Class Jh^i 
 Book . 
 
 Copyright N"_.. 
 
 COPVRIGHT DEPOSm 
 

 GEOGRAPHY e 
 
 / 
 
 y>e' / y' 
 
 OF 
 
 THE STATE OF CONNECTICl i 
 
 DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS, 
 
 AND INTENDED TO ACCOMPANY 
 
 MITCHELL'S NEW INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY; 
 
 A NEW MAP OF THE STATE, 
 
 CAREFULLY ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK 
 
 BY HORA.CE DAY, 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OP NEW HAVEN' 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 PUBLISHED r,Y E. IT. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 1865. 
 
 EntcToJ. iicooriDn^c to Act of Couircsi. in the year 1865, by E. II. BoTt.ER 4 Co., in Iho Clerk's Offlcs .>r the District Court for the RMtern District of PennSTlranla. 
 

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/ 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 
 y 
 
 blAlE UULSt, Uai.liUj 
 
 1 FosiiiON A>.n FlxTENT — Connecticut lies on Long Isliind Sound, 
 having a coast line of uioi-e than one hundred miles from Byram river, 
 on the west, to Fawcatuck river, on the oast. Its northern line of 
 houndary, separating it from Massachusetts, is nearly ninety miles in 
 length. Its we.^tern. separating it from New York, is eighty-two miles, 
 rind its eastern, or Khode Island boundary, is forty-eight miles long. 
 i'he irregularity of its northern boundary was caused by an erroneous 
 early survey; that on the west was made by agreement with New York, 
 in the year 1713, to bring the English settlement of Greenwich within 
 the jurisdiction of Connecticut. The state contains 4674 square miles. 
 
 2. Surface — The surface is hilly, but not generally mountainous. 
 The Blue Hills, in Southington, have an elevation of 1000 feet, and 
 are among the highest mountains in the state. 
 
 3. Soil, &C. — The soil is generally fertile, but better adapted to 
 grazing than tillage. It is well watered, having beside its principal 
 rivers, a large number of lesser streams, i-aluable for manufacturing 
 purposes. The name of the state is derived from an Indian word, 
 meaning long river. 
 
 4. Climate. — Though exposed to extremes of heat and cold, the 
 climate is healthy, and somewhat milder thau that of the other New 
 England states. Near the coast, the weather is extremely variable. 
 
 5. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Connecticut, Housatonic, 
 and Thames. The Connecticut is 410 miles in length, 70 of which are 
 within the state. It is navigable for steamers to Hartford, 50 miles 
 from its mouth. The Housatonic is 150 miles long, and navigable to 
 Derby, 12 miles from its mouth. The Thames is formed by the union 
 of the Shetucket and Yantic at Norwich, 15 miles from its mouth, and 
 is navigable its whole length. The principal tributary of the Con- 
 necticut is Farmington river. The Naugatuck is the most important 
 stream emptying into the Housatonic. The Quinnebaug, though a 
 tributary of the Shetucket, is longer and larger than the latter. 
 
 1. How is Connecticut situated? Of its northern boundary? Its western? 
 Eastern? Of the irregularity of the northern and western boundary? Area? 
 2. Surface? Blue Hills? 3. Soil? How watered? Name of the state? 
 4. Climate? 5. Principal rivers? Of the Connecticut? Housatonic? 
 Thames ? Farmington ? Naugatuck ? Quinnebaug ? 0. Of the shore ? 
 Principal seaports? Of New London Harbor? Black Rock Harbor? New 
 
 6. Harbors. — The shore is penetrated by numerous bays and creeks, 
 which afford many harbors. The principal seaports are New London, 
 New Haven, Stoniugton, and Bridgeport, on the coast, and Jliddletown, 
 on the Connecticut river. The harbor of New London is the best in 
 the state, and one of the best in the United States. It is spacious and 
 safe, has a depth of 30 feet of water, and is not obstructed by ice in the 
 winter. The harbor of Black Rock, in Fairfield, is invaluable as a 
 .shelter for vessels during violent storms on Long Island Sound. The 
 harbor of New Haven is safe, but in many parts shallow. Stoningtou 
 has a good harbor, protected by an expensive breakwater. 
 
 7. Natural Productions. — Iron ore of superior quality is found 
 in Salisbury, Canaan, Kent, Stafford, and Roxbury. In Portland, 
 Chatham, and Haddam, a reddish-brown freestone is largely quarried, 
 wliich is extensively used for building purposes. Copper is found in 
 Simsbury and Bristol. 
 
 8. Original Inhabitants. — At the iirst settlement of the state, the 
 Indians were found to be divided into numerous tribes. The Pcquots, 
 occupying the south-eastern pai-t of the state, were the most warlike. 
 They numbered about 700 warriors. The Mohegans lay north of t!i, 
 Pcquots. The River Indians, in Windsor, Hartford, Wethersfield, a 
 Middletown, were very numerous. In ^Yiudsor ulouo they numbei' 
 2000 warriors. 
 
 9. Settlement. — The first English settler was William Holmes, who 
 built a house in Windsor in 1633. Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield. 
 
 I and Saybrook, were settled in 1635 ; New Haven in 1638. Connecticut 
 did not include the New Haven colony till the year 1662, when they 
 were united by a charter granted to Connecticut by King Charles II. 
 The early settlers were almost exclusively Englishmen, who emigrated 
 from their native country for the peaceable enjoyment of their own 
 religious views. 
 
 10. Political Ouuanization. — The territory of the state is arranged 
 ill various organizations, to secure different objects. The principal ones 
 are, 1. Counties. 2. Towns. 3. Cities 4 Boroughs. 5. Congres- 
 sional Districts. 6. Senatorial Districts. 7. Probate Districts. 8 School 
 Districts. 
 
 11. Counties. — The state is divided into eight counties, viz. : 
 Hartford, formed 1666, county :e it Hartford. 
 
 Haven Harbor? Stonington Harbor? 
 
 Of iron? Freestone? Copper? 
 
 8. Of the original inhabitants? Pequots? How many? Mohegans? Of 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 (( 
 
 1666, 
 
 11 
 
 '■ New Maveu. 
 
 New London, 
 
 li 
 
 1666, 
 
 li 
 
 ** New Loudon and Norwich 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 ii 
 
 1666, 
 
 1( 
 
 " Diinbury and Bridgeport. 
 
 Windham, 
 
 U 
 
 1726, 
 
 a 
 
 'V Ih-oolvlyn. 
 
 Litchfield, 
 
 u 
 
 1751, 
 
 a 
 
 ^' Litchfield. 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 u 
 
 1785, 
 
 u 
 
 " Middletowu and Haddam 
 
 Tolland, 
 
 u 
 
 17S5, 
 
 it 
 
 " Tolland. 
 
 The organization of the counties has reference chiefly to the sessions 
 of the courts and the maintenance and repair of jails, eourt-houses, &c. 
 
 12. Towns. — From the first settlement of the state great prominence 
 has been given to the respective town organizations All common local 
 interests arc under their control. They annually appoint selectmen, not 
 
 the river Indians ? How many in Windsor ? 9. First English settler ? Wliat 
 towns settled in 163o? When New Haven? Of the Connecticut and New 
 Haven colonies? Of the early settlers? 10. Of the political organization 
 of the state? Principal organizations ? 11. How many counties ? Name them 
 in the order of formation ? When were Hartfoi'd, New Haven, New London, 
 and Fairfield formed? When Windham ? Litchfield? Middlesex and Tol- 
 land? Name the county seats of the sever.al counties? Of the organization 
 of the counties? 12. Of the towns? What do the towns annually elect? 
 
U U JN iM i<i U T 1 C U T. 
 
 to exceed seven, a town clerk, treasurer, constables, survcj'ors of high- 
 ways, collector of town taxes, grand jurors, tjthing-men, haywards, 
 gaugers, packers, sealers of weights and measures, and pound keepers. 
 The selectmen have the care of paupers, call town meetings, repair 
 higliwtJj-.., ''"st the towns' accounts, are the general guardians of the 
 town's interests, and, with the town clerk, decide on the legal ({ualifica- 
 tion of electors. The grand jururs are obliged to make inijuiry in 
 respect to crimes in their several towns. Haywards and pound-keepers 
 have the care of stray cattle. Tything-men are intrusted with the duty 
 of enforcing the laws in respect to the observance of Sunday. 
 
 13. Cities. — There are seven cities: Hartford and New Haven, 
 which are also the two capitals of the state, Bridgeport, New London, 
 JHddletown, AVaterbury, and Norwich, each of wtich is governed by 
 a mayor, aldermen, and common council. 
 
 14. Boroughs. — There are 12 boroughs in the state, which are 
 governed liy wardens and burgesses. Boroughs are portions of one or 
 more towns, with a compact but not sufficiently numerous population to 
 be incorporated as cities. Bethel, Daubury, (Ireenwich, Norwalk, and 
 Stamford, arc in Fairfield county; (tuilibrd in New Haven; Stonington 
 and Colchester in New London; Panielsonville and Willimantic in 
 Windham ; Winsted in Litchfield; and New Britain in Hartford county. 
 
 1.5. CoNGREssio.\.\L Districts. — The state has four representatives 
 
 ill the Congress of the United States, who are elected by districts. 
 
 The first district includes Hartford and Tolland counties; the second, 
 
 TIaveu and Jliddlesex ; the third. New London and Windham ; 
 
 and .Vie fourth, Fairfield and Litchfield. 
 
 ](>. Probate Districts. — A single town or a limited number of 
 •..ujjiiuug towns constitutes a probate district, which has its probate 
 coiir: for the settlement of the estates of persons deceased and of in- 
 solvent debtors. 
 
 17. School Districts. — To promote the general education of the 
 yciung, towns are subdivided into school districts, each of which has the 
 power to hold property for school purposes, to build and furnish school- 
 houses, to employ teachers, and to levy taxes for these objects. The 
 number of these districts is above sixteen hundred. 
 
 18. GoVERN.ME.NT. — The constitution of this state, v.'hieh took the 
 place of the charter of Charles II., was adopted in 1818. It intrusts 
 the powers of government to three distinct departments: the legislative, 
 the executive, and the judicial. 
 
 The legislative power is vested in two bodies, the Senate, elected from 
 21 senatorial districts, and the House of Representatives, elected by 
 the towns, each sending two members, with the exception uf such as 
 liave been formed since 1818, which send but one. 
 
 The executive power is vested in a Governor, elected annually' 
 by the people, who is also captain-general of the militia of the state, 
 except when called into the service of the United States. 
 
 The judicial power is vested iu a Supreme Court of Errors, which 
 has a chief judge and four associate judges, and in a Superior Court, 
 also with four judges. Courts are held in the different counties. 
 •Judges are appointed by the Legislature, for a term of eight years, and 
 cannot hold office after becoming seventy years of age. Justices of the 
 Peace are appointed every alternate year by the town electors. Cities 
 are allowed to establish City Courts, which have local jurisdiction. 
 
 19. Penal and Reformatory Institutions. — The state possesses 
 two — the State Prison at Wethersfield, for adult criminals, and the State 
 Reform School, for boys, at Meriden. 
 
 20. ('hari table Institutions. — The Retreat for the Insane and 
 
 (If the Juties of selectmen? Of grand jurors? Haywards and pound- 
 keepers? Tything-men? 13. IIow many cities? Name them? How 
 governed? 14. IIow many boroughs? How governed? What is said 
 further of Ihem ? Name Ihem ? 15. How many representatives iu Congress? 
 Name the counties composing the first district? The second? Third? 
 Fourth? l(i. Of probate districts? 17. Of school districts? How many .' 
 18. Of the constitution? To what departments does it intrust its piwers? 
 
 the A.sylum for the Deaf and Dumb at liartfoiVthe General Hospital 
 at New Haven ; and the Institution for the edncl^.n of Idiots at Lake- 
 ville, in Salisbury, are important charities. 
 
 21. Education.— The state has long been distingui.shod for its atten- 
 tion to education. It possesses a school fund of over two millions of 
 dollars, the avails of which are annually distributed {,, ,he ^^^g ;„ 
 proportion to the number of children between the agi, of four and 
 sixteen years. The '■ Town Deposit Fund," amounting *o three-quar- 
 ters of a million dollars, received by the state as a part of Uie surplus 
 revenue of the United States, was deposited with the diffei»nt towns 
 in the year ISb'G. and its income is annually devoted to the maiitenance 
 of Common Schools. 
 
 Each town is obliged by law to lay a small tax annually for the com- 
 mon benefit of all its school districts. The other means of supporting 
 schools are derived either from a tax laid upon the property of each 
 district, or from tuition money paid by the scholars. 
 
 22. Normal School.— The State Normal School, for the training 
 of teachers in the best methods of instructing and conducting common 
 schools, is established at New Britain. 
 
 23. High Schools. — Many towns have organized free High 
 Schools, in which instruction is given in the languages, and in the 
 higher branches of an English education. 
 
 24. Colleges. — There arc three colleges in the state : Yale at New 
 Haven, Trinity at Hartford, and the Wcslcyan University at Middle- 
 town. Schools for instruction in law, medicine, and divinity are 
 connected with Yale College. The Berkeley Divinity School at .Middle- 
 town is under Protestant Episcopal direction ; the East Windsor Theo- 
 logical Institute is Con^i-Cirational. 
 
 TH£ aHESFlZLD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, NEW DAV£>-. 
 
 The Sheffield Scientific School, (■(.inieeted with Yak ' '• -e, eduPate's 
 its students as scientific mechanics and farmers, chem ■ s. iiic'.jllursists. 
 engineers, and naturalists Instruction is here given gratuitously to pro- 
 jierly quahfied young men belonging to the state. The expenses of the 
 latter are defrayed in part by the income derived from the sale of the 
 public lands donated to Connecticut by the United States. Applicants 
 for admission to the school, must sustain an examination iu arithmetic, 
 algebra, geometry, plane trigonometry, the elements of natural philosophy, 
 English grammar, geograpb}', and the history of the United States. A 
 knowledge of the Lntin language will probably soon be required. 
 
 Of ihc legislative dep.irtment ? Tlie executive? Judicial? How are judges 
 appointed? Of justices of the peace? Of cities ? 19. Of state penal institu- 
 tions? 20. What charitable institutions at Hartford? New Haven? Lakc- 
 ville? 21. Of education? School fund? Of the town deposit fund? Of 
 town school tax? Other means of supporting schools? 22. Of the State 
 Normal Scliool ? 23. Of high schools? 24. Of colleges? Of the Sheffield 
 Scicniific School? Of the instruction? Of the expenses? How admitted? 
 
i'JCiOUJtlii'llVlli UJUUUJUAJ^Hl. 
 
 lio. AcRlcuLTURj^-TLe chief pursuit of the people, for almost two 
 centuries, was agriWture. The land in the state generally, where not 
 too rough for tilhi^is excellent. 
 
 26. Co.MMERO^— The principal foreign trade is with the West In- 
 dies. A coastijf trade of considerable value is carried on by the towns 
 on Long Islao^ound, and those bordering on the navigable rivers. 
 
 27. Man^^ctures. — The state is rapidly becoming a vast work- 
 shop. Onjr large portion of its numerous streams, factories and mills 
 have bee/^ereeted. Steam-power has been largely introduced, and 
 manufac/rcs of cotton, wool, metal, and wood have become general. 
 Ship-bylding is also extensively carried on. 
 
 WMc the agricultural towns have added but little to their popula- 
 tion since the commencement of this century, manufacturing villages 
 have sprung up in all the counties of the state. Cotton and woollen 
 cloths, clocks, machinery of all kinds, tin and brass ware, paper, powder, 
 fire-arms, carriages, and india-rubber goods are largely manufactured. 
 
 28. Religion. — For nearly a century after its settlement no churches 
 existed in the state except the Congregational. p]piscopal, Methodist, 
 Baptist, and Roman Catholic churches have since become numerous. 
 
 29. Nnv Haven. — The largest city in the state is New Haven. It is 
 T^.'-,, one of the capitals, the legislature meeting here every even and alternate 
 
 year Its distance from Hartford is 36 miles. It lies upon New Haven 
 arbor, intd which the Quiniiipiack, Mill, and West rivers empty. The 
 city lies upon a plaiu which has a gentle inclination toward Long Island 
 Sound, being skirted in other directions by moderate elevations. 
 
 30. The town, as originally laid out. consisted of nine .square.'', the 
 middle one being reserved as an open ground for public buildings and 
 other public uses. Fronting the west side of this .square arc the build- 
 ings belorging to Yale College, one of the oldest and largest institutions 
 ->f. learning in the country 
 
 31. Few cities present so many attractions to strangers having families 
 to educate, as New Haven Both the public and private schools are of 
 superior excellence. In addition to its coasting trade. New Haven has a 
 largo commerce with the West Indies. The recent growth of the city is 
 chiefly due to the introduction of manufacturing establishments. Long 
 Wharf, in New Haven, is the longest wharf in the Union. Its popu- 
 lation in 1860 was 39,267. Its Indian name was Quinnipiack. 
 
 32. Hartford. — The. second city in population, but the first in settle- 
 ment and wealth, is Hartford, situated at the head of navigation on the 
 Connecticut River. It is a semi-capital of the state, and is the natural 
 centre of its agricultural wealth ; possesses inqiortant facilities for 
 manufacturing, and is noted for the capital and onterpri.se devoted 
 to the business of insurance and banking. The first institution in the 
 Union established for the instruction of the Deal and Dumb is in Hart- 
 ford. The Insane Retreat is widely known for the intelligent skill with 
 which it has been conducted. Trinity College, under the patronage of the 
 Episcopalians, is situated on a public park of great beauty. The Indian 
 name of Hartford was Suckiag. Its population in I860 was 29,152. 
 
 33 Middlctown, 14 miles from Hartford, and 24 miles from New Haven, 
 is a city, and one of the county towns of M iddlesex county. It is pleasantly 
 situated on the right bank of the Connecticut, the ground rising gradu- 
 ally from the river. It is at the head of ship navigation, and is access- 
 ible to vessels drawing less than ten feet of water It was first settled 
 in 1651. Its Indian name was Jlattabeseck. It is the seat of the Wcs- 
 leyan University, under the direction of the .Methodist denomination. 
 Population (1860), 8620. 
 
 25. Of agriculture ? Land generally ? 2G. Of commerce •' Coasting trade ? 
 27. Of manufactures? Of the agricultural towns' Important articles manu- 
 factured? 28. Of religion ? 20. Of New Haven ? Distance from Hartford ' 
 30 What further is said of New Hrwen? .31. Of its attractions? Trade? Of 
 its recent growth ? Vopnlation' Indian name ? S2. Of Hartford ' What 
 important facilities ? For wliat noted? Institutions' Of Trinity College? 
 Population? 33, Of Mid/Jletown ? How situated ? When settled? Indian 
 
 i)4. JVcw London, 44 miles from Hartford, and 52 miles from New 
 Haven, is a city, and one of the county seats of New London county. It 
 stands on the west bank of Thames River, three miles from its mouth. 
 In former years the whale-fishery was extensively carried on from this 
 port. It was first settled in 1646. Its Indian name was Nameau". 
 Population in 1860, 10,115. 
 
 35. Norwich. 39 miles from Hartford, and 50 miles from New Haven 
 \i a city, and one of the county seats of New London county. It is sitti- 
 atcd at the head of navigation on Thames River, which is formed by the 
 junction of the Shetucket with a cove at the mouth of Yantic River. 
 It is noted for its extensive manufactures, its large traffic with the inte- 
 rior, and the liberal provision made for public education. The city limits 
 embrace but a small portion of the town. Yantic, Bean Hill or Westvillo 
 Norwich town, The Falls, and Greenville are villages which make up the 
 township of Norwich. It was settled in 1659, on lands which had be- 
 longed to the Mohe,gan Indians. Population in 1860, 14,048. 
 
 36. Bridge- 
 pori, 18 miles 
 from New Haven 
 and 54 from 
 Hartford, is a 
 city, and one of 
 the county scats 
 of the county of 
 Fairfield. It has 
 a very importtiul 
 coasting trade 
 The city lies on 
 a cove of Long 
 Island Sound, 
 rising into hills, 
 the most import- 
 ant of which is 
 Golden Hill, 
 commanding a 
 beautiful view 
 of the Sound 
 and the sur- 
 rounding coun- 
 try. It was se- 
 parated from Stratford and became a town in 1821. 
 was Pequannuck. Population in 1860, 13,299. 
 
 37. Walerhury, a city of New Haven county, 20 miles from New 
 Haven and 28 from Hartford, lies on the Naugatuck River, which 
 supplies a largo water-power for extensive manufactories The rolling 
 of brass and copper metals, the manufacture of buttons, pins, and a vast 
 variety of other articles made from metals, constitute the great business 
 of the place. It was .settled in 1677. Its Indian name was Mattatuck. 
 Population in 1860, 10,004. 
 
 38. Villages. — South Norwalk, Southport, and East Bridgeport, in 
 Fairfield county; Winsted, Wolcottville, and Tcrryville, in Litchfield 
 county; Ansonia, Birmingham, West Meriden, and Fair Haven, in New 
 Haven county; Thompson villc, Tariffvillc, and CoUinsville, in Hartford 
 county; Roekville, in Tolland county ; Willimantic and Daniclsonville, 
 in Windham county ; Mystic, in New London county; and Deep River, 
 in Middlesex county, are important villages. 
 
 name ? Wesleyan University ' Population ? 34. Of New London ? How 
 situated? When settled? Indian name? Population? ."5, Of Norwich? 
 How situated? For what noted ? What make up the township? When settled? 
 Population? 36. Of Bridgeport ? Of trade ? How situated ? When separated 
 from Stratford? Indian name? Population? 37, Of Waterbury? How 
 situated' What of metals and manufactures? When settled? Indian name ? 
 Population? 38. What important villages ? 
 
 
 
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