ST] 
 
 •397 
 .L6B7 
 
Book < L 6l3 7 
 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 BULLETIN No. 1007 
 
 Contribution from the Forest Serric« 
 WILLIAM B. GREELEY, Forester 
 
 Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 5, 1922 
 
 UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD 
 
 By 
 WARREN D. BRUSH, Scientific Assistant 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Introdnction 1 
 
 Properties of tlie Wood 2 
 
 Supply 6 
 
 Annual Drain on the Supplr 6 
 
 The Future of Basswood Timber 8 
 
 Utilization by Industries 8 
 
 Markets 52 
 
 Summary 56 
 
 Appendix : Classified List of Uses Reported for Basswood by Factories . 68 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1922 
 

 \ LIBf^RY OF CONGRESS*^ 
 
 RECEIVED 
 
 NnV8-1922 
 
 DOCUIVieNTS JJiViJION 
 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 BULLETIN No. 1007 
 
 Contribution from the Forest Service 
 WILLIAM B. GREELEY, Forester. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL PAPER 
 
 June 5, 1922 
 
 UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD 
 
 By Warren D. Brush, Scientific Assistant. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Properties of the wood 2 
 
 Supply 5 
 
 Annual drain on the supply 6 
 
 The future of basswood timber S 
 
 Utilization by industries 8 
 
 Markets 52 
 
 Summary 58 
 
 Appendix: Classified list of uses reported for 
 
 basswood by factories 58 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Basswood is one of the important commercial timbers of the 
 United States. Nineteen other woods are manufactured into lumber 
 in larger quantities, and factories using lumber for the manufacture 
 of various wooden products consiune larger quantities of about 12 
 other woods, including yellow poplar and white pine, which are often 
 used for the same general class of products as basswood and are 
 frequently substituted for it. 
 
 Basswood is valued mainly for its white color, light weight, and 
 good working qualities. It is well adapted for certain special uses 
 for which other woods do not serve as well, and, because of the 
 comparatively small supply now available, it is greatly in demand 
 for these purposes. Basswood is valued highly for products made of 
 wood in the natural state, particularly where a clean, attractive 
 appearance and light weight are essential. Boxes and woodenware 
 used for holding food are the main products. 
 
 Basswood lumber is manufactured from several species, but mainly 
 from the species Tilia americana, which grows over nearly all of the 
 eastern part of the United States. Other common names for this 
 tree are linden, linn, bass, limetree, whitewood, and beetree. The 
 species Tilia heterophyUa , which is most commonly called white bass- 
 wood and is found mainly in the Allegheny Mountain region, also 
 
 64281°— 22— Bun. 1007 1 
 
2 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 produces basswood lumber, principally in West Virginia, which is 
 similar to that of Tilia americana. There are several other species 
 of basswood in the United States, all of which have wood similar to 
 the common basswood species, but contribute only small quantities 
 of the timber. As the wood of these different species is very much 
 alike, it is not kept separate in the market and is sold as basswood. 
 
 PROPERTIES OF THE WOOD. 
 
 GENERAL APPEARANCE. 
 
 The heartwood of basswood is creamy brown with occasional 
 darker streaks. The sapwood is wide and not sharply defined from 
 the heartwood. The wood has a very uniform appearance; the sap- 
 wood and, particularly, rapid-growth timber has a light-colored, 
 clean look very desirable for special piu'poses. Basswood occasionally 
 shows a curly growth, especially near the butt of the tree, which 
 gives it an attractive appearance. This is unusual, however, and 
 the wood does not normally possess a curly grain nor any figure, such 
 as is found in oak and birch, for instance. It is therefore painted a 
 uniform color or stained to imitate some other wood, when used for 
 such purposes as inside house finish and the exterior woodwork of 
 furniture. 
 
 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. 
 
 Basswood timber is light in weight, soft in texture, straight-grained, 
 and has low strength values and poor shock-resisting ability in general 
 comparison with other woods. Compared on the basis of density or 
 weight, basswood has nearly average values for most of its properties 
 but has slightly greater stiffness and much greater shrinkage for its 
 density than the average. In the classification of woods by the 
 Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service into eight groups, 
 according to results of tests for each of six physical and mechanical 
 properties, basswood is described as follows: 
 
 Property: Classification. 
 
 Density or weight Light. 
 
 Strength as a beam or post Weak. 
 
 Hardness Soft. 
 
 Shock-resisting ability Poor. 
 
 Stiffness Moderately limber. 
 
 Shrinkage Moderate. 
 
 Table 1 shows actual and comparative properties of basswood 
 timber, as determined by the Forest Service from a very large number 
 of tests. White oak is the wood generally used as a basis for com- 
 parison of properties. The composite values given are a combination 
 of several kinds of tests. The hardness value of basswood is very 
 low compared with white oak on this basis. This is also true of the 
 different strength values, particularly shock-resisting ability. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 Table 1. — Actual and comparative properties ofbasswood timber. 
 
 /Pennsylvania. 
 ' 1 Wisconsin . 
 
 Locality where grown 
 
 Weight per cubic foot: 
 
 Green pounds. . 41 
 
 Air-dry do 26 
 
 Kiln-dry do 25 
 
 Specific gravity, oven-dry, based on volume when green 0. 325 
 
 Shrinkage from green to oven-dry condition : 
 
 In volume (1 ) per cent. . 15. 8 
 
 Radial (2) do 6.6 
 
 Tangential (3) do 19. 3 
 
 Comparative shrinkage (twice volume plus radial plus tangential divided by 
 3) per cent. . 15. 8 
 
 Strength in bending at 12 per cent moisture: (4) 
 
 Modulus of rupture pounds per sq. in . . 836. 5 
 
 Relative strength compared with white oak (white oak = 100) 56 
 
 Strength in compression parallel to grain at 12 per cent moisture: (5) 
 
 Maximum crushing strength pounds per sq. in. . 4, 542 
 
 Relative strength compared with white oak (white oak=100) 62 
 
 Shearing strength parallel to grain at 12 per cent moisture: (6) 
 
 Shearing strength pounds per sq. in. . 1, 000 
 
 Relative shearing strength compared with white oak (white oak=100) 49 
 
 Composite values: 
 
 Strength as a beam or post 6, 350 
 
 Compared with white oak (white oak=100) 61 
 
 Hardness 284 
 
 Compared with white oak (white oak=100) 27 
 
 Shock-resisting ability 5. 48 
 
 Compared with white oak (white oak=100) 42 
 
 Stiffness 1, 231 
 
 Compared with white oak (white oak=100) 81 
 
 Note. — Each of the composite values given in this table is a weighted average of several values derived 
 from different kinds of strength tests. For instance, strength as a beam or post is a combination of values 
 derived from tests in static bending, impact bending, and compression parallel to grain. 
 
 __J 
 
 l=iiivolimie; 2=radial; 3=tangential: 4=strength in bending; 5=strengthui compression parallel to 
 grain; 6=shearing strength parallel to grain. 
 
 Table 2 gives the relative properties of yellow poplar, cottonwood, 
 and white pine compared with basswood, since these three woods are 
 often put to the same uses as basswood. This table indicates that 
 basswood is softer than any of these woods, also lighter in the oven- 
 dry condition. In the green condition basswood is heavier than 
 either yellow poplar or white pine because of the higher moisture 
 content of the basswood. Cottonwood, however, is much heavier 
 than basswood when green. Air-dry material of these four species 
 does not differ greatly in weight. Basswood shrinks more than the 
 other species given and its strength values are, in general, lower. 
 
4 BUULETHnT 100*7, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 
 
 Table 2. — Properties of yellow poplar, cottonwood, and white pine compared with 
 
 basswood. Basswood=lOO. 
 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Shrinkage from 
 
 green to oven-dry 
 
 condition. 
 
 Strength at 12 
 per cent mois- 
 ture. 
 
 Composite values. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Oven- 
 dry 
 (spe- 
 cific 
 grav- 
 ity.) 
 
 Air- 
 dry. 
 
 Green 
 
 In vol- 
 ume. 
 
 Ra- 
 dial. 
 
 Tan- 
 gen- 
 tial. 
 
 Mod- 
 ulus 
 
 of 
 rup- 
 ture 
 
 in 
 bend 
 ing. 
 
 Compres- 
 sion par- 
 allel to 
 grain 
 (maxi- 
 mum 
 crushing 
 strength). 
 
 Strength 
 
 as a beam 
 
 or post. 
 
 Hard- 
 ness. 
 
 Shock-, 
 resist- i Stiff- 
 ing 1 ness. 
 ability 
 
 Yellow poplar.. 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 WTiitepine 
 
 112 
 112 
 109 
 
 104 
 108 
 104 
 
 93 
 120 
 95 
 
 72 
 89 
 49 
 
 62 
 59 
 33 
 
 74 
 99 
 63 
 
 105 
 96 
 102 
 
 Ill 
 105 
 119 
 
 114 
 102 
 116 
 
 128 
 119 
 128 
 
 103 
 134 
 109 
 
 116 
 98 
 100 
 
 Basswood is rated low in durability. The estimated average life 
 of untreated basswood lumber, under conditions subjecting it to 
 deca3^ but not to mechanical wear, is placed at from 3 to 5 years. 
 Its length of life in any particular case may, of course, vary from 
 this, depending on conditions. If properly treated with coal tar 
 creosote, or some other standard preservative, its durability may be 
 greatly increased.^ 
 
 ° STRUCTURE. 
 
 Basswood is a diffuse-porous wood (PL I). The pores are about 
 uniform in size and quite evenly distributed throughout the annual- 
 growth ring. They are, however, somewhat less numerous near the 
 outer limits of each annual ring, and this makes a contrast with the 
 greater number of pores at the beginning of each ring so that the 
 growth rings can be quite readily distinguished on a smoothly cut 
 transverse section. Medullary rays are generally not conspicuous on 
 longitudinal surfaces; in some pieces, however, they are reddish and 
 quite conspicuous on a quarter-cut surface; on a smoothly cut trans- 
 verse section they can be readily distinguished without the aid of a 
 lens. 
 
 roENTIFICATION. 
 
 In appearance basswood resembles somewhat yellow poplar, 
 cottonwood, buckeye, and tupelo. The yellow poplar, however, can 
 be distinguished by its yellowish-brown heartwood, which has a 
 characteristic greenish tinge. In cottonwood the medullary rays 
 are very fine and barely visible even with a hand lens on a smoothly 
 cut transverse surface, in contrast to those in basswood, which are 
 visible to the unaided eye; the pores of cottonwood are conspicuously 
 larger than those of basswood, as seen under a hand lens, and cotton- 
 wood generally has a "woolly" texture on sawed surfaces. In 
 buckeye and tupelo the rays are also finer than in basswood. The 
 brownish-black, longitudinal streaks occasionally found in the heart- 
 wood help to distinguish basswood. 
 
 1 Farmers' Bulletin 744, Preservation of Farm timbers, gives methods of treatment. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 SUPPLY. 
 
 Basswood timber, grows in the eastern half of the United States, 
 but it is not important near the Atlantic coast south of New England 
 nor in the GuK Coast States. 
 
 The estimated stand of basswood is given by regions in figure 1. 
 The New England region contains approximately 666,000,000 board 
 
 Fig. 1.— Estimated stand of basswood by State groups. 
 
 feet of timber, or 7 per cent of the supply. The middle Atlantic 
 region, made up of the States of New York, Pennsylvania, New 
 Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, contains a trifle more. The Lake 
 region, the most important region, contains more than one-half of 
 all the basswood in the United States, or about 5,082,000,000 board 
 feet. The second most important region, the central region, whose 
 
BtrULETIN 1007, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICXJLTUEE. 
 
 greatest producing States are West Virginia, Tennessee, and Ken- 
 tucky, contains a quarter of the basswood, while the South Atlantic 
 and East Gulf and lower Mississippi regions contain less than 5 per 
 cent of the supply. The region shown in figm-e 2' is estimated to 
 contain about 98J per cent of the total amount in the United States. 
 
 PRINCIPAL REGION OF GROWTH 
 OF BASSWOOD TIMBER 
 
 Fig. 2. — Principal region of growth of basswood timber (shaded area). 
 
 ANNUAL DRAIN ON THE SUPPLY. 
 
 The total present annual demand for basswood timber is difficult to 
 determine, because of a lack of statistics for some of the industries 
 using basswood logs as raw material. The total basswood lumber 
 production for 1920 is placed at 195,000,000 board feet. Reports on 
 veneer production in 1919, which are the latest available data, give 
 11,134,000 board feet, log scale, of basswood consumed in that year, 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 7 
 
 equivalent to about 13,000,000 board feet of lumber. In 1911, 33,042 
 cords of basswood were reported for excelsior, ec^uivalent to about 
 16, 500, 000 board feet of lumber. Whether amounts now consumed are 
 greater or less than these figures, and how much, can not be stated with 
 certainty, because, although the demand for products of basswood 
 from these industries has increased greatly, the supply of the timber 
 has been more restricted in recent years. It is not safe, therefore, to 
 assume any increase over these figures, especially since the sawmill 
 cut of basswood lumber has suffered a considerable reduction during 
 the period. Constant inroads have been made into the remaining 
 stands of basswood to fulfill the increased demand. Smaller and in 
 some cases second-growth timber has been cut so that both quantity 
 and quality have been lowered. 
 
 Pulpwood statistics are available for the year 1920. The bass- 
 wood reported as used for pulpwood during that year totaled 
 10,469 cords, equivalent to about 5,000,000 board feet of lumber. 
 The number of sets of basswood slack-cooperage heading reported 
 manufactured during the year 1919 was 3,078,000, ec^uivalent to 
 a little more than 6,000,000 board feet of lumber. These differ- 
 ent items, which make up practically the entire demand for bass- 
 wood timber, total about 235,000,000 board feet. It is probable, 
 therefore, that the present annual drain upon the supply amounts to 
 between 225,000,000 and 250,000,000 board feet. Assuming it is 
 250,000,000 board feet, the aggregate stand of basswood saw timber 
 shown in figure 1 (9,012,000 board feet) without taking into con- 
 sideration the growth that may take place during the period, will 
 last approximately 40 years. If we are to continue using basswood 
 provision will have to be made for growing trees to take the place of 
 those cut. Natural growth not protected from fires while young will 
 not fill the requirement gap toward the close of the 40-year period. 
 
 Little basswood is used for rough building construction, because it 
 is not so strong as many lower-priced structural timbers, and it 
 is not satisfactory in locations favorable to decay. Also, compara- 
 tively small quantities are used for fuel, because its heating value is 
 low compared with other woods, such as beech and oak. Reports 
 from wood-using industries of the United States obtained during the 
 years 1909 to 1913 show an annual consumption of approximately 
 370,000,000 board feet of basswood lumber by factories. Adding to 
 this the timber used for veneer, excelsior, pulpwood, and slack 
 cooperage, brings the total to over 400,000,000 board feet, compared 
 with 225,000,000 or 250,000,000 board feet, the probable present 
 amount used. Evidently there has been a considerable reduction in 
 the amount of basswood used during the past 10 years. 
 
8 BULLETIN 1007^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF BASSWOOD TIMBER. 
 
 The future of basswood depends upon provision made for new 
 growth, Basswood is a very desirable tree to grow especially for 
 the small timber owner who has a tract of woodland which he wishes 
 to keep permanently forested. It is easily propagated, increases 
 in size rapidly in comparison with other species, and is marketable 
 in various forms. Rapid-growth timber yields the largest amount 
 of the white sapwood, which is highly valued. 
 
 The tree grows well on deep, fresh or sandy loams, and has been 
 known to grow rapidly and thriftily on very porous upland soils. 
 It is generally a hardy tree, although on heavy upland soils it not 
 only grows slowly but is likely to suffer injury during dry periods. 
 The most favorable region for its growth is the northeastern part 
 of the United States. In the virgin forest, basswood often reaches 
 a height of 90 to 100 feet and a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 feet. When 
 crowded by other trees it forms a straight stem, with but few 
 branches, which are near the top (PL II) ; but when grown in the 
 open the stem is short and there are many large branches. 
 
 Basswood is one of the most prolific of our native trees in its sprout- 
 ing capacity. The sprouts arise from the stump and afford a prac- 
 tical means of renewing basswood as a timber crop (PL III). To 
 obtain vigorous sprouts the trees should be felled between November 
 and March. The stumps should be cut low, so that the sprouts will 
 start close to the ground, where they can soon develop a root system 
 of their own and become self-supporting; otherwise, decay from the 
 stump of the old tree is likely to enter them. Sprouts generally 
 grow more rapidly than seedlings. For the production of small- 
 diameter material, such as excelsior and pulpwood bolts, propagation 
 by sprouting affords an excellent method of obtaining a timber crop 
 in a comparatively short time. 
 
 The tree generally does not suffer severe injury from insect attack. 
 Cattle like to browse upon the young twigs and leaves, however, 
 and should be excluded from the young growth. 
 
 UTILIZATION BY INDUSTRIES.^ 
 
 Wood-using industries generally belong in one of two classes, based 
 on the form of raw material used: (1) Those which depend entirely 
 upon the log or bolt, and (2) those which use mainly lumber or dimen- 
 sion stock for further manufacture into various products. The 
 former class is termed primary and the latter secondary. 
 
 2 Because of the low fuel value of the wood, basswood stands are of relatively inferior value as a source 
 of firewood. As a shade tree and for ornamental planting, basswood is well liked because of its large crown 
 and dense foliage. The tree is also valued very highly by beeksepers for the flowers, which are borne 
 In great profusion. Honey made from basswood flowers is light-colored and of excellent quality; it gener- 
 ally goes under the name of poplar honey and brings a comparatively high price in the market. 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 !;T'"Tn- 
 
 P' 
 
 4f 
 
 
 '^•f 
 
 i . i 
 t 
 
 »^i 
 
 «"«■ 
 
 M'J,^'1 
 
 
 'i'-A it"i ».;''' « -^f'i'^',.',1i• 
 
 I ' 
 
 ,1 IM * -f4 
 
 ^ ^ 1,,^ ,^4«Tr_^^^'' ". 
 
 rf'-f'" '' I 
 
 .,.-r»'t"" 
 
 i+f ^'<*^,tr»»<t ^, 44,, 
 
 ' ;.r'/:3 
 
 ..,«. ^ 
 
 
 Cross Section of Basswood Timber Magnified 20 Diameters. 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Large Basswood Tree Clear of Branches but Affected with Rot for 
 20 TO 30 Feet up as Indicated by Swollen Butt 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Deot. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 Thrifty Basswood Tree with Several Large Sprouts. 
 
Bui. 1007. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 b 
 
 WflW!'' \ 
 
 e 
 
 Defects ComiVionly Found in Basswood Timber: a, End of Basswood 
 Log Showing Discolored Central Portion. 
 
 b, c, d, c, boards showing most common defects, dark and discolored wood, rotten streaks, and 
 
 knots. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 64281°— 22— Bull. 1007- 
 
10 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 FiO.i. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 11 
 
 /\/N 
 
 L.to .lOThousand board feet 
 
 Y//////A 1 1. .to lOOThousand board feet 
 
 -JOL.to.-.SOOThoo'sand board fee'r 
 .. 501.. to_-IOOO Thousand board feet 
 .IOOL.to..5000Thousand board feet 
 5001 and overThousand board feet 
 
 MANUFACTURE OF BASSWOOD LUMBER 
 IN IMPORTANT PRODUCING STATES. 
 BY COUNTIES. 
 1918 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
12 BULI.ETIN 1007, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICITLTUEE. 
 
 PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. 
 
 LUMBER. 
 
 Statistics on production. — Statistics on the annual production of 
 basswood lumber are available for the year 1899 and for the years 
 1904 to 1920, inclusive. These data are given in Table 3, by States. 
 
 According to this table the 1920 production was only about one-half 
 that of the annual production from 1906 to 1909, when the maximum 
 cut of basswood lumber was reached. The figures for the different 
 years are not all directly comparable, because in some years more of 
 the smaller mills were included, as noted in the table. For several 
 years, Wisconsin, Michigan, West Virginia, and New York have 
 produced the largest quantities. In 1918 more than three-fourths 
 of the total reported lumber cut of basswood was from these four 
 States. Figure 3 shows the rank of the different States in lumber 
 production in different years. Figure 4 shows the 1918 lumber 
 production b}^ counties. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 CC C^ O o cc 
 o5 «£ Oi to c^ 
 
 5 rt oi •'J'l 
 
 ' ^ ^ r^ *^ 
 
 
 lO-'J'OCSOS 40 '««' lO 1-* C| CO t^c 
 
 CCC^CCOcD 
 
 
 « t-» uO -^ iC <o iC •— • 
 
 5S 
 
 88?o 
 
 ^ i>- ^ « 00 
 
 CO iO »o 00 Cl 
 
 r*«o 3C ic t^ 
 
 CO X (C ^ r^ 
 ■^ c^ oi O CO 
 
 
 "S'*^'*'!' CCCOCIrt 
 
 n"^ S 
 
 
 
 (O ^ IC (D ^ 
 
 CO"? X xco 
 
 scO'Hgs coc 
 
 s $ 
 
 
 Q0c0»OOO 
 
 
 c^^ooO'^r* io-^tfit^-^ 
 
 ■^ aoicr*cp 
 
 01 CO JC 1-1 CT* 
 
 ^00O5»O0C 
 
 O CO CD CD CO «p CD "5 ^ f^ t-H -^ o o in 
 
 COOi«-«CO« O-^XXCO CO^00»C^ 
 
 !il 
 
 f»-<iS — CO 
 
 a>r>- OS ^ ^ 
 
 OCNTr OJ05 
 CD ^ OS -^ Ol 
 
 U5 -^ OS ^ CO i-hWiCOO t^»OQQ 
 
 ;SS2' 
 
 oc CO 1" — -< ■-< 
 
 r~ac« oos 
 r*cD ^ r^ r^ 
 
 o »c OS coi-'- 
 
 
 Ci t- OC OC OS 
 
 CO CI CD OS CO 
 
 CI -^ CD O «-l OS^hOiOO 
 
 r^ If: OS i-< i-i C) 
 
 d CO ^ 'T r^ t^iot^t^x 00 »o OS 11 
 
 s^roS 
 
 CI o •<? CO ac ^ 
 
 o r-wci — to 
 
 -H cocSco ccN 
 
 !S oseococi 
 
 t^ t^ ^ X X 
 
 CI MOiOOS 
 
 coca — 310 oC3;QrtCi 10 CI .0000 
 
 cocDr^^o 00 ^ Q f -- - 
 
 t^a — os-H — pO'^o «.-i ■d 
 
 lOCICOCO i-» N CO i-t — f-< 
 
 00 iO X CO 00 U^lAJC^Hf-H f-4 
 
 01— I 
 
 & 5 
 
 « 3 
 
 s5 
 
 s s 
 
 01 CO CD CO CO 
 
 oc CO 3t — ■* 
 
 CO »0 OS iC CO 
 
 > at' N CI 
 •SSos — 
 
 o> Oi r* ■^ ^ 
 
 »«jgcojP oscgj;^^-; 
 
 OSCOCI3COS osr-'^Xco or-coOrH —CI 
 
 SCOCI 3C 
 
 • xicoci 
 
 S!v???? 
 
 2 a 
 
 OS CI CO 00c 
 
 CI lOCiSc 
 
 ■^ "OCICO^ 
 
 ub »c X c^ ^H 
 
 CO-«> VCICI 
 
 CO CI x CO r^ 
 
 OSCOOCIO C1XO«OCO COl 
 mOCICD* OlOcDCIwi i-HC 
 
 r- — r-t- —■>»< T>< 1-1 
 
 •Ct^cOOSX «t--"Tj<X -hOSCOt1<— i-iCI 
 
 O CD Sc 
 
 
 S?SS?5* 
 
 tcDcD 9) 
 > ^ ^ r^ 
 
 : Oi-^ O 
 
 CD cs X CO Ob 
 
 iC ^ iC CD to 
 
 W^CJCOCD »OC:<-'cD»o N*0 
 
 S2 
 
 S S; 
 
 — t^COOSXX 
 
 OS CO OS OS c 
 
 OS coco CI c 
 
 1 r^r>- r*cD 
 
 5 — O x 35 
 ■V OSOM O 
 
 '^n'O^o coog 
 
 x X — coco 
 or^coci 36 
 o -^ — — CO 
 
 JO — CO *o iC r* c 
 CI •- OS-* Q xc 
 CO r-» CI t^^ iO C 
 
 COOOfCI CiTf — 
 
 t~cO —CI 
 
 TO 8 S 
 
 ' CI CI CD O 
 
 XOSd — — 
 
 05c XOS® 
 ^ xcixo 
 
 I i-l — -^J-CO 
 
 S2 = g8 
 
 t^ CO 01 CD C^ CO CD "^^ 01 
 CO ■* « * CD O ^ ci »o 
 t-X(NTj«cO CO»Ci-tM 
 
 ■ 01 1>- r-o 
 CO c^ «o 
 
 01 OOlOlQCO COGCcDCOaO COOSI^CO^ .-I rH t-i 
 
 O) O Oi o> o 
 
 s :f § 
 
 J OS ■^ '^ " 
 )*00(DC 
 1 QC ^ iO C 
 
 3 lO OOi< 
 
 uocDiOOsX -^CIOCIO t^MiiOCCOO 
 55t-cD'*Q ^t^cOOcO ■^OsCl^iO 
 QO CI CO CO ^ -^UOOO co*o — CO 
 
 — I^ O «5 OS CO X X ■* IC X X O »0 CO 
 
 X -^cD c5co 
 
 ujxcso- 
 
 * r* X Q c 
 
 ClCICOUJt" 
 
 UO »0 CD O O ■»f o »o 
 
 CO cicor^x— xxcicios r-osO-<j"i-i ci — i-n-i 
 
 3 ••'2 
 
 
 3 Oi 2 
 _C2 3 cs 
 
 J5^Q 
 
 §«cit^ — 
 r^ X X ^ 
 
 r--* ci 
 
 — CI CI coco 
 CO CI »cci •* 
 
 ci'i-'cT — " 
 
 r^uj ■* o ■«* coo 
 
 CO CI — — o 
 r^io ■* Q ■«* 
 
 OXOSOS- 
 
 o^cTt^T 
 
 ONOXO COCliO 
 cDOOt^— -<fcoco 
 •— ' CO CO CI Co 
 
 <1> 
 
 * 3 
 
 3. a 
 ^ ? s -^ 
 
 S a ea 
 
 
 3 8 £!'B p. .5 d b^ : 
 
 o35*o3cfeoc« &'-3'Sfe"Ei S-So-f^-^ EFS==b te?^/::a 5t«b*-3 Sk'=tn° 
 
 B.5^s?;^i^ ^.ii|l.h g-fafeg gE^-a^a sgsg-^ |.a8isg gSs.sq 
 H H <! OH ^s^z> eH5o?;M Bh>sss ?;5s5<5 ^^o<^ h^os^ 
 
14 
 
 BUULETIN 1007, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Table 4. — Number of mills in the different States reporting manufacture of basswood 
 lumber iti different years arranged in order of lumber cut for 1918. 
 
 State. 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 
 
 Total. 
 
 14,326 j6,973 
 
 5,423 
 
 5,130 
 
 5,217 
 
 3,336 
 
 3, 129 
 
 2,548 
 
 2,102 
 
 2,202 
 
 2,372 
 
 Wisconsin... 
 
 Michigan 
 
 W . Virginia - . 
 New York 
 Virginia... 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Ohio 
 
 N. Carolina .. 
 Kentucky 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 N.Hampshire 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Massachusetts 
 Connecticut 
 Arkansas- . . 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missoui'i . . 
 Georgia . . . 
 Alabama. . 
 Louisiana . 
 
 Te.xas 
 
 New Jersey . 
 Oklahoma. . 
 Mississippi . . 
 AH other 3.... 
 
 627 
 548 
 
 295 
 (^) 
 98 
 
 173 
 294 
 404 
 125 
 191 
 
 468 
 260 
 230 
 135 
 
 18 
 
 108 
 77 
 74 
 54 
 12 
 
 42 
 47 
 19 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 619 
 
 (a) 
 4 
 3 
 10 
 2 
 
 763 
 737 
 422 
 1,323 
 174 
 
 191 
 
 392 
 575 
 180 
 215 
 
 508 
 280 
 352 
 144 
 44 
 
 93 
 
 181 
 93 
 58 
 27 
 
 111 
 11 
 16 
 
 li 
 
 (a) 
 16 
 1 
 
 631 
 583 
 348 
 948 
 171 
 
 143 
 
 249 
 447 
 141 
 207 
 
 379 
 280 
 264 
 118 
 22 
 
 111 
 60 
 
 58 
 12 
 
 14 
 17 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 538 
 517 
 340 
 1,067 
 147 
 
 151 
 231 
 393 
 122 
 160 
 
 378 
 279 
 240 
 136 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 572 
 486 
 326 
 1,025 
 107 
 
 146 
 250 
 460 
 153 
 152 
 
 430 
 279 
 251 
 154 
 17 
 
 83 
 109 
 52 
 36 
 9 
 
 17 
 64 
 6 
 19 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 375 
 
 277 
 
 165 
 
 1,183 
 
 74 
 
 99 
 121 
 205 
 
 65 
 130 
 
 174 
 
 128 
 
 124 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 46 
 
 17 
 14 
 
 (a) 
 
 12 
 23 
 3 
 
 7 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 298 
 
 189 
 
 240 
 
 1,008 
 
 61 
 
 126 
 137 
 198 
 71 
 162 
 
 219 
 143 
 
 88 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 13 
 22 
 15 
 3 
 
 5 
 17 
 
 (a) 
 11 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 286 
 213 
 191 
 
 71 
 142 
 191 
 
 56 
 
 220 
 177 
 73 
 
 82 
 7 
 
 48 
 49 
 29 
 15 
 (a) 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 (a) 
 8 
 4 
 
 .(a) 
 5 
 
 (a) 
 3 
 6 
 
 269 
 217 
 187 
 708 
 57 
 
 59 
 142 
 174 
 
 87 
 99 
 
 195 
 163 
 
 10 
 13 
 3 
 5 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 4 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 273 
 197 
 161 
 638 
 73 
 
 82 
 128 
 174 
 
 87 
 82 
 
 196 
 174 
 70 
 55 
 5 
 
 31 
 42 
 19 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 17 
 
 (a) 
 
 259 
 162 
 141 
 539 
 57 
 
 63 
 100 
 138 
 65 
 65 
 
 140 
 117 
 
 77 
 44 
 
 30 
 28 
 22 
 12 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 251 
 158 
 137 
 532 
 56 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 141 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 225 
 154 
 138 
 679 
 56 
 
 70 
 122 
 165 
 66 
 99 
 
 153 
 127 
 104 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 214 
 
 1 Not including mills in New York. 
 
 2 Not reported. 
 
 3 Includmg Florida, Kansas, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and those marked "a." 
 
 Table 5. — Percentage of basswood lumber manufactured by different classes of mills in 
 1918, also number of mills in different classes reporting. 
 
 [Class 5 includes mills cutting 10,000,000 board feet and over per year; class 4, mills cutting from 5,000,000 
 to 9,999,000 board feet per year; class 3, 1,000,000 to 4,999,000 board feet; class 2, 500,000 to 999,000 board 
 feet; class 1, 50,000 to 499,000 board feet.] 
 
 State. 
 
 United States 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Michigan 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Ohio 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 All other States 
 
 Total. 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 S3 
 
 259 
 162 
 141 
 539 
 57 
 
 63 
 100 
 138 
 65 
 65 
 
 140 
 117 
 
 77 
 179 
 
 Class 5. 
 
 104 
 
 Class 4. 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 172 
 
 35 
 <26 
 
 14 
 
 Class 3. 
 
 15 
 7 
 22 
 17 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 2 78 
 
 3 35 
 28 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 6 20 
 
 26 
 
 267 
 
 Class 2. 
 
 327 
 
 Class 1. 
 
 122 
 73 
 45 
 
 449 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 80 
 31 
 33 
 
 92 
 79 
 65 
 109 
 
 1 Includes cut of 1 mill in class 5. 
 
 2 Includes cut of 1 mill in class 4. 
 
 3 Includes cut of 2 mills in class 4. 
 
 < Includes cut of 2 mills in class 5. 
 
 ' Includes cut of 1 mill in class 5 and 1 mill in class 4 . 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 15 
 
 Table 4 gives the number of mills in the different States reporting 
 the manufacture of basswood lumber in different years. New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Vermont, Ohio, and Indiana produce relatively small 
 amounts in proportion to the number of mills cutting basswood. 
 Wisconsin and, to a lesser degree, Michigan produce relatively large 
 amounts per mill cutting basswood. 
 
 Table 5 shows the proportionate amounts of basswood lumber 
 manufactured by different size-classes of mills in different States in 
 1918. There has been a great reduction in the number of mills 
 sawing basswood lumber for the last few years, particularl}^ in Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Pennsylvania, which indicates that the timber is largely 
 cut out in those States. 
 
 Manufacture. — In sawing basswood lumber from the log, manufac- 
 turers generally try to get wide, clear stock, for which there is a 
 demand. Such stock 2^ and 3 inches in thickness is often wanted 
 for special uses. Basswood lumber that is all white brings a better 
 price than when the brown wood is mixed with it. 
 
 Practically all basswood logs have a discolored central portion 
 (PI. IV, a), and lumber manufacturers generally saw as much wide, 
 clear, white stock as possible from two sides of the log down to the 
 discolored wood. Narrower stock is then sawed from the other two 
 sides. Logs with large hollow or defective centers are sawed simi- 
 larly. Such logs will yield as much according to the log scale as 
 sound logs, because, in scaling, the central defective portion is de- 
 ducted. The sound wood in such a log is often entirely clear; and, 
 since the whiter wood is toward the outside, these logs generally 
 produce a large percentage of high-grade stock. Probably the most 
 common thicknesses of basswood lumber manufactured are 1, 2^, and 
 3 inches. 
 
 The quantities of different grades of basswood lumber sawed from 
 logs naturally depend on the size and quality of the timber. Reports 
 from several large mills in northern Michigan and Wisconsin indicate 
 that the average proportions of different grades of basswood lumber 
 produced are about as follows: 
 
 Grades: Percent. 
 
 Firsts and seconds 25 
 
 No. 1 common 30 
 
 No. 2 common 25 
 
 No. 3 common 20 
 
 The principal defects found in basswood lumber are black and 
 rotten streaks and rotten knots (PI. IV, b, c, d, e). Basswood timber 
 has few knots, however, in comparison with most other hardwoods. 
 The dark, brown-colored wood near the center of the log is not val- 
 ued so highly as the light-colored wood, even though it may be per- 
 fectly sound and clear of defects (PI. IV, a, b). Discoloration also 
 often takes place in the white wood, which reduces its value. This 
 
16 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 
 
 discoloration does not take place so readily in cold weather, and for 
 this reason basswood is cut by some firms mainly in the winter or 
 late fall. Some manufacturers claim that where the lumberyard is 
 kept in proper condition, well drained and free from undergrowth, 
 there is little trouble from the staining of basswood, whether cut in 
 winter or summer. It is a common practice not to separate the 
 white basswood from the brown until it has been air-dried for 6 sum- 
 mer months. The "stickers," or strips, used in piling lumber to keep 
 the boards apart for drying may leave a discolored strip or band in 
 basswood which is not removed in planing and lessens the value of 
 the white wood for certain purposes. This is overcome by some 
 firms by end-drying the lumber or pole-drying it for a week or two 
 and then placing it in a "stuck" pile. In end-drying, the boards are 
 placed on end under a specially built shed with stickers arranged 
 horizontally at specified distances. Such a pile presents the appear- 
 ance of an ordinary lengthwise lumber pile set on end. In this method 
 the stickers are not brought into such close contact with the boards, 
 since there is no weight or pressure. In pole-drying, the boards are 
 piled almost vertically, crossing each other and supported by a strip 
 of timber on which the lower edge of each board rests (PL V, figs. 1 
 and 2) . Labor costs are greater in pole-drying than in the ordinary 
 methods of piling lumber. 
 
 Basswood logs are very closely utilized in manufacturing into lum- 
 ber, especially the outer clear, white, sound wood. Even the strips 
 edged from the boards and called "bark strips" are often piled 
 together and placed in stock. These bark strips are generally 1 inch 
 thick and 2 to 4 inches wide, although some may be as wide as 6 
 inches. If of good color and free from defects, this stock is valuable 
 to factories making small articles. Small strips of low-grade wood 
 about 3 feet in length are sometimes sawed out and sold for crating. 
 
 Sawmill operators generally find it more profitable to manufacture 
 lumber from their basswood logs than to sell the logs to factories. 
 
 Grades and prices. — Basswood logs are often separated into two 
 grades. No. 1 or veneer logs, and No. 2, which is below the No. 1 
 grade. Veneer logs must be quite clear and of good form for rotary 
 cutting. They must be at least 1 1 inches in diameter at the small 
 end. No. 2 logs can be as small as 6 inches in diameter at the 
 small end. 
 
 The National Hardwood Lumber Association grading rules for bass- 
 wood lumber apply also to soft elm, soft maple, and buckeye. There 
 are six grades: Firsts, seconds, selects, No. 1 common. No. 2 common, 
 and No. 3 common. 
 
 Firsts must be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long. Pieces 
 4 to 9 square feet in size, surface measure, must be clear; pieces 10 
 to 15 square feet may have one standard defect or its equivalent; and 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Fig. I. — Framework Used in Pole Drying. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Method of Pole-Drying Basswood Lumber. 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD, 17 
 
 pieces 16 square feet and over may have two standard defects or their 
 equivalent. Seconds are also 6 inches and over wide, and pieces can 
 have from one to five standard defects or their equivalent for from 
 5 to 20 square feet, surface measure, as specified. Firsts and seconds 
 are generally combined as one grade, called "firsts and seconds" and 
 designated as FAS. In this combined grade there must be at least 
 20 per cent of firsts. Lengths are 8 to 16 feet, and there must be 
 not more than 20 per cent under 12 feet long and not more than 
 10 per cent 8 and 9 feet long. 
 
 The grade " selects" includes pieces 4 inches and over wide and 6 feet 
 and over long, with not more than 30 per cent under 12 feet long and 
 not over 5 per cent of 6 and 7 foot lengths. In general the best face 
 of pieces in selects must grade not below seconds and the reverse face 
 not below No. 1 common. Admission into this grade also depends on 
 amount of waste caused by defects in each piece. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 3 common grades include pieces 3 inches and over 
 wide and 4 feet and over long. No. 1 common must have not to 
 exceed 5 per cent of 3-inch widths, with not over 30 per cent shorter 
 than 10 feet, and not to exceed 10 per cent of 4 and 5 foot lengths. 
 Pieces 4 and 5 feet long, also pieces 3 and 4 inches wide and 6 and 7 
 feet long, must be clear of defects. Other pieces must work at least 
 663 per cent clear face in from one to four cuttings of specified mini- 
 mum sizes, depending on the dimensions of the pieces. No. 2 com- 
 mon must have not more than 10 per cent of 4 and 5 foot lengths. 
 Pieces must work at least 50 per cent sound in not more than three 
 to five cuttings, depending on the size of the piece. Cuttings must 
 be at least 3 inches wide by 2 feet long. Pieces in No. 3 common 
 grade must contain at least 25 per cent of soimd cuttings, each of 
 which must have a minimum width of 1^ inches and a minimum 
 surface area of 36 square inches. It is specifically noted in these 
 rules that black spots and black streaks are defects in all grades, 
 and care must be exercised in estimating their damage, for if any 
 piece has an excessive amount its grade will be lowered. 
 
 Table 6 gives average stumpage values of basswood timber for the 
 years 1907 and 1912. These are averages of reports from a large 
 number of timberland owners. Table 7 gives prices based on many 
 reports of actual sales of stumpage in 1912. Prices of maple, birch, 
 and beech are included for comparison. Reports obtained on stump- 
 age sales in 1920 indicate a considerable increase in prices. Selling 
 prices for Michigan and Wisconsin averaged SIO, and an average 
 selling price of $19.40 was reported on sales of basswood stumpage 
 in Ohio. This high figure for Ohio probably includes small lots of 
 choice timber. Reports on sales in States where the timberland has 
 been largely cut over show much variation in price. Basswood is 
 generally purchased together with other hardwood timber, such as 
 64281°— 22— Bull. 1007 3 
 
18 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 yellow poplar, maple, and oak, with which it is found in mixture, 
 and the price varies greatly. Prices ranging from $2,50 to $10 a 
 thousand board feet for mixed stands were reported from Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, and West Virginia. The average value of basswood lum- 
 ber per 1,000 board feet f. o. b. mills, obtained from reports of saw- 
 mills on lumber production, is given in Table 8, by States, for those 
 years in which the data were collected. With the exception of the 
 years 1909, 1911, and 1915, this table shows a continuous increase 
 in value; increasingly higher values are shown since the year 1915. 
 Average prices in Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina are gen- 
 erally $1 or $2 a thousand board feet below the average. 
 
 Table 6. — Average stumpage values of basswood for 1907 and 1912, from reports on 
 values from timberland owners. 
 
 1907 
 
 1912 
 
 Northeastern States: 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont 
 
 New York 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 S5.80 
 6.25 
 4.96 
 8.31 
 7.59 
 
 (20) 
 (18) 
 (27) 
 (21) 
 (41) 
 
 $6.04 (48) 
 
 7.56 (23) 
 
 6.90 (25) 
 
 8. 51 (88) 
 
 8.14 (61) 
 
 Average of 5 States. 
 
 North Central States: 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Average of 2 States. 
 
 Southern Appalachian States: 
 
 Maryland , 
 
 Virginia , 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 North Carohna , 
 
 6.68 (127) 
 
 "7.68 (245) 
 
 9.59 (27) 
 10.83 (27) 
 
 11.59 (59) 
 11.22 (43) 
 
 10.21 (54) 
 
 11.43 (102) 
 
 4.50 
 3.33 
 3.91 
 4.46 
 4.04 
 1.67 
 
 (3) 
 
 (6) 
 (43) 
 
 (3) 
 (12) 
 
 (6) 
 
 4.50 
 6.33 
 4.11 
 4.62 
 4.22 
 3.30 
 
 (4 
 
 (4) 
 
 (9) 
 
 (25) 
 
 (18) 
 
 (23) 
 
 Average of 6 States. 
 
 3.75 (73) 
 
 Lake States: 
 Michigan — 
 
 Upper Peninsula 
 
 Lower Peninsula 
 
 Southern tier of counties . 
 
 State average 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 5.61 
 
 8.95 
 1.67 
 8.26 
 6.59 
 5.50 
 
 (23) 
 (59) 
 (6) 
 (88) 
 (65) 
 (10) 
 
 Average of 3 States. 
 
 7. 42 (163) 
 
 4.16 (82) 
 
 9. 57 (86) 
 7. 12 (122) 
 7. 41 (39) 
 
 8.02 (247) 
 
 The numerals in parentheses indicate the number of reports on which the averages are based. (From 
 Department of Agnculture Bulletin 285, The Northern Hardwood Forest, Table 12.) 
 
 Table 7. — Comparative stumpage values per 1,000 board feet of basswood, maple, birch, 
 
 and beech, 1912. 
 
 [From reports of sales collected by the Forest Service.] 
 
 Species. 
 
 North- 
 eastern 
 States.i 
 
 Southern 
 States.' 
 
 Lake 
 States.' 
 
 Basswood 
 
 $8.40 
 5.98 
 5.61 
 4.38 
 
 $4.92 
 3.45 
 3.33 
 2.86 
 
 $6.30 
 
 Maple . . 
 
 4.58 
 
 Birch 
 
 4.85 
 
 Beech 
 
 3.67 
 
 
 
 1 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 2 Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. 
 
 3 Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 19 
 
 Table 8. — Average value ofhasswood lumber per 1,000 board feet f. o. b. mills, by States, 
 
 for different years. 
 
 
 1899 
 
 1904 
 
 1907 
 
 1909 
 
 1911 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 United States 
 
 $12.84 
 
 $16.86 
 
 $20.03 
 
 $19.50 
 
 $19.20 
 
 $18.89 $21.05 
 
 $25.96 
 
 $34.00 
 
 $40.03 |$54.28 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 12.67 
 13.08 
 12.10 
 14.24 
 10.21 
 
 10.09 
 14.74 
 12.21 
 12.34 
 9.79 
 
 13.34 
 12.65 
 10.63 
 11.09 
 11.57 
 
 9.68 
 13.12 
 
 9.98 
 26.28 
 10.00 
 
 13.19 
 11.18 
 10.71 
 
 16.12 
 17.29 
 18.09 
 17.76 
 20.10 
 
 14.97 
 32.71 
 18.21 
 10.13 
 13.20 
 
 20.72 
 16.37 
 13.10 
 15.42 
 18.67 
 
 18.56 
 16.97 
 11.00 
 12.00 
 
 23.75 
 14.33 
 
 ■i6.'i2' 
 
 19.62 
 20.31 
 19.60 
 24.00 
 19.15 
 
 17.86 
 22.27 
 20.70 
 17.74 
 
 18.97 
 21.16 
 20.07 
 17.88 
 18.27 
 
 19.28 
 24.38 
 22.82 
 16.57 
 
 19.03 
 20.17 
 18.56 
 20.81 
 15.83 
 
 19.80 
 20.40 
 20.36 
 19.33 
 19.19 
 
 20.23 
 19.22 
 15.67 
 18.00 
 16.00 
 
 19.33 
 
 18.79 
 18.79 
 18.50 
 
 19.00 
 14.62 
 17.33 
 18.60 
 
 18.94 21.15 
 19.57 22.07 
 19.13 20.82 
 19. 50 22. 98 
 18.81 1 21.18 
 
 17.26 19.76 
 
 26.60 
 27.74 
 25.43 
 25.48 
 25.65 
 
 25.21 
 27.49 
 25.84 
 22.96 
 23.41 
 
 23.69 
 23.68 
 19.45 
 20.54 
 29.16 
 
 22.00 
 23.02 
 20.38 
 16.86 
 18.21 
 
 20.79 
 
 ia42 
 
 '26.'6i' 
 16.59 
 
 "36."66" 
 
 34.68 
 36.04 
 35.34 
 33.12 
 36.13 
 
 32.00 
 34.13 
 32.34 
 30.09 
 28.94 
 
 29.33 
 32.33 
 23.11 
 
 18. 82 
 30.19 
 
 31.30 
 25.53 
 26.49 
 22.46 
 21.22 
 
 32.50 
 23.33 
 35.00 
 25.06 
 18.48 
 
 26.44 
 25.00 
 27.67 
 22.00 
 
 39.78 1 57.05 
 
 Michigan 
 
 42.38 
 40.86 
 40.36 
 
 56.65 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 60.81 
 
 New York 
 
 50.44 
 
 Virginia . 
 
 37.54 64.16 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 52.87 
 
 Indiana 
 
 21.31 
 19.39 
 18.24 
 18.46 
 
 17.30 
 17.71 
 16.10 
 17.13 
 20.00 
 
 17.66 
 19.41 
 
 22.80 
 22.07 
 19.83 
 18.07 
 
 20.52 
 19.27 
 17.15 
 17.67 
 18.14 
 
 18.34 
 20.73 
 
 53.24 
 
 Ohio 
 
 49. 17 50. 14 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 44.81 
 
 
 18.69 18.11 
 
 20.20 21.63 
 17.26 17.07 
 17.72 : 17.10 
 
 18.36 17.02 
 
 17.09 15.96 
 
 17.47 16.20 
 
 19.37 19.53 
 17.61 16.71 
 18.24 17.88 
 
 17.10 21.94 
 
 19. 74 16. 94 
 
 14.38 16.61 
 12.68 15.02 
 18.72 19.93 
 
 42.36 
 
 
 53.59 
 
 Vermont 
 
 44.88 
 
 Minnesota . 
 
 38.69 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 
 15.21 18.07 
 17.88 19.01 
 20. 00 20. 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.75 
 16.88 
 20.09 
 18. 36 
 16.37 
 
 18.00 
 19.60 
 15.00 
 
 17.30 
 17.87 
 18.18 
 21.37 
 16.61 
 
 18.75 
 16.00 
 14.00 
 15.50 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20.69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.00 
 26.75 
 16.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.00 
 
 23.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.50 
 
 18.38 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 9. — Average wholesale prices of basswood lumber per thousand board feet f. o. b. 
 mill in Wisconsin and Michigan, by grades, for different years. 
 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 Wisconsin: 
 
 $35.72 
 24.93 
 14.98 
 11.96 
 21.72 
 
 36.34 
 26.29 
 18.24 
 13.92 
 22.96 
 
 $34.66 
 23.97 
 14.31 
 
 $33.81 
 2-. 85 
 13.76 
 
 $34.51 
 23.58 
 16.04 
 
 $37.45 
 24.97 
 19.50 
 17. 30 
 25.05 
 
 37.78 
 27.11 
 19.69 
 17.57 
 23.03 
 
 $36.20 
 24.68 
 17.94 
 15.51 
 20.95 
 
 36.48 
 26.63 
 19.66 
 17.34 
 20.94 
 
 $33.79 
 22.95 
 15.61 
 13.05 
 19.38 
 
 35.27 
 25.05 
 18.33 
 14.50 
 20.34 
 
 $36.08 
 
 No. 1 common 4/4 
 
 25.07 
 
 No. 2 common 4/4 
 
 17.18 
 
 
 13.99 
 
 
 21.45 
 
 35.87 
 
 25.88 
 17.19 
 
 19.03 
 
 36.37 
 25.46 
 16.54 
 
 18.81 
 
 35. 82 
 24.87 
 16.68 
 
 
 Michigan: 
 
 Firsts and seconds 4/4 . . 
 
 37.88 
 
 No. 1 common 4/4 
 
 27.67 
 
 
 18.55 
 
 
 15.87 
 
 
 22.12 
 
 20.17 
 
 20.06 
 
 21.08 
 
 
 
20 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 
 s 
 
 •Hi . 
 
 •a * fe 
 
 
 3 03 t* 
 3* 
 HO--" 
 
 3 3 « 
 Eh !?■" 
 
 CO O ; 
 
 
 i5 s !s 
 3 H ffl 
 o S,« 
 
 T3 ^ 
 
 (»o3« 
 
 ss-* 
 
 coooSS 
 
 00 Tji Oi Tji Tf 
 
 00 »0 lO CO cc 
 
 ':00000 
 OC lO «0 5DCO 
 
 cooooS 
 
 00 >OiC CC CO 
 
 88888 
 
 S8S8S 
 
 00 >OiO COCO 
 
 88888 
 
 to CO 00 CO CO 
 00OU5OC0 
 
 OC Oi -^ Oi C3l 
 Cl Tt4 to lO^M 
 
 1 sssss 
 
 i2 00 -4 CD -H — i 
 
 SoSSm 
 
 2J N h^ c^ o 
 
 0> «D «0 t>- ■* 
 
 ocSooco pj ooooco 
 
 05 05 -^ osr- 
 
 StDt 
 
 00 lO to CO c^ 
 
 S8888 
 
 000 05 O: ■* 
 
 «o888S 
 
 8' IC O ITS *0 
 00*O5T»< 
 
 ?S88 
 
 JOOOS-* 
 
 g osiototoco 
 ea 
 
 "o 58888 
 
 OOOOOi'^ 
 
 oSoSo 
 e4 1>^ «■ t^ 00 
 
 MOi-11-H ^ 
 
 O O o o i;© 
 
 go QOO 
 lO ift »c to 
 
 to in" t~i C4 00 
 
 goo C O 
 lO lO »0 lO 
 
 1/5 O ic o ?p 
 
 <N OOi-i* 
 
 OO O OO 
 »0 IC lO lO to 
 
 CC CO 05 cc o 
 00 00 00 00 to 
 
 S' in" t- N CO 
 NO« cood 
 
 ■* c5 (N cooo 
 
 52Sa? 
 
 S885 
 
 OQr~t^t^ 
 
 lOlOi-Irt r-l 
 
 o' 'J' o 00 00 
 
 CO O-H rt 50 
 
 to to to to o 
 C^IMt^M to 
 
 00 ^ t-i IN r-; 
 
 IN O OtHjo 
 
 -H t^ Ci -^ O 
 OS ;0 ^ t^ to 
 
 t^ O O Q t^ 
 ^H to to to 1— I 
 
 o' to' 1^ OO o> 
 
 OS o ^ r*-^ 
 
 o o OO to 
 
 to ^ "-J to 00 
 OOcCt-t>--* 
 
 CO o <>» r^ lo 
 
 t* CD CO CO ■^ 
 
 o CO CO CO r* 
 
 lO 00 00 00 CO 
 
 to o6 o lO TjH 
 
 t^ to CD CD "* 
 
 SCO CO CO r- 
 COCO CO 1-H 
 
 to ooo to-^ 
 
 t>-iOcDCO'^ 
 
 ;88i 
 
 OC to t^ « IN 
 
 1^ O OOco 
 
 o OO oco 
 
 t^ ^* CO »-H ^ 
 
 CC to toco -^ 
 
 t^ O O O CO 
 1-1 to to to 00 
 
 t-^cotoo cs 
 
 CD to to CO ^ 
 
 88888 
 
 CO ^' CO* ^ c^ 
 ^ lO to CO -^ 
 
 88888 
 
 to CO to o^ 
 CO to to CO ■^ 
 
 88888 
 
 CD '•sf CC' -H (N 
 
 CD to to :0 ■* 
 
 SSSS8 
 
 tO CO tO O Oi 
 CO to to CO CO 
 
 ooooo 
 lO tO to to to 
 
 ;S8S8 
 
 ) ■*■ CC 1-i 55 
 > to toco 1^ 
 
 88888 
 
 to fO to O 00 
 CO to to CO CO 
 
 o c ooo 
 
 lO tO to to tO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 c4 o (M* r^ o 
 
 CO CO CO CO O 
 
 00 oC' 00 OO t?5 
 
 O 00 q" to* CO 
 
 CO -^ to to CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 O 00* o to oc 
 
 CO -^ to to CO 
 
 CD CO O O CD 
 
 OS oc c<i t^ CD 
 
 t^r* o o t>- 
 
 rH ^ *OtOl-< 
 
 ;8S; 
 
 t^cO O to •* 
 
 00 c^ to to 00 
 
 ^ O 00 CO o 
 
 1-H W Tf t^ ^ 
 
 JS3^c 
 
 to 00 00 oc to 
 
 t*0 OOi>» 
 
 to 00 « X to 
 
 o oi c<i V c4 
 
 Tf(N CO COC^ 
 
 to 00 00 OC' to 
 
 ■-(N CO CO<N 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 00 oc 1-H fOC^ 
 CO iM cocoes 
 
 lO to to to 00 
 00 OO^CO »-4 
 
 CO c^ cocoes 
 
 ^S8SS 
 
 i c4 lo' t^ TjS 
 
 jcocococJj 
 
 lO tO to to 00 
 oc 00 ^ CO M 
 
 CO c^ cocoes 
 
 to to to to 00 
 
 00 00^ COi-H 
 
 88SSS 
 
 CO CO CD 00 to 
 
 rt ^^TflCON 
 
 ^c<5 cocoes 
 aj ■ ^co"«'5f 
 
 M . a aa a 
 
 • 0000 
 
 ■O ■ a a a a 
 
 .. G"* 9 " 3 9 
 M c3^S S S H 
 i- M o o o o 
 t?i2-o " " " u 
 
 >-i-g C'^'1'^^ 
 
 •j. .b o d 6 d 6 
 
 OS OS CM ■>*< IN 
 CO *» CO CO IN 
 
 2888$ 
 
 to to to to to 
 MNNININ 
 
 OS « IN TfS -H 
 
 CON CO CO IN 
 
 CO O O OCD 
 >-( OOOOS 
 
 00 06 rf' co' 00 
 CONCO COi-l 
 
 ooo8co 
 t^c4 r>^iN CO 
 
 IN O OtHCO 
 
 t^O^ CO CO o 
 T-< 00 00 OOtO 
 
 t^ 00 CO 00 OS 
 
 ■*-HINiNCD 
 
 t^t^cocot^ 
 
 CO CO CO co^ 
 
 t-^ -H t>; IN to 
 
 CM OO-HCO 
 
 CDOOOtO 
 to -H CO 00 T(S 
 oc CO CD CD-* 
 
 O CO to to r-* 
 
 i-H -<j5cD ^O 
 t^ to to CO ^ 
 
 CO OS CM r- CO 
 
 CD ■^ to to CO 
 
 OOOOQ 
 
 totooo io 
 
 CSOO^CDCD 
 
 CO ^ to toco 
 
 o 00 o toco 
 CO ^ to toco 
 
 OQOOO 
 
 to to to to to 
 
 CO -^ to toco 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 1-^ to t^ CM to 
 
 to -^ -^ to CO 
 
 ;S8; 
 
 oosr^cM o 
 
 00 1--^ -< ^06 
 ^ CO "^ ^ CM 
 
 to 00 00 00 to 
 
 i^ooot- 
 
 CO CM CO CO CM 
 
 00' 00 00 00 00 
 to to to to to 
 
 CDCO Os^ OS 
 COCMO) COi-H 
 
 CMCMCMCMO 
 
 b^ t>: o ffi c5 
 
 CO CM CO CO CM 
 
 to to to to to 
 CM IN CM CM CM 
 
 00 00 -H CO o 
 CO CM CO CO CM 
 
 2888$ 
 
 •-H r^ c5 CM hi 
 
 CO CM COCOrH 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 21 
 
 fegSSS 
 
 r^ S o oo 
 r* •<*< ^ oc^ 
 
 
 8S88S 
 
 S888S 8¥888 
 
 Q OOMOOOO 
 00 'J' u-t iO M 
 
 :5?S5i 
 
 88888 
 888SS? 
 
 OQodrc CO o 
 oo»o co«co 
 
 «>8888 
 
 3' CJ X M CO 
 X 00 35 ^ 
 
 SSSS5 
 
 X cc X r^ •* 
 
 88888" 
 SSS8$^ 
 
 88S8S 
 
 88885? 
 
 00 ic lO <o c-a 
 
 sssss? 
 
 ?d8888 
 
 58888 
 
 8o ^ Cl Cl 
 t>-oo«co 
 
 58888 
 
 ^ iC Q lO IC 
 
 oS8S<o 
 
 8S88o 
 
 T^05 -^ g? o 
 
 8SS8S 
 
 O iC Q »0 O 
 
 o oooo 
 lO *o i.t »o »o 
 
 "■ r-: «■ <p c-j 
 
 »c r^ -H CD r^ 
 
 S?S88a 
 
 SooSS 
 
 lO o o >o 
 i-< ^" c^ t^ c<i 
 
 88888 
 
 
 co « w coo 
 
 CO cc cc CO re 
 cc cc coco oC 
 
 ^88:i3 
 
 
 r* wrocOQ 
 
 <0 CO CO CO O 
 
 r* 05 ^ ^ o 
 
 •f ^ C^ CS X 
 
 t^ CO Qr*o 
 
 O CO OO O 
 
 «oo8S 
 00 ?o ^ i© ^ 
 
 ;S88S 
 
 «>SS8S 
 
 S; 
 
 58SSS 
 
 Tp X o -^r^ 
 
 w -r o ^ O 
 r* uo »o <o "^ 
 
 8 CO CO CO t^ 
 CO coco^ 
 
 -H '^ CD -^ <:^ 
 I^ lO to o ^ 
 
 I^QO QCO 
 F-i lO iC »0 CO 
 
 ^ r>» o> ^' CO 
 
 coo>c^r*<^ 
 
 ;D ■^ lO iC CO 
 
 S ■* >o »oco 
 
 rnSSSx 
 
 • C O Q C 
 50 O OC 
 
 OOOCO 
 iO»OOOiC 
 
 O X -J td o 
 
 SiC*COiO 
 
 8QCOiO«D 
 '^O »0 CO 
 
 lo iJ5 iS u5 »o 
 t^»or^cico 
 
 to -^ -^lOCO 
 
 88888 
 
 
 lo "io io » 
 
 io >0 io to OC 
 
 iS K 25 26 35 
 
 25 u5 25 lo 3D 
 o x' o »o r^ 
 
 O "«»' lOU^ CO 
 
 lO io 4?5 u5 »o 
 t>^ lo r^ c^ CO 
 
 UO-^^OCO 
 
 88888 
 
 3' C^ '^ Oi Q 
 iC *o iC ■^ 
 
 88888 
 
 ■^ (N ■* OJ ci 
 <0 "O ^ to ^ 
 
 CO CC CC C*5 CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 UlTJi'^lOCO 
 
 cs ;o o o ;£> 
 
 V CO t^ c^ ^ 
 
 ift Tj< <Ji U5 CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 o Tji Tjiirs CO 
 
 o5 otoioioo 
 iS> ■»'■*■* CO 
 
 CO !C O 0;0 
 
 ISEI 
 
 ' CO t^C^ 1-H 
 
 oc 36 00 i6 » 
 Oi r^ OS ^ r* 
 
 lO ^ Tf iC CO 
 
 r* t^ o Q t-' 
 
 1— I ^ uO »0 -^ 
 
 r^ :D O^ --r -^ 
 
 uO ■* ^ *0 CO 
 
 00 (N 10 10 00 
 O OS l^ CM o 
 
 OOiM iC uO 00 
 O OS I^ iM O 
 
 -*tiCO '*'*CM 
 
 »o to oi ^ lO 
 ■^coco ^c5 
 
 C^li-O >o « Cl 
 •^ C-J C4 "O -J 
 
 *C ^ ^ ^ CO 
 
 in X oc xio 
 
 t~oo Or- 
 
 eo c^ CO coc 
 
 •C X X X o 
 
 r-ioxooi 
 COfNOl co»-t 
 
 •O X X X «o 
 
 t^o c or- 
 
 rt o ■^ ■c c^' 
 
 ■4>coco :oc^ 
 
 OC XX X 00 
 10 10 to »o to 
 
 <0;D 05 f-^ OS 
 
 X XX xr- 
 
 00000 
 
 rft ^ !>• 05 r* 
 W C<1 <M N .-( 
 
 X X X X X 
 
 to to to tC to 
 
 a! X ^ ^6 —H 
 
 CO c< cocoes 
 
 »o to to to X 
 (NC^C^IC^O 
 
 t^t^ooio 
 
 > to to to X 
 
 t~t~0!NO 
 CO C^ CO CO c^ 
 
 to to to to X 
 
 to to to to X 
 
 Nf4csc^ o 
 
 05 o5 c-i ■fl< c4 
 
 cofl mcoc^ 
 
 to to to to to 
 
 06 0(3-^ CO c5 
 CO (N CO cool 
 
 eoo< 
 .-iO< 
 
 f~t^O (N 0> 
 COC^ CO CO i-H 
 
 8 ' ^<0"00"-* 
 
 " : c c c cj 
 
 .0000 
 •O ■ a a a fl 
 
 <s5f S 9 S B 
 
 .. =" m O O O O 
 
 O fO o o o o 
 M'g H ■-< -( -H (N 
 
 g .!3 o d 6 6 d 
 
 to to to to r>» 
 
 00 00^ CO <^ 
 COCS COCOrt 
 
 CO ^ CO CO to 
 
 «0 O !0 cor* 
 to to x5 id r^ 
 
 COMC^COrt 
 
 2888S 
 
 t^ t^ c5 c4 r>^ 
 
 COC4CO CO ^ 
 
 C 5 03^ 
 
 ftP-l 
 
 O O 1 
 o O I 
 
 X ■»< 
 
 a a 
 o o 
 
 sa 
 
 5 d d 
 
 ^5 
 
 3.S 
 
 ) to to to tm 
 
 l^to'oo^ 
 
 • c fl n fl 
 
 • 0000 
 
 ^ q S a n 
 
 ^aaai 
 
 K o o o o 
 _j o u u o 
 
 00000 
 
 lA lA lC L 
 
 2S88S 
 
 COMCOCO-^ 
 
 S ;-$"to5cr5f 
 
 " .a a a a 
 • 0000 
 
 "H-^saaa 
 .. 03 5^8 a a a 
 
 « m O O O O 
 iJ.tj o o o o o 
 
 CQ 
 
22 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 Table 11. — Average wholesale prices of basswood and yellow poplar for different years 
 and quarter-years, 4/4 inch, No. 1 common grade at Chicago. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Bass- 
 wood. 
 
 Yellow 
 poplar. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Bass- 
 wood. 
 
 Yellow 
 poplar. 
 
 1912 
 
 $27.00 
 28.25 
 27.25 
 26.58 
 
 $34.88 
 34.71 
 32.67 
 31.25 
 33.25 
 
 34.50 
 38.17 
 39.50 
 41.00 
 
 42.67 
 45.50 
 49.33 
 .56.50 
 
 1919: 
 
 $48.50 
 49.50 
 54.33 
 61.00 
 
 101. 00 
 117.83 
 97.50 
 99.00 
 
 79.00 
 54.00 
 48.00 
 46.00 
 
 
 1913 
 
 $55. 17 
 56 50 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1915 
 
 
 63 50 
 
 1916 
 
 28.08 
 
 33.17 
 40.17 
 35.67 
 42.67 
 
 43.67 
 45.33 
 48.50 
 48.50 
 
 
 72.67 
 
 1917: 
 
 First quarter 
 
 1920: 
 
 106 67 
 
 Second quarter 
 
 Third quarter 
 
 Second quarter 
 
 123. 00 
 
 Third quarter 
 
 107 50 
 
 Fourth quarter 
 
 
 86.67 
 
 1918: 
 
 First quarter 
 
 1921: 
 
 First quarter 
 
 75 00 
 
 Second quarter 
 
 
 55.67 
 
 Third quarter 
 
 
 49 33 
 
 Fourth quarter 
 
 
 54 C7 
 
 
 
 
 Table 12. — Production of basswood veneer. 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 used, log 
 
 scale. 
 
 Veneer produced. 
 
 Cost per 
 l,000feet. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Rotary. 
 
 Sawed or rp . , 
 sliced, i ^°'^'- 
 
 1905 
 
 Mfeet. 
 11,376 
 15,659 
 13, 561 
 11,609 
 13,715 
 11, 003 
 11,602 
 11,134 
 
 Msq.ft. 
 
 Msq.ft. Msq.ft. 
 : 82,925 
 
 
 1906 
 
 72, 158 
 75,203 
 
 1,285 73, 4' 3 
 2, 790 7?, 993 
 
 $15.84 
 
 1907 
 
 18.00 
 
 1908 . .. . 
 
 20.16 
 
 1909 
 
 
 
 20.20 
 
 1910 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 
 
 1919 . . . ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 13. — Consumption of basswood for veneer, by States and years, in thousand board 
 
 feet. 
 
 State. 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908 
 
 1909 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 8,979 
 2,699 
 1,505 
 1,132 
 150 
 
 146 
 25 
 136 
 100 
 24 
 
 7,480 
 
 2,282 
 
 1,377 
 
 620 
 
 365 
 
 720 
 131 
 239 
 64 
 40 
 
 4,929 
 
 1,686 
 
 2,204 
 
 864 
 
 785 
 
 300 
 330 
 246 
 29 
 80 
 
 30 
 
 5,7S3 
 
 Michigan.. 
 
 3,660 
 
 Maine . . 
 
 1,199 
 
 
 1,139 
 
 
 482 
 
 Ohio 
 
 428 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 163 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 200 
 100 
 152 
 
 10 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 15,659 
 
 13, 561 
 
 11,609 
 
 13, 715 
 
 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 23 
 
 In Table 9 are given average wholesale prices of different grades of 
 basswood lumber per 1,000 board feet f. o. b. mill in Wisconsin and 
 Michigan for the years 1909 to 1916, as reported by sawmills in those 
 States. 
 
 Table 10 gives prices of 4/4 firsts and seconds, of 4/4, 6/4, and 8/4 
 No. 1 common and of 4/4 No. 2 common from 1912 to 1920, in different 
 markets, as published by the Lumberman's Bureau. For comparsion 
 Table 11 gives prices, from the same source, of 4/4 No. 1 common 
 basswood and yellow poplar at Chicago. 
 
 Statistics on production. — Table 12 gives available statistics of the 
 Census on the production of basswood veneer for different years. The 
 quantities of veneer produced and the costs are included, where 
 reported. The consumption of basswood for veneer, by States, is 
 given in Table 13 for the years 1906 to 1909, inclusive, which are the 
 only years for which these data are available. Wisconsin and Michi- 
 gan were the main States producing basswood veneer in 1909; and 
 they are also the main producing States at the present time, because 
 the main timber supply is located in this region. 
 
 Manufacture. — Basswood is converted into veneer almost entirely 
 by the rotary process. Logs for veneering should be at least 10 inches 
 in diameter at the small end and reasonably clear, straight, and round 
 (PI. VI). Hollow logs can be used, however, if the hollow is not too 
 large and there is a thick rim of sound wood. A solid wood plug is 
 driven into the ends of such logs, so that they can be turned in the 
 veneer lathe. The logs are commonly cut into sections about 4 feet 
 long and the usual thicknesses of veneer are from one-fourth to one- 
 sixteenth of an inch. The cost of basswood veneer logs during the 
 summer of 1920 was about $70 or $75 per 1,000 board feet, log scale, 
 in the Lake States, the price depending largely on the quality and 
 location of the timber. Some veneer plants buy woods-run logs and 
 saw the lower grade, unsuitable for veneer manufacture, into lumber, 
 which they are frequently able to utilize at the plant. Woods-run 
 logs cost about $50 a thousand board feet in the summer of 1920. 
 
 Basswood is well liked for the manufacture of veneer because it 
 cuts easily. Basswood logs can be sliced into veneer without boiling. 
 In the spring and early summer the logs peel readily, so that no 
 steaming is required. The veneer cores are usually sawed into lum- 
 ber which some firms convert into cores for cabinet panels or which 
 may be made into small articles such as bottoms and covers of small 
 baskets and boxes. 
 
 Uses. — Basswood veneer is used as plywood where several plies are 
 glued together; it makes a very high-grade, light-weight panel. It is 
 
24 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCIJLTUBE. 
 
 also used for drawer bottoms and mirror backing, because it is not 
 inclined to warp excessively when used in this way. Thick veneer is 
 used for core stock on which cabinet veneers are glued. Basswood 
 veneer is used for the separators of storage batteries and for small 
 cheese boxes. 
 
 Table 14.— Consumption of basswood for excelsior, by States, 1911. 
 
 state. 
 
 Cords. 
 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Iowa 
 
 New York . . . 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 15, 770 
 3,960 
 3,784 
 2,772 
 1,671 
 
 State. 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New Hampshire 
 All other States. 
 
 Total 
 
 Cords. 
 
 1,590 
 60 
 25 
 
 3,410 
 
 33,042 
 
 EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Statistics on production. — Statistics of the Bureau of the Census on 
 the production of excelsior are available only for the year 1911. Table 
 14 gives these statistics by States. The 33,000 cords of basswood 
 consumed in that year in excelsior manufacture is equivalent to 
 about 16,000,000 board feet of lumber. This was nearly one-fourth 
 of the entire amount of wood reported for excelsior manufacture. 
 Cottonwood and aspen grouped together and yellow pine were used 
 in larger quantities, according to these statistics. When the different 
 species are separated, however, aspen ranks first, basswood second, 
 black Cottonwood third, and the common cottonwood fourth. 
 
 Wisconsin is the main State in the manufacture of basswood ex- 
 celsior; for 1911 nearly one-half of the entire amount used for this 
 purpose in the United States was reported for that State. Mills 
 making basswood excelsior are now located principally in northern 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Manufacture. — Excelsior is commonly termed ''ribbon veneer," 
 because it is composed of thin strands shaved from the surface of the 
 wood. Requirements for excelsior are that it be elastic or resilient 
 and light in weight and color. It is also preferred free from odor, 
 although for some purposes, such as furniture packing, a slight odor 
 is not objectionable. The quality most demanded is resiliency or 
 "life" — that capacity of being compressed into a small volume and 
 of expanding after being so compressed. Wood for the manufacture 
 of excelsior should be light in weight, not brittle, soft, straight-grained 
 and preferably free from odor. A light-colored wood is also desirable. 
 Basswood meets the requirements of an excelsior wood better than 
 any other timber and produces the best grades. 
 
 The scarcity and high price of the wood prevent its use in larger 
 quantities. Excelsior manufacturers in regions where basswood 
 
UTrLIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 25 
 
 timber grows find it increasingly difficult to get supplies. Even in 
 southern Wisconsin and Michigan there is little now obtainable, 
 and firms in northern Wisconsin, which is probably the region in 
 which the best supplies are located, find it necessary to use mainly 
 other woods. 
 
 W^ood for the making of excelsior is used in the form of the bolt, 
 from which the excelsior is shaved by a special machine. The surface 
 of the bolt is first scored by means of a series of steel teeth set the 
 same distance apart as the width of the excelsior strand. The slicing 
 knife then shaves off the excelsior in the finished form. Basswood 
 bolts for making excelsior generally go into the machine 18 inches 
 long, and the bolts are therefore purchased in lengths which are 
 multiples of 18 inches with about an inch allowance for trimming 
 the ends. 
 
 Basswood bolts are purchased either with the bark, or peeled, a 
 somewhat higher price being paid for the peeled. In unpeeled bolts 
 the wood is marketed in the green condition. The bark must be 
 removed while the timber is green in order to peel thoroughly. 
 Peeled basswood should be well seasoned before it goes into the 
 machine. Manufacturers prefer not to buy excelsior wood which 
 has air-seasoned for more than two years, however, because it may 
 become brittle. Kiln-dried wood is apt to be brittle if it has been 
 subjected to too high temperatures, and for this reason the air- 
 seasoned wood is preferred. 
 
 Specifications for basswood for excelsior generally call for 37 and 
 55 inch lengths, either green and unpeeled or dry and peeled, the 
 sticks to be sound, reasonably straight, and free from large knots. 
 Sticks must be not less than 4 inches in diameter at the small end. 
 Sizes up to 6 inches in diameter are left roimd; sizes from 7 to 12 
 inches are split in halves; pieces over 12 inches are split into fom' or 
 more pieces. 
 
 The average yield of excelsior from a cord of basswood is about 
 1,600 or 1,700 pounds, depending on the dimensions of the bolts 
 and the coarseness of the strands. This is below the average for all 
 woods, which is about 2,000 pounds. 
 
 Waste. — The weight of a cord of air-dry basswood free of bark 
 compared with the weight of its yield in excelsior shows a waste of 
 approximately 30 per cent in manufacture. This waste results 
 chiefly from squaring the bolts, trimming off knots and other defects, 
 and from the loss of the small slab or ''spalt" by which the dogs 
 hold the bolt during the operation of slitting and slicing the excelsior. 
 Even this small piece is often utilized by cutting it into paper-roll 
 plugs, which go into the ends of rolls of wi'apping and roofing papers. 
 Uses. — Excelsior is used largely for packing glass, earthenware, 
 and other commodities for shipment. It is also used for mattresses, 
 04281°— 22— Bull. 1007 4 
 
26 
 
 BULLETTlSr 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 the upholstery of furniture and vehicles, kennel and stable bedding, 
 for decorative purposes in shop windows, stuffing dolls and toy 
 animals, as a substitute for absorbent lint used in surgery, for filtra- 
 tion purposes, and to a hmited extent for woven floor coverings. 
 Basswood excelsior sells for the highest prices and serves mainly 
 for the higher class of uses, such as the better grades of excelsior 
 upholstery. Basswood makes a very good grade of wood wool, 
 which is the name applied to excelsior composed of very fine strands, 
 and in this form it is useful as absorbent lint and for packing fragile 
 articles. 
 
 Table 15. — Consumption of basswood for paper pulp for different years. 
 
 Data. 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 Average cost per cord f. o. b. mill 
 
 $9.57 
 Cords. 
 
 $8.95 
 Cords. 
 
 $13. 81 
 
 Cords. 
 1,017 
 
 8,922 
 
 171 
 
 2,000 
 
 $16.13 
 
 Cords. 
 734 
 4,629 
 
 $18. 39 
 
 
 Cords. 
 1 594 
 
 New York 
 
 976 
 
 10,405 
 
 100 
 
 3,698 
 109 
 
 4,666 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 All other States 
 
 4,436 
 
 4 209 
 
 
 
 
 Reduced by: 
 
 11,481 
 
 3,807 
 
 12, 089 
 21 
 
 9,201 
 479 
 119 
 
 10 469 
 
 
 
 Sulphite process 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total used 
 
 11,481 
 
 3,807 
 
 12, 110 
 
 9,799 
 
 10 469 
 
 
 
 PULPWOOD. 
 
 Statistics on the use of basswood for paper pulp are available for 
 the years 1916 to 1920, inclusive, and are given in Table 15. These 
 figures show a wide fluctuation in the use of basswood, both by 
 States and for different years. The amount of basswood converted 
 into paper pulp is very small in comparison with both the total 
 amount of wood used for pulpwood and the total annual consump- 
 tion of basswood for all purposes. 
 
 Basswood is peeled free of bark before being sent to the pulp mill. 
 It is converted into pulp almost entirely by the soda process and 
 produces a high-grade product, principally book, magazine, and writ- 
 ing paper. It is well adapted for pulp manufacture, because of the 
 softness and light color of the wood and its freedom from resin, 
 which enable it to be bleached readily into high-grade stock. 
 
 SLACK COOPERAQK. 
 
 Basswood is well adapted for the heading of slack barrels, because 
 it holds its shape well and is easily worked. Its light weight and 
 light color also make it desirable for this purpose. Basswood is not 
 suitable for barrels designed to hold heavy contents, such as castings 
 and cement; it is used mainly for containers of food products. It is 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 27 
 
 preferred above all other woods for flour-barrel headings, because of 
 its clean appearance. It makes a fairly tight barrel, because of its 
 freedom from warping. Basswood is superior to yellow poplar for 
 this purpose, because the latter wood is more liable to split. The 
 best, or No. 1, heading for such barrels is usually of basswood. It is 
 often used with cottonwood staves, and these two woods make a 
 very clean and attractive-looking barrel. 
 
 Table 16 gives quantities and value of basswood heading produced 
 in the years 1906 to 1911, inclusive, and in 1919, as reported by the 
 Bureau of the Census, and in 1918 as reported by the Forest Service. 
 There has been a large reduction in the amount of basswood used for 
 heading in recent years, which can be ascribed to the scarcity and high 
 price of the stumpage of this timber. Wisconsin, Michigan, and Min- 
 nesota have reported the largest quantities. Nearly all of that re- 
 ported in 1919 was manufactured in Wisconsin and Minnesota. The 
 production of basswood staves and hoops is also given in Table 16 for 
 years in which it was reported for these purposes. Its use for staves 
 and hoops in former years was due to its plentifulness rather than to 
 its particular adaptability for these products, and in the industry it 
 is now confined to heading alone. Cooperage manufacturers in the 
 Lake States generally purchase the timber in the form of stumpage 
 and in mixture with other species, such as beech, birch, and maple. 
 Such timber in Minnesota has recently been purchased by cooperage 
 firms for $8 or S9 per acre. 
 
 Table 16. — Production of basswood slack-cooperage stock and value for different years. 
 
 
 Heading. 
 
 Staves. 
 
 Hoops. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Number 
 (thou- 
 sand 
 sets). 
 
 Value 
 
 per 1,000 
 
 sets. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Number 
 (thou- 
 sands). 
 
 Value 
 per 1,000. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Number 
 (thou- 
 sands). 
 
 Average 
 
 value 
 per 1,000. 
 
 1906 
 
 15, 653 
 9,585 
 10,186 
 13, 910 
 18,000 
 10, 014 
 2,251 
 3,078 
 
 $47. 11 
 59.65 
 60.04 
 55.84 
 
 (") 
 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 
 8,307 
 18, 640 
 
 6,306 
 72, .537 
 
 $5. 31 
 7.00 
 5.63 
 5.48 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1907 
 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 
 1909 
 
 30 
 
 $7.00 
 
 1910 
 
 1911 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 (') 1 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1 Approximate. 
 
 2 Data not obtained. 
 
28 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 Table 17 .—Annual consumption of basswood in the United States by secondary indus- 
 tries for different classes of uses. 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Planing-mill products, sash, doors, 
 blinds, and general niillwork 
 
 Woodenware, novelties, and dairy- 
 men's, poulterers', and apiarists' 
 supplies 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Trunks and valises 
 
 Picture frames and molding 
 
 Musical instniments 
 
 Toys 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 Matches 
 
 Refrigerators and kitchen cabinets 
 
 Car construction 
 
 Laundry appliances 
 
 Tobacco boxes 
 
 Boot and shoe findings 
 
 Caskets and cofftns 
 
 Professional and scientific instruments 
 Handles 
 
 Shuttles, spools, and bobbins 
 
 Chairs and chair stock 
 
 Quantity 
 
 used 
 annually. 
 
 Feet b. m. 
 86,979,611 
 
 60, 557, 122 
 
 58,563,923 
 33,146,276 
 21, 164, 406 
 
 20,340,700 
 10, 968, 180 
 8, 739, 242 
 7, 861, 750 
 7,114,755 
 
 6, 418, 308 
 5,575,000 
 5,221,634 
 5, 148, 521 
 4,980,670 
 
 4,281,250 
 3, 599, 200 
 2, 728, 038 
 2,619,070 
 2, 285, 885 
 
 1,947,000 
 1,758,338 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Machine construction. 
 Ship and boat building. 
 
 Brushes 
 
 Shade and map rollers.. 
 
 PuUeys and conveyors 
 
 Printmg material 
 
 Sporting and athletic goods 
 
 Sewing machines 
 
 Electrical machinery and apparatus. 
 
 Plumbers' woodwork. 
 Dowels , 
 
 Patterns and flasks 
 
 Signs and supplies 
 
 Saddles and harness.. , 
 
 Gates and fencing , 
 
 Weighing apparatus , 
 
 Dry kilns , 
 
 Whips, canes, and umbrella sticks. 
 Elevators 
 
 Tanks and sUos. 
 Artificial limbs. . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 used 
 annually. 
 
 Feet b. m. 
 
 Clocks 1,415,000 
 
 ■ ■ 1,155,403 
 
 959, 000 
 758, 300 
 702, 500 
 
 625,000 
 352, 600 
 318, 600 
 310, 000 
 299,000 
 
 245, 000 
 167,500 
 123, 500 
 100,000 
 52,000 
 
 50, 0(10 
 35, 000 
 35,000 
 32,500 
 10,000 
 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 
 369, 750, 782 
 
 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Statistics have been collected by the Forest Service covering the 
 use of lumber by factories in the manufacture of various wooden 
 products during the years 1909 to 1913. Figures on the annual con- 
 sumption of basswood during this period are shown in Table 17 by 
 classes of industries and in Table 18 by States. The quantities of 
 basswood used for these different purposes are generally less at the 
 present time than these statistics give. It is believed, however, that 
 the figures show in a comparative way the importance of the differ- 
 ent industries in the use of basswood, except as noted in the text. 
 A detailed list of the reported uses of basswood by the industries is 
 given in the Appendix. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 29 
 
 Table 18. — Anmial consumption of basswood in the United States by secondary indus- 
 tries, by States. 
 
 State. 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 New York 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Maine 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Maryland 
 
 New Jersey . . . 
 West Virginia 
 
 Quantity 
 used annu- 
 ally. 
 
 Feetb. m. 
 86, 100, 203 
 56, 977, 220 
 56, 432, 782 
 50, 905, 500 
 24, 278, 769 
 
 22, 833, 367 
 18,698,836 
 12,927,003 
 6, 642, 000 
 6, 028, 833 
 
 4, 773, 100 
 4, 399, 000 
 4, 247, 630 
 4, 202, 050 
 4,056,315 
 3, 968, 450 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Iowa 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Washington 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 All other States 
 
 Total 
 
 Quantity 
 used annu- 
 ally. 
 
 Feeth. m. 
 3, 559. 598 
 3, 237, 040 
 3, 096, 826 
 1,591,90(1 
 1, 527, 587 
 
 909, 000 
 707, 839 
 359, 0.50 
 265, 000 
 165, 000 
 
 100,000 
 107, 000 
 103, 489 
 317,895 
 
 383, 578, 282 
 
 BOXES AND CRATES. 
 
 Woods suitable for the construction of boxes and crates are divided, 
 on the basis of their physical and mechanical properties, into four 
 groups. Basswood falls mto the first group, including the lighter 
 woods, which vary in average weights when thoroughly air-dry from 
 21 to 35 pounds per cubic foot, are soft and easily worked, hold 
 nails moderately well, and do not readily split in nailing. Both 
 softwoods (conifers) and hardwoods (broadleaf trees) are represented 
 in this group. 
 
 Basswood is very desirable for certain kinds of boxes on account 
 of its light weight, white color, and freedom from odor. Its good 
 working qualities, freedom from excessive warping and splitting, as 
 compared with other light-weight woods, and good nailing qualities 
 also help to make it valuable box material. For boxes in which 
 heavy merchandise must be shipped or which must stand much rough 
 handling, such as boxes for export shipment, stronger and therefore 
 heavier woods are demanded. 
 
 For boxes made to hold foodstuffs, such as crackers, chocolate, 
 and candy, basswood is the ideal wood. In such boxes the contents 
 are often in direct contact with, the wood, and no odor or taste is 
 imparted by basswood. Basswood is also used for shipping other 
 kinds of provisions, such as dressed poultry and butter, because of 
 its odorless quality. Boxes for this purpose are sometimes made 
 from cheaper resinous woods and paraffined on the inside, but this 
 process is expensive. Yellow poplar is used for such boxes, also 
 Cottonwood and tupelo. although the last two woods are much in- 
 clined to warp. 
 
30 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 It is a common practice for manufacturers to make the shipping 
 box serve as an advertisement for their products. Basswood makes 
 an attractive box, and stenciling or printing shows to good advantage 
 on the wood. White pine is the old reliable box wood, but it splits 
 more readily than basswood. Boxes for holding bottles, particu- 
 larly those containing soft drinks, are often made of basswood, because 
 holes can be bored in the wood very close together in the same piece 
 without splitting, and it holds its shape well even when alternately 
 wet and dry. 
 
 Basswood has the disadvantage however, of discoloring, and of 
 molding and decaying readily in damp situations, and this makes it 
 unsatisfactory for many kinds of boxes. If left in contact with the 
 ground, especially if the ground is wet, basswood will soon decay. 
 For shipments which are likely to be subjected to considerable mois- 
 ture, therefore, including bottled and canned goods, basswood is not 
 altogether suitable. 
 
 Basswood is not used in as large quantities for boxes as several 
 other woods, because of its comparative scarcity and high price. 
 Of white pine and yellow pine, the main box woods, about one billion 
 board feet each are used annually for boxes and crates, and the 
 annual consumption of basswood for the same use is probably between 
 50 million and 100 million board feet. Yellow poplar, cottonwood, 
 and several other woods are used in larger quantities for boxes than 
 basswood, because the supply of the latter wood is much less and 
 the price generally higher. It is not usually made into large packing 
 boxes, but its use is largely confined to small, special boxes where 
 the desirable qualities of the wood can be made to serve to best 
 advantage. In basswood, the lower grades, which in other species 
 make up the bulk of the box material, are unfortunately not suited 
 to the manufacture of some of the main kinds of boxes for which it 
 is valued, because of defects, such as dark and decayed streaks, which 
 are usually present in the low-grade stock. Box makers, therefore, 
 generally prefer to use other woods, such as yellow poplar, cotton- 
 wood, aspen, sap gum, and tupelo. 
 
 Box factories prefer the No. 1 common lumber grade. On account 
 of the high price, however, they generally use No. 2, and even No. 
 3 common. Usual thicknesses of basswood lumber for boxes are 
 three-eighths, one-half, and thirteen-sixteenths of an inch. Narrow 
 widths can often be utilized. Up to a few years ago, factories in 
 Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois obtained the greater part of their bass- 
 wood from Wisconsin and Michigan. These factories now depend 
 for the most part on West Virginia for this timber. On account of 
 the more limited supplies of this wood and greatly increased freight 
 costs, the use of basswood in this section is being greatly curtailed. 
 Even box factories of Michigan and Wisconsin now find it difficult 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. , 31 
 
 to get sufficient quantities. Recently box manufacturers in the 
 Lake States have been using aspen, commonly called "popple," in 
 place of basswood. The aspen must be used in narrow widths. 
 
 Box makers use the grading rules of the various lumber associa- 
 tions in the purchase of lumber. For box shooks, however, grading 
 rules have been drawn up for different woods by the National Asso- 
 ciation of Box Manufacturers. There are four grades for basswood 
 shooks — clear. No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3, as follows: 
 
 Clear grade. — Lumber in the clear grade of boxes must be prac- 
 tically free from knots, and must be of good color, running largely 
 to white basswood. This grade may contain, however, 15 to 20 
 per cent of red color, but must not contain black or browTi. 
 
 Grade No. 1. — Lumber in grade No. 1 of boxes must be good, 
 sound material of mixed colors, light and browTi, and should con- 
 tain at least 50 per cent of reasonably light-colored basswood. 
 Small, sound knots are allowed in this grade, and some stain. 
 
 Grade No. 2. — Lumber in grade No. 2 of boxes must be reasonably 
 strong but shall not be graded as to color. Brown basswood can 
 prevail in this grade; small knots and shake can prevail, but not in 
 sufficient quantities to materially weaken pieces. Some stain is 
 allowed in this grade. 
 
 Grade No. 3. — Lumber in grade No. 3 of boxes is not graded as 
 to color. Black knots and stain are allowed in this grade. 
 
 Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York, and Minnesota use bass- 
 wood in largest amounts for box manufacture. 
 
 Baskets, mainly those for holding grapes and berries, are often 
 made of basswood. The splints are sometimes of this wood because 
 of its good working qualities and good appearance; more often, 
 however, the sides are of some tougher wood, as birch or maple. 
 The covers and bottoms of such baskets are quite commonly of 
 basswood, because it is light in weight and nails easily. These 
 parts, since they are small, can often be made from waste in the 
 manufacture of other basswood articles. Low-grade basswood is 
 often used for crates. It is well suited for light crating, and narrow- 
 width material can be used \evy advantageously for this purpose. 
 
 PLANING MILL PRODUCTS, SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, AND GENERAL MILLWORK. 
 
 Basswood has been a favorite wood for many years for planing 
 mill products, sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork, particularly 
 for inside finish, becasue it machines to a smooth surface when 
 seasoned, keeps its shape well, and takes finishes extremely well. 
 It is one of the best woods for enamel work because of its uniform, 
 clear, light color, smooth finish, and even texture, which absorbs 
 and holds the paint evenly and well. It also finishes well mth other 
 paints and varnish. There is a greater demand for figured wood 
 for these products, such as that of red gum, birch, and oak. Much 
 
32 BUULETIlSr 100*7, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 
 
 basswood is used, however, for interior woodwork, especially for 
 ceiling and in the form of wide boards for finishing and panel work. 
 On account of its adaptability to cutting with tools, basswood serves 
 well for moldings and carved work in interior finish of various kinds. 
 Much basswood is also manufactured into bevel siding, but it is not 
 so well adapted to exterior work because of its liability to decay. 
 
 Michigan and New York lead in the manufacture of this class of 
 products from basswood. Formerly much basswood was used for 
 this purpose in Ohio, but increasing scarcity and cost of shipment 
 have greatly reduced the quantities going into the industry. Rising 
 costs of the upper clear grades have had much to do with discourag- 
 ing its use, for the dark-colored and streaked material of the lower 
 grades is much less valuable for these purposes. Yellow poplar, 
 birch, and the softer grades of pine are now generally used in place 
 of basswood. 
 
 WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 
 
 Basswood is made into articles of woodenware used in the ship- 
 ment of provisions, such as pails and tubs. It is well liked for such 
 uses, because it is light in weight and odorless, and the light color 
 of the wood makes a good appearance. On account of its good 
 working qualities, it is easy to manufacture into such products. It 
 also has the advantage of showing stenciling extremely well. The 
 light weight of the wood effects a large saving in freight, both when 
 shipped empty to the purchaser and when filled with provisions. 
 
 Basswood is the favorite wood for candy pails, because it gives 
 an appearance of cleanliness. For the same reason it is used for 
 jelly pails, called ''jelly kits," which are used for the shipment of 
 jelly in bulk. Most liquids will seep tlirough basswood, but jelly 
 hardens in the wood and prevents the liquid from coming through. 
 Fish pails and pickle pails are sometimes made of basswood, in which 
 case they must be paraffined to make them water-tight. Such pails 
 are made more commonly of a hard pine. Lard pails, lard tubs, 
 and grease pails are commonly made of basswood. They are usually 
 varnished on the outside and given a finish to resemble the grain of 
 oak or some other hardwood. Candy pails are sometimes grained 
 in this way also. Fish, pickle, and jelly pails are usually painted 
 or decorated in some characteristic manner. 
 
 Generally only the sides and covers of these pails are of basswood. 
 The bottoms are usually made of Norway pine, maple, or birch. A 
 fairly hard wood is necessary for the bottoms in order to bear the 
 weight of the contents of the pail and to make a tight, rigid joint. 
 The staves for the sides of these pails are cut from basswood bolts 
 by a tight-stave circular saw. After bemg thorouglily dried they 
 are trimmed to the proper length and width and a small tongue and 
 groove made along the edge on the two sides (fig. 5). They are 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate V!!. 
 
 ( 
 
 'i' 
 
Bui. 1007, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 Top of 17-Inch Diameter Basswood Log with a 4-Inch Rim of Sound 
 Wood. Hollow Logs with a Shell of Sound Wood as Narrow as 4 
 Inches are Accepted by Some Factories. 
 
UTILIZATION^ OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 '■•'.''-'•.■"liH.VVy/lV ■,■..■;,, :.-'MSfi, 
 
 Edge View 
 
 i'lG, 5.— Rough and finished candy pail staves. 
 
34 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEB. 
 
 then assembled to form the partly finished pail, which is grooved 
 inside to receive the bottom and outside for the wire bands. This is 
 next turned smooth and sanded inside and out, the bottom inserted, 
 and the bands put on. 
 
 Dark basswood can be used for these pails as well as light. The 
 wood must be quite clear, but small, tight knots are not objection- 
 able. The timber usually comes to the factory in the form of logs. 
 Some firms buy only No. 2 logs, which is the grade below the veneer- 
 log grade, since they can use sizes as small as 6 inches in diameter 
 at the small end. They prefer woods-run logs, however, if these 
 are not too high-priced (PI. VII) . The pail covers are generally made 
 from the waste in manufacturing staves. Hollow logs, which are 
 quite characteristic of basswood, can be utilized to good advantage, 
 because the outer sound rim of wood, if not too narrow, can be cut 
 into stave bolts and staves with comparatively little waste. Such 
 logs can usually be worked much more profitably into staves than 
 into lumber. Some hollow logs otherwise sound will yield one-third 
 more than the log scale in pail staves, when for lumber there would 
 be little if any overrun and only narrow widths could be obtained. 
 
 Logs are generally purchased in 8 to 10 foot lengths, but much 
 material is also purchased in lengths of about 3 feet, especially small- 
 diameter timber, which is bought of farmers. Hollow logs are 
 accepted, but they should have at least a 6-inch rim of sound wood. 
 Hollow logs are sometimes taken down to a 4-inch shell, but such 
 material often can not be handled at a profit because of the expense 
 of the labor to work it up (PI. VIII) . Small logs are profitable because 
 there is a large overrun in such logs compared with the yield in 
 lumber. Although factories prefer the timber not smaller than 6 
 inches in diameter, 5-inch and even some 4-inch sizes are taken if 
 of good quality. Some manufacturers prefer to purchase by the 
 cord of 128 cubic feet and in 39 and 52-inch lengths. On account of 
 the difficulty of getting it cut up, much small material is now shipped 
 in 12-foot lenths. Second-growth timber is considered the best 
 quality. 
 
 Prices paid for basswood are quite variable, depending on the 
 general quality of the timber and the location; they range from 
 about $20 to $30 a thousand board feet f. o. b. cars at loading point. 
 Freight costs often amount to $5 to $10 a thousand in addition to this. 
 
 Pail manufacturers of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota in 
 some instances own extensive timber tracts in the northern parts of 
 these States from which they get a large part of their raw material. 
 Basswood is becoming scarce even in this region, and manufacturers 
 must depend on other species. Aspen is being used to some extent 
 in place of basswood, although the supply is limited, sizes are small, 
 and the wood is much inclined to be defective, doty, and discolored. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 35 
 
 The wood of balm of Gilead, a tree which resembles the aspen, is not 
 liked because it is shaky and otherwise defective. The white or 
 paper birch is sometimes used when supplies are available and is 
 said to make a good pail. Second-growth white pine, if not too 
 defective, is also fairly satisfactory. 
 
 Factories in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota have difficulty 
 in getting sufficient suitable timber, and those which are not located 
 conveniently to a supply from the northern parts of these States 
 have in some cases been compelled to go out of business or move 
 farther north. Even this supply is becoming so scarce that large 
 manufacturers realize that they must look to new territory. It is 
 probable that a large part of the industry will be transferred in the 
 near future to the Pacific coast, where, in some instances, tracts of 
 softwood timber have been already acquired for the purpose. 
 
 A large demand exists for pails of the kind just described. As a 
 rule, they are not used a second time, on account of the cost of ship- 
 ment and because they find a ready sale at retail stores. 
 
 The cheese box is another common woodenware commodity made 
 of basswood. Small cheese boxes used for shipping fancy cheeses 
 are commonly made of basswood throughout. Veneer is used for 
 the sides, and small pieces of thicker stock for the bottoms and covers. 
 Basswood is also sometimes used for the heading for large cheese 
 boxes; for the sides of these larger boxes a strong tough wood, such 
 as elm, is required. In making the small cheese boxes the better 
 grade of logs is used for the veneer, and low-grade and small logs 
 are sawed into lumber for the bottoms and tops. Such lumber, even 
 though defective, yields a large amount of the small, clear pieces 
 required. Basswood is easy to manufacture into this product and 
 makes a light and attractive box for the purpose. 
 
 A very large number of other articles of woodenware are commonly 
 made of basswood. Important among these are kitchen utensils, 
 such as bread boards and boards for cutting slaw and other vege- 
 tables; also such articles as bowls and candlesticks, which are turned 
 on the lathe and to which hand carving may be added. Cloth boards 
 on which goods are wound, lap boards, and cutting boards of various 
 kinds are commonly of basswood, because it is white, light in weight, 
 and not so readily split as many other light woods. Small, clear 
 pieces of waste basswood are often worked into such articles as fan 
 handles. Wooden novelties of many kinds, often sold as souvenirs, 
 are made rf basswood because of its good working qualities. Check- 
 ers and dominoes are commonly of this wood, because it shows paint- 
 ing to excellent advantage. Basswood is the favorite wood for 
 pyrography because of its whiteness, although little is now used in 
 this way. Porch shades, snow shovels, and ladders are other articles 
 in which basswood is valued because of its light weight. Because it 
 
36 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 shows printing and writing well, it is made into barbers' checks, and 
 labels attached to hay bales on which the weight is written. 
 
 Since plentiful supplies of comparatively cheap timber are neces- 
 sary in the manufacture of different kinds of woodenware, the 
 factories are located near the principal supplies of the timber they use. 
 Wisconsin consumes by far the largest quantities of basswood for 
 these products, and Michigan and Minnesota also use large amounts. 
 New York and Ohio are likewise important in the consumption of 
 basswood for woodenware articles. Outside of these five States 
 the amount of basswood used for these purposes is very small. 
 
 apiarists', poulterers', and dairymen's supplies. 
 
 Because it gives a white, clean appearance and is odorless, basswood 
 is the preferred wood for the honey section, which holds the honey- 
 comb in the hive, and in which comb honey is retailed to the trade 
 (fig. 6). Purchasers are very discriminating concerning the appear- 
 ance of the package holding honey. A dark or discolored wood 
 gives the impression that the honey is inferior in quality. Only the 
 white, clear basswood will serve for the best grade of honey sections. 
 A second grade is usually made which is cream-colored. This grade 
 must be uniformly colored, however, and the wood must be free from 
 defects. Although the best grade of basswood lumber is most suit- 
 able for the manufacture of these sections, factories find it more 
 economical, on account of the high price of such stock, to purchase 
 a lower grade or a mixed grade and to work up brown and otherwise 
 discolored stock, which is unsuitable for honey sections, into fences 
 and separators which go between the honey sections in the hive 
 (fig. 6). These parts can be satisfactorily made of other woods, 
 such as pine, when sufficient basswood is not available. It is stated 
 that pine is even more suitable, because the basswood is liable to 
 mold. Some firms purchase basswood lumber of the grade No. 1 
 common white, in which a small percentage of brown wood is ad- 
 mitted, and which costs them about $10 a thousand board feet more 
 than the regular No. 1 common grade. A combination of No. 2 
 common and better grades, called ''log-run," can often be used 
 to good advantage by such factories, since a large percentage of clear, 
 white stock can often be worked out. Narrow- width and short- 
 length lumber can be utilized; and round-edge, i. e., lumber which 
 has not been edged, can be worked up advantageously. 
 
 Several machine operations are necessary in making the honey 
 section. First, the plain strip is made by resawing inch boards; 
 the sides are next trimmed out, which allows the bees to enter when 
 the sections are placed face to face; the strips are then notched at 
 each end to make a lock-cornered joint; finally, three V-shaped 
 scorings are made across each piece where it is later bent at right 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 37 
 
 Fig. 6.— Apiarists' supplies made of basswood: a, h, c, and rf— tiie different steps in the manufacture of the 
 honey section,; c,f, and ^— parts making up the"fences'' or separators that go between the honeysec- 
 tion$ in the hive. 
 
38 BTILLETTN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 angles to form the completed honey section. The strips are shipped 
 flat from the factory and should be steamed at the scorings to bend 
 satisfactorily. Apparatus is sold to apiarists for this purpose, 
 although the strips can be bent without breaking by moistening the 
 wood where the scorings have been made. Basswood does not break 
 readily when bent in this way, which makes it valuable for this use. 
 
 Manufacturers of honey sections prefer to get their basswood from 
 the Lake States. Some is purchased from West Virginia mills, 
 but this is not considered so white and clear or so suitable for this use. 
 Basswood which is cut in the winter is preferred for the manufacture 
 of honey sections, because it is less likely to discolor than if cut in the 
 summer. Some firms make a practice of buying it partially seasoned 
 in the winter. It is then piled in the open on sticks for 9 months to a 
 year, after which it is piled solid for a year under cover. Where this 
 practice is followed it is necessary to keep a very large stock of 
 lumber on hand. 
 
 Factories making honey sections and other bee-keepers' supplies 
 generally find it necessary to manufacture a number of miscellaneous 
 articles in order to utilize their small-dimension and defective bass- 
 wood. Such articles as small boxes, handles of cheap fans, calendar 
 sticks, and washboards are among the most common. Trimmings 
 cut from the ends of thin basswood strips are sold for hay-balers' 
 labels, on which weights are written. Brown and dark-streaked 
 material can be used for these purposes. Basswood is sometimes 
 used for the interior of hives and occasionally for the sides, but white 
 or western yellow pine is more often used for these parts, and cypress 
 for the tops and bottoms, because a more durable wood is desired. 
 
 Manufacturers of apiarists' supplies assert that there is no satis- 
 factory substitute for basswood in the manufacture of honey sections. 
 Yellow poplar is not so strong at the corners of the honey sections 
 where it is bent and, moreover, it not in general so white and clear 
 as basswood. The sapwood might serve, however, if it could be 
 obtained in large quantities. Cottonwood might be made to serve, 
 but it does not machine smoothly. The warping of tupelo, which 
 might otherwise be suitable, precludes its use for the purpose. 
 
 Other articles for which basswood is adapted are butter molds, 
 because it looks clean and can be easily carved, and parts of churns, 
 on accoimt of its light color. Incubators and poultry coops are often 
 made partly of basswood, because it is light in weight and easy to 
 work. 
 
 New York, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Ohio use the largest quantities 
 of basswood for this line of wooden products, because of the bee, 
 dairy, and poultry industries in those States. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 39 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 Basswood is an important furniture wood because it glues well 
 and takes and holds screws and nails very satisfactorily. It is well 
 liked for such parts as drawer sides and bottoms, mirror backing, 
 and shelves, because it does not warp to any great extent. Bass- 
 wood is often used for the inside and hidden parts of expensive 
 furniture. It is not generally used for outside work in furniture, 
 because it lacks the strength of other woods, such as oak and red 
 gum, and does not have an attractive grain or figure for finishing in 
 the natural state. It is, however, used in enamel work, for which 
 purpose it is well adapted, because it has a uniform texture, takes 
 paint well, and, since it does not shrink and swell to any great extent, 
 it is not inclined to crack the enamel coating as many other woods do. 
 
 Basswood serves well for cores of panels finished in expensive 
 veneers. It is especially well suited for producing curved surfaces 
 in furniture, because it can be readily bent into various forms by 
 steaming, holds its shape after it is dry, and glues well. It is in 
 demand, therefore, as a core wood for curved and irregular surfaces 
 which are to be covered with figured veneer. Basswood is valuable 
 also as core stock for large panels, because it can be obtained in 
 large, clear pieces. Experiments on panels show that there is less 
 warping when a low-density core wood, such as basswood, is used 
 than with a high-density core wood. The low-density core wood 
 has the additional advantage of making a light-weight panel. Bass- 
 wood, also, does not split so readily as many other light-weight woods 
 and holds the veneer well. In the gluing process basswood absorbs 
 the glue very readily; therefore, a liberal amount of glue should be 
 used in order to avoid a starved joint. 
 
 The following States use basswood for furniture in largest amounts: 
 Illinois, New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 
 Ohio, and Indiana. 
 
 TRUNKS AND VALISES. 
 
 Basswood is an ideal wood for trunks because it is light in weight, 
 does not split readily, holds nails well, is easily worked, keeps its shape 
 well, and is available in wide, clear pieces. Some trunk manufacturers 
 use basswood exclusively for the trunk box and also for the lid and 
 trays. The trunk box may be made up of a single thickness of bass- 
 wood or the sides may be 3 or 5 ply. Trunks made of pljnvood are 
 more serviceable, because the plywood panels will stand shock better 
 without splitting or breaking than the solid panels. The plywood is 
 made of three or five thicknesses of basswood veneer one-sixteenth 
 to one-twelfth of an inch thick, glued together with the direction of 
 the grain in each sheet at right angles to that in adjacent sheets. 
 Each ply may be made up of several strips of veneer, and small 
 
40 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 defects are permitted if they do not interfere with the soundness of 
 the stock. Discolored material can therefore be used. The trunk- 
 box is nailed together and the nails are placed very closely. Even 
 the thin pieces making up the trunk tray are usually fastened to- 
 gether by nailing. The trunk box is covered by an outer and an 
 inner layer of fiber glued to the plywood, which protects the wood 
 and adds to the appearance of the trunk. When the trunk is made 
 of one thickness of wood throughout, boards, generally three-eighths 
 or seven-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, are matched by means of 
 tongue-and-groove along the sides. 
 
 Sample cases are often constructed like trunks and made of bass- 
 wood. White pine is said to make a fairly satisfactorily trunk box, 
 but splits more readily than basswood. It is said that yellow poplar 
 makes too heavy a box, and cottonwood is hard to work and does 
 not hold its shape well. Factories making the solid boxes usually 
 purchase inch lumber and resaw it. They may buy low-grade lumber 
 and cut out the suitable stock, or, they may find it advantageous to 
 purchase log run and utilize the various grades. Makers of plywood 
 trunks generally buy the sheets of plywood already glued up. Veneer 
 plants making plywood for trunks use fairly clear logs 10 inches and 
 up in diameter, which they cut into lengths of about 4 feet. The 
 cores left after cutting the veneer can be profitably used by such 
 factories for making high-grade cabinet panels, since basswood is an 
 excellent core wood for such panels. 
 
 Wisconsin and Ohio use the largest quantities of basswood in the 
 manufacture of trunks, followed by New York, Illinois, Michigan, 
 and Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is not likely that basswood will be replaced by other woods in 
 trunk manufacture until its extreme scarcity makes this necessary. 
 Large quantities of southern pine, usually the softer grades, are used 
 for low-priced trunks. To some extent, trunk makers are using red- 
 gum plywood, which they are able to make thinner than the bass- 
 wood because of its greater strength. By making it into plywood 
 the natural warping of red gum is very largely overcome. 
 
 PICTURE FRAMES AND MOLDING. 
 
 Basswood was formerly the principal wood used for picture frames 
 and molding, because it works well with tools, finishes well, holds its 
 shape, and is well adapted for the highly decorative composition and 
 gilt work which was very much in demand until recently. However, 
 the demand is now very largely for embossed work. In embossing, 
 the tool, which is usually a heavy metal disc, is forced into the wood 
 while hot and leaves an imprint. Basswood exhibits a certain amount 
 of sponginess under this treatment, the wood rising where the im- 
 print is made, so that it is not satisfactory for the purpose. For this 
 
UTiLlZATlOlir OF BASSWOOD. 41 
 
 reason much smaller quantities are now used in this industry than 
 formerly. Red gum has been very largely substituted in embossed 
 work. Basswood is still used to a large extent for plain moldings 
 which are to be painted, and also as core material for moldings finished 
 in highly figured veneers. It is said to be the most satisfactory core 
 material available for this use. It is also well liked for carved mold- 
 ings, because it cuts so well with tools. Illinois and New York were 
 the principal States reporting basswood for these products. 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Basswood enters very largely into the manufacture of musical in- 
 struments, chiefly pianos and organs. It is used mainly for interior 
 small parts, for which its light weight and ability to hold its shape 
 make it suitable. It is also much used for piano and organ cases. 
 For organ bellows, wind chests, and swell boxes it is especially suited, 
 because of its lightness, good working qualities, and freedom from 
 warping. Basswood is the choice wood for piano and organ keys 
 because of its whiteness, light weight, and good staying qualities. 
 Only the highest grade of the wood, however, serves as piano-key 
 stock. This is selected white wood which is seasoned with much care, 
 since a small amount of warping in the key may interfere with its 
 action. 
 
 Basswood also goes into the construction of phonograph cabinets, 
 in the form of cores for the panels finished in mahogany, walnut, and 
 oak veneers. Stock of small dimensions can often be utilized in this 
 way. 
 
 Basswood is employed for necks of mandolins, for violin cases, and 
 for other such uses. The principal States using basswood for musical 
 instruments are New York, Illinois, Connecticut, Michigan, and Ohio. 
 
 The highest average cost reported for basswood by the industry 
 indicates that a high grade of stock was purchased for this class of 
 uses. This average cost was more than double that reported by the 
 box-and-crate and woodenware industries for basswood, and nearly 
 50 per cent more than that reported for furniture. 
 
 Basswood is highly valued by toy makers because of its good 
 working, staying, and finishing qualities, on account of which it is the 
 principal wood used in the United States, both for toys made entu'ely 
 of wood and for the wooden parts of metal toys. It is not only used 
 in greater quantities, but enters into the manufacture of more kinds 
 of toys than any other species. Among the most common toys are 
 wagons and buggies, in which basswood is used for the bottoms. 
 Other toys in the same class which use much basswood are sleds, 
 automobiles, and wheelbarrows. Hobbyhorses and small toy ani- 
 
42 BUIXETIN loot, U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 mals of various kinds are other products made largely of this wood, 
 as well as toy boats. Toy pianos and doll houses are usually of bass- 
 wood, which is also the favorite wood for toy cannon and popgun 
 stocks because it is easily bored and turned to shape. It is the wood 
 used in making the wooden doll of recent introduction and valued 
 for its indestructibility. The head, which is also of solid wood, is 
 carved to form the face and enameled in lifelike colors. Basswood 
 is very largely employed in the making of toy blocks of various kinds, 
 because it is so easily worked and takes printing well. 
 
 Toy manufacturers generally purchase a combination of No. 2 
 common and better grades from which they cut the pieces of different 
 sizes and quality for their needs. They use much thin lumber, such 
 as for the box boards of toy wagons and wheelbarrows, and they are 
 able to utilize the material very closely, even though considerable clear 
 stock is required, because of the very large variety of products manu- 
 factured. Some firms use the waste from the manufacture of other 
 articles, such as piano and organ keys. However, since toys must 
 ordinarily be produced at low cost, the general run of small and odd- 
 sized pieces of waste from other factories can not usually be employed 
 at a profit, because of the added expense of labor in working it up. 
 Toys are generally manufactured in large quantities by machinery, 
 and the production would be seriously reduced by the use of much 
 small material of various shapes. Some firms using basswood for 
 other articles utilize their own waste by converting it into such toys 
 as can be made to advantage from the sizes they have available, and 
 this can often be done at a considerable profit. 
 
 Yellow poplar is also used in toy manufacture, but where it is to be 
 left unpainted the color is considered not so attractive as that of bass- 
 wood. White pine is also put to the same use but it is not so desirable, 
 because it splits more readily. On account of its limited supply and 
 the advancing prices on basswood and its most common substitutes, 
 toy manufacturers are constantly seeking a suitable new substitute. 
 Cottonwood is not satisfactory, it is stated, because it does not 
 machine to a sufficiently smooth surface. By careful seasoning it is 
 possible that tupelo and the sapwood of the red gum can be utilized, 
 at least for those toys which are intended for indoor use. The prin- 
 cipal States making products of this class from basswood are New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Basswood enters into the construction of a large variety of agri- 
 cultural implements. It is used mainly for inside work, chutes, 
 drawers, partitions, and boxes of various kinds, and in general 
 where a high degree of strength is not required. It is a favorite 
 wood for use in grain separators, seeders, and fanning mills, for 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 43 
 
 parts of feed mills, and in containers or conveyors of shellers, graders, 
 and planters. It also serves in a small way for parts of such farm 
 implements as cultivators and hayrakes. 
 
 Wisconsin and New York use the largest quantities of basswood 
 for these products. Where basswood is not so readily available, 
 other woods are used for the same purposes. In fact, yellow poplar 
 is used in much larger quantities in this industry, is fully as suitable, 
 and has the advantage of being available in larger quantities and 
 greater widths. Southern yellow pine and white pine are also 
 much used for these purposes. 
 
 Basswood is an important wood in the manufacture of store, 
 office, and bank fixtures and is also used for church and school 
 furniture, such as pews, altars, and desks. It goes mainly into the 
 interior and hidden parts, where it is used principally in the form 
 of small pieces. It is valued for such parts because it is a good 
 wood to work with tools and takes nails and screws well. It also 
 serves for the cores of high-grade panels covered with veneer of 
 figured wood. In this class of products, as in furniture, much of it 
 is used for drawers, linings, and partitions, and it is well adapted 
 for cases and racks for holding and displaying goods in stores as 
 well as for medicine cabinets and cupboards in dwellings. 
 
 Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois use the largest 
 quantities of basswood for fixtures, because of its availability in 
 those States. Prices paid for basswood for fijctures average about 
 the same as for furniture, showing that about the same grade of 
 stock is used for the two purposes. 
 
 VEHICLES. 
 
 The chief use of basswood in vehicle construction is for the bodies 
 and panels of carriages, wagons, and automobiles. Much less wood 
 than formerly is now used for vehicle body panels, because the wooden 
 panel of the automobile body is now practically superseded by 
 steel. Basswood is often used for wagon-top slats, and it also fre- 
 quently goes into the construction of sleigh bodies, for which it is 
 well adapted. Baby-carriage bodies and wheelbarrow sides are 
 other vehicle parts for which the wood is suitable. It is used also 
 for storage batteries, on account of its ability to hold its shape. 
 
 Wisconsin and New York are the principal States in the con- 
 sumption of basswood for these purposes. 
 
 A satisfactory match wood must light easily and burn with a good 
 flame, and the stub should not retain the live coal long after the 
 blaze has expired. It should be straight-grained and easily worked. 
 
44 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 and should also hold the dipping material well. The wood should 
 be practically free from defects and preferably light in color. White 
 pine is the principal match wood in the United States, from which 
 the romid match is made by cutting from clear blocks of wood. 
 Basswood is second in importance and is used in much smaller 
 quantities for the production of the square or veneer match. 
 
 For the manufacture of the veneer match raw material is received 
 at the factory in log form. The logs are boiled and cut into veneer 
 the thickness of the match on a rotary veneer lathe. The veneer is 
 then cut into strips in width corresponding to the length of the 
 match stick. The sticks are then split from the veneer, and after 
 they are thoroughly dried the ignition end is paraffined to make 
 them bm-n better and is headed with the ignition material. 
 
 Aspen is the wood which is used almost exclusively in Europe for 
 manufacturing veneer matches, and basswood has similar pro- 
 perties. Basswood matches are not so attractive looking as those 
 made from white pine, because the basswood does not split so 
 straight, and the match sticks are often very imperfect (fig. 7). 
 Otherwise basswood is a very satisfactory wood for matches. Match 
 factories use only No. 1 or veneer logs 8 inches and over in diameter. 
 They are generally purchased in lengths which are multiples of 22 
 inches if less than a foot in diameter. Larger logs are usually any 
 length from 3^ to 14 feet. The cost of such logs at the factory 
 ranges from about S50 to $55 a thousand board feet. The timber 
 used for this purpose is obtained mostly from farmers' woodlots, 
 since the larger and more desirable timber goes mainly into the 
 manufacture of lumber and high-grade veneer. This small sized 
 timber is frequently defective, with many small knots, and there is 
 much waste in converting it into the clear veneer stock. The logs 
 are utilized very closely and can be cut down to a core as small as 
 2^ inches. 
 
 Farm woodlots in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin furnish a 
 large part of the basswood used for matches. 
 
 REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. 
 
 The class of products included under refrigerators and kitchen 
 cabinets might be termed kitchen furniture, since it includes refrig- 
 erators, kitchen cabinets, kitchen tables, and, in fact, all kinds of 
 furniture made for kitchen and pantry use, except kitchen chairs. 
 Basswood is well liked for these articles, because it has a clean ap- 
 pearance in the unfinished state and is odorless. It can also be 
 painted or varnished advantageously, if desired. It is much used 
 for the lining, shelves, drawers, and compartments of kitchen cabi- 
 nets and for the tops of kitchen tables. Such parts are usually kept 
 clean by scrubbing with soap and water, and basswood keeps its 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOB., 
 
 45 
 
 Fig. 7.— At top, basswood matches made by veneer process; at bottom, standard white pine matches. 
 
46 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUBE. 
 
 shape when treated in this way. The No. 1 common grade or log 
 run is generally used for the manufacture of such articles from which 
 clear stock is cut for exterior parts, and lower-grade stock is utilized 
 for the interior woodwork. 
 
 Indiana and Michigan use the largest quantities of basswood for 
 these purposes. 
 
 CAR CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Basswood is used in a small way in the construction of locomotives 
 and freight cars in places where much strength is not required. For 
 passenger cars, both steam and electric, it serves for exterior and in- 
 terior finish, including panel work. It is valued highly for cores finished 
 in expensive veneers, such as are seen in Pullman and private cars. 
 
 The use of basswood in this industry was reported, generally in 
 rather small amounts, by a large number of States. 
 
 LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 
 
 Basswood is the favorite wood for the manufacture of a large num- 
 ber of articles grouped under this head, because of its whiteness and 
 light weight. For ironing boards it is the preferred wood, on ac- 
 count of its good appearance unfinished, and because it works so 
 easily to a smooth surface and does not warp or split readily in use. 
 Besides the regular-sized ironing boards, small skirt and sleeve 
 boards are also made of this wood. Adjustable curtain stretchers 
 used in laundering lace and other thin-fabric window curtains are 
 preferably of basswood. The clothes rack which folds together like 
 a screen and is used in drying clothes is commonly made of this wood. 
 Basswood is much used for the front panel and top crosspiece of 
 washboards, because of the white, clean appearance of the wood. 
 Washboards are generally purchased on the basis of their good ap- 
 pearance, and one with a white, clean-looking panel will sell more 
 readily than a less attractive one. Moreover, a printed advertise- 
 ment is usually put on the panel by the manufacturer, and basswood 
 shows such printing exceedingly well. Other laundry appliances 
 are frequently stenciled with the name of the firm, and for this 
 reason basswood is the favorite wood. Clothespins of the kind 
 composed of two wooden strips held together by a wire spring and 
 called ''clip pins" are sometimes made of this wood. Basswood 
 also serves for parts of washing machines where good strength and 
 wearing qualities are not requisites. 
 
 Manufacturers using mainly the clear, white wood have much 
 difficulty in disposing of their discolored and low-grade stock. 
 Some firms covert this stock into small articles, such as round bot- 
 toms of fancy baskets; others sell such material to box factories. 
 Manufacturers generally find it most advantageous to buy log-run 
 lumber and work out of it the stock they need, rather than to pay 
 
UTILIZATIOlSr OF BASSWOOD. 47 
 
 the price for very high-grade lumber. Some firms using large quan- 
 tities of basswood for other purposes find it advantageous to utilize 
 small clear pieces in the manufacture of small laundry articles, such 
 as washboards. Basswood has been so high-priced and difficult to 
 obtain in recent years that many manufacturers of laundry appli- 
 ances have been compelled to substitute yellow poplar, although its 
 color is not generally liked so well, and much of it is more difficult 
 to work. 
 
 The largest quantities of basswood used for these products have 
 been reported from Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 TOBACCO BOXES. 
 
 Because of the difficulty of obtaining Spanish cedar, which is the 
 standard cigar-box wood, a large number of substitutes are em- 
 ployed. A satisfactory wood for cigar boxes should work well into 
 thin lumber or veneer, hold its shape, nail without splitting, and 
 have an attractive appearance. Basswood, stained to resemble 
 Spanish cedar, is probably the best substitute. The imitation is 
 made even more complete hj passing the thin lumber between rollers 
 which stamp it to give the appearance of the genuine cedar, and the 
 cedar odor may be imparted by washing it with extract of cedar 
 shavings and sawdust. Only the highest grade of lumber is used 
 for this purpose. It is carefully piled on sticks and kiln-dried just 
 before it is resawed into thin cigar-box lumber, which is usually 
 about three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. Basswood is also 
 used as core, on which thin veneer of Spanish cedar is glued, and is 
 well adapted for this purpose. 
 
 Some basswood goes into the construction of tobacco boxes of 
 other kinds, because it does not impart stain or odor to substances 
 in contact with it. It is also used for humidors, which prevent 
 cigars from drying out. Yellow poplar is also used for these pur- 
 poses. Tupelo and red gum are likewise employed for these uses; 
 but they are less desirable, because of the darker color of the woods 
 and their tendency to warp. 
 
 The greater part of the basswood reported for the manufacture 
 of cigar boxes was used in Wisconsin factories. 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. 
 
 The principal use of basswood in boot and shoe findings is for shoe 
 forms or fillers. These are similar in shape to the last, which is of 
 some hardwood, usually hard maple. Shoe forms are used to main- 
 tain the natural shape of the shoe in samples displayed in show 
 cases and when being handled by traveling salesmen. They are 
 made to fit the shoe perfectly and give an effect similar to that 
 produced when the shoe is on the foot. Fillers should be light in 
 
48 BULJLETIN 100*7, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
 
 weight to save cost in transportation in salesmen's trunks. These 
 forms are tooled to final shape from the rough-turned blocks; and 
 to reduce weight to the minimum they are often hollowed. Bass- 
 wood is considered the most practical wood for this use, because it 
 is light in weight, easily worked, does not split readil}^, and holds 
 its shape well. The wood is also used for lasts for rubber boots in 
 some instances. The increasing high cost and scarcity of basswood 
 have made a demand for a lower-priced substitute, but none seems 
 available which is as suitable. 
 
 The wooden soles of clog shoes are often of basswood. Such shoes 
 have leather tops and are for use in wet and cold places, such as 
 tanneries, creameries, mines, dye works, fish canneries, slaughter 
 houses, paper mills, and in foundries and metal works. They are 
 also used where a durable, low-priced shoe is desired. Yellow poplar 
 is often used in place of basswood for wooden soles. A high quality 
 of wood is required for these products, and the percentage of waste 
 is high, especially in the use of thick stock or billets for the manu- 
 facture of the shoe forms. 
 
 New York, Massachusetts, Maine, and Michigan reported the 
 largest quantities of basswood used for these purposes. 
 
 CASKETS AND COFFINS. 
 
 Basswood is used in several ways in the construction of caskets 
 and coffins. It is made into cheap caskets and coffins, which are 
 often stained to imitate more expensive woods; and it is well adapted 
 for use in this way, because it is easily worked and finishes well. 
 It is also frequently used for the cloth-covered casket. Its mam 
 use in the industry, however, is as a core wood for panels of expensive 
 caskets covered with veneer and for moldings and carved work on 
 such caskets. The outer case, usually called ''rough box," which 
 also often serves as a shipping case for the casket, is sometimes 
 made of basswood because of the good appearance of the wood. 
 
 A large number of States reported comparatively small quantities 
 of basswood used for this purpose. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Basswood is well liked for many professional and scientific instru- 
 ments because of its good color, ease of working, and light weight. 
 It is a favorite wood for yardsticks and rulers because it shows 
 printing to advantage and does not warp. Manufacturers of adver- 
 tising novelties use large quantities of basswood, particularly for 
 yardsticks on which advertising matter is printed. Drawing boards 
 and the tops of draughtsmen's tables have certain requirements 
 which must be met if they are to be satisfactory. The wood must 
 be soft so that the thumb tack used to fasten the sheet in place 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 49 
 
 can be driven in with the pressure of the thumb and can be easily 
 withdrawn; at the same time the wood should hold the thumb tack 
 in place. Such boards are often made of several plies to obviate 
 any tendency of the wood to warp or split. Basswood is a preferred 
 wood, and yellow poplar is also satisfactory; white pine, sugar pine, 
 and redwood are much used for this purpose. Because of its suit- 
 ability for printing, alphabet blocks of basswood are made in large 
 quantities. It is also employed in the manufacture of cameras, the 
 wooden box and other small wooden parts of such instruments 
 consuming large quantities m the aggregate. Boxes for holding 
 various professional and scientific instruments, including carpenters' 
 tool chests and optical instrument cases, are often of basswood. 
 Pasteboards for paper hangers are also made of this wood. It is 
 used for cigarmakers' molds, because it is readily carved, and as 
 labels for potted plants on which writing or printing must show well. 
 Pencils and penholders of basswood are stained to give an attractive 
 appearance. It also serves for spirit levels and the backs of ther- 
 mometers. 
 
 More than two-thirds of the entire amount of basswood reported 
 to the Forest Service by manufacturers for these uses was consumed 
 in New York State. 
 
 HANDLES. 
 
 Basswood is not adapted for handles of such tools as axes, sledges, 
 forks, and hoes, because it lacks the necessary strength. It is used 
 in considerable quantities, however, for broom and mop handles, 
 and for the long handles of window brushes. For short handles of 
 trowels, soldering irons, and files it serves very satisfactorily, and 
 also for the handles of engravers' tools. Harder woods, such as 
 beech, birch, and maple, are generally more satisfactory than bass- 
 wood for such handles, however, because they are stronger, wear 
 better, and do not split so readily. 
 
 Ohio and Michigan reported the largest quantities of basswood for 
 handle manufacture. 
 
 SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS. 
 
 Basswood is the sixth wood in importance in the shuttle, spool, and 
 bobbin industry, birch and maple being most largely used. Bass- 
 wood is made principally into the one-piece spool for holding thread 
 or tape, and for the ends or disks of three-piece spools, which are 
 much larger and are used in textile mills. Paper or white birch is 
 most commonly used for these spools; but basswood is satisfactory, 
 because it turns well and makes a spool that looks well. 
 
 The bulk of the basswood used in this industry was reported by 
 Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 
 
50 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Although basswood ranks about tenth in amount among the 
 woods used for chau*s, it is not considered an important chair wood 
 because such material should in general be able to stand loads and 
 shocks. Its use is mainly for seats, seat frames, and backs of cheap 
 chairs, where it serves in the form of plywood, and in high-priced 
 work, such as cores for panels. 
 
 Basswood is second in importance among woods used for clocks, 
 oak being consumed in larger quantities. Basswood is much used 
 for hidden work and the backs of cases; it is a favorite wood for cases 
 finished in enamel work, and is popular in the imitation of foreign 
 woods, marble, and other materials. Basswood also serves as core 
 wood for figured veneer work, which is much used in clock cases. 
 
 Connecticut reported the bulk of the basswood used for clock 
 manufacture. 
 
 MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 The amount of basswood used in the construction of machines is 
 surprisingly large, considering that a high degree of strength is 
 generally required for this purpose. Basswood finds its use in this 
 industry mainly for boxes and spouts, such as are used in flour-mill 
 machinery, and for woodwork of looms and parts for which a light, 
 soft wood is desirable. 
 
 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. 
 
 Basswood finds a useful place in ship and boat building mainly as a 
 finish material. It is well adapted for moldings and other wood- 
 work for the interior of cabins, especially where finished in enamel. 
 It is put to a large number of other uses. 
 
 BRUSHES. 
 
 Basswood stands fourth in importance among woods used in brush 
 making. Beech, birch, and hard maple are each used in much larger 
 quantities. These woods are more desirable for this use because of 
 their greater hardness and resistance to splitting. Basswood generally 
 goes into the cheaper, rough, unpolished handles, while the other 
 woods mentioned are used in the manufacture of higher-grade 
 articles. 
 
 SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS. 
 
 The chief use of basswood in the shade and map roller industry is 
 for curtain poles. It serves well for this use, because it is so easily 
 worked and because the ease and permanence with which it takes 
 paint and stain allow it to be finished to imitate expensive hardwoods, 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 51 
 
 such as walnut, mahogany, and oak. Rug and drugget poles, which 
 are lower-grade products, are also made of basswood. This wood is 
 not adapted for heavy poles, for which maple, birch, oak, and ash 
 are more serviceable. Some basswood is used for window-shade 
 rollers, but white pine is the usual "vv^ood employed for this purpose. 
 Awning poles are often of basswood, because a light-weight wood is 
 desirable. 
 
 PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. 
 
 Basswood is used for the rims of wooden pulleys, because it is light 
 in weight, has good gluing qualities, holds nails well without splitting, 
 and does not shrink, swell, or warp greatly. Wooden pulleys are 
 preferable in many cases to those of metal, because the lighter weight 
 renders them less likely to break through centrifugal force. These 
 rims are generally built up of a large number of pieces, which are 
 carefully fitted and glued together. Since basswood will not stand 
 a large amount of wear, harder and therefore heavier woods are used 
 in larger quantities. 
 
 Basswood is employed in the construction of buffer wheels, such as 
 are used for polishing metal and glass; and it is preferred for this 
 use, because it is fine-grained and holds the polishing materials well. 
 These wheels are usually made up solid of about six pie-shaped pieces, 
 which are dove-tailed and glued together, making a strong, light- 
 weight disk. 
 
 PRINTING MATERIAL. 
 
 The use of basswood in the printing industry is mainly for parts of 
 printers' type cabinets and as base blocks for rubber-stamp pads. 
 It commonly serves as bottoms of type boxes or trays, often in the 
 form of veneer; for the latter use a low-grade material is employed. 
 
 SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. 
 
 Basswood serves to advantage for the inside framework of billiard 
 and pool tables, because it holds its shape well. It is also employed 
 to a considerable extent for fishing-line blocks on which the line is 
 wound, because of its light weight. 
 
 SEWING MACHINES. 
 
 For sewing-machine cabinets, basswood is used to advantage as a 
 corewood for expensive veneers, and as sides and bottoms of drawers 
 and compartments, where its white, cleanly appearance makes it a 
 preferred wood. 
 
 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS. 
 
 In the making of electrical apparatus basswood is used especially 
 for spools for holding small-gauge wire, for base blocks, and for parts 
 of such electrical apparatus as telephone cabinets. 
 
52 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 plumbers' woodwork. 
 
 Basswood is adapted for toilet and medicine cases or cabinets, 
 towel cabinets and racks, and other cabinet work for toilets, which 
 may be finished in basswood and painted in imitation of more expen- 
 sive woods, or enameled to match the tile work of the room. Such 
 cabinets are more often finished in a more decorative wood, such as 
 white oak or birch. 
 
 DOWELS. 
 
 For wooden pins used to hold wooden parts together, mainly in 
 cabinet work, basswood is a preferred wood, because of its good 
 turning qualities. Where the parts are subjected to much strain, 
 stronger woods, such as birch, beech, and maple, are required; and 
 these are the principal species used. 
 
 PATTERNS AND FLASKS. 
 
 Basswood is a very suitable wood for patterns, because it is so 
 easily worked, keeps its shape, and does not split easily. It is used 
 mainly in shop patterns, and it is well liked for templets in ship- 
 building. High-grade, fairly clear stock is required for this use. 
 
 SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. 
 
 Since basswood shows painting and printing to such advantage, 
 it is well adapted for small signboards. White pine, however, is the 
 favorite wood for this purpose and is more durable in situations 
 exposed to the weather. Basswood signs should be kept painted in 
 order to give good service. 
 
 SADDLES AND HARNESS. 
 
 Basswood is valuable for saddletrees, because it is light in weight, 
 strong for its weight, and is easily modeled into various forms. It is 
 adapted for light-weight saddles; for those requiring a high degree 
 of strength, such as the pack saddle and the cowboy saddle, heavier 
 and tougher woods are required. Clear, high-grade, thick stock is 
 utilized for this purpose. Basswood is also used for stirrups, in which 
 it serves for the head or neck blocks. 
 
 MARKETS. 
 
 On account of its growing scarcity and the high value placed upon 
 it for special uses, there is usually little difficulty in finding a ready 
 market for basswood timber. It is commonly sold in the form of 
 lumber, log, and bolt. Where the timber stands are far distant from 
 the factory, basswood is generally manufactured into lumber along 
 with other hardwood species with which it grows in mixture. Cooper- 
 age and woodenware plants, however, in some instances buy tracts 
 of timber from which they log the basswood and other species. In 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 53 
 
 sections of the country where factories using basswood are located, 
 logs, bolts, and lumber generally find a ready sale. As a rule, it is 
 preferable for the small timber owner to market basswood timber 
 in the log rather than to saw it into boards and planks, because the 
 factories using logs can utilize the timber in this form to much 
 greater advantage (PI. VI). 
 
 Basswood logs are marketed to best advantage in the winter time, 
 because the timber is less apt to become stained and decayed in cold 
 weather through the action of molds and wood-destroying fungi. 
 In warm weather logs should not be allowed to lie in contact with the 
 ground for more than a few days, but should rest on skids, and should 
 not remain in a damp situation for an extended length of time, 
 because basswood deteriorates very rapidly under such circumstances. 
 Farmers usually find it most convenient to cut their timber and haul 
 it to the railroad during the winter months. In disposing of their 
 timber, owners of small tracts will find it to their advantage to get 
 in touch with their State forestry departments in order to obtain 
 names of possible purchasers, prices, and specifications. 
 
 Since many firms quote prices at the mill or factory, the following 
 weights of basswood in various forms are given, from which freight 
 costs may be figured: 
 
 Rough lumber, 1 inch thick, 1,000 board feet: Pounds. 
 
 Green M, 200 
 
 Dry 3 2, 500 
 
 Logs, 1,000 board feet, log scale, Doyle Rule: 
 
 Diameter inside butt at small end, 6 inches — 
 
 Green 43, 800 
 
 Dry 27, 800 
 
 Diameter inside butt at small end, 12 inches — 
 
 Green 9, 400 
 
 Dry 6, 000 
 
 Diameter inside butt at small end, 18 inches — 
 
 Green 6, 600 
 
 Dry 4, 200 
 
 Diameter inside butt at small end, 24 inches — 
 
 Green 5, 600 
 
 Dry 3, 500 
 
 Bolts, butts, etc., 1 cord of 128 * cubic feet: 
 
 Green 3, 700 
 
 Dry 2, 300 
 
 LUMBER. 
 
 Basswood lumber, if well manufactured, is readily salable to a 
 large number of industries. High-grade stock is in demand by 
 manufacturers of musical instruments, apiarists' supplies, and cigar 
 boxes. For piano keys, thick stock is required which should be white 
 
 3 OflBcial standard weights of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. 
 * Figured on the basis of 90 cubic feet of solid wood content. 
 
54 BUULETTISr W(yi, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICTILTUEE. 
 
 in color. The white stock is also demanded for bee-keepers' supplies, 
 for which the No. 1 common grade is often purchased. Firsts and 
 seconds is the usual grade for the manufacture of cigar boxes. The 
 combined grade of No. 2 common and better grades is probably most 
 commonly used, especially by factories making toys, trunks, kitchen 
 cabinets, and dairymen's and apiarists' supplies. For planing-mill 
 products, sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork, a good grade of 
 lumber is employed. For boxes and crates, lower grades are employed 
 as a rule, usually Nos. 2 and 3 common. No. 1 common is also some- 
 times used. 
 
 Furniture and trunk factories use basswood very largely in the 
 form of built-up stock, which is generally the product of the veneer 
 mill. 
 
 LOGS. 
 
 The higher-grade logs are purchased by mills cutting veneer for 
 various products. Factories making panels for trunks, furniture, 
 and cabinets of various kinds require logs of good quality which must 
 be reasonably clear, straight, and round, so that they mil cut to 
 advantage into rotary veneer (PI. VI). These factories Mall take 
 hollow logs if the log is otherwise of good quality. The hollow por- 
 tion of such logs must, of course, not be too large and there must be a 
 thick rim of sapwood around it (PI. VIII) . The minimum diameter of 
 logs purchased by these veneer plants is usually 10 inches. For the 
 No. 1 or veneer log grade about $35 to $40 is the usual price paid at 
 the factory. 
 
 Some of the veneer plants, including those manufacturing lower- 
 grade products, such as cheese boxes, also have a sawmill equipment 
 and convert lower-grade logs into lumber, which they use in the 
 manufacture of their products. They buy woods-run logs, which 
 bring about $20 to $30 a thousand board feet f . o. b. cars. The price 
 at the factory is generally $5 to $8 a thousand more. Basket factories 
 generally pay somewhat less. In some instances they purchase sizes 
 down to 6 inches in diameter at a comparatively low cost. Match 
 factories using basswood require logs of high quality for veneering. 
 They generally use No. 1, or veneer, grade, which must be free 
 from black heart-rot and reasonably free from knots. Sizes down to 
 8 inches in diameter and 22 inches in length are taken. The specifi- 
 cations usually call for 8 to 12 inch diameter material in lengths 
 which are multiples of 22 inches up to 15 feet. Logs over 12 inches 
 in diameter are preferred in lengths between 3^ and 14 feet. No. 1 
 logs cost match factories about $50 to $55 a thousand board feet, 
 freight included. No. 2 logs suitable for this purpose bring $5 to $10 
 a thousand less. Match factories must frequently get their logs from 
 a considerable distance, and the resultant high freight costs often 
 amount to from $10 to $15 a, thpus^ind bo9-rd feet. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 55 
 
 Large cooperage and woodenware factories get their timber very 
 largely from their own tracts. Small firms must usually depend on 
 purchase from various sources. Cooperage factories use logs 7 inches 
 and over in diameter at the small end for barrel heading. Factories 
 making pails and tubs use the largest quantities of basswood. They 
 generally prefer woods-run logs, for which they pay about $30 a 
 thousand board feet on board cars at loading point, taking sizes 
 down to 6 inches in diameter at the small end (PI. VII) . Lengths of 8 
 to 10 feet are preferred, but shorter lengths of about 3 feet are often 
 purchased. Some firms buy only No. 2 logs, which are small and 
 largely defective, often with hollow centers, and pay about $15 a 
 thousand board feet loaded on cars. Logs 6 inches and up in diam- 
 eter are taken if not too defective, and even some 4-inch sizes are 
 accepted if they are of good quality. Hollow logs with a 4-inch shell 
 are taken by some factories if they are otherwise sound. Second- 
 growth, clear, white basswood is preferred by these factories because 
 it makes a much more attractive pail. Last-block manufacturers 
 purchase basswood logs as small as 12 inches in diameter at the small 
 end. Factories making ladders sometimes buy basswood in the log 
 also. 
 
 Box factories in many instances buy basswood in the log. The 
 logs are also frequently used for the manufacture of vegetable crates. 
 
 BOLTS. 
 
 Basswood in bolt form is used by excelsior and pulpwood plants. 
 Excelsior wood should be of good quality, sound, reasonably straight, 
 and free from knots. Lengths of 36, 37, 54, and 55 inches are the 
 most common ones specified, and a minimum diameter of 4 inches 
 is accepted. Diameters of 7 to 12 inches are required to be split in 
 half, over 12 inches split into four pieces, and very large sizes split 
 in proportion. Some firms require that the large bolts be split to 
 the heart into pieces 6 to 8 inches wide on the bark side. Excelsior 
 wood is usually purchased green and unpeeled or dry and peeled. 
 Some factories accept peeled stock in the green or partially air- 
 seasoned condition. Usual prices paid for 36 and 37 inch lengths 
 are $3 to $4 a cord with bark, and $4 to $5 peeled; for 54 and 55 
 inch lengths the prices are proportionately greater. The cord for all 
 lengths given is 4 feet high and 8 feet long. These prices are for wood 
 on board cars at loading point. The price at the factory is usually 50 to 
 75 cents a cord more for 37-inch wood. Excelsior wood should not be 
 allowed to dry with the bark on, because it can be barked satisfactorily 
 only when the wood is green. Wood which has thoroughly air sea- 
 soned is most acceptable ; ordinarily it should not stand more than two 
 years, however, as it may become brittle and is likely to be attacked 
 by decay, which impairs its value. If it is to stand in piles for any 
 
56 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 length of time, it should rest on poles or sticks to keep it off the 
 ground. A space of about 2 feet should be left between piles to 
 allow it to dry properly. Kiln-dried wood, if subjected to too high 
 temperatures, often exhibits a brittleness when cut into excelsior, 
 which makes it less desirable than the air dried. It is often very 
 profitable for the small timber owner to convert his basswood trees 
 into excelsior wood rather than to market them in other forms, 
 because the small-diameter material and limbs can be more closely 
 utilized. 
 
 Basswood is also valuable as pulpwood, for which use it is pur- 
 chased at the same price as poplar. It is used for pulp mainly in 
 the southern Appalachians. Specifications call for 5-foot lengths, 
 with a minimum diameter of 4 inches. Bolts 4 to 7 inches in diameter 
 are not to be split, more than 7 and up to 10 inches in diameter to be 
 split once, more than 10 and up to 14 inches quartered, and above 
 14 inches to be split in proportion. Basswood pulpwood usually 
 brings about one dollar more per cord than beech, birch, and maple 
 pulpwood. 
 
 Woodenware factories, particularly those making pails and tubs, 
 frequently buy bolts with a minimum diameter of 4 inches to 6 inches. 
 Lengths are usually 40 and 52 inches. In some cases longer lengths 
 are accepted. The price paid on cars at loading point ranges from 
 about $6.50 to $8 per cord and the freight amounts to $1 to $2 a cord 
 more. Second-growth timber is preferred. Box factories in some 
 instances buy basswood bolts for conversion into crating. They 
 take diameters down to about 6 inches, and 52-inch lengths are 
 usually preferred. 
 
 Where the timber runs small in size, and especially on cut-over 
 tracts, where there is much young, rapid-growth stock, the bolt is 
 the practicable form for marketing. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Basswood is an important commercial timber of the northeastern 
 part of the United States. Since it grows in mixture with other 
 hardwood species and does not form dense stands, it has never been 
 a very plentiful timber. In regions where it was formerly compara- 
 tively abundant, particularly in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, 
 various industries have greatly reduced the supplies available, so 
 that it is now scarce in these States. The Great Lakes and south- 
 ern Appalachian regions are now the main sources of the timber. 
 Wisconsin and Michigan have furnished the largest quantities for 
 the last 20 years. During the last 12 years the quantities used have 
 diminished greatly; the amount of basswood lumber manufactured 
 during this period has been reduced by about 50 per cent. The 
 period of maximum lumber production was from 1906 to 1910; in 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 57 
 
 each of the years 1906, 1907, and 1909 the total amount of basswood 
 lumber cut was about 400,000,000 board feet. At present the total 
 annual use of basswood for all purposes probably does not exceed 
 250,000,000 board feet. The total stand of basswood timber is esti- 
 mated to be about 9,000,000,000 board feet. 
 
 Basswood is valued mainly for its light color, light weight, and 
 good working and seasoning qualities, and because it shows printing 
 to advantage. It is used mainly for wooden containers and utensils 
 which come in contact with food, including boxes, barrels, pails, 
 tubs, and kitchen woodenware. Cabinetwork and inside finish of 
 buildings are also important uses. 
 
 Raw material is used in the form of the log, bolt, and lumber. 
 Logs are used for the production of veneer^ which is made into ply- 
 wood for trunks, furniture, and other cabinetwork. Logs are also 
 converted into veneer for cheese boxes. Basswood in the log is used 
 for the manufacture of matches by the veneer process. Logs are 
 also used in large quantities for making pails, tubs, and slack-barrel 
 heading. The bolts are used mainly for conversion into excelsior 
 and pulpwood. The principal uses in the form of lumber are for 
 boxes, inside finish, apiarists' supplies, laundry appliances, and toys. 
 Its most exacting use is for honey s'^ctions to hold comb honey, for 
 which purpose a white wood is required. Basswood is an ideal wood 
 for candy pails and cracker and candy boxes, because of its clean ap- 
 pearance and light weight and because it does not taint substances 
 in contact with it. Its light color also makes it very much in demand 
 for flour-barrel heading, cheese boxes, excelsior, pulpwood, and laun- 
 dry appliances, including mainly washboards and ironing boards. 
 Its lightness and good seasoning and gluing qualities make it an 
 excellent core wood, producing a strong, light panel. Because of 
 these properties it is the preferred wood for trunks. 
 
 Basswood generally finds a ready market in the form of the log or 
 bolt, or as lumber. For the small timber owner the log and bolt are 
 the most advantageous forms for marketing. Large, clear, high- 
 grade logs bring the best prices when sold for conversion into veneer. 
 Small and low-grade logs and bolts can be disposed of most profitably 
 to woodenware and slack-cooperage factories. Clear, small-dimen- 
 sion stock can be sold to best advantage to excelsior and pulpwood 
 plants. It is desirable to obtain information on prices, specifica- 
 tions, and methods of measurement from prospective purchasers 
 before the standing timber is converted into marketable form. 
 
 Since basswood reproduces easily and increases in size rapidly in 
 situations favorable for the growth of the tree, and since the timber 
 is readily marketable in various forms, owners of land suitable mainly 
 for timber production in the basswod region will find it advantageous 
 to encourage the growth of this species. 
 
58 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Classified listofuses reported for bassivood by factories. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Alfalfa grinder parts. 
 
 Corn grader frames. 
 
 Corn buskers. 
 
 Corn planters. 
 
 Corn shellers. 
 
 Fanning-mill drums. 
 
 Fanning mill sieve frames. 
 
 Fanning mills. 
 
 Feed grinders. 
 
 Feed mills. 
 
 Feeder slats. 
 
 Garden cultivators. 
 
 Grain cleaners. 
 
 Grain hoppers. 
 
 Grass seeders. 
 
 Grass-seeder boxes. 
 
 Hay loaders. 
 
 Hayracks. 
 
 Hayrake parts. 
 
 Hullers. 
 
 Peach graders. 
 
 Potato planters. 
 
 Seeder boxes. 
 
 Separators : 
 
 Bean. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 Threshing machine. 
 Tanks, threshing-machine. 
 Thrasher boxes. 
 Threshing machines : 
 
 Dust conveyors. 
 
 Tanks. 
 Threshers: 
 
 Braces. 
 
 Grain pans and shakers. 
 
 Grain registers. 
 Wheat fans. 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. 
 
 Hollow lasts. 
 Lasts. 
 
 Shoe clog soles. 
 Shoe fillers. 
 Shoe forms. 
 Shoe frames. 
 Shoe lasts. 
 Shoe trees. 
 
 BOXES AND CRATES. 
 
 Baskets : 
 
 Berry. 
 
 Clothes. 
 
 Fruit and vegetable. 
 
 Grape. 
 
 Split. 
 Basket covers. 
 Basket hoops. 
 Basket splints. 
 Boxes: 
 
 Berry. 
 
 Bottle. 
 
 Bread. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Candy. 
 
 Chocolate. 
 
 Confectionery. 
 
 Druggist. 
 
 Fancy. 
 
 Folding. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 Glove. 
 
 Knife. 
 
 Lock-corner. 
 
 Mailing. 
 
 Novelty. 
 
 Packing. 
 
 Polished . 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 Printed. 
 
 Rubber type. 
 
 Shirtwaist. 
 
 Tool. 
 
 Type. 
 
 Utility. 
 Bos shooks. 
 Cases : 
 
 Egg. 
 
 Packing. 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 Type. 
 Crates. 
 
 Crates, bushel. 
 Crating. 
 
 Lids, grape-basket. 
 Tea chests. 
 Trays, egg. 
 
UTILIZATIOK" or BASSWOOD. 
 
 59 
 
 BOXES, TOBACCO. 
 
 cooperage. 
 
 
 Cigar boxes. 
 
 Heading : 
 
 
 Humidors. 
 
 Barrel. 
 
 
 Tobacco boxes. 
 
 Slack cooperage. 
 
 
 BROOMS. 
 
 Spice kegs. 
 Staves. 
 
 
 Broom handles. 
 
 Staves: 
 
 
 BRUSHES. 
 
 Slack cooperage. 
 
 
 Brush : 
 
 Tight cooperage. 
 
 
 Backs. 
 Blocks. 
 
 dairymen's, poulterers', and 
 
 APIAR- 
 
 ists' supplies. 
 
 
 Handles. 
 
 Beehives. 
 
 
 Brushes. 
 
 Beehive sections. 
 
 
 butchers' blocks and skewers. 
 
 Bee boxes. 
 Butter molds. 
 
 
 Skewers. 
 
 Honey boxes. 
 Chums: 
 
 
 car construction. 
 
 Covers. 
 
 
 Car finish, outside. 
 
 Standards. 
 
 
 Car: 
 
 Honey crates. 
 
 
 Repairing. 
 
 Honey sections. 
 
 
 Roofing. 
 
 Incubators. 
 
 
 Cars: 
 
 Poultry coops. 
 
 
 Freight. 
 
 Poultry coops, bottoms. 
 
 
 Interior finish. 
 
 Poultry crates. 
 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 dowels. 
 
 
 Ceiling, car hood. 
 
 
 
 Dust guards: 
 
 Dowels, furniture. 
 
 
 Freight cars. 
 
 
 
 Railway cars. 
 
 EQULPMENT, PLAYGROUND. 
 
 
 Locomotives. 
 
 Exercise rings. 
 
 
 Locomotive woodwork. 
 
 Swing seats. 
 
 
 Passenger cars : 
 
 
 
 Interior finish. 
 
 excelsior. 
 
 
 Interior work. 
 
 Excelsior. 
 
 
 Railroad coaches. 
 
 Excelsior: 
 
 Mattress stuffing. 
 
 
 caskets and coffins. 
 
 Packing. 
 
 
 Caskets. 
 
 fixtures. 
 
 
 Caskets: 
 
 Alarm tills: 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 Bottoms. 
 
 
 Corners. 
 
 Tops. 
 
 
 Molding. 
 
 Altars, church. 
 
 
 Panels. 
 
 Bank fixtures. 
 
 
 Coflins. 
 
 Cabinet drawers. 
 Cabinets. 
 
 
 chairs. 
 
 Cabinets : 
 
 
 Chair seats. 
 
 Seed. 
 
 
 Chairs. 
 
 Toilet. 
 
 
 Seat frames. 
 
 Church furniture. 
 
 
 clocks. 
 
 Church pews. 
 
 
 Clock cases. 
 
 Cupboards. 
 
 
60 
 
 BULLETIN 1007; V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 Cupboards: 
 
 Backs. 
 
 Bottoms. 
 
 Drawers. 
 Desks, school. 
 Die cases. 
 Display forms: 
 
 Hosiery. 
 
 Shoe. 
 Fixtures: 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Bar. 
 
 Barber shop. 
 
 Drug store. 
 
 Office. 
 
 Store. 
 
 Store and office. 
 Frames, store fixture. 
 Interior frames, store fixture. 
 Medicine cabinets. 
 Medicine cases. 
 Pews, church. 
 Racks : 
 
 Curtain display. 
 
 Rug display. 
 Shoe cases. 
 Shoe racks. 
 
 Show cases, inside work. 
 Stands, Bible. 
 Stock racks. 
 Wall cases. 
 Water-closet, tank backs. 
 
 FRAMES AND MOLDING, PICTURE. 
 
 Frames : 
 
 Mirror. 
 
 Picture. 
 Molding, picture. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 Backing: 
 
 Enameled work. 
 
 Mirror. 
 
 Furniture. 
 Backs: 
 
 Buffet. 
 
 Bureau. 
 
 Chiffonier. 
 
 Chifforobe. 
 
 Mirror. 
 
 Wardrobe. 
 
 Washstand. 
 Bedsteads, hidden work. 
 Bookcase backs. 
 Bookcases. 
 
 Bookcases, inside work. 
 Bottoms : 
 
 Buffet. 
 
 Case. 
 
 Chiffonier. 
 
 Dressers. 
 Card-table tops. 
 Carvings, wood. 
 Chamber suites. 
 Chest bottoms. 
 Chests, interior 
 Chiffoniers. 
 China closets. 
 China closets, interior. 
 Commodes. 
 Consoles. 
 Couches, box. 
 Couch bottoms. 
 Couch frames. 
 Drawer bottoms. 
 Drawer sides. 
 Dresser backs. 
 Dresser drawers. 
 Extension tables. 
 File cases. 
 
 Filing cabinets, tops and shelves. 
 Frames: 
 
 Couch. 
 
 Davenport. 
 
 Lounge. 
 
 Spring-bed. , 
 
 Furniture: 
 
 Case goods. 
 
 Dining room. 
 
 Hidden work. 
 Interior work^ 
 
 Furniture. 
 
 Office desks. 
 Lawn furniture. 
 Letter files. 
 Lodge furniture. 
 Looking-glass backs. 
 Music cabinets. 
 Music cabinets, interior. 
 Novelty furniture. 
 Parlor furniture, frames. 
 Rails: 
 
 Door. 
 
 Table. 
 Record cabinets. 
 Serving tables, hidden work. 
 Shelves, desk. 
 Showcase tables. 
 Sideboards, interior work. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 61 
 
 Slats, bed. 
 
 Stands, typeAmter. 
 
 Store and office furniture, interior work. 
 
 Tables. 
 
 Tables: 
 
 Extension. 
 
 Inside parts. 
 
 Inside work. 
 Table parts. 
 Table tops. 
 Tabourettes. 
 
 HANDLES. 
 
 Handles: 
 Broom. 
 Brush. 
 Dipper. 
 
 Engravers' tool. 
 File. 
 
 Long-handled dust broom. 
 Mop. 
 Pipe. 
 
 Plastering trowel. 
 Street brush. 
 Trowel. 
 Wall brush. 
 Window brush . 
 
 INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL AND 
 SCIENTIFIC. 
 
 Cameras. 
 
 Chalk triangles, schoolroom. 
 
 Drawing boards. 
 
 Engraving boards. 
 
 Glass-cutters ' boards. 
 
 Medical batteries. 
 
 Pencils. 
 
 Pen holders. 
 
 Quills. 
 
 Rulers. 
 
 Saw frames. 
 
 Scales. 
 
 Spirit levels. 
 
 Thermometers. 
 
 Trays, enameling. 
 
 INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL. 
 
 Bellows: 
 
 Organ. 
 
 Piano-player. 
 Bellows, organ, frames. 
 Blowers: 
 
 Organ. 
 
 Piano-player. 
 Bottom panels, piano-case. 
 Case parts, piano. 
 
 Cases : 
 
 Band-instrument. 
 
 Cornet. 
 
 Drum. 
 Cheeks, piano-case. 
 Drums. 
 
 Fall boards, piano-case. 
 Guitars. 
 Key blocks. 
 
 Key bottoms, piano-case. 
 Key slips, piano-case. 
 Keys, piano. 
 Keys, piano (key racks;. 
 Mandolins. 
 Mandolin necks. 
 Molding, piano-case. 
 Music shelf, piano-case. 
 Organs. 
 Organ backs. 
 
 Organ cases, folding organs. 
 Organ frames. 
 Organ keys. 
 Pedal cases. 
 Pianos. 
 Piano backs. 
 Piano cases. 
 Piano cases, sides. 
 Piano fronts. 
 Piano players. 
 Piano skeletons. 
 Pilasters, piano-case. 
 Pipe organs, interior parts. 
 Pipe organs. 
 Pipes, organ. 
 Rails, piano. 
 Tops, piano. 
 Top panels, piano-case. 
 Veneer cases, piano. 
 Violin cases. 
 
 LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 
 
 Clothes bars. 
 
 Clothes driers. 
 
 Clothes pins. 
 
 Clothes racks. 
 
 Curtain stretchers. 
 
 Ironing boards. 
 
 Ironing boards, folding. 
 
 Ironing-board tops. 
 
 Laundry machinery. 
 
 Laundry machines, hydraulic. 
 
 Stretchers, curtain. 
 
 Stretching horses. 
 
 Tables, ironing. 
 
 Tubs, washing-machine. 
 
62 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Clay-working machinery. 
 Coal boxes, traction-engine 
 Coffee mills. 
 Cotton gins. 
 Engine jackets. 
 Flour-mill machinery. 
 Jack screws. 
 Loom ribs. 
 Loom shafts. 
 Looms. 
 
 Machinery bodies. 
 Machinery construction. 
 Mud shields, traction-engine 
 Presses : 
 
 Cider. 
 
 Wine. 
 Reed ribs, loom. 
 Road machinery. 
 Smut mills. 
 Spouting, flour-mill. 
 
 MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. 
 
 Apparatus, electrical. 
 Fans, electric. 
 Spools, wire. 
 Telephone accessories. 
 
 MATCHES AND TOOTHPICKS. 
 
 Match eticke. 
 
 PATTERNS AND FLASKS. 
 
 Patterns. 
 Shop patterns. 
 Templets: 
 
 Boat. 
 
 Shipbuilding. 
 
 PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Astragals, sliding-door. 
 
 Balusters. 
 
 Baseblocks, house interior trim. 
 
 Baseboards. 
 
 Baseboards, house interior trim. 
 
 Base corners, house interior trim. 
 
 Base molding, house interior trim. 
 
 Beams, dining-room ceiling. 
 
 Binding strips, school blackboard. 
 
 Book shelving. 
 
 Carpet strip, house interior trim 
 
 Casing. 
 
 Door. 
 
 House. 
 
 Window. 
 
 Ceiling. 
 
 Chair rail, house interior trim. 
 
 Finish. 
 
 Finish : 
 
 Exterior. 
 
 Interior. 
 Flooring. 
 Interior finish: 
 
 Buildings. 
 
 Churches. 
 Interior woodwork. 
 Molding: 
 
 Bed, house construction. 
 
 Cap, house interior trim. 
 
 Cove. 
 
 Crown, house interior trim. 
 
 Diip cap, house construction. 
 
 Electric wire. 
 
 Plaster, house construction. 
 
 Spring cove, house construction. 
 Nosing, house interior trim. 
 Parting strip, house interior trim. 
 Partitions. 
 
 Partition molds, house interior trim. 
 Plate rail, dining room. 
 Sheathing. 
 Shiplap. 
 Siding. 
 
 Siding, house. 
 Weather boarding. 
 
 PLUMBERS ' WOODWORK. 
 
 Cabinets, toilet. 
 
 PRINTING MATERIALS. 
 
 Engra^dng boards. 
 Printers' cabinets. 
 Printers' supplies. 
 Rubber-stamp pads, base blocks. 
 
 PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. 
 
 Pulleys. 
 
 Rims, split-wood pulleys. 
 
 Split puUeys. 
 
 REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS 
 
 Backs, kitchen cabinets. 
 
 Bread boards, kitchen cabinets. 
 
 Drawer bottoms, kitchen cabinets. 
 
 Kitchen cabinets. 
 
 Kitchen cabinets, interior work. 
 
 Kitchen tables. 
 
 Refrigerators. 
 
 Shelving, kitchen cabinet. 
 
 Table tops, kitchen cabinets. 
 
 Tope, kitchen table. 
 
UTILIZATION OF BASSWOOD. 
 
 63 
 
 SADDLES AND HARNESS. 
 
 Saddletrees. 
 Stin-ups; 
 
 Head blocks. 
 
 Neck blocks. 
 
 SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, AND GENERAL 
 MILLWORK. 
 
 Blinds. 
 
 Blinds, window. 
 
 Bottom rails, sash. 
 
 Brackets, plate-rail. 
 
 Butchers' coolers. 
 
 Capping, sink (house interior trim). 
 
 Case work. 
 
 Colonnades, house, interior trim. 
 
 Corner blocks, house interior trim. 
 
 Cornices, door. 
 
 Doors: 
 
 Folding. 
 
 Sliding. 
 Dust cap, house interior trim. 
 Frames : 
 
 Front door, side light. 
 
 Window. 
 Front doors, house. 
 Grilles. 
 
 Grilles, house, interior trim. 
 Head blocks, house interior trim. 
 Head casing, house interior trim. 
 Jambs, door. 
 Mantels. 
 
 Mantels, painted work. 
 Meeting rail, sash. 
 Millwork. 
 
 Mirror doors, house. 
 Mullions, sash. 
 
 Panel strips, house interior trim. 
 Panels, door. 
 Porch columns. 
 Porch work. 
 Rails, door. 
 Sash. 
 
 Sash, window. 
 Screens. 
 
 Screens, window. 
 Sink aprons, house interior trim. 
 Stair work. 
 Stiles, door. 
 
 Stops, door (house interior trim). 
 Stops, window (house interior trim). 
 Top rails, sash. 
 
 SEWING MACHINES. 
 
 Sewing-machine cabinets. 
 
 SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS. 
 
 Curtain poles. 
 Rug poles. 
 Window-shade rollers. 
 
 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. 
 
 Boats. 
 Shipbuilding. 
 
 SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS. 
 
 Bobbins. 
 Spools. 
 Spool heads. 
 
 SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. 
 
 Signboards. 
 Signs, advertising. 
 
 SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. 
 
 Automatic bowling alley bottoms. 
 Billiard-table beds. 
 Fishline blocks. 
 Indian clubs. 
 
 TANKS AND SILOS. 
 
 Silos. 
 Tanks, water. 
 
 TOYS. 
 
 Animals, toy. 
 
 Automobiles. 
 
 Blackboards. 
 
 Boats, toy. 
 
 Cannon and fort sets. 
 
 Circus sets. 
 
 Dolls. 
 
 Doll houses. 
 
 Doll parts. 
 
 Game boards. 
 
 Games. 
 
 Hand-sled tops. 
 
 Hobbyhorses. 
 
 Hobbyhorses, stick. 
 
 Horse rockers, children's. 
 
 Parlor games. 
 
 Pianos, children's. 
 
 Seats, tricycle. 
 
 Shooting galleries. 
 
 Sled tops. 
 
 Sleds. 
 
 Stocks, popgun. 
 
 Wagon, toy (sides). 
 
 Wheelbarrows. 
 
 TRUNKS AND VALISES. 
 
 Boxes, trunk. 
 Frames, suitcase. 
 Sample cases. 
 
64 
 
 BULLETIN 1007, U. S. DEPARTMEls-T OF AGRICULTUEE. 
 
 VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 
 
 Aiitomobile bodies. 
 
 Automobile panels. 
 
 Automobile roof and top slats. 
 
 Baby carriages. 
 
 Baby-carriage bodies. 
 
 Baby tenders. 
 
 Battery boxes, automobile 
 
 Bent vehicle parts. 
 
 Brake blocks. 
 
 Buggy bottoms. 
 
 Buggy repairs. 
 
 Business-wagon bodies. 
 
 Carriage bodies. 
 
 Carriage panels. 
 
 Carts, dump. 
 
 Deli very -wagon panels. 
 
 Desks, mail- wagon. 
 
 Doubletrees. 
 
 Frames, buggy-cushion. 
 
 Go-carts. 
 
 Panels, light vehicle bodies. 
 
 Panels, vehicle seats. 
 
 Panels, light vehicle seats. 
 
 Sideboards, wheelbarrow. 
 
 Sides, wagon-body. 
 
 Sides, wheelbarrow. 
 
 Singletrees. 
 
 Slats, wagon-top. 
 
 Sleigh bodies. 
 
 Sleighs. 
 
 Street-sprinkler parts. 
 
 Surrey-canopy frames. 
 
 Vehicle body panels. 
 
 Wagons. 
 
 Wagon dashes. 
 
 WHIPS, CANES, UMBRELLA STICKS. 
 
 Sticks, umbrella. 
 
 WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 
 
 Boards: 
 
 Bread. 
 
 Carving. 
 
 Cloth. 
 
 Hosiery. 
 
 Meat. 
 
 Pastry. 
 
 Potato chip. 
 
 Potato peeler. 
 
 Skirt. 
 
 Slaw. 
 
 Sleeve. 
 Book blocks. 
 Bowls. 
 
 Boxes, cheese. 
 Bucket bottoms. 
 Bucket covers. 
 Buckets, candy. 
 Buckets, sugar. 
 Butter ladles. 
 Candlesticks. 
 Carved woodenware. 
 Checkers. 
 Checks: 
 
 Barbers'. 
 Haybalers'. 
 Coat hangers. 
 Dominoes. 
 Envelope holders. 
 Fish kits. 
 Flag poles. 
 Flag sticks, railway. 
 Fruit driers. 
 Globes, geographers'. 
 Handles, fan. 
 Heading, cheese-box. 
 Jewelry-case frames. 
 Kitchenware. 
 Ladders. 
 
 Ladders, extension. 
 Ladders, step. 
 Lapboards. 
 Lard tubs. 
 Matchsafes. 
 Match strikers. 
 Novelties. 
 
 Novelties, burnt-wood. 
 Pails: 
 
 Candy. 
 Fish." 
 Lard. 
 Panorama, religious. 
 Paper racks. 
 Porch shades. 
 Pyrography. 
 Reels, electric-wire. 
 Reels, solder-wire. 
 Seed cabinets. 
 Shredders. 
 Silverware cases. 
 Snow shovels. 
 Soap cups. 
 Souvenirs. 
 Step-ladder steps. 
 Strips, felt-bound (school slates). 
 Towel-roller frame. 
 Towel rolls. 
 Tub bottoms. 
 
 o