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But sfrczv his ashes to the wind, 
 
 Whose s-zuord or voice has served mankind, 
 
 And is he dead, zvhose glorious mi)id 
 
 Lifts Jiiui on high? 
 Jo live in hearts zve leave b hind. 
 
 Is not to die. 
 
PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 
 
 A NUMBER of letters and material have been re= 
 ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
 corporate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
 gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
 work is simply to preserve and perpetuate the names 
 and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
 bers of this family name. 
 
 The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
 prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
 not only to persons of the name but to the v^orld in 
 general ; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
 which a monumental work may be constructed. 
 
ORIGIN AND HISTORY V'"'- 
 
 OF TITK 
 
 N A :m: e: 
 
 OF 
 
 o i^ e: E ?< 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
 PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 
 
 AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF 
 SURNAMES AND FORENAAIES. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 OYER FIVE HUNDRED CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Cbe Crescent family Record. 
 
 To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die.'" 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL.: 
 
 AMERICAN publishers' ASSOCIATION. 
 
INTRODU CTION. 
 
 NOW that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
 get that it was not alwa3^s so. We cannot eas- 
 ily realize the time when John, Thomas and Andrew, 
 Mary and Abigail, were each satisfied \vith a single 
 name, nor reflect that the use of two is not a refine- 
 ment dating from an obscure and unkno\vn antiquity, 
 but quite within the reach of record and history. 
 
 Every name, no doubt, originally had a meaning, 
 or was at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
 supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
 or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinguished 
 from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
 tory and biography could scarcely exist. 
 
 Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
 thoughts and in the thoughts of those who know us, 
 they cannot be separated. Our names are uttered, 
 and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
 praise, with threat or entreat3^, with hatred or love, 
 we ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
 expressed. A few trifling words, in no way meant to 
 apply to the man they describe, suffice to awaken the 
 recollection of that man, his physical peculiarities, his 
 moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
 events of his life; a few s\dlables will cause the tear 
 to start afresh from the mother's eye, after years of 
 consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
 mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
 immediately thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
 make a lover's heart beat more rapidly; rekindle the 
 angry glance in an enem3^'s e\'e; and in a friend sep- 
 arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
 and his fondest hopes. None the less rapidly do our 
 thoughts connect a name with the idea of the thing to 
 
ii INTKOnUCTJON. 
 
 which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
 river, road, valley or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection of 
 pain or pleasure, admiration, jealous\', kind feelings, 
 national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
 be evoked by a single Avord, because the word repre- 
 sents to us the very object which has created those 
 emotions within us. Every person, even the most in- 
 curious observer of words and things, must have re- 
 marked the great variety'- that exists in the names of 
 families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
 of widely different significations, many being identical 
 with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
 ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
 is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
 flection who has not often, in idle moments, amused 
 himself with some little speculation on the probable 
 origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
 son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
 surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
 it; he will naturally feel desirous of knowing why and 
 when their ancestors acquired it. 
 
 What would the annals of inankind and the rec- 
 ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
 proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
 fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, with- 
 out symmetry or beauty-, and without any interest at 
 all for after ages. Indeed, without names, mankind 
 would have wanted what is perhaps the greatest stim- 
 ulous of which the mind is susceptible — the love of 
 fame; and consequently, many of the mightiest achieve- 
 ments in every department of human endeavor would 
 have been lost to the \vorld. 
 
 Many of our ancient and luodern institutions are 
 intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
 existence of proper names. It has been well said that 
 hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 
 
INTRODUCTION. iii 
 
 better than any other monument, an affectionate re- 
 membrance this, surely, and one which fosters the cause 
 of morality; they teach, or at any rate remind sons of 
 their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 
 
 Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
 social life, the origin of proper names does not essen- 
 tially belong to a. civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
 is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
 must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
 when he speaks to them or when he speaks of them in 
 their absence, and when a gesture and an inflection of 
 the voice are not suflicient to indicate his meaning. 
 The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
 exclusively applicable to the individual meant; on the 
 other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
 him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
 intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
 ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
 neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
 conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, \vill 
 soon be named b}' those who wash to distinguish them 
 from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
 near the first family, they will receive a name and give 
 one in return. 
 
 However simple these names be at first, so simple 
 that they express nothing beyond the degree of rela- 
 tionship between father and mother and children, and 
 the order of their birth in the case of the last; be they 
 mere substantives used to point out more specially the 
 dwelling and all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
 or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
 intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
 neighbor the only distinctive terms employed are we 
 and the^', and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
 thunder, designate the beneficent or angry deity — still 
 the system of proper names already- exists in embr\'0, 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and is ready to be further developed, even to the high- 
 est degree of importance and intricacy, in proportion 
 as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
 more complicated in its constitution. 
 
 Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
 ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
 number of tribes holding friendly relations with one 
 another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
 spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
 inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, every hill and 
 thicket and brook — in a word, the land and the gath- 
 ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
 tribes had already done before^ and the families and 
 the individuals that constituted them. 
 
 From this outline of the first elements of social 
 life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
 ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
 of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
 tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
 which Avill be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
 grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
 and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
 their existence, and after political or naturally induced 
 revolutions have depopulated, divided and totally dis- 
 membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
 names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
 great social body, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
 great civil and political ^vhole; and among these names, 
 all of them less or more important at present, there 
 are some which hereafter shall be handed down to his- 
 tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
 bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 
 
c:-!^ 
 
 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 35 
 
 THE NAME OF GREEN. 
 
 The old "Atte Greene," a name familiar enough without 
 the prefix, may be set beside our "Plastows; " relics of the 
 'Atte Pleistowe' or de la Pleystowe. The playstone (that is, 
 playground), seems to have been the general term in olden 
 times for the open piece of greensward near the center of the 
 village where the May-pole stood, and where all the sports at 
 holiday times and wake-tides were carried on. 
 
 As every village had its green, the commonness of the name 
 is easily accounted for. Grene as a personal name occurs in 
 the Domesday Book. 
 
 One of the first settlers in New England was Bartholomew^ 
 Green, who was a proprietor in Cambridge, Mass., in 1634. 
 He left a son named Nathaniel. 
 
 Rev. Henry Green was a minister and scholar of Ipswich, 
 Mass., in 1642 ; and in 1643 was paid for services against the 
 Indians. 
 
 In 1682 John Green, with his wife and children, settled in 
 Charlestown, Mass. He became iiiling elder and town clerk. 
 
 In 1635 John Green came to Ipswich in the Francis; and 
 in 1635 John Green, a surgeon, came in the James. 
 
 Joseph Green, in 1640, had the arbitration of certain busi- 
 ness in Plymouth ; and in 1635 Samuel Green was a proprietor 
 of Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 William Green of Charlestown, Mass., was an administrator 
 of children in 1643-44. In his will he leaves a double portion 
 to his eldest son, John, and also what his great-grandfather 
 had bequeathed him. 
 
 COATS-OF-ARMS OF THE GREEN FAMILY. 
 
 Arms:— Azure, three bucks trippant or. 
 
 Crest: — A buck's head or. 
 
 Motto: — Virtus semper viridis. 
 
 THE GREENS IN AMERICA. 
 
 A thorough perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
 Greens, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact that 
 the Greens have been actively and intimately associated with 
 the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs of 
 America ; and to become conversant with their history will 
 naturally create in our children a source of pride in the name 
 of Green heretofore unappreciated. 
 
 As builders and merchants they have built cities and iUum- 
 
 
36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 ined the marts of trade; in the field of science and medicine 
 they liave obtained great prominence; in the arena of states- 
 manship they have produced men of thought and men of ac- 
 tion; while at the bar and in the administration of justice 
 they have shown erudition and Avisdom. As clergymen, edu- 
 cators and lecturers they have occupied high places ; as musi- 
 cians, composers and artists they have contributed profusely 
 to social life ; and as authors and poets they are worthy to be 
 crowned with a laurel wreath of fame. Also as heroes of 
 colonial, Revolutionary and later wars they have rendered 
 patriotic service, each one of whom has added luster to the 
 name of Green. 
 
 GREEN, ADDIS EMMET, farmer, was born Oct. 17. 1827, 
 in Livonia, N. Y. He is a successful farmer of Walled Lake, 
 Oakland county, Mich. For twelve years he was assistant 
 steward of the Michigan State Grange ; and has filled a num- 
 ber of offices of trust and honor. 
 
 GREENE, AELLA, journalist, author, poet, was born in 
 1838, in Massachusetts. He is a journalist of Springfield, 
 Mass. ; and for four years was on the staff of the Springfield 
 Republican. His poetical works are Idyls of Freedom, River, 
 Bird and Star; Conflict and Conquest; and Reminiscences. 
 His novels are John Peters ; and Culminations. 
 
 GREEN, ALBERT ARTHUR LAWRENCE, educator, 
 chemist, was born Sept. 18, 1857, in Newark, Ohio. He has 
 attained prominence as a noted educator; and is now dean 
 and professor of chemistry in the school of pharmacy at Pur- 
 due University of LaFayette, Ind. 
 
 GREENE, ALBERT COLLINS, soldier, lawyer. United 
 States senator, born April 15, 1791, in East Greenwich, R. 
 I. In 1815 he was elected to the Rhode Island general assem- 
 bly. In 1816 he was elected a brigadier-general of militia; 
 and subsequently became a major-general. In 1822-25 he 
 served again in the legislature of the state, and was chosen 
 speaker. In 1825-43 he was attorney-general of the state; 
 and in 1845-51 was a United States senator. He died Jan. 8, 
 1863, in Providence, R. I. 
 
 GREENE, ALBERT GORTON, lawyer, jurist, author, 
 poet, was born Feb. 10, 1802, in Providence, R. I. He was for 
 many years president of the Rhode Island Historical Society. 
 ?Te will bo loTig remembered by his popular lyric. Old Grimes 
 is Dead. He was the author of Canonchet. He died Jan. 3, 
 1868, in Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 GREENE, ASA, humorist, author, was born in 1788, in 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 
 
 AAshbui'iiliam, ]\Iass. In 1830 he settled in New York city, 
 where he became a bookseller; and for some time edited the 
 New York Evening Transcript. He was the author of Life 
 and Adventures of Dr. Dodimus Duckworth - Perils of Pearl 
 Street; A Yankee Among the Nullifiers; A Glance at New 
 York; Debtor's Prison; and Travels of Ex-Barber Fribbleton 
 in America. He died in 1837, in New York city. 
 
 GREEN, ASHBEL, clergyman, college president, author, 
 was born July 6, 1762, in Hanover, N. J. He was a Presby- 
 terian clergyman ; and president of Princeton College in 
 1812-22. He was the author of Sermons from 1790 to 1836 ; 
 Sermons on the Assembly's Catechism; and History of Pres- 
 byterian Missions. He died May 19, 1848, in Philadelphia, 
 Pa. 
 
 GREEN, BARTHOLOMEW, printer, journalist, was born 
 Oct. 12, 1666, in Cambridge, Mass. In 1704 he issued the first 
 number of the Boston News Letter, which for fifteen years 
 was the only ncAVspaper in the colonies. For about forty 
 years he was printer for the government, and the foremost 
 publisher in Boston. He died Dec. 28, 1732, in Boston. Mass. 
 
 GREEN, BERIAH, reformer, author, was born in 1794, in 
 New York state. He was a reformer and anti-slavery leader 
 of Ohio and New York. He was the author of History of the 
 Quakers; and Sermons and Discourses. He died May 4, 1874, 
 in Whitestown, N. Y. 
 
 GREENE, BUR WELL, mechanic, architect, was born about 
 1770 in Virginia. He was a successful mechanic and noted 
 architect of the South ; and filled a number of positions of 
 honor and trust. He died about 1830 in Jasper county, Va. 
 
 GREEN, BYRAM, lawyer, jurist, congressman, was born 
 in New York. He served five years in the aseembly of New 
 York state. He was a representative in congress in 1843-45 ; 
 and subsequently was judge of a county court. He died 
 Oct. 18, 1865, in Sodus, N. Y. 
 
 GREENE, CHARLES EZRA, educator, engineer, author, 
 was born Feb. 12, 1842, in Cambridge, Mass. He has been a 
 professor of civil engineering in the university of Michigan 
 since 1872. He is the author of Graphical Method for Anal- 
 ysis of Bridge Trusses; Trusses and Arches; Notes on Ran- 
 kine's Civil Engineering; and Structural Mechanics. 
 
 GREEN, CHARLES HENRY, railroad president, invent- 
 or, was born Oct. 21, 1837, in Dayton, Ohio. His hektograph 
 is said to be the best invention ever used for reproducing 
 writings and facsimile copies. In 1889 he was elected presi- 
 
38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 dent of the Washington City and Point Lookout Railway 
 Company. 
 
 GREENE, CHARLES LYMAN, physician, surgeon, au- 
 thor, was born Sept. 21, 1862, in Gray, Me. He is clinical 
 professor of medical and physical diagnosis in the University 
 of Minnesota ; and has attained success in the practice of medi- 
 cine in St. Paul, Minn. He is medical director of the Minne- 
 sota Mutual Life Insurance Company; attending physician 
 at St. Luke's Hospital, the city and county hospital, the uni- 
 versity free dispensary, and various other hospitals. He is 
 the author of The Medical Examination for Life Insurance 
 and Its Associated Clinical Methods; and numerous Mono- 
 graphs on medical topics. 
 
 GREEN, CHARLES MAXWELL, electrical engineer, in- 
 ventor, was born June 6, 1869, in Lawrenceville, N. J. He 
 is the inventor of Multi-Circuit Connection ; series arc sight- 
 ing and many others. He is a w^ell known electrical engineer 
 of Lynn, ]\Iass. ; and is now electrical engineer for the Brush 
 Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio; and also with the 
 General Electric Company. 
 
 GREEN, CHARLES MONTRAVILLE, physician, sur- 
 geon, was i)orn Dec. 18, 1850, in Medford, Mass. He has at- 
 tained prominence as one of the foremost physicians of New 
 England, at Boston, Mass. He is assistant professor of ob- 
 stetrics in Harvard University; and secretary of the faculty 
 of medicine. He is senior visiting physician for diseases of 
 women at the Boston City Hospital ; and is a prominent mem- 
 ber of various medical societies and patriotic associations. 
 
 GREENE, CHARLES SAMUEL, editor, author, was born 
 Dee. 6, 1856, in Bridgeport, Conn. He is the author of Poems 
 in California; Argonaut; Lend a Hand; Our Continent; and 
 / San Franciscan. 
 \j GREENE, E. G., educator. He is a noted educator in the 
 
 South; and county school commissioner of Dooly county, Ga. 
 He is prominent in the educational and public affairs of 
 Vienna, Ga. ; and has filled a number of positions of honor. 
 
 GREEN, ED J. L., banker. He is president First National 
 Bank of San Marcos, Tex. ; and is prominent in the business 
 and public affairs of his citv, countv and state. 
 
 GREEN, EDWIN MILTON, lawyer, was born Feb, 10, 
 1863, in Delaware county, Iowa. He is a successful lawyer 
 of Vancouver, Wash. ; and for three years was city attorney 
 of that place. 
 
 GREEN, FRANCIS ]\IATTHEWS, naval officer, author, 
 
[ HISTORICAL AND BlOGRAPniCAL. 3d 
 
 Was horn Feb. 23, 1835, in Boston, Mass. Tie was the author 
 of The Navigation of the Carribbean Sea; Telegraphic Deter- 
 mination of Longitudes; and List of Geographical Positions. 
 
 GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON,' soldier, author, was born 
 June 27, 1850, in Providence, R. I. He was a captain in the 
 United States army; and resigned in 1886. During the war 
 with Spain in 1898-99 he served as colonel Seventy-first Regi- 
 ment New York Volunteers; was a brigadier-general in com- 
 mand at Manila; major-general in command of a division in 
 Havana ; and resigned Feb. 28, 1899. He is the author of the 
 Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-78; 
 Sketches of Army Life in Turkey ; The Mississippi Campaign, 
 a military work; and Life of General Nathaniel Greene. 
 
 GREEN, FREDERICK W., congressman, was born in 
 Maryland. He removed to Ohio, and was a representative in 
 congress from that state in 1851-55. 
 
 GREEN, GEORGE F., physician, surgeon, was born March ^ 
 5, 1846, in Wilkinson county, Ga. In 1871 he graduated from 
 the University of Maryland, school of medicine. He is a noted 
 physician of Dublin, Ga.; has been county physician; and is 
 the proprietor of a drug store. 
 
 GREENE, GEORGE W., educator, lawyer, jurist, con- 
 gressman, author, born July 4, 1831, in Orange county, N. Y. 
 He came to the bar in I860; and in 1861-64 was judge of 
 Orange county. He was elected a representative from New 
 York to the forty-first congress. 
 
 GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON, educator, author, 
 was born April 8, 1811, in East Greenwich, R. I. He was pro- 
 fessor of American history at Cornell university from 1872. 
 He was the author of Historical Studies; The German Ele- 
 ment in the American War of Independence; Short History 
 of Rhode Island; Historical View of the American Revolu- 
 tion ; Life of General Nathaniel Greene ; Biographical Studies ; 
 and History and Geography of the Middle Ages. He died 
 Feb. 2, 1883, in East Greenwich, R. I. 
 
 GREEN, GEORGE WASHINGTON, physician, surgeon, 
 was born March 6, 1837, in Madison, Ohio. In 1862 he gradu- 
 ated from University of Michigan with degree of M. D. ; and 
 in 1881 from Kalamazoo College with degree of A. M. He 
 has attained success in his profession in Michigan at Battle 
 Creek; and in 1864-65 was assistant surgeon Twenty-eighth 
 Michigan Regiment Volunteers. He makes a specialty of eye, 
 ear, nose and throat troubles. 
 
 GREENE, HENRY, banker. He is vice-president Bur- 
 
40 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 lington Savings Bank of Burlington, Vt. ; and has filled num- 
 erous positions of trust and honor. 
 
 GREENE, HENRY ALEXANDER, soldier, was born Aug. 
 5, 1856, in Matteawan, N. Y. In 1879 he graduated from the 
 West Point Military academy; and was appointed second 
 lieutenant of the Twentieth Infantry; and until 1881 did 
 garrison and field duty. In 1882-85 he was assistant in- 
 structor in mathematics in the infantry and cavalry school. 
 In 1886 he became first lieutenant; and in 1891 was promoted 
 to captain of infantry. He served throughout the Santiago 
 campaign in Cuba; in 1899-1900 he was assistant secretary 
 and aid-de-camp to General Otis; and in 1900 became major 
 of infantry at Manila. He is now assistant adjutant-general 
 in the war department at Washington, D. C. 
 
 GREEN, HENRY H., physician, surgeon, legislator, was 
 born July 23, 1837, in Paines Hollow, N. Y. In 1859 he grad- 
 uated from Geneva Medical College, N. Y. He has attained 
 success in his profession in the state of New York at Paines 
 Hollow; and has filled numerous offices of trust and honor. 
 In 1891-92 he was a member of the New York state legislature, 
 
 GREENE, H. NOYES, lawyer, was born in 1871 in Troy, 
 N. Y. In 1893 he graduated from Williams College; and in 
 1895 from the Albany Law School. He has been police jus- 
 tice; and justice of the peace in Lansingburgh, for a num- 
 ber of years. He takes an active part in the public affairs 
 of his city; and has written several legal works. 
 
 GREENE, HERBERT WILBER, musician, composer, au- 
 thor, lecturer, was born May 20, 1851, in Holyoke, Mass. He 
 is the founder and director of the Metropolitan College of 
 Music; and is the author of many short stories and verses; 
 and is a composer and lecturer on musical and historical sub- 
 jects. 
 
 GREENE, HOMER, lawyer, author, poet, was born Jan. 
 10, 1853, in Ariel, Pa. He is author of The Blind Brother ; 
 Burnham Breaker; Coal and the Coal Mines; and The River- 
 park Rebellion ; What My Lover Said ; My Daughter Louise ; 
 The Banner of the Sea. 
 
 GREEN, HORACE, physician, college president, author, 
 was born Dec. 24, 1802, in Crittenden, Rutland county, Vt. 
 He was president of the New York Medical College in 1850-60. 
 He was author of Diseases of the Air Passages; Pathology and 
 Treatment of Croup ; Surgical Treatment of the Polypi of the 
 Larynx; and Report of a Hundred Cases of Pulmonary Dis- 
 eases. He died Nov. 29, 1866, in New York city. 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 41 
 
 GREEN, HORACE P., lawyer, banker, was born in 1854, 
 in Delaware county. Pa. Since 1879 he has been actively in 
 the practice of law in Media, Pa. He has acted as guardian, 
 executor, administrator, trustee and assignee of many estates 
 and properties. He was one of the organizers of the Carter 
 National Bank, was a director and vice-president of that in- 
 stitution; and for many years was president of the Media 
 board of trade. For a time he was president of the Media 
 board of education; and is now its treasurer. 
 
 GREEN, HORTON BUXTON, educator, clergyman, com- 
 poser, M^as born Oct. 29, 1852, in Johnstown, Ohio. For a while 
 he was engaged in educational work, and since 1885 has been 
 a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. He has filled 
 pastorates in the Northwest Iowa conference in Ashton, In- 
 wood, Rock Valley, Sutherland, Amelia and Radcliffe. He is 
 the author of a number of sacred and popular songs, both of 
 the words and music, which have appeared in sheet form and 
 in several standard collections. 
 
 GREEN, I. L., congressman, was born in Massachusetts. 
 He was a representative in congress from Massachusetts in 
 1805-09, and again from 1811 to 1813. He died in 1841. 
 
 GREEN, INNIS, congressman, was born in Pennsylvania. 
 He was a representative in congress from Pennsylvania in 
 1827-31. 
 
 GREENE, MRS. ISABELLA CATHERINE, author, was 
 born March 17, 1842, in Pittsfield, Vt. She is the author of 
 A New England Conscience; Adventures of an Old Maid; A 
 New England Idyl; The Hobbledehoy; The Study of a Grow- 
 ing Boy; and Mr. and Mrs. Hannibal Hawkins. 
 
 GREEN, JACOB, educator, scientist, author, was born July 
 26, 1790, in Philadelphia, Pa. He was a Philadelphia scien- 
 tist; and was professor of chemistry in Jeft'erson ^ledieal Col- 
 lege. He was the author of Chemical Diagrams; Chemical 
 Philosophy; Astronomical Recreations; Trilobites; Botany 
 of the United States ; Notes of a Traveler ; and Diseases of 
 the Skin. He died Feb. 1, 1841, in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 GREEN, JAMES STEPHEN, lawyer, congressman, United 
 States senator, was born Feb. 28, 1817, in Fauquier county, 
 Va. He was elected a member of congress in 1846, serving 
 through two terms. He was United States senator in 1857-61. 
 He died Jan. 9, 1870, in St. Louis, Mo., and lies buried in 
 Monticello, Mo. 
 
 GREEN, JOHN ORNE, physician, author, was born May 
 14, 1799, in Maiden, Mass. In 1868-86 he was senior physician 
 
42 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 of St. John's hospital. He was the author of History of 
 Smallpox in Lowell; ^Memorial of John C. Dalton ; An Ad- 
 dress Before the Citizens of Lowell at the Dedication of the 
 Green School House; Lowell and Harvard College. He died 
 Dec. 23. 1886, in Lowell, Mass. 
 
 ( JREEN, JOSEPH, patriot, autlioi-, poet, was born in 1706, 
 in Boston, Mass. In 1760 he was one of the Boston memorialists 
 who arrayed themselves against the crown. He was the au- 
 thor of the Wonderful Lament of Old Mr. Tanner ; and Poems 
 and Satires. He died Dec. 11, 1780, in London, England. 
 
 GREEN, JOSEPH \V., manufacturer, banker, was born 
 Aug. 23, 1848, in Marblehead, Mass. He is treasurer of the 
 Glendale Elastic Fabrics Company of Easthampton, Mass. ; 
 a director in the First National Bank, Easthampton Savings 
 Bank, Easthampton Public Library, and other corporations. 
 His grandfather, Joseph W. Green, was in active service in 
 the war of 1812 as Major Green; and he founded the National 
 Grand Bank of Marblehead, Mass. 
 
 GREENE, L. H., architect. He is a noted architect of New- 
 foundland, at St. John's. 
 
 GREEN, LEWIS WARNER, clergyman, college president, 
 author, was born Jan. 28, 1806, in Boyle county, Ky. In 
 1848-56 he Avas president of Hampden Sidney college. He 
 was the author of Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity. 
 He died May 26, 1863, in Danville, Ky. 
 
 GREENE, NATHANAEL, soldier, was born May 27, 1742, 
 in AVarwick, R. I. He never gained a decided victory, yet 
 his retreats, for which he is noted, had the effect of successes. 
 Congress voted him. the highest honors, and he was consid- 
 ered, next to Washington, the greatest general of the revolu- 
 tion. He died June 19, 1786, near Savannah, Ga. Congress 
 voted that a monument be erected to his memory in Washing- 
 ton, D. C, which has not yet been done. 
 
 GREEN, P. M., lawyer, banker, legislator, was born in 
 Indiana. He was a successful member of the bar in his native 
 state of Indiana. He subsequently settled in California ; and 
 became a member of the California state legislature. He is 
 president of the First National Bank of Pasadena, Cal. ; and 
 is vice-president of the Los Angeles National Bank. He has 
 filled numerous positions of trust and honor in his city, 
 county and state. 
 
 GREENE, R. M., banker. He is president of the Bank of 
 Opelika, Ala. He is prominent in the business and public 
 affairs of his city, county and state ; and has filled a number 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 43 
 
 of positions of trust and honor. 
 
 GREENE, RAY, lawyer. United States senator, was born 
 Feb. 2, 1765, in Warwick, R. I. In 1794-97 he was attorney- 
 general of Rhode Island. He was United States senator in 
 congress from Rhode Island in 1797-1801, when he resigned. 
 He died Jan. 11, 1849, in Warwick, R. I, 
 
 GREENE, RICARD LATHAM, farmer, physician, was 
 born May 31, 1831, in Clinton county, N. Y^. He is a success- 
 ful farmer of Bancroft, Mo. ; has a large practice as a physi- 
 cian; and is prominent in the business and public affairs of 
 his city, county and state. 
 
 GREEN, ROBERT OSCAR, manufacturer, was born Sept. 
 19, 1856, in New Vienna, Ohio. He is a manufacturer of shoes 
 at Fort Dodge, Iowa ; and prominent in the business and pub- 
 lic affairs of his city, county and state. 
 
 GREEN, ROBERT STOCKTON, lawyer, congressman, 
 was born March 25, 1831, at Princeton, N. J. In 1857-68 he 
 was city attorney of Elizabeth, N. J. ; was surrogate of Union 
 county in 1862-67 ; and was presiding judge of Union county 
 court of common pleas in 1868-73. He was a delegate to the 
 democratic national conventions of 1860 and 1880; and in 
 1884 was elected a representative from New Jersey to the 
 
 forty-ninth congress as a democrat. He died , 1895, in 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 GREENE, ROGER SHERMAN, soldier, lawyer, jurist, 
 philanthropist, was born Dec. 14, 1840, in Boston, Mass. He 
 graduated in 1859 from Dartmouth College; and in 1888 re- 
 ceived the degree of LL.D. from University of Washington. 
 He entered the Union army for the war of the rebellion, and 
 was promoted to first lieutenant and captain. He was judge 
 advocate of the district of Vicksburg at the close of 1864 and 
 beginning of 1865, and judge advocate of the western division 
 of Louisiana from 1865 until retirement from service. While 
 residing in Kenosha, Wis., in 1870, he was appointed associate 
 justice of the supreme court of AVashington territory, residing 
 at Olympia; and was twice reappointed, holding the office 
 until 1879, when he was appointed chief justice of the same 
 court, residing at Seattle, Washington territory. In 1883 he 
 was reappointed chief justice. 
 
 GREEN, RUFUS SMITH, clergyman, college president, 
 author, was born in 1848, in New York. He is a Presbyterian 
 minister; president of Elmira College for Women since 1893, 
 He is the author of History of Morristown, New Jersey ; Our 
 Church at Work ; The Christian Steward ; and Both Sides, or 
 
44 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Jonathan and Absolom. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL ABBOTT, physician, librarian, au- 
 thor, was born March 16, 1830, in Groton, Mass. He was a 
 surgeon in the army during- the civil war ; was mayor of Bos- 
 ton in 1882; is a noted physician of Boston; for ten years 
 was city physician; and since 1868 has been librarian of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. He is the author of The 
 Early Records of Groton; History of INIedicine in Massachu- 
 setts; Groton Historical Series; and other works. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL B., educator, horticulturist, author, 
 was born Sept. 15, 1859, in Chelsea, Mass. He has been for 
 ten years professor of horticulture in the university of Minne- 
 sota. He is the author of Amateur Fruit Growing ; Vegetable 
 Gardening; and other works. 
 
 GREENE, SAMUEL DANA, naval officer, was born Feb. 
 11, 1839, in Cumberland, Md. He received a vote of thanks 
 from the legislature of Rhode Island for his gallant services 
 in the action between the Monitor and Merrimac. He died 
 Dec. 11, 1884, in Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 GREENE, SAMUEL HARRISON, educator, clergyman, 
 college president, was born Dec. 25, 1845, in Enosburgh, Vt. 
 During 1894-95 he was president of the Columbian university ; 
 and from 1900-1902. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL McKNIGHT, lawyer, jurist, was born 
 Aug. 18, 1830, in Cape Girardeau county, Mo. For several 
 years he was engaged in mercantile business ; then began the 
 active practice of law ; and was twice elected county superin- 
 tendent of public schools. For fifteen years he was city attor- 
 ney of Cape Girardeau. His ancestors were soldiers in the 
 revolutionary war and the war of 1812. His son, Samuel M. 
 Green, Jr., is a noted educator of Missouri; and is superin- 
 tendent of the ^rissonri School for the Blind at St. Louis. 
 
 GREENE, SAMUEL STILLMAN, educator, author, was 
 born May 3, 1810, in Belchertown, Mass. He was an educator 
 of Providence ; and professor at Brown university in 1851-83. 
 He was the author of Analysis of the English Language ; and 
 several text-books on English Grammar; and a genealogy of 
 his family. He died Jan. 24, 1883, in Providence, R. I. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL SAVETT, librarian, author, was born 
 Feb. 20, 1837, in Worcester, Mass. In 1871 he was chosen 
 librarian of the free public library of Worcester. He was one 
 of the founders of the American Library association, and its 
 president in 1891. He has lectured at the school of literary 
 economy of Columbia college. He is the author of two books. 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 45 
 
 GREEN, SANFORD MOON, lawyer, jurist, author, was 
 born May 30, 1807, in Rensselaer county, N. Y. He was 
 elected to the Micliigan state senate for two years; and re- 
 ceived the election in 1845. In 1848 he was appointed a .judge 
 of the supreme court; and performed the duties of circuit 
 judge for ten years. He subsequently served as circuit judge 
 for nearly twenty-five years. He is the author of A Treatise 
 on the Practice of the Circuit Courts of Michigan ; A Treatise 
 on the Practice of the Courts of Common Law of Michigan, 
 in two volumes; A Treatise on Townships and the Power and 
 Duties of Township Officers; and A Treatise on the Nature, 
 Causes, Treatment and Prevention of Crime. 
 
 GREENE, MRS. SARAH PRATT, author, was born July, 
 1856, in Simsbury, Conn. She is the author of Cape Cod 
 Folks; Towhead and Some Other Polks; Peter Patrick; and 
 Vesty of the Basins; Last Chance Junction; Leon Pontifex; 
 Stuart and Bamboo; and The Moral Imbeciles. 
 
 GREEN, SETH, pisciculturist, author, was born March 19, 
 
 1817, in Rochester, N. Y. He was a noted pisciculturist; and 
 
 in 1870-88 the superintendent of the New York fish commis- 
 
 " sion. He was the author of Trout Culture; Home Fishing 
 
 , V and Home Waters; and Fish Hatching and Fish Catching. 
 
 :>p' He died Aug. 20, 1888, in Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 GREEN, T. A., banker. He is president Citizens' Bank of 
 New Berne, N. C. ; and is prominent in the business and pub- 
 " ^^Jic afi'airs of his city, county and state. 
 
 5 GREEN, THOMAS, governor, was born in England. He 
 
 ^^' was one of the Roman Catholic pilgrims that accompanied 
 
 > Leonard Calvert to Maryland in 1634; was appointed privy 
 
 ^ ^ councillor in 1639 ; and governor in 1637. He died in Mary- 
 
 X/ land. I 4 
 
 ? GREEN, THOMAS, soldier, was born in 18i67 in Virginia. 
 In 1855-58 he was clerk of the supreme court of Texas. He 
 joined the confederate army; and was appointed major-gen- 
 ^ eral for distinguished services. He died April 14, 1864, in 
 ^Y Plaii's Plantation, La. 
 
 ^ -^ GREEN, THOMAS E., clergyman, bishop, was born Dec. 
 
 V:> 27, 1857, in Harrisville, Pa. He fills a pastorate in the Grace 
 
 ^ Episcopal Church of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; and built up the 
 
 largest parish in the state. He was elected bishop of Iowa 
 
 in 1898. 
 
 GREEN, THOMAS JEFFERSON, soldier, state senator, 
 author, was born in 1801, in Warren county, N. C. He re- 
 moved to Texas early in life ; and served as brigadier-general 
 
46 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 of volunteers in the war of Texan independence. He removed 
 to California several years later; served in the state senate; 
 and was major-general of the militia. He was the author of 
 The Mier Expedition. He died Dee. 13, 1863, in Warren 
 countv, N. C. 
 
 GREENE, TIIO]\IAS M., clergyman. He was a delegate 
 to congress from the territory of Mississippi from 1802 to 
 1803. 
 
 GREEN, AVHARTON JACKSON, soldier, agriculturist, 
 congressman, was born about 1840, in St. IMarks, Fla. Upon 
 the breaking out of the civil war he enlisted in the confederate 
 army; and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He was a 
 presidential elector in 1868. He purchased the famous Tokay 
 Vineyard of Cumberland county, N. C. He was elected a 
 representative from North Carolina to the forty-eighth and 
 forty-ninth congresses as a democrat. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM, governor, was born March 16, 1695, 
 in War^^dck, R. I. He became deputy governor of Rhode 
 Island in 1740 ; and became governor in 1743. He died Feb. 
 22, 1758, in Providence, R. I. 
 
 GREENE, AVILLIAM, lawyer, jurist, state legislator, gov- 
 ernor, was born Aug. 16, 1731, in Warwick, R. I. He was 
 chief justice of the colony ; and was governor of Rhode Island 
 in 1778-86. He died Nov. 29, 1809, in Warwick, R. I. 
 
 GREEN, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, soldier, physician, 
 author, was born Jan. 5, 1834, in Augusta, Ga. In 1861 he 
 entered the confederate army; and afterward became chief 
 surgeon. He was the inventor of a hypodermic syringe ; the 
 designer of a hypodermic syringe-needle; and of Green's 
 pocket cases. He is the author of papers on the Small-Pox ; 
 Vaccination and Its Results ; and The Use of the Hypodermic 
 Syringe. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM BATCHELDER. soldier, clergy- 
 man, author, was born April 4, 1819, in Haverhill, Mass. In 
 early life he was a member of the noted Brook Farm com- 
 munity. He was subsequently a Unitarian minister ; and dur- 
 ing the civil war served as colonel of a Massachusetts regi- 
 ment. He was the author of Remarks on the Science of His- 
 tory; Theory of the Calculus; Socialistic, etc.. Fragments; 
 and Reflections and Modern Maxims. He died May 30, 1878, 
 in England. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM BRENTON, JR., educator, author, 
 was born Aug. 16, 1854, in Providence, R. I. He is the author 
 of Christian Science, or Mind Cure; The Function of the 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 47 
 
 Reason in Christianity ; Reality, same ; The Function of the 
 Miracle ; and The Bible Student. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM ELLSWORTH, lawyer, legislator, 
 jurist, was born Nov. 14, 1836, in Farmington, Maine. He 
 graduated from Bowdoin College, and adopted the profession 
 of law. In 1866-67 he was a member of the California state 
 legislature; and in 1867-74 was county judge and ex-officio 
 probate judge of San Joaquin county, Cal. He then resigned 
 and resumed the practice of law. In 1879 he was elected 
 judge of the supreme court of California in and for Alameda 
 county; and since that time has been thrice re-elected, his 
 present term of office expiring in 1903. He has been at times 
 largely interested in mining, lumbering and stock-raising. 
 
 GREEN, WILLIAM ELZA, physician, surgeon, was born 
 March 18, 1845, in Charlestown, Ind. In 1872 he graduated 
 from Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 0., and in 1873 
 from Piute Medical College of that city. He is president 
 Pulaski County Homeopathic Medical Society; is a member 
 of several medical associations; and has become noted in his 
 profession at Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM L., lawyer, jurist, congressman, was 
 born Oct. 3, 1849, in Pike county, Ind. In 1895 he was elected 
 judge of the twelfth judicial district of Nebraska; and was 
 elected to the fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth congresses as a pop- 
 ulist, of which party he was one of the founders. 
 
 GREEN, WILLIS DUFF, physician, was born Jan. 18, 
 1821, in Danville, Ky. He attended the Center college of his 
 native city, and graduated in medicine from the medical de- 
 partment of the Transylvania university of Lexington, Ky., 
 and the Medical college of Ohio. He is a successful physician 
 of Mount Vernon, 111. ; grand master of the Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows of Illinois, and a representative to the 
 grand lodge of the United States. 
 
^ 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 49 
 
 All proper names had originally a peculiar and 
 appropriate meaning. Some persons might feel dis- 
 posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
 course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
 sheer whim and without any meaning ; but it is quite 
 as diffijult to imagine the absence of motive and of 
 fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
 is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
 nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
 which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
 representative idea in his mind. If the principle 
 asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
 nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
 proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
 that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
 individual object to which it is applied. 
 
 That some definite idea should belong to the name 
 when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
 that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
 giving a name selected from their own language to 
 any stranger deemed worthy of their especial notice. 
 To them his own name does not sufficiently describe 
 him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
 with his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
 of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
 a private physician asked his name. " Vincenzo," was 
 the physician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
 requested that its meaning should be explained in 
 Araliic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
 or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the happy 
 omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
 "Sheik Mansour." 
 
 If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
 distant countries, we shall find that whether they be 
 private individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
 quire, they never give a name to a people, a country, 
 
50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 an island, or an unknown rock, without some defi 
 nite reason. Some allusion is made in it to physical 
 conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
 liarities, or to certain circumstances which made the 
 discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
 rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
 been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
 distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
 or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
 event, or the name of some contemporary character 
 of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
 of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
 tion's gratitude to a fellow-countrj'man of great pre- 
 eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
 a meaning, which may yet be found among our older 
 nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
 and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
 inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
 learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
 almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
 ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
 their literature is strangely tinged by their influence. 
 The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
 introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
 the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
 and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
 from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
 our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
 no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
 North America are named after some animal; during 
 their lifetime they receive another title when they 
 have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex- 
 plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
 most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
 contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
 management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 
 
 name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike triljc 
 who live on the left bank of the river Columbia. The 
 Kamtchadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
 them significant names. 
 
 SURNAMES. 
 
 In the first ages of the world a single name was 
 sufficient for each individual; and that name was 
 generally invented for the person, in allusion to the 
 circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
 quality he possessed, or which his parents fondly 
 hoped he might in future possess. 
 
 Christian names being given in infancj^, and by 
 friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
 bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
 fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
 These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
 to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
 They originated later in life, after the character and 
 habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
 he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
 or pursuit. They were given by the community in 
 which he dwelt — by enemies as well as by friends. 
 
 The first approach to the modern system of 
 nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
 of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name; 
 as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometiines the adjunct 
 expressed the country or profession of the bearer; 
 sometimes some excellence or blemish; as Diogenes 
 the Cynic; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 
 
 A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
 remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
 have in the same way been used to form new names. 
 A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
 ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be- 
 came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 
 
52 ' ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
 come a surname. If any particular name described 
 the locality of a man's residence or property, it may 
 serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
 have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 
 
 Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
 There will be seen evidences in physical and political 
 geograplw that the designations of countries, moun- 
 tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
 associated with the names of persons whom we daily 
 meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
 esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
 places. 
 
 Though the majority of our ancient family names 
 are territorial, we have many large classes of excep- 
 tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
 doubtful. 
 
 Surnames can scarcely be said to have been per- 
 manentl3^ settled before the era of the Reformation. 
 The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
 instrumental than anything else in settling them; for 
 if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
 it is not likely he would be married under another 
 and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
 the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
 as having different names at different periods of their 
 life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
 remembered, that places were named before families. 
 You have only to examine any of those names which 
 serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
 If you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Pretty- 
 man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, 3^ou would not 
 hesitate. These are evidently coined for persons, and 
 you find no such names of land, or for the double 
 purpose. But then you can have as little doubt that 
 names like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood, Sandi- 
 
ORIGIN OP THE SURNAME. 53 
 
 lands, were first given to places; and when you find 
 them borne both b\^ land and persons, you will con- 
 clude the persons took them from the territories. In 
 general then, when a place and a family have the 
 same name it is the place that gives the name to the 
 people, not the family to the place. This rule, which 
 will not be disputed by any one who has bestowed 
 some study or thought on the subject, has very few 
 exceptions. 
 
 There is a class of fables, the invention of a set 
 of bungling genealogists, w^ho, by a process like that 
 which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
 tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
 word, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
 never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
 Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
 killed a great bear; that Dal^^ell is from a Gaelic 
 word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
 called from the homely origin of gutting three had- 
 docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
 when he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
 from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
 a late age, if they were really meant to be seriously 
 credited, disappear when we find from record that 
 there were very ancient territories, and even parishes, 
 of Douglas, Forbes, Dal3^ell, and Guthrie, long before 
 the names came into use as family surnames. 
 
 It was formerly customary to receive names from 
 ancestors by compounding their name with a word 
 indicating filial relationship. Names so compounded 
 were termed patronymics, from Pater: father, and 
 Onoma : a name — father being used in the sense of 
 ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
 appellations, patronymics became obsolete; or, more 
 correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
 was effected, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 
 
54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 on the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
 would be called Dennison, which in some cases, be- 
 came Tennyson; and a man from a village in which 
 was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called 
 Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
 names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
 or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
 came literally a patron3anic, inasmuch as it was a 
 name received from a father. Howbeit, onl^^ those 
 names that were taken from a parent when such 
 was not the rule are called patronjanics. Personal 
 names lead the van as to all others, and are the 
 basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
 names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
 find patronymics coming into use, the offspring of 
 necessity arising out of multiplicity. 
 
 But when we come to realize that nearly one- 
 third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
 of William or John about the year 1300, it will be 
 seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
 but a necessity. We dare not attempt a category', 
 but the surnames of to-day tell us much. Will was 
 quite a distinct youth from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
 mot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
 There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
 stead, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
 Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
 cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
 and sixth Alicklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjohn 
 (i.e., well-built or handsome). 
 
 The first name looking like a patronymic is ante- 
 diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
 though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
 ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy' Gentile 
 patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from 
 Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 
 
56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 however, as the New Testament opens we meet with 
 Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
 the conventional patron3nnical sense. It is, therefore, 
 manifest that the chronology-- of patronymics, the 
 period of their formation, lies about midway between 
 primitive ages and time current. 
 
 The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
 lations on those w^ho had signalized themselves by 
 the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
 man Cognomina. Every person conversant with the 
 history of those times will call to mind that England 
 was much infested with wolves, and that large re- 
 wards were given to such as were able by force or 
 stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
 destroy a dangerous enem^^, and to confer a benefit 
 on society. Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
 in ulph and -vvolf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
 more properly "wolf-compeller," and some others; 
 but these, among the common people at least, did 
 not descend from father to son in the manner of 
 modern surnames. 
 
 Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
 epithet Great, as Alexander the Great ; with words 
 expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
 Harold Hare-foot; and among the kings of Norway 
 there was a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
 Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
 Fair. 
 
 As society advanced more in refinement, partly for 
 euphony, and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
 names came into common use. 
 
 Modern nations have adopted various methods of 
 distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
 employed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Mac- 
 donalds and Macartys, meaning respectively the son 
 of Donald and of Arthur, 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 57 
 
 It would, however, be preposterous to imagine 
 that surnames universcilly prevailed so early as the 
 eleventh century. We have overwhelming evidence 
 that they did not ; and must admit that although the 
 Norman Conquest did much to introduce the practice 
 of using them, it was long before they became very 
 common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
 dates bej^ond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
 were taken up in a very gradual manner by the great, 
 (both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
 venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. By the mid- 
 dle of the twelfth, however, it appears that they were 
 (in the estimation of some) necessar3^ appendages to 
 families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
 meaner extraction. 
 
 The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
 times renders it a difficult matter to trace the pedi- 
 gree of any faixiily beyond the thirteenth century. In 
 Cheshire, a county remarkable for the number of its 
 resident families of great antiquity, it was very usual 
 for younger branches of the family, laying aside the 
 name of their father, to take their name from the 
 place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
 as many surnames are found in the same family. 
 This remark may be forcibly illustrated by reference 
 to the early pedigree of the family of Fitz-Hugh, 
 which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
 until the time of Edward III. 
 
 Although most towns have borrowed their names 
 from their situation and other respects, yet with some 
 apt termination have derived their names from men; 
 as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
 forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
 names; and even almost to the period of the con- 
 quest forenames of men were generally given as names 
 of places. 
 
58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The Normans are thought to have been the first 
 to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us; 
 and certainh^ a httle while before the conquest, some 
 of these adventurers had taken family names from 
 their chateaux in Normandy. "Neither is there any 
 village in Normandy," sa^^s Camden, "that gave not 
 denomination to some family in England." The French 
 names introduced into England at the conquest may 
 generalh^ be known b\^ the prefixes de, du, des, de, la, 
 St.; and by the suffixes font, ers, fant, deau, age, 
 mont, ard, aux, bois, ly, eux, et, val, court, vaux, 
 la3% fort, ot, champ, and dille, most of which are 
 component parts of proper names of places, as every 
 one maj^ convince himself by the slightest glance at 
 the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
 surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
 tain, for at the Conquest it was only one hundred 
 and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
 rowed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
 our histor3' books honor with the theatrical name of 
 Rollo, but who was known among his people as 
 "Hrolf the Ganger." 
 
 But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
 from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
 of fixed surnames arose in France about the year 
 1000; came into England sixty years later, or with 
 the Norman Conquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
 ing roundly, about the ^-ear 1100. 
 
 The first example of fixed surnames in any num- 
 ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
 Valuation Book called Domesda}'. "Yet in England," 
 again to quote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
 that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
 little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
 tled among the common people fully until about the 
 time of Edward the Second." 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 59 
 
 Those dashing Norman adventurers introduced to 
 the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
 names they had adopted from their paternal castles 
 across the channel. They made a rage for knight- 
 hood and turned the ladies' heads. An English prin- 
 cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
 names." Henry I wished to marry his natural son 
 Robert to Mabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-Hamon. 
 The lady demurred : 
 
 "It were to me a great shame 
 To have a lord withouten his twa name." 
 Whereupon King Henry gave him the surname of 
 Fitzroy, which means son of a king. 
 
 The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
 the authority of Camden. It can be proved by a 
 thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
 sufficiently proved v^hen it can be shown the race of 
 Stuart — already first of Scotch families in opulence 
 and power, distinguished by no surnames for several 
 generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
 the ancestors of the princeh' line of Hamilton were 
 known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz- Walter, 
 before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
 kinsmen had borne in England. But surnames were 
 undoubtedly first used in the twelfth centur\^, and 
 came into general use in the following one. 
 
 THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was formed by adding ing to the ancestor's name, as 
 ^Ifreding, which means Alfred's son; the plural for 
 which is ^Ifredingas. 
 
 THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 
 
 Which is exceedingly common, is generalh^ indicated by 
 affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 
 
60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 capable of being used in a plural form or in the gen- 
 eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
 contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Munn, a 
 contraction of Edmund. 
 
 DE AND MAC 
 
 Are from the Latin word De, which means of. This is 
 a Patron^'mical sign common to French, Italian, and 
 even German names. Thus Deluc, which means of 
 Luke, Dwight means of Wight ; and De Foe means 
 of the Faith. 
 
 FITZ. 
 
 Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
 the Normans. 
 
 VAN AND VON. 
 
 Corresponding more or less closely with de, ac, is 
 the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
 the, as Yandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
 from which have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
 velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
 hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferr^', 
 
 THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is a form of the Celtic means mac, which the Cam- 
 brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
 a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
 patronymical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
 Probyn, son of Robin; Blake, son of Lake; Bowen, 
 son of Owen ; Price, son of Rice or Rheese ; Priddle, 
 son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 
 
 MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 
 
 The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
 common. The Welsh delight to have it in the forms 
 of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f In Irish names mac 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 61 
 
 tends toward mag; ma, and c. But Scotland took 
 most lovingly to mac. The Milesians found a greater 
 charm in Eoghan: a son, forming ua, and that used 
 as O in the sense of eldest son, for he onlj^ was al- 
 lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronymic 
 out of their Erse treasury more elastic and poetic 
 than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for young, offspring 
 son, is, as above giyen, eoghan, ^vhence Egan for 
 Hugh, eoghan : son of Hugh; and also Flanegan, son 
 of Flan. 
 
 THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is mac, meaning a son ; and O from eoghan, for a first- 
 born son. The Gaels also had a patronymical affix 
 derived from eoghan, known as ach, och, the sou/ce 
 of our ock, as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 
 
 THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is formed by az, or ez affixed. The two words are vari- 
 ations of the tail Filius, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
 Alva; and Enriquez, son of YLqivcj. 
 
 THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son 
 before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
 means Galileo, the son of Galilei; Speron Speroni, 
 which means Speron, the son of Speroni. 
 
 THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is itch for a son ; and of, ef or if for a grandson or 
 descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
 grandson of Jour}- ; and Romanoff, descended from 
 Romain, son of Rome. 
 
62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Assumes the forms pulos, soiila, as in the name Nicol- 
 opulos, son of Nicholas. 
 
 THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLAND PA- 
 TRONYMIC 
 
 Are sohn, zen, sen, son, zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
 delssohn, son of Mendel; ThorWaldsen, son of Thor- 
 wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 
 
 LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adomaitis, mean- 
 ing a son of Adam. 
 
 THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 
 
 Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
 son of a king. 
 
 THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is tse, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
 means Kung, the son of Fo; and Yang-tse-Kiang, 
 river, son of the ocean. 
 
 THE LATIN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is ilius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 
 
 THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
 Aristides, son of Ariston. 
 
 THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 
 
 Proper is hen, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
 dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, 
 which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
 tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai; Ben- 
 Joseph, son of Joseph. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 63 
 
 KIN. 
 
 The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela- 
 tionship: from thence family or offspring. 
 
 The next meaning acquired by kin was child, or 
 "young one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
 of a manikin, kilderkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
 kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 
 
 Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
 popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
 a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
 however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
 names their memorial forever. 
 
 In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
 of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
 Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
 patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into A'/ss, 
 kes, and ks. Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
 Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
 (Judkins). 
 
 IN OR ON. 
 
 This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Directory, 
 must have been enormously popular with the French. 
 England's connection with Normandy and France 
 generally brought the fashion to the English Court, 
 and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
 copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
 to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
 on or in and ot or et, were the introduction of fash- 
 ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
 in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
 larity. 
 
 OT AND ET. 
 
 These are the terminations that ran first in favor for 
 many generations. 
 
G4 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
 guage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
 gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet. pocket, ballet. 
 In the same \Ya3^ a little page became a paget, and 
 hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
 and Paget. 
 
 Coming to baptism, we find scarcelN^ a single 
 name of any pretentions to popularity that did not 
 take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
 names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
 Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
 names there to-dciy are Emmott and Tillot, w^ith such 
 variations as Emmett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
 Tillotson. 
 
 Of other girl-names we may mention Mabel, which 
 from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
 and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
 (whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
 Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
 in the north Magot. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS. 
 
 After these local names "the most in number have 
 been derived from Occupations or Professions." 
 
 The practice of borrowing names from the various 
 avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
 mans had among them many persons, and those too 
 of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
 Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
 Paynters, of our own times. These names became 
 hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
 the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local names 
 generall3' had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
 had /e, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter le Boucher. 
 
Origin of thb surname. g5 
 
 JStAMES DERIVED FROM DIGNITIES, CIVIL AND ECCLESI- 
 ASTICAL; AND FROM OFFICES. 
 
 The same principle which introduced surnames bor- 
 rowed from trades and occupations led to the adop- 
 tion of the names of dignities and offices, which also 
 became hereditar}^; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
 Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 
 
 QUALITIES. 
 
 These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
 of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
 ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
 of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
 to take the name of Black or Blackman, a tawny 
 one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
 or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
 that names of this description were taken, for we 
 have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
 and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weaklys, and 
 our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
 whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
 indicative of mental or moral qualities, we have our 
 Hardys and Cowards, our Livelys and our Sullens, 
 our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainhead, which 
 later became Brainerd. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 Everj'body must have remarked the great number 
 of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
 call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
 wards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
 of his acquaintance. Mam^ of the christian forenames 
 of our ancestors were taken up without any addi- 
 
66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAMB. 
 
 tion or change, as Anthon}^, Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
 Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
 wa3^s, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
 bert, Stace from Ustace. 
 
 NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 
 
 The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
 numerable. There is scared}^ a city, town, village, 
 manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
 lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
 men. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THINGS. 
 
 We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
 birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
 etc., very frequently borne as surnames; as Sun, 
 Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken, Raven, Crab, Cod, 
 Bee, Fly, Lily, Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
 Silver, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 
 
 AGE, TIME, ETC. 
 
 There are several surnames derived from consan- 
 guinity, alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
 inating, from there having been two or more persons 
 bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
 borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
 closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
 derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Eld, 
 Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
 as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
 may also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
 Last, Quickly. 
 
 A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 
 
 There are a good many surnames which seem to 
 have (n-iginated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 67 
 
 reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
 doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
 they have very much the appearance of what, in these 
 days, we are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
 quets, and were probably given by others to the per- 
 sons who w^ere first known by them, and so identified 
 with those persons that neither they nor their im- 
 mediate posterity could well avoid them. To this 
 family belong the names borrov^ed from parts of the 
 human figure, which are somewhat numerous; as 
 Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailes, Heele, etc. 
 Then there is another set of names not much less 
 ridiculous, namely those borrowed from coins, and 
 denominations of money, as Farthing, Money, Pen- 
 ny. Besides these we have from the weather, Frost, 
 Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
 vessels and their parts. Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
 sures. Peck, Inches; from numbers. Six, Ten. 
 
 It is really remarkable that many surnames ex- 
 pressive of bodily deformity or moral turpitude should 
 have descended to the posterity of those who perhaps 
 well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
 we reflect how easily such names might have been 
 avoided in almost every state of society by the simple 
 adoption of others ; for although in our day it is con- 
 sidered an act of villainy, or at least a "suspicious 
 affair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
 with the will of a deceased friend, when an act of 
 the senate or the royal sign-manual is required, the 
 case w^as v^idely different four or five centuries ago, 
 and we know from ancient records that names were 
 frequently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
 Names of this kind are very numerous, such as. Bad, 
 Sill^', Outlaw, Trash, etc. 
 
68 ORIGIN OF THB SURNAME. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACl^ 
 
 IDEAS. 
 
 To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
 dence, Wisdom, Liberty, Hope, Peace, Jo\', Anguish, 
 Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
 Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verity, Vice, Patience, 
 etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
 characters who performed on the ancient m3'steries or 
 moralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
 the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
 the pretext of instructing the play-goers of the "old- 
 en t3'me." 
 
 FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IN ENGLAND, 
 
 Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
 that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
 bably the principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
 liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
 presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, royal 
 matches w^ith foreign princesses, the introduction of 
 manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
 which that country has always extended to ever^'- 
 kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
 introduction of new names. 
 
 CHANGED SURNAMES. 
 
 The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
 currence of an^" remarkable event in one's personal 
 historj^ seems to have been known in times of very 
 remote antiquity'. The substitution of Abraham for 
 Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
 history. In France it was formerly customarj^ for 
 eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
 younger branches assumed the names of the states 
 allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
 sometime after the Norman Conquest. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 69 
 
 In the United States they carry this system of 
 corrupting or contracting names to a ridiculous ex- 
 tent. Barnham is Barnum; Farnham (fern ground) 
 Famum; Killham (kiln house or home), Killum; Birk- 
 ham (birch house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
 names. Pollock becomes Polk; Colquhoun becomes 
 Calhoun; and M'Candish becomes M'Candless. 
 
 HISTORICAL SURNAMES. 
 
 By an historical surname is meant a name which 
 has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
 person who primarily bore it. Thus Sans-terre or 
 Lack-land, the by-name of King John, as having rela- 
 tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
 designated an historical surname. To this class of 
 surnames also, belongs that of Nestling, borne by a 
 Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Verstegan, 
 had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 
 
 TRANSLATED NAMES. 
 
 During the middle ages the Latin language was 
 the language of literature and politics; accordingly 
 in history and in the public records proper names had 
 to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
 ways a happy one. Authors were obliged to change 
 their own names as well as the names of the persons 
 they celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
 of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
 century, all names consequently recorded in Latin. 
 In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
 late them into Greek. The absurdity which it en- 
 tailed undoubtedly hastened the disappearance of the 
 custom. 
 
 The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
 receive a new name when they have earned it by 
 their exploits. 
 
70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 A vsimilar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 
 
 The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
 names on the smallest pretense, and with the greatest 
 indifference. 
 
 The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
 their death receive a new name. 
 
 ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 
 
 With us a woman changes her name when she 
 marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it was the 
 custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
 In some formerh^, and at the present day in Cape 
 Verd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
 old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
 of the person who adopts him for his own; the law 
 allows that a donor or testator may require that 
 his name should be taken by the person benefited. 
 
 In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
 who lived in Spain should abandon the 'use of their 
 peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
 names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
 and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
 them, to denationalize them, if we may use the term, 
 and to merge them into his own people. He had a 
 keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
 like all despotic sovereigns, he was blind to the in- 
 fluence of time, which can alone produce the gradual 
 fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
 especially when differences in religion add their over- 
 whelming weight to one side of the balance. 
 
 The Moors obe3'ed, but still retained their nation- 
 al feelings and religious beliefs; later, however, when 
 they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
 one hand, and apostacy on the other, they returned 
 to their old countr}', and carried back with them a 
 number of Spanish names. Accordingly, in several 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 71 
 
 Mauritanian families descended from the Andalusian 
 Mussulmans, we still finjl the names of Perez, Santi- 
 ago, Yalenciano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
 sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
 them fancy they saw apostates from Christianity 
 among the descendants of the martyrs ot Islamism. 
 
 The robbers wdiose trade it was to carry men 
 away and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
 pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
 precaution which they naturally took in this matter 
 loaffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
 could only endeavor to recover their lost children by 
 a description which was always imperfect and always 
 uncertain. 
 
 In modern times the same system has been 
 adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally 
 prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
 have even in our own times legalized the sale of 
 slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
 nies it was usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
 name. 
 
 HEREDITARY NAMES. 
 
 In England the middle classes acquired a decidedly 
 important political influence as early as the year 
 1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
 nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
 liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
 over, an act that no tax should be levied without 
 the consent of their representatives was passed before 
 the year 1300, and accordingly, soon after that date, 
 we find hereditary names commonly used in the mid- 
 dle classes. 
 
 For a contrary reason the change cannot have 
 taken place in Germany until a much later period. 
 In order to prove this, an instance is given which 
 
72 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
 nected with an intermediate point between that coun- 
 try- and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
 and b}^ union with the dominions of the descendants 
 of Clovis and Charlemagne, was decidedly French, 
 but which for thirty 3'ears had been Germanized in 
 consequence of its political position, j-ou might have 
 noticed at the close of the thirteenth centurjy^ that its 
 chief magistrates, who were all knights, bore without 
 exception individual or derived surnames instead of 
 family surnames. When we say derived, we mean either 
 from the place in w^hich they lived, or from the post 
 which their military duties obliged them to occupy. 
 It \vas not until the close of the latter half of the 
 fourteenth centur^^ that hereditary names became 
 common among men who were high in office, so that 
 among their inferiors it is only fair to infer that they 
 were rarer still. 
 
 The etymology of hereditary names in England 
 and in Germany is generally the same as in France 
 and Ital}'. The following remarks will embody the 
 inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
 the use of philologists. ^In languages of Teutonic or- 
 igin, Avhen descent is implied merely, the word son is 
 placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
 of all the famih' names in the languages of Sweden, 
 Denmark, German^', and England, which terminate in 
 this way. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
 son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
 statement as to the possibility of the union of two 
 languages to form one and the same proper name; 
 in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
 is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 
 
 Attention has already been drawn to the custom 
 of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
 the son as a surname. The addition of a final s in 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 
 
 English, and of the s^'Uable ez in Spain, sufficed to 
 change Christian pnenomina into surnames, and 
 afterwards into famih' names; Peters, WilHams, 
 Richards, Hcnriquez, Lopez, Fernandez, literally (son) 
 of Peter, of William, of Richard, of Henry, of Lope 
 (or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand. 
 
 D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
 family names in France in a similar way. The name 
 of the w^riter who was perhaps the keenest apprecia- 
 tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
 lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, shows that a similar form 
 was not foreign to Italian customs. 
 
 As in Italy, so also in the greater part of Europe, 
 the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
 Latin w^as almost universal, and in these the son 
 w^as designated by his father's name in the genitive 
 case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
 are characterized by such a termination to this cus- 
 tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
 Simonis, Johannis, etc., names which would be mul- 
 tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
 the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
 tries where the greatest number wall be found wall be 
 those (it may be quite safely conjectured ) where the 
 custom of w^riting legal documents in Latin prevailed 
 the longest. 
 
 Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
 or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
 names, which later again became hereditary names. 
 The word "ab," when placed between tw^o names, 
 expresses descent, Rhys ab Evan (Rhys, the son of 
 Evan); the vowel is gradually lost in common use, 
 and the name becomes Rhys Evan, and, according to 
 the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
 lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 
 
 It is still tile same theory, only more simply car- 
 
74. ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 ried out, which regulated the formation of family 
 names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
 head of a clan had adopted some hereditary name, 
 that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
 rank they might happen to occup}^, and however re- 
 motely connected thej^ might be b^'^ ties of kindred 
 with the head of the elan, and further, even though 
 they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
 adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
 a system is by no means an offensive one; we excuse 
 it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
 archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
 erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
 est brother of a large famih', and the name which he 
 takes belongs to all its members. 
 
 It will not be quite so eas3^ to discover a reason 
 for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
 tugal led to such a tedious multiplicity of names. 
 Birthplace, or the customary home, are not considered 
 sufficient for a full description of a lordly title; alli- 
 ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
 increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
 devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
 to their Christian praenomia; it may, therefore, be 
 easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
 arisen in the ordinary transactions of life through 
 this two-fold prodigality of names. 
 
 As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
 tary names before the close of the sixteenth centur)', 
 it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
 classes did not use them until a still later period. 
 The choice of names \vhich this latter class made is 
 worthy of notice. We know many names in France 
 which indicate occupations, such as Draper, Miller, 
 Barber, Maker, Slater, Turner,* etc. The same may 
 
 ♦ Mercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 
 
 be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
 the oldest English commoners were freeholders of 
 land rather than either merchants or manufacturers. 
 There are few if any such, in Sweden; the greater 
 part of their names are the names of properties, or 
 of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
 because they were selected by a class who wished to 
 approximate to the nobles by imitating their ways, 
 and consequently not because they w^ere the result of 
 a need for distinctive signs — a need w^hich is totally 
 distinct from any individual wish or caprice. 
 
 In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
 families who have no names peculiarly their own. 
 In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
 felt in all its severity. 
 
 ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 
 
 Whatever concerns the origin of our family — from 
 whom proceeded the sturdy men that planted our in- 
 fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
 from what we know, but for what we hope to ascertain. 
 
 Our ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
 and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
 kings of the Baltic, had gained strength from the 
 fusion in their nature of various and opposing ele- 
 ments, and combined what was best of many races. 
 
 That our ancestors were fond of fighting when 
 provoked, regardless of personal safety or private 
 advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
 following the conquest, wars at home and abroad 
 succeeded with little cessation. Military dut\^ was 
 incumbent on all v^ho could bear arms. Personal en- 
 counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
 and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with pike 
 and bow, made men indifferent to danger, and induced 
 habits of hardihood and daring. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 According to some authorities the history of man- 
 kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
 years ago; and that their decendants spread over 
 Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe. 
 But science clearh' points that the ^world and its in- 
 habitants in some form must have existed for millions 
 of 3'ears. 
 
 It took primitive man four thousand 3'ears to learn 
 how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
 and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
 the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
 meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
 into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
 of grain. Then came attachment to the family and 
 the growth of the family into clans and nations. 
 
 The first historical record is dated about three 
 thousand seven hundred j-ears ago, when a man b3^ 
 the name of Inachus led a ver^- large company of emi- 
 grants from Eg_vpt into Greece. These found that 
 country inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
 the descendants of those who had wandered there 
 from Asia. 
 
 Inachus and his companies established themselves 
 in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
 ally became occupied by civilized people. 
 
 Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
 Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
 from Asia by the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
 miles across; and from Europe and Africa hj the At- 
 lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
 in ancient times ])eople knew nothing. 
 
 The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
 and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
 the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
 m3'sterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
 used by the Europeans until 1250. 
 
78 ORIGIN OF THB SURNAME. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 It was in the year 1607 that the first emigrants, 
 to successfully form a permanent colon}', landed in 
 Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
 languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
 Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
 land. The Colony was ruled during that period by 
 laws written in blood; and its history shows us how 
 the narrow selfishness of such a despotic power would 
 counteract the very best efforts of benevolence. The 
 colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
 to be described. 
 
 Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
 sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in twenty 
 remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
 Yeardlej' arrived. He bought certain commissions 
 and instructions from the company for the "Better 
 establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
 perity of Virginia began from this time, when it 
 received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
 laws for itself. The first meeting was held July 30, 
 1619 — more than a year before the Mayflower, with 
 the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 
 
 The first colony established by the Plymouth Com- 
 pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lament- 
 able failure. 
 
 The permanent settlement of New England began 
 with the arrival of a bod^- of Separatists in the May- 
 flower in 1620, who founded the colony of Plymouth. 
 
 The Separatists' migration from England was 
 followed in a few years by a great exodus of Puri- 
 tans, who planted towns along the coast to the 
 North of Plvmouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
 ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
 colony of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
ORIGIN OP TUB SURNAMB. V9 
 
 Religious disputes drove Roger Williams and Anne 
 Hutchinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
 founding of Rhode Island in 1636. 
 
 Other church rangles led to an emigration from 
 Massachusetts to the Connecticut valley, where a 
 little confederacy of towns \vas created and called 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
 Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
 turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
 Colony. 
 
 In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
 and Pl^-mouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
 Hampshire was made a royal colony; and the four 
 New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
 lished. The territory of Massachusetts and Connecti- 
 cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
 or Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The Mar^dand colony was founded by Lord Bal- 
 timore, a Roman Catholic, who was influenced in his 
 attempts of colonization by a desire to found a refuge 
 for people of his own faith ; and the first settlement 
 was made in 1634 at St. Mary's, Annapolis w^as 
 founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1729. 
 
 Meantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
 Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
 1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
 planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
 try New Netherlands. 
 
 Then a Swedish company began to colonize the 
 Delaware Bay and River coast of Virginia, which 
 they called New Sweden. 
 
 Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
 lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
 New Netherlands. 
 
80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The English seized New Netherlands in 1664, giv- 
 ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
 tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersey 
 to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
 the Delaware to William Penn. Meanwhile the king 
 granted Penn what is now Penns3'lvania in 1681. 
 
 The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
 tar^' colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
 ly separated in 1729. 
 
 Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
 was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
 for poor debtors, in 1732. 
 
 In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
 achusetts; and seeing that the people were gathering 
 stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
 stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
 and Concord, which opened the v^ar for Independence. 
 The English arm\^ was surrounded at Yorktown by 
 Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
 render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 
 
 Before the United States became a nation, six 
 European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
 portions of the territory now contained within its 
 boundar3'. England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
 Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
 California and all the territory south and west of 
 Colorado. France in da3'S gone b^^ ruled the Missis- 
 sippi valle3\ Holland once owned New Jerse3', Dela- 
 ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
 claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
 The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
 w^as a Russian possession. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 81 
 
 FORE - NAMES . 
 
 CHRISTIAN names are so called from having orig- 
 inally been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
 stitutes for their former pagan appellatives, many of 
 which were borrowed from the names of their gods, 
 and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
 introduction of Christianity, the epithet was still re- 
 tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
 connected with the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
 nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majority of the 
 personal names of modern times are borrowed from 
 sources unconnected with Christianity. With what 
 propriety can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
 and Julia, or even Henry and Caroline, Christian 
 names? They should be called forenames (that is 
 first names), a term much more preferable to the 
 other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
 junct, would be better still. We should then use the 
 name and surname as distinctive words; whereas we 
 now often regard them synonyms. 
 
 From the earliest times, names to distinguish one 
 person from another have been in use. The names in 
 the Old Testament are mostly original and generally 
 given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
 stance connected with that event, or from some 
 pious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
 child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
 This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
 has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
 name at baptism. 
 
 The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
 was given on the ninth day after birth, and was 
 
82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 chosen b\' the father, who also possessed the right 
 of altering it. These n&mes generallj^ expressed some 
 great quaHty — as bravery, wisdom, or skill. Thus 
 Callienaehus means exeellent fighter; and Sophron 
 means wise. In later times many names were derived 
 from those of their gods — as Apollodorus, the Gift of 
 Apollo. The eldest son usually bore the name of his 
 paternal grandfather, to which was sometimes added 
 the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
 or a nickname. 
 
 The Romans at a very early date used two 
 names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
 The prjenomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
 sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
 writing, the initials only were generally used. In 
 early times it was given at puberty, but afterwards 
 on the ninth day after birth. Women took no prae- 
 nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
 nine form of their husband's name. Ever^'- Roman 
 citizen belonged to a gens and to a familia included 
 in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
 usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
 was the hereditary cognomen borne by the family, to 
 Avhich \vas sometimes a second cognomen, called 
 agnomen, ^vas added. The cognomen was often de- 
 rived from some event in the family history, or from 
 some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
 proenomen and cognomen only w^ere used, as C. 
 CiEsar, for C. Julius CcEsar. Man\^ of the Roman 
 names were of a much less dignified origin than the 
 Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrowcr), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
 (Longnosed). 
 
 The Celtic and Teutonic names were originally 
 verv significant. Man^^ Avere derived from "God," as 
 Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
 Alfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 83 
 
 and nobility of birth, were the ori^^in of many names 
 still in use, as Hilclerbrand (the War Brand), Arnold 
 (Valiant Eagle) Osborn (God bear). After the intro- 
 duction of Christianity many of the old names were 
 superseded by those taken from the Scriptures. These 
 names in course of time became much altered; as for 
 example, Owen, Evan, and Eoghan are different 
 forms of Johann or John. A change of name was 
 sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
 Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
 first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
 man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after 
 at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, 
 he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
 And this was the case of Sir Francis Gawdye, late 
 Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
 name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of con- 
 firmation Francis; and that the name of Francis by 
 the advice of all the judges in anno 36, Henry VIII, 
 he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
 grants." Another instance is that of Henry HI of 
 France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
 land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
 in 1551; but at his confirmation in 1565 these 
 names were changed to Henri. 
 
 In Germany the names are mostly of Teutonic origin, 
 or connected with the early history of Christianity, 
 
 Double Christian names were not much in vogue 
 before the nineteenth century. A very early instance 
 is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
 mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
 Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
 George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and 
 Henry Frederick Th3mne, brother to Lord Wc}'- 
 mouth, 1682, are other examples, which might 
 easily be extended. 
 
84 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 In France and German^^ when surnames became 
 universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
 beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
 In Britain the Dc was not considered the test for no- 
 bility, for the names of some of the best families were 
 not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 
 
 SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY IN USE AT THE REFOR- 
 MATION. 
 
 It now remains simply to consider the state of 
 nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
 tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 MYSTERY NAMES. 
 
 The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
 familiarized to the English lower orders by the per- 
 formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
 der the supervision of the Church. To these pla3^s is 
 owed the early popularity of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
 Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
 son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
 But the Apocryphal names were not frequently used 
 until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
 found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
 Adcock and Adkin; Eve became Evott and Evett; 
 Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
 Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
 Dannet. 
 
 CRUSADE NAMES. 
 
 The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
 them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
 John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
 brought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
 mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 85 
 
 Baptist, the second Elias, the forerunner and bap- 
 tizer of Jesus Christ. Children were styled by these 
 incidents. Jordan became popular throughout Western 
 Europe. It gave to England, as already observed, 
 Judd, Judkin, Judson, Jordan and Jordanson, Elias, 
 as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequency, 
 and John for a while the first. 
 
 THE saint's calendar. 
 
 The legends of the saints were carefully taught 
 by the priesthood, and the day was as religiously ob- 
 served. All children born on these holy daj^s re- 
 ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
 James's Da}', or St. Nicholas's Day, or St. Thomas's 
 Da}', saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
 Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
 other cases the gossip had some favorite saint, and 
 placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
 course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
 of these hagiological names w^ere extra-Biblical — such 
 as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
 save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
 Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
 Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timothy were 
 also utilized, the former being always found as Pol. 
 
 FESTIVAL NAMES. 
 
 If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
 Christmas or Epiphany, like Robinson Crusoe's man 
 Friday, he received the name of the day. Hence our 
 once familiar names of Noel or Nowell, Pask or Pas- 
 cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany or Tiffany. 
 
 It will be observed that all these imply no direct 
 or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
 came through the Church. All, too, were in full tide 
 
86 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 of prosperity — with the single exeeption of Jordan, 
 whieh was nearl3^ obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
 into English and set up in the churches, became an 
 institution. The immediate result was that the old 
 Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
 Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
 received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
 Roger and Ralph. 
 
 The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
 English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
 be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
 tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
 years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
 surely, ever visited a nation's register before, nor can 
 such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
 effect. 
 
 THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 
 
 The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
 duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
 tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
 universal adoption of patron\'mics as single baptis- 
 mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
 1580. It became customary in highly placed families 
 to christen the eldest son by the name of the landed 
 estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
 mon when the son succeeded to propert}' through his 
 mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
 tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
 mal names, this custom ceased; and the boy or girl, 
 as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
 Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patron^-mic 
 that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
 the name would be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
 year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
 the present list of treble names are thus formed. 
 
88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. • 
 
 Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
 century, no material chan<?e in the desiijnations of 
 Englishmen had occurred since the days of the earlier 
 Edwards, when surnames were generalh' adopted. 
 John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
 Barr, and Roger atte H\'lle had softened to Roger 
 Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
 and a single surname had been maintained through- 
 out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
 a second personal name occurs, though but ver^- rarely. 
 The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
 Continent, ^vhere it seems to have originated among 
 the literati in imitation of the trianomina of antiquit^^ 
 The accession of the man3'-named house of Brunswick 
 may be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
 able; and during the last centur\^ it has become every 
 year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
 is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
 ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
 in America, as it is in France at the present day. 
 
 Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
 tury; that of the use of some farnih^ name as a bap- 
 tismal appellation, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Bosca'wen 
 Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
 other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
 tify the individual Avith the designation. The genealo- 
 gist will at once see its utility; and it is suggested to 
 parents the desirability of inserting the maternal fami- 
 ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
 surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henry Smith Brad- 
 ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
 the maiden famih' name of the wife to the surname 
 of the husljand ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
 Mary Bradshawe, the}" should thereupon \vrite them- 
 selves respectively Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
 Mary Bradshawe Htirrison. If Vanity unites in the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 89 
 
 same escutcheon the arms of the wife with those ot- 
 her lord, ought not Affection in Hke manner to blend 
 their names? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
 Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
 to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 
 
 In some districts, where a family name w^as orig- 
 inally applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
 Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
 garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
 about Lewes, Tra3^ton is fully as common as Samuel, 
 Nicholas, Alfred, or any name occupying the second 
 rank in point of frequenc}^ and onh^ less usual than 
 Henr\% William and John. In the sixteenth century a 
 familj' of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
 and continued to reside there for several successive 
 generations, during the latter part of which period 
 they became so popular that a host of children re- 
 ceived the baptismal name of Trayton in compliment 
 to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
 are at the present day scores of Tra^^tons, who have 
 neither any idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
 doubt of its being as orthodox as the very common 
 appellatives alluded to, 
 
 We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
 posed, cannot be altered at the option of the bearer, 
 as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
 tion of episcopal authority. Towards the close of the 
 eighteenth centur\^, Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
 name of William for that of Brooke, by license from the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury; but this is almost a solitary 
 instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarely 
 arises. Before the Reformation, the unauthorized change 
 of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
 in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
 on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
 fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 
 
90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 voluntarily changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
 infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
 Henry, for which she submitted to penance. " The 
 penanee enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
 famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
 Boxley, and to carry in procession on five Lord's days, 
 a lighted taper which she was to offer to the image 
 of the Blessed Virgin. 
 
 THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 
 
 There were no Scripture names in England when 
 the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandy 
 they had appeared but a generation or two before 
 William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
 lish period, they were undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
 adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
 equally unnoticed. 
 
 Before man3^ generations had passed, Bartholo- 
 mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
 and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
 tion; yet Domesday Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
 only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
 w'as not long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
 Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
 sexes, \'et Jack was from the bible and Jill from the 
 sainth' calendar. 
 
 Without entering into a deep discussion, it may 
 
 be said that the great mass of the old English names 
 
 had gone down before the j-ear 1200 had been reached. 
 
 Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 
 
 From the moment of William's edvcnt, the names of 
 
 the Normans began to prevail He brought in Bible 
 
 names, Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 
 
 The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
 peared. 
 
 A curious result quickly followed. From the year 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 91 
 
 1150 to 1550, four hundred years in round numbers, 
 there was a very much smaller dictionary of English 
 personal names than there had been for four hundred 
 years before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
 dred years since. The Norman list was really a small 
 one, and yet it took possession of the whole of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch. 
 In every community of one hundred Englishmen about 
 the year 1300, there would be an average of twenty 
 Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas, 
 Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
 from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, Guv, 
 Henry, Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
 Of female names, Matilda, Isabella and Emma were 
 first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
 Gillian came closely upon their heels. Behind these, 
 again, lollowed a fairlj^ familiar number of names of 
 either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the He- 
 brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
 when all told, not a large category. 
 
 This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
 not likely the full name would be used. Besides, there 
 might be two, or even three Johns in the same family. 
 So late as March, 1545, the will of John Parnell de 
 Gyrton runs: 
 
 "Alice, my wife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
 my farm together, till Old John marries ; Young John, 
 my son, shall have Brenlay's land plowed and sowed 
 at Old John's cost. " 
 
 The register of Rab}-, Leicestershire, has this entry : 
 
 "1559. Item: 29th day of August was John, 
 and John Picke, the children of Xtopher and Anne, 
 baptized. 
 
 "Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
 John were buried. " 
 
92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 Mr. Burns, who quotes these instances in his "His- 
 tory of Parish Registers," adds that at this same 
 time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
 Barker, and two daughters named Margaret Barker." 
 
 If the same famih^ had but one name for the house- 
 hold we may imagine the difficulty when this one name 
 was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
 cult}' was naturall}^ solved by, firstly, the adoption 
 of nick forms; secondly', the addition of pet desinences. 
 Thus Emma became b}- the one practice simple Emm, 
 by the other Emmott; and any number of boys in a 
 small community' might be entered in a register as 
 Bartholomew, and 3xt preserve their individuality in 
 work-a-day life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
 Batty, Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Tolly, 
 or Tholh'. In a w^ord, these several lorms of Bar- 
 tholomew w^ere treated as so man}^ separate proper 
 names. 
 
 It was, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
 English women to maintain their individuality on 
 these terms. Various methods to secure a personality 
 arose. The surname was adopted, and there were 
 John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
 and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
 the middle and lower classes these did not become 
 hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 
 
 This is easily proved. In the wardrobe accounts 
 for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items: 
 
 "John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
 points of silk pointed with agelettes laton. 
 
 "Jehn Carter, for carriage away of a grete loode 
 of robeux that was left in the strete. 
 
 "To a laborer called Rychard Gard3'ner for work- 
 ing in the gardyne. 
 
 "To Alice Shapster for making and washing xxiiii 
 sherts, and xxiii stomachers." Shapster is a feminine 
 
GENEALOGY. 93 
 
 form of Shapper or Shapcr — one who shaped or cut 
 out cloths for garments. 
 
 All these several individuals, having no particular 
 surname, took or received one from the occupation 
 they temporarily followed. 
 
 GENEALOGY. 
 
 None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
 that of Genealogy. Like all the others, though dry 
 and repellant at first, when perseveringly follow^ed out 
 it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
 ductive of great results. 
 
 An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
 families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
 preciation of history. In treating of persons who 
 have distinguished themselves in their country's an- 
 nals, not only are all those actions of their lives w^hich 
 have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
 they lived, or the well-being of the nation and com- 
 munity to which thc}^ belonged, to be considered, but 
 their own family and personal extraction, standing 
 and descent. 
 
 The genealogist confines himself to tracing family 
 lineages, or the course of succession in particular fami- 
 lies. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
 the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
 their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
 the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
 refer, and the description of the causes from which 
 they spring, as well as the consequences to which thev 
 lead. The sole purpose and pursuit of the historian 
 is to be able to show "Who is Who " and to distinguish 
 those who are somebod}^ from those who are nobody. 
 
 The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
 follows : 
 
94 HERALDRY. 
 
 All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
 stitute a family. 
 
 A series of persons so descended is called a line. 
 
 A line is either direct or collateral. 
 
 The direct line is divided into the ascending and 
 descending. 
 
 The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
 other ascendants not in a direct line are called ancestors. 
 
 The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
 descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
 Posterit^^ 
 
 The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
 in a common projenitor. 
 
 Some affect to hold in contempt the study of suc- 
 cession of families. Others undervalue it, v^^ithout being 
 fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 
 
 There are some people, says Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
 der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
 attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
 honors, and despise those who do. Perhaps they may 
 be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
 tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
 glory of children, " says the wisest of men, "are their 
 fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
 valued. 
 
 HERALDRY. 
 
 Heraldic devices, truly so called, made their first 
 appearance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
 century; and about one hundred years later Heraldry 
 became a science in high repute, without being able to 
 trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
 of those who first laid down its laws, or subsequently 
 promulgated them. The earliest Heraldic document of 
 which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 
 
HERALDRY. 95 
 
 arms, that is to say, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
 ings of the king of England, and the principal barons, 
 knights, etc., in the reign of Henry III; and, from in- 
 ternal evidence, supposed to have been originally com- 
 piled between the years 1240—1245. This transcript 
 was made by Glover, Somerset Herald, in 1586, and 
 is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
 to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
 nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no work 
 explanatory of the science has been yet discovered of 
 a period anterior to the reign of Edward IH. In the 
 reign of Henry III, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
 itary, marks of cadency distinguished the various 
 members of a family, and the maj ority of the present 
 Heraldic terms were already in existence. 
 
 THE USE OF ARMS 
 
 At that period was to distinguish ]3ersons and prop- 
 ertj', and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
 invention has yet been found to supersede it . For this 
 reason alone, as we have remarked elsewhere, of all 
 ancient usages it is one of the least likely to become 
 obsolete. Hundreds of persons may be entitled to the 
 same initials, may possess precisely the same name ; 
 but only the members of a particular family can \ayv- 
 fully bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
 branches of that family have their separate differences 
 to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
 centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
 founder or ancient possessor, may be ascertained at 
 the present da}-, through the accidental preservation 
 of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile ; 
 and the careful study of early rolls of arms enables 
 the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
 family connections, of which no Avritten record has 
 been found; and thereby not only to complete the 
 
96 HERALDRY. 
 
 very imperfect genealogies of many of the bravest and 
 wisest of English nobility and gentry-, but also to ac. 
 count for sundry- acts, both public and private, the 
 motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
 gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 
 
 VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 
 
 Arms are not only granted to individuals and fam- 
 ilies, but also to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
 societies. 
 
 Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
 arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they 
 govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
 State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
 Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
 Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
 by a change of cU'nasty. 
 
 Arms of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
 inces, or territories to which a prince or lord has some 
 claim, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
 doms or territories are governed b3' a foreign king or 
 lord ; thus the Kings of England for manj- ages quar- 
 tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
 descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
 dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 
 
 Arms of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns 
 as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinar3^ ser- 
 vice. All arms granted to subjects \vere originally 
 conceded by the Sovereign. 
 
 Arms of Community are those of bishoprics, cities, 
 universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 
 
 Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
 inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their family arms 
 as a, token of their superiority^, right jurisdiction. 
 
HERALDRY. 97 
 
 Arms of Famih', or paternal arms, are such as are 
 hereditary and belong to one particular family', which 
 none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
 so without rendering themselves guilty of a breach of 
 the laws of honor, punishable by the Earl Marshal 
 and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
 however, become so common that little notice is taken 
 of it at the present time. 
 
 Arms of Alliance are those gained by marriage. 
 
 Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
 those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
 or donation. 
 
 THE SHIELD. 
 
 The shield contains the field or ground whereon 
 are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
 of arms. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 
 
 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Within the past few 3'ears there has been a remark- 
 able movement in the United States, which has re- 
 sulted in the formation of many patriotic hereditary 
 societies of large membership, with chapters in every 
 State in the Union, Those only are eligible to mem- 
 bership who can prove their descent from an ancestor 
 of Colonial or Revolutionary times, trom an officer or 
 soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
 in the Mayflower, an early Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
 These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
 together, and organize them in an effective way for 
 acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
 religious or related to party politics. The general so- 
 ciety from its headquarters issues charters to branch 
 societies in the different States. Each State society 
 forms an organized group of persons well known to 
 each other, bj^ name at least, and often personally. 
 
 Certain of these societies have been very active in 
 preserving old monuments, buildings, landmarks and 
 historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
 ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
 battles or the graves of Revolutionary soldiers. Others 
 have founded prizes to be given annually to school 
 children for essays on events in American history. 
 Others, again, formally celebrate the nation's anni- 
 versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
 research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
 vidual desire in a common loyalty. There are proba- 
 bly too many such organizations at present, and more 
 are forming. The weaker societies will, however, die ; 
 and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
 ation of their members. 
 
100 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
 from some ancestor, geneaology has been powerfully 
 stimulated, and thousands of family records have been 
 examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
 Revolutionary history has been studied in its details, 
 Avhich is the onh' way to fully realize it. The men of 
 to-daj' have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
 lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
 will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
 and they will be face to face with high standards of 
 duty and effort. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 
 
 Instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
 of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, who served 
 the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
 April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF AJNIERICAN WARS, 
 
 Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
 of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
 officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
 and of the Civil War. 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 
 
 AMERICA , 
 
 Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
 United States who is llneall}^ descended in the male 
 line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
 any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
 intermediate ancestors jidhered as patriots to the cause 
 of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 
 
 Instituted in 1783 is composed of descendants of offi- 
 cers of the Revolutionary army, usually the eldest male 
 direct descendant. 
 
 THE AZTEC CLUB, 
 
 Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
 cers of the army who served in Mexico, usually the eld- 
 est male direct descendant. 
 
 THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in 
 the War of the Rebellion, and of their eldest direct male 
 lineal descendants. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 
 
 Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
 sailors of the War of 1812. 
 
 THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the navy who 
 have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
 and also to enlisted men who have received a Medal 
 of Honor from the United States for bravery. 
 
 THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 Instituted in 1875, must prove their descent from a Rev- 
 olutionary ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
 is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
 these two large societies will be consolidated. 
 
 THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 
 
 Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
 descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
 1675. 
 
102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
 ^vho came to America before 1787. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
 from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
 the colonies previous to 1750. 
 
 There are various other societies for women, of 
 which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
 erican Revolution, founded in 1890; and Daughters of 
 the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
 society of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
 in 1895. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 
 
 Organized in 1894, includes male and female descend- 
 ants of the passengers of the Maj^flower (1620). 
 
 MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 
 
 The one decoration that is given by the government 
 of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which \vas 
 authorized by acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
 be awarded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
 "gallantry'- in action and soldier-like equalities during the 
 present insurrection." It has been bestowed onh- for 
 conspicuous services. For example the Twentj^-seventh 
 Regiment of Maine Infantry' was present on the field 
 where the battle of Gettysburg was fought, and its term 
 of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
 volunteered to remain on the field and fight the battle; 
 and for this gallant conduct a medal ^vas awarded to 
 each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
 awarded by the government and it is highh^ prized. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN 
 
 103 
 
 FORE-NAMES OE MEN. 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Aaron : Lofty ; inspired. 
 
 Abdiel ; The servant of God. 
 
 Abel : Breath, vanity. 
 
 Abiathar: Father of plenty. 
 
 Abiel: Father of strength. 
 
 Abiezer: Father of help. 
 
 Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
 father. 
 
 Abner: Father of light. 
 
 Abraham: Father of a multitude. 
 
 Abram: Father of elevation. 
 
 Absalom: Father of peace. 
 
 Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 
 
 Adiel: The ornament of God. 
 
 Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
 soft. 
 
 Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
 i.e., noble hero. 
 
 Adoniram: Lord of height. 
 
 Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 
 
 Albert: Nobly bright, illustrious. 
 
 Alexander: A defender of men. 
 
 Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Algernon: With whiskers. 
 
 Allan: Corruption of ^lienus. 
 
 Almon: Hidden. 
 
 Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 
 
 Alpheus: Exchange. 
 
 Alphonso: All-ready; willing. 
 
 Alvah, or Alvan : Iniquity. 
 Alvin or Alwin: Beloved by all. 
 Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
 ised. 
 Amasa: A burden. 
 Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 
 Ammi: My people. 
 Amos: Strong; courageous. 
 Andrew: Strong, manly. 
 
 Andronicus: A conqueror of men- 
 Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 
 
 man, 
 Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 
 
 praiseworthy. 
 Apollos: Of Apollo. 
 Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
 Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 
 
 holy prince. 
 Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 
 
 God. 
 Aristarchus: A good prince. 
 Arnold: Strong as an eagle, 
 Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 
 
 Minerva. 
 Arthur: High, noble. 
 Asa: Healer; physician. 
 Asahel : Made of God. 
 Asaph: A collector. 
 Asarelah: Upright to God. 
 Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
 Asher: Happy, fortunate. 
 Ashur: Black, blackness. 
 Athanasius: Immortal, 
 Athelstan: Noble stone. 
 Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
 Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 
 
 Belonging to Augustus. 
 Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
 Aurelius: Golden, 
 Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 
 
 Baldwin : Bold, courageous friend. 
 
 Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 
 
 Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
 blessed, 
 
 Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 
 
 Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
 solation. 
 
104 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Bartholomew: A warlike son. 
 Barzillai: Iron of the Lord; firm; 
 
 true. 
 Basil: Kingly; royal. 
 Benedict: Blessed. 
 Benjamin: Son of the right hand. 
 Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. 
 Beriah: In calamity. 
 Bernard: Bold as a bear, 
 Bertram: Bright raven. 
 Bethuel: Man of God. 
 Bezaleel: In the shadow of God. 
 Boniface: A benefactor. 
 Brian: Strong. 
 Bruno: Brown. 
 
 Cadwallader: Battle-arranger. 
 
 Caesar: Hairy; or blue-eyed. 
 
 Cain: Gotten, or acquired. 
 
 Caleb: A dog. 
 
 Calvin: Bald. 
 
 Cecil: Dim-sighted. 
 
 Cephas: A stone. 
 
 Charles: Strong; manly; noble- 
 spirited. 
 
 Christian: A believer in Christ, 
 
 Christopher: Bearing Christ. 
 
 Clarence: Illustrious. 
 
 Claudius, or Claude: Lame. 
 
 Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful, 
 
 Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. 
 
 Constant: Firm, faithful. 
 
 Constantine: Resolute, firm. 
 
 Cornelius: Horn. 
 
 Crispin, Crispus, or Crispian: Hav- 
 ing curly hair. 
 
 Cuthbert: Noted splendor, 
 
 Cyprian: Of Cyprus. 
 
 Cyril: Lordly, 
 
 Cyrus: The sun, 
 
 Dan: A judge, 
 
 Daniel: A divine judge. 
 
 Darius; Perserver. 
 
 David: Beloved. 
 Demetrius: Belonging to Ceres. 
 Denis, or Dennis: Same Dionysius. 
 Dexter: The right hand. 
 Dionysius: Belonging to Dionysos, 
 
 or Bacchus the god of wine. 
 Donald: Proud chief. 
 Duncan: Brown chief, 
 
 Eben: A stone. 
 
 Ebenezer: The stone of help. 
 
 Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 
 
 property. 
 Edmund: Defender of property. 
 Edward: Guardian of property. 
 Edwin: Gainer of property. 
 Egbert: The sword's brightness; 
 
 famous with the sword. 
 Elbert: Same as Albert. 
 Eldred: Terrible. 
 
 Eleazer: To whom God is a help. 
 Eli: A foster son. 
 Eliab: God is his father. 
 Eliakim: Whom God sets up, 
 Elias: The same as Elijah. 
 Elihu: God the Lord. 
 Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 
 Eliphalet: God of salvation. 
 Elisha: God my salvation, 
 Elizur: God is my rock. 
 Ellis: A variation of Elisha. 
 Elmer: Noble, excellent. 
 EInathan: God gave. 
 Emmanuel: God with us. 
 Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 
 
 ful, rich. 
 Eneas: Praised, commended. 
 Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated. 
 Enos: Man. 
 
 Ephraim: Very fruitful. 
 Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 
 
 loved. 
 Erastus: Lovelv, amiable. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 105 
 
 Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. 
 Eriiest, Ernestus: Earnest. 
 Esau: Covered with hair. 
 Ethan: Firmness, strength. 
 Eugene: Well-born ; noble. 
 Eusebius: Pious, godly. 
 Eustace: Healthv, strong; standing 
 
 firm. 
 Evan: Same as John. 
 Everard: Strong as a wild boar. 
 Ezekiel: Strength of God. 
 Ezra: Help. 
 
 Felix: Happy; prosperous. 
 Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, 
 
 valiant. 
 Festus: Joyful, glad. 
 Francis: Free. 
 Frank, Franklin: Contraction of 
 
 Francis. 
 Frederic or Frederick: Abounding 
 
 in peace, peaceful ruler. 
 
 Gabriel: Man of God. 
 Gad: A troop, or company, 
 Gaius: Rejoiced. 
 Gamaliel: Recompense of God. 
 Geoffrey: vSame as Godfrey. 
 George: A landholder, husband- 
 man. 
 Gerald: Strong with the spear. 
 Gershom: An exile. 
 Gideon: A destroyer. 
 Gilbert: Yellow-bright; famous. 
 Giles: A kid. 
 Given: Gift of God. 
 Goddard: Pious, virtuous. 
 Godfrey: At peace with God. 
 Godwin: Good in war. 
 Gregory: Watchful, 
 Griffith: Having great faith. 
 Gustavus: A warrior, hero. 
 Guy: A leader. 
 
 Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 
 
 Harold: A champion; general of 
 an army. 
 
 Heman: Faithful. 
 
 Henry: The head or chief of a 
 house. 
 
 Herbert: Glory of the army. 
 
 Hercules; Lordly fame. 
 
 Herman: A warrior. 
 
 Hezekiah: Strength ai the Lord. 
 
 Hilary: Cheerful, merry. 
 
 Hillel: Praise. 
 
 Hiram: Most noble. 
 
 Homer: A pledge, security. 
 
 Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
 worthy to be loved. 
 
 Hosea: Salvation. 
 
 Howell: Sound, whole. 
 
 Hubert: Bright in spirit; soul- 
 bright. 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul. 
 
 Humphrey : Protector of the home. 
 
 Ichabod: The glory is departed. 
 Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 
 Immanuel: Same as Emmanuel. 
 Increase: Increase of faith. 
 Ingram: Raven, 
 Inigo: Same as Ignatius (Spanish 
 
 form). 
 Ira: Watchful. 
 Isaac: Laughter. 
 Isaian: Salvation of the Lord, 
 Israel: A soldier of God. 
 Ishmael: Afflicted her. 
 Ithiel: God is with me. 
 Ivan: Same as John (Russian 
 
 form), 
 
 Jabez: He will cause pain. 
 Jacob: A supplanter. 
 Jairus: He will enlighten. 
 James: Same as Jacob. 
 
106 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Japheth: Enlargement. 
 Jared: Descent. 
 _ason: A healer. 
 Jasper: Treasure master. 
 Javan: Clay, supple. 
 Jsdediah: Beloved of the Lord. 
 Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
 Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: 
 
 Exalted of the Lord. 
 Jerome: Holy name. 
 Jesse: Wealth. 
 Jesus: Same as Joshua. 
 Joab: Jehovah is his father. 
 Job: Afflicted, persecuted. 
 Joel: The Lord is God. 
 John: The gracious gift of God. 
 Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. 
 Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah. 
 Joseph: He shall add. 
 "oshua: The Lord is welfare, 
 Josiah or Josias: Given of the 
 
 Lord, 
 fotham: The Lord is upright. 
 Judah: Praised. 
 Julian: Sprung from, or belonging 
 
 to Julius. 
 Julius: Soft-haired, 
 Justin, or Justus: Just. 
 
 Kenelm: A defender of his kindred, 
 Kenneth: A leader, commander. 
 
 Laban: White, 
 
 Lambert: Illustrious with landed 
 possessions. 
 
 Lancelot: A little angel; other- 
 wise a little lance or warrior; or 
 a servant. 
 
 Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned 
 with laurel. 
 
 Lazarus: God will help. 
 
 Leander: Lion man, 
 
 Lebbeus: Praise. 
 
 Lemuel: Created by God, 
 
 Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 
 lion. 
 
 Leonldas: Lion-like, 
 
 Leopold: Bold for the people. 
 
 Levi: Adhesion, 
 
 Lewis: Bold warrior, 
 
 Linus: P laxen-haired, 
 
 Lionel: Young lion. 
 
 Lewellyn: Lightning. 
 
 Loammi: Not my people. 
 
 Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 
 Lewis. 
 
 Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
 ish and Italian form). 
 
 Lot: A veil, covering. 
 
 Louis: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Lubin: Beloved friend. 
 
 Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 
 from Lucius. 
 
 Lucius: Born at break of day, 
 
 Ludovic: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Luke: Light-giving, 
 
 Luther: Illustrious warrior. 
 
 Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 
 
 Madoc: Good, beneficent. 
 Malaohi: Messenger of the Lord. 
 Manasseh: Forgetfulness, 
 Marcellus: Diminutive of Marcus] 
 Marcius: Same as Marcus, 
 Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 
 wise, a male, or sprung from 
 Mars. 
 Marmaiuke: A mighty noble. 
 Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 
 Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 
 Matthias: Gift of the Lord, 
 Maurice: Corruption of Amabuc. 
 (himmelreich); the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 
 anus. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 107 
 
 Meredith: Sea-protector. 
 Micah: Who is like the Lord? 
 Michael: Who is like to God? 
 Miles: A soldier. 
 Morgan: A seaman, a dweller on 
 
 the sea. 
 Moses: Drawn out of the water. 
 
 Naaman: Pleasantness. 
 Nahum: Consolation. 
 Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. 
 Nathan: Given, a gift. 
 Nathanael, or Nathaniel: The gift 
 
 of God. 
 Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy; 
 
 otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
 Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
 Nicholas or Nicolas: Victory of 
 
 the people. 
 Noah: Rest, comfort. 
 Noel: (Dies Natalis) Christmas; 
 
 Born on Christmas Day. 
 Norman: A Northman, native of 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. 
 
 Obed: Serving God. 
 
 Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- 
 born. 
 
 Oliver: An olive tree. 
 
 Orestes: A mountaineer. 
 
 Orlando: Same as Rowland, 
 
 Oscar: Bounding warrior. 
 
 Osmond or Osmund: Protection 
 of God. 
 
 Oswald or Oswold: Power of God. 
 
 Owen: Lamb, otherwise, young 
 warrior. 
 
 Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 
 
 Patrick: Noble; a patrician. 
 Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- 
 Peleg: Division. 
 Peregrine: A stranger. 
 
 Peter: A rock. 
 Philander: A lover of men. 
 Philemon: Loving, friendly. 
 Philip: A lover of horses. 
 Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 
 
 brass. 
 Pius: Pious, dutiful. 
 Polycarp: Much fruit. 
 Ptolemy: Mighty in war. 
 
 Quintin: The fifth. 
 
 Ralph: Same as Rodolphus. 
 Randal: House-wolf. 
 Raphael: The healing of God. 
 Raymond, or Raymund: Wise pro 
 
 tection. 
 Reginald: Strong ruler. 
 Reuben: Behold, a son. 
 Reuel: Friend of God. 
 Reynold: Same as Reginald. 
 Richard: Rich-hearted, powerful. 
 Robert: bright in fame. 
 Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 
 
 fame. 
 Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 
 
 wolf or hero. 
 Roger: Famous with the spear. 
 Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 
 
 land, 
 Rudolph or Rudolphus: Variations 
 
 of Rodolphus. 
 Rufus; Red, red-haired. 
 Rupert: Same as Robert. 
 
 Salmon: Shady. 
 
 Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 
 
 sun, great joy and felicity. 
 Samuel: Heard of God; asked for 
 
 of God. 
 Saul: Asked for. 
 Seba: Eminent. 
 
 Sebastian: Venerable, reverend. 
 Septimus: The seventh born. 
 
108 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- 
 ful. 
 
 Seth: Appointed. 
 
 Shadrach: Rejoicing in the way. 
 
 Sigismund: Conquering, protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Silas: A contraction of Silvanus. 
 
 Silvanus: Living in a wood. 
 
 Silvester: Bred in the country 
 rustic. 
 
 Simeon, Simon: Hearing with ac- 
 ceptance. 
 
 Solomon: Peaceable. 
 
 Stephen: A crown. 
 
 Swithin: Strong friend. 
 
 Sylvanus: Same as Silvanus. 
 
 Sylvester: Same as Silvester. 
 
 Tertius: the third born. 
 Thaddeus: The wise. 
 Theobald: Bold for the people. 
 Theodore: The gift of God. 
 Theodoric: Powerful among the 
 
 people. 
 Theophilus: A lover of God. 
 Theron: A hunter. 
 Thomas: A twin. 
 Timothy: Fearing God. 
 Titus: Honorable. 
 Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished 
 
 of the Lord, 
 Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- 
 - choly, sorrowful, sad. 
 Tybalt: Same as Theobald. 
 
 Ulysses: A hater. 
 
 Urban: Of the town; courteous; 
 
 polished. 
 Uriah: Light of the Lord. 
 Urian: A husbandman. 
 Uriel: Light of God. 
 
 Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
 erful. 
 Vicesimus: The twentieth born. 
 Victor: A conqueror. 
 Vincent: Conquering. 
 Vivian: Lively. 
 
 Walter: Ruling the roast. 
 
 William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 
 met of resolution; defence; pro- 
 tector. 
 
 Winfred: Win-peace. 
 
 Zabdiel: Gift of God. 
 
 Zaccheus: Innocent, pure. 
 
 Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 
 bered of the Lord. 
 
 Zadok: Just. 
 
 Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 
 Lord. 
 
 Zebina: Bought. 
 
 Zebulon: Dwelling. 
 
 Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 
 
 Zelotes: A zealot. 
 
 Zei.as: Gift of Jupiter. 
 
 Zephaniah: Hid of the LoreL 
 
FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 109 
 
 FORE-NAMES OE WOMEN. 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Abigail : My father's joy. Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz- 
 
 Achsa: Anklet. abeth. 
 
 Ada: The same as Edith. Benedicta; Feminine of Benedic- 
 
 Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of tus. 
 
 noble birth, a princess. Bertha: Bright; beautiful. 
 
 Agatha: Good, kind. Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 
 
 Agnes: Chaste, pure. Blanch, or Blanche: White. 
 
 Alberta: Feminine of Albert. Bona: Good. 
 
 Alethea: Truth. Bridget: Strength, 
 
 Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
 nine of Alexander. Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
 Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. Caroline: Femmine of Carolus or 
 Almira: Lofty; a princess. Charles. 
 
 Althea: A healer. Cassandra: One who inflames with 
 
 Amabel: Loveable. love. 
 
 Amanda: Worthy to be loved. Catharina, Catharine, or Catherine 
 
 Amelia: Busy, energetic. Pure. 
 
 Amy: Beloved. Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine Oi. 
 
 Angelica, Angelina: Lovely, an- Cecil. 
 
 gelic, Celestine: Heavenly. 
 
 Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. Celia: Feminine of Coelus, 
 
 Annabella: Feminine of Hannibal. Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 
 Annette: Variation of Anne. Chloe: A green herb; blooming. 
 
 Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- Christiana, or Christma: Feminme 
 
 nia. of Christianus. 
 
 Antonia,or Antonina: Inestimable. Cicely: A variation of Celia. 
 Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise, Clara: Bright, illustrious. 
 
 corruption of Orabllia, a praying Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 
 woman. Clara. 
 
 Ariana: A corruption of Ariadne. Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 
 Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. Clementina, orClementme; Mild, 
 Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius. gentle. 
 
 Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; Constance: Firm, constant. 
 
 brilliant. Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 
 
 Azubah; Deserted. Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 
 
 Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 
 Barbara: Foreign ; strange. Cynthus. 
 
 Beatrice,6r Beatrix : Making happy. 
 
110 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Deborah: A bee, 
 
 Delia: of Delos. 
 
 Diana: Goddess. 
 
 Diantha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 
 
 Dinah: Judged. 
 
 Dora: A variation of Dorothea, 
 
 Dorcas: A gazelle. 
 
 Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 
 
 Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 
 
 God. 
 Drusilla: Dew watered. 
 
 Edith: Happiness; otherwise rich 
 gift. 
 
 Edna: Pleasure. 
 
 Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; same as 
 Helen. 
 
 Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eliza: Wor- 
 shiper of God; consecrated to 
 God. 
 
 Ella: A contraction of Eleanor. 
 
 Ellen: A diminutive of Eleanor, 
 
 Elvira: White. 
 
 Emeline, or Emmeline: Energetic, 
 industrious. 
 
 Emily, or Emma: Same as Eme- 
 line. 
 
 Ernestine: feminine and diminu- 
 tive. 
 
 Esther: A star; good fortune. 
 
 Ethelind, or Ethelinda: Noble 
 snake, 
 
 Eudora: Good gift. 
 
 Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 
 Eugene. 
 
 Eulalia: Fair speed. 
 
 Eunice: Happy victory. 
 
 Euphemia: Of good report. 
 
 Eva: Same as Eve. 
 
 Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 
 
 Eve: Life. 
 
 Evelina, or Eveline: Diminutive 
 of Eva, 
 
 Fanny: Diminutive of Frances, 
 
 Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 
 
 Felicia: Happiness. 
 
 Fidelia: Faithful. 
 
 Flora: Flowers; goddess of flowers 
 
 and spring. 
 Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
 Frances: Feminine of Francis. 
 Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 
 
 Georgiana, orGeorgina: Feminine 
 
 of George. 
 Geraldine: Feminine of Gerald. 
 Gertrude: Spear-maiden. 
 Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
 Griselda: Stone; heroine. 
 
 Hannah: Same as Anna. 
 
 Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine of 
 
 Henry. 
 Helen, or Helena: Light. 
 Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 
 
 of Henry. 
 Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
 Heiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther, 
 Hilaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
 Honora, or Honorfa: Honorable. 
 Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
 Huldah: A weasel. 
 
 Ida: Happy. 
 Inez: Same as Agnes. 
 Irene: Peaceful. 
 
 Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
 Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
 Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 
 
 as Jane or Joan. 
 Jemima: A dove. 
 Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
 Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 
 
 of John, 
 
PORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 
 
 of Joseph, 
 Joyce: Sportive 
 Judith: Praised. 
 Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
 Juliana: Feminine of Julian. 
 Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
 Justina: Feminine of Justin. 
 
 Katharine, or Katherine: Same as 
 
 Catharine. 
 Keturah: Incehse. 
 Keziah: Cassia. 
 
 Laura: A laurel. 
 
 Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 
 
 Lavinia: Of Latium. 
 
 Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 
 
 Letitia: Happiness. 
 
 Leitice: A variation of Letitia. 
 
 Lillian, or Lilj: A lily. 
 
 Lois: Good; desirable. 
 
 Lorinda: A variation of Laurinda. 
 
 Louisa, or Louise: Feminine of 
 Louis. 
 
 Lucia: Same as Lucy. 
 
 Lucinda: Same as Lucy. 
 
 Lucrece, or Lucretia: Gain; other- 
 wise, light. 
 
 Lucy: Feminine of Lucius. 
 
 Lydia: A native of Lydia. 
 
 Mabel: A contraction of Amabel. 
 Madeline: French form of Magde- 
 
 lene. 
 Magdalene: A native of Magdala. 
 Marcella: Feminine of Marcellus. 
 Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
 Margaret: A pearl. 
 Maria: Same as Mary. 
 Marianne: A compound of Mary 
 
 and Anne. 
 
 Marion: A French form of Mary. 
 
 Martha: The ruler of the house; 
 other wise, sorrowful, melancholy. 
 
 Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
 bellion; or, star of the east. 
 
 Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
 tle-maid; heroine. 
 
 Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
 or Madalene. 
 
 May: Month of May; or Mary. 
 
 Mehetabel, Mehitabel: Benefited 
 of God. 
 
 Melicent: Sweet-singer ; otherwise 
 working strength. 
 
 Melissa: A bee, 
 
 Mildred: Mild threatener. 
 
 Miranda: Admirable. 
 
 Miriam: Same as Mary. 
 
 Myra: She who weeps or laments. 
 
 Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
 Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
 Honora; and of Leonora. 
 
 Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
 Olive, or Olivia: An olive. 
 Ophelia: A serpent. 
 Olympia: Heavenly. 
 
 Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: Femi- 
 nine of Paulus or Paul. 
 Penelope: A weaver. 
 Persis: A Persian woman. 
 Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant^ 
 Philippa: Feminine of Philip. 
 Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough. 
 Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
 Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
 Prudence: In Latin Prudentia. 
 
 Rachel: An ewe. 
 
 Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
 ing beauty. 
 Rhoda: A rose. 
 Rosa: A rose. 
 
W- -> -.;/'A.cii*i*«-'»-— •-**-^^ 
 
 
 kAJUbi, 
 
A. 
 
 PATERNAL HEAD [ ajjd materia at. ] qE THE IIOLISEHOT D. 
 
 My full name is: 
 
 Place of my hirfh : 
 
 Date of mil birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 
 fSS' Information of ray forefathers given on payes B, D, F. 
 
 Place of my marriage : Date of my marnape : 
 
 Full maiden name of my wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 
 SS' Information of h&r forefathers given on pages C, E, G. 
 
 Christian Names of Our Children: 
 
 Jst Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 ^farried to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Dird: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died : 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 4th Child 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born • 
 
 - Pip-I: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 #jr'When married further information given on pages H, I. J. 
 
B. 
 
 MY PARENTS. 
 
 My father's full name is: 
 
 ^l^!:i.9f.M?l}J:!A:. ^aie of his hirih : 
 
 f^esidence: Occupation: 
 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 ^l^S.L^L!'J.?Ai^.!A\. ^ate of his death : 
 
 /Ikf Information of his forefatliers g^iven on page D. 
 
 Place of their marriage : Date of their marriage : 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 
 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Place of her death : Date of her death : 
 
 i8S~ Information of her forefathers given on page F. 
 
 Christian Names of Tiielr Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 Jst Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of niarriaere: 
 I 
 
 2nd Child: Married to : 
 
 Born: Died: Date of ninrrintre: 
 
 3rd Child: .Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriapo: 
 
 ith Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 6th Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Dite of marriage: 
 
c. 
 
 MY WIFE'S PARENTS. 
 
 Mil wife's fathefs full name is: 
 
 Place of his birth : Date of his birth : 
 
 Residence : Occupation : 
 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Place of h is dea th : Da te of h is dea th : 
 
 4®" laformation of his forefathers g-iven on page E. 
 
 Place of their marriage : Date of their majrifigej. 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : P.l^L9l.J}.^LP.!Li^..i. 
 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Place of her death : P^.^.L^f.A^lA^.^JA: 
 
 ■ Information of her forefathers given on pag-e G. 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 1st Child: ^HJ.MJ.9.:.. 
 
 Born: Died: ..^^*?..9.t..™.^r.r.'.^?.^A 
 
 2nd Child: K^JjMl^:.. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 3rd Child: ¥3nM.l'^.:. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 Mh Child: E^JjMJ.9i 
 
 Born : D ied : Date of marriage; 
 
 5th Child: ^^.UMJ.^:.. 
 
 Born: Died: ^^*?..?.L'?.?r.f.-^?.^.". 
 
 6tn Child: ^f^UMJli 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
D. 
 
 MY FATHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 My Father's father's full name is: 
 
 Place of his birth: 
 
 Date of his birth: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 His father's full name was: 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Place of his death: 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 Place of their marriage : 
 
 Date of their marriage : 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's full name iras: 
 
 Her mother's full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of her death : 
 
 Date of her death: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Dlrd: 
 
 Date of niarriatre: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriafre: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of rtiarriajre: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marrincre: 
 
 SthChild: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Marri'-d to: 
 
 Date of marriacre: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
E. 
 
 MY WIFE'S FATHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 Mil wife's Father s fa f Iter's full name is: 
 
 PJaee ofhlsUrth: 
 
 Date of his birth: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 His father s fittl name /ras: 
 
 His mother'' s futl maiden name was: 
 
 Place of h is dea th : 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 Place of their marriaqe : 
 
 Da te of their marriage : 
 
 Futl maiden name of his wife: 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's full name was: 
 
 
 Place of her death: 
 
 Date of her death: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children : 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: . D'lPd: 
 
 Date of marriaere: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 3rd Cliild: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriapre: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
F. 
 
 MY MOTHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 My Mother's father's full name is: 
 
 Place of his 
 
 birth: 
 
 
 Bate of his birth: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 ffis father's 
 
 full name was 
 
 . 
 
 
 His mother\ 
 
 f full maiden name was: 
 
 
 Place of his 
 
 death: 
 
 
 Bate of his death: 
 
 Place of their marriage: 
 
 
 Date of their niarridfje: 
 
 Full maiden 
 
 name of his wife: 
 
 
 Place of her birth : 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's 
 
 full name was 
 
 . 
 
 
 Her mother's full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of her death: 
 
 
 Bate of her death : 
 
 
 Christian Names of Th 
 1st Child: 
 
 eir Children: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriaere: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriag-e: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriau'e: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born : 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
G. 
 
 MY WIFE'S MOTHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 Mil wife's Mother's father's full name is: 
 
 Place of his birth : 
 
 Date of his birth: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 His father's full name was: 
 
 
 * 
 
 Place of his death: 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 
 Date of their marriage: 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's full name was: 
 
 
 Place of her death : 
 
 Date of her death: 
 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6fh Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
RECORD OF MY - 
 
 Mil -.. th ChilcVs full name is. 
 
 H. 
 
 -TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 
 
 Place of birth: 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 
 • 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 Full name to ichom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 
 Rosidence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 }f other's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Married: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag'e: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
RECORD Ol^ MY - 
 
 My th Child's full name is. 
 
 I. 
 
 TH CIIII^D'S MARRTAGK. 
 
 Place oflirtli: 
 
 Date of hirth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 Traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of marriage : 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 Ath Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
RECORD OF MY - 
 
 My — th Child's full name is. 
 
 J. 
 
 -Til CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 
 
 Place ofhirth: 
 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended : 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Place of marriage: 
 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 
 Date ofhirtli: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Orcu/jaiion: 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Th 
 1st Child: 
 
 eir Children: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 .Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriaee: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriagre: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 .Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriajre: 
 
 
 iih Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriayo: 
 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died : 
 
 Date of niarriatre: 
 
 
 Gth Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 
K. 
 
 RECORD Ol^^ MY - Til CIITT^D'S MARRTAGK, 
 
 Ml/ th Child's full name is: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth : 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc. . 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Fathef s full name : 
 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriafre: 
 
 mChild: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 Died: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 
 
 OR OTHER FACTS WHICH SHOULD BE RECORDED. 
 
/ 
 
/ 
 

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