Glass Book ^ Iiiliiliii mi iiliilli)il'i, iLiii'rilliMiiiiii'J.iiillliBlliii iiiliiiiLiMiliiiiiiiiiii I. , l)!l >.'; mi THE NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER; CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE ST/^TES, COUNTIES AND TOWNS IN ALSO DESCRIPTIOA'S OF THE PRINCIPAL. MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES), CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, ISLANDS, AND FASHIONABLE RESORTS WITHIN THAT TERRITORV. ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. By JOHN HAY WARD, Author of the Colurabian Traveller, Religious Creeds, &c. &c. FIFTH P:DITI0N " CONCORD, N.H: -7~ ISRAEL S. BOYD AND WILLIAM WHITE. BOSTON: JOHN HAYWARD. 1839. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by JOHN HAYWARD, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court in Massachusettt STEREOTYPED AND TRINTED BY WILLIAM WHITE, CONCORD, N.H. 1 '^ ^ PREFACE. The preparation of a Gazetteer of New England, worthy the patronage of its enlightened citizens, is no easy task : those only who have attempted it can form a just conception of its difficulties. Long and wearisome journeys must be performed ; hundreds of volumes and local histories must be consulted, and thousands of letters must be written. Although a kind Providence has blessed the editor with health, and with numerous friends, in all parts of New England ; yet, after a long period of devotedness, he is mortified that his work is not more complete. It will be perceived that there are many towns, particularly in the eastern section of New Englanil, whose names are merely mentioned; and that notices of others, in many cases, are exceedingly deficient. Had our means permitted, fair representations of the character and resources of those towns might have promoted individual and public interests ; and enhanced the value of our volume. There are lakes and rivers in the northern and eastern parts of New England, whose beauty, volume of water, and hydraulic power, might vie with the Winnepisiogee and Mer- rimack ; but whose locations and even names are but indistinctly known. But we have the consolation to believe that a Gazetteer of New Eng- land, perfect in all its parts, is rather desired than expected. Our coun- try is new : large portions of the territory of the New England States, are yet a wilderness, and new counties and towns are very frequently constituted. The progress of agricultural science, and of the mechanic arts; the advancement of commerce, both at home and abroad, and the increasing success of the fisheries, united with the determination of the people of New England to connect the trade of the western oceans with their Atlantic borders, by roads of iron, which frosts cannot impede, are so great and strong, that the most devoted geographical and statistical writers must be satisfied with following at a distance, rather than keeping pace with the rapid car of improvement in New England. Al In the performance of our work we have derived assistance from many valuable maps and books on New England. Among the number a re- spectful tribute is due, particularly, to Belknap's History of New Hampshire; Williamson's Maine; Dwight's Letters; Savage's Winthrop ; Thatcher's Plymouth; Folsom's Saco and Biddeford ; Benton and Barret's Statistics: — Hale's Map of New England; Stevens' Rhode Island; Carrigain's New Hampshire ; and Green- leaf's Maine: — to Worcester's Gazetteer; Thompson's Vermont; Pease and Niles' Rhode Island and Connecticut; Spofford's Mas- sachusetts, and Farmer and Moore's Gazetteer of New Hampshire. From the latter work, and from its authors, the lamented John Far- mer, Esq., a celebrated antiquarian and writer, and Jacob B. Moore, Esq., of Concord, N. H., author of several valuable historical and mis- cellaneous works, we are indebted for much of that which is valuable in regard to New Hampshire. From a beautiful volume, entitled " Connecticut Historical Collec- tions," by John Warner Barber, Esq., we have been permitted to enrich our pages with some of their most valuable and interesting ar- ticles. To Heads of Departments at Washington, and to the Secretaries of the several States to which the work refers, for valuable public documents; to Postmasters; and to numerous other friends who have kindly assisted us in our labors; whose names we should feel proud to mention, were it in accordance with their wishes; we tender the acknowledgments of a grateful heart. For the purpose of enlarging our work, as well as for its correction, our editions will be designedly small : contributions are therefore respect- fully solicited. While it is our determination to devote our time and humble talents to render our publications worthy of general approbation; we are gratified with the assurance of co-operation from eminent men in all parts of the country ; and we trust with confidence to receive that patronage, which Yankees, both at home and abroad, invariably bestow on every effort whose obvious design is usefulness. Boston, May, 1839. THE NORTHERN REGISTER. It was our intention to have connected this publication with the Gaz" ETTEER ; but it was found that by compressing the matter, sufficiently to unite them in one volume, both would fail of the object contemplated. A great mass of materials for the Register is already received ; indeed, a considerable portion is now ready for the press; but as we have extend- ed our plan, some months will elapse before its appearance. The work will comprise the rise and progress of all the important lit- erary, religious, moral and charitable institutions in New England : — an account of the Churches and Ministers in the several towns, from their origin, and settlement to the present time : — the rise and extent of internal improvements : — statistics of various kinds : lists of Courts, At- torneys at law. Physicians, Literary and Religious Journals, Newspa- pers, Banks, Postmasters, &c. &c. : to which will be added brief notices of distinguished men. In short, the Register is designed to comprise all that may be considered important and useful, in a work of this kind, in relation to New Er^L.nd, and which is not contained in the Gazetteer. The number of eminent men, of every profession, who have kindly tendered the Editor their co-operation, is so great, that we feel confident that the Register will be entitled to a share of public favor. HIT Ml letters and papers for the Editor, are requested to be left at the Boston Post Office. NEW ENGLAND. Iw presenting the public with a Gazetteer of New England, it has seemed proper to make a few introductory remarks of a general nature, on the character of its inhabitants. They may with great propriety be called a peculiar people: and perhaps New England and Pennsylvania are the only parts of the new world, which have been colonized by a class of men, who can be regarded in that light. The whole of Spanish and Por- tuguese America was organized, under the direct patronage of the mother countries, into various colonial governments, as nearly resembling those at home as the nature of the case admitted. The adventurers who sought their fortunes beyond the sea, in those golden tropical regions, carried the vices and the virtues with the laws and the manners of their native land, along with them, and underwent no farther change than was unavoidably incident to the new physical and political condition in which they were placed in America. The same remark, with nearly the same force, may be made of the Virginia colonists : they dilTered from Englishmen at home in no other way, than a remote and feeble colony must of necessity differ from a powerful metropolitan state. Pennsylvania was settled by a peculiar race ; but its peculiarity was of that character which eventu- ally exhausts itself; and would speedily perish but for an amalgamation, necessary though uncongenial, with the laws, the manners, and institu- tions of the world. If all mankind were Friends they might subsist and prosper. A colony of Friends, thrown upon a savage shore and environed by hostile influences from foreign colonial establishments, would perish, if not upheld by forces and principles different from its own. In the set- tlers of New England alone we find a peculiar people ;— but at the same time a people whose peculiaiity was founded on safe practical principles; reconcileablft wiih the duties of life ; capable of improvement in the pro- gress of civilization, and of expanding into a powerful state, as well as of animating a poor and persecuted colony. NEW EXGLAND. Had not America been discovered and a tract upon our continent reserv- ed for English colonization ;— nay, further, had it not been precisely such an uninviting spot as furnished no temptation to men of prosperous fortunes, the world would have lost that noble developcment of character which the fathers of New England exhibit. A tropical climate would have made it uninhabitable to Puritans; or rather would have filled it up with adventurers of a different class. A gold mine would have been a curse to the latest generation. Had the fields produced cotton and sugar, they would not have produced the men whom we venerate as the founders of tJie liberties of New England. Puritanism sprang up in England, but there it could not develope itself with vigor or consist with happiness. The conflict with the hostile in- stitutions of society was too sharp, and admitted of the cultivation of none but the militant or patient elements of character. To struggle with temporary success and to bow in permanent siibjection was the necessary fate of the persecuted sect. So it was wisely ordained. Had Puritan- ism permanently mastered the church and the throne in England, it would have been corrupted. It would have picked up and worn the trampled diadem: it would have installed itself in the subjected church. Regarding Cromwell and the Rump Parliament as the gift of Puritanism to English liberty, it is a bequest at which we know not whether most to sigh or smile. The seed sown in England fell by the way side and the fowls came and devoured it up. The cause of political and social reform, which was conducted with self-denying wisdom and moderation in the outset, by single-hearted, honest men, degenerated as it prospered. In the moment of its triumph it sunk under the corruptions of selfish- ness, as a noble vessel which has braved the tempest in mid-ocean some- times goes to pieces on the rocks as it approaches land. But the precious seeds of liberty, civil and religious, which vrere sown in New England, fell upon a genial soil, and brought forth worthy and abiding fruit. Undertaking the same work which was undertaken by tlieir brethren in England, our fathers conducted it through the days of small things, through hardships, trial, and disasters, to a triumphant issue. It is true there were greater obstacles to be encountered in England, iu the resistance of established institutions. Deep rooted errors were to be torn up ; the towers of feudal oppression, which had stood for centuries, were to be overthrown. But the influence of these formidable institutions was not limited to Old England. The rod of arbitrary power reached across the Atlantic. The little colonies had to struggle with (he crown and the hierarchy, with the privy council and with special commissions, with writs and acts of parliament ; and they had besides to struggle with the NEW ENGLAND. hardships of the wilderness, the dangers of the savage foe, of a sterner climate than that of their native land, the privations of a settler's life, the alternating neglect and oppression of the mother country ; — but they struggled successfully with all. The reformers of abuses in England, as they claimed to be called, brought a king to the block, scattered a house of lords, and saw their great military leader clothed with all the powers of state; and in twelve years the son of that king returned to the throne, not merelj^ by an unconditional restoration, but amidst a jubilee of na- tional rejoicing and without one security for liberty. All the while the fathers of New England held on their even way; not betrayed into extravagance when their cause at home (as they fondly called Old Eng- land) was triumphant; nor in despair at the miserable relapse vyhich en- sued. They did not indeed live to reap the fruit of their principles and their sacrifices ; ana it reflects but the greater honor upon them that they persevered in their great work from a sense of duty, deep-seated, con- trolling, fearless, and not the less so although, while they lived, unre- warded by worldly success. In fact the founders of New England were actuated bj' the only prin- ciple sufficient to produce this result. It need not be said that this was religious principle. How easily it is uttered of our Pilgrim fathers that they were actuated by religious principle ; how little in these prosper- ous daj's do we realize all that is wrapped up in that description of their character! It is difficult to comprehend of others what we have not experienced in ourselves. That easy frame of mind which prevails among a highlj'' favored people, in periods of halcyon prosperity, is scarcely capable of being placed in sympathy with the moral heroism, the spir- itual courage, the sublime equanimity of a generation truly animated by the religiou< pi-inciple, exalted by persecution, and purified by hard- sl>ip. Happy if in such a period we can, by diligent contemplation of the venerated men of other daj-s, exalt our imaginations, till by conceiving we form a desire to imitate their virtues I In proportion as we do this, we shall realize the secret of their perseverance ^nd success. They did all things through Christ strengthening them. What cannot man do when he has leai-ned habitually and distinctly to regard this life as a preparatory scene, — a bi-icf hour, — nay a fleeting moment, introductory to an eternal being? The fathers of New England were enabled, with their scanty means and feeble powers, to establish the foundation of institutions which will last to the end of time, for the very reason that they regarded allha- inan interests and delights as transitory. That paradox in our moral na- tures which educes strength out of weakness, triumph out of self-denial, worldly power and success out of a stern preference of things not of NEW ENGLAND. this world, received its most iUustiious confirmation in the career of the pilgrim fathers of New England. This principle of our natures is the key to the great problem of the success which attended the forlorn hope of humanity that landed on these shores. There is indeed a fanaticism, which violates all the laws of our nature, alike the higher ulterior principles which belong to an immortal spirit, and the humbler influences which grow from the rela- tions of ordinary life. It leads to surprising deeds; it forms characters which dazzle us with brilliant eccentricities. It is near allied to mad- ness; often runs into it. But the religiousness of the fathers of New England was a far different principle. It was eminently /irachcaZ. It allied itself with wise institutions of government; it sought the guidance of education ; it encouraged the various pursuits of industry ; it provided for the public safety and defence; and with chaste discrimination admit- ted the courtesies of polished life. It is difficult to say what sort of a commonwealth George Fox would have founded, had circumstances call- ed him to assume the province of the legislator. It is most certain, that in setting up an immediate divine inspiration as the guide of every man, he maintained a principle at war with the very idea of a politcal system and all its institutions ; nor is it less certain that the constitution which was actually granted to Pennsylvania, by its pure and noble-spirited pro- prietor, possessed little of the peculiarities of his sect but their mild, peaceful, and equitable temper. But the fathers of New England stop- ped short of the point where solemn conviction passes into enthusiasm. They pursued the ordinary occupations of life, planted the field, built vessels and navigated tiie sea, and carried on the usual mechanic arts. They made provision fsi- protection against the Indians and the French. They organized a plan of civil government; they established by law a •ystem of com:non school education, for the first time in the history of the world, and they founded a college for the avowed purpose of training up a class of educated men, well qualified to take the place of the learned and pious ministers who had emigra-ted with the first generation of pil- grims. These are the doings of intelligent and practical men, not of en- thusiasts or fanatics ; and yet thsy are the doings of men so resolutelv bent upon the exercise of the right of worshipping God according to the dictates of their consciences, that they were willing to sacrifice toil home, fortune, and all that t!io mass of men hold dear. To say that the fathers of New England were not faultless, is merely to say that they were men ; to say that they estabhshed no institutions, the object of which was to bind the consciences of their successors it praise asjust as it is high. If they adhered with undue tenacity to their NEW ENGLAND. own opinions, and failed in charity towards those who differed, they at least left their posterity free, without the attempt to secure before hand the control of minds in other ages by transmitted symbols and tests. Hu- manity mourns over the rigors practised towards Roger Williams, the Quakers, and the unhappy persons suspected of witchcraft ; but let it not be torgottcn that, as late as 1719, a witch was executed at Wurzburg, and that even in 17(i0 two women were thrown into the water in Leices- tershire, in England, to ascertain by their sinking or swininiing whether they were witches. Above all, it may deserve thoughtful enquiry, before we condemn the founders of New England, whether a class of men less stern in their principles and austere in their tempers, could have accom- plished, under all the discouragements that surrounded them, against all the obstacles whicli stoal in their way, the great work to which Provi- dence called them, — the foundation of a family of republics, confederated under a constitution of free representative government. There is every reason to believe, great and preciotis as are the results of their principles, hitherto manifested to the world, that the quickening power of those principles will be more and more displayed, with every leaf that is turned in the book of Providence. That part of the United Spates denominated New E.vglaxd, compri- ses SIX STATES, SIXTY ONE C OUNTI ES, and TW EL VE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY TOWNS. Their extent, divisions, and population at several periods, are as follows : 3 ■J y p 1 X 1 p r •p -a o V ix 3 ^ Me. 32,00U ,2 341 9(j 54t) 1. -.1,7 If 228,705 :i9a,:t;!.. :i.4,i,i:i 476,054 15 N. H. 9 290 e 2-24 I ■11, 88.5 133,8.58 214, IGU 214, IGI 2;9.:12- -88,7-16 31 Vt. 10,212 14 237 8-),539 1.54,165 217,995 235.764 280,657 31f,0«"J 31 Mass. 7,.i00 14 316 3:8,787 4 2-', -43 472 04j 5i3,287 610,40? 701,331 94 R.I. 1,3J0 5 31 63.825 6^122 7i,?3l 81.U5' 97, UU. 108.769 80 Ct. 4,674 8 "SI 130 237,946 i.oo't .j2-: 251,002 i,23.%oll 2-5 1,942 1,4-1. »73 275,202 297 675 304,7.5.^ »i5 ()5,02i) l.f;.5!>,-'iw l,'^J.7iiJ :i 1 "7,-3 1 34 The population of Maine and Massachusetts, in 1837, is given as by a census taken in that year. The population of New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Rhode Island and Connecticut, for 1837, is estimated according to the ratio of increase, from 1S20 to IS'O. NEW ENGLAND. In 1830, there were in New England 1,112 persons deaf and dumb ; 798 blind, and 18,668 aliens. The number of colored persons in 1820, was 20,782—1830, 21,310. New England increased in population, from 1790, to 1800, 22.1 per cent: from 1800, to 1810, 19.3 per cent: from 1810, to 1820, 12.7 per cent: from 1820, to 1830, 17.7 per cent; and from 1830, to 1837, 12.4 cent. When it is considered, that most of the western states were origi- nally peopled by New Englanders, and that vast numbers annually emi- grate to those states, this increase of population is favorable, compared with other Atlantic states. The population of New England in 1700, is stated at 120,000 ; in 1755, at 345,000; and in 1775, at 714,000. Boundaries and extent. This territory is bounded north and northwest by Lower Canada, about 375 miles, and east by the Province of New Brunswick, 275 miles. Its whole eastern, southeastern and southern borders are washed by the Atlantic ocean and the waters of Long Island Sound, a distance of about 600 miles. It is bounded west by the state of New York, 280 miles. Its circumference is about 1,530 miles. New England is situated between 41°, and 48° 12' north latitude, and 65° 55', and 74° 10' west longitude from Greenwich. Its greatest length is between the sources of the Madawaska, Me., and Greenwich, Ct., about 575 miles ; and its greatest breadth is between Machias, Me., atid Highgate, Vt., 300 miles. Its narrowest part is between Boston and West Stockbridge, Mass., 135 miles. Name. During the unsuccessful attempts of Sir Walter Raleigh to plant colonies within the teriitory of North America, from 1584 to 1587, the whole country was called Virginia, in honor of Queen Elizabeth, who was then on the British throne. In 1606, James I. divided the country into two sections, .A''t);-i/i and South Virginia ; but the French having taken possession of the Canadas, and founded Quebec, in 1608, and the Dutch having established colonies at New York and Albany, in 1613, the intermediate territory, now the New England States, was called New England, in compliment to its luxuriance and beauty, and in honor to his native land, by the celebrated John Smith, one of the first settlers of Virginia, in 1607; and who visited this coast in 1614. The New England people are frequently called Yankees We are warranted in stating, from the best authority, th;»t of tlie late learned Heckeweldek, that the Lena Lenape, a tribe of Indians belonging to the Six Nations, on the arrival of our fore fathers to these shores, pro- nounced the word English, Yengees. The word was thus originally spelt, but in the course of years, in common with thousands of other Indian names and phrases, it became corrupted to Yankee. The first NEW ENGLAND. settlers of New England were English, or Englishmen, from Old Eng- land ; and however the term Yankee, or English, may be applied to New Englanders — the descendants of the Puritans consider the terra honorable to themselves, and reproachful only to those who misap- ply it. Surface, Soil and Productions. New England is distinguish- ed for its varied surface. Mountains in immense ranges, bold spurs, and solitary eminences ; beautiful swells, extended valleys, and alluvial intervales meet the eye in every direction. Large rivers, unrivalled for their rapid courses and hydraulic power; brooks, rivulets, expansive lakes, countless ponds; and a sea coast of more than six hundred miles, decorated with delightful bays, harbors, and romantic islands, form and beautify the outline of a picture of New England. The soil of New England is as varied as its surface Loam, clay, and sand exist in all their varieties and mixtures. The soil most gener- ally dilTused through this country, is a light brown loam, mixed with gravel; fitted, in different degrees of moisture and dryness, for every production common to the climate; and capable, with proper culture, of the highest fertility. The agricultural productions of this country are exceedingly numer- ous and valuable. The staple articles, and such as are cultivated in all their varieties, are grass, Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, beans, peas, flax, hemp, broom corn, millet, potatoes, onions, beets, carrots, turnips, squashes, melons, &c. The fruits of New England, both wild and cultivated, are also nu- merous and abundant. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, quin- ces, grapes, in all their varieties ; walnuts, chesnuts, Madeira nuts, butternuts ; strawberries, whortleberries, blackberries, mulberries, rasp- berries, &c. This is but the commencement of a list of the fruits, pleiv- tiful in New England, and remarkable for their richness and flavor. The forests of New England exhibit a noble variety of trees, not only delightful to the eye, but valuable for all the uses of man. The number of these is so great that a catalogue of them would cover pages.— Among the most valuable are the varieties of the pine, cedar, oak, wal- nut, spruce, maple, beech, birch, ash ; the hemlock, hacmatack, elm, fir, &.C. The botanical resources of New England are not inferior to any other section of our country. Among the most beautiful native flowering shrubs are the laurel, rose, honeysuckle, and woodbine. Mineralogy, New England unquestionably possesses a vast and NEW ENGLAND. rich variety of minerals ; but until recently i's people have been too busy in ploughing the ocean, or digging on its surface, to search for treasures within the bosom of its hills and valleys. A spirit of exploration how- ever, has arisen, which promises the most favorable results. Learned and indefatigable men are in the field, and the wisdom of our legislatures will keep them there. Granite or sienite, in all its varieties, are common in all the states: marble of various hues, varying in quality, most of which, bearing a fine polish, is abundant; coal is found in various places, and strongly sus- pected to exist in others. Peat is abundant on Cape Cod, where there is no wood ; and it is found in meadows surrounded by forests. Copper exists in various parts of New England; and iron ore, of a pure quality, is abundant in various sections of the country. Gold and silver are said to exist, but we hope not. Fine clay, sandstone, manganese ; slatcstone, for roofing buildings ; and various other articles for necessary use are abundant. Garnets, cobalt, rock crystals, and other minerals have been discovered in various parts of New England, and which are men- tioned under their localities within the volume. Climate. The climate of New England is exceedingly various: the temperature ranges from 15° below the zero of Fahrenheit to 95^* above. The mercury has been known to descend from 20° to 30° below, and to 102° above; but such cases rarely occur. European philosophers have imagined that the coldness of tliis part of America was caused by our northwest winds, proceeding, as they have thought, /ro7/i the great lakes, which are situated in the interior of North America: but since it has been discovered that the great lakes lie west- ward of the true N. W. point, that opinion has been exploded. A second cause to which the coldness of these winds has been attribu- ted, is a chain of high mountains running from southwest to northeast, in Canada and New Britain, at a great distance beyond the St. Lawrence. A third opinion is that of the venerated Dr. Holyoke, of Salem, who supposed that the numerous evergreens in this country are the source of the peculiar cold which it experiences. A fourth opinion is, that the coldness of these winds proceeds from tha forested state of the country. Dr. Dwight entertained an opinion different from all those we have men- tioned, viz : that the winds which generate the peculiar cold of this country descend, in most cases, from the superior regions of the atmos- phere. The N. W. wind rarely brings snow, but when it does, the de- gree of cold is increased. The deepest snows fall with a N. E. wind, and storms from that quarter are most violent and of longest duration. On the mountains, the snow falls earlier and remains later than in the low NEW ENGLAND. grounds. On those elevated submits, the winds have greater force in driving the snow into the long and deep guUies of the mountains, where it is so consolidated, as not to be dissolved by the vernal sun. Spots of snow are seen on the south sides of mountains as late as May, and on the highest till July. A southeast storm is often as violent, but com monly shorter, than one from the nortlieast. If it begin with snow, it soon changes to rain. A brisk wind from the W. or S. W. with snow or rain, sometimes happens, but its duration is very short. Squalls of this kind are common in March. One of the greatest inconveniences suffered b}' the inhabitants of our country, is derived from the frequent changes in the state of the atmos- phere. The temperature has been known to change 44° in twenty four hours. Changes are frequent, though seldom in the same degree. Changes from wet to dry, and from dry to wet, are at times unpleasant, and probably unhealthy. There is no month in the year which is not sometimes very pleasant, and sometimes disagreeable. In a series of years, our most pleasant months are June, September and October. Often the first two, and not unfrequently the first three weeks in Sep- tember are, however, very warm. From the 20th of September to the 20th of October, the weather is delightful. The temperature is mild, the air is sweet, and the sky singularly bright and beautiful. This is the period denominated the Indian Summer. Some persons think June to be a more pleasant month than either September or October. In June, there are usually a few da3-s of intense heat. In all other respects, except the brilliancy and beauty of the heavens, this month must be confessed to have the superiority over all others. The progress of vege- tation is wonderful ; and it seems as if the creative hand was, in a literal sense, renewing its original plastic efforts, to adorn the world with richness and splendor. All things are alive and gay. " The little hills rejoice on every side. The pastures are clothed with flocks. The valleys are also covered with corn, and shout for joy." Health at the same time prevails in a peculiar degree. The Spring is often chilled by easterly winds and rendered uncomfortable by rains. The Winter months, when the earth is clad with its mantle of snow, is the season for relaxa- tion and pleasure. The number of fair days in a year compared with the cloudy, is as three to one. AVe have had but few meteorological journals kept. For several years past they have become more frequent, and it is hoped, that from the increasing attention to the subject, comparative results of the weather will become more numerous and exact. Navigation and Commerce. The people of New England, from the first settlement of the country to the present time, have been 1* NEW ENGLAND. celebrated for (heir fine ships, nautical prowess, and commercial spirit. Their extended Atlantic sea coast, and their noble forests of ship timber, give them as great, if not greater facilities for these enterpi-iscs, than can be found in this or any other country. The number of vessels built in the United States in 1833, was 1,188; tonnage, 161,626 tons; of which there were built in New England 590: tonnage, 95,146. The number of seamen employed in navigation in the United States, was 67,744, of which 37,142 belonged to New England. In consequence of the absence of both natural and artificial channels to the fertile countries on the borders of the great lakes, and west of the Alleghany mountains, the exports and imports of New England, compar- ed with the whole of the United States, appears small ; but it must be borne in mind that a large proportion of the ships and seamen employed in this commerce belong to New England, and that a vast amount of the exports from other states consist of the products of the manufacturing industry and fishery of that section of the country. The value of the imports of New England, during the year ending 30 September, 1837, was $22,052,414. Exports, $11,878,324. The total value of the imports of the United States, in that period, was $140,989,217; of exports, $117,419,376. During that period the American tonnage of New England, entered, compared with that of the United States, was as follows : New England, 1,944 vessels, 393,877 tons: United States, 6,024 vessels, 1,299,720 tons. During that time there were 949 vessels built in the United States ; tonnage, 122,987 tons ; of which 389 were built in New England, meas- uring 51,983 tons. Fishery. This important branch of industr}^ and one of the great- est sources of wealth to the A?Jierican people, has, from time immemo- rial, been almost. exclusively cairied on by New England vessels, men, and capital. In 1837, there were 508 vessels in the United States engaged in the whale fisherj'' ; the total tonnage was 127,239 tons; of which number 459 belonged to the New England states ; measuring 115,194 tons. The same year there were 127,678 tons employed in the cod and mackerel fishery ; 126,963 tons of which were owned in New England. Manuf-VCTures. From the first settlement of the country, to the general peace in Europe in 1815, New England was emphatically a com- mercial country. During the long wars in Europe, when the flag of the U. S. was the only passport among the belligerent nations. New England ships became the carriers of almost the whole of the eastern NEW ENGLAND. continent. The change from war to peace, in Europe, shook New Eng- land to its centre. It however stood firm. During a pause, in which conflicting interests in regard to the tariff on imports were settled, the resources of the country were examined, and it was found that a large por- tion of the capital which had been accustomed to float on every gale; and subjected to the caprice of every nation, might profitably be employed at home, in supplying our own necessities, and placing our independence on a more sure foundation. A manufacturing spirit arose in New England, whose power can only be excelled by the magnitude and grandeur of in- numerable streams on which it is seen to move. Our statistics on this highly important subject are exceedingly imper- fect : those only of Massachusetts are attempted to be given. When we find that every state in New England are making rapid advances in this branch of our national wealth, particularly Rliode Island and Connecti- cut; and that the amount of manufactures in Massachusetts, in a single year, was $86, 282, 616, we may safely indulge the pleasing hope that the period is not distant when our exports will exceed our imports, and that our work shops will no longer remain in Europe. ITEMS There are several items ip this volume which do not strictly pertain to the general character of the work. Some of them are here noted. Routes to the White Mountains, - See White Mountains. Distances on Long Island Sound and Hudson river, Long I. Sound. Saratoga and Ballston Springs, - - White Mountains. Lake George, N. Y., - Whitehall, N. Y., - - - - The North Eastern Boundary Question briefly stated, Maine. Sharon, Ct. Long Island Sound. Hancock, Mass. Stamford, Ct. Island Sound. Hartford, Ct. Lyme, Ct. Fundy, Bay Loiii Confidence in God, Troy, N. Y., ... - New Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Firmness of mind, ... Catskill Mountains, N. Y., A venerable minister, ... Curious Courtship, ... Bay of Fundy, ... St. John's, N. B., . . . . * A Congregation made Prisoners, - - Darien, Ct Brave Women, Dustan's Island, Gvrham, Me., and Dorchester, Mass A good shot, .... Halton, A"". H Goffe and Whallcy, - Hadley, Mass., and Woodbndge, Ct Peddling, - - Alexanders' Lake, and Berlin, Ct. The "Old Black Bull," - - - Colchester, Ct. Prices of sundry articles in 1750, - - Gorham,Me. Faithful Missionaries, Burning of Fairfield, Mount Auburn Cemeterj% Transplanting fish, Obookiah, - . . Large Apple Tree, Thermometrical observations. Fortunate Stageman, Tribute to female character, Large Pines, Generals Allen and Stark, General Putnam and the Wolf, Roxbury, Mass., and Haddam, Ct. Fairfield, Ct. Camhridge, Mass. Fairlee and Whiting, Vt. Cornwall, Ct. Duxbury, Mass. Epping, JY. H. Belcher town, Mass. Ledyard, Ct. Liberty and .Ai^orridgewock, Me. Litchfield, Ct., and Manchester, A^. H. ^ Pomfret, Ct. Tornadoes, Warner and JWw London, JV. H., and Winchendon, Mass. Meteoric Stones, Story of the Frogs, Smart Old Men, A modest office seeker. See Weston, Ct. Windham, Ct. niiitingliam Vt., and Shutcsbury, Mass. Strafford, jX. H. Land Title settled by combat, ... Lyme, Ct. The " Devils Den," a good ice house, - Sterling, Ct. Large Trout, - - - - Strong, Me. Floating Islands, - Atkinson, J\\ H., inil Whitingliam, Vt. Singular motive for marriage, - - Wethersfield, Ct. " Lovevvell's Fight," ... Fryehurgh, Me. Curious Epitaphs, ... Dorchester, Mass. Poised Rock, - - - Farmington, j\\ H. A Turtle well marked, Mohegan Village, A relic of olden times, The New Hampshire Giant, " Purgatory Cavern," Ice Beds, " Satan's Kingdom," Names of Towns, A " South Shore" White oak, Tak, a slave, the captor of a British General, Horrible butchery of a family, Penobscot Indians, - - . " - "The Pool," First mail stage in the United States, Indian Mound, - - - George III. and John .\dams, The Hermitess, ... Tough w^ords for stammerers. Mineral Springs, Avalanches, Autumnal Foliage, A worthy maiden Lady, ... A Connecticut river law suit. The Drum Rock, .... An atrocious murder, A New England Clergyman of 1CS6, Ancient Epitaphs, Plymouth, Mass., A runaway pond, .... Lake scenery. Middlehorough, Mass. Montville, Ct. Ashford, Ct. j\''eiv Market, J\'. H. Sutton, Mass. WaUingford, Vt JVtw Hartford, Ct. A'orth Bridgewater, Mass. Plymptnn, Mass. Tiverton, R. I. Wethersfield, Ct. Orono, Me. Oxford, Ct Shrewsbury, Mass Ossipee, JS". H Quincy, Mass. Ridgefield, Ct. Roxbury, and Webster, Mass. Stafford, Ct., and Hopkintori, .Mass. White Mountains. Taunton, Mass. Wethersfield, Ct. Warwick, R. I. Washington, Ct. Wenham, Mass. and Windsor, Ct. Glover, Vt. Wiimepisiogee Lake^ NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Abbot, Me. Piscataquis co. This town lies 76 miles N. by E. from Augusta, 130 N. by E. from Portland, and about 40 N. N. E. from Norridgic- vvock. It is hounded N. by Mon- 8on, E. by Gviilford and S. by Park- man. The Piscataquis river passes nearly throuajh its centre. It was incorporated in 1827. Population, 1^37, 6iy. AbingtoM, Mass. Plymouth co. This town is on the hi2:h land between Massachu- setts and Narraganset bays. Three rivers rise here, two of which emp- ty in VV. of New Bedford, Mass. Actou, Me. An interior (own, in the county of York, recently taken from Shap- lei2;h. It lies near the head waters of Salmon river, by which it is di- vided, on the AV., from New-Hamp- shire. It is 107 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 1.5 W. from Alfred. Population, 1837, 1409. Actoii, Vt. Windham co. This town was first settled in 1781, and in 1782 it was incorporated. It has some tine brooks, but no important mill streams. It lies about 15 miles N. of Newfane, and about 90 S. of Montpelicr. Population 1830, 176. Actou, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a pleas- ant farming town of good soil. The Assabet river passes through it. It is 5 miles N. \V. by W. of Concord, and 21 N. W. of Boston. Incorpo- rated 1735. Population 1837, 1071. Ac^vordi, N. H. Sullivan co. This town is chietly agricultural in its pursuits. The soil is generally good. Cold river, which rises from Cold pond in this town, affords some good mill scats. This town was formeily noted for the culture of llax, which was man- ufactured by some of the inhabitants into the finest linen, equal to ;iiiv imported from Ireland. The town was settled in 1768, and incor])or.!l- ed in 1771. Population 1830, 1401. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. It lies 13 mile;-; S. of Newport, and 44 W. of ConcoiJ. Adams, DIass. Berkshire co. This is a flourish- ing agricultural and manufacturing township, comprising two villages, north and south, wtiose trade goes to New York. It is 40 miles E. of Troy, N. Y., 120 V,'. N. W. of Bos- ton, 29 N. of Lenox, and 7 miles S. E. of Williamstown college. The Hoosack river passes through this town, and alibrds a great water power. There are in this town 19 cotton mills, 4 satinet factories, and 2 calico printing establishments. There are also in tliis town lai-ge machine shops, 4 taneries, 3 air and cupola furnaces, and manufactories of shovels, spades, hoes, forks, chairs and cabinet ware. The total value of the manufactures of this place in the year ending April 1, 1S37, amounted to f 1,045,417. Between the years 1746 and 175G, this town was the scene of muc!i Indian warfare. Traces of old Furt Massachusetts are still found. Saddle Jvlountaui, t'ne summit of which is called Gray lock,the high- est of Massachusetts mountains, lies chiefly in this town, and, although it is 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, is of easy ascent. A view from Gray Zoc/c probably gives " an idea of vastness and even of im- mensity" better than any other landscape in Nev/ England, Mt. V.'ashington, in N. H. excf'pted. The natural Inidge on Hudson's Brook, in this town, is a curiosity worthy the notice of travellers. The waters of tin -1 biook have worn a tissure from 30 (o ()0 feet deep c.iuf 30 rods in length, (hiough a body of wliite marble, or limestone, and formed a bridge of that material, 50 feet above the surface of the water. There is a cavern in this town, 30 feet long, 20 high, and 20 wide. Incorporated 177m. Population 1820 1.836— 1.S30, 2,648—1834, 3,000— and in 1837, 4,191 Addison, Me. AVashington co. This town was incorporated in 1797. Population, 1S37, 901. It lies 14 miles W. by S. from Machias, and 135 E.by K. from Augusta. Addison lies be- tween Pleasant and Indian rivers, and near the south entrance into :.;ispecky reach. Addison Point, or Cape Split, jutting out into the sea, off which are several small islands, is the principal harbor and place of trade. Aflclisoii County, Vt., J^FuhUebury is the chief town. This county is bounded on the N. by Chittenden county; E. by Wash- ington and Orange counties, and a part of Windsor county ; S. by Rutland county, and W. by Lake Champlain. It was incorporated in 1787, and contains about 700 square miles. Large quantities of white and beautifully variegated marble, which receives a fine polish, is found in this county, and large quantities of it are quarried and transported to various markets. — Tins county is a(!!hirably well wat- ered by Otter Creek, which rises neai- its soutlvern boundary, and ex- tends nearly through its centre ; — by Mad and White rivers; and by Lake Champlain, wliirh afTords it many navigable privileges. The soil is good, particularly in those towns below the mountains, and bordering the lake and rivers. This county contains 22 towns. Popu- lation", 1820, 20,469—1830, 24,940. Inhabitants co a square mile, 35. Addisou, Vt. Addison CO. This is supposed to be the first place settled by the whites, in this state, west of the mountains. The town is pleasantly located on the east side of lake Champlain, and nearly opposite to Crown Point, in the state of T^ew- York. At this place the lake \3 about 3 miles broad. The Frenth, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. it is said, commenced a settlement herein 1731; the same year that they erected a fort at Crown Point. Th(^ En>;lish came here about 1770. Otter Creek passes into tlie town, but aflbrds no important mill :i',< . The surface of the town is low a;.,. level. Mill and Pike rivers, are gmall streams, vvliich fall into the lake o|)i)osite to Crown Point. This town lies about 12 miles W. N. V; . from Middlebury, and 40 W. S. \V. from Monlpelier. Population 1830, 1,306. Agameuticus 3Ionutain, So called, boins; three elevations of land in "i ork, .Me., about 4 mile?: from the sea, and a noted land mark for those on the coast to the north- ward and o:!stward of Portsmouth harbor. The highest summit is 673 feet above the ocean. It is said that Saint Jlspinquid died on this mountain, in 1682, and that his funeral was celebrated by the In- diiins, by the sacriiice of G711 wild animals. Agaivani, DIass. The Indian name of a river in Wai-eham, and of a part of Westficld river; and the name of a villasje on Westl'ield river, 2 miles S. W. from Springfield. Albany, 'Ic. O.vford CO. This town was incor- porated in 1803. It lies about 17 miles A\'. by N. from Paris, and 58 W. from AuL'.usla. It is the source of Crooked river, which empties in- to Sebago Lake. Population, 1837, 598. Alliauy, Ti. U., Strafford co., lies 60 miles N. by K. from Concord, and 67 N. N. W. from Dover. The principal river in Albany, is Swift river, which passes from W. to E. into the Saco, at Conway. There are several gic.all streams in different ])arts of the town, furnishing convenient 2 mill privileges. These streams were once the residence of num- bers of the beaver, otter, Stc. — There are several lofty hills and moiiiUains in this town, the hjnhest 'if which is called Chocorua, and is visible from a great extent of coun- try. It received its name from Chocorua, an Indian, who was kil- led on the summit by a party ol hunters in time of peace, before the settlement of the place. The predominant rock of these hills is granite — a soft, decouiposing varie- ty, in which the crystals and grains of feldspar are very large. The soil is fertile, being a sandy loam, mix- ed occasionally with coarse gravel. There aie some fertile intervale lands on the borders of Swift river. This town has been considerably retarded by a peculiar disease which j^icts neat cattle. Young cattle cannot be reared, nor can cows or oxen be kept here for a seiies of years, without lieing attacked by a singular and fatal distemper. It commences with a loss of appetite — the animals refuse hay, grain and salt — become emaciated ; an obstin- ate costiveness attends, but the ab- domen becomes smaller than in health, and is diminished to one third its original bulk. After these symp- toms have continued for an indefi- nite period, a brisk scouring comes on, and the animals fall away and die. Though superstition niay have found a reason in the dying curse of the murdered Chocorua, philoso- phy has not yet ascertained a satis- factory cause for the disease. It is piobably owing to the properties contained in the waters. This town was granted Nov. 6, 17C6, to Clem- ent March, .loscph Senter and oth- ers, and until the 2d July, 1833, it bore the name of Burton. Popula- tion in 1830, 325. Albany, Vt. Orleans co. This (own was grant- ed in (he year 1781, by the name of Luttcrloh ; in 1815 it was chang- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ed to its present name. It U water- ed by a number of ponds, and by Black river and its branches. Al- bany lies 31 miles N. from Mont- pelier, and 9 S. of Irasburgh. Pop- ulation, 1830, 683. AIl>ion, lie. Kennebec co. This line farming town lies on the stage road from Augusta to Bangor; 24 miles N. E. from tlie former, and 44 S. W. from the latter. Population, 1837, 160a. This town produced 10,723 bushels of wheat, in 1837. AHjiirgli, Vt. Grand Isle co. Settlements com- menced liere by emigrants from Canada, in 1782. This town lies at the N. W. corner of the state and of New England; 10 miles N. from North Hero, and 79 nulos N. W. from Montpelier. It is bounded by the waters of Lake Champlain, ex- cept on the north, where it meets the Canada line, in north latitude 45^. The soil is good and finely timbered, it has a mineral spring, . of some repute in scrofulous cases. Population, 1830, 1,23,9. Alexander, Me. Washingion co. About 25 miles N. l)y VV. fioni Machia-:, and S. of Baileyville, and Baring, wliich bor- der on the river St. Croix. In this town are some ponds, which, with the large pond in Baring and Alex- amler, produce a large stream which empties into Cobscook bay. Popu- lation, 1837, 457. ^ AlcncaJitler's Ijalfe. This beautiful sheet of water, of ahout a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, lies in the town of Killingly, Ct., arul was formerly known to the Indians by the name of Jilashapaug. Its present name is derived from Nell Alexander, a man who settled at Killingly in 1720, and became proprietor of a larj^c portion of the town. As this per^oTi gained his wealth in a man- ner which illustrates the antiquity of the propen.'ity of the inhabitants of this state to the once honored, yet now despised employment of peddling, we will give the reader a short notice of his history. He came from Srolland, with a great number of other emigrants, in a ship which was to land them at Boston. Just before leaving the ship he discovered a gold ring up- on deck, for which he could find no owner. Thus fortuiialfdy pjovided, after his arrival he pawned the gold ring for small articles of trade, which he peddled in Boston and Roxbury. He was vei'y prosper- ous, ami llnally became able to re- deem the author of liis success, and pursue his business without eii.bar- rassment. After a few yeai-s of constant activity, he acquiicd suffi- cient projicrty to purchase a planta- tion of 0,500 acres in Killingly. The gold ring was transmitted as a sort of talisman, to his only son J\"ell, who translVrred it to his only son JYell; who is now living at an advasiced age, and has already pla- ced it in the hands of his grandson J\''dl ; and so it will doubtless con- tiniie fiom jYell to J\''ell, agreeably to th.e request of the first JVell, until the " last knell of the race is tolled!" A singular tradition has been handed down to us by the abori- gines concerning the origin of this lake. In ancient tim.cs, when the red men of this quarter had long enjoy- ed prosperity, tiiat is, when they had found plenty of game in the woods, and lish in the ponds and riv- ers,they at length fixed a time for a general powwow, a sort of festival for eating, drinking, smoking, sing- ing and dancing. The spot chosen for this purpose was a sandy hill, or mountain, covered with tall pines, occupying the situation where tho lake now lies. Tiie powwow lasted four days in succession, and was to NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. continue lon2;cr had not (ho Gi'cat Spiiit, enraged at the licentiousnes;; wiiich pi-evailcd there, resolved (o punish them. Accordingly, while the red people in immense numl)er.^ were capering about upon the sum- mit of the mountain, it suddenly '• gave way" beneath them, and sunk to a great depth, when the water from below ruOied up and covered them all except one good old squnto, who occupied one of the peu!;s, which now bcari the name of Loon's Island. Mr. Barber in hi-! admirable work en'i!!ed " Connecticut IHatorical CoUcctions" from which this ac- count is taken, observe^, " whether the tradition is entitled to credit or no', we will do it justice by afiirm- ing that in a ckai- day, when (here is no wind and the surfjcc of the lake is smooth, the huge trunks and leafless branches of gigantic pines may be occasionally seen in the deepest part of the water, sojne of them reaching almost to the surface, in such huge and fantastic forms as to cause the helioMer to startle !" Alexandria, IV. II. Grnfion co. A small part of New- found lake lies in this town. Al- exan elevated above the village, the soil is of a good qualily, and several valua!)lc farms are found under good cultivation. The village ii pleasant and con'ains miny handsome buildings. There is a spicioiis common between the two piincipal rows of hou ;r;s, which is often used for p.ibiic purposes. There i> w!;at is termed a mineral spring, about 1 1-2 miles E. of the ni33ting house. Ths water has been found u ;sfal in rheumatic complaint:, and in scrofulous and scorbutic habits ; forpoi-ons by ivy, dog-wool, &c. Tills town was granted in 17:3;?, by Massachusetts, to those person-, living and the heirs of those not livino;, who wei-e offi- cers and soldi.^rs in the Narragan- set warof 1*)73. It w:i s called ./\ar- rairiirisct -Yi.'i, and afterwards .S'tiu- hegan-JVest. The number of pro- 2* prietors was 120, of whom a consid- erable nuiiiljor belonged to Salem, Mass. The town was incorporated Jan. 18, I7(j0, when it assumed the name of Amherst, in compliment to Loi'd Jelfrey Amher.-t. Among the woithy citizens of Amherst who deserve remembrance, may be mentioned Hon. Moses Nichols, a native of Reading, Mass., who was a colonel under Gen. Stark in the Battle of Bennington: Hon. Samuel Dana, a native of Brighton, Mass. Hon. William Gortlon, eminent in the profession of the law. — Hon. Robert Means, who died Jan, 24, 1S2.], at the age of SO, was for a long period of time a resident in Amher.-t. fie was a native of Ire- land. In 17<34, he -came to this country, where by his industry and application to business, he acciuired a large propei-ty, and great respect. Amherst did its duty manfully d'lring ilie revoluiionary contest. During the tirst lour years of that war about one in seventy of its people died in the service. The expenses of that war, to this town, "in addition of any bounties, travel or wages given or promi-sed by the State or the United States, was found to be in specie, £3, .511." Population, 1S30, l,fi57. Auilierst, Jlass. Hampshire co. The college arid village in this lou^n are on elevated ground and command a very beau- tiful prospect ol' the surrounding coun'ry. Amherst was taken from Hadley, and incorporated in 1759. Population, 1S;57, 2,602. It lies 7 miles E. by N. from Northampton, lOS S. froiii Dartmouth college, and 82 miles A^'. fiom Boston. There are good mill sites in this town on two streams, which empty into the Con- necticut at Hadley. Its manufac- tures are various, consisting of woollen cloth, hoots, shoes, leather, hats, paper, chairs, cabinet ware, 'in ware, axes, ploughs, palm-leaf hats, carriages, wagons, (large and NEW ENGLAND CAZETTEER. small) joiners' planes, stoves, steel hamiiicrs, pistoU, and bowie knives. Total arnual amount of nianut'ac- tures, about $200,000. See Reg- ister. Amity, Me. Washington co. Township No. 10, first range of townships from the east line of the state, — about 100 miles N. £. from Bangor. Incor- porated 18.36. Population, 1837, 130. This town has fine soil for wheat. Aiiiouoosiiciv Rivers, N. H. Upper and Lower. The Upper Anionoosuck rises in the ungranted lands north of the White Mountains, and passing N. E. into Dunimer, approaches to within a few miles of the Andi'oscoggin ; thence turn- ing abruplly to the S. W. it pursues that direction and falls into Connec- ticut river near the centre of North- umberland. Its whole length is about 50 miles. The valley of the Upper Anionoosuck is 7 or 8 miles in breadth, and more than 20 in length : it is scooped out with great beauty, the sur-face gently rising to the summits of the mountains on the N. The Lower Amonoosuck rises on the W. side of the White Mountains, and after running a course of 50 miles, falls into the Connecticut ju'^t above Haverhill, by a mouth 100 yards wide. At the distance of two miles from its mouth, it receives the Wild Anio- noosuck, a stream 40 yai'ds wide, and, vi'hen .-aiscd by freshets, very swift and fuiiou-? in its course. The waters of the Anionoosuck are pure, and its bed clean ; the current lively, and in some places rapid. The valley of the Lower Amonoosuck is about half a mile ia width, and was probably once the bed of a lake, its S. W. limit being the ri-ic of ground at its foot, over wliich the waters descended in their course to the Connecticut. There is a fine fall in this river about 6 1-2 miles from the Notch of the White Mountains, where the de- scent is 50 feet, cut through a mass of stratified granite. .Vnioskeag Falls ,32t>; in 1^37,601. Arlington, Vt. Bennington co. Tliis town was first settled in 1703. The time of its organization i-; not known, as one Biseo, a tory, the town clerk in 1777, destroyed the records. It is finely watered by Green i-iver. Mill and Warm brooks, and Koaiinc: branch which fall into the Batten- kill, at the north part of the town. These streams aftbid excellent mill sites, and on their hanks are large bodies of superior meadow ianil. West and Red mountains extend through the west part of the town and supply a great vai-iety of good timber. Kxcellent marhlc is found here; — considerable quantities of which are wrought and transported. Hei-e is a medicinal spring, and a cavern of lai-ge dimensions. The spring is not of much note, but the cavern is a great curiosity. This is a flourishing town in both its ag- ricultural and manufacturing pur- suits. The number of sheep in this town in 1S36, was 10,077. It lies 1.5 miles N. fiom Bennington, 106 S. W. from Monlpelier, and 40 N. E. from Troy, N. Y. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,207. Aroostook River. This river lises in the interior part of Penobscot county, Me., and after traversing more than 100 miles, and receiving many and powerful tributaries in that sta.te, it falls into the river St. .Johns in New Bruns- wick. The lands on this river and its branches are very fertile, and are said to be equal to the celebrated Genesee lands for the culture of wheat. Ascutiicy DIountain, "Vt. This mountain is situated in the towns of. Windsor ?nd Weathers- field. It is 3,116 feet above the Connecticut river, at Windsor; and 3,320 feet above tlie level of the sea. It consists of granite and is nearly destitute of vegetable cov- ering. Fiom Windsor, to the base, is 4 miles. Its ascent is generally steep, but travellers who delight to view rich and \ ariegated scene- ry, will be amply rewarded for the toil of a pilgrimage to its summit. Ashburnliam, Mass. AVorccster eo. This township was granted to Thomas Tileston and others of Dorchester, for services in an expedition against Canada, in the year 1690. For many years it was called " Dorchester Canada." It was inroi-porated as a town in 17C5. Ashl)urnham lies on the height of land between the Con- necticut and Merriiiiack rivers. It is watered by large ponds which furnish good mill seats. Its manu- factures consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, chaii-s. cabin- et ware, fur and palm-leaf hats ; the annual value of which is about >«(100,000. This town is 30 miles N. fiom Worcester, 50 N. W. from Boston, and 35 W. fiom Lowell. Population, 1837, 1,758. Asliby, Mass. This is a pleasant town, in the county of Middlesex, on the line of N. H. It is 25 miles N. W. from Concord, 42 W. N. W. from Boston and 8 S. E. from New I|)swich, N. H. Population, 1837, 1,201. It has some manufactures of palm-leaf hats boots, shoes, chaiis, .wooden ware, and curled hair. Aslifield, Mass. Franklin co. This town was first settled in 1754, and, until its incor- poration, in 1764, it was called Huntstown. Population, 1837, — 1,656. This town is on elevated land between Deeriield and Westfield rivers, to each of which it sends a small tributary. It has small man- ufactures of leather, scythe snaiths, spirits and essences, and about NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 8000 sheep. It is 105 miles W. from Boston, 12 S. W. from Greenfield, and 15 N. \V. from Northampton. Aslifoi'il, C't. Windham co. This town was first settled in 1710. Incorporated, 1714. It is watered by several small streams which afford a water power for one cotton and three woollen factories. The surface of the town is rough and stony, but excellent for grazing. The num- ber of sheep in this town is about 5,000. It lies 31 miles E. from Hartford, and 14 N. W. from Brook- lyn. Population, 1S30, 2,C60. The following is said to have occurred in this town, and is told to illustrate the manners and customs of ancient times. " A concourse of people were assembled on the hill in fi-ont of the meeting house, to witness the punishment of a man who had been convicted of neglecting to go to meeting on the Sabbath for a pe- riod of three months. According to the existing law lor such delin- quency, the culprit Vv'as to be pub- licly whipped at the post. Just as the whip was about to be applied, a stranger on horseback appeai-ed, rode up to the crowd of spectators, and enquired for what puipose they were assembled. Being informed of the state of the case, the strange gentleman rose upiight in his stir- rups, and with emphasis addressed the astonished multitude as follows : • You men of Ashford, serve God as if the D...1 was in you ! Do you think you can tchip the grace of God into men ? Christ will have none but volunteers.' Tlie people stared, while the speaker, probably not cai'ing (o be arraigned for con- tempt of court, put spurs to his horse, and was soon out of sight ; nor was he cvermoi-e seen or heard of by the good people of Ashford." Col. Thomas Knowl'on was a na- tive of tlii-; town. lie w;is at the battle of liunkci- Hill, and fell at Harlem Heights, in 1770. Wash- ington termed him, in a general or- dei- after his death, "the gallant and brave Col. Knowlton, who would have been an honoi' to any coun- try-" Asliuclot River, Bf. H.,- Or Ashwillet, a river in Chesh- ire county, which has its source in a pond in Washington. It runs in a southerly coui-se through Marlow andGilsum, to Kcenc, where it re- ceives a considei'able branch issu- ing from ponds in Stoddard. From Keene it proceeds to Swanzey, where it receives another consider- able branch which originates in Jaf- frey and Fitzwilliam. It pui'sues its course southerly and westerly through Winchester into Hinsdale, where, at the distance of about 3 miles from the S. line of the state, it empties into the Connecticut. Assaljct Kivcr, ]>Iass. This river rises in the neighbor- hood of Wesfboroug h ; — it passes through JMarlborough, Norlhbo- rough and Slow, and joins Sudbury river at Concord. AtUcns, Me. Somerset co. This town was incorporated in 1803. Population, 1837, 1,424. It is about 18 miles N. N. E. from Norridgcwock, 114 N. N. E. from Portland and 45 N. fiom Augu-ta. It is watered by a tributary of Kennebec river. AtUcns Vt. Windham co. This town lies 14 miles N. from Newfane, 98 S. from Montpcliei', 10 W. fiom Bellows' Falls, and about 40 N. E. from Ben- nington. Population, 1S30, 415. This town was first settled in 1780, by people from Rindge, N. K., and Winchendon, Mass. Tliey encoun- tered great hardships. " The snow was four feet deep when they came into town, and they had to beat (heir own path for 8 miles through the woods. A small yoke of oxen NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. were the only domestic animals that they took widi tliem." Tiiis is a good township of land, particu- larly (or grazing. It has 2()<)() sheep. Hei'C are productive orchards, pine timber, and a small mill s^tream. Atliol, Mass. Worcester co. The Indian name of this town was Paquoig. This pleasant place lies 60 miles W. N. W. from Boston, 28 N. W. from Worcester, and about 24 W. from Fitchburg. Miller's river is a fine stream, and aflbrds Athol a great water power. The manufactures of Athol consist of cotton gools, boots, shoes, leather, paper, iron castings, scythes, ploughs, cabinet ware, machinery, straw bonnets, palm leaf hats, shoe pegs, harnesses, shoe and hat boxes, pails, sashes, doors and blinds; — annual amount about $175,000. Incorporated, 1762. Population, 1837, 1,603. Atliiusou, Me. Piscataquis co. This townshij) was incorporated in 1819. It lies about 35 miles N. N. W. from Pan- gor, 132 N. E. from Portland, and 79 N. E. from Augusta. Popula- tion, 1S37, 557. It is bounded on the N. by Piscataquis river. This town has a srood soil. Wheat crop, 1837, 5,16y"bushels. Atkinson, ]V. H. Rockingham co. It is situated 30 miles "S.W. from Portsmouth, and 32 S. E. from Concord. The surface of Atkinson is uneven ; the soil of a superior quality, and well cultivated. The cuUivalion of the apple has received much attenHon here, and the finest fruit is pro- duced. Incorporated Sept. 3, 1767, by its present name, in honor ol' Theodore Atkinson. Several of the first settlers lived to a great age. The Rev. Stephen Peabody was the first settled minister in Alkin-on. He was a native of Andover, Ma's. He took an active part in the revo- lution, and served as chaplain in the regiment under Col. Poor, sta- tioned at Winter-Hill. The acade- my in this town is one of the oldest and most lespectable institutions in the state ; it was incorporated Feb. 17, 1791. "In a large meadow in this town, there is an island, con- taining 7 or 8 acres, which was for- merly loaded with valuable pine timber and other forest wood. When the meadow is overflowed, by means of an artificial dam, this island rises in the same degree as the water rises, which is sometimes six feet Near the middle of this island, is a small pond, which has been gradu- ally lessening ever since it vv'as first know n, and is now almost covered with verdure. In the water of this ])ond, there have been fish in plen- ty ; which, when the meadow hath been flowed, have appeai-ed there, and when the water hath been drawn off, have been left on the meadow ; at which time the island settles to its usual place." Popu- lation, 1830, 555. Attleboroug]i, Mass. This town lies at the N. W. cor- ner of the county of Bristol ; 12 miles N. from Providence, R. I., 8 N. W. from Taunton, and 28 S. from Boston. A branch of the Pawtucket rises here, and several other rivers pass through the town. It poiisesses a fine water power. It was first settled, 1644, and incorpo- rated in 1694. Population, 1837, 2,396. The value of the manufac- tures at this pjdce, lor the year ending A])iil 1, 1837, amounted to about' $500,000. That of cotton goods alone to $229,571. The olh- ci- manufactures consi-^ted of boots, shoes, leather, metal buttons, combs jewelry, clocks, planing machines, carpentei-'s tools, straw bonnets, cliairs and cabinet ware. Tbi-: town suffered much during the reign of the celebrated Indian King Philip. In l(i75. Attleborough was a. J) on- tier settlement. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. AiLburiA, Mass. Worcester co. Until 1837, this town had been called Ward, in hon- or of (jcnci-al V/;ird, of the revolu- tionary army. It was incorporated in 1778. Population, 1837, 1,183. Auburn is a pleasant agricultural town. French river passes through it. It lies 5 iriilfs S. by W. from Worcester, and 45 W. S. W. fi'om Boston. AiigTista, Me, This delightful town, the Capi- tal of the state, and chief totvn of the county of Kennebec, is in N. Lat. 44° 18' 43" and W. Lon. 69° 50'. It lies 146 miles N. E. from Concord, N. H.; 182 E. N. E. from Montpelier, Vt. ; 163 N. N. E. from Boston, Mass. ; 203 N. N. E. from Piovidence, U. I. ; 260 N. E. from Hartford, Ct. ; and 595 miles N. E. from Washington. Augusta is situated at the head of sloop naviga- tion on Kennebec river, 43 miles from the sea. The town lies on both sides of tlie Kennebec, and contains an area of S by 6 miles. It was first settled in 1771, and in- corporated in 1797. In 1836 it con- tained 6,300 inhabitants. Its In- dian name was Cushnoe. Theie was, in its early settlement, a fort, and four block houses built of tim- ber, to allbrd protection to the in- habitants from the Indians, who were then very troublesome. The fort Vvas called I'^ort Western, and is still standing on the east bank of the river, and is now occupied as a dwelling house. This is already a very tlourishing (own, not only in its agricultural pursuits, but in its commerce and manufactures. The tonnage of the place is about 3000 tons. Its expoi'ts are lumber of all kinds, oats, peas, beans, hay, pota- toes, wool, cider, apples, &e. — When th(> extent and resources of the noble Kennebec and its tributa- ries, above tide water, are consid- ered, some idea may be formed of the vast quantity of lumber that must pass this place on its passage to market. The Kennebec bridge, uniting the east and west parts of the town is a line structure. It was built in 1799; is 520 feet in length, and cost .$28,000. The town rises by an easy ascent on both sides of the river to a level surface ; it is well laid out, neatly built, and contains many handsome dwelling houses. Many of the streets are decorated by trees, planted on each side ; — a striking evidence of the good taste of the inhabitants. The State House is a spacious and elegant structure, located upon a beauiiful eminence about half a mile from the village, on the road towards Hallowell, and commands an extensive and very delightful prospect. It is built of hammered granite, or rather gneiss of a white color, and very much resembles marble, at a distance. The materi- al of which it was built, was quar- ried from the spot on which it stands. It has a spacious hall for the Rep- resentatives ; two of convenient size for the Senate and the Executive Departments, and rooms for all, the ofiices immediately connected with the Government. In front is an ex- tensive coHiwit);?, adorned with trees tastefully arranged, which, wliers grown into shades, will afibrd a de- lightful promenade. The UpJtcd States' Arsenal buildings are situated upon the east bank of the river, in view of the vil- lage, and are chiefly constructed of stone, and present a very fine ap- pearance. The Government has expended large sums of money in thcii- construction, and it is expect- ed tli;'t soon the Government will make it an Arsenal of Construc- tion. There are at pi'csent about 2000 stand of arms depo:-ited here, besides cannon and other munitions of war. The Po-it is commanded by a captain of the Ordnance Depart- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ment, aided by a Lieut, of the same corps. The State Tnsa/ie Hospital. This splendid tiranitc edifice, an honor to tiie state and to hiunanity, occu- pies a plat of elevated ground, of seventy acres, on the east side of the river. Its situation is unrival- ed for the beauty of its scenerj'. This buildinEj was commenced in 1836, and will prol)ahly be complet- ed and prepared to receive patients, in 1839. It will cost the state, and some beneficent individuals, who have made liberal ('onation^ towards its erection, about §100,000. It is of the model of the Lunatic Hos- pital at Worcester, IMass., and is much admired for its external arch- itecture and internal arrangement. The centre building and wings are 262 feet long ; the centre building is 82 feet in length, 46 feet wide, 4 stories high, besides the basement and attic, having a chapel in the attic 80 by 40. The wings are !)0 feet long in front, and 100 in the rear, 88 feet wide, and 3 stories high, di- vided into 126 rooms, 120 of which are designed for patients, the re- maining 6 for water closets and oth- er purposes, with halls between the rooms 12 feet wide running the en- tire length of each wing, and com- municating with the dining rooms in the centre building. Tiie jlvgiisfa Hifrh SchnoJ, is an elegant brick building, situated up- on a beautiful eminence, 2 stoiies high, 65 feet long by 50 wide, hav- ing a pediment front supported by doric columns, and contains two large school rooms, beside a laboia- tory and four recitation rooms, and cost about $7,000. The above is a brief sketch of the prominent features of this beauti- ful and flourishing (own ; — such as it has become by the common ef- forts of an intelligent and enter- prising people, joined to the natur- al advantages of the place. Rut a new era is opened to Au- gusta. The mighty waters of the Kennebec have been arrested ia their course. That proud stream, which, for ages, has rolled its rapid current to the ocean, unimpeded by the devices of man, is destined for ages to come, to pay perpetual homage to Yankee perseverance and skill, and to lend its gigantic strength to aid the arts and sciences in supplying the wants of millions. We may perhaps, be suspected of partiality towards this lovely Vil- lage of the East, for giving it so ex- tended a notice ; — but, as accounts of works of great public utility are interesting to most of our readers, both duty and inclination prompt us to give a brief description of the Kennebec Dam; — a magnificent structure; — bold in its design — curi- otis in its woikmanship, — and prob- ably unrivaled by any work of sim- ilar character and for similar pur- poses, in this or any other country. Although Augusta enjoys the pleasure of seeing this noble enter- prise accomplished within its own l)Oi-dcrs, and by the energy of its own peoj)le ; yet improvements of this character are by no means lo- cal in their effects. The benefits of this undertaking will be felt, not only in the valley of the Kennebec, but throughout the state. These works were commenced in 1836, by the Kennebec Locks and Canals Company, and com- pleted in September, 1837. The cost was about $300,000. They arc about half a mile above the cen- tre of the village, and were con- structed under the superintendence of Col. WlLI^IAM BoARDMAN,0f Nashua, N. H., as chief engineer, from who-e report m.any of the fol- lowing facts are elicited. The length of the Dam, exclu- sive of the stone abutments and Lock, is 584 feet— the base, 127 feet — the height. »5 feet above or- dinary high watei mark. It is built with crib3 of timber, bolted and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. trenailetl strongly together, and is filled with ballast, to the very top. The upper slope is covered with five inch pine plank, jointed and perfectly tight ; the lower with live and three inch hemlock plank. — The crest, terminating at the sluice, near the middle of the overfall, is level, and covered entirely with stone eight feet in length, and strongly secured with iron straps and bolts. The sluice, sixty feet in length, is covered in the same manner, and is about twenty inches lower than the wings. The walls of the Lock are 171) feet in len2;th, its chamber 101 feet by 23 1-.3 feet in the clear, with a single lift; the west wall serves as the eastern abutment of the Dam — it is 28 feet thick at the base, graduated to 25 at the top. The head and east walls are of corresponding strength. — Both are built wholly of granite. The face courses hammered, bed and joint, rabbitted, and laid in ce- ment, and the rabbit filled with cement The floor of (he Lock is constructed of timber fifteen inches deep, and covered with five inch pine plank, tongued and grooved, with an additional flooring of five inch hard wood plank, commencing at the head of the Lock and ex- tending fourteen feet. The main gates of the Lock, and guard gates of the Canals, are of white oak from the Chesapeake, and the wicket gates of cast iron. The large stone piers above the Dam, for the pro- tection of the Lock and abutments, are each 30 feet square on the hase, graduated to 25 feet on the top, and about 34 feet liigh, and built of granite, clamped and strapped with iron. The Canals on each side of the river are 50 feet wide in the clear, carrying 10 feet of water from the level of the top of the dam. The walls are 22 feet high, 7 1-2 feet thick at the base, and 5 feet at the top. They are finished as far as, and including, the guard gates. The gates are of great strength, built of heavy oak timber, and in the most substantial manner, revolving in stone coins, with which stone and sheet-piling is connected, extending across and 25 feet into each bank, and driven 10 feet below the bottom of the Canals. The walls on the banks of the river, above and below the Dam, extending about 500 feet, are of the same height as the Canal walls, and 8 feet thick at the base. On the upper side of the Dam is a sheet of timber-piling, tongued and grooved, and either resting on the bare ledge, or diiven as far as they could he made to penetrate into the solid bed which covers a portion of its surface, and is connected with the piling which passes under and across the Lock into the east bank, and also with that which is driven in the west bank of the river. — Above this, and extending to the top of the Dam, so as to cover the entire planking of the upper slope, is a mass of gravel from 20 to 30 feet deep. 2,500,000 feet of timber and about 25 tons of iron have been used in constructing the Dam, and about 75,000 tons of ballast have been de- posited in it. The Lock, Piers, River and Mill walls, with the Canal walls, ex- tending to and including the guard gates, contain about 800,000 cubic feet of stone. During the progress of the work, and especially while the course of the river was contracted to a space of 17 feet wide by 24 deep (a time peculiarly favorable for forming an estimate, and rarely offered in a stream of this magnitude) repeated observations were made upon the velocity of the current, and at no time was there found a less quanti- ty than 2,500 cubic feet per second. It is pi'oper to add that the seasons of ISoG and 1S37, were both re- NF.W ENGLAND GAZETTEER. markable for the rm;;il quan'ity of water running in all tlie streams in tliis vicinity. The pond formed by this Dam cover* 1200 acres. It is 16 1-2 miles in ]eii2:th, and its average depth is 16 feet.. Auijusfa presents advantages for manufacturing establishments, equal, if not supeiior to any in New- England. It is located in the heart of a large and powerful state, rap- idly increasing in papulation and %veallh ; snrroun;led by a fertile country, rich in every necessary agricultural product, and stored with granite, clay, lumber, lime, iron ore — every building material ; all of which are found near the spot, and at very low prices. The facilities a.Tbrded at this place, for transportalion, are of in- estimable value to a large manufac- turing town. Cotton and other raw materials, and manufactured goods, maybe tian--ported by water, to and from the very doors of the mills. At no di^t.mt peiiod the great east- ern lailroad fiO.ni Boston and Port- land will pass through this town, in its coui-^e to Bangor. At this time, steamboats pas:; from Augus- ta to Bo-sion in eleven hours. The greatest consideration, how- ever, in regard to Augusta, as a manufacturing town, is its vnfail- ing stippli/ of icater._ The main brancii of the Kennebec is the outlet of an immense lake, with numer- ous powejful tributaries, connected with other lakes or large re ervoirs of water. On its passage to AtU';us- ta. Dead river. Seven Mile Brook, the Sandy, S.basficook, and many Other les-; powerful streams pay their tribute to it. Indeed, all the waters of the extensive valley of the Ken- nebec, above the Dam, meet at this place. It may be said with safely, that this i)!ace possesses a watei- power am])lv sufficient to drive 200,000 spindles, day and night, tliroughout the year; and an almost inexhaustable surplus power from November to July. Preparations are making for the erection of buildings for extensive manufacturing operations. Aurora, Me. Hancock co. This town lies 106 miles fiom Augusta. \\'ith a popu- huion of only 1 10, this town pro- duced, in 1S37, among its agricul- tural products, 855 bushels of wheat. Averill, Vt. Essex CO. This town lies on the Canada line, about 30 miles N. of Guildhall. It has several large ponds and a branch of Nulhegan river. Some of these waters pass to the Connecticut, and some to the river St. Francis. The soil of Aver- ill is cold and broken, with few cul- tivators. Avon, Me. Franklin co. Avon lies 35 miles W. by N. from Nori-idgewock, and 50 N. N. W. from Augusta. It was incorporated in 1802. Popu- lation, 1S3T, 767. It is watered by some of the head branches of San- dy river. In 1837, this town pro- duced 3,220 bushels of wheat. Avou, Ct. Hartford co. This town was tak- en from Farmington, in 1830. Pop- ulation, 1,025. It lies between two mountainous ridges and has consid- erable rich level land on the bor- ders of Farmington river. This is a handsome agricultural town and possesses some very beautiful scen- ery. The view from Monte Video, on Talcott mountain, nearly 1000 feet above the waters of the Con- necticut, is quite enchanting. — "Wardsworth's Towei," or Monte Video, is much resorted to by par- ties of pleasure in summer months, Avon is 6 miles N. from Faindng- ton, and 9 W. N. W. from Hart- ford. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Baclielder, Me. Oxford CO. This township lies between two mountains on the line of New Hanipsliire, 20 miles W. by N. from Paris, and 60 W. from Augusta. Baileyville, Me. Washington co. This town is on the line of New Brunswick, about 45 miles N. by W. fiom Machias, and 80 E. N. E. from Bangor. In- corporated, IS28. Population, 1837, 331. Baileyville is watered on the E. by the St. Croix, and on the N. by the outlet of Schoodic lakes. Baker's River, N. H. Baker's river, a considerable stream in Gi'afton county, is form- ed of two branches. The N. branch has its source near Moosehillock mountain in Coventry. It runs southerly through Warren into Wentworth, where it unites with the S. branch \vhich originates in Orange. After the union of these branches, the river pursues a S. E. and an easteily course thi'ough the S. part of Rumncy and the N. part of Plymouth, where it forms a junc- tion with Pemigewaset river just above Plymouth village. It was on this river, in the township of Rumney, that General Stark was captured by the Indians, on the 28th of April, 1752. Eakersfield, Vt., Franklin co., lies 30 miles N. E. from Burlington, 38 N. N. W. from Mon^pelier, and 15 miles E. from St. Albans. Branches of Missis- que river pass through it. This town is well timbered with hard wood, the land is warm, but some- what broken. 4,000 sheep. First settled about 1789. Population, 1830, 1,087. Bald^vin, Me. Cumberland co. This town is bounded E. by Sebago pond and W. by Saco river. It coutains a num- ber of ponds, affording fisli of vari- ous kinds. Baldwin was incorpo- rated in 1802. Population, 1837, 1,133. It is 26 miles W. S. W. from Portland. Baltimore, Vt. Windsor co. This town was tak- en from Cavendish in 1793. Hawk mountain is the division line. The soil is warm but stony. 1,200 sheep. An abundance of gneiss and granite is found here. It is 10 miles N. W. fiom Windsor and about 65 S. from Montpelior. Population, 1830, 179. Faugor, Me. Tills is the chief town of Penob- scot county. It lies in N. lat. 44° 47' 50"., W. long. 68° 47'. It lies 66 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, 120 N. E. by E. from Portland, 230 N. E. from" Boston, Mass., 115 S. from Easlport, and 675 N. E. from Washington. The first settlement in this place, by the whites, was made in the winter of 1769—1770. In 1772, the Plantation, Kenduskcag, as it was then called, consisted of twelve families. In 1790, the pop- ulation of Bani^or was 169 ; in 1800, 277; in 1810,850; in 1820, 1,221; in 1830, 2,868, and in 1837, 9,201. This place is situated at the head ot navigation on the west side of Pe- nobscot river, 30 miles N. by E. from Belfast bay, 60 to Matawam- keag Point, 120 to HouKon, and about 60 miles fiom the cpen sea. The compact part of the population reside on both sides of Kcnduskeag stream, about 190 yards in width at its mouth, over which are' three bridges, and on wliich, at the foot of the falls, about a mile from the city, are numerous mills. The bridge across the Penobscot, 100 rods above the mouth of the Ken- duskcag, is about 440 yards in length." It cost $50,000. The basin at and below the mouth of the Kcn- duskeag, where tlie shipping lie to receive their cargoes, is 90 rods in width, and aflbrds good anchor- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. age. The (idc g-enomlly rises about 17 foot. Ship l)uil(lin;4 is exten- sively |)iirsue(i at tlii> place ; but coniinercc in lunibei-, of all the va- rious kinds in use, is the principal occupation of (he inhabitants. An immense amount of that article is annually rafted down tlie rivers, and transported to almost all parts of the world. Bangor is the great- est depot for lumbor on the conti- nent of America. On the Penobscot river and its tributary streams, above Bangor, are more than 250 saw-mills, capa- ble of cutting at least two hundred million feet of boai-ds a year; all of which, except v/hat is used in building, must be shipped at the harbor of Bangor. The value of the boards, timber, clapboards, shin- gles, oars, scantling, wood, &.C., shipped at this port, varies from a million to a million and a half of dollars, annually. About 1200 ves- sels of about 110 tons burthen aic annually employed during the sea- son of navigation, in freighting lum- ber, timlier, &c., to various places. There are belonging to this place, about 100 sail of coasting vessels, 50 engaged in foreign commerce, and 15 or 20 other vessels engaged in the fisheries. Bangor was incorporated as a town in 17!)1. In 1S31 it became a city. Its government is under a Mayor and seven Aldermen, who consti- tute the upper Board ; and twen- ty-one Common Council men, who, when they have elected a Presi- dent, constitute the lower Board. A city coiirt sets every Monday. The site of the city is jjleasant, commanding fine views of the riv- ers and the adjoining country. The buildings, both public and private, are constructed with neatness and taste, and some in a style of supe- rior elegance. Conveyances for travellers from tlie city are frequent and comfortable ; both by land and water. A railroad is in operation to Oldtown, 12 miles, and stcam- 3* boats ply to and from Portland and Boston, during the season of navi- gation, which generally continues eight months in the year. The great eastern railroad fi-om Boston will doubtless reach this eastern city beioi-e the lapse of many years. On the banks of the Penobscot, wiiliin the city, three miles above the mouth of the Kenduskeag, is what is called " Fort Hill," the site of a forlitication, supposed to be the ancient '-Negas," destroyed by Cap- tain Heath, with a party of men, in 1725, who, it is said, " fell on a village of about 50 Indian houses, and committed them to the flames. The Indians becoming alarmed, de- serted them." Bangor is on one of the noblest rivers in the Northern States ; — the product of an almost innumerable number of tributary streams. Na- ture has seated Bangor at the nat- ural outlet of these mighty waters, as the mart of one of the most ex- tensive, and one of the richest al- luvial basins east of the Ohio val- ley. It is true that this section of country is in a high degree of lati- tude, and that the icy chains of winter are felt with greater force and for a longer period than in more southern climes. But this seeming disadvantage is more than compen- sated by the unrivalled purity of the air and water, — two of the in- dispensable requisitions of liealth and longevity. There is probably no portion of country in tlie world where tlie great staples of wheat, beef and wool can be produced with greater facility ; where surplus pro- duce can find a market at less ex- pense, or where the industrious ag- riculturalist can reap a more sure reward. When the present popu- lation of this immense territory, extending from tiile water to Mad- awaska, is compared with that of older settlements of a less fertile soil, of less navigalile facilities, and in nearly as high a degree of lati- tude, the mind is favorably struck NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. with the flatteririij prospects of the valley of the Peiioliscot, and with pleasing anticipations of the pros- perity of its city. See Register. Baring, Me. Washington co. This town is bounded N. by the St. Croix river, E. bj' Calais and Rohinston, and W. by a large and beautiful pond which empties info the St. Croix. Incor- poi'ated, 1825. Population, 1837, 28(5. The railroad from Calai-!, 4 miles, will soon be completed to this place. 209 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. Earkhiainpsteacl, Ct. Litchfield co. This town is wa- tered by branches of Farmington river. The soil is more particular- ly adapted to grazing : considerable beef and the products of the dairy are sent to market. It is 26 miles N. W. from Hartford, and 20 N. N. E. from Litchfield. Population, 1830, 1,71.5. First settled, 1746. Incorporated, 1779. Granite, iron ore and limestone are found here. The hilly part of the town presents some fine scenery. Hitchcockvillc, north of the centre of the town, is a flourishing manufacturing village, with great water privileges. Barnard, Me. All the knowledge we can obtain in regard to this town is, that it lies in the county of Piscataquis, 108 miles from Augusta ; — that in 1837, there were 132 people in the town, and that they raised 444 bushels of wheat, the same year; — that this town received $264 of the surplus revenue; — that in 1837, Augustus W. Walker and others, obtained an act of the legislature for quarrying slate, and that Stephen Palmer is, or was, Postmaster. Now, the good people of Barnard are hereby I'espectfully requested to give the editor their latitude and longitude, and other necessary in- formation for future editions. Cit- izens of other towns, similarly sit- uated, and of all tuirns, who may wish more full dcscripiions of their resources, &c. than we are able, at present, to give, are also requested to forward their communications. Earuard, "Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1774. Incorporated, 1778. Population, 1830, 1,881. Ii ts watered by Broad Brook which empties into W hile river in Sh.aron ; and by Lo- cust Creek, which afo en. plies in- to >\'lii!e river in Bethel. On this Creek, during the levolutioiiary war, there was erected a Fort, where the militia of this and other towns were stationed as a defence against Indian depredations — they having surprised and carried to Canada a number of its first settlers, in 1780. In the centre of this town is the village, and a beautiful pond, from which issues a stream on which thei-e are mills. On this Creek is an establi-hment for the manufac- ture of starch from potatoes. This stream joins its waters with the Ci'cek one mile fiom the pond. The surface of this town is hilly. The soil is well adap'ed to grazing; and there are but few towns that turn ofl" yea-ly more cattle, butter and cheese, shec p and wool. The num- ber of sheep is about 6,000. It lies 10 miles north of Woodstock, and 40 miles south of Monfpelier. It is stated as a singular fact, that the firing on Bunker Hill, on (he 17th of June, 177.3, \i as distinctly heard in this tov/n, 130 miles N. W. from Charlestown. Earnet, Vt. Caledonia co. This town lies on Connecticut river, at the 15 mile falls, and opposite to Lyman, N. H. it has a good soil, and is an excel- lent farming town, with slate and iron ore. It lies 35 miles E. from Montpolicr, 10 S. by E. fiom Dan- ville, and 65 N. by E. fiom Wind- sor. Population, in 1830, 1,764. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. First settled, about 1763. Many of the inhal;i(ant3 are of Scotch de- scent. This town has a £;icat water power on i'assunipsic ami Stevens' rivers. On the lattc-, are falls of 100 feet, in the dinanccof 10 rods. Tliis water power is iniprovi-d by three llanncl and olher manufacto- ries. There are a number of pleas- ant and fertile inlands in the river between this pftice and Lyman, and some beautiful ponds in Barnet, which af^br.! tish of vaiious kinds. This is quite a romantic place, and lies at the head of navigation on the Connecticut river. In 1835, the product of the farms, carried to market, amounted to .<>2!),3S1. One farmer sold 3,000 lbs. of butter, and 3,000 ibs. of pork. There are about 4,OjO sheep in the town. Barnstable County Mass. Barnatahle is the chief town. — This countv was incorporated, 168.5. Population", 1820, 24 046—1830, 23- 525— and in 1837, 31,109; area, about 330 square miles. This coun- ty includes the whole of Cape Cod, extending E. and N. into the At- lantic ocean, and which Gosnold discovered in 1602. It is bounded N. W. by Plymouth county, and W. by Buzzard's bay. Cape Cod lies in the form of an arm, half open ; the elbow is at Cliatham, 20 miles E. of Barnstable ; the hand, the wrist inclining inward, is at Race Point, .13 miles N. by W. of Chat- ham. The whole length of the Cape is 65 miles, and the average breadth about 5. This county is principally diluvium. Below the town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so much so that the people are generally dependant on Boston and other towns for a large proportion of their meats and bread- stuffs. This deficit is amply com- pensated by the unrivalled piivi- leges enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, mackerel and other fisheries. This county has but little wood, but it is well stored with peat. About two millions of dollars are invested in the manufac- ture of salt. There were manu- factured in this county in the year ending April 1, 1837, 669,064 b'ush- els of' salt, valued at ,$219,870. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, boots, shoes, iron castings, glass, cabinet and tin wares, cord- age, &,c., amounted to ^496,602. There are in this county 370 ves- sels employed in the whale, cod and mackerel fishery. The tonnage, 21,378 tons. The value of the fish- ery, in one year previous to April, 1837, was ,f 557,737. Tonnage of the District, 183G, 30,278 tons. The annual amotint of tonnage of vessels built is about 1,000 tons; value, l$63,318. Total annual value of the fisheries and manufactures, ^\,- 337,527. The number of sheep in the county in 1837, was 7,332. Barnstable county is noted for its fine sailors and men of superior nau- tical talents. The ladies are cele- brated for their fair complexions and good housewifery; but are pe- culiarly subject to the vicissitudes pertaining to a maritime situation. By a statement recently made, it appears that there were in this covinty nearly a thousand widows living, who had lost their husbands by the dangers of the sea. In two towns, (Harwich and Wellfleet,) there Mere 223 widows who had thus lost their companions. This county has 13 towns ; and 91 inhabit- ants to a square mile. Barnsta1>le, Mass. This is the chief town of Barn- stable county, and a port of entry. It is 65 miles from Boston. Sandy JVeck, on the N. side, forms a good harbor for vessels of 8 feet of water. Hyannis, on the S. side, 6 miles S. E. of Barnstable C. H., is now a good harbor; but by an expensive Rreakiiiater, consti-ucting at that place by the U. S. government, it will soon become perfectly safe from all winds, for all classes of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. vessels navigating the Sound, anrl passing round the Cape. The " Pii- grim Fathers" landed hero, Nov. 11, 1620, and borrowed some corn of the Mattacheeset Indians. The celf^brated patriot, .Tames Otis, was boiii here, Feb. 5, 1725. He died at Andover, May 23, 1783. The manufacture of salt was commenced here as early as 1779. It then sold for i^6 a bushel. There was made 27,12.5 bushels of salt in this town in 1837. Between 50 and 60 sail of fishing and coasting vessels belong to this place. This town has nu- merous ponds, a considerable wafer power, some fine upland, and ex- tensive salt marshes. The manu- facture of vessels, salt, boots, shoes, hats, leather, cabinet ware, chairs, and wooden ware, amounted in one year to $.56,562. Fop. 1837, 4,017. Bai'ustead, N. H. Strafford co. This town lies 26 miles W. by N. from Dover, 36 N. W. from Portsmouth, and 20 N. E. from Concord. Incoi-poratcd, 1767. Population, 1830,2,047. Barnstead is not mountainous, but has large swells of land, good for grazing. About 2,500 sheep are kept here. The soil is easy and proriuctive. Tliere are several ponds in this town — the largest are the two Suneook ponds, which lie near each o'her, Brindle pond, and Half-moon pond, on Alton line. These waters are stocked with fish, and are discharg- ed into the Suncook. Barnstead was granted May 20, 1727, to the Rev. Joseph Adams and others. Settlements commenced in 1767. Barre, Vt. A pleasant and flourishing (own in Washington county, six miles S. of Monfpelier, and 48 N. by W. of Windsor. This is con-^idcrcd one of the best farming (owns in the state. Lai-ge quanli'ies of pot and pearl ashes, beef, pork, butler and cheese, are annually taken fioin tliis place to Boston market. About 7,000 sheep are kept here. It is well watered by Stevens' and Jail, branches of Onion river, which afford good mill privileges. Inexhau-^ti- ble quantities of granite are found here, of the excellent quality with which the capitol at Montpelier is built. This is a great thoroughfare for travellers, particularly for large teams from the north to Boston, by the Gulf road. A Targe number of these noted six and eight horse teams are owned here. Barre was first settled in 17S8. Present pop- ulation, about 2,500. Earre, Mass. Worcester CO. This excellent ag- ricultural township is on high land, and is well watered, particularly by Ware river, on which are many mills. The manufactures of Barre for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to about ^365,000. The articles manufactured were woollen and cotton goods, ($161,600) copper pumps, boots, shoes, cai-riaaes, leather, palm-leaf hats, ($167,200) sti-aw bonnets, axes, scythes, and gunpowder. Large quantities of beef, butter, cheese, &c., are an- nually sent from this town to Bos- ton market. It was incorporated in 1774. Population, 1837, 2,713. It lies 65 miles W. by S. from Boston, 24 N. by W. from Worcester, and 15 N. v.. from Ware. Barre took its name in honor of Col. Barre, an el- oquent friend of America in the British Parliament. Earrington, BT. H. Strafford co. It lies 20 miles N. W. from Portsmouth, 10 W. from Dover, and 30 E. from Concord. The surface of Barrington is some- what broken and rocky, the soil be- ing principally a gravelly loam. — The town is abundantly supplied with ponds, of which there are no less than thirteen of considerable magnitude, from whence issue streams affording excellent milJ seats. At one of these mill seats. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on the Isinglass river, is a perpen- dicular fall of 30 feet. There is, about two miles from tlic centre of the town, a remarkable cavern, or fissure in a rock, commonly called the Devil's den. The entrance is on the side of a hill, and is suih- ciently large to admit a person in a stooping posture. Having entered 5 feet in a horizontal direction, there is a descent of 4 or 5 feet, on an angle of 45^, large enough only to admit the body of a middling siz- ed man. After squeezing through this passage, you* enter a chamber 60 feet in length, from 10 to 15 in height, and from 3 to 8 in width. — Communicating with this, are sev- eral other fissures of equal height, and from 10 to 15 in length. Biir- rington was incorporated May 10, 1722, and the settlement commen- ced in 1732. Population, 1830, 1,895. Barriiigton, R. I. Bristol CO. This small town, of about 3 square miles, originally be- longed to Massachusetts. It was attached to Rhode Island in 1746, and incorporated in 1771. It is bounded southerly by Narraganset bay, and is well watered by Palm- er's river, and by an inlet of War- ren river, over which is a bridge. The soil of the town is of a fertile, sandy loam, and quite productive. Large quantities of sea-weed are collected on its shores. A large tract in Harrington, called " the cove," now covered with water to a considerable depth, is suppo-ed to have once been a forest, as timber and fuel are ol:taincd fmm its bot- tom. Some suit is made in this town, and shell and other lish are abundant. Harrington lies 8 miles E. S. E. from Providence, and about 7 niiles N. by W. from Bris- tol. Population, 1830, 612. Eai-tlett, N. II., Coos CO., is 45 miles S. E. from Lancaster, 82 N. N. E. from Con- cord, and 83 N. N. W. from Ports- mouth. It lies at the foot of the White Mountains, on the eastern side. Its soil is various, and, on the Saco, in some pait<, good. This river meanders through the centre of the town. Bartlett was incorpo- rated June 16, nyO. Population, 1830, 644. Barton, Vt. Orleans co. This town derived its name from Gen. William Barton, of R. I., and was first settled in 1796. The tov.n is well watered by Barton river, which rises in Glover, and empties into Memphre- magog lake. Here are several ponds containing good fish. BarloQ is a thriving town, with a good hy- draulic power, and about 3,000 sheep. It lies 9 miles 8. E. from Irasburgh, and 40 N. E. from Mont- pelier. Population, 1830,729. Basin Harbor, Vt. See Ferrisburgh. Baskaliegau River, Me. This river rises in a large lake of the same name, in the county of Washington, near the line of New Brunswick ; it passes westerly 15 or 20 miles, and falls into the Mata- wamkeag, a tributary of the Pe- nobscot. Eath, Me., In the county of Lincoln, is situ- ated on the west bank of Kennebec rivei-, 12 miles from the sea, 32 N. E. of Portland, and 31 S. from Au- gusta. It is bounded E. liy Ken- nebec river, S. by Phip-iburg, W. by New Meadows river and ]5iuns- wick, and N. by Merrymeeting bay. Population, in 1830, 3,773; in"lS35, 4,200, and in 1837,4,523. Incorporated, 1780. An attempt was made by a missionary to settle this place, and preach to the fisher- men, as early as 1670. But the In- dians would not perniit it. A per- manent settlement was made in NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 1756. The principal business of IJath is commerce, trade and sliip- buildiiiiT, for which it is admirably well located. There belonged to this port in 1S35, 26 shipi, 32 brigs, 51 schooners, and smaller vessels. Tonnage of the district of Bath, in- cluding the waters of Kennebec river, m 1837,41,728 tons. Total number of vessels belonging to the district of Bath, in 1S35, 37 ships, 94 brig^, 193 schooners, 10 sloops, and 1 steam-boat. Total, 337. The harbor of Bath is seldom obstructed by ice. Regular lines of steam- boats ply between this place and Portland and Boston, about three- fourths of the year. Batli, N. H., Grafton co., on Connecticut river, is 32 miles N. of Dartmouth Col- lege, 82 N. W. of Concord, and 9 N. of Haverhill. Bath is pleasant- ly situated in the vale of the Con necticut, between the Green moun- tains on the W., and the White Mountains on the E., by which it is effectually shielded from high winds and long storms. The Amonoosuck river waters the S. E. part, afford- ing many fine mill scats and water privileges. The Amonoosuck has a very convenient fall at the village, calculated to accommodate ma- chinery to any extent. Two mills for the manufacture of cas.simere, and other machinery, are already erected. At the principal village, (which is very pleasant,) there is a considerable bridge over the Amo- noosuck, of 350 feet in length, built in 1807. The soil on the hills is generally a reddish loam, on a bed of marl, or hard pan. In tlie val- leys, it is alluvial. About one-sixth part of the whole town is intervale land. Much improvement has been made in the agriculture of this place : 550 sheep are kept here. The town was granted, 1761, and the first settlement was made in 1765, by John Herri man from Ha- verhill, Mass. 1,627. Population, 1830, Battenkill River. This river is about 45 miles in length. It rises in Dorset, and pass- ing Manchester, Sunderland and Arlington, it receives Roaring Brook and other tributaries in Ver- mont; it then passes into the state of New York, and falls into the Hudson, three miles below Fort Miller, and about 35 miles N. from Albany, N. Y. Bays and Harbors. The bays and harbors in New England are generally mentioned under the places pertaining to them. Bear Camp Biver, N. H., Is formed of several branches ris- ing on the south side of Sandwich and Albany mountains. The two principal branches unite in Ossipae, and fall into Ossipee lake on it3 western border. Bear River, Me., Rises in the highlands, near Um- bagog lake, passes Newry, and empties into the Androscoggin, op- posite to Bethel. Becket, Mass., An elevated farming township on the Green mountain range, in Berkshire county. Westficld, Farm- ington and Housatonick rivers re- ceive the waters of several ponds in this town. It has some small man- ufactures, and about 7,000 sheep. The town was incorporated in 1765, and lies 110 miles W. from Boston, 13 E. S. L. from Lenox, and 23 W. from Northampton. Population, 1837, 957. Beddiugton, Me. Washington co. There are sev- eral ponds in this town, which are among the head waters of Pleasant and Narraguagus rivers. Incorpo- rated, 1S33. Population, 1837, 169. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. It lies 35 miles N. W. from Machi- as, and about 40 E. i:-om Bangor. Bedford, IV. II. This is a pleasant town in Hills- borough county. It is 3 miles N. E. from Amherst, 20 S. b> E. fi-om Concord. Merrimack and Piscata- quoag are the only rivers in this town. The latter passes through its N. E. corner, where there is the pleasant and tlourishing village of Piscataqiioag. This town has con- siderable very productive intervale land. It has been noted for the cultivation of hops and for its fine domestic manufactures. On the W. line of Bedford, are a remarkable gulf and precipice, which are ob- jects of curiosity. A considerable brook passes over the precipice, and falls about 200 feet within the dis- tance of 100 yards. Here are found several excavations in solid stone, which are sulliciently largo to con- tain many persons. In mineralogy, this town alibrds a great variety of specimens. Iron ore is found in dilTerent places, and in several vari- eties. Sulphurctof iron, imbedded in common gra:i:le, and red oxide of iron, combined with alumine, are common. Black lead, pyritous cop- per, schorl, hoimblende, epidote, talc, mica, black, yellow and green gneiss, crystallized quartz, &.c. are found here. The lirst child born in town was Silas Barron, sonof Capt. Moses Barion, in 1741. The town was incorporated, IMay 19, 1750. Bedford was the residence of many Indians in former times. Near Goffc's lalls is a spot of ground, about ten rods long and four wide, which is supposed to have been au Indian burial place. Population, 1S30, 1,554. Bedford, Mass. ■This is a pleasant town in Middle- sex county, and the source of Shaw- sheen river. This town wa^ for- merly parts of Concord and Billcri- ca, and was incorporated in 172^. Population, 1837, 85S. It lies 15 miles N. W. from Boston, and 5N E. from Concord. Bedford is bound ■ ed N. by Concord river, it has some manufactures; principally of boots and shoes. Belclicrto'ivii, Mass., A beautiful town in Hampshire county, oi'iginally called " Cold Spring," 75 miles W. from Boston, HE. from Northampton, and 27 E. from Pittstield. Population, 1837, 2,593. First settled, 1732. Incor- porated, 1761. The soil of the town is of an excellent qualily, and well improved. Large quantities of wool is grown in this town. It is separated from Ware by Swift river, on the N. The principal manufacture is that of pleasure wagons, of which about 600 are an- nually made. Mr. A. Shumway, of this place, has diiven the stage be- tween Belehertown and Northamp- ton 25 successive years. In that period he made 15,()00 trips, travel- led 218,400 miles, and carried at least 124,000 passengers; yet, al- though his hours of travelling were early in the morning and late in the evening, he never broke a limb, overturned his coach, or met with any serious accident whatever, dur- ing his whole career. Belfast, Mc, Is the chief town of Waldo coun- ty, and a port of entry, and is beau- tifully situated on Belfast bay, on the W. side of Penobscot river. It lies 40 miles E. from Augusta, 30 S. from Bangor, 30 N. from Thom- a^ton, and, across Belfast bay, 12 W. from Caiitinc. The town was in- corporated in 1773, but not perma- nently settled until about the year 17S3. There is considerable good land in Belfast. In 1837 it pro- duced 3,492 bushels of as good wheat as ever grew on the prairies of the " boundless West." The Paa^aggassawakeag river passes near the centre of the town, aad NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, adds much to the appearance of the place. The harhoi- ii very good — it is guarded by Long and Sears' islands, and has anchorage for a great numl-'tif vessels of the larg- est class. J. iie proximity of Bel- fast to the sea, its site in relation to Penobscot river, and its excellent harbor, which was never known to have been obstructed by ice, but twice, (1780—1815,) gives it pe- culiar advantages for foreign com- merce, the coasting trade, and the fisheries. Considerable ship build- ing is carried on at this place. The tonnage of the district of Belfast in 1837, was 29,342 tons. The principal exports are lumber and ii-:h. Pop- ulation, 1810,1,259; 1820, 2,02(5; 1830, 3,077, and in 1837, about 4,000. Belfast, although irregular- ly built, is a pleasant town, and is an important tcinter mart of the trade of Penobscot river. Belgrade, JIc. Kennebec co. In this town are parts of three large and lieaufiful ponds or lakes, well stored with fish. They are connected with eacli olh- er, and find an outlet at V/aterville. The scenery on the borders of these waters is truly delightful. It pi-o- duced in 1837, 6,340 bushels of wheat. Belgrade was incorporated in 1796. Population, 1837, 1,483. It lies 10 miles N. E. from Augus- ta, and 69 N. by E. from Portland. The village at Belgrade Mills, 6 miles from the centre of the town, and 16 miles from Augu ;ta, is a very flourishing place. Bellamy Bank, ?:. II. A river, one branch of v/hich is- sues from Chesley's pon Norfolk CO. The soil of this (own is light and sand}', and not very good for agricultural purposes, it is finely watered by Charles river, and has a good hydraulic power. Its manufactures, consisting of cot- ton and woollen goods, straw bon- nets, boots and shoes, amounted, in one year, to $127,837. It lies IS miles S. W. fiom Dcdham, 17 N. by W. from Providence, R. I., and 28 S. \V. from Boston. Population, 1837, 1,159. Incorporated, 1719. Iron ore is found here. Bellows' Falls. See Walpole, J\l'. Ii. Bclinout, Me. This town is well watered by the Paasaggassawakeag, which rises there in a pond of that name, and empties at Belfast, about 6 miles N. It lies 34 mill's E. by N. fi-om Au- gusta. In 1837, Belmont produced 3, 4.35 bushels of wheat, and consid- erable wool. Waldo county. Eclvidere, Vt. Lamoille co. A mountainous township on the west side of the Gi-cen Mountains, 32 miles N. E. from Burlington, 32 N. from Mont- pclier, 27 E. by S. from St. Albans, and watered by branches of La- moille river. Incorporated, 1791. Population, 1830, 185. Eciiiijngtoii County, Vt. Bennington am\ Manehester are ilic chief (owns. This is the oldest coiinly in Vt.^ on the west pida of the Green Mountains. Itis bound- ed o;i the north Ijy Rutland county, on the east by 'Windham county, on the pcuth bj' Berkshire county, Mass., and on the west by the state of New York. It is 39 miles long and 20 wide. Area, 610 square miles. Population.in 1820, 16,125; 1830, 17,4c8. Inliabitants to s:|uar3 mile, 2'S. The low lands are excel- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lent, and produce good crop^, but the largest poction of the county is mountainous, and fit only for graz- ing. Many streams ris(! in the mountains and (iesecnd to the ocean, some by the Hudson and sonic by the ConnL'cticut, a/lbrdini!; a great hydraulic power. Lead and iron ores of good quality are found in this county, and large quarries of beautiful white marble. The num- ber of sheep in this county in 1837 was 69,828. Benuiugton, Vt. One of the chief towns of Ben- nington county. It lies 120 miles S. W. by S. from Montpclier, 25 S. from Manchester, and 30 east from Troy, N. Y. Population, 1830, 8,419. Present population, about 4,200. Firstsettled,17(jl. The town is situated high above the great riv- ers and the ocean, yet we iind it of good alluvial soil, delightfully en- circled by ever-green mountains. It abounds in iron ore, manganese, ochre and marble. The streams are numerous and afford excellent mill sites. Tlie products of the soil consist of all the varieties com- mon to New f^ngland. Great at- tention is paid to the rearing of sheep : abo;it 7000 of tho?c useful animals feed on the hills and valleys. There are in Bennington, 6 cotton and 3 woollen faciorios, a very ex- tensive iron foundry, 2 furnaces, a paper mill, flouring mills, &c. Tb.e public schools justly sustain an ele- vated rank. Bennington is finely located for the muses. On the bor- der of this town, about 6 miles VV. of the court house, the gallant Stark, with a small band of " Green Mountain Boys," celebrated for their bravery, gained an important victory over the Briti di, August It), 1777. The fame of that battle is a9 imperishable as the mountains which over-ihadow the ground. Shame to the country : — there is not a stoac to mark the spot ! Benson, Vt. Rutland CO. This town, on Lake Champiain, was first settled in 1783. Population, 1830, 1,493. It lies 84 miles E. from Montpelier, 20 W. N. W. from Rutland, and opposite to Putnam, N. Y. The lake at this place is about a mile in width. The town has some streams affording mill sites, but none of great im- portance. The waters are generally brackish and unpleasant. A stream issues from a swamp in this town, and after running a short distance, passes thiough the base of a high hill, a distance of more than half a mile. Ben.^on has good pine, ma- ple, walnut, oak and beech timber, and a bog of marl resembling ful- ler's eartli. There are about 14,000 sheep in this town. Berkley, Mass. Bristol CO. Berkley lies 37 miles S. from Bo5ton, IS E. from Provi- dence, and 3 S. from Taunton. Pop- ulation, in 1837, 873. Taken from Dighton in 1735, from which it is separated by Taunton river. Some coasting vessels belong to tliis place, and some ship building is carried on. jlssonct village, on Taunton river, is the principal place of business. The soil is light and sandy. Bcrksliire County, Mass. Lenox is the ciiief town. Thia county was incorporated in 1770. Population, 1820, 35,G6{) ; 1830,37- 825, and in 1837,39,101 ; area, 8G0 sciuarc miles. Bounded N. by Ben- nington county, Yt., W. by Rensse- laer and Columbia counties, N. Y., S. by Lilciitield county, Ct., and E. by Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden counties. This county is rough and hilly in many parts, but it affords considerable very fino land, and produces much wool, all sorts of grain, and exports great (|ua!itilies of beef, pork, butter, &.C. file number of sheep in this coun- ty in 1837, was 130,962. Berkshire NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. is the most elevated county in the state. The Green and Tau2;hkannit Mountains croiss it from N. to S.; the average height of vvhicli is about 1,200 feet above the level of tbe sea. The Housatonick and Hoo- sick are its chief rivers. The for- mer empties into Long Island Sound; the latter into the Hudson : 29 towns; 45 inhabitants to a square mile. '■ Thi? county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible abundance, three of the most important articles of the commei-ce of the world, Iron, Marble and Lime, and its wood and water power are fully sufficient to enable it to lit tlicm for the pur- poses of life." The tonnage of this county to its marts of trade, princi- pally on the Hudson, amounted, in 1834, to no less than 34,075 tons. At the present time it probably ex- ceeds 40,000 tons. The enterprize of a railroad from Boston to Albany will soon be accomplished, and can- not fail of being exceedingly benefi- cial, not only to this county, but to the commonwealth at large. Bei'lcslitre, Vt. Franklin co. Elihu M. Royce, son of Stephen Royce, was the first child born in this town. That event occurred in J 793. On Missisque and Trout rivers, which water this town, is some tine intervale land. Pike river, from Canada, affords Berkshire a great watei' power. This town lies 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 22 N. E. by E. from St. Albans, and 31 N. E. by N. from Burlington. Population, iS'iO, 1,308. About 3,000 sheep. Berlin, 3Ie. Oxford CO. This town is bounded E. by Phillips, S. by Weld and W. hy Byron. It lies 100 miles N. from Portland, 45 N. W. from 7\.u- gusta, and about 40 N. from Paris. Population, 1837, 470. Wheat crop, same year, 2,175 bushels. ncrlin, N. II. Coos CO. This town, from 1771 to 1829, was called ]\Iaynesborough. The Androscoggin and Amonoo- suck rivers pa;a through it. It is about 20 miles E. from Lancaster, and 125 N. from Concord. Popu- lation, 1830, 73. Berlin, Vt. This is a pleasant town in Wash- ington county, watered by Onion and Dog rivers, Stevens' branch, and a number of ponds, furnishing good mill sites, and excellent fishing. The land is somewhat broken, but of strong soil and good for tillage. Con iiderable manufactures are pro- duced in tins town, and about 6,000 sheep. There is a mineral spring here of little note. First settled in 1786. Population, 1830, 1,664.— Berlin is bounded N. by Montpe- lier and E. by Barre. Eerlin, Mass. Worcester co. Taken from Bol- ton, in 1784. Population, 1837, 724. It lies 15 miles N. E. from Worcester, 31 W. by N. from Bos- ton, and 7 S. E. from Lancaster. A branch of the Assabet atfords this town good water privileges. Large quantities of hops ai-e pro- duced here ; some wool, and soma baskets. Ecrlan, Ct. Hartford co. Taken from Far- mington, in 1785. Population, 1830, 3,047. This town lies 11 miles S. from Hartford, and 23 N. from New Haven. The surface of Berlin is hilly, but productive of grass, grain and fruits. There are in the (own about 2,000 sheep. The vil- lages of JVorthington and JVew Britnhi are veiy pleasant, and the manufactures of brass, fin and oth- er war(\s, there pursued, are very extensive and flourishing. The first manufacture of tin ware in this country was commenced at this place, in about the year 1770, by Edward Patterson, a native of Ire- land. Mr. Patterson peddled hi* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ware about the country, on foot, in baskets; his successors in the man- ufacture (Jill the sauie, iinfil tlio uses and value of Ihe arliclc liccoininu known, and the demand increasina;, horses and wagons ui-rc employed ; and thus this important manufac- ture of New England was trans- ported to all parls of the country. Beruardstou, 9Ias$. Franklin co. This is a township of superior land for agricultural purposes, consideiahly elevated, be- tween Fall and Connecticut rivers. It was formerly called Fall Totr?}. Tliere was a fort liere in 1746, when this part of the county was peopled mostly by Indians. It was incorporated, hj- its present name. in 1764. It lies 96 miles W. hy n! from Boston, and 7 N. from Green- field. Population, 1S37,S78. Bald and West mountains afford delioht- ful scenery : — the former is 630 feet above the waters of the C'onnecli- cut. Here are springs containing magnesia, sulphur and iron. Ber- nardston produced, in one year, 16,000 bushels of corn and rye, and 5,000 barrels of cider. There are 3,022 sheep in this town, and some manufactures of shoes, leather, palm- leaf hats, and scythe snaiths. Beriviclc, Me. York CO. This town lies on the E. side of Salinon river, about 14 miles S. S. W. from Alfred, 45 S. W. from Portland, and 98 S. \V. from Augusta. Berwick has con- siderable trade in lumber. Incor- porated, 1713. Population, 1837, 1,799. Bethany, Ct. New Haven co. Taken from Woodbridgc, in 1832. It lies 10 miles N. by W. from New Ha- Ten. Some portions of this town is good land and well cultivated, but a large part of it is mountain- ous, and fit only for the growth of wood. Beacon mountain, between Bethany and Naugatuck river, pre- sents some wild and picturesque features. Bctlicl, Mc. Ox fold CO. Incorporated in 1796. Population, 1837, 1,864. Bethel lies 18 miles N. W. from Paris, 61 N. W. from Portland, and 63 W. from Augusta. This town is bound- ed N. and W. by Androscoggin riv- er, and S. by Greenwood. This is a line farming (own, and produced 5,214 bushels of wheat in 1837. Bethel, Vt. Windsor CO. This town was first settled in 1780, and was the tirst town chartered by the government of Vermont. It lies 31 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, and 30 N. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,240. Bethel is watered by branches of White river, and pos- sesses good mill sites. Soap stone is found here in great quantities and of good quality : much of it is sawed and transported. Garnet in small, but perfect crystals, is also common. The surface of Bethel is broken and mountainous, but the soil is warm and good for grazing. It has about 8,000 sheep. Consid- erable business is done at both vil- lages. East and West; the latter is the largest. Bethel, Ct. Fairfield co. This is a pleasant and nourishing village, in the town of Danbury, and about 3 miles N. W. from the centre of that town. There are about fifty dwelling hous- es in the village, and about thirty work shop-i or factories. The man- ufacture of hats and combs is the piincipal business of the place, and Inrge quantities of both are annu- ally transjforted to Boston, New York and other places. Bethlehem, N. H., Grafton co., is hounded N. by Whitelield and Dalton, E. by Car- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. roll iind unijrantoil lanJ, S. by Fran- conia and Liiboii, an 1 N. W. by Littleton. It ii watered by Great AmonoD uck river. The soil pro- duces good crop? of £fra5s and grain. There is plenty of pine timber and sugar maple. Iron ore, both of the mountain and bog kind, lias been oc- casionally found. Two mineral springs have been discovered. — Bethlehem was settled in 17fO. It was incorporated Dec. 27, 17y9. Population, 1330, 663. Bcthlcliciu, Ct. Litchfield co. This town is 33 miles \V. S. W. from Hartford, .32 N. W. by W. from New Haven, »nd S S. from Litchfield. It was taken from \VooH)ury in 1737. It is hilly, with a gravelly loam, and fit for grazing and the growth of rye. It has 2,090 sheep. Popu- lation, 1S30, 906. The town is wa- tered by Pomperaug river, a branch of the Housatonick. Beverly, 3Iass. Essex CO. This town lies N. of Salem, and is united to it by a li ridge across the North river, built in 1783, 1,500 feet in length. The people of this town are noted for their en- terprise in commerce and the tish- eries. There are some merchant vessels belonging to this place, about 50 sail of ri-;hermen, and 20 coasters. The annual value of the fisheries at Bevtrly is about J^IOO,- 000. The manufactures, consisting of Brittania ware, tin and cabinet wares, chairs, hats, boots, hair, mus- tard and bricks, amounted in one year to about $120,000. The pros- perity of this town has not suffered by the growth of luxury or excess of trade; its fisheries and manufactur- ing concerns are steady and pro- gressive. First settled, 1626. In- corporated, 1633. Population, 1830, 4,079—1837, 4,609. Among many distinguished men who have lived «nd died at Beverly, was Captain Thomas Lothrop, who commanded the " Flower of Essex," a compa- ny of young men fiom this county, and who were, with their leader, almost wholly cut off by the In- dians, at. Bloody Brook, in 1675. Biclclcforil, Me. York CO. On the S. side of Saco river, and connected with the town of Saco by a bi-idgc. The lown extend; down the river to the sea, and includes a point of land called " Fletcher's Neck," off which are several small islands; on one of which. Wood Island, is a revolving light. This is a good township for agi-icultural pursuits, the coasting trade, ship building, and the fish- ery. It lies 33 miles N. E. from York, 15 S. W. from Portland, and 69 S. W. from Augusta. First permanently settled, 1630. Incor- porated, 1718. Population, 1837, 2,273. See Saco. Blllcrica, Mass. Middlesex co. This town is wa- tered by the Concord and Shaw- sheen rivers, and has a pleasant vil- lage, on high ground, near the cen- tre. Its soil is good and well im- proved. The Middlesex canal and the Boston and Lowell rail road pass through the easterly part of the town. First settled, 1653. Incor- porated, 1655. Population, 1837, 1,498. Here are some manufactures of woolen cloth, boots, leather, wooden ware, straw bonnets, shav- ing and splitting knives, bed bind- ing, soft soap, and spii-its. Billerica lies 13 miles N. W. from Boston, 7 S. S. E. from Lowell, and 7 N. E. by N. from Concoid. Biiigliau), Me. Somerset co. On the eastern bank of Kennebec river, opposite to Concord, 26 miles N. from Nor- ridgewock, 11? N. N. E. from Port- lanil, and 55 N. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1312. Population, 1837, 701. In 1837, 2,548 bushels of wheat was raised in this town. NEW ENGLAND CAZr.TTEER. Black Rivers. Black river, in IVindsnr county, Vt. is 35 miles in length. It ri-ies in Plymouth, passes Ludlow, Cav- endish and Weather.^tiehl, and falU into the Conm-cticut at S[)rin;^tit'lil. This river parses through many nat- ural ponds, and aflbrds a great num- ber of mill seats. Black river, in Orleans county, Vt. is about 30 miles in length. It rises in some ponds in C'raitshury, and passing through Albany, Iras- burg, and Coventry, it falls into Memphremagog lake at Salem. Black river, in Somerset county, Me. is one of the head branches of the Walloostook. Blackstoue River, Mass. The mo*t inland branch of this river rises between Paxton and Hoi- den. It passes Worcester, and the ponds in Shrewsbury pay it the tri- bute of their waters. After pars- ing Auburn, Grafton, Millbury, Sutton, Noithbridgc, Ux')ridgc and Mendon, it passes into the state of Rhode Island, where it ch inges its name to Pawtucket, and meats the tide waters in Piovidence river. Blackwater River, N. II. Blackwatcr i-iver, N. 11. so called from its dark ap|)carance, is formed by two small streams, one of wliich rises in Danbury, and the other is- sues from Pleasant pond, in New London. These branches unite soon after crossing the W. line of Andovcr, and foi'in tiie Clackwater, whicii passes thro'.igli the S. \V. |)a"l of that town; fioin tlience Ihro'igh the \V. part of the towns of Salisbu- ry and Boscawen into Ilopk-nton, where it empties into Contoocook river. Blancliard, Ble. Somerset co. This town lies 116 miles from Augusta. In H:J7, 7.9,3 bushels of wheat was raided here. Pop'.ilition, same year, 26 L See Barnard, Me. 4* Blandford, Mass. PLimpden CO. Branches of West- field river rise in this town and give it a good water power. Blandiord was incorporated in ITU. It was ori.;inally settled by a company from llie north of Ireland. It lies 114 miles \V. by S. fioni I3o-ton,an(l 15 W. by N. fiom Springfield. Popu- lation, IS'??, 1,14.J. The manufac- tui'es of the phice consist of woolen cloth, paper and leather. Annual amount, ,'^50,5()0. The agricultu- ril p;o.lucts sent to market in 1838, amounted to $22,340. Thei-e were in the town 1,535 cows and 1,S22 meiino sheep. BlocJi: Island, R. I. See A^ew Shorcham. Bloody Brook, Mass. Sec Dcerfidd. Elooiufield, Me. Somerset co. This town was in- corporated in 1314, and lies on Ken- nebec river, 33 miles N. from Au- gusta and 7 below Norridgewock, opposite to Skowhegan. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,0.53. Bloomfield is a tine town:hip of land, and produced in 1837 5,080 bushels of wheut. Blooraiield, Vt. Essex CO. Bloomfield lies on the W. side of Connecticut river, and is aho watered by branches of the Nnlhegan. Population, 1830, 150. It i-! about 20 miles N. from Guild- hall, and 60 N. E. from Montpelier. Bloomfield, Ct. ITariford co. Thi.3 was formerly apari^ih in Windsor, called Win'on- l)ury. It derived its name from the circumstance of the parish being formed from Windsor, Farmington and Siinsbury; the name Win-lon- bury being a part of the name of each of those towns. It was incor- porated in'o a town in 1835. The inhabitants enjoy a fine soil, and cul- tivate it with great industry, pro- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. during large crops of grass and griiiu, witli an abundance of choice ii-uit. It lies about six miles N. from Hartford. Population, about 1,400. Blue Hill and Eay, Me. Hancock co. The town lies at the liead of a large bay, of the same name, 12 miles E. from CaUinc, and 78 E. fi-om Augusta. There are several large ponds in Blue Hill, and ahillof 9(j0 feet in height, from which delightful marine scenery is presented. Incorporated 1789. Pop- iilalion, 1837, 1,808. The bay has Long and other idands inside ; and outside, Hurntcoat, and a group of smaller islands. Blue Hill bay is connected with Penobscot bay and river by a passage between the islands and main land, of about 12 miles. It lies about 16 miles W. from Frenchman's bay. Eluc Hills. The first range of mountains on the eastern coast of New Hamp- shire and Maine; and the elevated lands in Milton, Mass. are thus de- nominated, in consequence of thcii- blue or cloud-like appeai-ance, at a distance, on the ocean. Boar's Head, IV. II. See Hampton. Bolton, Vt. Chittenden co. Population, 1830, 452. 17 miles S. E. fioni Burling- ton, and 17 N. VV. from Montpelier. Incorporated, 17fi3. Bollon lies on the western side of the Gi-cen Mountains. Onion livcr passes through the town, on the banks of which most of the inhabitants re- side. Bolton, niass. A good farming town in the coun- ty of Worcester, 31 n;iles W. by N. from Boston, and 15 N. N. E. frons Worcester. Incoiporated, 173S. Population, 1837, 1 ,185. It lies be- tween Concord and Nashua rivers. Here ai-e good limestone, and small manufactures of boots, shoes, leath- er and combs. Bolton, Ct. Tolland co. This town lies 14 miles E. fiom Hariford, and 10 miles S by W. from Tolland. Popula- tion, 1830, 744. The soil is a coarse, hard, gravelly loam, lit only for grazing. It is within the gianite region of the easlciii section of the state. 7 he Bolton felone Quarry is quite noted. " The stone is a spe- cies of slate, of a brilliant light giay color, composed of mica and quartz, and is excellent for Hugging and other purpo-es. It is extensive- ly used in the principal cities of the United States. For sire ngtli it ex- ceeds any other known in this coun- try, and the demand for it is lapidly increasing." The supply is inex- haustible. Boon Island, I<7e., A ledge of rocks, with a light- house thereon; about 9 miles E. from Kiltery. Near this island the steamboat New England, on her passage from Boston lo Gardiner, met a fatal disaster, by ccn.ing in contact with a loaded coastei', on (he night of the Cist of May, 1838, by which many valuable lives were jeopaidizcd. Eootliliay, Ble. Lincoln co. This town is bound- ed W. by the mouth ol' J'hecpscot river, N. by Edgecomb, E. by Damariscotta "ivcr, ai d 8. Vy the ocean. It is neai-ly surrounded by water, and is notcr! foi- its excellent harbor. Its maritime situation ren- ders itn place of con.^idcrable busi- ness in (he coasting liade and fish- eries. This town lies 39 miles S. S. E. from Augusta, 12 E. N. E. fiom Wiscassct, (iO E. N. V. fiom Port- land, and about 40 ii.iles S. \V. by W. from Owl's Head, by water, Boothbay is a laie waleiing place, NEW ENGLAND GAZKTTEEU. and many visit it, in summer months, for health or pleasure. Here may be found all the enjoyments of sea air and bathing; fisiiing and fowl- ing; ocean and island scenery; for wliich J\''ahant, in Massachusetts bay, is justly celebrated, liuoi'po- ralcd, 1764. Population, 1S37, 2,.5t(2. Bosca'weu, N. II. Merrimack co. Boscawen is sit- uated between Concord and Salis- bury, on the W. side of Merrimack rivei-. Boscawen is 8 miles N. W. from Concord. Besides the Merri- mack, the west part of this town is watered by Blackwater river, run- Ding nearly parallel with the for- mer, through the whole extent of the town, and about live miles dis- tant from it. It is not a large stream, but very important, both on account of the fertile fields of champaign on its borders, and the numerous wa- ter privileges it affords. There arc two ponds of some note. Great pond, near the centi-c of the town, Long pond, in the west part, and mill seals at the outlet of each. Boscawen is of a deep, productive soil, affording many excellent farms delightfully Bilnated. The surf.ice, when view- ed from its highest parts, appears uncommonly level. From the nu- merous streams of living water, and from the peculiar direction of the ffwells of tlie hills, this town prob- ably derives that pure air and uni- form temperature which are so con- ducive to health. The piincipil village is in the east section of the town. It is situated on a spacious Btreet nearly two miles in length, very straight and level. Here the eye of the traveller is attracted and delighted by the fertile intervales and windings of the river Merri- mack. There is another village on a pleasant eminence near the west meeting house. Boscawen was granted by Massachusetts in 1733. The proprietors gave to it tlic name of Contuocook, after the Indian name of the river. It received its present name wlien it was incorpo- rated, Aprir22, 1760, from Edward Boscawen, a celebrated English ad- miral then on the American station. Tlie first settlement commenced early in the season of 1731. Abi- gail Danfoith was tlie first child born in the town. The Indians made frequent predatory incursions on the inhabitants. See JDusloii's I&lanil. Among the deceased citizens of this place entitled to respectful no- tice, are, George Jackman, Esq., the first town clerk, who continued in office 36 years. He was appoint- ed a justice of the peace under Geo. II. and continued in tliat office during all successive changes down to 1813. Rev. Samuel Wood, D. D., for more than half a century the min- ister of Boscawen, was distinguish- ed for Ills learning and piety. Hon. Ezekiel IVebster, a native of Salisbury, resided here many years. He was an eminent barris- ter at law, of extraordinary talents, and great private worth. He died in tlie court house, at Concord, April 10, 1829, aged 4,9, beloved and lamented by all who knew bis character. Population, 1830, 2,093. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. County of Suffolk. The ancient city of Bostoiv, the capital of Mas- sachusetts, and of New England, and the birth place of Aniei-ican Free- dom, is naturally divided into three sections — Old Boston, South Boston, and East Boston, situated at the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. The peninsula on which Old Boston is built, extends from Roxbu- ry, on the south, to VVinnesimet Ferry, on the north, and is nearly sur- rounded by the waters of Boston harbor on the east, and Charles river on the north and west. Its length is nearly three miles, and its average breadth about one mile. It originally contained about 700 acres, but its territory has been greatly extended, by filling up around its borders. Its Burl'acc is quite uneven. It has numerous eminences, rising from 50 to 110 feet above the sea, affording admirable sites for building, and giving to it a peculiarly romantic appearance. It is in nortli Lat. 42° 21' 23" and west Lon. 71° 4' 9". It lies 163 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, Me. ; 63 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. ; 160 S. E. by S. from Montpelier, Vt. ; 158 E. (19' S.) from Albany, N. Y. ; 40 N. N. E. from Providence, R. I. ; 97 E. N. E. from Hartford, Ct. ; 207 N. E. by E. from New York, and 432 miles N. E. by E. from Washington. Its Indian name was Shaw- mut. It was called by the tirst settlers Tramonnt, Tremont, or Tri- mountain, from three hills nearly in its centre. It look its present name on the 7tli of Sept., 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, second min- ister of the tii'st church, who came from Boston, in England. The orig- inal propiielor of this territory was John Blackstone, who, soon after its settlement by Winthrop and others, removed to Rhode Island. Boston was incorporated as a city, February 23, 1822. South Boston. This part of Boston was set off from Dorchester, by lcgi^.la(i'vc enact- ment, March the 6lh, 1804. It is bounded soulh by Dorchester Bay, and spreads about two n.iles on the south side of the haibor, above the forts. It contains about 600 acies.and \i laid out into regular streets and squares. The surface of this part of Boston is exceedinr.ly picturesque. In about the centre of this tract, and about two miles from the City Hall, the memorable " Dorchester Heights" rear their heads 130 feet above the sea, from which is presented a splendid view of Boston, its harbor, and the surrounding country. It is connected with Old Bo>ton by two bridges. Tliis part of Boston i< rapidly iiicreasing in populntioti and wealth. The Washington House, near the " Heights," is a noble building, and a delightful re:^idclli:e NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, East Boston. This section of the city, until recently, had been called A^oddWa Isl- and. It lies about 6G0 jards N. E. from Old Boston, and about llic same dirtancc from Charlestown. It is divided from Chelsea bj- Clidsca Creel:, 600 feet wide, over which is a bridsre, and from which is an excellent road to the Salem turnpike. The Eastern rail-road, to Salem, Newbu- ryport, &c., commences at East Boston. The island contains about CCO acres of land, and a large body of flats. It was purchased by a conipa- ny of enterprizing gentlemen in 1832. They were incorporated in March, 1833, and the first house was commenced iu October of the same year. A steam-boat ferry is established between this place and Old Boston, starting from eacli side every five minutes. The time occupied in cross- ing is about three minutes. A ferry is about being established between this island and Charlestown. The surface of the island is pleasingly va- riegated, and affords delightful sites for dwelling houses and gardens at moderate piices. This place is well located for manufactories of vari- ous kinds; particularly for ship building, and all those branches of me- chanics connected with navigation. The Maverick Hotel is a large and splendid building, occupying a commodious site. This house is named in honor of Samuel Maverick, who owned the island and resided there in 1630, and who is said to have made " some figure in the history of after times — a man of very loving and courteous behavior, and very ready to entertain strangers." Boston Harbor, Extends across Light House Channel and Broad Sound, from Point Al- derton on Nantasket, to Point Shirley in Chelsea, a distance, between the islands, of about 4 miles. It is safe, and of ample capacity for the larg- est navy. The most important part of this harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two and three miles below the city and Navy Yard ; and is well protected by two powerful forts — Independence and AVarren. The outer harbor, below these forts, will shortly be protected by a very pow- erful fortress now erecting on George's Island, at a great expense, by the government of the United States. Boston harbor contains many islands of great beauty, and is the reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, JVeponset , Manatiquot and other rivers. Its borders are environed by the towns of Hull, Ilingham, Weymouth, Braintree, Quincy, Doi'chesier, Roxbu- ry, Brookiine, Cambridge, Charlestown, and Chelsea; and the numerous small bays, coves and inlets, indenting their shores, give great variety, and add much to the scenery of this delightful harbor. Owing to the almost insular situation of Boston, and its limited extent, its population appears small. But it must be considei-ed that the neigh- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEH. boring towns of Quincy, Dorchester, Milton, Roxbury, Brookline, Brigh- ton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Medlbrd, Maiden, and Chel- sea, altliough not included in the city charter, arc component parts of the city, and are as much associated with it in all its commercial, manufac- turing, literary, and social relations and feelings, as Greenwich, Man- hattanville, and Harlem are with the city of New York ; or Southvvark and the Northern Liberties with Philadelphia. The population of Boston in 1700, was 7,000—1722, 10,567—1765, 15,520—1790, 18,038—1800, 24,937-1810, 33,250-1820, 13,298-1830, 61,391, and in 1837, 80,325. Avenues. The peninsular situation of Boston requires many artificial avenues to and from the surrounding country. Until 17S6, the " Neck," between jh-oston and Roxbury, one mile and 117 feet in length, was the only pas- sage to it by land. On the 17th June, of that year, the Charles Rtver Bridge, leading from Boston to Charlestown, was opened for travel. It was incorporated, March 9, 1785. This bridge is 1,503 feet in length, 42 in brcadfh, and cost $50,000. Net revenue in 183-1, $9,383. This bridge by its charter becomes state property in 1S5G. West Boston Bridge, leading to Cambridge, was opened on the 23d of November, 1793. It was incorporated March 9, 1792. Length of the bridge, 2,758 feet — abutment and causeway, 3,432 — total length, 6,190 feet. Cost, $76,667. Net revenue in 1834, $12,928. This bridge will become state property in 1879. South Boston Bridge, leading from Boston Neck to South Bo-ton, was incorporated March 6, 1S04, and opened for travel in July, 1805. Length, 1,550 feet — width, 40. It cost the proprietors about $50,000. It is now city property — free. Canal Bridge, from Boston to Lechmere Point, in East Cambridge, was incorporated February 27, 1807, and opened for travel in August, 1809. Length, 2,796 feet— width, 40. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown. Length, 1,820 — width, 35 feet. Net receipts in 1834, $3,173. This bridge will become state property in 1879. The Western Avenue, leading from Beacon street to SeiueU's Point, in Brookline, was incorporated June 14, 1814, and commenced in 1818. It was opened for travel, July 2, 1821. This avenue is a substantial dam across Charles river bay, about a mile and a half in length, and from 60 to 100 feet in width. This dam encloses about 600 acres of Hats, over which the tide formerly flowed from 7 to 10 feet. A partition dam di- vides this enclosure, and forms, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a full NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and receiving basin ; tlioreby producing, at all times, a great hydraulic power. The cross dam al,-o forms an excellent avenue from the main dam to Roxbury. Cost, about $700,000. Net receipts in 1834, $6,133. The proprietors of this avenue claim a perpetual franchise. Boston Free Bridge, from Sea street to South Boston. Incorporated, March 4, 1S26— completed, 1828. Length, 500— width, 38 feet. Built by proprietors of lands in the vicinity. City property. Warren Bridge, leading to Charlestovvn. Length, 1,390 feet — width, 44. Incorporated March 12, 1828, and opened on the December follow- ing. It is now state property. The net receipts of this bridge in 1834, were $16,427. All the above avenues are lighted with lamps, when necessary, and make a beautiful appearance. Public Bnildins:s. Some of those of the most prominent character only can be mentioned. The City Hall, or " the Old State House," on State and Washington streets, now occupied by the city government, Post-Office, Reading- Room, &.C., is 110 feet in length, 38 in breadth, and 3 stories high. Two build- ings on this spot have been destroyed by lire. The first was built in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present in 174S. Until the erection of the present State Ilou.ic, this building had ever been used for governmental purposes, both olonial and state. Fancuil Hall, or the " Cradle of Liberty," in Dock Square, is three stories high, 100 feet by 80, and was the gift of Peter Faneuil, Esq. to the town, in 1742. The buihiing was enlarged in 1SG5, and until the new Market was built the lower part of it was used for meat stalls. It is now improved for stores. The Hall is 76 feet square, 28 feet high, and has deep galleries on tliree sides. It is adorned with superb paintings of patriots, warriors and statesmen. Tlie third story is improved for armo- ries. State House. This building is on an open square, on Beacon-street, fronting the malls and common. Its foundation is 110 feet above the lev- el of the sea. It was commenced in 1795, and completed and occupied in 1798. Cost, $133,333. Lengtli, 173 feet— breadth, 61. On the area of the lower hall stands the beautiful Statue of JVashifigton, by Chan- try. From the top of the dome on this building, 52 feet in diameter, and 230 feet above the level of the harbor, the whole city appears bene.ath, with all its crooked streets, its extended avenues, its splendid buildings, and the malls and common, crossed with romantic walks, and shaded by ccnturian elms. On the north and west the county of Middlesex pre- sents its numerous villas, and a rich array of agricultural taste and beau*. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ty. Here are viewed the hallowed halls of Harvard, and the sacred field of Bunker. On the south the county of Norfolk appears, with its granite hills and luxuriant vales, chequered With a tliou^and farm houses, cottages, and splendid mansions. On the east, the city, with its lofty spires, the harbor and tl)jp ocean, all conspire to render tlii^ the most en- chanting scene west of the Bay of Naples. The ^Massachusetts Hospital is on an open plot of ground of 4 acres, at the western part of the city, on the banks of Charles river. It is 169 feet in length, and 54 in breadth. Commenced in ISIS, completed in 1821. This building is of granite, and is a beautiful monument of taste and beneficence. Faneuil Hall Market. The corner stone of this superb granite building was laid on the 27th of April 1825, and completed in 1827. Cost, $150,000, exclusive of land. It extends east of Faneuil Hall, on Dock square, 536 feet, and is 50 feet in width. The centre part of the build- ing, 74 by 55, projects two o-r three feet on the north and south, and rises 77 feet fiom the ground, to a beautiful dome. The wings are 31 feet, and two stories high. The lower floor is exclusively appropriated as a meat, fish and vegetable market. The upper story is one vast hall, ar- ranged to be divided into compartments for ware-rooms and large sales. On the sides of this building are J\'orth Jilarket street, 65, and South Afarket street, 102 feet in width; on each of which is a range of spa- cious ware-houses, with granite fronts. On the east, across Commercial street, is a commodious wharf, belonging to the city. The hall, in the centre of the building is called Quincy Hall, in honor of Josiah Quincy, L.L. D., the late indefatigable mayor of the city, and now president of Harvard University. Trcmont House. This superb hotel, on Tremont and Beacon streets, was commenced on the 41h of July, 1S28, and completed 16th of October, 1829. Its granite front on Tremont street is ICO feet, and 3 stories high. The wings are four stories high ; that on Beacon street is 84 by 34 feet j and that on the south, fionling an open square, is 110 by 40 feet. This building contains ISO rooms. The dining, hall is 70 by 31, and 14 feet high. Cost, $68,000, without the land. JVew Court House. The corner stone of this building, in Court square, between Court and School sti'cets, for the accomm-odation of all the courts of law for the county, city, and the United States, oiriccs of record, &.C., was laid Sept. 23, 1SIJ3. It is of cut, or hewn granite, from (he Quincy quarry. Its length is 175 feet 10 inches; — width, 53 feet 10 inches, and height 57 feet 3 inches. A portico of nearly the same niodel of the Doric portico at Athens, adorns its north and south fronts. There are four columns of fluted granite at each of these porticos, meas* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. urinj^ 25 feet 4 inches in length, and 4 feet 5 inches in diameter. They weigli 25 tons each. The interior contains four court rooms, 50 feet by 40, and large and commodious offices for all the respective departments. Houses of Industry, Correction, end Reformation. These houses are delightfully situated on a plot d ;ound of about 61 acres, situated at South Hoston, on the margin of the harbor, and near the brow of Dor* Chester Heights. Trinity Church, in Summer street, St. PauVs Church and the Ma- tonic Temple, in Tremcnt street, the Washington Bank, in Washing- ton street, the granite building lately erected by the SutTolk Bank, the United States Bank, in State street, and the Steeple of Park street Church, are some of the best spci-imcns of architecture in Boston. Schools and Institutions. The first settlers of New England were exceedingly tenacious of their civil and religious rights, and they well knew that knov)ledge was an all-powerful engine to preserve those rights, and transmit them to their postcrify. They therefore very early laid the foundation of those yVee hchools, of which all the sons and daughters of New England arc justly proud. Exclusive of Infant and Sabbath school scholars, about a quar- ter part of the population of Boston is kept at school throughout the year, at an annual expense of about ij(i200,000. Boston is not only cele- brated for its schools, but for its munificent donations in support of its institutions for moral, religious, and literary purposes. Since the year 1800, not less than two millions of dollars have thus been appropriated by the citizens of Bonon. New England Institution for the Education of the Blind. This las(iiu!ion was incorporated in 182!) ; but, litlle was accoujplished until 1832, when Dr. Howe returned from Europe accon.panicd by "X blind teacher; manifesting that zeal in the cause of the blind which had distinguished hi? philanihropic labors, in another sphere, in a distant land. He opened a school with six blind young scholars. The progress of those children was so great, and the vaJue of an Institution of the kind so apparent, that legislatures and citizens, generally, became much interested. By public and private donations, particulaily by the influence of ladies in several parts of New England, and by the munifi- cent gift of a splendid building in Pearl street, by the Hon. Thomas II. Perkins, the Institution has increased, both in reputation and funds, with unparalleled success. The scholars are instructed in all tho^c branches common in other schools, and some of them in the higher branches of literature. Music is the study of all. ISIechanical labors are taught and enjoyed by the pupils. Musical instruments of all kinds, and other 5 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. implements are provided for their convenience and use. A printing press is established, and several books have been printed in embossed letters, which are superior to any in Europe. It is exceedingly delight- ful to see these interesting youth, whose lives once seemed a dreary waste, and to witness (heir improvement in acquiring useful knowledge, partaking of all those recreations, natural and proper for their age, sex, and condition, and fitting themselves for useful stations in society. The Institution is managed by a board of trustees, and is patronized by the governments of all the New England States. Eye and Ear Infinnary. This Institution was coinmcnced in Boston, by Drs. Jcfliies and Rey- nolds, in 1824, from a conviction of its utility and importance, derived from what they had seen and known of similar establishments in Europe. Those gentlemen conducted the establishment at their own expense for some time, during which large numbers received the most important benefits. In 1827, by the philanthropic exertions of those, and other gentlemen, an act of incorporation was obtained, and some funds were raised. As early as 1828, 2,610 cases were treated at the Infirmary, of which about five-sixths were cured. Of these cases about one-sixth were for diseases of the ear. Since that time the number of applicants has increased annually ; and this Institution, whose merits are not sur- passed by any other in the city, has now a beautiful and commodious building in Bowdoin square for the reception of patients. Theatres. The Boston Theatre, on Federal and Franklin streets, was first open- ed February 3, 1794. It was burnt, February 2, 1798 ; it was rc-built, and re-opened on the 29th of October, the same year. It is of brick, 152 feet Jong, 61 wide, and 40 high. This building is now denominated " The Odeon," and is consecrated to the worship of God. A huge wood- en building was erected on Trcmont street, and opened as the " Hay- Market Theatre," December 26, 1796. The citizens in its neighbor- hood being fearful of its conflagration, caused its demplUiOn, by subscrip- tion, and the block of elegant brick dwelling-houses, near, and north of Boylston street, now occupy the spot. The Tremont Theatre, on Tremont street, is a very neat building, with a granite front 135 feet by 79. It was commenced in July, and opened September 24, 1827. Cost, about $120,000. The JVatiojial Theatre, at the junction of Portland and Traverse streets, near the Warren bridge, was constructed in 1831. This build- ing was first used for equestrian performances. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Boston Commou. This is considered one of llic most delightful promenades in the world. It comprises about 75 acres of land, of variegated surface, beautifully shatled by trees of various kinds, particularly in the malls, or walks which surround it. Sonic of those trues were planted more than a hun- dred years ago. Tiic malls arc wide, beveled, graveled, and smooth; the waters of Charles river, and the romantic scenery beyond it, are in prospect. The whole is enclosed by an iron fence, on the outside of which are wide streets and beautiful buildings. The distance aiound the malls and common is about a mile. This plot of ground is so held by the city, that it can never be appropriated to any other than its pres- ent healthful and pleasing purposes. The foundation of a large and splendid Botanic Garden was laid in 1837, by the subscription of funds for that purpose. It is located on the city lands, on the west side of the Common. This will be a great ornament to the city, and an honor to the taste and judgment of its projectors. Finances. The public debt of (he city of Boston on the 1st of May, 1837, was $1,497,200. The receipts, during the financial year, from the 30th of April, 1836, to 30(h April, 1837, was $926,350— the expenditures, $904,065. Besides the public property in public buildings, city and other wharves, &c. &c., both improved for city purposes, and rented, the city has about 7,000,000 square feet of land on the N eck, exclusive of strcnts, public squares, and malls, and a very large property in other lands in various parts of the city, which aie rapidly increasing in value. The amount of this property cannot be stated, I;ut it is known greatly to ex- ceed the city debt, exclusive of that part which is wanted for the uses of the city. Commerce. The citizens of Boston have ever sustained a high rank for their com- mercial enterprise. After whitening every sea with tlieir canvass, and extending their commerce with all nations of the globe, they are now looking westward and northicard, and constructing ne^v and arlificiai channels, to enable them not only to compote with other Atlantic cities for the already immense commerce of the western world, but to inter cept it on its passage dovvn the St. Lawrence. The number of vessels entered at this port the year ending September 30, 1837, was 1,544— tonnage, 242,277 tons— crews, 11,503 :— cleared, 1,367, tonnage, 184,373 tons — crews, 9,177. The registered, enrolled and licensed tonnage of ibis port, the same year, was 201,005 tons. A largo amount of tonnage, owned at Boston, is registered at southern ports. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Commercial Accommodations. There is probably no place in the world better accommodatGd for com- mercial operations than Boston. The whole length of the harbor on the east and north is lined with about 200 docks and whaives. A few of them only can be noticed. Ind'a Wharf, at the foot of Fort Hill, was constr.icted in 1805. It extends into the harbor 9S0 feet, and is 243 to 2S0 feet in width. In the centre is a range of 39 stores, 22 by 80, and 4 stories in height. Central Wliarf, between India and Long wharves, was built in 1816. In the centre are .54 ware-houses, 23 by 50, 4 stories high. It is 1,379 feet in length, and 150 in width. Over a spacious hall in the centre of this range of stores, is one of the best observatories in the United States. North of this is Long Wharf, at the foot of State street, commenced in 1710. This wharf extends into the harbor 1,800 feet, is 200 feet in width, and has 76 spacious ware-houses. About ihe centre of th -; wSiaif is a well of fresh water, 90 feet in depth. Passing the City wharf on the north, we come to Commercial Wliarf, 1,100 feet in length, and 160 in width. On the centre of this wharf is a range of 34 granite ware-houses, 25 by 60 feet, and are unequall j ! by any thing of the kind in the United States for convenience or grandeur. Ccst, ^500,000. On the west, and in front of this tier of wharves, which run into the harbor nearly parallel to each other, are India and Commercial streets, having the east end of Faneuil Hall Market nearly in the centre. These streets are wide ; they serve as wharves, and their west sides are cover- ed with large and convenient stores. It is contemplated to extend India street, on the south, to the Free Bi-idge on Sea street; and Commercial street, on the north, to Winnesimet Ferry. (See Hale's Map of Boston.) The Marine Railways, established in 1826, at the north part of the city, afford great accommo lations to those engaged in navigation. A new and splendid Custom House is now erecting on India street, between Long and Central wharves. An Exchange, for the accommodation ol merchants, and a new City Hall, are contemplated. Manufactures* Although Boston has never been considtred a manufa^furiniv city, yet, since the general peace in Europe, in 1815, and the passage of the present tariff laws, in 1833, its manufacturing interests have considerably increased. The following are the manufactures of Boston for the year ending April 1, 1337, with the value of each, the number of hands employed, and the amount of capital invested, so far as can be ascertained. It may be proper to observe, that the following account is doubtless NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. accunite, as fir it extends, but it is known that in some towns in Massa- chusetts tlie whole amount of their manufactures has not been stated by the assessors. ARTICLES. \'alue. I Hands employ'dj I Males. I Females. I Capitil lu- vested. Boots and Shoes, Leather, Hats, Iron Castings, Axes, Glass, Cliaiis and Cabinet Ware, ConiL'.<, Tin Ware, Spirit-!, Straw Bonnets, Vessels, (average for 5 years,) Axletrees, Beer, Soap ^nd Candles, Whale Oil, Copprr aiul Brass, Organs and Piano-fortes, Brushes, Gold and Silver Leal, Carriaiies and Harnesses, Relincil Sugar, Silver Ware and Jewelry, Cliain Cables, Umbrellas, Saddle-i, Trunks and Whip.s, Granite, ^Lu•ble, &c. M'.»chinei-y, Blank Books and Stationary, Gas, Looking Glasses and Frames, Lasts, Neck Storks, &c. Types and Stereotypes, Printed Books, Clothing, Hard Ware, Baskets, &.c. Totals, $102, till 22;S,0()(> 194,()73 372, JUO 7,500 4S,()()0 lis, I'M) 41, .).)() 112,032 92G,b56 182,-1.50 121,400 10,000 12,000 9:), 000 i:5.j,000 75S,754 302,700 })3,000 43,000 3 IS, SO,-) i»7(),4.>4 22S,100 t)0,000 ■ fi5,000 177,000 336,000 32(),00() 7S,0()0 100,000 147,.'')()0 40,000 122,000 157,001) f>25,000 1,SS7,6(J6 40,000 93, ()()(» .$10,010,631 304 55 50 95 68 289 8 77 164 25 16 116 19 433 17 6 8 29 16 200 220 79 59 22 14 298 92 88 20 37 26 120 17 400 2S7 43 7 40 42 29 21 435 185 30 500 400 542 2402 29 138 4,655 3,967 $60,0 ;!0 665,000 2,000 47,000 121,000 6,000 30,000 125,000 100,000 316,300 163,500 38,000 1 1 ,200 82,200 303,6.53 1 1 1 ,050 75,000 36,500 83,000 165.500 183,775 49,000 375,000 55,600 1S,000 58,200 140,000 850,000 769,094 18,000 38,000 Fisheries. The city of Boston is so limited, in regard to territory, as to be exclud- ed, in a great measure, from participating in the fisheries. Much capi- tal of the Bostonians is, however, invested, at the out ports, in this im- porlant branch of the resources of the wealth of New England. During 5* NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tlieyear ending April 1, 1837, there were belonging to Ihis city four ves- eels engaged in the whale fishery, and 152 in the cod and mackerel fish- eries, employiHg 1,919 hands. Total tonnage, 11,253 tons. Total pro- ceeds, $824,898. Capital employed, $748,200. Health. To judge of the health of a city we must compare its bills of mortality, for a sei'iesof years, with those of some other city. We have ever believed that the climate of Boston, and of New England generally, was as con- ductive to health as any portion of our country ; but having heard it often asserted that the climate of Boston was more favorable to some diseases, particularly those of a pulmonary character, or what is com- monly called consumption, than that of our sister city New York, we have examined with gi-eat care the authenticated bills of mortality of each city for five successive years, (1S30 — 1834, inclusive.) The popu- lation of Boston, in 1830, was Cl,391— of New York, 202,589— a frac- tion less than 3 1-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. From 1820 to 18;;o, the average increase of the poiJulation of Boston was a fraction less than 4 per cent, psr annujn — that of New York a fraction less than 6 1-3 per cent, per annum. The aggregate number of deaths in Boston during tliose five years, was 7, 340 — New York, 35,037 : — a fraction more than 4 2-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. In that period, the aggregate number of deaths in Boston, by consumption, was 1,128 — in New York 6,124: — more than 5 1-3 in New York to 1 in Boston. Fires. Boston, in common with all large towns which are chiefly built of wood, has suffered very much by fire. Fifty years ago the buildings in the town were principally of that material; but by efficient measures adopted by the citizens, particularly the law of 1803, prohibiting the con- struction of wooden buildings of a greater height than 10 feet, a large por- tion of the old buildings have been taken down, and their places, with thousands of others on new sites, now present to that dcstrucdve clement solid walls of brick and stone. A few of the most menjoiablc fires are here given. In October 1711, a fire broke out in ^Villianis' Court and destroyed most of the buildings on both sides of Cornhill, now Washing- ton street, from School street to Market square. On the 2Uth of March 1760, 174 dwelling-houses, 175 ware-houses, shops, &,c. were burnt. This fire was in the centre of the town, (Cornhill, State and Congress streets to Fort Hill,) and the amount of property consumed, was estimated Bt £100,000 sterling. April 24, 1787, a fire commenced in Beach street, end extending south, destroyed about 60 dwelling-houses, 40 other build- ings, and the church in Hollis street. July 30, 1794. Seven rope-walks, between Pearl and Atkinson streets, and about 90 other buildings in that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. neighborhood were destroyed. Loss estimated at more than $200,000. On the 3d of November, 1S13, the Boston Exchange Coffee-House, in Congress-square, was destroyed by fire. This building covcrud 12,- 753 feet of land. It was 7 stories liigh, and from the tloor to the top of the dome was 83 feet. It contained 210 apartments, and cost about half a million of dollars. The condagration occurred in the evening, and the sight was awfully sublime. On the 7th of July, 1S21, at noon, (the wind blowing almost a gale,) 15 costly dwelling-houses were burnt, on Beacon, Charles and Chesnut streets. A very destructive fire commenced on Doane street, A.pril 7th, 1824, when 53 large ware-houses, in that part of the city, with a great amount of merchandize, were destroyed. A number of buildings, containing about 35 lawyers' offices, and 20 stores and shops, on Court street, were burnt, Nov. 10, 1825. During five years, 1330 — 1834, inclusive, there were 226 fires — the amount of property destroyed was $274,273: — of which $140,943 was insured. The most destructive fires were in 1833. In that year 71 fires occurred, $S9,970 value of property was destroyed, of which $57,040 was insured. The present Fire Department was organized in 1826. It is always in the most perfect state of picpuration for service. Attached to this de- partfnent are 24 engines, and 10,000 feet of hose. By the most powerful of these engines, with 250 feet of hose, water can be thrown over the grasshopper, on the cupola of Faneuil Hall, 84 feet above the pavement. Water. The subject of pure water for all the various uses of life has ever been one of the first and mO'Jt important considerations with settlers in all oun- tries. It frequently happens that tlio() acres, a never-failing stream of water is pro- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. diiced, on ■\vliich aro a cotton mill, cardjuir iiiiil, uiaclniic slioi) and oth- er small iiiill.-?. The value of the jnanufaoturcsof cotton j;oo.l-;, hoots, shoes, lea'her, axes, rhairs, cabinet aud tin wares, lamphlacli, Kpsoni and common saits, aniounled, in one year, to ,5o-,072. Product of the cod and iiiacliorel fishery, jif!t>,05(l. Crew-^ter lies on the nortli side of the C.ipe, IJ miles I^ by N. fiom Barnsta'.ile, and (> N. N. W. from Chatham. Population, 1837,1,534. Here are about 1,000 sheep. Bi-idgeport, Ct. Fairfield co. The town of Bridge- port was formerly a part of Strat- ford, an.l was inco-.-porated by its present name in 1821. It contains about 10 square miles, of a strong and feitile soil, under excellent cul- tivation. Tliat p irt of Bridgeport where the city now stands was called thevilla;;e of Newticid, un- til ISOO, when it was incorporated as a borough by its present name. In 1836 it became a city. Tliis is one of tho^e beautiful aud flourish- ins; places in New England, the pride of ^'ankees and the achnira- (ion of strangers. It is located on an elevated plain, on (tie west side of an arm of I^ono: island Sound, and commands extended views of Long Island and the surrounding country. The city is built in a style of great neatness and some ele- gance. The harbor is safe, hut the navi'iaiion for large vessels is im- peded by a bai- at its mouth, of about 13 feet draught of water at high tides. A large bu-iness is done h'^re in the coasting trade ; some in foreign commerce, aivl 80ine in !he whale and other I'lsh- erics. The ciiy is watered by the Pequanock, affording some water power. There is a commodious bridge across the harbor, -112 yards in length, with a draw foi- the passage of vessels. This is an im- portant manufacturing city, par- ticularly of saddlery and caiiiages, of which a very large amount is an- nually made and transported. A rail-road from this place is in con- templation, to pass up the Ilousa- tonick river, and meet the Potion and Albany rail-road at \\ cM Stock- bridge, in Mass. The population of the borough of Bridgeport, in 1830, was 1,800. The present pop- ulation of the city exceeds 1,000, Bridgeport lies 02 miles N. E. from New York, 17 S. W . from New Haven, and 4 E. by N. from Fairfield. The distance from this place to Setauket, on Long Island, across the Sound, is about IS miles, Brid^'ctou, Me., Cumberland co., is pleasantly situated on the border of Long pond, and near the liead of navigation to Portland, by the Cuniberland and Oxford canal. The distance from this place to Portland, by navigable watei-s, is about 50 miles. The soil of Bridgelon is good, and produced in 1837 4,000 bushels of wheat. Its location aflbrds it great facilities for inland trade. Long pond is about 10 miles in length and 1 in breadth. It emplies into Ciookcd river, which passes into Sebago [lond. IMiis town lies 74 miles S. \V. by W. IVom Augusta, and 40 N. W. from Portland, by the road. Population, 1837, 1,863. Krldgewatcr, K. II. rJrafton co. Originally part of New Chester; now Hill, was incor- porated, 1738. It is bounded N. by Plymouth and Hebron, on the E. by Pemigewassct river, dividing it from part of Ho'derness and New llamp'on. on the S. by Hri fol, and on the W. by Newfound pond, which separates it from Alexandria. The soil is well adapted to graz- ing, and few town-hip- in this vi- cinity exceed it in this respect. The Mayhcw turppike parses Ihroush the W. part, near New- found pond, and the ii^ain road from Concord to Plvniouth through the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. E. part near Pemigcwiissnt river. Tlie first settlement win ina:le in 1T66, by Thomas Crawford, Esq., when the tract comprise J tlie whole of New Chester, Hriilgewater, and Bristol. Population, in 1S30, 7SJ. Bi-idgewater, Vt. Windsor CO. This town is bound- ed E. by Woodstock, and lies 45 miles S. from Monlpylier, 17 N. W. from Windsor, and 60 N. E. from Bennington. Population, 1820, 1,125; 1S:50, 2,320. The settle- ment of the town commenced in 1780. In 1785 the town was or- ganized. There are many good mill seats in this town, on Water- queechy river, and considerable fine intervale lies on the borders of that stream. The high lands are good, and produce valuable crops. It feeds about 6,000 sheep. Here are found iron ore, garnets, rock crystal, mica slate, gneiss, lime- stone, quartz, and excellent soap- stone. In 1822, a living frog was taken from 26 feet below the sur- face of the ground, about 30 rods from the river. Bridge^vater, Mass. Plymouth co. This township was formerly very large. It is now divided into four distinct towns. Not content with attaching the car- dinal points of the compass to the names of three divisions of this ancient and respectable town, this remnant of the old territory is often improperly called South Hrtdgewa- ter. The Indian name of this town- ship was JVunketcst. Bridgewa- ter contains some very good land, and is well watered by branches of Taunton river. It lies 27 miles S. by E. from Boston, 20 S. S. W. from Plymoutli, and 17 S. from Weymouth landing. Population, 1330, 1,855: 1S37, 2,0i)2. This town was tirst settled in 1651, and incorporated in 1656. The settle- ments were nearly all destroyed by the Indians, in 1676. Manufactur ing operations commenced here at an early period. Hugh Orr, aa eminent Scotchman, carried on the manufacture of cannon and small arms during the revolutionary war. The present manufactures consist of boots, shoes, hats, paper, anchors, bar iron (from native ore,) iron castings, nails, tacks, axes, cotton ginns, straw bonnets, &c. The va'ue of these manufactures, in one year, amounted to about ^250,- 01)0, and gave employment to 400 hand£. Bridport, Vt. Addison co. Bridport was first settled in 1768, and organized as a town in 1785. It is bounded on the W. by lake Champlain, and is op- posite to Crown Point, in the state of New York. It is 12 miles W. by S. from Rliddlebury, 37 S. from Burlington, and 45 S. W. from Montpelier. Population, 1830,1 ,774. The surface is nearly level, with a loamy soil and sandstone. The water is bad to the taste, and con- tains Epsom salts. It has a harbor on the lake, and the business of the town is considerable. Across the lake to Crown Point is about 2 miles. A visit to the ruins of this ancient fortress, so renowned in the annals of the revolutionary war, and elevated 47 feet above the level of the lake, is a great treat to the contemplative traveller, or the lover of splendid scenery. From these warlike ruins to those of Ticondero- ga, is 15 miles, S. BrigHtou, 9Ie. This town is situated in the county of Somerset and bound- ed by Athens on the S. It was in- corporated in 1816, and is 120 miles N. N. W. from Portland, 50 N. fi-om Augusta, and about 30 \f. from Dover. Population, 1837, 793. The same year it produced 5,203 bushels of wheat. NKW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. A town in E;sex county. Popula- tion, ISJ'J, 105. See Barnard. JJe. BrigUtoii, .^lasj. Middlesex co. Tiii; wa> former- ly a |);»rt of Cambridge, -.i.-i 1 calleil " JjiUle Cainbri.igc" uii'il i's incor- poration in 1S!)7. It lies 5 miles S. W. fraai Boston, 13 S. E. from Concord, 35 E. from Worcester, S N. by E. from Djdham, and 15 N. W. by N. fron Weymouth Irinlin:^. Po;)ulation, IS 50, 972 ; IS )7, 1,337. The western and norliiern bountla- ries of this town are washed by Charles river. Tlie soil i; excel- lent and hi;i;hly cultivated, and, in common wiiii all the towns in the vicinity of 13oitoa, Hrigliton has be- come the residence ot many peo- ple of wealth and taste, who j)o^■!ess beautiful country seats and splen- did o;ardens. Windiip's garden is noted throughout the country for its nursery of fruit-trees and shrub- bery, and for its grand display of plants and (lowers of every variety. Brighton is the largest cattle market in New England. Monday is the market day, when sellers and buyers meet in throngs to traffic in live stock, both fjr slauijhter and domes- tic u ie. The sales in 1330 and 1337 are here given. 1S30. J\ro. Value. Beef cattle, 37,7()7, $r)77,;><)[). Store do. 13,(5 ?5, 15 1,5 j I. Sheep, 132,f;;!7, 215,G1S. Swine, lf),«3,'), 7;),971. 20;,7S^\ §1,41!>,143. 1337. JVo. Value. Beef cattle, ;?2,';oi, !$l,5rJ7,S72. Store do. 1(;,21'), 4S,';,4S0. Sheep, 11 0,203, 275,515. Swine, 17,052, 119,334. 17:5,132, $2,44:^,231. Brlmiielil, 2\Iass. HanipJen co. This (o-.-.n bos Vd G* mile^, E. by N. from "pringficld, ."iO .V. N. IV. from i'ro'.'idineo, K. I., and 70 W. by S. fco.n !5o ton. Pop- ulation, 153 7, 1,59.). FirU settled, 1711. incorporate I, 1731. Tiii-i i;? a tine farmiug town, with a good soil, and is well watered by Chick- opee anil Quinebaugh river-!. The articles manufactured in this town, in one year, amounted to $105,2i>2. The manufieiures consisted of cot- ton goods, boots, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs and cabinet ware. The value of wool rrown, in one year, was $ l,0o7. ISi'Utol County, Jlass. Taunton an29.)79. Proluct o( the li-!iery. $2. IS 5,()5(i. The T.i'in'ou and Pawtucket are its ciiiel livcr.s. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Bristol County, U. I. Bristol is the chief town. The territory of thi-i smallest county in New England, except the county of Suftblic, in Massachusetts, be- longed to the colony of Massachu- setts until 17 16. It is hounded on the N. hy Jiristol county, Mass., E. by Alount Hope bay, and S. and W. by the upper watei-s of Narra- ganset bay. Area, 23 square miles. The location of this county, on the beautiful waters of Mount Hope and Narragan set bays, affords it un- rivalled facilities for navigation. The soil is generally a deep gravelly loam and very ferlilj, producing va- rious kinds of grain and fruits ; and has about tjOfJO sheep. The rocks are moUly granite. Bristol county affords some of the best scenery in New England, and is otherwise in- teresting a-5 being, for many years, the residence of the brave and cruel Philip. Population, 1830, 5,466: 218 inhabitants to a square mile. Bristol, Me. Lincoln co. This town is hound- ed N. by No'jieborough and Bre- men, W. by Uamari-icotta river, S. by the sea, and E. by Muscongus bay. " Biislol Mills," so called, is the centre of the town, or the chief place of business. The town is finely watered by the Damariscotta and Pemmaquid, and possesses great hydraulic power and navigable fburgh, 10 miles across the lake to Port Kent, N. Y. and 440 from Washington. Although some bepiiinings were made before that event, no perma- nent settlement wa« effected in thi-: (owiiship till about the close of l!ie revolution in 17io. Tltc town was orgaaizcd by the election of town olTicera about the year 17«G. The surface of the township is agreea- bly diversified, and is so much ele- vated above the lake that tlie air is pure and wholesome. This town is not surpassed in beauty of location by any one in New England. It lies on the east shore of Burlington bay, and occu- pies a gentle declivity, descending towards the west and terminated by the wafers of the lake. The prin- cipal streets, running east and west are one mile in length, and these are intersected at right angles by streets running north and south, and cutting the whole village into regular squares. A large share of the business on lake Champlaia centres at this place, and the town is rapidly increasing in wealth and consequence. There are regular daily lines of steam-boats between this place and Wliitchall, between this and St. Johns and between this and Plattsburgli, besides numerous arrivals of irregular boats, sloops, &c. Three extensive wharves, with store-liouses, have been con- structed and most of the merchan- dize designed for the north-eastern section of Vermont is landed here. The trade is principally with the city of New York, although Mont- real and Ti'oy have a share. For the safety of the navigation, a light- house has been erected on Juniper inland, at the entrance of Burling- ton bay, and for the security of the liarbor, a breakwater has been com- menced here at the expense of the general t';ovcrnment. There are four lines of mail stages which ar- rive and depart daily, besides three or four others which come in and go out twice or thrice a week. Tlie iiuldic buildings are six churches, the University of Ver- mont, the Ei)iscopal Institute, the court house, two banks, the Acad- emy and two female seminaries. The University consists of four spacious edifices, located upon the summit at the eastern extremity of TVEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the villasje, more than 250 feet above the level of the lake, and com- mands one of the finest pro-pects in the United States. The villac^e, the lake, with its bays ami islands — its steam-boats and sloops, — the Winooski river, dashing thro'iuh frightful chasms and then winding among the beautiful meadows, and the distant and lofty mountains which form the great outline, render the view from the dome of the University one of the most va- riegated and interesting to be met with in our country. As a part of Burlington may be mentioned the village called "Win- ooski City." It is situated on l-oth sides of the Winooski river, partly in Burlington and partly in Col- chester, and is one mile from the village of Burlington. The water power here is sufficient for propel- ling almost any amount of machine- ry, and is beginning to be employed to some purpose. Besides two saw mills, a large grist mill, a machine shop and numerous smaller works, there is a large satinet factory and an extensive block factory now in successful operation, and a woolen factory of the first class is to com- mence running the present season. A substantial covered bridge con- nects the two sides of the river ; a handsome church, and several stores have been erected, and 'Winooski City' bids fair to become a place of business and importance. See Heg- ister. Burlington, Mass. Middlesex co. This town is wa- tered by Vine brook, a branch of the Shavvsheen river. It lies 11 miles S. E. from Lowell, 10 N. E. from Concord, and 1.3 N. W. by N. from Boston. Population, 1837, 522. Some shoes are made here. The soil is light, and suitable for the growth of rye and hops. Burlington, Ct. Hartford co. An agricultural township, with a soil of gravelly loam, pleasantly diversified by hilU and vales, 17 miles W. from Hart- ford, and 30 N. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 1.301. It is water ed by Farmington river, and was tak- en from Bristol in 1806. This town has some manufactures, and has been noted for the equality of its inhabitants, in regard to property. Burnliam, Me. Waldo CO. It lies 37 miles N. E. from Augusta, and about 30 N. W. from Belfast. It is bounded S. W. by Sebasticook river, and E. by Troy. Incorporated, 1824. Popu- lation, 1837, 602. It produced 2,297 bushels of wheat in 1837. Bnruliam's River, K. H. See Lyman, ./V. //. Burnt Coat Island, Me. Hancock co. A large island, sur» rounded by others of a smaller size, lying off Blue Hill bay.E. by S. from Deer island about 13 miles, and about 6 miles S. by%^ from the town oi Mount Desert. It has a light-house and good harbors, and is a fine location for the shore fish- ery. Burrilville, R. I. Providence co. This town was taken from Gloucester in 1806. It is finely watered by Branch river, with many branches ; one branch of which rises in Allum pond, part- ly in this town and partly in Doug- las, Mass. This river is an im- portant tributary to the Blackstone. Manufacturing villages are scatter- ed over this large town in almost every direction, and a vast amount of manufactures of various kinds is annually produced. The face of the town is rough, but the soil is adapted to grazing, and produces large quantities of beef, pork, but- ter, cheese, &c. Herring and Ed- dy's ponds are pleasant sheets of water. Burrilville lies 24 miles NEAV ENGL4ND GAZETTEER. N. W. from Providence, ami 27 S. by E. from Worcester. Population, 183!), 2,1!}*). Buxton, Me. York CO. This town is bonnded on the S. W. by Saco river. At this place tlie Saco Tails about 80 feet, and produces a great hydrau- lic power, which is partly improv- ed for manufaclurini; establish- ments. It lies S miles N. W. fi-om Saco, 1!5 N. E. from Alfred, IS \V. from Portland, and 71 S. \V . from Augusta. Incorporated, 1772. Pop- ulation, 1S37, 2,SSS. Buzzards Bay, Mass. This bay lies N. W. from Dukes county, W. from Barnstable county, and S. by E. from the counties of Plymouth and Bristol. The length of the bay is about ."30 miles from N. E. to S. W., and its average breadth about 7 miles. From the head of this bay, across Capi Cod to Massachusetts bay, (the place propoijed for a canal,) is 5 miles. Byiield, Mass. See J\''ewburi/. Byram River. Sec Greenwich, Ct. Byrou, Me. O.^lord CO. See Barnard, Me. Ca'oot, Vt. Caledonia co. On the height of land between Onion and Connecti- cut rivci-s. " The Plain" is delight- fully situated, having the (ireen and White inountaini in prospect. Several brandies of the Onion riv- er water this town, and aflbrd it some water power. Here is Jo and MoUy's pond, and a sulphur spring. The suriiice is broken and hard, but good for sheep, of which about (5,000 are reared. The town was first settled in 1735. The first females who came here came on enow-shocs. This is the birth iilaee of Zerah Colburn, the celebrated mathematician. Cabot lies 12 mila's N. E. from Montpelier, and bound- ed E. by Danville. Populalioa, 1830, 1,304. Calais, Me. Washington co. At the head of aavigation on the Schoodic, or St. Croix river, nearly opposite to St, Andrews, N. B. The Upper vil- lage, or Aim Totvn, is about two miles from tide water. At the Lower village, below the falls, is a bridge to t'le British side. Calais lies 2S miles above Eastport, about 3.5 N. by E. from Machias, and 204 E. N. E. from Augusta. This is a great mart for lumber of all kinds. About 40 saw mills and other ma- chinery are in operation by the great fall of the river. The tide ri-;es here about 20 feet, and large vessels ascend to the lower village. A rail-road is in operation between the two villages; it is to extend to Baring. Incorporated, 1809. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 1,686; 1837, 3,027. Calais, Vt. Washington co. Abijah Whee- lock and others first settled this town in 17S7. It lies 36 miles E. by S. from Burlington, and 12 N. E, from .Montpelier. Population, 1830, 1,. 5:5.0. Calais has a number of streams, branches of Onion river, and several tine ponds. Two thou- sand pounds of trout have been tak- en in a season. There is some man- ufarturing cariiiMl on in the town, and it feeds about 6,000 sheep. Caledonia County, Vt. Danville is the chief town. — Bounded E. by Connecticut river and Essex county ; S. by Orange county; W. by Washington coun- ty, and N. by the county of Orleans. It contains about 700 square miles. Population, 1820, 16,669 ; 1830, 19,943. Inhabitants to a square mile, 28. Incorporated, 1792. The eastern range of the Green moun- tains extends throui-h the western NEW ENGEAND GAZETTEER. part of the county. It is watered by many fine streams, but the Con- necticut and Passump-ic are its chief rivers. A large part of the county is hii>h and good land ; that alon^ the i-ivers is excellent. It produces wheat and other grain, beef cattle, horses, and about 60,- 000 sheep. There are some sul- phur springs in this county ; lime- stone and granite are abundant. Caintjriclge, Me. Somerset co. In the year 1S.37 the town had a population of 431, and raised, the same year, 2,890 bushels of wheat. See Barnard, Me. Cainlji-idge, N. H., Coos CO., is an uninhabited town- ship, of 23,160 acres, granted May 19, 1773, to Nathaniel' Rogers and others. It is bounded N. by the township of Errol and Umbagog lake, E. by the state of Maine, S. by Success and Milan, and W. by Dummer. This tract has an une- ven surface, but might be advanta- geously cultivated. Several streams rise here, and fall into the Ameris- coggin, which passes through the N. W. part of tlie town. Canibridsjc, Vt. Lamoille co. It lies 30 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and about 10 W. fi-om Hydepark. Population, 1830, 1,613. First settled, 1733. The Lamoille and other streams aflford this town a good waier pow- er. There is some good intervale in the town, but the land is rough, and chiefly valuable for grazing: it feeds about 7,000 sheep. Cambridge, Mass. Middlesex co. This town may be divided into three parts : Old Cambridge, the seat of the most ancient and be«t endowed college, in the United States, is 3 miles from West I'oston biidge, which divides Cambridge from Boston. Cam- bridge-Port is a compact, flourish- ing village, about midway between the U:;ivei-sity and the bridge. East Cambridge is of newer growth, and is a very nourishing place. It is the seat of the county courts, and is immediately cinnected with Bos- ton by Canal biidge and ihe viaduct of the Boston and Lowell rail-road, over Charles i-iver. This town was incorporated by the name of New- ton in 1630. It took the name of Cambridge in 1638. The first print- ing press in America was establish- ed here, by Stephen Day, in 1639. The first work printed was the " Freeman's Oath." In this town are various and extensive manu- factories. They consist of glass, hats, leather, boots and shoes, shoe blacking, tin ware, chairs and cabi- net ware, rail-road cars, chaises, coaches, and other carriages ; iron axletrees, harnesses, organs, car- penters' tools, clothing, pumps and blocks, cigars, brass and britannia ware, bricks, ropes and twine, soap, brushes, varnish, confectionary, stamped and stained paper, sloves, sheet iron, glue, pocket books, and medicine. The value of these man- ufactures the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $930,06iJ. The amount of glass, which is consid- ered of admirable qualitj', exceed- ed .$450,000. Cambridge is very pleasant, although not so elevated as some of the neighboring towns. Besides the buildings of the Uni- versity, it contains the United States' arsenal, other handsome pub- lic buildings, and many very ele- gant private residences. Pop. 1830, 1,072 ; 1837, 7,631. See Etgister. Mount Jluburn Cemetery, lies about a mile W. of the Univer- sity, in the towns of Cambridge and Watertown. It contains about 100 acres of land, and is laid out with gravelled walks, and planted and embellished with all the vai-ieties of trees, shrubbery, and flowers. Lots of ground, of 300 square feet, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. at suitable distances alonj;j the I winding passages, are api)roi>riatcd as family ourial places, witli tlic pnrpctiiai lisfht to pui-c!i;iseri< of enclo^iiiiT. (ifcoraliuji, and usino' tliem foi- that puii)o,-;e. Niimcrour! momiincnts ol" exquisite woi-kinan- ship are already erected, which add, if possible, to the melancholy grandeur of tlie scene. It is an en- chantino" spot ; — a niagnillcont rcst- in:i pli^ce of the dead. Tliis ceme- tery was dedicated .Sept. 2-1, 1831. We cannot dcnj' ourselves the gratification of quofing a few lines from tiic desc?->plicc part of Judge Story's admirable address on that occa-iion. " A rural cemetery seems to com- bine in itself all the advantages which can he proposed to gratify human feelings, or tranquilize hu- man fears; to secure the best re- ligious influences, and to cherish all those associations which cast a cheerful light over the darkness of the grave. " And what spot can be more ap- propriate than this, for such a pur- pose ? Nature seems to point it out with significant energy, as the fa- vorite retirement for the dead. — There are around us alt the vaj-icd features of her beauty and gran- deur — the forest-crowned height; the abrupt acclivity ; the sheltered valley ; the deep glen ; the grassy glade, and the silent o:rove. Here are the lofty oak, the beech, that 'wreaths its old fantastic roots »o high,' the rustling pine, and the drooping willow, — the tree, that sheds its pale leaves with every autumn, a fit emblem of our own transitory bloom ; and the ever- green, with its perennial shoots, in- structing u-:, that ' the wintry bhist of death kills not the buds of vir- tue.' Here is the thick shrubbery, to protect and conceal the new- made grave; and there is the wild- flower creeping along the narrow path, and planting its seeds in the upturned earth. All around us there breaths a solemn calm, as if we were in the bosom of a wilder- ness, broken only by the breeze as it luurinurs thioush the tops of the forest, or by the notes of the warb- ler, pouiing forth his matin or his evening song. " Ascend but a few steps, and what a change of scenery to sur- prise and delight us. V.e seem, as it were, in an instant, to pa^^s fiom the confines of death to tlie bright and balmy regions of life. Below us ilows the winding Charles, with its rippling current, like the stream of lime hastening to the ocean of eter- nity. In the distance, the city, — at once the object of our admiration and our love, — rears its proud emi- nences, its glittering spires, its lofty towers, its graceful mansions, its curling smoke, its crowded haunts of business and pleasure, which speak to the eye, and yet leave a noiseless loneliness on the ear. — Again we turn, and the walls of our venerable University rise be- fore us, with many a recollection of happy days passed there in the interchange of study and friend- ship, and many a grateful thought of the afHuence of its learning, which has adorned and nourished the literature of our country. — Again we turn, and the cultivated farm, the neat cottage, the village church, the sparkling lake, the rich valley, and the distant hills, are be- fore us throueh opening vistas ; and we brcallie amidst the fresh and varied labors of man. "There is, therefore, within our reach, every variety of natural and artificial scenery, which i- fitted to awaken en'Otionsof the liighest and most afTecling character. A\'e sta'id, as it were, ii|)on the borders of two worlds ; and as the mood of our minds may be, we niay gather les- sons of profound wisdom by con- trasting the one with the other, or indulije in tlie dreams of hope and and)ilion, or solace our hearts by melancholy meditations." NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Camel en. Me. Waldo CO. This sea-port is fine- ly located for navigation, with two beautiful harbors, on the W. side of" Penobscot bay, 10 miles N. from Thomaston, 17 .S. from Belfast, and 40 E. S. E. fioiii Auiiusfa. Popu- lation, 1837, 2,991. This place has some navigation engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries, and considerable ship building is carri- ed on ; but the principal business is the manufacture of lime from in- exhaustible quarries of marble, or lime stone. About 200,000 casks of lime is annually shipped from this place to all parts of the United States. This lime is noted for mak- ing a cement of a superior quality. The Megunticook river waters a part of the town, and gives it a great water power, which might be well applied to manufacturing purposes. From a mountain in the rear of the town a beautiful pros- pect is presented of Penobscot bay and its numerous islands. Camden is a pleasant retreat in summer months. Camel's Back Mounlaiu, Vt. This most elevated summit of the Green mountains lies in Hunting- ton, 17 miles W. from Montpelier, 25 N. E. from Middlobury, and 20 S. E. from Burlington. It is 4,183 feet above the sea. Camptou, 'N, H., Grafton co., Is bounded N. by Thornton, E. by Sandwich, S. by Holderness and Plymouth, W. by Rumney; is 50 miles from Con- cord, and 75 from Portsmouth Its surfoce is broken and uneven, abounding with rocky ledges, and having several mountainous tract;. Besides Pemigewasset river, run- ning N. and S. through nearly the centre of the town, it is watered by Mad and Bcebe's rivers, which fall into the Pemigewasset on the E., and by West Branch river and Boo- brook on the W. The land in the valleys is generally good, and there is some good intervale. The high land is good for grazing. The for- est trees are mostly deciduous. No white oak or pitch pine is found N. of the centre of the town. Iron ore of an inferior quality is found in some places. The towns of Campton and Rumney ^yerc both granted ia Oct. 1761, to Capt. Jabex Spencer, of East Haddam, Conn., but he dying before a settlement was effected, his heirs, in conjunc- tion with others, obtained a new charier, Jan. 5, 1767. The first settlement was made in 1765, by two families of the names of Fox and Taylor. The proprietors held their first meeting Nov. 2, 1769, and the inhabitants theirs, Dec. 16, 1771. From the circumstance of the first proprietors building a camp when they went to survey Camp- ton and Rumney, this town derives its name. In the revolutionary war, this town, though in its infan- cy, furnished nine or ten soldiers, five of whom died in the service, and three were living in 1822. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 1,318. Canaan, Me. Somerset co. This town was first settled in 1774, and incoiporated in 1788. It foiinerly embraced the territory of Skowhegan and Bloom- field. It is a good farming town, ! and produced, in 18.37, 5,444 bushels of wheat. It lies on the east side of Kennebec river, 13 miles E. from Norridgewock, and 34 N. from Au- gusta. Population, 1837, 1,347. Canaan, IV. H. Grafton co. Bounded N. by Dame's gore, which separates it from Dorchester, E. by Orange, S. by Enfield, and W. by Hanover, and is situated on the height of land between the rivers Connecticut and Merrimack. It is 16 miles E. from Dartmouth college, 30 S. E. from Haverhill, 25 S. W. from Plymouth, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and 40 N. W. from Concord. The only stream of consequence is the Majconiy, which n^ci in the N.W. part of Dorcli. -lor, and aftei- a me- andering course of S or li) miles, fails into Ma-comy pond in Enfield. Indian stream river rises in the S. E. corner oi' Dorchester, and run- ning about 8 miles, mingles with the waters of Mascomy, near the centre of the town. Heart pond, so called from its figure, is situated in the centre of the town, and upon a .swell of land so elevated that at a distance it presents the appear- ance of a slieet of water on a hill. It is about 5'M rods in length and 200 in width, and the only natural curiosity of any not?, is the mound, or bank of earth, which nearly sui-- rounds this pond. It is from 4 to 5 feet high, and from its uniform height; and regular con-:truc'.ion would .seem to be the work of art; but from frequent annual ob-orva- tion, it is found to have been pro- duced by the drifting of the ice when breaking up in the spring. Besides this there are Goose, Clark's, Mud and" IJcar ponds. The land i"! not so broken as in some of the adjoining towns. There is but little not capable of cultivation. The soil is tolerably fertile, and produces wheat, rye, corn, flax, fee. Canaan was granted by charter, July 9, ITfil, to 62 persons, all of whom except ten belonged to Con- necticut. It derived its name from Canaan in that state. The first per- manent settlement was made in the winter, in ITofi or 7, by John Sco- field, who conveyed what effects he possessed the di-ilance of 14 miles over a crust of snow upon a hand- sled. Among o!hei-s of the first settlers, were George Harris, Tho- mas Miner, Joshua Harris, and Samuel Jones. The first proprie- tors' meeiing was held July li), 1768. Population, in 1830, 1,423. Cauaan, Vt. Essex CO. Loundcd N. by Can- 7* ai'a, and E. by Stewartstown, N. H.; 31 miles N. fr^m Guildhall, and 112 N. E. from Monipeller. First settled, n<5. Population, 1S3(), 373. The land in this town is broken and cold. Leed's pond produces an abundance of fish. Canaan produces more fish than grain. Cauaau, Ct. Litchfield CO. First settled in 1738. Incorporated, 1739. Canaan lies 41 miles N. W. from Hartford, and 13 N. N. W. from Litchfield. Population, 1S30, 2,301. The town lies on the E. side of Housalonick rivei-, oppo=ite to Salisbury. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the river at this place, about 30 rods in length, causing a perpendicular fall of CO feet. The river is rapid, both abo\e and below Ibis beautiful cata- ract. The whole descent of the river, in Canaan, is about 130 feet, " nobly arranged and distributed, and comprehending a remnikable variety of beauty and grandeur." The township is mountainous, with some arable land along the streams. About 4,000 sheep are kept here. This section of country is noted for its excellent mutton. Limestone and iron ore are abundant ; the lat- ter is of a very fine quality. Iroa works, on an extensive scale, are established here; a satinet factory and other machinery. Canals iu Xeiv Euglaud. Sec Register. Caiidia, iV. H., Rockingham co.. Was detached from the N. i)art of Chester and in- corporated, 17(J3. The soil is natu- rally hard of cultivation ; but the industi-y of the inhabitants has made it fruitf^ul. It was oiiginally cover- ed with a thick growth of oak, ash, maple, birch, &.c. The site of this town is elevated, and commands an extensive view of the rich scene- ry of the adjacent country — the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. White Hills, the VVachusett, and other mountains, the lights on Pliun island, and the ocean heing visible. In the W. part of the town is a ridge of land extending from N. to S., which is tlie highest elevation between Merrimack river and the ocean. On the E. side of tliis ride;e, two branches of Lamprey river take their rise. t'andia lies 15 miles from Concord. Tliis town among others contributed largely to the attainment of independence ; and the names of 69 soldiers of the revolution are found on its records. The inhabitants are mostly indus- trious farmers, many of whom aie wealthy. Population, 1830, 1,362. Canterbury, N. H. Merrimack co. Canterbury, though an uneven township, is not mountainous. The soil is generally good ; the more uneven parts af- fording excellent pasturage. There are no large streams in this town ; but several ponds give rise to smal- ler streams, furnishing good mill sites, and near which are cut great quantifies of hay. Two bridges over the Merrimack connect this town with Boscawen. The town was set- tled about 1727, and for a long time the inhabitants were exposed to the inroads of the savages. The hus- bandman cleared and tilled his land under the protection of a guai'd, uncertain whether the seed he com- mitted to the ground might not be watered by his blood, or that of an enemy. Canterbury lies 8 miles N. from Concord. Population, 1836, 1663. The Hon. Abiel, Foster de- serves a particular notice. He pos- sessed in a great degree the esteem and confidence of the people ; and soon after he left the pastoral care of the church, he was called to ar- duous duties as a magistrate and legislator. In 1783, he was elected to" Congress ; and for three years was a member of that body under the old confederation. He was suc- cessively retained a member for nearly all the time until 1304; when he retired to private life and domestic traquiliify. He was an ardent lover of his country, and faithfully served his constituents — by whom his memory will long be cherished. He died in Feb., 1806. Canterbury, from its elevated situa- tion, has ever been a healthy town. in the S. E. part of this town, on an elevated and beautiful site, is the village of the "Shakers." At present it consists of more than two hundred members. They liave a meeting-house open at all times of public worship, where any discreet .ind decent spectator is allowed to attend. They have a "Trustees' Office," where all their public busi- ness is tran-;acted, and where stran- gers arc at tirst received on their vis- its to the society. They have also neat dwelling-liouses, of two and three stoiies, and several work- shops both for men and women. Their mills and various kinds of machinery are moved by water on an artiticial stream. ■ They manu- factui-c many articles for sale, which are remarkable for neatness and durability. Their gardens are perhaps the most productive of any in the country ; and indeed all their improved lands exhibit the pleasing effects of industi-y and rui-al econ- omy. They cultivate garden seeds and take much pains to pro- pagate those of the best kind. — They occupy more than 1,500 acres of land, lying principally in a bouy, which tbey have ' consecrated to the Lord,' and which they enjoy in common. They cheerfully pay their proporfion of public taxes, and share all the burthens of gov- ernment, except the bearing of arms, which Ihey deem to be con- trary to the gospel ; and in return they claim from government only that protection and suppoi-t guaran- tied to other citizens. The income of their manufactures, together with their agricultural products, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. yields their temporal support ; and what they become possessed of more than is necessary to their wants, they devote to cliaritable purposes, asjrecably to their church coveii.mt. It should be mentioned 83 a practice highly creditable to this sect, that the members of their societies never make ude of ardent spii'it?, except in cases of sickness, bein^ aware of the evils intemp.'rance brin^fs upon society. Another practice not unworthy of imitation is, they refuso to be trust- ed even in the smallest sum. They transact their secular concerns witli great uprightness; and though they may have suffered r.^proach fro;ii their singularity of life and man- ners, they have becom? a proverb for industry, justice and benevolence. For a particular account of the re- ligious tenets of this singular peo- ple, see Religious Creeds and Sta- tistics. Canterbury, Ct. Windham CO. The first settlers of this town were principally from Dorchester, Mass. and its neighbor- hood. They came here about the year 1690. The soil of the town is a gravelly loam, generally fertile and productive. It lies 40 miles E. by S. from Hartford, and 6 S. from Brooklyn. Population, 1830, 1,.SS1. The Quinnebaug is here a large and beautiful stream. It annually overflows its banks, and fertilizes a large tract upon its bor- ders. There is fine fishing in Bates' pond. Considerable excitement manifested itself in this town, in 1832, in consequence of a Mi«s Crandall proposing to open a school for the instruction of " Young la- dies and little misses of color." — Although no one seemed to question the purity of Miss Crandall's mo- tives, yet tbe people doubted the expediency of the measure. Canton, ])Ie« Oxford CO. Incorporated, 1821. Population, \S37, 827. It lies on both sides of the Androscoggin riv- er, .32 miles W. N. VV. froui Au- gusta, and 24 N. E. from Paris. Canton produced, in 1837, 3,114 bushels of wheat. Canton, Mass. Norfolk CO. Neponset river and several large ponds give this town a great water power. It lies 15 miles S. W. from Boston, and .5 S. by E. from Dedham. Incorporated, 1797. Population, 1830, 1,-517; 1837, 2,18.5. The manufactures of Canton the year ending 1st of April, 1837, amounted to .f;fi95,- ISO. They consisted of cotton and woolen goods, shoes, palm-leaf hats, copper, wicking, thread, candle- s'icks, hoes, iron castings, trying squares, and " shapes." The bells manufactured at this place are of superior metal and sound. This place is easily approached from the capital by the Boston and Provi- dence rail-road. The viaduct, or bridge, on that road at this place, cost the company about ,$80,000. It is of massive hewn granite, 600 feet in length ; 63 feet above the foundation, on 6 arches, with a suc- cession of arches at top. It is an admirable piece of workmanship. Canton, Ct. Hartford co. First settled, 1740. Incorporated, 180G. Population, 1830, 1,437. Cullinsville is the principal village in the town, at which a large amount of axes, of a superior quality, are annually made. It lies 16 miles N. W. by VV. from Hartford, and 16 N. E. from Litch- field. This village pi-esents a beau- tiful appsarance, and is a noble specimen of individual enterprize. The soil of Canton is coarse and stony, and the surface hilly. Farm- ington river passes through its S. W. corner. Carlisle, Mass. Middlesex co. This town Visa NEW ENGLAND CAZETTKER. 20 miles N. W. from Boslon, and 5 N. from Concord. Incorporiitcd, 1805. Popiila'ion, 1S37, 5i}6. It is bounded S. E. by Concord rivei-. This is a poor town, and its nidiui- factures are very trilling. Camicl, Mc. Penobscot co. Population, 1837, 510. Growth of wheat, same year, 1,890 bushels. 71 miles from Au- gusta. See Soivadabscook Stream. Carroll, IV. H. A township in Coos county, ly- in^at the ba-w miles into Lower Canada, and receives the waters of Pike river. It discharges into tiie St. Lawrence by (he Riclielieu, Sorcl, orChambly river. Among its tributai-ies from Vermont are (he Missisque, Lam- oille, Onion, Otter, and Pawlet liv- ers. From New York it receives the waters of the Cliazy, Saranac, Sable, Bouquet, and Wood rivers, and of Lake George. Its length is about 130 miles : its breadth varies from 1 (o 12 miles : average breadth al)out 3 miles. It abounds with salmon, trout, pickerel and other fish. It is navigable for vessels of 90 tons burthen, and splen- did steamboats are continually ply- ing, in the season of navigation, fi-om Whitehall, along its beautiful shores, to St. John's in Canada. — Thi'5 lake contains about CO islands, is remarkable for its splendid scene- ry, and renowned in ancient and modern stories for its scenes of war- like achievements. Lake Cham- plain is a great resort, both for bu- siness and pleasure. In the Register, under Burling- ton, may be found some notes for travellers. Cliaplin, Ct. Windham CO. Taken from Mans- field, Hampton and Windham, in 1832. It is watered by Natchaiig river, which passes nearly through its centre. The town is small, but the soil is good, and populated by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. industrious farmers, who, by their practice of keeping a large number of sheep, seem to be convinced of the fact that wool is one of tlie moU important staples of New England. It lies 10 miles W. by N. from Brooklyn, and 30 E. by N. from Hartford. Charlemont, Mass. Franklin co. Dcerfield river me- anders through tliis town, and gives it a good water power. Garrisons were erected here in 1754, against the savage French and Indians. Their remains arc now visible. In- corporated, 1765. Population, 18.37, 994. It lies 110 mib-s \V. N. W. from Boston, and 14 W. by N. from Greenlicld. Although this is a mountainous township, it contains much valuable land. It maintains about 5,000 merino and other sheep. Its manufactures consist of boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, axes, hoes, palm-leaf hats, saddlery, scythe snaiths, and lather boxes. diaries Rivers. Charles river, in Massachusetts, is the Quinobequin of the Indians. This river rises on the borders of Hopkinton and Milford, and after meandering through Bellingham, Franklin, Medway, Medfield.Sher- burne, Dover, Dedham, Need- ham, Natick, Newton, Waltham and Waterlown, it meets the tide waters, and forms a part of Boston harbor. It is navigable to Water- town, 7 miles W. from Boston. Charles river, in R. I., has its source in Warden's pond, in South Kingston, and empties into the Pawcatuck, at Westerly. Charleston, Me. Penobscot CO. At the source of Pushaw lake. Bounded W. by Gar- land. It lies 25 miles S. W. from Belfast, and 7.3 N. W. from Augus- ta. This township is fine wheat land; it yielded, in 1S37, 7,G06 bushels. Incorporated, 18.11. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,140. Charlestou, Vt. Orleans co. Echo pond, the out- let of lake Seymoui-, waters this town. Lake Seymour is a large sheet of water, and passes N. into lake Memphremagog. Chai-lestoa lies about 35 miles N.E. from Hyde- park, 55 N. N. E. from Montpelicr, and 15 S. of Canada line. Popula- tion, 1830, 5G4. Cliarlcsto'^vii, IV. II., Sullivan co., is situated on Con- necticut river, 51 miles from Con- cord, 100 from Boston, 100 from Albany, 110 fi'om Hartford, Conn., and 18 miles from Windsor, Vt. The only rivers in Charlestown are the Connecticut and Little Su- gar rivers. In the former, there are three islands within the limits of this town, the largest of which contains about ten acres, and is call- ed Sartwell's island. The others contain about six acres each, and have a rich loamy soil. Sartwell's island is under a high cultivation. There are no falls in this river with- in the limits of Charlestown which interrupt the boat navigation, al- though some little inconvenience is experienced in low water from what are called " Sugar river bars." Little Sugar river waters the north part of Charlestown, and empties into Connecticut river about two miles south of the S. line of Clare- mont. This town has but few fac- tory or mill privileges. The soil is extremely various. West of the great road leading from Wal- pole to Claremont, are not less than 1,500 acres of tine intervale land, generally of a deep, rich and loamy soil, and favorable for the culture and growth of most of the various kinds of grass and grain. In the E. and N. E. parts of the town, the soil of the upland is good — the nat- ural giowth of wood, consisting NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. principally of beech, birch, oak, maple iiiul hemlock. There is a ridge of hard, broken, and in sonic parts stony, land, cast of the river road, cxteiiiling almost the whole Ien;;th of the town, and which is considered nnfit for settlements. The south part of the town appears to have a dilTerent soil, and is favor- able for yiclJins^- the liijhtcr grains. Charlestown contains two parishes, which are divided by a line run- ning Irom Cheshire bridfje S. 87° E., to the corner of Acworth and Unity. In the south parish, there is a handsome village, delightfully situated, at the distance of about half a mile from Connecticut river, and parallel with it. In the north parish is a meeting-house and a small village. Cheshire bridge, about 2 miles N. of the S. meeting- house, connects this town with Springfield, Vt. From this bridge Cheshire turnpike leads southerly through the principal village, to Keene. Charlestown was granted by Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 17.3.5, by the name of JVuniber 4, which is sometimes applied to it at the present day. On the 2d July, 1753, No. 4 was incorporated by the name of Charles- town. The charter was granted by Gov. Benning Wenlworth to Jo- seph Wells, Phinehas Stevens and other«, who were purchasers under the old grantees, in 17 j4,the French war commenced — and the inhabit- ants were obliged to take up their residence in the fort. The first set- tlers of Chai-lestown, like the first inhabitants of almost every frontier town in New England, were, prior to 17U0, the victims of savage cru- elty. For twenty years after the first settlement, their neighbors on the N. were the French in Canada, on the W. the Dutch, near the Hudson, on the E. the settlements on Merrimack river, and on the S. few were found until arrived at Northficld, in Massachusetts, a dis- tance (if more than 40 miles. The Indians were at peace bur a small portion of that time. From their infancy, the settlers has, shrub- bery auvl llower-i. Surroiinding the lower garden and within the euc-lo- Bure, is a carriage path, where pa- tients are taken to ride. In the centre is a small fresh water pond, containing several hundred gold and silver fish, and immediately contig- uous is a summer liouse, where the {latients at times resort for games and amusements. The system of moral treatment adopted and pursued, is founded up- on principles of elevated henevo- Icncc and phil.uithropjs and an ac- quaintance with luuiiaii nature and the capabilities and wants of the insane. The previous tastes, hab- its and pursuits, and the present in- clinations and feelings of each in- dividual, are habitually consulted. A library for the u^e of the patients has been purchased, and those of them who are di-posed to read, are permitted at stated periods to send in their names and the number of the book desired ; the list is exam- ined and approved by the physician, and the books are distributed by the librarian. In the same way, writ- ing materials arc distributed, and patients arc engaged in keeping {'ournals — writing sketches of their ivc? — poetry — addressing letters to their friends, drawing, &.c. Some engage in games, as bowling — throwing the ring— battledore — gra- ces — jumping the rope — chess — draughts — back gammon, &c., or lire occupied in wall:ing and riding into the country, or in making fish- ing excursions in the company of their attendants ; while others are working on the farm and in the garden. The female patients, be- pides being employed in various kinds of needle and ornamental work, are engaged in various do- mestic labors. The quiet and con- valescent patients regularly attend the religious exercises of the fam- ily, and a portion of them join in the vocal and instrumental music of the occasion ; a part of this num- ber also attend church on the Sab- bath, in company with the nurses and attendants, and dine with the family. A regulated intercourse with the family and society is re- garded as an important auxiliary in the means of cure, and on suitable occasions they are invited into the house, where parties are made for their special amusement and bene- fit. JoH2>r IMcLlean, Esq., late of Boston, an eminent merchant, be- queathed a large amount of prop- erty to this institution ; hence its name. Buijker Hill JMonument. On the 17th of .June, 1S25, the corner stone of an Obelisk was laid on the heights in this town, by the illustrious La Fayette, to commemorate the battle between the Americans and Brit- ish on the 17tli of June, 1775. In that battle, 449 Americans and 1,055 Britons were slain. Charles- town was burnt by the British the same day. The site of the Alonu- mont is 62 feet above the level of the sea. It is of hewn granite, and, when completed, will be 30 feet square at the base, 15 feet square at the top, and 220 feet in height. It is now raised al)0ut 60 feet, and will probably be complet- ed in one or two years. The cost of it will be about $100,000. The State Prison. This institu- tion was founded in 1800, and soon after located on a point of land in thi; town, near East Cambridge, and which is connected with Canal bridge by a lateral bridge of 1,820 feet in length. After having strug- gled with many and great difficul- ties attendant on the establishment of an institution .so entirely new, the state, by the agency of suitable men, have so placed it as to e/rcct all the objects proposed, without any expense to the commonwealth. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Charlestoivn, R. I. Washington co. Cliarlcstown lies on the sea, opposite to Block Island. It has live large ponds, wiiicli cov- er an area of 7 square miles. — Charlestovvn ami Conaquetogue ponds are salt water, and Posquis- ■ett,Walch jug and Cochumpauo- are Crash water. These waters allord a great variety of tish. Near the sea, the land is arable, but the inte- rior of the town is moi-e tit for the growth of wood. This town con- tains the graves of the remnant of the tribe of the once powerful and dreaded Naraganset Indians. They possessed a considerable tract of land in this town, but owing to 8 dislike to agricultural pursuits, and by intermarriages with the whites and negi-oe s, their race as a distinct people has long since be- come extinct. Charles river pas- ses through the town, and gives it mill privileges. Charlestown lies about 8 miles W. S. W. from South Kingston, and 40 S. W. from Provi- dence. Population, 1830, 1,284. Cliavlotte, Me. Washington co. Incorporated, 1825. Population, 1837, 612. About 25 miles N. W. from Machias, and 134 E. by N. from Augusta. Char- lotte contains a pond, the waters of which pass tlirough Dennysville and empty in Cobscook bay. Charlotte, Vt. This is a pleasant town, in Chit- tenden county, on lake Cham- plain, and opposite to Esse.x, N. Y. In Essex, about 3 miles across the lake, i-i Split Hoc/,-, a great nat- ural curio;ity. Charlotte lies 49 miles \V. of Monlpelier, 11 S. of Burlington and 21 N. W. of Mid- dlebury. A part of this town grad- ually s\o])C:>. toward the lake, and is very productive. Its traih; is chiefly with Canada. From the principal village, " The Four Cor- ners," the lake, and the mountains that skirt its borders, present a very rom;'.:.*ic appearance. Population, in ISJO, 1,702. CUarlton, ]>Iass. "Worcester co. Charlton was set off from Oxford, 1754. It lies 53 miles S. W. from Boston, and 12 W. N. W. from Worcester. Pop- ulation, 1S37, 2,469. There is a cotton mill in this town, and some manufactures of leather and shoes. CliatSiam, N. H., Strafford co., is situated on the E. side of the White Mountains, and adjoining the line which divides this state from Maine. It has Con- way on the S., Bartlett and Jackson on the W., Mount Royse on the N. Chatham was granted to Peter Livius and others, Feb. 7, 1767. There are several ponds in Chat- ham, and some considerable streams. The surface is mountainous and rocky, and can never sustain a great population. Between Chat- ham and .Jackson, Carter's moun- tain rises so high as to prevent the opening a road between the two towns ; so that in holding an inter- course with the rest of the county, the inhabitants are obliged to pass through part of the state of Maine. Population, in 1830, 419. Cliatiiam, Kass., Barn=;tablc co., lies on the el- bow of Cape Cod, south side. Pleas- ant bay, inside of Chatham beach, forms a good harbor. Chatham is 20 miles E. from Barnstable, and 32 S. S. E. from Provincetown. Incorporated, 1712. Population, 1837,2,271. The value of the cod and mackerel fisheries, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was .«!56,- 100; — value of salt made, $8,220; — value of boots and shoes made, $1,500. There are, belonging to (his place, about 20 sail of'lishef men and 30 coasters. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Cliatliam, Ct. Miildlcsex CO. The township of Chatham embraces Cl)itham par- isli, (formerly Ea.-t Middlotown,) the greater part of Midvlle Hadilam parish, the parish of East Iliiiiipton and a part of tlie paiish of \. est Chester. It lies 1(5 miles S. from Hartford, and opposite to Middle- town, from which it was taken in 1767. Population, 1830, 3,G1(). Chatham is watered by Salmon and Pine brooks and several ponds. — Job's pond, a!)out 2 miles in cir- cumference, has no outlet. It rises and falls about 15 feet. It rises for six or twelve months, and then falls about the same period. It is higli- est in the driest season of tlie year, and lowest when there is most rain. It is from 40 to 60 feet deep. Chat- ham is noted for its valua!)le quar- ries of freestone. " For forty years past it has been extensively in)prov- cd, and the stone, to the depth of thirty feet from the surface, aie now removed over an area of an acre and a half, back from the river. The stone in this quarry is covered in some places with four or five feet of earth, and in otliers with four or live feet more of shelly rock. It is not perfectly solid, but lies in blocks, eioht or ten feet thick, and fifty and sixty feet lone;. The scams and joints facilitate tlie process of removing these from tlicir beds; and when removed, they are reduc- ed by the wedge and chisel to any size or form which is wished. In this quarry thirty hands iiave been employed for several years, eiij;lit months in the year, and from four to six teams. The quantity of stone prepared for market, and sold to the inhabitants of this and the neigli- borins; towns, and exported to dis- tant parts of the country, has been very great; and has yielded a hand- some profit. Fifty rods south of this quarry an opening was made about 17S3, now spreading over half an acre. Here tlie stone is covered with about ten feet of earth. In this opening as many as twelve hands have been sometimes employed. Vessels come to this and the above quarry, and load from the bank. The bed of stone in which these and the smaller open- ings in the neighborhood have been made is immense, and lies at difler- ent depths from the surface in dif- ferent places. It has been discov- ered in sinking wells, for half a mile in northern and southern di- rections, and lias been opened at a greater distance eastward. Whcre- cver found, the stone possesses the same general properties, but varies, like the freestone in Middletown, in the fineness of its texture." Chelmsford, Mass. ^Middlesex co. On the south side of ftlcrrimack river, and connccti- ed with Dracut by a bridge. — First settled, 1753. Incorporated, 1653. Population, 1S37, \fi\^. It lies 25 miles N. W. from Ijoston, and 4 S. W . from Lowell. Chelms- ford abounds in limestone and gran- ite ; considerable of the latter is transported to Boston by the Mid- dlesex canal, which passes through the town. The manufactures of this town, during the year ending April 1, 1S37, amounted to about ,f 100,000 ; — principally of glass and iron. Chelsea, Vt. County town of Orange county. I'irst settled, 1785. Chelsea is a fownsliipof good land, with a i)leas- ant village in the ccnti-e. It is wa- tered by the head branches of Wliite river r.nd has a good hydraulic pow- er. Its manufactures consist of ca-'simere, satinet, leather, iron, 'ic. Chelsea produces all tlie vaiious commodities common to the climate, and feeds about 6,()00 sheep. It lies 20 miles S. by E. from MoiKpelier. Population, ISoO, 1,958. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Cliclsea, Mass. Suffolk CO. This town was for- merly a ward of Boston. Incor- porated, 173S. Population, 1837, 1,659. The centre of the town lies from Hoston about 3 miles N. E., across Charles river, and 3 miles E. of Charlestown. The manufac- tures of Chelsea consist of uphol- stery, stone ware, snutf, segars, wood and copper engravings, car- riages, bricks, vesaels, salt, boots, shoes, &.C. ; — annual value, about $90,000. The United States Marine Hos- pital in this town, is on a large plot of ground, in a delightful and aii-y situation, and affords a comfortable retreat for sick and di-iabled seamen. Point Shirley, extending southeast- erly, forms the northern part of Bos- ton harbor. Winncsiinet Ferry, lead- ing from the foot of Hanover street, in Boston, to this town, is probably the oldest establishment of the kind in America. The first grant v/as given to Thomas Williams, in 1G31. The distance across Charles river is about a mile and a half. Neat and commodious steam-boats are con- tinually running across this delight- ful stream, making the IVinnesi- met of the Indians the Hobohcn of Boston. CUerrj-field, Me. Washington co. At the head of tide water, on both sides of Narra- guagus river, with a handsome vil- lage, and considerable trade. Incor- porated, 1813. Population, 1S37, 1,000. 11« miles E. by N. from Augusta, and about 35 W. from Machias. CUeshlre County, N. H. Cheshire is one of the western counties in this state. Its length is 31 miles: its greatest breadth 26 miles: and its least breadth 15. It is boiinded N. by the county of Sullivan, E. by Hillsboroush coun- ty, S. by the state of Massachu- setts, and W. by Vermont. This county contains 727 square miles. Throughout the whole extent oO the west, it is watered by the Con- necticut, the western bank of wliich forms the boundary line bciweea New Hampshire and Vermont, Ashuelot river is a con-iderable stream, and is tributary to Connec- ticut river. It has its source from a pond in Washinatoii, and after re- ceiving two branches in Keene and Swanzey, and several Siuallcr -treams in Winchester, em|);ie8 into Connecticut river at Hinsdale. Spaifbrd's Lake, a beautiful collec- tion of water, of about 8 miles in circumferem:e,is situated in Ches- teriield. There is a pleasant idand in the lake, containing about eight acres. The Grand Moaadnock, ia Dublin and Jafifreyj is the highest mountain, its attitude having been reppatedly found to be more than 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. Bellows' Falls' in Connecti- cut river, at Vi aipolc, have been regarded as one of (he greatest nat- ural curiosities in this county. The earliest settlement in this county was made about the year 1732, at Hinsdale, then a part of Northlield, and under the govern- ment of Massachusetts. The coun- ty was formed March 19, 1771, and it probably received its nam*» t'roin Cheshire, one of the western coun- ties in England. The population of Cheshire county in 17y(), was 19,6fi5, in 1800, 24,233, in 1810, 2f,G73, in 1820, 2o,843, in 1^30, 27,016. It has 22 towns :— 3:) in- habitants to a square mile. Kcoie, the chief town, is nearly in the centre of the county, and lies in N. lat. 42° 57'. Cliesliire, Mass. Berkshire CO. Cheshire has ren- dered itself worthy of its name by its production of cheese of fine 11a- vor and quality. In 1801, tlie good people of this place sent a cheese to Mr. Jefferson, weighing about NEW ENGLAND GAZKTTEF.R. 1200 pounds. The value of wool, the o;rowth of 18;>6, sold for .so, 322. The Hooiack river passes th!-o;ij;li the town. A!"ough a nioinUain- ous township, the soil has been rendered productive by the industry of tiie people. It has some nianu- faetures of leather and shoes. 125 miles \V. N. W. from Ronton, and 16 N. by I'J. from l^cnox. Popula- tion, 1837, 921. Incoipjratcd, 1793. CliesUlire, Ct. New Haven co. Taken from Wallingford in 1780. It lies It mill's N. from New Haven, and 25 S. E. from Hartford. Population, 1830, 1,780. The Quinnipiac river and Farmington canal pass through the town. Cheshire has an un- even, but fijood soil, with a viM-y pleasant villa2;e, and an Episcopal academy, 54 bySlfoet; — a brick building of considerable taste. Ag- riculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. CUcster, Me. Penobscot co. Incorporated, 183 t. Population, 1837, 323. See Bar- nard, Me. Chester, N. H., Rockingham co., is 17 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, 30 W. 8. W. from Portsmouth, 17 N. W. from Haver- hill, and 23 S. E. from Concord. A branch of Exeter river, called "The Bi-anch," flows through the N. E. part of Chester, beside which there is no stream deserving men- tion. Alassabesick pond is the larg- est body of fresh water in the coun- ty, and contains about 1,500 acres. The line between this town and Manchester passes more than 2 miles through the westerly part of this pond. The Indians had a set- tlement of 10 or 12 wigwams on an island in this pond, vestiges of which, it is said, may still be seen. A considerable portion of the town possesses a good soil, and many of Ibe large swells yield in fertility to 8* none in the state. There are sever- al large aii.l vahiab'e meadows. In this (own are two caves, sometimes visited by strangei-s. That which was earliest noticed, is situated in IMine hill, near the cast side of Masjabeiic!v pond. The entrance is about 5 feet high and 2 1-2 wide. The cavern cxtcndj in*o the hill, in a northern direction, about 80 feet, of sulficient dimensions to admit a person to pass. Its form '\i very ir- regular, and its lieight and breadth vai-ious, from 2 to 12 feet. The oth- er is in the westerly side of Rattle- snake hill, in the S. W. part of the town, in a ledge of coarse gi-anite, nearly -10 feet high. It has two entrances. The north entrance is about 11 feet high and 4 bioad. Native sulpliui- is found in l]ii> town in small quantities, imiiedde 1 in trcmolite. Granite and gneis; are the prevailing rocks, and handsome specimens of graphic granite are sometimes found. The village in this town is pleasant, and stands chiefly on a long street. It is the principal place of business in this part of the county, and is situated on an elevated rise, comman'ling one of the most extensive prospects in New England. From this hill, the ocean, though more than 20 miles distant, may, in a clear day, be distinctly seen. Population, 1830, 2,039. Incorporated, 1722. Cliester, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1704. Population, 1830, 2,.320. Three considerable streams form William's river and give Chester a good water power. The land is uneven, but fertile and productive. This is a very pleasant town, with two hand- some villages, manufactures of va- rious kinds, and a!)out 10,000 sheep. This is a great thoroughfare for trav- ellers from the eastern part of New England to the Hudson river, near Troy, N. Y. The passage ovei' the Green Mountains, from Chester to Manchester, is considered the best NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in lliis part of the state. Chester lies 16 miles S. S. W. from Wind- sor, 79 S. from Mon(i)clier, and about 30 E. N. E. from Mancliester. Chester, Itlass. Hampden co. Tiii^ is a moun- tainous lo\vnshi]),but f;ood for graz- ing. In 1837, it had '3,720 slieep ; their wool weighed 10,325 pounds, and sold for $5,818. There are 2 cotton mills in Chester, 3 tanne- ries, and a window blind factory. Total amount of manufaclures, in one year, .'j!47,975. Branches of Westlield river pass through the town. Incorporated, 1765. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,290. 115 miles W. by S. from I5o-!ton, and 20 N. W. from Springfield. Chesterfield, N. II., Cheshire co., is 1 1 miles S. W. from Keeno, and 65 S. VV. froni Concord. Few towns on Connec- ticut river have so little intervale land. For the whole six miles that it lies upon the river, the hills ap- proach near the river^j side. Theie is much good upland, well adapted for grazing and the production of Indian corn. The chief articles carried to market are beef, pork, butter and cheese. Cat's Bane brook is a stream of great import- ance, as it furnishes many mill seats. Spafford's lake is a beautiful collec- tion of water, situated about one mile N. from the meeting-house. it contains a surface of about 526 acres. It is fed by springs in its bosom. Its waters are remarkably clear and pure, its bed being a white sand. In this lake there is an isl- and of about six acres, which forms a delightful retreat. On its E. side issues a stream called Partridge's brook, sufficiently large to carry the machinery of a cotton factorj', eaw-mills, &c. West river moun- tain lies in this town and Hinsdale. It is supposed to have been once eubject to a volcanic eruption, and there is at present a considerabid quantity of lava near its crater. It is said by those who live near the mountain, that it frequently trem- bles, and a rumhling noise is heard in its bowels. Chcsiertield has 3 villages. The principal one, lead- ing from Hartford to Hanover, is sit- uated near the centre of the town, and 3 ntiles E. fi-om Connecticut riv- er. Here are several dwelling- houses, the meeting-liouse and a flourishing academy, which was opened Aug. 14, 179!. The first settlement was made Nov. 25, 1761, on the hanks of the Connecticut, by Moses Smith and William Tliomas, with their families. At that peri- od, the river afforded abundance of shad and salmon, and the forests were well stocked with deer, bears and other game, so that the inhab- itants did not experience tho e pri- vations so common in new settle- ments. Population, 1830, 2,040. Chesterfield, ]>Iass. Hampshire co. A township of rough, elevated lanil, 97 miles VV. from Boston, and 11 W. N. W. from Northampton ; watered by a branch of Westfield river. It has a good Vv'ater power, 1 woolen mill, 2 iau- nei'ies, some eui'ious minei'als, and a water course, worn very deep through solid rock. Population, 1837, 1,158. There were sheared in Chesterfield, in 1837, 7,100 sheep, producing 20,800 pounds of wool, valued at $12,180. A noble example. Chestcr-ville, ]>Ic. Franklin co. Wilson's stream passes through this town, and en.p- lies below the falls of Sandy river. First settled, 17S2. Incorporated, 1802. Population, 1837, 1,040.— This is an excellent township of land. It yielded, in 1837, 4,046 bushels of wheat. It lies about 24 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 12 N. E. from Farmington. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Chcsuncook Lake, Mc, In the county of Piscataquis, is a lai'£;e sheet of water tiirough wliich tlie Pcnol)scot liver passes. It also receives the Kahkos^uaniook and Uinbazookskus rivers. Tliis lake is ai)out 25 miles ionf>; and 3 miles wide. The countiy around this fine lake is very fertile, and as well adapted to the growiniiol' wool and wheat as any poi'tion of the globe. Its central point is about 130 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Chichester, A*. H., Merrimack co., is situated 8 miles E. from Conroi'd. It was sjranted May 20, 1727, to Nathaniel Gookin and others ; but the settlement was not commenced until 1758, when Paul Morrill settled in the woods. Tlie soil is good, anrook- field. It passes through Warren. At Palmer it receives the waters of Ware and Swift rivers, and en- ters the Connecticut at the N. part of Springlicid,? miles S. from South Hadley. Cliilmai-k, Rlass. Dukes CO. This town lies on the S. and W. part of Martha's Vine- yard, Gay Head, in this town, is the .south point of the island; it is 150 feet above the sea, and is crowned with one of the live light- houses in this county. Gay Head is about 60 miles E N. E. of Montauk, on Long Island, and bears marks of having been sulijectto volcanic eruptions. The place abounds in specimens of min- erals worthy tlie notice of geolo- gists. This part of the island is in- habited by some descendants of the native Indians, whoown part of the lands. There is some salt manufac- tured at this place, and al)out 7,000 sheep are kept. Chilmark was in- corporated in 1714. Population, 1S;;7, 700. It lies 92 miles S. E. from Boston, 33 W. from Nantucket, 23 S. E. by S. from New Bedford, and 12 S. W. by S. from Edgarton. China, Me. Kennebec co. This is a town- ship of excellent land, which pro- duced, in 1S37, 12,953 bushels of wheat. China is watered by a lake, or " Twelve Mile Pond," a fine miniature of the beautiful Skane- ateles, in the state of New York. At the outlet of this pond, into the Kennebec, are excellent mill priv- ileges. On the bank of the pond is a very flourishing village, a steam saw-mill, and an academy. Avis- it to this place, Albion, Clinton, Dixmont, and the neighboring towns, where wheat is worth a dol- lar and a half a bushel in the barn, is a good specific against the west- ern fever. A trip from Ho-iton to China and back again may be per- formed in the same number of hours that it takes to go up either of the canals 100 miles, towards an un- seen country. China lies 20 iriiles N. E. from Augusta, 48 S. W. from Bangor, and 13S from Boston. Pop- ulation, 1837, 2,()41. CUittcudeii County, Vt. Burlington is the chief town. This county is bounded N. by NEW ENiiLAND GAZETTEER. Franklin counfy, E. by Wasliinc;- ton county, S. by Addison county, and \V. by Clirtiiipl;iin lake. Area, 500 square inile<. l^npuhilion, 1820, 1G,055; 1S3I), 21,765. Population to a square mile, about 44. A few settlements commenced in Ibis county before the -evolution, but they were all abandoui^d during tbe war. incorporated, 1782. Its soil varies fioni rich alluvial meadows to light and sandy plains. The beautiful Champlain wa hing its western boundary gives it great fa- cilities for trade to New York and Canada. Its agricultural and man- ufacturing products are consider- able. In 1S37 there were in thi? county about 80,000 sheep. La- moille river passes through its N.W. corner, and Onion river pierces its centre. Tliese streams, with sever- al others of smaller size, afford the county a good water power. CMttendeu, Vt. Rutland co. Mo5t of the lands in this town lie on the Green moun- tains. Some of the branches of White river pass through it. Near the head of the Philadelphia branch, so called, is a mineral spi-ing, said to contain some good qualities. — Manganese oi an excellent quality is found here. In 18.37 thei'c were in Chittenden about 700 people, and 3,000 sheep. About 12 miles N. by E. from Rutland, and 40 N. by E. from Montpelier. Clarcn»oiit, N. 11., Sullivan co., is 12 miles N. from Charlestown, 8 W. from Newport, 47 N. N. W. from Concord, and 97 W. N. W. from Portsmouth. This town is watered by Connecticut and Sugar i-ivers, besides numerous Drooks and rivulets. Claremont is a fine undulating tract of territory, covei-ed with a rich gravelly loam, converted into the best meadows and pastures. The hills are sloi)ing acclivities, crowned with elegant summits. The intervales on the rivers are rich and luxuriant. The agricultural products are large and valuable. 'J"he houses and build- ings present a very favorable ap- pearance, and inilicate the wealth and prosperity of the town. In this town are a number of manufacto- ries of cloth, paper, leather, &c. Clareiiiont was granted in 17G4. — In tliis town aie fine beds of iron ore and limestone. It received its name from the country seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The tirst settlement was made in 17()2, by Moses SpafTord and David Lynde. Many eminent men have resided in this town. The lion. Ca- leb Ellis came to reside in Clare- mont about 1800. In 1804, he was chosen a member of congress from this state ; in 1S09 and ISIO, a mem- ber of the executive council ; in 1812, an elector of president and vice-president of the U. S. In 1813, he was appointed judge of the su- perior court, in which office he re- mained till his death. May 9, 1816, aged 49. Population, 1830, 2,526. Clareudcii, Vf. Rutland co. Otter creek. Mill and Cold I'ivers and several brooks give this town good mill privileges. Here are good marble, a mineral spring, and a curious cave. The soil is a gravelly loam, with con- siderable alluvial meadow along its streams. There are some manu- facturing establislnnents in C'laren- den, and about 13,000 sheep. Pop- ulalion, 1830, 1,585. It lies 55 miles S. from Montpelier, and 7 S. from Rutland. Clarksburgli, Mnss. Berkshire co. A branch of Hoo- sick river passes through this moun- tainous township. It lies 125 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 27 N. by E. li-om Lenox. Incorpora- te, 1798. Population, 1837, .386. Clarksburgh has a small cotton mill, 5 saw mills, and 255 sheep. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. CIorksTille, N. H. This (own was incoipoiatcd in 1832. It had before (hat lime borne the name of the Fir.st Colkfre Grant. It was granted to tlu; trus- tees of Dartn:outli College, Feb. 5, 1789. It contains 40,960 acres, and is situated on Connecticut river, in Coos county, N. of Stewartstown. Its population, in 1830, was 88. Clinton, T'lc. Kennebec co. This fine town- ship is hounded on the E. by Ken- nebec river. The Sebasticook pass- es through the town, and, at the falls on that river,, at^ords it a great hydraulic power. It has a neat and pleasant village on the bank of the Sebasticook, Fome manufactures, and large agricultural products. In 1837 this town produced a consid- erable quanlitv of wool, and 10,807 bushels of wheat. Incorporated, 1795. Population, 1837, 2,012. Clinton lies 24 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and about 12 S. by E. fj-nrn Mcowhegan Cobljcssecontce "Waters, Me. The pond is a fine sheet of wa- ter, lying W. of Ilallowell, and connected with smaller ponds in Monmouth, >Vinthrop, Readfield. and Mount Vernon. The outlet of the pond is a river of the same name, which passes into a beauti- ful pond we see on the stage road in Richmond, and empties into the Kennebec at Gardiner. These wa- ters afford a great hydraulic power, an abundance of fish, and much de- lightful scenery. Col»scook Eay, Me. A large bay, the recipient of a number of large ponds, on the S. W. side of Eastport, in Passama- quoddy bay. See Eastport. Cod, Cape and Bay. Having briully described this cape, under Banmtablc cuunty, wc have only to add that Cape Cod light is in N'. lat. 42° 2' 22"; W. Ion. 70° 4' 22". Cape Cod bay is in Massachu- setts bay, ami is formed by the half extended arm of the cape. See Barnstable comity. Coliasset, Mass. Norfolk CO. A town on Massa- chusetts bay, noted for its rocky coast and numerous shipwrecks. 6 miles E. from Hingham, 20 E. by S. from Dedbam, and about 16 S. E. from Boston, by water. Incor- porated, 1770. Population, 1S37, 1,331. This place has about 40 sail of merchant, coasting and fishing vessels, and a large tide-water pow- er. Cohasset has become a great resort for citizens and strangers, in summer months, to enjoy the ma- rine scenery, exhilarating air, and all those pleasures for which jVa- hant is celebrated. The value of the fisheries, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was .f 75,-536. The value of «alt, vessels, bOOtS, shoPS. and wooden ware manufactured, was >i^35,920. Colchester, Vt., Chittenden CO., is pleasantly sit- uated at the head of a bay on the E. side of lake Champlain, 36 miles N. AV. from Montpelier, and 6 N. from Burlington. This town is well watered by Onion river, and some smaller streams. Colchester has some good and some poor land, some trade on (be lake, and about 4,000 sheep. First settled by Gen. Ira Allen, in 1774. Population, 1830, 1,489. Colchester, Ct. New London CO. Thisis a plea- sant town ; the site of Bacon acad- emy. It lies 20 miles N. W. from New Lonilon, and 23 S. E. from Hartford. First settled, 1701. I'op- ulation, 1830, 2,068. The surface of the town is uneven, with a strong NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. gravelly soil. Excellent iron ore is found here. Rev. John Bidhley, a grandson of president Chaiincy, was the first settled minister in this place. Mr. Bulkley was a very (liilingui.-;hed scholar. He died in 1731. He published a curious treatise, in which he contended that the In- dians had no just claims to any lands but such as they had subtlucd and improved by their own labor. The following story is told in an old book. "The Rev. Mr. Bulkley of Col- chester, Conn., was famous in his day as a casuiU and sage counsel- lor. A church in his neighborhood had fallen into unhappy divisions and contentions, which they were unable to adjust among themselves. They deputed one of their number to the venerable Bulkley, for his services, with a request that he would send it to them in wiiting. The matters were taken intoserious consideration, and the advice, with much deliberation, committed to vriiting. Tt so happcntd, tlial Mr. Bulkley had a farm in an extreme part of the town, upon ivbich he* entrusted a tenant. In superscrib- ing the two letters, the one for the church was directed to the tenant, and the one for the tenant to the church. The church was conven- ed to hear the advice which was to .settle all their disputes. The mod- erator read as follows : You vnll see to the repair of the fences, that thej/ be built hi'^h and strong, and you will take special care of the old black bull. This mystical advice puzzled the church at first, but an interpreter among the more dis- cerning ones was soon found, who said. Brethren, this is the very ad- vice we most need ; the directions to repair the fences is to admonish us to take good heed in the admis- sion and government of our mem- bers : we must guard the church by our Master's laws, and keep out strange cattle from the fold. And we must in a particular manner set a watchful guard over the Devil, the old black bull, who has done so much hurt of late. All perceived the wisdom and fitness of ^Ir. Bulk- ley's advice, and resolved to be gov- erned by it. The consequence was, all the animodties subsided, and harmony was restored to the long alHicted church." Colebrook, N. H., Coos CO., on Connecticut river, about 3.5 miles N. of Lancaster. It is watered by the Mohawk river and Beaver brook. The soil here is rich, and capable of culture. In- tervales of good quality stretch along the Connecficut. Colebrook was originally granted to Sir George Colebrook and others, and was in- corporated Dec. 1, 1790. There is an academy in this town, incorpo- rated in 1833. Population, 1S30, 542. ColebrooU, Ct. Litchfield co. An elevated town- ship of a hard gravelly :t side of the river is the second principal village, where the Sewall's P'alls Locks and Canal Company, recently chartered, have commenced their works, which, by taking the waters of the river in a canal from Sewall's falls, will create a vast and valuable wa- ter power at this village, that must ultimately prove of immense im- portance to the town. Another handsome village has grown U;> iu the west part of the town. The intercourse with Lowell and Boston, by way of the canal on the Merri- mack, has been open since 1815, and a very large amount of busi- ness in freights has been done on the river. The Concord rail-road, to connect with the Lowell rail- road, has also been surveyed, and will doubtless soon be put in pro- gress. This is a link in the great chain of northern railways, which must ultimately extend fiom Boston to connect with the western waters at the outlet of lake Ontario. The importance of extending the rail- road to the heart of New Hamp- shij-e has by no means been fully estimated by the puldic. Concord is the great thoroughfare for trav- ellers from the north, and the freight by horses and baggage wagons is immense. The soil of this town is general- ly good, and the intervales very productive. Large masses of gran- ite suitable for the purposes of build- ing exist here, the most important of which is The J\^eio Hampshire Ledge, a name by which in an act of incorporation an immense mass of granite in the N.W. part of the town has been designated. This ledge is situated about 1 1-2 miles N. Vv. of the state house, and about 200 rods distant from Merrimack river, which is navigable to this place with boats. The course of the ledge is from N. E. to S. W. and its rise about 45° from a plane of the horizon, and its height about 350 feet. It pi-esents a surface of massive piimitive gi-anite, of more than 4,500 square rods. The rift of this stone is very pei'fect, smooth and regular; splits are easily made to the depth of 12 to 20 feet, and cf almost any re- quired length. And unlike much of the building stoue now in tho NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. market, it has been ascertained by a recent examination (made l)y Mr. A. H. Hayes, of Roxbury, Mass., and other einineut chemists and geoloiji^ts,) tiiat the stone from tliis quarry is perfectly free from those oxides, or otlier mineral substances, which on exponire to the atmos- phere, mar the beauty of much of the New England granite. This stone quarries easily ; the great ele- vation and dip of the ledge, audits proximity to the river, giving it facil- ities of working and transportation, it is believed unequalled. From the base of the ledge to the bank of the Merrimack, a rail-way is contem- plate^i, the proprietors of the ledge having already obtained a charter for that purpo-ie. As the great fa- cility of transportation by way of the river to the markets, becomes known, together with the fact, that the upward freight would, during a great poriion of the year, go fai- towards remunerating the cost of ti'ansportj'iion of this stone to the seaboard — the -situation, extent, and value of thi-i (juan-y will be seen and appreciated. On several large perpendicular faces of the ledge, protected by shelving rocks from vegetable stains, but exposed for ages perhaps to the atmo-;phere, the stone is found to be entirely free from any coloring or stain, preserv- ing it-i natural color. The amount of the whole mass, when wrought, can scarcely be estimated. This representation is derived from gen- tlemen of Concord not at all in- terested in the quarry, and is here ijiven, with the sole qualiiication, that if the quality of the stone is as pure as is staled, there is no danger of over-estimating the value of the quarry. A specimen of this granite is with the editor for examination. Concord, originally called Pena- eook, was granted by Massachu- setts to a company of settlers, 17th Jan., 172.J. ami the settlement began the year following. In nS3, the plantation was incorporated by the 9 name of Rumford, which name it retained until 7th June, 1765, when the town was incorporated by its present name. This town sutlered much from incursions of the savages. Several of the inhab- itants were killed, and others taken into captivity, between the years 1740 and 1750. The manufactures of Concord are numerous and val- uable. They consist of books, fur- niture of all kinds, boots, shoes, granite, lumber, and a variety ot otlier articles. The manufacture of books is very extensive, and an- nually increasing. Population in 1775, 1,052 ; in 1790, 1,747; in 1800, 2,0.52; in 1810, 2,393 ; in 1820, 2,838 ; and in 1830, 3,727. The present population is between 4 and 5 thousand. Among the early inhabitants and distinguished citizens of this town, may be mentioned the following : Hon. Timothy Walker, son of the first minister of Concord, an active patriot during the revolution, member of the convention of 1784, a legislator, and judge of the com- mon pleas. He died May 5, 1822, aged 85. Dr. Philip Carrigain, an eminent physician, who died in ISOf). Hon. Thomas W. Thompson, a distinguished lawyer and politi- cian, who died 1 Oct., 1821, aged 57. Sir Bejtjamiiv Thompson (known to the world as Count Rumford) settled and married here in early life. John F\\rmer, Esq., an emin- ent antiquary and genealogist, re- sided lu're for the last seventeen years of his life, and died 13 Aug., 183S, aged 49. Mr. Farmer's health was always exceedingly delicate : he therefore, partlj- of necessity and partly of choice, adopted a very sedentary mode of life. He col- lected around him books of ancient date — gathered together early rec- ords of towns — notices of the first NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. settlers of the country — inquired into the names, ages, characters, and deaths of distinguished men of every profession — entered into ex- tensive correspondence with men v/ho miglit be able to furnish him witii facts relative to the sulyects of his inquiry. In short, Mi-. Farmer soon became known as an Anti- Q u A R I A :x , distingui shed far be y ond all his fellow citizens, for exact knowledge of facts and events rel- ative to the history of New Eng- land. His mind was a wonderful repository of names and dates and particular incidents, not stored up indeed for private gratitication, but always open for the benefit of oth- ers. So general and well establish- ed was his reputation for accuracy, that his authority was relied on, as decisive in historical and genealog- ical facts. Feelings of personal attachment and obligations for numerous inval- uable tokens of friendship, received by the editor, would seem to require a full length portrait of tlie charac- ter of this distinguished man and estimable christian — even in a work of this kind ; and it sliould be giv- en, had not an abler pen performed that act of justice. See American Quarterly Register. Concord, Vt. Essex CO. First settled, 1788. Population, 1830, 1,031. On the W. side of Connecticut river: 38 miles E. l)y N. from Montpelier, and 18 S. W. from Guildhall. Moose river, a branch of the PassumpMc, waters the north part of the town. Hall's and Mile ponds are beau- tiful sheets of water, and afford a variety of fish. The soil of the town is pretty good, and keeps about 3,000 sheep. Concord, Mass. One of the chief towns of Mid- dlesex county. This town is situ- ated on the river of the same name, 17 miles W. N. W. from Boston, 14 S. S. W. from Lowell, and 30 E. N. E. fi-oni Worcester. Incorpo- rated, 1()35. Population, 1820, 1,7S8; 1837,2.023. This town was the first inland settlement in the colony of Massachusetts Bay. The township was originally six miles square, and derives its name from the harmony in which it was pur- chased of the natives. Its Indian title was Musketaquid. It took an active part in the prosecution of the war against king Philip, in 1675-6, and in April of the latter year, 10 or 12 of its citizens were kiWed, in the attack made by the Indians on the neighboring town of Sudbury. The general court has frequently held its sessions in this town, and in the year 1774 the provincial con- gress selected it as their place of meeting. On the 19th of April, 1775, a detachment of British troops, sent out by Gen. Gage for the pur- pose of seizing a quantity of mili- tary stores which were deposited here by the province, were met at the North bridge by the citizens of Concord and the neighboring towns, and forcibly repulsed. It was at this spot that the first regular and effectual resistance was made, and the first British life was taken, in the war of the revolution. The graves of two of the British soldiers, who were killed at this place, are still marked, and a suitable monu- ment is erected near the rite of the Iiriilgc, to commemorate the event. The monument is of granite, in the form of an obelisk; its height about 25 feet; the base, which is square, is a large block 5 1-2 feet broad, and about 3 in height. On the west side of the next block, is inlaid a slab of white Italian marble, on which is engraved the following in- scription : — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Here. On the 19tli of April. m^. Was made The first Ibrcible resistance To British ags'cssion. On the opposite Bank, Stood the American Militia. Here stood the invading -Vrmy, .\nd on this spot The first of tlie enemy fell In the War of that Revolution Wliich gave Independence To these United .States. In nratitudo to God, And ' In tlie love of freedom, This jMonnment Was erected A. D. IBoG. The manufactures of Concord consist of cotton goods, satinet and llannel, boots, shoes, liats, ploughs, lead pipe, chairs and cabinet vi-are. The whole value, in one year, ex- clusive of cotton goods, amounted to $151>,012. toiicord Kiver. This river is formed by the union of Assabct and Sudbury rivers at Concord : after passing through the towns of Bedford, Billerica, ami Chelmsford, it falls into the Mer- rimack between Lowell and Tewks- bury. This river furnishes the Mid- dlesex canal with most of its wa- ters. Connaniciit Island. See Jainestoivn, R. I. CONNECTICUT. This state is bounded N. by Massachusetts E. by Rho:le Island, S. hy Lon;^ Island Sound, and W. by New York. Situated between 40° 5S' and 42^ 1' N. lat. and 72° 37' and 71° 43' W. Ion. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, The territory of Connecticut was formerly two colonies — Connecticut and JVew Haven. The colony of Connecticut was planted by citizens of Massachusetts, at Windsor, in 1633, and at Hartford and Wethersfield, in 1635 and 1636. Th« colony of New Haven was settled by English- men, in 163S. In 1665, the two colonies were united by a charter granted by Charles the Second. This charter was the basis of the gov- ernment till 1818, when the present constitution was formed. The executive power of this State is vested in a Governor, and a Lieu- tenant-Governor, who is also President of the Senate. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and a House of Represen- tatives, which together are called Tlie General Assembly. The Senate consists of not less than IS and not more than 24 members. Most of the towns may choose two Representatives ; the others one each. All the above are elected annually by the people on the first Monday of April. The General Assembly has one stated session in each year, commencing on the first Wednesday in May. These sessions are held alternately, in the years of even numbers at New Haven, and in the years of odd num- bers at Hartford. The electors are all the white male citizens, of twenty-one years of age, who have resided in the town in which they vote six months next preceding, and have a freehold estate of the value of seven dollars ; or who have performed regular military duty in said town (or one year next previous to the voting ; or who shall have paid a tax within a year of his voting. Those entitled to be electors, before voting must be qualified by taking the oath prescribed by law. No person is obliged to join any religious society ; but having joined one he is liable by law to pay his proportion of the charges for its sup- port. He may separate himself from such society by letiving with the clerk thereof notice of his determination to close his connextion wit them. The judicial department of the government embraces the Supreme Court of Errors, the Superior Court, a County Court in each county, a City Court in each city, a Court of Probate in each probate distiict, and as in other states in New England, an indefinite number of Justices of the Peace in each county. The Supreme Court of Errors consists of five Judges, who are ap- pointed by the General Assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, but not after seventy years of age. They are subject to re- moval by impeachment, and by the Governor, on the address of two thirds of the members of each House of the General Assembly. This court has final and exclusive jurisdiction of writs of error, brought to revise the judgment on decrees of the Superior Court, in law or equity, wherein NLW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the errors coinplaiiieil of appear from the files and records. It Iiolds one term in eui:h county annually'. Though this body, as a court, has cog- nizance only of V rits of error, yet, as all the members are Judges of the Superior Court, a convenient opportunity is afforded, while they are thus assembled, for hearing arguments on motions for new trials and cases stated. These, of course, occupy a considerable portion of the term The opinions of the Judges upon them are given by way of advice to the Superior Court, in which the cases are rcspectivelj' pending. This advice is always followed, it Ijeing understood as settling the law. A Judge of the Superior Court of Errors, designated by that court for the purpose, constitutes t'.ie Superior Court; two terms of which are held in each county annually. This coui-t has cognizance of civil actions at law brought by appeal fiom the County, City, and Probate Courts, and of suits for relief in chancery, wherein the value of the matter in demand exceeds ^33-5. In criminal causes it has exclusive jurisdiction of offences punishable with death or imprisonment for life ; and, concur- rent with the County Courts, of all alher offences not committed to the jurisdiction of the Justices of the Peace. It has also cognizance of writs of error brought to revise the decisions of inferior tribunals ; of petitions far divorce, and of writs of scire facias, audita querela, and petitions for new trials relative to matters in or issuing from the court. In capital cases, the Judge l)jlding the court is to call to his assistance one or more of the other Ji^'ges. The County Courts <<>nsist of one Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, who are app^nted annually by the General Assembly. This court has original "kiiisdiction of all civil actions at law, whei-ein the value of the mo<^er in demand exceeds $35, and appellate jurisdiction of all such ac-ions wherein the value in demand exceeds ^7. It has also original and final jurisdiction of suits for relief in equity, wherein the value , of supe- rior quality, are annually sent to market. There are some curious caverns in this town, — one of great deptli. Daiivci's, Mass. Essex CO. This flourishing town lies 2 miles N. W. from Salem, to which it was attached until 1757, and called " Salem Village." It is very pleasant, and has some mill and navigable privileges. The manu- factures, for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $851,300. The articles manufactured were boots and shoes (,'j!435,J)00,) leather, ($264,400,) nails, bricks, pottery ware, glue, lasts, morocco, choco- late, shoe pegs, shoe and soap boxes, soap and candles. Population, 1830, 4,228; 1S37, 4,804. Danville, Mc. Cumberland co. This town, for- merly called Pejepsco, v/as set off from the westerly part of North Yarmouth, in 1S02. Population, 1*37, l;lS-2. It lies 32 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 29 N. from Port- land. Fanning is the principal business of the inhabitants ; — they raised, in 1337, 1,218 bushels of wheat. Danville, K. H. Rockingham co. It was incorpo- rated February 22, 1760 ; formerly a parr of Kingston, and until re- cently known by the name of Hawke. The soil is uneven, but in some parts good. Acchusnut river passes over the north west corner. Long pond lies in iho cast part, and Cub pond on the west side. The first settlements were made by Jon- athan Sanborn, Jacob Hook, and others, between 173.5 and 1739. Danville lies 33 miles S. E. of Con- cord, and 10 S. W. of Exeter. Pop- ulation, 1830, 528. Danville, Vt. Chief town of Caledonia county. Danville village is very pleasantly situated near the centre of the town, and is surrounded by a beautiful farming country : first settled, 1784. Charles Hacket brought the first v.'oman into town, in 1785. Popu- lation, 1830, 2,631. It lies 28 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Here is a medicinal spring ; and Jo's pond, covering 1,000 acres, lies mostly in the town. Several tributaries of the Passumpsic give the town a good water power. This is a place of considerable manufactures and do- mestic trade. Darieu, Ct. Fairfield co. Until 1S20, Darien was a pai-ish in the town of Stam- ford. The soil is excellent, and well adapted to tillage and grazing. It lies 5 miles W. from Norwalk, and 42 S. W. from New Haven. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,201. During divine service, on Sun- day, 22d of July, 1781, a party of British tioops sui'rounded the meet- ing house at this place, and made the whole congi-egation prisoners. The males were tied, two and two, and the Kev. Moses Mather, D. D., a man distinguished for his learning and piety, placed at their head. Thev were marched to the shore, taken to Long Island, and after- wards to New York, where they sufibred a cruel imprisonment. — • Some of them never returned. Sartnioutli, Mass. Bristol CO. The Jl},67iifi;anset of the Indians. A sea-port on Buz- zard's bay, on the ^\'. side of Ac- cushnet river, 56 miles S. from Bos- ton, and 3 W. from New Bedford. Incorpoiated, 1661. Population, 1837,3,958. There are 5 vessels belonging to this place engaged in NKW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the whaling business, and a num- ber in coasting, and ottier fisheries. The product of the wliale, cod and mackerel fisheries the year end- ing April 1, 1S37, amounted to $93,108. The value of wool grown was $2,110. The value of salt manufactured, of vessels built, of leather taimed, and of boots and shoes made, was $27,910. Dead Rivers. Dead river, in Maine, is an im- portant tributary to the Kennebec. It rises on the border of Lower Canada, in the county of Fi-anklin. It passes in a S. E. dii'ection 40 or 50 miles; then N. about 10 ; it then changes to the E., and after passing about 15 miles it falls into the Ken- nebec, about 20 miles below Moose Head lake. The lands on Dead river and its numerous tributaries are very fertile and heavily wooded. Dead Stream, in Maine, is a con- siderable tributary to the Penob- scot, from the west. It empties at Orono, opposite to the Indian vil- lage. Dead river, in New Hampshire, rises in the N. W. corner of the state, in Coos county, and after re- ceiving sevei-al tributaries it falls into the Miirgallaway. Deaufield, Me. Located at the N. W. corner of Hancock county, between Pas- sadomkeag river and Olammon stream. See Barnard, Me. Dearborn, Mc. Kennebec co. The soil of this town is excellent, particularly around Great pond, wliich covers a large portion of the surface, and has a number of islands of great beauty. This pond is connected with other large sheets of water in Bclgr;ide, Mount Vernon, and Rome, which render this part of the county highly picturesque. Dearborn was incorporated in 1812. Population, 1837, 799. 15 miles N. from Augusta. DcdUain, Me. Hancock co. Incorporated, 1837. It is bounded ou the Vv'. by Ells- worth. Union ri\ er passes through its N. W. corner. In 1837 it had a population (jf 427, and produced 1,550 bushels of wheat. Dcdiiam, iflasis. Norfolk CO. County town. This town is on Charles river, with a good water power. It is 10 miles S. W. from Boston, 35 E. from Worcester, 35 N. W. from Plymouth, 26 N. by W. from Taunton, and 30 N. E. fiom Providence. It has a beauti- ful court house of hewn granite. Its Indian name was Tiot. A rail- road from the centre of the town meets the Boston and Providence rail-road, about two miles at the eastward. The manufactures of Dedham the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $510,755. They consisted of cotton and woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, paper, mar- bled paper, iion castings, chairs, cabinet wares, straw bonnets, palm- leaf hats, and silk goods. The val- ue of silk goods manufactured wfs $10,000. Dedham village is very pleasant, and possesses every in- ducement to render it a desirable residence for the mechanic or rrui. of leisure. Population, 1837, 3,532. Deeriield, JV. H., Rockingham co., is 18 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and 30 VV. by N. from Portsmouth. This town has a number of very pleasant ponds which afford fish of various kinds. Moultou's pond is situated at the W. part of the town. This pond, although small, is noted on account of its having no visible inlet, and therefore is supposed to be supplied by a subterraneous passage, as the water is always of nearly an equal depth. The outlets of the pond run NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in opposite directions. Tliis pond is also remarkable on accuuiil ot" havina; been often sounded with- out discoveriii'j; any bottom. A branch of Lamprey river passes S. and S. E. throuiih Deertield. The surface of this town is uneven, tlic soil durable and fertile, although hard to cultivate. The Tuckaway, between Decriield and Notting- ham, the Saddlebackjbetween Deer- tield and Noithwood, and Fort mountain on the W., are the pi-in- cipal elevations. In the W. part of this town, on the southerly side" of a lidge of rocks which extend 3-4 of a mile, is a natural formation in the rock, for sixty year.-; desig- nated as the " Indian Cariij).'" Its sides are irregular, and the top is covered by a canopy of granite projecting about 14 feef, affording a shelter from the snn and rain. On the E. side of this camp is a natural flight of steps or stones resembling steps, by which per- sons may easily ascend to the top of the rock. Decrfield was once a place of favorite resort for deer, gi-eat luimbers of which v.cre tak- en. While the peti'ion lor the town was pending, a Mr. Batchel- der killed a deer, and presenting it to Gov. Went worth, obtained the net under tlie name of Dcer-fiehl. The town was settled in 175t) and 1758, by John Robertson, Benja- min Batchelder and others. Dui-- ing the Indian wars the inhabitants lived in garrisons, but no serious mischiefs were experienced. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,036. Deerfielcl, Mass. Franklin co. At the junction of Connecticut and Deerfield rivers, on the west side of the former, and on both sides of the latter. The Pocumttick of the Indians. It is 95 miles \V. by N. from 15o-:ton, 4 S. from Greenlield, and 17 N. from Northampton. First settled, IfitiS. Incorporated, 1682. Population, in 1837, 1,952. A very pleasant town, 10* and a place of considerable com- merce. The luaiiufactures of this place, for one year, amounted to $147,190. They consisted of leath- er, boots, shoes, cutlery, (,ij; 100,000) chairs, cabinet ware, palm-leaf hats, lead pipe, haircloth and beds, wag- ons any, Vt. Orleans co. First settled, 1795. It is bounded on the N. by Lower Canada, and on the W. by Mcm- phremagog lake. Clyde river, the outlet of Salem pond, affords it a good v/ater power. This town is very pleasant, level and fertile ; — it has some manufactures; — the farmers are industrious and rear a large number of sheep. Derby is 50 miles N. N. E. from Monipe- lier, and 15 N. N.E. from Irasbmgh. Population, 1830, 1,4(J9. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Derby, Ct. New Haven co. Tlie Indian name of this town was Pangasict. It was purchased of the Indians, and ineoipoi-ated in IGT."). 'I'lie sur- face of the town is uneven, with BOinc fertile meadow en the banks of the rivei's. Derby i-s watered by tlie Housatonick and Naugatuek rivers. Derliy Landing, Smithville and Huiiiphreysville, are the principal places of business. The Landiiis; is on the east side of the Housatonick, just below the junction of that river with the Nau^ratuck, and is 8 miles N. W. from New Haven, and 14 from the mouth of the river at Stratford, on Loii',r Mand Sound. Vessels of 10 feet (lrau'.;ht of water can pais to the Landins;, from which wood and other commodities are transported by water. Smithville is located in view of the Landintj, and commands a beau- tiful pro'ppct. It has exten-ivc manufactures of copper, in sheets and wire, augurs, carriage springs and axlctrces, nails and tacks, flan- nels, satinets, and other operations by the water-! of the Naugatuck, passing through a canal of ai)out a mile in length. This village was commf'nccd in 1834, and is very flourisliing. Humphreysville is located in a small valley, on the Naugatuck river, about 4 mile? from the Land- ing. The Humphreysville Manu- facturing Company wa^ incorpora- ted in 1^10. The building is 4 sto- ries high and 11)1) f;>et long. In this village and around it is some of the most beautiful and romantic scene- ry iu New England. Tlii^ village derived its natuo from the Hon. David Humphreys, a native of Derby, a poet, an aid to Washing- ton, and a mini«ter to Spain. He died at New Haven, February 21, 1818, aged fifJ. Derry, N. II. Rockingham co. A fine grazing township, taken from Londonderry in 1828. The principal manufac- tures are linen thread and cloth, palm-leaf hats and shoes. The village is very handsome, and a great thoroughi'arc for travellers. The soil is very productive, and the inhabitants are remarkable for their industry, general wealth and lon- gevity. Derry lies 18 miles W. S. W. from E.xeter, and 25 S. E. from Concord. Population, 1830, 2,176. Dexter, Me. Penobscot co. This town was tirst settled in 1801. Incorporated, 1815. It lies 67 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 35 N. W. from Ban- gor."^ Popula;ion,lS37, 1,401. Dex- ter is a valuable township of land. The farmers reap a rich reward for their labors. In 1837, 7000 bushels of wheat was raised. In this town is a pond covering 500 acres, at tlie outlet of which are mills and a beautiful village. Diamond River, ]V. H. Diamond river has its principal source in Diamond pond, in Stew- artstown. From thence it passes through Dixville, and after receiv- ing several tributaries, falls into the Dead river near its junction with the Margallaway. Diglitoii, Ulass. Biistol CO. A port of entry, on the west side of Taunton liver, oppo- site to Berkley. Populatioi, 1S>7, 1,453. 4;) miles S. from BoUon, 8 S. from Taunton, and 20 N. W. by \V. from New Bedfoid. There are in this place three cotton factoiics, a woolen mill, a furnace, and other iron works. Tonnage of the dis- trict, 9,032 tons. The noted " Digh- ton Rock,"' so called, on which are inscriptions dilTicult to decypher, in fact lies on the Berkley fide of the river. The value of cotton and woolen gooy 3 1-2 miles. Dorchester furnished pio- neers for the settlement of many parts of the country. A parly from this town crossed the trackless wil- derness in 14 days, and settled Hart- ford, on Connecticut river, in 1635. In 1695, another party emigrated from this place, and settled Dor- chester, in South Carolina, and af- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tcrwards Mcdway, in Geor<:;ia. The soil of Dorchpster is rocky, but ve- ry reililc and under a hi;, h state of cultivation. It is ext( f. iii2;ly pro- ducli\e, particularly of vegetables, fruits and llowers. Its surface is greatly variegated, prosentin^j a continual succession of picturesque and deligbtful views of the coun- try, city, and sea. Its hill-tops and valleys are decked with farm hou- ses and tasteful villas, iind no where can be found the union of town and country enjoyments more complete. The hcauliful Neponset washes the tvhole of the southern border of the town, and besides its navigable privileges, affords it a large and val- uable water power. The lirst wa- ter mill in America was erected in this town, in 163:5; and here, about the same lime, the cod fishery, the boast of New England, wars lir.st conimcnced. There are now 4 ves- sels employed in the whale, and 16 in the cod and otlier ti-heries. To- tal tonnage, 2,210 tons. Capital invested, "^$190,000. Product, in one year, $138,349. The manu- factures of Doichester consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, hats, pa- per, cabinet ware, block tin, tin ware, leather, wearing apparel, soap, candles, chocolate, and play- ing cards; the aggregate amount of which, in one year, was f!457,4C0. The first settlers of Doichester came a regularly oreanized church, with its pastor and officers. They soon erected a house of public wor- ship ; but it is a singular fact that " none can tell the precise spot where the first meeting-house was located, nor docs a single stone re- main to designate, the site of the original burying ground." There are, however, some mementos of olden times. The eailiest date in the present ancient cemetery that can be distinctly traced,is 16*44. W'c copy the following from among ma- ny singular effusions, found on the grave-stones in that cemetery, in commemoration of the dead. "Here lies our Captain aid Major of Suffolk w,-is withal, .\ Ciedly Magistrate was he and Ma- jor (ieneral, Two troops of horse with him here came, such wortli his love did crave. Ten companies of foot also, mourning mnrchcd to his crave. Let all tli-.it rend be sure to keep the faith as he lias done ; Witii Clirist he lives now crowned, his name was Ilunipluey Alherton." On the i(;rav€ of three brothers, by the name of Clarke. "Here lies three Clarks, their accounts are even, Entered on earth, carried up to heav- en." Johnson, in his " Wonder Work- ing Piovidence," thus speaks of Dorchester in lfi54. " The forme of this Towne is al- most like a Serpent turning lier head to the Northward ; over against Tomp^on's Island, and the Castle, her body and wings being chiefly built on, are tilled some- what thick of Houses, onely that one of her Wings isclift, herTayle being of such large extent that Shee can hardly draw it aftei- her. Her houses for dwelling are about one hundred and forty ; Orchards and Gardens, full of Fruit-trees, plenty of Corne Land, although much of it hath been long in tillaf;e, yet hath it ordinarily good ciops ; the number of trees are near upon 1.500. Cowes and other Cattell of that kinde about 450. Thus hath the Lord been pleased to inciease his poore dispersed people, whose number in this Flock are n*ar about 150. Their first Pastor called to feede them was the Reverend and godly Mr. Maveruck." Among the first settlers of Dor- chester was George Minot, a itil- ing elder of the church for thirty years. He creeled adwelling-liouse in lliat part of Dorcliesler where the pleasant village of NcpoiKct now stands. That house i-. now standing, and is doubtless one of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the oldest houses in the country. It is in good repair, and has ever remained in possession of Mr. Mi- not's lineal descendants. Mr. Mi- not died December 24, 1671, aged 78. This house is more celebi-atcd for the female heroism displayed within its walls, than for its anti- quity. A party of Nariaganset In- dians, hunting on the borders of Ne- ponset river, stopped at elder Mi- not's house and demanded food and drink. On being refused they threatened vengeance, and the sa- chem, or chief of tiie party, left an Indian in ambush to watch an op- portunity to eifect it. Soon after, in the absence of all the family, except a young woman and two small children, the Indian attacked the house and fired at the young woman, but missed his mark. The girl placed the cliildren under two brass kettles and bade them he si- lent. She then loaded Mr. Minot's gun and shot the Indian in tiie shoulder. He again attacked the house, and in attempting to enter the window, the girl threw a shovel full of live coals into his face and lodged them in his blanket. On this the Indian fled. The next day he was found dead in the woods. The Indian's name was Chicka- taubut, but not the Narraganset sa- chem of that name. The govern- ment of Massachusetts bay present- ed this biave young woman with a silver wristband, on which her name was engraved, with this motto, — *' She slew the J\''arrhaganset hun- ter." Dorset, Vt. Bennington co. This town was first settled in 1768, and organized the following year. Paulet and Battenkill rivers rise in this town, and, with the waters of Otter creek, which pa^s the northern part, afford some mill j)rivileges, which are used for manufacturing purposes. There are two mountains partly in this town, the Dorset and Equinox. There is a cavern in the south part of the town of some note. It is entered by an apci'ture nearly 10 feet square, " v/hich opens into a spacious room nine rods in length and four wide. Al the further end of this apartment are two openings which are about 30 feet apart. The one on the right is tiiree feet from the floor, and is ai)0ut 20 inches by six feet in length. It leads to an apartment 20 feet long. 12 wide and 12 high. From this room there is an opening sutiicient to admit a man to pass tinough sideways about 20 feet, when it opens into a large hall 80 feet long and 30 wide. The other aperture from the first room is about as large as a cojnmon door, and leads to an apartment 12 feet square, out of which is a passage to another considerable room, in which is a spring of water. This cavern is said to have been explored 40 or 50 rods without arriving at the end." Dorset lies 26 miles N. from Bur- lington and 91 S. S. W. from Mont- peiier. Population, 1830, 1,507. Douglas, Mass. Worcester co. This town lies 47 miles W. S. W. from Boston, 17 S. E. fiom Worcestei-, and 21 N. W. from Providence. Population, 1830, 1,742. Here is good mead- ow land, iron ore, and valuable water privileges on JMumford river. In this town was manufactured, in 1836, ."JiaS.OOO value of cotton goods ; boots and shoes, ,|i5,250 ; leather, $1,500; and ,^1 16.400 of axes and hatchets ; besides large quantities of hatchet handles and shoe lasts. Incorporated, 1731. Dover, Ble. Piscataquis co. Bounded N. by Piscataquis livei-, S. by Garland, W. by Sangervillo and E. by Atkin- son. It lies 77 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and about 35 miles N. W. from Bangor. Incorporated, [822. Population, 1837, 1,042. Dover is the shire town of this new county. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and remarkable for its beauty. It produced, in 1S37, 10,290 bushels of wheat. Dover, V. H. This is one of the most iuterest- iug and important towns in New Hampshire. It is one of the county towns of Strafibrd county, and lies 40 miles E. from Concord, 12 N. W. by N. from Portsmouth, and 45 S. W. from Portland. Population, 1830, 5,54.'). The principal streams of Dover, are the (,'ocheco, and Bellamy Bank, or Back river. They take a S. E. course through tlie town, and unite with other waters to form the Piscataqua. Cochcco, or Quuchecho river, has its rise from several small streams in New Durham, which unite in Farmington, whence the river meanders throuiih Rochester, there receiving; the Isinglass, a trib- utary, and tlience passes through Dover into the Newichwannock, or Salmon Fall river, the principal branch of the Piscataqua. The Cochcco is a beautiful river, and very important to the inhabitants of Rochester and Dover. Passing over this town in any dircclion, the trav- eller finds no rugged mountains, nor extensive haircn plain*, but occa- sionally ascends gentle swells of land, from the height of which the eye meets some delightful ol)joct ; a winding stream," a well cultivated farm, or a distant village. In the S. part of t!)e tow^n is a neck of land about 2 miles long and half a mile broad, having Piscataqua on one .side, and Back river on the other. F'rom the road on either hand, the land gradually descends to the rivers. It commands a very delightful, variegatt'd, and exten- sive prospect of bays, adjacent shores, and distant mountains. On this neck the first settlement of the town was made, in 1623, by a company in England, whose design it was to plant a colony, and estab- lish a fishery around the Piscata- qua ; for which purpose they sent over, with several others, Edward and William Hilton, fishmongers, of London. These men commenced their operations on the Neck at a place by tho Indians called Mini- t7(r//ifl;u/^, which they called ^A'or/ft- ain, and afterwards Dover. For several years, this spot embraced the principal part of the population of tlie town; here was erected the first meeting-house, afterwards sur- rounded with an entrenchment, and flankarts, the remains of which are still visible ; here the people as- sembled to worship, and to transact their public business. In process of time, the business and popula- tion of the town began to centre around Cocheco falls, about 4 miles N. W. from the neck. These falls are in the river whose name they bear, and give to the water that pas- ses over them a siulden descent of 32 1-2 feet. Situate at the head of navigation, about 12 miles from the ocean, having a fertile country on the north, west, and south, they are considered among the most valu- able in New f^ngland. Around these falls the beautiful village of Dover is situated, containing many handsome buildings. The Dover "Cotton Factory Com- pany," at Cocheco falls, W'as incor- |)orated in 1820. They have one brick mill of 420 feet by 45, 7 stories high, and two other mills of the same material, 154 by 43 feet, one 5 and the other 6 stories high. — These mills contain 25,040 spindles and 76S looms, and manufacture an- nually 5,000,000 yards of cotton cloth ; the principal part of which is bleached, and printed into calico by the company. This company employ a capital of more than a million of dollars, and about 1,000 persons. There are other manu- facturing establishments at Dover, but this is the principal. A society of Friends was cstab- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lished here at an carl}' period, and formerly comprised about one third of the popiilaiiori. A congregational church was or- ganized in 1638. A Ml'. Lcverich, a worthy pui-itan, was their first minister, and probahly the first or- dained minister that preached the gospel in New Hampshire. Mr. Levericli soon removed, and until the settlement of the pious Daniel Aland, in 1642, the chui-ch was much oppressed by the bad charac- ter of their ministers. The Rev. Jeremy Belknap, D. D. the celebrated histoi'ian of New Hampsliij'c, was ordained in this town in 1767. He removed to Boston, and v^'as settled there Apiil 4, 1787. He died in Boston, June 20, 1793, aged 54. This town in its early years was greatly frequented by the Indians; and experienced many sutferings in their repeated attacks upon the inhabitants. In 1C7.5, Maj. Wal- dron by a stratagem secured a!)out 200 Indians at Dover, who had at times exhibited signs of hostility. Seven or eight of them, who had been guilty of some atrocities, were immediately hanged, and the rest sold into slavery. The Indians abroad rega-ded this act of Waldron as a breach of faith, and sworo against him implacable revenge. In 1GS9, after a lapse of 13 years, they determined to execute their project. Previous to the fatal night (27tii of June) some hints had been thrown out by tiic squaws, but they were cither misunderstood or dis- regarded ; and the people suflered them to sleep in their garrisons as usual. In the stillness of night the doors of the garrisons were opened, and the Indians, at a concei'ted sig- nal, lose from their lurking places, and lushed upon the defenceless in- habitants. \Valdion,thoughSO years of age, made a gallant defence, but was overwhelmed by the superior numbers of his adversaries, who litcj-ally cut him to pieces. In this affair, 23 persons were killed, and 29 made prisoners. Tlie Indians were soon oveitakcn and nearly the whole parly destroyed. Dover, Vt. Windham co. This town was a part of Wardsboroiigh, until ISIO. It lies 12 miles N. Vv. from Brattle- borough, 17 N. E. from Benning- ton, and 120 S. by W. from Mout- pelier. The land in Dover is high and uneven; — more fit lor pastur- age than tillage. It is the source of several branches of West, and a branch of Dcerfield river. Ser- pentine and chlorite slate are found here. Population, 1830, 831. Dover, Mass. Norfolk CO. Dover lies 5 miles W. from Dedham, and 14 S. S. W. from Boston. It was taken from Dedham in 1784. This town is boun'lcd nortlierly by Charles river, and in it are manufactures of nails, iron hoops and rods, ploughs, brush- es, boots and shoes. Total amount ot manufactures in 1836, $199,558. The surface of Dover is uneven, and a large part of it covered witii v.ood. Population, 1S37, 518. Do\vn East, Me. TVe crave the favor of a letter from our friends '■ Eown East." See J^amard, Mci. Ki-aciit, Mass. Middlesex co. Dracut is united to Lowell by a bridge over Merri- mack river. The town is pleasanc- ly situated on the N. side, on the line of N. H., with a tolerable soil and some water power, by Beaver river. It lies 27 miles N. i'lom Bos- ton, and 16 N. by E. from Concord. Incorporated, 1701. Population, 1837,'l,898. The manufactures of Dracut consist of woolen goods, leather, cutlery, boots and shoes. Annual amount, exclusive of wool- en goods, about ^25,000. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Dresden, Me. Lincoln co. On the E. bank of Kennebec river, near the bead of Swan Island, 9 miles N. W. from Wiscassct, IJ S. from Augusta, and 59 N. E. from Portland. "^'I'his is a larg;c agricultural township, with some trade on the river. Previous to the division of the county, in nS9, Dresden was the shire town or place where all the courts in Maine were holden, E. of Kenne- bec river. Dresden was incoi-po- rated as a town in 1794. Popula- tion, 1S37, 1,570. Drews vUlc, N. H. See Walpole. Dublin, IV. H. Cheshire co. It is 10 miles E. by S. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. Dublin is situated on the height of land between Con- necticut and Merrimack rivers. Its streams are small ; those on the W. Ride run into the Ashuelot, tho^e on the E. into Contoocook river. The rain which fills on the roof of the church is shared by the rivers. — There is a pond near the middle of the town called Centre pond, one mile in length and al)out the same in breadth. A large poriion of the (Irand Monadnock lies in the N. W. part of Dublin, and near the cen- tre of the town is Ereed's moun- tain. IMonadnock was formerly co- vered with a growth of small tim- ber and shrubbery, but iires hav- ing run over it at different times, it presents little more than ragged rocks. Between the rocks, how- ever, there arc low whortleberry bushes, which produce great quan^ titles of fruit of a very rich flavor. The season for ripening is the lat- ter part of August, and to those who ascend the summit at this sea- son they arc peculiarly grateful. This mountain is not difficult of ac- cess. The view from its summit is sublime. Its height is 3,718 ff et above the level of the sea. The 11 land in general is much better for grazing than tillage. The late Kev. Eilward Sprague bequeathed near- ly 8,000 dollars for the support of public schools, the annual interest of which is to be applied to this ob- ject. He also left the town $5,000, the interest of which, paid quarter- ly, is to be applied to the support of an ordained congregational min- ister, who shall statedly preach in Dublin. The first settlements were in 1762, by John Alexander, and others. Population, 1830, 1,218. Dudley, Mass. Worcester co. This good farm- ing town was called by the Indians Chabanakongkomum. It is finely watered by the Quinnebaug and other streams, and possesses excel- lent mill piivileges. During the year ending April 1, 1337, the val- ue of the manufactures of Dudley amounted to ;j^o4(j,826. The arti- cles manufactured were woolen goods, leather, shoes, scythe snaiths, chairs, and cabinet ware. The val- ue of wool grown was .-^l, 585. Dudley lies 53 miles S. W. from Boston, IS S. from Worcester, and 34 N. W. from Pi'ovidence. Incorpo- rated, 1731. Population, 1837, 1,415, Duke's County, Mass. Edgarton is the county town. This county is formed of (he islands of Martha's Vineyard. Chappequid- dic, Elizabeth Islands, and No Man's Land — the latter of which is the southern extremity of Mas- sachusetts. These islands lie off and S. of Barnstable county and 13u/./.ard's bay, and contain about 120 square miles. The principal island, Martha's Vineyard, the In- dian J\"op^, or Capawock, was first settled by the whites, at Edgarton, in IfiJl, and is 21 miles in length and 6 in breadth. Although a largo portion of thi^ county is woodland, and many of the people engaged in the fisheries and coasting trade, yet considerable exports are annu- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ally made of wool, woolen cloth, salt and grain. This county suffer- ed much during the revolutionary war. In 1778, the people were compelled to surrender their lire arms and 2,300 head of cattle to the British. Incorporated, 1695. Pop- ulation, 1820, 3,292; 1830,3,518; 1837, 3,785: 32 inhabitants to a square mile. There were on these islands, in 1837, 11,281 sheep. Duinmer, Bf. H., Coos CO., is bounded N by Mills- field and Errol, and comprises 23,- 040 acres. It was granted March 8, 1773, and is watered by the Am- monoosuck and Androscoggin. — Population, 1830, 65. Duiamerstoii, Vt> Windham co. West river passes through this town and gives it a good water power. The surface is rough and hilly, but adapted to graz- ing. Black mountain, near the cen- tre, is a vast body of gianite. Good slate for buildings, and primitive limestone are found. There are in Dummerston some manufactui'ing concerns, and a considerable number of sheep. Population, 1830, 1,592: .90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from Newfane. Duubartou, N. H. Merrimack co. This town lies 9 miles S. W. from Concord, and 7 S. E. from Hopkinton. Population, 1830, 1,067. The situation of the town is somewhat elevated, though there are but few hills, nor any mountains. The air is clear, the water is good, and the health of its inhabitants is seldom interrupted by sickness. The soil is good, pecu- liarly suited for corn, whe9t and or- charding. Almost every lot in town is capable of making a good farm. The farmers here have good build- ings and are excellent husbandmen. The advantages in point of water privileges are not great. The in- habitants are principally descend- ants of Scotch Irish, so called, from the North of Ireland. Their pos- terity still retain many traits of character peculiar to that people. Dunbarton was granted in 1751, to Archibald Stark and others. Its present name is derived fiom DuiU' barton, in Scotland, from whence Stark emigrated. The first settle- ment was made about 1749. Wil- liam Stinson, born in Ireland, came to Londonderry with his father. He was much respected and was a use- ful man. James Rogers was from Ireland, and father to Major Robert Rogers. He was shot in the woods, being mistaken for a bear. Dunmore liakc, A't. See Salisbury. Dunstable, Mass. Middlesex co. Nashua river wa- ters the N. Vr". part of the town, and passes into Nashua, N. H. The surface of the town is level ; — some part of it is good land, but general- ly it is light and sandy. It has no manufactures, and only 315 sheep. Population, 1837, 570. Incorpora- ted, 1683. Dunstable lies 27 miles N. W. from Boston, IS N. by W. from Concord, and 6 S. from Nashua. Divriiam, 31 e. Cumberland co. Located on the S. side of Androscoggin river, and united with Lisbon by a bridge. This is a township of good land, and farming is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. Durham lies 25 miles N. from Portland and 31 S. W. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 1,832. Incorporated, 1789. Diu'liani, N. II., Strafford co., is 32 miles E. by S. from Concord, 11 W. N. W. from Portsmouth, and 7 S. from Dover. Population, 1830,1,606. The situ- ation of this town, upon the Piscat- aqua and its branches, is very favor- able both as to water power and transportation. Oyster river, one of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Ute branches of the Pi-cataqua, is- sues from Wlieelwright's; pond, in Lee, and afier I'uiiiiing nearly its whole couisc in Duihaii!, furnishing in its progress several convenient mill seat.;, falls into the n^ain river near Pisca'taqna bridge. This biidgc is 2,fi00 feet in length and 40 in width. It coit $65,-100. Tlie tide flows in tbis branch of the river up to the fiills near the nieeling-liouse in the village, where business to a large amount is annually tiansacted. This village is a very central depot for the lumber and produce of the adjacent country. Lamprey river, another branch of the Piscaluqua, runs through the westerly part of this town, over several falls remark- ably well adapted for mill seats, into the town of New Market, where it falls into the Great Bay. Upon bo'h sides of Oyster river, a deep aigil- laceous loam prevails, wliich is pe- culiarly favorable to the production of the grasses, of which very heavy crops are cut, and hay is an article of considerable export. Extensive ledges of excellent granite, with which this town abounds.have been the source of much profitable em- ployment to the inhabitants. A large block of detached granite in the southeast part of this town was formerlj' placed in a very singular situation. Its weight was 60 or 70 tons, and it was poised so exactly upon two other stones as to be visi- bly moved by the wind. It was some years since dislodged from this extraordinary position by the barbarous curiosity of some visit- ors. Durham was originally a part of Dover; but soon al'ier its settle- ment was formed info a di>tinct par- ish by the name of Oysttr river, from the stream which passes through it. From the abundance of excellent oysters found in its waters, this river probably derived its name, and it was a finiious ren- dezvous of the Inciians. For many years this place sufJcrcd exceeding- ly by Indian depredations and mur- ders. In 169-1, when a large part of tiie inhabitants had marched to the westward, the Indians, who were dispersed in the woods about Oyster river, having diligently ob- sei-ved the uumbei- of men in one of the garrisons, rushed upon eigh- teen of them, as they were going to their morning devotions,. and hav- ing cut o(i ihcii' retreat to the house, put them all to death except one, who fortunately escaped. They then attacked the house, in which there were only two boys, beside the women and children. The boys kept them off for some time and wounded several of them. At length the Indians set fire to the house and even then the bojs would not surrender till the Indians had promised to spare their lives. The latter, however, peifidiously mur- dered three or four children, one of whom they fixed upon a sharp stake in the view of its mother. The next spring the Indians nar- rowly watched the frontiers, (o de- termine the safest and most vul- nerable points of attack. The settlement at Oyster river was se- lected for destruction. Here were twelve garrisoned houses, amply sufficient foi- the reception of the inhabitants ; but not apprehending any danger, many of the families remained in their unfortified houses, and those who were in the gairisons were indifl'ercntly prepared for a siege, as they were destitute of powder. The enemy approached the place undiscovered and halted near the falls. One John Dean, whose house stood near the falls, happening to rise very early for a journey befoie the dawn of day, was shot as he came out of his door. The attack now commenced on all points where the enemy was ready. The enemy entered the house of a Mr. Adams without re istance, where they murdered fourteen persons, whose graves can still be traced. The house of John Buss, the minister, was destroyed NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, together with his vahiable hbrary. He was absent at the lime, and his wife and family fled to the woods. Many other eiuelties were perpe- trated, vvlien tlic Indians, fearing that tlie inbabitants from the ncigii- boring settlements would collect against them, retreated, having k.llcd or captured between 90 and 100 persons, and destroyed 20 houses, 5 of wliich were gai'risoncd. Minute accounts of these disasters arc given in Belknap's valuable His- tory of New Hampshire, to which the reader is refei-red. The first preacher who statedly officiated in Durham was John Buss; but he never was ordained. He died 1736, at the age of 108. Rev. Hugh Adams settled March 26, 1718. Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, of the revolutionary army, was a res- ident of this town, and died hei-e Jan. 2-3, 1795. He was a native of Berwick, Me. ; was a distinguished commander during the war; was president of the state three yeai's, and afterwards district judge of New Hampshire. On all occasions he proved himself the firm support- er of the rights of the country. Durliam, Ct. Middlesex co. This town was first settled in 169S. Its Indian name was Coginchaug. It lies 7 miles S. by W. from Middletown, and 20 S. from Hartford. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,116. Agriculture is the principal employment of the people of Durham, for whicli they have rather an uneven but fertile soil. " This town has been distin- guished many years for a very fine breed of cattle. Two oxen, pre- sented by some of the inhabitants to General Washington, furnished a dinner for all the officers of the American army at Valley Forge, and all theii- servants. These oxen were driven almost five hundred miles, through a country nearly ex- hausted of its forage ; yet one of them, a steer, five years old, weigh- ed two thousand two hundred and seventy pounds." Capt. Israel Camp, a noted psalm- odist died in Durham, in 1773. Dust03i*s Island, N. II. This small island in the Mcri-imack at the mouth of Contcocook river, between Concord and Eoscav/en, has become celebrated on account of an exploit of a lady whose name it bears. On the 1.5th March, 1698, the Indians made a descent on Ha- verhill, IMass. where they took Mi-s. Hannah Duston, who was coulined to her bed with an infimt only six days old, and atlended by her nurse, Mary Niff. The Indians took Mrs. Duston from her bed and cari-ied her away with tiie nurse and infant. They soon despatched the latter by dashing its head against a tree. When they had proceeded as far as this island, whicli has been justly called Duston's island, on their way to an Indian town situate a consid- erable distance above, the Indians informed the women that they must be stripped and run the gauntlet through the village on their arrival. Mrs. Duston and her nuise had been assigned to a family consist- ing of two stout men, three women, and seven children, or young In- dians, besides an English boy who had been taken from Worcester. Mrs. Duston, aware of the cruel lies that awaited her, formed thi design of exterminating the whole family, and prevailed upon the nurse and the boy to assist her in their destruction. A little before day, finding the whole company in a sound sleep, she awoke her con- federates, and with the Indian hatchets despatched ten of tlie twelve. One of the women whom they thought they had killed made her escape, and a favorite boy they designedly left. Mrs. Duston and her companions arrived safe home with the scalps, though Iheir dan- ger fi'om the enemy and from fam- ine in travelling so far, must have NEW KNGLAND GAZETTEER. been great. The general court of Massachusetts made her a grant of j£50, and she received many other valuable presents. Duxbtiry, Vt. Washins;ton co. This town lies on the S. side of Onion river, and i> watered by several of its branches. The land along Onion river is good, but (he greaterpart of the township is mountainous and unfit for culti- vation. Duxbury lies 12 miles W. from Monip.'li;^'r. First settled, 17S6. Population, 1S30, 651. Duxbury, Mass. Plymouth co. This town lies on Massachusetts bay in Plymouth har- bor. It is 21) miles S. E. from Bos- ton and 6 N. from Plymouth. Dux- bury affords some good land, a good water power and a great variety of scenery. Its Indian name was Afat- aheeset. Ship building, the coasting trade and fisheries is the chiel busi- mss of the place. In 1S37, it had 46 vessels employed in the cod and mackerel fisheiy, the product of which amounted to ,'tf;69,548. Val- ue of vessels tmilt, ,<;'l6'9,0-i8. The value of woolen cloth, leathcr,boots, shoes, salt, iron, twass castings and tinware maJiufactured, amounted to $10,"),787 Some attention is paid liere to rearing sheep, and the man- ufacture of cordage. There is in Duxbury an apple tree noted for its age, size and fruitful- ness. It is upwards of a hundred years old. It is forty feet in height, and itscircuD'rcrencc, eight inches from the ground, is IG feet. Its fruit, in one year, has made 10 bar- rels of cider, besides 30 busliels for the cellar. Population, 1S;J7, 2,789. Dyer's Bay, Mc. See Steuben. Eagle Lake, Me. This large lake is in the county of Penobscot, between the Aroos- took and St. John's rivers. It is 11* connected with some lakes of smal- ler size. The general outlet is north by Chipquedopskook river, about 14 miles in length, into the river St. John. Great quantities of logs are taken to this outlet, sawed and sent to New Brunswick. East Bridgcivatcr, J>Iass. Plymouth co. This town lies on a bi-anch of Taunton river, and was, until 182.3, a part of the ancient Bi'idge water. It is 24 miles S. by E. from Boston and 17 S. W. from Plymouth. Population, 1830, 1,653 — iS37, 1.927. £ast Bridgewater has a good water power, and man- ufactured the year ending Apiil 1, 1837, $414,044 value of goods. The articles consisted of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, bar iron, nails, tacks, lead pipe, chaises, window blinds, sashes and shoe boxes. EasllirooU, Me. Hancock co. Incorporated, 1837. See " Down East." East Grecuxvicli, II. I. Shire town of Kent co. This town was incorj)orated in 1677, and is pleasantly located on Narragan- set bay, 13 miles S. from Provi- dence, and comprises an excellent harbor for ships of 500 tons burthen. A number of vessels are owned here, and the coasting trade and fisheries give employment to many of the inhabitants. The town is watered by Maskachug and Hunt's rivers, on which are cotton mills and other manufactories. The soil of the town is rather rough and stony, but it yields good crops of corn, barley and potatoes. East Greenwich is noted for excellent fruit and cider. The " Kentish Guards" was es- tablished here in 1774, and proved a nursery of distinguished officers, of which the celebrated General NdthanieJ Greene was one. Across the bay, to Bristol, is about8 miles. Population, 1830, 1,591. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. £ast Haddam, Ct. Middlesex co. A town of con- siderable trade and nianiifacturiiii; enterprise, on the east side of the Connecticut, and at the outlet of Salmon river. It lies 18 miles above the moutli of Connecticut river, 14 below Middletown, and 30 S. S. E. from riarlford. The soil is hilly and rocky, and more fit for grazing than tillage. Considerable business is done here in the shad fishery. It is supposed that more leather is made in this than in any other town in the state. This place has fine water privileges, both for navigation and manufactures. A short distance fiom the centre of the town is a pond covei-ing 1,000 acres. On the river formed by the outlet of this pond, the water is precipitated over rocks nearly 70 feet peipendicular. The scenery around these falls is beau- tiful, and worthy of particular no- tice. There are 6 cotton mills in East Haddam, two of which manufac- ture twine. Leesville, on Salmon river, and Mechanicsville, on Moodus i-iver, a branch of Salmon river, are very flourishing settlements. This place, the Indian Machi- moodus, is remarkable for frequent slight shocks of earthquakes, pio- ducing singular noises, which the Indians attributed to the anger of their gods towards the white men. It is said that some valuable geolo- gical discoveries have recently been made in this quarter. The town was first settled in 1685, but not in- corporated until 1724. Population, in 1835, about 3,000. This is the birth place of many distinguished men. The venerable Nathaniel Emmons, D. D., of Franklin, Mass. was born here. £as(liain, Mass., Barnstable co., on a narrow part of the cape, 23 miles E. by N. from Barnstable. Population in 1S37, 1,059. First settled, 1644. Incor- porated, 164G. The product of the cod and mackerel fishery in 1836, was $30,900. The value of salt, boots, shoes and palm-leafhats man- ufactured; was ,'&10,5C1. Kastlianiptou, Mass. Hampshire ro. This is a pleas- ant town on tho V,' . side of Connec- ticut river. The Hampihire and Hampden canal passes through it. In the year ending April 1, 1837, $40,000 worth of lasting buttons were manufactured ; also cotton goods, leather, hoots and shoes, to the amount of $;I5,300: 5 miles S. from Northampton. Pop. 1637,793. East Hartford, Ct. Hartford co. This town is situa- ted opposite to Hartford, and con- nected with it bv a bridge across Connecticut river. The soil of the town is generally fertile, but the alluvhl meadows on the border of the river, of which there is a large tract, IS of a superior quality. The agricultural products of this town are very considerable. Hackanum river iurnisb.es the tov.n with a good water powei%ou which are val- uable manufacturing establishments particularly of paper. East Hart- ford is noted for its manufactures in former years. The first powder lijill in this country, it is said, was erected here in 1775. Anchors, mill screws, nail rods, gunpowder' paper, muff and glass were manu- factured here in 17S4. The early settlers found the ferocious and war- like tribe of Podunk Indians in this neighborhood. One sachem com- manded two hundred bowmen. This is a very pleasant town. The main street, which is very long and wide, is delightfully shaded 'by stately elms. East Hartford was taken, from Hartford in 1784. Popula- tion, 1830, 3,537. £ast Haven, Vt. Esse.x CO. Moose river rises in NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the easterly part of this town and the Passu til psic pa ^sps throiii;li the westerly part. The land i-; moun- tainous and niO'St of it unlit ibr cul- tivation. It lies 45 miles N. from Monlpclier First settled, 1790. Population, 1830, 33. East IJaveii, ('«. New Haven co. This town %vas taken from New Haven, in 17i'5,and is connected with New Haven by a bridge. Population, 1S30, 1,229. It has good navigable privileges, and is watered by Qiiinnipiac river. It has some tiade, but the principal employment of the inhabitants is agriculture and fishing. This was a great resort for the Indian-sin former years. On Grave Hill was an Indian fort and ceme- tery. Bones of Indians of a large size, and domestic and warlike im- plements for savage use, have been founIac)xias, Me. Washington co. This is a flour- ishing town on navigable waters, it was incorporated in 1S26, and is the eastern part of Old Machias. It lies on both sides of East Machi- as river, 149 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 1,282. East Machias has a gi-eat water power, a large numberof mills, and a very pleasant village. It is ex- tensi\cly engaged in the lumber trade. Easton, Mas.s. Bristol CO. Two lu-anchcs of Taun- ton river water this town, on which are a woolen andi 4 cotton mills, and various iron works. The man- ufactures consist of cotton and wool- en goods, pig iron, iron castings, wire, boots, shoos, shovels, spides, forks, hoes, cutlery, palm-leaf li its, straw bonnets, surveyors' insti-u- nients and shoe pegs: — the value of which in one year (exclusive of woolen cloth, boots and shoes,) amounted to 207,100. The manu- facture of shovels, spades, forks and hoes, amounted to ,$108,000. Eas- ton lies 22 miles S. from Bo ton and 10 N. by W. from Taunton. In- corporated, 1725. Population, 1337, 1,976. Eastport, Hie. Wasliington co. The township of Eastport embraces and is consti- tuted of Moose, Dudley's, Frede- rick and Patmos islands, the chief of which, whereon the village of Eastport stands, is Moose island, in sight of, and but a short distance from, Indian and Campo Bcllo isl- ands, belonging to the British. East- port is a beautiful harbor in Passji- maquoddy bay, on the eastern boun- dary of the United States, and no- ted for smuggling adventures by strangers visiting the place dur- ing the embargo and war. It is about 7 miles N. by W . from West Quoddy Head, 176 E. by N. from Augusta, and about 30 E.N. E. from Machias. The tide is very rapid, and rises 25 feet. There are two NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. long bridges connecting Moose isl- and with Dcnnysville and Perry ; each cost ^10,000. Eastport and Lubcc are the chief towns in P.is- samaquoddy bay, and are extensive- ly engaged in the llsheries, and the trade of the extensive waters of tiie river St. Cioix and Bay of Fundy. Tonnage of Passaniaquoddy bay, 10,712. Cobscook Bay anA its trib- utary waters, on the west, give to Eastport a lai-ge trade in liuiiber. Moose Ishind contains 2,150 acres of rough land. It was first settled in 17S0. In 1790 it contained only 244 inhabitants. There arc now on the Island a handsome village, con- taining 60 wharves, 80 stores, 5 meeting-houses, a United States garrison, and .5,000 inhabitants. East Windsor, Ct. Hartford co. First settled 16S0. Taken from Windsor, 176S. This is an excellent township of land. Its extensive meadows on the east side of Connecticut river are of uncommon fertility and beauty. Among the various agricultural pro- ducts with wliich tliij town abounds, tobacco has been cultivated with success, and manufactured. It is saiil that 70,000 bushels of rye has been raised in a season. Scantic river, a considerable mill stream, passes through the north part of the town, and gives it the name of Scantic. The village of JVapping is in the S. E. section of the town. The principal street, about a miie back of the river, is the village, running the whole length of the town, wide, neatly built and beauti- fully shaded. E;ist Windsor lies 8 miles N. from Hartford. Popula- tion, 1830, 2,129. Eaton, IV. II., Strafford co., lies 60 miles N. E. from Concord and 55 N. N. E. from Dover, and is bounded E. by Maine. Population, 1830, 1,432. The soil of the uplands, which are quite uneven, is moderately good. and the plains furnish excellent pine timber. There arc several small ponds in this town. Eaton was granted Nov. 7, 1776, to Clem- ent March and 65 others. Eddington, Me. Penobscot co. This town lies on the east side of Penobscot river, 6 miles above, and N. N. E. from Bangor, and 70 N. E. by E. from Augusta. The village i^; pleasantly situated at the " Bend " of the river. The soil of the town is good and well wooded. It produced, in 1837,2,414 bushels of wheat. Population, lo37, 55S. Eden, Me., Hancock co., situated on the north part of the island of Mount Desert, and taken irom the town of Mount Desert (which formerly comprised the whole island) 1795. First set- tled, 1763. Eden lies 92 miles E, from Augusta, and about IS S. by E. from Ellsworth. Population, 1837, 1,024. The town has a good soil, good harbors, and possesses great advantages for the shore fishery. It is said that 500 bushels of cran- berries have been picked in Eden in a season. Cranhci'ry isles lie on the coast, about 3 miles south. Eden, Vt. Lamoille CO. This township was granted to " Col. Scth Warner and his associates, our worthy friends, the officers and soldier-; of bis regi- ment in the line of the continental army," August 28, 1781. "Our friends," for their patriotic services, certainly deserved a better town- ship than this, t'br it is mountainous, rocky and cold ; it is howevei- good for grazing, and produces some tine beef cattle and sheep. It is water- ed by Green river and Wild Hi-anch. Several ponds in the town afford good fishins;. Eden lies 30 miles N. fioni Mon'pelier, and is bound- ed S. by Hydepark. Population, 1830, 461. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. EdgartO'WM, Mass. Dtikcs CO. County town and port of entry on the island of Mar- thii's Vine y;u\l — 91 miles S. i;. from Boston, 20" N. W. by W. from Nan- tuoket, 2S S. E. by E. from New Eedfonl, 20 S. from Fahnoiitli, and 495 from Washington. First set- tled, 1(>41. Incorporated, KiTl. Popnlation, 1837, 1,625. Edgartown (Old Town) harbor is on the cnst side of the town, in lat. 41° 25' N.; Ion. 70° 25' W. This township in- cludes the fertile island of C'happc- quiddick,on tlie southeast, on which are some Indians. This island is 5 miles in length and 2 1-2 in breadth. It is very pleasant and forms Old Town harbor. Eight whale ships belong to this place, and a number of coasting vessels. This is said to be the only place in the state where grouse arc native. The value of sperm oil imported, in the year end- ing April 1, 1837, was $65,5S8. The value of salt, oil casks, boats and hats manufactured the same year, was lf!7,260. The value of wool, the product of 2,150 sheep, was $1,590. Edgccomb, He. Lincoln co. This town is bound- ed by Damariscotta river on the E. and Sheepscot river on the W., and lies nearly opposite to Wiscassct across the latter river. 26 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 1,282. This town enjoys great facilities for navigation, the fisheries, ship building and the lum- ber business. It is a place of con- siderable trade. First settled, 1744. EdLnburgb, Me. Penobscot co. Incorporated. 1S35. Population, 1837, 89. See " Down East." Edmonds, Me., Washington co., situated between Cobscook bay and East Machias. Populafion, 1837, 205. See " DowQ East." EfHugliam, N. H. Strafford co. There are several mountains of considerable elevation in this town. The Ossipee river passes through the town, over which is a toll-bridge. Province pond lies between Eftingham and 'NVakelield. Effingham was settled a few years prior to the revolution. It was then known by the name of Lta- r-ilfs Toicn. Incorporated, Aug. 18, 1778. Effingham borders W. on Ossipee lake and E. on Maine. It lies 58 miles N. E. from Concord and 25 N. E. by E. from Gilford. Population, 1830, 1,911. Egremout, Mass. Berkshire co. A mountainous township, watered by branches of Housatoniek river. Incorporated, 1760. 140 miles \V. from Boston and 15 S. S. W. from Lenox. Pop- ulation, 1S37, 968. The manufac- tures of Egremont consist of wheat flour, leather, boots, shoes, harness- es, stone, (sav.ed,) chairs and cab- inet ware. Total amount in one year, $29,100. Value of 1,790 fleeces of wool, $2,770. Eliza1)etli,Cape, Me. This celebrated cape lies in the town of Cape Elizabeth, and forms the western limits of Casco bay. Near the point of the cape is a light-house, 50 feet in height, in N. lat. 43° 33', W. Ion. 70° 11'. For the toxvn of Cape Eliza- beth, see Ecgister. ElizabetH Islands, Mass. These islands are attached to Dukes county, and lie between Buzzard's bay and Vineyard sound. They are 16 in number. The larg- est, Nashawn and Nashawenna, are inhabited. Gosnold. the discoverer of Cape Cod, spent the winter of 1602-3, on one of these islands. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. SUingtou, Ct. Tolland co. Ellingfon v>'as taken from East Windsor in 1786, and was that part of East Windsor called the Great Marsh. The soil is light and dry, but consnleralily fertile. It is generally level, but the east- ern part is hilly and mountainous. Formerly tlie lands in this town wei'e held in low estimation, but by the industry of the people in their cultivation they have risen in char- acter and value. " The scenery in this town embraces considerable va- riety and is uncommonly interesting and beautiful." The " Ellington School" for boys, situated in a very neat village, is in high repute. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 1,455. Ellington lies 12 miles N. E. from Hartford, and is bounded S. E. by Tolland. Elliot, Me. York CO. This town lies on the N. W. of Kittery of which it con- stituted a part until ISIO. It ad- joins Salmon Fall river on the S. W. by which it is separated from New Hampshire — and is bounded N. by South Berwick, and E. by York. It is a good farming town and probably contains as great a proportion of valuable tillage land as any in the county according to its size. Population, 1837, 1,859. Elliot is 108 miles S. W. from Au- gusta. Elliotsvillc, Me. Somerset co. This place is 81 miles from Augusta. See " Down East." Ellis' Rivers. Ellis' river, in Maine, is a tribu- tary to the Androscoggin. It rises N. of Rumford, in the county of Oxford, and passes through that town. Ellis' river, in JVeiv Hamp- shire, rises on the E. side of the White mountains, in several small streams, near the sources of Pea- body river, and separating into two streams which again unite, it falls into the Saco at Bartlett. Elligo Pond, Vt. This beautiful sheet of water, two miles in length and half a mile in breadth, lies partly in Craftsbury and partly in Greensborough, Or- leans county. Its northern outlet passes to Black river; its southern to the Lamoille. There are two small islands in the lake. This was a favorite resort for the Indians, and now attracts numerous lovers of fine trout and delightful scenery to its borders. ElIs-\vortli, Me. Chief town of Hancock co. This is a pleasant and flourishing town on both sides of Union river, at the head of navigation. The village is principally on the E. side, where there is a good bridge across the liver, 3 miles above the entrance of the river into the waters con- nected with Blue Hill bay. The tide rises at the bridge 10 or 12 feet, and Ellsworth possesses an enviable position for maritime and inland trade. The location of the courts for this county was changed from Castine to thjs place in 1833. Th.e court house is eligibly situated on the W. side of the river. Ellsworth is quite an agricultural township. It has a good soil, and considerable attention is given to the growth of wheat and wool. It lies 81 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 30 N. E. by E. from Bangor. Population, 1830", 1,385—1837; 2,195. Ellsworth, ]V. H., Grafton co., is 52 miles N. N.W. from Concord and 20 S. E. fi-ora Haverhill. Population, 1830, 234. It is a mountainous tract of teri-ito- ry. The mo^t prominent elevation is Carr's mountain. A small sti'eam issues from West Branch pond and runs into the Pemigcwasset at Campton. The soil, though in some parts sterile, produces wheat, rye NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and corn. Maple sugar is made here, and clover seed is raised in considerable quantities. This town, formerly called Trecothick, was •granted May 1, ITUO, to Barlow Trecothick. Elmore, Vt. Lamoille co. First settled, 1790. Elmore lies 16 miles N. from Mont- pelier and 10 S. from Hyde])ark. Population, 1830, 442. There are five ponds in this town, the waters of w'hich, the town beins; very hia;li, descend partly to Lamoille and part- ly to Onion rivers. Some cattle and some wool are sent to market. Embden, Me. Somerset co. A fine township of land with two pleasant vil!an;es, on the W. side of Kennebec river. Seven Mile brook passes through the S. W. corner of the town. — Embden produced, in 1S37, 6,400 bushels of wheat and considerable wool. Incorjjorated, 1804. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,048. It is 46 miles N. N. V,'. from Augusta and about IS miles N. by W. from Norridge- wock. Enfield, Me. Penobscot co. Incoi-porated, 1S35. See " Down East." Eulield, N. H. Grafton co. Enfield comprises 24,060 acres, of which about 2,500 acres are water. It is 10 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College and 40 N. W. from Concord. Its surface is diversified with hills and valleys, and watercil by a variety of ponds and streams, stored with lish of ev- ery species common to the country. Mascomy pond, which has acquir- ed from travellers the appellation of Pleasant pond, is a beautiful col- lection of water, 4 miles in length and of various breadth, interspersed with islan inhabitants to a square mile. Essex Comity, Mass. Salem, Ipswich, and jYewbitry- port are the shire towns. This county is bounded N. W. by Rock- ingham county. New Hampshire, S. W. by Middlesex county, E. and N. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. E. by Massachusetts bay. There is much good land in this county, but its surface is rocky and uneven. It has an extensive sea coast, in- dented with numerous bays, inlets, and capacious harbors. It is more denselj- populated than any county of its size in the United States. It has great wealth, and its commerce and tisheries are unrivalled by any section of country, of its extent, on the globe. Population, 1820, 73,930; 1S.30, 82,887, and in 18-37, 93,689. This county comprises an area of 360 square miles; — the number of inhabitants to a square mile is 260. Essex county, although of stubborn soil, has many very delightful farms, and furnishes great quantities of hay and vegetables for market. It NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. has many beautiful ponds and com- manding elevations, and its sea- board is the delight of every be- holder. However fruitful the cit- izens may have rendered the soil by their industry, this county is es- sentially a commercial and manu- facturing section of New England. The tonnage of the five districts, in 1837, was 8-5,933 tons. The amount of manufactures, for the year end- ing April 1, 1837, was $10,216,300 ; and the amount of the whale, cod and mackerel fisheries, amounted to $1,378,144. The principal riv- ers in Essex county are the Merri- mack and Shawsheen. Essex coun- ty was incorporated in 1G43, and has given birth to some of the most dis- tinguished merchants in the United States. Among many others may be mentioned William Gray, Israel Thorndike, and Wil- liam Parsons. Essex, Vt. Chittenden co. This town is fine- ly watered by Onion river on the S. and Brown's river, a branch of the Lamoille, on the N. It is also watered by other smaller streams. At Hubbeil's falls, on Onion river, are admirable mill sites, at which are manufactures of some extent. The surface of the town is level ; a considerable portion of the soil is dry and somewhat sandy, but pro- duces good crops of corn and rye. Along Onion river are some tracts of beautiful intervale. Essex was first settled in 1783. It lies 31 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 8 N. N. E. from Burlington. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,C64. Bsscx, Mass. Essex CO. This town lies at the headof Chebacco river, running in- to Squam bay, 13 miles N. E. from Boston, and 5 miles S. E. from Ips- wich, from which it was taken in 1819. Many vessels of 50 to 120 tons are built in this town, and ma- ay small vessels are employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. — The manufactures of vessels, leath- er, boots, shoes, bar iron, barrels, coidage, pumps and blocks, in the yeai ending Apiii 1, 1837, amount- ed to $102^271. The tonnage em- ployed in the cod and mackerel fish- ery was 878 tons. Population, 1837, 1,402. Essex is a pleasant and flourishing town. Etna, Me. Penobscot co. This is an excel lent farming town with no import- ant streams. It liesC3 miles N. E. from Augusta, 17 W. from Bangor, and bounded by Dixmont on the S. Incorporated, 1820. Popula- tion, 1830, 362—1837, 626. Etna is fine wheat land : it produced, in 1837, 2,421 bushels. Exeter, Me. Penobscot co. Exeter is 65 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 25 S.W. from Bangor. It was incorporated in 1811. Population, 1830, 1,438— 1837, 1,920. At the "Four Cor- ners," in the northerly part of the town, is a pleasant village with con- siderable trade and some mills. The people of Exeter in 1837, with a soil not above mediocritj-, proved without effort; by laising 12,058 bushels of wheat, that the state of Maine is abundantly able, by means within itself, to supply the whole family of Yankees with bread stufts, and have some to spare to their western brethren. Exeter, ]V. H. Rockingham co. This beautiful town lies 40 miles S. E. by E. from Concord and 14 S. W. from Ports- mouth. The compact part of the town lies about the falls, which sep- arate the fi'esh from the tide water of a branch of the Piscat;!qua, call- ed by the natives Swamscot, and now known by the name of Exeter river. Above the falls this stream assumes the name of Great river, to distinguish it from one of iti NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. smaller branches, called Little riv- er. Great river has its source in Chester, whence it runs tiii'oun;li several towns before it moots the tide water in the centre of Kxotor. On this river are many valuable mill privileges. The Exeter Cotton INIanufartur- ing Company commenced o|)ora- tions April 1, 1830. Thoir princi- pal building is of brick, 17.) feet by 45. They have 5,000 spindlos, em- ploy 212 girls and 40 men and boys. They manufacture annually about 1,400,000 yards of sheeting. They consume about 1,200 bales of cot- ton, .300 cords of wood and 22,500 pounds of potatoe starch annually. They have a steam engine, 40 horse power, to operate when the water power fails. This probably con- sumes annually about 150 chaldrons of Sidney coal. The capital invest- ed in lands, buildings, machinery, &c. is about .■«i210,000. A powder mill has been in ope- ration about two years, and will manufacture from 130 to 150 tons of powder annually. The manufacture of potatoe starch was commenced in 1S24. The es- tablishment has been twice burnt, but is rebuilt with brick, and starch is now manufactured from wheat as well as from potatoes. The amount of sales of starch and gum is about $10,000 annually. In the westerly part of the town is a paper mill, which manufactures paper to the value of .<520,000 an- nually. The manufacture of books, blank books, Stc. in Exeter, is very extensive. About ,«!100,000 value of shoes and boots are made annu- ally, and a large amount of leather. There ai-e also establishments far the manufacture of morocco leath- er, carriages, of various kinds, brushes, tin and pottery wares. The soil of Exeter is in general good, though comprehending every variety, from that of the best cpiali- ty to the least productive. Like most towns in the state, it is essen- tially agricultural, and the improve- ment in the style of husbandry has been very great. The number of industrious and enterprising me- chanics, to whom Exeter is indebt- ed for her prosperity, is very rapid- ly increasing. See Re2;ister. Phillips' academy, in Exeter, was founded by the liberal donations of John Phillips, LL. D.,in 1781, who at his death, in 1795, bequeathed to the institution a large portion of his estate. Benj.\miiv Abbott, LL. D. has discharged the duties of princi- pal with distinguished ability for more than fifty years. The build- ing stands on a plain, near the cen- tre of the town, and is well provid- ed with accommodations for the different branches of instruction, and a large hall for declamation and the annual exhibitions. The settlement of Exeter com- menced in 1638, by John Wheel- wright and others, who formed them- selves into a body politic, chose their magistrates, and bound the people to obedience. Their laws were made in popular assemblies ; and the com- bination thus entered into subsisted about three years. From I()75 to 1712, Exeter, like most of the early settlements, suffered from the at- tacks of the Indians. Hon. Samuel Tenjcey, M. D was an original member of the N. 11. Medical Society, its vice pre- sident several years, and a mem- ber of congress in 1800 and 1804. Gen. Nathaniel Peabody was an original member of the N. H. medical society; was a member of the old congress; a senator of the N. H. legislature in 1792 ; and speaker of the house in 1793. Hon. Nicholas Gilman was a member of the old congress, and a senator in congress from 1805 to his death in 1814. Gen. Nathaniel Folsom was a member of the old congress, and a valuable revolutionary olFicer. Hon. Jeremiah Smith, a na- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. live of Peterborough, was one of the first representatives to congress under the Federal government, was appointed Judge of S. C. of N. H. in 1802, was chief justice, and con- tinued such till 1S09, when he was elected governor. He was appoint- ed chief justice of S. J. C. in 1813. Hon. JoHiv Taylok Gilman, a descendant of one of the princi- pal settlers at Exeter, was an active supporter of the revolution ; a mem- ber of the old congress ; filled at times the oifices of representative and state treasurer; and for four- teen years, between 1794 and 1816, was governor of the state. Exeter has at all periods of its history possessed eminent and use- ful men ; and some of the first law- yers and jurists, antiquarians and scholars, have received their early education at its literary institution. Population, 1830, 2,759. Exeter, K. I. Washington co. This is an agri- cultural and manufacturing town, situated 24 miles S. W. fi-oin Provi- dence, and from its centre about 10 miles N. W. from South Kingston. The town is very large, being 12 by 5 miles. The surface is much di- versified by hills and valleys ; 'the soil is a gravelly loam, and very productive of all the varieties com- mon to the climate. The products of the dairy are considerable. — Branches of Wood river give this town a good water power, which )s well improved by cotton milU; and other manufactories. Exeter was incorporated in 1743. Population, 1830, 2,333. FaU-fax, Vt. Franklin co. Bounded S. by La- moille river: 37 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 S. E. from St. Albans. First settled, 1763. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,729. By Parme- lee's and Stone's brooks. Brown's river, and the Lamoille, this town enjoys a good water power. The falls on Lamoille river, at this place, are singular and worthy of the tra ■ veller's notice. The land is gene- rally level and of a good quality. A considerable amount of agricul- tural products is sent to market, and about 6.000 sheep are reared. There are some manufactures at the falls. Fairfax is a place of considerable business. Fairfield, Me. Somerset co. This beautiful town- ship is located on the W. side of Kennebec river, and S. of Bloom- field. Fairfield is the most south- ern township in the county. It is watered by a small stream running into the Kennebec, and by a branch of Waterville river. This town is favored with a fine soil, and naviga- ble privileges to Augusta. It has a pleasant village, considerable trade, and, in 1837, produced 11,- 531 bushels of wheat, and a large quantity of wool. Population, 1837, 2,203. Distant from Augusta, 26 miles N., and from Norridgewock, 10 S. E. Incorporated, 178S. Fairfield, Vt. Franklin co. This town was first settled in 1789. It is well watered by Smithfield pond, Fairfield river. Black creek, and branches of Mis- sisque river, and abounds in mil' sites. Fairfield has a good strong soil and generally suitable for cul- tivation. It is a pleasant place, with some trade and considerable manu- factures. It produces good beef cattle and horses, and pastures about 7,000 sheep. Population, 1830, 2,- 270. Fairfield lies 45 miles N. W. from Montpelier, 27 N. N. E. from Burlington, and is bounded W. by St. Albans. Fairfield County, Ct. Fairfield and Banbury are the shire towns. This county is bound- ed N. by Litcbfield county, N. E. and E. by Housatonick river, S. E. and S. by Long Island Sound, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. W. by the state of New York. This is a tine fanning sectian of coun- try, a2;reeably diversilied in regiiiJ to surface, vvith a strong; fertile .^oii, and possesses great natural agricul- tural resources. Fairlieid county extends nearly 40 miles on long Island Sound, and enjoys great fa- cilities for navigation and the fish- eries. The beautiful Housatonick washes its noi'theastern boundary, and the Saugatuck, Norwalk, Mill, Pequonuck and other rivers afford it an ample water power. The man- ufactui-ing interests of the county are valuable and increasing. It contains many villages of superior beauty, and abounds in scenery of an interesting character. First set- tled, Ifi'W. Area, 630 square miles. Population, 1820. 42,73!); 1830, 46,950 : 75 inhabitants to a square mile. In 1837 there were in this county about 22,000 sheep. FaU-field, Ct. Shire town, Fairfield co. This ancient and patriotic town compris- es three parishes, Fairfield, the seat of justice. Green's Farms and Greenfield. Fairfield lies 21 miles S. W. from New Haven, and 5S N. E. from New York. Population, 1830, 4,248. Its Indian name was Unquowa. The surface of the town is undulating and very plea- sant. The soil i< fertile, well cul- tivated and productive of wheat and rye, and a great variety of fruits and vegetables for New York mar- ket. Black Rock hai-bor is safe and easy of entrance for vessels draw- ing 19 feet of water at common tides. The tide usually riake. This is a large collection of wa- ter, lying partly in the county of Washington, Me., and partly in New Brunswick. It contains a large number of islands: it receives the waters of many small lakes and rivers, and is the chief source of the river St. Croix. It lies about 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. Grantham, 'S. II., Sullivan co., is bounded N. by Enfield, E. by Springfield, S. by Croydon, and W. by Plainfield, which separates it from Connecticut river. It is 12 miles S. E. fi'om Dartmouth college, and 45 N. W, from Concord. There are 7 or 8 ponds, the largest of which lies in the S. E. part of the town and is called Eastman's pond, containing nearly 300 acres. Another, lying near the centre of the town, con- tains nearly 200 acres. Croydon mountain extends through the west- erly part of Grantham in a direc- tion from S. W. to N. E. The soil is productive, especially on the W. of the mountain. It seems to be more favorable for wheat than any other species of grain. The moun- tain afibi-ds good pasturage, and the lower land yields grass in abund- ance. On the E. side of the moun- tain is a spiinj supposed to possess medicinal qualities, visited by hun- dreds of valetudinarians in the sum- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. mer season. On the summK of Croydon mountain is a natural pond, containing about 50 acres. Tliis town was first granted July 11, 1761, but the proprietors not fulfill- ing the conditions of the chai-ter, it was forfeited. In 1767, it was re- granted to Col. William Symmes and 63 others, by the name of Gran- tham. Incorporated in 1761. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 1,079. Granville, Vt. Addison co. See Barnard, Me. Granville, Mass. Hampden co. This is a moun- tainous township, 110 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 14 W. from Springfield. It contains good soap- stone and 1,500 sheep. The wool sold in 1837 for .f 2,572. There are some manufactures in Granville of pocket books, boots, shoes, leather, and silver ware. Although the land is high, the soil in many parts is very good and productive. The village is very pleasant. Incorpora- ted, 1754. Population, 1837,1,439. Gray, Me. Cumberland co. This is a fine farm- ing town, watered by branches of North Yarmouth and Presumpscot rivers, and containing a large part of Little Sebago pond. It lies 17 miles N. by W. from Portland and 44 S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1778. Population, 1837, 1,671. Gray is a pleasant town and a place of considerable trade and some man- ufactures. Great Earrington, Mass. Berkshire co. A very pleasant town in the valley of Housatonick river, 125 miles W. by S. from Bos- ton, and 14 S. from Lenox. Incor- porated, 1761. Population, 1837, 2,440. Monument mountain, in this town, is quite lofty : it presents some wild and picturesque scenery. Here are good iron ore, beautifully variegated marble, and a good mill stream. The soil on the banks of the Housatonick is fertile and the uplands are well adapted for graz- ing. The manufactures consist of cotton and woolen goods, boots, shoeSj leather, hats, pig iron, lasts, tin ware, hevils and guages. To- tal amount of manufactures in one year, $122,369. This town the same year (1837) produced 2,657 fleeces of merino wool, valued at $3,321. Great-Bays, N. H. The largest is that lying E. from New Market, formed by the united waters of Swamscot, Winnicut, and Lamprey rivers. It is 4 miles wide, and at some seasons is picturesque as connected with the surrounding scenery. This bay has Newington on the E., Greenland and Stratham on the S., and New Market and Durham W. : its waters pass N. E. through Little bay, where Oyster river unites with the current which passes into the Piscataqua. Great- Bay, heiween Sanbornton and Meredith, is a body of wa- ter, connected with Winnepisiogee lake, and dischai-ging its waters in- to Winnepisiogee river. Round and Long bays are situated between the lake and Gi-eat Bay, and there are two small bays on the river below Great Island, N. H. See J\i~ew Castle. Great Works Stream, Me. This stream has a number of trib- utai'ies, and is an important branch of the Penobscot. It has many sites for mills, and falls into the Penob- scot, on the E. side, opposite to the Indian settlement at Oldtown. At its confluence with the Penobscot there is a considerable village. There is another stream of this name, which rises in York county, and passes to Salmon Fall river, at South Berwick. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Greene, Die. Kennebec co. Greene lia JK^orthampton is the chief town. This ancient county, although its limits have been greatly reduced by the production of Franklin and Hampden counties, is still increas- ing in a<;ricultural, commercial and manufacturing strength. Located in the centre of the alluvial basin of the noble Connecticut; blessed with a rich and variegated soil, and great water power, this must ever remain one of the most independ- ent counties in New England. — Area, 532 square miles. Popula- tion, 1820, 26,447; 1830,30,210; 1837, 30,413. Incorporated, 1662. This county is bounded S. by Hamp- den, W. by Berkshire, N. by Frank- lin, and E. by Worcester counties : 57 inhabitants to a square mile. The Connecticut, Westfield, and Swift, are its chief rivers. Tlie manufactures of this county, the year ending April 1, 1837, amount- ed to $2,335,052. The value of wool, the fleeces of 6 1,274 sheep, amounted to $103,751. Hampstead, X. II., Rockingham co., lies partly on the height of land between Mei-ri- mack and Piscataqua rivers, ftlost •f the waters descend S W. into the Merrimack through Spiggot riv- er, which flows from Wash pond, near the centre of the town. An- gly pond is in the N. E. part of the town, the waters of which pass into Powow river. Island pond, in the S. W. part of the town, contains a valuable farm of 300 acres. The town was granted by Gov. Benning Wentworth, January 19, 1749, and named by him after a pleasant vil- lage five miles N. of London, Eng- land. He reserved the island be- fore mentioned for his own farm. Population in 1830, 913. Hampton, Me. See " Down East." Ilamptoii, N. H., Rockingham co., lies on the sea- coast, bounded N. E. by North- Hampton, S. E. by the Atlantic, S. W. by Hampton Falls, N. W. by Hampton Falls and part of Exeter Distant 13 miles S. W. from Ports- mouth, 7 S. E. from Exeter, and 50 S. E. from Concord. The soil is well adapted to tillage and mowing, and about one tifth of the territory is a salt marsh. Hampton is pleas- antly situated ; many eminences in the town affording romantic views of the ocean. Isles of Shoals, and sea-coast from Cape Ann to Ports- mouth. Its beaches have long been the resort of invalids and parties of pleasure, and are little inferior to the famous Nahant beach near Boston. Boar's Head is an abrupt emi- nence extending into the sea, and di- viding the beaches about half way between the river's mouth and the N. E. corner of the town. On the N. beach are numerous fish-houses, from which the winter and summer fisheries have been carried on with much success. Great quantities of the winter fish are carried frozen into the interior, and to Vermont and Canada. The Indian name of this town was JVinnicumet ; it was first set- tled in 1638, by emigrants from the NEAV ENGLAND GAZETTEER. county of Norfolk, England. The first house was erected in 1C35, by Nicholas Easlon, and was called the Bound-house. The town was in- corporated in lG3(j, and then inclu- ded within its limits what now con- stitutes t!ie towns of North I lamp- ion, Hampton Falls, Kensington and Seabrook. This town was formerly the scene of Indian depredations. On the 17th Aug;. 1703, a party of Indians kill- ed 5 persons in Hampton, among whom was a widow Mussey, cele- brated as a preacher among the Friends. The Hon. Christopher Top- pan died liere in Feb., 1S19, aged 84: he was a very useful and dis- tinguished citizen. Population in 1830, 1,103. Ilaiiiptoii, Ct. Windham co. This town was taken from Windham and Pomfret in 1786. The people are generally agriculturalists, with a good strong soil of an uneven surface. The village is pleasantly situated on high ground, 35 miles E. from Hartford and 6 from Brooklyn. Hampton has good mill seats on a branch of Shetucket river. Population, 1S30, 1,101. Hamptou Falls, N. H., Rockingham co., is situated 4.5 miles S. E. from Concord, and 16 S. W. from Portsmouth. The soil is generally good. Hampton Falls was oi-iginally a part of Hampton, from which it wa- separai«>d and incorporated, in 1712. Population, 1830, 5S2. Hancock County, Mc. EUsrvorthi-ithc. chief town. This county is bounded N. by Penobscot munty, E. bv W'asliitiglon county, S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Penobscot bay and river, and a part by Penoh--cot county. Its ex- tent on the ocean is between 50 and 60 miles: it compiises numerous islands of great beauty, some of which are large, fertile and well cultivated ; it comprises also nu- merous bays, and a vast number of coves, inlets and spacious harbors. Perhajjs there is no district of its extent on the American coast, that oilers greater facilities for naviga- tion, in all its various branches, than the county of Hancock. The ton- nage of Frenchman's bay, in this county, in 1837, was 13,184 tons. The soil of the county is generally of an excellent quality, particularly in the interior. There are a great number of ponds in the county : ev- ery section of it is watered by mill streams, and Union river, nearly in its centre, affords the interior part great facilities for transporta- tion. This county contains an area of about 1,850 square miles. Pop- ulation, 1830, 24,347; 1837, 28,120. Population to a square mile, 15. This countj' produced, in 1837, 21,- 446 bushels of wheat, and contain- ed 38,870 sheep. HancocU, Me. Hancock co. This town was tak- en from Sullivan and Trenton in 1828. It is situated between those towns, and is nearly surrounded by the head waters of Frenchman's bay. It is a place of some naviga- tion ; 85 miles E. from Augusta, and bounded easterly by Ellsworth. Population, 1837, 653. Hancock, N. H. Hillsborough co. It is 85 miles from Concord, 22 from Amherst, and 19 I'roin Keene. The W. pai-t of the town is mountainous, but af- fords excellent pasturing and many good farms. The other parts of the town are agreeably diversified with plains, hills and valleys. On the Contoocook, and some of its trib- utary streams, there are several tracts of excellent intervale. There are two con^jiderable ponds, one of which is in the centre, a few rods N. of the meeting-house. There NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. is a cotton factory, a paper mill, and several otlier manufacturing estab- lishments here; also a flourishing' academy. Hancock was incorpora- ted Nov. 5, 1779. It was named after Gov. Hancock, of Boston, who was one of the original proprietors. The first settlement was begun in 1764. Population, 1S30, 1,.316. Hancock, Vt. Addison co. Several branches of Otter creek rise in this town. Hancock is wholly on the moun- tains, and most of the land fit only for grazing. First settled, 1778. Population, 1830, 472. It lies SO miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 S. E. from Middlebury. Hancock, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a moun- tainous township, on the line of the state of New York, the source of the Housatonick, and the residence of a family of " Shakers." It lies 129 miles W. from Boston, 15 N. by W. from Lenox, and 5 E. from New Lebanon, New York. Incor- porated, 1776. Population, 1837. 975. There are one cotton and three woolen mills in the town, and some manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, iron castings, and wooden ware. The value of 5,445 fleeces of wool, sheared in 1837, amounted to $11,544. As we are so near the lovely val- ley of New Lebanon, its tepid springs, and a large family of our friends, the Shakers, we must be permitted to cross the line a mo- ment, "just to take a look." JV'etw Lebanon, New York, is in the county of Columbia, and sit- uated in a delightful valley, sur- rounded by cultivated hills, which present scenery greatly variegated and peculiarly pleasing. A community of Shakers, of be- tween 500 and 600, own about 3,000 acres of excellent land in tlii s town- ship, which is higJily improved by this industrious, hospitable, and cu- rious people. Their village is about two miles southeast of the springs. The Springs are on the side of a hill, and are so abundant as to sup- ply a small water power. The wa- ters are tasteless, pure as crystal, and appear to differ in no respect from other pure mountain waters, except in temperature, which is always at 72° of Fahrenheit. This is a great resort for visitors from all directions : — some to enjoy the romantic scenery with which this region abounds, and others the benign influence of the waters. The public resorts are well located, and afford excellent accommodations. New Lebanon is 134 miles W. from Bostdti, 24 E. from Albany, 25 N. E. from Hudson, 7 W. from Pitts- field, 23 S. by W. from Williams- town, 156 N. by E. from New York, and 68 N. W. by W. from Hartford. Ct. Hanover, W. H. Grafton co. The Connecticut river separates it from Norwich, Vermont. It is 53 miles N. W. from Concord, and 102 from Ports- mouth. In this town there is no river nor any considerable stream- besides the Connecticut. Mink brook, running in aS. W. direction, Slate brook in a W. course, and Goose-Pond brook in the N. E. part of the town, are among the princi- pal streams. Neither of them is large enough for permanent mill privileges. There are several small islands in Connecticut river within the limits of Hanover, the largest of which is Parker's island, contain- ing about 20 acres. There are no natural ponds. The surface of Hanover is agreeably diversified with hills and valleys, and the great- est part is suitable for farms. There is but a small proportion of waste land; less, perhaps, t';an in any other town in Grafton county. It is es- timated that nearly one half is un- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. der improvement. Moo slieej). Population, 1820, 47,261 ; 1830, 51,141: 70 inhabitants to a square .'uile. Hartford, Ct. Tht first English settlement in Hartfori? was commenced in 1635, by Mr. John Steel and his associates from Newtown, (now Cambridge)in Massachusetts. The main body of the first settlers, with Mr. Hooker at their head, did not arrive till the following year. " About the beginning of June, (says Dr. Trumbull,) Mr. Hooker, Mr. Stone, and about one hundred men, women and children, took their departure from Cambridge, and traveled more than a hundred miles, through a hideous and track- less wilderness, to Hartford. They liad no guide but their compass, and made their way over mountains, through swamps, thickets and riv- ers, wliich were not passable but with great difficulty. They had no cover but the heavens, nor any lodgings but those that simple na- ture afforded them. They drove with them a hundred and sixty head of cattle, and by the way subsisted on the milk of their cows. Mrs. Hooker was borne through the wil- derness upon a litter. The people carried their packs, arms, and some utensils. They were nearly a fort- night on their journey. Tliis ad- venture was the more remarkable, as many of the company were per- sons of figure, who had lived in England, in honor, aniuence and delicacy, and were entire strangers to fatigue and danger." The Indian name of Hartford was .S'uc/c/a/^. A deed appears to have been given by Sunckquasson, the sachem of the place, about 1636, to Samuel Stone and William Good- win, who appear to have acted in behalf of the first settlers. The town of Hartford is bounded N. by Windsor and Bloomfield, E. by Connecticut river, 3. by Weth- ersfield, and W. by Farmington and Avon. It is about six miles in length from north to soutli, and ave- rages about five in breadth. The western part of the town has a soil of red gravelly earth, very rich and productive. That part near the river is covered with a strong clay, or a lich black mould. The latter is principally in the valuable tract of meadow adjacent to Connecticut liver. Hartford City, incorporated in 1784, is over a mile in length upon the river, and about three fouiths of a mile in breadth. The alluvial flat upon the river is nar- row, being from 40 to 100 roWs, and is connected with the upland by a very gradual elevation. It is situ- ated on the west side of Connecti- cut river, 45 miles from its mouth. It is in N. lat. 41° 4,5' 59'', W. Ion. 72° 40'. It is 260 miles S. W. from Augusta, Maine ; 1.19 S. S. W. from Concord, New Hamp- shire ; 205 S. from Montpelier, Ver- mont; 97 W. S. W. from Boston, Massachusetts ; 64 W. fioni Provi- dence, Rhode Island; 110 N. E. from the city of New -"icrk, and 335 E. from Washington. The legislature of the state as- sembles alternately at Hartford and New Haven, the odd years at Hart- ford. The city is rather irregular- ly laid out, and is divided at the S. part by Mill, or Little liver. Across this stream a fine bridge of free- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. fltone has been thrown, which con- nects the two parts of the city. This structure is 100 feet wide, supported by a single arch, 7 feet in thickness at the base, and 3 feet 3 inches at the centre, the cliord or span of which is 104 feet; eleva- vation from the bed of the river to the top of the arch, 30 feet 9 inch- es. Another bridge, across Con- necticut river, 1,000 feet long, and which cost over $100,000, unites the city with East Hartford. Hartford is very advantageously situated for business, is surrounded by an ex- tensive and wealthy district, and communicates with the towns and villages on the Connecticut above by small steam-boats, two of which, for passengers, ply daily between Hartford and Springfield. The i-e- mainder are employed in towing flat bottomed boats, of 15 to 30 tons burthen, as far as Wells' i-iver, 220 miles above the city. The coast- ing trade is very considerable, and there is some foreign trade carried on. A daily line of steam-boats pass between Hartford and New York. The manufactures of this city ex- ceed $900,000 per annum ; among these are various manufactures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ; block tin and pewter ware ; printing press- es and ink ; a manufactory of iron machinery ; iron foundries, saddle- ry, carriages, joiners' tools, paper- hangings, looking-glasses, umbrel- las, stone ware, a brewery, a web manufactory, cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, clothing for exportation, soap and candles, man- ufactories of machine and other wire cards, operated by dogs, &c. More than twice as many books, it is stated, are published here, annu- ally, as are manufactured in any other place of equal population in the United States. The city is well built, and con- tains iriany elegant public and pri- vate edifices. The state-house, in which are the public offices of the etate, is surmounted by a cupola, and is a very handsome and spa- cious building. The city hall, built for city purposes, is also spacious and elegant ; it has two fronts, with porticos, — supported each by six massive columns. The American Asylum for the deaf and dumb, the Retreat for the insane, and Wash- ington College, are all beautifully located, in the immediate vicinity of the city. The population with- in the city limits, in September, 1835, was nine thousand and eight hundred. " The American Asylum for the education and instruction of deaf and dumb persons, was founded by an association of gentlemen in Hart- ford, Conn., in 1S15. Their atten- tion was called to this important charity by a case of deafness in the family of one of their number. An interesting child of the late Di-. Cogswell, who had lost her hearing at the age of two years, and her speech soon after, was, under Prov- idence, the cause of its establish- ment. Her father, ever ready to sympathize with the afflicted, and prompt to relieve human suffering, embraced in his plans for the edu- cation of his own daughter, all who might be similarly unfortunate. — The co-operation of the benevolent was easily secured, and measures were taken to obtain from Europe a knowledge of the difficult art, unknown in this country, of teach- ing written language thi-ough the medium of signs, to the deaf and dunih. For this purpose, the Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet visited Eng- land and Scotland, and applied at the institutions in those countries for instruction in their system ; but meeting with unexpected ditficul- fies, he repaired to France, and ob- tained, at the Royal Institution at Paris, those qualifications for an instructor of the deaf and dumb, which a selfish and mistaken poli- cy had refused him in Great IBrit- ain. Accompanied by Mr. Laurent NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEn. Clerc, himself deaf and dumb, and for several years a successful teach- er under the Abbe Sicard, Mr. CJal- laudet returned to this country iii August, ISIG. The Asylum had, in May preceding, been incorpora- ted by the state legislature. Some months were spent by INIessrs. Gal- laudet and Clerc in obtaining funds for the benetit of the institution, and in the spring of 1S17 the Asy- lum was opened for the reception of those (or whom it was designed, and the course of instruction commenced with seven pupils. " As the knowledge of the in- stitution extended, and the facili- ties for obtaining its advantages were multiplied, the number of pu- pils increased from seven to one hundred and forty, which for seve- ral years ])ast has not been much above the average number ; and since its commencement, in 1817, to 1837, instruction has been imparted to four hundred and seventy-seven deaf and dumb persons. " In 1819, Congress granted the in- stitution a township of land in Ala- bama, the proceeds of which have been invested as a permanent fund. The principal building was erected in 1820, and the pu])ils removed to it in the spring of the following year. It is one hundred and thirty feet long, fifty feet wide, and, in- cluding the basement, four stories high. Other buildings have been subsequently erected, as the in- creasing number of pupils made it necessary ; the pi-incipal of which is a dinins hall and workshops for the male pu])ils. Attached to the institution are eight or ten acres of land, which afford ample room for exercise, and the cultivation of veg- etables and fruits for the pupils. " The system of instruction adopt- ed at this institution is substantially the same as that of the French school at Paris. It has, howevei-, been materially improved and mod- ified by Mr. (jallaudet and his as- sociates. This system, and indeed every other rational system of teaching the deaf and dumb, is bas- ed upon the natural language of signs. By this we mean those ges- tures which a deaf and e building is connected a court- j'ard, encompass- ed by high fences, and handsomely laid out, designed to aflbrd (he ben- efit of exercise, pastime and IVesh air, to those who cannot safely he ■allowed to range abroad." The mode of treatment at this institution is similar to that adopted at the McLean Asylum, Charles- town, Mass. " JVashingtnn College. This in- stitution was founded in 1826 It has two edifices of free stone ; one 148 feet long by 43 wide, and 4 sto- ries high, containing 48 rooms; the other 87 feet by 55, and 3 stories high, containing the chapel, libra- ry, niineralogical cabinet, philo- sophical chamber, laboratory and recitation rooms. See Register. The Charter Oak. This tree stands on the beautiful elevation which rises above the south mead- ows, a few rods north of the ancient seat of the Wyliys family. The tree is still in a vigorous slate, and may flouiish for another century. " That venerable tree, which concealed (he charter of our rights," says a daughter of Secretary Wyl- iys, "stands at the foot of Wyliys hill. The first inhabitant of" that name found it standing in the height of its glory. Age seems to have curtailed its branches, yet it is not exceeded in the height of its color- ing, or richness of its foliage. The trunk measures twenty one feet in circumference, and near seven in diameter. The cavity, which was the asylum of our charter, was near the roots, and large enough to ad- mit a child. Within the space of eight years, that cavity has closed, as if it had fulfilled the divine pur- pose for which it had been reared." The story of the " Charter Oak" is thus told by Mr, Barber. " Sir Edmund Andros being ap- pointed tiie first governor-general over New England, arrived in Bos- ton in Dec. 1686. From this place he wrote to the colony of Connecti- cut to resign their charter, but with- out success. " ' The assembly met as usual, in October, and the gov- ernment continued according to charter, until the last of the month. About this time, Sir Edmund, with his suite and more than sixty regu- lar troops, came to Hartford when the assembly were sitting, and de- manded the charter, and declared the government under it to be dis- solved. The assembly were ex- tremely reluctant and slow with re- spect to any resolve to surrender the charter, or with respect to any motion to bring it forth. The tra- dition is, that governor Treat strong- ly represented the great expense and hardships of the colonists in planting the country ; the blood and treasure which they had ex- pended in defending it, both against the savages and foreigners ; to what hardships he himself had been ex- posed for that purpose ; and that it was like giving up his life, now to surrender the patent and privileges so dearly bought and so long enjoy- ed. The impoi'tant affair was de- bated and kept in suspense until the evening, when the charter was brought and laid upon the table where the assembly were sitting. By this time great numbers of peo- j)le wei'C assembled, and men sutfi- ciently bold to enterprise whatever might be necessary or expedient. The lights were instantly extin- guished, and one Capt. Wadsworth, of Hartford, in the most silent and secret manner, carried oil" the char- ter, and secreted it in a large hol- low tree, fi-on!ing the house of Hon. Samuel Wyliys, then one of the magistrates of the colony. The people all appeared peaceable and orderlj\ The candles were offi- ciously re-lighted, but the patent was gone, and no discovery coulj NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. be made of it, or the persons who carried it away.' " West Hartford, or, as it was formerly called, West Division, is a fine tract of land. The inhabit- ants are mostly substantial farmers, and the s^eneral appearance of the place denotes an unusual share of equalized wealth and prosperity. The venerable Nathaiv Per- kins, D. D., still continues his la- bors in the ministry in this place. In 18.33, his sixtieth anniversary sermon was published. In that ser- mon he says, " I am now the oldest officiating minister of the gospel in 'this state, and, as far as I can learn, in the United States. And I can- not learn, from the hisfory of church- es in Connecticut, that there has ever been an instance of one of its ministers preaching for sixty years uninterruptedly to the same con- gregation." Dr. Perkins stated, as we are in- formed, that from the commence- ment of his ministry, that in his church there had been one thou- sand deaths and one thousand bap- tisms — that he had delivered four thousand written sermons, and three thousand extemporaneous ones, on otlier occasions of worship — that he had attended sixty ordinations and installations, and had preached 20 ordination sermons, twelve of which had been published by request ; that he had attended one hundred eccle- siastical councils, to heal difficulties in the churches, and that he had fitted for college one hundred and fifty students, and more than thirty for the gospel ministry. Hartlaiid, Me. Somerset co. This excellent township is watered on its eastern boundary by one of the principal branches of Sebasticook river. The inhabitants are principally engaged in agricultural pursuits, and the soil richly rewards them for their indus- try. Hartland produced 4,S36 1 bushels of wheat in 1837, some wool and other valuable commodi- ties. It was incorporated in 1820. Population, 1837, 890. It lies 42 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 18 N. E. from Norridgewock. Hartlaud, Vt. Windsor co. Timothy Lull was the father of this nourishing re- public. He took his family from Dummerston, up Connecticut river about 50 miles, in a log canoe, in 1763. He landed at the mouth of a beautiful stream, called LulVs Brook. His nearest neighbors were more than 20 miles distant. He commenced a settlement on I;uirs Brook, and, after acquiring a hand- some property, died there at the age of 81. Timothy Lull, jr., was the first child born in the town. — On the occasion of his birth, a mid- wife was drawn 23 miles on a hand sled. This is a rich farming town, pleas- antly diversified by hills and val- leys. Hartland produces many cat- tle : ten thousand sheep graze in its pastures. It lies on the west bank of Connecticut liver. Water- queechy river, at the N. part of the town, and Lull's Brook, at the S., give it a water power of great val- ue. On these streams are neat vil- lages and flourishing manufactur- ing establishments. Hartland lies 50 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier and 9 N. from Windsor. Popula tion, 1830, 2,503. Hartlaud, Ct. Hartford co. This town is 22 miles N. W. from Hartford. It lies in a mountainous part of the state : most of the land is cold and fit only for grazing. A branch of Farm- ington river passes through the town, and forms what is called Hartland hoUoiv, a deep ravine, presenting some bold and pictur- esque scenery. Hartland was in- corporated in 1761. First settled, 1753. Population, 1830, 1,221. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Harvard, ]>Iass. Worcester co. This town was taken from Stow, Grotoa and Lan- caster, in 1732. It is washed on the W. side by Nashua river. It lies 80 miles N. \V. from Boston, 20 N. E. from Worcester, and 13 W. from Concord. Here are two large ponds with fine tish, and quar- ries of slate used for monuments. About 200 of that industrious sect, called shakers, reside here, and own a considerable tract of excellent land. They live about 3 nules N. E. from the centre of the town, and supply the maiket with a great va- riety of wares, fruits, seeds, herbs, &c. Sec, tlie product of their me- chanical ingenuity and horticultu- ral skill. There are three paper mills in Harvarvi, and manufactures of palm- leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather and grave stones: annual value about ^10,000. Large quantities of hops have been raised in this place. — Population, 1837, 1,56"6. Hartvicli, Mass., Barnstable co., on the S. side of Cape Cod, 14 miles E. from Barn- stable. Incoi-poratcd, ll)94. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,464; 1837,2,771. On Herring river, the outlet of Long pond, are cotton and other mill-i. Some vessels are built here and some salt manufactured. The product of the cod and mackerel ti'diery the year ending April 1, 1S37, was .'iii.'53,()0O. Harwich is a pleasant town : the village makes a good appearance fiom the sea. Har'wiutou, Ct. Litchfield co. Har-win-ton de- rived its name from three syllables taken from the names of Hartford, Windsor and Farniington. It was first settled in 1731 ; incoi-porated, 1737. Population, 1830, 1,, 516. It lies 23 miles W. from Hartford, 40 N. by W. from New Haven, and 8 E. from Litchfield. Harwinton is 16 situated on high ground, abounding with granite rocks and more fit for grazing than tillage. Hatfield, Mass. Hampshire co. This is a weal- thy agricultural township, noted for its good soil and tine beef cattle. It lies on the W. side of Connecti- cut river, 5 miles N. from North- ampton, and 95 W. from Boston. — Incorporated, 1670. Population, 1837, 937. The manufactures of the town consist of corn brooms, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, and car- riages; annual value about $.50,000. There is an elm tree in Hatfield which is said to measure, two feet from the ground, thirty four feet in circumference. Haverhill, N. H., Grafton co., is one of tlie shire towns. It lies 31 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 70 N. N. W. from. Concord. It is watered by Olive- rian and Hazcn brooks. Haverhill is a pleasant town. The soil is suit- ed to every species of cultivation. There is a quarry of granite suita- ble for mill .stones and buildings, and a bed of iron ore, on the W. side of Coventry, bordering this town. The principal village is at the S. W. angle of the town, and known by the name of Haverhill Corner. There is a beautiful common in this village, laid out in an oblong square, around which the buildings regu- larly stand. The site is a handsome elevation, overlooking the adjacent country many miles N. and S., and not less than 6 or 7 miles E. and W. From the street, the ground slopes with unusual elegance to the SV., and is succeeded by broad inter- vales. The prospect here is de- lightful. There is another village at the N. W. angle of the town, on a street nearly a mile in length, straight and vei'y level. Haverhill was granted, 1764. Its first settlement was made in 1764, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by Capt. John Hi^zcn, who settled on tlie Little Ox Bow, near where there had formerly been an Indian fort and burying- ground, and where many Indian skulls and relics have been found. Several of the early settlers wei-s from Newbury and Haverhill, Ma'^s., and from the last place, this town derived its name. Its former name was Lower Cuos. Hon. Moses Dow was one of the most distinguished citizens of this place. Hon. Charles Johnston, who died March 5, 1813, aged 76, resid- ed here. He was a valuable oifi- cer in the revolution, and was ma- ny years judge of probate in Graf- ton county. Hon. James Woodward and Hon. Ezekiel Ladd were among the early settlers, and were judges of the old counfy court. Population, in 1S30, 2,153. Haverliill, Mass. Essex CO. This ancient, respect- able and nourishing manufacturing town, lies on the N. side of the Meri'imack liver, at the head of navigation, and united to l>rai:ford by two beautiful inidges. It i-; 3() miles N. from Boston, 31 N. N. W. from Salem, 12 W. by S. from Newbu- ryport, 18 N. E. from Lowell, 30 S. W. from Porismouth, N. H. and 40 S. E. from Concord, N. H. Li!- tle river pas^ing through the town affords a good hydi-auiic power, on which are manufactuilng establish- ments of various kinds. The man- ufactures consist of woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, hats, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, chairs, cabinet ware, combs, ploughs, tin ware, vessels, palm-leaf hats, shoe lasts, spirits, morocco leather, chaises and harnesses: total amount the year ending April 1, 1S37, $1,3.57,523. Haverhill is delightfully located, handsomely built, and has been llie birth place and residence of many of the mo'-t valuable and disiin- guishcd citizens of New England. Haverhill is so situated as to com- mand an extensive inland ti-ade : it is easily approached irom Boston by the Andover and Vtilniington rail-road, wliicli is extending to Ex- eter, N. H., and from thence to Maine; Haverhill, the Indian Pentuck- eit, was lirst settled -in 1()41 : it was a fi-ontier settlement for nearly half a century and suffered great calam- ities by savage depredations. It was incorporated in 1645. — Population, 1820, 3,070; 1830, 3,- 836 ; 1837, 4,726. Ka-»vley, Blass. Franklin co. Hawley is on el- evated groun'l, and watered by branches of Deeriield river. The soil is good for grazing, and feeds about 3,000 sheep. A consider- able quantity of leather is tanned in this town. Incorporated, 1792. Population, 1837, 995. Hawley lias good iron ore and some iron v/orks. It lies 107 miles W. by N. fiom Boston, and 14 W. by S. from Greenfield. Ilayiicsville, Mc. Washington county. See " Down East." IlcatSi, Mass. Franklin co. A mountainous township good for grazing sheep, of which 2,312 were kept in 1837. There ai-e in Heath some manufac- tures of leather, boots, shoes and palm-leaf hats. Incorporated, 17S5. Population, 1S37, 953. It lies 125 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 13 W. N. W. from Greenfield. Ilebrojj, Mc. Oxford CO. This is a good fiirm- ing town, lying S. E. from Paris about 7 miles, and 42 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1792. Population, 1337, 972. Hebron, K. II., Grafton co., lies 9 miles S. W. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. from Plymouth, and 40 N. W. from Concord. A considerable part of Newfound lake lies in the S. E. part of this town. It ha? no river, nor any important streams. Near- ly on;! half of this town was inclu- ded in tlu! o-rant of Cofkonnoulh, now Grotoii. The rciuaiiiini;- part w.is taken from Plymou-h. it was incorporated, 17ii2. Population in 1S30, .538. Hebron, C't. Tolland co. Hop i-ivcr, a branch of the Willimantic, waters this town. The village of Hebron, with its Gothic church, 20 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 14 S. from Tolland, is pleasant and cominaiid-i a 2;oo 1 prospect. There are in the town 2 cotton, 1 woolen, and 1 pan -r, mills ; a Iar<^o iron furnace and other man- ufactories. The sui-fice of tlis town is hilly, but fertile. North pond in the S. part of the town is a handso.ne slieetof water. Hebron was first settled. 1704. Int-orpsra- ted, 1707. Population, 1S30, l,93t). Heiiuiker, N. II. , Merrimack CO. It is 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 1.5 W. fro;n Concord. Confoocook river passes easterly thro;K.;h its centre, and di- vides the town into n.^arly equal portions of terrifoiy and population. Its course i^ rather circuitous, and in many places presents scenes of considerable inicrest and beauty. Few places affjrd belter pro-pects for the successful operation of wa- ter macliinery than thi-. There are several ponds of considerable size. Lonsf pond is the largest, be- ing between 1 and 2 miles in length, and from 40 to S) rod ■; wide — itua- ted 1 mile N.of the CMiire village. Craney hill is the principal eleva- tion, and embraces a lai-ge poi-iiou of territory on the S. of the town. It is mostly in a state of cultivation. The soil of the hilUis favora!)le for wheat — the valleys pi-oduce goj I cropj of coi'u. Henniker was granted in 1752, under the name of A'uniber (i. It3 settlement commenced in 17()1. It was incorporated in I7()S, when it received its present name (rom Gov. Wentworth, in honor of his friend Hennikei, probalily John Henni- ker, Esq., a merchant in London and a member of the British parliament at that time. Population, in 1S30, 1,725. Itlermoii, Mc. Penobscot CO. A good township of land, 7 miles W. from Bangor. A large pond and the Sowadabscook river water its S. W. corner. In 1337, 1,870 bushel of wheat wag raised. Incoi-poratcd, 1S14. Pop- ulation, 1S37, 535. Illgligate, Vt. Franklin co. This town lies on the 7^. side of Lake Champlain, at the N. \V. corner of New Eng- land, and of the United States. It is 60 miles N. W. from Montpc- lier, and 12 N. from St. Albans. First settled, about 1784. The soil is generally sandy, in some parts swampy. Bog iron ore, of a good quality, is found here. There are many mill privileges in Highgate, particularly at a fall of the river Missique, where are iron works, and other maruifattories. The scenery at this place is quite wild and picturesque. Population, 1S30, 2,033. Highgate is a place of con- siderable traile with Canada, and down the lake. Hill, N. II. Grafton co. This town is 24 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 44 S. S. E. from Haverhill. It is watered by Pemigewasset and SiuiMl's rivers, and several small streams. Eagle pond is the only one of note. Ragged mountain is a conddera!)le elevation, and but little infei-ior to Kearsarge. Vinwed from the s'lm- mit of the neighboring hills, this (own appears very uneven, yet NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. there are many fine tracts convertcil into productive farms. The soil in some parts is rich and fertile — it is generally good. There is at the S. E. section of the (own, a flourish- ing village, situated on a spacious street 1 mile in length. This to\vn was granted Sept. 14, 1753, to 87 proprietors, who held their first meeting at Chester, and as the greater part of the inhabitants belonged to that place, it was called New Chester; wliich name it retain- ed until Jan. 1837, when it was changed to the name of PIill, in compliment to the then governor Hill. The first settlement was in 1768. In Dec. 1820, six children of Mr. William Follansbee were consum- ed in the flames of his house, while he and his wife were absent. In- corporated, 1778. Population, 1830, 1,090. Millsboroiigli County, K. H. ^^mherst is the sliire town. Hills- borough has Merrimack county on the N., Rockingham on the E., the stale of Massachusetts on the S., and Cheshire county on the W. The surface of this county is gen- zrally uneven, though there are but few lolty mountains. Lyndebo- rough mountain, in the township of Lyndeborough, the Unconoonock, in Goftstown, Crotched, in Frances- town and Society Land, are of con- siderable altitude. This section of New Hampsliire is well watered. The noble and ma- jestic Merrimack passes its south- eastern border. At Nashua, the Nashua, a beautiful stream from Massachusetts, discharges its wa- ters into the Meri-imack. North of the Nashua, the Souhegan and Pis- cataquog, streams of much value and consequence to the manufacturing interests, dischai-ge themselves in- to the Meriimack; the former in the township of Merrimack, the latter in Bedford. Part of a large collection of water, denominated a lake, the Massabesick, on the E. boundary of Manchester. Besides these there ai-e numerous ponds, interspersed through the whole ex- tent of territory. Some of the largest of these are Gregg's pond, in Antrim, Pleasant pond, in Fran- ccstown, Ba'jboosuck pond, in Am- herst, and Potanipo, in Brookline. There are several mineral springs which have been found serviceable in cutaneous atfcctions, but no one has yet acquired genei-al celebrity. JMinerals have been found in vari- ous places, but not in great abun- dance. This county possesses many advan- tages for manufactuiing establish- ments, and it is gratifying to iind that many of its citizens are turn- ing their attention to this branch of national and individual wealth. The settlement of this county was made at Nashua, lately Dun- stable, some years before the war with king Philip, in lfi75. It was constituted a county by an act of the General Assembly, 19 March. 1771. It received its name from the Earl of Hillsborough, one of the piivy council of George III. The population, in 1775, was 13,- 132; in 1790, 24,536; in 1800, 31,- 2S0; in 1810, 34,410; in 1820, 35,761; and in 1830, 37,762. In 1S37, there were 45,511 sheep in this county. Hillstooroiigli, N. H. Hillsborough co. It is 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, 24 W. S. W. fiom Concord. This town is well watered. Conioocook river passes through the S. E. corner, and aflbrds several excellent water privileges. Hillsborough river has its source from ponds in Washington ; runs in a S. E. course through the whole ex- tent of Hillsborough, receiving the outlets of several ponds on the E., and forms a junction with the Con- toocook, on the S. line of this town. The land here is uneven, but it af- fords many good farms. There is NEW ENGI,AND GAZETTEEK. a pleasant village on tlic 2(1 New Hampshii-o turnpike, whic'ii puisc^ N. W. tlii-ough tliis town, conlain- ing a number of (Ivveliinii house*!, stores, niillu, and a cotton and wool- en fac(ory. IIills!)Oiough was formerly known by till' name of A^umbcr 7 of fron- tier towns. The lir-^t selll(Mn;nt was made in 1741. The lirst chil- dren born in Hillsboro'ioii were John M'Calloy and Mary Gib on, who inlerniarried, and i-eceived as a oiff a tract of land, from tlu' prin- cipal proprietor. It was incoi-po- rated in 1772. Population, ISj'O, 1,792. Hiucsbnrgh, Vt. Chittenden co. Phitt river and Lewis creek water this (own. A part of the town is mountainous, but the soil is generally very s;ood, particularly for £;razin3. Population, in 1830, 3,357; 1837, 3,4 15. Major-general BE\'.rAMiiv Lin- coL.v, was born in this town, Jan. 23, 1733; he died May 9, 1810. This town is remarkable for its healthiness and long('vity. Dur- ing 50 years, 8 per-ons died in one liouse, whose average age was SI years. 16* About 80 sail of vessels belong to this place, which arc engaged in the cod and mackerel fishery, and coasting trade ; — aggregate tonnage about 5, 0(H) tons. In this town is an iron foundi-y, con-^iderable ship building, a steam bucket factory; and large quanti- ties of other wooden wares are manufacttired, and some salt. The amount of manufactures of Ilingbam, for the yearen(!ing April 1, 1837, was ;jp2;>7, 073. They con- sisted of leather, boots, shoes, iion castings, hats, ploughs, cabinet, tin and wooden wares, silk, salt, ves- sels, umbrellas, spars and blocks, coi'dage, carriages, hammoi's, and hatchets. The product of the cod* and mackerel lishery, the same year, was .«;1 13,700. Total amount of the fishery and manufactures $350,778. Derby Academy, a fi-ec school, and the WlUnrd Private Academy, are highly respcctalde seminaries, and promise gieat privileges to pa- rents. A commodious steam-boat plies between this and Boston, in sum- mer months, two or three times a day. The ho'els aie large, and frnish excellent accommodations. Bakei-'s Hill presents extensive and delightful views of Bo-lon harbor. An excursion to Hingham is very pleasant. Kiustlalc, fi. H. Cheshire co. It is 75 miles S. W. by W . from Concord. It is well watered with springs and rivulets of (he purest water. The Connec- ticut washes its western border; and (he Ashuclot runs through the centre, forming a junction with (he Conneclicu(, a little below the great bend, called Cooper's point. Kil- burn brook rises in Pisgah moun- tain, runs S. and fills into Ashuelot river. Ash-swamp brook rises in NVest river tnountain, runs a 8. W. course, and falls in'o the Connecti- cut, near the side of Hinsdale's fort. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. There are several inlands in the Con- necticut in tliis town. On the N. line of Hinsdale, is West river mountain, which extends from the banks of the Connecticut, E. across the whole width of the town. its greatest elevation is at the W. end. President Dwight states the height above low water mark to be from 800 to 900 feet. In this mountain is found iron ore, and some other min- erals and fossils. South of Ashue- lot, is Stebbins' hill, a tract of e.v- cellent land, and principally in a high state of cultivation. The in- tervales here are extensive, and of an excellent quality. On the point of a hill, not far from Con- necticut river, there is to be seen the remains of an Indian fortifica- tion, constructed prior to the set- tlement of the town. There is a deep trench drawn across the hill, to separate it from the plain back, and is continued to the river. Hinsdale was incorporated in 1753. It was originally a part of Northfield, and was settled as early as 1633. The former name of this place was Fort Dummer and Bridg- maa's Fort. This town encoun- tered all the difficulties of the In- dian wais, and struggled with oth- er hardships incident to frontier settlements, begun in the wilder- ness and remote from cultivated lands. Population, 1S30, 937. Hinsdale, Mass. Berkshire co. Hinsdale is the source of a branch of Ilousatonick river. It is an elevated township, and well adapted for grazing. — There are two woolen jaills in Hinsdale, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, chairs, and cabinet ware : total amount in one year $86,550. The value of 11,020 fleeces of wool, sheared in Hinsdale in 1837, weighing 32,116 pounds, was $19,266. This town was incorporated in 1804. Popula- tion, 1837, 832. It lies 125 miles V.'. from Boston, and 15 N. N. W. from Lenox. Hiram, Me. Oxford CO. This town lies on both sides of a brand; cf Saco riv- er, 86 miles vV. S. '\V. irom Augus- ta, and 40 S. W. from Paris. The township is fertile and productive of wool and wheat. Incorporated, 1807. Population, 1830, 1,148. Ilodstlon, Me. Washington co. Incorporated, 1S32 : 179 miles from Augusta. In 1S37, with a population of 552, it produced 3,134 bushels of wheat. !^ee " Down East." Hoiden, Mass. Worcester co. This town is fine- ly watered by branches of Black- stone and Nashua rivers. It has a valuable water power on Quinipox- et river. It has some good mead- ow land on the borders of the streams. There are 5 cotton and 2 woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of leather,boots, shoes, straw bonnets, and palm-leaf hats; total amount of the manufactyres for the "year ending April 1, 1837, $201,960. Holden'is 43 miles W. from Boston, and 6 N. W. from Vvorcester. Incorporated, 1740. — Population, 1837, 1,789. Holderness, N. H. Grafton CO. It is 65 miles N. W. from Portsmouth, and 40 N. from Concord. The soil is hard and not easily cultivated, but when sub- dued is tolerably productive. From the sap of the sugar maple, a con- siderable quantity of sugar is made. The Pemigewasset imparts a por- tion of its benefits to this place, and there are various other streams which serve to fertilize the soil, and to furnish mill seats. Squam river, the outlet of .Squam ponds, runs in a S. W. direction and empties into the Pemigewasset near the S. W. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. an^le of the town. This stream affjrds excellent mill privik'ges, having on it 2 papor mills and oth- er machinery. There are 3 ponds or lakes. Tiie road from Plymouth through this place to Vv'innepi-io;iee lake, and along the borders of that lake to VVolfehorougli is Iiiglily iiitorest- ing ; displaying scenery which is scarcely equalled in this |),irt of our country. Ilolderness was I'lrst granted in 1751. The tirst settle- mcnt was made about the \ear 1763. Population, 1330, 1,129. Holland, Vt. Orleans co. This is an excellent township of land, producing in great abundance all the varieties comnion to the climate. Previous to the year 1800, it was a wilderness. It is bounded N. by Canada: 56' miles N. N. E. from Montpelicr and 20 N. E. from Ir.isburgh. Population, 1830, 432. Holland, l>Tas$. Hampden co. Holland was tak- en from Brimliold in 173.5. It lies 70 miles S. \V. by W . from Boston, and 20 E. by S. from Spriniiliekl. Population, 18:{7, 49.5. Holland has several ponds, and is otherwise watered by Quinnebaugb river. There is a cotton mill in the town, and 65S sheep. Ilollis, Me. York CO. This town lies on the W. bank of Saco river, and contains numerous mill sites. Incorporated, 1812. Population, 1337, 2,374. It lies 72 miles S. W. from Augu74. Israel's River, N. H., Coos CO., is formed by the watei-s which descend in cataracts from the summits of Mounts Adams and Jef- ferson, and running N. W. it passes through Randolph and Jefl'crson, discharging itself into the Connec- ticut near the centre of Lancaster. It is a beautiful stream, and receiv- ed its name iVom Israel Glines, a hunter, who with his brother fi'e- quented these regions, long before the settlement of tlie county. Jacl^sou, Me. Waldo CO. An interior township of good land that produced, in 1837, 4,8j)S bushels of as line wheat as can be raised in Tennessee. Pop- ulation, same year, 523. Jackson is 49 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 15N. N.W.from Belfast. Incor- porated, 1818. Jacksou, ]V. II., Coos CO., situated on the E. side of the V/hite mountains. The sur- face of the town is uneven, but the soil is ricli and productive. It i% watered principally by the two branches of ICllis' river, passing fi-om the N. and uniting on the 8. border near Spruce mountain. — The principal elevations are called Black, Baldfaee, and Thorn moun- tains. Benjamin Copp was the first settler; he moved into Jackson in 1779, and with his family be-flffted the terrors of the wilderness four- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. teen years, before any other person settled there. The town was in- corporated December 4, 1800, by tlie name of Adams, which name it retained until 1S29, when it xvas changed to Jackson. Population, in 1830, 515. JaiFi-ey, N. II. Cheshire co. This town lies 62 miles N. Vv'. from Boston, and 40 S. W. by S. from Concord. The Grand Monadnock is situated in the N. W. part of this town and in Duhlin. Innumerable streams of water issue from the mountain. Those which issue from the western side dis- charge themselves into tlie Con- necticut liver; those from the east- ern form the head waters of Con- toocook river. The largest stream rises about 100 rods from the sum- mit, and descends in a S. E. direc- tion. With this brook, the thirsty and fatigued visitors of the moun- tain associate the most plea'^ing re- collections. The uneven soil of Jaffrey, affording numerous mead- ows, and early and rich pastures, is peculiarlj' adapted to raising cat- tle. There are several ponds in this town. Out of 3, issue streams sufficient to carry mills erected near their outlets. In the largest, which in 400 rods long, and 140 wide, is an island comprising about 10 acres. About 1 1-2 miles S. E. fiom the mountain is the " Monadnock mine- ral spring."' The spring is slightly impregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate of soda. It presei'ves .so uniform a temperature as never to have been known to freeze. Where the spring issues from the cartli, yellow ochre is thrown out. In tliis town are a cotton and wool- en factory, and various mills. The first permanent settlement was made in 1758. Jaffrey was incorporated in 177.3, receiving its name from George Jaffrey, Esq., of Portsmouth, one of the original proprietors. Pop- ulation in 1S30, 1,354. Jamaica, Vt. Windham co. West liver waters this town, and gives good mill seats. At a pleasant village near the cen- tre of the town are valuable mau- ufactui-ing establishments. The sur- face of the town is very uneven; in some parts mountainous, but the soil is generally good and produc- tive. Lime-stone of a good quality is found here. Jamaica was first settled in 1780. Population, 1830, 1,523. It lies 90 mites S. from Montpelier, and 14 N. W. from Newfane. Jamcsto'wn, R. I. Newport co. This town compris- es Connanicut, a beautiful island in Narraganset bay, about 8 miles in length: its average breadth is about a mile. The soil is a rich loam, and peculiarly adapted for grazing and the production of In- dian corn and barley. The inhabitants of this island are i-eniarkable for their industry and agricultural skill, which, united with the fertility of the soii and the location of the inland, renders it a delightful place. The distance from the town or island to Newport and South Kingston is about a mile each way ; to each of those places a fer- ry is established. The island was purchased of the Indians in 1657. Jamestown was incorporated in 1678. Population, 18.30, 415. Jay, Me. Franklin co. Jay lies at a bend of Androscoggin river, 29 miles W. by N. from Augusta, and 12S.S. W. from Farmington. There is much valuable land in Jay. The inhab- itants are principally farmers, and cultivate the soil with much indus- try. Tlie (ov.'u produced, in 1837, 8,129 bushels of wheat, and con- siderable wool. Popi'.hition, 1830, 1,276; 1837, 1,685. Incorcoiated, 1795. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Jay, Vt. OrleaniT co. A p;wt of this town is very mountainoiu — Jay's peak lying in tlie S. W. part; (he other partis ijootl arable laud, and would produce i^ood crops if well culti- vated. A number of streams issue from the mountain and produce an ample water power. Jay was char- tered in 1792, but it was not pcr- maucntly settled until about 18 Hi. It lies 50 miles N. IVom Moiilpe- lier, and 15 N. V.'. from Irasburgh. Population, 1S30, 196. Jeffcrsou, Me. Lincoln co. This town lies at the head of Damariscotta river, and embraces a larg;e body of water. It is otherwise watered by several ponds producing; streams for mill scats, which ^ive to JeRerson great facilities for sawing and transport- ing lumber. This is a flourishing town in its trade and agricultural pursuits; it produced 3,.3()1 bushels of wheat in lS;i7. Incorporated, 1S07. Population, 1837, 2,2!G. It lies 28 miles E. .S. E. from Augus- ta, and 15 N. E. from Wiscasset. Jeficrsou, N. H. Coos CO. Pondicherry pond, in this town, is about 200 rods in di- ameter, and is the principal source of John's river. Pondicherry bay is about 200 rods wide and 100 long. Mount Pliny lies in the easteiiy part of this town, and around its base there is excellent grazing and tillage land. On the S. W. side of this mountain are several fine farms, which consmand a most delightful view of the White mountains. Is- rael's river passes liirougii Jeffer- son from S. E. to N. W'., and here receives a considei'able branch. The (own was first settled about the year 1773. Jetferson is 77 niile:? N. from Concord, and 9 S. E. from Lancas- ter. Population, 1830, 495. <7erico, "V4. Chittenden co. First settled, 1771. Population, 1830, 1,651. Jcricolies 25 milos N. W. from Moiitpelier, and 12 E. from Burlinglon. This town lies on the N. side of Onion river, and is otherwise finely suj)- plied with mill seats by Brown's river and other streams. The soil varies in quality, fiom good inter- vale, on (he streams, to common graziiig pastures, on the hills. There is a pleasant village at the falls, on Ijiown's river, and some manufac- tories. Lamoille co. Johnson was first settled in 1784, by a i-cvolutionary hero, of the name of Samuel Ea- ton. Mr. Eaton frequently passed through this township, while scout- ing between Connecticut river and lake Champlain; and several times encamped on the same tlat which he afterwards occupied as a farm, it being a beautiful tract of intervale. Like many other settlers of this state, he had many difficulties to encounter. In indigent circumstan- ces, and with a numerous family, he loaded his little all upon an old horse, and set out in search of that favorite spot which he had selected in his more youtliful days. He ha. Incorporated, 1820. It lies 80 miles S. W. from Augusta, 25 S. W. from Portland, and 15 N. N. E. from York. Kenncbui&k Port, Me., York CO., is situated on the N. E. side of the Kennebunk river. This town was formerly extensive- ly engaged in the West India trade, but its navigation is now employed iU the freighting, coasting, and tish- ing business. Tbeextennve gran- ite quarries here are likely to be- come a source of considerable busi- ness. The stone, hearing a strong- resemblance to the Quincy, tinds a ready market where granite is made use of in building. Tliirty years ago, this town, and Kenne- bunk, on the oppo-iite side of the river, were the most active and busy ports in Maine ; but the tide of emigration has carried off most of the young men, leaving a surplus of girls ; so that whatever activity there now is in the place, is of a domestic character, not creating that noise and bustle incident to the operations of the other sex. Ken- nebunk Port lies about 4 miles N. E. from Kennebunk. This town and Kennebunk are much united in maritime pursuits, and both enjoy a sood harbor for shipping. Popu- lation, 1837, 2,730. I^ensingtou, X. H., Rockingl)am co., is 45 miles N. from Boston, 15 S. W. from Ports- mouth, and 40 S. E. from Concord. This town has no streams of any note ; its surface is pretty even. Kensington was settled at an early period, and was originally a part of Hampton, from which it was de- tached iu 1737. Population, 1830, 717. Kent County, R. I. East Greenwich is the county town. Kent county is bounded N. by Providence county, E. by Pro- viilence bay, S. by V/asbinuton county, and W. by the state of Con- necticut. The surface of the coun- ty is generally rough and uneven : in the eastern part are tracts of le- vel land. The soil is either a gra- velly or sandy loam, and very pro- ductive of Indian grain, rye, fruits, and vegetables. The grazing busi- ness is extensively pursued in this county. The Pawtuxet and Flat rivers are the piincipal, but a num- ber of large ponds produce sn)aller stream-i in abundance. The manu- facturing interests of tliis county, particularly of cotton and wool, are very extensive, and probably pur- sued with as mucii spii-it and suc- cess as in any portion of the state. Some navigation i-i employed on the bay in (lie coa-^ting trade and lish- ery. Kent county comprises an area of 1S6 square miles. Popula- tion, 1820, 10,228; 1830, 12,789. Population to a square mile, 69. Kent, Ct. Litchfield CO. First settled, 17.SS. Incorporated, 1739. Population, 1830, 2,001. Kent is 50 miles W. from Hartford, 50 N. W. from New Haven, and 15 W. from Litchfiehi. This is a mountainous township, with some fine land on the banks NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of the Housatonick, which passes through its western boi'der. Good iron ore is found here. There arc tliree furnaces in town, but the manufactui-e of iion is not so exten- sive a-; foi-incily. The Housaton- ick, calm and s'jil, winding grace- fully at (he foot of a high and rug- ged mountain, renders the scenery from the neat and quiet village, highly picturesque and heautiful. " 7'licre i? in this town," says Dr. Trumbull, " convincing evidence that it was a grand seat of the na- tive inliabitauts of this coun'ry, before Indians, who more lately in- habited it, had any residence in it. There are arrow heads, slone pots, and a sort of knives, and various kinds of utensils, frequently found by the English, of such curious workmanship as exceeds all (he skill of any Indians since the Eng- lish came into this country, and became acquainted with them. — These were not only found when the town was first settled, but thoy are s:ill found on the sides of Housa- tonic river." ICilkenii}^, N. II. Coos CO. This place was granted in 1774, and contained, in 1830, but 27 ininihitants. They are poor, and for ausiht thatappcai-s to the contra- ry, must always I'emain so, as they may he deemed actual trespassers on that part of creation destined by its author for the residence of bears, wolve«, moose, and other animals of the forest. An exception, how- ever, may possibly he made in fa- vor of a narrow strip of land along the S. bo\mdary of the town. I'i- lot and Willard's mountains, so call- ed fiom a dog and his master, cov- er a ( on-iderablo part of Ibi-i town. Willard, a hunter, had been lost two or three days on these moun- tains, on the east side of which his camp was situated. Each day he observed his dog Pilot left him, as he supposed in pursuit of game; but towards ni"ht he would con- stantly return. Willard being, on (he second or Ihiid day, nearly ex- hausted with fatigue and hunger, put himself under the guidance of bis dog, who in a short time con- ducted him in safety to his camp. liilliugly, tt. Windham co. This (own lies 4.5 miles E. from Hartford, 25 W. from Providence, R. I., and 5 N. E. from Brooklyn. First settled in 1700. The lirst white person known to have been buried here was Mr. Nell Alexander's great-grand-nio- ther. (See Jllexander's Lake.) This town is rough and hilly, but there is a great deal of beauty about it, and its history is full of romantic stories relating (o the first settlers and the red men. The town is well watered by the Quinnebaugand its branches. There are three vil- lages, Pleasant Valley, Daysville, and jDa/iielsonville,al\ pleasant and nourishing manufacturing places. They contain 14 cotton and 3 wool- en mills, a furnace, an axe factory, and othci- mechanical operations. Eillino-ly contains excellent quar- ries of freestone, and of a slate rock resembling granite, soft, and easily wrought ; also of a slate rock com- posed of granular quartz, almost white. A rich bed of porcelain clay is found on Mashcntuck hill, said to equal Fiench or Chinese clay. Population, 183G, 4,000. Hiilliiigtoii Pcali, Vt. This noted elevation of the Green Mountain range, 3,924 feet above the ocean, lies in Sherburne, 10 miles E. from Etilland. Killiiigxvortli, Ct. Middlesex co. This town, the Indian Hainmonnasset, was first setded in 1()()3. The ccn(ral part of (he town is 38 miles S. E. from Har(ford, 27 W. from New Lon- don, and 17 S. by E. from Mid- dletown. Population, 1830, 2,484. Thii town lies on Long Island NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Sound with a harbor for small ves- gcl^<. Many vessels are built at this place. There is 1,000 acres of good salt meadow in Killino;- worth, and the soil of trie uplands, although hard and uneven, are ren- dered productivo by industry and skillful management. The village h: very pleasant, with a wide street a mile and a half in length, crossed about nudway by Indian river, a small stream which enters the har- bor. This was a great resort for the Indians. " Immense masses of mouldering shells still point out the places where they dwelt." Killingworth is a healthful, inter- esting place. Kilmavuock, Me. Piscataquis co. This town is well watered by Piscataquis river and the outlet of Scootum lake. It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 22 N. N. E. from Dover. In- corporated, 1824. Population, 1830, 138; 1837, 313. King-field, Mc. Franklin co. A fine farming township, east of Mount Abraham, and watered by Seven Mile brook and one of its tributai-ies. It lies 55 miles N. W. by N. from Au- gusta, and 25 N. from Farmington. Population, 1837, 614. Incorpora- ted, 1808. Wheat crop of 1837, 3,S77 bushels. Kingsbury, Mc. Incorporated, 1836. See "Down East." Kingston, N. H. Rockingham co. This town is distant from Concord 37 miles S. E., from Exeter 6, and from Portsmouth 20. There ai-c several ponds in this town. The largest is Great pond, which lies on the W. of the village, and contains upwards of 800 acres, with an island of 10 or 12 acres, covered witli wood. There arc no high hills in Kingston ; those called the Great hill and Rockri- mon arc the highest. The soil of Kingston is generally loamy. The charter of Kingston was granted, 1694. The grant also comprehend- ed what now forms the towns of East Kingston, Danville, and San- down. This town sulFcred in com- mon with others in the vicinity, from Indian depredations. Many Indian implements, with some ancient French coin, have been ploughed up in the vicinity of the ponds. Maj. EcENEzER Stevens, one of the early settlei-s, was a very distinguished and useful citizen. This town was also the residence of the Hon. Josiah Bartlett, one of the first worthies of the state, and an eminent physician. His public career commenced in 1765, and from that time to his death he was an unwearied advocate and supporter of the liberties of Amer- ica. He was the first governor of the state under its free constitution. He died in 1795, aged Go. Popu- lation, 1830, 929. Kingston, Vt. Addison co. A mountainous town- ship settled soon after the revolu- tionary war. Population, 1830, 403. White river is formed in Kingston by the union of several streams. Ilcre is a beautiful water fall of 100 feet, 50 of which is perpendic- ular. At the bottom of the fall the water has worn a hole 10 feet in depth. Kingston lies 21 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 14 E. from Middlebury. Kingston, Mass. Plymouth co. This town lies within Plymouth harljor, 4 miles N. W. from Plymouth, anctures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, forks, combs, palm-k;,f hats, tenon ma- chines, copper pumps, piano-fortes, chairs, and cabinet ware : — annual value about $100,000. Some min- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. eral substances are found here. Lancaster was first settled, 1643. Incorporated, 1G53. Population, 1837, 1,903. It lies 35 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 15 N. N. E. from Worcester. Ijaiidaff', N. II. Grafton co. Its distance from Haverhill is about 12 miles N. E., and from Concord 90 N. by W. Wild Anionoosuck river runs fiom S. E. to N. W. through the S. part of the tovk'n. Through the north- westerly exti'emity passes the Great Amonoosuck river. Landaff' moun- tain in the E. part, Cobble hill in the centre, and Bald hill in the W., are the princi])al elevations. The soil is fertile. Landaff was granted in 176 1, to James Avery and others. Population, in 1830, 951. Lainlgrove, Vt. Bennington co. This town is on elevated land at the N. E. corner of the count}', 33 miles N. E. from Bennington, and about 30 S. W. from Windsor. Some of the head branches of West river have their soui'ces here. The lands are too rough and high for much improve- ment. First settled, 1789. Popu- lation, 1830, 3S5. liaiiesboFOMg-?!, Mass. Berkshire co. This township lies on elevated ground, the fources of some of the bead branches; of Ilons- atonick and Hoosack rivers. It is situated on two hills, with an inter- vening valley. The lands in tlie valley are very luxuriant, and the hilly i)arts are admirably adapted for grazing. Lanesborough is a beautiful town, under good cultiva- tion, and very productive. The in- habitants are principally farmers, who make agriculture a business, and reap its rewards. In 1837 there were in this town 12,333 sheep, whose fleeces weighed 12,489 lbs., estimated at J|{>26,100. Limestone abounds here ; also beautiful mar- ble, and graphic slate. There is a delightful pond partly in this town and partly in Pittslicld : it con- tains trout and other tine fish. — Lanesborough was incorporated, 1765. Population, 1837, 1,090. It lies 125 miles V> . by N. from Bos- ton, and 11 N. fiom Lenox. liaugdoa, N. It. Sullivan co. Langdon is 18 miles S. S. W. from Newport, and 50 W. by S. from Concord. The princi- pal village it 3 miles E. from Con- necticut river, and 6 from Bellows Falls. A considerable branch of Cold river passes S. W. through the whole extentof this town, and unites with the main branch near the S. line. Langdon, named in honor of Gov. Langdon, was incorporated 1787. Its settlement commenced in 1773. Population, 1830, 667. Iit'l)anon, Me. York CO. This town is bounded W. by Salmon Fall river, on the line of New Hampshire. It is a large agricultural townsliip, with some trade and manufactures. It lies 99 miles S. W. fi-om Augusta, 50 S. W. by W. from Portland, and 11 S. Vv^. from Alfred. Incorpora- ted, 1767. Population, in 1837, 2,240. Xic1i>auou, N. H. Grafton co. This pleasant town on Connecticut river, is 4 miles S. from Dartmouth College, 19 N. W. from Concord, and 90 N. W. from Portsmouth. Besides the Connec- ticut on its W. border, this town is watered by Mascomy river, running from E. to W. through its centre, and affording many valuable mill seats and a constant supply of wa- ter. The soil here is alluvial, the intervales on the Connecticut ex- tending back from the river about half a mile. There ai-e meadows or intervales on Mascomy river. The principal village is situated on a plain near the central part, at the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. head of the fall.^ of Mascoiuy riv- er. There arc falls in the Coiinect- killed and 34 wouniied. There is a monument on the spot where the first victims fell, to perpetuate the memory of the slain, and of this event." Licydcn, Illass. Franklin co. I^eydcn is watered by Green river and several small streams. It is 100 miles N. W. from Boston, and 7 N. by \V. from Green- field. It is a mountainous town- ship, more fit for grazing than till- age. The numbei' of sheep in the town, in 1837, was 3,142; their fleeces weighed 9,32o pounds; val- ue of the wool, $3,129. The town was incorporated in ISOD. Popu- lation, 1837, 6.56. There is a romantic spot in Loy- don, called " the Glen," a curious place, worth looking at. liibcrty, Me. Waldo CO. This (own is 29 miles E. from Augusta, aniiabitants of Londonderry in 1780, purchased the Indian title, and although it was long a frontici- town, were never molested by the Indians. They introduced the cul- ture e Kautcrskill falls. Here the outlet of two small lakes leaps down a perpendicular fall of 130 feet — then glides away through a channel worn in the rock, to a second fall of 80 feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine through whicli it tinds its way to the valley of the Catskill." Troy is a beautiful city. It lies on the east side of Hudson river, in the county of Rensselaer, New York, at the head of navigation, and at the junction of the northern and western canals with that nohlo river. The city is on an elevated plain, regularly laid out: the streets are wide and well shaded : the buildings are uniformly neat, and many of them in a style of superior elegance. St. Paul's church, and the new Presbyterian, are splendid edifices, and display great taste in their construction. The city of Troy is abundantly supplied with excellent water from the neighboring hills, at an expense of .$150,000. The source of the water is 75 feet above the level of the city. At the corner of every street are hydrants, and a hose plac- ed on these sends the water up higher and with greater force than a lire engine. The squares and private gardens are ornamented with perpetual wa- ter fountains. In U^ashingfon Square is an Ital- ian marble fountain, chaste and clas- sic in i(s construction, in the centre of the city. It sends up the water ten or fifteen feet, and in its descent reseral)les the weeping willow. — This significant emblem of purity gives this beautiful square an addi- tional charm. Two streams, affording immense NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. water facilities, empty into the Hudson within the limits of the city, and one of them rolls down a beautiful cascade, a short distance from Washington square ; an ob- ject worthy of a visit from the curi- ous traveler. These streams move the machinery of numerous mills. About a quarter of a mile from the centre of the city. Mount Ida rears its head three or four hundred feet in height, from whose summit every building in the city, the windings of the canals and river, the foaming of the Mohawk, and the neighboring towns of Albany, Waterford, and Lansingburgh, are distinctly seen. Troy was incorporated as a vil- lage in 1801. It then had a popu- lation of 2,000. Population, 1810, 3.895. In 1816 it became a city. Population, 1S20, 5,264; 1825, 7,875; 1830,11,405; 1836,18,000. Troy has risen to its present state of opulence and population by its favorable position for trade, but more especially the enterprize and economical habits of its people. — Many of the first settlers of Troy came from New England in humble circumstances. Some of those who thus came have amassed princely fortunes, and acquired a name more valuable than gold. A recent Mayor of the city came from the east as a day laborer. The late chief magistrate of the justly styled " Empire State," aNew Englander, was found in 1822 soliciting the patronage of the Trojans as an at- torney at law. Troy was formerly called Vanderheyden, in honor of a worthy Dutchman whose farm comprised the most compact part of the city. A notice of Mrs.Willard's Fe- male Seminary must not be omitted in this brief account of the "Foun- tain City," as it is an institution of rare excellence, conducted by a lady of extraordinary attainments. This school was commenced at Troy in 1821, since which time a commodious building, on a pleas- ant site, has been erected, 130 feet by 40. The number of scholars varies from 200 to 275. They come from every state in the union, the Canadas, the West Indies, and even from Europe, but chiefly from the state of New York and New Eng- land. Mrs. Willard's plan of edu- cation has received the approbation of some of the wisest men in Eu- rope. Dr. Combe quotes it, in his essay on education, with unqualifi- ed approbation. This institution is conducted almost entirely by fe- males : it is, in fact, a female col- lege, and many are the degrees of usefulness conferred by its learned principal on its numerous and love- ly graduates. The institution is incorporated, and it cannot fail of receiving the best wishes of the community. — May no event occur to mar its pros- perity and usefulness. The traveler will visit the "Foun- tain City" again, on his way from Champlain Lake. See Burlington, Vt., in the Register. X'Oiig Bleadoiv, Mass. Hampden co. This is a beauti- ful town with a fine soil, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 97 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, 5 S. from Springfield, and 22 N. from Hart- ford, Ct. Incorporated, 1783. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,251. There are several tanneries in the town, and some other manufactures, but the inhabitants are generally engaged in cultivating the soil. The Indian name of the place was Massacsick. liOiig LiaJke, Me. This is a sheet of water at the northern part of Piscataquis county, about 15 miles in length and 2 in width, which empties by Namjam- skillecook river into Temiscouata lake, the head waters oT Madawas- ka river. It lies about 210 miles N. by E. from Augusta. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lioag Poncl, IHe. See Bridge ton, Lioudon, IV. 31. Merrimack co. Soncook river passes from Gilmanton S. throuc;h Loudon, farnishing v^aluaMo mill privilea;cs. There is some good in- tervale ou its borders. Loudon was originally a part of Canterbury ; was incorporated, 1773. Loudon lies 7 miles N. E. from Concord. Population, 1S30, 1,642. liOvell, Me. Oxford CO. This town embraces Kezer pond, a large sheet of water, and other ponds whose outlet is into the Saco, at Fryeburgh. Lovell lies 10 miles N. fiom P^-yeburgh, 20 W. S. \V- from Paris, and 67 'W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorpora- ted, ISOO. Population, 1S37, 876. " In this town arc Lovell's Falls, which are an object of groat natu- ral curiosity. Where the water makes over iafo the tremendous ba- sin below, it falls perpendicularly 40 feet. Above the falls, there is a chain of eight ponds, partly in Lovell and partly in Waterford, con- nected by small natural dams one or two rods in width, through which there are sluiceways, which will admit the passage of a common sail boat. The scenery of the moun- tains and ascending lands in the vi- cinitj' is rural and beautiful." IiO-»vell, Me. Penobscot co. Formerly called Huniressville. Incorporated by its present name in 1838. " Sec Down East." IiO-»vell, Vt. Orleans co. This town was first settled in ISOG, and was called ICel- leyvale for a number of years. It lies .36 miles N. from Montpelicr, and 10 S. W. from Irasburgh. Pop- ulation, 1830, 314. This township is mountainous, and the fountain liead of Missisque river. liO-^Tcll, Mass. Middlesex co. County town. — This city, the American Manches- ter, i:5 remarkable for the extent of its water power, its rapid growth, and the height to which it has rais- ed the American character, by the perfection of its manufactures. Lowell has risen to eminence by the remarkable energy and skill of a few individuals ; among whom Patrick T. Jackson, Esq. of Boston, and the late Kirk Boot, Esq.- were distinguished. It lies on the S. side of Merri- mack river, below Pawtucket Falls, and at the union of Concord river wiih the Merrimack. In 1815, the site where the city stands was a wilderness, with the exception of a few lonely dwell- ings. In 1824, Lowell, then a part of Chelmsford, was incorporated as a town. In 1S3.5, it became a city. Lowell is situated 23 miles N. fi-om Boston, 11 N. N. E. from Concord, 37 N. E. from Worcester, and 38 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. Popu- lation, 1S30, 6,474; 1S37, 18,010. The hydraulic power of this place i-3 produced by a canal, of a mile and a half in length, 60 feet in width, and S feet in depth, extend- ing from the head of Pawtucket Falls to Concord river. This canal has locks at its outlet into Concord river; it also serves for the passage of boats up and down the Merri- mack. From this canal, the water is conveyed by lateral canals to va- rious jilaces where it is wanted for use, and then discharged, either in- to the Meri'imack or Concord. The canal is owned by " The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on JNIerrimack river." This com- pany was incorj)orated in 1792, and have a capital of $600,000. They dispose of lands and mill privileges, and own the machine shop, and carry on the manufacture of ma- chiner}\ The first cotton mill at this place was erected in 1822. The whole fall of the Merrimack NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. at this place is 30 feet, and the quantity of water never falls short of 2,000 cubic feet per second, and is very rarely so low as that. Tliis quantity of water is estimated to carry 2Si>,000 spindle-?, with all the preparatory machinery. There is therefore an unimproved water power at this place sufficient to carry eleven mills of the usual size, making the whole number of mills 39, when all the water is improved. There are 10 corporations, with a capital stock of $8,250,000 : 2S mills besides machine shops, print works, &c., all warmed in cold weather by hot air or steam. Tiiere are 150,404 spindles, and 4,861 looms. There are 51,147,200 yards of cloth manufactured per an- num ; 12,220,000 yards dyed and printed, and 16,161,600 lbs. of cot- ton used annually, hesides a large quantity of wool. There are annually used in these manufactories, 11,000 tons of An- thracite coal, 4,810 cords of wood, 500,000 bushels of charcoal, 63,489 gallons of oil, 510,000 pounds of starch, and 3,800 barrels of flour for starch in the print works and bleachcry. Tlie number of females employ- ed in the mills, is 6,295 : number of males, 2,047. Total number of hands, 8,342. The average wages of females per week, clear of board, is $1,75; of males, 80 cents per day, clear of board. The average amount of wages paid per month is $106,000. The goods manufactured in these mills consist of sheetings, shirtings, drillings, calicoes, broadcloths, cas- simcres, carpets, rugs, negro cloth ; machinery for mills, and for en- gines and cars for rail-roads. The quality of those goods is general- ly superior to those imported. The annual amount of goods manu- factured by these mills is about $8,000,000. The mills arc built of brick, and are about 157 feet in length, 45 in breadth, and from 4 to 7 stories in height. The Locks and Canals Machine Shop, included among the 28 mills, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 5,000 spindles in four months, and lumber and materials are always at command, with which to build or rebuild a mill in that time, if required. When building mills, the Locks and Canals Com- pany employ directly and indirect- ly from a thousand to twelve hun- dred hands. There are also in Lowell 10 powder mills, a flour mill, glass works, the Lowell bleachery, flan- nel mills, and manufactories of cards, whips, planing and reed machines, boots, shoes; brass, copper and tin wares, carriages, harnesses, iron castings, &c. &c. ; the annual pro- ceeds of which amount to about $500,000, employing about 200 hands. Lowell is finely situated in regard to health : it is surrounded by pleas- ant hills and valleys, and seated on a rapid stream. We are enabled to state on good authority that 6 of the females out of 10 enjoy better health than before being employed in the mills, and that one half of the males derive the same advantage. Lowell is very handsomely locat- ed : it is laid out into wide streets; all the buildings are of recent con- struction, and in a style of neatness and elegance. With regard to the future pros- perity of this interesting city, noth- ing need be said to those who know that it was founded, and is princi- pally sustained, by the most emi- nent capitalists of Boston ; a city renowned for its cnterprize, wealth, and public spirit. To strangers wc would say — visit it. It is a pleasant ride of about an hour fi'om I3oston, by the rail-road. Foreigners view Lowell with ad- miration ; and every American who sees it feels proud that such a city exists on this side of the Atlantic. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Ijubec, Die. Washington co. Liibcc compris- es a township of good hmd, lyina; at the northeasterly corner of the state, and contains a p.')int of land extending easterly on which West Quoddy Head light-liouse is situa- ted, at the western entrance into Passamaquoddy bay. This place possesses an admirable harbor for vessels of any draught of water; it is easy of access and never obstruct- ed by ice. There arc also within the town a nuinber of hays, coves, and several islands. Grand Menan stretches otF the mouth of the har- bor on the E. 5 or 6 miles distant, and Campo Ballo, another English island, lies veiy near and protects the harbor on the north. This town was taken from Eastport in 1811, and contained 3S() inhabit- ants. Population, 1320,1-130; 1S30, 2,081 ; 1837, 4,161. Lubec, in common with Eastport, enjoys a very exten:ivc trade with the Bay of Fundy and the great waters of Passamaquoddy bay. The village, or principal place of business, is beautifully located on a point of land jutting out into the harbor ; it makes a line appearance, commands an active trade, and is flourishing in its navigation and fishery. It lies 3 miles S. from Eastport, SO E. from RIacliias, 173 E. by N. from Augusta, and 31 S. pj. from Calais, at the liead of navi- gation on the St. Croix river. liudlo-vi', Vt. Windsor CO. Black and Williams' rivers give this town a good water power. It is likevvise watered by a number of large ponds well stor- ed with fish. Ludlow was first set- tled in 1784. It lies 61 miles S. from Monlpclier, and 18 S. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,227. The town is mountainous, but contains good land for tlie grazing of sheep and other cattle. The village is very pleasant, and the centre of considerable trade with 19* tlie sunounding country. Some valuable minerals have been discov- ered here. IjUiIIow, Mstes, Hampden co. This town lies N. of V\i!braliam, and is separated from it by Chickopee river. It is 84 !ni!os W. by S. from Boston, and 10 N. E. from Springfield. Incorpo- rated, 1774. The Chickopee liere is a large stream, and adds much to the beauty of the place. There arc two cotton mills in the town, and manufaciaresof palm-leaf liats and ploughs : total value, in one year, $160,850. Population, 1337, 1,329. Iiuucnlburgli, Vt. Essex CO. On the west side of Connecticut river, and watered by Ncal's branch and pond, and Cat- bow branch; — good mill streams. Some of the land is very good, but the most of it is stony, appcarently of diluvial formation, consisting of rounded masses of granite embed- ded in clay and gi'avel. This is a good grazing town, and pi-oduces some cattle, and butter and cheese for market. First settled about 1770. Population, in 1830, 1,034. Lunenburgh lies 45 miles E. N. E. from Montpelier, and 8 S. from Guildhall. Iiiincntom-g!i, Mass. Worcester co. The soil of this town is good, the surface uneven and watered by some branches of Nashua river. Considerable amount of books are printed and bound in this town, and there are some man- ufactures of palm-leaf hats, chairs, cabinet ware, leather, boots and shoes. Lunenburgh is a very pleas- ant town: 42 miles N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from Worcester. Incorporated, 1728. Population, 1837, 1,250. liynian, Mc. York CO. This is a pleasant NEW EXC7LAXD GAZE'TTEER. town, watered by several pon.li which empt}', some into the Saco, and others into the Kennv;bunk and Mousum. It lies 87 miles S. W. from Augusta, 5 E. from Alfred and 6 N. N. W. from Kennebunk. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,528. I!ac]i!as Rivers aiid Eay, BIc. The liver in Washington County is formed of two brandies, which receive their head waters from sev- ei-al ponds, at the distance of about 40 miles, in a N. W. direction. — The eastern branch passes through East Machias. These branches unite near the line of Machias and Machias Port, and in their course produce a great and valuable hy- draulic power. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Machias and Little Machias riv- ers, in Penobscot county, are im- portant tributaries to the Aroostook. Their course is easterly, and their mouths meet near each otiier about 30 miles W. N. W. from Mars Hill. Machias Bay sets up from the sea about 10 miles and meets Ma- chias Port. This bay is 4 or 5 miles in width at its mouth, and contains in its bosom several coves, harbors, and beautiful islands: Cross island lying at its mouth is the largest, heing about 3 miles by 2. I>lacliias, Me. Washington co. County town. This was a famous lodgement of the Indians. First settled, 171)2. It was incorporated in 1784, and was the first coi-poratc town between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. It formerly comprised East Machias and Machias Port. The village is situated on the east side of the west branch, and near the mouth of Middle river. It contains the county building, numerous saw mills, and has an extensive trade, particularly in lumber. Machias lies 143 miles E. N. E. from Augus- ta. Population, 1837, 1,239. This is a pleasant and interesting town. MacUiiis Port, Me. Washington co. Incorporated in 1S26. it is the southern part of Old Machias, and extends north- ward to the union of the branches of Machias liver. It has a great number of mills, and is very exten- sively engaged in the lumber trade. It is a port of entry : — it has an excellent harbor, and considerable navigation in the coasting and fish- ing business. The tonnage of the district in 1837, was 8,360 tons. In this part of Old Machias the Ply- mouth Colony established a trading house in 1630. It was subsequent- ly occupied by the French for sev- eral years. Machias Port lies 143 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, ?nd 3 S. from Machias. Population, 1837, 82 1. Madamiscoutis River, Mc, Rises in a large pond, and emp- ties, from the N. W. into Penobscot river, about 45 miles above Ban- gor. Mada'waska River, Me. This river is in the county of Pe- nobscot, and is the outlet of Temis- couata lake, and other large bodies of water in the northern part of the county bordering on the line of Lower Canada. This river and these lakes, with their numerous tributaries, water a country of great extent, and which is said to eejual any country in the world in fertili- ty, even the luxuriant prairies of the •' boundless west." The course of these waters is N. W. and traverse a distance of more than 100 miles. From the mouth of Madawaska in- to the St. John's to Augusta is about 240 miles N. N. E. Madafvaska, Me. V/ashington co. This town was incorporated in 1831, and comprises the territory marked F. and K. on Greenleafs map. It is bounded E. by the British Province of New Brunswick, N. near the passage of St. John's, across the line of the state; and W. and S. by a vast and fertile territory between the Aroos- took and St. John's rivers ; at pres- ent but thinly inhabited. This town was the place where the land agents of Maine were taken, by order of the British government, and impris- oned at Frcderickton, N. B. In 1837, Madawaska was supposed to contain a population of 2,487. It lies about 220 miles N. E. by N. from Augusta, and 130 N. W.from Frcderickton, N. B. Madbury, Bf. H., StratTord co., is bounded N. E. by Dover, S. W. by Durham and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Lee, N. W. by Barrington. The soil of this town is generally pro- ductive. In some parts of the town, bog iron ore has been dug up in considerable quantities, and in some instances red and yellow ochre. — Bellamay bank river is the only stream of any magnitude, and Bar- badoes pond the only considerable body of water. This pond lies be- tween Dover and Madbury, and is 120 rods long, 50 wide. Madbury formerly constituted a part of the ancient town of Dover; but was set off and incorporated May 31, 1755, by its present name. Population, in 1830, 510. Madison, Me. Somerset co. This township lies on the E. side of Kennebec river, 34 miles N. from Augusta and bounded S. by Norridgewock. It was incorporated in 1804. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,272; 1837, 1,608. It is watered by a beautiful pond, the outlet of which is at Skowhegan. There are three pleasant villages in the town: — the people are general- ly husbandmen. The best compli- ment that can be paid to the soil is, that it produced, without any extra- ordinary efibrt, 10,188 bushels of wheat, in 1837. Matlisou, Ct. New Haven co. This town w'as taken from Guilford in 1826. It lies on Long Island Sound, and embra- ces what is called Hammonasset Point. This town hes IS miles E. by S. from New Haven, and 33 S. from Hartford. Population, 1830, 1,809. The soil of the town is stony, and naturally hard to culti- vate ; but it is made quite produc- tive of corn, rye and potatoes by the use of white fish, ploughed in. — These fish appear in the sound about the 1st of June, and continue 3 or 4 months. They are taken in great quantities and ai-e considered an ex- cellent manure. They were first thus used about the year 179S. — About 10,000 of these fish are con- sidered a good dressing for an acre of land. This place has a small harbor and some navigation. Ship building is the most important mechanical pur- suit. The Hon. Thomas Chitteht- DEjf, for many years governor of Vermont, and his brother Ebene- ZER Chittenden, a gentleman of great meclianical genius, were natives of this town. The former was born in 1730, and died in 1797. The following is the inscription on a monument in the grave yard, in memory of an old sea captain. Though Boreas' blasts and Neptune's waves Have toss'd me to and fro, In spite of both by God's decree I harbor here below, Where I do at anchor ride With many of our fleet; Yet once again I must set sail Our Admiral, Christ, to meet. Mad Rivers. Mad River in JST. H., rises among the niountains in the N. E. part of Grafton county ; it cro .ses the S. E. part of Thoi-nton and falls into the Pemigewasset at Campton. Mad River, Vt. A ]-apid stream, rises in the high lands S. of War- ren, and after passing through Waitsfield, it falls into Onion riv- er at Moretown. Madrid, Me. Franklin co. This township was incorporated in 1836. It is watered by some of the head branches of Sandy river and contains a part of Saddleback mountain. The soil is excellent and yielded, in 1837, 3,387 bushels of wheat. Popula- tion same year, 351. It lies 25 miles N. W. from Farmington and about 105 N. W. fi-om Augusta. Madunliccxiiilt River, Me. Penobscot co. A tributary of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the Penobscot on the W. side, about 6 miles above the JMadamiscontis. Maidstone, Vt. Essex CO. This mountainous township lies on the W. side of Connecticut river : it is watered by a pleasant pond and by Paul's stream. It has some good land, but most of it is poor. First seltled, 1770. Population, 1830, 236. It lies 51 miles N. E. from Montpclier, and 8 N. from Guildhall D msem^''^- '__^y^uy, 26 miles N. E. from Boston, and 5 S. W. from Gloucester. It was taken from Salem in 16^5. Popu- lation, is:?", 1,346. There are a number of vessel-- belonging to the town employed in the fishing and coasting business. The value of th« fishery, tiie year ending April 1, 1S37, amounted to ,«jt!l2,800. The value of the articles manufactur- ed was $96,473. Those aj-ticles consisted of vessels, boots, shoes, leather, chaii-s, cabinet ware, palm- Icaf hats, and shipj' wheels. The village is very plea-ant, and com- mands fine prospects. Although Manchester is a rotky, rough township, it can boast a rare native production in this climate, — the magnolia, a beautiful llowerirg tree. MaucUestcr, Ct. Hartford co. An im|)ortant man- ufactuiing town on the Ilockanum, a valuable mill stream, 10 miles E. from llailibrd. The first cotton mill in this state was built here in 1794. There are three pleasant villages, six or seven paper mills, two powder mills, woolen and other manufacnires. The face of the town is uneven, but tbe soil, a sandy and gravelly loam, is quite produc- tive. It was c;tll('d Orlbrd,a par- ish in East Hartford, until its incor- poration, in 1823. Population, 1830, 1,576. Manliegiu Island, Me. This island lies off Muscongus bay, Lincoln county. Tlici-e is a light-house on it, the tower of which is 30 feet high. It bears S. from 20* the mouth of St. George's river, about 12 miles. 3Iau8 a iioted fishing town, on a rocky point of land ex- tending into Massachusetts bay, with a hardy and intrepid crew of fishermen and sailors. The harbor is commodious and easy of access. The quantity of fish exported from this place in 1794 amounted to $18 1,532. Sincfc that time the fish- ing business has grtatly increased, and this place has now become one of the largest fishing ports on the American coast. There belong to this place from 90 to 100 sail of fishing, coasting and merchant ves- sels. Toi;nage of the district, in 1837, 10,037. First settled, 1631. Incorpoi-ated, 1649. Population, 1837, 5,549. It lies 14 miles N. E. from Bo-.ton, and 4 S. E. fiom Sa- lem. The value of the cod and mackerel fisheiy the year ending April 1, 1837, was .f 1.53,487; em- ploying 500 hands. Tlie manufac- tures of Marblehead, the same year, amounted to $398,565. The articles manufactured consisted of boots, shoes, bar iron, cliairs, cabi- net and tin wares, vessels, soap, glue, cards and wheels. This is a romantic place : nearly allied to its neighbor, Nahant; — only 6 miles across th-e bay. Margallavvay River, IV. H., Has its source among the high- lands which sepaj-ate Maine fiora Lower Canada, in the N. E. ex- tremity of New Ilaiiipshire, about 80 miles N. fiom Errol. After a S. course of nearly 20 miles on the western border of Maine, it enters New Hampshire at the S. E. part of the 2d grant to Dartmouth col- lege, where it forms a junclion with the united streams of Dead and Diamond rivers. Thence, after a S. course of about 6 miles to Errol, it NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. receives the waters of Umbagog lake. After this junction the main Btream is the Androscoggin river. Marlaville, Me. Hancock co. This is a townsnip of good land, finely located on the E. side of Union river, 8 miles N. hy E. from Ellsworth, and 89 E. N. E. trom Augusta. This town has an extensive water power and many saw mills. It was incorporated in 1836. Population, 1S37, 257. lUariou, Me. Washington co. This township is bounded E. hy Edmonds, and 8. by Whiting. Population, 245. — Incorporated, 1S34. See " Down East." Marlborougli, Ti.l1., Cheshire co., is hounded N. hy Roxbury, E. by Dublin and Jalfrey, S. by Troy, W. by Swanzey and part of Keene. It is 6 miles S. E. from Keene, and 55 S. W. from Concord. There are several ponds which are the sources of some of the branches of Ashuelot river. — The soil is rocky, but good for graz- ing. Marlborough was granted, 1751. The tirst settlement com- menced about 1760. Incorporated Dec. 13,1776. Population, in 1830, 822. Marlbortmgli, Vt. Windham co. First settled, 1763. It lies 8 miles S. from Newfane, and 21 E. from Bennington. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,218. Mrs Whittc- more, the wife ot one of the tirst settlers, spent the winter of 1761-5 in this then wilderness, alone, her husband being absent in the pursuit of his calling, as a tinker. During this winter she saw no human be- ing, except her little daughter and 8orne hunters who happened acci- dentally to pass that way. She cut down timber and fnrnidicd browse for their cattle, and thus kept them alive through the winter. Mrs. W. was very useful to the settlers, both as a nurse and a midwife. She pos- sessed a vigorous constitution, and frequently travelled througli the woods upon snow shoes from one part of the town to another, both by night and day, to relieve the dis- tre-ised. She lived to the age of 87 years, olficiated as midwife at more than 2,000 births, and never lost a patient. The town is well watered by the W. branch of West river. Whet- stone brook, and Green river. It has a good soil, and is very produc- tive in wheat, rye, and other grain, fruit and potatoes. Here is a pleas- ant village, several tine trout ponds, various kinds of minerals and me- dicinal springs. Marlborough suf- fered some by the Indians, and did mucli for the cause of independ- ence. Marlborougli, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a large farming town, with a soil of great fertility and undulating surface. — The inhabitants are principally de- voted to agricultural piysuits, and by their industry and skill, have ac- quired a great degree of independ- ence. Among the productions of the town, are fat cattle, pork, fruit, and all the varieties of the dairy ; a large amount of which is annually sent to Boston market. A branch of Concord river, and a number of beautiful ponds, water the town. — The manufactures consist of boots, shoes, straw bonnets, leather, chairs and cabinet ware : annual amount, about .f 75,000. Marlborough, the Indian OkamaUamesit, was first settled in 1654. It was taken fjom Sudbury in 1660 ; it suffered much during the Indian wars, and was for many years the residence of a number of Indians who had em- braced the christian religion. The villages are very pleasant : the richness of the soil, and surrounIarsUfield, 3Iass. Plymouth co. A pleasant town on Massachusetts bay, 25 miles S. E. from Bo-iton, and 15 N. by W. from Plymouth. It is watered by North and South rivers, has a toler- able harbor, and some navigation. Ship building is an important branch of bu-iness in the town. Here are two cotton mills, an air and cupola fuinace, a nail f;ictory, and manu- factures of cotton and satinet warp. Pei-egrine White, the first Eng- lish child born in New England, died here in 1704, aged 83. Incor- porated, 1640. Population, 1837, I,6G0. Mars Kill, Me. This celebrated mountain is situ- ated about a mile west fi-om the east boundary of the United States ; — 200 miles N. N. E. fiom Augusta, and SO N. ^V. from Frederickton, New Brunswick. The British Queen seems desir- ous of annexing this portion of the tei-ritory of the United States to her wide and fair possessions. This notion of the pretty maiden is alto- getlier preposterous: when she has maturely considered the treaty made, by her grandfather and the United States, at Paris, in . 1783, we trust her good sense will deter her from urging the claim. The ap])roach to this mountain is difficult: its sides are rugged, and its summit bold. It has two spurs; one of which is 1,506, the other 1,363 feet above the waters of Goosequill river, in New Bruns- wick. Mai'i'ilipee, Mass. Barnstable co. An ancient In- dian territory, and an incorporated district of 10,500 acres, or about 16 square miles. It lies 12 miles S. E. fi-om Barnstable, 8 8. S. E. from .Sandwich', and 8 E. from Falmouth. It is bounded on the S. by tile ocean. There are 350 coloi-ed inhabitants on tliis territory, and some whites. There now remain only seven in- habitants, of pure blood of the i .til- ers of the forest. Their land is good for grain of all sorts, and is well wooded. The territory is pleas- ant, and some parts of it aflbrd beau- tiful scenery. The Marshpee and Quashmet arc considerable streams, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. which, with numerous ponds and the ocean, afford an abundant sup- ply of fish of various kinds. These people live by agricultural pursuits, the manufacture of vai-ious aitides of Indian ware, hy the sale of tiieir wood, and hy fishing, fowling, and taking deer. They are docile and hospitable ; they appear to relish moral and religious instruction ; and, under the superintendence of a hu- mane and intelligent commissioner, appointed by the state, they are prosperous and happy. This is the largest remnant of all the tribes of red men west of Penobscot river, who, 218 years ago, were fee sim- ple proprietors of the whole terri- tory of New England! Martha's "Viiieyarcl, DIass. The piincipal of a cluster of isl- ands lying off and S. of Barnstable county and Buzzard's bay, compris- ing the towns of Edgarton, Tisbu- ry and Chilmark. See Dukes county. Alason, "N. H. Hillsborough co. It is 15 miles S. W. from Amherst, 43 S. S. W. from Concord, and 50 N. W. from Boston. The surface is uneven; the hills are chiefly large swells, with narrow valleys between them. The streams are rapid. There are no natural ponds. The principal meadows were fornierly beaver ponds. Souhegan is the principal streiim, affording many tine mill seats. The small streams run into Nashua river, and into Tanapus, or Potanipo pond, in Brookline. The soil in the E. part is rather light. The W.part is mostly a strong deep soil, red or dark loam, but stony. It is good for grass and grain. In Mason village, on the Souhegan, are cotton and woolen manufacto- ries, and other machinery. Mason was granted by charter, Aug. 26, 1768. It was formerly known by the name of JVo. 1. The first ef- fort to settle this place was in 1751, and the next year a permanent set- tlement was made by Enoch Law- rence, from Pepperell, Mass. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 1,433. Massabesick Poud, N. II. See Chester. NEW ENGLAND OAZETTEER. 'iiAi -' ja .,j&:t'Z(!^-eiii MASSACHUSETTS. This ancient commonwealth, the mother of New England colonies, of free states, and of American liberty, was first permanently settled by Europeans, at Plymouth, on the 22d of December, 1620. The history of this state is deeply interesting ; it is interwoven with every political and moral event of important occurrence in the settle- ment and progress of the whole of North America, which preceded or was connected with the revolution of 1775. The name of this state probably aro^e from the name of a tribe of In- dians formerly at Barnstable ; or from two Indian woi'ds — Jilos and TVe- tuset ; the former signifying an Indian arrow^s head, the latter, Hill. It is stated that the Sachem who governed in this region about the time of the landing of our forefathers, lived on a hill in the foi'm of an Indian arrow's head, a few miles south of Boston, and was called by the Indians — Mosivetuset. Massachusetts is bounded east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic ocean. It has, exclusive of the island counties of Dukes and Nantuck- et, a sea-coast of about 250 miles. It is bounded south and west by the state of Rhode Island, about 68 miles; south by the state of Connecticut, 87 miles ; west by the state of New York, 50 miles ; noi-th by the state of Vermont, 42 miles; and north by the state of New Hampshire, 87 miles. It lies between 41° 31', and 42° 53' N. lat., and 69° 48', and 73° 17' W. Ion. from Greenwich. Its area is about 7,800 square miles, or 4,9y2,000 acres. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The state comprises 14 counties, to wit: Barnstable, Berkshire, Bris- tol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Nantucket, Plymouth, Suffolk, and Worcester. The legislative. power of this State is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 40 members, and are chosen by districts. The executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and a Council of 9 members. The Council is elected b y the joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives, from the Senators ; and in case the Council thus elected or any of them decline, the deticiency is supplied from among the people. By the Constitution as amended in 1S37, each town or city, having 300 ratable polls, at the last preceding decennial census of polls, may elect one representative ; and for every 450 ratable polls, in addition to the first 300, one representative more. Any town having less than 300 ratable polls, shall be represented thus: — The whole nural)er of ratable polls, at the last preceding valua- tion census of polls, shall be multiplied by 10, and the product divided by 300, and such town may elect one representative, as many years within ten years, as 300 is contained in the product aforesaid. Any city or town, having ratable polls enough to elect one or more representatives, with any number of polls beyond the necessary number, may be represented as to that surplus number, by multiplying such sur- plus number by 10, and dividing the product by 450 ; and such city or town may elect one additional representative, as many years within the ten years, as 450 is contained in the product aforesaid. Representation. J\''nmber of Representatives to which each town is entitled forlO i/eam, from 1837, according to the Constitntion, as amended in 1837. The column in the followin;^ table nuirked tentlin. shows how many years in 10 the respective towns arc entitled to an additional Representative. Tvwnn. 3. Towns. g- CS 1 2 T 1 1 11 2 8 4 t 8 81 (.: Towns. 0, ^ ^ BARN=TAr>I.K. Banista'olc, Brewster, Chatham, Dennis, Easthani, Falmouth, Harwich, Orleans, 1 I 1 ] 1 1 7! 1' G oi 8 8 4 Provincetown, Sandwich, Truro, VVclincct, Yarmouth, Berkshire. Adams, Alford, Bocket, Chesliirc, Clarksburgh; Dalton, I'.grcmont, Florida, C Barrington, Hancock, I 1 1 8 7 7 3 6 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Toions. R, •1 Ihvms. 1- 1 Towns. a c^ S ^ E^ 6^ fi Hinsdale, 7 Danvers, 3 6 Chester, 1 1 Lanesborough, 1 Essex, 1 1 Gr.inville, 1 o Lee, 1 5 Georgetown, Holland, 4 Lenox, 1 Gloucester, G Longmcadow, 1 M't. Washington, 3 Hamilton, C Ludlow, 9 New Ashlbrd, 2 Haverhill, 3 4 Monson, I 3 New Marlboro' 1 T Ipswich, 2 Montgomery, 4 Otis, 9 Lynn, G 2 Palmer, 1 3 Peru, 6 Lynnfield, 5 Russell, 5 Pittsfield, :> 4 Manchester, 1 2 Southwick, 1 1 Richmond, 7 Marblehead, 3 3 Springfield, 5 7 Sandisfield, 1 2 Methuen, 1 9 Tolland, 5 Savoy, 7 Middleton, 6 Wales, G Sheffield, 1 6 Newbury, 9 4 Westfield, 2 1 Stockbridge, 1 5 Newburyport, 3 9 \V. Springfield, 2 o Tyringham, 1 Rowley, 2 Wilbraham, 1 5 Washington, 6 Salem, 8 5 — W. Stoclvbridge, 1 1 Salisbury, 1 9 18 GO Williamstown, 1 4 Saugus, 1 Windsor, 7 Topsfield, 1 Hampshire. - — Wenham, 7 Amherst, 1 7 16 i34 West Newburj', 1 3 Belchertown, 1 Bristol. — ^— Chesterfield, 7 Attleborough, o 1 53 IIG (-ummington. 1 Berkley. 8 Franklin. Easthampton, 5 Dartmouth, 2 4 Ashfield, 1 3 Enfield, 1 Dighton, T Bernardston, 7 Goshen, 5 Easton, 1 3 Buckland, 8 Granby, 8 Fairhaven, o C Charlcmont, 9 (ireenwich, 7 Fall River, 3 6 Coleraine, 1 4 Hadlcv, 1 4 Freetown, 1 4 Conway, I 1 Hatfield, 8 Mansfield, 1 Deerfield, 1 4 Middlcfield, G New Bedford, d Erving, Northampton, 2 4 Norton, 1 2 Gill, 5 iXorwich, 5 Pawtucket, ) 6 Greenfield, 1 3 Pelham, 7 Raynham, 1 2 Hawley, !) Plainfield, 7 Rchoboth, 1 5 Heath, G Prescott, C Seckonk, 1 6 Leverett, 7 S. Hadley, 1 1 Somerset, 9 Leyden, 5 Southampton, 1 Swanzey, 1 2 Monroe, 1 Ware, 1 C Taunton, 4 9 Montague, 1 Westhampton, 7 Westport, 1 8 New Salem, 1 Williamsburgh, 1 — Northfield, 1 2 Worthington, 9 33 81 Orange, 1 2 — — Dukes. Rowe, 6 11 117 Chilmark, 7 Shclburnc, 8 Edgartown, '1 4 Shutesbury, 7 Middlesex. Tisbury, 1 1 Sunderland, Warwick, 7 Acton, Ashby. 1 9 o 12 Wendell, 7 Bedford, 8 Essex. Whalely, <) Billerica, 1 1 Amesbury, 1 8 — — Boxborough, 3 Andover, 3 2 9 128 Brighton, 1 2 Beverly, 3 Hampden. Burlington, 5 Boxford, 8 Blanford, I 1 Cambridge, 5 Bradford, 1 1 6 Brimfield, 1 1 Carlisle, ( 5l NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Towiis. 1^ 1 Toxcns. . 1 TOIL-Ki. 1 1 £" ^"i. aT -=^ <;. =^ ^ ^ ^ C-( Charlestown, G 3 Milton, 1 ~1 Berlin, G Chelmsford, 1 4 \eedham, 1 1 Bolton, Concord, 1 4 Quincy, o 5 Boylston, 7 Dracut, J 3 Randolph, 2 3 Brookfield, 9 Dunstable, a Roxbury, 5 Charlton, 3 FraminghaLin, 1 9 Sh.iron, q Dana, 5 Groton, 1 6 Sloufjhton, 1 G Douglas, 3 HoUiston, 1 5 Walpole, 1 2 Dudley, o Hopkinton, 1 7 Weymouth, 2 4 Fitchburgh, 9 Lexington, 1 3 Wrentham, 1 8 (iardner. 1 Lincoln, G — — Cirafton, 1 Littleton, 8 28 91 Hardwick, 2 Lowell, 9 Harvard, 2 ALnlden, 1 9 Nantucket. Holden, 3 Marlborough, 1 6 Nantucket, 6 Hubbardston, 4 Medford, I 7 — Lancaster, 3 Nttick. ] G Leicester, G Xewton. 2 2 PLTMOrTH. Leominster, 4 Peppcrell, T 4 Abington, 2 2 Lunenburgh, i) Reading, 1 8 Bridgewater, T C Mendon, 5 Sherburne, 1 1 Carver, 9 iMilford, 3 Shirley, 8 |Duxbury, 2 MiUbury, 8 SoulhReading, 1 3 K. Bridgewater, I 5 New Braintree, 7 Stonehani, 1 Halifax, 7 Northborough, C| Stow, 1 Hanover, 1 1 jNorthbridge, 1 Sudbury, 1 1 Hanson, 8 \. Brookfield, 3 Tewksbury, 7 Hingham, 2 4 Oakhnm, 9 Townsend, 1 2 Hull, 1 Oxford, 7 Tvncrsborough, 8 Kingston, 1 1 Paxton, 6 \Valtham. 1 6 Marshfield, 1 2|j Petersham, 3 Watcrtown, 1 4 Middlcborough, [s 4 jPhillipston, 8 Wayland, 7 N. Bridgewater, I 8,|Frinceton, VV. 'Cambridge, 1 o Pembroke, 1 j'Rovalston, 2 \Vestford, 1 Plymouth, 3 S''Ru"tland, Weston, 1 Plympton, 7|iSlHewsbury, 3 Wilmington, 7 Rochester, o 3 Southborough, Woburn, 2 1 Scituate, 2 (i Soutlibridge, 4 — jWareham, 1 7 Spencer, 2 52 187 VV. Bridgewater, _ 9 Sterling, Sturbridge, 2 5 JVoPFOLK. 24 93 Sutton, 8 Bellingham, 1 Tenipleton, 4 Braintree, 1 8 Suffolk. Upton, Q Brooklinc, 1 Boston, oG G Uxbridge, 7 Canton, 1 7 iChelsea, 1 6 Warren, Cohasset, 1 — Webster, 9 Dedham, 2 6 57 11 Westborough, 3 Dorchester, 2 7 W. Boylston, 1 5 Dover, 4 WORCESTEK. Westminster, Foxborough, 1 1 Ashburnham, 1 4 Winchendon, 3 Franklin, 1 3iAthol, 1 2 Worcester. 5 2 Medfield, 7 Auburn, 1 5 — — 1 Medway, 1 5 Barre, 1 'J 52 2281 The whole number of towns in the state may send 375 Representatives every year, without counting the fractions. The fractions give an annual increase, on an average of 10 vears of 133 and S-IOths ; making the average number of Representatives for the next 10 years, 508 9-10th3. 21 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Senators, and Representatives, are chosen annually by the people, on the 2fl Monday of November, and meet at Boston on the 1st Wednesday of January. The Judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Com- mon Pleas, and such other courts as the Legislature may, from time to time, establish. The Judges are appointed by the Governor and Coun- cil, and hold their offices during good behavior. Succession of Governors. John Hancock, 1780—1784. James Bovvdoin, 1785, 1786. John Hancock, 1787 — 1793. Samuel Adams, 1794 — 1796. Increase Sumner, 1797—1799. Caleb Strong, 1800, 1S03. James Sullivan, 1807, 1808. Christopher Gore, 1809. Elbridge Gerry, 1810, 1811. Caleb Strong, 1812—1815. John Brooks, 1816— 1S22. William Eustis, 1S23, 1824. Levi Lincoln, 1825—1833. John Davis, 1834, 1835. Edward Everett, 1835— Succession of Chief Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court. William Gushing, 1776-1789. Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent, 1789— 1791. Francis Dana, 1791—1806. Theophilus Parsons, 1806— 1S14. Samuel Sewall, 1814. Isaac Parker, 1814—1830. Lemuel Shaw, 1830— The foundation of a school fund was laid by legislative enactment, in 1834, by appropriating " all moneys remaining in the treasury on the 1st daj' of January, 1835, arising from the sale of public lands, and from pay- ments made to this commonwealth by the United States, on account of the claim for military services and disbursements during the late war, to- gether with one half of all future proceeds of the sales of public lands, as a permanent fund for the encouragement and support of common schools, which fund is never to exceed one million of dollars." A trigonometrical and astronomical survey of the state, by order of the general court, for the purpose of a new map, was commenced in 1830, and will soon be completed. Surveys of the mineralogy, botany, zoolo- gy, and agriculture of the state have been commenced ; some favorable reports have been made, and the researches of scientific men are con- tinued, and promise great public usefulness. The surface of the state is generally undulating. The most level parts are found in the counties of Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol. The Green and Taughkannic ranges of mountains pass through the west- ern counties, but in few places are they remarkable for their elevation. The soil of the state is well adapted to the growth of all the grasses, grains, fruits and vegetables common to a temperate climate. In no part NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of our country is agriculture more honored, or better understood and re- warded. The resources of Massachusetts in its commerce, navigation, manufac- tures and fisheries are immense : they are staled under the counties and towns, and will be given summarily, with other statistics of New Eng- land, in the Register. Although Massachusetts cannot boast of her navigable rivers and ca- nals, to facilitate the commerce of her capit;il ; yet she can boast of the most beautiful bay on the map of the western world ; of her noble streams for water power; of her luxuriant vales, of her granite hills, of her ships, and the material for building them ; and of her gallant sailors who traverse every sea, and who well understand the uses of the hook, harpoon and cannon. r>rassacliusett.I:t$.s. Essex CO. A pleasant town on both sides of Ipswich river, 19 miles N. from Boitoii, and 7 N. W. from Salem. This place contains a large Jind expu'nsive paper mill. This is the principal manufacturing con- cern in the town. Incorporated, 172->. Population, 1S37, 671. Kliddlcto-wii, Vt. Rutland CO. This town lies be- tWMn two mountains, is watered by PouUm'v river, and has a good §oil for grazing. It kenps, among other cattle, about 4,0i»0 sheep. It lies 14 miles S. \V . from Rutland. It has a neat and flourishing vil- lage, a woolen factory, marble fac- tory, and o'har manufactures. — Population, 1830, i)l9. MiddlctowTi, Ct. Chief town of Middlesex co. — MiDDLETOWN CiTY, and port of entry, lies on the W. bank of Con- necticut river, 30 mile's from its mouth, 15 S. from Hartford, 24 N. E. from New Haven, 35 N. W. from New Lomlon. Lat. 41° 34' N., loug. 72° 39' W. The city is very pleasantly situated on ground rising gradually from the river. The principal street, called M^ain street, runs pai-allel with the river. This and other streets, are inter- sected by cross streets, leading to the river. The wharves are commodious for shipping, there being ten feet of water for all vessels that can cross the bar at the mouth of the river. Two high wharves are appropria- ted for two lines of steam-boats, of a large class, which aiford a daily com- munication with the cities of New York and Ilarlfard. The streets and side-walks are pleasantly shaded with trees, and the side-walks are remarkably well paved. The population of the city, is about 3,500 ; of tiie town, aboye 7,000. The public edifices are a court- house in the Grecian style of arch- itecture, built in 1832; a custom- house handsomely built of Chatham freestone ; 2 banks, and a savings bank, &c. The places of public worship in the city, and the princi- pal houses and stores are of brick, many of which arc built with great taste. The Wesleyaiv Uiv iversitt, under the patronage of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, was founded in 1831, and is very rapidly acquir- ing a high standing. It has now 160 students. Its officers are a president and 5 professors. The college buildings command an extensive view of the surround- ing country, as well as of the val- ley of the Connecticut, so justly famed for its beauty. The college library, with those belonging to the societies, comprisen about 10,000 volumes. It has ma- ny rare and choice works, an entire set of the Latin Cla-;>ic-!, and most of the Greek, a set of the Philosophical Transactions, and all of the most important later scientitic works of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. France. There is also a collection of bibles and testaments in 81 lan- guages and dialects, oriental, &c., into which the bible has been trans- lated. The philosophical and astronomi- cal apparatus, has been lately in- creased at great expense. Ihere is a telescope, with a six inch object glass, a splendid altitude and Azi- muth insti'ument, so constructed as to be used for meridian transits. Russell's magnilicent Orrery, an unrivalled insti'unient, and the only one of the kind. There is a noble Plate Electrical machine, with two plates 33 inches in diameter, &c. The chemical department has a good laboratory and apparatus. — Tlie cabinet of minerals is becom- ing extensive, in geology, besides specimens, there are several valu- able charts to illustrate the diflcrent states, and many districts of Eng- land. In botany, there are several of the best standard works, and for the preservation of the science, the richness in species of the native plants about Middlelown, is not surpassed by any location in New England. The place is also remark- able for the variety and abundance of its rare minerals. The rising reputation of its uni- versity, the great salubrity of its atmosphere, and the activity of its manufacturing capital, render Mid- dletov/n equally attractive to the traveler, the man of science, or of business. There are besides in this city, several fine cabinets of shells, insects, minerals &c., and an Her- barium of considerable extent, of North American as well as of Eu- ropean plants, also several choice private libraries. The library of the Rev. Dr. Jar- vis, contains 13,000 volumes of ex- ceciling choice books, collected by him, during a residence of sev- eral years in Europe, and his gal- lery of about 120 paintings, is re- garded as being very valuable. — About 70 of these pictures formed the gallery of the Archbishop of Tarento at Naples, and are of the old masters — Titian, Rubens, Tin- toretto, Salvator Rosa, Carlo Dolce, Lueca, Giordano, Jordens, Spagno- letto, &c. There is also in another collection some very fine paintings of the old masters, and an exqui- site piece of statuary by the Cheva- lier P. Marchesi of Milan, repre- senting Christ when 12 years of age ! This is the only work of the distinguished sculptor, that has yet arrived in this country. The township from N. to S. is about 9 miles long, its breadth va- rying from 4 to 10 miles at its great- est area, or about 43,520 acres. — The Indian name of the town was Mattabesett. The town is divided into 4 societies or parishes. There is in the city a prepara- tory school connected with the uni- versity, as well as several flourish- ing private schools. The public records of tiiis town commenced in 1654. Tiie city was incorporated in 17S4. The burial grounds contain many curious, as well as antique monu- ments of its earliest settlers. The burial ground at the N. part of the city, and by the river, was laid out in 1650. Middletown meadows, north ^the city, contain about 640 acres. 'The height of the base of the village is 160 feet above the river, and is from it, five eighths of a mile. Main street is from 40 to 50 feet above the river. The Connecticut river is here' generally closed with ice about the middle of December, and opens about tiie end of the third week in March. The manufactui-cs in this city, are 3 establishments on a large scale for the manufacture of arms, for the United States service ; broadcloths and cotton goods, brit- annia and tin wares, stoves, combs, tubs, machinery, steam engines. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER cotton machinery, paper, powder, jewelry, t)ra-:s ware, steel pens, buttons, looking-glasses, eariiages, carpenter's tools and locks, besides many manufactures of minor im- portance. Geologi/. Middletown rests on secondary red sandstone : within 2 miles of the city, south, there is a granite ridge, hei'e known by the name of. the White rocks. It runs N. N. E., and forms the straits of the Connecticut liver. Thisgianile ridge is from 400 to 600 feet above the tide water. Here occurs an in- exhaustible quantity of the finest feldspar, the material used for the glaze of porcelain. This was first brought into notice in 1833, at the recommendalion of Dr. Barrett. A large quantity of it has been sent to Europe, as well as being used in this country, and it has been proved to be of the best quality. The feldspar is often so pure at the quarry opened on the Haddam road, tliat masses of several hun- dred weight occur without any ad- mixture of quartz and mica. Middletown, R. I. Newport co. This is the n'iddle township on the island of Rhode Island. It lies 2 miles N. E. from N«pv'port, and 28 S. by E. from Providence. The surface of the town is undulating, and affords ma- ny interesting and beautiful land- scapes. The soil is a rich loam, very productive and under a high state of cultivation ; the lands ai-c tiighly valued and command a great price. The inhaliiiantsof the town are principally farmers; they are distinguished for their habits of in- dustry and econom3', and for the nniformity, plainness, and simplici- ty of their manner of living. The products of the town consist of corn, barley, hay, and great varie- ties of fruits and vegetables for Newport market. Incorporated, 1743. Population, 1830, 915. 23 Milan, IV. H., Coos CO., is 139 miles N. by E. from Concord, and about 22 N. E. from Lancaster. This tract was granted in 1771, and was called Faulabitrgh, untW 1824. The Up- per Amonoosuek and Androscoggin I'ivers pass through this town. — There are several ponds, and some considerable mountains. Popula- tion, 1830, 57. Milford, Me. Penobscot counlj-. See " Down East." :RiUford, N. H., Hillsborough co., is bounded E. by Amherst, and is 31 miles S. by W. from Concord. Willord lies on both sides of Souhegan river, which runs through the town from W. to E., forming a rich meadow or inter- vale, from 1-4 to 1-2 a mile wide. The banks of this river ai'e annual- ly overflowed, bj' which means, the soil, which is black and deep, is much enriched. This town has ex- cellent water privileges, and there is a valuable factory in the village Population, 1S30, 1,303. Milfoid, Mass. Worcester co. This town, the Indian JVopotrage, is well watered by Charles and Mill livers. It lies 28milcsS.W. by W. from Boston, and IS S. E. from Worcester. Incorpora- ted-, 1780. Population, 1S37, 1,637. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface pleasantly diversified. The manufactures of the town, for the year ending Apiil I, 1837, amounted to .$257,671. They con- sisted of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, straw bonnets, varnish, clothing, shoe pegs, wagon irons, and whips. Milford, Ct. New Kaven co. This is one of the towns which composed the " Old Jurisdiction of New Haven.** NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The settlement commenced in 1639. The first purchase of hind was made of the Indians, for the considera- tion of " 6 coats, 10 blankets, 1 kettle, besides a number of hoes, ii ives, hatchets, and glasses." The iii.liaus made a reservation of 20 iicras iu the town, wiiich was sold by them, in 1661, for 6 coats, 2 ni^nkets, and a pair of breeches. iVfiiford is bounded W. by Housa- • mick n\\3,, anw k'^. E. b}' Long 'sland Sound. The Indian n;iiue of the place was Wcpawaug. The town is generally level, and the soil productive. There is a quarry of beautiful serpentine marble in the town, and a harbor for small vessels. Poconock or Mil ford point is a noted place, where are a number of huts on the beach, occupied by persons engaged in the oyster and clam business. Milford village is very pleasant, and the scenery variegated and in- teresting. Population, 1S37, about 2,800. Millbiiry, Mass. Worcester co. Millbury was taken from Sutton, in 1813. It lies 42 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 6 S.E. from Worcester. Branch- es of the Blackstone river rise in the town, and the Blackstone canal passes through it. It is a very pleasant manufacturing place, witli a valuable water power. There are 1 paper, 6 woolen, and 1 cotton mills ; and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, scythes, spades, forks, hoes, ploughs, muskets, trying squares, levels, trowels, machinery, black lead, tin ware, sashes and blinds: total value, the year ending April 1, 1S37, |566,150. Popula- tion, 1837, 2,153. Miller's Rivers. Miller's ii/uer, in Vermont, rises in Sheffield, Caledonia county, and passing through a part of Wheelock falls into the Passumpsick at Lyn- don. Miller's River, in Massachusetts, rises in ponds in Ashburnham, and Winchendon ; it has many trib- utaries, and passes through Athol, Oi-ange,and Wendell, and falls into the Connecticut at Erving. This is a noble mill stream. Miilinoket ILaUe, Me. This is a large body of water in the county of Penobscot, the re- cipient of many rivers. It is an important source of the west branch of Penobscot river. Its outlet is a river of the same name, and unites with the waters of Pemadumcook lake, near the Great falls at the out- let of the Pemadumcook. Mill River, Mass. See Springfield. Millsfield, IV. H., Coos CO., is 7 miles W. from Um- bagog lake, and about 35 N.from the Vvhite mountains. Clear stream waters its N. extremity, and Phil- lip's river with several small streams the other parts. Here are several ponds, the largest is about 300 rods long, 140 wide. Millsfield was granted in 1774, and was nam- ed after Sir Thomas Mills, a gran- tee. It had but 33 inhabitants in 1330. Milo, Me. Piscataquis co. This is a beau- tiful township on the fertile banks of Subec and Pleasant rivers, at their union with the Piscataquis. It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augus- ta, and 15 N. E. from Dover. Pop- ulation, 1830, 381 ; 1837, 640.— Wheat crop, 1837, 4,514 bushels. Incorporated, 1823. Ifliltou, Me. Piscataquis co. Population, 1337, 352. Wheat crop, same year, 1,323 NEW KXGLAND GAZETTEER. bushels. 91 miles liom Augusta. See " Down E;ist." ]>Iiltoii, X. II. StrafFord co. The Salmon Fall river washes its wliole E. bounda- ry, P. distance of 13 miles ; and a branch of the same river crosses from the S". pai't of Wakefield, and unites near the centre of the E. bou!iilai-y. Teneritlc, a hold and rocky nionntain, extends along the E. part of Milton, near which lies Milton pond, of considerable size, connecting with the Salmon Fall rivci-. This town was formerly a part of Rochester, from which it was detached' in 1802. It lies 40 miles N. E. from Concord, and 20 N. \V. hv N. from Dover. Popu- lation, 1S30, 1,273. AliMou, Vt. Chittenden co. Milton is bound- ed on the W. by lake Champlain, and is finely watei-ed bj' tlie river Lamoille. It lies 12 miles N. from Burlinsiton, and 40 N. W. from Montpelier. Population, 1830, 2,- 100. The soil of the town is gen- erally good, and about 9,000 sheep graze in its pastures. There are some places in Milton worthy of the traveller's notice. A little distance from the neat and nourishing vil- lage are the Great falls, on the La- moille. In the course of 50 rods the whole river falls 150 feet. — About the middle of the rapid is a small ishiiul, by which the water passes on each side, with great vi- olence and loud roaring. The scen- ery on the banks of the river is wild and beautiful. There are some mills on the river, and consid- erable trade on the lake. Milton, Mass. Norfolk CO. This interesting and pleasant town, the L'ncataquissit of the Indians, lies 7 miles S. from Boston, and 6 E. from Dedham. Neponset river washes its northern border and affords oumerous valua- ble mill sites. This town was taken from Dorchester, in 1(JG2. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,772. A large part of the land is a gravelly loam, strong and very productive. The manu- factures consist of paper, granite, leather, hats, chairs, cabinet ware, playing cards, &c. : total annual amount, about .$100,000. The man- ufacturi' of paper Irom beach grass has recently been commenced, and promises to be a good substitute for rags, for the more common kinds. The village called the " Mills," comprising a part of Dorchester, at the head of navigation, on the Ne- ponset, is a wild, romantic place» and ever since the first settlement of the country, has been the scat of considerable trade and manufacture. The village at the rail-road, near the granite quarry, in Quincy, about a mile S. E. of the " Mills," is very pleasant and llourishing. — By a new and beautiful bridge, called the " Granite bridge," aci-oss the Neponset, the distance to the city is reduced to 6 miles. Milton contains some elegant country scats, and much delightful scenery. The views from " Milton Hill," near the head of the Ne- ponset ; and "Blue Hill," a cele- brated land mark for sailors, 710 feet above the sea, in the south part of the town, 12 miles from Boston, are among the most admired in our country. Miiiot, Me. Cumberland co. Minot is a large and excellent township of land with three very pleasant villages. The Androscoggin passes its eastern bor- der and Little Andi'oscoggin sepa- rates it from Poland, on the S. This is one of the most nourishing towns in the state. Although agriculture is the chief business of the people of Minot, yet its water power is so val- uable, that manufactures of various kinds are springing up with promis- ing success. Minot is connected [ with Lewiston, across the Andros- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. coggin, bj a Vnidge. It lies 33 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 35 N. from Portland. Population, in 1830, 2,908 ; 1837, 3,326. Incor- porated, 1802. Wheat crop, 1837, 7,266 bushels. Missisque River, Vt. This crooked river is about 75 miles in length. It rises in Orleans county, and passes N. into Canada, about 5 miles ; it then retui-ns to the state at the N. E. coi-ner of Franklin county, and after mean- dering through the north part of that county, it falls into Missisque bay at Highgate. There are sev- eral falls on this river, which aflbid numerous mill sites ; but it is gen- erally sluggish in its course, and being wide, is rather shallow. Its waters fertilize a large poition of country, and it is navigable for sni.ill vessels, six miles from its mouth. MolediviiikainuuU Lake, He. This is one of a number of large lakes extending northwest from Umbagog lake, and which empty through the Umbagog into the An- droscoggin. These lakes lie in the counties of Oxford and Franklin : their borders are but little settled, but those who have visited them report that the soil is exceedingly fertile, and that the beauties ot these little inland seas, equal tb.at of the celebrated Winnepisiogee. The Molechunkamunk lies about SO miles N. by W. from Portland. 3IoIuuikus River, A large tributary to the Mata- wamkeag from the north. It unites with that river about 8 miles above its mouth. Hoiiadiiock Ttlouiitain, Ji. H., Usually called the Grand Mo- nadnock, is situated in the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, in Cheshire county, about 22 miles E. from Con- necticut rivei-, and 10 N. of the southern boundary of this state. — The direction of the ridge is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about 5 miles long from N. to S., and 3 miles fi-om E. to W. Its summit is 3,718 feet above the level of the sea. Thirty years since, Monadnock was nearly covered with evergreen wood of considerable growth. By the repeated ravages of tire, it now pi'esents to the distant beholder, nothing but a barien and bald rock. But on ascending, we iind plats of eaith sufficient to give growth to the blueberry, c)-anl)erry, mountain ash, and a vai-iety of shrubs. Some caves are discovered, which excite curiosity. They appear to have been foimed by large tissiires, and by extensive strata being thi-own from their primitive state, and ibrm- iiig s in the cities of Norwich, Ilirtford and New Lon- don. This house is designed for tlie use of the Mohegans, and the white inhabitants who reside on the re- servation. The Mohegan school- house is -to or 50 rods south of t!ic chapel, at tlu' foot of the hiil, near by whicli is the house for the teach- er. About 100 rods west of the chapel, on the summit of a com- manding eminence, wa.s situated a Mohegan fort, some traces of which remain; they also had another fort near the river. " Ln I where a siva.Te fortress fmwii'd Amid yon liliiol-ceint^iitpil ground. A hallowed dorrip, with peaceful ilaini. Shall bear the meek Redeemer's name; And forms like those chat liii^erin; stayed Latest 'i;eath Calvary's awful shade, And Katlifnt pierc'd the sniher'd elooni To watch the Savior's lowly toiiiTi — Such eentle forms the Indian's ire Have soolh'd and bade that dome as])lre. And now, wh.Me rose the murderous yell. The tuneful hymn to God shall swell- Where venseauce spread a fatal snare. Shall breathe the red man's contrite prayer.' Moose Rivers. .^^oose river, in Maine, is a large tributary to Moosehead lake. It rises in the western part of .Somer- set county, and after receiving the waters of several large ponds in lliat quarter, it parses through Hras- sua lake, 4 or 5 miles W. of the Moosehead. .Moose river, in New Hampshire, has its source on the N. side of the White Mountains, and unites with the Androscoggin in Shelburne. — Its source is very near that of Is- rael's river, which passes W. into the Connecticut. .Moose river, in Vermont, is a branch of the Passumpsic ; it rises in Granhy and East Haven, and falls into that river at St. Johnsburj'. This, in many places, is a rapid stream, about 25 miles in length. Hoose Head Lake, Me. This lake, the outlet of which ia the source of Kennebec river, lies in the county of Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. Its length is between 40 and 50 miles, and its breadth, in the widest part, about 12 miles. The tributaries are nu- merous, and llow from almost every direction. It contiiins a number of island*, the largest of which is Su- gar island, containing 5,440 acres, and Deer island, containing 2,000 acres. These islands arc fertile, as is the whole country surrounding the lake, except in some places where the banks are high and pre- cipitous. The waters are deep and abound in trout of an extraordinary size. It is remarkable that the territory surrounding this inland sea, possess- ing in rich abundance all the ne- cessary requirements for the uses and comforts of man, and within three hundred miles of the capifal of New England, should be loft a wilderness garden, uninhabited and almost unexplored ; while thous- ands of Nev/ England men are press- ing to distant region-;, less health- ful, iind les.s productivey when mar- kets for surplus produce are consid- ered. The only setllemenf, of any con- sequence, on the borders of this beautiful lake, is Haskell's Planta- tion, at the southein boundary. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. This place lies 15 miles N. from Monson, from which town stages pass to Bangor, 60 miles. A steam- boat plies up ami down the lake, for the purpose of transporting pas- sengers, more particularly those who are en2;aged in felling timber; and for the piupose of towing the timber down to the Kennebec out- let. The lumber business on this lake is very extensive, and doubtless lu- crative ; but the time is not very distant when this and other sections of Maine, will be as much valued for the fruits of the soil ; and, under the wise system of geological ex- ploration, adopted by the legisla- ture, for the quarries of slate, lime, granite, maible, and even coal, as they are now for their forests of timber. This lake may be divided into two bays. A little above the cen- tre of it, is a narrow pass of rath- er less than a mile across. At this place, on the western side, is Mount Keneo,an elevation of five or six hundred feet projecting over the water. From this height a pictur- esque view of the lake, its islands, and a boundless wildei'ness, is pre- sented. When the wind blows fresh from the north, the waters of the north bay pi-ess through this strait with considerable force, and cause the south bay to rise two or three feet. A dam has been erected at the outlet, for the purpose of raising the lake 3 or 4 feet, so as to let the the water off as occasion may re- quire, to facilitate (he passage of lumber on the river. We hope, lor the benefit of our friends down stream, that the dam is of solid ma- terials and well constructed. Mooseliillock Mountalin, 9f. H., Is a noble and lofty eminence in the S. E. part of Coventry, and ranks among (he highest mountains in New England. The altitude of the north peak above tide water, is 4,636 leet — that of the south peak, is 4,536 feet. Baker's river has its source on its eastern side. Mooseluckmaguiitic liake, 9Ie> A large sheet of water which empties into the Molechunkamunk, about 2 miles south. Moreto-»vn, Vt. Washington co. Mad river, a branch of the Onion, waters this town and gives it good mill seats. The surface is mountainous, and a great part of the soil unfit for culti- vation. First settled, 1790. Pop- ulation, 1830, 816. It lies 8 miles S. W. from Montpelier. Morgan, Vt. Orleans co. First settled, ISOO. It lies 50 miles N. E. from Montpe- lier, and 15 N. N.E. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 331. Knowlton's lake, a handsome sheet of water, containing a variety of fish, lies in this town. It is 4 miles in length, and 2 in breadth, and empties into Clyde river. Morristown, "Vt. Lamoille co. This town lies 20 miles N. by W. from Montpelier, and 6 S. from Hyde Park. First settled, 1790. Population, 1830, 1,315. The surface of the town is diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is good, particularly on the banks of Lamoille river, which af- fords some water power. Here is a neat village, and considerable business. The people are general- ly farmers, and produce cattle, but- ter, cheese, and a large quantity of wool for market. Moscow, Me. Somerset co. Moscow is water- ed by a pond, and by a beautiful stream, a branch of the Kennebec, and lies on the east side of that river. It is 30 miles N. from Nor- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ridgewock, and 58 N. from Augusta. This town has a good soil and a pleasant village. It was incorpo- rated in 1S16. Population, 1S37, 477. Wheat crop, same year, 4,273 bushels. MouKonborongli, N. II., Straftbrd co., is situated on the N. W. shore of Winnepisiogee lake. This interesting town lies 43 miles N. from Concord, and 20 E. from Ply- mouth. This town is broken by mountains and ponds. Red Hill, ly- ing wholly within this town, com- mands notice from the east, south, and west ; and extends about 3 miles from E. to VV., between Red Hill river on the N., Great Squam on the W., Great Squam and Long pond on the S., terminating S. E. by a neck of tine land extending into the Winnepisiogee. Its sum- mit is covered with the uvcs vrsi and low blueberry bush, which in autumn give the hill a reddish hue, from which circumstance its name was probably derived. A number of oval bluffs rise on its summit, from each of which the prospect on either hand is extensive and de- lightful. The north bluff is sup- posed to consist of a body of iron ore. Bog oi-e is found in a brook descending from this bluff. Ossi- pee mountain extends its base into tliis town, and is a commanding elevation. On the south part of this mountain, in Moultonborough, is a mineral chalybeate spring, the waters strongly impregnated with iron and sulphur, and efficacious in cutaneous eruptions. About a mile north is a spring of pure cold water, 16 feet in diameter, through the centre of which the water, con- taining a small portion of fine white sand, is constantly thrown up to the height of two feet — the spring fur- nishing water sufficient for mills. On tlie stream nearly a mile below, i$ a beautiful waterfall of 70 feet perpendicular. Descending on the left of this fall, a cave is found, con- 23 taining charcoal and other eviden- ces of its having been a hiding place for the Indians. Red Hill river originates in Sandwich, and passes through this town into the Winnepisiogee. Long pond is a beautiful sheet of water, and con- nects with the lake by a channel sixty rods in length. Squam and Winnepisiogee lakes lie partly in Moultonborough. The soil of this town is fiuitful, though in some parts rocky. Moultonborough was granted in 17C3, to Col. Jonathan Moulton and others. Settlements commenced in 1764. Many Indian implements and rel- ics have been found indicating this to have been once their favorite residence. In 1S20, on a small isl- and in the Winnepisiogee, was found a curious gun barrel, much worn by age and rust, divested of its stock, enclosed in the body of a pitch pine tree 16 inches in diameter. Its butt rested on a flat rock, its muzzle el- evated about 30°. In 1819, a small dirk, 1 1-2 feet in length from the point to the end of the hilt, round blade, was found in a new field, one foot under ground, bearing strong marks of antiquity. On the line of Tuflonborough, on the shore of the lake, at the mouth of Melvin river, a gigantic skeleton was found about 30 years since, bu- ried in a sandy soil, apparently that of a man more than seven feet high — the jaw bones easily passing over the face of a large man. A tumu-. lus has been discovered on a piece' of newly cleared land, of the length and appearance of a human grave, and handsomely rounded with small stones, not found in this part of the country ; which stones are too closely placed to be separated by striking an ordinary blow with a crow-bar, and bear marks of being a composition. The Ossipee tribe of Indians once resided in this vi- cinity, and some years since a tree was standing in Moultonborough, on which was carved in hieroglyph- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Ics the history of tlicir expeditions. | Population, 1830, 1,122. nioiuit Desert, Me. Hancock co. This town com- prised the whole island of the same name, lying hetween Frenchman's bay and the waters of Blue Hill bay, and Union river, until 1793, when the north part was set off and called Eden. It lies 110 miles E. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1789. Population, 1837, 1,783. This town has an extensive coast, and a number of excellent harbors. The people of Mount Desert own considerable navigation employed in the coasting trade ; and the shore fishery, is a lucrative branch of business. The soil of the town is s;ood, and abundantly able to supply the inhabitants with bread stuffs. In 1837, the ocean towns of Mount Desert and Eden, produced 674 bushels of good wheat. V/e men- tion this fact, to show that there must be something, other than sea air, which cause's that valuable grain to blight on the coast of Mas- sachusetts. Mount Holly, Vt. Rutland co. A plea'^ant town lying 60 miles S. from Montpelier, and 17 S. E. from llutl.md. First settled, 1781. Population, 1830, 1,318. The surface of the town is elevated, and in some parts moun- tainous, but the soil is well adapted for grazing, and produces consider- able quantities of wool, beef, but- ter, and cheese. Mounts Holyolce iles N. E. from Montpe- !ier, and 19 N. W. from (Guildhall. First settled, ISOO. Population, in 1830, 257. lVe>v Asliford, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a moun- tainous township, l)ut the .-loil is good for grazing. In 1837, the val- ue of 2,708 llecces of wool, pro- duced in tliis (own, weighing 7, 7S5 pounds, was worth $3,S93. New Ashford produces fine white and variegated marble, and is the source of Green river. It lies 130 miles "VV. by N. from Boston, and 18 N. from Lenox. Incorporated, ISOl. Population, 1837, 253. New Bedford, Mass. This is a half shire town of Bristol county, and port of entry, pleas- antly situated on the W. side of the Acushnet, a river, or more pi-oper- ly an estuary, connected with Buz- zard's bay. The ground on w'hich the town stands rises rapidly from the rivr-r, and ;i(I()r(ls an interesting view fioin the ojjposite side. The upper i)art of the town is laid out into i)uautiful streets, which contain many costly and superb dwellings. This harbor, though not easy of «cess, is capacious and well secur- from winds. A wooden bridge, near the centre of the town, con- nects it with the village of Fair- haven. A ferry has also been es- tablished, on which it is proposed to run a steam boat. New Bedford was incorporated in 1787, previous to which it con- stituted a part of the town of Dart- mouth. In 1812, the eastern part was set off' as a separate township by the name of Fairhaven. The almost exclusive business of the place is the whale fishery, which conunenced before the war of the revolution, and has gradual- ly grown to its present importance. The increase, however, within the last 12 years has been more rapid than during any foi-mer period. — The number of ships and brigs now employed is Ki!). Tonnage of the district, in 1837, 85,130 tons. There are KJ oil manufactories, at which a large amount of oil and can- dles is made. A considerable quan- tity of the oil imported is, however, sold in the crude state to other pla- ces. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, boots, shoes, hats, iron castings, axes, chairs, tin and cabinet wares, vessels, salt, cord- age, soap, Prussian blue, paper hangings, carriages, looking-glass fiames, and carpenter's tools: the total value, for the year ending Apiil 1, 1837, including oil and can- dles, amounted to ,$()96,SOO. There were imported, during that year, 2,472,735 gallons of oil, and 305,170 pounds of whale bone, the value of which was $1,750,832. The capital invested in the whole fish- ery was 5(1,210,000. The num- ber of hands employed was 4,000. Few places in Massachusetts have increased in population more rapidly than (his. By the census of 1790, (he poi)ula(ion of (he village was about 700. In 1830, the township contained 7,592 ; in 1833, 9,200, and in 1837, 14,304. Within a few years,(he inhabitants of this (own have manifested a com- mendable liberality in providing th« NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. means of education. There is a flourishing academy in the town, and large sums are annually appropria- ted lor the maintenance of pubhc and private schools. A rail-road will soon be construct- ed from this place, to meet the Bos- ton and Providence, at Seekonk, by the way of Fall River; or to meet tlie Taunton rail-road at Taun- ton. By either of those routes, a trip to Boston or New York, would be very pleasant. A large and wealthy town, highly flourishing in its commerce and manufactures like this, with the neighboring isl- ands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, seem to require it. New Bedford lies 52 miles S. from Boston, 52 N. W. from Nan- tucket, 14 E. by S. from Fall River, 20 S. S. E. from Taunton, and 214 N. E. by E. from New York. IVe-w Boston, N. II., Hillsborough co., is 9 miles N. N. W. from Amherst, and 22 S. by W. from Concord. It is water- ed by several streams, the largest of which is the S. branch of Piscat^ aquog river, having its source in Pleasant pond, in Francestown. — This town consists of fertile hills, productive vales, and some valuable meadows. The soil is favorable for all the various productions common to this section of the state, and there are many excellent farms, under good cultivation. In the S. part of New Boston, there is a considerable elevation, called Jo English hill, on one side of which it is nearly per- pendicular. Its height is 572 feet. Beard's pond, and Jo English pond, are the only ponds of note. New Boston was granted, 1736, to inhab- itants of Boston. It was incorpora- ted, 1763. The first settlement commenced about the year 1733. The first minister was Rev. Solo- mon Moor, from Ireland, who re- ceived his education at Glasgow. In Feb. 1767, he arrived at New Boston, and was ordained Sept. 6, 1768 ; died May 28, 1803, aged 67. Population, 1830, 1,680. IVcAV Braiiitree, Mass. Worcester co. Ware river and other streams water this town, and afford it good mill privileges. The soil of the town is good, particular- ly for grazing : it has become cele- brated for its good farmers, and for its excellent beef cattle, butter and cheese. There is a cotton mill in the town, and manufactures of leather, palm-leaf hats, &c. It lies 60 miles W. from Boston, and 18 W. N. W. from Worcester. Incorpo- rated, 1731. Population, 1837, 780. Weivburgli, Me. Penobscot co. This is a good township of land, 54 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 S. W. from Bangor. Incorporated, 1819. Pop- ulatira, 1330, 626 ; 1837,867. Wa- tered by a branch of the Sowadabs- cook. Wheat crop, 1837, 5,041 bushels. Newbury, N. H. Merrimack co. This town was originally called Dantzick ; it was incorporated by the name of Fish- ersfield, in 1778, and took its pres- ent name, in 1S37. It lies 40 miles N. W. by W. from Amherst, and 30 V.'. by N. fi-om Concord. The S. part of Sunapee lake lies in the N. W. part. Todd pond, 500 rods in length, and 60 in width, affords a small branch to Warner river. — From Chalk pond issues a small stream communicating with Suna- pee lake. The land is generally mountainous, and the soil hard and rocky. The first settlement in this town was made in the year 1762, by Zephaniah Clark, Esq. Popula- tion, 1830, 798. Wewbury, Vt. Orange co. This is a beautiful town on the W. side of Connecti- cut river, and supplied with mill privileges by Wells river, and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Hariman's anil Hill's brooks. These brooks have their sources in ponds f of considerable size. Newbury comprises the tract commonly cull- ed the Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut river. This tract is of great extent, and celebrated for its luxuriance and beauty. The agri- cultural productions of the town are very valuable, consisting of beef cattle, wool, and all the varieties of the dairy. Tlie town contnins a number of mineral springs, of some celebrity in scrofulous and cutane- ous complaints. The villages of JVeichury and Wells River are very pleasant : they command a flourishing trade, and contain manufacturing estab- lishments of various kinds. Some of the buildings are very Iiandsome. The scenery of the windings of the river through this line tract of al- luvial meadow, contrasted with the abrupt acclivities in the north part of the town, is very striking and beautiful. The town is connected with Ha- verhill, N. H., by two bridges. It lies 27 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 20 N. E. from Chelsea. Popu- lation, 1830, 2,252. First settled, 1764. The first settlers endured many hardships. For some years they had to go to Charlcstown to mill, 60 miles distant, carrying their grain in canoes dov. n the river, or drawing it on the ice. General H.\iley. a patriot of Ihe revolution, distinguished himself in the settlement of the town. The state legislature held their sessions in Newbury, in the years 1787, and ISOl. Ne'»vbury. 9Ins3. Essex CO. This ancient and re- spectable town, lies on Merrimack river, opposite to Salisbury. It for- merly comprised the territory of Newburyport and West Newbury. The soil is of an excellent quality, and in a high state of cultivation. Parker and Artichoke rivers are pleasant streams ; the former falls nearly 50 feet in the town, and af- fords it good mill seats. A part of Plum island, is attached to this town. This island, about nine miles in length and one in breadth, extend- ing from Ipswich river to the mouth of the Merrimack, is comprised of sandy beach and salt meadow ; and is noted for the beach plum, which ripens in September. A curious cavern, called the " Devil's Don,"' contains specimens of a.-bestos, limestone, marble, ser- pentine and amianthos. The scene- ry on the high grounds is rich, va- riegated and beautiful. Dummer academy, founded in 1756, is a flourishing institution: it is situated in the parish of " By- lield." The manufactures of Newbury consist of cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, carriages, cordage, fishing nets, bed coids and cotton lines: annual value about $i75,000. A large number of vessels are built in the town, and some navigation is owned and employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery. This town is celebrated as the birth place of many distinguished men. Theophilus Parsons, LL. D., an eminent jurist, was born in Newbury, Febiuary 24, 1750. He died in Hoston, October 6, 1813. Newbury was tirst settled, in 1635. Its Indian name was Qitaf- cacunqucn. It lies 31 miles N. by V,. from Boston, 17 N. from Salem, and 3 S. from Ncw!)uryport. Pop- ulation, 1837, 3,771. Bfe'ivlmryport, Mass. One of the shire towns of Essex county. Thiols considered one of the most beautiful towns in New Eng- land. It lies on a gentle acclivity, on the south bank of the Merri- mack, at the union of that river with the ocean. In point of terri- tory, it is the smallest town in the commonwealth, being only one mile square. It was taken from New- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. bury in 1764. Population, in IS."?, 6,741. This place has been and now is considerably noted loi- its commerce and sliip building;. Some of the old continental trio;ates were built here ; and in 1790, the ton- nage of the port was 11,870 tons. Of late years the foreign commerce of the place has diminished, in con- sequence of a sandbar at the moutli of the harbor. This place has con- siderable inland and foreign com- merce. It has four whale ships, and a large amount of tonnage en- gaged in the freighting business and the cod and mackerel fisheries. Tonnage of the district, in 1S37, 22,078 tons. The manufactures of Newbury- port consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, hats, bar iron, iron castings, chairs, cabinet and tin wares, combs, spirits, vessels, snuff, segars, oi-- gans, soap and candles : annual amount about $.350,000. The pro- duct of the whale fishery, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $1423*82. During the same period, this town and Newbury had 128 vessels em- ployed in the cod and mackerel fishery, employing 1,000 hands: product that year, $177,700. Newburyport lies 34 miles N. by E. from Boston, 20 N. from Salem, 24 S. by W. from Portsmouth, N. H., and 2 miles S. E. from Essex bridge. Lat. 42° 47' N.; Ion. 70= 47' W. From the mouth of this harbor. Plum Island, extends to the mouth of Ipswich river. The Hon. William Bartlett and Moses Brown, Esq., distin- guished for their enterprise and in- tegrity as merchants, were natives of this town. The celebrated George White- field, one of the founders of the sect of the Methodists, and one of its most eloquent preachers, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770. A handsome monument has been erected to his memory, by the Hon. William Bartlett, the fol- lowing is a part of the inscription : This Cenotaph Is erected, with afi'ectionate veneration, to The memory of the Rev. GEORGE WHITEFIELD : Born at Gloucester, England, December Ki, 1714. Educated at Oxford University; Ordained 1736. In a ministry of thirty-four years, He crossed the Atlantic thirteen times. And preached more Than eighteen thousand sermons. As a Soldier of the Cross, humble, devout, ardent. He put on the Whole armor of God ; Preferring The honour of Christ To his own interest, repose. Reputation, and life. " BTe-vy Cauaaii, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was tak- en from Norwalk and Stamford in 1801. It lies 5 miles N. W. from Norwalk, 37 W. S. W. from New Haven, and 50 N. E. from New York. Population, 1830, 1,826. — The surface of the town is rough and mountainous; the soil is a hard, gravelly loam, but generally pro- ductive. The manufacture of shoes is carried on to a considerable ex- tent : the annual value is about $400,000. An academy was established here in 1815, and has acquired a high reputation. It stands on an eleva- ted and commanding situation, hav- ing a fine prospect of Long Island Sound and the intervening country. Pestles and other Indian implements have been found at the north part of the town, which probably was the resort of the natives. Excavations in solid rock, one large enough to contain eight gallons, are found ; these were doubtless Indian mor- tars. Kcw Castle^ Me. Lincoln CO. New Castle lies on the W. side of Damariscotta river, about 15 miles from its mouth. It is 36 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 8 N. E. from Wiscasset. Incorpo- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rated, 1753. Population, in 1837, 1,545. This is a pleasant town, and flourishing in its trade and naviga- tion. New Castle, N. H., Rockingham co., is a rough and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth harbor, and formerly called Great Island. A handsome bridge, built in 1821, connects this town with I'ortsmouth. Here is an ancient church. Rev. Samuel Moody preached here previous (o the com- mencement of the ISth century. New Castie was incorporated in 1693, and contains 458 acres. This island was the seat of business, when ancient Strawben-y Bank was the mere germ of the town of Portsmouth. Fishing is here pur- sued with success; and the soil among the rocks, being of good quality, is made to produce abund- antly. Fort Constitution and the light-house stand on this island. — Population, 1S30, 850. New Fairrield, Ct. Fairfield co. This is a small town- ship, rough and hilly, with a hard and gravelly soil. It lies 64 iriiles S. W. from Harlfoi'd, and 7 N. fj-om Danbury. Incorporated, in 1740. Population, 1830, 940. Ne'w Durham, N. 11. Strafford co. The surface oft this town is very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. The soil is generally moist, and well adapted to grazing. There arc 5 ponds in New Durham, the largest of which is Merrymccting pond, about 10 miles in circumfer- ence, from which a copious and perpetual stream runs into Merry- meeting bay, in Alton. Ela's river flows from Coldrain pond into Farm- ington. on which is a fine waterfall. The Cocheco also has its source here. Mount Betty, Ci-opple-crown and Straw's mountains ai-e the prin- ■cjpal eminences. On the N. E. side of the latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which is about 3 feet wide and 10 feet high. The outer room is 20 feet square ; the inner apartments become smaller, until at the distance of 50 feet they arc too small to be investigated. — The sides, both of the galleries and the rooms are solid granite. They bear marks of having been once united, and were probably separat- ed by some great convulsion of nature. There is a fountain, over which a part of Ela's river passes, which is regarded as a curiosity. By sinking a small mouthed vessel into this fountain, water may be procured extremely cold and pure. Its depth has not been ascertained. Near the centre of the town is Rattlesnake hill, the S. side of which is almost 100 feet high, and nearly perpen- dicular. Several other hills in this town contain precipices and cavi- ties, some of considerable extent. New Durham was granted in 1749. It was incorporated Dec. 7, 1762. Elder Benjamin Randall, the founder of the sect of Freewill Baptists, commenced his labors here in 1780, and organized a church. He died in 1808, aged 60. New Durham lies 30 miles N. E. fiom Concord, and 32 N. W. by N. from Dover. Population, in 1830, 1,162. Ke^rfalle, Vt. Windham co. County town. — Newfane lies about 100 miles S. from Montpelier, and 12 N. W. from Brattleborough. First settled, 1766. The town is watered by a branch of AVest river, and several other streams. The surface of the town is diversified by hills and val- leys; the soil is good, and produces white oak and walnut in abundance. There is but little waste land in the town: the uplands are inferior to none for grazing, and the intervales afford excellent tillage. Newfane exhibits a great variety of minerals. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. among which are some of value. Perhaps no town in the state pre- sents a more inviting field for the mineralogist than tills. There are two pleasant villages in the town. The centre village contains the county buildings : it is on elevated land, and commands a very extensive and delightful pros- pect. Population, 1830, 1,441. Newfoiiiid Pondauti River,Bf.H, See Bristol. Ke-iviield, Me. York CO. This town is watered by Little Ossipee river, and lies 99 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta, and 15 N. W. from Alfred. ^It is a good farming town and produces considerable wheat and wool. It was incorporated in 1794. Popula- tion, 1S37, 1,322 'New Gloucester, Me. Cumberland CO. This is a pleasant and flourishing farming town, 23 miles N. from Portland, and 38 S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1774. Population, 1837, 1,861. It is well watered by Royal's river, on which are mills of various kinds. The soil of the town is very fertile, containing large tracts of intervale. The first settlers were compelled to build a block house for their pro- tection against the Indians. In this building the people attended pub- lic worship for a number of years. This town has an abundant water power, a school fund of ($4,000, and a society of about 300 of those neat and industrious people, '' whose faith is one and whose practice is one." See Canterbury, ..V. H. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. m '.ra^S;^^ NEW HAMPSHIRE. This state is bounded north by Lower Canada, east by Maine, south- east by the Atlantic and the State of ?/Iassachusetts, south by Massa- chusetts, and west and north-west by Vci-mont. Situated between 42° 40' and 45° 16' N. lat., and 72° 27' and 70° 35' W. Ion. Its length is 168, and its greatest breadlh about !)0 irtile:?, and it comprises an area of about 9,2S0 square miles. The first discovery of New Hampshire was in ISIJ, and the first set- tlements made by Europeans were at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1G2.3; only three years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The ui'xt settlements were at Exeter and Hampton, in 163S. The inhabit- ants of these and all the carly4ettlcmcnts, until after the cession of Can- ada to England by France, were greatly annoyed by the Indians, who existed in large and powerful bodies in this then v/ilderness. In the re- peated and general wars with the Indians, New Hampshire sulTered more than any other of the colonies. This colony was twice united with that of Massachusetts, and the final separation did not take place until 1741, when the boundaries of the two colonies wpre settled. In the revolu- tionary contest, New Hampshire bore a distinguished and honorable part The blood of her sons was freely shed on most of the battle fields of the revolution. As early as June 15, 1776, New Hampshire made a public Dkci-aration ok Independence, and in 13eccmbcr of that year, the delegates of the people adopted a temporary form of Government, which was continued until 1784, when the first constitution was adopted. This 24 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. being found deficient in some of its provisions, a new constitution was adopted in 1792, Avhicli is now in force. The executive power is vested in a Governor and five Counsellors, chos- en annually by the people. The legislature consists of the Senate, corn- prising twelve members, chosen in twelve districts, and the Flouse of Representatives, chosen annually in the month of JIarch, every town having 150 rateable polls being entitled to send one, and an additional representative for every 300 additional polls. The legislature assembles annually at Concord, on the first Wednesday of June. All male citizens, of Zl years and upwards, except paupers and per- sons excused from taxes, have a right to vote for state officers — a resi- dence of at least three months within the town being required to entitle the person to vote. The judiciary power is vested in a Superior Court of Judicature, and Courts of Common Pleas. The four Judges of the Superior Court, hold law terms once a year in each of the counties; and Judges of the Supe- rior Court are ex officio Presiding Judges in the courts of Common Pleas, lioldcn semi-annually in each county, bj' one of the Superior Judges with the two Associate Justices of the Common Pleas for each county. The Judges hold their offices during good behavior, until 70 years of age ; out are subject to removal by impeachment, or by address of the two houses of the legislature. Succession of Governors. Meshech Weare," 177G — 1784. John Langdon, 1785. John Sullivan, 17SG, 1787. John Langdon, 17SS. John Sullivan, 1739. Josiah Bart- lett, 1790—1793. John Taylor Oilman, 1794—1804. John Langdon, 1805— 180S. Jeremiah Smith, 1809. John Langdon, 1810, ISll. Wil- liam Plumer, 1812. John Taylor Gilman, 1S13 — 1315. V/illiam Plumer, 1816—1818. Samuel Bell, 1819— 1S22. Levi Woodbury, 1S23.— David Lawrence Morril, 1824, — 1826. Benjamin Pierce, 1827. John Bell, 1828. Benjamin Pierce, 1829. Matthew Harvey, 1S30. Samuel Dinsmoor, 1331— 1?33. William Badger, 1S34, 1335. Isaac Hill, 1S36 — -1838. John Page, 1S39— Succession of Chief Justices of the Superior Court. Meshech Wcare, 177S— 1731. Samuel Livcrmorc, 1782-1789. Jo- siah Bartlett, 1790. John Pickering, 1791—1794. Simeon Olcott, 1795 —1801. Jeremiah Smith, 1S02— 1808. Arthur Livcrmorc, 1809-1812. * The Chief Mairistrntos wore styled President, iintW the adoption of the Constitution of ll'J'2, wlicii the title of Governor was substituted. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Jeremiah Sinilh, 1S13— ISIj. William Merchant Kichardson, 1816 — 1837. Joel Parker, 1S3S— New Hampshire is divided into eight counties, as follows: — Counties. Ao.of I'opulalion Shire Towns. loiimf. in 1 SoO. Rockin2;ham, .35 44,552 Portsmouth, Exeter. Strafibrd, 33 58,916 Dover, Gilford, Rochester. Merrimack, 24 34,619 Concord. Hillsborough, 3() 37,70-2 Amherst. Cheshire, 23 27.016 Keene. Sullivan, 1.5 19,637 Ncwpoi-t. Grafton, 37 33,691 Ha\crhill, Plj'mouth. Coos, 27 224 8,390 Lancaster. 269,633 New Hampshire is more mountainous than any of her sister states, yet she hoasts of large quantities of luxuriant intervale. Her high lands produce food for cattle of peculiar sweetness ; and no where can be found the necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, united, in greater abundance : cattle and wool are its principal staples. This state may bo said to be the mother of New England rivers. The Connecticut, Mer- rimack, Saco, Androscoggin and Piscataqua, receive most of their waters from the high lands of New Hampshire: while the former washes the western boundary of the state 163 miles, the Merrimack pierces its cen- tre, and the Piscataqua forms the beautiful harbor of Portsmouth, a depot of the American navy. These majestic rivers, with their tributary streams afford this state an immense water power, of v.-hich manufacturers, with large capitals, avail themselves. The largest collection of water in the state is Lake Winnepislogce, (pronounced Win-no-pe-sok'-e.) It is one of the most varied and beau- tiful sheets of water on the American continent. Lakes Connecticut, Ossipee, Umbagog, Squarn, Sunapce, and Massabcsick, are large collec- tions of water, and abound with llsh and fowl. New Hampshire is frequently called the Granite State, from the vast quantities of that rock found within its territory. The granite is of a su- perior quality, and much of it is quarried and transported to other states. The geological structure of the state is highly interesting. Iron and cop- per ore and plumbago, of excellent qualities, are found; and coal and other vah'.able minerals are supposed to exist. This state is also called the Sivitzcrland of America, on account of the salubrity of its climate; its wild and picturesque landscapes; its lakes and rapid strcanis. The celebrated While Mountain.-, in (he north- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ern part of the state, arc of great elevation, and afford the grandest dis- play of mountain scenery in our country. Sec Winnepisiogee Lake, and WJiite Mountains — also Megister. New IlaBapton, N. II., Strafford co., lies 30 miles N. hy W. from Concord, and about 20 N. W. from Gilmanfon. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,904. Pemigewasset river, which washes the W. bound- arjs is the only stream of magni- tude; and over it is thrown the bridge which unites the town with Bristol. There is a remarkable spring on the W. side of Kelly's hill in this town, from which issues a stream sufficient to supply several mills. This stream is never affected by rains or droughts, and falls into the river after running about a mile. Pemigewasset pond hes on the bor- der of Meredith. There are 4 other ponds in this town. The soil of New Hampton, though the surface is hroken and uneven, is remarka- bly fertile, producing in abundance most kinds of grain and grass. The industry of the inhabitants has en- abled them in years of scarcity to supply the wants of other towns. In the S. part of the town there is a high hill of a conical form which may be seen in almost any direc- tion from 10 to .50 miles; the pros- pect fiom the summit of which is very pleasant. In 17C3, Gen. Jonathan Moulton, of Hampton, having an ox v/eigh- ing 1,400 pounds, fattened for the purpose, hoisted a Hug upon his horns and drove him to Portsmouth as a present to Gov. Wentworth. He refused to receive any compen- sation for the ox, but merely as a token of the governor's friendship and esteem, he would like to have a charter of a small gore of land he had discovered adjoining the town of Mou!tonl)orough, of which he w.is one of the principal proprie- tors. It was granted, and he called it JVeia Hampton, in honor of his native town. This small gore of land contained 19,422 acres, a part of which nov/ constitutes the town of Centre Haibor. It was incorpo- rated Nov. 27, 1777. Kcxv Hartford, Ct. Litchfield co. This town was first settled in 1733. It lies 20 miles N. W. from Hartford, and 11 N. E. from Litchfield. Population, 1830, 1,766. The surface of the town is hilly and mountainous. The lands are best adapted for grazing. It is watered by Farmington river and other streams, on which are several mills. " In the eastern part of this town there is a rough and mountainous district, formerly designated Sa- tan's Kingdom ; and the few in- habitants who lived here were in a meastire shutout from the rest of mankind. An inhabitant of the town invited one of his neighbors, who lived within the limits of this district, to go and hear Mr. Marsh, the first minister who was settled in the town. He was prevailed upon to go to church in the foi'cnoon. In the course of liis])rayer, Mr. Marsh, amonir other things, prayed that Sa- tan's kingdom might be destroyed. It appears that the inhabitant of this district took the expression in a literal and tangible sense, having probably never heard the expres- sion used but in reference to th.c district wherein he resided. Being asked to go to meeting in the after- noon, he refused, stating that ]\Ir. Marsh had insulted him ; ' for blast NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. liim,' said he, " when he prayed for the destruction of Satan's king- dom, he very well l;ncw all my in- terests lay there." lVc»v Haven, Vt. Addi.on co. Tlia soil of tlii? town 'n various, consisting of nia-I, clay and loam, and is generally produc- tive. The. waters of Otter creeli, P.Iiddlebury river, and Little Otter creek give tJia town a good water power. There are some manufac- tures in the town, but agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabi- tants. Now Ilaveii lies 30 miles W. S. W. from Montpclicr, and 7 N. W. from Middlebury. First set- tled, irey. ropuIation,"lS30, 1,83-1. Ke-\v Haven County, Ct. Chief town, JVeji) Haven. New Haven county is bounded N. by IJtchfiold and Hartford counties, E. by Middlesex county, S. by Long Island Sound, and West by liitchfield county and the Housa- tonic river, which separates it from Fairticld count}-. Itsaverago length from east to west is about 2'J uiilcs, and its width from north to south 21 mile< ; containing .540 square miles, or.313,fi00 acres. This county, ly- ing on Long island Sound, has a ve- ry extensive mai-itime border, but its foreign trade is chiefly confined to New Havci harbor. Its iisiie- ries of oysters and clams, and other fish, are valuable. It i'iintersect- ed by several streams, none of them of very large size, but of some val- ue for their water pov.'cr and fish. Of these the principal are the Pom- peraug and' Naugatuc, on the west ; Quinnipiac, iSIenunkaluc, West and Mill rivers, on the east. The Quin- nipiac is the largest, and passes thi'ough extensive meadows. The county is intersected centi'ally by the New Haven and Northampton canal, rvhich passes through tbi^ county from north toso'.ith. There is a great variety of soil in thi-; county, as well as of native vcgc- 24* table and mineral productions. The range of secondary country which o.tends along Connecticut river as far as Middletown, there leaves that stream, crosses into this county, and terminates at New Haven. This intersection of the primitive formation, by a sccyndary ridge, af- fjrds a great variety of minerals, and materials for diiierent soils. The population of tbis county ia 1S20, was 39,*J16; 1830, 43,847:— SI inliabitanis to a square mile. The manufacturing business is quite e?vtcnsivc in the county, and in 1837 \t contained 23,895 sheep. H^c^v Haven, Ct. New Haven, city and town, the chief town of Novv^ Haven county, and the semi-capital of the state of Connecticut, is 7(> miles N. E. from New York, and 300 from Wa:diing- ton cirv, in latitiule (Yale College Observatory) 41° 18' 30" N., and \V. longitude 72° 55'. It is situa- ted on a lai-ge and pleasant plain, around the head of a bay which sets up four miles from Long Isl- and Sound. Tills plain is nearly level, and is partially enclosed by au amphitheatre of lofty hills, and by two bold cnuncnces called East and V.'est rock.-, which vai-y in height from 330 to 370 feet. These rocks, which consist of trap, tei-minate in naked precipitous fronts, and are conspicuous and beautiful objects in ths landscape. On the west, the plain is limited by a small stream called West river, and on the ca^t by the Quinnipiack, whicli is navi- gable for several miles. Another stream, called I\Iill river, passes ihrougb the eastern part of tlie city and enters the harbor in union with the Qiiiniiipiack. Nt'vv Havca was planted in April, 163S, by a company from London, under the direction of Theopliilus Eaton and John Davenport. Thesp two men, in the language of Mar ther, were " the Moses and Aaron" of this new settlement; and what- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEH. ever there was of good or evil, of [ wisdom or folly, in layin<5 t!ie foun- dations of civilized society in this part of New England, must be as- cribed in a great measure to tliem. Though tlic government vvhicli was established was extremely pop- ular in its form, these men with- out doubt were looked up to for devising and executing tlic most important measures. Their " com- pany," as it was called, appear to have had entire coniidcnce in their sound judgment, ability and integ- rity'; and they did nothing to for- feit the good opinion of tlicir fol- lowers. Their intlucnce in all the concerns of the colony, especially in what respected the form of gov- ernment, the means of education, and the institutions of religion, must have been constant and com- manding. In 1784, New Haven was incor- porated as a city, the limits of which on the northwest fall within those of the town, so that Westville, a settlement on the foot of West Rock, is exch'.ded from the former. About one lialf of the village of Fair Ha- ven, in the eastern portion of the town, lies within the bounds of the city. The ai-ea of the town is about eight, and that of the city about six square miles. The harbor is well protected and spacious, but tlie wa- ter is shallow. A wharf extends into the harbor about three quar- ters of a mile. The original town is a square, half a mile on each side, and sui)di- vidcd by streets four rods in width, into nine squares, the central one of which is reserved for public uses. Most of the squares are further di- vided by intermediate streets. At tlie present day, this original plot comprises less tlian half of the in- habited part of the city. Streets and avenues have been opened on every side, and many of tliem have become thickly settled. Tbe streets are in general, spacious and regu- lar; very many of them adorned witli lofty elms, wliich in the sum- mer season contribute much to the beauty and comfoi-t of the place. The number of shade trees through- out the city is uncommonly large, and they constitute one of its most attractive features. Most of the dwelling houses are distinguished for simplicity and neatness. With- in a few years the style of build- ing has greatly improved, and many private liouses have been erected and are now going up, which dis- play much elegance and architectu- ral taste. The houses are com- monly detached, and supplied with court yards and gardens ornament- ed with trees and shrubberj% and the eye is thus gratified with a de- lightful union of the country and the city. There are two principal public squares. The first, commonly call- ed the Green, is in the centre of the original town, and comprises in all a little more than sixteen acres. It is divided into two sec- tions by Temple street, whicli is lined with ranges of stately and over-arching elms, and is considered one of the tinest streets in the city. The eastern section of the Green is entirely free from buildings. On the western section, facing the S.E., stand 3 churches, two Congregation- al, built of brick, and one Episco- pal, of stone: all of these build- ings are of excellent appearance. In the rear of the centre church stands the state house. These four buildings, taken in connexion with the line of college edifices on the next square beyond, and with the surrounding scenery, constitute a group not often equalled in this country. The state house is a structure of great size and admira- ble proportions. The porticos are modelled from those of the temple of Theseu'^, at Athens, and the building, viewed at a short distance, has an air of uncommon beauty NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and majesty. On the northern corner of this section stands the methodist church. Wooster Square, which Hcs in the eastern part of the city, com- prises tive acres, aiul has recent- ly been planted with a hirge num- ber of native ornamental trees of various kinds. Tlie Public Cemetery is situated opposite the northein angle of tlie original town plot, and encloses seventeen acres and two thirds. It is divided hy avenues and alleys into family lots, 32 feet in length and IS in breadth. There is a grave and silent grandeur in this place; hut it would appear more beautiful were it shaded by native trees in- stead of Loniharily poplars. The State Hospital is located at New Haven. It is a large and commodious building of stone, very favorably situated on elevated ground, in the western part of the city. One daily and four weekly news- papers, and one religious weekly sheet, are published here. The Daily Herald was the earliest daily paper issued in this state, it having been commenced here Novcmlier 26, 1S32. The other periodical publications of the place, are the Yale Literary Mai^azinc, edited by the students of Yale College ; the Quarterly Christian Spectator, a work of established reputation, which began a-; a monthly in IHly, and after ten volumes of that series liad been completed, adopted its present form, in whicii it has reach- ed its tenth volume ; and the . American Journal of Science and Arts, edited by Professor Silliman. This important periodical was com- menced in 1819, and has arrived at the 35th volume, having outlived many of its eai-ly European con- temporaries. It i-! a work which has done much for the advancement of science, and reflects great honor on the nation and city of its birlli, as well as on its distinguished editor. The population of the town, in- cluding the city, was in 1321), 8,32() ;" in IS.'JO, 1(),()7S ; in Decem- ber, 1833, 12,19;), of wlibm 11,067 were within the city. The num- berof inhabitants in 1S37, was esti- mated at 14,000. As a seat of education. New Haven is justly celebrated. At a modeiatc estimate, one thousand persons from abroad are constantly here for the purposes of receiving instruction. Yale College is one of the most ancient and celebrated institutions of learning in the country, and num- bers among her academical gradu- ates, 4,824 persons. The Mineral Collection, well known as the most extensive in the country, occupies a spacious and well lighted apartment. The Telescope belonging to the college was made by Dolland, and presented by Mr. Sheldon Clark, of Oxfoi'd. It is an achromatic of live inches aperture and ten feet focal length, and is considered an instrument of great excellence. See Register. Besides the College libraries, there are in the city sevei'al libraries of considerable extent and importance. Among them, that belonging to Mr. Ithiel Town deserves to be particu- larized. This is a large and precious colli'clion of books, principally on architecture and the other line arts, together with many volumes of great antiquity and rarity. It is the most complete architectural li- brary in the United States. It is placed beyond the reach of fire, in an elegant building on Hillhousc avenue. In 1837, there were in New Haven 43 well conducted academies and private schools, .some of which were of an elevated character foi- females. The public schools arc well sustained. The annual expenditure for schools is about <|{!30,00(). The whole number of pupils i al-out 'Z.MUi. There arc in New Haven several NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. institutions for the promotion of the science, industry and comfort of its inliabitaats. The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences was incorporated in 1793. It lias published one volume of Memoirs, (S vo. 1810— 1S13, pp. 412 ;) but since the establish lueiit of Prof. Siiliman's Journal of Science, their Memoirs have appeared in that work. The American Geological So- ciely was incorporated in 1819. — Its collection of specimens is con- nected with the mineral cabinet of Yala College. The Yale JYatural History So- ciety has existed four years, and has a considerable collection of birds, shells, minerals, plants, &c. Its transactions have hitherto been made public thron?;h Prof Siili- man's Joui-naJ of Science. The Mutual Aid Association is an insti- tution of a;rcat utility. The JVeiv Haven Horticultural Society and the Orphan Asylum are well sup- ported and his,"lily beneficial. The mechanics of New Haven have Ions; been distinguished for their industry, intelligence and love of knowledge. As early as 1S07 they established the Mechanics'' So- ciety, for the promotion of the use- ful arts, and the encouragement of industry and merit. The aociely is in a prosperous condition. The young mechanics have, moreover, established for their miitual im- provement, the Young Mechanics' Institute. The plan has been pro- Bccuted with zeal and success. The Institute has a cabinet of min- erals ; a collection of philosophical apparatus, and several bundled \ol- uines of books. The mauufactuies of New Haven are numerous; among which are boots, shoes, car- pets, and rugs of a superior quality, stoves, lock'!, papei-, books, hats, tin and cabinet wares, muskets, iron castings, machinery, sashes, window blinds, &c. The manufacturing interest of New Haven employs an extensive capital, and a large number of per- sons. The foreign commerce of New Haven is principally confined to the West India Islands, w;!'! which a considerable trade i^ carried on. Tonnage of the district, in 1837, 9,.539 tons. A line of packets plies between this and New York city, and an ex- cellent line of steam-boats furnish- es daily communication with that city. The New Haven and Northamp- ton Canal connects the waters of Connecticut river at the latterplace, with the harbor of this city. This great work, having surmounted many dilficulties and emban-ass- ments, is now in a fair way to give a new impulse to the business of the city. A line of packet boats runs daily between Northampton and New Haven, and promises to be well sustained. The New Haven and Hai-tford Rail- Road is now in the course of construction, and will probably be completed during tiie present year. When fiiiislied it must prove of great irnportance to the interests of the place. The village of Fair Haven is built on both sides the Quinnipiack, and about one half of it lies within the limits of tlie city of New Ha- ven. This village has gi-own to its present importance with great rapid- ity, and now carries on an exten- sive ahtl thriving business. It has two churches, and a large and pros- perous high school, known as the Fair Haven Inslitutc. The village of Westville contains about 700 inhabitants. Manufac- tures and agriculture constitute the chief business of the place. New Haven may justly boast of many uriiani. The Lam- prey river Vtashes its N. ]■]. bound- ary, as does the Swamscot the S. E. The soil'is good, and agricul- tural pursuits are here crowned with much success. There are NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. several pleasant and thriving villa- ges, in whirli are large and valua- ble manufactures. New Market was originally a part of Exeter, p.nd was detached and incorporated, 1V27. Mrs. Fanny Shute, who died in this town September, 1819, was re- spected not only for her excellent qualities, but the adventures of her youth. When 13 months old, she was taken by a party of Indians, carried to Canada, and disposed of to the French — educated in a nun- nery, and after remaining 13 years in captivity, was redeemed and re- stored to her friends. Daniel Brackctt recently died in this town. He weighed 560 lbs. Xeiv Marlborough, Ma.ss. Berkshire co. There is a large P'nid in this town, and a branch of Ilousatonick river. The surface is uneven, and the soil best adapted for grazing. It was incorporated in 17.59, and lies 135 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 20 S. by E. from Lenox. Population, in 1837, 1,570. There are two caverns in this town, containing stalactites. The manufactures consist of leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet ware. Mid a variety of sawed lumber. — The products of the dairy arc con- siderable, and about 1,600 sheep are pastured. Kcw r.Iilford, Ct. Litchfield CO. This township is liilly and broken, sevei-al mountain- ous ridges extending through it. The soil is much diversified, and where susceptible of cultivation, it is generally good ; but on the whole more distinguished for grain than grass. There are, however, large quantities of excellent meadow ground, but the pasturage is, on the whole, not abundant. It is essen- tially a farming town. For some lime after the white people come here, an Indian chief, or sachem, 25 named Wcrauhnmaug, had a pal- ace standing near the Great falls, where he resided. On the inner walls of this palace, (which were of bark with the smooth side in. wards,) were pictured every known species of beast, bird, fish and in- sect, fiom the largest to the small- est. This was said to have been done by artists whom a friendly prince at a groat distance sent to him for that purpose, as Hiram did to iSolomon. The town of New Milford was purchased of the Col- ony of Connecticut by acompanyof individuals chiefly belonging to Mil- ford, and was first settled in 1707. The first hridge that was ever built over the Housatonick river, from the sea to its source was built in this town in 1737. The village of New Milford is very handsome ; the streets are wide and well shaded. It lies 36 miles N. W. fiom New Haven, and IS S. W. from Litch- field. Population, 1830, 3,979. The territory of this town is larger than any other in the state : it is 13 by 6 1-2 miles. The town is well water- ed, and has some manufactures. There are large quantities of gran- ite and marble, and the town pro- duces large quantities of grain and wool for market. A'c-»vi>ort, Me. Penobscot co. This is a fine farm- ing town, and watered by a large and beautiful pond which empties into Sebasticook river. It lies 56 miles N. E. from Augusta and 24 W. from Bangor. Population, 1837, 1,088. Wheatcropsame year, 5,173 bushels. This town con(ains a pleas* ant vilhige and some mills. Newport, N. H. Shire town, Sullivan county. Its central situation and its water pow- er, together with the enterprising spirit of its inhiiliilaiit';, has render- ed Newport a place of considerable business. It is JO miles VV.by N.from Concord, about 35 N. from Kecne, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, and 14 E. S. E. from Windsor, Vt. Near the centre of the town, and the confluence of the E. and S. branches of Sugar river and the Croydon turnpike, is a handsome village. In general the soil is rich and productive. Sugar river flows through this town, and its three branches unite near the village, whence it passes through Claremont into the Connecticut. On the east- ern branch are situated, principally near the village, large and valuable manufacturing establishments. — There are other mills in different parts of the town. There are a few eminences, designated as Bald, Coitand East mountains, and Blue- berry hill. Newport was granted by charter in 1761. The first ef- fort towards a settlement was made in the fall of 17G3. The first set- tlers were principally from Kill- ingworth, Ct. This town is noted for its good schools and its various charitable societies. Population, 1830, 1,913. Ne^wport, Vt. Orleans co. This town is sepa- rated from Derby by Memphrema- gog lake, and is watered by a branch of Missisque river. It lies 48 miles N. by E. from Montpelicr, and 10 N. from Irasburgh. Population, 1830, 284. We-^vport Comity, R. I. JVewport is the chief town. This county comprises seven towns and a number of islands ; but the most interesting section of it is the isl- and of Rhode Island, from which the state derives its name. This island is about 15 miles in length, and has a mean breadth of two miles and a half. The surface presents an interesting variety of moderate eminences and declivities, which render the scene- ry very pleasing. Valuable mine- rals are found on the island, and fossil coal, diflicult of ignition, is found in large quantities. The soil of the island is very rich, and under the management of skilful farmers is made to produce in great abundance all the varieties of grains, grasses, vegetables, fruits and flow- ers common to its latitude. It is remarkable that not only this island, but the county generally, should be so fertile. The poorest lands in New England are gener- ally on the sea board ; but as it re- gards this county, few sections of the interior present a better soil. From the earliest settlement of the country, this county has been engaged in commerce and the fish- ery. These interests are now in a flourishing condition ; and manu- facturing establi.-hments are in- creasing, by the aid of steam pow- er. In 1837 there were 37,340 sheep in the county. Newport county is bound N. by Mount Hope bay, and Bristol coun- ty, Mass. ; E. by said county of Bristol ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Narraganset bay. Area, 136 square miles. Population, 1820, 15,771 ; 1830, 16,-535. Population to a square mile, 122. Ne^vport, K. I. Chief town of Newport county, and one of the seats of the state leg- islature. It is in N. latitude 41° 28' 20", and W. longitude 71° 21' 14": 5 miles from the sea, 30 miles S. by E. from Providence, 70 S. S. W. from Boston, and 153 from New York, by water. The township lies in an irregular and somewhat of a semicircular form, abo\it 6 miles in length and 1 in breadth. In com- rton with the whole island of Hhode Island, on wbicii Newport is situa- ted, the soil is remarkably fertile and under good cultivation. The surface is undulating, presenting a great variety of delightful scenery. The waters of Narraganset bay at this place are unrivalled for beauty and convenience. The harbor of Newport is considered one of the best on the coast of America : it NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. has sufficient depth of water for the largest class of vessels, is exceed- ingly easy of access from the ocean, and siifriciontly capacious to con- tain whole licL'ts. This harlior is admirably defended by forts Wol- cott, Green and Adams, and will probably soon become a naval de- pot. Newport was tirst settled by William Codington and his associates in 1638. The growth of the town was so rapid for the first hundred years, that in 173S there were 7 worshipping assemblies, and 100 sail of vessels belonged to the port. Newport suffered severely dur- ing the revolutionary war, and was for a long time in possession of the enemy. After the war it revived again, but the more favorable loca- tion of Providence for an interior commerce, deprived it of a large portion of its original business. Newport however retains its former character for foreign com- merce and the fishery. A number of vessels are now engaged in the whaling business, and manufactur- ing establishments h.ive recently been ptit into operation by steam power, which promise success. — Ship and boat building and the man- ufacture of cordage are carried on extensively. The domestic fishe- ry is to Newport an important re- sourse. There is probably no place in the world where a greater varie- ty of fish, or of a better quality, are found. About sixty different kinds, comprising almost every species of fin and shell fish, fit for the ta- ble, are taken in great abundance around the shores of Narraganset. The tonnage of the district of New- port, in 1837, was 11,498 ions. The compact part of the town is built on a bcautitul site, facing the harbor in a southeasterly direction. The main street extends more than a mile in length. The buildings on this and other streets and on Washington square are neatly built, and some of them are very hand- some The marks of afre which some of these buildings bear, with the excellent state of preservation in which they appear, give them a grace not found in many of those of more modern construction. Although this ancient town has passed through many vicissitudes and changes of fortune, still it con- tinues to advance in the number of its people. Population, in 1820, 7,319; 1830, 8,010. Newport is celebrated for its beauty and the salubrity of its cli- mate. From these circumstances, and from the numerous inviting objects which surround it, it has become a favorite resort for visitors from warmer climates ; and in no place can the summer season be more enjoyed than amid the charms of Newport. Oliver Hazzard Perry, the victor on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, was born at Newport, in 1785. — He died in the West Indies, in 1820. A monument is erected to his mem- ory. Kcw Portland, Me. Franklin co. This town is finely watered by two branches of Seven Mile brook. This is one of the finest farming towns in the coun- ty. It produced, in 1837, 10,451 bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 1,476. This town has a pleasant village, a number of saw mills and other manufactories, it lies 48 miles N. N. W. from Augus- ta, and 18 N. by E. from Farming- ton. Incorporated, 1808. Ne-*vr3r, Me. Oxford CO. A branch of Andros- coggin river waters this town, and affords it good mill privileges. It lies 63 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Paris. Population, 1837, 412. Incorporated, 1805. New Salem, Mass. Franklin co. This town is bound- ed N. by Miller's river, and has a good water power. It lies 74 miles NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. W. N. W. from Boston, and 17 E. S. E. from Giecnlicld. This is a pleasant town of elevated surface, and good soil for grazing. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,255. The manufac- tures of the town, consist of palm- leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, straw bonnets, and ploughs. In- corporated, 1753. New Sliaron, Me. Franklin, co. This town is water- ed on the northwest side by Sandy river, and is bounded south by Vi- enna. The soil is admirably adapt- ed to agricultural purposes. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,771. Wheat crop, same year, 8,132 bushels. It lies 26 miles N. W. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1794. NcAV ^liorehain, R. I. Newport co. This town com- prises the island of Block Island. The island lies in the open sea, about 14 miles S. S. W. from Judith Point, and 13 N. E. from Montauk Point, on Long Island, N. Y. It is about 8 miles in length, and varies from 2 to 4 miles in width. It has several ponds, which cover about a seventh part of the island. The surface of the town is uneven; in sbme parts elevated. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, and quite productive. This island was once famous for its cattle and good dai- ries. The people are mostly fish- ermen : they have no harbor, and peat is their only .fuel. Population, 1830, 1,185. Incorporated, 1672. Its Indian name was Manisses. NeTi'ton, Mass. Middlesex co. A very beauti- ful, agricultural and manufacturing town, the JVonantum of the In- dians, 7 miles W. by S. from Boston, 12 S. I], from Concord, and 7 N. from Dedham. Charles river wash- es the borders of this town 15 miles, and, by two falls of considerable ex- tent, affords it a great and valuable water power. Nine bridges cross Charles river in this town. The .soil is generally very good, and highly cultivated. There are 2 cotton, 1 woolen, and 5 paper mills in the town, and manufactuies of nails, rolled iron, candles, vit- riol, barilla, chaises, harnesses, mo- rocco, leather, boots, shoes, ma- chinery, chairs, and cabinet ware ; the value of which, the year end- ing April 1, 1837, amounted to $815,872. Newton was incorpo- rated in 1691 ; it formerly com- prised the town of Cambridge, and is noted as the birth place and resi- dence of many distinsuished men. Population, 1S30, 2^,377 ; 1837, 3,037. A Theological Seminary was established in this town, in 1825. See Register. "Sewtown, N. H., Rockingham co., lies 40 miles S. E. from Concord, and 27 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. Country pond lies in Newtown and Kingston, and two other small ponds connect by outlets with its waters. The soil produces good crops of grain or grass. Joseph Bartlett first settled in this town, in 1720. Bartlett was taken prisoner by the Indians at Haverhill, in 1708, and reniained a captive in Canada about 4 years. Population, 1830, 510. Ne'W'town, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was in- corporated in 1708. It is watered by Patatnck river, the Indian name of the place. It lies 25 miles W. N. W. from New Haven, 10 E. from Danbury, and 22 N. from Fair- field. Population, 1830, 3,100.— The surface of the town is hilly ; many of the eminences are exten- sive and continuous. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, gener- ally fertile and productive. It is well adapted to the culture of grain, and is also favorable for fruit, there being many valuable orchards in the town. The borough of Newtown is beautifully situated on high NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ground ; it commnml^ an extensive prospect, and contains some hand- some buildinp:*. The flonrisiiin;; villaije of Sandy Hook is situated about 1 1-2 miles N. E. of the central part of New- town, at the foot of a rocky eniin- ence or blutF, from tlie top of whicli is a tine prospect of the surround- ing country. A fine mill stream (the Patatwck) i-uns in a northerly course throu2,h the villas^e, at the base of the ciilF, which rises almost perpendicular to the heio;ht of 160 feet. Near a cotton factoi-y, at the northern extremity of the villasie, some traces of coal have been dis- covered. The village contained, in 1S34, 1 cotton, 1 hat, 1 comb and 2 woolen factories. There was also 1 machine shop, and 1 establish- ment for working brass. 'Sew A'ine j-ard, Me. Franklin co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Seven Mile brook. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil, generally, is productive. It produced, in 1837, 7,063 bushels of wheat. Popula- tion, same year, 870. Incorporat- ed, 1802. it lies 40 miles N. W. from Augusta, and 8 N. by E. from Farmington. Nobleborough, Ble. Lincoln co. This town lies on the east side of the upper waters of Damariscotta river. It is a place of considerable trade. Many ships are built here, and a large number of vessels are employed in the coasting trade. The soil of the town is generally good, and consid- erable attention is paid by the in- habitants to agricultural pursuits. It lies 38 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 11 E. from Wiscasset. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,999. Incor., 1788. No-Mans- Land, Mass. Dukes CO. A ledge of rocks, the most southern part of the state. It lies 7 miles S. from Gay Head. 25* Norfolk County, Mass* Cliief town, Dedham. This county is bounded N. E. by Boston harbor, N. by Suflfolk county, W. by the S. E. corner of Worcester county, S. by the N. E. corner of the state of Rhode Island, and S. S. E. and E. by the counties of Bris- tol and Plymouth. Area, about 400 square miles. Population, in 1820,36,4.52; in 1830, 41,901; in 1S37, 50,399. Taken from Suffolk county in 1793. This county has a maritime coast on Boston harbor of about 12 miles, which is indented with many small bays and navigable rivers. Its sur- face is uneven, and in some parts hilly. Its soil is generally strong and rocky. Much of the dark col- ored granite, or sicnite, is ibund here. A large part of Norfolk county, particularly those towns near Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and vegetables in great abundance. — The proximity of this county to the capital gives it many facilities; and the towns in this, and in the county of Middlesex, that border on Boston harbor, may be called the Gardens of Boston. It contains 22 towns, and 126 inhabitants to a square mile. The Charles, Nepon- set, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. In 1837, this county contained 2,054 sheep. The value of the manufactures in the county, the year ending April 1, 1837, was $6,466,010." The value of the fishery, the same year, was $244,- 927. Norfolk, Ct. Litchfield co. The settlement of Norfolk began in 1744. It lies 35 miles \V. N. W. from Hartford, and 17 N. from Litchfield. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,485. This town is elevated and moun- tainous. The soil is a primitive, gravelly loam, generally cold and stony, but has considerable depth. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and affords good grazing. Former- ly large quantities of sugar were made from the maple : more than 20,000 lbs. have been manufactured in a single season; but since the land has been cleared by progres- sive settlements, and in consequence of the destruction of the maple trees by some tornadoes, the busi- ness has greatly declined. The dairy business coin])rises the prin- cipal interests of the town. A stream, called Blackhei-ry river, runs near the centre of tlie place, and a little westward of the con- gregational church falls over a ledge of rocks 30 feet in height. This is an excellent site for mills, of which there are several near this spot. There is a handsome village, with an open square or green in front of the church, which is uncommonly neat and beautiful in its appearance. About half a mile north is another village, in which are two woolen and three scythe factories. Norridgewock, Me. Chief town of Somerset co. This town is situated on both sides of the Kennebec river, 28 miles N. from Augusta. Incorporated, 1783. Population, 1837, 1,955. Its sur- face is divei-sified with hills of a moderate elevation, the soil various, but generally good and well culti- vated. Wheat" crop, 1837, 10,299 bushels. This town was formeily the site of the celebrated tribe of Norridgewock Indians. Their vil- lage was situated at the foot of Nor- ridgewock falls, in the N. W. part of the town, and the border of Mad- ison. The tribe had a church, the bell of which was dug up a few years since, and placed in the cabi- net at Bowdoin college. The tribe was destroyed by a party of 1G8 men, sent out from Massachusetts for that puipose, commanded by Capt. Moulton, on the afternoon of August 23, 1724. Among the kill- ed was the noted Jesuit missiona- ry, Ralle. A monument was erect- ed the 23d of August, 1833, by Bishop Fenwick, to his memory. — It is a plain granite pyraniidal shaft, standing on a square base of the same material, having the follow- ing inscription : — Sebastianus Itasles natione Gal- luse Societate Jesu missionius, per aliquot annos Illinois et Huronibus priuium evangelanus, deinde per 34 annos Abenaquis, fide et chari- tate Christi verus Apostolus, pericu- lus armorum intenitus se pro suis oribus moi'i paratum soepius testifi- cans, inter arma et cocdes ac Pagi Nanarantsouak Norridgewock, et Ecclesiae suae minas, hoc in ipso loco, cecidit tandem optimus pastor, die 23 Augusti, A. U. 1724, ipsi et filius in Christo defunclis Monu- mentum hocposuit Benidictus Fen- wick, Espiscopus Bostouieiiiis dedi- cavitque 23 Augusti, A. D. 1833. A. M. D. G. Norridgewock village is situated on the north side of the river, di- rectly in the bend, five miles west of Skowhegan falls. It is one of the most pleasant and delightful villages, especially in the summer, in the state. The main street is lined with ornamental trees, some of them venerable for age and mag- nitude, extending their long arms quite across the street, forming a beautiful avenue from east to west. On the south side of the liver, con- nected by a bridge, is a pleasant and i-apidly inci'easing village. The public buildings consist of a church and court house, on the north side of the river, and on the south, a female academy, and a free church at " Oak Hill," about 5 miles from the village. This section of counti'y is remark- able for its luxuriant grovvth of the white pine. A few years since, one of these trees was cut for a canoe Its length was 154 feet and ineasur ed 4 1-2 feet in diameter. North Hamptou, IV. II., Rockingham co., formerly con- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEH. stituting the parish called JVorth Hill, in Hampton, lies on the sea coast 50 miles S. E. by E. tVoiu Concord, and 9 S. by \V. IVoni Ports- mouth. Little river rises in the low grounds in the north part of the town, and after running southeast one or two miles, takes an east course, falling into the sea between Little Boar's head, in this town and Great Hoar's head, in Hampton. Winnicut river rises near the cen- tre of the town, and passes north- west into Great bay. In 1742, the town was incorporated. Population, 1830, 767. Northampton, Mnss> Chief town of Hampshire co. This is a very beautiful town, delightful- ly situated on the west bank of Con- necticut I'iver, and united to Hadlcy by a bridge. Since the first settle- ments on the Connecticut basin, this town lias been an impoi-tant point of attraction. This was the third town settled on Connecticut river in this state. Its Indian name was jYonatuck. The soil of the town is alluvial and its products ex- uberant. Both before and since the division of the old county into three, this place has been the seat of jus- tice. The buildings are handsome, and the most impoi-tant county offi- ces are ^re proof. A fine stream passes through, the centre of the town, possessing a good water pow- er, on which are manufactories and mills of various kinds. The manufactures of Northamp- ton consist of woolen and silk goods, boots, shoes, leather, paper, brooms, chairs, iron, tin, and cabinet wares, &c. ; total value the year ending April 1, 1837, about $.350,000. The manufacture of sewing silk, rib- bons, &c., is on a large scale, and the most flourishing establishment of the kind in this country. In 1837, there were 3750 sheep shear- ed in the town; the value of the wool was $7,075. This place has considerable river and inland commerce, which will be increased by the Hampshire and Hampden canal, which meets the Connecticut river here and termi- nates at New Haven. This town was incorporated, in 1654 ; population, 1820, 2,854, and in 1S37, 3,576. It is 91 miles W. from Boston, 67 E. from Albany, 39 N. from Hartford, 22 S.from Greenfield, 17N.by W. from Springfield, and 376 from Washington. There are many institutions of a literary and religious character in this town, and its schools are of the first order. The country around the town is enchanting, and those who visit Mount Holyoke, 830 feet above the river, on the east side, or Mount Tom, 1,200 feet above the river, on the west side, will find a wonderful variety of landscape scenery, probably unsurpassed in beauty by any in the New Eng- land States. North BcrM'ick, Me. York CO. This town was incor- porated in 1831, and was taken fiom the east side of Berwick. It com- prises a fine tract of land ; it is well watered and very pleasant. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,493. It lies 91 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 13 N. W. from York. Northhorongh, Mass. Worcester co. This is a pleasant farming town, of good soil, and wa- tered by Assabet river. It was in- corporated in 1766, and lies 32 miles W. fi-om Boston, and 10 N. E. from Worcester. Population, 1830, 994 — 1837, 1,224. The manufactures of the (own consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, children's wagons, &c.; an- nual amount about $75,000. North Braiiford, Ct. New Haven co. This town was incorporated in 1831, and was taken from Branford. A range of moua- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tains from the southwest to north- east passes throu2;h the central part of the town. The inhabitants are generally substantial farmers, and property is very equally distributed. The face of the township is gene- rally hilly, but the soil is strong and fertile. It lies 9 miles E. from New Haven. Population, 1832, 1,100 About a mile southeast of the Northford church,on Tetoket moun- tain, there is the appearance of hav- ing been, at some remote period, some violent convulsions in nature ; the rocks appear to have been rent asunder, and are thrown about in great disorder. Lead is said toliavc been found near this spot, a mass of it being discovered by a person who was liunting, at the time of the first settlement of the parish: he hung up a pair of buck's horns to designate the spot, but the place could not be found afterwards. NortItl>ridge, Klass. Worcester co. The Blackstone river and canal pas; through this pleasant manufactui'ing and agri- cultural town. It has some excel- lent intcrvaie land, and the soil of the uplands produces grass, grain, and vegetables in abundance. The river here is beautiful, and produces a great hydraulic power. The iflanufactures of the town consist of cotton and woolen goods, cotton machinery, boots, shoes, &c. : val- ue, the year ending April 1, 1S37, $231,000. Nortlibridge lies 35 miles S. W. by W. from Boston, and 13 S. E. from Worcester. Incorporated, 1772. Population, 1S30, 1,053; 1337, 1,409. North Bridgcwater, Ulass. Plymouth co. This town lies 20 miles S. from Boston, 24 N. W. from Plymouth, and 10 S. S. W. from Weymouth Landing. Population, 1830, 1,9.53; 1837, 2,701. It is well watered by Salisbury river and other small streams which emp- ty into the Taunton. The surface of tlie town is uneven, but the soil is of a good quality, particularly for grazing. Incorporated, 1821. The manufactures of the town consist of cotton goods, boots, shoes, hats, chairs, shoe tools, forks, hoes, cabinet and wooden wares, &,c. : total amount, the year ending April 1, 1837, $236,700. We regret that this very pleas- ant town was not called Titicut or JVunketest, one of the Indian names of the ancient territory. This town was the first of the three Biidgewaters thathave sprung from Old Bridgewater, named after a celebrated English Duke. We can see no good cause for attaching a cardinal point of the compass to the name of any town, particularly one of foreign derivation, when some beautiful Indian name meets the ear on the bank of almost every stream. Had the noble Duke bequeathed to good old mother Bridgewater and her three handsome daughters, (as he did to the city of Manchester, )lhc perpetual privilege of obtaining 140 pounds of coal for/btfr^Jf nee, there would appear some reason for per- petuating and extending the name. Some just remarks on the names of towns appeared in the Provi- dence Journal, which are worthy of repetition. " Indian Names. The new state of Michigan has passed one of the most sensible laws that was ever enacted. Its object is to pre- serve the noble and harmonious old Indian names, which have been giv- en to every river and lake and for- est and mountain in our country, and which, by a bad taste, have in many instances, been displaced by the hackneyed names of European cities, or of distinguished men. The law provides that no town shall be named after any other place or af- ter any man, without first ob- taining the consent of the Legisla- ture. The consequence is, that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Michigan is destitute of London, Paris and Anistordani ; unliko lier sister states, she boasts neitlier Thebes, Palmyra, Carthage or Troy. No collection of log huts, with half a dozen grocery stores, has been honored with the appellation of Liv- erpool, nor has any embryo city, with a college or an academy, re- ceived the appropriate name of Athens. She has no Moscow and Morocco, in the same latitude ; and noEdinburgh and Alexandria within thirty miles of each other. Baby- lon, Sparta and Corinth, though they have been transplanted to other parts of the Union, are destined ne- ver to flourish on the soil of Mich- igan. No Franklin or Greene or JefTerson, no Washington, is to be found in her borders. On the con- trary,' her rivers and lakes still re- tain the full, rich, swelling names ■which were bestowed upon them by the red men of the forests, and her towns bear the names of the sturdy chiefs who once battled or hunted in their streets. Strange, when we have such a noble nomenclature as the Indians have left us, that we should copy from the worn out names of ancient cities, and which awake no feelings but ridicule, by the contrast between the old and the aew. Mohawk, Seneca, Massasoit, Ontario, Erie, how infinitely supe- rior to Pai-is, London, Fishville, Buttertown, Bungtown, &c. The feeling which prompts us to perpet- uate the names of our revolutionary heroes by naming towns after them, is highly honorable ; but it should not be forgotten that frequent rep- etition (especially in cases where the town is utterly unworthy of its namesake) renders the name vulgar and ridiculous. It seems, that not content with driving the Indians from the soil, we arc anxious to ob- literate every trace of their exist- ence. We are glad to see a better taste beginning to prevail upon this sub- ject, and we hope that the example of Michigan will he followed, if not by legal enactments, at least by the force of public opinion." Nortli Brookfield, Mass. Worcester co. This town is on elevated ground: it is of good soil, well cultivated, well watered and very pleasant. It has a fine fish pond, and lies 68 miles W. from Boston, and IS W. fiom Worcester: taken from Brookfield in 1802. Population, 1830, 1,211; 1837,1,509. The agricultural products sent to market are very considerable. The manufactures of the town consist of boots and shoes, woolen cloth, leather, &c., the value of which for the year ending April 1,1837, was .$525,22 4 ; of which $470,316 was for boots and shoes. Nortlifield, Vt. Washington co. This town lies 10 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 35 E from Burlington. Popu- lation in 1830, 1,412. First settled, 1785. The principal stream in this town is Dog river, which runs through it in a northerly direction, and affords a great number of valu- able mill privileges. The surface is uneven, but the soil is generally good and easily cultivated. In the centre of the town is a neat, pleas- ant and flourishing village, contain- ing a number of saw mills and other mechanical operations by water. IV«J-tlifleld, Me. Incorporated 1838. See " Down East." Northfleld, N. II., Merrimack co., is bounded N. by Winnepisiogee river, and W. by the Merrimack. It is 14 miles N. from Concord, and 10 W. by S. of Gilmanton. The soil here is in some parts good — that of the best quality lies on the two ridges ex- tending through the town. Ches- nut ponrl lies in the east part of the town, and its waters flow into the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEK. Winnepisiogee three miles fiom its junction with the Pemigewassot. — Sondogardy pond flows into the Merrimack. Near Webster's falls, the Winnepisiogee fulls into the Pemigewasset, and the united streams form the Merrimack river. The principal elevation, called Bean hill, separates the town from Can- terbury. Northfield formerly pos- sessed valuable water privileges on the Winnepisiogee river, but this portion of its territory is embraced by the new town of Franklin. — The first settlement was made here in 1760, by Benjamin Blanchard and others. A methodist church was formed here in 1806. Incorporated June 19, 1780. Population, 1880, 1,169. Nortlifield, Mass. Franklin co. This is an interest- ing town, on both sides of Connec- ticut river. It was incorporated in 1673, and some years after desolated by the Indians. The inhabitants returned again in 1685, but it was soon after destroyed a second time. In 1713, it was again rebuilt. Fort Dummer was in the vicinity. This town was purchased of the Indians in 1687, for 200 fathoms of wampum and £57 value of goods. Its Indian name was Squaiokea^. Most of the land in this town is excellent, and the village very pleasant : 28 miles below Walpole, N. H., 11 N. E. from Greentield, and 83 N. W. by W. from Boston. Northfield produ- ces fine cattle, and considerable wool. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, boots, shoes, ploughs, chairs and cabinet ware. Population, 1837, 1,605. Nortli HaT-eu, Ct. New Haven co. North Haven was taken from New Haven in 1786. The town lies on both sides of the Wallingford,or Quinnipiac river, and comprises the valley and a part of the bordering hills. The vailej- is partly rich intervale land, and more extensively sand ; covered with a thin stratum of loam ; light but warm. Near the northern line of the town it is so light as, in two or three places of small extent, to be blown into drifts. The soil of the hills is good, being a reddisli loam. From the vicinity of this town to New Haven, and fiom its light and warm soil, which is favorable for early vegetation, there are various culinary vegetables, particularly peas, cultivated for the New Ha- ven market. But the most striking feature in the township, is the large and beautiful tract of salt meadows on both sides of the Quinnipiac. — These meadows produce large quantities of grass, which is mow- ed and stacked upon the land, from whence, when the ground is frozen sufficiently solid in the winter, it is removed. Upon the salt marsh the hay is salt; but on those meadows which are protected from the salt water by means of dikes, the grass is fresh and of a better quality. — These are called dike marshes or meadows. The making of brick receives considerable attention in this town. Four and a half millions of them are manufactured annually, and principally sold in New Haven. The village is very pleasant, and was, for more than half a century, the residence of Dr. Trumbull,, the celebrated historian of Connec- ticut. Ezra Stiles, D. D., president of Yale college, was born in this town, in 1727,"^and died in 1795. He delighted in preaching the gospel to the poor. Among the members of his church at Newport were seven negroes. These occasionally met in his study, when he instructed them, and falling on their knees to- gether he implored for them and for himself the blessing of that God with whom all distinction except- ing that of Christian excellence is as nothing. In the cause of civil and religious liberty. Dr. Sliles was I an enthusiast. He contended, that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the right of conscience and private judgment was unalienable ; and that no exigencies of the Christian church could render it lawful to erect any body of men into a stand- ing judicatory over the churches. He engaged with zeal in the cause of his country. He thought, that the thirtieth of January, wliichwas obserwed by the Episcopalians in commemoration of the martyrdom of Charles I, " ought to be celebrat- ed as an anniversary thanksgiving, that one nation on earth had so much fortitude and public justice, as to make a royal tyrant bow to the sove- reignty of the people." He was catholic in his sentiments, for his heart was opon to receive all who loved the Lord Jesus in sincerity. He was conspicuous for his benev- olence, as well as for his learning and piety. He was a man of low stature, and of a small, though well proportioned form. His voice was clear and energetic. His counte- nance, especially in conversation, was expressive of benignity and mildness; but if occasion required, it became the index of majesty and authority. Kortli Hero, Vt. Chief town. Grand Isle co. This town was granted to Ethan Allen and otliers in 1779, and the settle- ment commenced in 1733. The BritWi erected a block house here, at a place called Dutchman's Point, which was garrisoned and not given up till 1796^ The soil of the town- ship is of an excellent quality, and produces grain of all kinds in abun- dance. The county buildings are well situated, and the scenery about the village is very pleasant. It lies .57 miles N. W. from Montpe- lier, and 23 N. N. vV. from Burling- ton. Population, 1830, 638. North Kinggton, R. I. Washington co. This is a wealthy township on the west side of Narra- ganset bay, 21 miles S. from Prov- idence, 10 N. W. from Newport, and8N. from South Kingston. — The surface of the town is uneven ; the soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted for the culture of grain and vegetables, and the productions of the dairy. There are some forests in the town of good ship timber. — It is watered by several small streams which produce a good water power, on which are numerous man- ufacturing establishments. These streams afford bass and other fish in abundance. There is considerable navigation owned at North Kings- ton, which is employed in tiie coast- ing trade and fishery. Wickford village, in this town, is very pleasant and flourishing: it has a good harbor, and is a place of considerable trade. It lies about 2 miles cmst of the Stonington rail- road. Pop. of the town, 1830,3,037. Nortliport, Me. Waldo CO. This town is bounded on the east by Penobscot and Bel- fast bays. It is well watered by several ponds and small streams: the soil is good and productive. The navigable advantages of the place are great. Considerable ship build- ing is carried on here, and there is considerable trade in the lumber and coasting business. It lies 46 miles E. from Augusta and 6 S. from Belfast. Population, 1837, 1,107, Nortli Providence, R. I. Providence co. This ancient and wealthy town was a part of Provi- dence until 1767. Population, in 1810, 1,758; 1820, 2,420; 1830, 3,-503. The surface of this town is une- ven, consisting of moderate eleva- tions and gentle declivities. The rocks are primitive and transition : some limestone is found. The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, which is interspersed with tracts of sandy loam, and some of calcareous. The forests consist of oak, walnut and some pine ; and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the agricultural productions, of grass, hay, coin, some rye, pota- toes, vegetables and fruits, muriv of which arc sent to Providence. The waters of the town consist of the Seekonk river, which wash- es its eastern border; the Wanas- quatuckct, which forms its western boundary; and the Mashasuck, which intersects the interior of the township. These streams aftbrd numerous sites for hydraulic works, yome of which are almost unrival- led. There are some valuable shad and herring fisheries in the Seekonk. This town is distinguished for its manufactures, particularly those of cotton, which form an important interest. The extent of this busi- ness, having concentrated a large capital, and an immense aggregate of industry, has, within the last lif- ty years, given rise to a large and flourishing village. The village of Pawtucketis situated in the north- east section of the town, four miles northeast from Providence, on the border of the Seekonk river ; its site being principally the declivity of a hill, and it is highly romantic and picturesque. The river here affords numerous natural sites for manu- facturing establishments, mills and hydraulic works of almost every description, which are scarcely ri- valled, and which aie occupied to a great extent. The rapid march of manufacturing and mechanical in- dustry, which the short annals of this place disclose, has few exam- ples in our country, and has pro- duced one of the most considerable and flourishing manufacturing vil- lages in the United States. The river here forms the boundary line between Massachusetts and liliode Island, and the village is built u])on both sides of it; being partly in each state. That part of the village which is in this state is princii)ally built on four streets ; and compris- es a large number of handsome buildings. Besides the cotton business, there are in the town fui-naces for cast- ing, slitting mills, anchor shops, cut nail factories, sL-rcv manufac- tories, &c. &.C. See Pawlucket, Mass. Nortli Stouingtoii, Ct. New London co. This town was taken from Stonington in 1808. It i? watered by the Pawcatuck and its branches, which afford good mill sites. The surface is uneven, hilly and abounding in gianitic rocks. The soil is a gravelly loam, and genci-ally productive of good pas- turage. Agriculture is the princi- pal employment of the inhabit- ants. Milltoivn is a pretty village with some trade : it lies 50 miles S. E. from Hartford, 13 N. E. fiom New Jjondon, and 7 N. by E. from Ston- ington Borough. Population of the town in 1830, 2,840. JVortlmmTjerlaisd, N. 11., In Coos county, on Connecticut river, is loOmiles N. from Concord, and 7 N. E. from Lancaster. The soil along the Connecticut is very jiroduclive, perfectly free from stone and gravel, and originally covered with a growth of butternut. A portion of the upland is also good, and covered with pine, spi-uce, fir, a<;h, maple, &c. Cape Horn, an abrupt mountain of 1,000 feet in height, lies near the centre of the town. Its north base is separated from the Connecticut by a narrow plain, and the upper Auionoosuck passes near its cast base, as it falls into the Connecticut. Here the meadows are extensive, and are an- nually covered by the spring floods, presenting the appearance of an inland sea. At the falls in the Con- necticut, below the mouth of the Amonoosuck, a handsome bridge connecis Northumboiland with Guildhall, in Vermont. A dam is also thrown across the river at this place, at both ends of which are NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. pleasant villan-es and mills of vari- ous kinds are erected. Nortlnim- berland was incorporated in 1779. First settled, 1767. Population, 1830, 352. Near the river a small fort was erected during the revolutionary war, and placed in the command of Capt. Jeremiah Eames, afterwards w'ell known for his usefulness, wit and pleasantry. Kortliwood, N. H. Rockingham co. There are a num- ber of ponds in this town, and ex- cellent fishing. Suncook pond, 750 rods long, 100 wide ; Jenness' pond, 300 rods long, 150 wide ; Long pond, ahout 300 rods long, 50 wide ; Harvey's pond, 200 rods long, from 40 to 80 wide ; a part of Great Bow pond is also in this town, and a part of North river pond ; Pleasant pond, and Little Bow pond. The north branch of Lamprey river has its rise in this town near Saddleback mountain, a high ridge between this town and Deerfield. On the E. side of this ridge are found crystals and crystalline spars of various col- ors and sizes. This town has an elevated site, and commands a distant and varied prospect. The waters •lowing from the farm of the late .Jonathan Clarke, Esq., one of the first settlers, fall into three different rivers, the Suncook, Lamprey and Isinglass. The soil of this town is generally moist, and well suited to grazing. Northwood was original- ly a part of Nottingham, and was settled in 1763. Northwood is 20 miles E. from Concord, 20 N. W. from Exeter, and about tlie same distancf! \V. from Dover. Popula- tion. 1830, 1,342. Kortli Yaxinoiith, Me. Cumberland CO. This is a pleasant town on Casco bay, 10 miles N. from Portland, and 42 S. E. from Augus- ta. Population, IS."??, 2,782. The town was first settled in 1640. In 1687 it was attacked by the Indians, 26 and deserted by the whites ; and was not re-scttled by them until 1725. It was incorporated in 1713, About 4000 tons of navigation is owned here, employed in the trans- portation of lui.Mber and the fishery. There is a fine stream of water in the town, on which are a paper and saw mills, and other manufactories. The academy in North Yarmouth is well founded and is in a flourish- ing condition. See Register. Xortou, Mass. Bristol CO. Norton was taken from Taunton in 1771. It lies 30 miles S. fi'om Boston, 17 N. E. from Providence, and S N. W. from Taunton. Population, 1837, 1,530. It is well watered by Rumford, Co- casset and Canoe rivers, which empty into the Taunton. The manu- factures of the town consist of sheet copper and copper bolts, cotton goods, boots, shoes, leather, iron castings, ploughs, shuttles, straw bonnets and baskets : — total value, tlie year ending April 1, 1837, $397,763. VVinnicunnit pond, in this town, was a great resort for the Indians, some of whom resided in natural caves, on its shores, and lived on fish and clams. Ttorv/alk, Ct. Fairfield CO. This pleasant town lies on Long Island Sound, 32 mile? W. S. W. from New Haven, 22 S. fi'om Danbury, and 48 N. E. fiom New York. Population, 1S30, 3,792. Norwalk originally included part of the present towns of New Cana- an and Wilton, and part of West- port. In the ancient i-ecord, the bounds arc stated to be " from Nor- walk river to Sauhatuck river, from sea, Indian one day walk into the country." For this tract the fol- lowing articles were given, viz ; " S fathom wampum, 6 coats, 10 hatch- ets, 10 hoes, 10 knives, 10 scissors, lOjewsharps, 10 fathom tobacco, 3 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. kettles, 3 hands-about, and 10 look- ing glasses." The following arti- cles were given to the Indiiins for the tract " from Norwalk river to Five mile river, from sea, Indian one day in country," viz. " 10 fathoin wampum, 3 hatchets, 3 hoes when ships come, 6 glasses, 12 to- bacco pipes, 3 knives, 10 drillers, 10 needles." The name of Nor- walk is derived from the above bar- gain, viz ; the northern bounds of the lands purchased were to extend from the sea one day's "northwalk" into the country. The soil in this town is excel- lent. The surface is uneven, be- ing pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys. On the border of the Sound the hills are generally mod- erate, and in the interior more ele- vated. " The valley which lies along Norwalk river, and in which the town is built, is beautiful. Few richer prospects of the same extent can be found than that v/hich is presented from the neighboring em- inences of this ground : the town built in its bosom, with its cheerful spires ; the river flowing through the middle ; the farms on the bor- dering hills; the rich plain that skirts the Sound, and a train of is- lands fronting the mouth of the riv- er, and extending eastward five or six miles ; together vonoosae River, Vt. This pood mill stream is about 20 miles in length : — it rises near the centre of the county of Orange, and falls into Connecticut river at Norwich. Onion Kiver, Vt. This is one of the largest and most valuable rivers in the state. — It is about 70 miles in length, and in its course fertilizes larsic tracts of land .md produces a great hydraulic power. This stream rises in Cale- donia county : it pas-'es nearly through the centre of the counties of Washington and Chittenden, and 2G* after passing " Winooski city" it fills into Champlain lake, five miles N. from Burlington vil'iagc. IVinooski i- the beautiful Indian name of this river, and had the good people of Winooski possessed the exquisite taste ol' then- predecessors they would proba!)!}' have called their chai-niing little city cabbage toivn. Onion river, so called, has nu- merous tributaries, and is one of the most romantic streams in the coun- try. The channels which have been worn in the rocks, by its cease- less current, are oljjects of great admiration. In its passage through the mountains are found fissures through solid rocks from .30 to 100 feet in depth, with smooth perpen- dicular sides, 60 or 70 feet in width. In many places on this stream are natural bridges, curious caverns, and delightful water-fails. The ro.ul near the banks of this stream, from Connecticut river to Burlington, is said to be the best passage across llie mountains, in that direction: it is certainly highly picturesque and delightful. Oqiiossak Ijake, Me. Oxford CO. This large lake lies a few miles N. E. of the Mooseluck- maguntic. It is very irregular in its form, and contains many islands. Oi-ange, N. H., Grafton co., is IG miles E. from Dartmouth college, 10 S. W. from Plymouth, and 40 N. W. from Con- cord. Population, 1830, 405. In this town ari! found many mineral subst:inccs, such as lead ore, iron ore, &.C. Thei-e is in the S. E. part a small pond, in which is found a species of paint resembling spruce yellow. Chalk, intermixed with magnesia, is said to be procured fiom the same pond. In 1810, a valuable species of ochre was dis- covered. It is found in great abun- dance, depo-iiled in veins, and of a quality superior to the imported. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Lnrge quantities of it are annually prepared for market. The surface of Orange is uneven, but the soil in many parts of it is proiluctive. — Cardigan mountain lies in the E. part of the town. Orange was granted by the name of Cardigan, Feb. 6, 1769. Its settlement com- menced in 1773. Orange County, Vt. C/ieZsea, chief town. This coun- ty is bounded N. by Washington and Caledonia counties, E. by Con- necticut river, S. by Windsor coun- ty, and W. by Addison and Wash- ington counties. Area, 650 square miles. Population, 1S20, 24,169; 1830, 27,285. Population to a square mile, 42. Incorporated, 1781. The eastern range of the Green mountains extends along the northwestern part of the county. The principal rivers, besides the Connecticut, are the Ompomponoo- suc, Wait's, branches of the White, and Stevens' branch of the Onion. The lands in Orange county are gen- erally good for grazing, and supply many cattle and all the varieties of the dairy, of which a large amount is annually sent to market. In 1837 there were 99,346 sheep with- in its limits. This county contains some excellent tracts of land on the banks of the Connecticut. Iron and lead ores, slate and granite, are abundant. Orange, Vt. Orange co. This town lies 12 miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 12 N. from Cholsea. First settled, 1793. Population, 1830, 1,016.— The soil is cold, and better suited for grazing than grain. Knox's moun- tain lies in this town : — it is quite an elevation, and is composed princi- pally of granite. Some of the quarries in the town produce excel- lent granite for building, and here are found plates of beautiful white mica, several inches square. The products of the town in cattle and wool are considerable. Orange, Mass. Franklin co. Orange lies 72 miles V/. from Boston, and 20 E. from Greenfield. Incorporated, 1783. Population, 1830, 880 ; 1837, 1,543. The manufactures of the town consist of iron castings, boots, shoes, palm-leaf hats, card hoards, shoe pegs, chairs and cabinet ware : annual amount about $40,000. Mil- ler's river affords the town a good water power, and Tully hill a fine prospect. The soil is uneven, and hetter titted for grazing than tillage. There is a pleasant village in the town, and a good fish pond. Orange, Ct. New Haven co. This town was taken fron^ New Haven and Mil- ford in 1822. The name was adopt- ed in honor of Vi'illiam, Prince of Orange, in commemoration of the benefits received from him by the colony of Connecticut; particular- ly for the restoration of their char- ter after the usurpation and tyranny of Edmund Andros. Orange lies about 4 miles S. W. from New Haven and is a pleasant town with a productive soil. The inhabitants are principally farmers. Savin Rock in this town is a roman- tic spot, and a place of resort in the summer. There are mines of sil- ver and copper in the town, and as- bestos is found in abundance in ser- pentine rocks. Population, 1830, 1,341. Orford, N. H. Grafton co. It lies on Connecti- cut river, over which is a bridge, connecting with Fairlee. Orford is 11 miles below Haverhill, 17 N. of Hanover, and 64 N. W. from Con- cord. The soil is cenerally of a fertile character. The large inter- vale farms, watered by the Connec- ticut, are particularly distinguished NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. for their beauty and fertility. There are two considerable elevations, called Mount Cuba and Mount Sun- day, lyina; near the centre of the town, 'riiere are lour oi- live ponds of considciable size, one of which, called Bukei's upper pond, lies with- in 3 or 1 miles of Connecticut river. This pond discharges its vvatei's in- to another pond, lyina; partly in Wenlworth, and the waters of both empty into 15iiker's river. Indian pond lies about 1 mile west Irom Baker's upper pond. Limestone is found in great abundance. It is of the primitive kind, coarse grained, and forms a strong and hard cement. It is found at the foot of a mountain, about tOO or 500 feet above Connecticut river. Soap stone is also found here in great abundance. A light grey granite rock, much used for mill stones and for building, is found in various pla- ces. Galena, oi- lead ore, of a very fine texture, containing needles of crystallized quartz, or lead, has been found, in considerable quantities in sinking a well. Orford contains a pleasant village, situated on the main road. " It is built on a beau- tiful plain bordered by intervale on the W. The hills on both sides of the river, near the centre of the ex- pansion, approach each other so as to form a kind of neck; and with a similar approximation at the two ends give the whole the appear- ance of a double amphi'heatre, or of the nuiiici-ical figure S. The greatest breadth of each division is about I 1-2 miles; and the length of each between 2 ajid 3 miles." The buildings stand principally on a sin- gle street, of 2 or 3 miles in extent. Orford was granted Sept. 2.5, I7fil. In June, ITU.j, a Mr. Cross with liis family, from Lebanon, first settled in this town. A congregational church was gatlicred Aug. 27, 1770. Rev. Oliver Noble was ordained Nov. 5, 1771. Population, 1S30, 1,829. Orland, Ale. Hancock co. This town lies on the east side of Penobscot river, op- posite to Orphan's Islaiul. It lies (it miles E. from Augusta and 12 \V. from Ellsworth. Orland is fine- ly watered by ponds and streams: it has a good soil, a pleasant village and great navigable facilities. In- corporated, 1800. Population, 1S30, •)75; 1S27, 1,211. Orleans Cotiuty, Vt. Irasbur^h, chief town. This county is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Essex and Caledonia counties, S. by Caledonia county, and W. by Franklin and LamoiUe counties. This county lies between the eastern and western ranges of the Green mountains. The surface is genej-ally handsome and the soil well adapted for wheat, rye and grass : the climate is rather too cold for corn, and some parts of the coun- ty is low and niaishy. Orleans county is watered by Rlissisque, Black, Barton and other rivers. It contains more ponds than any coun- ty in the state. Much of its trade goes to Canada by the way of Memphremagog lake, which lies in this county and Canada. In 1837 there were 30,(>57 sheep in the county. Incorporated, 1792. Pop- ulation, 1S.30, 11,375. Orleans, Mass. Barnstable co. Orleans was tak- en from Eastham, in 1797. It ex- tends across a narrow part of Cape Cod, and is indented with coves and creeks on both sides. Stage harboi opens on the east through Chatham and Nauset beaches, which extend along the coast : — between which and the town is Pleasant bay, with several islands. In 1837, there were 33 vessels belonging to Orlcang engaged in the cod and mnckerel fishery, the tonnace of which was 2,310 tons. They took 20.000 quin- tals of cod fisli and 600 barrels of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, mackerel. There were 31,000 bushels of salt useil, ;iiul 2fii nitn ami boys were employcil. TJic value of fish taken, wiien cured and packed, was $91,100 : — capital in- vested, $33,000. There are 50 es- tablishments foi- the manufacture of salt in the town ; during the year endino; Apiil 1, 1837, there were 21,780 bushels made. There are also manufactures of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes and tin ware. Orleans lies 20 miles E. from Barn- stable. Population, ISoO, 1,799; 1S37, 1,936. Orono, Me. Penobscot co. This town lies on the west side of Penobscot river, and is watered by Dead stream and a large part of Pushaw lake. It is 74 miles N. E. from Augusta. In- corporated, 1803. Population, 1830, 1,473; 1837, 3,9t)l. The soil of the town is good, and produce. from Augusta, and 24 W. fiom Bel- fast. Incorporated, 1804. Palmer, Mass. Hampden co. This town was originally settled by a colony from Ireland. It was incorporated in 1752. The surface of Palmer is hilly, but the soil is good, particu- larly along the banks of Ware and Swift rivers, by which it is finely watered, and supplied with water power. There are 1 woolen and 2 cotton mills in the town, and manu- factures of boots, shoes, scythes, palm-leaf hats and wagons; — total amount, the year ending April 1, 1837, $178,.556. The value of 2,652 fleeces of wool sheared in this town, that year, was $4,243. — Palmer lies 70 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 16 E. N. E. from Springfield. Population, 1S30, 1 ,237; 1837,1,810. Palmyra, Me. Somerset co. Sebasticook river passes through this town, and af- fords it a good watci- power. The soil is rich, and the surface undulating. There are some mills in the tov»n, and considerable attention is paid to its agricultural interests. It lies 51 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 25 E. N. E. from Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1807. Population, in 1837, 1,328. Wheat crop, same year, 8,523 bushels. Pantou, Vt. Addison co. This town is bound- ed W. hy Champlain lake, and E. by Otter creek. A sluggish stream passes through it; yet, although thus watered, it does not possess a good mill site, the country being exceed- ingly level. It lies 40 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, 13 N. W. from Middlebury, 25 S. by W. from Burlington, and is 4 miles from Elizabethtown, N. Y., across the lake. Population, 1830, C05. Paris, Me. Chief town, O.xford co. Paris is well watered, and supplied with mill privileges by Little Androscoggin river, on which are several mills in the town. The soil is excellent, al- though in some parts uneven and mountainous. The principal vil- lage is well built, pleasantly located, and the seat of considerable busi- ness. The town was incorporated in 1793. Population, 1S37, 2,352. Wheat crop, same year, 10,453 bushels. Paris lies 42 miles W. by S. from Augusta, and 40 N. by W. from Portland. Parlcman, Me. Piscataquis co. This (own i% wa- tered by a branch of Piscataquis river, and has an excellent soil for agricultural purposes. It lies 64 miles N. by E. from Augusta, and 14 W. from Dover. Incoi'porated, 1S22. Population, 1830, 803; 1837, 1,125. Vv'heat crop, 1S37, 6,018 bushels. Parsoiisfieltl, Mc. York CO. This town lies at the N. W. corner of the county, and is bounded W. by the state of New Hampshire, and N. by Ossipce riv- er. It is 86 miles W. by N. from Portland, 21 N. by V/. from Alfred, and 93 W. S. W. from Augusta. — First setl'.cd, 1774. Incorporated, 1783. Population, 1S37, 2,510.— The surface of the town is rough and hilly, but the soil, though hard, is productive of good crops of grain and hay. Wheat crop, 1S37, 3,929 bushels. There are many good I'armers in this town, and good specimens of iron ore, zinc and crystalized quartz are found here. In this place is an incorporated seminary, for the edu- cation of males and females. The institution is under the direction ol the Free Will Baptists, and is in a flourishing condition. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Passadumkeag, Me, Penobscot co. This town lies on the east side of Penobscot river, 98 miles N. 1".. ;.om Augusta, and 30 N. by E. from Bangor. Tlie soil of the town is fertile, and promises a rich reward to the imliistrious farm- er. Population, 1837,422. Wheat crop, same year, 1,070 bushels. The village of PassaJunikeag is admirable located, and will doubt- less become an important mart of the trade of a large section of coun- try. This tlouri.shing village lies at the junction of Passiidumkeag river with the Penobscot. This delight- ful stream is about 2-5 miles in length. It rises in the north east- ern part of this county, and waters the northern part of Hancock coun- ty. It re-enters Penobscot county, and receives the Cold stream, two miles from Passadumkeag village. Both the Passadumkeag and Cold stream afford excellent mill privi- leges. Passamnqwotldy Bay, Ble. This bay lies partly in Maine, and partly in the British Province of New Brunswick. The bounda- ry line between the state of Maine and New Brunswick passes through the western part of this bay up the river !St. Croix. Cam|)0 Bello,L)eer, and other Englisli islands almost en- close this bay I'rom the ocean. At its mouth it is about 9 miles in width, and extends from West Quoddy Head, in Lubec, due north into New Brunswick, about 25 miles. — This bay contains a great number of excellent haibors ; it is never froz- en over, and abounds with cod, Jier- ring and other tishes. Tlie most important English town on this bay is St. Andrews, a very flourishing place, 15 miles N. from Eastport. — The FasxamaqiKxldy Jndians re- side at Perry, Me. Passuniiisick River, Vt. This river rises in Caledonia, and on the south border of Essex 27 counties. It passes south about 35 miles, and falls into the Connec- ticut at I'arnet, about a mile below the foot of Fifteen Mile Falls. It has a number of tributaries. This is a valuable stream, both on ac- count of the numerous mill sites it affords, and the lai-ge tracts of choice intervale it forms on its boi'ders. — It is generally deep, but in many places it is very rapid, and forms beautiful cascades. Patriclitoivii, Me. Lincoln co. This plantation contains the principal part of a large pond, ami is watered by streams which flow into the Sheepscot and Damariscotta. This is a large plan- tation, of good soil. Population, 1837, 465. "^It lies 17 miles E. from Augusta, and 20 N. W. from War- ren. Pa-»vcatiicl£ River. This river rises in the western pait of Rhode Island, and empties into Long Island Sound, separating, at its mouth, the towns of Westerly, R. I., and Stonington, Ct. It is navigable about 6 miles from its mouth, and Wood and Charles riv- ers, two of its principals tributaries, are good mill streams. Pawcatuck village. See West- erly. PaM let, Vt. Rutland CO. First settled, 1761. Population, 1S30, 1,965. Pawlet lies 21 miles S. W. from Rutland, and 27 S. E. from Whitehall, N. Y. The town is watered by P.iwlet river, which f;ills info Champlain lake at M'hitehuli, and by Indian river, whicli i-ises from a spring sntficiently large to cai'ry a mill. — The latter river was formerly a great resort of the natives, who fre- quented it for ti'out and other fish with which it abounds. The terri- tory of Pawlet is nearly divided by a range of mountains, the highest summit of which is known by the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. name of " Haystack." This is a pleasant town, with some manufac- tures. The soil is dry and warm, and produces good crops of corn and hay. It feeds about 14,000 sheep. Fa'ivtucket, Mass. Bristol CO. The town of Pawtuck- et lies on the east side of the river of the same name. It is two miles square, and was taken from Seekonk in 1S2S. The population of the town, inlS30,was 1,453; 1837, 1,831. The village of Pawtucket is very pleasant; — it is an important manufacturing place, commanding a considerable trade, and contains a population of about 8,000. It lies on both sides of the liver, and in- cludes a part of the town of North Providence, in R. I. The first manufacture of cotton cloth in this country, by water pow- er machinery, was commenced at this place. The water power is immense, and the fall of the river within a short distance, is 50 feet. The river is navigable to the vil- lage for vessels of considerable burthen. It runs 4 miles S. by W. to Providence river, at India Point, near the depot of the Boston and Providence rail-road, one mile be- low the centre of the city of Provi- dence. The river, above Pawtuck- et, in Massachusetts, takes the name ofBlackstone; helow the falls it takes the name of Seekonk. This place is 4 miles N. from Providence, 36 S. from Boston, 16 W. by S. from Taunton, and 38 S. E. from Wor- cester. At this place arc 12 or more cotton mills and print works, and raanufaclures of cotton macliin- ery, bobbins, spools, &c. ; of boots, shoes, carriages, vessels, chairs, cabinet wares, &.c. ; total annual value, about two millions of dollars. The turnpike road from this place to Providence is probably the best road of the kind in the world. It is very straight, wide, level, smooth, and shaded on each side by beauti- ful trees. Samuel. Slater, Esq., the father of cotton manufactures in America, resided in this village many years. He died at Webster, Mass., greatly respected, April 20, 1833, aged 67. Paivtiiiet River, K,. I. This celebrated river rises in the western part of the State. It has nu- merous tributaries, and mingles with the waters of the Narraganset, five miles below Providence. This riv- er is distinguished for its valuable mill sites, and for the numerous man- ufacturing establishments erected on its banks. Pawtuxet and its branches fertilize a large portion of the state. See Warwick. Paxtou, Mass. Worcester co. Paxton was tak- en fiom Leicester and Rutland, in 1785. It is on high ground ; its waters descend both to the Connec- ticut and Merrimack. It lies 50 miles W. from Boston, and 7 N. W. from Vv'orcester. Population, 1837, 619. This is a pleasant town, with manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, leather, carriages, &c. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is good, and well culti- vated by its proprietors. PcacSiam, Vt. Caledonia co. As no town can be .considered properly peopled v/ithout some of the fair sex, the date of the first settlement of Peach- am must have been near 1777, when Henry Elkins, the first child in town, was born. The first mill was erected in 1781. The town is well watered by several ponds and streams ; the surface is pleasantly diversified; the soil fertile and well cultivated by independent farmers. The agricultural products are con- siderable. About 6,000 sheep are kept. Peacham lies 20 miles E. by N. from Montpelicr, and 8 S. by W. from Danville. Population, \ 1830, 1,351. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Petihj^, IV. M. Grafton co. This town is 20 miles N. from I'lyinouth, and (iO N. from Concord. Tlie Peini^;cwa>!>et pas- ses through its E. section. Ths three branches of thi^ rivoi- unite in tlie N.partof I'ecling. There are sev- eral brooks and rivulets wliich sup- ply this phice with a numl)crof mill privileges. The ponds are numer- ous. Cushman's mountain, in the S. W., Black mountain in tiie N. W., and iJlue mountain in the W. are the highest elevations. Among these mountains, branches of the Wild Amonoosuck and Baker's riv- ers, and Moosehillock brook, have their sources. On the last stream there is a beautiful cascade. There are here two springs which have been termed medicinal. Peeling was settled about 1773. Popula- tion, 1830, 291. PelUam, IV. H. Hillsborough co. This town is distant 37 miles S. from Concord, and 1!) .S.E. fromAmlierst. Here are three ponds, called Gumpas, Island, and North ponds. Beaver river passes through the town. On this river and the tributary streams there is much valuable meadow. — The inhabitants depend principally on agriculture for the means of sup- port. Much timber and cord wood are carried annually to the banks of the Merrimack, and thence convey- ed to Newburyport, or to Boston through Middlesex canal. The first settlements were made in 1722. The town was incoi-i)orated in 174(>, about 5 years after the state line was established, by which a part was separated from Dracut, Mass. Pop- ulation in 1830, 1,073. Pelliain, Klass. Hampshire co. This town lies 80 miles W. from Boston, and 13 N. E. from Northa;iipton. It was in- corporated in 1712. Population, in 1837, 957. The surface of the town is elevated and uneven ; the soil is hard but productive. Swift and Fort rivers allbrd it mill privi- leges. Some palm-leaf hats are made hero. Some years ago the notorious Steplien Burroughs profaned the christian sabbatii, by imposing him- self on the innocent people of Pel- ham as a minister of the gospel. Peiuadumcook. IiaUe, Me., Or the Bamcdumpkuk. This large lake is of very iiregular form, containing a great number of isl- ands, and lies a few miles N.from Ba- ker's mountain. It receives the waters of numerous lakes, or col- lections of water, lying between it and the eastern sources of the Moose Head. The soil on the bor- ders of the Pemadumcook, and the lakes connected with it, is remark- ably feitile. The Jo Mary lakes are beautiful sheets of water, and are surrounded by some of the best timbered land in the state. They lie near the Pemadumcook ; and the facilities aflbrded for rafting lumber co, from two ponds in Eaton ; and of a mountain be- tween Bartlett and Chatham, for- merly called Kcarsarge. Perry, Me. Washington co. This town lies on the W. side of St. Croix river, and 5 miles N. W. from Eai^tport, to which it is connected by a bridge. It is favored with good navigable waters, and is a place of considera- ble enterprise in the lisliing busi- ness, <\n]> building, and the coasting and lumber trade. It is 184 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 25 E. N. E. from Machias. Incorporated, 1818. Population, 1837,929. At Pltasa)}t Point, in this town, on the margin of the river, is an Indian reservation, the residence of the remnant of the Openangos, or Passamaquodily tribe. The village contains a Roman Catholic church, about 20 cottages, and 120 souls. — The reservation comprises about 27,000 acres. Peru, Me. Oxford CO. Peru is bounded on the N. by Androscoggin river, and contains some pleasant ponds and mill streams. It has a good soil and produced, in 1837, 3,457 bushels of wheat. Population, same year, 854. Incorporated, 1821. Peru lies 38 miles V.'. by N. from Augus- ta, and 17 N. by E. from Paris. Peru, Vt. Bennington CO. This is a Green Mountain township, high and brok- en. It contains two large tish ponds from which issue beautiful moun- tain streams. First settled, 1773. Population, 1830, 455. It lies 3C miles N. N. E. from Bennington, and 30 S. W. from Windsor. Peru, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a rough and mountainous town, wherein branches of Housatoriick and West- field rivers rise. It was formerly called Partridgefield, and incorpo- rated by that name in 1771. The soil is cold but adapted for grazing. The inhabitants arc chiefly farm- ers. Population, 1837, 656. In that year 6,127 sheep were sheared in this town ; the value of the wool, which weighed 18,381 lbs., was $11,948. Peru lies 111 miles W. from Boston, 18 N. E. from Lenox, NEW ENGLANn GAZETTEER. and 47 E. from Albany, N. Y. It is the liighest land between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers. Peterborough, N. H. Hillsborough co. This town lies midway between Amherst and Keene, being 20 miles from each. It is 75 miles W. S. W. from Ports- mouth, 60 N. W. from Boston, and 41) S. W. from Concord. Peterbo- rough licsia a N. E. dii-ection fi-ora the Grand Monadnock,and is bound- ed ou the E. by a chain of hills called Pack Monadnock. Contoo- cook river runs in a N. E. and N. direction through the centre of the town, affording several good pi-ivi- leges for mills and factories. The N. branch, from Dublin, originating partly from waters near the Monad- nock, and partly from Long, or Hunt's pond, lying in Nelson and Hancock, affords a never-failing supply of water, and furnishes those noble fills, on wliich are situated several factories. There are ex- tensive and valuable meadows on this branch, above these falls; und the soil generally throughout the town is excellent. In the centre of the town is a high hill, on which is situated the meciing hou^e, at an elevation of 200 feet above the riv- er. The chain of hills on the E. is distinguished by two principal sum- mits. Between these summits is a depression of a quarter part of the mountain's height. About 60 rods W. of the ridge, or summit of this depression, on an embenchment of the mountain, is a pond of about 9 acres extent, very deep and re- plenished with fish, at an elevation of 200 feet above the site of the meeting house. There are rocks in several places which afford indi- cations of sulphur, aiid crumble on exposure to the sun and air. Iron ore of an excellent quality has been discovered, but as yet in small quantities. Peterborough was grant- ed in 173S, by the government of Massachusetts to Samuel Heywood and others. The first sotflement took place \n 1739. In 1759 there were 45 families, and on the 17th Jan., the next year, the town was incorporated. The tirst settlers of Peterborough were Scotch Presby- terians, from Ireland, or their im- mediate descendants. Wholly un- used to clearing and cultivating of wild lands, they endured great hard- ships. Their nearest gristmill was at Townsend, 25 miles distant — their road, a lino of marked trees. The first male child born here, was John Ricliie ; he was born Feb 22, 1751, and died in the service of his country at Cambridge, in 1776. — Population, 1830, 1,934. Petersliam, Mass. Worcester co. Petersham is a very pleasant town, elevated on a swell of fertile land, and pre- senting a fine prospect of many of the neighboring towns. It was first settled about the year 1732, and was called by the Indians jYasha- wang. Swift river waters a part of the town, and affords a water power. There is a woolen mill in the town ; and manufactures of palm-leaf hats, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, and cabinet ware : total an- nual value, about .«<60,000. It lies 62 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 27 N. W. from VVorcesrfer. Popvila- tion, 1837, 1,731. Incorporated, 1754. PUUIiiJS, Me. Franklin co. This town is wa- tered by Sandy river. It lies 53 miles N. W. from Augusta, antl 15 N. W. from Faruiington. Incorpo- rated, 1812. Pop. 183(>, 954; 1S37, 1 ,283. Wheat crop, in 1837, 6,238 bushels. PliUlipstou, Mass. Worcester co. There is a large pond in this town, the soui-ce of Burnshint river. This pleasant town was taken from Athol and Temple- ton, in 1786. It was called Gerry until 1812. The manufactures of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the town consist of cotton and woolen goods, palm-leaf hats, leath- er, boots and shoes ; annual value, about $75,000. It lies 58 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, and 25 N. W. from Worcester. Population, 1837, SS7. FhJpsburgli, Me. Lincoln co. This is a maritime town at the mouth of Kennebec riv- er, on the west side, 40 miles S. from Augusta, and 18 S. W. from Wiscasset. Population, 1837, 1,4150. It consists of a peninsula of land, of about 13 miles in length, and from two to four miles in width, ly- ing between Kennebec river, on the east, and New Meadows, or Stevens' river, on the west, and ex- tending from Small Point, the east- ern boundary of Casco bay, to the town of Bath on tiie north. It con- tains a U. S. fort, and Seguin and Pond islands, on which are light houses. Phipsburgh was taken from the ancient town of Bristol, in 1816, and named in honor of Governor Phips, who was born in Bristol. , Governor Phips lived in the wil- derness of Maine till he was eigh- teen years of age, and was then an apprentice to a ship-carpenter four years. He went to Boston, and learned to read and write. He chose to seek his fortune on the sea, and had the good luck to discover the wreck of a very valuable Spanish vessel on the coast of Ilispaniola, and by the aid of the British gov- ernment succeeded in fishing up plate, pearls and jewels, amounting in value to three hundred thousand pounds sterling, with which he sailed to England in 1687. He ob- tained by his enterprise sixteen thousand pounds, and the honor of knighthood. He returned to Bos- ton in 1690, and commanded the expedition against Port Royal, which place he captured. When the new charter of Massachu- setts was obtained he was appointed the first governor under it. He ar- rived at Boston, as governor, in 1692. In 1694, in a dispute with the col- lector of the poit. Sir William so far forgot his dignity as to descend to blows-. He was removed from otiice, and returned to England. He received assurance of being re- stored, but before that event hap- pened he died, in 1695, aged 44. Phipsburgh has considerable trade and navigation. Ship build- ing is pursued, and fishing is a source of prolit. There is no bet- ter site for fishing establishments on the coast. It is a very pleasant town, and an agreeable location to court the sea breezes in summer. Pieruiont, IV. H., Grafton co., is bounded N. by Haverhill. It is 65 miles N. N. W. from Concord. The soil, especially on the Connecticut, is good. The meadows, or intervales, are extensive, and in some instan- es highly cultivated. The mead- ows are composed of sandy loam, in some places inclined to marie, and are favorable to the growth of wheat, corn and every kind of grain. Back from tlie river the town is made up of swells of fine grazing and mowing land, well watered with brooks and springs. In the N. E. part of the town are three consid- erable ponds, called Eastman's ponds. From these ponds issues Eastman's brook, which, passing in a S. E. direction, falls into Connec- ticut river, forming a number of excellent mill seats. Indian brook, on which mills are erected, is in the S. part. The settlement commenc- ed in 1770. Population, in 1830, 1,042. Pilot mountain, N. H. See Kilkenny. Piscataqua River, "S, H. The only large river whose entire course is in New Hampshire, ia formed by the junction of several NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. small streams in a wide and deep bed ; hollowed out partly by them, and pai'tly by the tide. The names of these streams, bci;inning at the northeast, arc Salmon Fall, f!oche- co, Bellamy bank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscnt, and Winniciit rivers. The live last unite their waters in a large and irregular bay between Durham and Greenland, more re- sembling- a lake than a river. Tlie waters of this bay meet those of Salmon Fall and Cocheco rivers, coming from the northwest at Hil- ton's point, a few miles below Do- ver. After tills junction, they pro- ceed in a direct line to the south- east; and join the ocean 2 or 3 miles below Portsmouth; embosoming several islands, and forming one of the best harbors on the continent. Few rivers make a more magnifi- cent appearance than this ; yet the streams by which it is supplied are small. Salmon Fall furnishes more than all the rest. This stream is called JVewichaivannock from the falls in Berwick till it receives the waters of the Cocheco ; but the name of Piscataqua ongiit to be ap- plied to the whole of Salmon Fall river. Piscataquis Kiver, Me. The head waters of this river are found in the high lands which sep- arate the watei's of Penobscot and Kennebec rivers. Its length is about 65 miles, passing in a course nearly east. It has many tributaiies, of which Sebec and Pleasant rivers, and Schools stream, from the north, are the largest. In its course it fertilizes large tracts of country, and gives to the towns through which it passes a good hydraulic power. Fiscatacxiiis County, Me. Dover, ch\ei town. This county was incorporated, March 23, 1838. Its territory is thus described in the act of incorporation, to wit : " That from and after the last day of April next, all that portion of tenitory lying north of the south lines of Parkman and Wellington, in the county of Somerset, and lying north of the north lines of the towns of Dexter, Garland, Charleston, Bradford, and south line of Kilmar- nock, in the county of Penobscot ; and bounded east by the east lines of Milton, Kilmarnock and townships numbered four in the eighth and ninth ranges; and thence bounded east by a line running north from the northeast corner of said town- ship numbered four, in the ninth range, to the north line of the state ; and bounded on the west by the west lines of Wellington, Kings- bury, Shirley, and township number two in the fifth range ; and thence bounded west by a line running north from the northwest corner of said township number two, to the Kennebec river; thence up and by the southerly bank of said river to Moose Head lake ; thence bounded westerly by the westerly margin of said lake, to the noi-thwest angle of said lake — and thence bounded west by a line running north, to the north line of the state — be and the same is hereby constituted and made a county by the name of," &c. This county is therefore bounded N. W. and N. by the British pos- sessions in Lower Canada, E. by the county of Penobscot, S. by the counties of Penobscot and Somer- set, and W. by Somerset county There are numerous lakes and ponds in the county, the largest of which aie the Moose Head, Chesuncook and Pemadumcook. The county is crossed by the Piscataijuis, Penob- scot and Walloomstook i-ivers, but most of its excellent mill streams, of which there are many, i-ise with- in the county, fi-om its own natural sources. There are some consider- able elevations, the largest of which is A'a/o/itii?! Mountain. The char- acter of the surface and soil of Pis- cataquis county is generally that of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER Penobscot and Somerset counties, from which it was taken. Piscataqno^ River, N. H., Is formed of two principal branch- es, one from Francestown, the other from lioiiiiiker and Decrino;, which unite and form liie main stream near tlic \V. lino of Ootfstown. It pur- sues a southeasterlj- course through (Joff-Jtown and the N. E. corner of Hedford, wlicrc it falls into Merri- mack river. Pisc.VTAQuoG Village, on this river and near its mouth, is a thriving; and pleasant villaiic, situ- ate in the N. E. part of Jiedford. A handsome bridge is constructed over the Piscata((iiog, in this village, 60 feet in length. Since the Union Canal commenced operation, the boating business to this place has been carried on with much success. On the S. side of the i-iver, below this village, is a public landing place, extending to the Merrimack, and fiom this place lumber of all descriptions from the circumjacent country, is conveyed down the riv- er to market by rafts and jjoats to Ncwburyport,and through the Mid- dlesex canal to Charlestown and Hoston. The rise and present flour- ishing appearance of this village is owing in a great measure to the enterprise and industiy of William Parker and Isaac Riddle, esquires, who were the lirst to comnienco the mercantile business in this place. Pittsfield, Me. Somerset co. This is a town of excellent soil, and a branch of Se- basticook river rises in the S. E. corner. The inhabitants are gen- erally good and thriving farmers. Pittsfield was incorporated in 1819. Wheat crop, 1837, 4,869 bushels. Population, 1830, 609 ; 1837, 836. It lies 38 miles N. N. E. from Au- gusta, and 20 E. from Norridgcwock. Pittsfield, N. H. Merrimack co. The surface of Pittsfield is pleasantly varied, with a good soil. Suncook river passes through the town, affording good mill privileges. Catamount moun- tain stretches across the S. E. part ot the town, from the summit of which delightful viewsareobtained. There are a number of ponds in tlie town ; west of which the magnetic-needle varies materially. Berry's pond is on the mountain: — it is half a mile in length, and is supplied by mountain springs. There is a neat and flour- ishing village in Pittsfield ; a large cotton mill, a scythe factory, and an academy. This town was first settled in 1734. Population, 1830, 1,271. It is 16 miles N. E. from Concord. Pittsfield, Vt. Rutland co. Tweed river is form- ed in this town, by two branches, which afford mill scats: it empties into White river, which passes through tlie N. E. corner. The surface of the town is mountainous, and the soil hard. Pittsfield was first settled in 1786. Population, 1330, 505. It lies 35 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 N. E. from Rutland. Pittsfield, 3Ia3S. Rerkshire co. This large manu- ficturing and agricultural town, a mart of trade for a large section of co\intry, li(>s 125 miles W. from IJosion, 5 N. iVom Lenox, and 33 E. from Albany, N. Y. Population, 1837, 3,575. The settlement of this place, the Indian Pontoosuck, was commenced in 1736. It was incorporated in 1761. Itwasa fron- tier town for some years, and garri- sons were erected lor tlic protection of the inhabitants against the in- roads of the savages. The town is finely watered by two branches of the Housatonick, which unite near its centre. There are in Pittslield NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 6 woolen and 2 cotton mills, and manufactures of muskets, iron cast- ings, tin ware, leather, hats, car- riages, prunella buttons, chairs, corn brooms, cabinet ware, &c. ; total amount, the vear ending April 1, 1837, $688,716. The value of 12,962 fleeces of wool sheared in the town the same year, was $19,443. Pittsfield is one of the pleasantest towns in New England : it lies 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a fertile valley between the Taughkannick and Green moun- tain ranges. The village is well located, and contains many beauti- ful buildings, which, with the line scenery and well cultivated farms that surround it, presents a great variety to charm the eye and to gratify the taste of the intelligent agriculturalist. There are in Pittsfield a medical institution, a female academy, &c., which will be noticed in the Beg- ister. Pittsford, Vt. Rutland co. Oiler creek mean- ders through this very pleasant and flourishing town, nearly in its cen- tre, and fertilizes a large part of its territory. Furness river allbrds the town good privileges, on which are large iron works and other man- ufactories. Iron ore of a very line quality, and elastic marble, are abundant; also, the oxide of man- ganese. The agricultural produc- tions are valuable. In 1837 there were in the town 12,368 sheep. A female child was born here in 1784, who died at the age of 9 years, and weighed 200 pounds. Pittsford was first settled about the year 1770. — It was a frontier town for a num- ber of years. The remains of Fort Vengence are still visible. This town lies 44 miles S. W. iVom Mont- pelier, and 8 N. from Rutland. — Population, 1830, 2,005. Pittston, Mc. Kennebec CO. Pittston is a pleas- ant town, on the east side of Ken» nebec river, opposite to Gardiner; 7 miles S. by E. from Augusta. It is a flourishing town, of good soil, and has several ponds and mill streams, and a considerable business in the lumber trade. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 2,121.— Wheat crop, same year, 2,231 bush- els. Plaiuficld, N. U., Sullivan co., lies on Connecticut I'ivcr. It is 12 miles S. from Dart- mouth college, and N. W. 55 from Concord. There is considerable valuable intervale, on Connecticut river, and in other parts are excel- lent meadows. There are two ponds. At the S. W. part of this town, in Connecticut river, is Hart's island, which contains 19 acres. — Waterqueechy falls are in this town. A bridge was erected here in 1807. A small stream, flowing fiom Croy- don mountains, waters the town. — Plainfield has a pleasant village, situated on a handsome plain, through the centre of which the street passes N. and S. On a pleas- ant eminence in Meriden parish is located " The Union Academy," in- corporated June 16, 1813. it is en- dowed with a permanent fund of .$40,000, the liberal bequest of the late Hon. Daniel, Kimball, the interest of which, as directed by his last will, is to be applied as fol- lows, viz : $150 annually to the support of a Calvinistic preacher, and the remainder for the instruc- tion of pious young men for the mini-try. This seminary is in a flourishing condition. Plainfield was granted in 1761, and was settled in 1761. Population, 1830, 1,581. Plaiuiielil, Vt. Wasliington co. First settled, 1794. Population, 1830, 874. It lies 8 miles E. from JMontpelicr, and 21 from Newbury. At the junc- tion of Onion river and Great brook, in this town, is a neat village with NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. some manufacttiring; operations by water. There is a mineral spring in the town of some note, and a tine trout pond. The soil is generally of a good quality, and feeds about 3,000 sheep. Flalufielcl, Mass. Hampshire co. This town is elevated on the Green mountain range, at the N. W. corner of the county, and watered by the upper br;inches of Westlield river. — Although the surface is rough and mountainous, yet the soil is excel- lent for pasturage, and produces some tine cattle. In 1S37, the fleeces of 3,772 sheep, sheared in this town, were valued at $.5,379. There are 2 woolen mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, cabinet ware, &.c ; total an- nual value-'about $40,000. Plain- field lies 110 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 20 N. W. from North- ampton. Incorporated, 1785. Pop- ulation, 1S37, Stj.5. Plainficld, Ct. Windham CO. Mooseup river af- fords this town a good water power, on which, in the pleasant villages of Unionville and Centreville, are considerable manufactures of cot- ton and woolen goods. This town was incorporated in 1700: a part of the land is broken and stony, but in the western section there is an extensive plain, of a light sandy loam, noted for its adaptation to the growth of corn and other grain. — In olden limes this plain was called the Egypt oi the surrounding coun- try. The village is on a commanding eminence, from which there is an extensive prospect, and in which is one of the best academies in the state ; incorpoiated in 17S3. It lies 41 E. from Hartford, and 8 S. by E. from Brooklyn. Population, 1^30, 2,290. 28 Plaistow, N. II. Rockingham co. It lies 36 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 30 S. W. from Portsmouth. Plaistow wasor- riginally a part of Haverhill, Mass., and included in the purchase of the Indians in lt>42. Among the first settlers were Capt. Charles Bartlett, Nicholas \\hitc, Esq., Dea. Benja- min Kimball and J. Harriman. — Their posterity now inhabit the town. After it became annexed to New Hampshire, a charter was granted in 1749. The soil of this town is good, being a mixture of black loam, clay and gravel. Popu- liition, in 1S30, 591. Piatt River, Vt. This small but good mill stream rises in a pond in Richmond ; pass- es through Hinesburgh, and a cor- ner of Charlotte, and falls into Shelburne bay. Pleasant Rivers, Me. Pleasant River, in Washington covinty, rises from a pond in Bed- dington, and passing in a N. E. di- rection falls iuioPleasant river bay, which lies E. from Naraguagus bay, and is connected with that bay, at its mouth. Pleasant River, Piscataquis coun- ty, is an important mill stream ; a tributary of the Piscataquis, from the north. It receives the two El)eeme branches, as they are call- ed, ai)0ut 15 miles from its mouth, in Milo. Plum Island, Mass. See JK'ewhury. Plymouth, Me. Penobscot co. This is a fine township of land, watered by beau* tiful ponds, and a valuable branch of Sebasticook river. It lies 45 miles l\. E. from Augusta, and 23 W. from Bangor. Wheat crop, 1337, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 4,530 bushels. Population, same year, 791. Incorporated, 1826. PlymotitU, N. H., The half shire of Grafton county, is 75 miles N. W. from Portsmouth, 31 S. E. from Haverhill, and 40 N. from Concord. This town is well watered. Besides numerous small- er streams, there are two rivers, Pemigewasset and Baker's, both of which are of considerable impor- tance. They take their rise in the height of land between the Con- necticut and Meri'imack, called the eastern ridge. Baker's river is 30 miles in length. The soil is tolera- bly good, and in general is well cul- tivated. Holmes' academy is situ- ated in this town, and is a v«ry flour- ishing school. Plymouth was grant- ed in 1763. The lirst settlement commenced in 1734' The inter- vales in this town were formerly the resort of Indians for hunting. At the mouth of Baker's river they had a settlement, where Indian graves, bones, &.C., have been found: also gun barrels, stone mortars, pestle^, and other utensils. Here, it is said, the Indians were attacked by Capt. Baker and a party from flaverhill. Mass., who defeat- ed them, killed a nuiubor and de- stroyed a large quantity of fur. — From him. Baker's river dei-ives its name. Population, in 1S30, 1,175. Plymoutlij Vt. Windsor co. Two mountains in this town rise to a considerable ele- vation, one of which, Mount Tom, is quite abrupt. The soil is gener- ally good for grazing, and consider- able products of the dairy are sent to market. Black and Quecchy rivers take their rise here, and af- ford mill privileges. Tliere are a number of natural ponds in the town, which furnish a great sup- ply of trout and other fish. Among the lime stone rocks which abound in this town are numerous caves, some of which are very large, and curious. Extensive beds of soap- stone are found here. Plymouth lies 52 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 W. by N. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,237. First settled, 1776. PlyinoutH County, Mass. Plymouth, chief town. The soil of this most ancient county in New England, is not so productive as that of manj' others in Massachusetts ; yet there is considerable good land within ils limits. It has a great water power, which is more partic- ularly applied to the manufacture of iron war-e, of all sorts, both wrought and cast. It has an abun- dant supply of iron ore, of a supe- riorquality. This county has a sea coast on Massatihusotts bay, of be- tween 30 and 40 miles, and many ships are built in its .nu|Berous ports of native white oak. ^'his county has considerable foi-cign comaierre; but its shipping is principally en- gaged in the fishing business anil coasting trade. It is bounded N. E. by Massachusetts bay, N. by Norfolk county, and Boston harboi-, V/. and N. W. by Norfolk county, S. W. by Bi-istol 'county, and S. E. by Buzzard's bay, and Barnstable county. Area, about 600 square miles. This county v/as incorpor- ated in 1635. Population, 1820, 3S,136; 1830,42,993; 1837,46,2.53. Population, to a square mile, 77. — The North river, emptying into Massai;husetts bay, and numerous branches of the Taunton, are its chief rivers. In 1S37, there were in this coun- ty 11, !10 sheep. The value of the manufactures, the year ending- April 1, 1837, was $4,896,907.— The value oi'the fishery, during the same period, was ^582,419. Plymoutli, Mass. Plymouth co. Chief town. This place is full of interest, it being the oldesi settlement by Europeans in New England, and the landing NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEU. place of our forufatlicrs on the 22il of DeceinlnT. I(i20. Its Indian name was Patuxtt. Plynioiitli lios 35 miles S. K. liy S. from Boston : N. lat. 41° 57' 30". W. Ion. 70° 40' 45". Population, IS30, 4,384 ; 1837, 5,034. Incorporated, IG20. '.'Plymouth was the lirst town huilt in New Enaland hy ci\ilized man ; and those !jy wiiom it was huilt were inferior in wortii to no I)ody of men, whose names are recorded in history, during the last seventeen hundred years. A kind ofvener- ableness, arisinjc from these facts, attaches to this town, wiiioh may be termed a prejudice. Slill.it has its foundation in the^nature of man, and will never be eradicated cither hy philo-;ophy or rid.icule. No New Eng-!,indcr, who is willins; to induls;e his native feelings, can stand upot^ke rock, where our an- cestors sctWe lirst foot after their arrival on the Amciican shore, without experiencing emotions very diftt-rent from those which are ex- cited by any common object of the same nature. No New Englander could he willing to have that rock buried and I'orgotten. Let him reason as n^uch, as coldly, and as ingeniously as he plea=es, he will .still regard that spot with emotions wholly different fi-om those which are excited by other places of equal or even superior importance. We cannot wish this trait in the hurnr.n character obliterated. In a higher state of being, where truth is uni- versally as well as cordially embrac- ed, and virtue controls without a rival, this prejudice, if it must be called by that name, will become useless, and may, therefore, be safely discarded. But in our pres- ent condition, every attachment, which is innocent, has its use, and contributes both to fix and to soften man. When we call to mind the history of their sufferings on both sides of the Atlantic, when wc re- member their pre-eminent p.^tience, their unspotted piety^ their immove- able fortitude, their undaunted re- solution, their love to each other, their justice and humanity to the savages, and there freedom from all those stains wliich elsewhere spot- ted the cliaracter even of their com- panions In affliction, we cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, claiming the veneration and ap- plause of all their posterity. The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, by which New Eng- land is distinguished on this side the Atlantic, began here. Here the manner of holding lands in free soccage, now universal in this coun- try, commenced. Here the right of sufferage was imparted to every citizen, to every inhabitant not dis- qualiliedby poverty or vice. Here was formed the first establishment of towns, of the local legislature, which is called a town meeting, and of the peculiar town executive, styled the selectmen. Here the first pai'ochial school was set up, and the system originated for com- municating to every child in the community the knowledge of read- ing, writing, and arithmetic. Here, also, the first building was erected lor the worship of God ; the first I'cligious assembly gathered ; and the first minister called and settled, by the voice of the church and con- gregation. On these simple found- ations has since been erected a structure of good order, peace, lib- erty, knowledge, morals and relig- ion, with which nothing on this side the Atlantic can bear a remote com- parison." The land in this town is generally hilly, and sandy ; but there is a l)order of considerable extent on the sea board, having been well cul- tivated, consisting of a rich loamy soil, and capable of yielding large crops. The town is watered by Eel and Wonkinqua rivers. Town, Willings- ly and Double brooks, and more than 200 ponds, the largest of which is called Billington Sea. " This NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. was formerly called Fresh Lake. It was discovered about the 1st of January, 1621, by Francis Billing- ton, while mounted on a tree standing on a hill. It was in the midst of a thick forest, and when seen at a distance, Billington sup- posed it to be another sea. On the 8th of Januaiy, he went with one of the n>astei''s n)ates, to view the place. They found two lakes con- tiguous, separated by a narrow space; the largest is about six miles in circumference, and is the far famed Billington Sea. It is aliont two miles southwest from the town, and from it issues the Town brook. In this pond tliere are two small isl- ands. The largest, containing about two acres, having been planted with apple-trees, produces excel- lent fruit. This pond is well stock- ed with pickerel and perch. The majestic eagle is frequently seen cowering over this pond, and has forages built its nest in the branch- es of the trees, visiting the flats in the harbor at low tide in pursuit of fish and birds. Loons, and the beau- tiful wood-duck produce theiryoiing in sequestered retreats about this pond, annually. The fidlow deer, tenacious of their ancient place of rendezvous, continue to visit this pond fordrink, and to browse on its margin. For many years this beautiful pond was a favorite resort for social pnrties. A house was etected on the bank, a pleasure-boat was in the pond, and tea-parties and tishing-parties unit- ed in the happiest enjoyments. There are on the road lo Sand- wich, in the woods, two rocks call- ed Sacrifice rocks. They are cov- ered with sticks and stones, which have been accumulating for centu- ries. It was the constant practice among the aboriginals, to throw a stone, or stick on the rock in pass- ing. The late Rev. Mr. Ilawlcy, who spent many years among the natives atJMarshpee, endeavored to learn from them the design of this singular rite, but could only con- jecture that it was an acknowledg- ment of an invisible Being, the un- known God whom this people wor- shipped. This pile'was their altar. Burying Hill, formerly Fort Hill. Immediately in the rear of the town is a hill, rising 165 feet above the sealevel, embracing about eight aci-es. On the summit of the southwest side, the pilgrims erect- ed lir^t some temporary defence, but, in 1675, on the approach of Philip's war they ei'ectud a strong fort, 100 feet square, strongly palis- adoed, ten and a half feet high. — No other place could have been so' well chosen, either for discovering the approach of savages, or for de- fending the town against their at- tacks. The settlement was rend- ered perfectly secure, and springs of water were at they: command. The whole circuit of tlie fort is still distinctly visible, a watch-house of brick was also built near the fort. The view presented from this eminence, embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay for miles around, is not, perhaps, inferioi- to any in the couuliy. Let the anti- quarian come at full tide and when the billows are calmed, and seat himself on this mount, that he may survey the incomparable landscape, and enjoy the interesting asso- ciations with which he will be in- spired. Immediately beneath the. hill lies the town in full view, and beyond tliis the harbor and ship- ping. The harbor is a beautiful expanse of water, bounded on the S. by Manomet point, and near which commences a beach three miles in length, breasting the rolling billows of the bay, and serving as a barrier to the wharves ; and on the N. E. by a pi'omontory extending from Marrhfield, called the Gurnet, on the point of which stands the light- house. These several points, together with ( J J opposite shores, complete- ly enclose the harbor, having r5E\r ENGLAND- GAZETTEER. Clark's Island and Sar|uijh in its bosom. Beyond thesn points opens the great bay of Massachusetts, bounded at the southern extremity by the peninsula of Cape Cod, which is distinctly visihie, and spreading; lioundless to the north- east. On the N. appears the llour- ishing villut^e of Diixbury, shooting into the bay, and exhibiting a hand- some conical hill, ever to be re- membered as once the property and residence of the gaMant Standish. Between Duxbury and Plymouth, is the harbor and pleasant village of Kingston. Having taken a sur- vey of this magnificent group, so exceedingly endeared to the New England antiquarian, an7, 1,267. This is a township of good land, and produces considerable quantities of beef, butter, cheese, &c. It is watered by a branch of the Nashua, and has some manufactures. Wachusctt is 2,990 feet in height ; it is the high- est land in the county, and presents a landscape exceedingly variegated and beautiful. It is a place much frequented in summer months. The manufactures of the town consist of shoes, leather, palm-leaf hats, chairs, and cabinet ware : an- nual amount, about .^50,000. Prospect, Me. Waldo CO. This is a beautiful town, of good soil, on the west side of Penobscot river. It is bounded NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. on the S. by Belfast bay ; 52 miles E. by N. from Augusta, 12 N. N. E. IVom Belfast, and 18 S. from Bangor. Prospect is veiy llouiisliing in its coinmei-cial and agricultural pursuits. Population, IS'.i'), 2,331 ; 1837, 3,198. Incorporated, 1794. Wheat crop, 1S37, 4,-tl() bushels. Prospect, Ct. New Haven co. This stony and mountainous town was taken fiom Cheshire and Waterbury,in 1827. It dei-ived its name from its ele\''at- ed situation. There is a pretty village in the town. The inhabit- ants are chiefly farmers. It lies 17 miles N. by W. from New Ha- ven. Population, 1830, 651. Some difficulty arose in the con- gregational society in this town a few years since, in consequence of the minister and a nunibei- of the influential members of the chuich having adopted tlie sentiments of the Perfectionists. The stray sheep, however, soon returned to the fold again. See Religions Creeds mid Statistics. Providence County, R. I. Providence, chief town. This ancient and respectalile county is boundedN.and E. by Massachusetts, S. by the county of Kent, and W. by Connecticut. It contains an area of 331 square miles. Population, 1820, 35,733; 18:30,47,018. Pop- ulation to a square mils, 124. The surface of the county is generally uneven ; some sections of it presents rugged features, but no part of it is mountainous. The soil is vari- ous : Bome portions of the county are alluvial, some calcareous loam, and some of sileceous sand ; but a sti'ong gravelly loam generally prevails. More attention is paid to agricul- ture in this county than formerly ; Ejood crops of corn, barley and rye are obtained, and all the varieties of the daii-y, of fruits and vegeta- bles are abundant for the supply of its numerous villages and the city. The commercial inteiests of the county are important, but are prin- cipally confined to the flourisfiing city of Pi-oviilcnce ; but the nianu- facturing intere«it3, particularly of cotton, are extended throughout the county, and engrosses a large share of its enterprize and capital. While the Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, Mashan- ticut, Pochassot, Wonasquatucket, and other streams, give those inter- ests a constant operative power, the numerous beautiful villages erected on their borders testify that Provi- dence county is one of the most im- portant manufacturing districts in the new world. A statistical accountof the resour- ces of this county, and of all the counties and towns in Rhode Isl- and, is in prepaiation, and w.ill ap- pear in the Register. Providence, R. I. Chief town. Providence co. Rog- er Williams was the founder of this beautiful city. He was banished from the Massachusetts colony for maintaining that all denominations of christians were equally entitled to the protection of the civil mag- istrate ; that the church of England was no true church, and that a patent fiom the king conveyed no title to the soil. In 1636, Mr. Williams, accompa- nied by William Harris, John Smith, Joshua Virrin, Thomas An- gell,and Francis Wickcs, commenc- ed a settlement and called it Prov- idence ; regaiding his preservation as a favorable interposition of heav- en. Mr. Williams sustained the two-fold character of a minister of the gospel and goveinor of the col- ony ; he formed a conslirution on the broad principle of civil and re- ligious libei'ty,and thus established the first free government on the continent of America. IMr. Wil- liams was a man of learning, and set a bright example of that tolera- tion which he demanded from oth- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ers. IIo was bo;n in Wales, in 1399, and died in l(i.S:j. ProviJcnfe suflji-nd p;roat looses in kincj Philip's war, and during' tlic fvoli-.tionary cont.;-;! it fiirnisii- cd its t'liil projioi'lion of tioop-;, and partook laraicly of tiic suiferin2;s as well as of the glory of that strtigsjle. On the })l!i of June, 1772, the kind's ship (Ja'peo was taken pos- session of and burned, and the coni- inaiider, I^ieutcnant Dudding.stou, wounded with a musket ball, in the thigh. Only one of the persons en- gaged in taking the Gaspee is now living — Col. Ephraini Bowen, of Pi-ovidonce. Thus it appears, that in that con- test, the tirst blood was shed at Providence ; but the lirst .Imerican hlouil and life was sacrificed at I^exington, ^Iass., on the 19th of April, 177.'j, and the first British life, on the same day, a few hours after, at Concord, Massachusetts. Providence foi-mcidy comprised the terriiory of a number of the neighboring towns. Its present limits contain an area of about nine square miles. It was incoi-porated as a town in 1649, and as a city in 1831. Population, in 1820, ll,7"fi7; 18.30, 16,832; 183i), 19,277. The II104 couipact part of the city is di- vided into two nearly equal parts, on both sides of Providence river, and are connected by wide and sub- stantial bridges. The two princi- pal streets are long and irregular, and comprise the business portion of the city, with the exception of a long range of large and handsome brick ware houses on the east side of the river. The buildings in oth- er parts of the city are constructed with taste, and manj' of them in a i style of superior elegance. On the east side of the i-iver the land rises abruptly. On this elevation are a number of streets running parallel with the river, on the summit of which is located !?rown University, cstabli;hcd here in 1770. Froiu the beautiful buildings on these streets, delightful views are obtain- ed of a great extent of country, of the city, the shipping in the river, and of Piovidenco and Narraganset bays. There are in Providence a large number of hamhomo churches, and other public buildings. The Ar- cade is one of the most beautiful buildings in the countiy. It is sit- uated on the west side of the river, and fronts on two streets. It is built ot stono, 222 feet in length, and 72 feet in width. The fronts are ornamented, each with six mas- sive columns, 25 feet high, the shafts of which are single blocks, 22 feet in length. The lower part of tills building is improved for diy goods shops, &c. ; the uppei- stories for offices, library rooms, &c. It was completed in 1828, and cost .$130,000. The architecture of this building is exceedingly chaste. Providence has long been cele- brated for the commercial spirit of its citizens, and for their large in- vestments of capital in foreisn com- merce, particularly with India. It is still a flourishing mart of foreign trade ; the tonnage of the port, in 1837, was 17,.526 tons. i\Iuch of the capital of the city has, howev- er, of late years, been diverted to the pursuit of domestic manufac- tures; a pursuit probable of greater profit, and no less patriotic. Besides the lai-ge capital employ- ed b\- the citizens of Providence in nianul'acturiiig establishments with- out the city, the capital thus employ- ed within it is very great. Those manufactures consist of cotton goods, (by steam power,) machinery, steam engines, vessels, jewelry, copper, brass, iron and tin wares, glass, combs, oil, soap, candles, hats, leathci', boots, shoes, and numerous other articles. A!)0ut 4,000 of the people of Providence are engaged in these manufactures. The public schools in Providence are well sustained. The sum of about i^lO.OOO is annually appropri- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, ate d to this object. The number of scholars, in 1837, w;is 1626'. A high school Isas recently been es- tablished, and $-10,000 appropnated for the erection of new school hous- es. The athenajum libraiy con- tains 7,000 volumes. It was incor- porated in 1836. See Register. Providence is approacbed with great ease fiom almost every direc- tion. The roads are generally ex- cellent : that to Pawtucket is une- qualled by any in New England. The Blackstone canal, after wind- ing its course through a fertile and manufacturing country, from Wor- cester, Mass., terminates at tide wa- ter in the centre of the city. Steam boats, of superior construction and elegant accommodations, ply be- tween this city and New York, daily. Rail road cars between Bos- ton and Stonington cross the lower part of the city several times a day, and steam boats and packets are con- tinually passing to and from the several important towns on the shores of Narraganset and Mount Hope bays. Providence has frequently sus- tained heavy losses by fire, and once by water. In 1815, during the memorable gale of September 23d, the tide rose 12 feet higher than the common high tides, and spread ruin to the buildings, navi- gation, wharves and bridges in eve- ry direction. The loss sustained by this flood was estimated at a million and a half of dollars. Providence lies at the head of ship navigation on Providence riv- er, the most northern waters of Narraganset bay ; 35 miles fiom the sea, 40 S. W. from Boston, 169 N. E. by E. from New York, and 396 N. E. from Washington. N. lat. 41° 49' 32", W. Ion. 71° 24' 45". Proviiiccto^vn, Mass. Barnstable co. A noted fishing town on the extreme' point of Cape Cod; including Race point, which lies 3 miles N. W. from Province- town village. It comprises Cape Cod, or Provincetown harbor, which opens on the S. This ocean harbor is very large, exceedingly easy of acces.3, and has sutficient depth of water for the largest ships of war. This is the first harbor the "Mayliower" touched at on her passage to Plymouth in 1620. An elaborate and highly interest- ing report of a survey of this har- bor and the extremity of Cape Cod, by Major J. D. Graham, lias recent- ly been printed by order of con- gress. The report is accompanied by a series of tables, showing the result of a long course of observations on the tide, which are not only curi- ous, but may be useful to those who are in a situation for pursuing their speculations on this subject, by comparing them with the results of similar observations in other places. The fullness and precision of these tables indicate the care and labor with which the work has been prosecuted. The result is of a na- ture to show the great importance of this position, both as a naval and commercial station. The value of Cape Cod harbor to our naval and mercantile marine in time of war is inappreciable. In possession of an enemy, it would af- ford facilities for annoying our commerce, without exposure to the gales that so often sweep along the coast. Fortified, and in the occu- pancy of a portion of our navy, it offers a secure retreat, accessible at all seasons, and sheltered from eve- ry storm. The soil of this town, in common with many others on Cape Cod, is very sandy ; indeed, it may be said to possess no soil, for its vegetable qualities are very deficient. During the year ending April 1st, 1837, there were belonging to Provincetown, 2 ves'jcls employed in the whale, and 98 in the cod and mackerel fishery, besides a large number in the freiy-htinjr business. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The value offish and oil taken \va^ $298,407. Hands employed, 1,1 1:3 During that year 4S,!K)()"l)iislie!s of salt were made, einployini^ 15() Irands, the value of which was $IS,360. Provincetown lies 50 miles N. E. froui Barnstable, by land, and 50 E. S. E. from Boston, by water. Ineorporated, 1727. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,710; 1837, 2,019. Putney, Vt. Windham co. This town is fine- ly located on the west side of Con- necticut river, and embosoms a large tract of excellent intervale land, called the "(Ireat Meadows. "There is also a good tract of intervale on Sacket's brook, a tine mill stream, with beautiful falls, on which are erected valuable mills for the manu- lacture of woolen goods, papei-, and various other articles. Sacket'.s brook is a large and constant stream: it falls 150 feet in the course of 100 rods. Some of the mill sites arc unoccupied. There are various mineral substances in the town, worthy of the notice of the geolo- gist. Tiie village is pleasant, and bears the marks of tasle and pros- perity. It lies 9 miles E. from Newfane, and 9 N. from Brattle- borough. First settled, 1751. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,510. Pnsliaw Lake, 3Ie. This lake lies in the towns of Orono, Dutton and Kirkland, Pe- nobscot county. It is about S miies long, and one mile wide. It emp- ties into Dead stream, v.liich meets the Penobscot at Orono. Quecchy River, Vt., Somclimcs cdled AVatcrqucechy, rises in Sherburne, runs nearly east to the south part of Bridgewater ; thence through Woodstock ii to the south part of Ilarlford, and thence southeast through the nortlieast cor- ner of llartland into Coiinectiout river, about two miles above Quee- chy falls. In Bridgewater it ic- 29* ceives two considerable branches, namely, north branch, which rises ill the north part of this township from the north, and south branch, which rises in Plymouth, from the south, both considerable mill streams. In Woodstock it receives two other branches of considerable size; one rising in the northeast cornerof Biidgewater and southeast corner of Barnard, falls into Quee- chy river from the north just below the north village in Woodstock, or " TVootlstock Green," the other rising in the south part of Wood- stock, passes through both the vil- lages in that town, and empties into it from the south just above the mouth of the last mentioned sti-cam. Both these streams aflbrd excellent mill seats. Qucechy river in its course receives numerous other tributaries of less note. It is a clear and lively stream, with a grav- el or stony bottom. Tbis stream is about 35 miles in length, and wa- ters about 212 square miles. Q,uiMCy, Mass. Norfolk CO. The territory of Qr.incy wasa part of ancient Brain- tree, until 1792. it lies on Brain- tree or Quincy bay, in Boston har- bor, and is bounded on the N. W, by Ne|)onset river and the town of Milton. It is 8 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 10 E. by S. from Ded- ham. Population, 1820, 1,623; 1830, 2,192; 1837, 3,049. The surface of the town is diver- sified by hills, valleys and plains. Back from the bay about 3 miles is a range of elevated land, in some |)arts more than fiOO feet above the sea, containing an inexhaustible supply of granite. This is the source o( the " Quincy Granite," a building material justly celebrated in all our cities for its durability and beauty. Vast quantities of this admira!)Ie stone are annually quarried and w;ouglif in this vicin- ity by the iiio-^t skillful workmen, into all dimensions, both plain and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ornamental ; and it is fortunate for the public that the supply is abun- dant, for the (lemauil for it from va- rious parts of the United States is constant and increasing. By means of a rail-road from these quarries to the tide waters of Ne- ponset river, and of a canal to the centre of the town, this stone is transported with great expedition and little cost. There are large quantities of slate stone near Ne- ponset river; much of which is quariied. These slate quarries bear indications of coal in their vicinity. In this town, between Quincy and Doi-chester bays, is a point of land called Sqnantum, celebrated as having been the residence of the famous Indian Sachem, t'/iic/faiau- hut. This place is the Mos-welu- set, " a few miles south of Boston," supposed by some to have origin- ated the name of the state. Squan- tum is a rocky, romantic place, six miles south of Boston, and a pleas- ant resort for fishing and bathing. The soil of Quincy is generally of an excellent quality and under good cultivation. There arc large tracts of salt meadow in the town, and many large and beautiful farms, ■which, ii; respect to soil and skillful management, may vie with any in the state. The Mount WaUaston farm is noted as the site of an early settle- ment (1625,) and as the Afcrri/ Mount of Thomas Morton and his associates. This farm, with that of his venerated father, now belong to the Hon. Mr. Adams, representative to Congress. The ancesti'al estate of the Quincy family comprises one of the most beautiful and well cul- tivated farms in New England. It is the property of Josiah Quin- cy, LL. U., an eminent agricul- turist, and president of Harvard University. The village, in the centre of the town, is situated on an elevated plain, and is remarkable for its neat- ness and beauty. In this village is a stone church, designated the "Ad- ams Temple." This building was dedicated, 1S2S, and cost .$40,000. Within its walls is a beautiful uiar- blc monument to the memory of the Hon. John Adams and his wife. About two miles east fiom the village is Quincy Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth Fore rivers. This is a delightful spot, and contains some handsome buildings. This point of land, with a peninsula near it called German- town, are admirably located for ship building, and for all the pur- poses of navigation and thelishery. Here is a line harbor, a bold shore and a beautiful country, vvithin 10 miles of the capital of New Eng- land. The manufactuies of Quincy con- sist of stone, slate, vessels, salt, leather, boots, shoes, hats, coach lace, carriages, harnesses, bleached bees wax, &c. Total value, the year ending April 1 , lS37„>j^470,222. During that period there were 10 vessels engaged in the cod and mackerel tishery ; the product of which was .>ji!31,042. Quincy is a place of considerable trade. Large quantities of lumber, bread stul!s, Slc, ai'e annually sold. The proximity of Quincy to Bos- ton, the excellent roads and bi-idg- es connecting it with the city and surrounding country, (be beauty of the town, with the deligiitful scen- ery around it, render it a desirable residence in summer, and a pleas- ant home. Quincy was named in honor of Col. John Quincy, a native of the place, who for forty successive years was a member of the execu- tive council of the colony, and dis- chargeil many other public trusts with zeal and fidelity. He died Ju- ly 13, 1767, aged 78. This has been the birth place and residence of some of the most distinauished sons of America. — NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The names of tlic patriots, Johx Hancock and Josi ah Qu incy, J^i., will live until the death of lib- erty. Two presidents of the United States, father and son. were natives of thi-i place. John Adams, boiii October IS), 1735. John Qui.vcy Adams, born July 11, 1767. The senior Mr. Adams graduated at Harvard University in 1755, and was distinguished for his diligence and genius. He studied law at Worcester, and was admitted to practice in 175S. He commenced the labors of his profes-ion in Brain- tree, his native town, and soon ob- taineil business and reputation. In 1764, Mr. Adams married Miss Ab- igail Smith, a grand daughter of Col. Quincy, a lady as distinguish- ed for her accomplishments and virtues as for the elevated station in society wiiich Proviilcnce had destined her to (ill. Mrs. Adams died at Quincy, Dec. 28, 1818, aged 71. In 1765, Mr. Adams removed to Bo-!ton ; here lie obtained an ex- tensive legal practice, and, refusing all offers of patronage from the British government, espoused the cause of his native counti-y with an ardor peculiar to himself, firmly re- solved to sink or swim with its lib erties. He was elected a member of Congress, and was among the foremost in recommending the adoption of an indep^-ndent govern- ment. In 1777 Ml-. Adams was cho- sen commissioner to the Court of Versailles. In 1779 he was appoint- ed minister plenipotentiary to nego- tiate a peace and a commercial trea- ty with Great Britain. In 1780 he went embassador to Holland, and in 1782 to Paris, to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, having received the assurance that that power would lecognize the indepen- dence of the United States. In 1785 Mr. Adams was appointeJthe first minister to the couit of St. James. After remaining in Kurope Dioc years, lie returned to his native country, and in 1789 was elected first Vice President of tho United States, which ollice he held during the whole of Washington's administration. On the resignation of Washington, in 1797, Mr. Adams became Pi-esident of the United States, which otfice he sustained until the election of Mr. Jefferson, in 1801. Soon after this, Mr. Adams retired to his farm at Quincy, and spent the remainder of an eventful life in rural occupations, the pleas- ures of domestic retirement, and those enjoyments which a great and good mind always has in store. The account that Mr. Adams gives in a letter to a friend, of his introduction to George III., at the court of St. James, as the first min- i-ter from the rebel colonies, is very interesting. The scene would form a noble picture, highly honorable both to his majesty and the repub- lican minister. Here stood the stern monarch, who had expended more than six hundred millions of dollars, and the lives of two bundled thousand of his subjects in a vain attempt to subjugate freemen; and by his side stood the man, who, in the language of Jefferson, " was the great pillar of support to the declaraMon ji m- dei)en(lence, and its ablest advo- cate and champion on the floor of Congress." Mr. Adams says," At one o'clock on Wednesday, the first of June, 1785, the masterof ceremonies call- ed at my house, and went with me to the secretary of state's office, in (Jleaveland row, where the maiiiuis of Carmarthen received and intro- duced me to Mr. Frazicr, his un- der secretary, who had been, as his lordship said, uninterruptedly in that office through all the changes in administration for thirty years. After a short conversation, Lord Carmarthen invited me to go with him in his coach to court. When we arrived in the antechamber the master of the ceremonies introduc- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ed him and attended nic while the secretary of state went to take the commands of the king. While I stood in tiiis phicc, wtiere it seems all ministers stand upon sucdi occa- sions, always attended by the mas- ter of coiemonies, the room was very full of ministers of state, bish- ops and all other sorts of courtiers, as well as the next i-oom, which is the kind's bed chamber. Yon may well suppose I was the focus of all eyes. I was relieved, however, from the embarrassnient of it, by the Swedish and Dutch ministers, who came to me and entertained me with a very agreeble conver- sation during the whole time. Some other gentlemen whom I had seen before, came to make their com- pliments to me until the marquis of Carmarthen returned, and desired me to go with him to his majesty. I went with his lordship through the levee room into the king's closet. The door was shut, and 1 was left with his majesty and the secretary of state alone. I made the three reverences: — one at the door, another about half way, and another bclbre the presence, accord- ing to the (isage established at this and all the northern courts of Eu- rope, and then I addressed myself to his majesty in the following words : ' Sire : The United States have ap- pointed me ministci- plenipotentiary to your majesty, and have directed me to deliver to your majesty th.is letter, which contains the evidence of it. It is in obedienc to Iheii- ex- press commands, that I have the honor to as«ure your majesty of their unanimous disposition and de- sire to cultivate the most iricndly and liberal intercourse i)etween your majesty's subjects and their citi- zens, and of their best wishes foi- your majesty's health and happi- ness, and for that of your family. ' The appointment of a minister from the United States to your ma- jesty's court will form an epoch in the history of England and An^^ri- ca. I think myself more fortunate than all my fellow citizens, in hav- ing the distinguished honor to be the first to stand in your majesty's royal presence in a di])lonialic char- acter ; and I shall esteem myself the happiest of men if 1 can be in- strumental in recommending my country more and more to your ma- jesty's royal benevolence, and of restoring an entire esteem, confi- dence and affeciion ; or, in better words, ' the old good nature and the good old humoi',' between people who, though separated by an ocean, and under different governments, have the same language, a similar religion, a kindred blood. I beg your majesty's permission to add, that although I have sometimes be- fore been instructed by iry country, it was never in my whole life in a manner so agreeable to myself.' The king hstened to every word I said, with dignity, it is line, but with apparent emotion. Whether it was my visible agitation, for I felt more than 1 could express, that touched him, I cannot say ; but he was iTiuch affected, and answered me with more tremor than I had spoken with, and said : — " Sir: The cii-cumstances of this audience are so extraordinary, the language you have now held is so extremely proper, and the feelings you have discovered sojustly adapt- ed to the occasion that 1 not only receive with pleasure the assurance of the frien(ily disposition of the United States, but that 1 am glad the choice has fallen upon you to be their minister. 1 wish you, sir, to believe and that it may be under- stood in America, that I have done nothing in the late contest but what I thought myself indesjicnsibly bound to do, by the duty which I owed my people. I will be frank with you. I was iJie last to conform to the separation ; but the separa- tion liaving become inevitable, I have always said, as I now say, that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. I would be the first to meet the frienilship of the United States as an independent power. The mo- ment I see such sentiments and language as yours prevail, and a disposition to give this country the preference, that moment 1 sliall say — let the circumstances e-f language, religion, and blood have their nat- ural full edect." 1 dare not say that these were the king's precise words ; and it is even possibk>. that I may have, in some particulars, mistaken his meaning ; for although his pronun- ciation is as distinct as I ever heard, he hesitated sometimes between members of the same period. He was, indeed, much atlected, and I was not less so, and therefore I can- not be certain that I was so atten- tive, heard so clearly, and under- stood so perfectly, as to be conlident of all his words, or sense. This I do say, that the foregoing is his ma- jesty's meaning, as I then under- stood it, and his own woi-ds, as near- ly as I can recollect them. The king then asked me whether I came last from France ; and upon my answering in the allirmative, he put on an air of familiarity, and, smiling, or rather laugliing, said, ' There is an opinion among some people that you are not the most at- tached of all your countrymen to the manners of France.' I was surprised at this, because I thought it an indiscretion, and a descent from his dignity. I was a little em- barrassed; but determined not to deny truth on the one hand, nor lead him to infer from it any attach- ment to England, on the other, I threw oflf as much gravity as I could, and assumed an air of gaiety, and a tone of decision, as far as was decent, and said, ' That opinion, sir, is not mistaken : I must avow to your majesty, I have no attachment but to my own country.' The king replied as ([uick as lightning, ' An honest man will ne\er have any other.' The king then said a word or two to the secretary of state, which be- ing between them I did not hear, and then turned round and bowed to me, as is customary with all kings and princes when they give tiie sig- nal to retire. I retreated, stepping backwards, as is the etiquette ; and making my last reverence at the door of the chamber, I went to my carriage." Mr. Adams died on the 4th of Ju- ly, 1826, with the same words on his lips which fifty years before, on that day, he liad uttered on the floor of Congress, " Independence forever." Q,ii]uebang River. This beautiful stream rises in Mashapaugpond, in Union, Ct. It passes N. to Brimtield, Mass., then a S. E. course to Thompson, Ct., where it receives French river from the north. It then traverses a S. direction about 30 miles, aflfording fertility and a great hydraulic pow- er in its course, whe;i it joins the Shetuckct, near the city of Nor- wich, and takes the name of that river to the Yantic. These three streams form the Thames. Ctuiiiepiack River, Ct. This river rises in Bristol and Farmington, and passes through Southington, Cheshire, Meriden, Wallingford, and falls into Long Island Sound at New Haven. This is a plea'^ant mountain stream, of considerable power, and about 30 miles in length. Q,uoat1y Head, Me., Or WesiQuoildy Head, the west- ern entrance into Passamaquoddy bay. It is in N. lat. 44° 55', W. Ion. 6r>° 49'. It has a light house 45 feet in height. See Lube.c and Eastport. Itacc Point, Mass. The N. W. extremity of Cape NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Cod. N. lat. 42° G', W. Ion. 70°?'. See Provincetown. Ragged Mountains, BT. II., So called from tlicir rough ap- pearance, lie between Andover and Hill, extending in a chain about 10 miles from tiie Peniigcwasset to the vicinity of Kearsarge. It is a bleak and precipitous range, and is nearly 2,000 feet high, in its northern points. iRa,il Roads in Keiv England. See Register. Raudoliili, N. H. Coos CO. Until 1824 this town was called Durand. It is situated directly under the north end of the White mountain?', its southeast cor- ner bounding on the base of Mount Madison, the east peak of the range. Branches of Israel's and Moose rivers pass through it. The soil is in some parts good, but the town in- creases slowly in its settlements. It was granted August 20, 1772, to John Durand and others, of Lon- don. Joseph Wilder and Stephen Jillson were the tirst settlers. Pop- ulation, 1830, 73. Raudolpli, Vt. Orange co. This is an elevated township of good soil, particularly for grazing. It is generally well improved, and produces good but- ter, cheese and mutton. Between twelve and thirteen thousand sheep graze in its pastures. It is well watered by branches of White river, on which are two woolen mills and other manufac- tures. There are a number of flour- ishing business locations in the town: the centre village is very pleasant, and contains an academy of excellent reputation. This town was tirst settled about the year 1778. Population, 1S30, 2,743. Ran(loi|)h lies 23 miles S. from Montpelier, 9 S. W. from Chel- sea, and 34 N. N. W. from Wind- sor. Randolph, Slass. Norfolk CO. Randolph constitut- ed a pait of ancient Biaintree until 175)3, when it was incorporated. It lies 14 miles S. from Boston. 12 S. E. from Dedham, and 7 S. S. W. from Braintree landing. Popula- tion, 1820, 1,546; 1S30, 2,200; 1S37, 3,041. Manatiquot river rises in the town, which, with other small streams, afford it a water pow- er. Ptinkapog pond lies in this town and Canton. The land is ele- vated between the waters of ]\Ias- sachusetts bay and Taunton river; the surface is generally undulating and the soil strong and productive. There are two very pleasant and flourishing villages in the town. East and West, surrounded by fei-tile and well cultivated fields. Randolph has long been noted for the industry of its people, in the manufacture of boots and shoes. During the year ending April 1st, 1837, there were made in th 3 town 200,17.5 pairs of boots, and 470,620 pairs of shoes, valued at $944,715, employing 1,475 hands. There are manufactures of leather, &c. in the town, but that of boots and shoes is the principal. Rangely, Me. Franklin co. This town lies on the Androscoggin river, and at the outlet of Oquossack lake. It is about 40 miles N. W. from Farra- ington. See "Down East." Raymond, Me. Cumberland co. Raymond is watered by Crooked river, and sev- eral ponds. This is a good farming town, with two villages, and some trade. The iiibabitants ai-e princi- pally devoted to agricultural pur- suits. In 1837 the poj);ilation was 1,802; wheat crop 3,203 bushels. Incorporated, 1803. It lies 75 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. miles S. W. from Augusta and 22 N. N. W. from Portland. Raymond, N. II. Rockiiiffliam co. This town lies 25 miles \V. by S. from Portsmouth, 25 S. E. from Concord, 13 W. by N. fi'om Exeter. Two branches of the Lamprey river, from Deer- field and Candia, unite in Ray- mond ; and the waters of two pc^hds also fall into this river as it passes throuijh tl)c town. The Patuckaway, from Nottingham, crosses the N. E. corner into Epping. The soil is various: that of the meadows bord- ering on the river is productive. In the N. part of the town, about 100 ro.ls fi-om the principal road leading to Decrlield, near tlie summit of a bill about 100 feet high, is a natu- ral excavation in a ledge, called the Oven, from the appearance of its mouth. It is a regular arch about 5 feet high and of the same width, extending into the hill about 15 feet, and terminating in a number of fissures. Raymond was originally that part of Chester call- ed C'harnii ng-farc. It was incor- porated in 1763, by its present name. The names of 24 inliabi- tant-i of Raymond are found enroll- ed among tlie soldiers of the revo- lution, beside numbci-s of the mili- tia engaged for short periods. Four were killed or died in ^^vic'e. Hon. Jou.v Dudley, a distinguish- ed patriot of the revolution, mem- ber of the coiumiltee of safety, speaker of the house, and judge of the superior court, (!i. 1 here May 21, 1S05, aged 80. Population, in 1S30, 1,000. Rayuham, Mass. Bristol CO. This town lies on Taunton river, and was taken from Taunton in 1731. Population, 1837, 1,379. It is 30 miles S. from Bos- ton, 3 N. E. from Taunton, and 24 E. fi-om Providence. There are a number of large ponds in this town producing a good water power, and to which vast quantities of herring (alewives) resort. On the banks of one of these ponds, the celebrated King Philip had a hunting house. The tirst forge in America was erected in this town, by James and Henry Leonard, in l(j52. The house of the Leonards, an old Gothic build- ing, is now standing, and owned by the 7th generation. The manufactures of Raynhara consist of bar iron, nails, iron cast- ings, anchors, shovels, forks, cof- fee mills, and straw bonnets : total value the year ending April 1,1S37, $360,G50 ; of which $300,000 was for nails. Readllcld, 3Ie. Kennebec co. This is an excel- lent township of land, and finely watered by ponds and small streams. The people arc generally industri- ous farmers, who find the cultiva- tion of the earth the best source of independence. Readlield is a very pleasant town, and its vicinity to the Kennebec gives it many advan- tages. It lies 11 miles W. from Augusta. Population, 1837, 2,019. Wheat crop, same year, 6,391 bush- els. Reading, Vt. Windsor co. First settled, 1772. This is an elevated township, uneven and mountainous. Several small streams rise here and pass to the Qiieechy and Black rivers. This town alfords excellent pasturage, in which about 6,000 sheep are I;cpt. Reading lies 53 miles S. from Montpelicr, and 10 W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 1,409. Reading, Mass. Middlesex co. Reading is an ancient town, 13 miles N. from Boston, 10 W. from Salem, and 17 N. E. from Concord. The surface of the town is une- ven, but the soil is generally of a good quality. The village is picas- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEPw ant and nouiisliing. During tlic year ending ApriTl, 1837, the val- ue of §184,583 of boots and shoes were made in Reading, and ^31,360 of chairs and cal)inet ware. First settled, 1640. Po'Julation, 1S37, 2,144. Reading, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was in- corporated in 1707, and derived its name from Col. John Read, one of its first settlers. The soil of the town is good, but the surface is rough and hilly. The businejjs of the people is chiefly agricultural, who live scattered about on their farms. Considerable attention is paid in Reading to (he growing of wool. It lies io miles N. W. from Bridgeport, 60 S. V.'. from Hart- ford, and 9 S. from l/.inbury. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,686. It is watered hy Saugatuck and Norwalk rivers. Joel Barlow, LL. D., was born in this town, 1755. He died in Poland, 1312. America has pi-oduced few men, more justly deserving of immortal- ity than Barlow ; and none, it is be- lieved, who have made their title to it more sure. He lived in an eventful period, and acted a con- spicuous part in both hemispheres ; and as a poet, a man of science, a politician, a philoropher and a phi- lanthropist, his name will long be revered by the friends of civil liber- ty, and of science, throughout the civilized world. Red HUl, N. H. See Moultonborough. Readsborougli, Vt. Bennington co. A mountainous township, at the S. E. coi'ner of the county, watered by Deerfield river, 12 miles S. E. from Bennington, and IS W. by S. from Brattle bo- rough. Much of the land in the town is too elevated to admit of cul- tivation. Population, 1830, 662. ReSio^otU, Mass. Bristol CO. This town was first settled in 1643, by the Rev. Samu- el Newman and others from Wey- mouth. Rehoboth formerly com- prised the towns of Seekonk and Pawtucket. This ancient town suf- fered greatly by Indian depreda- tions. The surface of the town is pleasant, and the soil generally good for tillage. Its manufactures consist of cotton goods, leather, shoes, cutlery, ploughs, straw bon- nets, carpenters' and joiner,-t' tools, wagons, ox yokes, bobbins, cotton batting, wooden ware, &c. : annual value, about ,';t60,000. Rehoboth is watered by Palmer's river. It lies 40 miles S. by W. from Boston, 10 S. W. from Taunton, and 7 E. from*wovidence, R.I. Popula- tion, 1837, 2,202. Its Indian name was Saconet. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ". 1 '>v \ I v|/ ./.) -^ RHODE ISLAND. The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was settled by Roger Williams in 1636, a man remarkable for his benevolence, justice, and pacific policy. It derived its name from that of a beautiful island at the mouth of Narraganset bay. Its government commenced under the charter of Charles II., in 1663, which charter is the present Constitution of the State. It became a member of the Union May 29th, 1790. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Represen- tatives. The number of Senators cannot be more nor less than 10,_ 2 from each county, and are (TTOsen annually by the people on the 3d Wed- nesday in April. The Representatives are in number 72. No town has less than 2, and but 4 towns have more than 2, viz. — Newport 6, Prov- idence 4, Portsmouth 4, and Warwick 4 : the number for each town hav- ing been determined by law without reference to the present ratio of population. They are elected semi-annually by the people, on the 3d Wednesday of April, and last Tuesday of August. The Legislature meet at Newport on the 1st Wednesday of May, and at Providence and South Kingston, alternately, on the last Monday of October annually. The executive power is vested in a Governor and Lieut. Governor,, elected annually by the people on the 3d Wednesday of ApriL Theif official term commences on the Ist Wednesday in May 30 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Snccession of Governors. Nicholas Cooke, 1776—1778. William Greene, 1778—1786. John Collins, 1786— 17S9. Arthur Fenner, 1789—1805. Henry Smith, (Act. Gov.) 1805. Isaac Wilborn, (Lieut. Gov.) 1808. James Fenner, 1807— 1811. William Jones, 1811-1817. Nehemiah R. Knight, 1817—1821. William C. Gibbs, 1821—1824. James Fenner,' 1824— 1831. Lemuel H. Arnold, 1831—1833. John Brovrn Francis, 1833— The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Judicial Court and Court of Coinmon Pleas. The Judges of all the Courts, Sheriffs, Notaries, Justices of the Peace, and Clerks of the Courts are chosen annually by the Legislature in Grand Committee. In all the towns (except Providence) the town coun- cils are, ex officio. Courts of Probate, and the town Clerks, Registers of Deeds and Probate. The Municipal Court in the city of Providence ex- ercise probate jurisdiction, and the Clerk, is Register of Probate. The city Clerk is Register of Deeds. This state annually appropriates $10,000, to he divided among the towns for the support of free schools. Rhode Island comprises five counties : Providence, Newport, Bristol, Kent and Washington. It is bounded N. and E. by the state of Massa chusetts, S. by the AtlanHc ocean, and W. by the state of Connecticut- It lies between 41° and 42^ N. lat., and between 71° and 72° W. long, and comprises an area of 1350 square miles. Population, 1753, 40,414 1774,59,678; 1790,68,825; 1800, 69,122; 1810,75,188; 1320,83,059; 1830,97,196. Population to square a mile, 71. The natural features of this state are somewhat peculiar. About a tenth part of it is water, and of the residue of land a considerable portion is island territory. The interior of the stat^n^'ith the exception of the in- tervales along the streams, is generally rough and hilly. The most considerable eminences are Mount Hope, in Bristol, Hop- kins' Hill, in West Greenwich, and Woonsocket Kill, in Smithfield. There are also some hills of considerable elevation in. Exeter. Rhode Island, and most of the other islands in Narraganset bay, disclose a geological structure, of the transition character, and present a surface generally undulating, and often highly picturesque and beautiful. The mineral treasures of the State have not been explored : but so far as they arp known, they are not extensive or valuable. Iron ore is the most important mineral. Mineral coal is found upon Rhode Island. Limestone abounds in the northeastern section of the state ; and in these calcareous strata there are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpen- NEW EXGLAND GAZETTEER. tine marble is also found, and there are in various places extensive quar- ries of freestone. The navigable waters of Rhode Islaiul are abundant, and mill streams are found in every section of the continental part of the state. Rhode Island claiars a conspicuous rank for its enterprise in foreign commerce, domestic trade, and the fishery. The tonnage of the state in 1837, was 45,651 tons. During the war with the Indian Sachem, Philip, and the war of the revolution, Rhode Island was always found at its post. In these wars her soldiers were conspicuous for bravery ; among whom were found some of the most distinguished ofliccrs of the age. The lise and progress of this state to wealth and reputation is very interesting. It is the smallest republican state in the world, and the most important manufacturing district of its size in America. An impartial history of Rhode Island wiU soon be published by one of its distinguished sons : — ■ that history will contain a merited eulogium on the character of its people Rhode Island is celebrated for its mild and salubrious climate, which is thought peculiarly favorable to female beauty. See Begister. Ricliford, Vt. Franklin CO. This is a mountain- ous townihip at the N. E. corner of the county, on the line of Cana- da, and watered by Missisque river and its branches. It lies 50 miles I<. by W. from ]Monfpelier, and '2i N. v.. from St. Albans. There is some good land along th^ river; and the upland, tliough rough, af- fords good grazing. Population, 18.30, 704. " First settled, about 1790. RicUnioud, Me. Lincoln ro. Within these limits, on the west bank of Kennebec river, stood an ancient fortress called Rich- mond ; hence the name of the town. It lies between Bowdoinham and Gardiner, and i'i the site of some ship buildins and navigation. The town ba< mill pri'.ilcaes on a stream which empties into Morrymccling bay : its soil is productive, and its location pleasant. Richmond lies 15 miles S. fiom Augusta and 15 N. from Topsham. Incorporated, IS 2.3. Population, 1837, 1,52(), Wheat crop, same year, 1,65<> bushels. Rictimond, N. II. Cheshire co. ' This town is 72 miles S. from Keenc, and 70 S. W. from Concord. It is watered by branches of Ashuelot and Miller's rivers, which fall into the Connec- ticut. The ponds are three in num- ber, one of which is one of the sour- ces of Miller's rivei'. The soil hero is favorable for yielding rye, wheat, Indian corn, and most of the pro- ductions found in this section of New England. The land is gen- erally level. There are no remark- able clcvation«. Richmond was granted in 1752, and was settled within 5 or fi years afterwards, by people from Massachusetts and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Rhode Island. Population, in 1S30, 1,301. Ridimond, Vt. Chittenden co. Richmond is 24 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 13 S. E. from Burlington. Popula- tion, 1830,1,109. First settled, 1784. The town is tinely watered by On- ion and Huntington rivers, on the banks of which are good mill seats and large tracts of beautiful mead- ow. The village is neat, and the centre of considerable travel. The several religious denominations uni- ted here in building a curious look- ing meeting house ; it has sixteen sides. This is a healthy place, and noted for the longevity of its inhab- itants. Riclunond, Itlass. Berkshire co. This town is situ- ated in a deep valley of excellent soil, surrounded by elevated lands, and watered by Williams' river. This is an excellent farming town ; the farmers' houses, extending some miles on one street, are neatly built and make a beautiful appearance. Iron ore of a good quality is found here in abundance, also marble and lime. The manufactures of the town consist of pig iron, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, leather, boots and shoes. Annual value, about $.50,000. In 1836, there were 4,833 merino sheep in Richmond. They produced 14,505 pounds of wool, valued at $8,703. It lies 135 miles W. from Boston, and 5 W. from Lenox. Incorporated, 1765. Population, 1837, 820. Richinoud, R. I. Washington co. Richmond is bounded on the west by Wood river, and on the east by the river Charles. Other streams water the town, which, with the Wood and Charles give it an excellent water power. Manufacturing esfablisliiiicnts of various kinds flourish on its sti'eams, particularly those of cotton. The soil is a gravelly loam, with an un- even surface. The agricultural productions of the town are very considerable. This is an excellent townstiip for grazing; a large amount of wool and of the ])roductions of the dairy is annually transported. Richmond was incorporated in 1742. It lies 30 miles S. S. W. from Providence and is bounded E. by South Kings- ton. The Providence and Stoning- ton rail-road passes through the S. E. corner of the town. Population, in 1830, 1,363. Riagefield, Ct. Fairfield co. Ridgefield, or, as the Indians called it, Caudatowa, a word signifying high land, is bounded W. by New Salem, N. Y. anti lies 31 miles W. by N. from New Haven, and 9 S. by W. from Danbury. This township is very elevated, and commands extensive views of Long Island Sound and of the surrounding country. The soil is a strong gravelly loam, and pro- ductive of grass and grain. It is watered by Saugatuck and Norwalk I'ivers, and by a branch of the Cro- ton. Jt comprises a very handsome village, in which are manufactures of carriages, cabinet furniture, &c. Limestone is abundant. Popula- tion, 1830, 2,323. Incorporated, 1709. The celebrated hermitess, Sarah Bishop, lived on the western bor- der of Ridgefield. She lived on Long Island at the time of the Revolutionary war. Her father's house was burnt by the British, and she was cruelly treated by a Brit- ish officer. She then left society and wandered among the mountains near this part of the state : she found a kind of cave near Ridgefield, where she resided till about the time of her death, which took place in 1810. It is said that the wild an- imals were so accustomed to see her, that they were not afraid of her presence. NEtV ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The fol'owin;:; account of a vi^it to thi-; hermit'jss, is taken IVoai a Pouiilikeepn;! i»jpor. " Yoaterday Iwent fo vhit the hermitage. As you pass the soutli- erii ariii elevMiei.1 ri.Jgj of the moun- tain, unJ bci:;in to descend the south- ern steep, you meet With a perpen- dicular descent of a lock, in tlie front of which i-5 thi^cave. At the foot of tliis rock is a ge.utie descent of ricli and fertile groqnd, extend- in;! about ten roJ-J, when it instant- ly forms a frinhli'ul precipice, de- sccnJing half a' mile to the pond culled Lon;; pond. In the f.ont of the rock, on the north, wiierc the cave is, 'and level with the groin I, there -appeaiis a large frustrum of the rock, of a double fathoin in si/,:;, thrown out by so;ne unknown con- vulsion of nature, and lying in the front of the cavity from which it was rent, partly, c-nclo^ing the nloiiih, and forming a room : the rock is left entire above, and foi-ms the roof of this humble mansion. Tiiis cavily is the habitation of the herniitess, in which she has pissed tlie best of her years, exclud-cd from all society; she keeps yo ilo- mesiic animal, not even fowl, 'cat, or dog Her little plantation, con- sislin;:; of ir.ilf an acre, is cleared of its wood, and reduced to grass, where she has raised a few peach trees, and yearly plants, a few hills of beans, cucumbers, and potatoes; the whole is siii'rounded with a luxuriant grape vine, which over- spreads the surrounding wood, and i.s very productive. On the oppo- site side of this little tenement, n a fine fountain of excellent water; at this fountain we found the wonder- ful woinnn, who'.e appearance it is a little difficult to describe : indeed. like nature in its first state, she wa-; without form. Her dress appeared little else than one confused and shapeless njass of rags, patched to- gether without any order, which o'liourcd all human shape, except- ing her head, which was Clothed 33* with a luxnriancy of lank grey hair dej) "tiding on every side, as time had formed it, without any covering or ornament. When she discover- ed our approach, she exhibited the appearance of a wild and timid an- imal ; and started and hastened to her cave, which she entered, and bari-icadtjd the entrance with old shells, pulled from the decayed trees. \V'e ajiproached this humble habitation, and after some conver- sation with its inmate, obtained lib- erty to rejiiove the palisadoes and look in; tor we were not able fo enter, the room being only sufficient to accommodate one person. We saw no utensil, either for la!)or or cookery, save an oUl pewter basin and a gourd shell, no bed but the solid rock, unless it were a few old rags, scattered here and there; no bed clothes of any kind, not ttie least appearance of food or fire. She had, indeed, a place in one cor- nei- of her cell, where a fij'e had at •-o;Tie lime been kindled, but it did not app Mr there had been one for so.ne months. To confirm this, a genlleman says he passed her cell five or six days after the great fall of snow in the beginning of March, that she hail no lire then, and had not been out of her cave since the snow bad f.ilien. How she subsists vluring the severe season, 'is yet a mystery ; ^he says she eats hut Ut- ile flesh of any kind ; in the sum- mer she lives on berries, nuts, and i-oots. We conversed witli hei- for some time, found her to be of a sound mind, a religious turn of thought, and entirely happy in her situation; of this she has given ro- p-jated proofs by refuMUg to quit this dreary abode. She keeps a Bi- ble with her, and says she takes much satisfaction, and spent much time in reading it." RUey> Me. Oxford CO. This is a township of rough and unprofitaiile land, with few inhabitants; near to, and stiulll NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of Speckled mountain, on the line of New HaiTipsliiie. It lies 30 miles N. W. from Paris. Riiidge, N. H. Cheshire co. This town is 20 miles S. E. from Keene, 50 S. W. from Concord, and 55 Vv". N. AV. from Boston. The soil is productive, lying on swells of land for the most part inclining to the south. There are 13 ponds, the largest of which are called Manomonack, Emerson, Perley, Long, Grassy, and Bullet. The 3 first discharge their waters into Miller's river in Mass., thence communicating with the Connecti- cut; the 3 last discharge them- selves into Contoocook river, and from thence into the Merrimack. These ponds abound with fish, and were much frequented by tlie In- dians for procuring fur, &c. There is a small elevation of land in Rindge, from which the waters that issue on one side descend into the Merrimack, and those on the other side, into the Connecticut. Ii-on is found here ; also a species of paint nearly equal to the best qual- ity of Spanish brown. Rindge was originally called Rowley Canada, or Monadnock No. 1. It received its present name from one of the proprietors, when it was incorpora- ted, in 1768. The settlement com- menced, 1752, by Jonathan Stanley, George Hewitt and Abel Platts. Population, in 1830, l,2tJ9. Ripley, Me. Somerset co. A good farming town, 60 miles N. by E. from Au- gusta, and 30 N. E. from Norridge- wock. Incorporated, 1816. Pop- ulation, 183T, 555. Wheat crop, same year, 3,512 bushels. A branch of Sebasticook river passes thi'ough the town. Ripton, Vt. Addison co. This is a mountain- ous to'vnship, the surface and soil of which are too broken and cold for much cultivation. Middlebury river and the turnpike from Royal- ton to Vergennes pass through it. Ripton lies 26 miles S. Vv'. fiom Moiitpelier, and 9 E. from Middle- bury. Population, 1830, 278. Robbiuston, Mc. Washington co. This town lies on the Schoodic or St. Croix river, opposite to St. Andrews, in New Brunswick. It is 16 miles N. N. W. from Eastport, 30 N. E. from Machias and 192 E. N. E. from Au- gusta. This place enjoys great navigable privileges, and is the site of considei'able ship building, and commerce in lumber. Incoi-porated, 1811. Population, 1837, 702. This town was settled soon after the re- volutionary war. The first mail came to this place in 179G. A mail stage now arrives three times a week, and crosses the river to New Brunswick. Robbinston was nam- ed in compliment to the Hon. Ed- ward H. Robbins, formerly Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts, and for many years speaker of the House of Repicseutatives of that state, Rocliester, 9f. H., One of the county towns of Straf- ford CO., is 10 miles N. W. from Dover, 22 N. W. from Portsmouth, 34 E. from Concord. Besides Sal- mon fall river, which divides this town fiom Bei-wick and Lebanon, io the state of Maine, the Coche- co river runs the whole length of the town, and nearly in the middle, and the Isinglass river ciosses the southerly corner of the town just before its junction with Cocheco river, at a place called Blind Will's Neck. Both Salmon fall and Co- checo rivers afford valuable mill- seats; on the latter of which, near the centre of the town, stands the principal village, called JVorway Plains. It is a place of consider- able trade, and a great thorough- fare from the upper towns in the county to Dover and Portsmouth, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. There is another village ahout 2 miles S. W.from this, called Squam- anagontiick, the Indian name of the tails in the Cocheco at that place. Much of the soil in Roch- ester is good ; the surface is uneven, with several swells, the principal of which is Squamanagonnick hill, which constitutes a considerable part of several valuable farms. In the W. part of the town, is a large tract of oak land, which is hard and stony ; has a deep rich soil, and is very productive when well cultiva- ted. The town was incorporated, in 1722. The lirst permanent set- tlement was made in 172,8. Until Canada was taken by the British and American troops in 1760, it re- mained a frontier town ; the peo- ple were poor and distressed, but not discouraged. Their men were bold, hardy and industrious ; and their sons were trained to the use of arms. They early became a ter- ror to their foes. In 174S, the wife of Jonathan Hodgdon was killed on a Sunday morning by the Indians, on refusing to be taken to Canada •with the party. Her husband mar- ried again, had 21 children in all, and died in 1815, aged 90 years. In the revolutionary war, many of the inhabitants bore a part. Captains David Place and John Brewster led companies to Ticonderoga, and suf- fered much in their retreat from that place in 1777. Of the soldiers from Rochester, 29 were killed or died in that contest. Pop. 1830, 2, 155. Rochester, Vt. Windsor co. Rochester lies 30 miles S. S. W. from Montpclier, 37 N. W. from Windsor, and 20 S. E. from Middlebury. It is watered by White river, which supplies it with mill seats. A large partof the surface of the township is broken and moun- tainous, but it contains much cood land for grazing and some tracts of excellent meadow. It has a pleasant village with some trade. In 1837, tUere were 9,000 sheep in the town. 1783. Population, First settled, 1830, 1,392. Rocbester, Mass. Plymouth co. A large maritime town on Buzzard's bay, 9 miles E. from New Bedford, and 48 S. S. E. from Boston. Incorporated, 1686. Population, 1S37, 3,570. The lace of the town is uneven and the soil light. Mattcpoiset and Sipican riv- ers, rising in large ponds in the town, empty into the bay and form good harbors. The manufactures of Rochester consist of vessels, salt, bar iron, boots, shoes, &c. ; value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $101,811. During that period there were 9 vessels engaged in (he whale fishery, and brought into port 116,- 928 gallons of oil, valued at ,$71, 658. A number of merchant ves- sels belongto this place, and numer- ous coasting and fishing vessels. Rockiiigliaiu County, N. H. Portsmouth and Exeter are the chief towns. The county of Rock- ingham is bounded N. and N. E. by SlrafTbrd county; E. by the At- lantic, from the mouth of Piscata- qua river to the line of Massachu- setts; W. b)' the counties of Mer- rimack and Hillsborough. Its great- est length is about 34 miles; its greatest breadth, from the west cor- ner of Chester to the extremity of Rye, is about 30 miles. It compri- ses an area of 695 square miles. There are no remarkable elevations in this county ; the suiface, how- ever, is uneven, and in the north part, from the higher eminences, there are some very fine views of the surrounding country. The highest point is Saddleback moun- tain, in North wood and Deerfield. The rivers are the Lamprey, E.xe- ter, Beaver, and Spiggot, which water the east and southeast parts of the county. Great Bay, be- tween Newington and New Mark- et, and connecting with the Piscat- aqua, is the largest collection of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. water. Massabesick pond or lake is principally in Chester, and is picturesque from its numerous isl- ands and the surroumling eleva- tions. The other principal ponds are Islandy, in Hainsptead, Coun- try, in Kingston, and Pleasant in Deerfield. The soil of this county having been longer cultivated than that oi' any other county in the state, is very ^productive ; and agricultural pursuits have been very success- ful. In 1837, there were 23,333 sheep in the county. The popula- tion, in 1S20, was 40,526; and in in 1830, 44,552. Population to a square mile, 64. liockiiigliant; Vt. Windham co. This town is beau- tifully situated on the west side of Connecticut river, and at the cele- brated " Bellows Fall';," noted un- der If^a/j9o/e N. H. The water pow- er afforded by these falls, with that of Williams and Saxton's rivers, which pass through the town, are of vast extent ; it cannot fail of be- coming exceedingly useful, and of rendering this town and vicinity the site of immense manufacturing operations. Large and expensive manufacturing establishments have recently been commenced ; an ac- count of which may be expected in the Register. This place lies on a navigable river, 65 miles above Northaiiipton, and 85 above Springlickl, Mass., Ill above Hartford, Ct., and 23 be- low Windsor, Vt. It is 85 miles S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. E. from Newfane. First settled in 1753. Population, 1S30, 2,272. The surface of the town is une- ven ; but the soil is generally strong, warm and productive. Its agricultural products are consider- able : in 1837, it pastured 12,600 sheep. The location of Rockingham renders it a mart of much interi- or trade, and has caused the erec- ' tion of a number of pleasant ^ "Ha- gcs. The scenery around the lulls, in Rockingham, is of a .«ublime character, and perhaps no scclioa of New England possesses a great- er variety of minerals than are found in tins vicinity. Roiiic, Me. Franklin co. This is a beautiful farming town, watered by several large ponds. If lies 19 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 13 E. S. E. from Farmington. It contains a pleasant and tloai'ishing village. Incorporated in 1S04. Population, 1837, 1,074. Vv'heat crop, same year, 4,177 bushels. Rowe, Mass. Franklin co. This town con- tains the site of old fort Pelham, erected in 1744. The towu-^hip is elevated, and in some parts luoun- tainous, but the soil is adapUul for grazing. Considerable wool is pro- duced ; and there are manuf.icJiires in the town of woolen goods, boots, shoes, leather, and wooden ware. Rowe is the source of a branch of Deerfield river, and lies 130 miles N. W. from Boston, and 22 W. by N. from Greenfield. Incor- porated, 1785. Population, 1837, 688. Rowley, Mass. Essex CO. This town was first set- tled by a party of industrious and pi- ous persons from Yorkshire, Eng. in 1039. They erected the lir-^t full- ing mill in New England, and n,an- uCacfui-ed the first cloth in North America. There are a gieat vari- ety of soils in the town ; a large part is salt meadow, and the resi- due is fertile and productive. It comprises a part of Plum island, and large tracts of wood land. It is watered by Rowley river, which rises from several ponds in Bosford. This river affoids a water power, and before its junction with Plum Island Sound, forms a harbor for NEW FNGLAND GAZETTEER. vessels of moderate draught of wa- ter, and in wliich many vessels have been built. Ancient Rowley was divided in 183S : its western part was de- tached and incorporated by the name of Georgetown. Since this division Rowley possesses but lit- tle manufacturing interest, but a valuable agricultural one, to which its inhabitants are principally devo- ted. This ancient town is very pleas- ant, and has been the birth place of many learned men. It lies 30 miles N. from Boston, 16 N. by W. from Salem, and 25 E. N. E. from Lowell. Population, 1838, about 1,000. Roxbury, Me. Oxford CO. The surface of this town is elevated, and well timber- ed, with some good soil. Roxbury is watered by a branch of Andros- coggin river. It lies 30 miles N. from Paris, and is bounded S. by Rumford. Incorporated, 1835. — Population, 1837, 182. Roxbury, IV. M., Cheshire CO., is 5 miles E. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. The N. branch of Ashuelot river forms the boundary between this town and Keene. Roaring Brook, on which are several small meadows, waters the S. part, and empties in- to the Ashuelot at the S. W. cor- ner. On the E. side of the town- ship is a pond, called Roaring Hi-ook pond, at the outlet of which are mills. Roxbury presents a rough and uneven surface, rising into consid- erable swells, affording excellent grazing land. This town was formed of a part of Nelson, Marlborough and Keene, and incorporated in 1812. Popula- tion, 1830, 322. Roxbury, Vt. Washington co. This town is elevated between the waters of Onion and White rivei's. It lies 15 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. First settled, 1789. Population, 1830, 737. Roxbury, Mass. Norfolk CO. This town is joined to Boston by a neck of land, over which are bioad and pleasant ave- nues. Between the centre of each town is about 3 miles. The surface is rocky and uneven, with a strong soil in a high state of cultivation. It displays a great degree of agricul- tural taste and skill, and abounds in country seats and pleasure grounds. That part of this town bordering on Jamaica pond, 4 miles S. W. from Boston, is exceedingly pleasant. This town and Boston were incor- porated the same year, (1630;) and nothing but municipal regulations divide their interests and feelings. Population, 1810, 3,669; 1820, 4,135; 1830,5,247; 1837,7,493. The first hourly coach from Bos- ton commenced running to this town in 1827. There are now a large number continually running be- tween the two places, and not less than 250,000 persons pass annually. Since that time, others of a similar kind have been established to Chai-lestown, Cambiich^e, Dorches- • ter, &c., and tend greatly to pro- mote the public convenience. The manufactures of Roxbury consist of leather, nails, hats, chairs, cabinet ware, pig iron, spirits, &c.: annual value, about $300,000. The Rev. John Eliot, the just- ly celebrated " Apostle of the In- dians," was settled in Roxbury in 1632. Mr. Eliot imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, and liis heart was touched with the wretched condition of the Indians. He learn- ed their language, and translated the scriptures into it. This would seem the business of a life, when the sense of the simple e7{pression, " Kneeling down to him," is con- veyed in the Indian language NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. by WutappessttiikqussitnnooweJi- tunkquoh, a word that would puz- zle a Demosthenes to pronounce, without an extra pebble stone in his mouth. Mr. Eliot was remarkable for his. indefatigable labors and charities; he endured hardship as a good soldier of Jesus Chi-ist, and went to his reward in 1690, aged 86. This was the 1)irth place and residence of the patriot Joseph Warren". Dr. Warren was born in 1740. He graduated at Harvard college in 1759. He was an ardent lover of his country, and sensibly felt the weight of her oppressions. Four days previous to the battle of " Bunker Hill," he received a commission in the army of Major General. He was within the en- trenchment, and was slain on that hallowed spot, just at the com- mencement of the retreat. Dr. Warren was an able statesman, an eloquent orator, a man of uncom- promising integrity and undaunt- ed bravery. General Warren was the lirst officer of ranlc that fell in that glorious contest for liberty. His death shed a gloom throughout the country : he was exceedingly beloved for the mildness and affa- bility of hi^ deportment, and for the virtues of his private lii'e. Roxljury, Ct. Litchfield co. Roxbury was tak- en from Woodbury and incorpora- ted in 1801. It lies 32 miles N. W. from New Haven, 46 W. S. W. from Hartford, and 15 S. by W. from Litchfield. Population, 1830,1,122. The town is diversified with hills and vales. The soil is a gravelly loam, interspersed with some small tracts of sandy loam. It is water- ed by the Shepaug, a branch of the Housatonick. In digging for sil- ver, a species of iron ore, called steel ore, was discovered. Royalston, Slass. Worcester co. Royalston is a pleasant town, and is well watered by Miller's river, a beautiful niill stream. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil is generally rich and productive. There are two woolen mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, chairs, cabinet ware, palm-leaf hats and mats, wooden ware, &.c. First settled, 1762. Incorporated, 17C5. It lies 70 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 38 N. W. from Wor- cester. Population, 1S37, 1,629. Royalton, Vt. Windsor co. The surface of this town is somewhat rough and moun- tainous, but the soil is good, partic- ularly en the banks of White river, by which it is watered. This town was first settled in 1771, and for many years endured great suffering from Indian hostili- ty. This is an excellent township for grazing, and its agricultural products are considerable. It has a pleasant village and an academy. Royalton is 30 miles S. fi'om Monlpelier, and 25 N. N. W. from V.indsor. Population, in 1S30, 1,893. Kiinifoi-cl, Me. Oxford CO. Rumford is a to%vn- ship of valuable land, 51 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 20 N. by W. from Paiis. It lies on the northwestern bank of the Andros- coggin, and enjoys a great water power. Mills of vai-ious kinds are already erected, and manufactures on a large sx;ale are contemplated. White Cap mountain, rising 500 feet above the level of the suriound- ing country, and Glass-face, about 400 feet, pi'escnt beautiful views from their summits. Population, 1837, 1,382. Wheat crop, same year, 4,385 bushels. Incorporated, 1800. Riunney, N. H. Grafton co. Rumncy is 8 miles N. N. Vv . from Plymouth, 47 N. by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. W. from Concord. It is watered l,y Baker's river, of which a cou- ».,ijrable branch flows from Stin- son's pond, and is called Slinson's brook. The pond is 400 rods long and 230 rods wide. Part of Loon pond is on the E. line of this town. The principal elevations are San- son's and Webber's mountains in tlie E. part, and a small part of Carr's mountain, which here ob- tains tlie name of Rattlesna;:e mountain, on its N. W. border, liumney was granted in 1767, and was tirst settled in 1765. It was in this town, on the 2Sth of April, 1752, that the late General Stark, while on a hunting expedition, was captured by a party of 10 Indians, commanded by Francis Titigaw. He was in company with Amos Eastman of Concord, David Stinson of Londonderry, and his brother William. Stinson was slain. Pop- ulation, in 1830, 993. Rupert, Vt. Bennington co. A part of this township is mountainous, but the soil is generally good for grazing. Rupert produces some tine cattle, and keeps about 10,000 sheep. It is watered by Pawlet river, and a branch of the Battenkill, on which streams, are mills of various kinds. Rupert is 78 miles S. W. from Mont- pclier, and 23 N. from Bennington. Popuiation, 1830, 1,313. Russell, Mass. Hampden co. Westfield river waters this town, and affords it good mill privileges. There is a cotton mill in the town and other manufac- tures. Riii:-cll lies 100 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 14 W. by N. from Springfield. Incorporated, 1792. Population, 1337, 475. Rutland County, Vt. iiu^/ffn(Z, chief town. This coun- ty is bounded N. by Addison coun- ty, E. by Windsor county, S. by Benuington county, and W. by the state of New York. Incorporated, 1781. Population, 1820, 29,9S3; 1330, 31,294. This county contains an area of 958 square miU-.s. In- habitants to a square mile, 3.J. The principal streams are Otter Crook, Black, White, Queechy and Paw- let rivei's. There is some fine land in this county along Otter Creek, but a large portion of it is elevated, and some parts mountainous. The soil, however, is generally warm and well suited for grazing. Ma- ny cattle are annually taken to market, and in 1837, there wete 180,984 sheep in Rutland county. Excellent iron ore is found at the base of the mountains, and a ranrje of marblo quarries extends the whole length of the county from north to south. This marlilc is of a line quality : much of it is wrought and transported. Rutland, Vt. Chief town, Rutland co. This town was settled about the year 1770, and for some time during the revolutionary war was a frontier town. The Green mountain boys erected here two small picket forts, which were found very useful. The soil of the town is various, but gen- erally of an excellent qualitj\ Iron ore of a good quality is found ; clay, lime, and a great abundance of beau- tifullj' variegated marble. The village of Rutland is neat, well built and handsomely located: it is the centre of trade for a large section of fertile co\intry. The ag- ricultural productions of Rutland are large and valuable : — in 1837, there were within its limits 20,981 sheep. Otter Creek and its tril)u- tarics give the town a good water power, and manufacturing estab- lishments arc springin* up along their banks. Rutland lies 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 52 N. by E. from Bennington, 60 S. S. E. from Burlington, and 34 W. N. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, 2,753. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Rutland, Mass. Worcester co. Rutland was for- merly twelve miles square, and was sold by the Indians, in 1686, lor £23 lawful money. It was first settled about the year 1720, and incorporated, in 1722. It lies 51 miles W. by N. from Boston and 12 N. W. fioin Worcester. A branch of Ware i-iver waters the town, and gives it mill privileges. The man- ufactures consist of woolen goods, leather, boots, shoes, chairs, cabi- net and wooden wares ; annual val- ue about $50,000. Rutland is a very pleasant town, of good soil and well cultivated. Its exports of beef, butter and cheese are consid- erable. It contains some fine fish ponds. Population, 1837, 1,205. Rye, N. H., Rockingham co., is pleasantly sit- uated on the sea coast, 6 1-2 miles S. from Portsmouth. It was orig- inally taken from Portsmouth, Greenland, Hampton and New Castle, chiefly the latter; and though it began to be settled as early as the year 1635, it was not incorporated till 1719. The sea coast here is about 6 miles in extent, being nearly one third of the coast in the state. On the shore, there are three consider- able and very pleasant beaches, viz. Sandy, Jenness' and Wallis', to which many persons resort in the summer season from neighboring towns and the country, both for health and for pleasure. There is here a small harbor, near Goss' mill, into which vessels of 70 or 80 tons burden may conveniently enter, at high water. The boat fishery is carried on to considerable advan- tage, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. There was former- ly a large fresh water pond, lying contiguous to the sand bank or bounds of the sea, covering a sur- face of about 300 acres. Between this and the sea, a communication was opened by the inhabitants about a century since. The waters were discharged into the sea, leaving a tract of marsh, which, being wa- tered by the regular flowing of the tide, yields annually large quanti- ties of salt hay. Breakfast Hill, between this town and Greenland, is distinguished as the place where a party of Indians were surprised at breakfast, at the time of their in- cui-sion in 1696. There are small circular holes in the rocks of which this hill is principally composed, supposed to have been made use of by the natives. This town has suf- fered considerably in times of war and danger. In the Amei-ican or revolutionary war, 38 of its inhabi- tants lost their lives, by sea oi- land ; most of them young men. Popu- lation, in 1830, 1,172. Ryegate, Vt. Caledonia co. This town is situ- ated on the west bank of Connec- ticut river, opposite to D-ath, N. H. It is 33 miles E. by S. from Mont- pelier, and 14 S. by E. from Dan- ville. Ryegate is watered by Wells rivei', some smaller streams and sev- eral ponds. There is not much in- tervale land on the river, in the town, but the soil is generally rich and very productive of all kinds of vegetables and grain ; but more par- ticularly of grass. About 3,000 sheep are kept, and the pioducts of the soil, ann>;ally transported to market, are very considerable. This town was first settled by emi£;rants from Scotland, in the year 1774. A lai-ge part of the present population of Ryegate are of Scotch descent, and are said to follow, in a great degree, the peculiar habits, in regard to di- et, which Scotchmen are accustom- ed to in their own country. They annually prepare large quantities of oat meal for cakes, and lay in a good stock of hulled barley for broths, soups and puddings. The people of Ryegate are generally frugal and industrious ; good fai-mers, and good livers. They manufac- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ture their own apparel and some for their neighbors. Popuhilion, lt)3(), 1,119. Sachem's Head, Ct. See Guilford. ^aco River, Is one of the lai-gcst in New England ; yet being much broken in its course by falls, is not naviga- ble to any considerable extent. It springs from three sources in the While mountains; the branch is- suing; from the southwest side of the mountains, near the Notch, is considered the main stream ; ne.xt to this is (he middle branch, which is the .smallest; and beyond is the branch called Ellis's river, which rises on the northeast side of the mountains, and after a course of about eighteen miles, unites with the main branch in the town of Bartlelt. Cutler's and New rivers are mountain torrents that discharge into the Ellis. The Ammonoosuck, a branch of (he Connecticut, rises within about two rods of the Saco, flowing in an opposite direction. The whole length of Saco river is es(iina(ed to be 160 miles; running in its general course S. S. E., and dischaj-ffing into the sea in N. lati- tude 4.3^ 31', W. longitude 70° 26'. The principal falls are, the Great Ealls, at Hiram, where the water descends 72 feet; Steep Falls, at Limington, 20 feet ; Salmon Falls, at Ilollis and Uuxlon, .30 feet ; ami Saco Falls, 42 feet. The latter are about 4 miles from the mou(h of the river. The ordinary rise of the water, in the spring, is from 10 to 15 feel, hut in great freshets it has been known greatly to ex- ceed that nunibtr. A long storm which occurred in October, 1783, raised the river to an immense height, sweeping away mills and bridges, and inundating houses (ha( stood in its vicinity. In 1S14, there was the greatest freshet known since that of 1785. At such sea- 31 sons the appearance of Saco Falls is truly sublime. Saco, Me. York CO. Saco is situated on the cast side of the river of that name. It is 71 miles S. S. \V . from Au- gusta, 1.5 S. W. from Portland, and 29N.E. from York. Saco is a port of entry, a place of some ship building, and commands a flourishing trade. Population, 1S30, 8,219; 1S37, 4,229. Saco enjoys the rare privilege of possessing a great hydraulic pow- er united with navigable accommo- dations. The Saco river termin- ates its fantastic course at this place, by leaping, within a short distance, 42 feet, and mingling w^ith the ocean. This water power is very valuable, and cannot tail of becom- ing the site of large manufacturing operations. From the mouth of the river a line beach extends to the east about 5 miles, called Old Oi-chard beach. This name arose from a growth of apple trees formerly near the beach, planted at a very early period ; some of them remained as late as 1770. Another beach of less ex- tent, but not inferior in other re- spects, is found at the Pool, con- necting Fletcher's Neck with the main, and forming the south shore of that peninsula. Its distance from the Falls is about 9 miles. The small streams by which dif- ferent parts of Saco are watered, generally derive their origin from an immense bog, commonly called the Heath, and flow into (he river and sea. On one of these, Fox- well's brook, there is a fine water- fall, with a descent of about sixty feet, surrounded by scenery of a wild and striking character. The lumber trade has long been the principal branch of business on Saco river. In early times, the mills were siipplied with logs from the forests in the vicinity of the Falls : in the former part of the last NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. century, they were procured at the distance of a few rniles above the mills. In the winter of 1772, it is said, a few persons for the tirst time ascended the river as far as Frye- burg-, in quest of timber, and fiiid- ing an abundance, turned the at- tention of milimen to that region for their future supplies. After the war the number of mills was increaseil. Before the year 1800, seventeen saws were in operation about the Falls. There were oth- ers on the small streams in different parts of Saco and Biddeford. The quantity of boards sawed per day, (24 hours) has been estimated at fifty thousand feet. There is considerable navigation owned at Saco, employed in foreign and domestic commerce and the fishery. The tonnage of the dis- trict, in 1837, was 3,6(56 tons. There are at present a lai-gc cot- ton mill, a i-olling mill, a nail facto- ry, and numerous saw mills; but a great portion of the water power remains unimproved. The village of Saco contains ma- ny handsome buildings, and the scenery around it is romantic and beautiful. Saco and Biddeford were former- ly united. The former was first settled in 1631, the latter in 1630. We nrake a few extracts from Mr. Folsom's valuable history of those towns, as they contain some inter- esting information in relation to the first settlement of this part of New England. " The unfortunate termination of Sir Walter Raleigh's attempts to colonize Virginia during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, had effectual- ly cliecked the spirit of enterprise in England in relation to the settle- ment of America. The discove- ries of Go-nold and Pring, and tlie shortness of their voyages, now caused the subject to be revived, and to excite more general interest than had before existed. On the petition of a number of gentlemen, a charter was granteo by king James in the year 1606, dividing the country into two districts, call- ed North and South Virginia, and authorizing the establishment of separate colonies in each district by two distinct companies. A right of property in the land fifty miles on each side of their first plantations, and extending 100 miles into the in- terior, was gi-anted by this patent. The first or Southern colony were allowed to settle any part of the country within the degrees of 34 and 41 north latitude ; the second, consisting chiefly of persons resi- dent at Plymouth and other towns in the west of England, and thence denominated the Plymouth Com- pany, were allowed to choose a place of settlement between 33 and 4.5 degrees north latitude. As a considerable portion of the territo- ly thus allotted was common to the two districts, a provision was added, that the colony last planted should not approach within one hundred miles of that already established. " The next year colonies were sent out by the two companies. One was fixed at Jamestown, of which Gosnold ' was the prime mover,' and Capt. Smith an active member; the other was established at Sagadahock, or the mouth of the Kennebec, led by Captains George Pophain, brother to the Chief Jus- tice, and Raleigh Gilbert. This colony consisted of lOS men ; — whether accompanied by their fam- ilies, we are not informed. They arrived on the coast near the island of Monheagan, a few leagues east of the Kennebec, in the month of August, and soon after entered the mouth of that river, where, on the eastern side, on an island now form- ing a part of Georgetown, they commenced preparations for a per- manent settlement without delay. Monheagan was agreed upon as a place of rendezvous for the ships before leaving England, and al- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. though we arc not directly told that the destination of the colony was determined before their arrival, there is no doubt of the fact. The great patron of the enterprise, Chief Justice Pojjhain, obtained an accu- rate survey of the coa^t the year before, and doubtless selected the mouth of that " fair and navi2,able river," as the Kennebec is styled by Smith, as a favorable location for the seat of the colony. " The lateness of the season scarcely allowed the colonists time to erect a fort and the necessary places of shelter before the ap- proach of winter, which proved excessively rigoi-ous. More than half their number returned with tlie ships to England in December, in consequence of the severity of the cold and the scantiness of their supplies. Soon after those who had remained had the misfortune to lose the greater part of their build- ings and stores by lire. Capt. Pop- ham died in the course of the win- ter, and an arrival in the spring brought news of the death of the Chief Justice. Raleigh Gilbert, who succeeded Popham as presi- dent of the Colony, was under the necessity of returning to England on account of the decease of his brother, of which intelligence was received by another arrival, and the colonists, discouraged by so ma- ny adverse circumstances, resolved to aliandon the country and return with hini. Thus in less than one year from tlie time the settlement was commenced, the northern col- ony waj broken up; the country was denounced as uninhabitable, and no further attempts were made for many years to promote its set- tlement b\- the Company to whom it was assigned by the patent of King James. " Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a con- spicuous member o( the Plymouth Company, alone remained undis- couraged. The attention of this gentleman appears to have been first turned to this part of America in the year ItjOS, when Capt. Wey- mouth arrived in the harbor of Plymouth where he resided, on his return fioin a voyage for the dis- covery of the northwest passage. I'lilliug short of his course, Wey- mouth had accidently discovered the river Penobscot, from whence he carried to England live of the natives, " three of whom," says Gorges, " I seized upon ; they were all of one nation, but of several parts and several families. This accident must be acknowledged the means under God of putting on foot and giving life to all our planta- tions." He retained these In- dians in his family three years, and obt.iined from them much informa- tion respecting their native shores: they were afterwards sent back. Goi-ges henceforth took a deep in- teiest in schemes for the settlement of North Virgil. ia, and was rather chagrined than discouraged by the retui-n of the Sagadahock colonists, and the unfavorable reports which they spread conceining the coun- tr}'. '■ He had too much experi- ence in the world," he said, " to be frighted with such a blast, as know- ing many great kin'j,;'oms and large territorii's more northerly seated and by many degrees colder, were plentifully inhabited, and divers of them stored with no better com- modities than these afforded, if like industry, art and iaiior be used." Unable, however, to persuade the company to undertake the planting of a second colony, Gorges engagecl in private enterprises to this coast, which began to be much resorted to by English ships for purposes of trade with the natives, and of fish- ing. In the year 1G16, he sent hither a party commanded by Rich- ard Vines, for the express object of exploring the country with a view to form a settlement. He con- tracted with them to remain during the winter, with the hope of remov- ing the prejudice excited by the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Sagadahock colonists against the character of the climate. "They arrived during the prev- alence of a destructive disease among the natives, which spread throughout New England, com- mencing its ravages in the west. This pestilence is noticed by all the writers on the early history of New England, with some difference of opinion as to the precise year of its occurrence. A late and highly re- spectable writer supposes it to have prevailed in different places at dif- ferent times, but a few years pre- vious to the arrival of the Plymouth pilgrims. It was regarded by those pious colonists as a special interpo- sition of divine providence in their favor, so great was the havoc it made among the tribes in that quar- ter. 'Thus,' says old Morton, 'God made way for his people by remov- ing the heathen and planting them in the land.' " Mr. Vines and his companions penetrated into the interior, visiting the Indians in their villages and ■wigwams, who received them with great kindness and hospitality. Be- side the ravages of sickness, they were at this time thrown info con- fusion by the death of the Bashaba or chief sachem, whom the Tarran- tines, living east of the Penobscot, had attacked by surprise and de- stroyed with his family the preced- ing year. Great dissensions had immediately followed among the difTerent tribes, who were engaged in a destructive war with each oth- er when the pestilence made its ap- pearance. In the midst of these evils, the Englishmen passed with safety among them, and slept in their cabins without suffering from the contagion. They were in par- ticular welcomed by the savages whom they had seen in the family of Gorges at Plymouth, and now met in their native homes. Having visited different parts of the coast, this little party prepared to estab- lish themselves for the winter. The spot which they selected for their abode, we have reason to sup- pose, was at the mouth of Saco riv- er, on the western side, near the capacious and sheltered basin now called the Pool, but in early times known as "Winter harbor. " Vines performed several voyages to our coast in the service of Gorges, and it is probable made Winter Har- bor his principal resort. Vi'hile he was occupied in exploring the country and trading with the na- tives, his men were engaged in fishing. How long he pursued this course, we are not informed, nor do we find him mentioned again until several years after his early resi- dence at Winter Harbor. " The employments of the colo- nists were chiefly agriculture, fish- ing, aiid trade with the natives. Most of them combined these pur- suits, and were styled husbandmen or planters. " The husbandmen took up tracts of 100 acres, of which they receiv- ed leases on nominal or small rents, from Mr. Vines. Some of these are now on record. An estate that had been in the possession of Thom- as Cole, including 'a mansion or dwellinghouse,' was leased by Mr. Vines to John West for the term of 1000 years, for the annual rent of two shillings and one capon, a pre- vious consideration having been paid by West. The lease which is partly in the latin language, was executed, 1638. Another deed from Vines requires (he lessee to yield and pay an acknowledgement and rent-charge of 5s., two daj-s work, and one fat goose yearly. In this manner were all the planters ren- ilered tenants to the pi-oprietor, none of them holding their estates in fee simple. Fishing was the most common occupation, as it was both easy and profitable to barter the products of this business for corn from Virginia, and other stores from England. The trade with the planters of Mas- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. sachusctts soon became considera- ble. In 1636, Mr. Vines had a consis;nment of bread and beef from that quarter. Jocelyn remarks tliat 'Winter Harbor is a notoii place for fisliers.' lie describes the mode of pursuing tliis bu-incss in the follow- ing manner: 'The fishermen take yearly on the coast many hundred quintals of cod, hake, haddock, pol- lock, &.C. and dry them at their stages, making three voyages in a year. They make merchantable and refuse lish, wliicli they sell to ]\fa.ssachusetts merchants ; the lirst for 32 ryals ($4) per quintal ; the refuse for S) and 10 shillings (^2, and 2,25.) The merchant sends the first to Lisbon, I5ilboa, Mar- seilles, Bordeaux, Toulon, and other cities of France ; to Canarie.-s, pipe- staves and clapboards; the refuse fish to the W. Indies for the ne- f;roes. To every r.liallop belong four fishermen, a master or steers- man, a miilshipman, and a shore man, who washes it out of the salt, and dries it upon huniles pitched upon stakes breast high, and fends their cookery. They often get in one voyage 8 or 9 barrels a share per man. The merchant buys of the planters beef, pork, pea'^, wheat, Indian corn, and sells it to »he fish- ermen.' "The expense of each planter to provision himself was quite small, if we may judge from an estimate furni->hed by Mr. Jocelyn for the information of proposed emigrants. A sirailar estimate bad been previ- ously made by Capt. Smith with reference to Virginia. ' Victuals to last one man a year; 8 bushels of meal, £2: two bushels of peas, fi shillings: two bushels of oatmeal, 9 shillings : one gallon of aqua vita,', (brdii'y,) 2s. 6d. : one gallon of oil, 38. 6d. : two gallons of vinegar, 2s.:' total, iJS Ss., equal to $14. " A considerable traffic was car- ried on v.'ilb the nati.es by many of the planters, some of them visi- ting remote parts of the coast, or 3i* travelling into the interior for this purpose. English and French goods were bartered for valuable furs, particularly beaver." Saddle Mountain, Mass. See .Idains. Saddleback Mountain, Mc. Franklin co. This mountain is a few miles south of Mount Abraham. It is 23 miles N. W. from Farming- ton, and about 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. Sagadaliock, Me. The ancient name of a section of country, at and east of the mouth oi Kennebec river. See Saco. St. Albans, Mc. Somerset co. This is a valuable township of land, 46 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 26 N. E. by E. from Norridgcwock. Incorpora- ted, 1S13. Population, 1830,911; 1S37, 1,393. 'i'his town contains a large and beautiful pond ; the out- let of which forms a good mill stream, a branch of Sebasticook river. There are two pleasant and flourishing villages in St. Albans. Wheat crop, 1837, 10,294 bushels St. Albans, Vt. Shire town of Franklin co. This town is bounded on the west by Champlain lake. It lies 46 miles N. W. by N. fiom Montpelier, and 2.5 N. fram Burlington. First set- tled about l!ie year 1733. Popula- tion 1S30, 2,395. The soil of this town is fertile, and under the man- agement of good fai-mers, is render- ed very productive. In 1837, there were 8,159 sheep in the towii, and liie exports of wool and other pro- ductions of the soil are large and valuable. The wafer communica- tions by the lake to New- York and Canada, render St. Albans a mart of considerable trade from the sur- rounding country. The first ves- sel from Lake Champlain, that ar- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rived at New York, by tho north- ern canal, was from, built and own- ed at St. Albans. The Village of St. Albans is beautifully situated on elevated ground, and commands a fine pros- pect. It contains many handsome buildings, and is a busy place in the manufacture of various articles. It lies three miles fi-om the lake, and twelve miles from the line of Can- ada. St. Croix River. This river forms the boundary line between the United States and the British Province of New Bruns- wick, from the ocean to Grand Lake. It is sometimes called Pas- samaquoddif, Schoodic and Che- putnetecook. This river rises in Grand Lake and passes to the ocean in a S. E. course. The dis- tances on this important river are as follows: from Eastport to Ca- lais, at the head of navigation, is 28 miles : from Calais to the mouth of Schoodic river, 21 miles, and fi'om thence to Grand Lake is 33 miles • total distance from Eastport to Grand Lake, 82 miles. There are many elevations in this river, and consequently many falls and rapids, producing a great hydraulic power. The mouth of the western branch of the St. Croix, or Schoodic river, is 166 feet above tide water, at Calais ; and the whole fall from Grand Lake to sea level is 444 feet. St. Francois River, Me. Or the Pecheenegamook, rises in ^he county of Piscataquis, on the border of Canada. It has a number -of tributaries and receives the wa- ters of several lakes. It is about 50 miles in length, and, passing nearly south falls into the river St. John, on the line of Penobscot county. St. George, Me. Lincoln co. This township is nearly surrounded by water It is bounded northerly by a neck of land adjoining Thomaston, E. by the western waters of Penobscot bay, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by the waters of Muscongus bay and St. George's river. This town pos- sesses, in an eminent degree, every navigable facility. It is a place of considerable ship building, and the people are engaged in the lumber trade, coasting and fishing. There are a number of islands on the coast of this town : a cluster of islands called St. Georges, are the most considerable. They lie off the town S. by W. about 5 miles. St. George was incorporated in 1803. Population, 1837, 1,883. It lies 57 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 10 S. from Warren. St. George River is a valuable stream, both on account of its hy- draulic power and navigable ac- commodations. It receives its most distant waters from ponds in Mont- ville, Searsmont and Belmont in the county of Waldo, and, in a southeily course, passes to Union, whei-e it receives the waters of several ponds, and meets the tide at Warren. The length of this river is about 40 miles : it is navigable to Warren, 1.5 miles from the sea. St. George, Vt. Chittenden oo. A small town bounded W. by Shelburne, 28 miles W. by N. from Montpelicr, and 8 S. E. from Burlington. First set- tled, 1784. Population, 1830, 1,35. The .surface is high and uneven: the soil is composed of loam, clay and gravel. St. John's River. See Fundy, Bay. St. Joliiisl>urjr, Vt. Caledonia eo. This pleasant and flourishing town is 35 miles N. E. from Montpelier, 57 Ni from Han- over, N. H., and 7 E. from Danville, The town was oraanized in 1790. Population, 1S30, 1,592 ; 1833, about NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 2,000. The surface is uneven, but the soil is generally strong and fer- tile. In 1837,there were 4,5 16" sheep in the town. The amount of available water power in St. Johnsbury is groat and valuable, indicating its futui-e im- portance as a site for large manu- factories. The Passu mpsic river, a considerable stream, which falls into Connecticut river at the foot of Fif- teen Mile Falls, passes through the central part of the town from north to south. Moose and Sleeper's riv- ers unite with the Passumpsic and afford a succession of excellent mill seats seldom seen so closely com- bined. On Sleeper's river is the estab- lishment of E. and I. Fairbanks, for the manufacture of their improved platform balances, on an extensive scale ; also iron works of various kinds, on the other streams. There are three handsome villa- ges in the town: that called the Plain, is on elevated grounc! and near the junction of the slixams. This town commands the trade of a considerable portion of country, and these villages, which are neatly built, enjoy an active business. Salem, Mc. Somerset co. This town is wa- tered by a branch ot Seven Mile Brook, and lies 52 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 28 N. W. fi-om Norridgewock. Incorporated, 1823. Population, 1837, 496. This is a good farming town; it produced in 1837, 4,216 bushels of wheat. ^alcm, N. II., Rockingham co., is 30 miles S. from Concord, and 40 S. W. from Portsmouth. Policy pond, partly in this town, and partly in Windham, is the largest collection of water: World's end pond and Captain pond are in the S. E. and E. parts of the town; and there are other .small ponds. The Spiggot river, passing from N. to S. through the town, re- ceives in its course numerous branches, and waters Die diflerent portions of the town, furnishing also excellent mill privileges. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface uneven. Salem was incorporated by charter, M:>y 11, 1750. Popula- tion, in 1830, 1,310. Salem, Vt. Orleans co. This is a township of level surface, and tolerable soil ; 50 miles N.N. E. from Montpelier and ION. E. f:om Irasburgh. First settled, 1798. Population, 1830, 230. Clyde river passes through the N. E. part of the town and a part of the south bay of Memphrema- gog lake lies in the N. W. corner. Salem, Mass., One of the shire towns in Essex CO. This is the oldest and largest seaport but one in old Mai^sachu- setts. Its Indian name was JM'a- uinkeag. It is 14 miles N. N. E. from Boston, and lies in lat. 42° 31' 19" N., and Ion. 70° 54' \f . Popu- lation, 18.36, 15,002. Salem is near- ly surrounded by water, being sit- uated between two inlets of the sea, called the north and south rivers. To the main, and now inhabited part of the town, is attached a peninsular portion of land, called the Neck. This was the first inhabited land, and was formerly used for fishing and other purposes. It ultimately became the pioperlj' of the town, and was, for a long time, used as .i public pasture. In 1816, when the present Alms House was built, a large portion of it was enclosed, and has .since been cultivated as the Alms House farm. The finest and most comprehensive view of Sa- lem may be had from " Gallows Hill." Its situation is low, hut pleasant and hcallhy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex is the only street which runs through the (own and is very angular and crook- ed. Federal ;;nd Biidge streets are broad, straight and regular. Ches- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. nut is esteemed the handsomest, though it is not the most public street. It has rows of elms on ei- ther side. Winter and Broad streets are the widest. The lirst pavement was made in Essex street, between Court and North streets, in 1773, and is still in use. The south church has great architectural beauty, and the north church is built of stone, with a beautiful front of the golhic order. There is a Custom House at the head of Derby wharf. Sa- lem has always been a commercial place. It has a convenient harbor and good anchorage. In point of wealth and commei-ce, it has al- ways ranked as the second town in New England. Its history is identified with that of Massachusetts, and there is much in it to interest and instruct. Its rank, the character and number of its population, its facilities for com- merce, and the advantage of being the chosen residence of many of the first and most distinguished set- tlers, made it early and seriously thought of as the Capital, instead of Boston. It was first settled in 1626, by Roger Conant, Peter Pal- fray and others, who had failed in an attempt to plant themselves at Cape Ann. In 1628, a cession of Massachusetts was made to Sir Henry Roswell and others, with a view to establish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew Cradock was President, and in 1628, John Endicott was sent over to reside at Salem as the company's agent. In the same year, the first church was formed. It has ever been remark- able for its succession of eminent, independent and useful Divines; among whom, are the Iligginsons, Skelton, Roger Williams, Hugh Pe- ters, Noyes, Fiske, Dr. Prince, &c. In 1634, the first general court met at Newton. Roger Conant was one of the first deputies from Salem. In 1643, Massachusetts was divi- ded into 4 counties; Es-;ex, Mid- dlesex, Suffolk and Norfolk. In 1614, there was a strong party to make Salem the sea* of government, but in this attempt, the deputies were defeated. In 1675, Capt. Thomas Lathrop and his company were killed by the Indians, a! Bloody Brook. He, with Ixoger Conant, had removed from Salem to Beverly, in 166S. His company were called the " Flower of Essex," and many of them were from Salem. In IfiSl, Major William Haw- thorne died. He was a leading and inlUicntial chaiacter in his time, having been speaker, assistant, judge, commissioner of the united colonies, Slc-., and having ever showed himself able, faithful, and worthy of confidence. In 16S7, William Brown gave a farm for the benefit of the schools of Salem. The Brown family wei-e ever great friends and liberal pat- rons of learning. They not only made donations to the Salem schools, but also to Harvard College for the benefit of poor scholars. In l!i92, the witchcraft delusion prevailed in Salem, and nineteen persons were tried and hanged as witches. Though designated " the Salein witchcraft," it had pervaded other places, previously to its ap- pearance here. In England, laws had been enacted against it, and Sir Matthew Hale, gave to those laws his sanction. In 164S, Margaret Jones was condemned and hanged at Charlcstown, and in 1655, Ann Ilibbins, at Boston. The imputa- tion for a time induced a belief of the reality of the imposition ; but time finally detected and exposed the ciror. The house, in which the accused were tried, is stii! stand- ing at the western corner oi Essex an;l North streets, and the place of their execution is now known as " Gallows Hill." A full and inter- esting account of this delusion of the imagination lias been written and published by Rev. C. W. Up- ham. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. In 1698, a great fire broke out, and destroyed several dwcliiiig houses. In 1718, the second or east church was built and is still standing. The celcbraleil Dr. Bent- ley was paslor of this church. Ho wrote a •' J3csciiption of Salem," ■wliich is published in the " Collec- tions of the Mass. Hist. Society." In 1774, General Gage ordered the removal of the general court to Salem. At that time, Boston was a closed port. The merchants and citizens of Salcin called a town meeting, at which, resolutions de- nouncing, in very strong terms, the Boston port bill, were passed unani- mously. The meeting was very full, and a cop}^ of their doings was communicatr'd to their neighbors of Boston. On the 11th of June, when (jOv. (Jage was at Salem, an address, numerously signed, was presented to him, wlacli reflects high honor on the sense of justice and ])atriot- ism of this ancient town. Among other things it said, " By shutting up the port of Boston, soirie imag- ine that the course of trade might be turned hither and to our benelii ; but nature in the formation of our harbor forbids our becoming rivals in commerce to that convenient mart. And were it otherwise, we must be dead to every idea of jus- tice — lost to all feelings of humani- ty — could we indulge one thought to seize on wealth and raise our for- tunes on the ruin of our suffering neighbors." In 1776, Feb. 26, Col. Leslie, •with a British regiment from Bos- ton Castle, landed privately at Sa- lem and proceeded to the North bridge, with a view to seize on some military stores beyond it. The cit- izens were, at the time, in meeting ; but Col. Timothy Pickering, with 30 or 40 men, got there in season to raise the diaw, and thus prevent Leslie and his regiment from pass- ing further. The British attempted to cross the river in a gondola, but the Americans scuttled the boat. Finally, Col. Leslie proposed that if he should be permitted to pass ;}0 rods beyond the bridge, he woulil return. Having been per- mitted, the gallant colonel returned peaceably to Boston. During the revolution, there were about 60 armed vessels lifted out from Salem, manned by 4,000 men; and many unrecorded deeds ol hig-ii daring and (-hivalrous adven- ture were performed on the sea by citizens of Salem, iliiring that event- ful peiiod. Indeed, in her naval achievements consists principally the part which Salem bore in the revolutionary sti-uggle. This seaport has been more known for its East India trade than anj' other in the United States. The first ship from Salem engaged in this trade was the Grand Turk, owned by E. II. Derby. She wa.s at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, commanded by Capt. Jonathan In- gersoll, and at Canton in 17S6, com- manded by Ebenezer West. A model of her, completely rigged, is in the Museum. In 1818, there were 53 vessels employed in this trade belonging to Salem, the ton- nage of which was 14,272 tons. Salem became a city in 1836. Its government consists of a mayor and six aldermen, and twenty-four com- mon council men. lis public schools arc nineteen. The number of schol- ars in 1837, was 1,534, and the amouii* paid for instruction $(8,877. The Athcncrum was incorporated in 1810. Edward A. Ilolyoke, William Orne, Nathaniel Silsbee and Samuel Putnam were authoris- ed to call the first meeting of the proprietors. The stock is divided into 90 or 100 shares. Its library coniains about 9,000 volumes. The institution, though at present rather private, may ultimately become more public. The Museum is remarkable for the extent and variety of its natural and artificial curiosities, collected from almost every part of the world. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. There are 4,721 names of different articles on the catalogue : tliey are kept in a spacious hall built for that purpose, and belong to the East In- dia Marine society. This .^lociety consists of such only as have actu- ally navigated the seas near the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, as master or factor. In 1823, there were KiO of these enterprising men living in Salem. The hall is open daily for the reception of visitors, and vast numbers of strangers throng there. All come with an eager and excited curiosity, and leave with that curiosity at least gratified, if not satisfied. The commerce of Salem is veiy extended. There is hardly any part of the world which her ships have not visited. The number of ves- sels, engaged in foi-eign commerce, is 100 or more, and 18 in the whal- ing business, beside the vessels em- ployed in the coasting ti-ade and fish- ery. Tonnage of the district in 1837, 32,800 fons. Many of the wharves bear the names of their builders and owners : as the Allen, Derby, Peabody, For- ester and Phillips' wharf. This last was recently re-built by Stephen C. Phillips, on the ruins of tlie old Crowninshield wharf, which had become dilapidated and useless. It is an admirable piece of work. Although Salem is without any important water power, and has ev- er been almost exclusively devoted to maritime pursuits, yet its manu- facturing interests are by no means small. During the year ending April 1, 1837, the value of its man- ufactures amounted to $1,471,889. They consisted of vessels, cordage, leather, boots, shoes, hats, tin and cabinet wares, chairs, spirits ; white, sheet and pipe lead, carriages, stiaw bonnets, sperm candles, tobacco, alum, saltpetre refined, aquafortis, muriatic acid,oil of vitriol, &c. The value of its whale, cod and mack- erel fisheries, the same year, amounted to $210,843. The Aqueduct furnishes the city with a constant supply of fresh and soft spring water. The lire department is under good regulations. S'jirie of the societies in the city are the " East India Ma- rine society," iiicorpoiated in 1801 ; the " r>. I. iVI. Hall Corporation," in 1824; the " Salem Charitable Me- chanic Association," instituted in 1817, and incorporated, in 1822 ; tlie " Essex Histoiical Society," in 1821, and the "Salem Lyceum," which was formed in 1830. The Common was reserved " as a training field for the use of Sa- lem," in 1713. Itis a beautiful, lev- el spot of grounci, surrounded by a double row of elm and other orna- mental trees, and is designed to have a gravel v, alk around it. The alms Louse formerly stood upon it, but it is now entirely unencumber- ed. The City Ball wes built in 1837. It has a beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished and furnish- ed wllhin. The Rail-Road from Salem to Boston, was opened for travel, Au- gust 28, 1838 ; thufr making Salem, as it were, a part of Boston. The first stage between Taese cities was run by "Ezra Eurrill, in 1782. It went to Boston one day and return- ed to Salem the next. Now the dis- tance can be easily passed over in 50 minutes; and at the same time, the traveller will ride rapidly through a beautiful and picturesque country. See Register. Among the disfinguislied men, in almost every profession, which Sa- lem claims as among its sons, the name of Nathaniel Boivditch, LL. D.,F. R. S.,authorofthe Prac- tical J\^avigafor, is identified with it:^ fame and nautical achievements. Dr. Bovvditch was born at Salem, March 26, 1773. He was taken from school at the age of 10 years and placed as an apprentice to a ship chandler. At the age of 22 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. he went to sea ami spont nine years ill the capacity of (-ajjtain's cU^rk, supercargo, and I'm illy as master ot" a ship. In ISOt, h? liecanic presi- dent of a Marino In-urancc Com- pany, in Salem, whirtli ollicc he lu'hl until 1S23, when lii-= superior talents called liiin tolicpoin'" Acuary oftlie MassacUusett-i Hospital Life Insur- ance Company, in Boston; the re- sponsible and iabo:'j'is duties of which ollicc he failhl'ully discharg- ed until his death, March IG, 1^38. Notwithstani'ing his limited means of education. Dr. Bo.vditch acquir- ed, by his extrajrdin.iry genius and econonty of time, a perfect knowl- edge of all the modern languages, and became the nio:.t eminent math- ematician and astronomer in Amer- ica. The Practical .Yavigator, hsis been translated into every Europe- an language, and its use is co-cxtcn- sive with maritiuie adventures. Another work of Dr. Bowdi'ch, places his name, as a man of science, still higlici- on the roll of fame. It is his translation of the Mccanique Celeste of La IMace, with an elab- orate and copious commentary on that work, in four large quarto vol- umes. This work was completed just before his death. The last hours of such a man as Dr. Hovvditch, cannot fail to be in- teresting, as they mark bis charac- ter through life. A friend of his who was present, says, " He did not like to sec those about liim look sad and gloomy; and he remarked, on one occasion, ' I fee! no gloom with- in me ; why should you wear it in your faces.'' On tlic morning of bis death, when his sight was very dim and his voice almost gone, be called his children to his bed side, and, arranging them in the order of age, pointeil to and addressed each by name, ' You sec I can dis- tingui h you all; and now I give you my paring blessing. The time is come. ' Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, accor- ding to thy word ?' These were his last words." Salem, Ct. New London co. This town was taken f'om the towns of Colchester, Lyme and Montville ; but the pi-in- cipal part from Colchester, and in- corporated in 1819. It comprises an area of six by tire miles of fer- tile and productive land. The in- habitants are generally good farm- ers, who live scattered about oa their farms. Population, 1830, 95S. Salem is well watered by small streams, and is bounded on the N. E. by a large and beautiful pond. It !ijs29 miles S. E. Irom Ilartfo.d, and 13 N. W. from New London. Salisl>«ry, BT. H., ]\Iorrimack co., lies 1-5 miles N. from Concord, lilack water river passes through the VV. part of Salis- t)ury. There are 5 biidges across this stream in this town. The soil of the upland is strong, deep and loamy ; the hilly land affords some line tracts of til4age, but chiefly abounds i.i excellent pasturage. On Blackwater river, there is some ve- ry fertile intervale, which united with the adjacent billy land, com- poses several very valualile farms. A considerable portion of Kearsarge mountain ranges within the bounds of Salisbuiy, the N. W. corner bound of which extends nearly to the summit. There are two vei-y pleasant villages in this town, situ- ated on the 'llli N. H. turnpike about 1 1-2 miles apart. Sali'ibury was incorporated by charter from the government of N. II., Marcli 1, 17(>3, when it took the name ofSalisbury.lt was settled as eai'ly a^ IT.")!). The first settlers were Philip Call, Nathaniel Meloon, Benjamin Pettengill, John and Eb- enczer Webster, Amlrew Bohon- non, Edward Eastman, and others. The Iir4 inhabitants experienced the inroads of the Indians. On the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 16th of May, 1753, Nathaniel Me- loon, living in tlio \V. part of the town, was captured, together with his wife, and three children, viz : Sarah, Rachel, and Daniel. They were canned to Canada, where he and his wife wcve sold to the French in Montreal. The three children were kept by the Indian:. After the parents had resided in Montreal about a year and a half, they had a son born, who was baptized by a French friar by the name of Jo-^eph Mary. Mr. JMe- loon returned from captivity after four years and a half, to his farm in Salisbury. Sarah died with the In- dians. Rachel, who was 9 year* old when captured, returned after 9 years. She had become much attached to the Indians, was about to be married to Peter Louis, son of Col. Louis, of Cognawaga. She had the habits, ami acted like an Indian, understood the Indian lan- guage and could sing theii- songs. Hon. Ebenezer Webster was one of the early settlers; a patriot of tlie revolution; an officer of the militia ; for several years a senator in the legislature, and a judge of the court of common pleas till his dcatli in 1806. He was the father of the Hon. Ezekiel and Dazv- lEL Webster, names well known throughout the country. Popula- tion, in 1S30, 1,379. Salisbury, Vt. Addison co. The widow of Amos Story, with 8 or 10 small cliildrcn, was tiie first family that made Salis- bury a permanent residence. She came here in 1775, and endured every hardship incident to the life of a pioneer; chopping down tim- ber, clearing the land, laboring in the field, and sleeping in a cavern. Mr. Story, was killed by the falling of a tree previous to the removal of his family. The proprietors gave Mrs. Story 100 acres of land for her manly conduct. The soil of the town is generally good ; it con- tains some rough land, and some excellent meadows. It is watered by Otter Creek, Middlebury and Leicester rivers. The latter river atlbrds a good water power, which piopels a numberof valuable manu- facturing establishments. Leices- ter river is the outlet of Lake Bun- more, a fine sheet of water, about four miles in length, and three fourths of a mile in width. This lake lies in Leicester and Salisbu- ry. Thei-e is a pleasant and nour- ishing village in the town, and a large cavern supposed to have been an Indian lodging place. Sahsbu- ry lies 34 miles S. W. from Mont- pclier, and is bounded N. by Mid- dlebury. Population, 1330, "907. Salisbiii-y, Mass. Essex CO. In 163S, this town was granted, by the name of Mer- rimack, to be a plantation, unto Si- mon Bradstreet, Daniel Dennison, and others. The year following it was incorporated by the name of Colcliester, and in 1640 assumed, by direction of the then general court, the name of Salisbury. It is seven by three miles in extent, and is bounded southerly by the river Merrimack, westerly by Powow river, which divides it from the town of Amesbury, northei-ly by the New Hampshire line, which separates it fiom the towns of South Hampton and Scabrook, and easter- Ij' by the sea. In IG43, the plantation in New Hampshire, viz. Hampton, Exeter, Po:-tsmouth and Dover, were united to Massachusetts, and, together with Salisbury and Haverhill, form- ed into a new and distinct county, called Norfolk, of which Salisbury Ava; the shire town, and so contin- ued to the year 1879, when New Hampshire was again separated and formed into a royal government. In August, 1737, commissioners, ap- pointed by the crown, met at Hamp- ton falls, foi- the pui-posc of settling a controversy, respecting the boua- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. dary line, which had long subsisted between the two goveraments of Massacliusctts and New Hamp- shire. On this occasion tlic gener- al court of New Hampshire con- vened at Hampton, and that of Massachusetts at Salisbury. Salis- bury is distant from Newburyport, 4 miles, from Haverhill 12, troni Ex- eter, N. H. 10, and from Portsmouth 20. Population, in 1837, 2,675. There are two considerable vil- lages in Salisbury ; the largest is at the westerly part of the town, up- on Powow river at the head of tide water. The village is divided by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in Salisbury, the other in Amesbury. In that part of the village that lies in Salisbury, are two flannel factories, one 200 feet long and 50 feet wide, the other 100 feet by 40 feet. The establishment is called, the Salisbury Manufac- turing Corporation. Capital $500,- 000. There is also in this village a largo tannery, and manufactures of cotton goods, shoes, combs, boats, wherries and molasses casks. The other village is pleasantly situated on the bank of the Merii- mack, on a point of land foi-nied by the junction of that river with the Powow ; and is generally known by the distinctive name of Webster's Point. Shipbuilding long has been, and still is, a principal branch of business in this place ; and its char- acter is well established for build- ing excellent vessels. There are now nine sail of vessels owned in this village and employed partly in the coasting trade, and partly in the cod and mackerel fishery. The annual product of the man- ufactures of Salisbury, including vessels, and of the fishery, is about $500,000. Salisbury and Amesbury are fine- ly located for business ; the villages are neat and the scenery around them very pleasant. Salisbury Beach is noted for its beauty, and is much frequented. 32 Sniisbnry, Ct. Litchfield co. The Housatonick and Salmon rivers give this town a great and constant water power. The surface of Salisbury is formed of lofty elevations and deep val- leys ; but the soil is excellent for all sorts of grain and pasturage. The valleys are generally lime- stone, and the hills granite. The number of sheep kept herein 1837, was 8,939. "Salisbury Centre," a pleasant village, is 58 miles N. W. from New Haven, 50 W. N. W. from Hartford, 22 N. W. from Litchfield, and 34 N. W. by W . from Hudson, N. Y. Population, 1S30, 2,580. The Indian name of the town was JVeatog. It was first settled by the whites in 1720. Salisbury has long been celebra- ted for its excellent iroi^ ore and iron manufactures. The guns on board our favorite frigate, " Old Iron Sides," used by Truxton in the capture of the L'Insurgente, were made at the old furnace in Salisbury. The "Old Ore Hill," two miles west of JVanscopommuc lake, has been worked since tlie year 1732. Within the last 10 or 15 years, from five to six thousand tons of ore have been dug annually. The ore is sold at the mine for $3 a ton. One dollar and twenty-five cents is paid to the proprietor of the mine, and the residue to the miner. The first furnace in Salisbury was erected in 17()2, at the outlet of Wanscop- ommuc, by S. and E. Forbes, Mr. Hazeltine, and Ethan Allen, the hero of Ticonderoga. A large amount of cannon, balls, and bomb- shells were manufactured here dur- ing the revolutionary war. The large and inexhaustible quan- tities of iron ore found in Salisbury, and the abundant supply of wood for charcoal, ami other materials necessary for smelting the ore, to- gether with the superior quality NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of iron, introduced other raanufac- turas ; and iron has continued from that time the staple commodity of the town. There are at present in Salisbury, 4 blast furnaces, 5 forges, with 20 tires, 2 puddling establishments, 1 screw shop, 1 anchor shop, 2 scythe manufacto- ries, 1 hoe manufactory, 2 trip ham- mers, 2 cupola or pocket furnaces, for small castings. Fi'om live to six hundred thousand bushels of charcoal are annually consumed at the diffei-ent establish- ments. The puddling furnaces re- quire from two to three thousand cords of wood annually. The num- ber of workmen employed in the different processes of preparing the material and manufacturing the iron, amount in all to about five hun- dred men. The furnaces produce annually from two thousand to two thousan|( tive hundred tons of pig iron. The forges and puddling es- tablishments annually produce from one thousand two hundred to one thousand five hundred tons of wrought iron, whicli is used for an- chors, car axletrees, musket bar- rels, and various other kinds of drafts. The Salisbury iron ore i; the brown hematite, and yields about forty per cent of pig iron. It is well known to manufactureis, and stands a? fair in the market as any other iron in the country. Salmon Rivers. Salmon river, in Maine, is a trib- utary to the Penobscot, of about 30 miles in length. Its course is S., and falls into the Penobscot about 4 miles below the union of the east- ern and western branches of that river. Salmon Fall river, Maine and JVeu) Hampshire. See Piscata- qua. In this river, between Ro- chester and Lebanon, Maine, is a fall, which, from its singularity, deserves notice. The river is con- fined between two rocks, about 25 feet high, the breadth at the top of the bank not more than three rod.'. It is called the^u?ne, and is about four rods in length, its breadth va- rying from two and one half feet to less than one foot ; but here the water has a subterraneous passage. In the rocks are many cavities from one to seven feet in diameter, most- ly cylindrical, and from one to four feet in depth. Salmon Brook. See JVashua, JV. H. Salmon river, Connecticut. This beautiful mill stream has its source in the high lands in Tolland coun- ty, and passing south, receiving in its course many valuable tributa- ries, it meets the Connecticut at East Haddam, producing a beauti- ful cataract. There is a river of this name in Salisbury , Ct. Sanlboriiton, Sf. H., Strafford co., has New Hampton and Meredith on the N.,Giliuanton E. and S. E., Franklin S. and W., and is 20 miles N. from Concord, 60 N. W. from Portsmouth, and 9 W. fi-om Gilford. The bay between Sanbornton and I\Ieredi(h is 3 miles in width. There are no livers or ponds of iiiagniluda in this town. Salmon Brook pond, in the N. part, and a brook of the same name, its outlet, are the only ones worth mentioning. This brook passes through the N. W. part of the town, and affords several mill sites. Sanbornton presents an uneven surface, but contains no mountains. The highest hills, with one or two exceptions, admit of cultivation. The soil is almost universally good, and well rewards the labor of pa- tient industry. There is a gulf in this town extending nearly a mile through very hard rocky ground, 38 feet in depth, the walls from 80 to 100 feet asunder, and the sides so nearly coi'responding as to favor an opinion that they were once uni- ted. There is also a cavern in the declivity of a hill, which may be NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. entered in a liorizontal direction to the distance of 20 t'ect. Tliis town was once tiic i-esidence of a power- ful tribe of Indians, or at least a place where they resorted for de- fence. On t!ic Winnepisiogee, at the head of Little bay, are found the remains of an ancient fortifica- tion. It consisted of six walls, one extending alon;xthc i-ivor,and across a point of land into the bay, and the others in right angles, con- nected by a circular wall in the rear. Traces of these walls are yet to be seen, though most of the stones, &c. of which they were composed have been removed to the dam thrown across the river at this place. Within the fort have been found numbers of Indian relics, im- plements, &.C., and also on an island in the bay. When the first settlers of Sanbornton arrived, these walls were breast hi^h, and large oaks were growing within their enclos- ure. This town was settled in 1765 nnd 1766, by John Sanborn, David Duston, Andrew Rowen and oth- ers. It was incorporated in 1770. Population, 1S30, 2,866. Sandgate, Vt. Bennington co. The people of this town are favored with moun- tain air, and with crystal streams which even the Rostonians might relish. Shettarack and Bald moun- tains are in the N. W. part of the town; Spruce and Equino.v are in the N. E. ; Red mountain is in the S. E., and Swearing hill in the S. W. Between these elevations is some good land, which produces grass and grain; and which, with the mountain browse, affords feed for more than 7,000 sheep. Sand- gate was chartered in 1761. It is 20 miles N. from Bennington, and 31 S. by W. from Rutland. Popu- lation, 1830, 933. Saudisfield, I*Ias8. Berkshire co. This is an eleva- ted township at the S. E. corner of the county, on the line of Connec- ticut. It is watered by a pleasant stream, a branch of Fartnington riv- er. The soil is generally good, particularly for pasturage. Corisid- erble wool is grown in this town, and a laige amount of leather tan- ned. Sandislield is 124 miles W. by S. from Boston, 18 S. E. by S. from Lenox, and 38 E. from Hudson, N. V. Incorporated, 1762. Population, 1837, 1;403. Saudo^vn, N. H., Rockingham co., is bounded N. by Chester and Poplin, E. by Dan- ville, S. by Hampstead, W. by Chester and Londonderry. It is 31 miles S. E. from Concord, and 2G S. W . from Portsmouth. The sur- face of tills town is rather uneven, but the soil in general is well ad- apted to the production of grain and grass. Phillip's pond, lying in the S. part of the town, is the largest,, being about 340 i-ods long, 200 wide. Angle pond, in the S. E. part of this town, is about 200 rods long, and 90 or 100 wide. There are sev- eral other smaller ponds. Squam- scot river flows from Phillip's pond, and pursues a nearly level course for 1 1-2 miles, where another sti-eam unites with it: from this junction, whenever the waters are high, the current passes back with considerable force towards the pond. The settlement of Sandown was commenced about the year 1736, by Moses Tucker, and others. — The town was oi-iginally a part of Kingston, and was incorporated, 1756. Population, in 1S30, 553. Saudwlcb, N. II. Strafford co. Sandwich is 70 miles N. N. W. from Portsmouth, and about 50 N. from Concord. This town was originally granted by Gov. Benning Wentworth, in 176.3, and comprised 6 miles square. Oa the 5th Sept. 1761, upon the repre- sentation of the grantees that the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEU. N. and W. sides fher^of were " so I loaded with inaccessible njoiiniains | and sl-.elves of i-ocks as to be uuin- | habitablfc"— an additional grant was i made of teirilory on the E. and b., I called Sandwich Addition. Sand- wich mountains are a lofty range extending N. E. and terminating in Chocorua Peak in Albany. Squam mountain, extending frctn Holder- ness through a corner of Campton into Sandwich, is of considerable height. There are other mountains. The Bearcanip river, its branches rising in the mountains N. and W., passes E. into Tamworth. The W. branch passes through Bearcamp pond. There is another pond not far distant from this, from which is- sues Red Hill river, passing S. into the Winnepisiogee lake. A small stream passes W. into the Pemige- wasset river. About one fourth of Squam lake lies in the S. W. corner of Sandwich. This is a flourishing town with a number of mills. Thir- ty thousand pounds of maple sugar was made here in the spring of 1838. Population, 1S30, 2,744. Sand^vicli, Mass. Barnstable co. This town is ve- ry pleasantly situated on the shoul- der of Cape Cod, 12 miles S. W. from Barnstable, 30 E. from New Bedford, and 53 S. E. from Boston. Incorporated, 1639. Population, 1830,3,367; 1837, 3,579. Sand- wich is watered by a number of streams which afford a good water power; and by numerous ponds, some of which are large, affording a variety of excellent fish. The forests afford an abundance of deer, and to the lovers of rural sports. Sandwich and the neighboring towns of Barnstable and Falmouth have justly become favorite resorts. The value of the manufactures of the town for the year ending April 1, 1837, amounted to $.382,248. They consisted of glass, (.$300,000) leather, nails, vessels, salt, iron cas- tings, stoves, &c. The value of the New England crown glass has been fully tested and found to be as clear and sti'onger tlian any oth- er now in use. Sandwich has a good hi.rbor, aiu! about 20 sail of coasting and tl::hing vessels. It is proposed io unite Massachu- setts and Bi'zzsrd's bays by a ship canal throup;h *his town. Tiie dis- tance is five miles and the route level. A glance at Mr. Hnle'sex- cellent map of New England, shows most conclusively, the immense ad- vantages to be derived ^y tuch a work. Sandy Bay, Mass. See Gloucester. Saudy Point, Mass. The most northern extremity of Nantucket Island, on which is a light, 60 feet in height. Sandy River, Me. This valuable mill stream re- ceives its head waters in the coun- ty of Franklin, near Saddleback mountain, and in a winding course through the southern part of that county it enters Somerset county aud mingles with the Kennebec at Starks, 37 miles above Augusta. Sandy river is a fertilizing stream ; it receives a number of tributaries, and waters a beautiful portion of the stale. Its length is about 45 miles. Sanford, Me. York CO. Sanford is watered by Mousum river; it has a good water power, and an establishment for the manufacture and printing of cotton goods. Incorporated, 1768. Pop- ulation, 1837, 2,324. It is 94 miles S. W. from Augusta, 35 W. S. W. from Portland, and is bounded S. W. by Alfred Saugerirille, Me. Piscataquis co. This beautiful and thriving town is not mountain- ous, but it is so elevated between Penobscot and Kennebec rivers that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the waters of its ponds meet the ocean by both of those streams. Sangcrville is 70 miles N. W. from Au2;usta, and is bounded by Dover on the >V. Incorporated, 1814. — Population, 1S37, 1,115. Wheat crop, same 3'ear, 10,792 bushels. Sangatuek River, Ct. See Westport. gaugus, Mass. Essex CO. Saugus was taken from Lynn in 1813, and deiives its name from the Indian name of the i-iver which passes through it. That river is exceedingly crooked in its course, and forms large tracts of meadow. The uplands are uneven and rocky. It lies 10 miles S. W. from Salem, and 9 N. by E. from Boston. Population, 18.37, 1,123. The value of the manufactures of Saugus, the year ending April 1, 1837, was about $200,000. They consisted of shoes, (.'^150,000) choco- late, morocco leather, snuff, cigars, bricks, wool cleaning, and silk and woolen dyeing. Savoy, Mass. Berkshire co. Savoy is an eleva- ted township, and gives rise to branches of Deerfield and Hoosack rivers. The land is generally good, and pastures a considerable number of sheep. It lies 12.5 miles VV. N. W. from Boston, and 20 N. N. E. from Lenox. Incorporated, 1797. Population, 1837, 917. Saybrook, Ct. Middlesex co. This is one of the most ancient towns in the state. Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook ami other gentlemen in England, dis- satisfied with the government of Charles!., contemplating a I'emoval to this country, procured, in 1632, of Robert, F^arl of Warwick, a pa- tent of all the country " which lies west from Narraganset river, a hundred and twenty miles on the sea coast; and from tiicnce in lati- 32* tudfi and breadth aforesaid, to the South Sea." In l(i3.5, they ap- pointed Mr. .John Winthrop, a son of the governor of Massacluisctt.s, to build a fort on Connecticut river, and appointed him governor for one year. In the summer of 16.39, Colonel George Fenwick,one of the paten- tees, arrived from England, and in honoi- of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brook, gave the tract about the mouth of Connecticut river, the name of Saybrook. Colonel Fen- wick superintended the affairs of the colony until 1644, when, his associ- ates having relinquished the design of removal to America, sold the ju- risdiction of Saybrook to the Con- necticut colony. The original limits of the town extended upon the east side of the river for several miles, ajid included a part of the town of Lyme. Tht township now comprises three par- ishes, viz: Saybrook, Westbrook, and Essex. Saybrook parish is the southeast section of liie town. The Indian name for this place was Pat- taquasset. West of this is West- brook parish, which was called by its Indian name Pochaiig, until Oc- tober, 1810. North of these two parishes is Pantapoiig or Essex. Saybrook is upwards of 7 miles in length from north to south, and averages more than G in breadth. The greater part of the township is uneven and stony. There arc, however, some extensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particularly in the vicinity of Saybrook village, in the southern part of the town. Some of the hills, near Connecticut river, have good granite quarries. There are several small hai-bors on the Sound, and on Connecticut riv- er, at Saybrook point and Pauta- poug. The bar at the mouth of the Connecticut is an im|)ediment to navigation ; vessels of a moderate draught are often obliged to pass it with part of their cargoes. The depth of water at the bar, at spring NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tides, is about twelve feet. Say- brook harbor is at the mouth of a handsome cove, making up from Connecticut river, and extending west almost to Saybrook village. It is often resorted to by coasters in bad ■weather. To this place the river is open through the winter, and it is here that vessels are frequently laid up, and goods deposited, while the river is frozen over above. Large quantities of fish are taken in this town. The shad fisheries are numerous, and a source of con- siderable wealth. Connecticut riv- er shad are considered superior to any other in tliis country. White fish are taken upon the sliores of the Sound, and are very valuable for the purposes of manure. They are afforded at a cheap rate ; the lightest soils, enriched by them, have produced forty bushels of rye to the acre, and they liave an equal- ly advantageous effect upon the growth of corn and potatoes. Saybrook village is 40 miles S. S. E. from Hartford, 34 E. from New Haven, and 18 W. from New London. Population, 1830, 5,018. Besides the business in naviga- tion, the fishery, ship building and quarrying of stone, there arc many manufacturing establishments in the several villages in this town. Among the articles manufactured, are augers, gimlets, hammers, steel carriage springs, ivory and iron combs, ink stands, sand boxes, &c. The Borough of Essex is about 7 miles from the mouth of Connec- ticut river, on the west side. It is a place of considerable commerce, navigation and ship building, with a population of about 1,000. Ship building was commenced in 1740, on the Pochaug, and is still a leading branch of business in the place. There are at present about 15 vessels owned here, principally coasters. It is estimated that there are 1,200 inhabitants in its limits. Saybrook point is a peninsula, circular in its form, and connected with the main land by a narrow neck, over which the tide some- times flows. From this place to the fort, on the eastern extremity of the peninsula, the distance is about one mile. On the neck, a palisado was anciently formed from the river to the cove, to secure Say- brook point from any sudden incur- sion of the Indians. The soil on the peninsula is light and sandy, and the elevation of the highest part is about twenty feet. Being nearly destitute of trees and shrub- bery, it presents to the beholder a bleak and naked aspect. The land on the point was laid out with care, as it was expected to become the residence of great men, and the centre of great business and wealth. It is said that Oliver Cromwell, with other men then equally distinguished, actually em- barked in the Thames, to occupy this ground. Westward of the fort a square was laid out, on which it was intended houses jhould be erect- ed for Cromwell, Pymm, Hasselrig, and Hampden, the most illustrious Commoners in the English annals, who were expected from Europe; while a square still further west was reserved for public uses. About half way between the palisado was erected the first build- ing designed for the collegiate school, since named Yale College. This institution was founded in 1700, and remained at Saybrook 17 years. The building was one story in height, and about eighty feet in length. Some remains of the cellar, " over which the ploughshare has passed," are still visible. Fifteen com- mencements were held at Saybrook. More than sixty young men were graduated, most of whom entered the ministrj', and some of them be- came characters of distinguished usefulness and excellence. To educate young men of piety and talents for the ministry, was the leading design of this institution. It r/as desired by the founders aod NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. others, that the cliurches should have a public standard or confession of faith, agreeable to which the in- struction of the college should be conducted. This led to the adop- tion of the Saybrook Platform, after the commencement in 170S. David Gardiner, was the first white child born in Connecticut. The following was written upon a hlank leaf of an old bible, in pos- session of John G. Gardiner, Esqr., of (Gardiner's Island, N. Y. " In the year of our Lord, lfi35, the 10th of July, came I, Lion Gar- diner and Mary my wife from Wor- den, a town in Holland, where my wife was born, being the daughter of one Diricke Willemson dcureant ; her mother's name was Hachir, and her aunt, sister of her mother, was the wife of Wouter Leanerd- son, old burger Muster, dwelling in the hostrade, over against the Bruser in the Unicorne's head ; her brother's name was Punce Garret- son, also old burger Muster. We came from Woi-den to London, and from thence to New England, and dwelt at Saybrook fort four years — it is at the mouth of Connecticut river — of which I was commander, and there was born unto me a son, named David, 1635, the 29th of April, the first born in that place, and 1638 a daughter was born, named Mary, 30th of August, and then I went to an island of my own, which I had bought and purchased of the Indians, called by them Mon- chonack, by us Isle of Wight, and there was born another daughter, named Elizabeth, the 14th Septem- ber, 1641, she being the first child of English parents that was born there." Saybrook is a very pleasant town, and full of interesting associations. Saxton'8 River, Vt., Is formed in Grafton, Windham county, traverses an eastern course about 10 miles, and falls into the Connecticut at Rockinsham. It is an excellent mill stream, and derived its name from a Mr. Sax- ton, who was drowned near its mouth. Scantic River, Ct. Sec East Windsor. Scarborough, Me. Cumberland co. This town lies lO.") miles N. E. from Boston, and 60 S. W. from Augusta. It con- tains 30,634 acres of land, and a population of 2,244. A part of this town, called Black point, lying upon the sea, was granted by the council of Plym- outh to Thomas Cammock, in 1631 ; this was soon after settled, and be- came of considerable importance on the coast in the fisheries and trade. The land is held under that ancient grant at the present day. Another settlement was early made by a family of Algers, from England, near the centre of the town, and called Duastan corner, which name it still bears. This was wholly de- stroyed in the Indian war of 1675. It was, however, revived by a de- scendant in the female line, through whom that race is still perpetua- ted. Scarborough is principally an ag- ricultural town, for which purpose it furnishes some rich soil, and has a large quantity of salt marsh. — Ship building, however, continues to be pursued here, although not to the extent it formerly was. Nou- suck river passes through the whole length of the town. Its present name was given to it in 1658, when it submitted to the government of Massachusetts; previously the east- ern side of the river and Marsh was called Black point, and the western. Blue point, names which are still in familiar use. This town has the honor of being the birth place of the distinguished statesman Rufus King, and his half brother, WiLLiASf King, the first governor of Maine. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ScHoodic Lakes, Mc. These are lari^e collections of water, of very in-egular form, uni- ted together, by boatable passages, lying principally in Washington county, but extending west into the county of Penobscot. Their out- let is by a large stream of tlie same name, into the river Saint Croix, on the west side, of about 9 miles in length. These lakes cover a large surface, they ai-e naviga- ble tor large boats, and their bor- ders, and indeed the whole country around them, are densely wooded. Vast quantities of timber and lum- ber descend Irom these waters to the St. Andrews, Easlport and Lubec markets, on the Passamaquoddy. gcituate, Mass. Plymouth co. This town, the Indian Satuit, lies at the mouth of North river, in Massachusetts bay, and has a convenient harbor, defend- ed from the violence of the sea by several islands. The JVorth River rises near the sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, Hanover and Marsh- field, and meets the tide water here. This river is very deep, nar- row and crooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on its banks. The manufactures of Scituate con- sist of leather, boots, shoes, tacks, vessels, &c. The value of vessels annually built is about $i40,000. These vessels are of superior me- chanism, and are built of native white oak, remarkable for its dura- bility. Thei-e are a number of ves- sels belonging to this town employ- ed in the merchant service and coasting trade. During the year ending April 1, 1837, Scituate had 22 vessels engaged in the fishery : they took 6,500 barrels of macker- el, valued at $46,000. The town extends back from the bay a considerable distance ; it eon- tains large tracts of salt meadow and some valuable upland. Scituate is 17 miles S. E. h^- 9- from Boston and 20 N. W. by N. from Plymouth. First settled, 1633, Incorporated, 1637. Population, 1830, 3,470 ; 1837, 3,754. The first settled minister in this town was the Rev. Charles Chauncy. He remained here twelve years previous to his becom- ing the second president of Har- vard College. Rev. Thomas Clapp, president of Yale College, was born in this town, in 1703. He graduated at Harvard College in 1722, and died in 1767. Scituate, R. I. Providence co. This town was a part of Providence until 1731, when it was incorporated. It lies 12 miles W.by S. from Providence, and, in 1830, had 3,394 inhabitants. The surface of the town is diversi- fied by hills and valleys : in the north part of the town the soil is a gravelly loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Pawtuxet river with several of its branches give Scituate a good water power, and large manufactories, paiticular- ly of cotton and wool are found on their banks. There is a valuable quarry of free-stone in the western part of the town. Seabrook, ]V. H., Rockingham co., is situated atthe S. E. corner of the state, 17 miles S. S. W. from Portsmouth, and 7 N. from Nevvburyport, bounded N. by Hampton Falls, E. by the Atlan- tic, S. by Massachusetts, W. by South Hampton and Kensington. It was formerly a pa(-t of Hampton Falls, and was granted, 1768, to Jona- than Weare and others. Settlements commenced here in 1638. The riv- ers are Black, Brown's and Walton's rivers. Many of the rivulets abound with bog ore of iron. This town derives its name from the number of rivers and rivulets meandering through it. Whale-boat buildingis NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. the most important manufacture, and is carried on to a greater extent than in any other town in New Eng- land. The larger part of the male inhabitants are mechanics and sea- men. Perhaps no town in the state is better situated for carrying on the Bay and Labrador fisheries than this. Popuhition, in 1S30, 1,096. Seacouuet Rocks, R. I., Or Point. See Little Compton. Scarsburgh, Vt. Bennington co. Searsburgh is too elevated on the Green Moun- tains either for cultivation, popula- tion, or wool growing. It has 40 in- habitants, and 41 sheep. It is 11 miles E. from Bennington. Searsmout, Me. Waldo CO. Searsmont has a good soil, and some beautiful ponds. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, 30 miles E. from Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Belfast. Population, 1837, 1,392. Wheat crop, same year, 2,792 bushels. Seaville, 9Ie. Hancock co. This town was in- corporated in 1838, and comprises a part of the island and town of Mount Desert, and Bartlett's, Rob- inson's, Hardwood and other small- er islands on the coast. Sebago Lake, Me. Cumberland co. This is a beau- ful sheetof water, about 12 miles in length, and of various breadths. The widest part is across from Baldwin to Raymond, about 7 miles. It re- ceives the waters of Long and sev- eral other ponds, and of Crooked river, at and from the north. It dis- charges into Casco bay, at Fal- mouth, by the Presumpscot. The Cumberland and Oxford canal, com- pleted in 1829, passes from this lake to Portland, and is the channel of considerable inland trade. Sebago, Me. Cumberland co. This town lies between Sebago lake and Hancock pond, and was taken from Baldwin in 1826. It lies 87 miles S. \V. by W. from Augusta, and 30 N. VV. from Portland. It has a good soil and is watered by small streams. Population, 1337, 646. Sebastlcook River, Me. This valuable mill stream rises in Sangerville, Dover and Dexter, on the border of Penobscot and Piscataquis counties; it passes S. E. and S. through Ripley, Harmo- ny ,Hartland and Palmyra to Chand- lerville ; it then runsS. W. through Burnham and falls into the Kenne- bec between Clinton and Winslow, opposite to Waterville. This stream receives several tributaries; it is about .50 miles in length ; it has nu- m.crous falls and passes through a delightful country. Sebec, Me. Piscataquis co. Sebec is a town- ship of good soil, and is well water- ed by Sebec Pond and its outlet, Sebec river, which empties into the Piscataquis, on the north side, in the town of Milo. This town lies 87 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, and 9 N. N. E. from Dover. In- corporated, 1812. Population, 1837, 987. Wheat crop, same year, 7,650 bushels. Sebec Pond lies in the towns of Sebec, Foxcroft and Bowerbank : it is about 10 miles long, and about a mile average breadth. Its outlet is a good mill stream of about 10 miles in length. The country around these waters is fertile and heavily timbered, and the scenery pictur- esque and beautiful. Scbools Lakes and River, Me. Seboois Lakes are connected sheets of water, of irregular form, of about 15 miles in length, varying NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. in width from half a mile to a mile and a half. They laj' near the Aroostook and constitute the head waters of the eastern branch of Pe- nobscot river. Scboois River is their outlet. See Penobscot River. Sedgwick, Me. Hancock co. Sedgwick lies on the west side of Blue Hill bay, 87 miles E. from Augusta, and about 25 S. by W. from Ellsworth. In- corporated, 1789. Population, 1837, 1,784. This town has good harbors and enjoys great privileges for nav- igation. A number of vessels are owned here employed in the coast- ing trade and fishery, and ship building is an important branch of business. The soil of the town is not so productive as that more dis- tant from the sea, still it is abundant- ly able to supply its own people ■with bread stutfs and all the varie- ties of fruits and vegetables com- mon to a New England climate. This town was named in honor of Theodore Sedgwick, an em- inent statesman and jurist, a senator to Congress, and for many years a judge of the supreme court of Mas- sach\isetts. He died at Boston in 1813, aged 6G, highly valued by liis friends and country. Seekonk, Mass. Bristol CO. This town is watered by Seekonk, or Pawtucket liver, also by Ten mile river, a good mill stream. It lies 41 miles S. from Boston, 4 E. by N. from Provi- dence, R. I., and 14 S. W. from Taunton. It was taken from Re- hoboth in 1812. Population, 1837, 2,016. There are three cotton mills in the town, which constitute the principal manufactures; the annu- al value of which is about $80,000. Seven Mile Brook, Me. This stream rises by several branches in the counties of Somer- set and Franklin ; it runs in a south- eastern direction, about 35 miles, affording mill privileges to the towns of Kingfield and New Portland, and mingles with the Kennebec at Anson, 40 miles N. E. from Augus- ta. Seymour Lake, Vt. See Charleston. ShaftslJury, Vt. Bennington co. This town lies between the Battenkill and Wal- loomsac, and gives to those rivers some tributaries. West mountain lies in this town and Arlington. Shaftsbury lies 97 miles S. S. W. from Montpelicr, and 8 N. from Bennington. First settled, 1763. Population, 1830, 2,143. Among the first settlers was the Hon. Jo- nas Galusha, late governor of the state. He was a captain in the militia in 1777, and commanded a company of the "Green mountain boys," at the battle of Bennington. Although the surface of Shafts- bury is elevated, the soil is gener- ally of an excellent quality ; it feeds 12,000 sheep, and its products of beef cattle and of the dairy are considerable. There are valuable beds of iron ore in the town, pine timber and quarries of beautiful marble. It has a number of manu- facturing concerns on its small streams, a pleasant village and a school fund of $10,000. Shapleighy Me. York CO. Between Shapleigh and Acton are some pleasant ponds, the source of M ousum river which emp- ties into the sea at Kennebunk. A bed of rich bog iron ore has recent- ly been discovered in the town, which promises great usefulness. The surface of the town is gener- ally level, and the soil favorable for the growth of wool, grass, wheat and other grain. Here are iron works and other manufactures. Shapleigh was incorporated, 1785. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Population, 1837, 1,547. It is 103 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 6 N. W. from Alfred. SUaron, Ti. H., Hillsborough co., is bounded N. by Pcterborougli, E. by Temple, S.by New Ipswich and Rindsje, and W. by Jaffi-ey. It is 18 mile^s W. by S. from Amherst, and 48 S. S.W. from Concord. The streams in Sharon are small branches of Contoocook riv- er, and rise near the S. E. corner of the town. Boundary mountain lies on the line between this town and Temple, and has an elevation of 200 feet above the surrounding; country. Sharon was incorporated, 1791. Population, in 1830, 271. Sharon, Vt. Windsor co. White river passes throunh Sharon and affords it an abunilant water power. Here are mills for tlie manufacture of wool- en goods, paper and other articles. It contains a handsome and Nour- ishing village. The surface of the town is broken, but the soil is warm and productive. It keeps about 5,000 sheep. Sharon was first set- tled in 1763. Population, 1830, 1,459. It lies 22 miles N. from Windsor, and 34 S. by E. from Monfpelier. Sharon, Mass. Norfolk CO. Mashapoag pond in this town is one of the sources of Neponset river. Sharon has a good water power ; one woolen and two cotton mills. There are also man- ufactures of axes, bed-steads, straw bonnets, leather, boots, shoes, wool cards, machinery, joiners' gages, &c. : annual value, about .$75,000. Sharon is a very pleasant town ; the scenery around Mashapoag, the In- dian name of the place, is highly pleasing. There is good fishing in this pond. This town was incorpo- rated, in 1765. It is 18 miles S. S. W. from Boston, 8 S. from Dcdham, and 24 N. by E. from Providence, R. I. Population, 1S37, 1,093. Sharon, Ct. Litchfield CO. Sharon lies on the west side of Housatonick river, o:)posite to Cornwall. The eastern part of the town is elevated, moun- tainous, and stony, but is suited for grazing : the western part, which iiorders on the state of New York, is a fertile tract of undulating land, and very productive of all sorts of grain. Agriculture is the chief business of the inhabitants : they provide for about 10,000 sheep. Population 1830, 2,615. Sharon was first settled in 17-^9. The village is situated principally on one street, on the eastern side of a beautiful valley, 16 miles W. N. W. from Litchfield, and 47 W. by N. from Hartford. There is a beau- tiful village called " Hitchcock's Corner," partly in Sharon and part- ly in the state of New York : this also is situated in a beautitui vallej^ and rich in agricultural resources. " Considerable numbers of the Indians resided in the western and northwestern parts of the town, which are watered by two large ponds, and by the Tea Mile river, which touches the western bor- ders of the town. Their principal village was on the east side of the Indian pond, so called, which is a body of water lying partly in the state of New York, and partly in Connecticut. On a romantic and beautiful plain, lying between this pond on the west, and the Indian Mountain, on the east, was a nu- merous village, where the natives continued to reside for many years after the whites came into the town. This tribe was visited by the Mo- ravian missionaries, and one of them died and was buried there. He died in 1749, and a plain stone was placed over his grave, with the fol- lowing inscription : " David Bruce of Edinburgh in NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Scotland, Minister of The Breth- ren's Church among the Indians. Depart'd 1749." This town took an active part in favor of the liberties of the coun- try. "The approach of a large British army from Canada, under General Burgoyne, and the expedition up the North River, under General Vaughan, in 1777, tilled the whole country with terror and desponden- cy, and created strong fears and doubts as to the issue of the con- troversy : the firmness and confi- dence of Parson Smith, however, remained unbroken, and his efforts to revive the drooping spii-its of his people were unremitted. In the month of October, he preached a sermon from these words : " Watch- man, what of the night.' The Watchman saith, the morning Com- eth." In this discourse he dwelt much upon the indications, which the dealings of Providence afford- ed, that a blight and glorious morn- ing was about to dawn upon a long night of defeat and disaster. He told the congregation, that he be- lieved they would soon hear of a signal victory crowning the arms of Anierica ; and he exhorted them to trust with an unshaken and fearless confidence in that God, who, he believed, would yet crown with success the efforts of the friends of liberty in this country. Before the congregation was dismissed, a mes- senger arrived, with the intelli- gence of the surrender of Bur- goyne's army. Parson Smith read the letter, conveying the intelli- gence, from the pulpit, and a flood of joy and gratitude burst from the congregation." Sliawslieeu River, Mass. This river rises in Lexington and Bedford. It passes Hillerica, Wil- mington and Tukesbury, and falls into the Merrimack, at Andover, 20 miles N. by W. from Boston. Slieepscot River and Bay, 9Ie. The head waters of this river are derived from ponds in Palermo. Its course is south through the towns of Whitefield and Alna. It meets the tide water between Wiscasset and New Castle, and proceeds to a bay of the same name. The length of the river from its source to the bay is about 35 miles. This river is valuable on account of its hy- draulic power and navigable facili- ties. Sheepscot Say sets up from the sea between Boothbay and George- town, and receives the waters of the river. It is about 3 miles wide at its mouth, and extends about 10 miles north. The whole of these waters are often called " Sheepscot River." The mouth of this bay or river bears about N. E., 6 miles, from Seguin Light, at the mouth of Kennebec river. Sheffield, Vt. Caledonia co. This town is 35 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 16 N. from Danville. First settled, 17!)2. Population, 18.30,720. This town lies on the height of land between Connecticut river and Memphremagog lake. Branch- es of Passunipsic and Barton rivers both rise here. It is watered by several ponds. The lands are gen- erally broken and not very produc- tive. Sheffield, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a very pleasant town, on both sides of the Housatonick. The river meanders circuitously and slowly through the town, and forms large tracts of rich alluvial meadow. In large fresh- ets the river overflows its banks to a great extent, and forms the ap- pearance of a large lake. The vil- lage is neat; situated in a beauti- ful valley, surrounded by hills, one of which is 3,000 feet in height, and presents a great variety of de- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lightful scenery. There are man- ufactures in the town of leatlier, hats, plouijhs, and spirits, but tlie principal business of the people is agricultural. In 1837, there were 6,892 sheep sheared in the town : the value of the wool amounted to $11,372. Marble and iron ore are abun Me. Somerset CO. Solon is a flourish- ing farming town, on the east side of Kennebec river, opposite to Emhden. It lies 44 miles N. by W. from Augusta, and 18 N. from Norridgewock. Population, 1830, 768; 1837, 1,129. Wheat crop, 1837, 6,567 bushels. The town is well watered by a pond and several streams: it has a pleasant village, and some manufactures. Soniers, Ct. Tolland co. This town lies 22 miles N. E. from Hartford, 10 N. by W. from Tolland, and 12 S. E. from Springfield, Mass. First set- tled, 1713. It was incorporated by Massachusetts in 1734, and named in honor of Lord Somers, at the re- quest of Governor Belcher. Part of the town is level, and productive of grass and grain, and part is quite elevated, producing good pasturage for sheep, and pre- senting delightful views of the val- ley of Connecticut river. It is wa- tered by Scantic river. Somers has a very neat village, in which is a large establishment for the manufacture of straw bon- nets. . Population, 1830, 1,429. Somerset Comity, Me. J\''o)-ri(]geti'ock, chief town. — Previous to the formation of Piscat- aquis and Franklin counties, in 1838, for which purpose a consider- able portion of Somerset was taken, this county contained an area of about 8,785 square miles. Incor- porated, 1809. About one third of this territory may be said to be set- tled, incorporated or granted, the residue, a wilderness. Its popula- tion, in 1820, was 21,787; 1830, 33,588 ; 1837, 40,963. Population to a square mile, 4 1-2. Gain in population, in seven years, 22 per cent. The present county of Somerset is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Piscataquis and a part of Penob- scot counties, S. by the counties of Kennebec and Franklin, and W. by Franklin county and Lower Can- ada. This county is watered by many ponds, some of the large tributa- ries of the Kennebec, and by the upper waters of many other im- portant rivers in Maine ; but its chief river is the noble Kennebec, which enters the county at its rise from Moose Head lake, and passing from that lake, which skirts the east- ern boundary of the county, it tra- verses nearly in its centre about 75 miles. This river serves, at pres- ent, as a great thoroughfare to the ocean for an immense amount of timber, lumber and wood, the first fruits of the industry of pioneers to a heavily timbered country ; and, in after times, will serve for the transportation of the productions of a fertile soil to distant markets, and of the wants of the inhabitants from abroad. The surface of this county is di- versified by considerable eleva- tions and extensive valleys, which give it a varied and pleasing as- pect. With the exception of the mountain range, which skirts the bounds of Canada, and the Bald Mountain ridge, nearly in the cen- tre of the county. Mount Bigelow and Mount Abraham, on the bor- der of Franklin county, are the most lofty. So far as the march of improve- ment has been made in this interior and almost wilderness county, the soil of the lands, generally, is found to be fertile, as easy of cultivation, and as productive of all the varie- ties of grasses, grains, vegetables and fruits, as any portion of New Eng- land, with very few exceptions. The more interior portions of the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. county, those watered by the up- per branches of tlie Penobscot and Walloomstook, now a wilderness, are said to be the most fertile. In 1837, there were in the old county of Somerset, 77,921 sheep; and, during- that year, it produced 239,- 332 bushels of wheat, being the largest quantity of that valuable grain produced by any county in Maine, and proliably by any county in New England. Somerset, Vt. Windham co. ilount Pisgah and other elevations give to the sur- face oi this township so rough and drear an aspect, that but few are bold enough to attempt the cultiva- tion of its soil. It is watered by the upper branches of Dcerfield river. Population, 1830, 245. Somerset stands 15 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 14 W. from Newfane. It would put the neigh- boring towns into a pretty pickle if it should turn a Sumerset. Somerset, Mass. Bristol CO. This town is pleas- antly situated on the northern side of Taunton river, opposite to Fall River, and is the proposed depot of a rail i-oad from Fall River to I'rovi- dence, R. I. It is 16 miles S. E. from Providence, 13 S. from Taun- ton, and 45 S. fi-oin Boston. Popu- lation, 1S37, 1,063. Incorporated, 1790. There are some manufactures of stone and earthorn wares, but sliip building is the principal branch of mechanics in tlie town. gomers^Tortli, N. II. Strafford co. This town was for- merly a part of Dover. It was in- corporated in 1754. It is bounded N. W. by Rochester, N. E. by Sal- mon fall river, which divides it fiom Berwick, Me., and S. W. by Do- ver. It is 11 miles N. by W. from Portsmouth and 45 E. from Concord. The White Mountains may be seen from the summit of Otis' hill; also the steeples of the meeting houses in Portsmouth, and the masts of the shipping in the harbor. The soil of this town is well adapted to Indian corn, and almost all kinds of grain and grass. The tide llows on the east side of this town, four miles to Quamphegaa falls. The river is of suflicient depth, till within a mile of said falls, for vessels of 250 tons. The S. part of this town is bounded on Cocheco river, fiom its coutluence with the Piscataqua to the mouth of Fresh creek, near a mile ; and from thence by said creek to its head, nearly a mile and a half. There are but two ponds of note in this town : Humphrey's pond on the line of Dover, 2('0 rods long and 120 rods wide ; and Cole's pond, 150 lods long and 75 wide. Red and yellow ochre, also iron ore, have been found in this town. The ochre has been used in paint- ing houses, and has been found to make a durable paint. At Great Falls, are extensive manufactories, and a large and beautiful village. This town was settled between 1650 and 1700, by William Went- worth and others. Many of the tirst settlers were killed or taken captive and carried to Canada. Eb- enezer Downs, who was a quaker, was taken by the Indians at Indigo hill, in 1724, and carried to Canada. He was grossly insulted and abused by them, because he refused to dance as the other prisoners did for the diversion of their savage cap- tors. Nicholas Pike, author of a popular system of ai-ithmctic, was born in this town, October 6, 1743. JoH.'v Wentworth, son of the Hon. .John AVentwoilli, was born in this town, July 14, 1745; and was graduated at Harvard college, 17C8. He entered on the study of the law, and settled at Dover. When ap- plication was made to him to put an NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. action in suit, it was his practice to see the parties or to write to them, stating the consequences of a legal process, and advising tliem to set- tle their differences between them- selves. By this mode oi' procedure he was instrumental in preventing many vexatious lawsuits; and was entitled to the appellation of peace- maker. He was a member of the continental congress in tlie revolu- tion, and died January 10, 17S7. Hon. Thomas Wallingford, was born at Bradford, ]Mass., in 1697. He came to this town in the early part of his life ; and by a dili- gent application to business, from a small beginning became one of the richest men in the province. IcH.^BOD Rollins, was born in Somersworth in 1721. He was a judge of probate for the county of Strafford, and died January 31, 1800. Population, in 1830, 3,090. Sovicooli Rivt'i-, K. II., Has its source in three ponds in the south part of Gihiianion. lyirig near each other, called Loon, Kocky and Slielicamp ponds. It passes through Loudon, receiving several branches, and forms the boundary between Concord and Pembroke, falling into the Merrimack below Garvin's falls. Soiiliegan River, N. H. Originally Souheo^enack, the name of a river in Hillsborough county, and the former name of Amherst and Merrimack. The principal branch of this river originates from a pond in Ashburnham, Mass. It passes N. through Ashby, at the N. W. angle of the county of Mid- dlesex, into New Ipswich, and through Mason, Milford, Amherst, into Merrimack, where it unites with Merrimack river. In its course it receives several streams from Temple, Lyndeborough and Mount Vernon, and just before it falls into the Merrimack, receives Babboo- suck brook, a considerable stream issuing from Babboosuck pond. See Jlmherst. South Hampton, N. H., Rockingham co., is bounded N. by East Kingston and Kensington, E. by Seabrook, S. by Amesbury, Mass., W. by Newtown; and is 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and 18 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. The surface is generally even, and the soil of a good quality. Pow- ow river passes through this town, affording valuable mill seats. South Hampton was incorporated in 1742. Hon. Phillips White, who was a member of the old congress, a counsellor in 1792 and 1793, and for many years judge of probate, died June 24, 1811, aged 82. Pop- ulation, 1830, 487. Soutlianiptou, Mass. Hampshire co. Manhan river waters the town and affords it mill privileges. The Farmington canal passes through the eastern part. Lead in various forms and qualities is found here, and here is a subter- raneous passage leading to the lead mine in Westhampton. There are some manufactures in the town, but the people are generally em- ployed in agricultural pursuits, and the soil is well adapted to that pur- pose. Southampton is pleasantly situa- ted, 9 miles S. W. from Northamp- ton, and 97 W. by S. from Boston. Incorporated, 1753. Population, 1837, 1,216. South. Ber-«vick, Me. York CO. This town is situated on the N. E. side of Salmon Fall river, 97 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 10 W. N. W. from York. The limits of the town have recently been increased by the addition of a portion of the territory of York. It was incorporated in 1814. Pop- ulation, 1830,1,577; 1837, 2,342. The Great Falls on the river at this place afford an hydraulic power of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEU. great magnitude and value. Man- ufacturinu; oporations coiuinencod here many years ago, and have been gradually increasing ; but in 1837, the " Great Works Manufacturing Company" was incorporated. This company have a large capital, and are making arrangements for man- ufacturing on an extensive scale. When it is considered that this place is located on navigable waters, and only about a dozen miles from the beautiful harbor of Portsmouth, by water, these operations promise a favorable result, both to individual enterprise and the public. The village of South Berwick is pleasantly situated ; it is a place of considerable trade, and in the vicin- ity of deliglitful scenery. SoutUborough, Itlass. Worcester co. This town was taken from Marlborough in 1727. It has a good soil, and is well culti- vated by industrious and skillful farmers. It is watered hff a branch of Sudbury river, and has man- ufactures of woolen clotii, boots, shoes, and straw bonnets : annual value, about .«!50,000. The Boston" and Worcester rail road passes throuah this pleasant town. It lies 2t> miles W. from Boston, and 15 E. from Worcester. Population, 1837, 1,113. Soatlibridge, 3Iass. Worcester co. Southbridge was taken from Sturbridge in 1814. — Population, 1830, 1,444 ; 1837, 1740. It is 54 miles S. W. from Boston, and 19 S. S. W. from Worcester. This town is watered by the Quin- neboag, a branch of the Thames, and a good mill stream. There are one woolen and three cotton mills in Southbridge, and manufactures of boots, shoes and cutlery : the value of which, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was .S262V212. This town has an excellent soil and a pleasant and flourishing village. Soiitlibury, Ct. New Haven co. The principal village in this town is pleasantly situated on the Painperaug, a fine mill stream, which passes tlirough the town. This village is 20 miles N. W. from New Haven, and 40 S. W. from Hartford. The village of South Britain is about 4 miles S. W. from the princi- pal or central village : it is a flour- ishing place, cmitaining a num- ber of neat buildings, a carpet and several hat factories. This village is surrounded by high hills and precipices, and has a romantic and picturesque appearance. The sur- face of the town is generally un- even: there is some good meadow land on Housatonick, Pamperaug, and Shcpaug rivers, and the up- lands are warm and productive. Some traces of coal have been dis- covered. The northern part of the town is called " White Oak," from an oak t.-ee under which tlie first persons who explored the town encamped. Pieces of this tree are considered by some as precious relics. South- bury was formerly attached to Litchfield county. It was a part of Woodburj-, and was first settled about the year 1672. It was incor- porated as a distinct town in 1786. Population, 1830, 1,557. South Hadley, I>Iass. Hampshire co. Nature and art seem to have tinited to render this an interestinn- place. The falls on the Connecticut are 50 feet ; not perpendicular, but in so short a distance as to render the ri%"er very rapid. These falls. Mount IIol- yoke at the north part of the tov.'n, and Mount Tom on the west side of the river, with the luxuriant mead- ows along this beautiful stream, would form a picture of no ordinary character. These falls are ren- dered passable for freight and steam. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. boats by a canal of about two miles in length. In this canal is a cut through solid rock, 40 feet in depth and 300 feet in length. The hy- draulic power, at tliis place, is very great, having the vvliole volume of Connecticut river and some smaller streams at command for manufac- turing purposes. Much of the water power is yet unimproved, but its local situation is such as to insure its usefulness as the manu- facturing interests of New England increase. There are in Soutii Had- ley 3 paper and 2 woolen niills, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, pearl buttons, iron, &c. : to- tal value, the year ending April 1, 1S37, $237,650. South Hadley lies on tlie east side of Connecticut river, 90 miles, W. from Boston, and 5 S. by E. from Northampton. Incorporated in 1753. Population, 1837, 1,400. SoutliHero, Vt. Grand Isle co. Lake Champlain bounds this town on all sides. — The passage in the lake however, is very narrow between the towns of N. and S, Hero. It lies 12 miles N. W. from Burlington, and 16 S. S. W. from St. Albans. The lake is fordable a considerable part of the year on the Verniont side. This town was formerly a part of North Hero, and was separated from it in 1788. First settled, 17S4. Popu- lation, 1830, 717. South Hero con- tains an area of about 9,065 acres of level land of an excellent soil. Its basis is limestone. It is suppos- ed that all the lands of this island county were once covered by the waters of the lake, as clam shells are found incorporated with the rocks in the highest places. The scenery around these islands is beautiful. This vicinity was a fa- vorite resort for the In.lians, as ap- pears from a large number of their implements found on the islands. It seems they manufactured hatch- ets, spear heads, chisels,, arrows, and a variety of other implements at this place, from a flint stone not found in this region, but brought from a distance. This town fur- nishes a great abundance of food for the inhabitants, and some for ex- portation. It feeds about 6,200 sheep. This is a pleasant stopping place for the angler, the painter or the geologist. Southingtou, Ct. Hartford co. Southington was taken from Farniington in 1779. There are some elevations in the town, particularly in the eastern part ; but the soil is generally very good for all kinds of grain and the pasturage of cattle, it is watered by the Quinnepiack, and the Far- niington canal passes through it. It contains a neat village, IS miles S. W. from Hartford \nd 21 N. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 1,844. The inhabitants are generally en- gaged in^griculture ; yet seve)-al kinds of manufactures receive con- siderable attention. Peck's patent for machines for making tin ware, a most valuable invention, is exclu- sively ovv'ned in this town, and the business of making them is exten- sively cariicd on, by Peck & Co., whose manufactory siipplies almost the whole of the United States and the British provinces. The manu- facture of water cement is very extensively carried on in this town, and furnishes a sujjply for the wants of the vicinity, and some for distant markets. There is an establish- ment for the manufacture of lasts, which are turned out by a machine : this is effected by having a model of the shape wanted, inserted into the apparatus connected with the machinery. Besides the above, there is a brass foundry ; and sev- eral other establishments, for man- ufacturing various articles, such as saws of different kinds, tin ware, combs, spoons, clocks, brushes, &c., are in operation, more or less ex- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. tensively, at difTerent times, accor- ding to the demands of the market. Copper has been discovered, in sev- eral places, in the range of moun- tains on the eastern border of the town. Soutli Kingston, R. I. Washington co. Chief town. This town was formerly a part of North Kingston, and was first set- tled in 1670. It is the largest town in the State, comprising 9S square miles, and within its limits is the noted Point Judith. It has an uneven surface, a soil of a gravelly loam, based on a granite foundation. Large quantities of grain of vari- ous kinds and of the productions of the dairy are annually sent to mar- ket from this town ; also the fleeces of about 7,500 sheep. This town possesses great navigable advan- tages; its eastern and southern borders being washed by the At- lantic ocean and Narraganset bay. It contains a great number of fresli water ponds, and a larsje salt pond : one of the fresh water ponds, cov- ers an area of between three and four thousand acres. The fisheries on tlie shores and in the ponds of Soutli Kingston are of considerable extent and value. The fish taken arc principally bass, alewives, perch and smelts. Some portion of the inhabitants follow a maritime life for a livelihood. The principal village in South Kingston is improperly called " Lit- tle Rest Hill," for it is quite a snug and comfortal)le ])lace. It lies .30 miles S. from Providence, and 9 S. from North Kingston. Population, 1830, 3,66.3. Soitth Reading, Mass, Middlesex co. This town was taken fiom Reading in 1812. It lies 10 miles N. from Boston, IS E. by N. from Concord, and 10 W. from Salem. Population, 1S30, 1,310; 18.37, 1,488. The manufacture? of the town consist ofshoes.cabinet ware, chairs, shoe tools, razor straps, block tin and tin ware : annual value, about $60,000. This town contains a large and beautiful pond, the source of Sau- gus river. The village is compact, neat and flourishing. Soutli^vick, Mass. Hampden co. This town is bounded S. by the state of Con- necticut, and is 100 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 10 W. S. W. from Springfield. Incorporated, 1779. Population, 1837, 1,291. It is watered liy a considerable stream, and several ponds in the town sup- ply water for the Farmington canal, which passes through Southwick. The manufactures consist of gun- powder, leather, and distilled spir- its: annual value, about ,'^70,000. The surface of the town is eleva- ted, but the soil is generally good, particularly for grazing. The val- ue of wool slicared in 1S37, was .$2,123. So^vaclabscooU River, Me. Penobscot co. This stream falls into the Penobscot at Hampden, 5 miles below Bangor. Within 3 miles of its mouth it falls 120 feet, furnishing many valuable mill priv- ileges. The main branch, which rises in Stetson, unites with the Harvey stream from Levant, and the Kinsley stream from Etna, both alibrding excellent mill sites, near the village in Carmel. Below these, the Sowadabscook is deep and slugc'ish, from 15 to 25 yards in width, flowing through extensive meadows, and the Great and Little ponds in Hermon, with very little descent, to the head of the falls in Hampden. Near the cast line of Carmol, this stream comes within about 20 rods of the Little Kendus- keag, a stream which flows through the N. E. part of Carmel, from Le- vant to Bangor; and the two streams are united by a branch from 20 to NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. 30 feet wide and 3 feel deep, called the Cross. The Kenduskeag is -o rapid that it rises and falls much quicker than the Sovvadabscook. When the streams are risinij, the current in tiie Cro-ssets towards the Sowadabscook, and when falling, towards the Kenduskeag. The country watei'ed by the Sowadabscook is generally rather level and free from hills, though there are many swelid of very tine farming land. In the towns of Heimon and Hampden is a large tract, very little elevated a'pove the level of the stream, and liable tone overllowed by freshets. It is too low for settlement, and is chiefly covered v.'ith wood. The iinprovc- ment of this land requires too great an outlay of capita! for a now coun- try, but it will probably at some time be, among the mo;t valuable in this country for mowing. Tliere are on this stream, in Hampden, five superior saw mills, a grist and paper mill, and the privi- leges are excelled by few in New England. Upon the Kenduskeag are 9 mills below the Cross, many of them superior double mills. The pine limber has been cut off upon the waters of this stream to sucli an extent, as to give a high value to that which remains, and to the hem- lock timber, of which there are great quantities of fine quality. Since our first pages went to press, v/e have received, from an obliging friend, the following infor- mation in regard to Car met. The township of Carmel, border- ing on the Sowadabscook, is a very level tract of land ; most of it of a very light and fertile soil, free of stone. The valleys have a fine growth of pine timbei-, which has been carefully preserved by the owners, and may be run, by means of the Cross, at a small expense, either to Bangor or Hampden. — There is probably no town in this section of the county, in which there was originally so valuable a growth of pine, or in which there is so large a quantity remaining. The swells are large, and are cov- ered with the rock maple, beech, birch, &.C., and are of a very supe- i-ior quality for tillage. Near the streams are large tracts of intervale of great fertility, and making very fine meadows. There is little waste land in the town. The swamps are few and of small extent, but fur- nish cedars in sufficient quantities for fencing, for which use they are the finest and most durable mate- rial. The settlement of this town is rapidly progressing, and many of the farms recently cleared are very superior, and the buildings, fences, and improvements, show an active, industrious and enterprising peo- ple. The village near the centre of the town, is a very thriving and active place of business, on the stage road from Bangor to Skovvhe- gan, 13 miles. W. from Bangor, and 11 \V. N.W. from Hampden. Here are four stores, two taverns, an apothecary shop, potash, black- smiths, coopers, shoemakers, join- ers, and other shops ; an extensive tannery, mills, &c., and a meeting house is about being built. In the town are five good school houses, five saw mills, a clapboard and shin- gle mill, grist mill, and clothing mill. There are found in this town some fine specimens of petrified shells, at an elevation of 125 to 130 feet above the Penobscot, and near the banks of the stream, showing that this valley was once covered by the ocean. ■ The roads in the towns watered by this stream are exceedingly well made, and creditable to the inhab- itants, though it is remarkable, that several of them, which were made in the early settlement, pass over decidedly the most inferior lands in those towns. This is particularly NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. true of the road from Hampden through Caniiel and Etna to New- port: and the settlement of this section was formerly retarded, with- out douht, hy the unfavorable im- pression created by this circum- stance. The projected rail road from Bangor to Augusta is survey- ed to pa«s through this town, near the bank of the stream ; and the level character of the country is exceedingly well adapted for that purpose. Spafforil's lialte, N. 11. See ChesJerJiel J. Speckled Mouutaiu, 3Ie.' Oxford CO. This mountain lies on the line of New Hampshire, partly in the town of Riley, and is said to be 4,000 feet above sea level. gl)eiiccr, Mass. Worcester co. Seven Mile riv- er, a branch of the Chickopee, wa- ters this town. There are two woolen n:il!s in the town, and man- ufactures of scj'the snaiths, straw honnets, boots, shoes, leather, cab- inet ware, chairs, palm-leaf hats, harnesses, and barrels : annual val- ue, about $80,000. This township is quite elevated for the section of country in which it lies. It is stated to be the sum- mit level between the waters of Boston harbor and Connecticut riv- er, 950 feet above the former, and 880 feet above the latter. The surface of the town is agreeably varied by hills anV . boundary, a I'istance of 7 miles It lies 1.50 nales X. W. from Port- land, loO N. fpoia Concord, and is bounded N. by Canada. The Connecticut river is about 15 rods in width at Ibis place -- Bishop's brock, a considerable stream, rises in this town, and falls into the Connecticut ai the N. W corner. Dead water and Mohawk rivers have their sources here. HalFs stream, also, unites with the Connecticut in StcwaH.siown. There are two ponds in the E. part of this town, called Little and Great Diamond ponds, both well stocked with salmon trout. There me i^ large mountains in Stewartstown, although there are many elevations! The -soil of the intervale is rich, and the uplands productive. Stewartstown was incorporated in 1799. During tlie late war a block house or fort was erected in this town for d»'feiice by a company of militia, and occupied until August, 1814, when it was destroyed. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 529. SUllwater, Me. Penobscot co. A very flourish- ing village, on the lower falls of Penobscot river, in the town of Oro- no. An immense amount of lum- ber is sawed at this place, and raft- ed down to the Bangor market. See Orono. Stockbridge, Vt. Windsor co. This town lies 36 miles S. by SV. from Montpelier, and 26 N. W. from AVindsor. First settled, 17S3. Population, 1830, 1,333. White river passes through the town, and at a place called the " Great Narrows," it is compressed into a channel of but a few feet in width, and, affords the only good mill seat in town. The soil of the town is better for pasturage than tillage. It feeds about five tliou- sand five hundred sheep. Stoclibi-idge, Mass. Berkshire co. This is a fine farming town on both sides of the Housatonick river, 130 miles W. from Boston, and 6 S. from I.enox. Incorporated, 1739. Population, 1830, 1,580; 1S37, 2,036. The soil of this town is adapted to all kinds of culture ; much of it is rich alluvial meadow, and the uplands produce excellent feed for cattle. Here is an excellent hydraulic power, and a pleasant village on an extended plain, surrounded by de- lightful scenery. There are one cotton and two woolen mills in the town, two tan- neries, and manufactures of pio- iron, iron castings, chairs, boots, shoes, and machinery for boring iron and wood : total amt)unt of the manufactures, for the year endin"- April 1, 18.37, .i(380,765. Marble is abundant. A tribe of Indians had a reserva- tion of 6 miles square in this town. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. from the year 1735 to tlieir remo- val to New Stockbridge, Oneida county, New York. In 1733 there were 90 adult Indians in the tribe, of whom 52 were baptized by the Rev. John Sargent, a faithful mis- sionary, and their tirst spiritual guide. Stoddard, N. H. Cheshire CO. This town is bound, ed N. by Washington, E. by Wind- sor and Antrim, S. by Nelson and Sullivan, and W. by Gilsum and Marlow. It is 14 miles N. N. E. from Keene, and 42 W. S. W. from Concord. This tovvn is situated on the height of land between Merrimack and Coniiecticut rivers. It is mountain- ous and very rocky. The soil is better adapted to grazing than til- lage. The south branch of Ashue- !ot river has its source near the cen- tre of the town. The streams in the east section, fall into the Mer- rimack ; those on the west, into the Connecticut. There are fourteen ponds, some of which are of con- siderable magnitude. This town was formerly called Limerick. It was incorporated in 1774, when it received the name of Stoddard, from Col. Samson Stod- dard, of Chelmsford, to whom with several others it was granted. The s-ettlement commenced in June, 1769. The tirst family was that of John Taggard, whose privations and hardships were very great. Their grain was piocured at Peter- borough, at the distanceof 20 miles, which was conveyed by him on his back through the pathless wilder- ness. At one time, they had noth- ing, for six days, on which to sub- sist, but the "flesh of the moose. Populatioif, 1837, 1,159. Stoueham, Me. Oxford CO. Stoneham was incor- porated in 1834. It lays westerly of Albany, and comprises the grant to Fryeburgh Academy. Popula- tion, 1837, 290. Stonelxam, Alass. Middlesex co. This is a small , town, rocky and uneven. It has some good soil and much wood. In- corporated, 1725. Population, 1837, 932. During the year ending April 1, 1837, there were made in this town 330,100 pairs of shoes; valued at $184,717, employing more than half its inhabitants. Spot Pond, a beautiful sheet of soft and pure water, lies in this town, 8 miles N. from Boston. It covers an area of 283 acres, and is 143 feet above high water mark, at Boston. Stoiiiugton> Ct. New London co. This town is situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island Soand ; at the S. E. corner of the state, and on the line of Rhode Island. It contains an area of about sii square miles. The land is rockv and uneven, but fertile and productive. A considerable amount of agricultu.-al products is annually sen't from this town to Nantucket ?-nd other places. It is watered bv the Mystic and Pauca- tuck, considerable streams, on which are cotton, woolen and other factories. Stonington was first set- tled i.i 1649, and incorporated in 1658. Population, 1830, 3,401. This place was bombarded by B."itish ships during the revolution- arv war, and again on the 10th of August, 1814, and gallantly de- fended. The harbor of Stonington sets up from the Sound, opposite Fisher's island, and is well protected by an expensive Breakwater. This place is noted for the com- mercial enterprise of its people. Large capitals are employed in the whale, seal, and cod fisheries. Five whale ships recently arrived, bring- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ins; each, on an averasjc, 3,100 bar- rels of oil, and 2.) ,000 poinuls of bone. The sealing business in ihc Pacitic Ocean, has been conducted here, very extensively, for many years, with sjreat success. Many ships are built, and a large number of coasting vessels, and some in tlie West India trade, belong to this port. This place is accommodated with a marine rail way, and a light house at the entrance of the har- bor. Stonington Borough is located on a narrow point of land, extending into the Sound about half a mile. It was incorporated in ISOl. It is handsomely laid out, is well built, and contains about 1,200 inhabitants. Jilany strangers visit this place in summer months to enjoy the marine air and delightful scenery. It lies 54 miles S. Y.. from Hartford, 12 E. from New London, and 62 E. from New Haven. Stonington is an important point on the New York, Providence, and Boston Rail Road. The distance from New York to Brooklyn, on Long Island, across the ferrv, is half a mile; from Brooklyn to Green- port, at the easterly pait of Long Island, is 98 miles; from thence, across the Sound, to Stonington, 25 ; from Stonington to Providence, 47 ; and from Providence to IJoston 41 miles. Total distance from New York to Bostoujby this route, 211 1-2 miles. Until the completion of the rail road on Long Island, passengers are conveyed to and from New York, daily, by safe and splendid steam boats. Stop River, Mass. This stream rises from ponds in Wrcntham, and joins Charles river at Medtield. Stoughton, Mass. Norfolk CO. Some of the head waiors of Neponset river rise in tliis town. When the Indians sold their lands in Dorchester, a resi- dence was established for them at this place, and called Punkapog. There were 12 families of Chris- tain Indians here in 1(J74. Mr. Elliot, the apostle of the Indians, had the chief agency in their re- moval. There are two cotton and a \vool- en mill in the town, and manufac- tures of boots, shoes, shoe tools, and boot forms: total value of manu- factures, the year ending April 1, 1837, exclusive of cotton goods, .^525,940 ; of which !«!4'^7,.390 was for boots and shoes. Hands em- ployadin the various manufactures, 92*. Stoughton was incorporated in 1736. It lies 20 miles S. from Bos- ton, and 10 S. from Dedham. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,591 ; 1837, 1,993. Stow, Me. See " Down East." Sto^v, Vt. Lamoille co. Waterbury river and its brandies give this town a good water power, and by which several mills are put into operation. F'tow is situated between the Mans- field and Hog's Back mountains, and contains a large tract of level, fertile land, which appears to have been of alluvial formation. This valley contains some very beautiful and productive farms. Between five and six thousand sheep are kept, and the exports of agricultu- ral products are valuable. Stow is a floui-isliing town, and contains a neat and pleasant mountain valley village. This town was first settled in IT!):?. It lies 15 milesN. N.W. from ^Fontpelier, 12 S. from Hyde Park, and 26 E. from Rurlinston. Popu- lation, 1820, 957 ; 1S30. 1,570. Sto'kv, Mass. Middlesex co. Stow is watered by the Assabet river, and possesses a good water power. The soil is NEW EXCLAXD GAZETTEER. light and sandy, and p;ood for the growth oi' hops. It Hes 24 miles VV. by N. from Boston, and S W. bv S. from Concord. Incorporated, 1(583. Population, 1837, 1,134. There are two woolen mills in the town, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoc«, straw boiniets, and palm-leaf hats: total value, the year ending April 1, 1S37, $231,611. StraS'ord County, I*^- K. Dover, Gilmanion, Gilford and Rochester, ai-e the shire towns. Strafford county is bounded N. bj' the county of Coos, E. by the state of Maine, S. and S. \V. by Rock- ingham and J.Ierriniack counties, W. by the Pemigewasset liver, which separates it from parts of the counties of Grafton and Merrimack, and N. W. by Grafton county. It is 63 miles in lengtli, fj-om the raouth of Lamprey river to the N. line of Albany ; 33 miles wide at the centre. Its shape, like that of all the other counties in the state, is irregular. It contains an area of 1,345 square miles. This county, which extends to the neigliborhood of the White mountains, has sever- al considerable mountains within its limits. Chocorua Peak, in Albany, Sandwich mountain in the same range, Ossipee and Effingham moun- tains, Gunstock mouniain, in Gil- ford, Moose, in Brookticld and Mid- dleton, Teneriffe, in Milton, and the ridge denominated Blue Hills, are the most elevated. Red Hill, in Moultonborough, has a commaml- ing elevation, and I'as long attracted visitoi-s. Below, the waters of the Winnepisiogee lie open to tiie eye, and its numerous islands and bays present a fine appearance. This lake is much the largest body of water in the state, being 22 miles long, and varying from one to cii^ht miles in width. Sullivan orSquam lake, lies partly in this county, and is 6 miles in length, and nearly 5 in width. Ossipee lake is also in this countj". Great bay. Long bay and Merrymeeting bay, are connec- ted with the Winnepisioa;ee lake. Smitb's pond, in Vv'olfeborough ; Sixmile, in Eaton, Merrymeeting, in New Durham, and Lovcwell, in Wakefield, are the principal ponds. The larger rivers, are the Piscata- qua, Salmon Falls, Cocheco, Saco and Swift rivers. The soil of Strafford county, though presenting a great variety, is generally good. Tlie lands are generally hard of cultivation, but the patient laboi-er finds an ample reward for his in- dustry. This county possesses a large hydraulic power, and manu- facturing establishments are con- stantly increasing on its streams. Population, 1830, 58,916. Popula- lation to a square mile, 44. In 1837, there were 53,602 sheep in Strafibid county. Stram)rd, N. ^T. Strafford co. This town lies 15 miles N. W. from Dover, and 25 E. N. E. from Concord, and is about 7 miles in length, 6 1-2 wide. Bow pond is in the S. W. part of the town, and is about 650 rods long, 400 wide ; its waters form one of the pi'incipal branches of the Is- inglass river. The range of Blue hills crosses the N. W. part of the town. The soil here is generally of a good quality. Straflbrd was formerly a part of Barrington, and was incorporated in 1820. Popula- tion, 1830, 2,200. Strafford, Vt. Orange co. This town is water- ed by a branch of Ompomponoo- suc river, and lies 30 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, 30 N. from Wind- sor, and 11 S. S. E. from Chelsea. Population, 1830, 1,935. The surface of the town is rough, Init the soil is productive. It feeds a larsre number of sheep. The manufacturing interests of Strafford are quite extensive. " lu this township is an extensive NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. be«l of the sulphuret of iron, from which im!iien-;e quantities of cop- peras are manufactured. Tiie ore is situated on the east side of an eleva- tion, and the bed is about half a mile in length, and from two to three rods iu width. Its depth has not been ascertained. A company was incorporated by the name of the " Vermont Mineral Factory Compa- ny," in October, 1309, which im- mediately commenced the manu- facture of copperas, at this place. In 1822, 130 tons of copperas were manufactured here, and in 1S23, 133 tons; since that time the man- ufacture has increased. The ore is covered to .he depth of about three feet with a stratum of earth. Be- low this is a stratum of ferrugin- ous petrifactions, which exhibits forms of buds, leaves, limbs of trees, &.c. in admirable perfection. This stratum varies from two to three feet in depth. Below this lies the bed of sulphuret of iron. It is very compact. Its colors are brilliant, varyin<^ from that of steel to a bright yellow, and its appear- ance is occasionally diversilied by small quantities of green copper ore. It is also traversed in many parts by small veins of quartz. The ore is detached from the bed in large masses, by blasting. It is then beaten to pieces with hatii- mers and tlirown info heaps several rods in length, about 12 feet in width, and seven oreight in height. Here it is suffered to lie exposed to the action of the air and moist- ure until a spontaneous co;nI)us- tion takes place, and the whole heap is converted from the sulphu- ret to the sulphate of iron, which usually takes several weeks. After the process of burning is comple- ted, the residue is removed to the leaches, wliere water is passed through it which dissolves the cop- peras and leaves the earthy matter behind. The water is then con- veyed to the boilers, which are Blade .of lead, aad weigh about [ 2,500 pounds each. Here it is boiled and eva])arated to a certain extent, and sulfered partially to cool. It is then transferred to the crystalizers, where the copperas continues to crystalize, while cool- ing, and when the crystalization ceases, the water is again returned to the boilers, mixed willi water from the leaches, and again evapo- rated." Stratfoi-d, N. H. Coos CO. This town lies on the E. bank of Connecticut river, 16 miles above Lancaster. The town is large, extending 10 miles on the river, with a fertile intervale of 1-4 to 1 mile wide. This meadow is skirted in many places by a nari-ow plain, succeeded by the mountain- ous regions, covering the whole E. and N. divisions of the town. The soil, except along the river, is rocky, gravelly and coM. The Peaks, two mountains of a conical form, situated in the S. E. part of the town, are seen at a great distance. They are discovered immediately on entering Dallon,.30 miles below, and stand as land marks in front or to the right, till, on nearer approach, they are lost behind the intervening hills. Bog brook and several small- er streams, here fall into the Con- necticut; and Nash's stream cross- es the S. E. part of the town into the Amonoosuck. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the town, the waters of whicli pass into the Amo- noosuck. Stratford was incorpora- ted in 1779. Population, in 1830, 443. Thomas Burnside, of this town, was one of Rogers' Rangers in the French war. Some years after- wards, he was desirous of becoming a justice of the peace. He procur- ed Colonel Barr to assist his views, and carrying with him, by his di- rection, as a present, a firkin of butter and a piece of linen, waited upon Gov. Wentworth, at Ports- mouth. He stated to the governor NEW ENOLAXD GAZETTEER. Hiat tlie inliabitants of his town could not live peaceably any longer without a iiiajiistrate. Tlie gover- nor enquired how many inhabitants belonged to the town, and who was the littest man foi- the office. Thom- as answered that himself and his neighbor \ve\-e the only inhabitants, and himself the only man qualilieil for the appointment; for his neigh- bor was no more tit foi' a justice of the peace than the d 1 was. Tlie govei-nor gave him his commission, and was highly amused with the singularity of the application. Sti-atfortl, Ct. .Fairiield co. This town was first settled in 1639. by persons fi'oia Boston, lloxbury and Concord, Mass. and AVethersfield, Ct. Its Indian name was C'upheag. Stratford is about (5 miles in length from noi'th to south, and its breadth fi-om east (o west is be- tween 2 and 3 miles. Lt is bound- ed north by Huntington, west by Trumbull and Bridgeport, cast by the Housatonick, dividing it from Milford, and south by Long Island Sound. The central part of the town is 13 miles S. W. from New- Haven, and S E. by N. from Fair- field. The township is mostly level and free from stone, and there is a very rich alluvial tract of mead- ows on the river and harbor. The principal street in the tovv'n, is one mile in length, running north and south, parallel to the Housatonick; it is level, pleasant, and ornament- ed with shade trees. On this street, and others, in the immediate vi- cinity, there are about 200 dwell- ing houses, and 4 houses for pub- lic worsliip. This place lies at the mouth of Housatonick river, and has c6nsid- erable inland and coasting trade. Stratford Point, jutting out iii^o the Sound, is very pleasant, and a noted landing place for passengers. Gen. David Wooster, was a native of this town, and was born in 1711. He was a brave and good officer, an ardent patriot, and in his various public and private relations, sustained a character distinguished for integrity, benevolence and vir- tue. He was mortally wounded in a skirmish with the British troops, at the time of their incursion to Danbury,'in 1777. Stratliam, N. H. Rockingham CO. This town lies 39 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, 3 E. N. E. from Exeter, and is situated on the E. side of the \V. branch of tlie Piscataqua river. Stratham is distant about 8 miles from the sea. The. land is even, and well calcu- lated for agricultural purposes. Farming is So exclusively the em- ployment of the people, that al- though a navigable river adjoins it, there is little attention given to any- other pursuit. In the east part of the town, in a swamp, is perhaps the largest repository of peat in the state. This town wasa part of the Squamscot patent, or Hilton's pur- chase. It was made a town by charter, March 20, 171S. Popula- tion, in 1830, 838. gtraltou, Tt. Vrindham co. A mountainous township in the west part of the t'jun'.y, 18 miles N. E. from Ben- nington, and. 22 N. W. i'rom Brat- tlcborough. Branches of Deerfield and Winhall rivers rise here fi'om two ponds. The soil is cold and generally unprofitable. Popula- tion, 1830, 312. Strong, Mc. Franklin co. This excellent township lies on both sides of Sandy river, 45 miles N. W. from Augus- ta, and bounded South by Farming, ton. Population, in 1837, 1,091. Thei-e is a large body of intervale land on the Sandy, very fertile and productive. Strong contains a pleasant and flourishing village, some mills on the stream., and sev- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEF.R. eral very beaiilifiil ponds. In Por- ter's pond, alioiit two miles long, a salmon trout was taken, wliich weighed tirtnly seven and a half pounds. Strong was incorporated in 1801, and named in honc-r of Caleb Stroxg, LL. D., formerly a Senator to Congress, from Massa- chusetts, and Governor ol tliat state 9 years. He died at Nortliamplon, Mass., his native town, ^'.'ov. 7, 1819, aged 74 years. Siurbridgc, Msss. Worcester co. This is a very pleasant town, and is well watered by Qiiinehaug river. It lies 60 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 18 S. W. from Worcester. Incor- porated, 1738. Population, 1830, 1,688 ; 1837, 2,004. The surface of the town is uneven and hilly, and the soil hard to subdue ; but it has become productive by good man- agement. There are some good iish ponds in the town, which serve to swell the Quinebaug. There are 6 cotton mills in Sturbridge and manufactures of boots, shoes, leath- er, chairs, cabinet ware, clothing, palm-leaf hats, trunks hainesses. chairs, wagons, sleighs nnd pocket rifles; total value, the vea;- ending April 1, 1837, .sl82,413. Success, Bf. II. Coos CO. There are several con- siderable mountains in this tract, and two or three ponds. Nnr;nar- cungawack and Live, rivers rise here, and pass westerly into the Androscoggin. Success was grant- ed Feb. 12, 1773, to Benjamin Mackay and others ; and is 143 miles N. by E. from Concord. Pop- ulation, 1830, 14. Sudlmry, Vt. Rutland co. A part of If ubbards- ton,and Hinkiuu's ponds lie in this town, neither of wliicli, nor Otter Creek, which passes tluoiigh the eastern part, produce any consider- 35 able water privileges. The soil is generally a warm loam ami produc- tive : the surface is elevated, and, in the centi-e of the town, mountain- ous. There ai-e about 5,500 slieep in the town. Sudbury is 43 miles S. W. from Montpelier, 47 S. by E. from Burlington, and 17 N. W. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 812. Sudbury River, Tilass. This river rises in Hopkinton and its neighborhood, and after passing Framingham, Natick, Sud- bury, Wayland and Lincoln, it joins tlie Assabet at Concord. Sudbury, Mass. Middlesex co. This ancient town is situated on the west side of a river of the same name, 19 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 8 S. W. from Concord. Popula- tion, 1S37, 1,388. It is watered by a small stream, a branch of Sudbu- ry river. There is a paper mill in the town, a plough factory, and manufactures oi' boots and shoes' annual value about ^•;20,000. Sudbury was first settled in 1635. In 167G, about 70 men, on theii march for t!je relief of Marlbo- rough, fell into an ambuscade with the Indians: twenty six of the En- glish were left dead on the field ; the residue w^ere caplui-ed, and ma- ny of them afterwards tortured and slain. West of Sudbury causeway, is a monument erected to their memory, by j)rcsident Wadsworth, of Harvard College, a son of the Captain of the Band. Nuffield, Ct. Hartford co. Suffield lies on the west side of Connecticut river, and is bounded N. by Massachusetts, to which state it was attached until 17.52. This territory, 8 by 5 miles, was purchased about the year 1670, of two Indian Chiefs, for one hun- dred dollars. The surface on the banks of the river, are elevated, and although the town is wiihout NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. much alluvial meadow, the soil be- ing of a strong deep loam, is very fertile, and productive. SulTield contains some of the best farms in the state. It lies 16 miles N. from Hartford, and 10 S. from Spring- field. Population 18.30, 2,690. The principal village is pleas- antly located on rising ground ; it contains many handsome buildings ; it is tiie site of the " Connecticut Literary Institution," and com- mands delightful views of the riv- er and circumjacent country. Gideon Granger, post master general of the United States from 1801 to 1814, was born in Suffield, in 1767. He died at Canandaigua, N. Y., in 1822. Oliver Phelps, Esq., " a man of extraordinary enterprise and ex- tensive business, was for many years a resident of this town. He was the 'maker of his own fortunes.' He was a native of Windsor, but was bred in this town, and received a mercantile education. He en- gaged in business in Granville, Mass., and soon became a very en- terprising, sagacious and successful trader. During the revolutionary war, he was employed by the state of Massachusetts, in the commis- sary department. Whilst in this situation, his transactions were of a most extensive and responsible nature, and his own paper formed a kind of circulating medium. Af- terwards he purchased a large es- tate, and returned to this town. In 1789, he, in connection with the Hon. Mr. Gorliain, purchased of the commonwealth of Massachu- setts, a tract of land in the western part of the state of New York, in what is commonly called the Gen- esee country, comprising 2,200,000 acres. This is probably the great- est land purchase, or speculation, ever made by two individuals in the United States. This is a very ex- cellent tract of land, having a mild climate, and fertile soil, and an abundance of waters, and ,is now comprised in the extensive counties of Ontario and Steuben. In 1795, Mr. Phelps, together with William Hart and theii- associates, purchas- ed of Connecticut, the tract of land in the state of Ohio, called the Western Reserve, comprising 3,- 300,000 acres." SuiFolk County, Mass. See Boston and Chelsea. Sugar River, N. H. This river originates from Suna- pee Lake ; it passes through part of Wendell, the whole of Newport, and nearly through the centre of Claremont, where it meets the Con- necticut. Red Water brook, in Claremont, is a tributary of Sugar river. Sullivan, Me. Hancock co. This maritime town is situated at the head of Frenchman's bay, 93 miles E. from Augusta, and 17 E. by S. from Ellsworth. Population 1837, 611. Sullivan has mill privileges, and is hncly located for ship building, and other Ijranches of business connec- ted with navigation. This town was incorporated in 1789, and received its name in hon- or of John Sullivan, LL. D., a major general in the revolution- ary war; afterwards member of congress, president of New Hamp- shire, and district Judge of the U. S. Court. He was born in Maine, and died in New Hampshire, 1795. Jajies Sullivan, LL. D., a brother of Gen. Sullivan, was born at Berwick, in 1744. He early es- poused the cause of his country, and sustained the offices of member of the provincial congress, attorney general and governor of Massachu- setts, with great talents and faith- fulness. He died while governor, in 1808, at a period of great political excite- ment, honored and beloved by all parties. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Sullivan Coimty, N. H. JVeu'port, chief town. This county is bounded N. by Grafton rounty, E. by .Meiiiin;iciv and a part of Hillsboiougli counties, S. by Cheshire county, and W. by Con- necticut river, or the .state of Ver- mont. It was taken from Clieshire county in 1.S27, and contains an area of about 3.'53 square miles. Population, 1830, 19,6^7. Popula- tion to a square mile, .37. The sur- face ot the county is elevated, but not mountainous: Croydon moun- tain is the highest. Along the sti-eains, particularly oa Connecticut river, the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. The uplands produce good grain, and aftijrd excellent pasturage for cattle, of which many are reared for market. Although this is the smallest county in the state; in 1837, it had 71,07*1 sheep, whose wool, being partly Saxony, would aver- age as good as full blood Merino. Besides the Connecticut, which waters its whole western frontier, the Ashuelot,Col(l, Sugar, Little Su- gar rivers, ami other streams furnish the county with an abundant water power, and Sunapee Lake and nu- merous ponds give beauty to its otherwise varied and picturesque scenery. Sullivan, N. H. Cheshire co. The distance from Keene is 6 miles, from Concord, 4"2 W. S. W. The S. E. part of this town is watered by Ashuelot river. This town was incorporated in 1787, and received its name from Presi- dent Sullivan, the chief magistrate of N. H. that year. Populatioain 1830, 5.55. Sumner, Me. Oxford CO. Thfs town is well watered by a branch of Antlros- coggin river ; it has a fine soiJ, and produced in 1S37, 7,1 M bushels of wheat. It lies 44 miles W. from Augusta, and 8 N. from Paris. Pop^ilation, 1837,1,190. This town derived its name from. LvcREAsE Sumner, who was governor of Massachusetts in 1798, when the town was incori)orated. Gov. Sumner was a native of Rox- bury, Mass. He died in 1799, aged 52 years. Sunapee Lal&e, N. H. This lake is situated in the W. part of Z^Ierrimack county, and the E. part of Sullivan, in the towns of Wendell, New London and New- bury. It is 9 miles long, and about 1 1-2 miles in width. Its outlet is on the W. side through Sugar riv- er. The waters of this lake are more than 800 feet higher than the Connecticut or Merrimack, at the nearest points. Suucook River, X. H. This river rises in a pond be- tween Gilmanton and Gilford, near the summit of one of the Suncook mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. The water from this pond passes through two others at the foot of the mountains, and thence through a flourishing village in the S. E. part of Gilmanton, into Barn- stead, where it receives several tributaries; thence through Pitts- field and Epsom, and between Al- lenstown and Pembroke, into the Merrimack. Sunderland, Vt. Bennington co. This town was first settled in 1765. It lies 87 miles S. S. \V. from Montpelier, and 15 N. by E. from Bennington. Popu- lation, 1830, 463. The town is watered by several ponds. Batten- kill river and Roaring brook. There is some fine land along the streams, in Sunderland, excellent mill sites, and lead ore in granular limestone. Sunderland, Mass. Franklin co. This town lies on the east side of Connecticut riv- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. er, 90 miles W. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Greenfield. It was taken from Hadlej' in 1718. Pop- ulation, 1837, 729. Tlie settlement in this town is principally on a street running parallel with the river. Between the street and the river is a tract of fertile meadow : on the other side of the village is a more elevated plain, and back of that. Mount Toby rears its lofty front. This mountain is composed of pudding stone, and the small stones within it are round and smooth as though washed by the ocean ; they are of vaiious sizes, and of evei-y color. On one side is a cavern 60 feet deep ; and many other ruptures seem to indicate some great change in this mountain since its formation. This village is very pleasant, and the scenery around it is of a fascinating ciiaracter. The people here are good farmers, and ai-e noted for their good schools and philanthropic disposition. Sunkliaze, Me. Sunkhaze stream meets the Pe- nobscot, from the east, about 1.5 miles above Old Town village, in Orono. The plantatian of Sunk- haze lies on this stream, 82 miles N. E. from Augusta. The popula- tion of the plantation", in 1830, was 250. Surry, Me. Hancock co. Surry lies on the ' W. side of Union river, 6 miles S. from Ellsworth, iuid 87 E. by N. from Augusta. This town is acconunodated with navigable privileges, and water power of superior excellence. — There are some manufactures in the town, but the inhabitants are generally independent farmers.— Many of the farms are rendered very fertile by an inexhaustible bed of shell marl, of a very tine qual- ity. Incorporated, 1803. Popula- tion, 1830, 561 ; 1837, 735. Surry, N. H. Cheshire oo. This town lies 54 miles S. W. from Concord, and 6 N. W. from Keene. It is watered by Ashuelot river, on which there is a ti-act of valuable meadow land, extending almost the whole length of the town. On the east side of Ashuelot river is a steep and high mountain, on the summit of which is a pond of about 3 acres in extent, and about 25 feet depth of water. Surry was originally a part of Gilsum and Westmoreland. It was incorporated in 1769, deriving its name from Surry in England. The first settlement was made in 1764, by Peter Hayward. Population, 1830, 539. Sutton, N. H. Merrimack co. This town lies 25 miles W. N. W. from Concord. The southerly and largest branch of Warner river enters this town on the south, runs a short distance, and passes oiT into Warner again. The northci'ly branch of this river runs nearly through the centre of the town from north to south, and affords several good mill seats. Ste- vens' brook, another considerable branch of Warner river, has its source on the W . side of Kearsarge, and runsabout-l miles in this town, in a S. E. direction. There is also a large branch of Blackwater riv- er, which has its source about the westei-n confines of Kearsarge, and flows through this town in a N. E. course about 3 miles. On the margin of this stream, there is some rich meadow and intervale land. There are several ponds, the most important of which are Kezar's pond, situated towards the N. part of the town, which is about 190 rods square ; and Long pond, situa- ted at the south ])art of the town. Kearsarge mountain extends more than half the length of Sutton ou NEW ENOLANO GAZETTEER. the E. side. King's Hill is situated on the W. part of Sutton. On tlie mostelevated part of this hill, which rises within a few feet as liigh as Kearsarge, there is one of tlie most extensive landscape views in the country. On the V>\ is seen the Sunapee lake, the Ascutney, and highlands in Vermont to the Green mountains; on the S. the Sunapee and Monadnock; on the E. you almost overlook Kearsarge, and on the north the Cardigan and White hills. Sutton was granted in 17 19. It was called Perrys-town, from Oba- diah Perry, one of its Otiginal and principal proj)rietors. The tirst settlement was made in 1767. Pop- ulation, IS."}©, 1,124. On the \y. bank of Kezar's pond, were several acres of land, which Hppeared to have been cleared of their original forests. Here were found several Indian hearths, laid with stone, and with much skill and iiigenuity. Here was found an Indian burial place. Gun barrels and arrows have been found in this s-dcred repository. Near the pond, have teen found stone pestles, mor- tars and tomahawks. Sutton, Vt. Caledonia CO. This town is wa- tered by several ponds and by branches of Passu mpsic river. It lies 18 miles N. E. from Montpe- lier, and 13 N. from Danville. First settled, 1791. Population, 1830, 1,(10,5. The surface of the town is level, :»nd in some parts so low as to ren- der the soil cold and unproduc- tive. Sutton, Mass. Worcester co. This is a very pleasant and flourishing town, 44 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. fi-om Worcester. Incorpo- rated, 1715. Population, 1S30, 2,186; 1837, 2,457. Sutton is watered by Blackstone 3.:* river, and the Blackstone canal passes tlirough the town. There are in the town four cotton and two woolen mills, two scythe factories, and manufactures of boots, shoes, shuttles and spindles: total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $309,578. The surface of the town is agree- ably diversified, and the soil capa- ble of producing good crops. Gran- ite and soapstone are abundant. " Purgatory Cavern," in this town, is a great curiosity. It is a fissure in gneiss, nearly half a mile long, in most parts partially filled by the masses of rock that have been de- tacbed from the walls. The sides are often perpendicular, and some- times 70 feet high ; being separated from each other about 50 feet. Swaiizey, Bf. H. Cheshire co. This town lies S miles S. from Keene, and 60 S. W. from Concord. The principal streams are tlie Ashuelot and the South Branch rivers. The former passes through Swanzey in a S. W. direction, and empties into the Con- necticut at Hinsdale. This is a stream of much importance, and is made navigable for boats as far up as Keene, excepting a carrying place about the rapids at Winches- ter. The Soutli Branch unites with tlie Ashuelot about one mile north from the centre of the town. The surface here is somewhat di- versified with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. There is oite pond in tlie S. W. part of the town, the source of the South Branch. There is a mineral spring, the wa- ter of which is impregnated with sulphate of iron. Some iron ore has been discovered. Here are 2 cotton factories, 1 cotton and woolen factory, and other machinery. Swanzey was first granted by Massachusetts, in 1733. After the divisional line was run, it was granted in 1753, by New Hamp- shire. Uutil that time it Iiad beca NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, called Lower Ashuelot, from the Indian name of the jiver, wliich was originally Jlshaelock. From 174l"to 1747, this town suf- fered much from Indian depreda- tions. Several of the inhabitants were killed and many were made prisoners. After Massachusetts withdrew her protection, the set- tlers collected together their house- hold furniture, such as chests, ta- bles, iron and brass ware, and con- cealed it in the ground, covering the place of concealment with leaves, trees, &c., and left their plantation to the disposition of the Indians, who were not tardy in set- ting fire to their forts, which, with every house except one, they re- duced to ashes. Most of the peo- ple went to their former places of residence in Massachusetts. They returned about three years after- wards, and nothing about their for- mer habitation was to be seen, but ruin and desolation. Population, 1830, 1,816. Sivanzey, Mass. Bristol CO. This town lies be- tween Somerset, and Bristol, R. I. An arm of Mount Hope bay sets up some miles into the town, on which is some navigation and ship building. There are two paper mills, a cot- ton and a woolen mill in the town, and manufactures of vessels, boots and shoes: annual value, about $.50,000. Swanzey is a very pleasant town, and is interesting as the scene of much savage aggression. Here it was that Philip commenced liis war, in 1675, by plunder and murder. It lies 46 miles S. by W. from Bos- ton, and 14 S. W.by S. from Taun- ton. Incorporated, 1667. Popula- tion, 1837, 1,627. Swanton, Vt. Franklin co. This township is situated on the east side of Lake Champlain, opposite to North Hero and Alburgh. It is 50 miles N. W. from JNIontpelier, 28 N. fiom Bur- lington, and is bounded by St. Al- bans on the south, and Highgate on the north. Population, 18:50, 2,158. Swanton was first settled by the whites in 1787. At that time the St. Francois Indians had about fifty cabins here, and large plantations of corn. Missisque river passes through Swanton, and feitilizes a considera- ble portion of its territory. This river is navigable for lake vessels to Swanton falls, six miles from its mouth. These falls descend twen- ty feet, and, with other smaller streams, give to Swanton a water power of great value. Bog iron ore is found in this town, and an abundance of beautiful mar- ble. This marble is of various col- ors, and large quantities of it is wrought into all desired patterns, polished, and transported. The surface and soil of the town is favorable to agricultural pursuits, with the exception of a part border- ing the lake, which is low, wet and cold ; and which is the favorite abode, in summer, of wild geese, ducks and other water fowls. The village of Swanton is pleas- antly located, and is the site of a number of manufactories, and of an increasing trade from the inte- rior country, and to New York and Canada. Swanton may boast of the purity of its air and water, and of u Wal- ter Scott, who died in 1815, aged 110 years. Stvanville, Me. Waldo CO. This town lies S miles N. from Belfast, and 46 E. by N. from Augusta. It was incorpora- ted in 1818. It is watered by Paasaggassawakeag lake and river, and possesses a pleasant surface and fertile soil. Population, 1837, 794. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Wheat crop, same year, 2,556 bush- els. Swedeu, Me. Oxford CO. The waters from Ke- zer pond in Lovell, pass throuo-h tliis town, and give it mill privi- leges. Sweden lies 9 miles N. E. from Fryeburg, 19 S.W. from Paris, and 62 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated, 181,3. Population, in 1837, 621. Wheat crop, same year, 1,485 bushels. S^vift Rivers. Swift river, in Maine, is a branch of the Androscoggin, from the N. These rivers unite at Mexico. Swift river, in jYlw Hampshire, rises among the mountains in the ungranted iands N. W. of Albany, and passes through the town from west to cast with great rapidity, and falls into the Saco in Conway. Its whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls .30 feet in the distance of 6 rods, through a channel in the solid rock of about 12 feet wide — the sides being from 10 to ?>■) feet perpendicular height. At llie up- per part of these falls, are found .several circular holes worn perpen- dicularly into the rock, several feet in depth and from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. There is another small river in Tamworth of the same name. Swift river, in Massachusetfa, rises in a pond in New Salem : it passes through the towns of Pres- cott, Greenwich and I5elchcrtown, j and joins' the Chickopee at Palmer. I Tamwortli, N. II. \ Straflonl co. This town is situa- ted on the post road from Concord to Portland, abotit 5S miles from each, and .30 N. fi-om Gilfoi-d. There is no mountain situated wholly in this town. On the N. are the mountains of Albany, ;uid the S. the line crosses a part of Os- *ipee mountain. The mountains to the N. have a romantic and pictur- esque appearance. The town lies in ridges and valleys, generally rocky and fertile. The principal rivers are Bearcamp, which passes through the town in an easterly di- rection, and discharges its waters into Ossipee lake ; Swift river, which rises near the N. W. corner of the town, and passing through its centre, mingles its waters with the Bearcamp ; and Conway river, proceeding from Conway pond, near Albany ; and crossing the S. line of Tamworth, near the S. E. corner of the town, near which it empties into Bearcamp river. By these rivers, and other small streams, the town is uncommonly well watered. On these streams is a great number of excellent mill privileges. Tam- worth was granted in" 1766, and was settled in 1771. Population, 1S30, 1,554. TariffVUle, Ct. See Si7nsburi/. Taiiglikaiinic Mountaius. Tills range of mountains skirt the western border of New England, and separate the waters of the Housatonick and Hudson. Taunton River. Tliis river rises in the county of Plymouth, Mass., and f:^lls into Mount Hope Bay. The Taunton and its branches, water the towns of Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, all the Bridgevvaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, Digb- ton, Freetown, Fall river, Somei- set and Svvansey. It is navigable to Taunton, for small vessels, and with its contemplated improve- ments, steam boats will be enabled to run to Taunton, and thus become another channel of conveyance be- tween Boston and New York. This river is cclebi-ated for the great and widely distributed water power it produces, and for the multitude of alewives witiiin its waters. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Tanntou, Mass. One of the chief towns in Bristol CO. This very beautiful town is sit- uated at the junction of Canoe, Rumford and Taunton rivers, and possesses an excellent water power. There is some excellent land in this town, and its proprietors display much taste in its cultivation. The business of the place is, however, rather in manufactures than aori- culture. There are 8 cotton mills and a print works, in the town ; also a paper mill, 3 nail factories, a forge, a furnace, and manufactures of boots, shoes, leather, hats, chairs, brick, vessels, straw bonnets, and britannia, stone and cabinet wares: total value of the manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, exclu- sive of cloth printing and iron cast- ings, $1,42.5,552. The number of hand= employed in these manufac- tures was 1,308. There is some navigation owned in this town, which is employed in the coastwise trade, and domestic fishery. The manufacture of britannia ware at this place, is of recent ori- gin in this country, and proves suc- cessful. The articles manufactur- ed, are tea sets, castors, urns, and all the varieties of that description of ware. The quality of the metal, and beauty of the polish of this ware, is said to equal any import- ed from " Britannia." The village contains a large num- ber of handsome public and private buildings, tastefully located around abeautiful enclosure, called "Taun- ton Green." This public walk is ornamented with trees, which heightens the beauty of this de- lightful village. Taunton is 32 miles S. from Bos- ton, 20 E. by N. from Providence, and 32 N. E. from Newport. A rail road connects this town with Boston. Population, 1S20, 4,520; 1830, 6,042 ; 1837, 7,647. The settlement of this place com- menced ia 1637. Its principal founder was Miss Elizabeth Poole The following is on her grave stone: " Here rest the remains of Elizabeth Poole, a native of Old England, of good family, friends, and prospects, all which she left in the prime of her life, to enjoy the religion of her con- science, in this distant wilderness ; a great proprietor of the township of Taunton, a chief promoter of its set- tlement, and its incorporation in 1639 — 1-0; about which time she settled near this spot, and having employed the opportunity of her virgin state in piety, liberality, and sanctity of man- ners, died May 21, IGGl, aged 65." Teniiscouata Liake, SIe» See Madawaska River. Temple, Me. Franklin co. This was formerly a part of Kennebec county. It lies 40 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded N. by Farmington. It was incorporated in 1803. Pop- ulation, 1837, 871. Wheat crop, same year, 5,798 bushels. Temple, IV. H. Hillsborough co. Temple is 12 miles W. by S. from Amherst, and 40 S. S. W. from Concord. The several streams which empty in- to Souhegan river at Wilton, rise among the mountainous tracts on the W.,and generally from sources within the, limits of Temple. This town is of considerable elevation. The prospect towards the E. and S. is very extensive, and presents a rich and diversified scenery. From the highest point of elevation, in a clear atmosphere, about 20 meeting- houses may be seen by the naked eye. The surface is uneven and pleasant. The soil is tolerably good. Temple is the easterly part of what was called Peterborough Slip. It was incorporated in 1768. Population, in 1830,641. Templetou, ]>Ias8> Worcester co. Several streams, affording good mill seats, water tbn NEW ENGLAND GA7.ETTEER. town, and pass to the Connecticut, by Miller's and Cliickoi)ec rivers. The surface of the town is uneven, but not mountainous; the elevated parts afTonl good pasturage, and the valleys, excellent crops of grain and hay. The manufactures con- sist of woolen goods, boots, shoes, leather, iron castlags, shovels, hoes, spades, forks, palm leaf hats, chairs, carnages, and cabinet, tin and wood- en wares: value, the yeai- ending April 1, 1S37, $145,400. The vil- lage is very pleasantly located, and presents some beautiful landscapes. This town lies (jO miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 2(j N. N. W. from Worcester. Incorporated in 17()2. Population, 1S37, 1,690. Tcivksljury, Mass. Middlesex CO. The Indians call- ed this place TVamesit. It lies on the south side of Merrimack river, 19 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, and 6 E. S. E. from Lowell. Incor- porated, 1734. Population, 1837, 907. The surface of the town is level, and tlie soil light and sandy. Thames River, C't. This river is formed by the union of Quinebaug, Shetucket and Van- tic rivers, near Norwich, and is navigable from that place to Now London, 14 miles. The banks of this river are romantic and beauti- ful, and possess great interest, as the residence of the once powerful, noble hearted and brave ^lohegans. Tliatelier'g Islaud, Mass. See Gloucester. Tbetford, Vt. Orange co. This town is pleas- antly situated on the west side of Connecticut river, opposite to Lyme, N. H. The Oin|)omponoosuc and its branches, give the town an ex- cellent water power. There are several ponds in Thetford, one of ■which is worthy of notice. It cov- ers about 9 acres, and is situated on an elevation, the base of which is only 4 rods from Connecticut river, and 100 feet in height. It is very deep ; it has neither inlet or outlet, and contains large quantities of perch anil other tish. The surface of the town is generally rocky and uneven; it has but little intervale, but the soil is strong and productive. It feeds between 7 and 8,000 sheep. There are some manufactures in the town, a ricli vein of galena, and three neat villages. Thetford was tirst settled in 1764. It lies 34 miles S. S. E. fiom Montpelier, and 18 S. E. from Chelsea. Population, in 1830, 2,113. Tlioinastou, Me. Lincoln co. This is a very flour- ishing maritime town, situated be- tween the western entrance of Pe- nobscot Bay and St. Georges' river, and comprises the celebrated penin- sula of Old's Head. It lies 36 miles S. E. from Augusta, 37 E. from Wiscasset, and is bounded N. \V. by Warren. Incorporated, 1777. Population, in 1S20, 2,651; 1830, 4,221 ; 1837, 5,272. Thomaston is the site of the State prison, which is located on the l)auk of the St. George. The build- ings occupy a plat of 10 acres, in- cluding a marble quarry; they are all of stone, and are surrounded by a high stone wall. The convicts are principally employed in cutting granite inio various foi'ms for build- ing, and which, when prepared, is tran'^ported by water. The granite is of an excellent quality, and is found in large quantities on the river. Thomaston is a place of consider- able maritime commerce and ship building; but the most important business of its people, is the quar- rying and burning of litue, from inexhaustible ledges of limestone within its limits. There are annu- ally made at this place, no less than 350,000 casks of lime, the same in quality and reputation as that pee- NEW : XGL.WD GAZETTEER. pared at Camden, 10 miles distant. This manufacture, united with those of cranite and marble, <;ive constant employment lo a large number of men and vessels. Thomaston is a beautiful Atlaii'.ic town, and commands a great variety of marine scenery. TJionipsoii, Ct. Windham co. This (own lies 17 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 14 N. from Brooklyn, 27 V/. N. W. from Providence, R. I., and 53 S. W. from Boston. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts, and E. by Rliode Island. It was formerly a part of Killingly, and was first retried about the year 1715. The surface of the town is hilly, but not moun- tainous : it presents a pleasing va- riety of elevations and valley:^. The soil is a gravelly loam, sti-ong, and productive of good crops of corn and hay, and atTords excellent pasturage. French river meets the Quinnebaug near the centre of the town, and Five j\Iile river, issuing from several ponds, waters the east- ern part. These streams give to the town a valuable water power, and on their banks are the pleasant and thriving villages of J^.Iasonsviile, Fishersville and New Boston. These are manufacturing villages, and contain 10 cotton and woolen mills, and a number of other manu- factures. This town is large, and very pleasant; it contains a class of enterprising and intelligent agri- culturalists and mechanics. The population of Thompson, in 1337, was about 4,100. The Indian name of the place was Quinnefessett. The plantations of the natives are still apparent. TIiorndLke, Me. Waldo CO. This is an agricultural town of pleasant surface and fertile soil, 59 miles N. E. from Aiisiusta, and 17 N. W. from Belfast.' It is watered by a branch of Scba«ticook river. Thorndike was incorpora- ted in 1319. Population, 1S37, 763. Wheat crop, same year, 6,975 bushels. Tlioriitoii, :!J. II., Grafton co., is bounded N. by Peeling and Lincoln, E. by ungrant- ed land, S. by Campton, and W. by Ellsworth and I'jeling. It is 12 miles N. from Plymouth, and 5S N. by \V. from Concoid. It is water- ed by Pemigewasset river, passing through the town from N. to S., by Mad river at the S. E. extremity, and by several small brooks. On Mill brook, there is a cascade, at which the water falls 7 feet in 2 rods, and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicular. The intervales on the Pemigewasset are produc- tive. There are many elevations, but none distinguished for a remark- able height. Thornton was grant- ed in 17(33. It was first settled in 1770. Thornton was incorporated in 1781. Population, 1S30, 1,049. Tiriiaoiitli, Vt. Rutland co. This town is sepa- rated from Wallingford by Otter Creek. Furnace brook rises from a pond in the south part of the town, and passing through Tinmouth and Clarendon, falls into Otter Creek, at Rutland. This stream has beea noted for great quantities of fish of a remarkable large size. The surface of the town is hilly, in some parts mountainous. There is some good land on the streams, and a lai-ge portion of the high land is good for the pasturage of sheep, of which between 3,000 and 4,000 are kept. There are several quar- ries of beautiful marble in the town, iron Oi'e in abundance, and several iron works. Tinmoutli was first settled in 1770. It lies 8 miles S. from Rutland. Population, 1830, 1,049. Tisbnry, Mass. Dukes CO. Tisbury lies on the north side of Martha's Vineyard, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. and contains the noted harbor of "Holmes' Hole." This harlior is large and safe, and of a sufficient depth of water for the largest mer- chantmen. It is much frequented by vessels passing through Vine- yard Sound; particularly when the winds are contrary. F'roin this harbor, across the Sound, to Fal- mouth, on Cape Cod, is G miles. A number of small vessels belou"- to this place, and one of 388 tons is employed in the whale fishery. There are some manufactures of salt, boots, shoes, leather, and hats ; and, in 1S37, there were 2,655 sheep in the town. Tisbury is 77 miles S. S. E. from Boston, 8 \V. from Edgarton, and 23 S. E. from New Bedford. In- corporated, 1671. Population, 1S37, 1,461. Tiverton, R. I. Newport co. Tiverton is bound- ed N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by Little Compton, and \V. by the eastern passage into Mount Hope and Narraganset bays. It is con- nected with Portsmouth, on the isl- and of Rhode Island, by a stone bri^lge at a place called •• How- land's Ferry." The surface of tiie town is varied by hills and valleys. Its structure is granite, and the land, in some parts, is stony. The soil is princi- pally a gravelly loam, and capable of producing good crops. There are valuable forests erf timber in the town, and a considerable num- ber of sheep. The navigable privileges of Tiv- erton are of a superior kind ; and are improved, to some extent, in the fishery, and foreign and domes- tic trade. There are large ponds in the town, well supplied with fish. These ponds produce a water power which is applied to the man- ufacture of cotton and other mate- rials. Thi- town was attached to Mas- sachusetts until 1746. It is 24 miles S. E. from Providence, and 13 N. E. from Newport. Population, 1830, 2,905. The captor of the British Gener- al Prescott, was a native of Tiver- ton. His name was Tak, a slave, the property of Thomas Sisson. a wealthy farmer. "During the Revolution, Tak was sent by his master into the army, to serve as a substitute for another man who was drafted. When Col. Barton took Gen. Prescott on Long Island, Tak was one of Col. Barton's chosen men; and the on? on whom he most depended. lining entered the house where Gen. Prescott was quartered. Col. Barton, follow- ed by Tak and two or three otiiers, proceeded silently to the door of the chamber where General Pres- cott was sleeping. The colonel finding the door fastened, turned and whispering to Tak, ' I wish that door opened. General Prescott taken, and carried by the guard to the boat, without the least noise or disturbance..' " Tak stepped back two or three paces, then plunging violently against the door, burst it open, and rushed into the middle of the room. At the same instant General Pres- cott sprang from his bed and .seized hi« gold watch, hanging upon th« wall. Tak sprang upon him like a tiger, and clasping the general in his brawny arms, said in a low, stern voice, ' One word, and you are a dead man ! ' Then hastily snatching the general's cloak and wrapping it round his body, and at tlie same time telling his compan- ions to take the rest of his clothes, he took the general in his arms, as if a child, and ran with him by th« guard towards the boat, followed by Colonel Barton and the rest of hii little company." Tak was more than six feet io height, well proportioned, and re- markably for his shrewdness, agil- \EW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ity and strength. He attained great asje, and was never known to taste of any kind of meat. Tolland, ?Iass. Hampden co. Tolland is situated on the border cf Litchtield county, Connecticut, and is watered by the upper brand) of Farmington river. The surface is elevated, but the lands are finely adapted for graz- ing. There are manufactures in the town of shovels, spades, forks, hoes, and wooden ware ; and here is a large tannery, but the in'nabi- tants are chietiy farmers. Tolland was incorporated in ISIO. Population, 1830, 570. It Hes iiO miles W. S. Vs". from Boston, and 20 W. from Springfield. Tcllaud County, €t. Tolland is the chief town. This county was taken from Hartford and Windham counties in 1786. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Windham, .S. by New Lon- don, and W. by Hartford counlies. Its greatest length from N. ij S. is 30 miles. It covers an area of 337 square miles. Population, 1320, 14,330; 1330,18,700. Inhabitants to a square mile, 56. The western part of tlie county laj^s within the great valley of the Connecticut : it is generally free from stone, undulating, fei-tilc and pi'oductive : the eastern section is within the granitic range which extends through the state : much of this portion of the couiity is cov- ered with forests; that part which is cleared affords good grazing. In 1S37, there were in the county 23,096 sheep. The Scantic, Wiili"- mantic, Salmon, Hockanum and Hop rivers, with their tributaries, afford the county a good water power, and manufactures flourish within its limits, Tolland, Ct. Shire town of Tolland county. This town has a population of 1,700 inh.ibitants, and is situated on the nearest mail route from Hartford to Boston. Its products are English grain, grass, potatoes, &c. It con- tains two small woolen manufacto- ries, with water power sufficient to operate a greater number with cor- responiling machinery. It lies IS miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 17 N. from Windham, 27 W. N. W. from Brooklyn, and 30 N. from Nor- wich. The land is rather sterile, mountainous and uneven. The in- habitants are industrious and intel- ligent. Topsfield, Me. Washington co. This township was number eight in the second range north of the Bingham Penob- scot Purchase. It was incorporated in the year 1838. We guess that this town lies about 25 miles N. N. E. from the mouth of Matau'am- kcag Biver. We should like to know " how the land lies." See " Down East." Topslicld, Mass. Essex CO. This is a very pleas- ant town, watered by Ipswich river and its branches. The surface is agreeably diversified by hills and valleys. There are some fine tracts of intervale in the town, and the uplands possess a strong soil, ren- dered productive by industrious and skilful farmers. The principal manufacture is that of boots and shoes, in which between 500 and 600 hands are employed, making annu- ally about $100,000 in value. This town lies 21 miles N. by E. from Boston, and 9 N. bv W. from Sa- lem. Population, 1837, 1,049. Topsfield was first settled about the year 1642. It was incorporated in 1650. Among the names of the first settlers were Peabody, Per- kins, Clark, Cummings, Bradstreet, Gould, Town, Easty, Smith, and Wildes ; many of whose descend- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ants now cultivate the soil of their progenitors. Topsliani, Me. One of (he shire towns of Lincoln CO. Topsli;iin is pleasantly situated on the N. side of Androscoggin riv- er, opposite to Brunswick. This is a good farming town, and, in com- mon with I5runswick, enjoys a great hydraulic power, and accommoda- tions for ship building and naviga- tion. It is a place of considerable trade, and much lumber is annual- ly shipped. Topsham was incorporated in 176-1. Population, 1837, 1,778. Topsliam, Vt. Orange co. This town is on ele- vated ground ; with a i-ocky, strong soil, adapted to grazing. It con- tains much granite, and is watered by the upper branches of Wait's river, which propel a number of mills. The town was first settled in 1781. Population 1830, 1,.3S4. It is 19 miles S. E. from Montpc- lier, 47 N. from Windsor, and 15 N. E. from Chelsea. Torrington, Ct. Litchfield co. This town was first settled in 17.37. Its surface is diversified by hills and valleys, and the soil is better adapted to grazing than the culture of grain. There are many sheep in the town, and the products of the dairy are con- siderable. Population, 18.30, 1,654. Two branches of Naugatuck riv- er meet at JVnlcottville, a beauti- ful village, in the south part of the town ; 26 miles W. N. W. from Hartford, 40 N. by W. from New Haven, and 7 N. by E. from Litch- field. This village is situated in a valley, and contains an extensive woolen factory, a church, an acad- emy, and a number of handsome dwelling houses. Near this village, a good bed of copper ore has re- cently been discovered ; and Mr. Israel Coe, the proprietor, has com- 3G menced the manufacture of brass kettles, the first establishment of the kind, it is believed, in the Uni- ted States. Jf^olcottville owes its rise, prin- cipally, to Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the United States Treasury, during the administra- tions of Washington and John Ad- ams ; and governor of Connecticut 10 successive years. He was born at Litchfield, and died in New York, 1833, aged 74. Townscud, Mass. Middlesex co. The surface of this town is rather level ; some parts are pine plains. The soil is gener- ally light, but in some sections it is productive, .particularly of fruit trees. It is watered by a branch ot the Nashua, a beautiful mill stream, on which are divers mechanical op- erations. "Townsend Harbor," on the road from Groton to New Ips- wich. N. H., is an active, pleasant village. The manufactures of this town consist of leather, palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, ploughs, straw bonnets, fish barrels, nail kegs, and dry casks; annual value, about $75,000. This town was incorpo- rated in 1732. Population, in 1830, 1,506; 18.37, 1,749. It lies 38 miles N. from Boston, and 22 N. W. from Concord. Toivnslicnd, Vt. Windham co. This town was first settled in 1761. Among the first settlers, was Gen. Samuel Fletcher, who was a sergeant at the battle of Bunker Hill, in 1775, and a captain at Ticonderoga, in 1777. He afterwards rose to the rank of major general of the mili- tia ; was high sheriff of the county 18 years, and finally became judge of the court. He was formerly a blacksmith ; but having welded himself to a buxom lass, he came to this, then wilderness spot, and, with his axe cut his 'way to fortune, use- fulness and renown. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. West river passes through the town with considerable rapidity : along its banks are some tracts of good intervale ; but the surface of the town is generally hilly, and the soil more calculated for grazing than tillage. There are some manu- factures in the town, a high school of good reputation, and two pleas- ant villages. Townshend lies 12 miles N. N. W. from Brattlcbo- rough, 28 N. E. from Benning- ton, 95 S. from Montpelier, and is bounded S. by Newfane. Popula- tion, 1830, 1,3S6. Trenton, Ble. Hancock co. Trenton is situated on a navigable passage between Frenchman's bay on the E., Union river on the W., and N. of the island town of Eden. It possesses great advantages for navigation, and a large portion of its people is en- gaged in ship building, the coasting trade and fishery. Incorporated in 1789. Population, in 1837, 924. Trenton is 7 miles S. by E. from Ellsworth. Ti-escott, Me. Washington co. This is an At- lantic town, and bounded N. E. by Lubec. It comprises Moose cove, Bailey's mistake and Haycock har- hors, and is flourishing in its trade and navigation. It was incorpora- ted in 1827. Population, in 1830, 480; 1837, 713. Trout River, Vt. Franklin co. This river is form- ed in Montgomery, by several branches ; it runs in a N. W. di- rection and falls into the Missisque on the border of Enosburgh and Berkshire. This is a good mill stream, and with its tributaries, fer- tilizes considerable tracts of coun- try. Troy, Me. Waldo CO. This territory was called Joy from 1312 to 1826 : it was then called Montgomery, and changed again in 1827, to its pres- ent name. If these Trojans are fickle about the name of their town, they are good farmers, and produc- ed in 1837, 9,194 bushels of wheat. The surface of the town is undula- ting and fertile ; a large part of it is covered with heavy timber. It is watered by a branch of the Sebas- ticook, from which river it lies about 6 miles S. E. It is 39 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Belfast. Population, in 1830, 803; 1837, 1,140. Troy, IV. H. Cheshire co. This town is bound- ed N. by Marlborough, E. by Jaf- frey, S. by Fitzwilliam, and W. by Richmond and Swanzey. It is about 60 miles S. W. from Concord, and 12 S. E. from Keene. The in- habitants are principally agricultu- ralists. This town was taken from Marlborough and Fitzwilliam, and incorporated in 1815. Population, in 1830, 676. Troy, "Vt. Orleans co. Troy lies 47 miles N. from Montpelier, 51 N. E. from Burlington, 11 N. N. W. from Irasburgh, and is bounded N. by Canada. First settled in ISOO. Population, 1830, 608. During the war for "sailors' rights," most of the inhabitants left the town, which greatly retarded its growth. It is finely watered by Missisque river, and its tributaries : the surface is generally level, and the soil pro- ductive, particularly on the sides of the streams. The Falls on the Missisque, pro- duce a great water power, and pro- pel some machinery. These falls pass down a ledge of rocks about 70 feet. A rock projects over them, 120 feet in perpendicular height. From this rock, the falls, the deep still water in the gulph below, with the romantic scenery around the place, present a spectacle of great NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. interest to the curioufs traveller. The rocks here are chloiite, ser- pentine, limestone, soapstone and mica slate. Triisnbiill, Ct. Fairfield co. This territory was formerly called North Stratford, and was taken from Stratford and incor- porated as a town, in 179S. Thi^ is a small town of about 5 by 1 1-2 miles. It lies 5 miles N. from the city of Brids^eport. It is watered by the Pcquannock which empties into Briilu;eport harbor. The sur- face is varied by hills and valleys: the soil is a gravelly loam, produc- tive of good crops of grain and hay. Population, 1S3(), 1,242. Tam- tashua hill, in the north part of the town, is the tirst land seen, in this direction, from the ocean. Truro, Mass. Barnstable co. Truro lies on Cape Cod bay, between Weltleet and Provincetown ; it is nearly sur- rounded by water; — by Pamet riv- er, which sets in from Cape Cod bay on the south, and by Cape Cod har- bor in Provincetown. Truro was WiQ Pamct of the Indians, and after its settlement, in 1700, was called Dangerjicld for some years. Pam- et river affords a good harbor for fishermen ; it lies about 5 miles S. E.from Provincetown harbor. There is in this town, near the light.house, a vast body of clay, culled the " Clay Pounds," which seems providen- tially placed, in the midst of sand hills, for the preservation of this part of the cape. Although there is but little vegetation at Truro, and the people are dependent almost en- tirely for their fuel, and most of their Ibod on other places ; yet there are but few towns in the state where the people are more flour- ishing, and independent in their circumstances. To such towns as this old Massachusetts looks with pride for one of her chief resourc- es of wealth — the fishery ; and for men of noble daring in all her en- terprises on the ocean. In 1837, there were 63 vessels owned at Truro, employed in the cod and mackerel lishery, measuring 3,437 tons; the product of which, in one year, was 1(5,950 quintals of cod Hsh, and 1.5,7.50 barrels of mack- erel, valued at $145,350. The number of hands employed was 512. The value of salt manufac- tured, annually, is about $20,000. There are also, manufactures of palm-leaf hats, boots, shoes, &c. No one would suppose that this was much of a wool growing place ; and it is not so in regard to the quantity grown, but much so as it regards its means. In 1S37, the people of Truro sheared 400 sheep of their own rearing. If the sin- gle county of Penobscot, in Maine, would produce as much wool, in proportion to its tei-ritory and the quality of its soil, as the town of Ti'uro, there would be no cause of strife about the tariff on wool or woolen cloths; for the quantity would be sufficient to clothe all the inhabitants on the globe. Truro was incorporated in 1709. It lies 41 miles below Barnstable, and 106 from Boston, by land. Pop- ulation, 1830, 1,549; 18.37,1,806. Tuftonlioroiigh, N. II., Strafford co., is about 50 miles E. by N. from Concord, situated on the N. E. shore of Winnepisiogee lake ; i)ounded N. E. by Ossipee, S. E. by Wolfeborough, S. W. and W. by the lake, and N. W. by Moul- tonboiough. There are several ponds in this town, together with many small streams running into the lake. — There are several arms of the lake stretching far into the town, and presenting to the spectator, fi-om the elevated parts of the town, a suc- cession of beautiful views. Tuftonborough was originally granted to J. Tufton Mason, and took its name from him. It was NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. settled about 1780, and incorporated in 1795. Population, 1830, 1,375. Tunbritlgc, Vt. Orange co. A branch of White river passes through this town, on which are mills of various kinds. The soil is generally a rich loam : on the stream the intervale land is extensive and valuable. In some parts of the town the surface is el- evated. Tunbridge contains a medicinal spring of some notoriety in cutane- ous diseases. Considerable quan- tities of the products of the farms arc sent to market. Many sheep are reared ; in 1837, the number in the town was 8,260. Tunbridge was first settled in 1776. It is 26 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, 7 S. from Chelsea, and 30 N. by W. from Windsor. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,920. Turner, Me. Oxford CO. A tributary of the Androscoggin meets that river in this town, and tinely waters it. The soil of Turner is good, and its sur- face pleasant. There are a num- ber of thriving villages in the town: there is considerable trade, and some manufactures; but the business of the people is generally agricultural. Turner was incorporated in 1786. It is 38 miles W. S. W. from Au- gusta, and 14 E. from Paris. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,218; 1837, 2,435. Wheat crop, in 1837, 7,081 bush- els. Turtle River, Me., Or the Meriumpticook , a branch of St. John's river, which empties about 7 miles S. W. from the mouth of the Madawaska. Tyngsljorougli, Mass. Middlesex co. This is a pleas- ant town on both sides of Merri- mack river, 8 miles N. W. by W. from Lowell, and 29 N. W. from Boston. Incorporated, 1789. Pop- ulation, 1837, 870. The river here is wide, placid, and majestic, and adds much to the beauty of the place. Thcie is not much water power in the town, and the soil is light and sandy. Large quantities of granite are quari'ied here, hammered and fitted for vari- ous uses, and taken down the river. Here are also manufactures of brushes, barrels, boots and shoes. TyriiigUam, Mass. Berkshire co. There are several ponds in this town, from which is- sues a branch of Housatonick river. Tyringham lies 125 miles W. from Boston, 14 S. E. from Lenox, and 35 E. from Hudson, N. Y. In- corporated, 1762. Population, ia 18.37, 1,288. The manufactures of the town consist of paper, iron castings, boots, shoes, leather, forks, rakes, palm-leaf hats, chair stuff, and wooden ware : annual value, about $35,000. The surface of the town is un- even, and in some parts mountain- ous. " Hop Brook Valley," is a beautiful and romantic spot. There is a society of "Shakers" in Ty- ringham. See Caiiterbury, JV. H. Unibagog Lake, Is a large body of water, situa- ted mostly in the state of Maine, and extending about 300 rods in width along the east of the town- ships of Errol and Cambridge, in New Hampshire. This lake is very imperfectly known ; is said to be about 18 miles long, and in some parts 10 wide ; being but little in- ferior to the Winnepisiogee, in ex- tent and beauty. Its outlet is on the west side, in Errol, its waters flowing into the Androscoggin. XJncoiioouook Mountain, N. H* See Goffstown. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rnderbill, Vt. Chittendinico. The head branch- es of Brown's river watei- Ihis town. The surface is hilly aiid broken, and the soil bard ; but tolerable for sheep, of which a considerable nuiiibor are r(!ared. Underhill was first settled in 1786. It lies 15 miles N. E. from Burlinffton, and 20 N. V/. from Rlonlpclier. Population, in ISSO, 1,052. I'Uiou River, Mc. Hancock co. The he: d waters of this liver proceed within a few miles from the Passadumkeag. It flows south thiouiih the towns of Hampton, Amhei-st, and Maria- ville : it meets the tidj water at Ellsworth, and pag^os to the ocean by Blue Hill bay. Tbi'5 stream has numerous trijutari^s, tlie i-ecip- ients of a great number of ponds, which arc scattered over the inte- rior parts of the county. This beautiful river is in some parts gentle and ferlilizin;.;-, in otherparts rapid, j)roducing a valuable water power for mills. Ifs len-^th, fi-oin Ellsworth, is between forty and fifty mil^s. Uniou, Ttlc. Lincoln co. Thi? plea-ant and flourishing town is watered by Muscongus and St. Geo.-ge i-ivers, and by several beautiful ponds. The soil is fertile, and the surface generally swelling. Union was incorporated in 1786. It is 28 miles S. E. fi-om Augusta, and 7 N. by W. from AVarren. Pop- ulation, ls:J7, 1,750. Wheat crop, same year, -1,24{) bushels. Union, Ct. Tolland co. The surface of Union is hilly, with a hard and un- productive soil. Mashapaug and Breakneck ponds, lying in this town, are the principal sources of 36* Quinncbaug river. A branch of the Natchaug also rises here. The town was incorporated in I7;J4. First settled, 1727. It is ' bounded W. by Stafford, and is 33 miles N. E. from Hartford, and 14 N. E. fi-om Tolland. Population, 1830, 711. Vnity, Me. Waldo CO. This is a flourishing farming town, 33 miles N. E. from Augusta, 22 W . S. W. from Bel- fast, and bounded S. W. by Albion. It is well watered by a branch of Sebasticook i-iver, which passes N. W., about 9 miles distant. Unity was incorporated in 1S04. Population, 1837, 1,520. Wheat ciop, same year, 11,099 bushels. Unity, N. H. Sullivan CO. This town is bound- "•l N. by Claremont and Newport, E. by Goshen, S. by Lenipstcr and Acworth, and W. by Charlestown. It is 43 miles W. by N. from Con- cord, and 9 S. from Newport. Little Sugar river has its source ill Whortleberry pond and Beaver meadow, in the N. part of the town, passes through its centre, and empties itself into the Connec- ticut at Charlestown. Cold pond, the head of Cold river, is partly in this town. From Oilman's pond, ill the E. part of Unity, proceeds a branch of Sugar river, flowing tb.roiigh Newport. Perry's moun- tain is in the S. W. part, and partly in Charlestown. Unity is an uneven township, hut the soil is highly favorable for grazing. It is excellent for flax, i'cw towns in the state producing a greater quantity. Unity was granted in 1761. It was called Unity, from the happy termination of a dispute which had long subsisted between certain of the inhabitants of Kingston and Hampstead, claiming the same tract of land under two different grants. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The first settlement w^s made in 1769. Population, 1830, 1,258. Upton, Mass. Worcester co. Upton was taken from Mention, Sutton and Hopkin- ton, in 1735. The surface of the town is plain land, and partly rough and hilly, with a strong soil capable of yielding good crops of grain and hay. Much attention has been paid to fruit trees in this town, and many tine orchards of various kinds of fruit have been the result. AVest river, a bi'anch of the Blackstone, rises from a pond in Upton, and furnishes a power for a number of mills. The manufactures consist of woolen goods, boots, shoes, leath- er, straw bonnets, sashes and blinds : annual value, about |;175,000. This pleasant town lies 35 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 15 S. E. from Worcester. Population, in 1830, 1,155; 1837, 1,451. Xlxbridge, Mass. Worcester co. This very hand- some and flourishing town lies 40 miles S. W. from Boston, 17 S. by E. from Worcester, and 24 N. N. W. from Providence, R. I. It re- ceives an excellent water power from Mumford and West rivers, and the Blackstone canal passes through it. The manufacturing villages are delightfully situated, in valleys sur- rounded by picturesque elevations. There are 5 woolen and 3 cotton mills in the town, and manufactures of yarn, straw bonnets, boots, shoes, leather, chairs, cabinet and tin wares : total value, the year ending April 1, 1837, $402,450. Uxbridge was formerly a part of Mendon. It was incorporated in 1727. Population, 1830, 2,086; 1837, 2,246. Iron ore is found here, and an abundance of beauti- ful granite. Vassaltborougli, Me. Kennebec co. This is a large and flourishing town on the east side of Kennebec river, 12 miles N. by E. from Augusta. There are several large and beautiful ponds in the town, from which is- sue two excellent mill streams: one a branch of the Sebasticook, the other of the Kennebec. This is a place of considerable interior trade, and business on the river. Vessels of considerable bur- then pass to the ocean from Vas- sal borough, by means of the Ken- nebec Dam. The valleys are very pleasant ; and the surface and soil of the town varied and fertile. Vassalborough was incorporated in 1771. Popula- tion, 1837, 2,929. Wheat crop, same year, 10,272 bushels. Vergemnes, Vt. Addison CO. Vergennes was first settled in 1766. The territory, which comprises an area of 480 by 400 rods, was invested with city privileges in 1788. It lies 12 miles N. W. from Middlebury and 21 S. by E. from Burlington. Population, 1830, 999. Vergennes is beauti- fully located on Otter creek, at the falls on that stream, and is 7 miles from Lake Champlain. Otter creek, at this place, is about 500 feet wide, and, at the falls, is separated by two islands, which form 3 distinct falls, of 37 feet. These falls produce a great hydraulic power, rendered more valuable by being situated in the heart of a fertile country, and on the navigable waters of the lake. The creek or river, between the city and the lake, is crooked, but navigable for the largest lake ves- sels. During the late war, this was an important depot on the lake. Here was fitted out the squadron commanded by the gallant McDo- nough, who met the British fleet off Plattsburgh, N. Y. on the 11th of September, 1814, and made it his. This is a very favorable position for ship building ; it now possesses NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. important manufactories and consid- erable trade. Although the terri- tory of this city is quite sm-all, its peculiarly favorable location, and the enterprise of its people, warrant it a great degree of prosperity. VERMONT. The people of the territory now called the state of Vermont, having been connected with New York, and having experienced great dissatis- faction with their connexion with that state, assembled in convention and on the 15th of January, 1777, declared themselves independent, and or- ganized a government for themselves. The hardy mountaineers, who had become impatient under their con- nexion with and dependence on the great state of New York, in pui'su- ance of their own peculiar views of the rights and duties of a free and independent people, adopted many singular and peculiar provisions in their constitution. Some of them are herein stated. Their government consists of three parts ; the legislative, the execu- tive, and the judicial. The Supreme Legislature consists of a Senate and House of Represen- tatives, chosen annually by the freemen of the state, on the first Tues- day of September. The Senate consists of 30 members ; each county being entitled toat least one, and the remainder to be apportioned accord- ing to population. The House of Representatives is composed of NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. one member from each town. The Senators are to be thirty years of age ; and the Lieutenant Governor is ex-officio President of tlie Senate. The body so chosen is called The Genkral Assembly of the State of Vermont. The General Assembly meets annually on the second Tuesday of October. They have power to choose tlieir own otii- cers, to meet on their own adjournments, to terminate their sessions at pleasure ; to enact laws, grant charters, to impeach state criminals, &c. And, in conjunction with the council, they annually elect the Justices of the Supreme, County and Probate Courts ; also the Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, Justices of the Peace, &c.; and, when occasion requires, they elect Ma- jors and Brigadiers General. The General Assembly have full and am- ple legislative powers, but they cannot change the constitution. The supreme executive power is vested in a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and twelve Counsellors, chosen annually by the people on the first Tuesday of September. They meet at the same time with the General Assembly, prepare and lay before them the business apparently necessary ; examine the laws in the progress of legislation, and approve or disapprove of them, and propose amendments. They cannot negative any act of the General Assembly, but can suspend the operation of any act till the next annual meeting of the Assembly. They commission all officers; sit as judges in all cases of impeachment ; have power to grant pardons and remit lines in all cases, excepting in cases of murder and treason, in which cases they can grant reprieves till the next legislative session, and excepting also cases of impeachment. They may lay em- bargoes for thirty days, when the assembly is not in session. The General Assembly, in joint meeting with the Governor and Coun- cil, annually elect the Judges, Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, High Bai- liffs, &c. The Governor is Captain-General, but he cannot command in person, unless by advice of his council. The Lieutenant Governor is Lieuten- ant General of the forces. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court and Court of Chance- ry, a County Court in each county, consisting of one of the Justices of the Supreme Court, and two Assistant Justices; a Probate Court in each District ; and Justices of the Peace, who have a limited criminal and civil jurisdiction. The Judges of Probate appoint their own Registers, and the Sheriffs and High Bailiffs appoint their own deputies. The several Town Clerks are Registers of deeds of conveyance of lands in their respective towns ; and if there be no town clerk, the deeds shall be recorded in the County Clerk's office. A council of 13 Censors is chosen by the people once in 7 years, on the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. last Wednesday of March, and meet on the first Wednesday of June fol- lowing. Then- duties are, to inquire if the constitution has been viola- ted ; if the legislature, &c. have performed their duty; if the taxes have been justly levied and collected ; and if the laws have been obeyed. They may pass public censures; order impeachments ; recommend the re- peal of laws ; propo.^e amendments in tb.e constitution, and call conven- tions to act on them. Their powor expires in one year after their election. Succession of Goveruors. Thomas Chittenden, 1791—1756. Isaac Tichenor, 1797— 1S06. Isra el Smith, 1S07. Isaac Tichenor, 1808. Jonas Galusha, 1309—1812. M. Chittenden, 1S13, 1814. Jonas Galusha, 1815—1819. Eichard Skinner, 1820—1822. C. P. Van Ness, 1823-1825. Ezra Butler, 1826, 1827. Samuel C. Crafts, 1828-1830, William A. Palmer, 1831-1835. Si- las H. Jenison, 1836 — Succession of Chief Justices. Samuel Knight, 1791—1793. Isaac Tichenor 1794, 1795. Nathaniel Chipman, 1796. Israel Smith, 1797. Enoch Wooflbridge, 1798—1800. Jonathan Robinson, 1801—1806. Royal Tyler, 1807—1812. Nathaniel Chipman, 1813, 1814. Asa Aldis, 1815. Richard Skinner, 1816. Dud- ley Chase, 1817—1820. C. P. Van Ness, 1821, 1822. Richard Skinner, 1823-1828. Samuel Prentiss, 1829. Titus Hutchinson, 1830-1833, Charles K. Williams, 1834— The state is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Connecticut river, S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New York. Situated between 42° 44' and 45°N. Latitude, and 73° 16' and 71° 20' W. Longitude. Vermont is divided into 14 counties, to wit : Bennington, Windham, Rutland, Windsor, Addison, Orange, Chittenden, Washington, Caledonia, Franklin, Orleans, Lamoille, Essex and Grand Isle. The population of the state in 1790, was 85,539; 1800, 154,465; 1810,217,895; 1820, 235,- 764; 1830, 280,657. This state contains an area of about 10,212 square miles. Population to a square mile, in 1830, was 27-i. The number of sheep in the state, in 1837, was 1,099,011. The important enterprise of a rail road from Boston to the outlet of the great lakes, on St. Lawrence river, will doubtless be accomplished. An enterprise of this kind, well worthy the consideration of the intelligent citizens and capitalists of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont, will greatly benefit those states, and make the capital of New England a powerful competitor with New York, for a large portion of the immense northern and western trade. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Although this fourteenth state was not admitted into the union until af- ter the revolutionary contest was over, yet she vigorously resisted British oppression. A range of mountains covered with spruce, hemlock and other evergreens divides this state nearly in its centre ; hence its name ; and hence the epithet " Green Mountain Boys," celebrated for their bravery in the war of independence. From these mountains many rivers take their rise ; the most important are. Otter Creek, Onion, Lamoille and Missisque, which empty into Lake Champlain, on the west; and West, White and Passumpsic, which pass to the Connecticut on the east. This state is very fertile and produces all sorts of grain in great abundance. Cattle of various kinds are raised here with great facility. Wool is an important staple. Manufactures flourish on many of the delightful streams of Vermont, and its hills produce mar- ble, granite and iron ore of superior excellence. The scenery of this state is very romantic and beautiful ; the air is pure and healthful ; the people industrious, intelligent, hospitable. The trade of this state, on the west, passes to New York by lake Cham- plain, the northern canal and Hudson river ; that on the east, to Connecti- icut river. Some of the trade of this state reaches Boston, and some goes to Montreal. See Register. Vernon, Vt. Windham co. Vernon lies on the west side of Connecticut liver, op- posite to Winchester, N. H. That river bends abruptly at this place, but in consequence of its elevated and rocky shore, affords this town hut litle intervale land. The sur- face is generally mountainous, rocky and unproductive. There arc in the town, fine forests of oak and chesnut timber, and quarries of slate. Vernon was settled at an ear- ly period, and for many years was subject to Indian depredations. The remains of an old fort built in 1740, are now seen : many persons were killed and carried into captivity ; among the latter was the celebrated Mrs. Howe. From its settlement until 1S02, Vernon was called Hins- dale. Vernon is 18 miles S. E. from Newfane, and is bounded S. by Brattleborough. Population, 1830, 681. Vernon, Ct. Tolland co. This town lies 12 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, and 7 S. W. from Tolland. Rock vil- lage, and Tankerooson are pleasant and flourishing manufacturing vil- lages, containing 18 cotton and woolen mills. The former is 14, the latter 10 miles from Hartford. The Hockanum, and a branch of that river, the Tankerooson, are the principal streams. Vernon was first settled in 1716. It was a part of East Windsor and NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER, Bolton until 1808. The surface of the town is varied by hills ;'.nd val- leys ; the soil is a gravelly loam and sandv, but good for grain and grass. Population,' 1830, l,"l64. VershuLre, Vt. Orange co. The surface of this town is uneven and stony, but fur- nishes pasturage for a large number of sheep, horses and neat cattle. Branches of Ompoinponoosuc river rise here, but give the town no val- uable water power. Vershire was first settled in 1780. It lies 25 miles S. E. from Montpelier, 35 N. from Windsor, and 6 E. by S. from Chel- sea. Population, 18.30, 1,260. Victory, Tt. Essex CO. This township was chartered in 1781. Moose river, a branch of the Passumpsic, passes through it. It lies 10 miles W. from Guildhall, and, in 1S30, had 53 inhabitants. Vienna, Me. Franklin co. A branch of Sandy river and several ponds water this fertile and pleasant town. It lies 2-5 miles N. Vv*. from Augusta, and 10 8. E. from Farmington. Incor- porated, 1802. Population, 1837, 793. Wheat crop, same year, 4,068 bushels. Vinalliavcn, Mc. Waldo CO. Previous to 1838, this town was attached to the coun- ty of Hancock. It is situated 12 miles S. E. from Camden, 6 E. from Owl's Head, and is formed of the Fox Islands, at the mouth of Pe- nobscot bay, about fifty miles be- low Bangor. There are three island.s of considerable size, belong- JM to this group, besides several smller islands on their coast. This island town possesses in an eminent degree all those advantages to be derived from a bold shore and good harbors, in the centre of an exten- sive maritime commerce, and of the domestic fishery. These privi- leges are well improved by the in- habitants of Fox Islands : they also make their soil tributary to their wants. In 1837, their crop of wheat was 1,611 bushels. So long as the sea island towns of Mount Desert, Eden and Vinalhaven, afford wheat, and Truro, wool, in such abun- dance ; there seems, at present, no great cause for the Yankees going west to escape either nakedness or starvation. These islands are fine- ly located for summer excursions, either for health or pleasure. The passages between the principal islands, are delightful ; and the scenery around them beautiful. Population, 1S37, 1,763. Vincyartl, Vt. Grand Isle co. This town, com- prising an island in Champlain Lake, covering an area of 4,620 acres, was chartered in 1799, by the name of Isle La Motte. Its name was changed to Vineyard in 1802. It lies about 4 miles W. from North Hero, and was first settled in 1785. It is a very pleasant island, fertile, and abounding in excellent cedar and limestone. Pop. 1830, 459. Vineyard Sound, Mass. This is a great thoroughfare for vessels bound along the coast be- tween Cape Cod and the mouth of Buzzard's bay. It lies between the island of Maltha's Vineyard and the islands of Nashawn and Nashawenna. The tides in this Sound are rapid, and the passage dangerous, without a good pilot. Volimtoivn, Ct. Windham co. This town w-is incorporated in 1719. It derived its name from the circumstance that most of its territory was grant- ed, in 1696, to Volunteers in the Narraganset war. The surface is, in some parts, hilly; but the pre- vailing character of the surface and soil is a saudy and gravelly loam. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Voluntown is 14 miles E. from Norwicli, and is bounded by Rhode Island on the east, and North Ston- ington on the south. Population, in 1830, 1,304. The town is watered by V/ood river, a branch of the Pawcatuck, on which are one wool- en and two cotton mills. W^acJiusett Moiiiatain, Mass. Worcester co. See Princeton. V»^ait's River, Vt. Orange co. Branches of this river rise in Orange, Topsham, and Washington ; they meet at Brad- ford, and fall into the Connecticut. This river, and the streams that compose it, are rather rapid in their course, and fui-nish many valuable mill privileges. Below the falls, in Bradford, this river is more gen- tle, and in its course it fertilizes a tract of intervale. Its longest branch is about 20 miles. Its mouth, on the Connecticut, is about 100 feet in width. "Waitsfield, Vt. Washington co. Mad river, a small, rapid stream, passes circui- tously through this town, fertilizing the soil, and affording it good mill seats. The up!an«ls are a deep loam, fertile, and productive of all the varieties of a northern climate. Here are fine pastures, and between 5,000 and 6,000 sheep. There are some manufactures in the town, but the people are gener- ally farmers, and make a good business of it. Good clay for mak- ing earthern ware, iron ore, and rock crystal are found here. This town lies 11 miles S. W. from Mont- pelier, and 30 S. E. from Burling- ton. Population, 1830, 985. The settlement of Waitsfield was commenced in 1789, by General Benjamin Wait, from Sudbu- ry, Massachusetts. General Wait entered the service of his country at the age of 18, and performed much difficult service with great brave.-y and success. At the age of 25 he hail been engaged in forty battles and skirmishes : his clothes were several times perforated with musket balls, hut he never received a wound, in 1776, he entered the revolutionary army as captain, and acquired the i-ank of colonel. Af- ter the war, he was made a briga- dier general of militia, and was high sheriff of the county of Wind- sor seven years. General Wait, having lived to see the town he had planted in its wilderness state, covered with fruitful fields, and peopled by independent yeomen, died in 1822, aged 86 years. Waliefield, IV. H. Strafford co. This town lies 50 miles N. E. from Concord, and 30 N. by W. from Dover; bounded N. W. by Ossipee and Effingham, E. by Maine, S. E. by Milton, W. by Middleton and Brookficld. Lovewell's pond, in the S. part of the town, is about 700 rods long, 275 wide. Province pond lies between Wakefield and Effingham, and is 450 rods long, 400 wide. Pine river pond is the source of the river of that name flowing N. W. into Os- sipee lake. The principal branch of the Piscataqua has its rise in East pond, between Wakefield and Newfield, Maine. The soil of this town is generally good. The town was formerly called East-toirm, and was incorporated in 1774, by its present name. There are several cotton mills in this town, and various other manu- factures. Lovewell's pond, in this town, derived its name from Captain John Lovewell, of Dunstable, who, on the 20th February, 1725, surprised and destroyed a party of Indies encamped on the side of the pond. Robert Macklin, distinguished for longevity, died here in 1787, at the age of 115. He was born in Scot- land. Population, 1830, 1,470. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Waldeii, Vt. Caledonia co. This is an eleva- ted tovvn-ihip between the head wa- ters of Onion and Lamoille rivers. Cole's pond, a large shcetof water, lyinj^ in the town, produces a small mill stream, called "Joe's Brook." The surface is generally rough, but the soil in some paris of the town produces good crops. W'alden was first sctilni in 173^. It lies 22 miles N. N. E. from Monfpelier, and is bounded S. E. by Danville. Popu- lation, 1830, 827. "tVuUlo t'oiiiily, Tie. Belfast is the shire town. This maritime and agricultural county is boun; cultivators, with air and wafer a« pleasant, as pure, and as favora- able to health and longevity, as those of any prairie, of which we have any account, west of the Al- leghany mountains. It is true that these people have to encounter the dangers of the seas, in the naviga- tion of their numerous vessels en- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. gaged in foreign and domestic com- merce; to accidents attendant on launching their trig ships, brigs, and schooners, and in preparing various kinds of lumber for their cargoes ; and that they sometimes get drowned in crossing their rapid streams, and break their limbs by riding too fast on their wintry snows ; yet they are perfectly satisfied with their location and condition, and have no hankering for the balmy breezes of the south, nor thirst for the sweet waters of the west. Waldoborough is an ancient town for this section of country : it was incorporated in 1773. It lies 37 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 22 E. N. E. from Wiscasset. Popu- lation, 1820, 2,449; 1830, 3,113; 1837, 3,420. "Wales, Me. Lincoln Co. There is a beauti- ful pond lying partly in Wales and partly in Lisbon ; its outlet meets the Androscoggin a few miles above Topsham. Wales is an agricultu- ral town of good soil and even surface, 20 miles S. W. from Au- gusta, and 26 N. W. from Wiscas- set. Incorporated, 1816. Popula- tion, 1837, 667. Wheat crop, same year, 2,232 bushels. Wales, 3Iags. Hampden co. This town is wa- tered by a branch of Quinnebaug river, and has a considerable water power. The surface of the town is uneven, but the soil affords good pasturage. Here is a woolen mill, and manufactures of leather, boots, shoes, axes, hatchets, palm-leaf hats, &c.: annual value, about $70,- 000. Wales is 67 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 17 E. by S. from Springfield. Population, 1837,738. W^allingford, Vt. Rutland co. This town is water- ed by Otter creek, Mill river, and by three ponds, one of which, Hi- ram's pond, covering an area of 350 acres, lies on very elevated ground, and is one of the principal sources of Otter creek. The other ponds are of less size, and less eleva- ted. These mountain ponds are very handsome, and contain fish. The soil of the town is gener- ally good : that on the banks of Otter creek, is very fertile and productive. Wallingford produces all the varieties of grain, grass, &c., and feeds a large numbei' of sheep. " A range of primitive limestone passes through the western part of the township, in which have been opened several quarries of excel- lent marble. Green hill, situated near the centre, is composed almost entirely of quartz. A part of White rocks, belonging to the Green Mountain range, appears to b« granite, the rest quartz. At th»* foot of White rocks, are large cavi- ties formed by the fallen rocks, call- ed the icebeds, in which ice is found in abundance through the summer season." There are some valuabl* manufacturing establishments in the town, and a flourishing trade. The village is pleasantly located on the banks of Otter creek, near one of the ponds. It contains som« handso^le buildings, and presents a variety of picturesque scenery. Wallingford was firstsettled in 1773. It lies' 10 miles S. by E. from Rut- land and 42 N. N. E. from Benning- ton. Population, 1830, 1740. TlVallinsford, Ct. New Haven co. " Wallingford is bounded N. by Meriden, W. by Cheshire, E. by Durham and Mid- dletown, and S. by North Bradford and North Haven. Its length from east to west is nearly 7 miles, and its breadth about 6. The central part of Wallingford is 13 miles N. from New Haven, 23 S. from Hart- ford, and between 11 and 12 miles S. W. from Middletown. The pre- vailing surface is pleasantly diver- sified with moderate hills and dales ; the eastern extremity of the town- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ship is mountainous. The soil is generally excellent, excepting a tract called WallingCord plain, con- sisting ot" coarse sand, situated on the eastern bank of the Quinnipiac. Itis nearly 4 miles in length, and about I of a mile in breadth. It is the most extensive tract of level land in the state, and one of the most sterile and barren. The town is watei-ed by the Quinnipiac, a valuable mill stream, which |)asses throM2;h the extent of the town, upon which are several mills and manufactories. Yaleville is a lit- tle manufacturing village in the northern section of the town, where hritannia and tin ware is manufac- tured to some extent. There is an establishment westward of the main street, on the Quinnipiac, for the manufacture of wood screws, of which there are about 1,000 groce manufactured daily. The principal village of Wallingford is i)eautifully situated on a fine eleva- tion upwarils of a mile east of the river, on two parallel streets entend- ing along the ridge of the hill. The western street, on which the principal part of the village is sit- uated. Is upwards of a mile iu length." Wallingford originally belonged to New Haven, and was called New Haven Village. It was first settled about the year 1669. Pop- ulation, 1830, 2,418. ■\V'alloo8took River, Me. This is the western or main branch of St. John's river. Its head waters are in the counties of Somerset and Franklin, and on the border of Canada. It receives the waters of many lakes, ponds and rivers, and drains a large section of wilderness countrj'. This river is called the Walloostook until it meets the waters of the St. Fran- cois. The lands on the borders of this river are said to be fertile and heavily timbered. See St. John's river under Fundy, Bay. Waloomsack River, Vt. This good mill stream is formed in Bennington, by several branch- es : it passes N. \V. and joins the Hoosack. Between the Waloom- sack and Hoosack the famous " Ben- nington Battle " was fought. AValpole, N. II. Cheshire co. This place lies 60 miles S. W. by W. from Concord, 1.3 N. \V. froin Keene, and 90 N. W. from Boston. Population in 1830, 1,979. The face of this town is beautifully diversified by hills and vales. The soil is similar to that of other towns on Connecticut river. The intervales atford excel- lent tillage ; the uplands are inferi- or to none in the state. Cold river passes through the north part, and forms a junction with the Connecti- cut. There is a lofty hill, called Fall Mountain, a part of the range of Mount Toby ; the highest parts of which are about 730 feet above the level of the river. The village of Walpole is situated at the foot of this hill, on a plain ; the margin of the intervales. The principal street runs N. and S. and is bordered on both sides with dwelling houses, stores and shops. Drewsville, in this town, is a pleasant village, romantically situa- ted near the falls : it is a place of some trade, and considerable manu- factures. Bellows Falls, on Connecticut riv- er, separates this town from Rock- ingham, Vt. At the bridge, which crosses the river at this place, built in 1785, and 365 feet in length, the traveller is presented with a most interesting and sublime view. The river here is compressed into a narrow strait, between steep rocks, and for nearly a quarter of a mile is hurried on with great rapidity and loud roaring. In no place is the fall perpetidicular, to any consider- able extent ; but in the distance of half a mile the waters descend 42 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. feet. A canal, with 9 locks, passes round these falls on the west side. Col. Benjamin Bellows was one of the first settlers of this town, in 1749. He was a man of great en- terprise and bravery. His descen- dants are numerous and highly re- spectable. Bellows' Falls village, is in Rockingham, Vt., opposite toDrews- ville. Walpole, Mass. Norfolk CO. This town is finely watered by three branches of the Neponset which meet at this place. The face of the town is rough, but capable of producing good crops. There are three cotton, two wool- en and two paper mills in the town, and manufactures of iron castings, hoes, hats, leather, straw bonnets, and twine : total value, the year ending Apiil 1, 1837, ,$240,364. This pleasant and flourishing town was taken from Dedham in 1724. Population, 1837,1,-592. It is 20 miles S. W. from Boston, 10 S. W. from Dedham, and 21 N. by W. from Providence, R. I. Waltliam, Me. Hancock co. Population, 1S37, 207. Wheat crop, same year, 356 bushels. See " Down East." "Waltliain, Vt. Addison co. Buck mountain lies near the centre of this town, and as it is the highest land in the county, west of the Green mountains, its summit exhibits a good view of a delightful section of country. Waltham lies on the east side of Otter Creek, which separates it from Panton. Otter Creek, at this place, is sluggish in its course, and affords no mill pi'ivileges. The soil is gen- erally good ; that along the stream is excellent. The number of sheep in Waltham, in 1S37, was 3,890. Population, 1830, 330. Itis9milcs N. W. from Middlebury, and 24 S. from Burlington. AValtliam, Mass. Middlesex co. This is one of the many beautiful towns which environ the capitol of New England. It is 10 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 9 S E. from Concord. It was in- corporated in 1737. Population, 1830, 1,859; 1837,2,287. The surface is moderately level, wifi) some elevations. " Prospect Hill," 470 feet above the level of the sea, presents a delightful view of Boston, its harbor, and the adja- cent towns and counliy. The soil is generally not very fertile, but is rendered productive by industry. " Waltham Plain " is a beautiful tract of land, under' a high state of cultivation. It is about two and a half miles in length, and a mile in width. On the I'oad over this plain is a continuous village, containing many handsome dwellings and beau- tiful gardens ; among the number, that of the Hon. Theodore Lymaa is pre-eminently beautiful. Mr. Lyman's garden, of iriany acres in extent, decorated with almost every variety of fruit ti'ee, shrub and llower, both native and exotic, is probably unsurpassed, in m^iliness and splendor, by any private estab- lishment of the kind in the United States. In this town the first cotton mill, on an extensive scale, was erected, in 1814. The capiialot the compa- ny was !^6O0,000. By extraordinary skill and good management, through all the vai'ious commercial changes, this estaldishment proved lucrative to the proprietors and highly bene- ficial to the public. The waters of Charles liver, which glide thi-ough the town, being fully improved, the proprietors extended their man- ufacturing operations at Lowell. There are in Waltham three cot- ton mills, a bleachery, a machine shop, a paper mill, and manufac- tures of ' jots, shoes, hats, carria- ges, wagons, chaii-s, cabinet and tin wares; total value, the year end- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ing April 1, 1837, $348,067. The roads in this and the neighboring towns, are uncommonly excellent. Perhaps in no section of country in the world, are the roads better than within 10 miles of Boston. W^ardsborougli, "Vt. Windham co. This town is 15 miles N. W. from Brattleborough, 20 N. E. from Bennington, and 10 N. W. from Newfane. It vvaslirst settled in 1780. Population, 1830, 1,148. The surface of the town is hilly, and in some parts rocky : the soil is hard, but rendered productive by the industry of its people. Wards- borough is watered by West river, and contains a number of minerals, of which treraolite and zoisite are the most important, and of which line specimens are found. There are some mills in the town, but the water power is not extensive. Ware River, Mass. Branches of this large and pow- erful mill stream rise in Hubbards- 3 N. by W. froui Concord. It is wa- tered by the N. branch of Baker's river, which has its source on the E. side of Moosehillock mountain. It passes in a N. direction to Went- worth, and, near the S. line of War- ren, furnislies several valuable mill seat^. The S. E. part presents a mountainous aspect, haviiig a large pojlioii of Carr's mountain on its southeastern border. Warren was granted by charter, in llG'i. Popu- lation, in 1330, 702. Warren, Vt. Washington co. This town was first settled about the year 1797, by Samuel Lard and Setli Leavitt. It lies 16 miles S. W. from JMontpe- lier, and 31 S. E. from Burlington. Population, \S3{), 766. This town is watered by ISIad river, and al- though between the two Green mountain ranges, the surface is not much broken; it has some good mill sites, and some mechanical opera- tions by water. IMany cattle are reared in the town, and about 4,000 slieep are kept. Warren, Mass. Worcester co. This town was called Western from 1741 to 1834. It lies 60 miles W. by S. from Bos- ton, and 23 W. S.W from Worcester. Population, 1837,1,196. It is wa- tered by Chi'-kopee river, and con- tains one cotton aixl two woolen mills, a scythe factory and manu- factures of palm-leaf hats. The value of goods annually made in the town, is about ifi'o, 000. A large portion of the lands in Warren are uneven and hilly, but the soil is warm, and favorable to the growth of grain, and the support of sheep, of wliich 1,110 were kept in 1837. The village is quite pleasant. "Warren, R. I. Bristol CO. This small town, com- prising an area of only about 2,600 acres, is situated on the E. side of Narraganset bay, and is bounded N. and V>'. by Palmer or Warren liver, E. by Massachusetts, and S. by Bristol. It is 11 miles S. E. from Providence, and ISN.by E. from Newport. Incorporated, 1746. Pop- ulation, 1S30, 1,,S00. The surface of Warren is undu- lating, with a soil of rich mould, very fertile and |)roductive. Great •attention is paid in this place to ag- riculture, and p.irticularly to horti- culture ; and all the varieties of fruits and culinary vegetables are [)roduccd in abundance and perfec- tion. Warren has a safe and com- modious harbor for vessels of 300 tons burthen : a number of vessels are owned here, engaged in toreign commerce, the coasting trade and fishery. Ship buikling has been pursued here to a great extent, and some vessels are now built, but not so many as foi-merly. This place has produced a great numberof ex- cellent sailors and ship masters, as well as ship builders. The village is delightfully situa- ted on a rise of gi-ound fi-onting tlie harbor: it is neatly built, and is surrounded by a variety of interest- ing scenery. This town is noted for the healthiness of its climate, and the longevity of its inhabitants In 1834, there were only 19 death; in the town, and the average age of 7 of those was 8.) years. War- ren is a fine resort in summer, and is much frequented. ■Warren, Ct. Litchfield CO. Warrt n was taken NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEEU. from Kent, in 1786. It is bounded on the E. hy Litclificld, and is 3S miles W. from Hiirtford. Tiie town is watered by Sliepaiig river, a branch of the Housatonick, and by a large and handsome pond, called Rauniaug. Warren is hilly and rocky, and in some parts niountyin- ous. It however produces butter, cheese, beef, pork, some giain, and considerable wool. Population, in 1S30, 9S6. ■^Varv»iclt, ?iassi Franklin co. This town i'i ele- vated, and contains Mount (Jrace, from which a delightful prospect is presented. The soil is strong, wai-m, and produces excellent pasturage. There are no considerable sti-eams in the town, and its manufactures consist only of leather, scythes and palm-leaf hats. Moose pond, a pleasant sheet of water, furnishes an abundance of fine trout, picker- el and perch. Warwick was incorporated in 1763. Population, 1337, 1,111. It is 78 miles W. N W. from Boston, and 14 E. by N. fi'oin Greenfield. "IVarwick, R. I. Kent CO. This important town, the Indian Shatvoiiiet, is situated en tTic W. side of Narraganset bay, 5 Uiiles S. from Providence. Pop- ulation, 1S20, 3,443 ; 1830, 5,52t). It contains an area of 54 square miles. The surface of the town, along the bay, is generally level, hut the westerly pait is hilly, so much so that fiom some of the el- evations, a lai-ge |)art of the state may be seen in a clear day. The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of grain, grass, fruits and vegetables. The town is well supplied with a great variety of fish, and forests of wal- nut, oak and chcsnut. Pawtuxet river washes the noi-th- ern part of the town, and meets the waters of the Narraganset at this place, separating Warwick from Cranston. An arm of the bay ex- tcntis westward, giving to Warwick and East Greenwich a number of excellent harbois. Vessels of 50 tons burthen pass to the flourishing village of Apponaug, between 4 and 5 miles from the bay. This vil- lage is pleasantly located, 10 miles S. from Providence, and is the site of considerable enterprize in ship liuilding, the fishery, and the coast- ing trade. Pawtuxet village is at the mouth of Pawtuxet river, a port of entr\% and lays partly in Warwick, and partly in Cianston. This beautiful village, 5 miles S. fiom Pi-ovidence, is celebrated for its great hj'draul- ic power on navigable watei-s. War- wick is eminently distinguished as a manufacturing town ; but all we can at present state is, that but ve- ry few villages in our country can boast of a more valuable manufac- turing interest, particularly in cot- ton goods. As early as 1S22, ther-e were 15 cotton and 2 woolen mills ill V/aivvick. AVai'wick is the biith place of two distinguished patriots and warriors. Col. Christophfr Gkkuis was boin in 1737. He was in the ill- fated attack upon Quebec, in which the brave Montgomery fell. He was after'wai'ds selected by Wash- ington to take charge of Fort Mer- cer, or Red Bank, N. J. For his gallant defence of that Fort against a superior force, in 1777, he ac- quired the reputation of a brave, judicious and faithful officer. He was assassinated in the most br-u- tal manner-, in 1731, by a part}' of Amci'ican r-oyalists, while sta- tioned on the border of Cioton river, ?i'ew York. Majoi' General Nathaniel Grken was born in 1741. He died in Georgia, in 17S6. General Gr-een early received the particular favor of Washington. This favor was continued throughout the war, and was strengthened by his ar-dent \ patriotism, undaunted courage, pru- NEW ENGLAND CAZETTEEK. dence, and superior military know- ledge. " Within a mile from the village of Apponaug may be seen a huge rock, so completely balanced upon another, and its equilibrium so ex- act, that a boy 14 years of age may set it in such motion that the contact or collision caused thereby, produ- ces a sound somewhat like that of a drum, but more sonorous, which in a still evening may be heard a distance of 6 or 8 miles. Hence, from time immemorial, it has gone by the name of tbe Drum Rock. From the ponderous weight of that part which is thus nicely balanced, it is generally believed that no oth- er than the hand of nature ever could have done it. Yet some are inclined to believe, that it was thus placed by the herculean labor of some tribe of the natives. There remains no doubt, but that this was a place of their resort or encamp- ment ; and that the Drum Rock served them either to give an alarm in case of danger, or to call the tribe together from theii' daily avocations. This rock is considered as a great curiosity, excites much attention, and consequently is at the present day a place of much resort, par- ticularly in the pleasant season of the year.' Waalitngtou County, Me. MacJiius is the shire town. This county is of a singular form. It extends from the Atlantic ocean to the border of Lower Canada, a dis- tance of moi-e than 3 1-2 degrees of latitude. Its interior part, for more than 175 miles, is but 14 miles in breadth : that part near the se?i is about 50 miles in width. This territory is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by New Brunswick, S. b\ the ocean, and W. by the coun- ties of Hancock and Penobscot. It contains an area of about 4,150 square miles. About a third part of this county may be said to be settled ; the residue is a densely wooded wilderness. The charac- ter of the surface and soil of this county, is much the same as that of the adjacent counties of Han- cock and Penobscot. In common with all the Atlantic counties in Maine, Washington county possess- es its numerous bays, inlets, capa- cious harbors, and pleasant islands, so admirably adapted to foreign and domestic commerce, the fisheries and ship building. The St. Croix is its most impor- tant river. The banks of this no- ble stream are rapidly settling, by Yankees on one side and Englislv- men on the other; and long may it be a channel, not only of individu- al and national wealth, but of " good nature and good humor, between people, who, though under different governnien(s, have the same lan- guage, a similar religion, a kindreJ blood." The tonnage of the two district* in this county, Machias and Passa- maqiioddy, in 18.37, was 19,072 tons. In 1837, the number of sheep in the county was 19,008: the same year it produced 27,014 bushels of wheat. The population of the coun- ty in 1820, was 12,744; in 1830, 21,294; and in 1837, 28,495: in- crease in 7 years, 34 pr. ct., and in 17 years, 123 pr. ct. Pop.tosq. ni.,7. Wasliiiigton, Me. Lincoln co. This town containi several ponds, and some branchei of the Damariscotta and Mns- congus rise here. It lies 35 miles E. from Augusta, and 25 N. N. E. from Wiscasset. Population 1837, 1,378. Wheat crop, same year, 2,269 bushels. Incorporated, 1811. It was formerly called Putnam. Washiugtoii, TS. H., Sullivan co., lies, 22 miles N. N. E. fiom Keene, 20 E. by S. from Charlestown, and 35 W. from Con- cord. This town is hilly, but not mountainous. Lovcwell's moun- tain, so called from Capt. Lov«- NEVv" ENGLAXD GAZETTEER. well's killing 7 Indians near it, is ot a conical shape, about 3-4 of a mile in diameter, and may be seen at a considerable distance. V/ash- insjton abounds with npi-ings, rivu- lets, and natural ponds, of tlie last of which, there are no less than 16, and some of them of considerable magnitude. Ishmd pond, so called from its being full of islands, is 2 miles long, and 1 1-2 wide. Half moon pond is 1 1-2 miles in length. Ashuelot pond is 1 1-2 miles long, and 1 mile wide, and is the source of one of the principal branches of Ashuelot rivei'. Brockway's pond, a beautiful sheet of water, lying on a white sand, i-; 1 mile long and 1-2 a mile wide. Lor\ir pond, lying in this town and StodilanI, is 5 miles in length. These ponds abound with a variety of hsh. A branch of Contoocook river has its source from several small ponds in the E, part of the town. The soil is generally deep and moist, better for grass than tillage. Washington was settled in 1768. It was lirst called Jrlonad- nock, JVn. 8. From its settlement, it was called Camden, till Decem- ber 13, 1776, when it was incorpo- rated by its p'rescnt name. The first settlers had 150 acres of land- each for settling. Population, in 1S30, 1,135. Wasliiiigton County, Vt. MojfTPELiEK is the chief town. This county is ncarlj' in the centre of the state, and the principal part of it lies between the two ranges of the Green Mountains. It is bounded N. by Lamoille and parts of Chittenden and Caledonia coun- ties, E. by Caledonia county, .S. by Orange and Addison, ami W. by Addison, and Chittenden, counties. It was incorporated in ISIO. by the name of Jefierson, and took its pres- ent name in 1S14. The county is finely watered by its chief liver, the Winooski, or Onion, and many of its important branches. These streams afford the county an abun- dant water power, and manufac- turing establishments increase and nourish in this mountainous region. The surface of the county is uneven, hilly, and in some parts mountainous, but there is much valuable land along the streams, which in man}' pai-ts are sluggish, and form large tracts of excellent intervale. The agricultural pro- ductions consist of neat cattle, hors- es, hogs, wool, and of the produc- tions of the dairy. In 1837, there were 60,025 sheep in Washington county .^ There are large bodies of beautiful granite, in the county, and slate of various kinds. Popu- lation, 1820, 14,113; 1830, 21,373. Since 1830, there have been some small changes in Washington coun- ty, in regard to territory. We will thank any of our Green Mountain friends to give us all the necessary information respecting it, for future editions. The rail road from Bos- ton to Ogdensburgh will probably- pass through this county, but we beg them not to wait for that event. "iVasliington, Vt. Orange co. Branches of Onion, Wait's and White rivers rise in this town, but afford no considerable water power. The two former are called Jail Branches, fiom the cir- cumstance that the pioprietors were required by their charier, of 1781, to erect a jail within the limits of the town, at an early peiiod. There is some excellent land along the streams, and the uplands are gener- ally aiable, and afford good pastu- rage. There is a neat village in the town, some trade and manufac- ture.s, and between 3,000 and 4,000 sheep are annually sheared. Wash- ington is 15 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, and is bounded S. by Chelsea. Population, 1830, 1,374. WasUington, Mass. Berkshire co. This mountainous town is watered by branches of Vv'estfield and Housatonick rivers NEAV ENGLAND GAZETTEER. The soil is well adiipted for grazins;. In 1837, 5,20 sheep were shear- ed in the town, producing lo,()27 pounds of wool, piincipail y mciino. There is found in this town a po- rous quartz, which is used as buhr stones, for mill stoiies ; and is re- markable for resisting heat. Wash- ingtoTi was incorporated in 1777. It is 122 miles W. from iioston, and S E. from Lenox. Population, 1S37, 75S. AVasIiingtoii Comity, R.I. South Kiiii^fton is the shire town. This is a maritime county situated in the southwestern section of the state ; bounded on the north by Kent county, on the east by Nar- raganset bay, on the south by the Atlantic ocean, and on the west by the state of Connecticut. The av- erage length of the county, from east to west, is abotit 20 i::iles, and it has a mean bi-eadth of more than 18 miles, compj-i-ing about 3f)7 square miles. The goologlcal char- acter of this county is primitive; the rocks consist of granite and ot!i- er original formations. The sur- face is generally diversitied with moderate hills and nai-row dales; tJiere are, however, some consider- able eminences in the northwest section of the county, and some flats of considerable exteist in the «outli section, boidcring upon the Atlantic. The pi-cvailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam, strong and fertile ; there ai-c some considera- ble tracts of sandy loam, and some of alluvial. A considerable section of this county was formerly called the Narragansct country, and was celebrated for an excellent breed of pacing horses; the other section was called the fc'iiannock country, and was equally di-linguished for a valuable breed of neat ca'tle. This county still maintains a high reputation as a grazing district, and aflbrds many exten-ive and valua- ble dairies. But the aiiricultural interests are not confined exclu- 38 I sively to the objects of the grazing business; in some sections of the county considerable attention is paid to the cultivation of grain, particu- larly Indian corn ant! barley ; some rye also is raised. The inhabitants are distinguished for their habits of industry and frugality, and in gen- eral enjoy their necessary results, health and competence. The waters of the county are ex- ten .ive and important, possessing ;i maritime border upon the Atlantic ocean and the Narraganset bay, of more than 50 miles extent. There are, however, but 2 or 3 harbors ; the principal of which is Wickford, in the noilheastern section of the county ; the next nmst important is the Pawcatuck. The principal in- terior waters of the county are em- bodied in the Pawcatuck I'ivtr, which forms part of the western boundary of the state. The prin- cipal branches of th.c Pawcatuck are the Wood and Charles rivers; which, with theii-tril.'utary streams, v/atcr a large portion of the west- ern section of the county, and af- ford numerous sites for mills, and other hydraulic works. There are, in the county, several salt and fresh water ponds, which are wel4 supplied with fish. The tishci-ies of the county are extensive and valuable, affording employment to considerable indus- try, which is usually well reward- eel. The fish taken, not only sup- ply the home consumption, but con- stitute an article of exportation. Although the commercial busi- ness carried on within tlie county is not very considerable, yet its maritime situation has had its nat- ural influence upon the habits of the people ; a considerable portion of whom are employed in seafaring business. The manufacturing interests of the county are considerable, and consist principally of the woolen and cotton manufactures, and the business of ship building. Besides NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. these, there is considerable me- chanical industry in the other de- partments of mechanical business. In 1837, there were 81,619 sheep in the county. Population, in 1800, 16,135; 1810, 14,963; in 1820, 15,687; 1830, 15,411. Population to a square mile, 42. From this statement of the population, it ap- pears that this county must have suffered greatly by emigration. 'Wasliiiigtoii, Ct. Litchfield co. Judea, the first society in this town, was a part of Woodbury until 1741. It was first settled in 1734. It was incorpora- ted as a town in 1779. This town is 40 miles S. W. from Hartford, and 10 S. W. from Litch- field. Populadon, 1830, 986. "A large part of this town is el- evated and mountainous. Lime- stone abounds in many of the val- leys. Several quarries of marble have been worked, from which con- siderable quantities have been rais- ed. Iron ore has been found in va- rious places. Ochre, fuller's eai'th, and white clay, have also been found. The town is watered by the Shepaug river, a branch of the Housatonick, which passes through the whole length of the town, di- viding it into two nearly equal parts. The town is divided into two so- cieties, Judea and New Preston. There is in Judea, or \\'ashington as it is called, about two miles S. W. of the centre of the town, a place called " Steep Rock." From the top of this eminence, which is easy of access, the beholder has one of the most interesting and beautiful prospects in the state. The scene presents an area in the form of an amphitheatre, the sides of which are covered with a dense forest. The Shepaug river is seen flowing in a beautifiil circle at the base of the bluff. Within the cir- cle of the river, there are several cultivated fields, affording a beauti- ful landscape to the beholder. " This town has been the theatre of one of the most atrocious mur- ders ever committed in New Eng- land. The murderer was a man or rather fiend, by the name of Barnett Davenport. From his own confes- sion, it appears that his parentage and early education were exactly fitted to produce his wicked life and his tragical end. Untutored and unresti-ained by parental govern- ment, he was left to grow up at random. In the morning of life, no morality was inculcated upon him, and no sense of religion, either by precept or example. On the contrary, he was, from early years, unprincipled, profane, and impious. Before he was ,9 years old, he was expert in cursing and swearing, and an adept in mischief. At 11 years he began to pilfer. At 13 he stole money. At 15 he entertained thoughts of murder, and rapidly waxed harder and bolder in wick- edness. At 19, he actually mur- dered a family in cold blood. As a friendless wandering stranger, he was taken into the house of Mr. Caleb Mallory, and treated with the utmost kindness, in December, 1779. Scarcely two months had elapsed, before the murder was de- termined on. The night of Febru- ary 3d, 1780, was fixed on to exe- cute the horrid purpose. With a heart hard as adamant, he lighted a canille, went into the lodging room of his benefactors, and beat them to death with a club. A little grand child being with its grand parents shared the same fate, and two others were left in a sound sleep to perish in the flames. Having kindled a fire in three of the rooms, he fled, after robbing the house of its most valuable articles. But from an ac- cusing conscience, and from the hand of justice, which followed hard upon his steps, he was unable to flee. He was taken, and execu- ted at Litchfield in the May ensu- ing." NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. WaterborougSi, Z>Ic. York CO. This town is watered by a large and pleasant pond, which empties into Little Ossipee river, a branch of the Saco, and liy the head branches of the Mousuin, a stream which meets the ocean at Kennebunlv. This is a flourishing town, with a pleasant surface and good soil. It lies 81 miles S. W. from Augusta, 24 W. from Portland, and is bounded S. by Alfred. Incor- porated, 17S7. Po])ulation, 1S30, 1,S16; 1837, 1,933. ■\Vatcrbiiry, Vt. Wasiiington co. Tiic surface of Waterbury is generally level, with some pleasant swells." Tiie soil is warm and fertile : the meadow lands on the livers, of which there are large tracts, are not excelled, in richness, by any in the state. This town is separated from Duxbury by Onion liver, which, with Waterbury I'iver and other streams, afford the town a good water power. It was first settled in 1784. Population, 1830, 1,650. It lies 12 miles X. W. from Mont- pelier, and 24 E. S. E. from Bur- iiugton. In the southwest corner of the township, the passage of Onion riv- er through a considerable hill, is considered a curiosity. The stream has here worn a channel through the rocks, which in times past, un- doubtedly, formed a cataract below of no oi'dinary height, and a consid- erable lake above. The chasm is at present about one hundred feet wide, and nearly as deep. On one side the rocks are nearly perpendic- ular, some of which have fallen across the bed of the stream, in such a manner as to form a bridge, pas- sable, however, only at low water. On the same side the rocks which appear to have been loosened and moved by the undermining of the water, have again rested, and be- come fixed in such a posture as to form several caverns or caves, some of which have the appearance of rooms fitted for the convenience of man. Several musket balls and Hints were found in the extreme part of this cavern, a few years since, wiiii the appearance of hav- ing lain there many yer.rs, which makes it evident that it was known to the early hunters. JVaterbury River, rises in Mor- ristown, and runs south through the western part of Stow and Wa- terbury into Onion river. In Stow, it receives one considerable tribu- tary from the east which rises in Worcester, and two from the west which rise in Mansfield. It also receives several tributaries from the west, in Waterbury, which originate in Bolton. The whole length of the stream is about 16 miles, and it atfords a number of good mill privileges. Waterbury, Ct. New Haven co. The Indian Mattatuck, a territory comprising this and some of the neighboring towns, being IS miles in length and 10 miles in width, was sold by the red men to the whites,, in the year 1684, " for divers good causes and thirty-nine pounds." This piece of ground was supposed by the white men, to afford sufficient room and accommodations for thirty fam- ilies. The territory now contains 8,000 people; and if its population was as dense as that of England, in 1831, it would contain no less than 20,("il0, or of Belgium, 35,370 souls. There are some good lands on the borders of the streams, within the present limits of Waterbury ; but the surface of the town is gen- erally rough, and the soil difficult of cultivation. This town lies 28 miles S. W. from Hartford, and 20 N. by W. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 3,070. " The site upon which the bor- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ough of Waterbiiry stands, is situa- ted in a valley which is waslicd by Mad river on the east, and the Nau- gatuck on the west ; and in its cen- tral partis about a mile in breadth. The main street runs east and west ; but since the increase of the manu- facturing establishments within the last twelve years, a large share of the new buildings have been erect- ed in their vicinity, which is in the southeast part of the village. On either side of the village, hills gradually rise to a considerable elevation, presenting to the eye the galleries of an amphithea- tre, the village forming the area. The number of houses is about one hundred and fifty, and the popula- tion fifteen hundred ; which it is calculated has doubled itself dur- ing the last twelve years; most of the factories having been established within that time. Some of the private dwellings may be called splendid, and a majoiity of them neat, convenient, with handsome court yards in iVont. " Of the articles manufactured in the village, those of gilt buttons and the rolling of brass and copper metals for a great variety of uses, constitute the greatest business. Thei-e are three factories of this kind upon an extensive scale, two in the village, and one about two miles north, connected with whicli is a gold refinery. There are like- wise two factories of gilt buttons upon a considerable scale, uncon- nected with i-olling mills. One extensive rolling mill connected with the biass wire and tubing manufacture, two satinet factories, one woolen factory, besides a great number of minor establishments, in which buttons of various kinds and other articles are manufactured to a considerable extent. The number of persons in the village, of both sexes, who are employed in tlie manufacturing establishments, is between six and seven liundred. It is not precisely known what amount is manufactured yeaily, but it has been estimated by good judges to exceed a million of dollars, and is upon the increase. The route has been surveyed by a piac- tical engineer, for constructing a canal to bring the Naugatuck on to the bank at the west end of the town, which will, when completed, afford a supply of water power, ca- pable of employing as much or more capital than has been already invested." Samuel Hopkiivs, D. D., tlie founder of a religious sect, denon;- inated Hopkinsians, was born in this town, in 1721. He died at Newport, R. I., in 180.3. See Beli- gious Creeds, and Statistics. Dr. Lemuel Hopki^vs, a poet, and an eminent physician, was boi'n in Waterbury, in 1750. He died at Hartford, in ISOl. Watcrford, 3Ie. 0>iford CO. This town is water- ed by a number of beautiful ponds, and Crooked river passes flirough its northeast border. The surface is generally level and the soil good. It produced in 1S37, 5,545 bushels of wheat. Waterford was incorporated in 1797. It lies 57 miles \V. by S. from Augusta, and 10 \Y. by S. from Paris. Population, in 1837, 1,297. "tVatei'fortl, Vt. Caledonia co. This town was chartered in 1780, by (he name of Littleton, which name it retained until 1797. It was first settled in 1787. It lies on the west side of Connecticut river, 32 miles E. N. E. from I\Ion*pelier, an;! 12 E. S. E. from Danville. Population, 1830, 1,338. The west part of the town is watered bj' the Passumpsic, and the north border by Moose river. Here is a water ])ower, and some manufactures. A part of the town borders on Fifteen Mile Falls, in Connecticut river. The banks of NEW ENetAND GAZETTEER. that river are steep at this place, and form but lillle intervale. The ujilands aie roiigli and stony, hut good for sheep, of whicii 3,500 arc kept. Waterford, Ct. New I^ondon co. This town was taken from New l^ondon in 1S:)1. It is washed on the east side by the river Thames ; and on the south by Long Ishind Sound, fi-om which a bay or inlet extends, be- tween Millstone and Black Points, quite into the centre of the town, atfording a harbor for small vessels. This is a resort for tishcrmenon the Sound, and many species of the finny tribe are taken captive. There are a number of ponds in the town, three considej'able mill streams, and two woolen factories. The surface of the town i< rocky and uneven, with a j;i-avelly loam, pro- ductive of corn, vegetables, fruits, and feed for cattle. In 1S37, it con- tained 2,582 sheep. Waterford lies 37 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 4 W. from New Lon- don. Population, 1830, 2,-163. ■W'atcrqtieecliy Itivcr, Vt. -See Queechy River. Watcrto'wii, Itlass. Middlesex co. Ciiarles river gives this town a valuable water power, which is well improved. The river is navij;able to the centre of the town for vessels of 6 or 7 feet draught of water. The surface of the town is diver- sified by hills and valleys, which is rendered very beautiful by a high state of cultivation, and by the nu- merous villas, neat farm houses, cottages, and delightful gardens which meet the eye in every direc- tion. A part of the beautiful sheet of water, called " Fresh Pond," and apart of the celebrated Mount Auburn Cemetery lie in this town. On the north bank of the river, » short distance below the princi- 38* pal village, the United States Arse- nal, containing a large amount of munitions of war, occupies a site of 40 acres of ground. At the commencement of the revolution- ary war, this place was the chosen seat of the continental congress. That body of patriots was in session at Watertovvn on the day of the battle of " Bunker Hill." There are two paper mills in the town, a cotton mill, print works, an establishment for finishing woolen gooils, and manufactures of soap, candles, boots, shoes, boxes, &.c. Large quantities of beef, pork, bacon, Stc, are annually packed at this place for the Boston market, and for transportation. In 1837, three soap and candle manufactories used 300 tons of tallow, 350 tons of barilla, 50 tons of palm-oil, 1,750 barrels of ro-^in, 2,000 casks of lime, and 1,000 bushels of salt. Watertown was first settled in 1630, by the sons of Sir Richard Saltonstall and others. It was in- corporated the same year. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,641; 1837, 1,739. It is 7 miles W. from Boston. Its Indian name was Pigsgusset. Watertown, Ct. Litchfield CO. This town lies 30 miles S. S. W. from Hartford, 26 N.by W. from New Haven, and 10 S. K. from Litchfield. Popu- lation, 1830, 1,500. Watertown was formerly a parish in Waterbury, by the name of West- bury. It was incorporated as a town in 1780. It is bounded N. by Litchfield, E. by the Naugatuck river, separating it from Plymouth, W. by Bethlem and Woodbury, and S. by Middlebury and Waterbury. It is about 6 1-2 miles in length, and 4 in breadth. The township is gen- erally uneven, or rather hilly; but some sections are level. The pre- vailing soil is a dry gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing, but the different grains common to thia part of the country are cultivated NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Steel's brook, a sprightly stream, passes through the central part of the town, and for a mile below and some distance above tlie centre of the town, a chain of rich meadows, though small in extent, border the sides of this sti-eam. This is the birth place of John Trumbull, the celebrated author of " McFingal." He graduated at Yale College, and studied law with John Adams, in Boston. The first part of his McFingal appeared in 1775. It was completed in 17S2. He was a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 181)1 to 1819. In 1825, he removed to Detroit, where lie died, in 1831, aged 81 years. The people of this town make some boast of the size of their for- est trees. It is said, as an extraor- dinary fact, " that one of the first settlers, having no shelter for the night, peeled off the bark of one of the trees he had felled, and laj' down upon the inside. In the morning when he awoke, he found the bark rolled up so closely that it was with some difficulty he could extricate himself." This story will do to tell as far west as Connecticut, but the ' Down Easters' would laugh at it. It would take Dame Nature more than a night to screw up the bark of one of their common pines even to the circumference of the New Hampshire Giant. The Maine folks willingly grant to Connecti- cut the tallest poets, but claim to their state the biggest trees. ■Waterville, Me. Kennebec co. This town is situ- ated on the west bank of the Ken- nebec river, 18 miles N. from Au- gusta. It was incorporated as a part of Winslow in 1771, and as a separate town in 1802. Popu- lation in 1820, 1719; in 1830, 2,216; in 1837, 2,905. It contains SO square miles, mostly of the best quality of farming laud of the Kennebec region. Seven twelfths of the population is estimated to be agricultural. The principal village, of about ISO houses, is on the Ken- nebec, at Ticonic Falls. These falls are 18 feet in height, extending quite across the river. In the town, there are 17 saws, four grist mills, carding machines, three plaster mills, two extensive tanneries anrl a machine shop. One iron louii 'i\ , a branch of the celebi-atod Fair- banks establishment in Vermont, supplies a great portion of the inte- rior of the state with ploughs. I'he public structures are 4 meeting houses, an Academy, and the Lib- eral Institute, a Seminary founded by Universalists. This latter edi- tice, though small, is one of liie most beautiful specimens of archi- tecture in the state. Ticonic bridge, crossing the Kennebec, 550 feet in length, is a fine specimen of Col. Long's plan of construction. Waterville College is pleasantly situated near the village, on the bank of the river. There are 2 ed- ifices for rooms, a chapel, and a commons hall. This Institution was founded in 1813, as a Theolo- gical school; in 1821 it was con- verted into a College, and has 143 graduates. It was founded by Baptists, but is open to all denomi- nations, and affords facilities for manual labor. Its Faculty is a President, three Professors, and two Tutors. From Augusta, the head of sloop navigation, goods are transported to Waterville in large tlat-boats, some of which carry 10 tons. This renders the place an important depot of merchandise for an extensive country above, and of produce and manufactures brought down to be shipped for a market: great quanti- ties of oats, shingles and other lum- ber, leather, potash and potatoes, are thus transported from this place. The erection of a dam at Augusta, is thought to have improved the navigation, and affords facilities for NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. making Watervillc the centre of trade for tlie country above. A steam boat now runs between tliis place and fl)o lower towns. The village of West Waterville is on Emerson stream, a tributary of the Kennebec. Here is a rcmark- ble cascade, the highest known in the state, and is much resorted to for its picturesque scenery. At this village are manufactories for cut- ting out last blocks, which are ex- ported in great quantities to Massa- chusetts, and a scythe factory of liigh reputation, which made 300 dozen scythes in the year 183S. The water power at Waterville and in the vicinity, is singularly great. A circle described from the Ticonic falls, before named, as a centre, with a radius of tive miles, includes two falls across t!ie whole Kennebec, at Kendall's mills, two miles above Waterville; two falls, 5 miles distant, on the .'•ebasticook, a large tributary stream ; and an in- definite series of falls upon the Emerson stream, fi-om the cascade to its confluence, besides numerous rapids, which could easily be dam- med, on all these stream*. It is be- lieved (hat no similar circle of 10 miles diameter in New England, comprehends so large and conven- ient water power. But a very small part of this power is yet occupied, and situated a-j Waterville is, in the centre of these manufacturing fa- cilities, enjoying convenient boat navigation to the sea ports, with an extensive region of the best agri- cultural advantages in the rear, it promises to become a thiifty and populous town. AVatcrvillc, X. II. Grafton co. This town compris- es the territory called Gillis and Foss' Grant, until its incorporation, in 1829. It is bounded N. by un- granted land, E. by Albany, S. by Sandwich, and W. by Thornton. It was granted June 29, 1819, to Jo- nah Gillis, Moses Foss, Jr. and oth- ers. It is watered by Mad river, which rises among the mountainous tracts on the N. ; runs S. W. about 20 miles, and falls into Pemigewas- set river in Campion. Swift river has its source in this town, pursues an E. course through Albany, into Conway, where it unites with .Saco river. There are 2 ponds, and sev- eral considerable elevations. Mo- ses Foss, jr. commenced tlie settle- ment some years since. It has 96 inhabitants. ■\Vaterville, Vt. Lamoille co. This town is envi- roned by mountains, and is itself mountainous. It is watered by a branch of Lamoille river, and is bounded E. by Belvidere, W. by Fletcher. It lies about 25 miles S. E. from St. Albans. Population, 1830, 488. Wayland, Mass. Middlesex co. The name of this town was East Sudbury, from 1780 to 1835. It lies on the east side of Sudbui-y river, and is bounded east by \\'eston. The surface of the town is i)leasant ; the soil is gener- ally good, and contains some well cultivated farms. There are 4 for- ges in this town, and manufactures of chairs and cabinet wai-e ; but the principal manufacture is that of boots and shoes ; the annual ^alue of which is about .^25,000. Way- land is 16 miles W. from Boston, and 7 S. from Concord. Population, 1837,931. Wayne, Me. Kennebec co. Wayne lies N. of Leeds, and is situated a little be- low the centi'e of a chain of beau- tiful lakes or ponds, whose outlet, which passes through the town, falls into the Androscoggin. The centre of the town is about 4 miles east of the Androscoggin, and 16 W. from Augusta. The surface of the town is undulating, and the soil fertile, it was incorporated ia 1798. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Population, in 1837, 1,170. Wheat crop, same year, 3,268 bushels. Weare, N. H. Hillsborough co. The only riv- er in Weare, is the N. W. branch of Piscataquos;, which enters the west boundary from Deering, and meanders tlii-ough the N. and E. sections of tlie town, and passes the S. line about half a mile from the S. E. corner. Tliis river affords the best mill seats in the town. There are three small ponds in this town. Rattlesnake hill, nearly in the centre of the N. line of the town, abounds with shelving rocks, abrupt precipices, forming dens and caves. Dui-ingthe summer season, the reptile from which the hill takes its name, is frequently found. Tiie town, though rather broken, is not mountainous. It has small swamps, and some good meadows. It is now settled and cultivated to its extreme limits by industrious and wealthy husbandmen. It was incorporated in 1764, and receiv- ed its name in honor of Meshech Weare, chief justice of the prov- ince of N. H. Weare is 15 miles S. W. from Ooncord, and 17 N. N. W. from Amherst. Population, 1S30, 2,430. 'iVeatliersfield, Vt. Windsor co. [Those who wish to find the course and distance to the onion fields in Connecticut, or to their fair cultivators, will please see Wefhei'sdeU, Ct.] Weathersfield was first settled about the year 1778. It is bounded S. by Springfield, N. by Windsor, and is 61 miles S. by E. from Mont- pelier. Population, in 1830, 2,213. This town lies on the west side of Connecticut river, at the " Bow," so called from a bend in the river. It contains large tracts of rich meadow land, and the uplands are of a good quality. William Jarvis, Esq., for many years a resident here, owns a large and superior farm, and has greatly benefited this section of country by the introduction of new modes of agriculture, and more valuable breeds of stock. The agricultural products of Weathersfield are very valuable : about 15,000 fleeces of fine wool are annually sheared. This town is lai-ge, and contains a number of plca=;ant villages. It is watered by several ponds, and by Black river, which gives it a water power, and which is applied to manufacturing operations to -some extent. In common with all the towns on Connecticut river, Weath- ersfield has its share of delightful scenery ; and there is no better place to find it, in all its richnes'^, than on the Ascutney, at the north part of the town. "4Vetoster, DIass. V/'orcester co. This town v^'as incorporated in 1832, and named in compliment to Hon. Daniel, Webster, including a part of Dudley and Oxford, and a tract of land previously unincorporated. It is bounded N. by Oxford, E. by Douglas, S. by Thompson, in Connecticut, and W. by Dudley. It is 46 miles W. S. W. from Bos- ton, 16 S. from Worcester, 45 E. by S. from Springfield, and 28 N. W. from Providence, R. I. Popu- lation, 1837, 1,210. There are in operation in this town two woolen and four large cotton mills, a cotton thread mill, 1 machine shop, 1 bleachery, a tan- nery, and a manufactory of tin ware : total value of manufactures, the year ending April 1, 1837, $312,277. French river and a pond give this place a large and unfailing water power. The original name of this pond, as appears from ancient deeds, was Chabanako)igkoinoin,the same name by which Dudley was known, though the latter probably borrow- ed it from the former. Some re- cords and maps of New England NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Lave given tlic name of ClinrgOi^- gagogginniichogi^ni^ugg. The tall at the outlet ot this poiul is 24 feet, which is increased after it empties into French river to about 90 feet before it passes into Connecticut. This affbrdeti ample water power for the late Samuel Slater to con- centrate here a lara;c portion of his inanufacturin;^ capital ; and it is to the cntei'prise of tliis ' Father of American manufactures,' that this place is indebted for most of the prosperity whicli it at present en- joj's. It was his favoiite residence, and where his remains now rest. A remnant of the Dudley, or more properly of the Nipmuck In- dians, reside here. They are about 40 in number, tliough but few of them are of pure blood. These Indians formerly owned a consider- able tract of reserved land in the centre of Chabanakon!;kamon or Dudley. This was sold by order of the legislature, and the proceeds appropiiated to their support, and to the purchase of about 30 acres, on which they now reside. This mon- ey is now expended, and they are dependent on the bounty of the state for support. Weld, Me. Franklin co. This town contains a large and beautiful pond, the out- let of which I'orms a considerable river, which passing south falls into the Androscoggin at Mexico. The surface of tlie town is remark- ably pleasant, and the soil fertile. Wheat crop, 1S37, 6,039 busliels. Weld lies 53 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 14 W. from Farmington. Population, in 1S30, 766 ; 1837, 953. AVellfleet, Mass. Barnstable co. This township lies on both sides of Cape Cod : it is bounded N. by Truro, S. by East- ham, and is 33 miles below IJarn- stable. The town is on the west side of the Cape : it is neatly built, and although it is surrounded by sand hills, and almost entirely destitute of vegetation, it makes a handsome appearance. Welllleet bay sets into the town from the south, and is separated from Cape Cod bay by several islands, which form a good harbor, at a place called " Deep Hole." In 1837, there were 120 vessels, measui'ing about 6,000 tons, belong- ing to this place, employed in the cod and n)aekerel fisheries, and a number engaihin^ton is known by its superior elevation, and by its being the southern of the three highest peaks. Mount Adams is known by its sharp termi- nating peak, and being the second north of Washington. Jefferson is situated between these two. Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the fii-st to the soutli of Washington. Franltlin is the second south and is known by its level surface. LaFuyette is known by its conical shape, and be- ing the third south of Wasliington. The ascent to the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, is not dangei'ous ; and the visitant is rich- ly rewarded ("or his labor and curi- osity. In passing from the Notch to the highest summit, the travel- ler crosses the summits of Mounts La Fayette, Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he must pass thi-ough a forest, and cross several ravines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are they discovered at a great distance ; for the trees fill them up exactly even with the mountain on each side, and their branches interlock with each other in such a manner, that it is very difficult to pass through them, and they are so stiff and thick as almost to support a man's weight. Mount La Fayette is easily ascended. Its top, to the extent of 5 or 6 acres, is smooth, and gradually slopes away in every direction from its centre. It even has a verdant ap- pearance, as it is every where cov- ered with short grass, which grows in little tufts to the height of four or five inclies. Among these tufts, mountain flowers are thinly scat- tered, which add life and beauty to the scene. The prospect (roin this summit is beautiful : to the N. the eye is dazzled with the splendor of Mount Washington ; N. W. arc seen the settlements in Jefferson; W. the courses of the Amonoosiick, as though delineated on a map : S. W. the Moosehillock and Haystack are discovered ; S. Chocorua peak; S. E. the settlements and moun- tains in IJartlctt; E. only dark mountains and forests. On descend- ing this mountain, a small patch of water is found at its base ; froia NEW ENGI-AND GAZETTEER. which the ascent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin. After crossing this mountain, you pass over the east pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place, on the maigin of a heautiful sheet of water, of an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre. The waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. Not a living creature is to be seen in the water;;, at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of any kind gi-ow in or around them, to obscure the clear rocky or gi-avelly bottom on which they rest. A small spring discharg- es itself into this pond at its south- east angle. Another pond, of about 2-3 its size, lies N. W. of this. Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyramid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated about 1,5('0 feet above the plain, and is compo- sed principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss piled together, presenting a variety of colors and forms. In ascending, you must pass enor- mous masses of loose stones ; but a walk of half an hour will gener- ally carry you to the summit. The view from this point is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innumer- able mountains, lakes, ponds, riv- ers, towns and villages meet the de- lighted eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters along the east- ern horizon. To the N. is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jeffer- son ; and to the east a little detach- ed from the range stands Mount Madison. Mount Washington is supported on the N. by a high ridge, which extends to Mount Jefferson ; on the N. E. by a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur extend- ing far away in that direction ; K. by a promontory, which breaks off' abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ; S. and S. E. by a grassy plain, in sum- mer, of more than 40 acres. At the soutlieastern extremity of this plain, a i-idge commences, which slopes gi-acefully away towards the vale of the Saco; upon which at short distances from each other, arise rocks, resembling, in some places, towers ; in others, repre- senting the various orders of archi- tecture. It would be vain in us to attempt a description of the varied wonders which here astonish and delight the beholder. To those who have vis- ited these mountain?, our descrip- tions would be tame and unin- teresting ; and he who has never ascended their hoary summits, can- not realize the extent and magnifi- cence of the scene. These moun- tains are decidedly of primitive formation. Nothing of volcanic origin has ever yet been discover- ed on the most diligent research. They have for ages, probably, ex- hibited the sanie unvarying aspect. No minerals are here found of much rarity or value. The rock which most abounds, is schistus, intermix- ed with greenstone, mica, granite and gneiss. The three highest peaks are composed entirely ol fragments of rocks heaped together in confusion, but pretty firmly fix- ed in their situations. These rocks are an intermediate substance be- tween gneiss and micaceous schis- tus ; they are excessively rough and coarse, and grey, almost black, with lichens. The mica in them is abundant, of different colors, red, black, and limpid, and though some- times several inches in diameter, yet most often irregularly stratified. The granite contains emerald, tour- maline, of which are found some beautiful specimens, and garnets, besides its proper constituents. Crystals of quartz, pyrites, actin- ote, jasper, porphyry, fluate of lime, and magnetic iron ore, are some- times obtained. During 9 or 10 months of the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. year, the summits of the mountains are covered witli snow and ice, giv- ing them a brigiit and dazzling ap- pearance. On every side are long and winding gulleys, deepening in their descent to the plains below. Here some of the finest riv- ers of New England originate. The Saco Hows from the east side of the mountains ; the branches of the Androscoggin from the north ; the Amonoosuck and other tributa- ries of the Connecticut from the west; and the Pe;nigewasset from the south, its fountain being near that of the Saco. The sides of the hills are in many parts covered with soil ; but this is verj' superficial in all cases, and every spot, that can be reached by running water, is left destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, of which like- wise the river bottoms are exclu- sively composed. In these cold and elevated regions, the period for the growth of vegetables is ex- tremely brief; the mountains must be forever sterile. Moss and li- chens may be found near the sum- mits, but of meagre and scanty growth — looking as if they liad wandered from their proper zone below, into these realms of barren desolation. A visit of Mr. Vines to the White Mountains, described by Winthrop, is worthy of notice. It was per- formed in the month of August, 1642, by him in company witli Thomas Gorges the (k'|)uty-gover- nor. Darby Field, who was liv- ing at Exeter, 1639, lias the credit of being the first traveller to these mountains. His journey also is described by Winthrop, who says it was performed in the year 16.32. He appears to have returned by the way of Saco. " The report he brought," says Winthrop, " of shin- ing stones, Stc. caused divers others to travel thither, but they found nothing worth their pains. Mr. Gorges and Mr. Vines, two of the magistrates of Sir F. Gorges' prov- ince, went thither about the end of this month," (August.) They set out, probably, a few days after the return of Field, dazzled by visions of diamonds and other precious minerals, with which the fancy of this man had garnished his story. " They went up Saco river in birch canoes, and that way they found it 90 miles to Pegwagget, an Indian town, but by land it is but 60. Up- on Saco river they found many thousand acres of rich meadow, but there are 10 falls which hinder boats, &c. From the Indian town they went up hill (for the most part) about 30 miles in woody lands, then they went about 7 or 8 miles upon sliattered rocks, without tree or grass, very steep all the way. At the top is a plain about 3 or 4 miles over, all shattered stones, and upon that is another rock or spire about a mile in height, and about an acre of ground at the top. At the top of the plain arise 4 great rivers, each of them so much wa- ter at the first issue as would drive a mill : Connecticut river from two heads at the N. W. and S. W., which join in one about 60 miles oiT; Saco river on the S. E. ; Am- ascoggin, which runs into Casco bay, at the N. E. ; and the Ken- nebeck at the N. by E. The mountain runs east and west 30 or 40 miles, but the peak is above all the rest. They went and returned in 15 days." This description of the mountains was probably com- municated by Mr. Vines to Gov. Winthrop. It conveys a very accu- rate idea of them, as they now strike the traveller. The JYutch of the Wliile Moun- tains, is a phrase appropi-iated to a very narrow defile, extending two miles in length between two huge cliffs apparently rent asunder by some vast convulsion of nature : probably that of the deluge. The entrance of the chasm on the east side, is formed by two rocks stand- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. ing perpendicular at the distance of 22 feet from each other : one about 20 feet in height, the other about 12. The road from Lancaster to Portland passes through this notch, following the course of the head stream of the Saco. The scenery at this place is ex- ceedingly beautiful and gran,7(;0; 1820, 28,4.37; 1830, 28,748. incorporated, 1789. For some years it bore the name of Cumberland. Population to a square mile, 37. The surface of the county is much broken by hills and valleys: the western part is very elevated, and contains a part of the Green Mountain ranaie. The geological character of the county is primi- tive. Immense quantities of gran- ite are found in all parts of the county, both in quarries and bould- ers, most of which is of fine grain and very handsome. It also con- tains gneiss, hornblende, serpen- tine, primitive limestone, and mi- ca, talcose, chlorite, and argellite slates. The soil of the county is various; from the rich and alluvial meadows on the Connecticut, to the cold and rugged lands on the sides of the mountains. The general character of the soil may be considered as tolerable for grain and e.vcellent for grazing. In 1837, there were 76,582 sheep in the county. Some of the wool is of a fine quality, but generally it is about half blood. Windham county is iinely wa- tered by Williams', Saxton's, and West rivers, with their branches, and by numerous other streams. These waters give the county a great hydraulic power, which is rapidly coming into use for man- ufacturing purposes. 'Wiiidluim, Vt. Windham co. Branches of West, Williams' and Saxton's rivers give this town a good water power. The surface of the town is elevated; the soil, though strong-, is better adapted for grazing liian tillage. About 4,000 sheep are kept heie. Windham was formerly a part of Londonderry. It is 30 miles N. v.. from Bennington, and 25 S. W. from Windsor. Population, 1830, S47. The actynolite embedded in talc, is found in this town, in slender four sided prisms of a leak green color. The crystals vary in size; some are six inches in length and an inch in breadth. These crys- tals are abundant. Chlorite, gar- nets, serpentine, and steatite are also found. Windham County, Ct. BroohJijii is the county town. This county is unifoi-iuly hilly, yet no part of it is mountainous or very elevated. The prevailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam. 'I'be greatest portion of the county is stony and considerably rough, and the lands geneially best adapted for grazing, and many sections allbrd some of the richest dairy fai-ms in the slate. The Quirinebaug and Slietucket, with their brandies, intersect this county, and iift'ird many valuable water privileges for mills and manufacturing purpo-^es. The valley of the Qiiinnebau;; riv- er comprises the best land in the county. The inhaldtants of this county arc more exten-ively enga- ged in the manufacturing hu.'iness ithan in any other county in the state. Cotton and woolen goods arc the principal articles manufac- tured. Windham county originally he- longed to the counties of Hai-tford and New London. It was iiicoipo- rated as a county in May, I72(). This county is bounded N. by NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Massachusetts; E. by Rhode Isl- and ; S. by the county of New London, and VV. by Tolland county. It contains an area of about 620 square miles. Population, 1810, 28,611; 1820,31,634; 1830,27,077. Population to a square mile, 44. In 1837, there were 26,017 sheep in Windham county. Wiiitlliam, Ct. Windham co. The territory of this town, Mansfield and Canter- bury, was given by Joshua, a son of Uncas, the celebrated Mohegan sachem, to John Mason, James Fitch and others, in the year 1675. " Lieut. John Caies, a pious pu- ritan, who served in the wars in England, holding his commission under Cromwell, when Charles II. came to the throne, fled to this country for safety. He landed first in Virginia, where he procured a negro servant to attend him. But when advertiseuients and pursuers were spread through this country, to apprehend the adherents of the Pro- tector, he left Virginia, came to New York, and from thence to Nor- %vich. Still feeling that he should be securer in a more retired place, he came to this new plantation, dug the first cellar, and with his servant, raised in Windham the first Eng- lish habitation, in the spring of 16S3. The settlers, rapidly inci-cas- ing, petitioned the general court, and obtained a grant of town privi- leges in May, 1692. It was made a county town in May, 1726." Windham is bounded N. by the towns of Hampton, Chaplin and Man-ifield ; E. by Franklin and Lislion, and W. by Lebanon and Columbia. It contains an area of about 8 by 6 miles. It has an uneven surface, with a tolerable soil. The following is a copy of the inscription on Lieutenant Cates' monument, in the village burying ground. In memory of Mr. John Cates. He was a gentleman born in England, and the first setteller in the Town of Windham. By his last Will and Testament, he gave a generous Legacy to ye first Churcii of Christ in Windham, in plate, and a generous Legacy in Land for ye support of ye Poor, and another Legacy for ye support of ye School in said town for ever. He died in Windham, Julyyeinth, A.D. 1697. Since the removal of the county courts from this place to Brooklyn, and the establishment of the vil- lage of Willimantic, the ancient village of Windham has somewhat declined in its trade and population. It is pleasantly located, compactly and neatly built, and contains the charm of antiquity, in as great per- fection as can probably be found in New England. This village is 30 miles E. from Hartford, 14 N. by W. from Norwich, 44 W. S. W. from Pi'ovidcnce, R. I., and 12 S. W. from Brooklyn. Population of the town, 1820,2,489; 1830,2,812. The Borough of Willimantic is 3 miles W. from Windham vil- lage. It is well situated on Willi- mantic river: it is built principally on one street, and contains some very handsome buildings. In this village are six cotton mills, con- taining 13,000 spindles ; a paper mill and a satinet factory. This flourishing village has grown up in the course of a few years. The population of this borough, in 1837, was 2,000. Willimantic River rises in the county of Tolland, and with the NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Natchaug, forms the Shetucket in Windham. " Much pleasantry," says Mr. Barber, " has been indulged at the expense of the inhabitants of Wind- ham, on account of a .-iingular oc- currence which happened in the year 175S, by wiiich tlio inhabit- ants were very nuich fiightencd. There is prol)a51y some cxaa;gcra- tiou iu the account, though the foundation of the story is believed to be a matter of fact." We copy it as an amusing relic. " On a (lark, cloudy, dismal night in the monlh of July, A. D. 175S, the inhal)itantsof Windham, a small town in the eastern part of Con- necticut, had retired to rest, and for sevei-al hours, all were wrapped in profound repose — when sudden- ly, soon after midnight, the slum- bers of the peaceful inhabitants were disturbed by a most terrilic noise in the sky right over their heads, which to many, seemed the yells and screeches of infuriated Indians, and others had no other way of accounting for the awful sounds, which siill kept increasing, but by suppo-^ing the day of ji:dg- ment had certainly come ; and to their terrified imaginaiions, the aw- ful uproar in the air seemed the immediate precursor of the clangor of the last trumpet. At intervals, many supposed they could distin- guish the calling out of paticu- lar names, as of Colonels Dyer and ELDERKi>-,two eminent law- yers, and this increased the gciieral terror. But soon there was a i-ush from every house, the tumult in the air still increasing — old and young, male and female, poured forth into the streets, " in puris naturalibiiii," entirely forgetful, in their huriy and consternation, of their nether habiliments, and with eyes upturned tried to pierce the almost palpable darkness. Some daring " spirits,''' concluding there was nothing supernatural in the hubbub and uproar over hcail, but rather, that they heard the yells of Indians comnu^ncing a midnight attack, loaded their guns and sal- lied forth to meet the invading foes. These valiant heroes, on ascending the liill that bounds the village on the east, perceived that the sounds came from that quarter, anil not from tlie skies, as first be- lieved, but their courage would not permit them to proceed to the dar- ing extremity of advancing east- ward, until they had discovered the real cause of alarm and distress, which pervaded the whole village. Towarils morning the sounds in the air seemed to die away. In the morning, the whole cause of alarm, which produced such distressing apprehensions among the good peo- ple of the town, was apparent to all who took (he trouble to go to a certain mill pond, situated about three fourths of a mile eastward of the village. This pond, hereafter, in the annnls of Fame, forever to be called the JFVog Pond, in conse- qut nee of a severe drought, which had prevailed many weeks, had be- come nearly dry, and the Bull Frogs (by which it was densely popu- lated) at the mill fought a pitched battle on the sides of the ditch wbieh ran through it, for the pos- session and enjoyment of the fluid which i-emained. Long and ob- stinately was the contest maintain- ed ; and many thousands of the combatants were found defunct, on both sides of the ditch, the next morning. It had been uncommon- ly still, for several hours before the battle commenced, but suddenly, as if by a preconcerted agreement, every frog on one side of the ditch, raised the war cry. Cut. Dyer, Col. Dt/er, and at the same instant, from the opposite side, resounded the adverse shout of Elderkin too. El- derkin too. Owing to some pecu- liar stale of the atmosphere, the awful noises and cries appeared to the distressed Windhamites to be directly over their heads." NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Windsor, Me. Kennebec co. Windsor was in- corporated by the name of Malta, in 1809. In 1821 it took the name of Gerry, and in 1822 it received its present name. It lies 12 miles from Augusta, by which it is bound- ed on the west. Population, 1837, 1,660. Wheat crop, same year, 5,947 bushels. This town is watered by the up- per branches of Sheepscot river, and by several handsome ponds. The surface of the town is diversi- fied : the soil is generally good, and its agricultural condition improv- ing. There are some manufactures in the town. ■Windsor, N. H. Hillsborough co. This town con- tains only 5,335 acres. It is diver- sified with hills: its soil is strong, good for grazing, and for bread stuffs, of which quantities sufficient for use at home, and some for the markets are raised. Black pond, near the centre, is said to be 160 rods long and SO broad; and one near the S. E. corner of the town, is about 80 rods long and 40 wide. Windsor was formerly called CajnphelVs Gore. It was incorpo- rated with town privileges in 1798. Population, 1830, 226. Windsor County, Vt. Woodstock is the county town. This county is bounded N. by the county of Orange, E. by Connecti- cut river, S. by Windham county, and W. by Rutland and a part of Addison counties. It contains an area of about 900 square miles. Population, 1810, 34,877; 1820, 38,233; 1830, 40,625: population to a square mile, 48. Incorporated in 1781. Windsor county is watered by White, Queechy, Black, West and Williams' rivers, and by other ex- cellent mill streams. The surface of the county is uneven, and in some parts mountainous, but gen- erally, it is not too elevated to ad- mit of cultivation. The soil pro- duces fine crops of grain, hay, veg- etables and fruits: the lands are peculiarly adapted for grazing, and about 200,000 sheep graze on its varied surface of hills and valleys The beautiful Connecticut, which washes its whole eastern boundary, gives to this county large tracts of alluvial meadow land, and affords it a navigable channel to the sea board, for its surplus productions, and for its wants from abroad. The hydraulic power of Windsor county is very large, and its local position is such as to induce men of enterprize and capital to embark in manufacturing operations, which are annually increasing with fair prospects of success. Windsor, Vt. Windsor co. Windsor was first settled in 1764. Its surface is un- even, but there are but few parts of it unfit for cultivation. It con- tains large tracts of alluvial mead- ow, and the uplands are generally fertile. Mill brook waters the south part of the town, and fur- nishes it with excellent mill sites. The manufactures of the town are numerous and valuable. The ag- ricultural interests are also valu- able : 10,000 sheep are annually sheared in the town, and many neat cattle, horses and productions of the dairy are annually transpor- ted to its various markets. This town has become the cen- tre of an important commerce, both from the river and a fertile interior country. The favorable position of Windsor, as a place of trade, was early discovered, and it has been fortunate in possessing a suc- cession of men, who, by their en- terprise and wealth, have rendered it one of the most flourishing towns on Connecticut river. Windsor is situated on the west side of that delightful river, 55 NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. miles S. by E. from Montpelicr, 105 N. W. from Boston, 55 N. E. from Bennington, 95 S. S. W. from Burlington, and 127 miles above Hartford, Ct. Population, in 1S20, 2,956 ; 1S30, 3,131. The village of Windsor is on el- evated ground, on the bank of the river: it is compactly, and some- what irregularly built, but very beautiful. There are but few vil- lages in our country which make a more delightful appearance. It contains a great number of hand- some dwelling houses and stores. Some of the private houses, church- es and other public buildings are in a style of superior elegance. This is the site of the Vermont State prison. The streets are wide and beautifully shaded. The scenery around Windsor is highly pictur- esque ; from the high lands across the river, in Cornish, which is uni- ted to Windsor by a bridge, or on the Ascutney at the south part of the town, some of the best land- scapes in our country are presen- ted to view. Windsor, Mass. Berkshire co. This town is situa- ted on the ridge of high lands which divides the waters of the llous- atonick and Connecticut. Branch- es of the Housatonick and West- field rivers rise here. There are some good fish ponds in the town, but no important streams. Tiie suiface of die town is mutli brok- en, but the soil is warm and finely adapted for grazing. There are some excellent farmers in Windsor, and the productions of the dairy and of cattle are considerable. In 1837, there were 7,157 shocp in the town, principally of the Saxo- ny and Merino breeds. Their woo! weighed 21,3S7 lbs., and sold for $10,521. This town is remarka- ble for the longevity of its inhab- itants ; which is doubtless owing to the purity of its air and water. Windsor contains beds of serpen- tine andsoapstone. It is 117 miles W. by N. from Boston, 18 N. N.E. from Lenox, and 12 E. N. E. from Pittslield. Incorporated in 1771. Population, 1837, 887. Windsor, Ct. Hartford co. This most ancient town in Connecticut is situated on the west side of Connecticut river, 6 miles N. fiom Hartford. Popu- lation, 1830, 3,220. The surface of the town is generally level, hav- ing some extensive plains. The soil is various, and free from stone : some of it is light, but a large pro- portion of it is fertile, containing extensive tracts of rich meadow. Farmington river passes through the town, and meeting the Con- necticut, gives the town a good hy- draulic power. There are in Windsor 4 paper mills, 2 manufactoi-ies of cotton batting, and factorie; of satinet, Kentucky jean, wire, &c. The business in these manufactuiing establishments is very considerable. At a place called Pine Meadow, at the commencement of the locks on the Enfield canal, a variety of ship and other timber is prepared for market. Pine Meadow is opposite to Warehouse Point, in East Wind- sor. The centre village in Windsor is pleasantly extended on the banks of the Connecticut : it is well built, v,-ell shaded, and commands de- lightful prospects. Paquonnuck village is a few miles N. from the centre. It is a manufacturing village, delightfully situated at the head of navigation on Farmington river. " In 1631, Wahquimacut, an Indi- an sachem, living ii(;ar Connecticut river, made a journey to Plymouth and Boston, and earnestly entreat- ed the governors of each of the colonies to send men to make set- tlements on the river. He repre- sented the fruitfulness of the coun- try, and promised the English, that NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. if they would make a settlement, he ■would annually supply them with corn, and give thcui eighty beaver ekins. " The governor of Massachusetts, although he treated the sachem and his company with generosity, paid no attention to his proposals. Mr. Winsiow, the goveinor of Plymouth, judged it worthy of at- tention. It seems that soon after that, he went into Connecticut, and discovered the river and the adja- cent parts. It appeai-ed that the earnestness with which the sachem solicited the English to make set- tlements on the river, originated from the distressed state of the riv- er Indians. Pekoath, the great sa- chem of the Pequots, was at war with them and di-iving them from the country, and they imagined that if the English made settle- ments on the river, they would as- sist them in defending themselves against their too powerful enemies. "Governor Winsiow of Plymouth, being pleased with the appearance of the country, having visited it, the Plymouth people made prepar- ations for erecting a trading house, and establishing a small company upon the river. In 1633, William Holmes, witli his associates, having prepared the frame of a house, with boards and materials for coveiing it immediately, put them on board of a vessel and sailed for Connecticut. Holmes landed and erected his house a little below the mouth of Farmington river, in Windsor. The house was covered with the utmost dispatch, and forliiied with palisa- does. The Plymouth people pur- chased of the Indians the land on which they erected their house. This, governor Wolcott says, was the first house erected in Connecti- cut. " In June, 1634, the Dutch sent Jacob Van Curter to purchase lands on the Connecticut. He made a purchase of about twenty acres at Hartford, of Nepuquash, a Pequot captain, on the 25th of October. Curter protested against Holmes, the builder of the Plj-mouth house. Some time afterwards, the Dutch governor, Van Twiller, of Fort Am-terdam, sent a reinforcement to Connecticut, in order to drive Holmes from the river. A party of seventy men under arms, with banners displayed, assaulted the Plymouth house, but they found it so well fortified, and the men who kept it so vigilant and determined, that it could not be taken without bloodshed. They therefore came to a parley, and finally returned in peace. " A number of Mr. Wareham's people came, in the summcrof 1635, to Connecticut, and made prepara- tions to bring their families and make a permanent settlement. Af- ter having made such preparations as they judged necessary, they be- gan to remove their families and property. On the 15th of October, about sixty men, women and chil- dren, with their horses, cattle and swine, commenced their journey from IMassachusetts, through the wilderness, to Connecticut river. After a tedious and difficultjourney, through swamps and rivers, over mountains and rough grounds, which were passed with great difficulty and fatigue, they arrived safely at the places of their respective des- tination. They were so long on their journey, and so much time and pains were spent in passing the river, and in getting over their cattle, that after all their exertions, winter came upon them before they were prepared. " About the beginning of Decem- ber, provisions generally failed in the settlements on the river, and famine anil death looked the in- habitants in the face. In their dis- tress, some of tlieni in this severe season attempted to go thi-ough the wililerness to the nearest settlement in Massachusetts. A company of thirteea, who made the attempt, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. lost one of their number, wlio, in passing a river, fell through the ice and was drowned. The other twelve were ten days on their jour- ney, and had they not received as- sistance from the Indians, would all have perished. Such was the general distress by the 3d and Ith of December, that a considerable part of the settlers were obliged to leave their habitations. Seventy persons, men, women and children, were obliged, in the severity of winter, to go down to the mouth of the river to meet their provisions, as the only expedient to preserve their lives. Not meeting the vessels which they expected, they all went on board of the Rebecca, a vessel of about 60 tons. This vessel, two days before, was frozen in, twenty miles up the river ; but by the fall- ing of a small rain, and the influ- eitce of the tide, the ice became so broken, that she made a shift to get out. She however ran upon the bar, and the people were forced to unlade her to get her off. She was rcladed, and in five days reached Boston. Had it not been for these providential circumstances, the peo- ple must have perished from fam- ine. " The people who remained and kept their stations on the river, suf- fered in an extreme degree. After all the help they were able to ob- tain, by liunting and from the In- dians, they were obligetl to subsist on acorns, malt and grains. The cattle, which could not be got over the river before winter, lived by browsing in the woods and mead- ows. They wintered as well, or better, than those that were biought over, and for which all the provis- ion was made, and care taken, of which tlie settlers were capable. A great number of the cattle, how- ever, perished. The Dorchester or Windsor people lost, in this spe- cies of property, about two hun- dred pounds sterling. Upon the breaking up of winter, and during 42 the summer following, the settlers came in large companies, and the settlements at Windsor, Hartford and Wetherstield were firmly es- tablished." The first of the four following epitaphs is supposed to be the most ancient monumental inscription in the state. Heere Ivctli Ephraiin Hvit, soinetinies Teaciior to ye chvrch of Windsor, who died .September 4th, 164-i. Who \rhm lipf !i ve>I wee drew ott vilall brcatb, Who when hee deil hisdyins; was nvr death, Who K.\s ye sl.ij- of s'ale, ye chvrches staff, Aia?, the times forbid an epitaph. Here vnder lyeth the body of Henry Wolcot, sometimes a Maiestrate of this Ivrisdiction, who died ye 30th day of May, Anno Salvti's 1C55, /Etatis77. " Here lyetli the body of the Hon. Roirer Wulcott, Esq. of \Vindsor, who for several years was Governor of the Colony of Connecticut, died May 17th, .\nno Salutis 1767, .(Etatis 89. Ear'h'8 hishest station en^'i id '* Here lie Iic3 ;'' Aod ** dust to dual" concludes her noblest King. To the memory of Oliver Ellsinorth, LL. D., an assistant in the Council, and a judge of the Superior Court of the St;itc of ("onnecf icut. A mcmlicr of the Convention which formed, and of the State Convention of Connecticut, w hich adopted the Constitution of the U. States. — Senator and (^hief .Justice of the U. States ; one of the Envoys extraordinary and Minister Plonipo- tontiary, who made the convention of 1800 betveon the U. States and the French P>epublic. Amiable and exem- plary in all the relations of the domes- tic, social and christian character. NEW EXOLAND GAZETTEER. Pre-eminently useful in all the offices he sust;uned, whose great talents un- der the guidance of inflexible integrity, consummate wisdom, and enlightened zeal, placed him among the first of the illustrious statesmen who achieved and established the independence of the American Republic. Born at Windsor April 29th, 1745, and died Nov. 26, 1807. The ancient boundaries of Wind- sor extended 46 miles in circum- ference, lying on both sides of the river. Within these limits there were ten distinct Indian tribes or sovereignties. In the year 1670 there was a large Indian fortress at Windsor, and nineteen natives to one Englishman : but another race has arisen : — "The chiefs of other days are de- parted. They have gone without their lame. The people are like the waves of the ocean : Like the leaves of woody Morven, They pass away in the rustling blast. And other leaves lift their green heads on high." Wiuliall, Vt. Bennington co. Winhall is bounded on the W. by Manches- ter, and is 3.3 miles S. W. from Windsor. This town was charter- ed in 1761, and its settlement com- menced during the revolutionary war. Population, 1830, 571. The surface is rough, and the soil not very productive. Winhall River rises in this town and affords it a good water power. It passes through a part of Jamaica, and joins West river in Londonder- ry. Winnepisiogee r.ake, IV. H. This lake possesses singular charms. However romantic and beautiful Lake George, the charm- er of all travelers, appears in its elevation, the purity of its waters, its depth, its rapid outlet, its 365 islands which bespangle its bosom, its mountain scenery, its fish, its mineralogy ; still in all, but its his- toric fame, it has a rival at the east, in the Winnepisiogee of New Hampshire. There are more than forty differ- ent ways of spelling the name of this lake. It was formerly written as though it had six syllables; but the pronunciation which has gener- ally obtained with those best ac- quainted with the region of the lake, and the Indian pronunciation of the name, was Win-ne-pe- sock-e. The following authorities show this : Winnapusseakit : Sherman and Ince's Report, 1652. Winnipesocket : Bartlett's Narra- tive, 1708. Winnipissocay: Penhallow's Wars, 1726. Winaposawcrue : Canterbury char- ter, 1727. Winncpissocay : Petition, 1733. Winnipeshoky : Petition, 1744. Winnepesocket : Stevens' Journal, 1746. Winepesocky : Surveyor Clement, 1746. Winipiseoce : Theodore Atkinson, 1746. Winnepcsacket : Governor Shir- ley, 1747. Winipesockee : Bryant's Journal, 1747. Winnapessocket : Map of New Hampshire, 1750. Winipisoky : Hon. George Boyd, 1785. Winnepisiogee : The present mode of spelling, pronounced Wini- pisoky, or Win-ne-pe-sock-e. This lake is situated in the coun- ty of Strafford. Its form is very irreo-ular. At the west end it is divided into three large bays ; on the north is a fourth; and at the east end there are three others. Its general course is from N. W. to S. E. ; its length is about 22 miles, and it varies in width from one to ten miles. This lake is en- vironed by the pleasant towns of Moultonborough, Tuftonborough, NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Wolfeboroue;li, Centre Harbor, Mer- edith, Gillbni, and Alton, and over- looked by otlior deli2,'tful towns. The waters of the Winnepisiogee are remarkably pure, and itn depth in some places is said to lie luit'ath- omable. Its sources are principally from springs within its bosom. It-^ outlet is the rapid river of its own name. Its height above the level of the sea is 472 feet. It is stored with a great variety of excellent fi.sh : in the summer season, steam boats, sloops and smaller vessels ply on its waters, and in the win- ter season it presents an icy ex- pansion of great usefulness and beauty. Like Cisco bay and Lake George, this lake is said to contain 305 islands. Without supposing the days of the year to have been con- sulted on the subject, the number is very great ; several of which comprise farms of from 200 to 500 acres. The beauties of this lake were thus described, by the celebrated Dr. Dwigbt, many years ago. " The prospect of this lake, and its environs, is enchanting ; and its beauties are seen with great advan- tage from a delightful elevation a little distance from the road towards Plj'mouth. The day was remarka- bly fine. Not a breath disturbed the leaves, or nilHed the surface of the waters. The sky was se- rene and beautiful. The sun shone with a soft and elegant lustre; such as seems peculiar to that de- lightful weather, which from the 20th of September to the 20th of > October, so often elicits from the mouths of mankind the epithet of charming. Mildness tempered the heat; and serenity hushed the world into universal quiet. The Winnepisiogee was an immense field of glass ; silvered by the lus- tre which floated on its surface. Its borders, now in full view, now dimly retiring from the eye, were formed by those Howing lines, those masterly sweeps of nature, from which art has derived all its apprehensions of ease and grace; alternated at the same time by the intrusion of points, by turns rough and bold, or marked with the high- est elegance of figure. In the centre a noble channel spread twenty-two miles before the eye, uninterrupted even by a bush or a rock. On both sides of this avenue a train of islands arranged them- selves, as if to adorn it with the finish, which could be given only bj'' their glowing verdure, and graceful forms. " Nor is this lake less distinguish- ed by its suite of hills, and moun- tains. On the northwest ascends a remarkably beautiful eminence, called the Red Mountain ; limited every where by circular lines, and in the proper sense elegant in its figure beyond any other mountain, among the multitude, which I have examined. On the south ascends Mount Major; a ridge, of a bolder aspect, and loftier height. At a still greater distance in the south- east rises another mountain, more obscure and misty ; presenting its loftiest summit, of an exactly semi- circular form, directly at the foot of the channel above mentioned, and terminating the watery vista between the islands, by which it is bordered, in a magnificent manner. On the northeast the great Ossipee raises its long chain of summits with a bold sublimity, and proudly looks down on all the surrounding region. " As we did not cross the Winne- l)isiogee, I am unable to determine in what manner an excursion on its waters might be compared with that which I made on Lake George. That the internal and successive beauties of the Winnepisiogee strongly resemble, and nearly ap- proach those of Lake George, 1 can- not entertain a doubt. That they exceed them seems scarcely credi- ble. 13ut the prospect from the hill NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. at the head of Centre Harbor is much superior to that from Fort George; a fact of which hardly any thing could have convinced me, except the testimony of my own eyes. The Winnepisiogee presents a field of at least twice the extent. The islands in view are more numerous ; of liner forms, and more happily arranged. The shores are not inferior. The ex- pansion is far more magnificent; and the grandeur of the mountains, particularly of the Great Ossipce, can scarcely he rivalled. It can- not be remarked without some sur- prise, that Lake George is annually visited by people from the coast of New England ; and that the Win- nepisiogee, notwithstanding all its accumiilalion of splendor and ele- gance, is almost as much unknown To the inhabitants of this country, as if it lay on the eastern side of the Caspian." See Centre Harbor. "Winnepisiogee HiTer, N. H., Is the great outlet to the lake of that name ; and issues from the southwest arm of the lake. It thence passes through two bays between Meredith and Gilford, en- tering the Great Bay in the north- east part of Sanbornton. From thence it passes through two other hays, forming the boundary between Sanbornton on the northwest, and Gilmanton and Northfield on the southeast; and unites with the Pemiaewasset a short distance be- low Webster's falls. The stream is rapid in its course, and has a fall of 232 feet from the lake to its junction with the other branch ot the Merrimack : this name being o-iven to the confluent stream. — There are numerous bridges over the Winnepisiogee ; which also furnishes many excellent privileges for factories or other machinery. See Merrimack River. "Winnicut River, N. H., Or the Winniconctt, a tributary of the Plscataqua, rises in a swamp between Hampton and N. Hamp- ton, and passes north into the Great Bay at Greenland. "IViJioosia City, Vt. See Burlington. Wiiislow, Me. Kennebec co. This is a beauti- ful town, opposite to Waterville : it is watered by Kennebec and Sebas- ticook rivers, by several ponds, and by a fine stream, a branch of the Sebaslicook. Its water power is constant and abundant. The soil of the town is fertile ; the surface is diversified, and rendered pro- ductive by industrious and indepen- dent farmers. Winslow is 18 miles N. by E. from Augusta. It was incorporated in 1771. Population, in 1837,1,557. Wheat crop, same year, 6,910 bushels. AVintlivop, Me. Kennebec CO. This town is fine- ly situated, having a fertile soil, an undulating surface, and comprising six beautiful sheets of water ; the Cobbessecontee and some of its trib- utaries. The largestof these lakes or ponds is ten miles in length, and from one to three miles in width. These waters give to Winthrop a valuable water power, and which is partly improved by a large cotton mill, a flour mill, carding and cloth dressing establishments, saw mills, &c. There are also in the town extensive manufactures of leather, boots and shoes. The principal village is delight- fully located, in the form of a cres- cent, at the union of the North lake, extending into Readfield, about six miles, with the South lake extending into Monmouth, about the same distance. This village is 10 miles W. from Augusta. The East village likewise is pleasantly situated at the northern extremity of the large lake, and is about 6 miles from Augusta. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. These villages arc neatly built, and are Nourishing places of busi- ness. The lakes add much to the beauty of the town. Tiic descent of their banks is gently sloj)ing, with a dispersion of acclivities, which serve to heighten the beauty of the scenery : their waters are deep, clear, and are stocked with an abundance of trout, pickerel, perch, and otlier fish. There is in this town an elevated tract of land containing an inex- haustible quantity of iron ore, or the material from which copperas is manufactured. Large quantities of copperas were made here during the late war, and it is thought that this ore might be advantageously used in times of peace. • Winthrop is an excellent farming town, and the moral chai-acter of its inhabitants is said to be uncom- monly good. It was incorporated in 1771. Population, 1837, 2,003. Wheat crop, same year, 5,194 bush- els. Wiscasset, Mc. Lincoln co. Shire town. Wis- casset is a port of entry, situated on the west side of Shcepscot riv- er, 20 miles from the sea; 24 miles .S. S. E. from Augusta, 42 N. E. from Portland, and 10 N. E. from Hath. It was incorporated in 1760. Population, 1S37, 2,246. Wiscasset contains a noble har- bor for vessels of the largest class : it is easy of access and seldom ob- structed by ice. For manj' years previous to the commencement of the co.mmercial restrictions, in 1807, Wiscasset was one of the most ac- tive and flourishing sea ports in Maine. During the disastrous pe- riod which followed, Wiscasset suf- fered severely, in common with all towns largely engaged in naviga- tion. Since the termination of the war the town has been slowly but safely progressing in wealth and prosperi- ty. In addition to its commerce in 42* lumber and ship building, this place is largely and i)rolitabIy en- gaged in the fishery, for which pur- suit it is admirably located. The tonnage of this district in 1337, was 11,()()2 tons. The village of Wiscasset is de- lighlfully situated on rising ground, in view of the harbor. The court house, churches, stores, and dwell- ing houses are built with taste, and many of them with elegance. A more beautiful village is rarely seen. "Woburii, Mass. Middlesex co. This town is sit- uated 10 miles N. V»'. by N. from Boston, 12 E. by N. from Concord, and 14 W. from Salem. It was incorporated in 1642, and first set- tled in 1640. Population, 1830, 1,977; 1837, 2,643. There are some elevations in Wo- burn which give the surface a vari- egated and pleasing aspect. There is considerable wood land in the town, and some pine plain land; but the soil is generally stroiiff, fertile and well improved. It con- tains some beautiful farms. The manufactures of the town consist of leather, boots, shoes, in- dia rubber, chairs, door sashes, blinds, tin, cabinet and wooden wares : total value, the year end- ing April, 1, 1837, .«fij421,042. Horn Pond in this town is a de- lightful sheet of water, suri'ounded by cvergeens, and Ls so reniaikablc for its rural beauties as to attract many visitors from a distance. This pond serves as a passage for the Middlesex canal; it also furnishes the town with a water power of some value. The waters of this and several smaller ponds in Wo- burn fall into Mystic river, through Mystic pond in Medford. Wolcott, Vt. Lamoille co. Wolcott is well watered by Lamoille river, and by Green and Wild Branch, its branch- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. es. " Fish Pond," in Wolcott, is a pretty piece of water, and bears an appropriate name. There is some good grain land in the town, but most oi' the lands are fit only for pasturage. There are some mills in the town, and about 1,500 sheep. Wolcott was chartered in 17S1. It is 22 miles N. from Montpelier, and 7 S. E. from Hyde Park. Pop- ulation, 18.30, 492. "Wolcott, Ct. New Haven CO. This is a small town, watered by a branch of Nau- gatuck river ; 22 miles N. from New Haven. Population, 1830, 843. The town was incorporated in 1796. The territory was former- ly a parish in the towns of Far- mington and Waterbury; and from that circumstance was called " Far- iiiingbury." The lands in Wol- cott are elevated, rough, stony, and hard to cultivate. One of the highest hills in this part of the state lies in this town ; it commands a very extended prospect of Long Island Sound and the adjacent country. Wolcottvillc, Ct. See Torrington. Wolfeliorougli, ]V. II. Strafford co. This town is 45 miles N. N. W. from Portsmouth, and 45 N. E. from Concord. It is bounded S. E. by Brookfield and New Durham, S. W. by Winnc- pisiogee lake and Alton, N. E. by Ossipee, and N. W. by Tuftonbo- rough. The soil is rocky, but produc- tive, and the face of the country level. The wood is principally oiik and other hard timber. The only river is Smith's, so called from a hunter of that name : it issues from a large pond of the same name in the S. E. part of the town, and discharges its waters into the lake. The-re are four other ponds of con- siderable magnitude, called Crook- ed, Rust's, Barton's, and Sargent's ponds. There Is a bridge over Smith's river about 60 feet long, near its entrance into the lake. Near this bridge is a pleasant vil- lage. The charter of Wolfeborough was granted in 1770, to Gov. John Wentworth, Mark H. Wentworth and others. Gov. Wentworth, dis- tinguished for his enterprise and taste, and a fondness for agricultural improvements, erected a splendid mansion about 5 miles east of the bridge, and made it his summer residence. At the foot of a hill, near one of the ponds in this town, is a miner- al sprinsf, the waters of which are of a quality similar to those of Sara- toga, but not so strongly impregna- ted. Population, 1830, 1,928. Wouasquatucket River, R. I. Providence co. This river rises in Sraithfield, and after passing nearly through that town, it runs between North Providence and Johnston, and forms the head of Providence river. This stream is celebrated for its hydraulic power and the numerous manufacturing establishments erected on its hanks.- Woodbridg®* ^*' New Haven CO. The territory of this town belonged to the towns of New Haven and Milford, and was called the parish of " Amity," from 1739, until its incorporation in 1784. West river runs on the west side of West Rock, a range of moun- tains on the eastern border of the town. The surface of the town is hilly, but the soil is excellent for grazing, and much butter and cheese is annually taken to the New Haven market, from which it lies 6 miles S. W. Population, in 1830, 844. The regicides, Goffe and Whal- ley, had a number of places of con- cealment in the limits of Wood- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. I bridge, the most noted of which is Hatchet Harbor or the Lodge, near a beautiful spring, in a valley, about 7 miles from New Haven. "Woodbury, Vt. Washington co. Woodbury is watered by branches of Onion and Lamoille rivers, and contains a greater number of ponds than any other town in tiie state. These ponds afford a great variety of fish. Woodbury lies 15 miles N. by E. from Montpelicr. Population, ISOO, 23; 1820, 432; 1S30, 824. AV'oodbury, Ct. Litchfield co. The settlement of this town commenced in the year 1672 : in 1674, it was incoipo- rated. This is a good grazing township ; the soil is generally warm and fer- tile. Between four and five thou- sand sheep are annually sheared in Woodbui-y. The village is situated in a pleas- ant valley, and watered by a num- ber of small streams, which form the Pomperaug. It is surrounded by high hills on every side, forming a kind of amphitheatre, which ren- ders it strikingly romantic. The village contains some handsome buildings, tliree satinet, one tin and two nail factories. This place lies 25 miles N. V.'. fiom New Haven, 36 W. S. W. from Hartford, and 15 S. fiom Litchfield. Population, in 1830, 2,049. Bethel Rock, near the village of Woodbury, is about forty feet in lieight, and projects over 3 or 4 feet, forming a kind of slielter from the wind and rain. There is a fine grove near it. This spot is fre- quently visited : it excites solemn and pleasing impressions. AVoortford, Vt. Bennington co. This mountain town is 7 miles E. from Benning- ton, on the road to Brattleborough. Population, 1830, 395. Woodford contains several large ponds, from which issue branches of Woloomsack and Deerfield riv- ers. There is a good deal of wild scenery on the road in crossing the mountains from Bennington through Woodford and Searsljurgh : the guigling of the streams down the mountain sides, allay, in a great degree, the fatigue of the jour- ney. The greater part of this township is too elevated and broken for CTiltivation. It is a good loca- tion lor the sportsman ; for fish and iowl are abundant, and the deer, the bear, and other wild animals, roam with almost undisputed sway Wood's Hole, Mass. See Falmouth. Wood Kiver, R. I. See Hopkinton. Woodstock, Me. Oxford CO. A part of this town- ship is mountainous ; but it contains large tracts of undulating, fertile land. It is bespangled with beau- tiful ponds, forming mill streams, which pass to Little Androscoggin river. AVoodstock was incorporated in 1815. It lies 42 miles W. from Augusta, and 10 N. W. from Paris. Population, in 1837, C99. Wheat crop, same year, 2,669 bushels. Woodstock, Vt. Shire town, Windsor county. This town was first settled about the year 1768. It is well wa- teied by Queechy river and its branches, which propel a woolen mill, a scythe and axe factory, an establishment for the manufacture of woolen machinery, and several smaller manufacturing works. The soil of the town is generally very fertile, with a pleasant surface of hills and vales. The agricultu- ral productions are large and valua- ble : they consist of beef, pork, but- ter, cheese, apples, cider and wool. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. of which 9,000 fleeces were shorn in 1S37. " Woodstock Green," so called, is a beautiful village. It is the seat of a flourishing country trade, and contains many veryhandsome build- insjs. The court house, planned, and built under the supervision of Ammi B. Young, E=q., a native ar- chitect of great promise, is one of the most chaste and classical struc- tures in New England. The south village is neat and pleasant: it is about 5 miles from the "Green." Woodstock lies 4G miles S. from Montpelier, and 11 N. AV. from Windsor. Population, 1S30, 3,044. W^oodstoclt, Ct. Windham co. Woodstock is bound- ed N. by the Massachusetts line, E. by Thompson, W. by Union and Ashford, and S. by Pomfret and Ashford. It is 8 miles long-, and upwards of 7 in breadth. The sur- face of the town is characteristical- ly hilly, but not mountainous or broken, and comprises very little vpaste land, most or all of the emi- nences being capable of cultivation. The prevailing soil is a deep grav- elly loam, which is strong and fer- tile. It is best adapted to grazing, but generally admits of tillage ; and considerable quantities of grain are annually raised, consisting prin- cipally of rye and corn ; and it may be considered one of the richest ag- ricultural towns in this part of the state. There are 4 woolen and 4 cotton factories in the limits of the town. There are also about 900 persons engaged in the shoe mak- ing business, principally in the western part of the town. The town is divided into three parts, viz. the old society of Woodstock, West Woodstock or New Roxbury, and Muddy Brook society or North Woodstock. The villages of Thompson, North Killingly, and Dudley in Massa- chusetts, on corresponding eleva- tions, are in fair view, from the vil- lage in Old AVoodstock, which is 41 miles E. N. E. from Hartford, 32 N. from Norwich, 32 W. N. W. from Providence, and 12 N. by W. from Brooklvn. First settled, in 1686. Population, 1S30. 2,915. The vil- lage of Muddy Brook, or North Woodstock, is about three miles distant, situated in a beautiful val- ley, through which Muddy Brook, a fine mill stream, passes. The village is in two parts, in each of which is a Congregational church, upwards of one mile distant from each other. The houses in this village are more clustered than in any other part of the town, and viewed front the surrounding hills present an uncommonly beautiful appearance. The west part is call- ed "Village corner." General William Eaton, a consul to Tunis, from 1797 to 1803, and the hero of Derne, in 1804, was born in tliis town in 1764. He died at Brimfield, Mass., in 1811. " Gen. Eaton was a very extra- ordinary character; he possessed much original genius, was bold in his conceptions, ardent in his pas- sions, determined in his resolutions, and indefatigably persevering in his conduct. He possessed con- siderable literary acquirements, and the style of his writings was char- acteristic of his mind ; bold, ener- getic and decisive. His courage was equalled only by his resolu- tion, and the boldness of his enter- prises, by his ability and persever- ance to execute them." 1Vool%vicli, Me. Lincoln co. Woolwich lies a lit- tle above Bath, on the east side of Kennebec river, 32 miles S. from Augusta, and 7 W. from Wiscasset. It was incorporated in 1759. Pop- ulation, 1837, 1,433. Woolwich has several ponds and small streams, and its navigable privileges are valuable. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. Woousockct Falls, R. I. See Smithjield. Worcester, Vt. Washington co. This town is situated 10 miles N. from Montpe- lier and 30 E. by S from Builini^- ton. First settled, 1797. Popula- tion, 1S20, 44, and in 1S30, 432. A branch of Onion river gives the town a good water power, and which is used for various purposes. Much of this township is moun- tainous ; but there is some good land along the stream, and the high- lands afford pasturage for cattle. "Worcester County, Mass. JVorcester is the county town. This county was incorporated in 1731. Population, in 1820, 73,635 ; 1S30, 84,365; 1837, 90,551. It contains an area of 1,500 square miles. This county crosses the state from New Hampsiiire on the north, to Connecticut and Rhode Island on the south. It is bounded W. by the counties of Franklin, Hamp- shire, and Hampden, and E. by Norfolk and Middlesex counties. This is the largest county in the state. Its territory is larger than the state of Rhode Island, and its population is greater than that of the state of Delaware. Its sur- face is rather undulating than hilly. The soil is generally stronsr, and produces all kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, &c. common to its climate. Its water power is abundant in al- most every town, and perhaps in no section of New England are the interests of agriculture, commerce and manufactures more completely blended ; nor can there be found better resources for their united support. Its principal rivers are the Blackstone, Quinabaug, Nash- ua, Ware, Millers, and Mill. There are in this county 51 town*, and 64 inhabitants to a square mile. In 1837, the value of the manu- factures in the county of Worces- ter was $11,407,790: the number of sheep in the county was 24,901 ; value of the wool, ,>^37,267. ■\Vorcestcr, DIass. County town, Worcester co. This town was incoiporatcd in 16S4, but in consequence of Indian hostili- ties, the iirsttown meeting was not held until 1722. This part of the countr}' was called by the Indians, Quinsigamond, and Tatmuck and Bugachoak hU\s wevc Indian resi- dences. The central situation of the town, both in regard to the county and state, the fertilitj' of its soil and that of the surrounding coun- try, the salubrity of its climate, and the industry, intelligence and wealth of its people, have long since entitled it to the honoi- of be- ing called the chief town in "the Heart of the Commonwealth." The town is situated in a valley, and suriounded by hills of gentle ac- clivity. It is well built and beau- tifully shaded, and travellers from every direction, are delighted with its neatness and beauty. A number of the streams which form the head waters of the Black- stone meet in this town, and fur- nish a considerable water power. Worcester is 40 miles W. from Boston, 51 E. from Northampton, 38 S. W. from Lowell, and 41 N. N. W. from Providence, R. I. Popu- lation, 1820, 2,962; 1830, 4,172; 1835, 6,624; 1837, 7,117. There are in Worcester 8 woolen, 3 cotton and 2 paper mills ; an air and cupola furnace, 9 woolen ma- chinery factories, 3 tin factories, and manufactures of coaches, chais- es, boots, shoes, hats,cutlerj", chairs, cabinet ware, ploughs, straw bon- nets, palm-leaf hats, wire, lead pipe, paper machinery, &.c. : total value, the year ending Apiil 1, 1837, $1,042,369. Worcester is the centre of a large inland trade. The Blackstone ca- NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. nal, from Providence, R. I. ,45 miles in length, terminates here ; ami here is a permanent depot on the great western rail road from Boston to the Hudson river. This is tlie seat of many religious, literary, and philanthropic societies. The State Lunatic Asylum, es- tablished in this town in 1832, is an institution honorable to the nature of man. It is a beautiful building, delightfully located, and admirably conducted. Its plan and arrange- ments are so excellent as to render it a model for similar institutions in other states. This institution is a receptacle for all persons arraigned as crimi- nals, but found to have committed the offences in a state of insanity ; of paupers, and of those who are so furiously mad as to render their continuance at large dangerous to the community. Although the worst cases of in- sanity are found here, yet experi- ence has proved that there are very few cases of derangement which may not be ameliorated by the kindly influence of humane treat- ment. The average recoveries, to the present time, is about 56 pr. ct. The American Antiquarian So- ciety, was founded in 1812. By the liberality of the late Isaiah Thomas, LL. D., one of its first benefactors, a spacious hall was erected in 1820, for the reception of its large and valuable cabinet of antiquities, and its library of about 12,000 volumes of American pub- lications, particularly of all works pertaining to American history, and literature generally. Mr. Thomas was the father of New England printers. He pub- lished the first newspaper in this town, in 1775, and, a few years af- ter, the first bible in America. He was a gentleman of great patri- otism and liberality. He was born in Boston, January 19th, 1749, and died in this town, April 4, 1831. AVortliiugtoii, Mass. Hampshire co. This town has a good soil : it is pleasantly situated on elevated ground : it has some mineral treasures, and is washed by a branch of Westfield river. It is 103 miles W. from Boston, 55 E. from Albany, N. Y., and 17 W. N. W. from Northampton. Incoi-pora- ted, 1763. Population, 1837, 1,142. The manufactures of Worthing- ton consist of leather, boots, shoes, curtains, children's wagons, and hats: annual value, about $50,000. In 1837, there were sheared in this town 9,050 merino sheep : the wool weighed 27,000 pounds, and sold for $16,875. Wrentham, Mass. Norfolk CO. There is a large pond near the centre of this town, from which issue several streams which flow to the Chailes, Nepon- set and Taunton. In this town are one woolen and four cotton mills, an axe manufactory ; boat build- ing to a considerable extent ; and manufactures of boots, shoes, hats, hoops and straw bonnets. The to- tal value of the manufactures of this town, for the year ending April 1, 1837, was $204,806; of which $77,815 was for straw bonnets. Wrentham is a pleasant town, with a tolerable soil and diversified surface. It was taken from Ded- ham in 1673. Population, 1S37, 2,817. A family of Indians once resi- ded in a cavern in this town, called " Wampum's Rock," which place is rather a curiosity. The Indian name of the town was Walloma- pogge. Wrentham is 27 miles S. by W. fiom Boston, and 15 S. by W. from Dedhani. This town is bounded S. E. by Mansfield, and within the re- gion of a vast bed of anthracite coal. If antic River, Ot. New London co. This stream NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. rises by several branches in the northwest part of the county, and passing in a soutlieast course meets the united waters of tlie Quinno- baug and Shetucket at Norwicii, where the waters of the three riv- ers fall with great rapidity, form- ing the Thames, and producing a valuable hydraulic power. See JVoniHch. It is said that a party of Mohc- gan Indians plunged themselves down the Yantic falls, when pur- sued by their foes, the Narragan- sets. Yarmouth, Mass. Barnstable co. Yarmouth ex- tends across Cape Cod, and has a good harbor on each side. There are several ponds in the town, from which issue a small stream, called Bass river, and from which a small water power is derived. The soil of the cape here becomes thin, sandy and unproductive. The peo- ple of this town are principally de- voted to the tishing business, coast- ing trade, and the manufacture of salt. There are, however, some manufactures of vessels, cordage, leather, cabinet and tin wares, chairs, boots and shoes. Some sheep are kept, but the agricultur- al productions are small. A large number of vessels are engaged in the coasting trade, and in 1837, 1.^ vessels, of about 50 tons each, were employed in the cod and mackerel fishery : the product, that year, was $26,622. During that year there were in operation in this town, 52 establish- ments for the manufacture of com- mon salt, and 4 for the manufac- ture of Epsom salts. The quantity of common salt made was 365,200 bushels. The value of common salt was $109,560; of Epsom salts, $1,350. Hands employed, 55. In 1837, there were in the state of Massachusetts 743 establishments for the manufacture of salt : 758,- 392 bushels were made, valued at $246,059, employing 70S hands. Yarmouth is bounded W. by Barnstable, and lies 72 miles S. E. from Boston. Incorporated, 1639. Population, in 1830, 2,251 ; 1837, 2,4)4. Vox-k County, Hie. Alfred is the county town. This county is bounded N. by Oxford county, N. E. by the county of Cumberland, E. by the ocean, S. by Portsmouth harbor, and W. by Strafford county, N. H. It com- prises an area of about 813 square miles. Its population in 1810, was 41,877; 1820,46,283; 1830,51,722; and in 1837, 53,781. Population to a square mile, 66. The surface of the county is rough and uneven, but not mountainous; its highest elevation is Mount Agamenticus. Its soil is hard and rocky, particu- larly on the sea coast, which ex- tends about 35 miles. There is, however, much good land within the limits of York county : it pro- duces large quantities of English and salt hay, potatoes and other vegetables, corn, and some wheat; but the latter grain is not so abun- dant in this as in the more eastern counties. The quantity of wheat grown in this county in 1837, was but 17,795 bushels. There is much good grazing land in the county, and in 1837, there were 60,392 sheep within its limits. The sea coast is lined with fine harbors for the fishery, and many vessels are built of native timber. The county contains many capes, points and necks of land, on which are well conducted light houses. The tonnage of the three districts within the county, Saco, Kenne bunk and York, in'l837, was 11,505 tons. York county contains many excellent mill streams; and the value of its hydraulic power is be- ginning to be seen and felt. This ancient county was the lodgement of some of the first set- tlers of New England. See Saco. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER. York, Me. York CO. This is an ancient mai-- itime town, on the co:ist, between Kittery and Wells. It is bounded W. by South Berwick. This was for many years the shire town, and the place of holding the courts and keeping the records for the whole province, until the counties of Cumberland and Lincoln were set off in 1760. The town was incor- porated in 1653. York has a court house and gaol, but all the county courts have been, within a few years past, removed to Alfred. The principal harbor is York river, about 6 miles from Ports- mouth, N. H., with water sufficient for vessels from 200 to 300 tons bur- then. The entrance, however, is difficult, being narrow and crooked. The other harbor is cape Neddock, about 4 miles N. E. of the former, navigable about a mile from the sea at full tides only ; it having a sand bar at its mouth, sufficient to prevent vessels of any considera- ble burthen from passing at low water. Cape Neddock and Bald Head are the head lands. The former is a little to the south of cape Neddock river. At the end of this cape is a small hillock called the Nubble, on which Congress has recently au- thorised the erection of a Light house. Boon Island lies about 9 miles southeast of this point. Bald Head makes the S. W. part of Wells bay. The settlement of this place be- gan about the year 1630 : it was then called Agamenticus, from a mountain of that name in the north part of the town. This is of consid- erable elevation, and a noted land mark. From its summit, there is an extensive prospect bounded by the great ranges of the N. H. mountains on the N. and N. W., and the Atlantic on the coast from Cape Ann to Cape Elizabeth. This town was nearly destroyed by the Indians and French in 1692, who, coming on snow shoes, sur- prised the unwary inhabitants at early morning. This calamity was so desolating, that the few remain- ing inhabitants had thoughts of abandoning the place altogether ; but a number remained, though suffering under severe privations from the destruction of almost every thing that could give them shelter or sustenance. The population of the town in 1830, was 3,485 ; but has been re- duced since that time, by the an- nexation of a portion of its northern angle to South Berwick. Its popu- lation in 1837, was 3,001. York is situated 99 miles S. W. from Augusta, 45 S. W. by S. from Portland', 22 S. S. E. from Alfred and 9 N. by E. from Portsmouth, N. H.