s :'" i^r-»|«Wwlllw^M ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, AND THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS IN THE VARIOUS STATES HEARINGS BEFORE THE ti. COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON THE BILL H. R. 18005 APRIL 10, 1912 -1^ WASHINGTON OOVKUNMENT PRINTING OmCE 1913 0. OF 5 MAR 28 1915 , I - .\ V V s> V vo ^ >^'' C^»i ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, AND THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS IN THE VARIOUS STATES. Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, Washington, April 10, 1912. Hon. John Lamb (chairman) presiding. STATEMEIfT OF EEPRESEIirTATIVE JOHIf A. MAGUIRE, OF NEBRASKA. Mr. Maguire. Mr. Chairman, I wish to call up for a hearing before the committee at this time a bill which I introduced, H. R. 18005. Mr. W. R. Mellor, of Lincoln, Nebr., is here, and would like to be heard on the bill, and I feel that the committee would profit by listening to him. He is secretary of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture and also secretary of the National Association of State Fairs, and I know from his large and successful experience in managing State fairs that it will be a very great pleasure to listen to him. Before calling on Mr. Mellor I will make a few observations on the proposed legislation. Ihe bill is one providing that the Government shall appropriate for a building on each State fair grounds where the State itself through appropriation provides for the support of the State fair. I consider this a measure which will give a great impetus to the State exhibitions of not alone agricultural exhibits but exhibits of all kinds. The State fair in practically every State now has a permanent location with fixed plant and buildings, icr. l..'ellor and others associated with him had much to do with originating the ideas in the bill and much credit is due him for the program of education which he has carried on in promoting the proposed legislation. Fairs, State and county, are no longer limited by the original idea of an exhibit of farm products, but the exhibition is made up of every form of exhibits from the farm, factory, and mercantile establish- ments. In four or five days of a State fair quite a liberal education may be secured on what the progress of the year has brought for- ward, not alone in the State but in every line of human advancement over the whole country. A great meeting of this kind, with men from every part of the State, with the ideas and information gained and there exchanged for the information from every one else, certainly gives renewed inspiration to the people of the whole State. The benefits of such a meeting can not be fully calculated in tiie material and intellectual improvement of the State. The United States has expended millions in the past for the national and international exhibitions, when only a small fraction of the people 72066—13 3 4 ENCOUEAGEMENT OF AGRICULTUEE^ ETC. can attend, while in this measure, the United States is asked to cooperate with the States, on then' own fair grounds, in erecting somethino; permanent to aid in these exhibitions of material and educational development. Perhaps an average of 100,000 people annually attend each of these State fairs. We are moving in a line of agricultural extension and development very much these days. Not alone education and investigation, but demonstration as well is the keynote of our agricultural and material development. At no place is more of the field of demonstration apparent in all the lines of activity than at a well arranged and well managed State fair. Transportation facilities are now so complete and so well arranged in most of the States that attendance for a few days at a State fair becomes more and more a matter of recreation and schooling, w'ith but slight inconvenience and expense. I expect to do all possible to secure the consideration and passage of this bill, at an early date and have hopes that those interested will meet with success. Mr. Mellor comes to you from a large field of experience, and I will now yield to him. STATEMEI^T OF W. R. MELLOR, OF LIMCOLF, HEBR. Mr. Mellor. I realize we have but a few nhnutes to discuss this subject. Therefore I shall hold myself to the subject in hand. I do not know but what it will be advisable for me to take this time to read this bill. I presume some of you have read it. Still, if there is no objection, it will only take two minutes to read it. The bill is as follows : [H. R. 18005, Sixty-second Congress, second session.] A BILL To provide for the encouragement of agriculture, horticulture, and the industrial exhibits in the various States. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be, and hereby is, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $100,000, to be paid, as hereinafter provided, to each State for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the agricultural, horticultural, and industrial interests therein by means of the con- struction and erection of a suitable building to be used solely for the display of agri- culture, horticulture, machinery, or industrial exhibits. Sec. 2. That the appropriation herein made shall iniue only to the use of those States which now or hereafter shall by statute recognize and make appropriation toward the establishment and support of a State fair or exposition upon land owned by and under control of the State or a State board created by legislative enactment, and no money shall be paid out under this act to any State failing to comply with the above provisions. Sec. 3. That upon proof satisfactory to the Secretary of the Treasmy being fur- nished by the governor of any State that said State has complied with the provisions of this act and is entitled to the use and enjoyment of said appropriation, the same shall then be paid by the Secretary of the Treasury out of the Treasury of the United States to the State treasurer of such State, who shall receive and set the same aside as a fund to be expended solely for the purpose provided for in this act. Sec. 4. That the appropriation herein made shall be expended for the pm-pose designated in this act within two years after the receipt thereof by the State accepting the same, and said building shall be completed within two years. A full and com- plete report of said building, setting forth the expenditures in detail, shall be made by the governor of said State upon completion of said building, one copy of which report shall be filed with the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States and one copy with the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 5. That the Government of the United States hereby reserves not to exceed twenty per centum of the space within said building so erected for departrnental exhibits, providing not less than thirty days' notice is given prior to the opening of said fair or exposition. Sec 6. That the appropriation authorized by this act is made subject to the legis- lative assent of the several States to the piu-poses of this act. ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGEICULTUKE, ETC. 5 Now, in order to expedite matters, I will just state my position in concise terms. Mr. Talcott. The idea of the bill is to appropriate $100,000 to each State ? Mr. Mellor. Yes, sir. Mr. Talcott. Not annual appropriation, but just once ? Mr. Mellor. Just once. Mr. Talcott. At one time ? Mr. Mellor. Yes. Mr. Maguire. You have some statistical data from different States to be distributed. The members of the committee might get a little idea from that data, just the importance of the various State fairs, and more particularly the business condition and standing of each. Mr. Mellor. I have a few here. One of the questions for this congressional Committee on Agri- culture to determine is the advisability for granting its support to the provisions of House bill 18005. By some this bill is considered a radical diversion from accustomed methods of agricultural education, but radical diversions are sometimes productive of much good and are but steps used in the progression of the human race. That to which we were accustomed years ago is now often considered obso- lete and not for the best interests of the people. Undoubtedly you will l)e uiterested in hearing some of our reasons why we think this bill should receive your favorable consideration and support. The State fair is recognized as a beneficial institution in a great number of our States, and as such receive legislative support. Some of the causes for such action are that no single institution of learn- ing has contributed to such a great extent in accenuating the desire for pedigreed stock as has the State, district, and county fair. Here are seen the best type of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine — the fin- ished product, for which every farmer is striving to attain. Here are seen the best fowls for farm use, the best products of the soil, the best methods of cultivation, the best arrangement for farm buildings and fields, the best methods of rotation of crops, the balanced ration for feeding, the various methods for the water supply, and the best lighting plant, and many other educational features. Here, also, is seen all kinds of farm machinery, so that should a farmer have the purchase of any particular machine m view, by attending any one of our great State fairs he can see all of the leadmg makes exhibited side by side, with an expert m charge, who exemplifies its particular merits, making it possible for him to make a judicial selection for the uses desired. Some may say that such instruction at most of the fairs only lasts five days each year. We will grant that such is the case. The persons who attend are the busy men — the men of affairs, the men who provide the sinews to carry on the affairs of the county, vState, and Nation; the men who have no time for extended schooling at the experimental stations of schools, but must gather their informa- tion from object lessons, the press, and actual experience. The school holding 180 days each year must have about 600 students to equal an attendance of 100,000, and we think that this number is about the average attendance for all of the State fairs. Many of them have several times this number. Therefore, as an educational institution, it is but just to compare its efficiency with that of the school with like attendance, and we believe it is superior from the 6 ENCOUKAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ETC. fact that an object lesson is the very best from, which permanent instruction can be obtained. An objection raised is that the provisions of the bih are not broad enough; that it should take in fairs owned by municipalities and other quasi public corporations. Were it possible to make such a proceeding constitutional, we would cheerfully say "Amen," for we are firm in our belief that more solid practical instruction is imparted for the money expended than by any of the present recognized generally subsidized methods. We also believe that the conditions of this bill are broad enough to permit each State to participate in its benefits. Section 2 of the bill sets forth: That the appropriation herein made shall inure only to the use of those States which now or hereafter shall by statute recognize and make appropriation toward the establishment and support of a State fair or exposition upon land owned by and under control of the State or a State board created by legislative enactment, and no money shall be paid out under this act to any State failing to comply with the above provisions. Generally on close examination we find that States recognizing State fairs are those which have been settled within the lifetime of some of us who are present. We are well aware that every new country makes strenuous effort for quick settlement, and thereby grasp every opportunity for advancement, probably from the idea that publicity pa3^s the community as well as the individual. This may account for the lack of recognition of State fairs by the older settled States, as the evolution of older conmiunities is exceedingly conservative. It may also be considered doubtful if all the States would come in under this act, as many of the large fairs are in the hands of business men who find it a profitable investment for sur- plus funds. Many such organizations, however, would gladly assist in securing legislative sanction to the provisions of this bill in the hope of broadening the fair's scope of usefulness to their community and State. Sections 2 and 6, as above stated, place the acceptation of its provisions wholly within the hands of the people of each indi- vidual State, and is broad enough that all may avail themselves of the opportunity offered. If all accept, it will mean an appropriation of $4,800,000 spread out over a period of several years. This marks the limit, as no other congressional appropriation for upkeep is necessary. In the past the assistance of Congress has been solicited and by it granted in the holding of great national expositions at some certain point representative of the idea to be commemorated. Large appropriations for such occasions, lasting but for one season, have been made generally with popular commendation. However, when it is fully realized that the great distance to be traveled and the time necessarily taken has made it absolutel}^ impossible for the busy man or the poor man to avail himself of the opportunity offered for visiting these great national fairs, which fact primarily makes such appropriations especially for the benefit of the rich or well-to-do class of our citizenship, while an appropriation under this bill would not only make it possible to construct a creditable exposition in each State for the housing of an exhibit of the State's resources in a build- ing or buildings such as in many cases can not now be enjoyed, would give the busy man, or the less well to do, an opportunity to visit an exposition of merit close at home, neither entailing a great ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ETC. 7 loss of time nor expense. This "not well-to-do" class oftentimes includes many of our most industrious citizens, those upon whom the manual labor of life falls, those who are the bulwark of this great Republic, and whose happiness is so easily overlooked. Through the passage of this bill tJiey are the men, now deprived, who -mil secure an added opportunity for information of a valuable character coupled with good wholesome enjoyment. One of the conditions mentioned in section 5 is ''that the Gov- ernment of the United States hereby reserves not to exceed twenty per centum of the space within said building so erected for depart- mental exhibits" by giving 30 days' notice. This provision may not be clearly understood. For several years it has been customary throughout the more purely agricultural States to make naval exhib- its at the State fair. According to statements made by recruiting officers, the boys from the rural districts are better specimens of manhood, make sturdier soldiers, and are not addicted to cigarettes and other health-undermining vicious habits. Therefore enlist- ments made from the agricultural States are a paying proposition for the Government, and exhibits made for the purpose of inducing a sturdy class of recruits is desirable to the Government for future results. Fairs managed by private corporations are oftentimes very suc- cessful when located adjacent to great centers of population or enjoy- ing special railroad privileges, such as obtain in Texas, for instance, where a ridiculously low rate is made for a trip to Dallas and return from the extreme parts of this great empire. However, in these days of attempted railroad legislation it is an extremely difficult task to obtain passenger-rate concessions in territory enjoying a less than 3 cent per mile rate. Some of the State fairs already have well-ecjuipped grounds, as some of the following values of plant will testify. On looking over the statistical figures coming under my notice I find as follows: Illinois U, 106, 615. 00 Texas. Iowa New York. Minnesota . Indiana... , 087, 500. 00 900, 000. 00 850, 000. 00 736, 140. 00 642, 000. 00 Michigan |602, 911. 48 Oklahoma 331, 583. 29 California 300, 000. 00 Nebraska 283, 694. 00 Wisconsin 250, 000. 00 Some of the appropriations made for State fair assistance are as follows : 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 Califorma $110,000 15,000 400 $55,009 Colorado $15,000 $15,000 20, 000 r,nnnp.f>t,ifint, 700 Illinois. . . 1 448, 600 Indiana 100, 000 75,000 149, 000 69, 600 24,000 300,000 1,500 10, 000 10,000 100,000 10,000 Iowa S37, 000 59,000 75, 000 39,000 125,000 1,500 §47, 000 30,000 125, 000 7,000 75, 000 1,500 10,000 "ii6,'666' 145,000 14,000 125,000 1,500 10,000 85,000 4,000 Missouri. Nebraska 54,000 400, 000 1,500 10,000 19,000 New York 500,000 North Carolina 1,500 North Dakota 10, 000 South Dakota 70,000 Tennessee 10, 000 30,000 4,000 10,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 10. 000 30,000 65,000 10,000 30, 000 2 150,000 7,500 10,000 Washington 30,000 7.500 1 In 10 years. - For 3 years. ENCOUEAGEMEJS^T OF AGEICULTURE^ ETC. We also find that the receipts for tickets alone at some of the fairs to be m 1911 : Nebraska, in 5 days 166, 752. 20 Indiana, in 5 days 65, 489. 75 California, in 5 days 56, 904. 00 Wisconsin, in 5 days 51, 128. 01 Texas, in 17 days $150, 000. 00 Iowa, in 7 days 1 21, 505. 50 Minnesota, in 7 days 112, 709. 85 Illinois, in 5 days.' 78, 002. 75 Michigan, in 5 days 76, 373. 95 Gentlemen, this House bill 18005 is not seeking for special favors for any part of this great country, but is giving each one of you an opportunity to by your vote and voice participate in the location and construction of a lasting monument, at which a large number of your citizenship will annually gather to proclaim the greatness of your State and hold out to the world the pleasures and benefits of living in the best State of the best country on earth. The Chairman. Virginia has got a State fair; you have not got a report of Virgmia. Mr. Mellor. They have not reported to me. Mr. Hawley. Oregon has a large fair. Mr. Mellor. I have written to Mr. Merth, and I guess he is away from home. The CHAiRMivN. I invite you to come down in Virginia and see ourfair. Mr. Mellor. I have written your secretary. I have a table of appropriations made; that is, by some of the States. I do not know whether you would consider that material or not. I have here California, 1907, appropriated $110,000, and in 1910, $55,000. Mr. RuBEY. I would suggest you put those figures in the record. Mr. Plltmley. I hate to have that go in there and have my State left out. Mr. Mellor. I wrote your secretary. Mr. Hawley. I suggest he complete it and put it in. Mr. Mellor. Yes; I will do so. Mr. PuLMLEY, Yes; when it is completed. Mr. Mellor. I will be pleased to write for all these and have them sent to the clerk or sent to Mr. Maguire. These States have not responded. Some of them I may get to-day. Two of them have arrived since I got here yesterday, and it might be some of the others will arrive shortly, but I should be pleased to have you get the com- pleted statement. The Chairman. Can you get it in time to go into this record ? Mr. Mellor. I will try to. When have you got to have it ? The Chairman. Can you get it here in a month? Mr. Mellor. Yes, inside of that I think. I shall go to work right on the spur of the moment of getting home and try to get all these figures. Mr. Plumley. We have State land and the fair owns its own ground. l^lr. Mellor. I have written Mr. Davis two or three letters, but some of the gentlemen who are secretaries lay them down and do not think to take them up. They do not think they need answering right away, and possibly have been a little bit slow about answering. Mr. Simmons. What is your intention about this ? A great many of the States have already erected buildings for this very purpose, and^ the appropriation is for the erection of buildings. Now, where build- ENCOUEAGEMENT OF AdKICULTTJEB; ETC, 9 ings have been erected, and it is not necessary for tliem to duplicate them, they have already sufficient space to make these exhibits. Mr. Mellor. I do not think any State fair ground has buildings enough for all of the things mentioned in this bill; that is, for agricul- tural, horticultural, or industrial exhibits. I think that any of them v/ould be pleased to secure a good permanent building along that line. But it is not so important for the State that is well equipped, possibly like Ohio, or maybe Minnesota, as it is for States like North Carolina or South Carolina or Georgia or Vermont, or some of the States that are not so fortunate. The Chairman. Where a State has these buildings, what would you do with the fund ? Mr. Mellor. They can use it only under the provisions of the bill, Mr. Lamb, because that is the only thing the bill allows; and if they can not use it under the jTro visions of the bill, of course they could not secure the appropriation. Now, Mr. Rosejohn and Mr. Pogue are here, and possibly you would like to hear them. Mr. Rosejohn. We have not anything. Mr. Mellor has covered the ground fully. Mr. Simmons. I want to ask Mr. Mellor how much appropriation the State must make in order to entitle us to the provisions of the bill. How much they must have. Mr. Mellor. The bill does not provide for the State making any appropriation whatever. Mr. Simmons. It must have land? Mr. Mellor. It must have land or land under the control of the State board, created by legislative enactment. The idea of that is that I fuid that in the States of Indiana and Illinois, for instance, the title to the land vests in the State board of agriculture, that is a State board created by legislative enactment; it belongs to the State practically, and I thuik it is but just and fair to say that that is State land. Mr. Simmons. Practically it must be land upon which this build- ing can be placed that the State owns, or the State board ? Mr. Mellor. Or the State board, recognized by legislative enact- ment. Mr. Simmons. And it must make annual appropriations for the support of the State fair? Mr. Mellor. No; it does not say it must. I tell you where it is not necessary. A great many of these State fairs are self-su pport ing. Now, take Nebraska, for instance. We have put on about $140,000 out of the profits of the fair, so that it is not absolutely necessary to make appropriations for its support, but it is necessary to make ap- propriations for large buildings, because these profits come in small dribs, possibly $8,000 or $10,000, where large buildings cost a great amount of money as you are all und oubtedly aware. Mr. Simmons. On page 1, according to that they must make some appropriation, but no amount is mentioned. Mr. Mellor. Yes; they make some appropriation, maybe a couple of thousand dollars for premiums, or something like that. Mr. Simmons. Some appropriations ? Mr. Mellor. Yes. Mr. WiCKLiFFE. I should like to state my colleague, Judge Wat- kins, of Louisiana, requested me to let him know when the hearings 10 ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGEICULTUEE, ETC. would take place on this measure; he requested to be here, and I would like to ask at what time the continuation of the hearings will be? The Chairman. This is just done to oblige Mr. Maguire. Mr. WiCKLiFFE. There will be further hearings, will there ? Mr. Mellor. I am at your pleasure. I would not dictate to you gentlemen. The Chairman. So far as that is concerned Mr. WiCKLiFFE (mterposmg) . Do not let me intimate I desire to displace you or any one with your party at this time. I was only mentioning that to remind the gentlemen so that they would not overlook giving Judge Watkms a chance. Mr. Mellor. I know what the idea to be expressed is. Mr. Brugerhoff is a very respected member of our American Fairs and Associations, attends the convention every year, and Mr. Brugerhoff is the secretary of the Shreveport fair, and it is not now a fair that is owned by the State, or under provision that would receive support without legislative action. Mr. WiCKLiFFE. That is a matter with my colleague, Judge Watson. Mr. Mellor. Yes; that is what Judge Watkins wants to be heard on. Mr. WiCKLiFFE. He asked me, as I was a member of the committee, to request a chance to be heard. That is the object of my request. The Chairman. We have not anybody else to be heard now? Mr. Mellor. No. The Chairman. Do you want Judge Watkins to be heard, Mr. Maguire, at any time? Mr. Maguire. Certainly; whenever it is convenient for Repre- sentative Watkins and the committee to have a hearing I would be glad to have him present his views on the bill. Mr. Plumley. Would you like to have the hearing while Mr. Mellor is here, so he might know ? Mr. Mellor. Well, I know that is the object of the hearmg, because Mr. Brugerhoff has so advised me that he has asked the gentlemen to put forth the claim of recognizing a fair owned by a municipality, but, gentlemen, that is almost absolutely impossible for the constitutionality of the act. Mr. WiCKLiFFE. I would suggest, though that is a matter I am not in position to say one way or the other about, as it is a matter that appertains to my colleague, in his district, and, with all due deference to Mr. Mellor, if he will give my colleague a chance to be present when he discusses it, it would be fair to all concerned. Mr. Hawley. We have a meeting this afternoon. We might take a few minutes at the beginning of the meeting and hear your colleague. The Chairman. I do not think we could interfere with that sub- committee. We would just encroach on that time. I have no objection, of course, to hearing you gentlemen a short time to-morrow morning. Mr. Mellor. As far as I am concerned I am just as free to say that I am willing to have these gentlemen come and talk to you in my absence, because I put forth our side of the question, and I will leave you to judge as to the merits of both sides. That is fair, and ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGEICULTURE^ ETC. 11 it is not necessary that I should stay, because I have no refutation to make. I should be pleased to see every municipality have a building, because I actually think — I am firm in my belief — that this is an educational feature that is second to none, but it is a ques- tion of constitutionality. We fought that out on the floor of the American Fairs and Expositions. Mr. Brugerhoff difl'ered with me honestly, and he said that under their plans that they could not participate without getting the legislature to make some enactment for them. Now, I said to him: "Get your legislature to make the enactment, so that you can participate. I think the legislature would do it, because it is of va,lue to Louisiana." state. Appro- priations. Tickets. Total. Premiums. Improve- ments. Total. Value. Alabama $4,000 $43,000.00 13,905.25 56,904.00 11.965.00 39^904.75 19,350.00 $5,040.00 26,503.60 89,964.08 22, 260. 19 78,673.73 35,150.00 $15,110.50 9, 195. 41 38,696.95 8,301.00 32,099.00 8,447.00 $5,000.00 2, 440. 15 88,216.95 2,838.05 1,500.00 1,700.00 $50,000.00 26; 680. 02 389,964.08 34,938.00 69,352.85 20,639.00 $150,000.00 105,000.00 California Colorado Connecticut Georgia 55,000 20,000 700 300,000.00 50,000.00 225,000.00 85 000.00 Idaho Illinois 5,000 10,000 85,000 78,002.75 65,489.75 121,505.50 38, 469. 00 38,854.00 25,000.00 136, 602. 30 110,345.23 179,549.67 65, .198. 00 68,054.05 44, 444. 46 46,623.69 56,364.35 34,390.00 25,444.00 811.58 10,279.80 109,775.04 12,315.00 4,192.53 160,158.73 100, 468. 82 137,867.51 53,475.00 70,096.19 1 106 615 00 Indiana 602,000.00 900,000.00 71,500.00 150,000.00 300,000.00 Kansas Kentucky 15,000 1 40,000 Maine Maryland 800 17,542.43 8, 194. 50 16,692.51 37,500.00 Massacliusetts Micliigan 76,373.95 112,709.85 217, 441. 60 267,849.97 41,732.42 91,865.68 46,829.38 54,340.50 18,615.04 32,882.58 155,206.36 263,559.84 41,673.28 99,079.51 602.911.48 Minnesota.. . ., 4,000 736, 140. 00 41,000.00 Missouri Montana 2 605,000 35,864.25 33,711.59 23,400.00 475,147.15 Nebraska 19,000 66,752.20 125,107.83 29,477.18 33,694.00 87,091.23 283,694.00 Nevada New Hampshire. . . New Jersey 8, 452. 63 86,773.95 16,501.45 9,612.00 71,127.44 175,000.00 New Mexico New York 500,000 18,000 15,000 2397,000 318,976.64 34,718.04 42, 179. 30 92,257.70 99,615.-50 57,381.81 232,833.24 31,920.73 43,036.88 92,257.70 110,735.51 66, 151. 72 850,000.00 North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 14,359.75 17,314.65 62,715.70- 43,080.70 19,277.95 4, 216. 44 5,241.95 38,625.30 16,097.74 16,815.00 4,627.40 3,224.56 90, 176. 70 78, 187. 67 2,000,000.00 331,. 583. 29 Oklahoma (school land) 33,530.69 6,572.32 Oregon Pennsylvania 23,566 94,800.00 South Dakota Tennessee 28,000 10,000 27, 152. 25 34.827.00 120,351.25 41,873.90 60,868.00 187,903.03 11,277.53 23,909.63 41,159.75 4, 969. 67 6,400.00 44,594.44 41,873.90 60,320.87 143,644.70 90,000.00 100,000.00 Texas 1,007,500.00 Utah.. 10,000 21,000.00 30,200.00 17,000.00 26,700.00 50,000.00 Washington. 15,000 15,230.25 46, 637. 97 9,021.61 5,897.62 46,310.43 70,000.00 Wisconsin Wyoming. . . 65,000 7,500 51,128.01 4, 160. 25 115,298.95 2,098.35 43,824.83 4,010.48 8,144.98 3,979.05 114,650.20 10,185.37 250,000.00 17,800.00 ' 6 years. 2 10 years. Arizona, Delaware, Florida, and Rhode Island not included; no record. X ^::-'li'>: