, Episcopal, iii, 731 Old roads, ii, 432 Biographical, ii, 708 Methodist EpNcopal, iii, 731 Physicians, ii, 433 Winslow, Hewett Chandler, iii, 249 (ill.) Trinitarian Congregational, iii, 731 Lawyers, ii, 433 Winsor, Justin, i, 498 Catholic, iii, 732 Prominent peisons, ii, 434 Winter, William, i, 163 Baptist, iii, 732 The river meadows, ii, 436 Winn, John Bowers, i, 401, 400, 452 Unlversallst, iii, 732 Cochituate, ii, 436 Winn, Moses F., i, 361, 464 (ill.) t^ociety of the New Jerusalem, iii, 733 The Quarter-Millennial unnivei-sary, i, 1437 Winn, Charles Bowers, i, 407 INDEX. 87'; Wiun, Timothy, i, 401, 440, 453 (ill.) Winlhrop, Eobert C, i, 96, 275 ; ii, .5(13 Winthrop, John, i, 161 Wilde, William A., i, 288, 289 Winkley, J. Frank, i, 443 Wilson, Henry, i,'6G4 Willard, Samuel, i, 80 Willard, Joseph, i, 90 Williams, John J., i, 75 Witherbee, Nahum, iii, 855 (ill.) Wilmington, iii, 859 Early history, iii, 859 Ecclesiastical, iii, 860 Statistics, iii, 861 Schools, iii, 862 War of the Rebellion, iii, 862 Public Library, iii, 863 Woburn, i, .334 Introduction, i, 334 Civil history to 1800, i, 336 The early settlement, i, 337 Early explorations and maps, i, 34n Plantation of Woburn, extracts from Charlestown Records, i, 340 Incorporation, i, 347 The inemorial for Christian liberty, i, 348 Eilward Converse and his trouble con- cerning the King's letter, 1662, i, 348 Contribution from Ireland in lOT'i, i, 349 Great comet of 1680, i, 349 Miscellany, i, 349 The earthquake of October, 1727, 352 Ancient public buriaNgrounds, i, 353 The census of 1800, i, 363 Profeaaional men, i, 354 Social Library, i, 354 Civil history from 1800 to theipresent ti i, 36S Annals, i, 355 Early history of the leather busine 360 Miscellany, i,361 Event* froi^i the Guide-post, i , 362 Ned Kendall, i, .363 Other matters, i, 363 As a city, i, 365 Incorporation, 1, 366 First charter election, i, 366 Officers elected, i, 306 The medical profession, i, 366 The legal profession, i, -375 Military history, i, 377 The train-band, i, 377 Indian War, i, 379 The engagement at Wheelwrig Pond, i, 381 Indian murders, i, 381 The killing of an Indian on the tr ing-fieldin 167.5, i, 382 King Philip's War, i, 382 onicei-fl of the Provincial period, i. The Revolutionary period, i, 389 Shays' Rebellion, i, -398 The Civil War, i, 402 Libraries, i, 406 Biographical notices, i, 410 Count Rumford, i, 410 Artists, i, 412 Inventors, i, 412 College presidents, i, 413 Members of Congress, i, 414 Ecclesiastical, i, 414 The First Church, i, 414 The Second Church, i, 426 The Third Church, i, 428 South Congregational, i, 430 Congregational, North Woburn, i, 431 First Baptist Church, i, 433 Independent Baptist, i, 436 The Unitarian Church, i, 437 Methodist Episcopal, I, 441 North Woburn Chapel Association, i, 442 Roman Catholic Church, i, 442 Trinity Church and antecedents, i, 441 New Jerusalem Church, i, 445 All Saints' Chapel, i, 445 Scandinavian Society, i, 445 St- John Baptist Church, i, 416 The Salvation Army, i, 446 Biographical, i, 446 Woodbury, James T-, i, 290 Woodbury, Levi, i, 290 Woodbury, Peter, i, 290 Worthen, Ezra, ii, 9, 13 Wood, Jedediah, iii, 276 (ill.) Wright, Alexander, il, 76 (ill.) Wright, George C, i, 304 (ill.) Wyman, Jeffries, i, 169 Wyman, Morrill, i, 165, 169 Wyman, A. A., 1,269 Young, Joeiali, i i:i 1 ^' ^WV' V*-- \>^; U ^'^ .; '.,:■- ' : ^^ '\. '^ ^^^" ,•0' s ' * „ b a'^ t "''''» "^ ■K^"% V" x>'o'-; ': "^"^ °^ i^K^^ » "^ ^^ -^■i ^*'-'x^--':\/ •^ • V ^ ° " / > \ ^ , ■^^ <^'< ■-^r. S-^'- ■X^'%. 'ff^Z-^^ •n^.N '%^^^^■ xV^ >.'^''"<>:,. "^- %^ ^..^'^ •^^*\^^ \>^--:%:-