THE 
 
 ALABAMA MANUAL 
 
 AND 
 
 STATISTICAL REGISTER 
 
 FOE 
 
 1869. 
 
 SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, COMMERCIAL ADVAN- 
 TAGES, AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURAL RESOURCES, 
 AND NATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THE STATE OF ALA- 
 BAMA—A STATISTICAL GUIDE FOR THE IMMI- 
 GRANT AND HAND BOOK FOR THE CITIZEN. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 ctoseiph: h: o id C3- s o liT , 
 
 Editor of the Montgomery Daily Mail. 
 
 MONTGOMERY: 
 1869. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
 
 JOSEPH HODGSON, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the U. S. District Court, for Alabama. 
 
l- 
 
 ALABAMA ^ 
 
 GENERAL DESCKIPTION OF ALABAMA 
 
 Sketch of her history — General description of her resources — Tabular 
 statement comparing her tvith Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Vir- 
 ginia — Her diversified productions — Capacity for cereals and iron 
 — Her mineral wealth — Industrial divisions of the State — Area of 
 territory, etc. 
 
 Alabama, an Indian name signifying "here we rest," was first known 
 to the world from the adventures of De Soto. Marching from the coast 
 of Florida, the cavalcade of that ill-fated Spaniard passed across what 
 is now the State of Alabama. The chief of the great tribe of Coosas 
 received him on the banks of that beautiful stream. Crossing the Tal- 
 lapoosa and Coosa, the expedition moved toward the capital of the 
 chief, Tuskaloosa, whose son had received De Soto in the present county 
 of Montgomery. After daily struggles with the Mobilians and the 
 Chickasaws, De Soto crossed the Tombigby, and moved on toward the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 At the time of De Soto's march, Alabama was inhabited by the Coo- 
 sas, Tallassees, Mobilians and Choctaws. These tribes having been 
 almost ruined by his invasion, their places were filled by the Muscogees 
 and Alabamas, who had been driven from Mexico by Cortez, the former 
 eventually swallowing up the latter and incorporating the tribes of the 
 whole region in what was afterward known as the Creek Nation. 
 
 In 1702 the first white settlers invaded Alabama. Bienville, the 
 father of Louisiana, sailed from Dauphin Island, seventeen years before 
 the founding of New Orleans, passed up Mobile Bay, and established a 
 fort and warehouse at the mouth of Dog River. Nine years later, the 
 site of Mobile was fixed just above the mouth of Dog River, at its 
 present location. Soon after the French invaded the Indian territory 
 of Alabama from the west, the Virginia and Carolina traders com- 
 menced to invade it upon pack-horses from the east. To stop this Eng- 
 lish invasion, Bienville passed up the Alabama River to Coosawda, just 
 above the present city of Montgomery, disembarked and built a fort at 
 Tuskegee, calling it Fort Toulouse. For half a century the influx of 
 English whites continued, notwithstanding the constant disputes and 
 
[6] 
 
 often bloody contests which ensued between the respective adherents of 
 the Indian, the Spanish, the French and the English interest. 
 
 I3y the treaty of Paris in 1763, Alabama passed into the possession 
 of the English, and was embraced in the territory of West Florida and 
 of Illinois. The line dividing the two territories passed between Mont- 
 gomery and Wetumpka, leaving the point now occupied by the former 
 ill West Florida, and the latter in Illinois. The former portion only 
 \v:i9 at that time occupied by the whites. The first English government 
 was organized under George Johnson who garrisoned the forts at Mo- 
 bile and Tuskegce. 
 
 At the treaty of peace with Great Britain the State of Georgia came 
 into possession of all that portion of West Florida which lay north of 
 the 31st parallel, and the United States having acquired the rights of 
 Georgia, proceeded to erect the territory of Mississippi, with Winthrop 
 Sargent as Governor. From this date the history of Alabama is the 
 history of all the incipient States which grew up in the midst of aa 
 Indian population, although perhaps the Creek War, set on foot at the 
 instigation of Tecumseh, in 1813, and suppressed by General Jackson, 
 was more trying to the endurance of the white settlers than those which 
 occurred elsewhere. After the defeat of the British at New Orleans, 
 Alabama rapidly recovered from the shock of the Indian war, and began 
 her career of progress. 
 
 A stream of emigration soon overspread the State, after her admis- 
 sion into the Union in 1819, from Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, 
 Kentucky and Georgia. After the fall of Napoleon, even French ref- 
 ugees came and settled the town of Demopolis, in the county of Mar- 
 engo, to engage in the cultivation of the olive. 
 
 The State of Alabama lies opening on its southern boundary with a 
 spacious bay to the Gulf of Mexico ; into which flow all of her rivers, 
 with one exception, whose navigable waters drain a fertile country for 
 1945 miles. From Tuscaloosa on the Warrior, in the direction of Selma 
 on the Alabama, are bituminous coal fields and iron ore, with marble and 
 hnrd and soft limestone quarries, in rich and inexhaustible profusion. 
 The lands are covered with splendid forests of white and live oak, 
 cypress, pine, cedar, mulberry, hickory, etc. Water power is unlimited 
 iuid never-failing. 
 
 The lands of Alabama are of amazing superiority, as may be seen 
 from the value of her productions even under the system of slavery, 
 which tended to strengthen a single branch of industry at the expense 
 of all the rest. Now that slavery is gone, and that the value of the 
 cotton fields is greater than even before 1800, and now that we see 
 
[7] 
 
 diversified labor springing up to absorb and increase the capital which 
 formerly went from the cotton-planter into slaves, it is easy to calculate 
 the greater ratio at which this beautiful state will increase in the future 
 from the ratio at which she increased in the past. The actual value of 
 the raw cotton produced by Alabama is an unquestionable basis for cal- 
 culations as to her future growth in population and wealth. 
 
 In 1846-7 the cotton crop of Alabama amounted to 409,962 bales ; in 
 1847-8 to 503,161 ; in 1848-9 to 596,000 ; in 1859-60 to 997,978 ; 
 in 1867-8 to 366,193; in 1868-9 to 400,000 (estimated). 
 
 The value of the crop of 1846-7 was $24,570,972. That of 1847-8 
 was $17,321,317. That of 1848-9 was $17,956,200 That of 1868-9 
 is estimated at $50,000,000. 
 
 The amount of money which the cotton crop of Alabama has added 
 to the wealth of the State may be estimated from the fact that up to 
 1860 she had expended in the purchase of slaves not less than $2D0,- 
 000,000. This amount of money spent in half a century upon works 
 of public improvement and in factories would have doubled the present 
 population and wealth of those Northern states which have been free 
 from slave labor. What another system of labor would have done for 
 Alabama is now a mere matter of speculation, but it is no matter of spec- 
 ulation to see that the cotton planters of Alabama in 1868-9 have made 
 Dsore money than they made in any year before the war, and that the 
 surplus, above actual expenses, must hereafter find some other invest- 
 ment than slaves. 
 
 The cotton fields, being the basis of the wealth of the State, present the 
 greatest inducements to the agriculturist. Probably not half of the avail- 
 able cotton lands are under cultivation. They can be bought at most rea- 
 sonable prices. To industry and enterprise they offer a surety of fortune. 
 
 But the cultivation of cotton is not the only source of wealth pre- 
 sented to the citizen of Alabama. It is the extraordinary source which 
 will at all times strengthen and expand the other sources ; but, although 
 it is the corner-stone, Alabama presents a hundred other resources to 
 rear the superstructure. Her minerals, her water power for factories, 
 her mild climate for constant labor, her splendid fruits, her natural 
 advantages for a railroad and water-line system, her diversified farm 
 products, her vineyards, her diversity of soil and climate, all present 
 advantages, which, taken in connection with her cotton fields, place her 
 in the front rank of American States. Throughout the entire length 
 of her territory from the Tennessee river to the Gulf, we find everywhere 
 the elements which constitute a great State, whether it be in the splen- 
 did wheat and corn valleys of the spurs of the Cumberland and on the 
 
[8] 
 
 banks of the Tennessee, or among the hills which are bursting with 
 precious ores, or among the fruits which grow in rank luxuriance on the 
 hill-sides of north and middle Alabama, or in the cotton fields of the 
 cretaceous and limestone belts, or further south among the figs and 
 olives, or among the magnificent pine forests south of the prairies ; or 
 still further south, where the live oaks and the orange groves look out 
 upon the swelling commerce of the Gulf. 
 
 Alabama was admitted as a State in 1819, with a population of 127,901. 
 Ill 1830 her population was 309,527; in 1840, 590,753; in 1850, 771,- 
 623 ; in 1855, 841,704 ; and in 1860, 964,296. 
 
 Owing to the fertility of her soil and her favorable climate, she soon 
 became pre-eminently an agricultural state, standing in this respect in 
 the front rank. By the census of 1850, she possessed 41,964 farms, 
 having 4,435,614 acres in cultivation, and producing annually 225,771,- 
 000 lbs. of cotton, 28,754,048 bushels of corn, 294,064 bushels of 
 wheat, 2,965,697 bushels of oats, 892,701 bushels of beans and peas, 
 5,475,204 bushels of sweet potatoes, 261,482 bushels of Irish potatoes, 
 4,008,811 lbs. of butter, 2,311,252 lbs. of rice, and 164,990 lbs. of 
 tobacco. The live stock was valued at $21,690,122. 
 
 In 1860 her population had increased since the last census at the rate 
 of nearly twenty-five per cent., being a larger ratio of increase than is 
 exhibited by the States of Kentucky and Massachusetts, almost as large 
 as that of New York and Pennsylvania, twice as great as that of Vir- 
 ginia, and one-third greater than that of Georgia. Within the same 
 period the number of acres of cultivated lands had increased to 6,462,- 
 987. Ilcr number of bales of cotton had increased from 564,429 to 
 997,978. Her bushels of corn had increased to 32,761,194, her bushels 
 of wheat to 1,222,487, and other productions in like proportion. 
 
 The following tabular statement from the census of 1860 exhibits the 
 progress of Alabama as compared with that of the most celebrated of 
 Southern States, and two of the most flourishing of the Northern States : 
 
 ALADAUA, MAS8ACHVSETT8. PENS8TLVANIA. VIROINIA. 
 
 Toimlatlon 964,201 1,231,066 2,906,115 1,596,318 
 
 Ratio of increase since 1850... 24.96 23.79 25.71 12.29 
 
 Mortality for 1860 12,760 21,304 30,214 22,474 
 
 Iron Founding $142,480 1,801,035 4,977,703 809,95.1 
 
 Coal ?1,200 2,833,859 090,188 
 
 Lnn.Wr $2,017,641 2,288,419 11,311,149 2,537,130 
 
 Increase since 1850 82.8 47 4 46.3 159.5 
 
 Flonr and Meal 807,502 4,196,710 26.572.261 ]5,212.0fi() 
 
 Whisky 13,044 1.266,570 2.183.421 391,14.] 
 
 Cotton Goods 917,105 36,745,864 11,759,000 1,063,611 
 
[9] 
 
 AI.*nAMA. MASS.VCI1U8KTTS. PF.NNSTI.VAM \ . VIUOTMA. 
 
 Woolen Goods 218,000 18,930,000 12,744,873 809,760 
 
 Real Estate 155,034,089 475,413,165 561,192,980 417,952,228 
 
 Personal Property 277,164,673 301,744,651 158,060,355 239,069,108 
 
 Katio of increase since 1850.. 117.01 71.93 96.05 84.17 
 
 Acres of improved lands 6,462,987 2,155,512 10,463,306 11,435,954 
 
 Value/ of Farms .$172,176,168 123,255,948 662,050,707 371,696,211 
 
 Horses 127,205 47,786 437,654 287,522 
 
 Sheep 369,061 114,829 1,631,540 1,042,940 
 
 Swine 1,736,959 73,948 1,031,266 1,589,519 
 
 Value of Live Stock 43,061,805 12,737,744 69,672,726 47,794,256 
 
 Bnshels of Wheat 1,222,487 119,783 13,045,231 13,129,180 
 
 Bushels of Corn 32,761,194 2,157,063 28,196,821 38,360,704 
 
 Bushels of Sweet Potatoes... 5,420,987 616 103,190 1,960,803 
 
 Value of Orchard Products... 213,323 252,196 1,479,938 800,650 
 
 Value of slaughtered animals 10,325,022 2,915,045 13,399,378 11,488,441 
 
 Daily Newspapers 9 17 28 15 
 
 Weekly Newspapers 73 78 242 85 
 
 Miles of Railroad 743.16 1,272.96 2,542.49 1,771.16 
 
 Cost $17,591,188 58,882,.328 143,471,710 64,958,807 
 
 Bales of Cotton 997,978 12,727 
 
 By an analysis of this table it will be discovered that in point of 
 health the State of Alabama stands ahead of Virginia and Massachu- 
 setts, and on an equal footing with Pennsylvania ; that, in production of 
 corn, she stands, considering her population, superior to all three ; that, 
 in number of newspapers, she stands ahead of Massachusetts and Vir- 
 ginia, and on a par with Pennsylvania; and that, whereas the productions 
 of Massachusetts in cotton and woolen goods amounted to $55,675 864 
 of Pennsylvania to $24,503,373, and of Virginia to $1,873,371, the pro- 
 ductions of Alabama in raw cotton amounted to $50,000,000. 
 
 When it is remembered that the figures presented by this table were 
 made at a time when slavery existed, and when the production of cotton 
 was made paramount to all other agricultural, and indeed to commercial 
 and manufacturing pursuits, and when the demand for newspapers was 
 restricted to half the population, it will be seen at a glance that the 
 relative position of Alabama, in comparison with the two Northern 
 States, is still further strengthened. 
 
 Alabama embraces a wonderful variety of soil and climate, and is 
 diversified with mountains, plains, hills, and valleys. She abounds in 
 mineral springs. The Blount Springs, furnishing both sulphur and 
 chalybeate waters, gushing from the silurian rocks in a high and 
 healthy region, are destined to become a great watering place of the 
 South. She grows all the grains and esculents and fruits of the North- 
 ern States — some in great perfection, and some which the higher lati- 
 
[10] 
 
 tudes can not produce at all. The ordinary staples have not been 
 grown so abundantly, because cotton has paid so much better than corn, 
 wheat, rye, and oats. Yet these articles could be produced for expor- 
 tation if the interest of the country demanded it. She produces every 
 garden vegetable in the greatest perfection. The peach, the apricot, 
 the cantelope, the water-melon, the strawberry, the field-pea, and the 
 sweet potato attain a sweetness, a perfection, and a size not found in 
 the Northern States. The sweet potato, especially, yields enormously, 
 and keeps from one year's end to another. She grows oranges and 
 figs, rice and the Cuban sugar cane ; one acre yielding from thirty to 
 ei'ghty bushels of rice, and one acre of cane yielding about two barrels 
 of sugar and three barrels of molasses. Hogs, cattle, sheep, horses, 
 mules and poultry, are also successfully raised. As good bacon is cured 
 in Alabama as can be made anywhere in the United States. Here the 
 farmer can supply his table with every comfort, except cofi"ee, and from 
 his own labor. With industry and good management he need patronize 
 the grocer only for coff"ee. His cotton crop brings him gold, which is 
 all clear gain, and enables him to lay up money for a rainy day. On 
 account of the character of the soil, a man can cultivate twice as many 
 acres of land in Alabama as he can in Ohio, and with one-third of the 
 expense of the blacksmith for shoeing animals and sharpening planta- 
 tion utensils. Clothing is much cheaper, because the people can wear 
 cotton much longer than in higher latitudes. And a greater difference 
 in favor of Alabama is that, owing to the mildness of her winters, the 
 laborer is not compelled to toil unceasingly through Summer and Fall 
 to get fuel and make hay to keep his family warm and his stock from 
 starving, as he has to do through the dreary months of Northern lati- 
 tudes. 
 
 One of the great requisites of a State is a capacity to furnish its own 
 iron for making agricultural implements. This capacity the State of 
 Alabama possesses in a pre-eminent degree, as will be more fully 
 exhibited in subsequent pages. The geological survey of Professor 
 Toumey, undertaken several years ago by order of the Legislature of 
 Alabama, has disclosed a wealth in iron and coal of this State that is 
 only surpassed, if at all, by Pennsylvania. Sir Charles Lyell (the best 
 authority), who visited Alabama in 1846, says that " the Warrior coal- 
 field is ninety miles long, from northeast to southwest, with a breadth 
 of from ten to thirty miles. The Cahaba is nearly of equal length and 
 breadth." 
 
 This, however, does not tell half the story, as the geological reports 
 and subsequent explorations during the war have disclosed. Sir Charles 
 
[11] 
 
 reports nothing of the coal fields of the Coosa, and yet these are nearly 
 as extensive as the other coal measures mentioned by him. We will 
 not at this time enter more fully into the question of the coal and iron 
 interest of this State, except to show the general proposition that the 
 presence of these indispensable minerals in such immense quantities 
 opens up a great future for Alabama. While there are hundreds of beds 
 of iron ores of different varieties existing all over the State, the most 
 wonderful is the Red Mountain, stratified with red hematite ore, varying 
 in thickness from fifteen feet to fifty feet, and extending a distance of 
 ninety miles, underlaid with limestone that crops out above the surface, 
 to flux the ore ; with the Warrior coal-field on one side and the Cahaba 
 coal-field on the other, both near to and parallel to it, to melt the ore. 
 
 Colonel Thomas C. Johnson, who was for many years a lawyer of St. 
 Louis, and a State Senator from that city, and thoroughly acquainted 
 with the iron resources of Missouri, declared that before visiting Ala- 
 bama he had been in the habit of regarding the Iron Mountain of Mis- 
 souri as the richest mass of iron ore in the world. But upon inspection 
 of the mineral resources of Alabama he was compelled to admit that 
 her advantages in respect to iron are greater than those of Missouri. 
 Colonel Johnson, after the close of the war, was elected President of 
 Randolph-Macon College, in Virginia, which office he held until his 
 lamentable death by accident in 1868. His opinion is entitled to the 
 greatest weight. We give his language : 
 
 " I have lived in Missouri, and have been in the habit of regarding 
 the Iron Mountain of that State as the richest mass of iron ore on the 
 face of the earth, and doubtless it is. But the great drawback on that 
 locality is, that there is no coal within profitable reach. Wood charcoal 
 has to be used, which is too expensive now. This, however, may be 
 remedied when the Iron Mountain Railroad is extended to a point 
 within convenient distance of the coal. But nature, as if intendino- 
 Alabama to be the great Central Southern State, has so arranged the 
 iron ores, coal measures, and limestone strata, as to throw them to- 
 gether. 
 
 " And when you add to this, that the red hematite is the easiest of all 
 ores to work, and that Alabama abounds with immense water-power, 
 upon almost every creek and river, that never freezes nor runs dry, you 
 can form some idea of her immense wealth and resources." 
 
 Besides the capacity to produce the cereals and to furnish cheap iron, 
 Alabama possesses all the other attributes which we ascribe to a great 
 State. She abounds in forests of the finest timber of all kinds, and par- 
 ticularly in pine, which enters so much into the commerce of both city 
 
[12] 
 
 and country. Iler clays make excellent brick, and building-stone is 
 found in nearly every county. Immense beds of marl are distributed, 
 Avhich will be the means of keeping her lands rich and continuously pro- 
 ductive. To this, it may be added that she has valuable gold mines that 
 have already been profitably worked; that quarries of marble have al- 
 ready been opened, which in grain, texture, and whiteness, rival the 
 marbles from the far-famed quarries of Carrara, in Italy. Besides 
 these, she possesses manganese, slates, fire-brick clays, mill-stone rock, 
 furnace-hearth rock, and other valuable minerals and rocks, known to 
 exist in great abundance. 
 
 The variety of productions of Alabama, is due to her admirable to- 
 pography. The Allegheny Mountains exhaust themselves in the north- 
 eastern portion of the State, rendering that region uneven and broken, 
 although the elevation is nowhere great. It is in the continuation of 
 this range that we find cropping out the wonderful mineral beds which 
 follow the Alleghenies from Pennsylvania, through Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee, down to the heart of Alabama. This range extends west, with a 
 slight bend to the south, and forms the dividing line between the waters of 
 the Tennessee, which are turned from their natural course northward, 
 and the other waters of the State, which flow southward into the gulf. 
 From this elevated range, in the valleys of which we find the most de- 
 lightful climate, and health-giving waters, the country slopes to the 
 south, and is somewhat uneven as far as the center of the State, where 
 the hills disappear in a belt of prairies, which lie smooth and luxuriant 
 with cotton for a distance of from sixty to one hundred miles in width, 
 and stretching across the State from east to west. South of this cotton 
 belt the pine forests and the fertile alluvial river bottoms extend to the 
 Gulf. It will be seen at a glance that such an admirable topography con- 
 centrates within the limits of the State the productions of nearly every 
 degree of latitude. Descending from the base of the Alleghenies we 
 reach, successively, fruits and cereals such as enrich the Western 
 States ; minerals, such as adorn the Middle States ; a splendid cotton re- 
 gion which furnishes nearly eighteen per cent, of the cotton of the 
 United States ; and then the magnolias of an almost tropical sky, and 
 the oranges which perfume the delightful breezes of the Gulf. Ala- 
 bama alone, of the States of the Union, is capable of nianufacturin^^ 
 every article needed for husbandry, and at the same time producing 
 every article necessary for the sustenance and comfort of man. 
 
 The area of Alabama is 50,722 square miles, divided, in an industrial 
 point of view,, into five great divisions, of each of which we will treat 
 in turn, after alluding to the questions of health and climate : 
 
[13 
 
 SQUARE MItES. 
 
 1. The timber region, containing 11,000 
 
 2. The cotton region, containing 11,500 
 
 3. The manufacturing region, containing 8,700 
 
 4. The mineral region, containing 15,200 
 
 5. The stock and agricultural region, containing 4,322 
 
 Total area 50,722 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Mobile — lis situation and surroundings — Healthy compared with other 
 cities — Greater health of other parts of the State — U. S. moiiuary re- 
 port — Comparison with other States — Testimony of Dr. J. C. Nott, etc. 
 
 Mobile is situated on the west bank of Mobile River, just where it 
 empties into Mobile Bay. The site is but little elevated above the level 
 of the river, but sufficiently so for all purposes of drainage. The soil 
 is dry and sandy. Immediately above the city, on the north, is a large 
 swamp, extending along the banks of the river. Back of the city, on 
 the northwest, west and south, the dry, sandy pine hills commence, af- 
 fording delightful and healthy retreats from the heat, sickness, and an- 
 noyances of the city during the summer months, and at such infrequent 
 times as yellow-fever may be brought through the quarantine. Yellow- 
 fever never originates at Mobile, or at any other point in Alabama. 
 During the war the entire Gulf coast was free from that disease, and 
 not a single case is known to have occurred in Mobile. The blockade 
 was an effective protection, and no reason exists why a quarantine could 
 not be established, and be made as effective hereafter, as was the block- 
 ade during the war ; yet, if by accident, the yellow-fever should be 
 brought to Mobile, the neighboring pine hills, upon which have sprung 
 up the villages of Spring Hill, Cottage Hill, Summerville, and Fulton, 
 afford a safe retreat. 
 
 Mobile once had the reputation of being exceedingly unhealthy, but 
 since the epidemic of 1843, we venture to say that its sanitary reports 
 will compare favorably with those of any city of the Union. 
 
 The fact'that, since 1843, no serious epidemics have visited Mobile, is 
 no doubt due to the fact, that marshes which occupied the northern part 
 of the city have been filled in, and that a better system of drainage has 
 been established. 
 
 As an illustration of the healthiness of Mobile, the following table is 
 
[14] 
 
 given. It shows the number of each clnss — whites and blacks — males 
 and females — who have died in Mobile, from 1845 to 1850, inclusive : 
 
 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. tot.u,. 
 
 Males 279 324 396 536 530 396 2,511 
 
 Females 103 159 212 2G7 329 220 1,350 
 
 Whites 320 339 443 566 637 433 2,728 
 
 Blacks 122 144 175 239 273 173 1,131 
 
 Total 442 483 618 S05 910 606 3,859 
 
 Within that decade which embraced the two years, 1848 and 1849, in 
 which the cholera and its kindred affections swelled the mortality some- 
 what, we find that the average mortality was 611 per annum. By com- 
 paring this average with that of other cities, we find that in Mobile the 
 percentage of deaths is less than in Philadelphia or New York, and 
 very little more than in London or Paris, where longevity has been re- 
 duced to a science. Thus the average annual mortality in 1850, of 
 
 London, population 2,000,000 wa8 44,700 
 
 Paris " 1,000,000 " 23,500 
 
 New York " 440,000 " 23,400 
 
 Philadelphia " 400,000 " 14,000 
 
 New Orleans " 125,000 " 7,954 
 
 Mobile " 20,000 " 611 
 
 These figures would give a mortality for 
 
 London, of. 1 in every 44 living. 
 
 Paris 1 42 " 
 
 New York 1 19 " 
 
 Philadelphia 1 27 " 
 
 New Orleans 1 15 
 
 Mobile 1 32 " 
 
 In examining the above table, we are struck with the greater mor- 
 tality of males over females. The reasons for this may be found in 
 the hitherto careless habits and often useless exposure of the male pop- 
 ulation. Not only is the health of Mobile shown to be greater than 
 that of other coast cities of the United States, but the fact is also 
 established that the health of the Alabama Gulf coast would be still bet- 
 ter if the male population would avoid useless exposure at certain seasons. 
 
 If this is true of Mobile, and no one can question it, what remains 
 to be said of the interior prairie and mountainous sections of the State? 
 Simply, that the health of Alabama can compare favorably with that 
 of any of the most populous States of the North. 
 
 The following table is copied from the United States census of 1860. 
 The percentage column exhibits the number of deaths in every 100 
 
[15] 
 
 person?! ; the last column shows the number, in each State, out of which 
 one person has died : 
 
 POPULATIOK. DEATHS. PERCENTAGE. ONE FOR F.VEEl! 
 
 Alabama 964,201 12,760 1.32 75 
 
 Arkansas 435,450 8,860 2.03 49 
 
 California 379,994 3,705 .97 102 
 
 Connecticut 460,147 6,138 1.33 74 
 
 Delaware 112,216 1,346 1.11 90 
 
 Florida 144,425 1,769 1.25 79 
 
 Georgia 1,057,286 12,807 1.21 82 
 
 Illinois 1,711,951 19,263 1.12 88 
 
 Iowa 674,913 7,260 1.07 93 
 
 Indiana 1,350,438 15,205 1.12 88 
 
 Kansas 107,306 1,443 1.34 74 
 
 Kentucky 1,155,684 16,467 1.44 70 
 
 Louisiana 708,002 12,329 1.74 57 
 
 Maine 628,379 7,614 1.21 82 
 
 Maryland 687,049 7,370 1.07 93 
 
 Massachusetts 1,231,063 21,304 1.73 57 
 
 Michigan 749,118 7,399 .98 01 
 
 Minnesota 172,123 1,109 .64 155 
 
 Mississippi 791,305 12,214 1.54 64 
 
 Missouri 1,182,012 17,557 1.48 67 
 
 New Hampshire 326,073 4,469 1.37 72 
 
 New Jersey 672,035 7,525 1.11 89 
 
 New York , 3,880,735 46,881 1.20 82 
 
 North Carolina 992,622 12,607 1.27 78 
 
 Ohio 2,339,511 24,724 1.05 94 
 
 Oregon 52,. 465 251 ,47 209 
 
 Pennsylvania 2,906,115 30,214 1.03 96 
 
 Rhode Island 174,620 2,479 1.41 70 
 
 South Carolina 703,708 9,745 1.38 72 
 
 Tennessee 1,109,801 15,176 1.36 73 
 
 Texas 604,215 9,369 1.55 64 
 
 Vermont 315,098 3,355 1.06 93 
 
 Virginia 1,596,318 22,474 1.40 71 
 
 Wisconsin 775,831 7,129 .92 108 
 
 District of Columbia 75,080 1,275 1.69 58 
 
 Nebraska 28,841 381 1.32 75 
 
 New Mexico 93,516 1,305 1.39 71 
 
 Utah 40,273 374 .92 107 
 
 It will be observed from this table that the percentage of mortality 
 is less in Alabama than in the States of Arkansas, Connecticut, Kansas, 
 Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hamp- 
 shire, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and 
 Nebraska, and differs almost imperceptibly from that of any of the 
 
[16] 
 
 Other States, except those remarkably salubrious States at the head- 
 waters of the Mississippi, where the air is always dry and as clear as 
 crystal. 
 
 By referring again to the census of 1860, the idea that Alabama is 
 afflicted with fevers throughout her prairie belt, is dissipated by a com- 
 parison with other States, and it will be seen that exposure to the 
 heat of the summers of Alabama is less fatal than exposure to the cold 
 of the winters of the North. In 1860 the deaths from the following 
 diseases, in the following States, is thus stated by the census : 
 
 FEVERS. CONSUMPTION. TOTAL. 
 
 Alabama J,462 596 2,058 
 
 Tennese'ee 1,745 1,440 3,185 
 
 ]^;assachH8etts 975 4,845 5,S20 
 
 Kentucky 1,669 1,742 3,311 
 
 Missouri 2,363 1,302 3,665 
 
 This comparison proves that the State of Alabama does not suffer as 
 much from fcA'ers, in proportion to her population, as Tennessee, Ken- 
 tucky and Missouri, and that the advantage which the Northern and 
 Eastern States may possess during the three months of summer are 
 more than counterbalanced by the diseases incident to colder climates. 
 The deaths from consumption in 1860 were — in New York, 8,207; in 
 Ohio, 3,495; in Pennsylvania, 5,011 ; in Virginia, 2,109; in Indiana, 
 1,704; in Illinois, 1,948. By comparing tliis fatality with that of 
 Alabama, it will be seen that consumption is far more fatal at the North 
 than fevers are at the South. Thus nature draws off the balance-sheet 
 of mortality, and by her unbending law of compensation always finds a 
 debit for a credit. 
 
 That distinguished physician, Dr. J. C. Nott, who has passed a life of 
 eminent usefulness at Mobile, and whose evidence is unquestionable, 
 does not hesitate to express his opinion that the climate and health of 
 even the worst portions of Alabama are equal to those of the Northern 
 States. He says : 
 
 " "We have said that the pine hills are healthy, and that the whites 
 can and do live there with health. We have on the other hand said, 
 that the white man can not cultivate the rice fields, and a considerable 
 portion of the alluvial cotton lands. But on the other hand there is an 
 invnenHB proportion of our cotton lands, on which white laborers can and 
 will live with a reasonable degree of health — perhaps {when we take into 
 tonsideration the many diseases incident to dense populatio7is) with as 
 7»uch health as in most parts of Europe from which our emigrants come. 
 ^ "" A very large portion of our cotton lands are to a great degree 
 
[17] 
 
 exempt from malarial diseases, and making an average of the whole 
 year, and thus including diseases of cold as well as heat, it may be well 
 doubted whether these portions are not as favorable to health and 
 longevity as either our New England or Western States. For example, 
 the lime or prairie lands of Mississippi and Alabama, and the uplands 
 generally of the Carolinas, Georgia, and other cotton States — even the 
 fertile lands on the banks of the Mississippi, when thoroughly drained 
 and cultivated, may be considered as quite healthy, and if a good sys- 
 tem of drainage and culture was generally adopted, the proportion of 
 land unsuited to white labor would be small. 
 
 "Laying aside all speculation on the subject, there are facts in 
 abundance to prove that whites can live, labor, and make cotton in our 
 climate, and the bait is too tempting to be resisted. At fifty cents a 
 pound, one industrious laborer can make his food and clothing, and put 
 besides, yearly, a thausaad dollars of good money in his pocket, and the 
 white man will do it at a much greater risk of life or health than he is 
 called upon to make in well selected cotton fields of the South. 
 
 "Even now, every-whcre through the Carolinas, Georgia and the 
 Gulf States, you see little farms worked successfully by white laborers, 
 both male and female. We should, too, have seen a great deal more 
 of this kind of labor had it not been for the proximity of slave labor. 
 Not only have these small farmers been driven off by the monopoly of 
 the rich, in buying up their little farms to get them out of the way, but 
 agricultural labor has scarcely been considered honorable at the South. 
 The poor white man was put on a footing with the slave that he 
 despised. 
 
 " Another prroof of the availability of white labor is seen around our 
 towns — nearly all the market gardens around Mobile and New Orleans 
 (and so with other towns) are cultivated by white laborers, although 
 these localities are among the most insalubrious in the South. The 
 towns themselves are healthy to the acclimated, but the marshy suburbs 
 are very sickly. 
 
 " Who, let us ask, have built our Southern towns? Is it not almost 
 exclusively Northern and foreign carpenters and bricklayers, who labor 
 in the full blaze of a Southern sun ? 
 
 "Although Germans, Irish and Northerners, can and will live and 
 prosper in the Southern States, there is no doubt that emigrants from 
 France, Spain and Italy would be most readily and perfectly adapted to 
 our climate." 
 
 It may be said, that in no part of the State are the extremes of heat 
 
 and cold felt, with rare exceptions, and then for no great length of time. 
 2 
 
[18] 
 
 During the summer the mercury ranges from 104° to 60°F. In No- 
 vember and the winter months, from 82° to 18°, and in Spring 92° to 
 22°. The mean temperature of the State is about 63°, or perhaps 
 something less, and tlie mercury seldom rises above 93°. 
 
 TIMBER REGION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Description hy Lewis Troost, Esq. — Capacity for fruit culture — Suscepti- 
 bility of fertilization — The Dickson plan — Peculiar value of the oaks — 
 Neio process of tanning — Value for turpentine and resin — Cost of a 
 Turpentine Orchard — Estimate of the yield — Value of the hard pine 
 — The saw-mill interest^ etc. 
 
 In an interesting article contributed to DeBow's Review, Lewis 
 Troost, Esq., of Mobile, a distinguished civil engineer of that city, thus 
 describes the most southern region of Alabama: 
 
 "The timber region is the most southern division of the State, bor- 
 derin"; on the Gulf of Mexico and the State of Florida. It extends 
 castwardly and westwardly across the State, and northwardly 132 miles 
 from the Gulf of Mexico, and 40 miles from the State of Florida. 
 
 " This section, except where occupied by the immediate valleys of 
 rivers, is covered with forests of long-leaf yellow pine (pinus australis), 
 affording excellent timber (of matchless size) for domestic, public, and 
 naval purposes, and yielding also tar, pitch, and turpentine. 
 
 " The low lands of tiie rivers have growths of white, black, and Span- 
 ish oak, and bald and black cypress. The latter furnishes a timber, 
 stated by the old Spanish settlers to last mnny years, even in the most 
 exposed situations. 
 
 " The surface of the country is gently undulating, the highest eleva- 
 tions being about three hundred feet above mean low tide. The soil, 
 consisting of sand and clay, and sandy loam based on clay, is poor, but 
 when of the latter character, it is well adapted for the cultivation of 
 grapes, peaches, apples, and pears. "When manured, it is productive 
 (if cotton and corn, and preserves its fertility. 
 
 "In this section stock rearing is profitable, and is attended with lit- 
 tle trouble ; the piney woods, bordering on the streams, affording natural 
 perennial pastures ; and the climate being mild, housing the cattle is not 
 required. The only expense incurred in this pursuit is to herd and ex- 
 port the cattle to market. 
 
[19] 
 
 "The ^vaters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Mobile supply- 
 fish and oysters of excellent quality, in great abundance. 
 
 " This division of the State is traversed from north to south by the 
 navigable rivers Alabama and Tonibigby, floAving into the Bay of Mo- 
 bile, and by the Mobile and Ohio and Mobile and Great Northern Rail- 
 roads, the first extending in a north by west direction from the city of 
 Mobile, and connecting with the railroads of the Southwestern, West- 
 ern, Northwestern and Northern States, and the second runnino^ in a 
 north by east direction from Mobile, and forming a junction with the 
 system of railroads of the Southeastern, Eastern, Northeastern and 
 Northern States. 
 
 " The health of this section of country is good. It has been, since 
 its first settlement, the summer resort of the cities, and of the planters 
 cultivating the rich alluvial lands on the rivers. In late years, having 
 been rendered accessible by railroads, it has become better settled, and is 
 every day increasing in value, not only for summer residences, 'but for 
 fruit-raising, and for manufacturing lumber and naval stores. 
 
 " Good locations for orchards, farms, and gardens, convenient to mar- 
 ket by the railroads, may be procured at from $1.50 to $4: per acre, de- 
 pending on their proximity to the railroads," 
 
 Heretofore but little attention has been paid- to this timbered region, 
 except to obtain lumber and turpentine ; but of late a new interest hcis 
 attached to the pine lands, in consequence of the railroads opening up 
 a market for fruits, with the Northwest, and also in consequence of the 
 capacity of such of the land as possesses a clay foundation to be highly 
 improved by a free use of manure, and rendered largely productive of 
 cotton. The land can be bought for a m.ere song. The timber upon it 
 will more than pny for an ample supply of fertirizers, and the vegetables 
 and fruits, Avhich are developed eai-ly, and which yield abundantly, can 
 be shipped to the markets of Louisville, Cincinnati and Chicago, by rail- 
 way, and anticipate the Northern supply by six weeks or two months. 
 
 Pine lands in Georgia, similar to those of Alabama, are now, strange 
 to say, producing cotton in equal luxuriance with those of the prairies. 
 A correspondent of the Southern Cultivator gives a description of a 
 twenty-acre pine lot planted in cotton in 1868, by Mr. David Dickson, 
 of Hancock County, Georgia, and the wonderful yield it gave : 
 
 " The land is tolerably level, and for pine land is pretty stifi", with 
 good substratum of clay ; has been in cultivation for 60 or 70 years, and 
 for the last two years planted in cotton. Mr. Dickson commenced its 
 preparntion at 10 o'clock on the morning of May 4th, by runnnig a 
 scooter furrow in the middles, and following in the same furrow with a 
 
[20] 
 
 Ion*' shovel, both going as deep as possible, and making a furrow about 
 8 inches deep. 
 
 " The manure was proportioned as follows: Guano, 160 lbs.; dissolved 
 bones, 240 lbs.; salt, 100 lbs.; land plaster, 160 lbs. — thoroughly mixed, 
 and cost, on the place, $16 (sixteen dollars.) This quantity was applied 
 to each acre, by being deposited in the bottom of the 8-inch furrow, and 
 covered with a long scooter, running as deep as possible on each side — 
 this furrow was sided with a good turn plow, followed by a good scooter, 
 running in the bottom of the same furrow. 
 
 "The old cotton stalks were then plowed up with a long shovel. 
 This completed the preparation. The cotton planting was cotnmenced 
 May 7th, and finished May 10th. 
 
 " Until May 20th, the weather was excessively wet ; May 29th, light 
 rain ; June 20th, light rain ; July 29th to August 4th, showery — suffi- 
 cient to make one good rain ; August 29th, heavy rain, with more or 
 less rain every day for a week. 
 
 " Seven sweep furrows and one good hoeing completed the cultiva- 
 tion. The seed were of the David Dickson (of Oxford-) variety, and 
 have been twice selected by Mr. Dickson. The worms have eaten oif 
 the foliage and young bolls, but notwithstanding the injury by drought, 
 and the ravages of the worms, the yield is fully from one to two bales 
 per acre — the best portion being where there ^vas most vegetable mould. 
 
 " This description, Messrs, Editors, with but few changes, will apply 
 to Mr. Dickson's entire crop. Some fields are not manured quite- so 
 highly ( Cufi"ee is very much opposed to manures), but they arc all pre- 
 pared and cultivated alike, and in proportion to manure used, with the 
 same wonderful success. The very general impression that Mr. Dick- 
 son's princely domains are level sand bends, is very erroneous. He has 
 every variety of soil, from clay to sand, and his surface is exceedingly 
 broken, and in many places very rocky. Yet his system of preparation 
 and cultivation is applied alike to all, with the same marvelous success. 
 Failure is a word he ignores entirely, provided he can get Cuflfee to half 
 follow his directions. 
 
 "Mr. Dickson's corn crop is very fine, but he has so many cribs full 
 of corn, made two or three years ago, that he does not- seem to be half 
 as much interested in looking at a fine field of corn, as he does at a 
 dense and heavy growth of weeds on his fields lying out at rest. To 
 the skeptic it is only necessary to pay a flying visit to Mr. Dickson's 
 princely domains, enjoy his princely hospitality, see the evidence of 
 his wonderful success, and be convinced that he is really a Prince among 
 planters." 
 
[21] 
 
 All of this, it will be observed, is the result of using fertilizers, and 
 of scientific farming. Broken, sandy pine lands, which have been 
 worked seventy years, are made capable of producing, in a bad season, 
 from one to two bales of cotton to the acre. 
 
 We venture to predict that in the course of another decade, a large 
 proportion of the pine lands which possess clay foundation, will, in point 
 of productiveness, be not far behind the cotton region, while they will 
 be much preferable to the latter in point of health. In alluding to the 
 timbered region of Alabama, we must not fail to remember the new part 
 which will soon be played by the magnificent forests of oak which grow 
 upon the low lands of our rivers. The new enterprise of converting 
 the astringent or tanning properties of crude oak bark into an imper- 
 ishable extract, in the forest where the bark is peeled, and transporting 
 that to market in place of the crude bark, is an enterprise that promises 
 to the people of Alabama a most important source of revenue. This 
 oak extract sells in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, at prices rang- 
 ing from ten to twelve and a half cents per pound, and responsible par- 
 ties in each of those markets are ready to contract for all they can get 
 at eight cents per pound. One cord of prime oak bark will yield forty- 
 five gallons of extract, which will weigh four hundred and fifty pounds, 
 or ten pounds to the gallon ; and at this price, eight cents, it will — after 
 paying the cost of the bark, say three dollars per cord, cost of manu- 
 facture, transportation from Alabama to New York, commissions for 
 selling, cost of barrels, insurance, storage, etc. — return to the manufiic- 
 turer a net profit of twenty-five dollars per cord. The most approved 
 machinery used in the njanufacture of this extract will produce two bar- 
 rels of extract from two cords of bark per hour, or forty-eight bar- 
 rels every twenty-four hours. A factory of this capacity, complete in 
 all its appointments, will cost from seven to nine thousand dollars, the 
 difi'erence being in the cost of lumber at the place of construction. Mr. 
 John B. Hoyt, for a number of years a citizen of Alabama, writes from 
 New York to the Blohile Register that this calculation is strictly correct, 
 and the reasons which he gives for thus estimating the value of our oak 
 forests, in this connection, are very clear. He says : 
 
 "It must be remembered that Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, 
 and the six New England States, produce five-sixths of all the leather 
 manufactured in the United States, and that in these States no oak suit- 
 able for tanning purposes is grown, with the exception of Pennsylvania, 
 and but limited quantities are found there. Oak bark in its crude form, 
 in Southern forests, has, in consequence of distance, been prohibitory to 
 Northern tanners, but the discovery of converting its tanning proper- 
 
[22] 
 
 ties into an imperishable extract, has opened to the leather trade of 
 the Northern States, and to those of all Europe, access to the great 
 forests of oak on both slopes of the Cumberland Mountains, along their 
 entire range from the Alleghenics to the Gulf. 
 
 " Leather dealers with whom I conferred, generally concede that oak 
 oxii-act must take the place of hemlock bark, or hemlock extract, in 
 the manufacture of leather in the vicinity of Boston, New York and 
 Philadelphia; and in Europe, the place of the East India extracts, 
 wliich are principally used, as oak is preferred by all tanners." 
 
 The pine lands of Alabama arc also of great value for turpentine and 
 re.-<iri. Immense "orchards" arc laid off in the virgin forest of pines, 
 li.'id large fortunes have been made from small capital in conducting this 
 profitable business. The orchard is already planted to hand by nature. 
 The process of cutting the boxes is simple. When that labor is done, 
 and the ground protected from accidents of fire, the boxes are filled by 
 the process of nature and the further labor is confined to the distilla- 
 tion. An idea of the profits derived from this business may be gained 
 from the following approximate estimate of the cost and yield of an 
 orchard of 100,000 boxes : 
 
 Cost of still etc 3,000 
 
 ^Vages of manager, or foreman, at $100 per month 1,200 
 
 "Wages of ten boxers and hackers at §40 per month 4,800 
 
 Wages of cooper, from April to October, at $60 per month 420 
 
 Wages of distiller, from April to October 420 
 
 AViiges of teamster, from April to October, at $40 per month 280 
 
 Wages of four hands to dip, during seven months 1,200 
 
 Cost of barrels for resin and spirits 1,000 
 
 Wagon and mule team ^"^ 
 
 Two horses, saddles, etc ^^^ 
 
 Contingent expenses ^,000 
 
 Total necessary expenditure $' (,340 
 
 The yield of such an orchard during the first year, when properly 
 cultivated, should be about 2,500 barrels of " virgin dip " gum, yield- 
 ing on distillation about 1,700 barrels of white resin and 17,000 gallons 
 of spirits of turpentine. Estimating resin at ^10 per barrel, and the 
 spirits at 50 cents per gallon, we have a gross production the first year 
 of about $25,000, with a clear profit in money of $8,000 besides the 
 land, the orchard and the still. The orchard will last ten years, and 
 the still almost as long. 
 
 Durin"' the second year, or after the orchard has been fully opened 
 
[23] 
 
 aiul has been worked, the necessary capital is mucli diminisheil, bt-iuir 
 reduced to what will pay the monthly wages of the emjjioi/es until the 
 distillation commences in the spring. After which time the products 
 can always find an immediate sale, and should amply sufiice to furnish 
 to the place all funds required for carrying on the work. 
 
 But the great present wealth of this region of the State consists in 
 its splendid lumber. Since the war, notwithstanding the depression of 
 business, large numbers of saw-mills have been erected upon Mobile 
 Bay and its tributaries, many of them by Northern men. 
 
 Where the best pine logs can be furnished at §5 per 1000 feet, and 
 choice cargoes of lumber can be loaded at the mills, on vessels drawing 
 between ten and eleven feet of water, for shipment direct to distant or to 
 foreign ports, at the low rate of $12 per 1,000 feet, it is evident there 
 must exist the best possible facilities for the lumber business — facilities 
 and advantages possessed by no other region on the Gulf or the Atlan- 
 tic coast — and which can not long escape the attention of capitalists and 
 business men. Three -fourths of the pine lumber now shipped to New 
 Orleans comes from the region between Mobile Bay and Pascagoula 
 Bny. 
 
 It is well known that the best lumber regions of the North are fast 
 being deprived of their forests. The lumber supply from Maine is in 
 rapid process of exhaustion. New York has to get much of her lum- 
 ber from remote regions of Canada. Michigan, Upper Wisconsin, and 
 Minnesota can not long sustain the drain upon them for the enormous 
 demands for lumber in the Great West. The rapidity with which the 
 lumber supplies of the North are being exhausted, is indicated by the 
 high price of lumber in the Northern markets, increasing, moreover, 
 from year to year. Chicago sold, in 1867, about 750,000,000 feet of 
 lumber. In one day last year 238 vessels arrived at Chicago from the 
 lake ports, loaded with lumber. Not only whole regions, but even large 
 towns and cities in the Northern States and in Canada owe their im- 
 portance entirely to the lumber interest. 
 
 Now, here on the Alabama coast, is an inexhaustible supply of lumber, 
 enough to fill all demands for a century to come, not only of hard pine 
 lumber, but also of cypress, oak of various kinds, ash, gum, hickory, 
 poplar, juniper, cherry, walnut, and some cedar. Moreover, the hard 
 pine lumber is at least a hundred per cent, more valuable for many 
 uses than the soft pine and spruce of the Northern forests. Spars have 
 for twenty years been shipped from this region to England, France and 
 Spain, A single piece, ninety-two feet long and a foot square at the 
 
[24] 
 
 upper end, is said to have been the finest spar ever shipped from this 
 country. 
 
 These enormous tracts of " Piney Woods," which can now be bought 
 fur a trifle, will soon be sought for as a profitable investment. There 
 are admirable localities for at least a hundred saw-mills upon the tribu- 
 tnries of the bays and estuaries of Alabama, where vessels could load 
 directly for New York, Baltimore, Havana, Texas, Mexico, South Amer- 
 ica or Europe. 
 
 COTTON REGION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Description of extent and soil — Increasing demand for cotton goods — A 
 durable commodity — Equal to a bill of exchange — Profits of cultivating 
 — Estimate of Solon Robinson — White labor — Negro labor, etc. 
 
 The cotton-growing section of Alabama lies next north of the timber 
 region. It occupies a belt extending eastwardly and westwardly across 
 the State, with widths of 102 miles, north and south, on the.western line 
 of the State ; of 60 miles in the middle of the State, south of the Alabama 
 river, between Selma and Montgomery ; and of GO miles, north and 
 south, on the eastern edge of the State. 
 
 This belt of land, as regards soil and climate, is admirably adapted to 
 the cultivation of cotton and provisions, and is the most healthy, rich, 
 agricultural country in the Southern States. 
 
 It is interspersed with immense prairies. The soil is stiff, black, and, 
 so to speak, inexhaustibly rich ; from two to twenty feet thick, resting 
 on a bed of rotten limestone. 
 
 Perhaps there is not to be found a country possessing greater advan- 
 tages for raising cotton, corn and provisions for the planter, combined 
 with health for the laborer, white or black, than this famous cotton 
 region of Alabama. 
 
 Thirty years ago much of this section was in little request, on account 
 of the difficulty of procuring water, and from the belief that it was 
 unsuitable for making cotton. Since then, water has been obtained in 
 abundance, and of good quality, by excavating cisterns in the soft, un- 
 derlying limestone, and by forming artesian wells by boring through the 
 impcrnieable limestone to the permeable beds of sand an<l gravel rest- 
 ing underneath, at a depth of from 200 to 1,000 feet; and the soil gen- 
 erally, being formed of the decomposition of rotten limestone and organic 
 matter, proved to be of extraordinary fertility. Hence this secti)n has 
 
[25] 
 
 become, since that period, well settled by intelligent planters, who, be- 
 fore the war, as a class, were not excelled in wealth. 
 
 Such was the capacity of this country for raising cotton and provi- 
 sions, that, with its acknowledged health, it became much sought for by 
 planters. Prior to the war, plantations here commanded from $30 to 
 $50 per acre. Now, rich cultivated plantations, convenient to rivers and 
 railroads, may be obtained for from $5 to $10 per acre. With good 
 cultivation, the land will make from 50 to 60 bushels of corn, or 800 
 to 900 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. The larger portion of it also will 
 produce clover and all the grass families. 
 
 The Alabama river and the Tombigby, with its affluents, the War- 
 rior and Little Tombigby rivers, all navigable for steamboats for por- 
 tions of the year, run through this section from north to south. 
 
 The Mobile & Ohio Railroad skirts its western boundary ; the Mont- 
 gomery and West Point Railroad passes along its northeastern boundary ; 
 the Alabama & Florida Railroad runs nearly north and south through 
 its middle section; its northeastern corner is traversed by the Mobile 
 & Girard Railroad, and the Selma & Meridian Railroad passes through 
 its northwestern part, connecting the Alabama river with the Tombigby 
 river and the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Thus by means of rivers and 
 railroads, easy access to mai-ket is aiforded. 
 
 The assertion is ventured that there is not under the sun a more 
 favorable spot in every respect, for the planter and farmer, than the cot- 
 ton growing belt of Alabama. The soil is very productive, and, with 
 proper cultivation, inexhaustible ; the climate is genial ; and health of 
 the country for both white and black is good, without doubt, and a mar- 
 ket is accessible by the rivers and railroads. 
 
 The capacity of Alabama for the growth of cotton is evidenced by 
 the fact that, with one exception, she leads the other cotton-producing 
 States, and in 1860, before her labor was interrupted, gave 997,978 
 bales to the entire number, 5,196,944, which were produced in that year. 
 Although a temporary demoralization of labor, and unfortunate seasons, 
 together with the unusually severe visits of worms, have reduced the 
 yield of cotton to less than one-half of the number of bales produced 
 before the war, still, the great advance in prices makes the lesser crop 
 almost, if not equally, as profitable as were the greater crops before the 
 war. 
 
 It is universally conceded that the Cotton States of America have a 
 soil and climate to produce the long staple cotton, possessed by no other 
 country under the sun. It is from American cotton that all the fine 
 cotton fabrics are made. India and China grow cotton, but it is the 
 
[26] 
 
 bIwH staple that can not be worked without the staple of the Southern 
 States to mix with it. 
 
 Should the yield of those countries reach ten millions of bales per 
 annum, it would only increase the demand for American cotton to mix 
 with it. The world has been so long educated to the use of cotton 
 goods, and so much money has been invested in machinery to manu- 
 facture cotton fabrics, that the raw material will be raised in the Cotton 
 States by one kind of labor or another. Cotton is now selling for twice 
 as much in gold as it brought before the war. In 1860, it netted from 
 eight to ten cents in gold. In Montgomery, during the month of 
 November, 1868, it netted twenty cents in gold. With a few excep- 
 tions, all other agricultural products, both North and South, can be 
 bou^rht with the gold, at a little advance on prices in 1860. We may 
 therefore safely say that the raising of cotton, to the hand, pays twice 
 as much as the raising of any other agricultural product, North or 
 South. Nor is it likely that any thing will occur to change this state 
 of things. The best informed men believe, that the present high prices 
 of cotton will be maintained for at least ten years to come. 
 
 The demand by foreign countries for all other of our agricultural pro- 
 ducts depends upon the contingency of good and bad crops in those 
 countries. If their crops are bad, there is a demand for our grains. If 
 the seasons are propitious, there is no demand. But the prices of cot- 
 ton do not depend upon the good and bad seasons of other countries. 
 The demand for it is steady, both in this country and foreign countries ; 
 and while other crops may be sold for trash, this always brings gold. 
 This steadiness of demand is the greatest stimulant of production, and 
 makes cotton-planting a certainty. A bad grain crop in Europe pro- 
 duces high prices for grain here, and farmers make fair profits. But a 
 good grain crop there leaves no demand here, and farmers have no 
 profits, and very often sustain heavy losses. This steadiness of demand 
 not only stimulates production, but makes the raising of cotton the orily 
 safe agricultural business carried on by hired labor, which is hereafter 
 to be the order of the day. 
 
 No other product will keep from year to year for better prices like 
 cotton. The grains are attacked by weevil, flour becomes musty, meats 
 become tainted, and other esculents speedily decay ; but cotton will re- 
 main for years the same. The cotton sold in 1865, had been held 
 over for four or five years, and there is no difi"erence in the prices 
 between that raised in 1859 and 1860 and that raised in 1864. While 
 in many cases the wrappers have rotted so as to require new baling, the 
 cotton itself is as good as new. On cotton, money can be borrowed on 
 
[27] 
 
 lon;^ or short time, and a bale of cotton is a bill of exchange on New 
 York or London, as the holder may desire. 
 
 The profits of cultivating cotton are undoubtedly greater than that of 
 cultivating any other production which has as yet entered certainly upon 
 the field of agriculture. It is almost impossible to estimate accurately or 
 even approximately the probable expenses of a plantation at this time, so 
 great have been the changes in the cost of food, and so irregular the 
 application of labor. But, the regularity which is now being resumed 
 upon the plantations, and the rigid economy which the planter is learn- 
 ing to practice, justifies us in predicting that the profits of cotton plant- 
 ing may be hereafter calculated from statistics which ruled before the 
 war. We have before us the statistics of a cotton estate of 4,200 acres 
 (2,700 in cultivation), employing before the war 254 slaves (old and 
 young) and 60 mules and mares, which yielded 331,000 lbs. of cotton 
 and a large amount of other products. Of the 254 slaves, not more than 
 180 could have been working hands (an unusual proportion), which 
 would give to each hand fifteen acres for cultivation. 
 
 The profits of this plantation as compiled from actual figures, by Mr. 
 Solon Robinson, late Agricultural Editor of the New York Tribune, in 
 1848-9, may be condensed as follows : 
 
 CAPITAL INVESTED, $150,152. 
 INCOME OP THE FARM. 
 
 331,136 lbs. cotton, at 7 cts : $23,179 52 
 
 Bacon and other products sold 2 430 00 
 
 Increase of negroes, say 5 per cent. ( value $89,000 ) 4,495 00 
 
 $30,104 52 
 Annual expenses, as itemized by Mr. R, a full estimate, including 
 
 freightand commission $ 6 791 48 
 
 Net income $23,313 04 
 
 or about fifteen and one-half per cent. In the estimate of expenses, 
 $2,090.54 are included for clothing, etc., which would not apply to the 
 present system of labor. 
 
 Assuming this estate to be equally well managed now, estimating the 
 incidental outlays at four times former cost, and adding the wages of 
 180 field hands, deducting the loss of the slaves from the capital invest- 
 ed, and leaving the other values unchanged, the increase in cost of 
 stock, etc., being more than made up by the denreciation in the price 
 of land, and the result should be as follows : 
 
[28] 
 
 CAPITAL INVESTED, $60,252. 
 INCOME OF THE FARM. 
 
 331,lo61be. cotton, at 25 cts $82,784 00 
 
 Surplus minor products sold (at twice the value in 1849) 4,8G0 00 
 
 $87,644 00 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 Wages of 180 field hands at $150 per annum $27,000 00 
 
 Incidental expenses, at four times cost in 1849 18,805 CO 
 
 $45,805 60 
 
 Leaving $41,839 40 
 
 \ 
 
 as the net income, if the labor could be relied upon to do only as well as 
 
 it did under the old system. With 180 white field hands, such an estate 
 as we are now considering could produce clean cotton at fifteen cents 
 gold per pound, and leave a margin of profit which few industries now 
 yield. The experiment has been made in various localities, and has 
 uniformly proved successful. The German colony in Texas is a case in 
 point, and in several cases reported of small estates, worked last sea- 
 son exclusively by white lalWr, of both foreign and native origin, the 
 results have been most promising. 
 
 There is no reason why cotton can not be grown by white labor. 
 The idea that the white man can not stand the cotton field of Alabama 
 as safely as he can the corn-fields of Illinois, has been exploded since 
 the war. The Northern armies, composed largely of men from the ex- 
 treme Northern States, and from every nation of the old world, settled 
 on our coast, and penetrated and held the most malarious regions of the 
 South during the late war, and, numbers considered, did not suffer any 
 more than the Confederate armies opposed to them. The truth is, that 
 men's habits have more to do with their health than the climate. Thou- 
 sands of men have destroyed their health by intemperance in eating and 
 drinking, and then laid it to the climate. Temperate men in the South 
 attain to the average of life of temperate men in higher latitudes ; and 
 whether a man goes North or South, he must go through a process of 
 acclimation. 
 
 But Alabama can safely depend for the future success of her cotton 
 fields upon the free negroes, who must for some years form the basis of 
 our a";ricultural labor. The neo;roes must starve or work. Beinfr large- 
 ly outnumbered by the whites in Alabama, and dependent upon them, as 
 the owners of the soil, for employment, they must be governed hereaf- 
 ter by the rules which apply elsewhere between capitalist and laborer. 
 The negro must not only work, but he must work hard if he would gain 
 a livelihood. His new relations to the State impose upon him the sup- 
 
[29] 
 
 |iort of his own wife and children, and his aged father and mother, and 
 he can not get away. This is his native country ; he is a fixture to its 
 Soil. The whites, with far more means, could not get away, if the}' de- 
 sired. And it is not to be supposed that a population without means 
 can do any better than to work. 
 
 During the year 1868 the blacks labored faithfully upon the planta- 
 tions, and, considering the terrible reverses, from bad seasons and 
 worms, did as well as they ever did before the war. The planter who 
 treats his employes with kindness and pays them their wages, can get 
 as many hands as he desires, and be served as faithfully as it is possi- 
 ble for the negro to labor. 
 
 PROFITS OF COTTON-PLANTING IN ALABAMA. 
 
 Estimate of the American Land Company — Six estimates of the profits 
 of planting cotton — Estimate hy a Northern man in Louisiana — 
 Another hy an old Alabama planter — Another hy an old Mississippi 
 planter — Another estimate for the Uplands of Alabama — Another for 
 the higher latitude of Tennessee, etc. 
 
 The American Land Company, of New York, published in 1866 an 
 extended list of plantations for sale, and attached to it the following 
 considerations and statistics, which it would be well for our readers 
 everywhere to consult, making due allowances for changes in prices 
 since : 
 
 " One hand can cultivate from eight to ten acres of cotton, and half 
 as many more in corn. 
 
 " One mule will be required on an average to every two laborers. 
 Two plows of all kinds to three mules. 
 
 " Upland produces about half a bale of cotton ; best bottom-land a 
 bale and upward to the acre. 
 
 " A bale of ginned cotton averages 500 pounds. 
 
 " Cotton, as picked from the field, contains three pounds cotton-seed 
 to one pound ginned cotton. 
 
 " One man will raise from eight to fifteen bales of cotton on bottom- 
 land, from four to seven bales on upland, and, with either, 100 to 300 
 bushels of corn. 
 
 " The plowing for cotton should be commenced in January. The 
 
[30] 
 
 seed should be planted in March. Bj the 15tli of July the planter can 
 tell, almost for a certainty, his year's crop. The picking begins in Au- 
 f^ust. and new cotton can be in the market by October. 
 
 -' Upland plantations, which were assessed for taxes at from $25 to 
 850 per acre before the war, with all the buildings and machinery com- 
 plete, can now be purchased at from $5 to $8 per acre. 
 
 "■ Bottom-land plantations, which were assessed for taxes at from §50 
 to §120 per acre before the war, with all the buildings and machinery 
 complete, can now be purchased at from $10 to §30 per acre. 
 
 "It requires about $4,000 to grow 100 acres of cotton, $1,000 of 
 which can be got from the crop itself. 
 
 Cotton plantations contain on an average from 900 to 2,500 acres — 
 some as small as 400, others as large as 5,000 acres. 
 
 '• The best cotton lands of the South are within six days from Boston. 
 They are not as far from New; England, and are not by any means as 
 difficult of access as the lands in Kansas were ; and the danger, even to 
 those who magnify it most, is not half what it was to the settler there. 
 Yet the danger deterred no one from going there. We had a principle 
 to settle, and we settled it right, and it remains forever. "Who will help 
 settle, by New England energy, enterprise and economy, the question 
 of free labor upon the cotton fields of the South ? It will give almost 
 fabulous returns, pecuniarily, for the investment ; it will help the poor 
 freedmcn ; it will help the society at the South; it will help the coun- 
 try at large. 
 
 "■ If you v.ish correct, Avholesome and progressive ideas established 
 on the ruins of the now prostrate slave-system of the South, do not sit 
 idly theorizing, moralizing and doubting, hut take hold and work, and 
 that speedily. Show to the South your faith in free labor, by furnish- 
 ing it employment. The laborer starves and dies, or becomes a public 
 charge and an outcast, for want of the employment your capital can 
 give. 
 
 " The following estimate No. 1, was made by a Northern man who 
 is now a cotton planter in Louisiana, and is based on the high prices of 
 the last two years. These expenses arc twenty per cent, above the 
 present rates. 
 
 " The estimate No. 2 is made by a planter of twenty years' experi- 
 ence in Alabama and Arkansas ; a close calculation, with expenses at a 
 minimum. 
 
 " The estimates Nos. 3 and 4 were made by a cotton planter of six- 
 teen years' experience in planting in Mississippi; a fair calculation, 
 and will be verified by experiment. 
 
[81] 
 
 " The estimate No. 5 is made by a Georgia planter, for the uplands of 
 Georgia, Alabama and North Carolina, &c. ; a reliable estimate, and not 
 too favorable. 
 
 " The estimate No. 6 is made by a man acquainted with planting 
 more particularly in Tennessee and Virginia," &c. : 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. I. 
 
 Estimated cost and profit of a cotton plantation of 1,000 acres open land, and for 
 five years, respectively : 
 
 Cost of Farming 1,000 Acres Cotton, First Year. Minimum. Maximum. 
 Hire and support of 100 laborers, from $15 to $25 per month, 
 
 $180 to $300 per year $18,000 $30,000 
 
 Cost of 40 mules, at $100 to $150 4,000 6,000 
 
 Cost of farming implements, carts, harness, etc 1,500 2,000 
 
 Kent of land, $3 to $5 3,000 5,000 
 
 Planter's services 2,000 3,000 
 
 Overseer's services 1,000 1,500 
 
 2,000 bushels corn, 50 cents to $ I 1,000 2,000 
 
 Deduct what can be used from growing crop, viz. : 
 
 Half of hire lands $9,000 $15,000 
 
 " rent of land 3,000 5,000 
 
 " planter's services 2,000 3,0C0 
 
 " overseer's services 500 750 
 
 $14,500 $23,750 
 
 From $15,000 to $25,000 for first year's capital. 
 
 The crop begins to yield returns in August. 
 
 Total cost first year $30,500 to 49,500 
 
 Deduct 14,500 to 23,750 
 
 Total capital required to be advanced for first year $16,000 to 25,750 
 
 Cost of Farming any Year after the First. 
 
 Cost first year $30,500 to 49,500 
 
 Deduct cost of mules $4,000 to 6,000 
 
 " <' corn 1,000 to 2,000 
 
 " " for support of hands; corn and pork 
 raised; say one-quarter hire and support 4,500 to 7,500 — 9,500 to 15,500 
 
 Total cost any year after first 21,000 34,000 
 
 Cost first year 30.500 49,500 
 
 Cost four subsequent years 84,000 136,000 
 
 114,500 185,500 
 
 Proceeds of 1,000 Acres for Five Years. 
 From 500 to 1,000 bushels of corn per annum; from 2,500 to 5,000 bushels for 
 five years; from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 lbs. cotton for five years, say from 10 cents to 
 30 cents per lb. 
 
[32] 
 
 Gross Proceeds with Cotton. 
 
 At 10 cents per lb $100,000 to $200,000 
 
 At 30 cents per lb 300,000 to 600,000 
 
 Without considering increase of stock. 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. II. 
 
 Cost of fanning a plantation of 1,200 acres Missi.ssippi bottom-lands, 1,000 open 
 land, for first year: 
 
 Expenses. Profits. 
 
 80 hands, average of $70 each... ^5,000 700 bales cotton, 4U0 lbs. per 
 
 45 mules, cost $125 each 5,625 bale, 50 cents per lb $140,000 
 
 1 overseer, and board 1,0C0 5,000 bushels of corn raised 3,000 
 
 5,000 bushels corn 3,000 Pork raised 3,000 
 
 Hay 1,000 Wagons, carts 1,000 
 
 Cotton seed for planting 1,000 Cows, &c 1,000 
 
 4 yokes of oxen 1,000 Oxen 1,000 
 
 Milch cows 1,000 45 mules 5,000 
 
 Stock hogs 1,000 Fodder, hay, &c 1,500 
 
 Plows, carts, implements 2,500 Implements, &c 500 
 
 Salt for stock 
 
 Medical care of bands 
 
 Oats, rye 
 
 Axes, hoes, iron, steel, &c. 
 Molasses 
 
 Total $156,000 
 
 Deduct expenses 25,425 
 
 200 
 400 
 200 
 500 
 200 
 Incidental 1.200 
 
 Total $25,425 
 
 $104,875 
 The land at the end of the year will advance 100 per cent. ; all the supplies will 
 be on the plantation for the next year, from the products of the first year. 
 
 Profits $128,875 
 
 Deduct cost of land, at $20 per 
 acre, 1,200 acres 24,000 
 
 E.STIMATE XO. III. 
 
 E.stiniate of the expense and profit in cultivating G50 acres of Mississippi or 
 Valley Land — say 500 acres iji cotton and 150 acres in corn, for first year: 
 
 E.rpenses. 
 
 To hire 50 hands, at $120 per annum 
 
 To 50 bbls. mess pork, at $35 per bbl 
 
 To 12 bbls. molasses, at $40 per bbl 
 
 To clothing for 50 hands, at $40 to $iO each 
 
 To medicines and medical attention 
 
 To 25 mules, at $125 each 
 
 To 2,500 bushels of corn, at $1 per bushel 
 
 To fodder and hay 
 
 To wagons, plows, hoes, gearing, &c 
 
 To wages of superintendent, il'c 
 
 To oxen, milch cows, kc 
 
 To stock hogs, to raise bacon for next year 
 
 To incidental expenses 
 
 Yazoo 
 
 $6,000 
 1,750 
 
 500 
 2,500 
 
 750 
 3,125 
 2,500 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 1.000 
 1,000 
 
 750 
 2,125 
 
 Total expenses $25,000 
 
[33] 
 
 Profits. 
 
 By 500 bales of cotton, of 400 lbs. each, at 30 cents per lb $60,000 
 
 By 5,000 bushels of corn, at 75 cents per bushel ...., 3,750 
 
 By fodder and hay , 1,500 
 
 $62,250 
 Deduct expenses 25,000 
 
 Leaving for net profit , $40,250 
 
 Such a plantation can be purchased for from $10,000 to $15,000 ; 
 good buildings, etc. The land will double its value in the purchaser's 
 hands, in addition to the profits of the crop. 
 
 A plantation in the Mississippi Valley that would have 650 acres of 
 open land, would probably contain 1,500 in the entire tract ; and esti- 
 mating this at $20 per acre, would make $30,000, wbich, deducted from 
 $40,250, the net amount of profit would leave $10,250 as clear profit, 
 besides having paid for 1,500 acres of lands, and the mules, cattle, hogs, 
 wagons, farming implements, etc. 
 
 \ 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. IV. 
 
 If a first-class upland or creek-bottom plantation is cultivated, then, in 1,500 
 acres of land, 1,000 acres would probably be open land; and cultivating 700 acres 
 of this in cotton and 300 acres in corn, the expenses of cultivation would not 
 exceed, say $27,000. The product would be at least : 
 
 350 bales of cotton, of 400 lbs. each, at 30 cents $42,000 
 
 6,000 bushels of corn, at 75 cents 4,500 
 
 Fodder and hay 2,500 
 
 $49,000 
 Deduct expenses 27,000 
 
 Leaving a clear profit of. $22,000 
 
 Deduct the cost of 1,500 acres of first-class upland 15,000 
 
 Leaving for net profit $7,000 
 
 This leaves a clear profit of $7,000, besides paying for 1,500 acres 
 of first-class upland or creek-bottom land, and all the mules, cattle, 
 hogs, and plantation tools and implements. 
 
 In the valley plantations generally, only about one-third the lands are 
 opened for cultivation, and in the upland and creek-bottom plantations, 
 about two-thirds'; the remainder of the lands, in both cases, being wood 
 and pasture lands, which can be reduced to cultivation, from year to 
 year, as required. 
 
 In the Mississippi and Yazoo Valley, about ten acres, and in the up- 
 land and creek-bottom lands about twelve and a half to fourteen acres 
 3 
 
[34] 
 
 per hand, are cultivated in cotton. The average production of the val- 
 ley lands is ahout 400 lbs. of cotton per acre, and, in the first-class up- 
 land and creek-bottom lands, about 200 to 300 lbs. per acre. 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. V, 
 
 Estimate Cost of liaising Upland Cotton. — Planting lOO acres in cotton, and the 
 same quantity in corn ; employing ten good hands. 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 120 bushels corn, $90; bacon, $273 $363 
 
 5 mules, $90; provender, $360 810 
 
 5 plows, $40; 2 carts, $60; 1 wagon, $100 200 
 
 Hoes, and other utensils 100 
 
 10 laborers, $120 1,200 
 
 Total $2,673 
 
 Products. 
 
 300 lbs. cotton to the acre, 30,000 lbs. at 40 cents $12,000 
 
 30 bushels corn to the acre, 3,000 bushels, at 75 cents 2,250 
 
 $14,250 
 
 Leaving net profit $11,577 
 
 Remember there is nothing difiBcult or scientific in the raising of 
 cotton ; the least skilled labor in the world, under the most unskillful 
 direction and management, has made the fortunes of those engaged in 
 it. Our New England farmers can learn it without an effort in a single 
 season, or can manage a plantation with the aid of an experienced over- 
 seer, at once. Men laboring for a bare living here, can, at the South, 
 "with the present prices of land, amass a fortune in two years. 
 
 ESTIMATE NO. VI. 
 
 Estimate on a Farm of A^d Acres. — 10 acres in cotton, 15 acres in corn, potatoes, 
 fruit, etc., 15 acres in wood-land, for fires, fences, etc., by his own labor only. 
 The land will cost from $5 to $20 per acre, according to locality and improve- 
 ments. Corn at 75 cents per bushel ; bacon at 15 cents per pound. 
 
 Expenses per Year. 
 Food for himself, corn, 12 bushels, $9 ; bacon, or equivalent, 200 lbs., $30..$ 39 00 
 
 Mule, $100; provender, $60 160 00 
 
 Cost of cart, $40; plows, $12 52 00 
 
 Hoes, etc v...: 10 00 
 
 $ 261 00 
 Products. 
 
 Clean cotton, 3,000 lbs >. $1,200 00 
 
 Corn, 300 bushels 225 00 
 
 Fodder, 2,500 lbs * 18 75 
 
 $1,443 73 
 
[35] 
 
 Products. 
 Deduct $ 2G1 00 
 
 Net profits $1,182 75 
 
 Add value of mule, etc 120 00 
 
 $1,302 75 
 It may be said, generally, tliat an industrious man can, on a farm of 
 tlie above description, support himself, family and stock well, and raise 
 from six to ten bales of cotton clear of all expense. The estimate of 
 300 lbs. cotton per acre is quite moderate, as 400 lbs., and more, are 
 often raised. 
 
 REMARKABLE PRODUCTIONS OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Other agricultural 'products — The Okra jplant — Its use in the manufacture 
 of paper — Cost of cultivation — The Ramie plant — Its history — Re- 
 markable fibre — Three crops each year — Mode of cidture — Value, etc. 
 
 ' Apart from cotton-planting, which is made a specialty in the richer 
 portions of the State, there are other branches of agriculture which are 
 not overlooked, and which are made productive of wealth. We do not 
 call special attention to the corn which grows in every section of the 
 State, and justifies the planter in m.aking enough to meet the wants of 
 his plantation ; nor to the wheat which grows luxuriantly in the valleys 
 of middle and north Alabama ; nor to the early fruits with which every 
 portion of the State abounds, and which anticipate the Northern market 
 by several weeks ; nor to the castor-plant which grows almost spontane- 
 ously, and offers to the oil traders a handsome return for cultivation ; nor 
 to the hundred other productions which grow alike in all sections of the 
 country. We allude now to but two products to which the attention of 
 the people is directed with special interest for the first time — the Okra 
 and the Ramie plant. The Okra plant has heretofore entered simply 
 into the economy of the garden. It now promises to enter into the 
 economy of the plantation. 
 
 Experiments have been made at the Chickasabogue Paper Manufac- 
 tory, near Mobile, which resulted in the demonstration of the fact that 
 a very superior article of paper can be made from the Okra plant. 
 These experiments were conducted with great care, and every step ta- 
 ken was scrutinized very closely by men skilled in the work of paper 
 manufacture, and not favorably inclined to the proposed innovation. 
 The demonstration, however, was so complete as to remove all doubt 
 
[36] 
 
 from the minds of the most incredulous of lookers-on, and the fact that a 
 superior article of paper can be made from the Okra stalk may be re- 
 garded as established. 
 
 It is also considered certain that the Okra can be bleached to any re- 
 quired degree of vrhiteness ; that the cost of reducing it to " half stuff" 
 and pulp ^vill not, on a considerable scale, be greater than the cost of 
 converting rags into pulp. The paper itself is as strong as that made 
 from pure linen — thus combining in one material a great desideratum 
 in paper making — flexibility and strength. The paper made of cotton 
 rags requires an admixture of hemp or other material of strong fibre to 
 give it the requisite strength, but the Okra may be used as " hard stock" — 
 to give strength to any other material — or by itself alone. It will •work 
 •well in combination, in any desired proportion, with any other stock, or 
 it may be made to alternate with rags, as the circumstances or exigen- 
 cies of a mill may at any time demand. The great value of this prop- 
 erty in the Okra will be apparent to any one at all acquainted with the 
 business of paper manufacture. 
 
 The Mobile Tribune, criticising the experiments made by the Chick- 
 asabogue Mills, says that the point left to demonstrate is the cost of Okra 
 stalks in comparison with that of other paper stock. This, of course, can 
 not be fully determined without further experiment. The Trihunei^VQ?> 
 it for granted, however, that Okra can be grown on a large scale very 
 cheaply, and that it can be made to pay a handsome profit to the producer 
 and yet be sold to the manufacturer at a price so low as to enable him to 
 reduce the cost of the manufactured article to consumers, and " take the 
 market" even from the manufacturers of straw and wood papers. The 
 Okra plant is indigenous to the South, and with a soil moderately fertile 
 will grow luxuriantly. It requires little skill to cultivate it. The fruit 
 is a valuable and increasingly popular article of diet, and if produced in 
 too large quantities for the table, it will be found an excellent article of 
 food for cattle'and hogs. The seed is valuable, and will at all times com- 
 mand a ready sale at good prices. It is estimated that the seed product 
 will be ample to pay the entire expense of cultivating the plant. 
 
 In our genial climate the farmer has the option of a continuous 
 growth until frost, or growing two crops in one season on the same land. 
 Although of the same family as cotton, it is free from the attacks of the 
 multitudinous enemies which seem to delight in ravaging the cotton 
 field. On rich cancbrake or bottom lands it is confidently believed 
 that from five to eight tons per acre of these stalks can be produced, and 
 this, sold at the lowest price named — say twenty dollars per ton — would 
 pay the planter much better than the same land in cotton. The cost of 
 
[37] 
 
 cultivation is very small ; it is easily cured and tlie preparation for 
 market is rapid and inexpensive. But it can be readily and profitably 
 grown in the sandy and piney Avoods lands, and the lands in the neigh- 
 borhood of the Chickasabogue Mills could be made to yield sufficiently 
 of stalks to run or nearly run the mills. Women and children can cul- 
 tivate the Okra plant, and with a reliable market close at hand can, from 
 the sale of this product, make a comfortable living from a few acres of 
 land. The Tribune understands that the Chickasabogue Mills will com- 
 mence using the material as soon as asufficientsupply of it can be obtained, 
 and as their consumption will, in all probability, equal one hundred tons 
 per month, it will be seen, that there is every inducement for people, 
 particularly in the pine woods section, to give early attention to the 
 growth of this important fibre. If the manufacture at Mobile results as 
 favorably as is anticipated, it requires no prophetic ken to discover 
 what immense advantages are to accrue to the South. Other mills will 
 speedily adopt this fibre, new mills will be started, and the time will 
 not be distant when Southern manufacture will enter the markets of New 
 York, Philadelphia, and Boston, and compete successfully at their own 
 doors with the manufactures who have heretofore, with inferior products, 
 monopolized, to a great extent, the paper supply of this country. 
 
 But the product adapted to the climate of Alabama which promises 
 to rival and surpass the productiveness and value of cotton, without 
 liability to the dangers which lie in wait for cotton every month of the 
 year, is the Ramie, the beautiful cloth made from which, resembling silk 
 in its fineness of texture, has attracted so much attention in Europe. 
 
 This new textile, lately introduced to Southern agriculturists, is a 
 native of the Island of Java, and was first brought to Europe for inves- 
 tigation in 1844, where it received the botanical name of Boehmeria 
 Tetiacissima, and by the beauty and strength of its fibre, attracted much 
 attention in manufacturing circles. Since that time every encourage- 
 ment has been given to producers in the East Indies to induce them to 
 cultivate Ramie in sufficient quantity to supply the demand ; the result is 
 that a considerable quantity is annually received in Europe and manu- 
 factured into fabrics of the finest quality, excelling in strength, beauty 
 and finish, linen of the finest texture, and rivaling even silk in lustre. 
 
 Since its introduction into the United States in March, 1867, it has 
 excited much interest among European manufacturers. They consider 
 the fibre of the Boehmeria Tenacissima superior to that of any other 
 textile plant, and very valuable for manufacturing purposes; the supply 
 from the East is entirely inadequate to fill the demand, and unequal to 
 the fibre here produced in quality ; they are, therefore, very desirous 
 
[38] 
 
 of seeing Ramie successfully cultivated in some country ^vhere the yield 
 •will be large and regular. 
 
 The soil and climate of the Southern States are particularly adapted 
 fur the cultivation of Ramie, which requires a loose, sandy soil, and tem- 
 perate climate. These advantages can be secured in any of the cotton 
 growing States. 
 
 At the present time most of our planters and farmers are financially 
 crippled, and can not afford to expend the large sums necessary to 
 secure the labor to make cotton and sugar profitable crops ; both of these 
 articles require large capital and continuous cultivation to bring them 
 to perfection, and both may be injured or destroyed by unfavorabe sea- 
 sons, or other causes. Cotton may be totally destroyed by the army 
 ■worm, or other insects. The fibre of Ramie, being contained in the inner 
 bark of the stem, can not be injured in that way, and will not be hurt 
 by either long-continued wet or dry weather; besides, it requires small 
 capital to start a Ramie plantation, the plant being easily propagated 
 and cultivated ; it is a perennial, and will not require re-planting. 
 
 Those who have been interested in Ramie culture since its introduc- 
 tion in Louisiana in 18G7, have made frequent experiments in extracting 
 the fibre from the stem and preparing it for use, and have tried plants 
 grown in that and other States with the most satisfactory results. They 
 find that our fibre is even finer than that of Java, and that the yield 
 per acre is greater. In any of the Cotton States Ramie can be harvested 
 at least three times a year, each harvest or cutting will produce between 
 nine and twelve hundred pounds, making an average annual crop of 
 about three thousand pounds of crude unprepared fibre, worth at pres- 
 ent in Europe ten cents specie per pound ; in preparing the fibre for 
 manufacturing purposes it loses about one-half, and increases in value 
 to sixty-five cents per pound. Thus, it is apparent that Ramie, requir- 
 ing little or no tillage to produce such magnificent results, is the most 
 profitable crop that the planter can cultivate. 
 
 The fiber, when prepared for the spinner, is beautifully white, soft, 
 and glossy, closely resembling floss silk in appearance ; it is much 
 stronger than the best flax, and readily receives the most difiicult dyes 
 without injury to its strength or lustre. 
 
 A rich, sandy soil is the most suitable for Ramie cultivation, and is 
 particularly desirable for a nursery, where plants are to be rapidly 
 propagated. For field culture the plant will thrive in any good sandy 
 land. To secure a rapid and vigorous growth of j'oots, the land should 
 be thoroughly and deeply broken up to a uniform denth of about ten 
 
[39] 
 
 inches, and well pulverized. This is highly important, and should be 
 carefully performed to insure a rapid accumulation of roots. 
 
 In propagating, level cultivation is preferable : root-cuttings should 
 always be used for first planting. 
 
 After the ground has been thoroughly prepared, as above directed, 
 the roots should be planted about six feet apart each way, three inches 
 deep, and slantingly, with about one inch exposed above the surface ; 
 care should be taken to keep the ground moist around the roots when 
 first planted. No further attention, with the exception of weeding, is 
 required until the sprouts are about two feet high, when they should be 
 gradually and gently inclined toward the earth. When they have 
 attained a hight of three or four feet, it will be noticed that they 
 become of a brownish color near the root ; they are then ready for 
 propagation ; incisions should then be made with a thin, sharp-pointed 
 knife at each eye of the stem, which should then be bent gently down, 
 and covered with about three or four inches of loose earth, care being 
 taken to avoid detaching the stem from the parent root. About six 
 inches of the leafy end should be left uncovered. In the course of 
 three or four weeks these layers will have taken root, and may then be 
 separated from the main root, divided in pieces, and re-planted. In 
 planting in the field, layers may be laid down without being divided. 
 
 After the ground has been plowed deep and thoroughly broken up, 
 it should be laid off in beds running the length of the field ; these 
 should be made about six inches high and four feet wide, with a flat 
 surface ; passages three feet wide should be left on each side, and cart- 
 ways at intervals through the field. A shallow furrow might be run 
 down the center of each bed; if roots are to be planted, they should 
 be put in the ground slantingly, three inches deep and two feet apart, 
 with end projecting above the ground ; if layers are to be planted, they 
 should be laid in a furrow, about three inches deep, horizontally, with 
 the ends lapping, as in cane planting. After the first year's growth 
 has been cut, new sprouts will issue from all parts of the bed; the 
 growth will become very dense, and choke out all other vegetation. 
 
 When the stems have attained a hight of six or eight feet, they are 
 then ready to be harvested ; but should it be inconvenient for the farmer 
 to commence cutting at the time, the fibre will not be seriously injured 
 if left in the field for a week or two longer. In cutting the stems, an 
 ordinary cane-knife may be used, care being taken to cut the stem a 
 little below the ground. It will also be advisable to extract the fibre 
 when the stems are not too dry. 
 
 Ramie may be planted at any growing season of the year ; the fall 
 
[40] 
 
 and early in tlic spring being the best times for starting. It can 
 not be injured by cold, unless the ground freezes to a depth greater 
 than six inches, and continues frozen for several days. It is propagated 
 only from root-cuttings. In preparing the fibre for market it will be 
 to the advantage of the producer to ship it in its crude raw state, as 
 very little expense will be incurred in so preparing it. In this condi- 
 tion it is worth ten cents per pound, in specie. In preparing it for the 
 spinner a chemical process and costly machinery would be required. 
 No doubt the increasing production of this new staple of the Cotton 
 States will induce the erection of factories, and thus enable the planter 
 tofind a ready market at all times for the crude fibre 
 
 RIVER SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Navigable streams — The streams susceptible of navigation — Opening of 
 valuable luater courses — Message of Gov. Smith — Bemarks of Professor 
 Tuomcy — The Coosa — The Warrior — The Cahaba, etc. 
 
 Before describing the manufacturing and mineral regions of Ala- 
 bama, it is necessary to glance at her system of natural and artificial 
 water communications. Rivers nre necessary to drive machinery, and 
 both rivers and canals are necessary to transport heavy and bulky 
 wares. The question of facility for cheap transportation and inter- 
 communication, very properly follows a description of Alabama's agri- 
 cultural resources, and anticipates a description of her unlocked 
 treasures of the hills and mountains. 
 
 The navigable rivers of the State are the Tennessee, bordered by 
 eight counties, and the best portion of whose valley lies in this State ; 
 the Alabama and its tributaries ; the Tombigby, Black Warrior, and 
 the Coosa. The Alabama is navigable for four hundred and eighty 
 miles to Montgomery, and in high water to Wetumpka, at the mouth of 
 the Coosa River, twenty miles higher. It passes through and bounds 
 eleven counties. The Tombigby is navigable to Columbus, Mississippi, 
 and passes through and bounds eight counties. The Black Warrior is 
 navigable to Tuscaloosa, and waters two counties. The lower part of the 
 •Coosa is navigable from- its mouth to Wetumpka, and the upper part 
 from Greensport to Rome, Georgia. One hundred and eighty miles of 
 its course between Wetumpka and Greensport, as its bed passes over 
 ithe strike of the rocks, are not navigable — being a river navigable at 
 
[41] 
 
 both ends and not in the center. Its navigable waters bound and water 
 five counties. The Chattahoochee is the dividing line between Georgia 
 and Alabama. This river is navigable as high up as Columbu?, Geor- 
 gia, and bounds three counties in Alabama. The heads of the Choc- 
 tawhatchie and Escambia rivers of Florida frive navi^jation to three 
 counties. Thus it appears that thirty-two out of the fifty-three coun- 
 ties of the State are either bounded or intersected by navigable rivers, 
 regarding the Mobile and Tensaw rivers as really a part of the Ala- 
 bama. If we take into consideration the counties that nearly, but do 
 not actually touch her navigable streams, it will appear that two-thirds 
 of the State enjoy the benefit of navigable rivers. 
 
 The Tennessee River, which waters a most fertile section of North 
 Alabama, from one side of the State to the other, flows northward after 
 reaching the western boundary, and empties its water, with the Ohio, 
 into the great highway of Western commerce. At present the shoals 
 near Florence present an obstacle to the continuous navigation of this 
 river. But, a few years will remove this obstacle, and by the assistance 
 of the United States Government, the States of Tennessee and Ala- 
 bama Avill soon see the Tennessee River opened to navigation from 
 Knoxville to the Ohio. The curve which is made by the Tennessee 
 brings it within thirty or forty miles at the nearest point (Gunter's 
 Landing) to a point upon the Coosa River — Gadsden. 
 
 The Coosa River is navigable from Rome, Ga., to Greensport, Ala- 
 bama, a distance of 160 miles. Below Greensport it is interrupted by 
 shoals, which prevent a continuous navigation, just as the Tennessee is 
 obstructed by the Muscle Shoals. The removal of obstructions in the 
 Coosa River, or rather the surmounting of obstructions, by slack-water 
 navigation, was brought to the attention of the country by President 
 John Quincy Adams. Since then it has failed to elicit public consider- 
 ation, until within the last ten years. Just before the war a survey was 
 made which demonstrated the entire feasibility of rendering the Coosa 
 navigable, and of connecting it with the waters of the Tennessee by a 
 short railroad of thirty or forty miles (possibly by a canal), thereby 
 giving, with that exception, and with the removal of Muscle Shoals, a con- 
 tinuous and short water line of communication from the hills and val- 
 leys of East Tennessee on the one side, and from the Ohio on the other, 
 to the waters of the Gulf at Mobile. At the session of the Alabama 
 Legislature of 1866, another survey of the Coosa was ordered, and was 
 carried out by Mr. Thos. Pearsall, with most satisfactory results. At 
 the session of the Legislature of 1868, after the reconstruction of the 
 State, Gov. Wm. II. Smith considered the question of opening the Coosa 
 
[42] 
 
 and Cahaba rivers, which flow into the Alabama, and the Warrior 
 River, which flows into the Tombigby, of such vital importance as afi'ect- 
 ing tlie mineral interests of the State, that he brought the matter before 
 the Assembly in a special message, and advised appropriations to be 
 made for special and thorough surveys. The Governor said : 
 
 " It is gratifying to know that capitalists abroad are anxiously seek- 
 ing information respecting the latent resources of Alabama, with a view 
 of determining the question of making investments to develop them. 
 
 " Special inquiry is now being made in reference to the practicability 
 of improving some of our rivers, so as to increase their navigable facil- 
 ities. Some of the richest iron mines and coal fields of the State are 
 situated on and near the upper Coosa, which is but partially navigable, 
 and the Cahaba and upper Warrior, which are not navigable at all. 
 
 " Capitalists who are inclined to invest in these mines and fields, very 
 naturally take into consideration the means of transporting their pro- 
 ducts to market. 
 
 "Hence the interest that is manifested in regard to the feasibility of 
 rendering those streams navigable. 
 
 " In making such surveys, much valuable information might be inci- 
 dentally collected, in regard to the mineral and other resources of the 
 reirions throujih which those streams flow. Our State abounds in rich 
 iron beds, and coal fields; they are already attracting the notice of cap- 
 italists, although the facts as to their real value are but imperfectly 
 known. 
 
 " With correct information properly disseminated, there is every rea- 
 son to believe that the requisite capital would be brought into the State 
 to open up communication with our mineral regions, either by improving 
 rivers or by railways. 
 
 " In any event we should do everything that is practicable to invite 
 capital among us. Much might be accomplished in this way by circu- 
 hiting reliable information respecting our material resources. 
 
 "For these general reasons I respectfully recommend an appropria- 
 tion of such amount as the General Assembly may deem proper, to be 
 applied to a survey of the rivers named, and the mineral regions con- 
 tif^uous to them. Capitalists abroad are frequently applying for infor- 
 mation in reference to those rivers and mines; and the object desired 
 is to collect it in an authentic form at as early a day as practicable." 
 
 In accordance with this recommendation, the Legislature provided 
 for proper surveys. When the surveys shall have been completed, and 
 the results made known, there will be every reason to believe that capi- 
 tal will be found ready to open up such valuable highways. 
 
Professor Tuomej, late geologist of the State, and Professor of Geology 
 and Natural History in the University of Alabama, in his imperfect sketch 
 of the geological formations of Alabama, gives us an account of her rivers, 
 "which, although brief, is Avorthy of notice as substantiating what has 
 been already said in this connection. After alluding to the anomalous 
 course of the Tennessee River, and to the fact that its complete naviga- 
 tion is interrupted by a fall of 85 feet over 15 miles of shoals, the Pro- 
 fessor proceeds to speak of the two arms of the great rivers which flow 
 from the mineral regions of North Alabama, through the cotton region 
 of South Alabama, and at last to the Gulf : 
 
 " The rivers that form the Coosa rise in the basin between the south- 
 ern extremities of the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies, in Georgia. The 
 Blue Ridge, as if determined not to sink down at once into obscurity, 
 has left a noble monument in that remarkable knob, the Stone Moun- 
 tain. Coosa, from its rise to Greensport, in Cherokee county, flows 
 along the strike of the rocks, and in a valley between the strata ; it meets 
 with scarcely any obstruction, and hence the remarkable phenomenon 
 which it presents of a river navigable for steamboats at both extrem- 
 ities, with the intermediate part an impracticable rapid. It will be seen 
 that between the places just named, the course of the river is northeast 
 and southwest ; at Greensport it turns directly south, and consequently 
 crosses the edge of the strata, so that where these are hard and inde- 
 structible, rapids occur ; but where limestone strata are crossed, a level 
 reach is found. This state of things continues for a distance of 180 
 miles to Wetumpka, where the mica slates of the metamorphic rocks 
 form the first obstruction and head of navigation. 
 
 " The navigation of a river 180 miles in length, passing through such 
 a country as that through which the Coosa passes, appears to me so 
 important a matter in connection with the prosperity of the State, that 
 its improvement should enter into any scheme of internal improvement 
 devised for its best interests. There are no formidable obstructions, 
 but such as arise from sudden bends and accumulations of gravel, that a 
 judicious expenditure of a few thousand dollars would not readily obviate. 
 "Between Wetumpka and the mouth of the Tallapoosa, the Coosa is 
 a beautiful river, with high banks and deep water. At the junction, an 
 accumulation of gravel takes place, which is the result of the lessening 
 suddenly of the transporting force of the two rivers, by which the materials 
 rolled onward by the streams are arrested in their progress, producing 
 a bar and serious obstruction to navigation, which can only be remedied 
 by the removal of the cause — that is, by making the streams to come 
 toirether at a more favorable angle. The obstructions below this are 
 
such as are common to all our rivers below the falls, resulting from 
 :ibrn];)t bends, sudden widening, submerged logs, over-hanging timber, etc. 
 
 " It will be seen at a glance on the map how completely the upper 
 ^V:l^l•ior conforms to the Warrior coal field. Rising on the verge of 
 the Tennessee, it runs rapidly over the coal measures of the basin, 
 v.hich it drains. The fall of the Warrior between its source and Tus- 
 caloosa is nearly 1,000 feet, or 5 feet in a mile, and between the latter 
 jilacc and ^Mobile the rivers that unite with the Warrior have a fall of 
 only 161 feet, or 5 inches a mile. It is for this reason that the_Warrior 
 rises, during floods, to the bight of 50 feet at Tuscaloosa; the water 
 being suddenly checked and unable to escape with the rapidity of the 
 rest of its course, it accumulates as it reaches Tuscaloosa. 
 
 " The obstructions in this river below the falls, and indeed in all the 
 rivers that flow over the greatly inclined cretaceous and tertiary plane 
 of the State, arise from deposits of gravel, sand, etc., that the river is 
 no longer able to push forward. I am inclined to think that our rivers 
 have become almost permanent, for certainly all the bars that I have 
 observed between Tuscaloosa and Dcmopolis have not changed their 
 form for years. From the yielding nature of the banks, such streams 
 are subject to deflections, producing sudden bends that become serious 
 obstructions. 
 
 " The great quantity of submerged timber is the result of the over- 
 flowing of the land by freshets, and the floating away of fallen trees ; 
 this, too, must have greatly diminished, and must still continue to 
 diminish. 
 
 " The convergence of the Alabama toward the Tombigby, is the 
 result of that dynamical law, " a body in motion will follow the line of 
 least resistance." The former stream flows along the loose sandy strata 
 that underlie the rotten limestone, until it reaches a low point in that 
 stratum, through which it passes to unite with the Tombigby, and form 
 the Mobile River. 
 
 " The rivers of Alabama, whether we consider them as one of the 
 great physical features of the State, or in an economical point of view, 
 are exceedingly interesting. There is scarcely any extensive and really 
 valuable agricultural tract in the State that has not its navi"-able 
 stream." 
 
[45] 
 
 IMPORTANCE TO ALABAMA OF THE COOSA RIVER. 
 
 Connecting Mobile with Korthivest Georgia — The Gulf, and the Tennes- 
 see united — PearsaWs report — The water power — The case of the 
 Schuylkill — The City of Fottsville — Cost of the toork — Deposits of coal 
 on the hanks — Iron — Timber — Fertile valleys, etc. 
 
 The opening of the Coosa River especially would be of untold advan- 
 tage to Alabama. It would bring to the markets of Montgomery and 
 Mobile a vast interior section of the State which now seeks an outlet 
 in Georgia. It would furnish the cotton belt of the State with cheap 
 grain and cheap fuel. It would supply the steam marine of the Gulf 
 with coal, as will be more fully shown hereafter, in connection with a 
 review of the minerals of the State. It would permit Mobile to com- 
 pete with New Orleans as a depot for the export of Western grain. It 
 would open up vast mines of iron and coal, which now lie useless upon 
 the very banks of the river. 
 
 The importance of this work consists not only in its opening up a 
 route cheaper than a railway, and against which no railway can com- 
 pete, for heavy and bulky freights of grain, iron, coal, and marble, 
 which will be furnished by the upland counties through which the river 
 flows ; but more especially in the splendid water power it will afford for 
 manufacturing sites. This continental route will also, as we have said, 
 permit Mobile to compete with New Orleans, as a grain depot for the 
 trade of Europe and South America. The people of the West have long 
 experienced the difficulty of shipping the cereals of the West to Europe 
 by way of the lakes and railways of the North, which are so frequently 
 frozen up for several months in the year. This difficulty has encouraged 
 the shipment of grain to Liverpool by way of New Orleans. The Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, during the last year, arranged a shipment of 
 10,000 quarters of corn daily, for the Mississippi River, in expectation 
 of orders from Europe for the purchase of corn at New Orleans, and 
 during the latter part of the year large orders were sent from New 
 York to purchase in interior Illinois and ship to Liverpool over New 
 Orleans. 
 
 There can be no doubt that New Orleans will become a grander depot 
 than she has ever yet been for the corn trade of the West with Europe. 
 Why should not Mobile become a similar depot ? With the Coosa 
 opened, and Avith a short railroad or canal, of 25 miles, connecting the 
 Coosa and Tennessee, and with the obstructions at Muscle Shoals over- 
 
[46] 
 
 • 
 come, there is no reason v;hj corn should not reach Mobile as cheaply 
 
 by vray of the Tennessee River and the Coosa as by Avay of the Missis- 
 sippi to New Orleans. Taking Cairo as the starting point, the depot 
 of the Central Illinois Railroad, we find that the distance by way of the 
 Mississippi to New Orleans is 1,050 miles. But by the route through 
 Alabama, from Cairo to Paducah is 48 miles ; from Paducah to Flor- 
 ence, Alabama, is 250 miles ; from Florence to Gunter's Landing, about 
 175 miles; 25 miles of railroad to the Coosa; from Gadsden to Greens- 
 port, about 30 miles ; from Greensport to Montgomery, 200 miles ; and 
 from Montgomery to Mobile, 333 miles — total from Cairo to Mobile, by 
 way of the Coosa River, 1,061 miles. It will be seen, therefore, that 
 the Coosa River offers as short aline to the Gulf as does the Mississippi 
 in point of distance, and much shorter in point of time, and far superior 
 in point of safety, for all points in the Northwest. Not only would 
 Alabama thus become a highway for a portion of the grain of the 
 Northwest, but, with the completion of this work, she would certainly 
 become the highway and afford the depot at Mobile for all exports from 
 both Eastern and Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Indeed, a mere glance at the map must satisfy every intelligent mind 
 that Alabama becomes the grand highway of the Mississippi Valley 
 tov.-ard the Gulf, so soon as she breaks through the barrier which some 
 convulsion of nature heaved up in the shape of the Apalachian range, 
 and which turned the Tennessee River from the course which it was 
 seeking toward the Gulf into an unnatural channel toward the North. 
 As the Coosa partially escaped the catastrophe, and broke over the 
 rocky barrier, a national work of untold importance will have been 
 accomplished so soon as Nature is aided to resume her first intentions 
 by connecting the waters of the Coosa and Tennessee artificially. There 
 is no doubt that the opening of the Coosa will do for Alabama what 
 De Witt Clinton's grand canal did for New York. 
 
 Mr. Pearsall, in his report of the survey of this river, which was 
 printed by order of the Legislature of 1868, declares that the Coosa 
 may be opened to navigation from its mouth to Rome, Georgia, for the 
 sum of ?2, 500,000, thereby connecting the ports of the Gulf with the 
 interior of Northern Georgia. 
 
 Mr. Pearsall says that " an examination of the valley of the Coosa, 
 from Rome, Georgia, to a point within forty-one miles of Wetumpka, a 
 distance by water of two hundred and fifty miles, establishes the fact 
 that the topographical features of the country are of surpassing beauty, 
 rich in soil, abounding in minerals, and other valuable commodities, 
 such as coal, iron, marble, and timber, all of ^vhich are of but little 
 
[47] 
 
 value to the owners and less to the State, owing to tlie fiict that none of 
 these can, by any means now afforded, be transported to market, unless 
 at an expense amounting to their value, or nearly so, when delivered. 
 
 " A section of the State thus bountifully supplied with the richest 
 minerals in profusion, coal of superior quality, marble equal in fineness 
 and beauty to the best Italian, timber, both pine and oak, of the best 
 quality, and in quantity sufiicient to furnish one hundred million of feet 
 per annum for export for one hundred years, may well attract the atten- 
 tion of the State. 
 
 " Were this productive agricultural valley a barren waste, destitute of 
 all vegetable productions except timber, wholly incapable of producing 
 any of the cereals, even then, to reach the coal and timber, should stim- 
 ulate the State to open the lower Coosa; not only as a source of annual 
 revenue to its treasury, but for the benefit of the State at large, as it 
 would add millions of wealth to its citizens. 
 
 " These tM'o commodities are now worthless, except for the limited lo- 
 cal demand along the valley ; both would, in the event of the river being 
 opened, become valuable as articles of export. 
 
 " Coal could be delivered at Mobile at a price not exceeding five dol- 
 lars per ton, and sawed lumber, equal to the lumber of Florida, would 
 find its way to the Gulf in large quantities annually. 
 
 " But the Coosa valley is not a barren waste. From Rome, Georgia, 
 to a point within forty-one miles of Wetumpka, it is not surpassed in its 
 agricultural capabilities by any section of the State. 
 
 "The opening of the lower Coosa to navigation, would invite immi- 
 gration in great numbers; land would increase in price five fold, and 
 that section would soon become the most populous and wealthy in the 
 State. Water transit from Rome, Georgia, to Mobile, would command 
 thousands of tons of freight from the northwestern counties of Georgia, 
 and even Tennessee would contribute to swell the tonnage seeking the 
 Gulf ports as a market." 
 
 Mr. Pearsall proceeds in his report to describe the bearings of this 
 proposed work upon the commerce of the upper Tennessee River, to 
 which allusion has already been made, and concludes that, even should 
 the Muscle Shoals be surmounted, and the valley of the upper Tennes- 
 see prefer an outlet by way of the Mississippi River, the commerce of 
 the Coosa valley would alone be sufficient to justify the cost of the work. 
 He says : 
 
 " But, not looking to Georgia or Tennessee for one pound of freight, 
 it may be confidently asserted that the valley of the Coosa contains 
 within itself all the commodities, in great abundance, sought for by cap- 
 
[48] 
 
 italists looking to profits from investments in railroads, canals, and slack- 
 ■watcr navigation. 
 
 "Forty-seven years ago, a company of gentlemen, in the city of Phil- 
 adelphia, conceived the idea, and immediately acted upon it, to so im- 
 prove the river Schuylkill, from Philadelphia to the coal fields in the 
 mountains, distant from the city 108 miles, by means of dams and locks, 
 that boats of forty tons capacity could pass them. At that period, 1820, 
 no city of Pottsville had an existence only on paper, where now, and 
 for twenty-five years, a city with more than double the population of 
 Montgomery, nearly all miners, occupies the slopes of the mountains. 
 
 "In 1820, there were not ten thousand inhabitants within thirty miles 
 in any direction of where the city of Pottsville now graces tlie moun- 
 tain slopes. At that time there was no demand for coal in the cities or 
 elsewhere, as but few understood its qualities as a fuel. This company, 
 however, had a survey of the river made, and the fall from its head 
 waters, where the city of Pottsville now stands, to Philadelphia, was 
 found to be 610 feet, and the distance 108 miles. 
 
 " The original cost of this work was §2,500,000— equal to §5,000,000 
 at the present time. It was soon discovered that the demand for coal 
 exceeded the capacity of the boats employed, and that of the locks 
 to pass them. The locks were enlarged, and higher and more sub- 
 stantial dams were constructed, so that boats of 150 tons burthen 
 could pass them — at an expense of $4,000,000. The capital stock was 
 divided into shares of §50 00 each. The work was completed in 1825, 
 and for the first ten years thereafter, the shares commanded in the mar- 
 ket about par ; they then began to rise in value, and continued to rise 
 until a share of §50 commanded from §170 to §175. 
 
 " This stock has long since disappeared from the stock quotations, not 
 being sold unless in cases where heirs to an estate wish to realize cash. 
 
 " This slack-water navigation penetrated a wild, mountainous, and 
 barren region, almost destitute of timber and minerals, but it abounded 
 in coal, and it was to reach that deposit by water transit, that the 
 Schuylkill Navigation Company expended some §7,000,000." 
 
 Mr, Pearsall continues as follows : 
 
 " The Tennessee River has been alluded to in this report, as one of 
 the routes looking to the Gulf ports as a market, and I have endeavored 
 to show that freights from that valley will tend strongly to the shorter 
 and better route by the way of the Coosa and Alabama rivers. 
 
 " The Ohio has also been noticed, not with a view to prove that the 
 Coosa improvements would draw freight from that quarter, but to show 
 that that river, OAving to the topography of its 1 nnlcs and the character 
 
[49] 
 
 of its bed, can never be improved so as to render it navigable in low 
 water. 
 
 " On its banks, and adjacent thereto, immense deposits of coal exist. 
 Can that coal reach the Gulf ports and compete with Alabama coal? 
 In the present state of that river, competition need not be feared — its 
 navigation is obstructed by ice at least three months of the year, and by 
 low water three or four months more. It may therefore be safely assert- 
 ed that the Alabama coal fields can supply the commerce of the Gulf 
 ^ith coal without any serious competition for all coming time, unless 
 some mode is discovered, not now known to science or the mechanic 
 arts, which shall surpass in speed and cheapness the present modes of 
 transportation. 
 
 " Slack- water lines of transportation will undoubtedly be required at 
 no distant day, on other rivers in the State, beside the Coosa. Tho 
 Schuylkill slack-water line from Philadelphia to Pottsville, was alluded 
 to simply to present a case in point, touching the contemplated improve- 
 ment of the lower Coosa. The former relies on coal alone, while the 
 latter has not only coal, but iron, timber, etc., in abundance, together 
 with a most productive country in all the cereals, for a distance of two 
 hundred and fifty miles through which it passes." 
 
 IMPORTANCE TO ALABAMA OF THE CAHABA RIYER. 
 
 Opening of the Cahaha — Views of W. 0. Bihh — The tonnage of the 
 Schuylkill — Bihh coimty — Extent of coalfields — Practicahility of open- 
 ing — Relation to Mohile — Cost of the work — Cost of making ing iron — 
 Necessity for cheap transportation^ etc. 
 
 During the session of the Alabama Legislature of 1868, a bill being 
 before that body asking State aid toward the opening of the Cahaba 
 River to navigation, the following interesting facts, in support of the 
 proposition, were published in the Mobile journals, in a series of letters 
 from W. C. Bibb, Esq., of Montgomery, an old citizen, who is thoroughly 
 acquainted with the resources of Alabama : 
 
 " The quantity of coal mined in Alabama is supposed to be 25,000 
 or 30,000 tons per annum and increasing. The quantity, though small, 
 should not discourage us. 
 
 " The Pottsville, Shamokin, Leheigh and Wyoming coal regions of 
 Pennsylvania, sent to market as follows : 
 
[50] 
 
 1820 365 tons. 1850 3,321,126 tons. 
 
 1S30 174,734 " 1860 8,143,928 " 
 
 1840 864,584 " 1868 11,000,000 " 
 
 Pig iron in round numbers: 
 
 1820 54,000 tons. 1850 600,000 tons. 
 
 1830 165,000 " 1860 884,474 " 
 
 1840 347,000 " 1864 1,200,000 " 
 
 " The report of the Engineer of the Schuylkill Navigation Company 
 for 1844, says, 'that the tonnage of the Schuylkill valley is a million of 
 tons annually,' and adds : ' This is a tonnage so immense that it is difficult 
 for the mind to form an adequate idea of it.' And yet in 1867 it amounted 
 to eleven millions of tons. Again : ' For several years after the naviga- 
 tion was brought into use, each boat carried about 25 tons,' but now 
 ('44) 'they carry sixty tons, and the boats are drawn, by horses.' With 
 a boat carrying 60 tons, conveyed by horse power, seventy-five cents 
 per ton is found to be a fair price for freight from Pottsville to Phila- 
 delphia, and it included the cost of unloading. 
 
 " In 1844 there were one hundred locks and dams to impede the pas- 
 sage of boats and add to the cost, in 108 miles. The number has since 
 been reduced to 71, by raising their hight. By looking at Professor 
 Tuomey's Geological Map of this State, you will see that the Cahaba 
 River enters the coal measures about six miles by land, above Centre- 
 ville, in Bibb county. This county, I am assured by Mr. Graham, who 
 was the assistant of Mr. Tuomey, is the richest in mineral wealth in this 
 State, and our recent surveys fully confirm this opinion. The surveys 
 have been made at our individual expense, running through the past 
 two years, and have been confined mostly to a geological examination, 
 and I have no doubt is the most accurate ever made of any portion of 
 the State, showing the seams of coal exactly through the various sec- 
 tions of land, and the deposits of iron, marble, etc., all of which are 
 found to exist in beds or scams of unusual thickness. There are 14 
 seams throughout the field of 300 square miles, underlying each other, 
 and by deeper penetration many other scams may be found. 
 
 " With regard to the river, we have only satisfied ourselves that it 
 can be opened at a small comparative cost. The measurements have 
 been confined to about thirty miles of the stream, commencing at Cen- 
 treville and going up. Below that point, the fall we suppose to be the 
 same with the Alabama from Wetumpka, and the Warrior, from Tusca- 
 loosa. Each of those towns are situated at the first shoals, and the 
 two latter are at the same elevation with them. The fiill is about five 
 inches to the mile. Above Centreville the fall is about nineteen inclics 
 
[51] 
 
 for the first ten miles (per mile). This region is capahle of supplying 
 any demand that may be made upon it for coal, iron and marble ; and I 
 would here remark that the handsomest marble I ever saw came from this 
 section, and seemed to be composed originally of small shells chrystal- 
 ized, giving it, when polished, the appearance of a beautiful painting. 
 
 " Cheap coal and cheap iron will build up any city situated as Mobife is, 
 with the facilities for shipment to any part of the world. There are also in- 
 cidental advantages far beyond the market value of these articles in their 
 crude state, which accrue from their affording the means of manufactur- 
 ing. Pittsburg, with a population of 150,000 inhabitants^ is situated 
 two thousand miles, by way of the Mississippi River, from the Gulf, and 
 with only seven months within which to ship her products, has been 
 built up and sustained by coal and iron. Perhaps you may be surprised 
 to learn that much of the iron she manufactures and sends to Mobile 
 and other Southern markets is made from ore transported from Lake 
 Superior and from Pilot Knob, in Missouri. The ore from Missouri is 
 brought from one hundred miles inland to the Mississippi River, then down 
 that river and up the Ohio River twelve hundred miles to her wharves, 
 where it is manufactured into bar, pig and castings, and is then sent 
 forth to market. Coal is delivered at Louisville, a distance of 46G 
 23-100 miles, at $1.12 per ton, and this includes the return of barges 
 to Pittsburg. The Pennsylvanians have opened the Schuylkill River to 
 navigation at a cost of §12,000,000, by means of seventy-one locks and 
 dams and forty miles of canal, on which horse power is used ; and such 
 is the scarcity of water that large reservoirs have been built to save it 
 for use at many of the locks on the upper portion of the stream. They 
 have thus overcome a fall of 618 feet in 108 13-100 miles; yet, notwith- 
 standing all these difficulties and delays, coal is brought the entire 
 length of the navigation at §1.08 per ton. Now, compare these rates of 
 freight by water with the cost by railroad. The Reading Railroad, which 
 had a double track and all the appliances for a first-class coal road, car- 
 ries coal 93 miles for §2.18 per ton. The stock in the Schuylkill Com- 
 pany is worth §210 per share of §100, while that of the Reading Rail- 
 road is scarcely at par. The Cahaba River can be opened for about 
 §1,000,000 to perpetual navigation. The Schuylkill cost §12,000,000, 
 and is frozen up four months in the year. There is but little doubt 
 that coal and iron might be delivered in Mobile at §1 per ton freight. 
 It would cost §1.25 per ton to mine the coal, aggregating §2.50 on the 
 wharves of your city. The consumption of coal in and around the Gulf 
 of Mexico is about 2,000,000 ton per annum, and rapidly increasing as 
 steamers increase. The number of screw propellers built last year, as 
 
[52] ^ 
 
 compared with sail vessels, was in proportion ofl80 per cent, of the former 
 to 30 per cent, of the latter. At this rate of increase, there ^YOuld be in a 
 few years a demand for 10,000,000 tons of coal in the Gulf. "With a 
 constant supply of cheap coal, ^Mobile would monopolize the entire coal, 
 trade of that Gulf, and build herself up into an immense manufacturing 
 city, supplying South America, the islands of the Gulf, and if a ship canal 
 were built across the Isthmus, there would be no limit to her markets. 
 
 "Mr. Noble, of Rome, told me a few days since that it cost him ^IS 
 per ton to make pig iron. Mr. Thomas, of Pennsylvania, told me that 
 it cost him §22 per ton in Leheigh county, Pennsylvania, and $5 freight 
 to New York. On the Cahaba lliver, coal, iron and lime may be found 
 in juxtaposition, while in Pennsylvania they are brought from remote 
 and opposite directions to a common center and manufactured. Hence 
 the difference in the cost of manufacturing. You can not suppose that 
 Pittsburg can bring her ore from Missouri, up stream 1,200 miles, and 
 compete with Cahaba in its manufacture into pig iron. Suppose it cost 
 813 to make pig iron on Cahaba ; if that river were opened it could be 
 freighted to Mobile for §1 and to New York for §4. This would be §18 
 per ton versus Pennsylvania iron at same place at $27 per ton. The ca- 
 pacity of the Cahaba for transportation would be equal to 10,000,000 
 tons per annum. 
 
 " But suppose the 2,000,000 tons of coal and 1,000,000 of iron were 
 sent to the Mobile market, this would be more by 50 per cent, than the 
 value of the whole cotton crop of Alabama. If this was accomplished, 
 your meetings of citizens would be, not to inquire into the causes of her 
 financial prostration, but to form stock companies to manufacture iron 
 in its various] shapes, cotton, wool, etc., such would be the extent of 
 the accumulations of her citizens. Now a very liberal charter 
 has been obtained for the opening of the Cahaba River, and if "Mo- 
 bile will raise $400,000 cash it will insure the accomplishment of the 
 enterprise. This river penetrates the Cahaba coal field one hundred 
 miles, for which distance the coal may be seen at every bend jutting 
 from its banks. A survey of the adjacent country develops the fact 
 that seams of coal 12 feet thick and beds of iron, both of superior qual- 
 ity, from 50 to 100 feet thick may be found. Marble and other stone 
 exist in great abundance. A railroad can not accomplish the develop- 
 ment of the mineral region, for the reason that these heavy, cheap ma- 
 terials can not be transported at a rate so low as will compete with for- 
 eign coal in the Gulf, and there is the only market worthy of notice, the 
 interior demand being too small to pay for working a mine. 
 
[53 
 
 IMPORTANCE TO ALABAMA OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 
 
 Muscle Sfioals — Report of U. S. Engineer — Navigation of the Upper 
 Tennessee — Its tributaries — Advantages of this section — 3Iineral ivealth 
 — Emery coal — A Coosa canal — Early and cheap wheat — Ojnnion of 
 General Weitzel — Chattanooga Convention of 1869 — Views of General 
 Wilder — Harmony, etc. 
 
 By a glance at the map it will be seen that the Tennessee River passes 
 from east to west through the entire breadth of North Alabama. The 
 valley through which it passes is one of the most fertile and healthy in 
 America. Unfortunately the navigation of this stream is interrupted 
 by Muscle Shoals. Should those Shoals be surmounted, and we believe 
 that the prospect is promising for speedy action in the matter by Con- 
 gress and by the States interested, the valley of the Upper Tennessee, 
 throughout the entire breadth of the cotton fields of Alabama, which 
 lie upon its banks, and up into the valleys and hills of East Tennessee, 
 would be thrown open to the commerce of the West. 
 
 The attention of the Government has been dii^ected to the improve- 
 ment of this river, from time to time during the last 40 years.. In 
 1832, Congress voted the State of Alabama 400,000 acres of public 
 lands to improve the navigation of the Tennessee with a canal round 
 the Muscle Shoals. These lands proved insufficient, and we learn 
 thit)ugh the official reports of surveyors to the Engineer Bureau iji 
 Washington that these Shoals remain now as they were then — passable 
 by steamers for only " three or 'four weeks in the year," and then ex- 
 ceedingly dangerous, and this, notwithstanding that for 300 miles 
 thence up to Knoxville there is water enough during nine months an- 
 nually, for steamers drawing three feet. 
 
 " From Brown's ferry," say these Reports, " a majestic river, broad, 
 deep, and with gentle current at all times, is seen stretching for 100 
 miles above, through a valley abounding in the latent elements of pros- 
 perity; a river which, in this distance, is seldom seen to bear on its 
 bosom a pellicle of ice, and a country whose climate is so genial that 
 wheat is ripe for harvest by the time the green blades in the North- 
 western States emerge from the snow. 
 
 " Yet, with this favorable combination of natural resources, the valley 
 languishes for want of a cheap transportation to market; and this por- 
 
[54] 
 
 tion of the river, fur purposes of constant and certain navigation, is 
 as sealed as thougli the river had no outlet to the Mississippi valley." 
 
 Indeed, steamers of that draft can go for six months during the year 
 OS high up as Kingsport, or the boat-yard on the Holston, and this river 
 is so gentle in its descents, so free of dangerous rapids, that the people 
 of East Tennessee were formerly supplied with salt, brought down in 
 flat-boats from the salt works of Abingdon, Virginia. 
 
 The removal of these Shoals would also enable through boats of two 
 feet draft, for six months of the year, to ascend above Knoxville 100 
 jiiilos up the Little Tennessee, 153 up the Clinch, 75 up the Hiawassee, 
 125 miles up the French Broad, and 50 miles up Powel's River. 
 
 In short, the engineer adds : " There are 925 miles of natural naviga- 
 tion above the Muscle Shoals, with only three weeks precarious outlet 
 at Muscle Shoals to the Lower Tennessee and Mississippi valley, from 
 a region of whose drainage into the Tennessee embraces 15,000 square 
 miles." 
 
 The navigation of these six tributaries can, he says, be easily im- 
 proved still higher up from the above-named points, viz: that of the 
 Holston, to the Virginia Salt Works ; that of the Clinch, 50 miles ; 
 that of the Hiawassee, 100 miles; that of the French Broad, 100 miles, 
 or as far as Ashville, North Carolina, and that of Bowel's River, 50 
 miles ; making a total length of inland navigation above the Muscle 
 Shoals of 1,300 milrs. 
 
 In the regions thus watered and drained, and shut up from the great 
 commercial highways of the country, this Report and the Survey of 
 the Tennessee river goes on to say that there " wheat matures six weeks 
 earlier than in the Northwestern States, and brings the highest price 
 in the New Yoi-k market. While the Northwestern farmer has a rigor- 
 ous winter to contend with, which compels him to house and feed his 
 stock for six months in the year, stock can graze all winter in North 
 Alabama, thus saving the farmer the labor of providing for it. The 
 Northwestern farmer, moreover, has only six months in the year in 
 which the weather will permit him to provide for his wants in the win- 
 tor; while there is hardly a day in the year when the North Alabama 
 farmer can not till his grounds. 
 
 " These advantages of this section of the country over the North- 
 west must have their weight; and when it is more generally known that 
 the climate invites the farmer here, which permits the Malaga grape, 
 the fi'^ and pomegranate, to flourish in the open air in the vicinity of 
 Chattanooga and Huntsville — a climate which has neither the rigorous 
 winters of the North, nor the feverish summers of the extreme South — 
 
[55] 
 
 immigration must be turned to the Tennessee valley. Its mild, uniform 
 climate, fertile soil, pure air, and abundant water, its educational and 
 social advantages, and a liberal policy to be pursued by large land- 
 holders, are points not to be disregarded by those seeking homes. 
 
 " The mineral wealth of the tributaries of the Tennessee River " — 
 continues engineer Gaw, in his oflScial report — "is no less than the 
 agricultural resources of its valley. This region is fast becoming 
 known to the people of the country as one of the richest sections in 
 mineral deposits in the United States ; while its merits as a stock- 
 growing country are illustrated by the fact that from it both armies 
 subsisted for nearly two years during the late war. 
 
 " With the opening of the Tennessee at Muscle Shoals, Emery River 
 coal could be delivered at Decatur, Alabama, for 24 cents per bushel, 
 and at Paducah, Kentucky, for 27 cents, without any interruption from 
 the ice to the trade. 
 
 "According to the census of 1860, the amount of coal mined in 
 Tennessee was 3,-174,100 tons, fully three-fourths of which were from 
 the Upper Tennessee, at Florence, Alabama. This trade would, in the 
 course of time, receive another feeder from the mountains of Alabama, 
 30 miles from the river, where the coal is of a superior quality." 
 
 The Engineer here refers to the propriety of cutting a canal from 
 the Tennessee to the Coosa River, which flows southward through the 
 mountains to the Gulf, and very appropriately styles the Coosa, with 
 such a canal connection, one of the feeders of the Tennessee. 
 
 He goes on to say that, with the opening up of the river, wheat could 
 be transported to New Orleans for 20 cents per bushel, and thence to 
 New York, making 32 cents from the Tennessee valley to New York, 
 while freight from Dubuque, Iowa, to New York by rail is 68 cents, 
 which the western farmers are now compelled to pay. 
 
 The report from which these interesting extracts are given, was made 
 by Col. W. B. Gaw, Civil Engineer, under the direction of Maj.-Gen. 
 Weitzel, U. S. A. Gen. "Weitzel, in transmitting the report to Wash- 
 ington, indorses the recommendation for the construction of a canal 
 around Muscle Shoals, in the following language : '' 
 
 "In addition to the many good reasons given in the appended report 
 for making the improvement at this time, and to those which have been 
 given by the many able men who have reported on this subject in forty 
 years, there occurs to me that not only would a work be done which 
 should have been done years ago, but which would have repaid the 
 Government a large interest. 
 
 "I am perfectly confident if the distingui.-lifd soldiers who com- 
 
[56] 
 
 raanded our armies operating along the line of this river during the late 
 ■vvar, should be called upon to testify in this raatter, that it Avould be 
 found that enough money would have been saved to the quartermaster's 
 department by an improved river, in one campaign, to have trebly paid 
 the expense of doing the work." 
 
 General Humphreys, in transmitting the report to Congress, urges 
 the improvement strenuously, saying : " The Elk llivcr Shoals, the two 
 Muscle Shoals, and Gilbert's Shoals, all between Brown's Ferry, thirty- 
 five miles above Florence and Waterloo, thirty miles below it, constitute 
 the only formidable obstructions on the river below Chattanooga, and, 
 if overcome, Avould open a navigation for nine months in the year 
 throughout the whole length of the Tennessee River, and upon its trib- 
 utaries. All other impediments are not insurmountable at most stages 
 of the water." 
 
 The strength of the popular demand for the improvement of the Ten- 
 nessee River — manifested during the past forty years, by resolutions 
 of the Legislatures of Tennessee and Alabama, urging the action of 
 Congress, by repeated surveys of the river under the acts of Congress 
 in response to the demands of the people, and by insufficient appropri- • 
 ations by the General Government for the removal of the obstructions 
 at the Muscle Shoals — has been increasing to the exact ratio to the 
 development of the resources of the country, until within the past two 
 years the enterprise has secured its indorsement as a national one by 
 the great River Convention held at St. Louis, in 1866, as well as by the 
 Merchants' National Convention of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 
 1868 ; of the National Board of Trade at Cincinnati, in 1868, and of the 
 great Liternational Direct Trade Convention, held in Norfolk, Virginia, 
 14th of October, 1868, and through a popular convention, in Chatta- 
 nooga, March 18, 1868 — February 24, 1869. Through repeated reso- 
 lutions of the Legislatures of Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, through 
 the press of all parties, the people have urged upon Congress the neces- 
 sity foi: this great work of internal improvement, until appropriations 
 were granted in 1868 for the survey of the river,'and for the removal 
 of a few comparatively trivial obstructions in the upper and lower river. 
 
 The recent Convention of the States peculiarly interested in this 
 Avork, held at Chattanooga, in February 1869, urged upon Congress to 
 complete the work so auspiciously begun. At that Convention a. few 
 remarks were made by General "Wilder, late of the Federal army, and 
 commander of the famous Wilder's Cavalry, who is now engaged in man- 
 ,uf\icturing iron, just beyond the Alabama line, on the upper Tennessee. 
 
 It is interesting to note the opinions of such a man as General \\i\- 
 
[57] 
 
 ilcr, as evidence not only of the importance of the work, but also as 
 evidence of the advantages of North Alabama, and of the condition of 
 the people. The report of his remarks, as published in a letter to the 
 Cincinnati Commercial, is as follows : 
 
 " General Wilder began by saying that he could not make a speech, 
 that he never had been a public speaker and never expected to, but that 
 he, could build furnaces and make iron. He said that about two years 
 a;zo he came to this section in search of health, and his attention had 
 been arrested by the immense amount of marble, iron ore and coal 
 which he found every-where among the mountains. He took a course, 
 and with a trusty companion journeyed down the Tennessee for a distance 
 of over two hundred miles, stopping every few miles to examine the 
 country. He became satisfied that it was the greatest mineral country 
 in the world, and returning home he associated a few gentlemen of means 
 with him, and they had gone to work and met with success far beyond 
 their expectations. The}'- were now digging hundreds of thousands of 
 bushels of coal from their mines, and turning out immense quantities of 
 the very best iron. He compared the expense of the Pittsburg iron 
 manufactories with his own, showing what great advantages this coun- 
 try possesses over the manufacturing districts of Pennsylvania, in the 
 cheapness of labor and provisions, and the salubrity of the climate. 
 Tennessee River, said he, will never be closed by ice, and if we can only 
 get the obstructions removed, he continued, it will float more "wealth 
 than the Ohio. 
 
 "The General then referred to his experience in the South, saying 
 that if a man would only half way behave himself here, he would find 
 no difficulty whatever on account of politics or place of birth. ^ I 
 came from Indiana,' said the General, ' and I have never been treated 
 better anywhere, nor by any people, than here in Tennessee, and by the 
 people of Tennessee.' His speech was delivered in a conversational 
 way, and I never yet have seen a speaker who held his audience as 
 spell-bound as did General Wilder. At the conclusion, he was greeted 
 with the most tremendous applause. Colonel Cox, of Huntsville, arose, 
 and said that General Wilder had started out by saying that he could not 
 make a speech; 'yet,' said Colonel Cox, 'I have heard thousands of 
 speeches in the United States, and in foreign countries, but I never 
 heard so good a speech as the one just delivered by General Wilder.'' 
 He appealed to the Convention to sustain him in this, and they did so 
 with a will. To-night General Wilder's praise is in everybody's mouthy 
 and as I hurriedly write, I hear two ex-rebels wishing that there were 
 a thousand more Wildors up North who would come down here. 
 
[58] 
 
 "General O'Neil, of Alabama, \Nas next called for, and delivered an 
 eloquent address. He spoke of General Wilder as liis friend — ' though,' 
 said he, ' I have never spoken to him in my life, nor ever saw him ho- 
 fore, yet all such men as he are my friends, and the friends of every 
 man in the South.'" 
 
 TPIE ALABAMA WATER LINE. 
 
 A canal from the Coosa io tlie Tennessee — Its pracficahiliiy — Opinion 
 of 3Iatthew F. Maury — Testimony of 31. H, CruiJcshanJcs — Vietvs of 
 Engineer Gaiv — Vast importance of the line — Connection of Mobile 
 toith the West — Connection ivith Virginia — Superiority over other 
 lines, etc. 
 
 Germane to the question of completing the navigation of the Ten- 
 nessee, it is proper to allude to the declaration made by Colonel Gaw, 
 in his report to General Weitzel, that a canal of thirty or forty miles, 
 from the Tennessee to the Coosa, would make the latter stream a feeder 
 to the former. 
 
 It has already been shown that the opening of the Tennessee and of 
 the Coosa, at an insignificant expense in comparison with the results 
 which would follow, would bring the navigation of those streams within 
 a few miles of each other. By breaking through the obstruction with 
 a short canal, there would be uninterrupted navigation by a cheap water 
 line, from the most distant regions of the Northwest to the safe and 
 commodious harbor of lower Mobile Bay. And again, there would be 
 water navigation from Mobile Bay to the salt-works of Virginia. 
 
 The question of opening up this grand "Alabama Water Line" as a 
 highway from the cis-Mississippi Valley to the Gulf, and from the cot- 
 ton fields of Alabama to Norfolk, by way of the James River and Kan- 
 awha Canal, has been urged upon public attention for the past few 
 years. Until lately, however, it has not been known whether there was 
 a practicable route for a canal between the two streams. But now the 
 report of Colonel Gaw, and a subsequent report of Commodore Maury, 
 t'o the Superintendent of the Virginia ^lilitary Institute, respecting the 
 commercial advantages of Virginia, leave no doubt of the practicability 
 of such a water-line. 
 
 The opinion of so distinguished a geographer as Maury, would be 
 alone sufficient to stamp the suggestion as of supreme importance. But 
 
[59] 
 
 his opinion is confirmed bj the testimony of those who are acquainted 
 with the topography of the State, from actual observation. 
 
 The Talladega Reporter, published in the mountain region of Alabama, 
 and edited by Hon. M. H. Cruikshaixk, a gentleman of intelligence and 
 thoroughly conversant with the history and resources of that portion of 
 Alabama, has the following reference to the subject: 
 
 " It is perhaps not generally known that Wills' Creek, one of the tribu- 
 taries of the Coosa River, has its source within a mile of the Tennessee 
 River, and that the intervening space is comparatively level. Old set- 
 tlers have all insisted that the waters of the Tennessee River miirht be 
 brought through to the Coosa by way of Wills' Creek, at comparatively 
 small cost. What a grand idea there is in that suggestion ! Think of 
 boats loading away up in East Tennessee, on the borders of Virginia or 
 Western North Carolina, and coming down the Coosa, thence to the Ala- 
 bama and on to Mobile ! What a line of trade ! How much undevel- 
 oped wealth would be brought to light? How many towns would be 
 built up, and what teeming hives of industry would spring into life!" 
 
 Colonel Gaw alludes to this " Alabama Water Line " in his report, as 
 follows : 
 
 " In examining on the map the anomalous course of the Tennessee 
 River, it is observed to approach very closely to the rivers of the Gulf 
 slope. 
 
 " At Guntersville the distance between the Tennessee and Coosa 
 rivers at Gadsden, is only 45 miles." (The distance by a straight line 
 from Gunter's Landing to Gadsden is not more than 25 miles, though the 
 navigable waters of the Coosa and Tennessee approach still more 
 closely.) 
 
 " As the obstructions of the islands below Gadsden, on the Coosa, 
 will be surmounted in time, it becomes an interesting question as to 
 whether a water connection by canal can be made between the Tennes- 
 see and Coosa rivers at Guntersville and Gadsden, thus making a direct 
 water communication from the Tennessee valley to the Gulf. 
 
 " The topography of this part of the country indicates the feasibility 
 of this work, and from the records of the Gadsden and Guntersville 
 Railway survey ( 32 miles in length ) sufficient data might be obtained to 
 determine the magnitude of the undertaking, but the commercial advan- 
 tages that would attend the construction of this work are so great as to 
 demand an examination of the country with this special view. 
 
 " Another locality inviting attention is that between Ashville, North 
 Carolina, mentioned as the head of future slack-water navigation on the 
 French, Broad, and Catawba rivers, in North Carolina, emptying into 
 
[60] 
 
 the Atlantic Ocean. This tlistance is about 40 miles. No opinion can 
 yet be advanced as to the practicability of this enterprise, but it is en- 
 ticletl to notice in this bird's-eye view of the Tennessee Valley. 
 
 '• It is by such a broad and comprehensive view of the subject that is 
 obtained a proper estimate of the interests involved in the removal of 
 liic difficulties to navigation as Muscle Shoals. 
 
 " These interests are not confined to the Tennessee Valley, but may 
 in time be made to afi'ect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, for the impetus 
 which would be given to commerce and trade in the Tennessee Valley 
 by this improvement, would demand the shack- water improvement of its 
 tributaries pointed out, and then, in time, as the country became fully 
 developed, would lead to the consummation of a direct connection by 
 water of the Tennessee Valley and the waters of the Atlantic and 
 Gulf." 
 
 The comprehensive view taken by Colonel Gaw in his report is com- 
 mented upon approvingly, and expanded upon, by Commodore Mathew 
 F. Maury, in a recent preliminary report upon a " Physical Survey of 
 Virginia." The report is published from the '* Office of Physical Sur- 
 vey," of the Lexington (Virginia) Military Institute. 
 
 Commodore Maury says : 
 
 " The physical geography and climates of Virginia admit of a route 
 (between the Atlantic and the IMississippi Valley), which, better than 
 any other, satisfies these requirements, and completely fulfills these con- 
 ditions — (cheapness in peace and safety in war). 
 
 "The former admit, and the latter call, for two great national routes, 
 each consisting, one temporarily, the other permanently, perhaps, of a 
 rail and a water line between the tide-water harbors of Virginia and the 
 navigable tributaries of tlie Mississippi and Alabama rivers. 
 
 " Each of these routes is partly completed, one leading from tide- 
 water to the Southwest, and which it is proposed now to extend down 
 the Holston into the Tennessee, and down this stream to the Ohio River, 
 with a branch at Gunter's Landing, through the Coosa Canal and the 
 Alabama River to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 " The other route leads to the Northwest, and consists of the James 
 River and Kanawha Canal as its water line, and the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Railroad as its iron way. The latter I'oute has been full}'- described, 
 the former has been merely alluded to. 
 
 " The Coosa and the Tennessee route call for the completion forth- 
 with of improvements required to give uninterrupted steamboat naviga- 
 
[61] 
 
 tion from the Gulf of Mexico througli the Alabama and the Coosa into 
 the Tennessee, and thence into Virginia. 
 
 "A company has been incorporated for improving the navigation of 
 the Coosa River, so as to open it for steamboats from Rome, in Georgia, 
 via the Alabama River to Mobile. A canal has also been proposed, to 
 pass steamboats from the Coosa over into the Tennessee at Gunter's 
 Landing. These two rivers approach each other within 25 miles. I am 
 not aware that any surveys have been made for a canal across this 
 isthmus. But be its topography never so difficult, the work is a national 
 necessity, and therefore sooner or later must be built. The practicability 
 of all the other parts and links in these two routes, has been determined 
 by actual examination and survey. A corps of United States engineers 
 is, at the national expense, now improving the navigation of the Ten- 
 nessee River for steamers of 750 tons, from its mouth to Chattanooga. 
 The extension of these improvements thence to Saltville, in Virginia ; 
 the construction thence of a double-track freighting railway to the 
 James River Canal at Lynchburg, are the improvements called for in 
 this direction. They are required to furnish the majority of the people 
 in the Gulf States with a cheaper and shorter route in peace than any 
 they now have to the Atlantic seaboard, and with a safe one in war. 
 
 " These links being complete, they will form a composite line of rail- 
 way, river and canal, of 874 miles between Hampton Roads and the 
 great Southern bend of the Tennessee River at Gunter's Landing, in 
 Alabama. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, with connections ex- 
 tending to the Gulf of Mexico, to the Mississippi River, to the Cum- 
 berland and Ohio, lies along this route, and though but a single track, 
 it is already competing with other routes for the transportation of cot- 
 ton from points as far distant as Memphis and Selma, delivering it in 
 Norfolk as cheaply as by existing routes it is carried to New York." 
 
 Commodore Maury continues : " There is at present natural naviga- 
 bility from Mobile up the Alabama River to Wetumpka, on the Coosa ; 
 here the ledge, which crops out to form the Muscle Shoals of the Ten- 
 nessee, interrupts navigation and forms a portage of 180 miles; after 
 which the river again becomes navigable, and steamers ply on it regu- 
 larly thence to Rome, Georgia. A canal over from the Coosa to the 
 Tennessee would open an inland communication between the Chesa- 
 peake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, that would be of the utmost im- 
 portance in war. 
 
 " It would be from Montgomery and Mobile almost as direct as an 
 air-line, with only 176 miles of railway, and that a national double 
 
[62] 
 
 track for the accommodation of trade in peace, the speedy transporta- 
 tion of supplies and munitions and troops in war. 
 
 " Rather than risk the dangers of the Florida Pass, shippers in Mobile 
 now prefer 160 miles of rail from Cedar Keys to Fernaiidina, in Flor- 
 ida, with a delay of several days and all the expense, loss and incon- 
 venience involved in two transhipments — one from ship to rail — the 
 other from rail to ship. 
 
 " Let us inquire what is the distance saved by this route across, in- 
 stead of around, this peninsula. Only 336 miles of sea transportation ; 
 and for that, 160 miles by rail is substituted — e. g.: 
 
 Mobile to New York by sea 1,628 miles. 
 
 Mobile to Cedar Keys by sea 291 
 
 Cedar Keys to Fernandina by rail 160 
 
 Fernandina to New York 841=1,292 
 
 " From Mobile to New York is a sea voyage. Ordinarily the pro- 
 portional expenses of 336 miles in such a voyage is covered by the 
 cost for 40 miles of railway transportation. 
 
 " But these 336 miles lead through the Florida Pass ; and rather 
 than incur the risk of that dangerous navigation, four times the equiv- 
 alent of railway transportation, with the delays and expenses of two 
 transhipments, are preferred. 
 
 " As a great national work, both commercial, political and defensive 
 in its aspects, this fao^ seems not to have made a lodgment in the public 
 mind — viz : that if this great Southwestern route were completed on the 
 scale and in the manner now suggested, there would meet at Gunter's 
 Landing two inland and national water lines, as useful in peace as in 
 war — one from the Gulf of Mexico, via the Alabama and Coosa rivers, 
 through a steamboat canal of not over 30 miles long, to the Tennessee. 
 The other, through all the western tributaries of the Mississippi, above 
 and below the mouth of the Ohio, thence up the Tennessee to the junction 
 of the Coosa Canal, and so up the Tennessee to the Holston at Salt- 
 ville, and thence by rail and water through Virginia to Hampton 
 Roads." 
 
 It does not lie within the province of a work confining itself to a 
 description of the resources of Alabama, to enter upon an argument to 
 prove the superiority of the "Alabama Water Line" over all others, for 
 the transportation of Western products to the Gulf. But it may be 
 proper to allude to the absolute necessity of opening up this route. 
 V/hen the necessity is. once established, then it follows that its bearings, 
 even before completion, upon the interests of the State whose entire 
 
[63] 
 
 length, both ways, is traversed by the route, is a proper subject foi 
 consideration, in treating of the advantages offered by Alabama to set- 
 tlers. "With a cheap water-line cutting through every section of the 
 State, from east to west, and from north to south ; with tremendous water 
 power down the Coosa and the canal for 200 miles ; and with the cotton 
 growing, and the minerals cropping out upon the banks of the streams, 
 and at the very gates of the locks and dams, it follows that those who 
 (losire cheap lands, convenient homes, and opportunities for enterprise, 
 have nothing to do but to unlock the door whose key is already forged. 
 The necessity for the "Alabama Water Line " is, therefore, a matter 
 for consideration in this connection. 
 
 NECESSITY FOR THE ALABAMA WATER LINE. 
 
 Want of transportation for Western products — Vieivs of Sir Morion 
 Peto — Opinion of the Census Superintendent — Difficulties of the Lakj 
 route — The 3Iississippi route — Mobile Bay — Tonnage of the West — 
 Vietos of a Canadian — Demand for new routes to the Gulf, etc. 
 
 Sir Morton Peto, in his interesting work on the Resources and 
 Prospects of America, makes the following truthful observations : 
 
 "How far is the amount of tonnage employed in inland intercourse 
 in America adequate to the wants of the country ? In considering this 
 point we have to regard the very great lengths over which traffic has to 
 be carried ; and looking at those distances, no reasonable doubt can be 
 entertained that the inland navigation of America is very inadequate to 
 the wants of the people. It has not, in fact, kept pace ivith the population 
 and progress of the country; and if it were not for the railroads, the 
 great producing districts of the United States would be at a stand- still 
 for want of means of transport for their produce. There is a period 
 of the year when the canals are frozen up. The whole task of convey- 
 ance then falls upon the railways ; and the consequence is, not only an 
 immediate rise in their rates, but absolute inability to conduct the traf- 
 fic. The results are often most disastrous. In one case 40,000 barrels 
 of flour were detained at Toledo ( nearly half way between Chicago and 
 New York) for several months, in consequence of want of carriage. A 
 vast mass of produce is yearly destroyed from the inability of the car- 
 riers to forward it. The owners are ruined, and parties in the Eastern 
 States, who advance money on this produce, charge excessive rates to 
 
[G4] 
 
 cover the risks of delay. The grain producers of the Wester^i States are 
 quite unable to find sufficient means of conveyance for their products, be- 
 cause the raih'oads from west to east are choked with traffic. The 
 existing railroad requireraents of the West are, in fact, insufficient. At 
 present, because they can not carry the produce, the whole traffic of the 
 country is subject to two gigantic evils, arising, first, from uncertainty 
 of conveyance; and second, from uncertainty of charge. The present 
 railways are quite insufficient for the growing traffic. The lines of com- 
 munication from the West, by canal, etc., Avhich existed previously to 
 railways, have not been affected by their construction. The produce of the 
 Western States has, in fact, increased faster than the means of transport, 
 and additional facilities for the conveyance of goods are urgently required. 
 It is of the utmost importance to the development of the West that no 
 time should be lost in making this additional provision. An inadequate 
 railroad provision and a corresponding uncertainty as to conveyance and 
 delivery of freights, must have the effect of checking production in the 
 V\''cst, and consequently, of checking capital of the East from seeking 
 employment in the West. Railway facilities are now the measure of the 
 prosperity of the country. 
 
 " Now, what is the effect of this inadequacy of transportation ? The 
 producer, the merchant, the railway company and the consumer, are all 
 directly injured ; but the indirect injury extends far beyond those inter- 
 ests. The \Yholc produce of the West, and consequently the entire 
 cultivation of America, is affected. If the produce can not be carried, 
 it can only find local markets. If it only finds local markets, prices 
 must abate. If prices abate, the stimulus to the cultivation of land is 
 lost. If the land is not required for cultivation, in the same proportion 
 it necessarily diminishes in value. The prosperity of the West, the 
 value of its produce, the value of its land, and the extent of land cul- 
 tivated — all depend, therefore, upoi ino'eased facilities for the conveyance 
 of produce, and those facilities, canals and railroads must afford. The 
 American public ought never to be satisfied until they are able to calcu- 
 late on fixed moderate prices for freight, and fixed periods for its deliv- 
 Qxy. The future of the West depends upon ample means of communi- 
 cation with the East; and the success of its means of communication 
 with the East is expressed in a few words: 'Prompt and economical 
 delivery — in a fixed time and at a fixed price.' '' 
 
 Remarking upon the subject of transportation for Western trade, the 
 Superintendent of the census says : 
 
 "Wlien it is considered that the production of grain in the North- 
 western States increased from 218,463,583 bushels in 1840, to C42,- 
 
[65] 
 
 120,SGQ bushels in 18G0; and that of the eight food-producing States 
 west of the lakes, embracing an area of 262,549,000 acres, only about 
 52,000,000 acres were under cultivation in 1860, and that 26,000,000 
 acres of that have been broken since 1850, no fears need be entertained 
 that any of the outlets to the ocean will be unoccupied to the extent of 
 their capacity. The only fear is, that we ivill not keep pace ivith the in- 
 creased production hj the provision of increased facilities of tratisporta- 
 Hon." 
 
 These views are sustained by a consideration of the cost of railroad 
 transportation over water transportation, and by the fact that the North- 
 ern water lines, by way of the lakes, are impeded by ice for several 
 months of the year, and that no immediately practicable outlets for 
 Western products are admissible, except the natural route down the 
 Mississippi River, which will soon have a new mouth at Mobile, by way 
 of the English Turn Canal, connecting the River and Lake Borgne, and 
 the proposed route by way of the Coosa Canal, directly to Mobile Bay. 
 The Virginia route by the proposed canal to connect the Chesapeake 
 Bay and the Ohio River, may be attainable at some far distant day ; but, 
 judging from the fact that the part of the canal which is already com- 
 pleted, and which passes over the easiest portion of the route, has been 
 a quarter of a century in building, we are not led to expect anything 
 definite from that central line for a long time to come. The proposition 
 to carry a canal across the mountains of Virginia, is a most herculean 
 one. It is a splendid conception, but the country will hardly see a fru- 
 ition of the vision until long after the day when the Coosa is opened, 
 and a canal is cut around Muscle Shoals — giving the West, at Cairo, two 
 water lines to the ocean. 
 
 Keeping in mind the sensible remarks of Sir Morton Peto, let us 
 glance at the necessity which will urge the construction of the Alabama 
 Water Line, and build up a water power which will fringe it with facto- 
 ries, furnaces, villages and cities. 
 
 There are now but two routes of continuous navigation by which 
 Western products can obtain outlet — that by the Northern lakes and that 
 by the Mexican gulf. The former, besides being liable to the casualities 
 of climate (five months of interruption by ice), is so circuitous that it 
 requires the products of our very extended country to pass beyond its 
 boundaries in seeking their way to its own markets. This tedious cir- 
 cuit, while it is at all times objectionable on the score of time and cost, 
 is most especially so whenever the nation becomes, or is in danger of 
 becoming, involved in hostilities with a maritime power. During the 
 recent war with a domestic power, whose ports were rigidly blockaded, 
 
[66] 
 
 this evil was most sensibly felt, even witli reference to the route by the 
 lakes. "What might not the evil be in the event of a war witli Great 
 Britain? 
 
 The great length of this circuitous line of water transit, and the non- 
 existence, up to the present time, of any continuous line of navigation 
 directly across the country from the centers of the interior to the cen- 
 ter of the seaboard, have compelled a resort to the policy of substitu- 
 ting railroad transportation over the direct routes. But although the 
 cost of carriage has been much cheapened on these works, they can not 
 be thrown open to general use and free competition. ]\[eantime water 
 transportation has itself undergone very great improvements, which 
 have had the effect of reducing freights far below any possible minimum 
 at which railroads can afford them. It is now practicable, on lines of 
 unbroken navigation, for the heaviest classes of agricultural and mineral 
 products to be borne, from distances exceeding five thousand miles in 
 the interior, to the seaboard, at charges by no means prohibitory. 
 
 Even at present the great bulk of "Western trade avoids the direct 
 transit across the country afforded by the railroads, and seeks the cir- 
 cuitous and more or less hazardous route of the lakes, on account of 
 cheapness. 
 
 In the year 1868, large quantities of grain were shipped from Chi- 
 cago to New York by way of New Orleans, and notwithstanding a 
 portion of the route was by railway, a large saving was made in the 
 cost of freights. In an able paper on the duty of the Federal govern- 
 ment, in connection with the navigation of the Mississippi River and its 
 tributaries. Professor Sylvester Waterhousc, of St. Louis, remarks : 
 " Under all the existing difiBculties (of tliis navigation), the freight of 
 cereals from the upper Mississippi to New York, is far cheaper by way 
 of New Orleans than it is by the lakes and the New York canal. The 
 comparative rates of transportation from Dubuque, Iowa, to New York, 
 are : 
 
 Via the lakes 68 cents per bushel. 
 
 Via New Orleans 38 cents per bushel. 
 
 Difference in favor of Southern route 30 cents. 
 
 " The present cost of shipping grain from Chicago to Cairo by rail, 
 and thence via New Orleans to New Y'^ork by water, is no greater than 
 the freight to the same point by way of the lakes. The existing water 
 tariff on wheat in bulk from Chicago to Now York, is : 
 
[67] 
 By the lakes 44 cents. 
 
 From Chicago to Cairo, by rail 20 cents. 
 
 From Cairo to New Orleans, by water 12 cents. 
 
 From New Orleans to New York, by water 12 cents. 
 
 " So extreme is the cheapness of river carriage, that the rates of the 
 Southern route, increased by 300 miles of costly railroad transit, do not 
 exceed those of the Northern line. If we take a point on the Missis- 
 sippi south of the latitude of Chicago, such as Dubuque, the saving is 
 30 cents a bushel by the New Orleans route. This gives 38 cents as 
 the cost; and it is believed that after the improvement of the rapids of 
 the Mississippi, and the erection of elevators for the transfer of grain 
 in bulk, the freight of cereals from the upper Mississippi to New York, 
 by way of New Orleans, will be reduced to 25 cents per bushel." 
 
 Such a reduction, and even the present low rates, will powerfully 
 affect the movement of Western grain; for even as early as in 1865, out 
 of 48,000,000 bushels of grain shipped to Chicago, 15,000,000 were 
 brought from points on the Mississippi; and it is officially stated that 
 three-fifths of all the wheat received in 1865, at Milwaukee and Chicago, 
 came from the towns on the banks of the Mississippi. 
 
 It follows from this, that the great bulk of Western products must seek 
 an outlet to market by the natural water routes to the gulf. These two 
 routes, the one down the Mississippi and through the English Turn Canal 
 and Mississippi Sound to Mobile Bay, and the other up the Tennessee 
 ond down the Coosa, also to Mobile Bay, present the only constant and 
 capable routes which are open to the West. 
 
 The great Northwest has outgrown the Northern routes to the At- 
 lantic. The tonnage of Western products in 1860 was 33,000,000. Of 
 this amount 20,000,000 could have been spared for market, as it is esti- 
 mated that in a fertile country three-fifths of the productions are sur- 
 plus. Instead of 20,000,000 tons being exported to market in that 
 year, the amount was but 5,500,000. The facilities were not adequate 
 in capacity, nor were the charges of transit sufficiently low, to permit 
 so vast an eastward movement of tonnage. In a comparative sense, 
 the actual movement of tonnage, as late as 1862, while the stimulus of 
 war prices was active in bringing it forward, was very meagre. 
 
 " In 1862," says the report of the Board of Trade and Commerce of 
 Buffalo, 1865, "the surplus products of the West sent eastward {through 
 trade) to the tidewater markets, including products of wood, agriculture, 
 animals, manufticturcs, and miscellaneous commodities, was 5, 176,499 
 
[68] 
 
 tons. This includes the eastward movement of through freight over 
 tlie four great roads of the United States, and the Grand Trunk .-nul 
 Northern railways, and the total exports from Buflfalo and Oswego bv 
 canal. If the way freights received at the Western terminal points of 
 all these railways, and delivered in the interior, be added to the through 
 freight, it is estimated that the total number of tons moved out of the 
 West during that year exceeded 5,500,000. Of the eastward movement 
 in 1862, 2,080,656 were sent from Buffalo, and 638,419 tons from 
 Oswego, making nearly fifty ^;er cent, of the total movement hy the N^iv 
 York canals, and the remaining portion by the five through lines of 
 railroad." 
 
 Thus, it seems, that the great public works of the country already in 
 operation, did not attract from their places of production, nor transport, 
 one-third of the products which the West could actually have spared. 
 If the whole exportable production had offered itself for transit, it could 
 not have been carried^ and it did not offer itself; because the cost of 
 carriage on a vast proportion of the exportable products was not low 
 enough to tempt them forward. 
 
 Since 18G0 the routes of transportation have not materially increased, 
 but the productions of the West have been increasing at the rate of 
 sixty-five per cent, in each decade. 
 
 Mr. Kingsford, an intelligent Canadian, arguing in favor of the Can- 
 adian route from the lakes down the St. Lawrence, furnishes strong 
 indirect arguments in favor of the Southern routes. He says : 
 
 " The commerce of the Northwest is not any fanciful speculation, nor 
 is its magnitude in any way questionable. It is a reality, as inquiry 
 will establish. It has ontgroivn the Erie Canal, and the complaint of 
 the West is that the quantity carried is so immense, that carriers can 
 command their own terms. The condition of the producers of the West 
 has been described, without exaggeration, as that of men shutout from 
 the markets of the world, oppressed by the excessive production of thoir 
 own toil, which remains wasting and worthless upon their hands, de- 
 priving labor of half its reward, discouraging industry, and paralyzing 
 enterprise. 
 
 " In many localities the produce is even without value, for it is with- 
 out a market. It. is estimated that five hundred million bushels of In- 
 dian corn or maize are raised in the Northwest ; but not five per cent, of 
 this amount finds its way to the seaboard, owing to the expense of get- 
 ting it there ; and that out of the sixty cents paid in New England for a 
 bushel of corn, only nine cents goes to the producer ; the remainder be- 
 ing expended in freights and commission. It is this sense of iuferi- 
 
m 
 
 ority of position ^^•llich lias hitherto led to great discontent in the West. 
 * * * * We can, therefore, readily understand why, in 
 
 the North-west, public attention has been turned to the Mississippi. 
 
 " What the State of Illinois asks is a direct trade between the North- 
 ^vest States and Liverpool, on the plea ' that the increasing volume of busi- 
 ness can not be maintained without recourse to the natural outlet of the 
 lakes.' If this opportunity be vouchsafed, and the requisite facilities he 
 given, the surplus produce will he increased tvith a rapidity even heyond that 
 of the piast century. It is estimated that from the State of Illinois alone, 
 there has been shipped annually, for the last ten years, a surplus of food 
 sufficient to feed ten millions of people, and at the same time, there 
 has been a positive waste from the inability to bring the crops profit- 
 ably to market." 
 
 While these gentlemen of the lakes are contending for the merits of 
 their routes, which are ice-bound half the year, Alabama offers them a 
 route which can be opened up for five millions of dollars, and admit the 
 passage of barges all the year round. At the end of the route it gives 
 the splendid harbor of lower Mobile Bay, and with a short canal, would 
 give the better harbor of Pensacola. All along the route it furnishes 
 return cargoes. 
 
 To all points above the mouth of the Ohio- River, the Alabama Water 
 Line offers as short a route as does the Mississippi River, and equal ad- 
 vantages in all other respects. To the vast region watered by the Ten- 
 nessee and her tributaries, it offers the shortest, cheapest, and most 
 natural outlet to market. 
 
 The West, having outgrown the lake routes of the North, demands 
 new routes to the Gulf. If the bars at the mouth of the Mississippi 
 impede the approach of great grain ships to New Orleans, then she 
 demands that her barges be taken directly through to Mobile Bay. 
 
 When this route is once opened, the mines and cotton fields of Ala- 
 bama will build a Lowell at Muscle Shoals, and at every lock and dam 
 of the Coosa River ! 
 
[70] 
 
 ^lANUFAGTURING REGION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 EUgihle sites for faciories — Railroad conveniences — Climate advantages 
 of the South for manufacturing — Distinguished testimony — Fortunes 
 made by Northern men — Opinion of Governor Paiton — Successful fac- 
 tories — Vieivs offor^ners, etc. 
 
 This section lies immediately noJ-feh of the cotton region, and extends 
 e.\«t\v!inlly and westwardly across the State. On its western edge it 
 lias a widtij of eighteen miles, at its middle part a width of thirty miles ; 
 ami on its western boundary a width of fifty miles. 
 
 The soil, consisting mostly of sand, is poor, and the surface is broken. 
 It is, however, traversed by numerous never-failing streams, affording 
 good water power, which must prove valuable on account of prox- 
 imity to the cotton and provision producing country on the south, and 
 to the coal and iron deports ip thfe section immediately north of it. 
 
 It has, through its middle part, running from north to south, the 
 Selma and Rome Railroad ; and in its southwest corner, the Montgomery 
 and West Point Railroad. It is also traversed by the partially con- 
 structed railroads, the Chattanooga and Alabama and the South and 
 North. The health is good. 
 
 No more eligible sites for manufacturing establishments can be found 
 than in this section of Alabama.-- The rivers flowing from the mountains 
 meet with many rugged barriers before thoy reach the low lands of the 
 South. The soft cretaceous and tertiary formations admit of deep ex- 
 cavations, while the metamorphic and silurian rocks, with the millstone 
 grit, resist the erosive action of the water, thus furnishing numerous 
 falls, from which the current can be conducted economically and used 
 for turning machinery of all kinds. Tuscaloosa, Scottsville, Prattville, 
 Autaugaville, Tallassee, and the factories of North Alabama, show wh:it 
 can be done, even under most adverse circumstances, and point unmis- 
 takably to our capabilities in this direction. 
 
 This manufacturing region of Alabama lies immediately upon the 
 high-road between New York and New Orleans. At present it is 
 reached directly by the Rome and Sclnia Railroad, which traverses its 
 entire length, but not immediately upon a direct line. A more direct 
 line between the two great emporiums, will b6 the Alabama and Chatta- 
 nooga Railroad, which is now in progress of building by a Northern 
 
[71] 
 
 company, under the presidency of Mr. Stanton, of Boston. This latter 
 road traverses the manufacturing and mineral regions of Alabama from 
 Chattanooga, in a southwest direction, through Wills' Valley, Elyton, 
 Tuscaloosa, and thence on to Meridian, in Mississippi. Until, however, 
 this road is completed, the Rome and Selma Road presents the immedi- 
 ate gateway from the North to the heart of the mineral wealth and water 
 power of Alabama. The following remarks of Eugene Le Hardy, 
 Chief Engineer of the Selma and Rome Road, made to the Directory 
 before the completion of that road, presents, in a few words, the prom- 
 inent features of this section of the State of which we are speaking: 
 
 " Between New York and New Orleans the routes now nearest the 
 'airline' between said cities are, as far as Dalton, those passing by 
 Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Lynchburg, Bristol and Knox- 
 ville. Rome, Jacksonville and Selma, are very nearly on the same air 
 line, which is an indication that the natural route must he continued 
 through these j^oints, while the route which is pretended to be the short- 
 est passes by Charlotte, North Carolina, more than one hundred miles 
 off the air line. The distance between the two cities. New York and 
 New Orleans, as actually run, according to Aj^pleton's Railway Guide, 
 by way of Chattanoogn, Grand Junction and Jackson, is 1,502 miles, 
 and by way of Dalton, Selma, Meridian and Jackson, is 1,472, which 
 could be reduced to about 1,327 miles, if the line, as it will be eventualhj, 
 was made direct from Selma to New Orleans, which would prove a 
 saving in distance of 175 miles on the former route, and of 145 on the 
 latter. 
 
 " All the belt of country traversed by your road is particularly attrac- 
 tive by its picturesque and varied scenery, by the splendor of its vege- 
 tation, by the richness of its soil, not only in vegetable products of all 
 descriptions, but in its inexhaustible mineral wealth, which only awaits 
 this communication with the marliets to insure its rapid development. 
 The altitude of your line ranging from 400 to 1,000 feet above the sea, 
 and its course through valleys formed by spurs of the great chain of 
 the Allegheny mountains, are unmistakable indications of the modera- 
 tion and healthfulness of its climate all the year round ; and it is not 
 extravagant to foresee or to predict that this portion of country, when 
 attention, by means of this road, shall have been directed to it, will 
 become the preferred home of the rich as well as the poor, of the North 
 as also the South. The salubrity of the climate and mildness of the 
 winter will offer great inducements to the wealthy and middle classes 
 to settle in our midst, in summer to enjoy the refrealiing breezes of our 
 mountainous regions, and in winter to avoid the cold blasts of a North- 
 
 \ 
 
[72] 
 
 cm climate. All this region is particularly favored witli streams and 
 abundance of water power that never freezes; timber is abundant; 
 coal and iron, those two great powers of civilization and progress, inex- 
 haustible. The land along the route yields most abundantly all the 
 necessaries of life. The climate, as already stated, is temperate, mild 
 and healthy. We find in it all the necessary conditions and elements 
 to make it a favored land for laborers, and, consequently, the great 
 manufacturing land of America, the only one on this continent capable 
 in the future to compete with the manufactories of Europe." 
 
 Mr. James Montgomery, the author of several standard works on the 
 manufacture of cotton in Europe and America, and very high authority 
 on all subjects connected Avith manufacturing, a few years ago made 
 the following statements of the advantages of this section for manu- 
 facturing, after having made a personal examination of their facilities, 
 lie says : 
 
 "I have read Gen. James' pamphlet, and the pamphlets written by 
 ^Ir. Gregg on the comparative advantages of the South for manufac- 
 turing ; and yet, after all I have read on the subject, I may say, with the 
 Queen of Sheba, half the truth has not been told. Cheap living, and, 
 of course, low wages — cheap cotton, coal and iron, constitute the great 
 elements of success in the introduction and prosecution of the cotton 
 manufacture. No country in the world possesses these elements in a 
 degree equal to the Southern and Southwestern sections of the Unitcil 
 States. Great Britain, with her cheap coals and irons, stands at the head 
 of all nations in point of wealth and commerce. She is now making a 
 desperate efi'ort to introduce cheap living, but she can never introduce 
 cheap cotton. The Northern States can never equal the South in 
 either of the above-named elements." 
 
 A gentleman of intelligence, from the manufacturing region of Penn- 
 sylvania, writes to the Washington CJiro7iicle, of November 2, 1868, as 
 follows : 
 
 " No finer agricultural lands can be found than exist in the States of 
 Georgia and Alabama; and with their present large plantations cut into 
 small farms, and the aid of free labor and the use of improved imple- 
 ments of agriculture, their products could be increased threefold. Take 
 cotton alone, which in 1800 amounted in these two States to about one 
 million bales of four hundred pounds each, the same proportion of in- 
 crease could be produced in every other product adapted to that climate. 
 The mineral wealth is almost incredible. Commencing in the north- 
 western part of Georgia and running through Alabama to the Gulf, the 
 deposits of*iron and coal arc found not merely in small beds, but in 
 
[78] 
 
 mountainis covering ranges of humlrecls of miles. The iron ores are of 
 the purest hematite, and are now worked with a facility far ahead of 
 ores of the same character in Pennsylvania. Some of the furnaces 
 we examined, which are built after the old fashion, are making, with 
 cold blast and a single tweer pipe, from twelve to fifteen tons of charcoal 
 iron per day, at a cost not exceeding fifteen dollars per ton. With 
 such advantages, the South could, without the aid of tariff, control the 
 iron business of the whole country. This no doubt may astonish and 
 be received with incredulity by " iron men " of the North, but having 
 had ocular proof of what we write, this statement is made advisedly. 
 We are confident that the period is fast approaching when this simple 
 prediction of her future will be more than realized. 
 
 " Before closing, we can not help referring to a single case in the 
 iown of Rome, which came under our notice, to prove what respectable 
 free labor can accomplish. Thirteen years ago, James Noble, Sr., an 
 old iron-master of Pennsylvania, emigrated to Georgia in search of his 
 fortune, with a capital of twelve children, six boys and six girls. He 
 went to work like a man, and by his example, taught his children the 
 same, who are to-day ornaments to Southern society, and he and his 
 good lady are respected and beloved by the whole community. Should 
 his life be spared, he will be to that section of the country what Burd 
 Patterson and Benjamin Haywood are to Pottsville, Pa." 
 
 The instances of Northern men who have made fortunes in the man- 
 ufacturing regions of the South, and won the esteem and aff'ection of the 
 communities in which they labored, are not confined to single individu- 
 als. They are numerous all over the South, and are standing rebukes 
 to the mistaken idea that the people of Alabama and of her sister States 
 do not receive, with open arms, the men of honesty and enterprise, who 
 seek their fortunes among us, let them come from whatever quarter, and 
 with whatever opinions. 
 
 Of the value of the manufacturing facilities of Alabama, ex-Gov- 
 ernor Patton, who has been largely interested in the cotton factories of 
 North Alabama for many years, thus speaks : 
 
 "No State in the Union has more natural elements for successful 
 manufactories than Alabama, and she has many that other States do not 
 possess. She has inexhaustible water power, timber, coal, ores of iron 
 and copper. She has the requisite transportation and distribution by 
 rail and by water. She can spin and weave cotton on the ground where 
 it is raised. The great change in the labor system, wrought by the re- 
 sults of the war, has taught that diversified industry is the source of 
 {rreateit wealth. 
 
[74] 
 
 "The popular belief that "Cotton is King," has been found b}- ihc 
 war to be a delusion. Cotton, tobacco, and sugar, are great sources of 
 wealth, but will not alone confer independence at home or abroad. Too 
 much attention has been given to the growing of cotton. 
 
 " There is no reason why cotton and woolen cloths can not be manu- 
 factured as cheap, and cheaper, than in Massachusetts. There is scarcely 
 a county in the State where magnificent water-power can not be purchased 
 at almost nominal rates. The raw material, fine timber, etc., are in such 
 close proximity that their transportation would cost comparatively 
 nothing. 
 
 " Prior to the war there were in Alabama several manufacturing es- 
 tablishments, doing a large and profitable business. The counties of 
 Madison, Lauderdale, Tuscaloosa, Bibb, Autauga, Coosa, and Tallapoosa, 
 contained the most extensive and flourishing, but they were nearly all 
 destroyed completely, during the Avar. 
 
 " The Bell Factory, near Huntsville, in Madison County, is in suc- 
 cessful operation. This company manufacture a great variety of cloths, 
 such as sheetings, shirtings, tickings, ginghams, sti-iped cottonades, etc. 
 
 " Specimens of the Bell Factory goods were forwarded to the Paris 
 Exposition, and, in the report of the Committee, honorable mention is 
 made of them. 
 
 " In Autauga county is the flourishing manufacturing village of 
 Prattville, named for its worthy and enterprising founder, Mr. Daniel 
 Pratt. Many years ago this gentleman commenced the manufacture of 
 cotton gins. The place selected was then a wilderness, but its aspect is 
 changed, and the indomitable energy of Mr. Pratt has converted this 
 heretofore barren waste into a charming village and a miniature Lowell. 
 Cotton mills and other manufactories are in operation, and the noble- 
 hearted, public-spirited Daniel Pratt, has become enriched, and made 
 for himself the name of a public bencfiictor. 
 
 " The Granite Factory, belonging to Messrs. Simpson and Moore, is 
 located on Soclcapatoy Creek, in Coosa county. The massive building 
 in which the machinery is operated, is constructed of granite, from the 
 immediate neighborhood. A beautiful article of cotton yarn is spun, 
 and a superior article of heavy cotton cloth is wove, at these mills. 
 
 "This factory is far removed from any city or tOA\n, is in a healthy 
 country, and the success of the enterprising proprietors i? an illustra- 
 tion of the wisdom of locating factories with such surroundings. 
 
 " The operatives are mostly white, and, by their locality, not subject 
 to the temptations inciileTit to life in a city or town, they constitute a 
 prosperous, happy, nnd contented community. 
 
[75] 
 
 " This community offers a i-eady market for the surplus products of 
 the small farmer in the vicinity, and adds greatly to the prosperity of 
 Coosa. 
 
 " At Tallassee, on the Tallapoosa River, is the Tallassce Manufac- 
 turing Company (of which Messrs. Barnett & Micou are the propri- 
 etors), with their extensive mills\ These are perhaps the most extensive 
 manufactories of cotton and w^oolen goods in the State. 
 
 " Large quantities of various fabrics and textures are manufactured 
 here, and meet with ready sale. 
 
 ' " The factory is admirably located, its water-power immense, and is 
 surrounded with nearly all the necessary conveniences, 
 
 " There are other cotton factories in Alabama, but these are the most 
 noted." 
 
 The specimens of the Bell Factory goods alluded to above, were ex- 
 hibited at Paris, by Mr. Haines, who was sent to the Exposition as Spe- 
 cial Commissioner of the State. At the same time he exhibited speci- 
 mens of the minerals of Alabama, which attracted much attention, and 
 led to minute inquiries, on the part of capitalists, as to her resources. 
 Upon his return from Paris, Mr. Haines said, in his report : 
 
 " Improvised and incomplete as was the representation of our mine- 
 ral resources at the Exposition, it has awakened an interest in the minds 
 of European capitalists, the extent of which, few in Alabama have any 
 conception. The day before I left Paris, I had a short interview with 
 Mr. Hewitt, of New York. He had just returned from a tour of inspec- 
 tion among the iron establishments of England, where he distributed a 
 number of our pamphlets, and he informed me that there now exists 
 capital in England, disposed, and of sufficient amount, to purchase every 
 foot of valuable iron and coal land in the State. I niade it a point to 
 mingle with English exhibitors and visitors extensively, and have lost 
 no opportunity to describe to them the extent of our mineral wealth, or 
 to enlist their assistance in disseminating among their people at home 
 information respecting it ; but I must confess, that I was unprepared to 
 receive such encouraging intelligence as this. And yet it is not the 
 English alone who have been attracted by our display. 
 
 " During my stay in Paris, I had frequent interviews, and was in cor- 
 respondence with many prominent gentlemen interested in mining op- 
 erations in France and Belgium, and received the highest encourage- 
 ment, in the interest which they manifested, and can hope for much as- 
 sistance in the co-operation of which they gave me the assurance. Un- 
 til recently, the South has remained an undiscovered country, a terra 
 incognita to the mass of the people in Europe. The events of the past 
 
[76] 
 
 six years have drawn their attention to it, and they arc now eager to 
 learn something of its history and resources, its prospects and advan- 
 tages." 
 
 In connection with a description of the manufacturing region of Ala- 
 bama, it is proper to allude to the peculiar advantages which this region 
 of the State enjoys over the North, for the establishment of profitable 
 cotton factories. 
 
 COTTON FACTORIES IN ALABAMA. 
 
 Advantages over NorOtern — Case of the Augusta cotton factory — Remark- 
 able p'ofils — The Tallassee factory — Report of B. H. Micou — Ad- 
 vantages over England — Cost of raiv cotton at an English mill — The 
 same at an Alabama mill — Estimates of cost of a factory — 3Iachinery 
 — Profits of cotton factories at the North — Testimony of Senator 
 Sprague, etc. 
 
 TuE profits which may be made from the establishment of cotton fac- 
 tories upon the perennial streams of the manufacturing region of Ala- 
 bama, may be readily understood, when we regard the vast wealth wliich 
 has been added to the New England States by the hundreds of factories 
 which have been fed in that distant region by the cotton of the South; 
 and when we further consider that cotton goods of equal quality could 
 be made at much less cost in the neighborhood where the raw material 
 is grown, and where the cost of labor is so much less ; and when we re- 
 flect that the water power of Alabama streams is never frozen, that the 
 short winters require so much less fuel, that transportation and insur- 
 ance, and charges of middlemen upon the raw material, is all saved, it 
 is impossible to escape the conviction, that at no distant day every man- 
 ufacturer will be compelled to transfer his labors to the immediate vi- 
 cinity of the cotton fields. In the very able work of Hamilton Smith, 
 Esq, of Louisville, Kentucky, it is demonstrated that locations for cotton 
 factories upon the Ohio River, have an advantage over the Northern es- 
 tablishments of 21J per cent. 
 
 Of course, similar establishments in the immediate vicinity of the cot- 
 ton fields must possess still greater advantages. 
 
 As an evidence of the profits to be derived from manufacturing cotton 
 in the South, attention is called to the report of Mr. Wm. E. Jackson, 
 President of the Augusta (Georgia) Cotton Manufiicturing Company, 
 showing the operations of the Augusta factory, for the year ending 
 June 13, 1868. Mr. Jackson says : 
 
[77] 
 
 *' In presenting my twentietli semi-annual report, it is ^Yitll plensure 
 I can state the condition of the Company is very favorable: 
 
 The gross earnings for the past six months have been §135,510 65 
 
 Interest received 3.921 fij 
 
 $139,432 3U 
 
 From which is deducted expense accouni. $ 8,731 64 
 
 Repairs account 3,575 11 
 
 Taxes paid 19,691 41 
 
 $ 31,868 16 
 
 Leaving as net profits $107,534 14 
 
 "From which two dividends of five per cent, each, amounting to $60,- 
 000, have been paid, enabling us to carry to the credit of profit and loss 
 account $47,534 14, making the amount now to the credit of that ac- 
 count, $224,298 22. 
 
 " Goods manufactured from december 14, 1867, to June 13, 1868 : 
 
 tt)S. 
 
 4-4 707,018 
 
 7-8 363,801 
 
 Drills 60,685 
 
 f 53,341 
 
 Pieces. 
 
 Yds. 
 
 54,139 
 
 2,135,418 
 
 33,475 
 
 1,324,691 
 
 4,589 
 
 178,143 
 
 6,145 
 
 250,049 
 
 1,184,845 98,348 3,888,301 
 
 Bale goods on hand December 14, 1867 : 
 
 7-8 4-4 Drills. 3-4 Total. 
 
 19 47 6 72 
 Made 1,574 2,567 254 294 4,689 
 
 1,593 2,614 260 294 4,761 
 Sold 1,558 2,561 253 270 4,642 
 
 On hand 35 53 7 24 119 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Cotton consumed 1,od_,5/1 
 
 Average cost of cotton 1,998,100 
 
 Average yards per loom, per day 49,10o 
 
 Average number of looms running 50o 
 
 Average number of hands employed 50/ 
 
 Aggregate wages paid v 87,546 93 
 
 Aggregate sales • 519,965 01 
 
[78] 
 
 "From this date forward, you arc aware, we are liable for water rent 
 and city taxes. The water rent is fixed in perpetuity at §3,402 per an- 
 num for the present number of our spindles ; the amount for city taxes 
 as yet unsettled. 
 
 " It would be a pleasure to give in detail, in pamphlet form, the ope- 
 rations of the company for the past ten years, but the extraordinary 
 times of the late war would form no correct idea of what we might 
 hope in the future, and there are so many things connected with that 
 period which have heretofore been explained, and would require rcpe- 
 tion, that upon the whole it might be desirable not to re-open the mat- 
 ter. Suffice it to say, our present condition is rather an enviable one ; 
 being entirely free from debt, sufficient commercial capital to conduct 
 the business successfully in ordinary seasons, a good reputation for 
 goods and responsibility, an excellent force of operatives, and the two 
 mills in good condition. 
 
 "It may not be out of place to give here the operations of the com- 
 pany for the past three years, or since the close of the war — viz : From 
 June, 1865, to 13th June, 1868: 
 
 Nominal balance ITtli June, 1865 $562,583 09 
 
 Amount paid creditors due them in Confederate notes 35,775 22 
 
 $598,358 31 
 
 Deduct depreciation in Hamburg and Columbia Railroad 
 
 stock 826,025 00 
 
 Deduct depreciation in various assets -. 466,284 05 
 
 Deduct suspense account, St. Louis, 4,703 71 — 497,612 76 
 
 True balance, profit and loss account, 17th June, 1865, in 
 
 United States currency 100,745 55 
 
 Gro.ss earnings from 17tli June, 1865, to 13th June, 1868... 932,906 57 
 
 Expense account §78,300 61 
 
 Repairs 33,386 72 
 
 Taxes 244,479 81 
 
 New machinery 92,686 76 
 
 Dividends paid 360,000 00-808,853 90 
 
 Add to profit and loss account 124,0.i2 67 
 
 $224,798 22 
 
 Bales goods made 23,545 
 
 Aggregate sales §3,765.301 80 
 
 Aggregate wages paid 622,280 15 
 
 Average yards per loom per day 45,090, 100 
 
 Average number of hand.s employed 578 
 
[79] 
 
 PRODUCTION FOR THREE YEARS. 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 4-4 3,720,014 
 
 7-8 2,120,137 
 
 Drills 362,173 
 
 3-4 53,341 
 
 piECrs. 
 
 YARDS. 
 
 292,540 
 
 11,337,660 
 
 200,154 
 
 7,71],4ol 
 
 28,275 
 
 1,065,750 
 
 6,145 
 
 250,040 
 
 6,261,665 527,114 20,364,919 
 
 " It may not be uninteresting to some of our present stockholders to 
 state what has been accomplished in the past ten years. It will be re- 
 membered by those who were among the original purchasers, that the 
 property was purchased of the city for $140,000, on ten years' credit, 
 with interest at seven per cent, payable semi-annually, and one-tenth 
 of the principal annually, the purchasers paying in as commercial cap- 
 ital $60,000. This amount, in consequence of the dilapidated condition 
 of the property, w'as almost entirely expended in the first two years, in 
 repairs rendered necessary by the then condition of the property. We 
 have, since the purchase, paid for the entire property without calling 
 on the stockholders for another dollar ; added largely to the property 
 by purchase and building, bought about §100,000 worth of new ma- 
 chinery, increased the capital to $600,000, by the addition of a portion 
 of the surplus ; paid dividends regularly, and have now a property worth 
 the par value ($600,000 in gold)." 
 
 Here we find, in the city of Augusta, a factory which consumes three 
 thousand bales of cotton, giving employment to 678 laborers ; paying 
 out wages, which are spent at the stores in the city, to the amount of 
 $622,280; paying two semi-annual dividends of five per cent., or an 
 annual dividend of twenty per cent.; making a net profit of $107,531 
 semi-annually, or of $215,068 annually, upon an original investment of 
 $140,000; and, besides, paying twenty per cent, annual dividends, car- 
 rying to the credit of profit and loss the annual amount of $95,068. 
 In ten years, after deducting the losses of the war, the profits of the 
 Confederate period having been lost by the subsequent depreciation of 
 assets, we find that this establishment has not only paid for itself, but 
 has increased its gold value from $140,000 to $600,000. 
 
 But we are not left to conjecture the value of manufacturing cotton 
 in Alabama from the report of a factory in another State. In the win- 
 ter of 1868-9, B. H. Micou, Esq., one of the Vice-Presidents of the 
 National Cotton Manufacturers' Association, and President of the 
 Tallassee Manufacturing Company, whose factory is situated upon the 
 Tallnpoosa River, a short distance above IMontgomery, Alabama, pub- 
 
[80] 
 
 liilicd an interesting report, containing interesting statements relaiive 
 to manufacturing cotton in the South for export, ami to manufacturing 
 cotton at Tallassee, Alabama, into yarn for export to Europe. ^^Ir. 
 Micou says : 
 
 " We have in the South some important advantages — viz : The healtli- 
 fulness and even temperature of the climate; the equality of time of 
 our length of days through the year ; steady, cheap and abundant water 
 power ; the raw material at hand; a fertile soil, and a good supply of 
 unskilled labor. Nature has been bountiful, and even lavish in her in- 
 ducements. All that is wanted is proper energy and capital to command 
 skilled labor, which, well directed, ensures success. 
 
 "My own experience in various kinds of business and investment of 
 capital seems to me to determine clearly to my own mind, that there is 
 no business in the South for the investment of capital which promises 
 so great benefit to the country, usefulness to society, or profit to invest- 
 ment, as manufacturing cotton ; especially to manufacture cotton direct 
 from the plantation into yarn for export in place of exporting the raw 
 cotton. 
 
 " One-half the capital which was formerly invested in slaves for the 
 culture of cotton, if invested in machinery and free labor, would have 
 manufactured all the cotton that was made in the South, and more than 
 doubled the value of that crop. 
 
 " England is the greatest cotton manufacturing country in the world, 
 and I propose to place before you comparative estimates showing very 
 clearly that well-directed capital in our country can take the cotton 
 from the plantations and spin it into yarn, and sell it in England for a 
 greater profit than the English manufacturer can buy the cotton in 
 Liverpool, and make it into yarn there. 
 
 " The English manufacturer, it is true, owing to the abundance of 
 skilled labor and capital, which has been created by fifty years of toil, 
 can, and does afi'ord, to work for a much smaller profit than we are ac- 
 customed to, or can aiford. 
 
 " But, when we come to count up the heavy charges of storage, gov- 
 ernment tax, insurance, commissions, transportation charges, interest 
 and waste, which arc added to the value of the raw material from the 
 time it leaves the plantations until it reaches the English manufacturer's 
 mill, these expenses alone are a princely profit, and can all, or nearly 
 all, be saved by manufacturing the cotton where it is grown. 
 
 " English machinery will run as well and produce as much work in 
 Alabama as in Engliind, and there is not so great a difference between 
 the cost of labor in England and in Alabama as is generally supposed, 
 
[81] 
 
 !^th1 my opinion is, that the cheapness of oar wntcr-powcr over Eng- 
 liuirs steam-power will nearly, if not quite, balance the difTcrence in 
 cost uf labor, and the only real advantages England possesses are her 
 abundance of capital and skilled labor. 
 
 " These advantages, although very great, are more than balanced by 
 the cheapness of the raw material in Alabama over England. And I 
 proceed to demonstrate, by actual comparative estimates, based upon 
 actual facts as they exist, what I have herein stated, and invite your 
 careful examination and test of the same. 
 
 Estimated expense accruing on a pound raw cotton from time of its delivery in Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, to its delivery at the English cotton mill, Manchester, England. 
 Estimate in United States currency on a basis of fifty per cent, i^remium for go! J, 
 counting one penny as equal to two cents gold — no loss in weight counted — while 
 the regular tare in Liverpool is four per cent., and usual loss in weight, including 
 tare, is eight per cent. ^ 
 
 First — Storage, insurance and commission in Montgomery *. 1 cent 
 
 Second — Drayage, wharfage, freight and insurance to Mobile; wharfage, 
 drayage, storage, insurance, classification, commission, and shipping in 
 
 Mobile 2 " 
 
 Third — Internal revenue tax 3 " 
 
 Fourth — From Mobile, until sold to English spinners, the charges, as made 
 up from estimates of actual shipments made, are for freight, primage, in- 
 surance in Liverpool, commissions and interest, cotton being sold in Liv- 
 erpool on three months' credit; all these charges are made up from ship- 
 ment, actually made, and amount to, per pound, two and three-eighths (2|) 
 of one penny, equal in our currency to 7J " 
 
 Expense per pound 13^- " 
 
 Estimate of the cost to the Alabama manvfacturer to take one ponnd of raw cotton 
 direct from plantation to cotton mill, and make the same into number thirty yarn, 
 and shipment of yam to Manchester and selling the same there : 
 First — Cost of labor, repairs, and other ordinary daily expenses of run- 
 ning cotton mill, as shown in a separate estimate from this, per 
 
 pound 8.42 cents. 
 
 Second — Estimated expense baleing and delivery at railroad, per pound.. 2 " 
 
 Third — Transportation to shipping port 1 " 
 
 Fourth — Freight and insurance to Liverpool 3 " 
 
 Fifth — Expense in Liverpool, including insurance and commissions for 
 
 selling there, per pound 2.58 " 
 
 17.00 " 
 Deduct drawback internal revenue tax 3 
 
 Total cost, manufacture, freight and sale per pound 14 " 
 
 6 
 
[82] 
 
 Estimate, supposing one pound of raw cotton cost nothing in tie inferior of Alabama. 
 
 it would cost the English manufacturer in United States currency, say — 
 First — The expense accruing to the shipper as per a lorraer estimate, in 
 
 Liverpool, would be, per pound 13J cents. 
 
 Second — The ascertained cost of manufacturing one pound raw cotton 
 
 into number thirty yarn, not counting the loss from waste of one-third, 
 
 equals 9 " 
 
 Comparative estimates made vp from foregoing estimates show, 
 That it costs to take one pound of raw cotton from the plantation in 
 Alabama to Manchester, and spin the same into yarn, and prepare the 
 
 same for sale in Manchester, per pound 22J cents. 
 
 That it costs the Alabama manufacturer to take one pound of raw cotton 
 from the plantation to mill, and spin the same into number thirty yarn, 
 and send the yarn to Manchester, and sell the same there 1-i " 
 
 Difference in favor of Alabama manufacturer 8| " 
 
 When Middling Mobile is worth in Liverpool fourteen pence per 
 pound, number thirty yarn warp made of mixed cotton is worth in 
 Manchester nineteen and a half to twenty pence per pound; the cotton 
 warp made in Alabama, being made of all American cotton, would surely 
 be worth twenty pence per pound, equal in currency to sixty cents per 
 pound; this would make the cotton cost and yield profit to the Alabama 
 manufacturer as follows : 
 
 Cotton worth fourteen pence in Liverpool should cost the Alabama manu- 
 facturer at the mill 2Hi cents. 
 
 Loss in manufacture ten per cent., say 3 
 
 Cost in manufacturing and shipment and sale as per estimate, per pound.. 14 " 
 
 45i " 
 
 Cost of Alabama manufacture for one pound number thirty yarn 45^ " 
 
 Yarn sells for sixty cents ; leaves for Alabama manufacturer, profit per 
 
 pound 14J " 
 
 By former estimates, the cost to English manufacturer of one pound of 
 
 raw cotton at mill 42 " 
 
 Allow loss of seven per cent, for waste 3 '' 
 
 Cost of manufacture and sale " 
 
 Cost to English manufacturer for one pound of yarn 54 " 
 
 Profit to English manufacturer, net, by same estimate, per pound, is " 
 
 Estimate for cost to run eighteen thousand one hundred and forty-four spindles, wages, 
 clerk hire and repairs to produce in one month of twenty-six days, at eleven hours 
 per day, sixiy-7ii7ie thousand pounds number thirty yarn tcarp : 
 
 2 hands at opener, per month $20 §40 00 
 
 1 " scutcher and laper 20 20 0,1 
 
 2 double scutchers and laper 20 52 00 
 
[8.]] 
 
 1 grinder for rollers cleaners 52 52 00 
 
 8 " card tenders 16 128 00 
 
 2 " heads and drawing 16 32 00 
 
 3 " slubber tenders 20 60 00 
 
 6 intermediate frames tenders 24 H4 00 
 
 16 " roving frames 26 41G 00 
 
 24 " mule spinners 52 1,248 00 
 
 48 small boys, mule spinners , 10 480 00 
 
 40 " reelers 16 640 00 
 
 4 " extra reelers ....20 80 00 
 
 8 " sweepers 8 64 00 
 
 2 overseers, 1 carder, and 1 spinner.... 91 182 00 
 
 2 assistant overseers 52 104 00 
 
 4 bundling yarn 26 104 00 
 
 1 clerk 91 91 00 
 
 1 principal machinist 91 91 00 
 
 2 second « 78 156 00 
 
 2 third " , 46 92 00 
 
 1 superintendent 108 00 
 
 180 hands cost per month $4,381 00 
 
 100 gallons best sperm oil at $3 per gallon 300 00 
 
 Other oil for machine shop, etc 100 00 
 
 Other furnishing and repairs 500 00 
 
 Allow 10 per cent, for expenses omitted 528 00 
 
 Expenses for one month $5,812 00 
 
 Cost of yarn per pound 8 42-lOOths cents. 
 
 Estimate of the cost of eighteen thousand one hundred and forty-four mule spindles, 
 carding, and preparation machinery attached, suitable to spin number thirty yarn 
 warp, to prodnicein sixty loorking hours, fourteen thousand five hundred pounds of 
 yarn — equal for one month's tvork of twenty-six days, eleven hours per day, to sixty- 
 nine thousand pounds of yarn. 
 
 This estimate was made up from actual offers from the best English machinists 
 to make the same; the principal material used was fifty per cent, higher than it is 
 now. I think it can be purchased for from fifteen to twenty per cent, less than 
 estimate. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 1 improved opener, all fixtures complete , 106 
 
 1 single scutcher 95 
 
 1 double scutcher 124 
 
 1 grinding machine for i-ollers and cleaners, complete 35 
 
 1 pair grinding rollers 10 
 
 36 single iron carding engines, with all fixtures complete 2,353 10 
 
 4 heads drawing frames, 6 heads each, eight rows of rollers, complete 486 
 
 4 slubbing frames, sixty spindles each, complete 396 
 
 G intermediate frames, sixty spindles each, complete "86 12 
 
 16 roving frames, one hundred and twenty spindles each, complete 1.799 8 
 
[84] 
 
 24 self-acting imile-spindle frames, seven hundred and fifty-six spindles 
 
 each, all complete 4,3S!^ S 
 
 40 hand cop-reels 140 
 
 1 ten-pound bundling press 20 
 
 Approximate cost of accessories, as bins, card, clothing, strapping, 
 
 banding, etc 700 
 
 £11,439 IS 
 
 Cost of packing and delivery on shipboard, 10 per cent 1,143 2 
 
 £12,583 
 Estimate cost of delivery at ^fobile, duties and freight included — say custom 
 house value one pound sterling at $4 S4, and estimating gold for currency at 50 per 
 cent, premium. 
 
 Esiimaic Cost hi Ciirreuci/. 
 
 Cost of machinery on shijvboard is £ 12,583 
 
 Measurement of machinery when packed, 400 tons, freight £1 per ton, 
 
 is : 400 
 
 £ 12,983 
 
 £12,983 reduced to currency is, in gold, $4 84 to £1 $ 02,837 72 
 
 Add fifty per cent., premium for currency 31,418 SO 
 
 $94,256 5S 
 Estimate/or Duty. 
 
 Amount of invoice cost, say £ 11,400 00 
 
 deduced to gold, is 8 55,176 00 
 
 35 per cent, duty on $55,176 00 is, in gold 10,311 60 
 
 50 per cent, premium on amount of duty is, in currency 9,655 SO 
 
 Cost on wharf at Mobile S 123,223 OS 
 
 Estimate from Mobile to Tallassee. 
 
 400 tons, $22 per ton S 8,800 00 
 
 Estimate cost for shafting, hangers, pulleys, belting, and putting up the 
 
 machinery and starting the same 17,976 02 
 
 Total cost of machinery in running order, in mill $ 150,000 00 
 
 Estimate, of amount of capital required to purchase 18,144 spindles and carding and 
 
 preparation machinen/ complete, including all cost and spare capital to irork on. 
 Estimate value of water power, mill building, water-wheel complete, 
 
 lots and buildings for 200 operatives, say $100 000 00 
 
 Estimate as per accompanying total cost of machinery in mill put up 
 
 complete and in running order 150,000 00 
 
 Estimate for cash capital to work on 50,000 00 
 
 Total capital requisite $300,000 00 
 
 Of the $150,000 00 new capital proposed for subscription, it wo\ild re 
 quire to be paid in 15 per cent, when machinery is ordered to be 
 made '. $22.5-)0 00 
 
[85 J 
 
 45 per cent, about 60 days after, when machinery is vc&dy for tliipineut $67,500 00 
 40 per cent, to be paid about 60 days after, on arrival of machinery in 
 
 Mobile 60,000 00 
 
 $150,000 00 
 Present owners liave already advanced, in water power, house and land, 100,000 00 
 On getting ready to work present stock, holders to p:iy the balance 50,000 00 
 
 $300,000 00 
 
 According to accompanying estimates s1t*»ws : 
 
 1st. That $300,000 capital will purchase everything, and put in 
 complete running order, leaving $50,000 cash capital to work on — say 
 machinery for 18,144 spindles, made to spin No. 30 yarn warp. 
 
 2d. One month's fair work for said machinery will produce 69,000 
 pounds of yarn. 
 
 3d. The profit on the yarn produced is 14c. per pound over all cost 
 and charges. 
 
 4th. Twelve months' work, at that rate, will yield a net profit of 
 §115,920, equal to 38 60-100 per cent, per annum profit on capital 
 proposed. 
 
 Mr. Micou says : 
 
 "In closing these estimates, I here state that they are not made by 
 guess, but from actual data. Instance — cost of machinery from actual of- 
 fers to make same; freight from estimates made in England of actual meas- 
 urement, currency reduced according to existing value of gold ; water 
 power, wheel, mill, building and operative houses, from what I believe 
 would be a reasonable valuation, they being already built, and I know- 
 ing cost ; cost of manufacturing yarn by a number of hands, and actual 
 wages to be paid ; and I have tried to make . ray estimates full, and 
 rather over than under the right mark, it being my constant care not 
 to deceive myself. Knowing so well how little reliance is to be placed 
 on rough estimates, I have, in order to satisfy myself fully, gone into 
 the minutest detail. 
 
 "For the examination of any American cotton spinner, using the 
 best machinery, I annex an estimate of the cost of American machinery 
 to produce the same amount of yarn as the foregoing estimate. Being 
 aware that the American spindle will do more work to the spindle than 
 the mule king spindle, I have allowed each spindle to do eighteen per 
 cent. m.ore work, and have, therefore, calculated for 15,860 spindles to 
 do the same work as 18,154 English spindles. I would further state 
 that the foregoing estimate is only an approximate one, not having in 
 reach all the material wanted to make a correct estimate. The price of tlie 
 
machinery, however, is the actual present price in Massachusetts, of the 
 best makers. Any error in this estimate can be only in the amount of ma- 
 chinery required to do the work, too many or too few cards, pickers or 
 reels, being estimated. I give it ordy as an approximate estimate, to 
 show how much more expensive American machinery is than English 
 machinery. I also estimate that it would take three times the number 
 of hands to run the American machinery, and it would cost twice as 
 much to do the same work. 
 
 f) o6-inch 3-beater pickers, each $1,150 $6,900 
 
 To card double, wliich would be absolutely necessary in line work of the 
 
 top-flat card, it would take 120 56-inch card^, each §250 30,000 
 
 120 railway troughs, each card$15 1,>^00 
 
 railway heads, drawing each $350 2,100 
 
 iO slubber frames (G4-spindles each, makes 640 spindles), $26 per spindle 16,640 
 
 15 fly franw«6 (12S spindles each, makes 1,920 spindles), $16 per spindle 30,720 
 120 ring spinning frames (128 spindles each, makes 15,360 spindles), $6 
 
 per spindle 92,160 
 
 40 cop-reels, estimated to cost per reel $200 8,000 
 
 Card and roller grinders 500 
 
 $188,820 
 
 Estimate for card clothing, bobbins, and other furnishings 11,180 
 
 $200,000 
 
 6 percent, internal revenue tax, say 12,000 
 
 10 per cent, on cost for boxing and strapping, and placing on shipboard 
 
 at Boston or Providence 21,000 
 
 Estimate owing to the greater bulk of cards and spinning work, measure- 
 ment, 700 tons, at $10 per ton 7,000 
 
 Cost to Avharf at Mobile $240,000 
 
 English machinery, estimated to cost at the wharf in Mobile 123,200 
 
 Advantage in favor of English machinery $116,800 
 
 The Tallassee Factory is situated at the Falls of the Tallapoosa. It 
 commands an unlimited -water power. But, great as are its advantages, 
 as set out by Mr. Micou from actual experience, they are no greater 
 than those of hundreds of other localities in the heart of Alabama, and 
 just as convenient to the cotton lands. 
 
 The profits of manufacturing, even in New England, are shown by 
 the enormous dividends some of the New England manufacturers earned 
 in 1867. The companies alluded to are mostly engaged in the produc- 
 tion of cotton, -woolen and worsted goods, upon a large scale, as -will be 
 
[87] 
 
 seen by the capital invested, which reaches a total of fifty millions of 
 dollars : 
 
 rOMPANIES. PRICE. DIVIDENDS. 
 
 Manvfaciuring. Par. Jan. 2, 1867. 1866. /an. J 867. 
 
 Androscoggin 100 200 25 20 20 
 
 Bates luO 145^ 25 10 5 
 
 Chicopee 100 255 30 15 20 
 
 Coclieco 650 710 $40 $50 $50 
 
 Franklin 100 156 10 10 10 
 
 Great Frills 200 191^ 5 3 3 
 
 Hamilton Woolen 100 300 7^7^7| 12^- 
 
 }i\\\ Mill 100 205 10 20 20 
 
 Jackson 1000 975 15 5 5 
 
 Lancaster 400 645 20 25 10 
 
 Lowell Bleachery 200 245 5 5 10 
 
 Manchester Print 1000 1555 12 6 6 
 
 Massachusetts 1000 875 7 6 
 
 Middlesex 100 184 5-5-5 5 
 
 ^'ashua 500 695 25 10 40 
 
 Naumkeag 100 145 10 10 12 
 
 Pacific : 1000 1995 14 12 12 
 
 Salisbury 100 260 5-10-7J 7i 
 
 Stark Mills 1000 1075 12 5 10 
 
 Washington 100 150 10 10 10 
 
 Most of these factories made two dividends per annum, some more, 
 and the average shows a very handsome business of more than 40 per 
 cent, profit, notwithstanding that both seasons were considered unfavor- 
 able to these manufacturing interests. The previous years for some 
 time make a still better showing. 
 
 Senator Sprague, of Rhode Island, one of the largest manufacturers 
 in New England, at a dinner given him by the citizens of Charleston, 
 in December, 1868, said : 
 
 " It would surprise the people of the South, and still more the people 
 of the North, to know, what is a fact, that the best cotton factory of its 
 size and kind in America, is to be found in Augusta, Georgia, and that 
 in looking at the subject in a manufacturer's point of view, taking the 
 productions per hand and per spindle, and comparing them with the 
 work of other mills running on the same class of goods, he found that 
 these Southern goods were equal to any of the kind seen in the North- 
 ern markets. Senator Sprague went on to say that " You," meaning 
 the Southern people, '* can do what we," meaning the people of New 
 England, " can not do. With your great advantages you can compete 
 with England for her Indian yarn trade. You ought to spin a large 
 
[88] 
 
 part of your crop and sliip it in that state, instead of hdjipplug tlic raw 
 material." 
 
 The New York Thjies, of January IG, 18G9, remarks that the real 
 estate operations of Senator Sprague, in the neighborhood of Columbia, 
 coupled as they are with an alleged intention to establish manufactories 
 there, may be expected to strengthen the upward tendency of Southern 
 lands. "There can be no doubt," says the editor, " that the facilities 
 for the prosecution of manufacturing industry presented 'by the South 
 are vastly superior to those of any other portion of the Union, and it 
 seems probable that they will soon be turned to account. Mr. Sprague 
 is not the only Northern capitalist who comprehends the worth of the 
 hitherto neglected resources of States which seem designed by nature 
 to verify the combination of ' the plow, the loom, and the anvil.' " 
 
 THE MINERAL REGION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Situation and extent — The Warrior coal fields — The Cahaha coal fields — 
 The Tennessee coal fields — Railroad conveniences — Value of mineral 
 land — Limestone — Blarhle — Granite — Gold — Copper — Peculiar value 
 of the coal — Peculiar value of the iron, etc. 
 
 This section occupies the northeast corner of the State, and extends 
 in a southwest direction about 160 miles into the State. On its eastern 
 side, and in its middle part, it measures north and south 90 miles, and 
 on its western side it is 70 miles wide, north and south. 
 
 The southeast corner of this mineral region is occupied by the rocks 
 of the metamorphic formation. Gold and copper have been found in 
 them ; not, however, in abundance. White marble of remarkable bril- 
 liancy, some of it equal to Carara marble, occurs abundantly, and has 
 been successfully worked. Soapstone, flagstones, graphite or plumbago, 
 and granite of very good quality have, likewise, been obtained in this 
 region. 
 
 The Silurian and carboniferous formation possess the remainder of 
 this mineral region. 
 
 There are three distinct coal fields in the carboniferous formation in 
 Alabama — viz : the Warrior, Cahaba, and Tennessee fields. 
 
 The Warrior coal field covers that section of the State drained by 
 the Black Warrior River and its ti-ibutaries, <ind al«o extends to the 
 northeast corner of the State, between Lookout Mountain and the 
 
[89] 
 
 Tennessee River. It has an area of 3,000 square miles. Its beds, are 
 horizontal, or nearly so, and are from one to four feet thick. The coal 
 is bituminous, rather soft, but well adapted to the manufacture of gas 
 and coke, and making steam. 
 
 The following is an analysis of the coal from the southern extremity 
 of the Warrior coal field near Tuscaloosa, by Prof. Mallet, contained in 
 the second report on the geology of Alabama, by Mr. Tuomey : 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 40.60 
 
 Fixed carbon 54.07 
 
 Ashes ].09 
 
 Moisture 1.18 
 
 Sulphur 1.06 
 
 100.00 
 
 The Cahaba coal field, occupying the country drained by the Cahaba 
 River and its tributaries, and extending thence in a northeast direction 
 to the Coosa River, has an area of 700 square miles. Its beds are from 
 one to eight feet thick, and are highly inclined. The coal is bituminous 
 (harder, and therefore better adapted for transportation than the War- 
 rior coal), and is excellent for generating steam and for the manufac- 
 ture of gas, coke and iron. Although the area of the Cahaba coal field 
 is comparatively small, yet the quantity of workable coal in it is im- 
 mense. 
 
 The following is an analysis of this coal, also by Mr. Mallet, given in 
 Mr. Tuomey's second geological report : 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 36.68 
 
 Fixed carbon 57.23 
 
 Ashes 5.30 
 
 Moist ire 0.79 
 
 Sulphur Jrace. 
 
 100.00 
 
 The Tennessee coal field lies in the northeast corner of the State, 
 north of the Tennessee River. The coal is also bituminous, and is ex- 
 tensively used in Chattanooga. 
 
 The total area in the State of Alabama of the three coal fields is 
 4,000 square miles. 
 
 In juxtaposition with these coal fields are extensive beds of excellent 
 iron ore, and also of limestone and sandstone. 
 
 There are five immense beds of re 1 and brown hematite iron ore near 
 the coal field?, extending in a nort!;east a;id southwest direction for 
 
[90] 
 
 niniiv miles. During the war, some of these beJs were woi-ked, and 
 produceil iron pronounced superior to Swedes iron. The beds are of 
 variable thickness, from one to thirty feet, and the ores contain from 
 36 to 58 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 There are also extensive beds of fire stone and fire clay, from which 
 good fire brick can be manufactured. Flagging stones and excellent 
 materials for making mill stones also abound. 
 
 The industry of making lime has been pursued with success in this 
 section, on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, six miles northeast 
 of Montevallo. 
 
 Materials for the manufacture of hydraulic lime, beds of clay for com- 
 mon pottery, and excellent porcelain clay, have been discovered. 
 
 The limestones of these formations furnish marble of great beauty 
 and utility. Among these may be mentioned a light grayish blue rock, 
 ■with spots of dark blue, black marble, yellow marble with black spots, 
 gray marble, dove colored marble, and other variously colored marbles, 
 afFordinoj durable and beautiful ornamental building: material. 
 
 The valleys in this mineral region, east of the Coosa Riv«r, along and 
 near the route of the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, are fertile and 
 well settled. They are well adapted to the production of cotton, corn, 
 and wheat, and to the rearing of stock, and form a most beautiful and 
 healthy farming and planting country. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, between the Coosa and Tennessee rivers, ascends 
 abruptly to the hight of about 450 feet above the valley, in a few miles 
 from Big Wills Creek. Thence proceeding toward the Tennessee River 
 for 18 miles, the top of the mountain is a comparatively level table land, 
 covered with excellent pasturage. Arriving within a few miles of the 
 Tennesse River, the mountain table-lands descend abrubtly to the bot- 
 tom lands of the river. 
 
 The mineral region is interspersed with numerous productive valleys. 
 
 The rivers Coosa and Warrior, traversing the mineral region, are not 
 navigable, but could be rendered capable of navigation by locks and 
 dams. 
 
 The Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad passes about 120 miles through 
 the mineral region (of which 105 miles are in operation in it), touching 
 near the edge of the Cahaba coal fields, passing along the brown hema- 
 tite ore beds, and near the extensive beds of white marble, to both of 
 which materials allusion has been made. The Alabama and Chattanooga 
 Railroad passes northeast and southwest for 130 miles through the min- 
 eral region, near to and between the Warrior and Cahaba coal measures, 
 
m 
 
 and parallel with and in close proximity to extensive deposits of brown 
 and red hematite iron ore. 
 
 The South and North Road will, when completed, run for 50 miles 
 throu£:h the Warrior coal field, and will cross the Cahaba coal field for 
 about 10 miles. It will also intersect three extensive deposits of brown 
 and red hematite ore. 
 
 The cultivated lands east of the Coosa River, along the Selma, Rome 
 and Dalton Railroad, forming, as before stated, a desirable, healthy farm- 
 ing and planting country, commanded high prices before the war. Well 
 improved locations may be had there at from $5 to $6 per acre. The 
 mineral lands may be procured at from 12| cents to ^2 per acre. 
 
 Another highly important material, which abounds in localities con- 
 venient to transportation, is limestone, which produces lime equal to 
 the Thomaston. 
 
 Beautifully variegated marble exists near the Cahawba River in Bibb 
 county, and in Talladega county. Some of these marbles are buff col- 
 ored, filled with organic remains. Some white and crystalline, and some 
 black. The quarries are very extensive, particularly in Talladega 
 county. 
 
 The quality of these marbles is very fine, and is said by good judges 
 to equal the finest Italian. 
 
 In Coosa county there are several quarries of statuary granite of a 
 superior quality, and is of a beautiful gray color, easy of access, being 
 almost entirely above the surface of the ground, easily split, and is ca- 
 pable of being worked into any desirable shape or size. 
 
 Gold has been discovered in the counties of Randolph, Talladega, 
 Coosa, Tallapoosa and Autauga. Several years ago, mining was carried 
 on to a considerable extent at Arbacoochie, in Randolph, and at Golds- 
 ville, in Tallapoosa county, but of late years the mines have been neg- 
 lected. 
 
 In Talladega and Clay counties ( and perhaps in Randolph and Tal- 
 lapoosa ) copper is found. The Montgomery Mining and Manufacturing 
 Company have developed rich copper mines in Talladega county. Beauti- 
 ful specimens of sulphate of copper, brimstone, brown oxide of iron, phos- 
 phate of iron, sulphuric acid, saltpeter, and some other articles from 
 these mines, were forwarded to the Paris Exposition, and can be seen at 
 the Eexecutive Department in Montgomery. These specimens were all 
 extracted from a single Pyrites. 
 
 The Alabama coal is excellent for generating steam. Professor Tuo- 
 mey, the former Geologist of tlie State, gives the following analysis of 
 the Alabama coal, in comparison with the bituminous coal of Virginia: 
 
[92] 
 
 Clover Hill, Ya.— Carbon, 76.G7 : Volatile matter, 16.67 ; Ashes, 9.87 ; 
 ' Hydrogen, 4.23. 
 
 Black Heath, Va.— Carbon, 80.28; Volatile matter, 10.27; Ashes, 
 9.26 ; Hydrogen, 4.08. 
 
 Powel's, Va. — Carbon, 86.84 ; Volatile matter, 8.76 ; Ashes, 4.60 ; 
 Hydrogen, 4.80. 
 
 Alabama coal — Carbon, 80.96; Volatile matter, 12.96; Ashes, 6.08; 
 Hydrogen, 5.18. 
 
 The value of coal for generating steam depends on the amount of car- 
 bon and hydrogen it contains. The preceding analysis shows that the 
 Alabama coal possesses more of hj^drogen than three, and more of car- 
 bon than two of the Virginia coals, considered the very best for steam 
 purposes. By the following table, drawn by the celebrated Geologist, 
 Sir Charles Lyell, and published in the Journal of the Geological Soci- 
 ety of London, it will be seen that the Alabama coal, if not superior, is 
 not inferior to the Maryland coal, noted as the best in the United States, 
 by Professor Walter R. Johnson, in his report to the Navy Depart- 
 ment : 
 
 NAMES OF COALS. CarboD. 
 
 Alabama Coal 80.9G 
 
 Pennsylvania Coal 62.80 
 
 i^laryland Coal, George Creek 70.76 
 
 do Frostburgh 74.38 
 
 Virginia Coal, Blacklieath 58.79 
 
 Virginia Coal, Midlothian 53.33 
 
 The Alabama coal must therefore rank in the first class of fuel for 
 producing steam. In fact, experiments have proved its superiority' over 
 all others, in an irrefragible manner. 
 
 The peculiar value of the Alabama iron ore consists in its adaptabil- 
 ity for making steel, by the late cheap and scientific processes which 
 tend to make steel as cheap as iron. 
 
 The process discovered by an Englishman named Bessemer, in 1856, 
 of immediately converting cast iron into steel, "while in the furnace, 
 consisted in forcing air through the melted mass of iron by means of 
 tubes opening beneath it. The iron became thus decarbonized and freed 
 from silicon, and yet retained its liquid state, in consequence of the de- 
 velopment of an intense temperature. Thus freed from silicon and 
 carbon, the iron became steel, of greater or less quality, according to 
 the degree of decarbonization arrived at. It was found, however, that 
 the metal thus obtained was more or less unsouiul, breaking off and 
 cracking when forged, and, \\v.\t this dinicidty was incicastd when the 
 
 Volatile Matter. 
 
 Ashes. 
 
 12.96 
 
 6.08 
 
 12.80 
 
 6.20 
 
 16.03 
 
 13.22 
 
 15.13 
 
 10.34 
 
 22.57 
 
 8.G4 
 
 33.25 
 
 14.14 
 
[93] 
 
 iron operated upon, contained sulphur or phosphorus to any notable ex- 
 tent. Hence it became necessary, in order to perfect the process, to 
 provide against the debasement of the metal which arose from its ex- 
 })osure in a melted state to the action of oxygen ; and also, to find iron 
 free from sulphur and phosphorus, in such quantity as to make the 
 manufacture of steel as cheap as that of iron. This gave rise to the 
 Mushet improvement upon the Bessemer process. Mr. Mushet hit upon 
 the expedient of mixing a portion of iron containing the metal man- 
 ganese with other iron and applying the Bessemer process to the furn- 
 ace. The manganese, by its superior affinity for oxygen, deoxygenates 
 the metal which is decarbonized by the current of air, and thus renders 
 the metal sound, pure steel. By this simple application of manganese 
 it was found possible to make steel as cheap as iron, saving two or three 
 hundred per cent, upon the cost of that metal — provided iron could be 
 found which was sufficiently free from sulphur and phosphorus. It was 
 found that but two or three brands of English iron were adapted to the 
 purpose. The double difficulty consisted in finding iron free from sul- 
 phur or phosphorus, and at the same time containing manganese. 
 
 Soon after the war, a series of experiments was tried at the Troy 
 Works upon American iron, to test its adaptability to the Bessemer pro- 
 cess, and the most beautiful specimens of steel were obtained from Ala- 
 bama iron. 
 
 Subsequent experiments confirmed the fact that a peculiar excellence 
 of the iron of Alabama consists in its freedom from sulphur and phos- 
 phorus, rendering it specially available in the production of steel by 
 the Bessemer process. 
 
 It is now past refutation that steel can be made from Alabama ore as 
 cheap as iron, and that manufacturers in this State can reduce the price 
 of steel two hundred per cent, or more, and that no State in the Union 
 can compete with Alabama in manufacturing steel by the pneuraa«tic 
 process. Mr, Mellen, President of the Cahaba Company, forwarded to 
 the Paris Exposition a specimen of Alabama steel manufactured by the 
 pneumatic process, which is pronounced superior to any yet obtained in 
 America. In 1867, in a letter to the Mobile Advertiser and Register, 
 Mr. Hagood, of the Shelby Iron Works, says that the iron of Shelby 
 " has been tried for the Bessemer steel process, and pronounced by 
 Messrs. Winslow, Griswold & Holly, who use the patent at Troy, New 
 York, equal to the best iron they had tested." 
 
 The adaptability of Alabama iron to the process of being converted 
 directly into steel, renders it peculiarly valuable for the iBanuficture of 
 
[94] 
 
 rails. The people of Alabama, and especially the stockholders of in- 
 complete lines, would save vast sums of money by manufacturing their 
 rails at home. The amount which might be saved may be estimated 
 when we reflect that we find iron ore all along the Selma & Rome Rail- 
 road in Bibb, Shelby, Talladega and Calhoun counties. These deposits 
 are very rich, and they are well provided for by the Selma & Rome 
 Railroad. The principal amount of iron ore in Alabama lies in the Red 
 Mountain and its spurs, commencing at a point twenty-five miles east 
 of Tuscaloosa, and running uninterruptedly in a northeast direction near 
 Elyton and Ashville, to Gadsden, a distance of nearly one hundred 
 miles, and in patches in Cherokee county, on to the Georgia line. The 
 N. E. & S. W. Railroad is located along and near the Red Mountain, 
 and will furnish the most convenient arrangement for developing the 
 greatest iron interest of the State that could possibly be devised. Cross- 
 ing as it does, says Mr. Milner, the proposed line of the South & North 
 Railr«ud, near Elyton, which runs directly through both the Warrior and 
 Caliaba coal fields, the necessary elements in the economical manufac- 
 ture of iron, coal, and the rich ores from the Red Mountain can be as 
 cheaply brought together as at any other place in the United States. 
 From an estimate, made in 1857, by the agent appointed by the N. E. 
 &, S. W. Railroad Company, it was found that the cost of railroad iron 
 manufactured in Jefi'erson county, Alabama, was at that time forty-three 
 dollars per ton. 
 
 Professor Mather, State Geologist of Ohio, estimated, in 1857, the 
 cost of manufacturing rails in that State as follows : 
 
 Pig at tho rail mill, per ton $15 50 
 
 One-fifth loss in manufacture 3 10 
 
 Cost of making pig into railroad hare 22 00 
 
 Total cost of railroad bars, per ton $40 60 
 
 It sold in Ponnsylvnnia, before the war, at from forty to fifty dollars 
 per ton. 
 
 The following extract, from a statement of Hon. Mark A. Cooper, of 
 Georgia, is of interest in this connection : 
 
 " The iron products of Pennsylvania are annually twenty-two millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 " This employs a capital of five millions of dollars. It also gives 
 employment and subsistence to five thousand workmen, and as many 
 more women and children. Tb.e cotton crop of Georgia is estimated at 
 twenty five million? of dollars. 
 
[95] 
 
 "There are made in the United States, about eight hundred tliousnnd 
 tons of iron, ^vhich costs the consumers sixt}" millions of dollars. This 
 much, and five hundred thousand tons more, of foreign iron, is consumed 
 in the United States. A total of one million three hundred thousand 
 tons consumed at a cost to the consumers of eighty-seven millions five 
 hundred thousand. Of this, there is consumed in the Southern States 
 one half — forty millions of dollars worth. They produce comparatively 
 but little, suppose ten millions of dollars worth. This leaves thirty 
 millions of dollars to be annually paid by the South for iron made hy 
 others. It is paid out of the cotton crop, directly or indirectly. The 
 cotton crop is equal to one hundred and fifty millions of dollars. Of 
 this, thirty million goes to pay for iron alone." 
 
 Every cent of this amount is just so much thrown away ! 
 
 LOCALITIES OF ALABAMA WHERE IRON IS FOUND. 
 
 Red ore of Bibb county and Wills' Valley — The Bed Blountains — St. 
 Clair county — Limestone county — Cost of bloomeries — Shelby county 
 — Calhoun county — Oxide of zinc — Jefferson county — Walker county 
 — Analysis of specimens, etc. 
 
 From Tuomey's Geology of Alabama we abstract, for more con- 
 venient reference, the passages referring to the locations of iron and coal 
 deposits within the State : 
 
 " The principal iron ores of the State have been examined, and nu- 
 merous deposits added to those already known. The red or fossiliferous 
 ore is now known to extend almost without interruption from a point 
 two miles and a half below Pratt's Ferry, in Bibb county, to the upper 
 end of Wills' Valley, DeKalb county; and on the east, in Cherokee, to 
 the northern part of the county. On the west it runs up to Murphree's 
 Valley. The thickness is variable, being in some localities twenty to 
 thirty feet, and in others thinning down to one foot. 
 
 " Northeast of Greensboro', and on the northwest side of the Red 
 Mountains, a bed occurs ten feet in thickness. Southeast of Elyton the 
 ore continues for a distance of three miles. It caps the mountain, and 
 is fifteen feet in thickness. About Trussville beds of brown hematite 
 occur, not far from the red ore beds. On the spurs of Cedar Mountain 
 red ore is found, with numerous joints of crinoidal stems — hence the 
 n;'.ine button rock applied to the ore. 
 
[00] 
 
 "In St. Cliiii' C'luiity. >omliv.-cst of Sprin^^villo, tli'^ oro occurs in !i 
 stratum fifteen feet tliiek, Init varying i:i quality in difforent parts of the 
 bcil. At Picrson's Mill, in the same county, t}ie ore is about seven 
 feet thick. The ore is composed of largo glazed grains; the composition 
 is as follows : 
 
 (Composiiion in JOO uarls): 
 
 reroxide of iron • ■'il-16 
 
 Silica 27."4 
 
 Carbonate of lime 19.S0 
 
 Alumina 2.3*2 
 
 Oxide of manganese 24 
 
 Pliosplioric acid IC 
 
 09. SI 
 Metallic iron, 30.02 percent 
 
 " In Murphrcc's Valley the ore is found in a bed seven to eight feet 
 in thickness. There is also a bed of brown hematite near this locality, 
 one mile in length, composed of irregular masses. 
 
 "At Hanby's, on Turkey Creek, there is a bed of this ore, which is 
 a continuation of the Murphree's Valley ore. It is about twenty feet 
 in thickness, and as it occurs on the side of the mill-pond, it ca?) bo 
 transported by water to the falls of the creek, where an admirable site 
 for a furnace may be found. 
 
 " Ore from Hanhijs. — The ore is oolitic, with shining surfaces on the 
 recent fracture. It is stratified. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts): 
 
 Pero.xide of iron Gl.'^T 
 
 Silica 3"-5S 
 
 Alumina -" 
 
 Lime ^^ 
 
 Oxide manganese Oo 
 
 Phosphoric acid '^'^ 
 
 99.82 
 Metallic iron, 43.31 per cent. 
 
 "Since this was written I have received a series of specimens from 
 this locality, taken from an excavation in the bed. They show a great 
 improvement in the ore, when compared with the specimen analyzed, 
 which was taken from the surface. The results of their examination 
 will appear in a future report. 
 
 " I have not attempted to enumerate all the localities where this ore 
 is found in quantity; it so happens that it belongs to one of the roost 
 persistent formations in the State, one which extends from the north- 
 
[97] 
 
 eastern boundary of the State to Pratt's Ferry, on the Cahawbn, and it 
 seems only necessary to describe those beds most likely to come first 
 into use. 
 
 " The means of comparing this ore, both in quantity and composition, 
 with similar ores from Pennsylvania and New York, will be found on 
 page 31 of my first report. 
 
 ^'- Broivn Hematifes. — In my first report I stated that it was probable 
 that all the brown ores belonged to true beds, interstratified with the 
 other rocks. A more extended observation has satisfied me that this is 
 not the case with all the ores of this character in the State. The ores 
 of Bluff Creek, North Alabama, and indeed all those in that part of the 
 State, belong to the newer deposits, as may be seen from their ad- 
 mixture with the pebbles of the surface, and from their unconformable 
 position. This fact is not so easily observed in the great iron deposits 
 of Roup's Valley and Shelby, for here there are no pebbles, the ore 
 being mixed with, and completly enveloped in a red loam ; and what 
 makes this the more puzzling, these deposits follow, in direction very 
 nearly the strike of the rocks. In Roup's Valley, for example, the ore 
 is found occupying a narrow belt, six to eight miles in length, having a 
 course nearly northeast and southwest, almost co-incident with that of 
 the underlying rocks. This is the case with the beds from which the 
 bloomaries on Shoal Creek are supplied. The deposits on Shelby's Creek, 
 as well as those in Talladega, are also disposed in a similar manner. 
 
 " Brown Hematite, Bluff CreeJc, Limestone Cbunty. — The ore is com- 
 pact, with irregular cavities, and has a fibrous structure. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts): 
 
 Peroxide of iron , 80.65 
 
 Seaquioxide of manganese 26 
 
 Alumina ^ 09 
 
 Magnesia Trace 
 
 Pliosphoric acid ... .92 
 
 Water 12.37 
 
 Insoluble matter 5.58 
 
 99.87 
 Metallic iron, 56.45 per cent. 
 
 "It will be seen from this analysis, that the ore on Bluff Creek com- 
 pares favorably with the ores of the State of the same variety. And 
 there is only this difference, that it will require greater care in the se- 
 lection, for reasons already pointed out. 
 
 '■'■Riddles Bloomery. — The ore used here is from Mr. Seay's bed, al- 
 
 readv described. Mr. Seay informed me that the cost of 3,000 lbs, of 
 7 
 
[98] 
 
 ore delivered at the works was §4 50. The distance was about six 
 miles. 
 
 " The following account of the works, furnished to Mr. Lieber by Mr. 
 Kiddle, will show the cost of production at these works. 
 
 "The works of J. Riddle were commenced by J. M. Moore, Esq., in 
 183G. The Eagle Forge was erected by Messrs. Rersue and William- 
 son, in 1846, and is now owned by G. M. Riddle and Whiley Saunders. 
 Rob Roy was built by John Moore and G. M. Riddle, in 1852, and is 
 now offered for sale. A little forge, not now in operation, was built by 
 Silas Garregus, near Chinebee, on Horse Creek. 
 
 '' In these forges there are four stamps of 50 lbs. each. There are 
 two furnaces at each forge, and in ordinary years the Talladega Creek 
 will drive the blast for nine months. It requires fourteen to fifteen 
 hands to attend to a forge. The working force is divided thus : 
 One (sometimes two) hammerman. -j 
 
 Two firemen > Working at forge. 
 
 One hand to stamp and roast ore. ) 
 Four hands to chop wood. 
 Three teamsters. 
 Two colliers. 
 
 " The cost of putting up such works, exclusive of dwelling houses, 
 roads, etc., is from $2,500 to $3,000. 
 
 " The charge of the furnace is usually 5 lbs. of ore to 1 lb. of iron. 
 The charcoal used is 700 bushels to the ton (of 2,000 lbs.) of bar iron. 
 The weight of the loup of iron produced, varies from 100 to 135 lbs., 
 and is made in three hout-s, so that four loups are the result of a full 
 day's work. A loup of 125 lbs. yields 100 lbs. of bar iron. This is 
 Avorth $5 50 per 100 lbs., at the works. The pound of iron ought not 
 to cost the manufivcturers more than three cents. 
 
 "All the ore is now obtained from the Chinebee bed, at Seay's, 25 
 cents being paid for the privilege of hauling a load of 3,500 pounds of 
 ore. For raising the ore and piling it at the bank, 25 cents are given, 
 while the hauling amounts to §1 per 1,000 pounds. The Chinebee bed 
 has now been worked thirteen or fourteen years." 
 
 " Small, irregular pieces of iron are formed during the working of the 
 loup, which are found troublesome. On being dissolved in sulphuric 
 acid, they give a considerable amount of phosphorus and quartz, chem- 
 ically combined. It is probable, therefore, that these are portions of tlio 
 iron, rendered hard by such impurities. 
 
 " Weir cj" S'eoU's Bloomeries.—'Shonl Creek, Shelby county, funiishes 
 somefair sites, an abundant power for iron works of far greater extent than 
 
[99] 
 
 those at present situated on it. The ore is found on the side of the 
 ridge Avhich runs parallel with the Montevallo road, and is raised at ^1 
 jicr ton. As the creek runs along the verge of the Cahaba coal field, 
 it can not be a long time before the bloomeries will give place to high 
 furnaces, where coke, instead of the more expensive charcoal, will bo 
 used as fuel. 
 
 To show the enormous waste in this the primitive mode of manufactur- 
 ing iron, a portion of what appeared to be richest of the slag, but which 
 was by no means a small part of the heap, was analyzed and gave 44.80 
 per cent, of iron. In the high furnace, it is evident that this slag will 
 all be worked over with profit. 
 
 McClanaJimi's Furnace. — The beds at this place have been re-exam- 
 ined. The ore is inclosed in the manner just stated, in a bed of red 
 loam, which extends toward the Coosa, two or three miles from the fur- 
 nace. In the open pit, in which the fine fibrous variety is found, the 
 fragments are angular, and the fractured surface quite sharp, being 
 barely soiled by the loam. That they were fractured since their deposi- 
 tion is quite evident, and that they were not afterward transported is 
 equally so ; for there is not the slightest evidence of water-wearing, 
 even on the sharpest angles of the fibrous fragments. The impression 
 left by an examination of this locality, is that the whole was thoroughly 
 shaken up, but not transported. 
 
 Fibrous Brown Hematite from 3IcClanahan's Furnace ; a part of the 
 Bed not examined. — The specimen is from a bed near the furnace. It 
 is of a structure distinctly fibrous and radiating : 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 82.82 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese 77 
 
 Lime Trace 
 
 Alumina 1 35 
 
 Silica 29 
 
 Phosphoric acid 15 
 
 Water 14.62 
 
 99.00 
 Metalic iron, 57.97 per cent. 
 
 CalJioun Iron WorJcs. — Some difference seemed to exist between the 
 ores from the two beds explored at this place ; the upper one being pre- 
 ferred, while in the reduction of the ore from the lower bed, or one 
 nearest the furnace, some difficulty seemed to exist. Specimens from 
 both beds were examined, with a view of throwing; some liirht on the 
 n atter.- 
 
[100] 
 
 1. Spccimeu from the upper bed, porous, and containing much yel- 
 low ochre in the cavities. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 76.84 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese 37 
 
 Alumina 2.34 
 
 Magnesia Trace 
 
 Phosphoric acid 1.08 
 
 AVater 13.76 
 
 Insoluble matter 5.17 
 
 99.56 
 Metallic iron, 53.79 per cent. 
 
 The considerable amount of phosphorus in this ore no doubt gives it 
 the property of producing the sharp castings for which the hollow ware 
 of this establishment is noted. 
 
 2. A more compact variety than the preceding, Avith minute -specs 
 of ochre in the pores. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 82.4) 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese C3 
 
 Alumina ' ' 
 
 Lime 'I'l'^ice 
 
 Magnesia Trace 
 
 osphoricacid Trace 
 
 Water 12. "0 
 
 Insoluble matter, with a little alumina 3.21 
 
 99.76 
 Metallic iron, 57.71 percent. 
 
 The preceding are from the upper bed. 
 
 1. From the bed near the furnace. Partly compact, and composed 
 of layers, with silicious narticles derived from decomposed chert em- 
 bedded in the mass. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 68.13 
 
 Alumina 46 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese 46 
 
 Phosphoric acid 02 
 
 Water 10.89 
 
 Insoluble matter 20.02 
 
 99.98 
 Metallic iron, 47.69 per cent 
 
[101] 
 
 2(1. From the same bed — more compact than the preceding, wiih 
 iridescent tarnish on the surface, and having embedded particles of chert, 
 in a chalky state. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 73.64 
 
 Sesquioxide of manganese 2.57 
 
 Alumina ].41 
 
 Copper Trace 
 
 Phosphoric acid Trace 
 
 Water 9.77 
 
 Insohible matter 15.49 
 
 100.44 
 Metallic iron, 51.55 percent. 
 
 It is difficult to point out any difference in the composition of the 
 ores of these beds, that could interfere with their reduction, unless it be 
 the greater amount of insoluble matter in the beds near the furnace. 
 And this can be detected by the naked eye, for the fragments of sili- 
 cious minerals embedded in the ore are often large, and such portions 
 should be rejected. The greater richness of the upper beds will doubt- 
 less compensate for the additional expense of hauling. 
 
 As it is probable that these ores are derived from sulphurets, the 
 trace of copper found here is not surprising, nor is it very uncommon 
 in the brown ore of the State. 
 
 Oxide of Zinc. — Masses of this mineral, of several pounds weight, 
 are, from time to time, taken from the crevices in the stack ; as no 
 traces of zinc have been discovered in the ore, it is almost certain that 
 it had been introduced into the furnace with the limestone used as flux. 
 Sulphuret of lead is known to exist in tiie limestone at this locality, and 
 zinc blends, being associated with it, is conveyed to the furnace with 
 the limestone in which it is found. 
 
 The mineral is of olive color, waxy lustre, and is disposed in con- 
 centric layers. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Oxide of zinc 97.77 
 
 Protoxide of iron 1.21 
 
 Oxide of manganese Trace 
 
 Silica G4 
 
 Carbon OS 
 
 yo.To 
 The following is from Chambers county. It is found in deposits of 
 
[I02J 
 
 some extent, wherever liornblede rocks are undergoing disintegration. 
 It resembles bog-ore, but contains scarcely iron enough to be admitted 
 as an ore of that metal. It was looked upon with a great deal of interest 
 during the period of the copper exploration, and for that reason it is 
 introduced here. It seems to be made up of concretionary nodules, with 
 shining points on the fresh fracture. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts.) 
 
 Peroxide of iron 28. 76 
 
 Scsquioxide of manganese 2.57 
 
 Alumina l.i-i 
 
 Lime and Magnesia Trace 
 
 riiosplioric acid ^^ 
 
 Water <51-2 
 
 Insoluble matter 60.94 
 
 99.59 
 
 Ores from the Coal Measures. — We need not expect to know much of 
 these ores, till the AVarrior coal field is explored to a much greater ex- 
 tent. No mining, worthy of the name, has yet been done, and as the 
 ore occurs in the overlying shale, it is but rarely that it can be detected 
 on the surface. There are, however, some pro'mising localities in Jef- 
 ferson and Walker counties, as will be seen from the following analyses : 
 
 Iron Ore from Jefferson County. — A compact, dark-colored ore, con- 
 taining vegetable impressions. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts): 
 
 Carbonate protoxide of iron 86.85 
 
 Carbonate protoxide of manganese 3.04 
 
 Carbonate of lime 2.12 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia - 12 
 
 Peroxide of iron 43 
 
 Alumina .06 
 
 Water MT 
 
 Carbonaceous matter Trace 
 
 Insoluble ini!;redients 6.3 » 
 
 100.16 
 Metallic iron, 42.23 per cent. 
 
 Specimen from Walher Count)/. — Compact, bluish-gray on fresh frac- 
 ture, yellow on the outside, and exfoliating in concentric layers. 
 
 (Composition in 100 parts): 
 
 Carbonate protoxide pf iron 70.84 
 
 Carbonate protoxide of manganese J. 53 
 
 Carbonate of lime 2.31 
 
[103] 
 
 Carlionate of magnesia 7.G4 
 
 rertixide of iron 12'' 
 
 Aliunina 5 3 
 
 Water !^4 
 
 Insoluble matter 14.94 
 
 99.43 
 Metallic iron, 35.04 per cent 
 
 IRON WORKS OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Their extent and location — The Irondale Works — The Red Mountain 
 Works — Roupo Valley Works — Oxford Furnace — Shelby Works — 
 Briarjield Works — Description of the latter — The adjoining coun- 
 try — Accessibility, etc. 
 
 The following account of the Iron Works of Alabama, first pub- 
 lished in the Mobile Times, in 1866, was contributed by a gentleman who 
 had been prominent among the engineers of the United States Army : 
 
 " The number and extent of these Works is not generally known, even 
 to our own citizens, and a brief notice of them may serve to show what 
 has been done to develop the vast deposits of ore in the central part of 
 the State. 
 
 1. Beginning at a point 50 miles north of Selma, east of the Cahaba 
 River, and on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad (now Selma, Rome 
 and Dalton), we find, first, the Briarfield Iron Works. 
 
 2. The Shelby Iron Works, near Columbiana, and connected with the 
 railroad by a branch road. 
 
 3. The Salt Creek Furnace, on the railroad, 15 miles beyond Talladega. 
 
 4. The Oxford Furnace, on the railroad, near the village of Oxford. 
 
 5. The Choccolocco Furnace. 
 
 "West of the Cahaba we find, first, the Roupo Valley Furnaces, 32 
 miles northeast of Tuscaloosa, on the line of the Northeast and South- 
 west Railroad, which is graded to that point. 
 
 2. The Red Mountain Iron Works, at Gracie's Gap, near Elyton. 
 
 3. The Irondale Works, about 8 miles northeast from the last named. 
 "Nearly all these works were begun and carried on during the war, 
 
 and were stimulated by assistance from the Confederate Government. 
 
 " The Irondale Works were begun in the second year of the war, by 
 Mr. Mcllwaine, who still directs them. The furnace erected then was 
 burned by the Federal troops, after having produced a good deal of 
 iron. After the close of the war, the property passed partly into the 
 
hands of Northern capitalists, who have expended large sums of money 
 in rebuilding the furnaces — in laying the foundations of a new furnace 
 and of a rolling-mill of the largest class. A good deal of progress has 
 been made, especially in erecting excellent machine shops, foundry and 
 blacksmith shops. The ore here is red hematite, in inexhaustible quan- 
 tities. Good bituminous coal is found within a few miles of the Works. 
 The railroad from Montgomery to Decatur, Alabama, passes within eight 
 miles of these w^orks, and is to be reached by a branch road. 
 
 " The Ked Mountain Iron Works, at Grade's Gap, were built up by 
 the Messrs. Gilmer, of Montgomery, during the war. There were two 
 furnaces of nine or ten feet bosh, one of which was in blast. The ore 
 here is also red hematite, in vast deposits. There is an abundance of 
 coal near by — on the line of the North and South Railroad, which is 
 running from Lime Station, on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, to 
 and across the Cahaba — say within ten miles of these Works. Noth- 
 ing has been done here since the war. 
 
 " The Roupo Valley Works had two small furnaces, cold blast — one 
 in operation. The ore here is brown hematite, and the supply is extra- 
 ordinarily large. Coal is found within four miles of the furnaces. 
 There is here a hill of ore (near McNath's) a compact mass of hematite. 
 The completion of the Northeast and Southwest Railroad will give every 
 desired facility to this location. No effort has been made to rebuild 
 these Works since the war. 
 
 "Passing to the east side of the Cahaba, the Oxford Furnace (hot 
 blast), of about ten feet bosh, made very good soft iron from a bed of 
 brown hematite. It has not been rebuilt, but offers good facilities for 
 making charcoal iron. ^ 
 
 "The Salt Creek Furnace is in the condition in which it was left at 
 the close of the war. 
 
 "Further South, and near Columbiana, the Shelby Iron Works are 
 still as they Avere left by the Federal troops. This is one of the best 
 iron properties of the State. There is here one good furnace of ten 
 and a half feet bosh, with hot blast, complete — the machinery, of course, 
 destroyed. There is also an old furnace, of small capacity, which has 
 not been used for a long time. There are also tJic remains of a rollinji- 
 mill, muck train, bar-mill, puddling and heating furnaces, all susceptible 
 of being used. again. The ore is brown hematite, of excellent quality, 
 and the supply is large and easily mined. A branch railroad, six miles 
 long, lined with wooden stringers and strap rail, leads to Columbiana, 
 and belongs to this property. It is understood that the control of these 
 works has lately passed into the hands of Northern capitalists, and that 
 
[105] 
 
 the manufacture of pig iron,:it least, is to be resumed there soon. ^Iv. 
 Horace Ware, of Columbiana, began these Works before the war. and 
 prosecuted them with success; but during the war sold them to the 
 Shelby Iron Works Company. 
 
 " On the North and South Railroad, eighteen miles from Lime Sta- 
 tion, on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, there is a small rolling- 
 mill, built during the war by the Messrs. Hannon, Offutt & Co., suitable 
 for making the smallest size bar iron. It has just begun work where it 
 was burned by the Federal troops under Gen. Wilson. 
 
 " Further South are the Briarfield (formerly the Bibb county) Iron 
 Works. These are the only iron works ^Yhich have been rebuilt and 
 put into operation, since the close of the war, except the short blast 
 of the Irondale Furnace, and we propose to describe them more in 
 detail. 
 
 " These works were begun by individual enterprise during the first year 
 of the war, and after a cold blast furnace had been built and a rollinor- 
 mill partially completed, were sold to the Confederate Government for 
 six hundred thousand dollars (.?600,000), at a time when Confederate 
 money was but little depreciated. It was enlarged by the Confederate 
 Government, by the addition of a hot blast furnace of eleven feet bosh, 
 and by other valuable improvements, and was used for the manufacture 
 of iron out of which its heavy rifle guns were cast atSelma, on account 
 of the good quality of the pig iron produced there. These Works were 
 destroyed by Gen. Wilson's troops early in 1865. In January, 1866, 
 what was left of the Works was sold by the United States Government 
 at public auction, and purchased by the Hon. Francis S. Lyon, of Ma- 
 rengo, for company, of which he and Col. James Crawford, Mr. Glover, 
 Mr. Front, and others, were members. The company commenced at 
 once to rebuild the Works, under the superintendence of Gen, J. Gorgas. 
 
 " All of the structures are of the most substantial kind. First, within 
 one hundred yards of the railroad is the large rolling-mill; within this 
 there are three engines at work, one driving the " muck train," and in- 
 tended also to drive the " nail plate train," a second which makes bar 
 iron, and a third which pumps water, cuts off iron, and a machine for 
 making buckles for cotton ties. Here are eight puddling furnaces, and 
 two heating furnaces, and four boilers supplying steam to the engines. 
 The boilers are placed by the heating furnance, and the steam is made 
 by the waste heat from those furnaces. The machinery all appears to 
 work well — is placed on stone foundation, and is well disposed for work. 
 The puddling furnaces will convert sixteen gross tons of pig iron into 
 muck bar in twenty-four hours, and these are to be daily converted into 
 
[100] 
 
 twenty thousand pounds of bar iron, and one Iiundred ke^s of cut nails — 
 the machinery for which is all on the spot, though not yet put up. 
 
 •'Passing from the rolling mill to the shops, we find a foundry with 
 cupola crane, ladles, flasks, etc., fit for Avork of almost every character ; 
 a machine shop, with all the necessary machinery, driven by an engine 
 of forty-horse power; a pattern shop, and small brass foundry; a 
 blacksmith shop ; and attached to the machine shop is the building in- 
 tended for the nailery. Around these are clustered offices, storehouses, 
 spacious stables, and about thirty good frame dwellings, plastered and 
 white-washed, and looking very cheerful. A neat school-house serves 
 also as a church, and for a Sunday-school of about seventy scholars. 
 
 "In full operation, these Works would give employment to some tliree 
 hundred operatives. Oil the opposite side of the railroad from the 
 shops, and about one hundred yards distant, is a lime-kiln, with train 
 road leading to a stone quarry distant about three hundred yards. The 
 kiln is of the kind known as " perpetual " — that is, the burning and 
 drawing go on continuously. 
 
 " Taking the train road, -which is substantially laid with iron, and going 
 westward two and three-quarter miles, passing by the sawmill of the 
 Compi'ny half way out, Avhcre there are beautiful springs, and several 
 dwellings, we came to the " Strother (late Bibb county) Furnaces," 
 cnlled after Hon. Francis " Strother " Lyons, well-known and beloved 
 throughout the State of Alabama. 
 
 " Here, in a pretty valley, amid heaps of black cinders, stand two brick 
 furnaces. The hot blast furnace looms up with draft, stock, hot blast, 
 engine-house, casting-house, and other appurtenances. Going into the 
 engine-house, up a flight of steps, you see a pair of large, short cylin- 
 ders, called " blast cylinders," driven by a strong engine. 
 
 " These cylinders serve as the bellows to a fire, and supply the blast by 
 which the ore is smelted in the furnace. Another flight of steps upward 
 lead to the " bridge house " at the top of the furnace. Here the ore, 
 limestone and charcoal are weighed and measured, and fed into the top 
 of the furnace. The engine goes on puffing ceaselessly, day and night, 
 and the feeding of the furnace at the top never ceases. Twice in 
 twenty-four hours the furnace is tapped at the bottom, and the iron runs 
 out into a sand bed in shapes called " pigs," weighing about one hun- 
 dred pounds each. The furnace is fed daily with forty tons of ore, 
 nine or ten tons of limestone, broken up small, and twenty-five hundred 
 bushels of charcoal, or, if coke be used, twenty-five or thirty tons of 
 that, making the large aggregate of about seventy-five tons of material 
 fed in daily. This would be the limit of the capacity of the furnace 
 
[107] 
 
 jiiitl would make some twenty-two tons of iron daily, as the yield is 
 something over fifty per cent, of the ore used. The hot gases, as thoy 
 escape from the top of the furnace, are drawn off on one side under 
 the boilers to make steam, and on the other side into the 'hot blast,' 
 where the cold air, driven in by the cylinders, is heated to a tempera- 
 ture of about six hundred degrees, or to the melting point of lead. 
 Alongside of this furnace stands the cold blast furnace, which has not 
 been in blast since the close of the war. The hot blast is forty feet 
 high, eleven feet four inches in bosh (greatest diameter), while the cold 
 blast is thirty-six feet high, and ten feet and six inches in bosh. 
 
 "In the rear of the top of the furnace, and side by side, are four brick 
 structures, which look like big ovens. These are for preparing char- 
 coal. Into each of them fifty cords of wood are charged, and produce 
 nearly three thousand bushels of charcoal. A cord of wood thus pro- 
 duces sixty bushels of coal, while in the ordinary way of burning it in 
 pits, yields only thirty to thirty-five bushels, 
 
 "Around these furnaces are collected the ofiices, stables, shops and 
 tenements of the company, straggling up and down in picturesque ir- 
 regularity. The company has here a body of nearly seven thousand 
 acres of land, on which there is excellent timber, and the ore spreads 
 over five or six hundred acres in sufficient quantities to supply the fur- 
 naces for many a year to come. The ore is brown hematite, as at 
 Shelby, and produces an iron of great strength. 
 
 " Bituminous coal of excellent quality is found in thick veins, within 
 three and a half miles of the furnaces, and has been opened out and 
 used to some extent. A branch railroad from Ashby Station, one and 
 a half miles distant, on the Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad, is 
 graded directly by the furnaces, and up to the coal fields. No work has 
 been done upon it since the close of the war. There is little doubt but 
 that when this branch road is opened into the coal fields (and Capt. 
 Barney, agent of the lessee of the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, 
 has expressed his intention of completing this important feeder of his 
 road without delay), it will penetrate the finest coal beds in the State. 
 
 " The veins here attain the thickness of seven feet, at a distance of 
 eight miles from the junction, and Mr. Rainey, of New Orleans, has 
 opened a vein of five feet thickness, within three and a half miles of the 
 ' Strother Furnaces.' 
 
 " The country about Briarfield is picturesque and salubrious ; the val- 
 leys of the streams fertile, affording abundant good lands to support 
 the mining and manufacturing population, which will collect here at 
 some future day. Bold springs and clear, beautiful streams diversify 
 
[108] 
 
 tlic face of tne ccuiitry. The population is chiefij white, ami supplies 
 good material for carrying on the necessary ^York, though it Avill be ma- 
 terially reinforced by immigration, as soon as calls are made for addi- 
 tional labor to develop the abundant beds of iron and coal. 
 
 This region of country is also very accessible. The Selma, Rome and 
 Dalton Railroad (lately called the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad), 
 running directly by Briarfiold, is open (daily trains), from Selma to Blue 
 Mountain, one hundred and thirty-five miles, and is now to be completed 
 to Rome and Dalton without dela3^ At Lime Station, 63 miles from 
 Selma, and 13 from Briarfield, this road is crossed by the North and 
 South Railroad, leading from Montgomery to Decatur — of which about 
 20 miles from Lime Station are completed and in use. This road pen- 
 etrates the Cahaba coal fields and the rich deposits of real hematite of 
 the Red Mountain lying east of and near to Elyton. Two miles below 
 Montevallo, and three miles above the Briarfield Iron Works, a branch 
 road, two miles long, leads to the coal fields — where are the Montevallo, 
 the Shelby, the Mobile, and the Selma mines. The last are in good 
 working order, and have a good deal of coal out. The Montevallo 
 mines are worked by a companj^, now known as the Central Mining and 
 Manufacturing Company, composed chicfl}^ of residents of Montgomery, 
 of which Major C. G. Wagner is president. At Ashley Station, forty- 
 nine miles above Selma, and two miles below Briarfield, a branch road 
 is graded out four miles, intended to reach the rich veins of coal lying 
 between the Cahaba and the Little Cahaba Rivers. Here are thousands 
 of tons of coal already mined, waiting for the means to take it to mar- 
 ket. Six miles of additional grading will reach the Cahaba, and one 
 and one-half miles more will reach coal veins, five feet thick, already 
 opened. Some of these veins make excellent coke, of which a good 
 deal has been used in the cupola at the Briarfield Foundry. 
 
 LOCALITIES OF ALABAMA WHERE COAL IS FOUND. 
 
 Warrior coal jield — Sipseij Fork of the Warrior — Locnd Fork—^Cahaba 
 coal fields — Coosa coal field — Thickness of (he beds — Depth from the 
 surface, etc. 
 
 Warrior Coal field.— UcGco's—E. half of S. W. fourth of S. 12, T. 
 20, U. 10 W. This bed is from 9 inches to one foot thick ; is very ex- 
 tensive, and excellent coal. 
 
[109] 
 
 S. of the moutii of Biiiiiurs Creek, and distant from it 150 yards — 
 near Mr. Pruett's (a little N. of last named locality), coal is found, 80 
 or 40 feet above the bed of the creek. It is situated in the side of a 
 hill of deep yellow slaty clay. 
 
 Two miles S. W. of D. Smith's, on Winter's Mill Creek, is a bed of 
 excellent coal, about 12 inches thick. 
 
 At Mr. John Williams'— S. 12, T. 17, R. 12 W., coal was found in a 
 v.-ell, 28 inches thick. Mr. Williams says, that half-a-mile W. of his 
 house, the coal is 3 feet thick. Coal is here very abundant. It is found 
 in three Sections. 
 
 At Boxe's Creek, in S. 10, T. 16, R. 12 W., Mr. Moore says that 
 there is a coal-bed two miles N. E. of his house, from which smiths in 
 Fayetteville haul coal. Mr. Pry or says that there is another bed half- 
 a-mile S. E. from his mill, but that the nearest coal that he knows of N. 
 of his mill is about 4 miles up New River, near Adley Harris', and on 
 the E. side of the river. 
 
 Near Mr. McCoUum's, S. 18, T. 14, R. 11 W., a bed of good coal, 1 
 foot thick, has been found, situated 30 or 35 feet above the bed of Mill 
 Creek. Mr. McCollum says that there is another bed of coal, in the 
 bed of New River, three-quarters of a mile S. E. of his house. It has 
 been -worked two feet deep, but the bottom has not been reached. 
 • Mr. G. Brown's, S. 27, T. 13, R. 11 W., three-quarters of a mile S. 
 of the fork of New River. The coal at this place is 2 feet thick, but is 
 said to contain a great quantity of sulphur. There are several beds 
 upon Mr. Brown's land. 
 
 Mr. Stephen Vaughan's, S. 23, T. 12, R. 12 W. Here is a bed of 
 hard coal, which has been excavated 3 feet deep, but the bottom of the coal 
 has not yet been reached. The bed is nearly level. Coal is hauled 
 from this place, 15 miles N, W., to Pikeville, and 8 miles S. W. to dif- 
 ferent smiths. 
 
 Lemuel Burnet's, on the W. fork of New River. Here extensive 
 beds of coal are found, but, as usual, none of them have been worked to 
 the bottom. The coal-heavers generally raise coal from two or three 
 feet deep ; and, as the beds are in the bottoms and sides of creeks, the 
 water hinders them from going deeper. All the coal on this side of the 
 coal field is very hard. The smiths say it is good coal. Mr. Burnet says 
 that a Mr. Loden has discovered a coal-bed some 10 miles W. of this, 
 said to be of good quality. 
 
 On Buttahatchee Creek, near where the road to Russellville crosses, 
 a bed of coal, 1 foot thick, was discovered in the bank of the creek. 
 
[110] 
 
 Seven miles S. E. of Mr. Korthington's, S. 34, T. 9, R. 15 \V., nu- 
 merous small seams of coal on a fork of Buttahatchee Creek. 
 
 At New London, S. 22, T. 9, R. 10 AV., information -was obtained of 
 a coal-bed, three or four feet thick, on Big Bear Creek. 
 
 Sijtsei/ Fork of the Warrior. — At Old Baltimore ( eastern part of Win- 
 ston county), there is a bed in the river, said to be thick. About 50 
 feet above the river a thin scam of 2 or 3 inches; and another, 3 miles 
 X. W., near the top of the highest hills in that direction, in some places 
 2 feet thick, and of good quality. 
 
 Two miles from the mouth of Rock Creek (near the lost named local- 
 ity), is found a very extensive bed of coal, running up the creek several 
 miles; "where measured, the bed was 2 feet thick. 100 feet above the 
 bed of the creek, there is another seam, G inches thick, of good quality ; 
 and S. of the creek, another seam, in the hills, of 8 inches. 
 
 In the bed of the Brushy Fork of Sipsey Fork, there is said to be 
 coal of some thickness. 
 
 Near the mouth of Roberts' Creek, emptying into Sipsey Fork, there is 
 a coal bed 7 or 8 inches in thickness, 50 feet above the bed of the river. 
 
 At old Warrior Town (junction of Sipsey and Mulberry forks), a bed 
 occurs, a little over 2 feet in thickness, 50 feet above the river — ex- 
 tends several miles up Sipsey Fork, and at least a mile down stream. 
 
 Mr. James Hanby (whose mill is 5 or G miles up the Mulberry Fork, 
 from its junction with Sipsey Fork), says that he gets his coal 4 miles 
 S. AV, of his mill, near the Oakey Hollow rond — that the bed is in tho 
 top of a hill, and 4 feet thick. 
 
 Locust Fork of the Warrior. — At the mouth of Slab Creek, coal shows 
 for over a mile up that stream, about 18 inches thick. From the mouth 
 of the creek, down the river, the coal continues 4 or 5 miles, showing 
 occasional!}'. It •^ns said by some persons that a bed of 4 feet had been 
 found in this region ; none measured by Mr. Powell would average over 
 18 inches. Up the river from Slab Creek, the coal is said to extend 
 half-a-mile. 
 
 From the junction of the Locust Fork and Little AA^irrior, up the lat- 
 ter stream, several thin beds are found ; one is about a foot thick, but 
 not good. Some thin seams have also been found on the left of the two 
 forks, which unite just above where the Huntsville road crosses the 
 stream. 
 
 The basin of the Little Warrior is well supplied with coal, particu- 
 larly the part lying next to Murphrce's Valley, where three beds occur 
 in pretty regular succession, one above another, varying from 2 to 4 feet 
 in thickness. 
 
[Ill] 
 
 On Five-mile Creek, S. 33, T. 16, R. 3 W., coal was found, 50 feet 
 above the bed of the creek. Another bed, in S. 4, T. 17, R. 3 W., is 
 nearly 3 feet thick, and horizontal ; it may be seen for 200 yards. 
 
 N. E. i of S. 25, T. 16, R. 4 W., another bed of coal, about 1 foot 
 thick, 104 feet above the great bed in the creek. 
 
 At Mr. Lynn's, where the Jasper road crosses Five-mile Creek, coal 
 nearly 4 feet thick was found, 150 feet above the bed of the creek. An- 
 other seam, of 1 foot, 30 feet above the former. 
 
 A bed of coal, 4 feet thick, is said to have been discovered as far 
 north as Lick Creek, a fork of Flint Creek, in Morgan county. 
 
 Cahawba Coal Field.— ^e-^r Mr. Truss', S. 25, T. 16, R. 1 W., the 
 coal beds are said to be numerous, but not very thick, and the coal not 
 good for smith's use. 
 
 , Near the top of a hill, S. of the Cahawba River, S. E. of Mr. Truss', 
 coal was found, 40 or 50 feet above the bed of the river. 
 
 In S. 26, T. 16, R. 1 E., is a coal bed from which a great quantity of 
 excellent coal has been obtained. It has been proved to be 3 to 4 feet 
 thick. 
 
 A quarter of a mile N. of the house of Mr. Thomas Atkins (near the 
 last named locality), there occurs a bed, said to lie nearly vertical, and 
 to be 4j feet thick — apparently good coal. Some beds, within a mile 
 and a half from this place, are said to be 8 feet thick. Coal is abundant 
 on the N. side of the Cahawba Valley, almost to its northeastern ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Near the forks of the Cahawba, S. 23, T. 18, R. 2 W., on a branch 
 called Coal Creek, a regular bed of coal is seen, lying nearly horizontal 
 for several hundred yards, in the banks of the creek ; then 3 or 4 beds 
 appear to join it at right angles. The examination of this locality was 
 unavoidably left incomplete. 
 
 At the head of Black Creek there is a bed, said to be 4 feet in thick- 
 ness. The N.'E. limit of coal here appears to be in S. 16, T. 15, R. 2 E. 
 
 Coosa Coal Field. — Broken Arrow Creek, on the road leading from 
 Ashville to Robinson's Ferry, a bed of coal was found, which had been 
 excavated to the depth of 3 feet, without reaching the bottom. It is of 
 good quality. Three or four coal-pits are worked in this region, within 
 a few miles. A Mr. Sims has a bed 3 to 6 feet thick ; and Mr. Warren 
 a bed of 4 feet : S. 1, T. 16, R. 3 E. 
 
 S. 27, T. 16, R. 3 E., a bed is said to occur, 2 feet thick, and of good 
 quality. 
 
 Mr. Barber, S. 17, T. 15, R. 4 E., has a bed of excellent coal, nearly 
 horizontal, known to be over three feet through.. 
 
[112] 
 
 \Vm. Coleman, S. 21, T. 15, R. 4 E., has a bed from ANliich large 
 quantities of coal have been hauled to the Coosa River. 
 
 Mr. Boxe's, on Trout Creek, S. 7, T. 15, R. 5 E. The thickness of 
 the beds on this creek is generally 3 feet — coal good — situated only 3 
 miles from the Coosa River. 
 
 COAL AND IRON OF THE RED MOUNTAIN COUNTRY OF 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company — Pamplilet of Col. I). S. Troy 
 — Qualify and extent of the beds — Topography — Cahaha lliver navi- 
 gation — Railroad conveniences — Productiveness of soil — Climate — 
 Adaptability to white labor. 
 
 An interesting pamphlet has been recently prepared by Col. D-. S. 
 Troy, of Montgomery, Alabama, law-partner of Ex-Governor "Watts, 
 and a gentleman of high position at our bar, in Avhich the writer adver- 
 tises for sale the mineral lands of the company which he represents. 
 Although the pamphlet is published as an advertisement, we could not 
 furnish our readers with better information than it contains. Especially 
 is this information of importance at the present time, because of the 
 interest which attaches to the two great railroads of the State, the 
 South and North, and the Alabama and Chattanooga, which must in- 
 tersect in the region described by Colonel Troy. 
 
 The mineral lands of the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Compan}', lie 
 in Shelby and Jefferson counties, in the State of Alabama, from three 
 to fifteen miles south of Elyton, the county town of Jefferson county. 
 
 Shade's Mountain, Red Mountain, and several smaller elevations, 
 with a general direction parallel to the Cahaba River, and lying on each 
 side of it, were formed by volcanic action, which lifted up the stratified 
 crust of the earth from the southeast toward the northwest. The strata 
 dip to the southeast, at an angle of about thirty-five degrees; and the 
 ascent of the hills from that side is verj gradual, being generally less 
 than the dip of the strata, from the accumulation of soil in the valleys 
 and on the slopes. On the northwestern side the strata is broken and 
 the ascent is generally precipitous, rising in some places to several hun- 
 dred feet above the valleys. These valleys are generally level, and all 
 the ranges arc frequently intersected by gaps, through which roads, 
 
[118] 
 
 cither turnpike or rail, can be made wth mucli less difficulty tlmn is 
 usually met with in broken countries. 
 
 The coal is bituminous and varies in quality, and in different localitie^•.. 
 On the lands of this Company, over which the South and North Railroad 
 is now running, near where Buck Creek empties into the Cahaba Rivci-, 
 seventeen veins have been discovered, eight of which are from two t') 
 four feet thick, out-cropping on and underlying the Company's lands 
 for miles. I am not aware that any of the veins in these coal-fields 
 have been worked beyond a few hundred feet; the system of mining 
 being, to begin at the out-crop and follow the vein ; but as far as they 
 have been worked the coal improves in quality, and in some instances 
 in quantity also. No one, as yet, seems able to conjecture the extent 
 of the deposits. Some of the veins have been worked to a limited ex- 
 tent on the lands of this Company, and coal in considerable quantities 
 is now being mined from the same veins at the Cahaba Coal Mines on 
 adjoining lands. This coal is shipped by the South and North Railroad 
 to Limekiln, on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, and thence to 
 Selma, Mobile, Montgomery, and other points. It is well adapted to 
 smelting iron, and it is no exaggeration to say that the supply owned 
 by this Company is inexhaustible. 
 
 A few miles to the north of the coal fields is the iron stratum of Red 
 Mountain; this stratum out-crops on the southwestern slope of the 
 mountain one or two hnndred feet only above the level of the valley. 
 It is a solid stratum of iron ore, about thirty feet thick, composed of a 
 number of substrata, which yield from twenty-five to sixty per cent, of 
 iron ; some of the substrata, many feet thick and apparently unlimited in 
 extent, have been found by actual working to yield regularly over fifty 
 per cent, of pig iron. 
 
 The ore is red hematite, and the iron made from it, is pronounced by 
 competent judges to be equal to any made from ore of that description 
 in any part of the world. The ore is quite soft and remarkably free 
 from dampness and earthy matter. No mining skill is required to get 
 it out, and it is not necessary to dry or cleanse it for the furnace. A 
 common laborer Avith no instruments except a pick and a crowbar, can 
 get out a ton of it ready for the crusher in a few hours. This stratum 
 of ore out-crops on the lands of this Company. It dips to the south- 
 west at an angle of about thirty-five degrees, and underlies several 
 square miles of the Company's land. 
 
 A heavy stratum of limestone, containing nearly all qualities of lime- 
 stone from marble downward, underlies the stratum of iron ore, and 
 out-crops a few hundred feet higher up Red Mountain, in many places 
 8 
 
[114] 
 
 forming, with the stratum of iron ore, the top of the hill and a large 
 part of its northwestern face. It is quarried on the surface, and many 
 of the substrata, unlimited in quantity, have been found by experienced 
 iron-mongers to be of the very finest quality for iron-making. 
 
 The valley between Shade's Mountain and Red Mountain is only 
 from two to three miles wide, the former lying to the southeast of the 
 latter. The northwest face of Shade's Mountain, fronting this valley, 
 is formed of stratified sandstone several hundred feet thick, the sub- 
 strata ranging from a few inches to several feet in thickness. It can 
 be quarried with great facility, the strata being so uniform that in 
 many places the blocks taken from the quarry require no top or bot- 
 tom dressing to fit them for building purposes. It is admirably adapted 
 for building of any description, some of it being beautifully variegated, 
 and it is pronounced, by those who are acquainted with such matters, to 
 be the best material in the world for building furnaces. 
 
 By the act of the Legislature of Alabama, incorporating this Com- 
 pany, the State granted to it the exclusive right to create slack water 
 navigation on the Cahaba River in the counties of Shelby and Jefferson, 
 and to use the water power thus created. 
 
 This is an unconditional grant of the entire water power of the Ca- 
 haba River from its source to the mouth of Shade's Creek, with ample 
 authority to make it available. The river is well confined within its 
 banks and can be readily controlled, and gentlemen who profess to un- 
 derstand the subject place a high value on this franchise. 
 
 Shade's Creek, on the iron lands, and Buck Creek, on the coal lands 
 two fine, never-failing streams, and many beautiful springs, furnish 
 abundant water for ordinary purposes. 
 
 The Nashville and Decatur Railroad passes centrally through the 
 principal tracts of both coal and iron lands belonging to this Company. 
 This railroad is designed to run from Nashville, Tennessee, to Limekiln oa 
 the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad. It is completed and operating 
 from Nashville south of Decatur, Alabama, on the Tennessee River, a 
 distance of twenty miles — with a branch across the coal lands of this 
 Company. Much of the grading to Elyton, fifteen miles bej'ond, has 
 been done. 
 
 The South and North Alabama Railroad from Montgomery to Lime- 
 kiln is intended as a part of the same line, and the two corporations 
 will doubtless soon be consolidated into the Nashville and Montgomery 
 Railroad. Most of the grading has been done from Montgomery to 
 Limekiln. The city of Montgomery has recently subscribed five liun- 
 dred thousand dollars to these roads. The State of Alabama has airrccd 
 
[115] 
 
 to indorse the bonds of the Company at the rate of sixteen thousand 
 doHnrs per mile. The enterprise has the benefit of the three per cent. 
 fund of Ahibama, amounting now to a bonus of over eight hundred 
 thousand dollars, besides a grant of alternate sections of land from 
 Congress, some of which are as rich in coal and iron as those I have 
 described. The work already done on the road and the property pur- 
 chased and held by it have been recently valued by disinterested engi- 
 neers at nine hundred thousand dollars, and the stock of that company has 
 been reduced to that sum. Its liabilities do not exceed fifty thousand 
 dollars, and there can be no doubt that the road will be speedily com- 
 pleted. With one terminus at Nashville, Tennessee, in the heart of 
 the graiji and stock-raising portion of the country, and the other at 
 Montgomery, Alabama, in the Inp of the cotton-growing region of the 
 South, resting in its center on the richest beds of coal and iron in the 
 world, it must of necessity be one of the best paying roads in the 
 South. 
 
 The Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad, intended to connect with 
 ronds in Georgia, and forming with them the shortest practicable route 
 from the coal and iron fields of Alabama to the Atlantic, at Brunswick, 
 Georgia, is also in progress, and Avill probably be completed in time to 
 meet the wants created by the development of the coal and iron de- 
 posits of Central Alabama. 
 
 The Wills' Valley Railroad and the Northeast and Southwest Alabama. 
 Railroad form a continuous line to Meridian, Mississippi. These com- 
 panies have very recently been consolidated into the Alabama and Chat- 
 tanooga Railroad Company, of which Governor Patton is President. 
 Messrs. J. C. Stanton, J. T. Burr, and other capitalists of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, have purchased the entire line, and, with ample means for 
 the purpose, have agreed to complete it as fast as money and energy can 
 accomplish the result. The route of this road, as originally projected, 
 passes through Jones' Valley and crosses the Nashville and Decatur 
 Railroad near Elyton, but the route through Shade's Valley will doubt- 
 less be selected. It is said by competent engineers to be shorter and 
 less expensive, and by this route the railroad will pass for miles only 
 a short distance from the out-crop of the Red Mountain iron ore, an I 
 immediately by the furnaces already erected and to be erected ii 
 Shade's Valley; any one of these furnaces will furnish more business 
 to the railroad than the whole of Jones' Valley. The two routes are r.t 
 no point distant from each other more than a few miles, but the Red 
 Mountain, and its iron ore, as well as the facilities for its manufacture, 
 are in Shade's Valley. This necessitates the building of a railroad 
 
[IIG] 
 
 along Shade's Valley, and it uill be- done, even if tlie Alabama and 
 Chattanooga Railroad Company, in the face of their obvious interest, 
 should select the other route. 
 
 Tlie Northeast and Southwest Railroad (hereafter to be known as the 
 Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad), if constructed through Shade's 
 A^alley, will cross the Nashville and Decatur Railroad at a place ^Yhich 
 wc have named "Ox Moor," near the center of a tract of land con- 
 taining more than three square miles belonging to this Company. It is 
 a beautiful location for a town, well watered, and convenient to building 
 material of every description. Here, at this crossing, it is expected 
 that the "Atlanta" of regenerated Alabama will spring up, and some 
 very sanguine persons already look upon it as the future capital of the 
 State, These great expectations of a city as yet uninhabited may 
 never be realized, but a town of some importance at- this point must 
 necessarily result from the building of the railroads above mentioned. 
 
 The soil is productive and the beautiful hills and valleys of Central 
 Alabama can well sustain a teeming populafion, but it is now sparsely 
 inhabited. The capitalist investing in this part of Alabama would be 
 in no danger of trouble from any possible conflict of races, nor of hav- 
 ing his imported labor affected in any way by the existing population. 
 
 The climate is healthy and well adapted to white labor. Mr. W. S. 
 ^Icllwaine, Avho is now running a furnace and foundry at Irondale, in- 
 formed Colonel Troy, that he had found, by actual experiment, that a 
 white laborer in Central Alabama could do more work in twelve months 
 than he could do in the same time in Pennsylvania. It is never ex- 
 cessively cold in winter, and in summer, the nights being longer than in 
 higher latitudes, the air becomes cool and refreshing before the sun 
 returns. 
 
 VALUE OF ALABAMA COAL IN RELATION TO THE GULF 
 
 OF MEXICO. 
 
 Future importance of the Gulf — Vietvs of 3Iauri/ — Military necessity 
 for coal — Report of Major Chase — Vieivs of John T. Milncr — Table 
 shoiving relative value of Alabama coal — Comparison with Pennsylva- 
 nia — Increase of steam commerce — The Panama Railroad — Tlie Fer- 
 nandina Road — Views of Senator Ynlee — Insulating the Gulf com- 
 merce, etc. 
 TjiE coal and iron of Alabama are nearest to the groat ports of the 
 
 Gulf, Mobile, Pcnsacola and New Orleans, and must, from the necessity 
 
[117] 
 
 of the case enter largely into tlio gran;l commeicc wliicli engages t!ie 
 steam navigation of this interior sea, which has become one of the most 
 important highways of nations. Commodore Mathew F. Maury has 
 thus predicted the future importance of the Gulf of Mexico : 
 
 " A sea is important for commerce, in proportion to the length of the 
 rivers that empty into it, and to the extent and fertility of the river 
 basins that are drained by it. The quantity and value of the staples 
 that are brought down to market depend upon these. The Red Sea is 
 in a riverless district. Few are the people, and small are the towns, 
 along its coast. Its shores are without valleys, not a river emptying 
 into it ; for there is no basin for it to drain. Commercially speaking, 
 what are its staples, in comparison to those of the Mediterranean, Avhich 
 gives outlet to rivers that drain and fertilize basins containing not less 
 than one million and a quarter square miles of fruitful lands. Commer- 
 cial cities have never existed on the shores of the Red Sea. Commerce 
 loves the sea; but it depends for life and health upon the land? It de- 
 rives its sustenance from the rivers and the basins which they drain ; 
 and increases the opulence of nations, in proportion to the facility of 
 intercourse which these nations have "with the outlets of such basins. 
 
 " The river basins drained into the Gulf and Caribbean Sea, greatly 
 exceed in extent of area and capacity of production the river basins of 
 the Mediterranean. The countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, which 
 comprise the river basins of the Mediterranean are, in superficial ex- 
 tent, but little more than one-fourth the size of those which are drained 
 by this sea in our midst. It is the Mediterranean of the new world ; 
 and nature has laid it out on a scale for commerce far more grand than 
 its type in the old ; that is, about forty-five degrees of longitude in 
 length, by an average of seven degrees of latitude in breadth. Ours is 
 broader but not so long ; it is, therefore, more compact. Ships can 
 sail to and fro across it in much less time, and gather its articles of 
 commerce at much less cost. 
 
 " Had it been left to man to plan the form of a basin for commerce 
 on a large scale — a basin for the waters of our rivers and the products 
 of our lands — he could not have drawn the figure of one better adapted 
 for it than that of the Gulf, nor placed it in a position half so admira- 
 ble. The Mississippi and the Amazon are the two great commercial 
 arteries of the continent. They are fed by tributaries with navigable 
 length of channel, more than enough to encircle the globe. 
 
 " The products of the basin of the Mississippi, when they arrive at 
 the Balize, may, in twenty or thirty days, be landed on the banks of the 
 Orinoco and Amazon. Thus, in our favored position here in the New 
 
[118] 
 
 World, we have, at a distance of only a few days' sail, an extent of 
 fruitful basins for commercial intercourse which they of the Old 
 World have to compass sea and land, and to sail the world around to 
 reach. 
 
 "On this continent Nature has been prodigal of her bounties. Here, 
 iijjou this central sea, she has, with a lavished hand, grouped and ar- 
 ranged in juxtaposition all those physical circumstances which make 
 nations truly great. Here she has laid the foundation for a commerce 
 the most magnificent the world ever saw. Here she has brought witliin 
 the distance of a few days the mouths of her two greatest rivers. Here 
 she has placed, in close proximity, the natural outlets of her grandest 
 river basins. With unheard-of powers of production, these valleys 
 range through all the producing latitudes of the earth. They embrace 
 every agricultural climate under the sun ; they are capable of all variety 
 of productions which the whole world besides can afford. On their 
 green bosom rests the throne of the vegetable kingdom. Here com- 
 merce, too, in time to come, will hold its court. 
 
 " The three great outlets of commerce — the Delta of the Mississippi, 
 the mouths of the Hudson and Amazon — are all within two thousand 
 miles — ten days' sail of Darien, It is a barrier that separates us from 
 the markets of six hundred millions of people — three-fourths of the 
 population of the earth. Break it down, therefore, and this country is 
 placed midway between Europe and Asia ; this sea becomes the center 
 of the world, and the focus of the world's commerce. This is a high- 
 way that will give vent to commerce, scope to energy, and range to en- 
 terprise ; which, in a few years hence, will make gay with steam and 
 canvas, parts of the ocean that are now unfrequented and almost un- 
 known. Old channels of trade will be broken up, and new ones opened. 
 We desire to see our own country the standard-bearer in this great 
 work." 
 
 The following report of Major Chase, of the United States army, will 
 show the importance, in a military point of view, of coal in the Gulf: 
 
 " Considering that war steamers would enter largely, if not exclu- 
 sively, into our naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico, it is important that 
 convenient depots for coal should be established. Deposits of coal could 
 be made at Bahia Honda, and at Key West. At Tortugas, a three years 
 supply for thirty steamers could be constantly maintained. A position 
 for a coal depot on some point on the western coast of Florida is certainly 
 necessary. Tampa Bay would probably afford the requisite depth of 
 watfer for heavy steamers, and convenient sites for the depot and its 
 defense. Thus held, it would also give protection to vessels seeking 
 
[119] 
 
 refuge from an enemy. A coal depot would be established at Pen?acola 
 and at Mobile Point, under the protection of Fort Morgan. Another 
 depot for coal would afford great facilities to steam operations, if estab- 
 lislied at Ship Island. A strong battery, but not costly, would protect 
 the harbor. This depot would be easier of access than the one at Fort 
 Jackson on the Mississippi, and would afford supplies, not only to the 
 light steamers cruising along the coast, but to those of the heaviest 
 class. A depot at Fort Jackson would be necessary to enable the steam- 
 ers descending from Memphis to take in a full supply of coal before 
 proceeding to sea." 
 
 The commerce of the Gulf must be supplied with coal. John T. Mil- 
 ner, Esq., a distinguished engineer of Alabama, to whose report the 
 public are indebted for the valuable facts and suggestions compiled in 
 this chapter, says that "The stormy capes and sunken reefs along the 
 coast of Florida, that so hinder our commerce in going out, will protect 
 our coal from competition from the Atlantic States ; and Alabama must 
 be to the countries around this central basin, what Pennsylvania is to 
 the Atlantic States. Her coal must drive their ships, their mills, and 
 their machines. As yet, but little coal of any worth has been found 
 upon the Pacific coast. An inferior shaly stuff has been found in Chili, 
 Australia and California ; but it will never do to carry ships across the 
 seas." 
 
 The following table will show the price of coal in 1860, at different 
 points accessible by the Alabama coal, and the cost of such coal deliv- 
 ered at these points : 
 
 Penneylvania and other Coal. Alabama Coal. 
 
 Kates of Freight Eates of Freight 
 
 Price per Ton. from Price per Ton From Mobile 
 
 Philadelphia to and Pensacola to 
 
 English Coal $2 60 
 
 Philadelphia 3 50 
 
 New York 4 50 $0 95 
 
 Baltimore v 
 
 Charleston, 6 00 
 
 Savannah 6 00 
 
 Key West 8 00 
 
 Havana 10 00 
 
 Kingston, Ja 10 90 to 11 40 
 
 Pensacola 10 00 to 14 00 
 
 Mobile 9 00 to 14 00 
 
 New Orleans 7 50 to 12 50 
 
 Tampico 10 00 to 15 00 
 
 1 75 to 
 
 2 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 50 
 5 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 
 
 1 75 to 
 
 $6 85 to 7 00 
 7 00 to 7 00 
 7 50 to 8 00 
 5 00 to 6 50 
 
 5 00 to 6 50 
 
 6 25 to 6 00 
 
 7 25 to 7 50 
 
 
 2 00 to 
 
 3 50 to 
 3 50 to 
 5 00 to 
 
 $ 1 35 to 1 50 
 
 1 50 to 2 00 
 
 2 00 to 2 50 
 
 5 00 to 
 
 
 5 00 to 
 
 6 00 to 
 
 75 to 1 00 
 1 75 to 2 00 
 
[120] 
 
 Vera Cruz 15 00 to 20 00 6 00 to 7 00 7 2.') to 7 oO 1 75 to 2 00 
 
 Aspinwall 10 00 6 00 to 7 00 8 00 to 8 50 2 50 to 3 50 
 
 Pernamlmco 10 00 to 12 00 7 00 to 8 00 8 50 to 9 50 3 00 to 4 00 
 
 Panama 25 00 to 30 00 20 00 to 25 00 10 50 5 00 
 
 Carthagcna 11 00 to 15 00 7 00 to 8 00 7 50 to 8 50 2 00 to 3 00 
 
 San Francisco 25, 00 20 50 15 00 
 
 Melbourne 50 00 25 00 20 50 15 00 
 
 Talcliaana 21 00 25 00 20 50 15 00 
 
 Acapnlco 30 00 to 35 00 25 00 to 30 00 15 50 10 OO 
 
 It being an established fact that Ahibaina has coal enough to supply 
 the wants of the entire continent, that it is renched with facility by lier 
 rivers and railroads, and that this coal can be laid down at Mobile, New 
 Orleans, Key West, Havana, Tampico, and the other Gulf ports, at a far 
 less cost than the coals of Pennsylvania or of England, it remains to be 
 seen what is the probable demand for coal to supply the steam marine 
 of the Gulf. This subject has been anticipated by the remarks of Com- 
 modore Maury, but we can not refrain from adding the clear and practi- 
 cal views of Mr. Engineer Milner : 
 
 " The Gulf of Mexico is soon destined to be the scene of the busiest 
 commerce the world ever saw. The trade of our lakes in 1856, amounted 
 to §608,000,000. Certainly that of the Gulf, surrounded by so many 
 millions of people, and holding, as it does, the mouth of the two rivers 
 that drain one-fourth of the productive land of the civilized world, will 
 soon double that amount. To move this commerce, our Alabama 
 coal is the nearest, the cheapest, and the best. 
 
 "The Collins steamers used from eighty to one hundred and twenty- 
 eight tons of coal per day, according to speed. Our small steamers in 
 the Gulf use from twenty-five to thirty. Thirty steamers in the Gulf 
 ■will use in a year, running two hundred days each, on an average forty 
 tons per day, or two hundred and forty thousand tons. The Govern- 
 ment have, and always will have, a number of steamers in the Gulf. 
 The railroads centering in it will demand many more. The port 
 of Havana is the rendezvous of the Spanish fleet. The business of the 
 Gulf is emphatically that of steam ; so that I can not think my estim.ates 
 high. 
 
 " Alabama is to the Gulf what Pennsylvania is to the Atlantic States. 
 The amount needed for ten years to come in all quarters from our mines 
 is only conjectural. It is not too much to say we Avill need three hun- 
 dred thousand tons per annum. This at §3 15 per ton, the price from 
 Montevallo to the Gulf, will pay §945,000 to three Railroads south 
 from Montevallo, for transportation, or seven and a quarter per cent, on 
 thirteen million dollars, the amount necessary to build three first class 
 
[121] 
 
 railroaJs to the Gulf. The Reading Railroad cost, per mile, $105,558, 
 or $19,262,720 for ninety-eight miles ; more than the amount necessary 
 to build three railroads in Alabama, two hundred and twelve miles lono- 
 each. This great difference in cost is the reason why Southern rail- 
 roads pay so much better than Northern roads. Suppose, then, the 
 three routes, via Montgomery, Selma and Uniontown, had the average 
 coal tonnage of the Reading Road for five years past, and nothing more 
 to do. At the above rates, their gross receipts would be $6,015,500. 
 Take one-half for expenses and we will have $3,008,250, or over twenty 
 per cent, net profit on coal alone. Examine the tables and watch the 
 growth of this trade in Pennsylvania on only one route, and/we certainly 
 are not over the mark. The Reading Railroad pays over seven per cent. 
 net, notwithstanding its enormous cost. The same may be said of all 
 roads engaged in transporting coal. 
 
 " Coal, as a fuel for railway engines, is destined to save millions of dol- 
 lars. It has been found by actual experiment, that the cost of running 
 a locomotive with coal is less than one-half the expense of running with 
 ■wood as fuel. Experiments have been made on the Illinois Central, the 
 New Jersey Central — in fact, throughout the Northern States ; and even 
 in Massachusetts, where coal is worth six dollars and over per ton, it is 
 found that the saving in expense is equal to one-half over wood. From 
 a. very intelligent source, the calculation has been made, that the saving 
 from the use of coal instead of wood as a fuel on the railways of the 
 Union, will be ten millions of dollars per annum, or one per cent, on the 
 cost of the railroads in the country." 
 
 Mr. Milner proceeds to say that by means of the South & North Ala- 
 bama Railroad, now in progress of construction between the city of 
 Montgomery and Decatur, upon the Tennessee River, running directly 
 through the heart of the mineral region of Alabama, and connecting at 
 Montgomery with roads to Mobile and Pensacola, coal could be delivered 
 upon the basis of the prices of 1860, at from five to six dollars per ton 
 at Mobile and Pensacola, and at any point on the Gulf of Mexico, for 
 two dollars more, or for seven and eight dollars per ton, and at Aspin- 
 wall for three dollars more. 
 
 " By means of the Tehuantepec and Panama railroads, it can be de- 
 livered in the Pacific, p.llowing these roads three cents per ton per mile, 
 or double the charge in the United States, at twelve and thirteen dollars, 
 and ten and eleven dollars. The isthmus steamers on both sides must 
 continue for all time to consume large quantities of coal. The Pacific 
 Railroad, if built from Vicksburg to San Francisco,'can not carry freight 
 one-half as cheaply to San Francisco and China, as by way of Tehuante- 
 
[122] 
 
 pec and Panama. The greatest dra-wback to the commerce of the Gulf 
 and Pacific is the cost of coal. Supply this at a cheap rate, and the 
 hio'hway of commerce will be directly through the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 alono- some of the isthmus routes to the Pacific. The amount needed 
 for tea years to come, after the completion of the Central Railroad, is 
 only conjectural. The produce shipped from Galveston, Matagorda, 
 and even New Orleans, where only small vessels can enter, is to a con- 
 siderable extent sent to New York and Boston, for transhipment across 
 the ocean, in large and cheap carriers. The coasting business of all 
 commercial nations is now being done by steamers, and why not in the 
 Gulf the same way ? The railroads across the Peninsula of Florida ; 
 the deep water at Fernandina and Brunswick, on the Atlantic, will ofi"er 
 every facility for the successful transhipment of cotton to Europe, in 
 large vessels." 
 
 Another important fact connected with the prospective value of Ala- 
 bama coal, is the probability of the high rates of Insurance, and dangers 
 of navigation around the Keys, throwing the greater portion of the 
 commerce of the Gulf across the Peninsula of Florida, and into the 
 port of Fernandina, thereby insulating the traffic of the Gulf, and forc- 
 ing the steamers to depend upon the Gulf States for coal. 
 
 The port of Fernandina, next to Norfolk and Peusacola, is the best 
 in the Southern States, as the following table will show : 
 
 Depth of Water in feet. 
 
 / ' > 
 
 Ports. Low Tide. High Tide. 
 
 XewYork 22 feet. 27 feet. 
 
 Philadelphia IS feet. 25 " 
 
 Norfolk 25 " 
 
 Charleston 15 " 
 
 Savannah 17 " 
 
 Brunswick 20 " 
 
 Fernandina 21 " 
 
 Pensacola 22 " 
 
 Mobile 21 " 
 
 New Orleans 14 to 16 
 
 Galveston 12 " 
 
 Matagorda II 
 
 The following extracts from an article on the subject, in the Charles- 
 ion Coitripr, supposed to be from the pen of Senator Yulee, of Florida, 
 will show the relative importance of this city, and the route of which it 
 is the exponent : 
 
 "The entrance to this port is easy with all winds; the channels (of 
 
[123] 
 
 which there are three), are straight; the harbor deep, varying from 
 twenty to fifty feet, ami almost completely land-locked ; the anchorage 
 extension, and the holding ground, of the best description. The deep 
 water line reaches close to the shore for a length of two miles, so that a 
 continued wall, but little advanced from the line of shore, will give 
 wharfage for two miles, with a depth of twenty to thirty feet at low 
 water, and warehouses can line the wharf front. The entrance from the 
 sea to the wharves is about two miles, and from the plateau of the town 
 the approach can be observed seaward, as far as the telescope can sight. 
 The depth on the bar is stated in the report of the War Department to 
 be fourteen feet at low water, with a rise of water at ordinary tides of 
 six feet, and at neap and spring tides of seven and a half to nine feet, 
 thus giving a depth on the bar varying from twenty to twenty-three 
 feet. The fact is indisputable, that the sea route through the Straits 
 of Florida is the only one that competes with the Florida Transit for the 
 immense commerce of the Gulf, coming from ports having but little 
 water. 
 
 "It is ascertained, by reference to the most reliable statistics, that the 
 average time consumed by first-class sailing vessels between New York 
 and New Orleans, is twenty days; that the average rate of freight be- 
 tween these cities by sailing vessels is six dollars per ton, and by steam-, 
 ships, thirty cents per cubic foot ; that the rate of insurance by the sea 
 route averages one and five-eighths per cent. Estimating merchandise to 
 average in value one thousand dollars per ton measurement, the follow- 
 ing statement will show the cost by these modes of conveyance : 
 
 Sailing vessels. Steamships. 
 
 Freight 600 00 1,200 00 
 
 Insurance 1,787 50 1,787 50 
 
 Total §2,387 50 $2,987 50 
 
 The cost by the Fernandina route, including transhipment and all ex- 
 penses, will be as follows : 
 
 By Steamship via Fernandina 600 00 
 
 Charges by Railroad across Peninsula 414 00 
 
 Insurance seven-eights percent 962 50 
 
 Total « $1,976 50 
 
 " Showing a saving of four hundred and eleven dollars over sailing 
 vessels, and one hundred dollars over steamships running around the 
 Keys. The saving in time will be still greater than in expense of trans- 
 portation. 
 
[124] 
 
 '•The rates of insurance are the principal causes of the high cost 
 around the Capes. The rates from New York to Fernandina arc five- 
 eighths per cent., and to Ne^Y Orleans or Mobile, around the Capes, one 
 and five-eighths per cent. 
 
 •'If the Fernandina route can command the trade on high-priced 
 goods between the Eastern States and the Gulf ports, it must, for like 
 reasons, command the trade of the whole area of country dependent 
 upon those ports. Taking St. Louis, for example, it has been carefully 
 estimated that merchandise can be laid down there, from New York, by 
 the Fernandina route, at much lower rates for transportation, than by 
 the Western land or water routes, and in as short a time. The total cost 
 of the Fernandina route will be as follows : 
 
 From New York to New Orleans ( as above ), per ion $19.T6i 
 
 From New Orleans by the Mississippi Kiver 
 
 To St. Louis ( including insurance ), say 7 00 
 
 Total $2G.76i 
 
 " The average cost by the several railroad routes is thirty-two dol- 
 lars. The difi"erence in favor of the Fernandina route is five dollars and 
 twenty-three cents." 
 
 The old route around the Capes, for costly freights, will soon bo 
 abandoned, provided cheap steam power can be obtained in the Gulf. 
 That power lies in the heart of Alabamn, within stone-throw of her 
 Grand Trunk Railroads, and cropping out upon the very banks of her 
 rivers. 
 
 RAILROAD SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Longitudinal and latitudinal Boads — Diagonal Roads — The various 
 lines — Legislative provision — The South and North Road — Connec- 
 iion with the Northwest — Opening the mineral region — Relations to 
 the Gulf — Passenger traffic, etc. 
 
 The railroad system of Alabama, already built and partially built, 
 embraces three roads, with branches running East and West, in the 
 northern, middle and southern portions of the State — two lines run- 
 ning Northeast and Southwest, and two lines running North and 
 South. The Memphis and Charleston road is already built, and runs 
 through the northern portion of the State, binding the Atlantic and 
 the Mississippi together. The Montgomery and Eufaula road is nearly 
 completed and traverses be. eral uf the richest counties of east Alabama. 
 
[125] 
 
 It will uklmntcly be one of the links of a line from Montgomery to 
 Brunswick. The Montgomery and West-Point road runs from West- 
 Point, on the border of Georgia, to Montgomery, being a connecting 
 link of the Mobile, Atlanta & Augusta line ; and the Selma & Me- 
 ridian Railroad is built from Selma to Meridian, where it crosses the 
 Mobile and Ohio Road, giving a railroad connectio-n between Selma and 
 Vicksburg, Mississippi. The gap between Montgomery and Selma hns 
 been filled by steam navigation on the Alabama River, which is plied 
 by first-class steamers. But this gap will be supplied during the present 
 year (1869), by railroad, and will, for passengers at least, supersede 
 river navigation. When this road is built, it will supply the only link 
 wanting in the chain of railroads extending in an almost due West 
 course from Savannah, Georgia, to Monroe, in Louisiann, and a line 
 which must eventually become the initial trunk of the proposed South- 
 ern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 The Mobile and Montgomery Railroad runs from Tensaw, a landing 
 upon the river, above Mobile, with which it is connected by steamboats, 
 to Montgomery, and connects at Pollard with a branch road to Pensa- 
 cola. This road from Pollard to Pensacola, was in running order during 
 the war, and will soon be ready for travel again, a company being now at 
 work (in 1869), rebuilding the bridges and laying the iron destroyed at 
 the evacution of Pensacola by General Bra^'g. Ccnnecting with the 
 Mobile and Montgomery Railroad at Pollard, is the ^Mobile and Girard 
 Railroad, running from opposite Columbus, Georgia, and intended to 
 secure a straight and direct connection with Mobile. This latter road 
 has been built to within seven miles of Troy, a distance of seventy 
 miles from Columbus. It has a land grant of five hundred thousand 
 acres, which secures its continuation. Lower down on the Chattahoo- 
 chee, at a point called Columbia, the Savannah and Mobile Railroad has 
 been located through the southern tier of counties, and will connect with 
 the Mobile and Girard Road at or near Andalusia, in Covington county. 
 This road has a land grant of three hundred and fifty thousand acres, 
 and when built, will secure almost a straight line from Savannah to Mo- 
 bile. By a glance at the map it will be seen that these roads tap, lati- 
 tudinally, every section of the State, and connect the most prominent 
 points with Mobile on the Gulf, Savannah on the Atlantic, and Mem- 
 phis and Vicksburg on the Mississippi. 
 
 The roads which traverse the different regions of the State, from 
 Northeast to Southwest, are the Alabama and Chattanooga road, and 
 the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad. The first connects Chattanooga, 
 Tuscaloosa, and Meridian in Mississippi, passing down on a parallel with 
 
[12G] 
 
 the continuation of the Appahichian range, ana when completed, pre- 
 sentins the most direct communication between New York and New 
 Orleans, bj way of East Tennessee. This road is now being vigor- 
 ously pressed forward by a company composed mainly of New England 
 men, of which Mr. Stanton, of Boston, is President. 
 
 The Selma and Rcfme Railroad runs almost parallel with the North- 
 east and Southwest, and has already been alluded to in a former chap- 
 ter. At present it presents adirect out-let to Charleston for the cotton 
 of Central Alabama, and the minerals which exist in profusion all along 
 its line. It is proposed to extend this line southward across the Ala- 
 bama River, and intersect the Mobile road at Pollard, thus givini: a 
 much quicker communication to Northern travel, byway of Selma, than 
 is now given by way of Atlanta and Montgomery. The Selma and 
 Rome Railroad is now in running order. The Alabama & Chatta- 
 nooga Road has about twenty miles in running order at the Chattanooga 
 end, and is being pressed forward vigorously by the company of North- 
 ern capitalists who have taken hold of the enterprise under the Presi- 
 dency of Mr. Stanton. 
 
 A very important road to Alabama is the Mobile and Ohio Road, 
 which is intimately connected with the rnilroad system of Alabama, 
 although but a few miles of it lie within the State. This road was com- 
 pleted by the enterprise and capital of Mobile. One of its branches 
 I'uns to Gainesville, in Sumter county, Alabama. 
 
 The roads which traverse the State, longitudinally, are the Eufaula, 
 Opelika and Guntersville Road, the Opelika and Elyton Road, and the 
 North and South road, from Montgomery to Decatur, upon the Ten- 
 nessee River. 
 
 The proposed Opelika and Elyton Road is designed to present a more 
 direct route from Memphis or Nashville to Savannah than any of the 
 others. 
 
 With regard to the Eufaula, Opelika and Guntersville Road, that por- 
 tion of it which lies between Guntersville and the Coosa River, wiJl, 
 doubtless, become the connecting link between the Tennessee and the 
 Coosa, in the absence of a Canal. It also forms a segment of the pro- 
 posed line from Decatur to Atlanta, by means of which Atlanta avoids 
 the great elbow at Chattanooga, in her communication with Memphis 
 and Nashville. The peculiar value of this road is thus set out, in a 
 circular from Hon. J. L. Pennington, President : 
 
 " Construct a road to connect with the Montgomery and West -Point 
 Road at Opelika, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton Road at Oxford, and 
 you place Opelika, Montgomery, Columbus, and all that rich cotton- 
 
[127] 
 
 growing region of Southwestern Georgia and Ei^st and Southeast Ala- 
 bama, at least fifty miles nearer to Chattanooga, Nashville, Louisville, 
 St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago, and the granaries and meat-houses 
 of the great West, than they are at present by the route by Atlanta. 
 And this advantage in distance and time will srive to the Oxford and 
 Opelika route a business in freight and travel secoird to that of no other 
 road in the State. 
 
 " The construction of this road will not only give the people along 
 the line easy access to market, but it will develop the natural resources 
 of the country, increase the population, add to the productions of the 
 soil and enhance the general prosperity. And we think we hazard 
 nothing in the prediction that, when completed, it will be one of the best 
 paying roads, not on,ly in Alabama, but the South." 
 
 In order to encourage the completion of these lines, which unite the 
 more important highways, the Legislature of 1863 made an Act which 
 provides that, " Whenever any railroad company now incorporated, or 
 which may hereafter be incorporated, by the General Assembly of Al- 
 abama, shall have finished, equipped and completed twenty continuous 
 miles of road, at or near either or both ends of the road, it shall be the 
 duty of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and he is hereby re- 
 quired to indorse, on the part of the State, the first mortgage bonds of 
 said railroad company, to the extent of sixteen thousand dollars per 
 mile for that portion thus finished, equipped and completed ; and when 
 a second section of five miles is finished, equipped and completed, it 
 shall be the duty of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and he is 
 hereby required to indorse the first mortgage bonds of said railroad 
 company to the extent of sixteen thousand dollars, for the said section 
 of five miles so finished, equipped and completed ; and this rate of 
 indorsement shall be continued upon the same conditions and terms for 
 each subsequent section of five miles, until said railroad is completed." 
 
 But the most important road to Alabama, and the one which, above 
 all others, will more speedily develop the magnificent resources of this 
 State, is the South and North Alabama Railroad, twenty-two miles of 
 Avhich is now in operation between Lime Station, upon the Selma and 
 Rome Road, and the Cahaba River. This road runs through the heart 
 of the iron and coal regions, and will be the great outlet for the vast 
 mineral stores of that part of the State. By this and the connecting 
 roads, vast deposits of coal may be made at Pensacola, to supply the 
 navy-yard and steamers of the Gulf. A large part of this road is al- 
 ready graded. It has a land grant of four Imndred and twenty-eight 
 thousand two hundred and eleven acres, embracing coal and iron lands, 
 
[128] 
 
 some of which are of untold value. Along this, and the Northeast and 
 Southwest Ro,ad, furnaces, foundries, and rolling mills can be built, to 
 supply iron to every railroad in the United States. 
 
 A glance at the map will show that when this system of railroads is 
 completed, there will be but three or four counties in the State without 
 railroad facilities. Tlio ^lississippi River, at Memphis and Vicksburg, 
 is connected with the Atlantic, at Charleston and Savannah — Mobile 
 shakes hands wuth the cities of the great Northwest. Pensacola has 
 extended her arms to Montgomery, and seeks to penetrate the vast iron 
 and coal fields of the State, and grasp the hands of Nashville, Louis- 
 ville, and Cincinnati. Savannah seeks a direct connection with Mobile. 
 New Orleans and Mobile will each have a direct line to New York ; and 
 Montgomery, the capital of the State, will be connected by rail with 
 ever}' point of the compass in the United States, and with foreign coun- 
 tries by the shortest line either to the sea or the Gulf. 
 
 The South and North Road is destined to connect in an air line the 
 city of Nashville with Mobile and Pensacola, passing with one branch 
 through Selma, and with another through Montgomery, and opening up 
 to the Ohio the minerals of Alabama and the tropical products which 
 find their entrance to the ports of the Gulf, and opening to the Gulf the 
 great granaries of the Northwest. 
 
 At present, by a Southern route, the only exit from the Northwest, 
 in the direction of the Atlantic coast, is by way of Chattanooga and 
 Atlanta. By that route the distances are : 
 
 From Nashville to Savannali via Atlanta 593 miles. 
 
 " " '• Charleston " " 016 " 
 
 " Memphis '' Savuimali " " 752 " 
 
 <' " " Charleston " "■ 775 " 
 
 " Decatur " Savannah " " 557 " 
 
 " " " Charleston '• " 580 " 
 
 Now, by the completion of the South and North Alabama Railroad, 
 from Decatur to Montgomery, we find that the distances from the above 
 initial points to the port of Brunswick, on the Atlantic coast, a far bet- 
 ter port than either Savannah or Charleston, is as follows : 
 
 From Nasliville to Brunswick via Montgomery 623 miles. 
 
 " Memphis " " " " 688 " 
 
 " Decatur " " " " 503 " 
 
 That the opening of this line will make Brunswick the shipping point 
 upijn the Atlantic coast, in preference to Savannah or Charleston, must 
 be app:irent from the fact that Brunswick give.^ '20 foot at high tide, 
 
[129] 
 
 Charleston only 15, and Savannah only 17, and that steamships draw- 
 ing less than 20 feet, can not trade successfully across the ocean, and 
 because the unsurpassed bituminous coal of Alabama can be placed on 
 ship-board at Brunswick cheaper than at the other ports. 
 
 In relation to the value of this road, Mr. Engineer Milner, in his 
 report of 1868 to the Directors of the road, made use of the following 
 language : 
 
 " The developments during the war show, that in quality, and mining 
 conditions, your coal beds are unsurpassed by any bituminous region on 
 this continent. In addition to an even competition with the Georgia 
 State Road for traffic to the Atlantic, your enterprise has the trade to 
 the Gulf, which the other has not — and especially does it point to the 
 city of Pensacola, destined soon to be to the Gulf, what Brunswick is 
 to the South Atlantic, and for the same reasons. 
 
 " The commerce of the Gulf, if it has any commerce at all, must 
 adopt the spirit of the age and pay tribute to the agency of steam, A 
 few weeks ago, I was informed by the President of the Montgomery 
 and West Point Railroad, that he had stopped the shipment of cotton 
 via Charleston and Savannah for want of steam transportation. The 
 winds still blow on the Atlantic, but too slow for the restless energy of 
 the commerce of the day. The carrying trade all over the world is fast 
 being usurped by the steam engine, on the water as well as on land. 
 Nature has made the great harbors on this continent. Art has made 
 the great seaport cities, if we except Mobile and New Orleans. The 
 fact of a seaport having no great river running into it, as can be seen by 
 reference to the maps of this continent, takes but little from its impor- 
 tance as a site for a commercial emporium. The trade from the valley 
 of the great river of St. Lawrence, having more navigable surface than 
 any other on this continent, finds an outlet to the sea at the cities of 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston ; and the subjects of the 
 Queen are to-day paying duties at Portland, in Maine, on commodities 
 shipped from Great Britain to Montreal and Quebec. The old system 
 will soon be broken up, and the quick eye of commerce will concentrate 
 from the interior on these great natural harbors where the leviathan 
 steamers can come up and be fed from the interior. Men may doubt 
 this, but it is because they have never studied this subject. In this rev- 
 olution your road will play a great part, traversing as it does for nearly 
 two-thirds its length the nearest coal fields to the great ports on the 
 Gulf and Squth Atlantic. 
 
 " Again, if we consider the passenger traffic of your road, in addi- 
 tion to that which folloM's the freights to the seas — we find that by your 
 9 
 
[130] 
 
 road the distance to New York from Montgomery via Decatur and 
 Knoxville, is 20 miles less than via Atlanta, and practically the same 
 via Decatur ond Louisville as by Atlanta. If you consider the local 
 distribution of the two roads, we find that the distance from 
 
 Nashville to West Point, Georgia, via Atlanta, is 386 miles. 
 
 Nashville to West Point, via Montgomer}', is 392 " 
 
 " " Columbus " Atlanta,.....'. " 437 " 
 
 " Columbus " Montgomery " 395 " 
 
 " "Atlanta " 298 " 
 
 " "Montgomery " 304 '• 
 
 From Memphis to Macon, via Nontgoraery" 55S " 
 
 " " " " "Atlanta " 551 " 
 
 From Decatur to Memphis " 185 " 
 
 To Montgomery " 183 " 
 
 From Memphis to New Orleans, by river.. " 800 " 
 
 " Montgomery it is only 600 miles by river. 
 
 " With the above table before them, no one can fail to see the power 
 of your local distribution. The consumption of your coal in the inte- 
 rior will be small, but there is one fact connected with coal develop- 
 ments, all over the world, without a single exception, so far as I know, 
 and that is, that the demand increases, almost in a geometrical ratio 
 from the day the first car load is shipped." 
 
 MOUNTAIN REGION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Attention directed to the mountain country — Testimony of Pennsylvanians 
 — Government lands — Richness of soil — Excellent water — Marble — 
 Iron — Coal — Limestone — Mills — Valley Creek — Iron 31ountain — 
 Pine Timber — Hunting^ etc. 
 
 The visit of monied-men from New England to the mountain region 
 of Alabama, in the autumn of 1868, and the purchase, by a Boston 
 company, of the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad line (which is now 
 being rapidly constructed directly through that grand mineral section, 
 and along the very base of the Red Mountain, upon an air line between 
 New York and New Orleans), adds interest to the following extracts 
 from a letter written by a citizen of Jefferson county to the editor of the 
 Selma Times: 
 
 " To capitalists, there is not another section of the State that presents 
 the inducements that this docs, especially in point of mineral resources. 
 
[131] 
 
 From the southeastern extremity of the county, Iron Mountain takes 
 its start — known as Red Mountain — and continues its unbroken course 
 through the entire extent of the county, passing out at its northern 
 boundary. 
 
 " With this you are somewhat familiar ; and in order to represent it 
 fully, I have only to say, that the recent exploration (which was but 
 partial) by capitalists from Pennsylvania, resulted in the exclamation 
 from them as given by the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon, ' that the 
 half had not been told them.' Their statement to many here was, that 
 the ore is far superior to any in the State of Pennsylvania, exceeding 
 in per cent, of metal the best there, and existing in more compact bodies 
 and much greater quantities. In substantiation of this belief, they pur- 
 chased lands now valued at hundreds, or thousands, but prospectively, 
 at millions. 
 
 " These parties did not purchase the best, as they never visited the best 
 portions of this ore. There was one fact that I presume they were ig- 
 norant of — that is, that large, and I think, the largest portion of this Red 
 Mountain still belongs to the United States Government. But if it is a 
 fixed fact, and we believe it to be so, that the old-styled N. E. & S. W. 
 Alabama Railroad is soon to go into operation, all the unentered odd sec- 
 tions on this mountain will belong to the present owners of that road, 
 which, if developed, will be sufficient of itself to pay the cost of build- 
 ing the road from here to its southwestern terminus. Iron does not 
 alone abound in this region ; for on each side of this mountain, are vast 
 fields of coal — the Cahaba coal on the east, and the Warrior coal fields 
 on the west and north. 
 
 " Intervening between this Iron Mountain and the Warrior coal fields, 
 lies one continuous valley, running northeast and southwest, under the 
 names of Roup's and Jones' valley — yet one valley proper, until it passes 
 beyond the limits of this county, at its northeast boundary. 
 
 " This valley, in days of yore, could not well have been excelled for its 
 production, and in beauty, it far surpasses the famous Wyoming Valley. 
 But time, and the ruthless hand of man, have left their impress upon it. 
 From 40 to 60 years it has been ministering to the wants of man, and 
 even yet, it is hard to excel in the richness of its soil. Though much 
 worn, yet with the proper culture, it yields ample remuneration ; and 
 when enterprise shall have placed on its bosom its votaries, everything 
 else will give place to science, and it will then blossom as the rose. 
 
 " Its lands are what are known as lime lands strictly, and once was a 
 dense canebrake. It is based on a limestone formation ; and here and 
 there the lime rock is seen cropping out, sometimes horizontal, at other 
 
[132] 
 
 places vertical, and again in conglomerate masses, as though nature, in 
 some of her mighty throes, had upturned and hurled them from their 
 proper base. All along the entire length of this valley are beautiful, 
 clear, gushing springs of delightful water, agreeable to take at all sea- 
 sons of the year, but especially so during the summer season. These, 
 all uniting, form that beautiful stream of ever-running water, known as 
 Valley Creek, which winds in its tortuous course through the valley. 
 
 " Here, again, abounds the marble in its accustomed variegated hues; 
 and in no portion. of the State is lime so easy of access as here. 
 
 " In regard to the Cahaba coal fields, which lie on the east side of Iron 
 Mountain, it is not necessary to say anything, as their partial develop- 
 ment must have established their value. 
 
 " It is not so with the Warrior coal fields, although explorations have de- 
 monstrated the fact that they are far more extensive than the former, 
 and in this county, covering nearly one-half its area. Without facili- 
 ties for development, they still lie as unburied treasure, extending from 
 the Warrior River to Jones' Valley, while here and there an outcrop may 
 be found. The lands on the Warrior River are exceedingly fertile, and it 
 is to be regretted that none of the contemplated roads will penetrate 
 this section. 
 
 " Let one of these roads only tap this coal field, and it will turn a tide 
 of trade to its terminus. 
 
 " All through the regions of this extensive coal field, streams of water 
 abound, and on these fields are small but excellent farms. There is no 
 stream of any respectable size, on which there is not one or several 
 mills, makinor a matter of great convenience to settlers. 
 
 " But the water of greatest importance to capitalists is Valley Creek, 
 which is not dependent upon seasons of rains for life, but is constantly 
 fed from all the springs in the valley. You may search the State over, 
 and you can not find a better stream, on which to locate machinery of 
 any kind, but especially cotton factories. This creek, after it leaves 
 Jones' Valley proper, receives in one mile the waters of Five-Mile 
 Creek, and soon again the waters of Little and Big Blue creeks are 
 added to it, making it a stream of over one hundred feet in width, and 
 winding to make its exit out of the mountains, it has left solid stone 
 banks on either side, of such varied hight, that a dam of from ton to 
 forty feet could be had. Should capitalists here establish a cotton fac- 
 tory, they would be enabled soon to control the cotton in at least three 
 counties north, as well as the western portion of this. This stream, as 
 it flows onward to the Warrior River, gradually enlarges, until it be- 
 comes almost as large as the river ut its mouth. 
 
[133] 
 
 " You will remeniDer that previous to the surrender, Iron Mountain 
 had a number of furnaces and forges upon it, and a great deal of the 
 pig iron that went to the iron works in Selma in those days, was manu- 
 factured here. The raid under Wilson destroyed all these works. One 
 furnace has been resuscitated and is now in operation ; others are under 
 contract ; while with others, the massive ruins and blackened walls only 
 speak of what once they were. 
 
 "On the east side of this mountain, for ten or twelve miles, there is a 
 forest of most exdellent pine timber, which probably is the only pine 
 of any consequence for many miles. 
 
 " The grade of the old N. E. and S. W. Alabama Railroad runs parallel 
 with this mountain to its west side, not far froni its base, and the Cen- 
 tral Road, it is supposed^ will cross it at or near Grace's Gap. 
 
 " Capitalists here can find a fine field for investment, and one that no 
 doubt will be very remunerative. 
 
 " But the day will soon pass for buying cheap property here. Land 
 has already advanced fifty per cent, since the surrender. 
 
 " To men of mercantile business, land-owners in your section or any 
 other portion of the State, I can safely say here is the spot for you. 
 There are seasons when you desire to be free from the toil, vexation and 
 trouble of business. Here you may find rest from labors, and while 
 away many a delightful hour, with dog and gun, in chase of the noble 
 deer; or, with the hook and line on the stream, you may enjoy a meal 
 upon the delicious mountain trout. 
 
 " The day will certainly come when the landed system of England 
 will, to a certain extent, be adopted here by the large land-owners in the 
 South. Now is the time for them to buy a home in this healthy country, 
 where they can raise all necessary supplies, together with stock of every 
 kind, and no rude hand to lure them away after nightfall. To all such 
 I would say, farm out your lands and come among us, and year by year 
 you will be accumulating ; but remain where you are, and under the 
 present system you will inevitably become poorer every year." 
 
[134] 
 
 DISINTERESTED TESTIMONY AS TO THE RESOURCES OF 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Vieivs of distinguished men — Remarks of Hon. John Francis 3Iaguire, 
 M. P. — Remarks of Hon. W. J). Kelley, M. G. — 3Iore natural wealth 
 than New England — Generous spirit of the South — Meeting at Wash- 
 ington — Remarks of Hon. J. W. Forney — Remarks of Col. Printup — 
 Correspondence of the Neiu York Times, etc. 
 
 "We have already given, in other portions of this review, the statements 
 of distinguished gentlemen as to the resources of Alabama, and as to 
 the peculiar inducements offered to immigration and the investment of 
 capital in agricultural and manufacturing labor. Cumulative testimony 
 from distinguished strangers adds to the force of \vhat has been already 
 said. 
 
 At a dinner given January 15, 1867, at Montgomery, to the Hon. 
 John Francis Maguire, M. P. for Cork, and editor of the Cork Examiner^ 
 that gentleman, in response to a toast, said: 
 
 "England possesses two important elements of manufacturing success, 
 coal and iron, Alabama possesses the same, and perhaps in greater 
 abundance. As yet, it has not been discovered that Ireland possesses 
 them in much abundance ; still, as the coal beds of England are not 
 very distant from any part of Ireland, there is no reason why Ireland 
 should not become a manufacturing country ; and in fact the supply of 
 coal, on which Belfast depends for its unrivaled success in the manu- 
 facture of linen, is drawn from the other side of the channel. But look 
 at Alabama, and what do you behold? Why a ridge of iron ore ex- 
 tending over a hundred miles through the center of the State, and coal 
 beds as vast and inexhaustible as those of Pennsylvania. Here then 
 are the two great elements of manufacturing success and national wealth 
 placed by the beneficence of Providence at your disposal, within your 
 grasp, soliciting your acceptance ; and on every side, wherever you turn, 
 you have the raw material of the most valuable fabric in your fields, at 
 your very door. Why, I ask, should there not be a Lowell in Alabama 
 as well as in Massachusetts? You purchase and consume cotton fab- 
 rics manufactured many hundred miles from your State, and yet you 
 have every means in your own hands of supplying yourselves with the 
 article for which you supply the raw material to others. The advan- 
 
[135] 
 
 tages are on your side rather than on the side of Pennsylvania. She pos- 
 sesses a magnificent supply of coal, but so do you ; but she has to pro- 
 cure the raw material of her staple manufacture from you, while you 
 grow it on your fields. Competition from England you can not dread — 
 your high import duties shutout all apprehension on that score, while 
 the saving in transit, both of material and fabric, will enable you to com- 
 pete successfully with the manufactures of the Northern States. The 
 people of Alabama now perceive that their prosperity rested on a too 
 narrow basis, and that the wisest policy is to extend that basis as widely as 
 possible, so as to embrace every available resource. The total derange- 
 ment of the labor system of the State renders a radical change indis- 
 pensable, and the sooner the enlightened public mind of the country 
 comprehends the seriousness of the position, and the means by which 
 it may turn momentary evil into lasting good, the better. What has 
 happened, terrible and trying as it has been, may have been intended 
 by Providence for wise and salutary purposes ; and if out of the present 
 difficulty the brave-hearted men of Alabama fashion a glorious future 
 of successful industry for their country, they may one day look back 
 without regret and without bitterness to that desperate and, indeed, un- 
 paralleled struggle which will be recorded in the proudest page of the 
 history of nations." 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1867, Hon. W. D. Kelley, member of Con- 
 gress from Pennsylvania, addressed a meeting of citizens of Montgom- 
 ery from the portico of the capitol of Alabama. He bore the follow- 
 ing testimony to the wealth of the State and to the advantages ofi'ered 
 to immigrants : 
 
 " Alabama has more natural wealth than all the New England States 
 together. Alabama abounds in coal and iron, while New England is 
 without any, save a little bed of magnetic ore on the borders of Connec- 
 ticut and Massachusetts, so small that it would scarcely be noticed amid 
 the broad veins of heaven-blessed Alabama. She has no coal, while 
 coal and limestone in immense deposits lie in close proximity to your 
 beds of iron ore. Some of the States of New England can grow no 
 wheat, no corn, no rye. So thin and sterile is her soil in many places 
 that they sow rye, not for the grain, but the straw, to manufacture into 
 hats and other articles ; and so wide apart do the stalks grow that at 
 the proper season little children find employment in plucking them stalk 
 by stalk, and laying them down perfectly straight, that those who are to 
 work them into fabrics may have them at their greatest length. In my 
 own dear Pennsylvania, it will be late in August before the wheat is 
 ripe, yet yours in favored parts of the State is now ready for the sickle. 
 
[136] 
 
 "But ample and diversified as are the agricultural resources of Ala- 
 bama, she has deemed it wise to devote herself to one single crop, and 
 depend on other States for corn and other products of the soil. This 
 was the great error of her people; for that State is richest, most pros- 
 perous and independent, that can supply all its wants within its own 
 borders, and by the diversity of its productions provide remunerative 
 employment for all its people. You can do this in Alabama. Every 
 vegetable grown in the North, can be successfully produced upon some 
 of the beautiful hill-sides of your extensive State. Do you doubt this, 
 and say, as one of your citizens said to me, that you can not raise root 
 plants because their tendency is to run to woody fibre ? I tell you that 
 that is because your culture is artless, and because you continuously 
 raise crops that exhaust the soil, and make no return to it in manures 
 containing the elements you abstract. 
 
 "Invoke the aid of experience and science, and give to your land suf- 
 ficient and appropriate food, before you deny to a State so broad and 
 varied in its topography and climate, any measure of productive power. 
 But to return to the contrast between your State and New England. 
 She has no copper, lead or gold, while nature has given them to Ala- 
 bama with lavish hand. I have been surprised In the last hour by dis- 
 covering, through the kindness of your Governor, in the executive cham- 
 ber, your capacity to supply the country with brimstone. Many of you 
 probably do not know, indeed I apprehend that few of the best informed 
 of you know, how primary an element of our life this is. A philosophic 
 statesman has said that the best test of the advance of a people in civ- 
 ilization was to be found in the quantity of crude brimstone consumed 
 per capita by its people. It enters into our chemicals, our cloths of all 
 descriptions, and almost every department of science and the mechanic 
 arts. And if you but develop your resources in that behalf you bring 
 within your own limits the millions of dollars in gold which we now 
 send abroad every year for its purchase. 
 
 " But w^ho knows what the resources of Alabama are ? They have 
 not been tested by experience or explored by science. When interro- 
 gated as to them by strangers, you tell them that you have the ever- 
 glades or piney woods ; the broad, rich cotton lands of Alabama; the hill 
 country and the wheat-growing region to the north of us ; and north of 
 them again, but still within your limits, pasture and cattle landf. Inad- 
 equate as this statement of your resources is, wlicn you are able to pro- 
 claim it in connection with the fact that vou have established a gener- 
 ous system of free schools, and secured, by law, fair wages for honest 
 
[137] 
 
 labor, millions of toiling men will come to dwell among you, and allevi- 
 ate the burdens that now oppress you. 
 
 " I am gratified in being able to report that I have found throughout 
 the South a generous spirit, a readiness to acknowledge the right of all 
 to travel freely, and to discuss with frankness and candor the issues of 
 the day ; and though in some quarters a different spirit prevails, I be- 
 lieve that in five years the South will be more liberal than the North has 
 been." 
 
 An informal meeting of Northern and Soutliern gentlemen was held 
 at the rooms of Mr. John W. Forney, in the City of Washington, 553 
 New Jersey avenue, on the evening of Friday, February 12, for the 
 purpose of consulting about the proper means for the development of 
 the South. Among those present were Hons. William D. Kelley, J. K. 
 Morehead, Henry L. Cake, and Daniel M. Morrill, of Pennsylvania ; 
 Hon. Ignatius Donnelly, of Minnesota, Hon. Samuel Pool, United 
 States Senator from North Carolina; General Longstreet, of Louisiana; 
 Hon. D. K. Cartter, of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia; 
 Hon. Joseph S. Wilson, Commissioner of the General Land Office; Gen- 
 eral Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture; Colonel Joseph W. 
 Cake and Geo. H. Boker, Esq., of Philadelphia ; Mr. Ghio, Superin- 
 tendent of Weldon and Portsmouth Railroad ; Captain Hotchkiss, J. S. 
 Barbour, Esq., President Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and John 
 Ridgway, of Lynchburg, Virginia; Colonel Blanton Duncan, of Ken- 
 tucky ; Colonel Printup, of Georgia ; Hon. Hiram Barney, of New 
 York ; General John C. Fremont, of New York ; General Thomas L. 
 Kane, of Pennsylvania; Hon. John S. Carlisle, of West Virginia ; Geo. 
 W. Riggs, Esq., and J. D. Hoover, Esq., of Washington, and several 
 others. 
 
 A great many facts were elicited during the consultation, and at the 
 adjournment it was resolved that a summary of the proceedings should 
 be laid before the public. 
 
 Colonel Forney introduced the subject by remarking that he had long 
 felt the necessity of a demonstration in the right direction for the de- 
 velopment of the material productions of the Southern country, in 
 which he believed lay the true solution of the problem of practical res- 
 toration between the two great sections. After the election of General 
 Grant, as the important part of the political work, had been accomplished, 
 he believed that all good men in the North should devote themselves to 
 the development of the substantial interests of our country. So he turned 
 his eyes to the South and went down there, a volunteer pioneer of the ex- 
 treme men of his school, for the purpose of seeing whether he could 
 
[138] 
 
 not attract others to follow his example, and in that spirit he wrote four 
 or five hasty letters from a portion of one of the eleven reconstructed, or 
 recently insurgent States. When he returned home, he found that he had 
 struck the right chord — a chord that was thrilling from one end of the 
 country to the other — proving that the Northern people were anxious 
 to be placed once more in unity with the South. In the South he found 
 that while they had some differences in politics, there was no difference 
 about material interests. They were all of one party in regard to them. 
 Never, at any time, had any cause so thorougly enlisted the attention 
 of the entire Southern people as this. He found an equal unity among 
 the Northern people to assist and to encourage them. All interests — 
 moral interests, financial and political — and all parties in the North, are 
 struggling to see which should obtain the mastery in the South. The 
 little work that he had accomplished had been followed by some won- 
 derful demonstrations. Many persons had called to see him, and hun- 
 dreds of letters had been addressed to him, asking for information. 
 Several prominent men of the North and the South being in Washington, 
 they suggested this informal gathering for general consultation. They 
 were there citizens of the same common country — they were there one 
 brotherhood, belonging to the same common stock. The chief political 
 work for which the Republican party had set out having been accomplished, 
 he now proposed to devote his energies to the development of the 
 resources of the South. 
 
 Judge Kelley said, that during his Southern trip he found, to his sur- 
 prise, the finest wheat fields he had ever seen in any region. He had 
 seen in Louisiana fields of wheat that would yield to the acre twice as 
 many bushels as the most fertile fields of the Northwest, and in local- 
 ities where the expense of transportation to Liverpool or New York was 
 comparatively nothing. On the farm of Hon. J.R.Robertson, sixty bushels 
 of Southern wheat to the acre had been raised, and it could be carried to 
 the tropics in flour without danger of souring. Never before was such a 
 thing known. These maornificent fields were visible from the railroad, 
 and within sight of the steeples of New Orleans, while splendid patches 
 of white clover could be seen in every direction. He had as soon ex- 
 pected to find gold growing on the trees, as a natural crop of white 
 clover within sight of New Orleans. The whole South abounds not 
 only in natural agricultural wealth, but in iron regions, and in coal with 
 which to smelt it. The South has also the richest copper region in our 
 country, all within sight of a road soon to be constructed through the 
 valleys of the mountain region of Tennessee and Virginia, opening up 
 vast fields for investment of Northern capital from the Northeast to the 
 
[139] 
 
 Gulf States — in which ah-eady handsome sums have been expended. 
 Let us take a retrospective view of this country of an hundred years, 
 and we will see that the material wealth of the South was transcendently 
 in excess of the North, and that prior to the American war the greatest 
 stores of the world were hidden from the sight of the people. Penn- 
 sylvania is abundantly rich, and yet East Tennessee, and some sections 
 of other comparatively small States, are richer in diversified mineral 
 wealth and great natural resources than our own boasted commonwealth. 
 Colonel Printup, of Georgia, said he would briefly state that the iron 
 region to which reference had been made extends into North and South 
 Carolina, the northwestern portion of Georgia, into Alabama, and he 
 presumed would reach to a portion of Mississippi also. There was 
 hardly anything he could say to give his hearers an idea of the im- 
 mense quantities of iron that exist in Alabama. Mountains of iron 
 could be found in almost every portion of the State, which by analysis 
 had been proven to yield from forty to seventy-five per cent, of pure 
 iron. They have some of the finest ores in America, and the experi- 
 ment of manufacturing steel from it is now being successfully prose- 
 cuted. Specimens of ore crop out at every step you take, and they 
 seem to be quite as prominent as those in Tennessee. We cordially in- 
 vite gentlemen from the North to come down among us and examine for 
 themselves, and we will extend to them a very hearty welcome. The 
 coal and iron beds of Alabama lie within a short distance of each other. 
 There is a large iron mountain in Alabama, and within four miles of it 
 you find plenty of coal, limestone, sandstone, and rich deposits of lead, 
 all within a circumference of four miles. The mountain is almost a 
 solid bed of iron. There is also an iron hill in Alabama, which lies 
 parallel to the Selma Railroad, about sixty miles in length, composed al- 
 most entirely of iron. Superior sandstone, bituminous coal, and various 
 other minerals and splendid lead deposits are also here to be seen. The 
 people of Alabama are a little behind in the way of cultivation, but they 
 were in hopes the North would send them some good scientific farmers 
 to improve their agricultural system, and they would profit by the ex- 
 ample. Indeed, they had improved very much lately, from the fact 
 that some Virginia farmers had gone down and introduced the system 
 of Northern agriculture. This has benefited and enhanced their lands in 
 value very materially. Clover had been successfully raised in small fields 
 before the war, but he had no idea how long it would last. In the hills 
 and valleys of Georgia they were enabled to raise all kinds of fruit. In 
 the Northern part of Georgia the peach is a spontaneous production, 
 
[140] 
 
 and along the railroad you will see lines of peach trees, but this is not 
 the case with apples, which only flourish with cultivation. 
 
 Judge Cartter remarked that he discovered, svhile in the Andes, the 
 higher the latitude the finer the fruit, and especially with apples. They 
 have a much finer flavor when grown on high hills, and the trees have a 
 greater power of endurance. 
 
 Colonel Printup said that in Alabama nearly all the fruits of the ex- 
 treme South and the extreme North could be successfully cultivated. 
 
 In addition to what was said by the gentlemen who participated in the 
 meeting held at Mr. Forney's rooms, we have more direct testimony 
 from a New England gentleman, who writes as follows to the New York 
 Times, describing the country through which passes the Railroad of 
 which John C. Stanton, of Boston, is President, and Governor Clafflin, 
 of Massachusetts, one of the Directors : 
 
 "The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad will pass through the rich- 
 est portion of the American continent, a district that, in the fertility of 
 the soil, the salubrity of the climate, the immensity of its mineral re- 
 sources, and its wonderful water power, has few rivals and no superior. 
 It passes through a magnificent grain and cattle-growing region, and 
 then through the heart of one of the finest bodies of cotton lands in the 
 world. In the northern portions of the country through which the^ Ala- 
 bama and Chattanooga Railroad passes, there are inexhaustible supplies 
 of iron and coal. The iron is in some cases of such rare excellence 
 that horse-shoes are sometimes made directly from the ore by country 
 blacksmiths. Mr. Thomas, a very wealthy ironmaster from Pennsylva- 
 nia, has invested three hundred thousand dollars in iron and coal lands 
 in the vicinity of Elyton. The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad 
 Company owns 256,000 acres of the finest lands in the world that lie 
 along the line of the road. These will be thrown open to immigration 
 on the most favorable terms." 
 
[141] 
 
 ALABAMA AS A HOME FOR THE IMMIGRANT. 
 
 Invitation for white labor — MemarJcs of Count de /Segur — Views of Chas. 
 Nordhoff — Success of white labor in the South — Statement of Gov. 
 Hammond — Views of Edward Atkison — Disinterested statement of the 
 Washington Chronicle — Indorsement of Hon. John W. Forney — 
 Southern homes peaceful, cheap and productive, etc. 
 
 We have shown the resources of Alabama, its boundless minerals, 
 fertile cotton fields, salubrious climate, and splendid system of water 
 courses and railroads. The lands of Alabama can be purchased by the 
 immigrant at low rates — for a mere song compared with the profits which 
 the laborer can realize in a single season. 
 
 We have before us a pamphlet prepared in 1864, by a very intelligent 
 gentleman of New York, connected with one of the leading journals of 
 that city — Charles Nordhoflf, Esq. The author shows in detail how 
 white laborers have heretofore emigrated from the South northward, in 
 numbers many times greater than the reverse migration. He remarks 
 upon the facts as follows : 
 
 "A French writer, the Count de Segur, says : ' The human race does 
 not march in that direction; it turns its back to the North; the sun at- 
 tracts its regards, its desires and its steps. It is no easy matter to ar- 
 rest this great current.' In other countries all emigration has turned to 
 the southward, by an instinctive movement; but with us the horror of 
 slavery, the aversion of the free laborer to come in contact and compe- 
 tition with slave labor, has sujQRced to conquer even this strong instinct- 
 ive tendency. 
 
 " Bear in mind, too, that the South has lost, by this migration, the 
 best class of her citizens. The indolent masters remained; the slaves 
 remained ; those free whites who were too poor and helpless and igno- 
 rant either to desire or to be able to remove, remained; but there has 
 been a constant drain of the yeomanry of the border Slave States — the 
 forehanded farmers and industrious mechanics, the class whom a State 
 can least afi'ord to lose. These men and their families have helped to 
 fill our northwestern Territories and States ; and have taken the places 
 of the thousands who removed from the border Free States in the North- 
 west. They have faced unwonted winters and harder conditions of life 
 — why ? Because these free worJcingmen felt slavery to be a curse, a bar 
 to all their efforts. They were not abolitionists — they brought into the 
 
[142] 
 
 Free States with them their curious hatred of the negro, as though it 
 was the slave and not the master who was their oppressor." 
 
 Mr, Nordhoff is not satisfied that this state of things should longer 
 exist. He will not give up the fairest spot on earth to the negro. He 
 would send the white man with his energy, his enterprise and cunning 
 to take charge of the teeming and luxuriant fields, and make a garden 
 out of the desert of the South. Will the white man respond ? Slavery 
 is dead. 
 
 We give a page or two from the pamphlet : 
 
 "7s it no matter to worldngmen that they are thus driven out and kept 
 out of the largest, most fertile and pleasantest part of the Union, by the 
 slave labor system, which there robs them of work, and attacks their 
 ri'i'hts? In the mild climate of the border Slave States, the seasons are 
 longer, the productions more varied ; trades which can be pursued in 
 the North during only eight or nine months, may be carried on there all 
 the year round; food is or ought to be cheaper; the workingman and 
 his family need fewer and less costly clothes; in many ways the condi- 
 tions of life are easier, for the mechanic and laborer as well as the 
 farmer, than in the colder North. But that great region the slave-masters 
 dosed against the free loorkingmen, and preserved for themselves and 
 their slaves. 
 
 " The climate is not too hot in any of those States for white men and 
 women to labor in the fields. Governor Hammond, of South Carolina, 
 says : ' The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the 
 short but sudden and frequent heats of Northern summers.' White men 
 work on the levee in New Orleans in midsummer, and have the severest 
 labor put upon them at that. He who writes this has rolled cotton and 
 sugar upon the levee of New Orleans in the month of July, and screwed 
 cotton in Mobile Bay in August. Dr. Cartwright, the great apostle of 
 slavery, rightly remarked : ' Here in Neiv Orleans the large part of the 
 drudgery — tvork requiring exposure to the sun, as railroad making, street 
 paving, dray driving, ditching and building — is performed by ivhite peo- 
 ple.^ This severe labor was put upon the free white workingraen ; the 
 slave-owners reserved the light task for their slaves. 
 
 "In Alabama, by the census of 1850, sixty-seven thousand; in Mis- 
 sissippi, fifty-five thousand ; in Texas, forty-seven thousand ichite men, 
 non- slaveholders, labored in the fields, and took no hurt. Cotton was cul- 
 tivated in Texas, before the war, with perfect success, by white men ; 
 the Germans managed even to raise more pounds to the acre, pick it 
 cleaner, and to get a higher price for it, than the neighboring planters. 
 Olmsted mentions an American in Texas who would not employ slave- 
 
/ 
 
 [143] 
 
 labor, and who, with white men as his help, ' produced more bales to 
 the hand than any planter around him.' 
 
 " The mortality reports of the census show that the Southern States 
 are not peculiarly unhealthful. In Alabama, the deaths, per cent., were 
 less than in Connecticut; in Georgia they are 1.23 per cent.; in New 
 York, 1.22; in South Carolina they are 1.44 per cent., in Massachu- 
 setts, 1.76, which is precisely the same as in Louisiana, notoriously, till 
 General Butler cleaned New Orleans and drove out the yellow-fever, 
 the most sickly State in the South. 
 
 " Nothing^ therefore, Jias kept free ivorhingmen out of these States — 
 nearer to the great markets of the world, having abundant mineral wealthy 
 and in every way more favorably situated than the cold Northeast and the 
 far away Northwest — except the fatal competition of the slaveholders. To 
 avoid that, millions of workingmen, native and foreign born, have re- 
 moved to the Northwest, until at last the tide of emigration has even 
 trenched upon the inhospitable desert, and has spread beyond the ex- 
 treme limits of arable land, and far beyond the profitable reach of mar- 
 kets. The Northwestern farmer has burned his corn because he could 
 not afford to send it to the distant seaboard ; — was it no loss to him that 
 slavery kept him out of the fertile fields of Virginia and North Carolina? 
 
 "Even had slavery remained in full vigor, the time had come when 
 free labor, seeking new outlets and greater opportunities, would have 
 pressed hardly upon it. If slavery is swept away, free workingmen 
 will hereafter have opportunity in the South, and to all that great re- 
 gion a boundless future of wealth and prosperity opens up. The aban- 
 doned farms, the mouldering villages, the empty cottages, will once 
 more be filled with the busy and cheerful hum of the labor of freemen. 
 
 " Their cunning will repair tlie waste of unskillful slave labor ; their 
 ingenious toil will redeem the barren fields of Virginia and other South- 
 ern States. The tide of emigration, sweeping in that direction, may 
 repeat in the South the marvelous results which it has accomplished 
 during the last twenty-five years in the Northwest; Virginia will be 
 another Minnesota, North Carolina a new Iowa, and in Tennessee will 
 be repeated the story of Ohio." 
 
 In addition to what is here said by Mr. Nordhoff, we would call at- 
 tention to the following remarks made by Mr. Edward Atkison, a cot- 
 ton manufacturer of Massachusetts, in a pamphlet prepared at the in- 
 stance of the American Geographical and Statistical Society, of New 
 York: 
 
 "It is perhaps needful that we should induce emigration from south- 
 ern Europe before the qnestion of the cultivation of large crops in 
 
[144] 
 
 southern Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana will be fully settled. But 
 there is a broad tract of cotton country lying in Georgia, South Caro- 
 lina, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas, the land 
 of farms, not of plantations, on vrhich a million and a half bales of 
 cotton have been produced in a given year, of which a very large por- 
 tion was produced by white labor, even in the days of slavery. On 
 this section we shall soon see an enterprising community of small far- 
 mers, not raising cotton by the plantation system, but on small allot- 
 ments, under the personal supervision of the owner, himself working in 
 the field. Here we shall soon see Northern economy — the seed no 
 longer wasted, but the rich oil which composes twelve and a half per 
 cent, of its weight expressed and turned to a useful purpose ; the cake, 
 the richest food for cattle known, fed out to stock ; the land no longer 
 exhausted by the waste of seed, but the manure returned, and the cot- 
 ton-farm growing richer instead of poorer year by year. And as the 
 population becomes more dense, the towns and villages will increase, 
 and manufactories will become established ; and, before many years, we 
 may confidently expect to see the manufacture of the coarser cotton 
 cloth transferred to the South and West, nearer to the place of growth 
 of the cotton, while the North, with its greater skill and more abundant 
 labor, will undertake the finer work which we have not yet drawn away 
 from England. 
 
 " Eight to ten acres to the full hand is the limit beyond which the 
 picking force of the plantation cannot be carried, but upon the prairies 
 and hills a dense population will, in a few years, be gathered ; then we 
 shall find the cotton farmer cultivating twenty, thirty — aye, even fifty 
 acres to the hand, with the certainty that he can call to his aid in the 
 picking season the entire force required, who will be employed during 
 the rest of the year in all the various industries of civilized life, but 
 which dense population the barbarism of slavery has not even per- 
 mitted to have an existence upon the territory which it cursed. 
 
 ^' On these lands we shall soon see the principle established of making 
 great crops from a small number of acres, new varieties of the cotton 
 plant introduced, like the Tipporah cotton, grown from a black seed va- 
 riety, imported from Mexico just before the war, and which yields a 
 staple much like that of Egypt and Brazil, intermediate between the 
 Sea Island and our common cotton. 
 
 "We are accustomed to regard the negroes in mass as an aggregate 
 of four millions, but let us cease so to regard them, and consider them 
 in relation to the area of territory on which they are placed, and we 
 find only one family to the square mile. 
 
[146] 
 
 The most dense negro population in any State is in Maryland, not in 
 South Carolina. And now that slavery has ceased to repel a free white 
 population, it will, by emigration, increase much more rapidly than the 
 black, and presently the negro will cease to be a disturbing element, by 
 being swamped in a dense population of whites. 
 
 "We may gain some idea of the profitable nature of Southern ngri- 
 culture from the fact that, in 1859 and 1860, the current prices at which 
 slaves were hired out by their masters, the lessees assuming the cost of 
 feeding and clothing and the risks of sickness, were from $250 to $350 
 per annum." 
 
 In this connection, it is interesting to note also the following extracts 
 from a communication which appeared in the Washington Chronicle, of 
 the 24th November, 1868 : 
 
 " Not a tithe of the lands in the South are really occupied. Let 
 Northern men buy these lands and settle upon them, and in nine cases 
 out of ten they will have done much better for themselves than if they 
 had gone to the far West. The South needs capital, manufactures, and 
 all kinds of skilled labor. The North, from her abundance, can supply 
 these wants, and mutual benefit will be the result. 
 
 "The vast mineral wealth of the South lies almost wholly undeveloped, 
 while Northern men are besought to come with their skill and capital 
 and take it at fabulously low prices. Why will not our Northern people 
 muster the courage to come and see for themselves the inviting field that 
 opens before them ? The larger portion of the South is as quiet to-day 
 as their own quiet homes in the North. And then they should remem- 
 ber that emigration carries safety with it. 
 
 " If our people would but dismiss their fears, and go to the South as 
 they now go to the West, they would meet a cordial welcome from thou- 
 sands of Northern people already there, all the loyal Southern people, 
 and a large share of those who took side with the rebellion, while the insig- 
 nificant Kuklux Klans would disappear like the mist of the morning. 
 
 "Northern and Southern people living side by side, and mingling in 
 business intercourse, would soon forget the prejudices that now divide 
 them. Reciprocal benefits will produce reciprocal good feeling." 
 
 It is gratifying to see such language as this in a journal which wields 
 so large an influence at the North. The testimony of the witness is 
 the more important when it is seen that in the same copy of the Chron- 
 icle, the author of the above statement is represented, in a letter from 
 Mr. John W. Forney, the editor, as " an advanced and intelligent Rad- 
 ical, believing in his politics as he docs in his religion. " Mr. Forney 
 says of this gentleman : 
 10 
 
[146] 
 
 " I have just had a long and somewhat remarkable interview with the 
 writer of the subjoined communication, and I print it because it con- 
 firms many patriotic hopes and dispels many grave apprehensions. The 
 writer has resided in the South for nearly three years, and is at the 
 head of a flourishing foundry and machine shop in one of the prosper- 
 ous Tennessee towns. He is an advanced and intelligent Radical, be- 
 lieving in his politics as he does in his religion. Without being a par- 
 tisan in any sense, he never conceals his sentiments. He says he has 
 never been disturbed, nor even menaced, for uttering them in trains, 
 steamboats, hotels and the streets. He insists, as you will perceive, 
 that the Southern people should not be condemned for the outrages of 
 their "own ruflfians, and declares that by this rule no community could 
 escape — certainly not the West, judged by the recent excitements in 
 Kansas." He continues : 
 
 " Why should not the South be the favorite home of the emigrant — 
 not only the German, the Norwegian, the Irishman, the Scotchman, and 
 the Englishman, but, above all, the Northern manufacturer and me- 
 chanic ? My correspondent disposes of the cry as to the safety of theso 
 Northern men in the South by saying that every emigrant must run 
 some risk. Look at the Western engineers, surveyors, tourists, and 
 travelers — look at the men, women and children, who brave the rigors 
 of the winter and the barbarities of the savages in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains! He asks whether any such dangers ever beset the men who go 
 into the South — even into Texas ? 
 
 " Besides, in the South there are not only hundreds of thousands of 
 acres of land to be had for almost nothing, but there are open highways, 
 a civilized people (let us hope), and a thousand other advantages un- 
 known to the new and far-oJGf West. Before the war, capital and labor 
 sought the South eagerly. The daring Commodore Stockton spent an 
 immense fortune in trying to develop the gold mines of North Carolina. 
 Virginia was the center of at least one great enterprise that attracted 
 millions of foreign money. Heavy outlays were made in the iron and 
 coal mines of Tennessee and Alabama. Northern men flocked in by 
 hundreds, almost by thousands, to take advantage of the fine opening 
 for skilled workmen. But the war came and stopped all, ruining many, 
 and driving away more. 
 
 " All this is over. A better state of things has succeeded. The 
 wealth of the soil has been reinforced by the Avealth of a great moral 
 victory. The gold mines of North Carolina, the coal and iron mines 
 of Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia ; the magnificent plan of 
 connecting the Chesapeake with the great internal rivers of the South — 
 
[147] 
 
 all these await capital and courage. But the South proffers other op- 
 portunities. Look at the hundreds of thousands of swamp lands to be 
 drained by the agencies of science ; at the thousands of alluvial acres 
 in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (all near the Eastern markets), 
 and at the town sites without number ! Look at Mississippi, South Car- 
 olina, Louisiana, Texas, with their cotton and sugar fields, marl beds, 
 grazing lands, noble rivers, and equal climates ! 
 " What is needed is emigration." 
 
 STATE POLICY OF ALABAMA TOWARD IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 S'entiment of the people — Favor of the Legislature — Laws guarding in- 
 dustry — Mechanics — Agriculturists — Married zoomen — Exemptions 
 — Homesteads — Productiveness of the soil — Entry of public lands — 
 Terms of the law — Information for pre-emptors, etc. 
 
 There have been no civil disorders in Alabama since the close of the 
 war. Men of worth, from all sections of the Union, and all parts of 
 the world, are cordially invited to make their homes among us by both 
 political parties. The wheels of State government have never ceased 
 to run smoothly, notwithstanding the changes of policy and the deep 
 contrariety of political opinion. Governor Wm. H. Smith, who took 
 his seat under the reconstruction laws of Congress, testified in a public 
 speech, at a time when the passion of partisans was being fully aroused 
 by an absorbing Presidential election, that the people of Alabama are 
 law-abiding. Probably in no State of the Union — North, South, East or 
 West — have fewer crimes occurred since the war than in Alabama. 
 
 In regard for public morality, in submission to existing laws, in cour- 
 tesy to strangers, in solicitude for the kindest relations with the people 
 of the North, in ardent desire for foreign immigration, in enterprising 
 spirit, and in the industry of her peojile, Alabama challenges compari- 
 son with any other State in the Union. She holds nothing back in a 
 spirit of chagrin or revenge ; but invites every one to join in her des- 
 tiny and share her advantages. 
 
 She knows that identity of interests produce identity of ideas and a 
 harmony of action in all the walks of life. 
 
 With such views her Legislature have enacted laws for the peculiar en- 
 couragement of immigrants, and especially of laborers. 
 
[148] 
 
 Mechanics have a lien upon the article they fabricate, for the payment 
 of their labor. 
 
 Agricultural laborers are allowed alien on the respective crops cultiva- 
 ted by them, to the extent of the value of such labor, -whether it be ren- 
 dered in consideration of money, wages, or for a share in the crops ; 
 such lien to attach from the planting of the crop and to be subordinate 
 only to liens for rent of the land on which such crops are grown. 
 
 The laws exempt from taxation the buildings and machinery of iron 
 furnaces, foundries, rolling mills, machine shops, nail and ax factories, 
 tanneries and manufactories of leather goods, paper mills, glass-works, 
 stove and earthenware factories, woollen, silk and cotton factories. 
 
 They exempt from execution for debt, property in the country, as a 
 homestead for each head of the family, of the value of $1,500, and in 
 the cities a homestead of the value of §2,500. 
 
 They guard the property of married women with scrupulous fidelity, 
 and forbid the alienation of their separate estate for tlie husband's 
 debts, even with their awn consent. 
 
 They foster education by providing a thorough system of public 
 schools, and by securing to the support of the schools the liberal reve- 
 nue of $760,000 per annum. 
 
 It must be kept in mind that many thousands of acres of Alabama 
 hinds are still open to pre-emption — many of them excellent pine lands 
 with good subsoil of clay, upon which the scientific culture of Mr. 
 Dickson has made two bales of cotton to the acre — others of them in 
 tlie hills where the foot can not tread without trampling upon mines of 
 untold wealth. 
 
 It is the desire of Alabama, and also the policy of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment, that these lands should be settled up with thrifty laborers. 
 
 Why should the man who lives by the sweat of his brow go to the 
 Western wilds, away from the comforts of society, away from the haunts 
 of civilized life, to a region where his work is interrupted for several 
 months of the year, and where his wife and children are not able to 
 assist him in outdoor employment, except for a short season ; when here 
 in the heart of an old country, convenient to markets, directly on great 
 highways, he can find a home equally as cheap, more productive, and 
 where the genial climate permits the year's labor to be distributed over 
 Jill the months more equally, and to be borne by even the most delicate 
 of the household? 
 
 It would seem that the emigrant who seeks the headwaters of the 
 Mississippi and the Missouri, rather than the genial banks of the James, 
 the Tennessee, the Alabama and the Tombigby, prefers frost to sunshine. 
 
[149] 
 
 and a difficult to an easy market. Forty acres of land in the cotton 
 belt of Alabama would make a fortune for an emigrant in a few years, 
 if he were to cultivate them with the same diligence with which he cul- 
 tivates his corn in the Northwest. Upon his forty acres of Western 
 prairie he could make his fifty bushels of corn to the acre, sell it for 25 
 cents per bushel at his crib, and die poor, although he might pass life com- 
 fortably. On the same quantity of cotton land, the emigrant and his 
 son can make, by skillful and laborious attention, his forty bales of cot- 
 ton, and become independent in a few years. 
 
 For the benefit of emigrants who desire to enter homesteads in Ala- 
 bama, it is important to give the facts connected with the mode of se- 
 curing the advantages of the " Homestead Act." 
 
 That Act provides, that any citizen, or one who has taken the neces- 
 sary steps to become such, or a widow, or the head of a family, or any 
 person that has served fourteen days in the army or navy of the United 
 States, or any person twenty-one years of age, and dependent upon 
 themselves for a livelihood, may acquire title to a home of not more than 
 160 acres ; but upon the following conditions : They must settle upon 
 it and cultivate it for five consecutive years ; a removal from it for six 
 consecutive months vitiates the title, and the land reverts 'to the Gov- 
 ernment. Persons owning 160 acres can not enter land. Fees to be 
 paid vary as the quantity to be entered, but in no case can the entire 
 cost at entering, and payment to be made at the expiration of the five 
 years for 160 acres, exceed 12J cents per acre. 
 
 Persons residing a great distance from the office, or who may, by 
 reason of bodily infirmities, indigence, or other good cause, be prevented 
 from a personal attendance at the office in Montgomery, can, by com- 
 plying strictly with the following instructions, secure the land desired, 
 at much less cost of money and time. Write to the Register of the 
 Land Office, Montgomery, Alabama, describing the tract they wish to 
 enter, giving number of section, township, and range, inclosing the fee 
 of $2, upon receipt of which the necessary examination will be made in 
 the office, and if the entry can be admitted, the proper papers will be 
 made out, and sent by mail, to the applicant, with full instructions how 
 to proceed to secure his or her entry, together with the information 
 of what amount of money will have to accompany the papers after their 
 execution by the applicant, which in all cases must be before the Pro- 
 bate Judge of the county in which the applicant resides. Upon the 
 return of the papers to the office at Montgomery the entry will be re- 
 corded, and the Receiver's receipt and certificate of the Register will be 
 sent to the parties, which completes the entry. 
 
[150J 
 
 Land lying within fifteen miles, on either side of a railroad having 
 a grant of lands, can only be entered as homesteads as follows : The 
 odd numbered sections can not be entered upon. If an entry is desired 
 within the six mile limits of the railroad, 80 acres only can be had ; if 
 outside the six mile and within the fifteen mile limits, 160 may be had, 
 at no '▼reater cost than 80 aci'es inside the six mile limit, but only upon 
 even numbered sections in both the cases above referred to. Outside 
 the fifteen mile limits odd and even numbered sections may be entered 
 upon alike. 
 
 Persons applying should remember that the " Act " requires the en- 
 try of a " compact body of land, according to the legal subdivision 
 thereof." Hence, 40 acre lots, cornering only upon each other, can not be 
 entered. 
 
 Land entered under the " Homestead Act" is not subject to taxation 
 for five years from the date of entry, neither can the party entering 
 dispose of it; any sale of it is regarded by the department as an aban- 
 donment of the claim, and the title reverts to the Government. If such 
 * sale be made before the title shall have been perfected by the five years 
 residence upon it, and cultivation thereof, it can not be levied upon and 
 sold for any debts contracted prior to the issuance of the patent, which 
 patent can only be obtained at the expiration of the five years, and upon 
 the certificates of two credible witnesses that the said applicant has re- 
 sided there during the five years preceding the application for the 
 patent. 
 
 RELATIONS OF ALABAMA TO THE COMMERCIAL WORLD. 
 
 Outlet for Western products — Fault of the 31ississ{ppi — Fault of the Sound 
 route — The Coosa route — Mobile and Pensacola the gateways to the 
 Gulf — Alabama the highivay io South America^ Panama, and the 
 Fast — The Indies — The Gulf and the Mediterranean — The route to 
 the Fast, etc. 
 
 It is demonstrated from what has been already said that the great 
 expanse of country which is drained by the Mississippi and its tributa- 
 ries can not afford to find an outlet, for the accumulating products 
 which are now sixty-six and two-thirds per cent, below their actual 
 worth, by the precarious water line of the lakes, nor by the costly rail- 
 road lines which seek to meet the deficiency of water communication. 
 
[151] 
 
 These products are swelling in volume with the growth of the "West — a 
 growth unparalleled in human annals. The country whose waters flow 
 down the Mississippi, embraces 1,700,000 square miles of territory. 
 Tiie population of this territory is increasing with wonderful rapidity. 
 Between 1850 and 1860 Illinois doubled its population. In the last de- 
 cades, the increase of population of the United States has been at the 
 rate of 35| per cent., for each decade. The older States have stood 
 still; the greater part of the percentage being Western gains. But 
 even at a rate of 33 per cent., the territory of which we speak will 
 have a population in 1940 of 120,000,000. The child is now living 
 who will see this result. 
 
 The products of this vast region must necessarily seek an outlet by 
 the water lines toward the Gulf. General Sypher, of Louisiana, a 
 member of the 40th Congress, declared in the House of Representa- 
 tives, in the fall of 1868, that grain was being shipped from St. Louis 
 to New York, via New Orleans, at seventeen cents per bushel less than 
 via Chicago an<l Buffalo, and to Liverpool at twenty cents less per 
 bushel via New Orleans than via New York, and in one-third less time. 
 
 The facility offered by the Mississippi route, and its cheapness, will 
 decide that as the popular one. But the outlet at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi, is not competent for the amount of freights which the "West 
 can send even now to market. 
 
 The New Orleans Picayune in February, 1869, published the foll©w- 
 ing fact : 
 
 " There is a deplorable state of affliirs existing at the mouth of the 
 river. Some large craft, steamships and sailing vessels, all loaded, are 
 lying inside, unable to get to sea ; while some three or four inbound 
 steamships are lying aground upon the bar. The recent northerly winds 
 have no doubt driven the water from the bar to some extent, but it is 
 humiliating to reflect that the only passage by which vessels of heavy 
 tonnage can leave or approach our city is so frequently blocked, that 
 the wheels of commerce are thus abruptly stopped." 
 
 Another outlet is even now demanded. It is being sought by means 
 of a canal at English Turn, a short distance below New Orleans, by 
 which the barges of the Mississippi may be towed into Lake Borgne, 
 thence into Mississippi Sound, and thence through Grant's Pass into 
 Mobile Bay. But this route subjects the barges at times to a boisterous 
 sea. Without a barge system, this route would sufi'er from a transfer of 
 grain from the boats which ply the Mississippi to those which are able to 
 stand the rougher waters of the Sound. 
 
 It is demonstrated, therefore, that the Alabama Water Line, through 
 
[152] 
 
 ihe Coosa Canal, is a necessity, and that the growth of the West will 
 force its construction. This line, as we have said, passes through the 
 heart of Alabama. It has two natural mouths, one at Mobile Bay, and 
 the other by means of an easily constructed and short canal, at Pensa- 
 cola. Alabama is novr negotiating with the State of Florida for the an- 
 nexation of the portion of that State which is drained by the waters of 
 Pensacola Bay. 
 
 This Alabama Water Line presents the grand highway for communi- 
 cation between the Gulf of Mexico and the great region which, in an- 
 other life-time, will contain a population of 120,000,000. 
 
 Apart from such a water line, the State of Alabama presents a rail- 
 road line connecting the magnificent harbor of Pensacola with the nav- 
 if^able waters of the Tennessee. The port of Pensacola is the only 
 one upon the Gulf which presents a commodious and practicable harbor 
 for the heariest shipping. There the mightiest men-of-war and the 
 greatest merchant ships, coming from Panama, Rio Janeiro, Liverpool 
 or Cadiz, may unload their cargoes upon the wharf, and receive directly 
 into their holds the products of the West. There is presented also the 
 shortest railroad line to the navigable waters of the great West. Thence 
 the traveler goes due north by railroad to Elyton, in the heart of the 
 mineral region of Alabama, and there diverges in either direction, 
 through East Tennessee to Norfolk or New York, or through Louisville 
 to the Northwest. 
 
 Alabama and Illinois, Mobile or Pensacola and Chicago, are destined 
 to be the two great ventricles of the Mississippi Valley, through which 
 the highway for defensive communication in war and commercial traffic 
 in peace unites the Gulf and the Lakes. 
 
 It is seen at a glance how important is this outlet to the Gulf, as re- 
 gards foreign commerce. At the gateway of Alabama, the products of 
 not only Europe, but South America, the West Indies, and even the East 
 Indies, meet the products of theWest. 
 
 Professor Edward Fontaine, in an address before the Chicago Cham- 
 ber of Commerce, said : 
 
 " The monument of Benton, in St. Louis, is a memorial worthy of the 
 great advocate of a railroad to the Pacific ; and he deserves the yet 
 prouder granite shaft which it is proposed to rear to his memory where 
 that road touches the loftiest crest of the Rocky Mountains. The statue 
 represents him as pointing to the West, and exclaiming : " There is 
 the East ! There is India ! " I hope that some advocate of an enter- 
 prise far more beneficial to your city than the trade of California and 
 China, will deserve a monument at your hand ; and that his statue will 
 
[153] 
 
 stand among the tombs of your cherished dead and point to the South ; 
 and that this inscription, engraved upon it in letters of gold, will shine 
 from generation to generation upon the sight of your posterity as a 
 guiding light to your commerce. ' There is Ophir ! There is the India 
 of Columbus.' Look to the South ! There are the Indies whose im- 
 perial treasures enriched old Spain; and there is the source from which 
 England still obtains her wealth. That nation or city, whatever it may 
 be, will be the wealthiest and most prosperous, whose manufacturers and 
 merchants supply most extensively the demands of this El Dorado of 
 the New World." 
 
 The gateways of the West, the most practicable ports of the Gulf, 
 look out upon the India of Columbus. Mobile and Pensacola invite 
 the tropical productions of the Caribbean Sea to exchange with the 
 cereals of the West. The Central American States and Mexico, Vene- 
 zuela, Brazil and the West Indies possess all the articles of commerce 
 which the Western States need, and which they can not produce ; while 
 they can not make flour or bacon, and are destitute of iron, lead and 
 hardware, cutlery, arms, ammunition, agricultural implements, and the 
 hundreds of vai-ious kinds of Western produce and manufactures 
 which they require. The Amazon empties directly with one great 
 mouth into the equatorial current which flows against the whole eastern 
 coast of the Western Hemisphere in its Northern course, and touches 
 the shores of Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, New Granada, Costa 
 Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Texas and Louisiana; and bears 
 so strongly against the mouth of the Mississippi that it erodes the 
 bottom of the ocean to the depth of more than 7000 feet at that point. 
 A vessel can start from the mouth of the Amazon, and without unfurl- 
 ing a sail, can steer along this strong current which forms the Gulf 
 stream, " with bare pole," directly to the mouth of Southwest Pass. 
 Bottles thrown out at the mouth of the Amazon are always stranded by 
 this current on Galveston Island, Terrebone parish, or some other parts 
 of the coast of Texas or Louisiana. It receives the mouths of the 
 Amazon, Orinoco, Magdalena, Rio Grande, Brazos and Mississippi, in- 
 dicating the natural course of the tropical trade, and proving that the 
 great Creator intended that the valleys of these rivers should inter- 
 change their products by their mouths, which He has singularly linked 
 together. 
 
 In the wincer of 1868-9 cargoes of 005*00 from Rio Janeiro were re- 
 ceived at Mobile, shipped over the long line of the Mobile & Ohio Rail- 
 road, to St. Louis, and sold there for less than they could have been 
 laid down at the same point by way of Baltimore and the lines connect- 
 
[154] 
 
 iiif (Baltimore with the West. The same result would hold true of all 
 other South American and West Indian products. 
 
 Not only do the ports of Alabama look out upon the India of Colum- 
 bus, but the J also look out upon the India which Columbus sought. 
 
 They look across the Isthmus of Darien toward the commerce of the 
 Pacific. The Western Continent is a repetition of the Eastern. To 
 the one the Gulf of Mexico is what the Mediterranean is to the other. 
 The Isthmus of Darien bears the same relation to the new world which 
 the Isthmus of Suez bears to the old. Across both lies the road to the 
 Indies. When the caravans which followed the route marked out by the 
 Crusaders, greeted the products of Europe with the riches of the Ori- 
 ent, u'pon the shores of the Mediterranean, the cities of that genial in- 
 land sea rose into beauty and magnificence. They gave arts and 
 sciences to mankind, and broke with a rising sun through the gloom of 
 the mediaeval ages. 
 
 The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope gave a cheap water route 
 to India, and destroyed the commerce of the Mediterranean cities. 
 
 Now, the Isthmus of Suez is cut by a ship canal, and the wealth of 
 India will again flow through the Italian cities, if they will only stretch 
 out their hands to grasp it. Now, also, the mission of Mr. Cushing to 
 the Colombian Government, determines the cutting of the Isthmus of 
 Darien, and the opening of India to the commerce of the Gulf. 
 
 The Pacific Railroad, with its great length iind its constant inter- 
 ruptions from snow, for several months of the year, can not compete 
 with the shipping which will pass from California through the Darien 
 Canal, to exchange the products of the Orient with those of the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley. Why may not Pensacola become to the commercial 
 cities which reach from the Gulf to Chicago, what Venice became to the 
 Ilanseatic League ? Why will not Mobile become what Genoa was in 
 the days of Columbus ? Are these mere visions ? Was Benton dream- 
 ing when he pointed across what he believed to be a " Great American 
 Desert," and exclaimed: "There is the East — there is India?" 
 
 May not the people of Alabama, when they freight at Mobile the 
 ships of our vast inland sea with the products of the great West and 
 with the thousand commodities which may be made from her own 
 prime products, exclaim: "There is the Ophir of the Bible — the India 
 of Columbus — and that gateway to the Orient for which the nations of 
 the Atlantic have been seeking a thousand years?" 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ALABAMA— 
 
 General description of 5 
 
 Climate and health of 13 
 
 ^gt Timber region of 13 
 
 ^^ Cotton region of 24 
 
 Profits of cotton planting in 29 
 
 Remarkable productions of 35 
 
 River system of Alabama 40 
 
 Coosa, importance of 45 
 
 Cahaba, importance of 49 
 
 Tennessee, importance of 53 
 
 The Alabama Water Line 58 
 
 Necessity of 63 
 
 ji^B Manufacturing region 70 
 
 Cotton factories 76 
 
 ,^ Mineral region 88 
 
 Iron mines, where found 95 
 
 Iron works 103 
 
 Coal, where found 108 
 
 Red Mountain 112 
 
 Railroad system of Alabama 124 
 
 ^» Mountain region of 130 
 
 A home for immigrants 141 
 
 State policy of Alabama 147 
 
 Relation of, to commercial world 150 
 
 STATISTICAL REGISTER— 
 
 Constitution of Alabama , i-xx 
 
 State government of xx-xxiii 
 
 financial condition of xxiv 
 
 Revenue laws of xxv 
 
 Public school system of. xxix 
 
 Vote on the present constitution of....xxx 
 Assessment of tax on real estate in 
 each county of xxxi 
 
 Registration of votes in xxxii 
 
 Male population of each county of — 
 Popular vote of, at Presidential 
 elections xxxm 
 
 Congressional election in 1868 xxxiv 
 
 Judicial circuits of — Postal regula- 
 tions — Mobile and Ohio R. R xxxv 
 
 Population of, by race and sex, '66, xxxvr 
 
 Population of, by race, sex and age — 
 Population city of Montgomery, xxxvil 
 
 Vote of, by counties, in Presidential 
 of 1860 and 1868 xxxviii 
 
 Cotton crop of South Alabama for 28 
 years xxxix 
 
 Crops peculiar to Southern States — 
 Exports of cotton to foreign ports, 
 from Mobile, for two years, etc XL 
 
 Comparison of, with other States in 
 area and population XLI 
 
 Table exhibiting dates of first bloom 
 of cotton, killing frosts, total crops 
 of United States, etc. — Monthly 
 range of prices of cotton at Mobile 
 for sixteen years XLii 
 
 Comparative table of Presidential 
 vote of, and the other States, in 
 1868 XLiii 
 
 Comparative view of the exports of 
 cotton from Mobile for 5 years XLiv 
 
 Comparative cheapness of Alabama 
 Water Line — Table showing why 
 the Alabama rivers should be 
 opened XLV 
 
 Table showing superiority of. xlvi 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 R. W. Offutt & Co.— Books, Stationery, etc A 
 
 Gilmer, Browder & Co. — Cotton Brokers and 
 
 General Commission Business B 
 
 Joel Wliite — Books and Stationery B 
 
 Franklin Type and Stereotype Foundry C 
 
 Fowler & SommerviUe — Bankers and Rrokers.. D 
 
 Kirtland & Toiirtellotte — Boots. Shoes, etc D 
 
 .\. L. O'Brien & Co.— Men's and Boys' Clothing. D 
 
 W. A. McBryde — Druggist, etc D 
 
 Laue & Bodley — Steam Engines, etc E 
 
 Terry, Wlieat & Chesncy— Wholesale Grocers 
 
 and Commission Merchants F 
 
 Cook, Goodman & Co. — Watclies, Jewelry, etc., F 
 
 Brown's Hotel, Louisville, F 
 
 IT. S. Hotel, Louisville, : F 
 
 John Pearce — Steam Boilers, etc., F 
 
 .Tames Marks & Co. — Warehouse and Commis- 
 sion Merchants, G 
 
 Rrinly's Plows, ^ H 
 
 Brady's Family Bitters, H 
 
 Gresham, Essingtou & Co. — Land and Merchan- 
 dise Brokers, etc., H 
 
 B. L. Wyman — Foreign & Domestic Hardware... I 
 
 J. V. Gonzales— Havana and Domestic Cigars,. I 
 
 Warren & Burch — Virginia Tobacco Agency,... I 
 
 Atlas Mutual Life Insurance Co.... J 
 
 Brown, Blount & Co. — General Commission and 
 
 Grocery .^Icrchants, K 
 
 J. W. Hale— Wholesale and Retail Druggist,.... K 
 
 H. Kenneworth — General Insurance Agfent, K 
 
 Reese, Rigney k Co. — Cotton Brokers, K 
 
 Lehman, Durr & Co.— Cotton Warehouse L 
 
 Exchange Hotel, Montgomery, Ala., L 
 
 The Montgomery Mail, Montgomery, Ala., L 
 
 W. C. Davis & Co.— Cooking Stove, M 
 
 James Laws * Co. — Boots and Shoes M 
 
 Chas. C. Winchell— Ste.-im Engines M 
 
 Dexter — Whisky, N 
 
 Newfoundland Bitters- E. Dexter & Sons, 
 
 Duhme & Co. — Silversmiths, Jewelers, etc., P 
 
 James Thompson & Son — Oak Tanned Leather 
 
 Belting and Hose, P 
 
 Buckeye Bell Foundry, P 
 
 Walker, Murphy & Winter — Attorneys at Law, Q 
 
 Stone, Clopton k Clanton — Attorneys at Law,... Q 
 
 L. A. Shaver — Attorney at Law, Q 
 
 Joseph Hodgson — Attorney at Law, Q 
 
 Cincinnati Type Foundry, R 
 
 Jenkin's Tonic, S 
 
 B. P. Smith — Cancer Doctor, S 
 
 A. B.HoIabird&Co.— Portable Circular Saw Mills T 
 
 J. n. Shumard — Cistern PUmps T 
 
 Rev. S. Prettyman — Louisville Female College... T 
 
 J. C. Wood & Co. — Hosiery, Notions, etc T 
 
 Wick, Lodwick & Co. — Iron Merchants U 
 
 Hadley & Shannon — Carriages and Buggies U 
 
 J. L. Wayne k Son — Cabinet Hardware U 
 
 The Ohio Machine Works U 
 
 R. R. Belshaw — Watches, Jewelry, etc V 
 
 Blount, Weatherly & Co. — Drugs, etc V 
 
 J. M. Smith— Groceries and Commission V 
 
 D. S. Troy— Mineral Lands V 
 
 D. n. Baldwin — Pianos, Organs, etc W 
 
 John Holland— Gold Pens, etc W 
 
 Mills, Longhead & Co.— Planing Mill, etc W 
 
 Hinkle & Co.— Door, Sash, Blind Factory W 
 
 E. C. Elmore — Agent for Tuskaloosa Scientific 
 
 and Art Association W 
 
 Blyniyer, Norton <& Co. — Sorgo and Sugar Cano 
 
 Machinery X 
 
 Caldwell & Co. — Elastic Joint Iron Roofing 
 
 Sheets X 
 
 Camargo Manufacturing Co.— Paper Hangings 
 
 and Window Shades X 
 
 Woodrow, Mears & Co.— Stoves, etc X 
 
 Shocnbeiger & Co. — Patent Elastic Joint Iron 
 
 Roof. Y 
 
 A. C. Joslin (fe Co. —Burnet House Z 
 
 H. C. Davidson— Clothing Z 
 
 Louis David— Photograpli Artist Z 
 
CINCINNATI ADVERTISEME^J^TS. 
 
 CDCL\> ATI PAPEE WABlHOTrSl 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE _ 
 
 PAPER BlALiaS; 
 
 77 AND 79 WALNUT STREET, CINCINNATI, 0. ^ 
 
 Keep constantly on hand a large and complete stock of Flat 
 Cap, Folio, Royal and Super Royal, Demy, and Medium 
 
 WRITING PAPERS. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 Flat Letters, Commercial and Packet Letters and Notes. Plate, 
 
 Lithograph and Steamboat Papers, " Hubbard's " Glazed 
 
 Cover Papers, Poster Papers, all colors ; Manilla and 
 
 Hardware Papers, Wrapping Papers. Also, 
 
 HXJLED I^^FEHS, 
 
 First-class and Superfine Ruled Letter, Cap and Note 
 Papers from the best Manufacturers. 
 
 ENVELOPES, 
 
 In great variety of style and quality. 
 Manufacturers of PAPER BAGS and FLOUR SACKS, all of 
 which we offer at lowest market prices. Orders by mail promptly 
 attended to. 
 
 77 AND 79 WALNUT STREET, - - - ♦- CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
STATISTICAL REGISTER. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 We, The People of the State of Alabama, by our Representatives in Convention 
 assembled, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
 common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and to our 
 posterity the rights of life, liberty, and property, invoking the favor and guidance of 
 Almighty God, do ordaiu and establish the following Constitution and form of 
 government for the State of Alabama. 
 
 ARTICLE L 
 
 DECLARATION OP KIOHTS. 
 
 That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free government 
 may be recognized and established, we declare : 
 
 Section 1. That all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
 with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit 
 of happiness. 
 
 Sec. 2. That all persons resident in this State, born in the United States, or 
 naturalized, or who shall have legally declared their intention to become citizens of 
 the United States, are hereby declared citizens of the State of Alabama, possessing 
 equal civil and political rights and public privileges. 
 
 Sec. 3. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
 ments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, 
 therefore, they have, at all times, an inherent right to change their form of govern- 
 ment, in such manner as they may deem expedient. 
 
 Sbo. 4. That no person shall be deprived of the right to worship God according 
 to the dictates of his own conscience. 
 
 Sec. 5. That no religion shall be established by law. 
 
 Sec. 6. That any citizen may speak, %vrite, and publish his sentiments on all 
 subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 
 
 Sec 7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and 
 possessions, from unreasonable seizures or searches, and that no warrant ehall issue 
 to search any place, or to seize any person or thing without probable cause, sup- 
 ported by oath or affirmation. 
 
 Sec. 8. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by 
 himself and counsel, or either; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
 to have a copy thereof ; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have 
 compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and in all prosecutions by 
 indictment or information, a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the county 
 
 M 
 
A MONTGOMERY ABVEETISEMENTS. 
 
 R, W. OFFUf f ^ Gi. 
 
 NO. 2 1-2 PERRY STREET, 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 BOOKS, STATIONERY, 
 
 m: TJ s I o, 
 
 MUSICAL MBECHAif DISE. 
 
 R. W. OFFUTT & CO., thankful for the past liberal patronage 
 of the public, beg to announce that they have been enabled to 
 extend their business, and that they have perfected arrangements 
 in all the principal cities, whereby their 
 
 Will be supplied at all times with the Latest Publications of the 
 day, including 
 
 ST^^TIonSTEI^^S^, OIC3-.AJRS, ETO„ 
 
 AND SOLD AT 
 
 PRICES WHICH DEFY COMPETITION. 
 
 Subscriptions received at publisher's rates for the leading 
 Magazines and Periodicals. 
 
 ]&^ All orders forwarded and prompt returns made. 
 Call and examine our establishment 
 
 K. AV. OFF-XTTT Ac CO. 
 
or district in wliich the offense was committed ; and tliat he shall not be compelled 
 to give evidence against himself, or be deprived of his life, liberty or property, but 
 by due process of law. 
 
 Sec. 9. That no person shall be accused or arrested, or detained, except in cases 
 ascertained by law, and according to the forms which the same has prescribed ; and 
 that no person shall be punished but by virtue of a law established and promul- 
 gated prior to the offense, and legally applied. 
 
 Sec. 10. That no person shall, for any indictable offense, be proceeded against 
 criminally, by information, except in cases arising in the land and naval service, or 
 in the militia when in actual service, or by leave of the court for oppressions or 
 misdemeanor in office : Provided, That in cases of petit larceny, assault, assault 
 and battery, affray, unlawful assemblies, vagrancy, and other misdemeanors, the 
 General Assembly may, by law, dispense with a grand jury, and authorize such 
 prosecutions and proceedings before justices of the peace, or such other inferior 
 courts as may be by law established. 
 
 Sec. 11. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of 
 life or limb. 
 
 Sec. 12. That no person shall be debarred from prosecuting or defending, before 
 any tribunal in the State, by himself, or counsel, any civil cause to which he is a 
 party. 
 
 Sec. 13. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. 
 
 Sec. 14. That in prosecution for the publication of papers investigating the 
 official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or when the matter publi»'hed 
 is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and 
 that in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law 
 and the facts under the direction of the court. 
 
 Sec. 15. That all courts shall be open, that every person, for any injury done him 
 in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due process of law ; 
 and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay. 
 
 Sec. 16. That suits may be brought against the State, in such manner and in 
 such courts as may be by law provided. 
 
 Sec. 17. That excessive fines shall not be imposed, or cruel punishment inflicted. 
 
 Sec. 18. That all persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sure- 
 ties, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident, or the presumption great. 
 Excessive bail shall not, in any case, be required. 
 
 Sec. 19. The privilege of writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except 
 when necessary for public safety in times of rebellion or invasion. *" 
 
 Sec. 20. That treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against 
 it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort ; and that no person shall 
 be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt 
 act, or his own confession in open court. 
 
 Sec. 21. That no person shall be attainted of treason by the General Assembly ; 
 and that no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. 
 
 Sec. 22. That no person shall be imprisoned for debt. 
 
 Sec. 23. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised, except by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, or by its authority. 
 
 Sec. 24. That no ex post facto law, or any law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts, shall be made. 
 
 Sec. 25 That private property shall not be taken or applied for public use, unless 
 
B MONTG OMER Y AD VER TISEMENTS. 
 
 COTTOM S'^FOMiLS-E!. 
 
 Successors to GILMER & CO. 
 
 Jas. N. Gilmer, Jno. N. Browder, Pres. W. Donaldson and Jno. F. Gilmer, having 
 formed a Co-partnership under the name and style of 
 
 GILMER, BROWDER & CO., 
 
 For the Purpose of Conducting a 
 
 COTTON STORAGE & GENERAL COMMISSION BUSINESS, 
 
 Would respectfully inform their friends and the public generally, that they are pre- 
 pared with ample Storage Room for Cotton and other Produce that may be intrusted to 
 their care. 
 
 Their Warehouses are well arranged, with fire walls and metal roofs, which offer 
 special inducements to those wishing to hold cotton or other produce in this market. 
 
 They are prepared to furnish their patrons with Bagging, Rope, Ties, and Twine, 
 and will give their personal attention to the business, and pledge their united efforts for 
 the interest of their patrons, and hope to receive a liberal share of patronage. 
 
 OFFICE, COBXER COMMERCE <S BIBB STREETS, 
 
 In Montgomery Insurance Building. 
 
 FOR SALE. — W. G. Clemons, Brown & Co.'s Superior Cotton Gins, and Fresh 
 Chewacla Lime. 
 
 I^OOIi:^, STjI^TIOr^EllY, liStc, 
 
 » 
 
 20 MARKET STREET, - - MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 Have a well-selected Stock of Standard Books, in every 
 (lopartment of Literature, and receive promptly all new publica- 
 tions. Book-buyers will do well to visit this house in Montgom- 
 ery, or correspond with it in reference to whatever they may want 
 in the line of BOOKS and STATIONERY. 
 
 Address, 
 
 JOEL WHITE, 
 
 MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA, 
 
[Ill] • 
 
 just compensation be made therefor; nor shall private property be taken for private 
 use, or for the use of corporations, other than municipal, without the consent of the 
 owner: Provided, hoioever, That laws may be made securing to persons or corpora- 
 tions, the right of way over the lands of either persons or corporations, and for 
 works of internal improvement, the right to establish depots, stations, and turnouts, 
 but just compensation shall, in all cases, be first made to the owner. 
 
 Sec. 26. That all navigable waters shall remain forever public highways, free to 
 the citizens of the State, and of the United States, without tax, impost or toll im- 
 posed; and that no tax, toll, impost or wharfage shall be demanded or received from 
 the owner of any merchandise or commodity, for the use of the shores, or any wharf 
 erected on the shores, or in, or over the waters of any navigable stream, unless the 
 same be expressly authorized by the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 27. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble 
 together for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the power of 
 government, for redress of grievances, or other purposes, by petition, address or re- 
 monstrance. 
 
 Sec. 28. That every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of himself and the 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 29. That no person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms stall be com- 
 pelled to do so, but may pay an equivalent for personal service. 
 
 Sec. 30. That no standing army shall be kept up without the consent of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly; and, in that case, no appropriation for its support shall be made for 
 a longer term than one year, and the military shall, in all cases, and at all times, 
 be in strict subordination to the civil power. 
 
 Sec. 81. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with- 
 out the consent of the owner; or in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 32. That no title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, privilege, honor, or 
 emolument, shall ever be granted or conferred in this State; that no property qual- 
 ification shall be necessary to the election to, or holding of any office in this State 
 and that no office shall be created, the appointment to which shall be for a longer 
 time than during good behavior. 
 
 Sec 33. That emigration from the State shall not be prohibited ; and that no citi- 
 zen shall be exiled. 
 
 Sec 34. That temporary absence from the State shall not cause a forfeiture of 
 residence once obtained. 
 
 Sec. 35. That no form of slavery shall exist in this State ; and there shall be no 
 involuntary servitude, otherwise than for the punishment of crime, of which the 
 party shall have been duly convicted. '' 
 
 Sec '36. The right of suffrage shall be protected by laws, regulating elections, and 
 prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influences from power, bribery, tu 
 mult or other improper conduct. 
 
 Sec. 37. That this State has -fto right to sever its relations to the Federal Union, or 
 to pass any law in derogation of the paramount allegiance of the citizens of this 
 State to the government of the United States. 
 
 Sec 38. That this enumeration of certain rights shall not impair or deny others 
 retained by the people. 
 
CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 {BRANCH OF THE JOHXSON TYPE FOUNDRY,) 
 
 No. 168 VINE STREET, BET. FOURTH & FIFTH, 
 
 9 ^^^m.^.j^ %*i ww.ft*^i.^WAlJ 
 MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN 
 
 FEINTING PRESSES, OASES, GALLIES, ETC, 
 
 INKS AND PRINTING MATERIAL OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 
 
 STEREOTYPING OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 F.OOKS. MUSIC. PATENT MEDICINE DIRECTIONS. JOBS, WOOD ENGRAVINGS, ETC., 
 
 Br?AND AND PATTERN LETTERS OF VARIOUS STYLES. 
 
 ELECTROTYPING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 
 
[IV] 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY BOUNDARIES. 
 
 Sec. 1. The boundaries of this State are established and declared to be as follows 
 — that is to say : Beginning at the point where the thirty-first degree of north lati- 
 tude crosses the Perdido river; thence east to the western boundary line of t.'ie 
 State of Georgia; thence along said line to the southern boundary line of the State 
 of Tennessee, thence west along the southern boundary line of the State of 
 Tennessee, crossing the Tennessee river, and on to the second Intersection of said 
 river, by said line; thence up said river to the mouth of Big Bear Creek; thence by 
 a direct line to the northwest corner of Washington county, in this State, as origin- 
 ally formed; thence southerly, along the line of the State of Mississippi, to the 
 Gulf of Mexico; thence eastwardly, including all islands within six leagues of the 
 shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the said river to the beginning. 
 
 Sec. 2. The General Assembly may, by a two-thirds vote of both houses thereof, 
 arrange and designate boundaries for the several counties of this State, which 
 boundaries shall not be altered, except by a like vote. But no new counties shall be 
 hereafter formed of less extent than six hundred square miles ; and no existing 
 county shall be reduced to less extent than six hundred square miles; and no new 
 county shall be formed which does not contain a sufficient number of inhabitants to 
 entitle it to one representative under the ratio of representation existing at the time 
 of its formation, or, unless the county or counties from which it is taken shall be 
 left with the required number of inhabitants entitling such county or counties to 
 separate representation. 
 
 ARTICLE in. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OP POWERS OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Sec 1. The powers of the government of the State of Alabama shall be divided 
 into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to a separate body 
 of magistracy, to-wit: Those which are legislative, to one; those which are execu- 
 tive, to another; and those which are judicial, to another. 
 
 Sec 2. No person, or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, 
 shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except in the 
 instances hereinafter expressly directed and permitted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, 
 which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. The style of the laws of this State shall be : "Be it enacted by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of Alabama." Each law shall contain but one subject, which shall 
 be clearly expressed in its title ; and no law shall be revised or amended unless tlie 
 new act contain the entire act revised, or the seciion or sections amended; and the 
 section or sections so amended shall be repealed. 
 
 Sec 3. Senators and Representatives shall be elected by the qualified electors, on 
 the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The term of office of the Sena- 
 tors shall be four years, and that of the Representatives two years, commencing on 
 thedav after the general election. 
 11 
 
D MONTG OMER Y AD VER TI8EMENT8. 
 
 FOWLEl & SOMllETILLl, 
 BANKERS «£ BROKERS, 
 
 MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. 
 
 Orders of any Mercantile character promptly executed. Special 
 attention given to orders for the purchasing of Cotton. 
 
 W. FOWLER, R. H. SOMMERVILLE. 
 
 KIRTLAND & TOURTELLOTTE, 
 
 Manufacturers, Wholesale & Retail Dealers in 
 
 BOOTS, SHOES, 
 
 LEATHER AND FINDINGS, 
 
 MOXTG OMER Y, ALABAMA. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 ffllHS' & miB OLOf Hilt, 
 
 FURNISHING GOODS, HATS, BOOTS, SHOES, 
 CLOTHS, CASSIMERES, VESTINGS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 Opposite Artesian Basin, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 DEALER IN 
 
 DRUGS, MEDICINES, DYE STUFFS, 
 
 IPERFXJnVLEJFl^S" cSc TOILET OOOOS, 
 
 NO. 11 MARKET STREET, 
 MONTGOMERY, - - . . ALABAMA. 
 
Sec. 4. No person shall be a Representative unless he is"eligible as an elector to 
 vote for members of the General Aesembl}'. 
 
 Sec. 5. No person shall be a Senator, unless he be eligible as an elector to vot? 
 for members of the General Assembly, and shall be twenty-seven years of age, and 
 shall have resided for two years within the State, and for the last year thereof wit li in 
 the district for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Sec. 6. The House of Representatives, when assembled, shall choose a Speaker, 
 and its other officers; and the Senate shall choose a President, in the absence of 
 the Lieutenant-Governor, and its other officers: each House shall judge of the 
 qualifications, elections and returns of its own members, but a contested election 
 shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. The President of 
 the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall remain in office 
 until their successors are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec 7. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of 
 absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may 
 provide. 
 
 Sec 8. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish mem- 
 bers for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member; 
 but not a second time for tiie same cause; and shall have all other powers neces- 
 sary for a branch of the Legislature of a free and independent St-ate. 
 
 Sec 9. Each house, during the session, may punish by imprisonment, any person 
 not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or obstructing 
 any of its proceedings: Provided, That such imprisonment shall not, at any time, 
 exceed forty-eight hours. 
 
 Sec. 10. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same 
 to be published immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as in its 
 judgment may require secresy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
 house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-tenth of the members present, be 
 entered on the journals. Any member of either hotise shall have liberty to dissent 
 from, or protest against, any act or resohition, which he may think injurious to the 
 public or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals. 
 
 Sec 11. Members of the General Assembly, shall, in all cases, except treason, fel- 
 ony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest; and they shall not be subject to 
 any civil process during the session of the General Assembly, nor for fifteen days 
 next before the commencement and after the termination of each session. 
 
 Sec 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the Governor, or the person exer- 
 cising the powers of the Governor, shall issue writs of elections to fill such vacan- 
 cies. 
 
 Sec. 13. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions as in 
 the opinion of the house, may require secresy. 
 
 Sec 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
 than three days, nor to any place than that in which they may be sitting. 
 
 Sbc 15. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended, altered or rejected 
 oy the other; but no bill shall have the force of law, until on three several days it 
 be read in each house, and free discussion be allowed thereon, unless in case of ur- 
 gency, four-fifths of the house in which the bill shall be pending, may deem it expe- 
 dient to dispense with this rule. And every bill, having passed both houses, shall 
 be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses : Provided, That all 
 
E 
 
 CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 STATIONARY AND PORTABLE 
 
 Sf E4M ElillES, 
 
 AND MILL ^A^ORK, 
 PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, 
 
 With our Patent Simultaneous and Independent Wrought Iron Head Blocks. 
 
 PATENT LATH AND SHINGLE MACHINES, 
 
 BLANCHAED SPOKE LATHE, 
 HUB, SPOKE, WAGON AND CAR MACHINERY, 
 
 PLANING. MOULDING, TENONING AND SATVING MACHINES, 
 
 Of all sizes, kept In stock. Ball and Socket Adjustable Hangers with Self-Lubricating 
 Journal Boxes. We have Two Hundred and Fifty 
 
 PULLEY PATTERNS OF DNIFOEM STYLE AND WEIGHT. 
 Catalogues lurnislied on applicatioi), 
 
 ciisr ciisrisr .A.TI, 
 
[VI] 
 
 bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Sen- 
 ate may amend or reject them as other bills. 
 
 Sec. 16. Every bill or resolution having the force of law, to which the concur- 
 rence of both houses of the General Assembly may be necessary, except on a ques- 
 tion of adjournment, which shall have passed both houses, shall be presented to tlin 
 Governor, and if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his ob 
 jections, to the house in which it sliall have originated, who shall enter the oVjcc- 
 tions at large on the journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsid- 
 eration, a majority of the whole number of members of that house shall agree to 
 pass it, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it 
 shall be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of the whole number of mem- 
 bers of that house, it shall have the same effect as if it had been signed by the Gov- 
 ernor; but in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and 
 nays, and the names of persons voting for and ngainst the bill or resolution, shall be 
 entered on the journals of both houses respectively. If the bill or resolution shall 
 not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, it shall have the same force and effect as if he had 
 signed it, unless the General Assembly, by its adjournment, prevent its return, in 
 which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Sec. 17. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of both houses 
 may be necessary (except on questions of adjournment, and for bringing on elections 
 by the two houses), shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect, 
 be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be re-passed by both houses, accord- 
 ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of bills. 
 
 Sec. 18. Each member of the General Assembly shall receive from the public 
 treasury such compensation for his services as may be prescribed by law; but no 
 increase of compensation shall take effect during the session at which such increase 
 shall have been made. 
 
 Sec. 19. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he shall 
 have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which 
 shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased dur- 
 ing such term, except such office as may be filled by election by the people. 
 
 Sec. 20. No person who holds any lucrative office under the United States, or un- 
 der this State, or anj^ other State or government (except postmasters, officers in 
 the militia to whose office no annual salary is attached, justices of the peace, mem« 
 bers of the court of county commissioners, notaries public, and commissioners of 
 deeds); no person who has been convicted of having given or offered any bribe to 
 procure his election to any office; no person who has been convicted of bribery, forg- 
 ery, perjury, or other high crime, or misdemeanor, which may be by law declared to 
 disqualify him ; and no person who has been a collector, or holder of any public 
 moneys, and h^a failed to account for and pay over to the treasury all sums for 
 which he may be by law accountable, shall be eligible to the General Assemblj-. 
 
 Sec. 21. The General Assembly shall meet annually, on such day as may be by 
 law prescribed, and shall not remain in session longer than thirty days, except by a 
 vote of two-thirds of each House. 
 
 Sec. 22. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members shall vote viva 
 voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journals. 
 
 Sec. 23. All State officers may be impeached for any misdemeanor in office, but 
 judgment shall not extend further than removal from office, and disqualification to 
 
LOUISVILLE ADYERTISEMEXTS. 
 
 JOHN TERUV. JN'O. I.. WllKAT. JA>. J. ClIESNKY. 
 
 8UCCESS0ES TO JOHN TEEEY& CO., 
 
 A\]I()LESALE GKOCEliS ^ COMMISSIOX MERCILOTS, 
 
 229 MAIN STREET. BETWEEN SIXTH AND SEVENTH, 
 
 OPPOSITE LOUISVILLE HOTEL, 
 
 AGENTS FBANKEOET | T niTTQVTT T V ITV 
 
 COTTON YARNS, &o. I llU U iO V iJjJjJj, h. 1 . 
 
 COOK, GOODMAN & CO. 
 WATCHES, JEWELRY, DIAMONDS, 
 
 Silver & Plated Ware. Spectacles, French Clocks, Bronzes, etc, 
 
 XiOTJis'viXjijE, i^ir. 
 
 BROV/N'S HOTEL, 
 
 SOUTH SIDE JEFFERSON STREET, 
 
 C.'twecn Sixth ami SfVinth Street, 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 
 
 Having just completed the repairs, and thoroughly overhauled and rebuilt BROWNS 
 HOTEL, it is now thrown open to my old friends and customers, and the public gen- 
 erallv, and I respectfully solicit a share of the traveling public's patronage. 
 
 lOW"^ ^UOAY"^, \'vo\\vvt\ov. 
 
 U. S, HOT 
 
 LOUISVILLE. KY.. 
 STOCKTON, LEAHY & CO., - PropriVtors. 
 
 BOABD, $2.50 PEIl DAT. 
 
 JOHN PXSARCII, 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 STEAM BOILERS, LARD TANKS, BANK VAULTS, &c. 
 
 Repairing promptly attended to. All work warranted. 
 
 MAIN STREET, BET. ELEVENTH & TWELFTH, 
 
[VII] 
 
 liold office under the authority of this State. The party impeached, whether con- 
 victed or not, shall be liable to indictment, trial and judgment, according to law. 
 
 Sec. 24. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of preferring im- 
 peachment All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate; the Senators, when 
 sitting for that purpose, shall be on oath or affirmation ; and no person shall be 
 convicted under an impeachment without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Sen- 
 ators present. 
 
 Sec. 25. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass such laws as may 
 be necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitrators, to be appointed by the 
 parties who may choose that mode of adjustment. 
 
 Sec 26. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, from time to time, as cir- 
 cumstances may require, to frame and adopt a penal code founded on principles of 
 reformation. 
 
 . Sec. 27. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, within live years after the 
 adoption of this Constitution, and within every subsequent period of ten years, 
 to make provision by law for the revision, digesting and promulgation of all the 
 public statutes of this State, both civil and criminal. 
 
 Sec. 28. The General Assembly shall have power to pass such penal laws as they 
 may deem expedient, to suppress the evil practice of dueling. 
 
 Sec. 29. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to regulate by law the cases 
 in which deductions shall be made from the salaries of public officers for neglect of 
 duty in their official capacities, and the amount of such deductions. 
 
 Sec. 30. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be granted but in the 
 cases by law provided for, and by suit in chancery; but decisions in chancery for di- 
 vorce shall be final, unless appealed from in the manner prescribed by law, within 
 three months from the date of the enrollment thereof 
 
 Sec 31. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of an ap- 
 propriation made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
 expenditures of all public moneys shall be published annually, in such manner as may 
 be by law directed. 
 
 Sec 32. The General Assembly shall not borrow or raise money on the credit of 
 this State, except for purposes of military defense against actual or threatened inva- 
 sion, rebellion or insurrection, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- 
 bers of each house ; nor shall the debts or liabilities of any corporation, person or 
 persons, or other States, be guaranteed, nor any money, credit or other thing be loaned 
 or given away, except by a like concurrence of each house; and the votes shall, in 
 each case, be taken by the yeas and nays and be entered on the journals. 
 
 Sec 33. The State shall not engage in works of internal improvement; but its 
 credit in aid of such may be pledged by the General Assembly on undoubted security, 
 by a vote of two-thirds of each House of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec 34. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to make adequate pro- 
 visions in each county for the maintenance of the poor of this State. 
 
 Sec 35. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Consti- 
 tution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send, or 
 accept a challenge so to do, or act as a second, or knowingly aid or assist in any 
 manner those thus offending, shall be incapable of holding any office under this State. 
 
 Sec 36. The General Assembly shall not have power to authorize any municipal 
 -corporation to pass any laws contrary to the general laws of the State, nor to levy a 
 
G MONTGOMERY ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 JAMES MARKS & GO. 
 
 WAREHOUSE 
 
 J^lsTHD 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 >\0W^C^0^\"E.13wX, ^l^^li^^\^. 
 
 We beg to inform our fuieuds and the public generally, that 
 we continue the Warehouse and General Commission Business 
 in this city. 
 
 Controlling ample Warehouse room, second to none in the 
 city, for the secure storage of cotton apd other merchandise, we 
 pledge our personal attention to all consignments or business 
 intrusted to us. 
 
 We are prepared to furnish our patrons with 
 
 BA.aaiisra, rope, 
 
 IRON TIES, ETC. 
 
 And to make cash advances when desired, either upon cotton 
 for sale here or shipments elsewhere. Special attention will be 
 given to the sale of Cotton in this market. 
 
 Thanking a generous public for past favors, we nope to realize 
 a continuance of their patronage by constantly endeavoring to 
 merit it. 
 
 jj^3J[ES 3i:^^Rii:s Ac oo. 
 
[VIII] 
 
 (ax on real and personal property to a greater extent than two percentum of tlie 
 assessed value of such property. 
 
 Sec. 37. In the event of annexation of any foreign territory to this State, the 
 General Assembly shall enact laws extending to the inhabitants of the acquired ter- 
 ritory, all the rights and privileges which may be required by the terms of the 
 acquisition, anything in this Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, who shall be 
 chosen by the electoi-s of the State, at the time and places at which they shall vote 
 for Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of J^'tate, Treasurer, and 
 Attorney-General shall hold their offices for the term of two years, and the Auditor 
 for the term of four years. 
 
 Sec. 3. The returns of every election for the officers named in the preceding sec- 
 tion, shall be sealed up and transmitted to tlie seat of Government, by the returning 
 officers, directed to the presiding officer of the Senate, who, during the first week of 
 the session, shall open and publish the same in the presence of a majority of the mem- 
 bers of the General Assembly; the person having the highest number of votes shall 
 be declared duly elected, but if two or more shall be highe.«t and equal in votes for 
 tiie same office, one of them shall be chosen by joint vote of both houses. Con- 
 tested elections for executive officers shall be determined by both houses of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 4. 'J'he supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in the Governor. 
 
 Sec. 5. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. 6. He may require information in writing, from the officers in the executive 
 department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. 
 
 Sec. 7. He shall communicate at every session, by message to the General Assem- 
 bly, the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he shall deem, 
 expedient. 
 
 Sec. 8. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assembly by 
 proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purposes foi 
 which they have been convened. 
 
 Sec. 9. In case of disagreement between the two houses, in respect to the time of 
 adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as 
 he may think proper, but not beyond the regular meetings thereof. 
 
 Sec. 10. He shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the 
 State, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 11. He shall have power after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations 
 and pardons for all offenses (except treason and cases of impeachment), upon such 
 conditions as he may think proper, subject, however, to such regulations as to the 
 manner of applying for pardons as may be prescribed by law; but such pardons 
 shall not relieve from civil or political disability. Upon conviction of treason, he 
 may suspend the execution of the sentence, and report the same to the General 
 .\6sembly at the next meeting, when the General Assembly shall either pardon, 
 commute the sentence, direct its execution, or grant further reprieve. He shall 
 communicate to the General Assembly at every regular ses-sion, each case of reprieve, 
 
H LOUISVILLE ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 BRINXilT'S PlaOlKT 
 
 SOLE MAMFACTUllERS, 
 
 130, 132 k 134 EAST MAO STREET, LOL'ISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 
 
 The best and cheapest plows in use for every kind of soil. Manufactured under the 
 supervision of the inventor and patentee, T. E. C. Brinly. Bevrare of Imitations. 
 None genuine except those with our brand upon them. Send for Price List and Circular. 
 
 (OUR TRADE MARK) 
 
 ♦♦EVERYBOOV TAKES IT*'' 
 BRADIT'S 
 
 AWARDED THE HIGHEST PREMIUMS 
 
 At the State Fairs of Louisiana, Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri, 
 Alabama, etc. 
 
 SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS, GROCERS & DEALERS GENERALLY. 
 
 GRESHAM, ESSINGTON & CO. 
 
 LAND AND MERCHANDISE BROKERS, AUCTIONEERS AND GENERAL BUSINESS AGENTS. 
 
 Spi'clal attention ftlvcn to the collocflon of cUiins In the West, South and Southwest; to filling order* 
 with cash or approTeil referonce for any kiml of Produce or Merchandise, and to all business in our liuo 
 iDtrUHted to us. Will refer to reliabhj bUHiness raeu gem'rally in this city, and will give special reference 
 when required, to reliable men, East, West, Kortli and South. 
 
 OfiBce, 74 "West Main, near Third St,, Louisville, Ky. 
 
commutation, or panlon granted, stating the name and crime of the convict, the 
 sentence, it8 date, and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his 
 reasons therefor. 
 
 Sec. 12. There shall be a Great Seal of the State, which shall be kept and used by 
 the Governor officially, and the seal heretofore in use, shall continue to be the Groat 
 Seal of the State until another shall have been adopted by the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 13. All grants and commissions shall be issued in the name and by the au- 
 thority of the State of Alabama, sealed with the Great Seal, signed by the Governor, 
 and countersigned by the Secretary of State. 
 
 Sec. 14. No member of Congress, or other person, holding office under the au- 
 thority of this State, or of the United States, shall execute the office of Governor, 
 except as herein provided. 
 
 Sec. 15. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal, or other disa- 
 bility of the Governor, the powers and duties of the office, for the residue of the 
 term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon 
 the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Sec 16. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the Senate, but shall vote 
 only when the Senate is equally divided, and in case of his absence or impeachment, 
 or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a president 
 pro tempore. 
 
 Sec 17. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while executing the office of Governor, shall 
 be impeached, displaced, resign or die, or otherwise become incapable of performing 
 the duties of the office, the President of the Senate shall act as Governor until the 
 vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the President of the Senate for any 
 of the above causes shall be rendered incapable of performing the duties pertaining 
 to the office of Governor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of 
 Kepresentatives. 
 
 Sec 18. Should the office of Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, or Attorney- 
 General become vacant from any of the causes specified in the fifteenth section of 
 this article, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed or a 
 successor elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at 
 the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have oc- 
 curred, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the full term fixed in the sec- 
 ond section of this article. 
 
 Sec. 19. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated times, receive for 
 their services a compensation to be established by law, which shall neither be in- 
 creased or diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected. 
 
 Sec 20. The officers of the Executive Department and of the public institutions 
 of the State, shall, al least five days preceding each regular session of the General 
 Assembly, severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports with his 
 message to the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec 21. A Sheriflf shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors thereof, 
 who shall hold his office for the term of three years, unless sooner removed, and 
 shall not be eligible to serve either as principal or deputy for any two successive 
 terms. Vacancies in the office of Sheriff" shall be filled by the Governor as in other 
 cases; and the person appointed shall continue in office until the next general elec- 
 tion in the county for Sheriflf, as by law provided. 
 
I MONTGOMERY ADVERTISEMEJ^TS. 
 
 B. Im. 'USririXEAN, 
 
 Jt 
 
 IMPORTER & DEALER IN 
 
 Iron, Nails, Castings, Fairbanks' Scales, Circular Saws, Fire-Proof Safes, 
 
 Agricultural Implements, Tin and Wooden Ware, Stoves, 
 
 Cutlery, Axles, Springs, Shovels, Axes, etc. 
 
 106 COMMERCE STREET, - MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. 
 
 BRAND, ^^LA CORONA DESPJERIA. " 
 
 J. Vr^B^lwr^ALES, 
 
 WHOLESALE MANUFACTURER OF THE BEST 
 
 HAVANA AND DOMESTIC CIGARS, 
 
 1 have on hand 200,000 of the very best Havana and Domestic Cigars, which I will 
 sell to retailers at low prices — cheaper than New York prices — proved by all merchants 
 in Montgomery. 
 
 J. V. aOITZA.ZjES. 
 
 'W ARREST dg BURGH, 
 
 TIMIIIA fSBAiii 
 
 J^ G E N C Y 
 GENERAL C0MMISSI0^3 MERCHANTS. 
 
 86 & 88 COMMERCE STREET, 
 
 A large and well selected stock of Virgin; i and N. C. Manufactured Tobacco always 
 on hand. Also, Bacon, Grain, Flour, and a complete assortment of Western Prod>,ce — 
 all for sale at very low prices. 
 
[X] 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 JUDICrAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 1. The judicial power of the State shall be vested in the Senate sitting a.s a 
 Court of Impeachment, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Chancery Courts, Courts 
 of Probate, such inferior Courts of Law and Equity to consist of not more than five 
 members, as the General Assembly may from time to time establish, and such per- 
 sons as may be by law invested with powers of a judicial nature. 
 
 Sec. 2. Except in cases otherwise directed in the Constitution, the Supreme Court 
 shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State, 
 under such restrictions and regulations not repugnant to this Constitution, as may 
 from time to time be prescribed by law : Provided, That said court shall have power 
 to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, habeas corpus, quo-warranto, and such 
 other remedial and original writs as may be necessary to give it a general superin- 
 tendence and control of inferior jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall be held at the seat of government, but if that 
 shall have become dangerous from an enemy, or from disease, it may adjourn to a 
 different place. 
 
 Skc. 4. The State shall be divided by the General Assembly into convenient cir- 
 cuits, each of which shall contain not less than three nor more than eigh t counties ; 
 and for each circuit there shall be chosen a Judge, who shall, after his election or 
 appointment, reside in the circuit for which he shall have been chosen. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Circuit Court shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and 
 criminal, within the State, not otherwise excepted in the Constitution, but in civil 
 cases only when the matter or sum in controversy exceeds fifty dollars: Provided, 
 hoivcver, That the Circuit Court shall have equity jurisdiction concurrent with the 
 Courts of Chancery in all cases for divorce, and cases in which the value of the 
 matter in controversy does not exceed the sum of five thousand dollars. 
 
 Sec. 6. A Circuit Court shall he held in each county in the State at least twice in 
 every year, and the judges of the several circuits may hold courts for each other 
 when they deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law : Provided, That 
 the judges of the several Circuit Courts shall have power to issue writs of injunc- 
 tion returnable into Courts of Chancery. 
 
 Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall have power to establish a Court or Courts of 
 Chancery with original and appellate jurisdiction. The State shall be divided by 
 the General Assembly into convenient Chancery Divisions, and the Divisions into 
 Districts; and for each Division there shall be a Chancellor, who shall, after his 
 election or appointment, reside in the Division for which he shall have been elected 
 or appointed. 
 
 Sec. 8. A Chancery Court shall be held in each county at a place therein to be 
 fixed by law, and the Chancellors may hold courts for each other, when they deem 
 it expedient. 
 
 Sec. 9. The General Assembly shall have power to establish in each county 
 within the State a Court of Probate, with general juri.sdiction for the granting of 
 letters testamentary and of administration, and for orphans' business ; and the 
 General Assembly may confer on the said courts, jurisdiction of contracts for labor, 
 and order frequent sessions for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Judges of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and Courts of Chan- 
 
MOBILE AD VER TISEME^^ Tf'. 
 
 ms IDTDAL LIFE IHSDRAEE COiPHK 
 
 OF 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 This Company issues a ivorld-wide Policy, under which the 
 insured may be allowed to travel in any part of the world, with- 
 out extra charge. 
 
 NOMORFEITING POLICIES. 
 
 All Policies strictly non-forfeiting on all plans from the first 
 annual payment; therefore, should the assured be unable to con- 
 tinue his payments after having made one annual payment, the 
 Company will grant the policy-holder a paid up policy for the 
 amount paid in and due on said policy. 
 
 POLICy 1]010[RS PARTICIPAK IN PROFITS, 
 
 Dividends declared and paid annually on the contribution pian, 
 so the assured will get the entire earnings of the money he pays in. 
 
 One-third of the annual premium (if exceeding forty dollars,) 
 allowed to remain as a loan on policies. 
 
 Pharles a. M.ANTZ, James Marrison, 
 
 "President. Vice President. 
 
 J. R. M.ACBETH, Wm.VaNZANT, 
 
 Seci'etary. J^fedical Officer. 
 
 CORNER FIFTH AND OLIVE STS., ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 Able and energetic agents wanted throughout Alabama and 
 East Mississippi. 
 
 MTILSON E. RICHARDSON, 
 
 Matiagev for Alabama and East Mississippi. 
 OFFICE, 39 ST. FRANCIS STKEET, - MOBILE, ALABAMA. 
 
[XI] 
 
 eery, shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not 
 be diminished during their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or 
 perquisites, nor hold any office (except judicial offices) of profit or trust under this 
 State, or the United States, during the term for which they have been elected, nor 
 under any other power during their continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 11. Judges of the Supreme Court, and chancellors, judges of the Circuit 
 and Probate Courts, and of such other inferior courts as may be by law established, 
 shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective counties, cities, towns or 
 districts, for which said courts may be established, on the Tuesday after the first 
 Monday in November of each year, or such other day as may be by law prescribed. 
 Vacancies in the office of the Circuit judge, judge of Probate, or judge of any 
 other inferior court established by law, shall be filled by the Governor; and the 
 person appointed by him shall hold office until the next election day appointed by law 
 for election of judge, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 12. The judges of the several Courts of this State shall hold their office for 
 the term of six years; and the right of any judge to hold his office for the full term 
 hereby prescribed, shall not be aflected by any change hereafter made by law in any 
 Circuit or District, or in the mode or time of election ; but for any willful neglect of 
 duty, or any other reasonable cause which ehall not be a sufficient ground of im- 
 peachment, the Governor shall remove any judge on the address of two-thirds of each 
 house of the General Assembly : Provided, That the cause or causes for which said re- 
 moval may be required, shall be stated at length in such address, and entered on the 
 journals of each house: And provided fia-iher, That the judge intended to be removed 
 shall be notified of such cause or causes, and shall be admitted to a hearing in his 
 own defense, before any vote for such address ; and in all such cases the vote shall be 
 taken by yeas and nays, and be entered on the journal of each house respectively. 
 
 Sec. 13. A competent number of justices and constables shall be elected in and 
 for each county by the qualified electors thereof, wlio shall hold office during such 
 terms as may be prescribed by law. Said justices shall have jurisdiction in all civil 
 cases wherein the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars. In 
 all cases tried before such justices the right of appeal shall be secured by law : 
 Provided, that notaries public appointed according to law, shall be authorized and 
 required to exercise, throughout their respective counties, all the powers and jurisdic- 
 tion of justices of the peace. 
 
 Sec. 14. The judges of the Supreme Court shall, by virtue of their offices, be con- 
 servators of the peace throughout the State; as also the judges of the Circuit 
 Courts within their respective circuits, and the judges of the inferior courts within 
 their respective counties. 
 
 Sec. 15. The clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the judges 
 thereof; registers in Chancery, ))y the chancellors of the Divisions; and all the 
 clerks and registers so appointed shall be removed by the appointing power for 
 cause to be placed on the records of tlie court. 
 
 Sec 16. The Attorney -General shall reside at the seat of government, and shall be 
 the law officer of the State. During the session of the General Assembly, he shall 
 furnish to the committees of either house, when required, drafts of bills and written 
 opinions upon any matter under consideration of the committees, and shall perform 
 such other duties as may be required of him by law. 
 
 Sec. 17. A Solicitor shall be elected in each county in this State, by the qualified 
 
MOSTG OMER Y AD VER TISEMEl^'TS. 
 
 BEOwif, blou:ni 
 
 O E IV K «^^X^ O O 31: 3X I S S I O TV 
 
 82 COMMERCE STREET, - - MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA, 
 
 Invite the attention of their friends and the public to their large and complete stock 
 of Provisions and Groceries of every description, which they sell at wholesale and retail. 
 
 We do a general Commission Business, and merchants will find it to their interest to 
 examine our Stock. 
 
 BITOS! IBTOS! BUSS! 
 
 WARRANTED FRESH AND GENUINE. 
 
 J". "W . H J^. 
 
 (Successor to Blount & Hale,) 
 
 WHOLESALE & RETAIL DRUGGIST, 
 
 NEXT TO CENTRAL BANK, 
 
 GENERAL INSURANCE AGENT, 
 
 I^03SrTC3-03S/fl:EPt"5r, -A.IL.-A.. 
 
 Life, Fire, Marine, and Inland Navigation Insurance eflfected 
 in first-class Insurance Companies. 
 
 RISXSSX:, RIGZffZSir <£ CO. 
 
 (Successors to Reese, Pierce & Co.) 
 
 OOTTOTf BBGSIES, 
 
 AND GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 NO. 4 COURT SQUARE, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. 
 
 Arc prepared to deal liberally and largely with Cotton Operators. Their facilities 
 are unsurpassed for doing a General Cotton Business, at this point and in New York, 
 through their house, and in Liverpool and New Orleans, through their friends. 
 
[X..J 
 
 electors of such county, who sliall reside in the county for which he is elected, and 
 perform euch duties as may be required of him by law. He shall hold office for a 
 term of four years, and in case of vacancy, such vacancy shall be filled by tlie 
 judge of the Circuit until his successor is elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 18. Clerks of the Circuit Court, and such inferior courts as may be by law es- 
 tablished, shall be elected by the qualified elector." in each county, fur the term of 
 six years, and may be removed from office for cause, and in such manner as may be 
 by law prescribed. Vacancies in the office of clerk shall be filled by (he judge of 
 the Court, until the next general election, and until a successor shall be elected and 
 qualified : Provided^ That the General Assembly shall have power to annex the duties 
 of clerk to the office of judge of any of the inferior courts by law established. 
 
 Sec 19. The style of all processes shall be " The Slate of Alabama" and all pros- 
 ecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the State of Ala- 
 bama, and shall conclude "against the peace and dignity of the same." 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 EJECTION'S. 
 
 Sec. 1. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote by ballot. 
 
 Sec. 2. Every male person born in the United States, and every male person who 
 has been naturalized, or who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen 
 of the United States, twenty-one years old or upward, who shall have resided in this 
 State six months next preceding the election, and three months in the county in 
 which he oflfers to vote, except as hereinafter provided, shall be deemed an elector: 
 Provided, That no soldier, or sailor, or marine, in the military or naval service of the 
 United States, shall hereafter acquire a residence by reason of being stationed on 
 duty in this State. 
 
 Sec 3. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, from time to time» 
 for the registration of all electors; but the following classes of persons shall not be 
 permitted to register, vote, or hold office: 1st, Those who, during the late rebellion, 
 inflicted, or caused to be inflicted, any cruel or unusual punishment upon any sol- 
 dier, sailor, marine, employe or citizen of the United States, or who, in any other 
 way, violated the rules of civilized warfare. 2d, Those who may be disqualified 
 Jrom holding office by the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States, known as "Article XIV," and those who have been disqualified from regis- 
 tering to vote for delegates to the Convention to frame a Constitution for the State 
 of Alabama, under the act of Congress, "to provide for the more efficient govern- 
 ment of the rebel States," passed by Congress March 2, 1867, and the acts supple- 
 mentary thereto, except such persons as aided in the reconstruction proposed by 
 Congress, and accept the political equality of all men before the law : Provided, 
 That the General Assembly shall have power to remove the disabilities incurred un- 
 der this clause. 3d, Those who shall have been convicted of treason, embezzlement 
 of public funds, malfeasance in office, crime punishable by law with imprisonment 
 in the penitentiary, or bribery. 4th. Those who are idiots or insane. 
 
 Sec. 4. All persons, before registering, must take and subscribe the following 
 
 oath : I, , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and maintain the 
 
 Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of the 
 State of Alabama; that I am not excluded from registering by any of the clauses 
 in Sec. 3, Article 7, of the Constitution of the State of Alabama; that I will never 
 
 12 
 
L MOXTG OMER Y AD VER TI SEMEN TS. 
 
 LICIIMAX BJIOS., LEU3IAX, NEWGASS 4& CO. 
 
 133 Pearl St., Neiv York. 1S8 Graiier St., Ne-ic Orleans. 
 
 liieliman^ Durr €£ Co. 
 
 COTTOi WAEIIOFSE 
 
 AND 
 
 GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 IXiHMGl laflL 
 
 MOXTG OMEltY, ALABAMA. 
 
 A. P. AVATT & CO. 
 
 This old aud ■\vell-knowii Hotel, which has so long enjoyed the 
 patronage of the Southern people and of visitors, has been thor- 
 oughly refitted, and is prepared to extend the best accommoda- 
 tions to guests. 
 
 f 11 MiiraiMiif Mim. 
 
 TERMS OF THE DAILY MAIL. 
 
 Twelve months, - - - . - - - - - - -$10.00 
 
 Six months, -..--.-----. ^.00 
 
 Three months, ------------ 2.50 
 
 One month, .--..-----. iqo 
 
 Two weeks, ..----_--.._ ,70 
 
 One 
 
 .40 
 
 Single copies, - - .... .j© 
 
 Newsboys and dealers will be furnished at the rate of sixty cents per dozen. 
 
 TERMS OF THE WEEKLY MAIL. 
 
 ISSUED BYBJ^r WB'DJ^BSDAT .^fO'Ji^''IJ^G. 
 
 SINGLE COPY, CLUBS OF 
 
 - $15.00 
 22.50 
 .... 30.00 
 Advertisements inserted in the Weekly Mail on the most reasonable terms, costing 
 the advertiser about one-third as much as the Daily. 
 
 All subscriptions to the paper are discontinued so soon as the time expires for which 
 payment has been made, unless renewed. 
 
 OFFICE ON PERRY STREET, OPPOSITE THEATER. 
 G. II. GIBSOX tl; CO., JOSEVIE JIODGSOX, 
 
 PROPRIETORS EDITOR. 
 
 One year, . 
 
 - $3.00 
 
 6, 
 
 one year, 
 
 Six months, - 
 
 2.00 
 
 10, 
 
 << 
 
 Three months, - 
 
 - 1.25 
 
 15. 
 
 (< 
 
[ XIII 1 
 
 countenance or aid in the secession of this State from the United States; that I ac- 
 cept the civil and political equality of all men; and agree not to attempt to deprive 
 any person or persons, on account of race, color, or previous condition, of any polit- 
 ical or civil right, privilege, or immunity, enjoyed by ajiy otlier class of men; and 
 furthermore, that I will not in any way injure, or countenance in otliersany attempt 
 to injure any person or persons, on account of past or present support of the gov- 
 ernment of the United States, the laws of the United States, or the principle of the 
 political and civil equality of all men, or for affiliation with any political party. 
 
 Sec. 5. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, 
 be privileged from arrest and civil process during their attendance at elections, and 
 in going to and returning from the same. 
 
 Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, to enact adequate laws giv- 
 ing protection against the evils arising from the use of intoxicating liquors at elec- 
 tions. 
 
 Sec. 7. Returns of elections for all civil officers elected by the people, who are to 
 be commissioned by the Governor, and also for the members of the General Assem- 
 bly, shall be made to the Secretary of !^tate. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 REPRESENTATION. 
 
 Sec 1. The House of Representatives shall consist of not more than one hun- 
 dred members, who shall be apportioned by the General Assembly among the sev- 
 eral counties of the State, according to the number of inhabitants in them respect- 
 ively; and to this end the General Assembly shall cause an enumeration of all the 
 inhabitants of the State to be made in the year 1875, and every ten years tliereafter, 
 and shall make an npportionment of the representatives among the several counties 
 at the first regular session after each enumeration; which apportionment, wh.en 
 made, shall not be subject to alteration until after the next census shall have been 
 taken : Provided^ That each county shall be entitled to at least one repreaentative ; 
 And provided^ further, That when two or more adjoining counties shall each have a 
 residuum, or fraction over and above the ratio then fixed by law, which fractions, 
 when added together, equal, or exceed that ratio, in that case the county having the 
 largest fraction shall be entitled to one additional repre.sentative. 
 
 Sec. 2. Until the General Assembly shall make an apportionment of the repre- 
 sentatives among the several counties, after the first enumeration made as herein 
 provided, the counties of Autauga, Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Calhoun, Clay, 
 Clarke, Cherokee, Cleburne, Crenshaw, Choctaw, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, 
 Dale, DeKalb, Elmore, Fayette, Henry, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Limestone, Marshall, 
 Marion, Monroe, Morgan, Pike, Randolph, St. Clair, Shelby, Walker, Wasliington 
 and Winston, shall have one representative each; the counties of Chambers, Frank- 
 lin, Greene, Hale, Jackson, Lee, Lawrence, Macon, Pickens, Russell, Talladega, 
 Tallapoosa, and Tuscaloosa, shall be entitled to two representatives each; the coun- 
 ties of Barbour, Bullock, Lowndes, Madison, Marengo, Perry, Sumter, and Wilcox, 
 shall be entitled to three representatives each; the counties of Dallas, Mobile, and 
 Montgomery, shall be entitled to five representatives each : Provided, That in the 
 formation of new counties the General Assembly may apportion to each its proper 
 representation. 
 
 Sec. 3. The whole number of Senators shall be not less than one-fourth or more 
 than onethird of the whole number of representatives; and it shall be the duty of 
 
M 
 
 cixciy^fATi advertiseme:n^ts. 
 
 WHEIV YOXJ BUY A. 
 
 COOKING STOVE, 
 
 IT IS ECOXOMY TO 
 
 1 1 i.s thorefnrc the duty of every person wanting 
 
 A COOKINQ STOVE, 
 
 'J'.i l>e sure and select a good one; and as no 
 
 I linking Stove ever yet introduced has attained 
 •I' high a reputation for operation, appear- 
 ■iice and durability, as the 
 
 IH^^^^^ O I^ IT E, 
 
 I I may hv s.iMy regarded as tlie best ; for tlie exten- 
 di vi- sale anil use of them in all parts of tlie country, 
 ;ia well as the large and increasing demand for them, 
 is evidence of their superiority, and as there is no 
 experiment in buying a Stove with n character «o 
 well established, and one that all give voluntary 
 praise of, we say, if you want a First Class Cooking 
 Stove, for wood, that has no superior, buy the 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 W. C. Davis & Co., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 JAMBS H. ZA WS. 
 
 V'M. H. ZAirs. 
 
 JAMES LAWS & CO., 
 
 (£onimi88iiiii 3Siiot & Sfjoc cgousc, 
 
 I 6 and i 8 W. Second St. and 23 W. Pearl St., 
 OXIVOIIVTV^^TI. C>. 
 
 STRICTLY COMMISSION SALES FOR CASH. 
 
 CINCINNATI FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. 
 
 Nos. 14«, 148 and 150 East Front Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 .Iff/ittf/ar/ttrrrs of 
 
 PORTABLE & STATIONARY ENGINES, 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil Machinery, Hydraulic Presses, Tobacco Machinery, 
 Pumps, Steam Pumps, Screw Presses, Iron Castings, Shaft- 
 ing, Pulleys, Hangers and Geneial Machinery. 
 
[XIV] 
 
 the General Assembly, at its first session after the making of each enumeration, as pro- 
 vitled by section first, of tliis article, to fix by law the number of Senators, and to divide 
 the State into as many senatorial districts as tliere are Senators; which districts 
 shall be as nearly equal to each other as mambe in the number of inhabitants, and 
 each shall be entitled to one Senator, and no more: Provided, That no county shall 
 he divided, and no two or more counties, which are separated entirely by a county 
 belonging to another district, shall be joined in one district: And provided, further, 
 That the senatorial districts, when formed, shall not be changed until after the next 
 enumeration shall have been taken. 
 
 Sec. 4. At the first general election after each new apportionment, elections shall 
 be held anew in all the Senatorial districts. The Senators elected, when convened 
 at the next ensuing session of the General Assembly, shall be divided by lot into 
 two classes, as nearly equal as may be; the seats of the Senators of the first class 
 shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and tliose of the second class at the 
 expiration of four years, from the day of election, so that (except as above provided,) 
 one-half of the Senators may be chosen biennially. 
 
 ' Sec. 5. Until the General Assembly shall divide the State into senatorial districts 
 as herein provided, the senatorial districts shall remain as follows: 1st District, 
 Limestone and Lauderdale; 2d, Franklin and Lawrence; 3d, Morgan, Blount, Win- 
 ston and Marion; 4th, Madison; 5th, Jackson, Marshall and DeKalb; 6th, Chero- 
 kee and Calhoun ; 7th, Walker, Jetferson and St. Clair; 8th, Shelby and Bibb ; 9th, 
 Tuscaloosa and Fayette ; 10th, Talladega and Clay ; 11th, Chambers, Randolph and 
 Cleburne; 12ih, Coosa and Tallapoosa; 13th, Lee; 14th, Macon; 15th, Kussell; 
 16th, IJullock; 17th, Barbour; 18th, Autauga and Elmore; 19th, Montgomery; 
 20th, Lowndes; 2l8t, Dallas; 22d, Perry; 23d, Hale; 24th, Greene and Pickens; 
 25th, Sumter; 26th, Marengo; 27th, Choctaw, Clark and Washington; 28th, Mo- 
 bile; 29th, Monroe and Baldwin; 30th, Wilcox; 31st, Butler and Conecuh ; 32d, 
 Covington, Crenshaw and Pike; 33d, Coffee, Dale and Henry. 
 
 Sec. 6. Until a new apportionment of representative to the Congress of the Uni- 
 ted States shall have been made, the Congressional District shall remain ae stated 
 in the Revised Code of Alabama, and after each new apportionment, the General As- 
 sembly shall divide the State jnto as many districts as it is allowed representatives 
 in Congress, making such Congressional Districts as nearly equal in the number of 
 inhabitants as may be. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 TAX.\TION. 
 
 Sec. 1. All taxes levied on property in this State, shall be assessed in exact pro- 
 portion to the value of such property : Provided, however, That the General Assem- 
 bly may levy a poll-tax not to exceed one dollar and fifty cents on each poll, which 
 shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public school fund. 
 
 Sec. 2. No power to levy taxes shall be delegated to individuals or private corpor- 
 ations. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 MILITIA, 
 
 Sec. 1. All able-bodied male inhabitants of this State, between the ages of eighteen 
 years and forty -five years, who are citizens of the United States, or who have de- 
 clared their intention to become citizens of the United States, shall be liable to mili- 
 tary duty in the militia of this State; but all citizens of any denomination what- 
 
N CIXCIXXA TI AD VER TISEMEXTS, 
 
 p E X r 1 R ' s 
 
 CELEBRATED WHISKY, 
 
 Our Whisky, which has heeii favorably kuowa in the South for 
 iorty years, is uow for sale to the trade by our agents, viz : 
 
 WoLT, Murray &■ Co., Mobile. 
 Jules Tardos, New Orleans. 
 
 Orders addressed to them for not less than five barrels, or five 
 half barrels, will receive prompt attention, if accompanied by a 
 remittance or satisfactory ^ity reference. 
 
 Our brand is now burned into the heads of the barrels, because 
 our old brand, which was painted, was extensively counterfeited 
 during the time the old tax law was in operation, when, for nearly 
 two years, our works were not in operation. 
 
 Much worthless stuff has been palmed off on the public as our 
 AVliisky, doing us much injury. 
 
 We guarantee the Whisky we now make to be equal in proof, 
 ilavor and quality, to any ever made by us — and we invite the 
 most rigid inspection of the AVhisky that we now have in the 
 hands of our agents above named, by merchants visiting Mobile 
 and New Orleans. 
 
 EDMUND DEXTER ^ SONS. 
 
 JVOS. 40 d; 61 SrCAMOliE Sl\, CINCINNATI, O. 
 
[XV 1 
 
 over, wlio, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to bearing nrnis, shall I't 
 lexeiiijit therefrom upon sucli conditions as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 iSiic. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organizing, arming, eqiii|iiiiii:^ 
 and discipline of the militia, and for paying the same, when called into active .-t r 
 vice, in such manner as it shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the laws cf 
 the United States. 
 
 Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be electuvi or appointed and commissioned in 
 such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the army and nav^y of this 
 State, and of the militia, except when called into the service of the United States, 
 and shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws, to suppress riots, 
 or insurrections, and to repel invasion. 
 
 Sec 5. The Governor shall nominate, and by and with tlie consent of the Senate, 
 appoint one Major-General and three Brigadier-Generals: the Adjutant-General, and 
 ot.l)er staff-officers to the commander-in-chief, shall be appointed by the Governor, 
 and their commissions shall expire with the Governor's term of service. No com- 
 missioned officer shall be removed from office except by the Senate, on the recom- 
 mendation of the Governor, stating the grounds on which such removalis recom- 
 mended, or by the decision of a court-martial pursuant to law. 
 
 Sec. 6. The militia may be divided into two classes, to be designated as "volunteer 
 militia" and "reserve militia," in such manner as shall be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 7. The militia shall, in all cases, except felony, treason, or breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at musters and elections of 
 officers, and in going to and returning from the same. 
 
 Sec. 8. The officers and men commissioned and organiz^^d, shall not be entitled to, 
 or receive any pay, rations, or emoluments when not in active service. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Sec 1. The common schools, and other educational institutions of the State, shall 
 be under the management of a Board of Education, consisting of a Superintendent 
 of Public Instructions, and two members from each Congressional District. 
 
 The Governor of the State shall be ex officio a member of the Board, but shall 
 have no vote in its proceedings. 
 
 Sec 2. The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be President of the Board 
 of Education, and have the casting vote in case of a tie; he shall have the super- 
 vision of the public schools of tlie State, and perform such other duties as may be 
 imposed upon him by the Board and the laws of the State. He shall be elected in 
 the same manner and for the same term as the Governor of the State, and receive 
 such salary as may be fixed by law. An office shall be assigned him in the capitol 
 of the State. 
 
 Sn:c. 3. The members or" the Board shall hold office for a term of four years, and 
 until their successors shall be elected and qualified. After the first election under 
 the Constitution, the Board shall be divided into two equal classes, so that each 
 class shall consist of one member from each District. The seats of the first class 
 shall be vacated at the expiration of two years from the day of election, eo that one- 
 lialf may be chosen biennially. 
 
 Sec, 4. The members of the Board of Education, except the Superintendent, shall 
 

 
 CINCIXXA TI A I) YER T I SEME NTS. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 B 1 T T 
 
 EDM 
 
 3 
 
 ciJNrciisrisr.i?^Ti. oiiio. 
 
 We beg to call your attention to the BITTER Ave are making, 
 to which we have given the above name. 
 
 This BITTER is made of the finest liquor — not a single ingre- 
 dient employed in its composition is hurtful — it has very valuable 
 tonic properties — it acts gently and beneficially on the liver when 
 there is a tendency to torpor in that organ — it is a mild and 
 generous stimulant ; as a strengthening cordial for ladies and 
 children, or any one recovering from illness, it is particularly well 
 adapted ; it has a very agreeable taste and a beautiful color. It 
 cures instantaneously cramps in the stomach. 
 
 Our reputation is pledged for its purity. 
 
 The dose for an adult male is from half to three-fourths of a 
 wineglassful ; for ladies and childiou proportionately less. 
 
 Mr. Jules Tardos, New Orleans, and Messrs. Holt, Murray & 
 Co., Mobife, our Agents, have it for sale to the trade, and it can 
 be found at all the wholesale grocers of both cities. 
 
 Our Agents are instructed to give as fovorable terms as possible 
 to the trade. Boxes contain one dozen quart bottles. 
 
 EiDivaiTTisrx:) hdeixixer. &c soisrs, 
 
 49 & 51 SYCAMORE ST., CINCINNATI. 0. 
 
[XVI]. 
 
 be elected by tlie qualified electors of the Congressional Dii«tricts in which they are 
 chosen, at the same time and in the same manner as the members of Congress. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Board of Education shall exercise full legislative powers in reference 
 to the public educational institutions of the State, and its acts, when approved by 
 the Governor, or when re-enacted by two-thirds of the Board, in case of his disap- 
 proval, shall have the force and effect of law, unless repealed by the General As" 
 sembly. 
 
 Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Board to establish, throughout the State, in 
 each township, or other school district which it may have created, one or more 
 schools, at wliich all tlie children of the State, between the ages of five and twenty- 
 one years, may attend free of charge. 
 
 Sec. 7. No rule or law affecting the general interest of education shall be made by 
 the Board without the concurrence of a majority of its members. The style of all 
 acts of the Board shall be, '' Be it enacted by the Board of Education of the State 
 of Alabama." 
 
 Sec 8. The Board of Education shall be a body politic and corporate, by the 
 name and style of the Board of Education of the State of Alabama. Said Board 
 shall also be a Board of Kegents of the State University, and when sitting as a 
 Board of Regents of tlie Univer.sity, shall have power to appoint the President and 
 the Faculties thereof 
 
 Tiie President of the University shall be ex ofido a member of the Board of Re- 
 gents, but shall have no vote in its proceedings. 
 
 Sec 9. The Board of Education shall meet annually at the seat of government at 
 the same time as the General Assembly, but no session shall continue longer than 
 twenty days, nor shall more than one session be held in the .same year, unless au- 
 thorized by the Governor. The members shall receive the same mileage and daily 
 pay as the members of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec 10. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United 
 States to the State for educational purposes; of the swamp lands; and of all lands 
 or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes ' 
 and of all estates of deceased persons who have died without leaving a will or heir 
 and all moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military 
 duty, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, which may be increased but not dimin- 
 ished, and the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such 
 lands as may remain unsold, and such other means, as the General Assembly may 
 provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to educational purposes, and to no other 
 purpose whatever. 
 
 Sec 11. In addition to the amount accruing from the above sources, one-fifth of 
 the aggregate annual revenue of the State shall be devoted exclusively to the main- 
 tetiance of public schools. 
 
 Sec 12. 'I"he General Assembly may give power to the authorities of the school 
 districts to levy a poll-tax on the inhabitants of the district in aid of the general 
 school fund, and for no other purpose. 
 
 Sec 13. The General Assembly shall levy a specific annual tax upon all Rail- 
 road, Navigation, Banking, and Insurance corporations, and upon all Insurance and 
 Foreign Hank and Exchange Agencies, and upon the profits of foreign bank bills 
 i.«sued in tiiis State by any corporation, partnersliip or persons, which shall be ex- 
 clusively devoted to the maintenance of public schocils. 
 
 Sec 14. The Genera! Assembly shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the es- 
 
CiyCIJYJiATI ADVERTISEME^^TS. 
 
 SILVERSMITHS AND MANUFACTURING JEWELERS, IMPORTERS 
 of Watches, Diamonds, Bronzes, Tools, and Materials for Watchmakers j Southern 
 and Western Agents for the American Waltham Watch Co. Corner Fourth and 
 Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. All orders and inquiries by mail will receive 
 prompt attention. 
 
 ESTABLISHED, 1840. 
 
 OAK TANNED LEATHER B^^^^^ AND HOSE. 
 
 SEND FOR CIRCULAR. 
 a24 EAST FRONT ST., CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 BSrATiLlSIIjE-D I.V 7SS7. 
 
 BUOEIYI Bl^L FSrailf. 
 
 Clmnli, Ac:i(lfniy, Factory, Fiirm, I'i ro- Alarm Bell-:, etc., miulo of Pure Bell 
 
 Jletal, (Copper ami Tin,) warrant t-d in qnalitv, tone, (hirabilitv. cto., and 
 
 inouiitfd Willi our I'at.Mit IMPKMJVED UOTATIXG HANGINGS. 
 
 lllu>lratfd (•alaloi>iie sent free. 
 
 V .A. 3sr ID xj z E asr Sz, tift. 
 
 102 AND 104 EAST SECOND STREET, CINCINNATI, O. 
 
[XVII] 
 
 tablishment of an Agricultural College, and shall appropriate the two hundred and 
 forty thousand acres of land donated to this State for tiie support of such a college, 
 by the act of Congress, passed July 2, 1862, or tlie money or scrip, as the case may 
 be, arising from the sale of said land or any lands which may hereafter be granted 
 or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such college 
 or schqols, and may make the same a branch of the University of Alabama for in- 
 struction in agriculture, in the mechanic arts, and the natural sciences connected 
 therewith, and place the same under the supervision ot the Regents of the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Sec. 1. A Bureau of Industrial Resources sliall be established, to be under the 
 management of a Commissioner, who shall be elected at the first general election, 
 and shall hold his office for the term of four years. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Commissioner of Industrial Resources shall collect and condense 
 statistical information concerning the productive industries of the State; and shall 
 make, or cause to be made, a careful, accurate and thorough report upon the agri- 
 culture and geology of the State, and annually report such additions as the progress 
 of scientific development and extended explorations may require. He shall, from 
 time to time, disseminate among the people of the State such knowledge as he may 
 deem important, concerning improved machinery and production, and for the pro- 
 motion of their agricultural, manufacturing and mining interests; and shall send out 
 to the people of the United States and foreign countries, such reports concerning the 
 industrial resources of Alabama, as may best make known the advantages ofliered 
 by the State to emigrants; and shall perform such other duties as the General As- 
 sembly may require. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at the first session after the 
 adoption of this Constitution, to pass such laws and regulations as may be necessarv 
 for the government and protection of this bureau, and also to fix and provide for the 
 compensatiou of the commissioner. 
 
 Sec. 4. This bureau sliall be located, and the commissioner shall reside at the cap- 
 ital of the State, and he shall annual]}' make a written or pruited report to the Gov- 
 ernor of the State, to be laid before the General Assembly at each session. 
 
 Sec. 5. In case of the death, removal, or resignation of the commissioner, the Gov- 
 ernor, with the approval of the Senate, shall have power to appoint a commissioner 
 for the unexpired term. 
 
 ARTICLE XIIL 
 
 CORPORATIONS. 
 
 Sec. 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created 
 by special act, except for municipal purposes. All general laws and special acts 
 passed pursuant to this section, may be altered, amended, or repealed. 
 
 Sec 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liabilities of 
 the corporators or other means as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 3. Each stockholder in any corporation shall be liable to the amount of stock 
 held or owned by him. 
 
 Sec. 4. The property of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall for- 
 ever be subject to taxation the same as property of individuals, except corporations 
 for educational and charitable purposes. 
 
Q MOXTG OMER Y AD VER TI SEMEN TS, 
 
 j. a. walker. v. s. murphey. john gano winter. 
 
 Walker, Murphey &■ Winter, 
 
 ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 
 
 office on market street, 
 
 geo. w. stone. david clopton. jas. h. clanton. 
 
 Stone, Clopton &■ Clanton, 
 
 ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 
 
 OFFICE OX PERHr STBEET, 
 
 L. A. SHAVER, 
 
 AND SOLICITOR IN CHANCERY. 
 
 Practices in all the courts of Montgomery and surrounding counties, and in the Dis- 
 trict Court of the United States for Alabama. 
 
 OFFICE ON COURT STREET, 
 
 JOSEPH HODGSON, 
 ATTORISTEY ^T L^^W^, 
 
 Office in the BtiUding of the Daily 3Iail, 
 1^0ISrXQ03SJ:EI^-5r, ^IL^BJ^Ji^A. 
 
 Attends to all business placed in his hands for the courts of Montgomery Special 
 attention paid to collecting claims for Western and Northern merchants 
 
 Refers to Northrup, Chick & Co., New York; Guthrie & Co., Louisville; G. W. 
 Phillips, Jr. and Edmund Dexter & Sons, Cincinnati ; Chick, Armijo & Co., St. Louis 
 
Lxvm] 
 
 Sec. o. No right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, until 
 full compensation therefor be first made in money or secured by a deposit of money 
 to tlie owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such 
 corporation, which compensation shall be ascertained by a jury of twelve men, in a 
 court of record, as shall be prescribed by lavr. 
 
 Sec. 6. Tlie General Assembly shall not have power to establish or incorporate 
 any bank or banking company, or monied institution, for the purpose of issuing 
 bill? of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the conditions pre- 
 scribed in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 7. No bank shall be established, otherwise than under a general banking law, 
 as provided in the first section of this article. 
 
 Sec. 8. The General Assembly may enact a general banking law, which law shall 
 provide for the registry and countersigning by the Governor of the State, of all pa- 
 per credit designed to be created as money ; and ample collateral security, converti- 
 ble into specie, or the redemption of the same in gold or silver, shall be required, 
 and such collateral security shall be under the control of such officer or officers as 
 may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec 9. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all times, redeemable in gold 
 or silver, and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspen- 
 sion, by any bank or banking company, of specie payment. 
 
 Sec. 10. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency, to prefer- 
 ence of payment over all other creditors. 
 
 Sec. 11. Every bank or banking company shall be required to cease all banking 
 operations within twenty years from the time of its organization, and promptly there- 
 after close its business. 
 
 Sec. 12. No bank shall receive, directly or indirectly, a greater rate of interest than 
 shall be allowed by law to individuals for lending money. 
 
 Sec. 13. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, nor shall the credit of 
 the State ever be given or lent to any banking company, association or corporation, 
 except for the purpose of expediting the construction of railroads, or works of in- 
 ternal improvement, within this State, and the credit of the State shall, in no case, 
 be given or lent without the approval of two-thirds of both houses of the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Sec 15. All corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be 
 sued, in all courts, in like cases as natural persons. 
 
 Sec 16. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the organiza- 
 tion of cities, and incorporated towns, and to restrict their power of taxation, assess- 
 ment and contracting of debt. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 EXEMPTED PROPERTY. 
 
 Sec. 1. The personal property of any resident of this State to the value of one 
 thousand dollars, to be selected by such resident, shall be exempted from sale on ex- 
 ecution, or other final process of any court, issued for the collection of any debt con-" 
 tracted after the adoption of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec 2. Every homestead, not exceeding eighty acres of land, and the dwelling and 
 appurtenances thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not in any town, city 
 or village, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in the city, town or 
 village, with the dwelling and appurtenances thereon, owned and occupied by any 
 
CINCINTSATI 
 
 FURNIHSHES EVERY ARTICLE USED IN A 
 
 PEINTER'S OUTFIT. 
 
 OF THEIR OWN MANUFACTURE, AND FROM EVERY OTHER 
 FOUNDRY IN THE COUNTRY. 
 
 li 
 
 ® 
 
 FROM ALL THE CHIEF EASTERN MANUFACTURERS, 
 AS WELL AS THEIR OWN UNEQUALED 
 
 WASHINGTON HAND AND NONPAREIL JOB PRESSES. 
 
 SKND F(«U SPECIMEKS AND ESTIMATES TO 
 
 CHARLES WELLS, - - - Treasurer. 
 Office, 201 Vine St, Works from 5 to 18 Longworth St. 
 
[XIX] 
 
 re.sident of this State, and not exceeding tlie value of two thousand dollars, shall be 
 exempted from sale, on execution, or any other final process from a court, from any 
 debt contracted after the adoption of this Constitution. Such exemption, however, 
 shall not extend to any mortgage lawfully obtained, but such mortgage or other 
 alienation of such homestead, by the owner thereof, if a mai'ried man, shall not be 
 valid witliout the voluntary signature and assent of the wife of the same. 
 
 Sec. 3. Tiie homestead of a family, after the death of the owner thereof, shall be 
 exempt from the payment of any debts contracted after the adoption of this Consti- 
 tution, in all cases, during the minority of the children. 
 
 Sec. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this article shall not be so con- 
 strued as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and performed for the person claim- 
 ing such exemption, or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises. 
 
 Sec. 5. W the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no children, the 
 same shall be exempt, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her benefit. 
 
 Sicc. 6. The real and per.eonal property of any female in this State, acquired before 
 marriage, and all property, real and personal, to which she may afterward be en- 
 titled by gift, grant, inheritance, or devise, shall be and remain the separate estate 
 and property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations, and 
 engagments of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her, the same as 
 if she were a fcmme sole. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 OATH OF OFFICE. 
 
 Sec. 1. All civil officers of this State, legislative, executive and judicial, before 
 they enter upon the execution of the duties of their respective offices, shall take the 
 following oath : 
 
 "I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am not disfranchised by the Con- 
 stitution of Alabama, or by the Constitution or laws of the United States ; that I will 
 honestly and faithfully support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United 
 States, the union of the States, and the Constitution and laws of the State of Ala- 
 bama, so long as \ remain a citizen thereof; and that I will honestly and faithfully 
 discharge the duties of the office upon which I am about to enter to the best of my 
 ability. So help me God." 
 
 ARTICLE XVL 
 
 AMEND.MENTS TO THE COXSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 1. The General Assembly, whenever two-thirds of each house shall deem it 
 necessary, may propose amendments to this Constitution, which proposed amend- 
 ments shall be duly published in print at least three months before the next general 
 election of representatives, for the consideration of the people; and it shall be the 
 duty of the several returning officers at the next general election which shall be held 
 for representatives, to open a poll for, and make a return to the Secretary of State 
 for the time being, of the names of all those voting for representatives who liave 
 voted on such propo-^ed amendments, and if thereupon it shall appear that a major- 
 ity of all the citizens of the State voting for representatives have voted in favor of 
 pucli proposed amendments, and two-thirds of each house of the next General As- 
 sembly shall, after such an election, and before another, ratify the same amendments, 
 by yeas and nays, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con- 
 stitution : Provided^ That the said proposed amendments shall, at each of the said 
 sessions, ha\ e been read three times on three several days in each house. 
 
S LOUISVILLE ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Dtt. JENKINS. Ill-' chiinist i)f Louisvilk', lias succeeded in so combining Pciuviiiii I3:irk, Iron and 
 PhoHPlioni^i us to i.r.Hliici- it oiiipouiiJ free IVom all the objections liitlierto jittiicliid to |iie|<aratioii3 coii- 
 taiuiuK lliese excellent tniiics, uiiJ at tlie same time be preserves iutRCt all tlieir good qualities, and pre- 
 sents them in a most agrfeabl.; iind acceptable form. It is made under his own eye, and the sale of it is 
 intrusted to the house of XllUr^. E. JKNKINS A CO., where it may be had of unquestioned reliability. 
 The qualities and properties of this tonic arc, in part, as follows : 
 
 It excites the Appetite. It i)romotcs Digestion. It enriches the Blood. It strengthens the 
 Muscles. It invigorates the Nerves. It infuses Mental and Physical Energy. It cures Chlorosis 
 (green sickness ) J-t facilitates the develnpenieiit of young females. It fortifies the system against the 
 Attacks of Malarial Diseases (Agues, Uilious Fevers, etc., etc.) It cures Anrcmia and Leucorrhoea. It 
 regulates ami facilitates the How of Cutemenla. It restores Pale, Lyuipathic, Scrofulous, and Kickety 
 Children. It restores those weakened and debilitated by sickness, by oppressive weather, by excessive 
 mental or physical labor, or by other causes which break down the system. 
 
 It greatly aids in rebuilding the system. It is the best medicine of its kind ever compounded. 
 
 It is prescribed by the leading physicians, and its tise is followed by the liuppiest results. 
 
 It is pleasant to the palate, acceptable to the stomach, strengthening and invigorating to the mind 
 ftnd body, and is moderate aiid reasonable in price. 
 
 \Vill cure Dyspepsia, Chills and Fever, ISiliotis Fever, Liver Complaints, Typhoid Fever, Costiveness, 
 Indijiestion, St. Vitus' Dance, Neuralgia, Torpid Liver, Sick Headache, Nervous Headache, and all similar 
 Diseases. For Chronic Complaints, Consumption, Coughs, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Weakness of the Bones 
 and Muscles, Nervous Exhaustion, Debility from Disease, for Mental Depression, Despondency, and 
 Melancholy, it is the surest, saf st, most agreeable and most reliable Tonic ever used. 
 
 It will cure Drunkenness. 
 
 JE2I>f K:iIV^!i' TOTNIO 
 
 IS TDE TRUE TONIC AND THE BEST MEDICINE IN USE. IT GIVES RELIEF TO 
 The Weak, The Debilitated, The Pale and Puny, The Choloric, The Lympathic, The Consumptive, The 
 Convalescent, The Dyspeptic, The Bilious, The Bloodless, The Prostrated, The Despondent, Tho Scrofu- 
 lous, The liickety, The Nervous. 
 
 THOMAS E. JENKINS & CO., 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 rOK SALE BY ALL r>3RTJ<aG rISTS. 
 
 » 
 
 R. P. SMITH, 
 CAlSrCER DOCTORI 
 
 37 S Jefferson Street, S. E. Cor. Tenth, LOUISVILLE, KT. 
 
 I have, ■without public announcement, for the past twelve years, treated CANCERS SUCCESSFULLY 
 >TITn0UT THE VSK OF THE KNIFE! 
 
 For evidence of ability to do as I claim, read tho within Certificates, or call on tho Certifiers. Also, 
 call at my Office and see many other Certificates in my possession. 
 
 I certify that I was afflicted with a sore on my under lip. I applied to several physicians for relief; 
 they pronounced it a cancer. It is now throe years since Dr. R. P. Smith cnnd it. At jireseiit there are 
 no Hyniptouii! of its returning, and I believe it to be a sound cure. I cheerfully recommend all affiicted 
 with this disease to apply to Dr. Smith witlinnt delay. MRS. E. DONAllUK, 
 
 Residence— No. 231 Portland .\ venue, Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before nie, by Mrs. Elizabeth Donahue, well known to me, this ITtli day of 
 F. briiary, 1S09. A. W. WALLER, J. P. J. C. 
 
 T certify that Joseph Eator has been with me for abont twenty years, and that ho lias been afflicted 
 with a sore in the corner of his mouth for fifteen years. I applied to several physicians to cure it, and 
 the most eminent physicians pronounced it a cancer, and thouglit it incurable. I afterward constilted 
 Dr. R. P. Smith, whom I had heard was successfully treating cancel" ; he took the case to treat, and cured 
 It in about six weeks. The cancer had eaten out the corner of Iiis mouth and a considerable portion of 
 his cheek. I belit-ve it is a sound cure, and wonld recommend persons afflicted with this disease to call on 
 Dr. Smith. I also liad a cancer on the side of my face that Dr. Smith cured with his reiiipdv. 
 
 JOHN BROWN. 
 Residence— No, TS Magazine Street, between 8th and 9th. January 4, 1S(J'.). 
 
 W. K. Thomas, Jailer, Jefferson County. J. C. McFerran, Firm McFerran, Armstrong A Co., No. 21 
 F.ast Stre.t. Wm. Kaye, City Tax Collector, 2Iii Broadway, l>etween Sixth and Seventh Streets. D. S. 
 Benedict, Firm D. S. Uvnediot A Sons, No. Ill Main Street, "between Third and Fourth. James Harrison, 
 Attorney at Law, No. Ho W.'St Jefferson Street. Captain Joseph H. Biince, Firm Bunce, Ballard A Co., 
 No. {•'• West Main Street. Captain Frank Carter, Superintendent of Louisville A Cincinnati Mail Line. 
 Dennis Long, Foundry, Ninth Street, bi-tweeu Main an<l Water. George Stealy, City En-ineer. Henry 
 Christopher, Druggist, corin-r Shelby and Washington Streets. Captain Z. M. Sherley, corner Third and 
 Chcalnut Streets. W. II. Walker, Main Street, bvtweon First and Second. 
 
[XX] 
 
 After the expiration of twelve months from the adoption of this Constitution, no 
 Convention shall be held for the purpose of altering or amending the Constitution of 
 this State, unless the question of Convention or no Convention shall be first sub- 
 mitted to a vote of all the electors, twenty-one years of age and upward, and ap- 
 proved by a majority of the electors voting at said election. 
 
 ALABAMA STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 William H. Smith Governor. 
 
 A. J. Applegate Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Charles A. Miller Secretary of State. 
 
 R. M. Reynolds Auditor. 
 
 Arthur Bingham Treasurer. 
 
 N. B. Cloud Superintendent of Education. 
 
 John C. Keffer Commissioner of Industrial Resources 
 
 Joshua Morse Attorney-General, 
 
 supreme court judges. 
 
 E. W. Peck Chief-Justice. 
 
 Thomas M. Peters Associate-Justice. 
 
 Benjamin E. Saffold " " 
 
 CHANCELLORS. 
 
 William Skinner Northern Division. 
 
 William B. Woods Middle '* 
 
 Adam C. Felder Southern " 
 
 Anthony M. Dillard Western " 
 
 B. B. McCraw Eastern " 
 
 CIRCUIT JUDGES. 
 
 Benjamin L. Whelan First Judicial Circuit 
 
 James Q. Smith Second " " 
 
 William S. Mudd Third " " 
 
 James S. Clark Fourth " " 
 
 William J. Haralson Fifth " « 
 
 John Elliot Sixth " " 
 
 Luther R. Smith Seventh" « 
 
 J McCaleb Wiley Eighth " 
 
 Littleberry Strange • Ninth " " " 
 
 Charles Pelham Tenth " " 
 
 William L. Wbittock Twelfth" " 
 
 Philemon 0. Harper Elev'tb " « 
 
 JUDGES OF CITY COURTS. 
 
 C. F. Moulton Mobile. 
 
 J. D. Cunningham Montgomery. 
 
 J. S. Corbin Selma. 
 
 Huntsville. 
 
 13 
 
CIXCINNA TI AD VER TISEMENT8. 
 
 A. B. HOIiABIRS A GO. 
 
 Old Established and Reliable Manufactory of 
 
 PORTABLE GIRGFLAR SAW MILLS, 
 
 J. 0. EEED'S WHEAT AND PLANTATION COEN MILLS 
 
 All work from this house is of superior quality, built substantially and performs a 
 large amount of work. From fifty to one hundred Engines and Mills constantly 
 on hand. There are no mills equal to their Saw and Grist Mills in the United States. 
 The durability of these mills makes them preferable to the Southern trade. 
 
 THE RELIABLE CISTERN PUMP 
 
 Possesses greater simplicity and more advantages than any pump manufactured. It 
 is in every respect what its name indicates, " reliable." Its advantages are, it will not 
 freeze; after pumping, the water runs back to its level in the cistern or well, thus pre- 
 venting freezing, or the water becoming warm in the pipe in summer. It will not rust, 
 the pump being entirely submerged and not exposed to the air. It will raise water 
 from the cistern and force it in any direction through hose or pipe, throwing a perfectly 
 uniform stream. It will force air into the cistern to expel foul air, purify the water and 
 prevent stagnation, by simply turning the wheel or crank backward. Durability — the 
 pump is made entirely of iron, and has no valves, faucets or packing to get out of order, 
 and will last for years without repairs. 
 
 It can be placed in the cistern or well by any person, and does not require the assist- 
 ance of a mechanic to set it to work. Send tor Circular. 
 
 No. 10 WEST SECOND STREET, CINCINNATI. 
 LOUISVILLE ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 C|e f omsbille JfeniHle College. 
 
 A first-class Boarding School for young ladies, chartered ivith college ponvers and 
 privileges in 1S54. Having an able Facility^ a good Library ^ ample Apparatus, a reg- 
 ular, carefully arranged course of study ; every thing young ladies need to learn at 
 school, is here carefully taught by the hest masters and at moderate charges. 
 
 Address, ReY.JS. P RETTYM AN , A . M . , PrEST. 
 
 J, O. T^OOI> -Sc 00. 
 
 Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in 
 
 HOSIERY, YARNS, UNDERWEAR & NOTIONS, 
 
 U8 West Market Street (up-stairs), ])et. Fourth k Fiftli, 
 
[XZI] 
 
 19^ 
 
 BOARD of EDUCATION. 
 
 First District— G. L. Putnam, of Mobile; W. P. Miller, of Conecuh. 
 Second District — C. H. Adams, of Montgomery; A. H. Allen, of I-owndes. 
 Third District— Thomas A. Cook, of Talladega; Thomas J. Jackson, of Chambers. 
 Fourth District— Jesse H. Booth, of Autauga; H. W. Davis, of Marengo. 
 Fifth District— W. H. Clayton, of St. Clair; James Nichols, of Jackson. 
 Sixth District — G. A. Smith, of Lawrence; A. B. Collins, of Franklin. 
 
 LEGISLATURE. 
 The following are the members of both Houses of the Alabama Legislature; 
 
 THE STATE SENATE. 
 
 1. Limestone and Lauderdale — Ben- 
 jamin Lentz. 
 
 2. Franklin and Lawrence — D. V. Se- 
 vier. 
 
 3. Morgan, Blount, Winston and Ma- 
 rion — J. J. Hinds. 
 
 4. Madison— I. D. Sibley. 
 
 5. Jackson, Marshall and DeKalb — C. 
 O. Whitney. 
 
 6. Cherokee and Calhoun — H. C. San- 
 ford. 
 
 7. Walker, Jefferson and St. Clair — 
 John Oliver. 
 
 8. Shelby and Bibb— Jesse W. Mahan. 
 
 9. Tuscaloosa and Fayette — J. F. 
 Morton. 
 
 10. Talladega and Clay — Green T. Mc- 
 Afee. 
 
 ] 1. Chambers, Randolph and Cleburne 
 —Hicks H. Wise. 
 
 12. Coosa and Tallapoosa — Thomas 
 Lambert. 
 
 13. Lee — J. L. Pennington, 
 
 14. Macon — Robert Mitchell. 
 
 15. Russell — Wm. B. Martin. 
 
 16. Bullock — Benjamin Royal. 
 
 17. Barbour — J. W. Mabry. 
 
 18. Autauga and Elmore — J. A. Far- 
 den. 
 
 19. Montgomery— J. P. Stow. 
 
 20. Lowndes — Wm. M. Buckley. 
 
 21. Dallas— D. E. Coon. 
 
 22. Perry— F. D. Wyman. 
 
 23. Hale— B. Johnson. 
 
 24. Green and Pickens — Charles Hays. 
 
 25. Sumter— J. A. Yordy. 
 
 26. Marengo — W. B. Jones. 
 
 27. Choctaw, Clarke and Washington 
 —John T. Foster. 
 
 28. Mobile— F. G. Bromberg. 
 
 29. Baldwin and Monroe — R. N. Earr, 
 
 30. Wilcox—,! D. F. Richards. 
 
 31. Butler and Conecuh — William 
 Miller, Jr. 
 
 32. Covington, Crenshaw and Pike — 
 A. N. Worthy. 
 
 33. Coffee, Dale and Henry— Phillip 
 King. 
 
 Autauga — Alfred Baker. 
 Baldwin — A. L. Holman. 
 Bullock— D. H. Hill, S. Speed. 
 Bibb— P. A. Kendrick. 
 Barbour — David Low, 0, 
 Thomas Diggs. 
 
 Blount — George White. 
 Butler — John A. Hart. 
 Chambers — W. L. Taylor. 
 Calhoun — Thomas D. Fister 
 Clay — T. W. Newsom. 
 Clarke— B. R. Wilson. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Cherokee — R. A. Reeves. 
 Cleburne— M. R. Bell. 
 Crenshaw — Wm. Mastin. 
 Coffee — J. G. Moore. 
 C. Doster, Conechu — John Yates. 
 Choctaw — L. R. Smith. 
 Coosa — James Vanzandt. 
 Covington — E J. Mansel. 
 Dale — John R. Ard. 
 Dallas — Alden Emmons, Jos. Drawn, 
 S. Weaver, John Hardy, W.A. Brantley 
 DeKalb — Georfte W. Malone. 
 
V CINCINNA TI AD VUE TISEMEXTS. 
 
 rr 
 
 WICK, LODWICK & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND 
 
 wil MERiMilfS, 
 
 102 West Second Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 BAR, BOILER, SHEET AND HOOP IRON. 
 
 Also, Nails, Spikes, Springs, Axles, Cast Steel, Spring Steel, 
 Steel Plow Slabs, Horse Shoes, &c., &c.. 
 
 We are the only Manufacturers of tbe COTTON TIE, (knoirnas aic- 
 
 Intire's Patent,) ackno^vledf^ed to be tbe 
 
 l>est in tbe market. 
 
 HiLDLEY & SHA^I^ISrOlSr, 
 
 ITIA^iLFACTUUERS OF 
 
 295 & 297 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Carriages and Buggies in great variety on hand and for sale, 
 
 J. L. WAYNE & SON, 
 
 CABINET HARDWARE, 
 
 Upholsterers' Materials, Coffin Trimmings, Looking Glasses & Frames, 
 124 MAIN STREET, BETWEEN THIRD AND FOURTH, 
 
 aii> Taiisr3sr.AuTi, ouio- 
 
 THE OHIO MACHINE WORKS, 
 
 (SCCCi:?SOUS TO LKE i LKAYITT,) 
 
 StiMirn'K Piifi'tit Hi-nd lilorks, PortrtMc timl Stafionnry Sti'nm Engines and Boilers, Unrvey Brown's 
 Patent 'furbiin' Water Wheels, nnd Mill Machinery of mU kinds. 
 
 Agents for Fuller i Fonl's Shingle, Stave mid Barrel Machinery; Hubbard, Bro. & Co. 's Saws, and 
 dealers in IJeltlng, Brass Cioods, Mill Fittings, Ac. 
 
 OrnCE AND WAREHOUSE, S. W. CORNEB, BROADWAY AND SECOND 8TBEETS, 
 
 d3>a-c:JiiNrj\r-A.my omo. 
 
[ XXII ] 
 
 Elmore — W.V.Turner. Mobile" — J. E. Quinn, J. Carraway, 
 
 Fayette — Ovide Gregory, George F. Harrington, 
 
 Franklin — II. C. Tompkins. James Shaw. 
 
 Greene — Benjamin Alexander, A. R. Montgomery — W. C. Arthur, Paul 
 
 Davis. Strobach, L. J. Williams, Holland 
 
 Hale — J .M. Walker, J. K. Greene. Thompson, George W. Cox. 
 
 Henry— E. E. Fitler. Pickens— B. R. Boyle, S. Bronson. 
 
 Jefferson — Thomas Sanford. Perry — Greene Lewis, T. C. k-'teward, 
 
 Jackson — James W. Daniel, W. F. Matt. Avery 
 
 Hurt. Pike— J. B. Hubbard. 
 
 Lauderdale — Wm. R. Chisholm. Russell — Horace King, J. H. Tyner. 
 
 Lowndes — John Nininger, T. W. Arm- Randolph — Jack Wood, 
 
 strong, Nathan Brewster. Sumter — A. C. Hewling, Geo. Hous- 
 
 . Lee — Coke Tucker, Samuel Blanden. ton, Benjamin Inge. 
 
 Lawrence — Thomas Masterson, E. F. St. Clair — H. J. Springfield. 
 
 Jennings. Shelby — E. W. Attaway. 
 
 Limestone— R. E. Harris. Talladega — H. H. W. Rice, E. T. 
 
 Marshall — S. F. Kennamer. Childress. 
 
 Macon — Jas. H. Alston, Wm. Alley. Tallapoosa — C. T. Thweatt, C. Cor- 
 
 Marion — Greene M. Haley. prew. 
 
 Madison — Jeff. McCalley, Justin Ro- Tuscaloosa — S.W.Jones. »^ 
 
 nayne. Walker— W. T- Stubblefield. 
 
 Monroe — D. L. Neville. Washington — 
 
 Marengo — Pierce Burton, J. .V. De- Winston — Jonathan Taylor, 
 reen, Edward Rose. Wilcox — A. J. Richardson, M. G. Can- 
 Morgan— W. G. W. Smith. dee, D. F. Richards. 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS. 
 
 COTJNTIES. PEOBATE JCTDGE. SHERIFF. SOLICITORS. 
 
 Autauga W. G. M. Goleon. P. H. Whetstone. Jesse H. Booth. 
 
 Baldwin O. P. Hall. G. B. Hall. M. B. Jonas. 
 
 Barbour Henry C. Russell. Wm. M. Russell. 
 
 Baker Mordecai Roberson.Thos. H. Williams. 
 
 Bibb Jackson Gardner. John T. Atchison. 
 
 Blount J. W. Moore. Andrew J. Durham. 
 
 Bullock. Wm. H. Black. Thos. Ramsay. Fleming Law. 
 
 Butler Sam'l S. Gardner. H. Pierce. Wm. Seawell. 
 
 Calhoun A. Woods. J. M. Williams. 
 
 Chambers John Appleby. R. J. Killam. Cicero D. Chambera 
 
 Clarke Jack. R. Wilson. David D. Dawson. Sam'l W. Beckham. 
 
 Clay B. L. Belamy. 
 
 Cherokee. James Bradford. Iva Webb. McElrath. 
 
 Cleburne A. D. Chandler. 
 
 Crenshaw G. W. Thayard. John R. Snow. 
 
 Choctaw John T. Foster. Alex. M. Hill. 
 
 Conecuh Aug. W. Jones. Jamea Fortner. 
 
 Coosa Thos. H. Farguson. Wm. C. Lucky. Geo. W. Richardson. 
 
 Covington Thos. P. Cottle. G. T. Franklin. 
 
 Coffee Benj. M Weeks. 
 
MONTGOMERY ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 NEW AND WELL SELECTED STOCK OF 
 
 English and Amorian WATCHES, CHAINS, DIA3IO\DS, JEWELRY, SIL- 
 AEIl AND TLATED WARE, CLOCKS SPECTACLES, &c. 
 
 Also, a lurfre assoitmont of real Irish Bo<2: Oak Carvin^r-, (the most fiishionable 
 articles of use and oniainont now in Europe), imported direct, consisting of 
 Pins, Em— rin;;s, Rracelets, I'liarins, NecKlets, Crosses, Round Tow- 
 ers, and inodcls ot Celebrated Irish I<uius> 
 Ktr WMTCIIKS AXD JEWELUY Kepaired on the premises, 
 
 K. K. BELSHAW, .... MontgomeiT, Alabama. 
 
 DRUaS A.ISrD MEDICINES. 
 BLOUNT, WEATHERLY & CO. 
 
 SIGN, NEGRO AND MORTAR, NO. 2 COLKT SQUARE, 
 
 TTholesalo agents for "WOLFF'S GENUINE SCHNAPPS and FOUTZ'S CONDITION 
 POWDERS. 
 
 ^- B. F. BLOUNT k CO., Proprietors of Gallighan's Chii.l and Fevek Pills. 
 
 JA.]M:ES JVI. SIMITH, 
 
 (FOEMEULY OF ALLEN & SMITH,) 
 
 GROCER AND COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 
 KO. 92 COMMERCE STREET, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA, 
 
 luvites t)io attention of liis frionJs and the public to his large stock of 
 
 Of every description, wbicli ho suHs at Wholesale and Retail. He has now in store the largest and 
 best assortnieut uf 
 
 X>T7Xt.aE: XjXQXTOfLS, :Bft..AJ8-]DXX:8, cfec;. 
 
 The Mineral Lands of the Red Mountain Iron and Lead 
 Company, of Alabama, embracing 7,340 acres of the richest 
 Iron and Coal Lands in the State. 
 
 Pamphlets, giving full particulars, sent by mail. 
 
 Address, ID. S_ TI^O^ST, 
 
[ XXIII] 
 
 COUNTIES. PROBATE JUDGE. 
 
 Dale... L. B. Brown. 
 
 Dallas J. F. Conoly. 
 
 DeKalb A.J. Horton. | 
 
 Escambia F. B. Bonifay. 
 
 Elinore W. E. Dennis. 
 
 Etowah .Tas. M. Moragne. 
 
 Eayette B. W. Wilson. 
 
 Franklin Geo. L. Miugo. 
 
 Greene William Miller. 
 
 Geneva T. H. Yarbrough. 
 
 Hale W. T. Blackford. 
 
 Henry John B. Appling. 
 
 Jackson David Tate. 
 
 Jefferson J. C. Morrow. 
 
 Lauderdale Thos. T. AUington. 
 
 Lawrence J. H. McDonald. 
 
 Lee David Reed. 
 
 Limestone J. P. Conian. 
 
 Lowndes John V. McDuffie. 
 
 Macon J. J. Martin. 
 
 Madison L. M. Douglas. 
 
 Marengo P. E. O'Conner. 
 
 Marion John D. Terrell. 
 
 Marshall L. D. Lusk. 
 
 Mobile Gustavus Horton. 
 
 Monroe John W. Leslie. 
 
 Montgomery George Ely. 
 
 Morgan Jonathan Ford. 
 
 Perry. Benj. S. Williams. 
 
 Pickens R. R. Boyle. 
 
 Pike W. C. Wood. 
 
 Randolph W. W. Dobson. 
 
 Russell T. L. Appleby. 
 
 Sanford Thos. Morton. 
 
 Shelby Sam'l E. Busby 
 
 St. Clair Thos. A. Ramsay. 
 
 Sumter A. J. Abrahams. 
 
 Talladega Geo. P. Plowman. 
 
 Tullapoosa Allen D. Sturdevant. 
 
 Tuscaloosa William Miller. 
 
 Walker John Brown. 
 
 Washington J. W. Gordy. 
 
 Wilcox James H. Burdick. 
 
 Winston 
 
 SHERIFF. 
 
 J. B. Daugherty. 
 Geo. P. Rex. 
 
 Wiley B. Franklin. 
 John C. Miller. 
 Sam'l Dillard. 
 F. M. Treadaway. 
 Phil. H. Gates. 
 Geo. H. Cole. 
 
 H. C. Childress. 
 Jacob M. Gamble. 
 J. J. Roberts. 
 M. A. May. 
 C. W. Wesson. 
 A. C. Garrett 
 J. R. Bailey 
 Wm. H. Lentz. 
 Wm. H. Hunter. 
 
 Joseph Doyle. 
 Jacob Michael. 
 Lewis F. May. 
 John Kerby. 
 A. M. Granger. 
 John A. Simmons. 
 Robert Barber. 
 H. G. Thomas. 
 Jacob S. Williams. 
 Stewart Ware. 
 W. H. Strickland. 
 
 Chas. H. May 
 Luke Gunn. 
 L. H. Drych. 
 John C. Brown. 
 W. W. Dillard. 
 F. M. Shouse. 
 Wade A. Hume. 
 
 Geo. Johnson. 
 
 DeForest Richards. 
 J. L. McAlister. 
 
 SOLICITORS. 
 
 H. H. Blacknian. 
 Jasper N. Haney. 
 
 James E. Crew. 
 W. G. Deloney 
 
 Chas. Womble. 
 Alexander Boyd. 
 
 Geo. M. Duskin. 
 
 Jasper J. Jones. 
 W. A. Walker. 
 
 C. C. Harris. 
 T. F. Gorden. 
 
 A. L. Brooks. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 W. H. Grant 
 
 W. T. Beard. 
 M. B. Jonas. 
 T. J. Dukes. 
 John G. Stokes. 
 C. C. Nesmith. 
 Rufus J. Reid. 
 J. W. Langdon. 
 
 Ulysses Lewis. 
 
 Ransom Respass. 
 Reuben Chapman. 
 W. S. McAfee. 
 H. A. Garrett 
 
 J. W. Houghton. 
 M. B. Jonas. 
 Chas. C. Colton. 
 
w 
 
 CINCINNATI ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 JD. H. B.A.H.IDVT'IlSr, 
 
 NO. 133 "WEST FOURTH STREET, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO, 
 
 .A-Ti^-jo iwx X3 Xj o X3 e: O STO- iS . 
 
 Decker Brothers' Unrivaled Pianos, and othir fiist-class Kcw York and Boston makes. Tajior k Far- 
 ley's, and J. Estey & Co.'s Organs for Parlors, Clairclu-s, Sunday-schools, Lodfie-rooms, Ac. 
 
 Every instrument warranted as repn sinted. Parties ordering are assured that tliey will receive as 
 good instruments as though present to select for thenisidves. Send for descriptive circulars and price lists. 
 
 a"OHl\r TTftT ,T . /K -ivr-r>," 
 
 MANUFACTUllEK OF 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER PEN AND PENCIL CASES, 
 
 PRICE lilSTS MAIL.ED FREE. 
 
 ■*• 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 Fx.ooR,insrc3- -A.iNrr> i^L^A^nsrinsro- 3vr1x.lL.. 
 
 MILLS, LOUGHEAD & CO. 
 
 DOOR, SASH AND SHUTTER MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 And Dealers in Rougrli and Dressed Lnniber^ Joist, Scantling', 
 Slting'les, f^atli, etc.« 
 
 NO8. 368, 370 and 372 WEST THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI, <»IIIO. 
 
 hi]nk:l.e: ac oo.. 
 
 ci3sroii^isr.A.Ti, oiiio, 
 
 UINKLE & rO.'S new Book on Building will be issued Hay 1, 18f;9, containing tho ground plans 
 and elevation* of nearly one hundred buildini^s, costing from two to one hundred and twenty-five tlion- 
 tand dollars, and several hundivd plans of Molding, Architraves, Base Mantles, Stairs, etc., etc. Thia 
 book gives mnch valuable iuformation to those about to build. Send for circnhir. 
 
 lUmiOOSA SCeilFIC UNO ART IISSOCIAIION 
 
 E. C. ELMORE, Agent, 
 
 OFFICE, CENTRAL BANK BUILDING, 
 
 Mabch 18, 18C0. 
 
[ XXIV ] 
 
 CONDITION OF THE FINANCES OF ALABAMA. 
 
 The report of R. M. Keynolds, Auditor, made on Nov. 10, 18G8, to the Chcairn-.an 
 of the House Committee of Ways and Means, show.s tlie indebtedness of the l^tate of 
 Alabama to consist of Bonded, Trust Fund, and Miscellaneous debts, as follows : 
 
 BONDED. 
 
 5 per cent, payable in New York in 1872 $ 168,000 
 
 5 per cent, payable in New York in 1883 1,941,000 
 
 5 per cent, payable in New York in 1866 473,800 
 
 6 percent payable in London in 1870 688,000 
 
 5 percent, payable in London in 1886 648,000 
 
 5 per cent, payable in London in 1886 64,800 
 
 6 per cent, payable in London in 1886 82,500 
 
 8 per cent, payable in New York and reported sold by Gov. Patton 660,200 
 
 Total bonded indebtedness $4,726,300 
 
 TEMPORARY LOANS. 
 
 National Bank, New York $90,000 
 
 Duncan, Sherman & Co 19,350 
 
 Negotiated by Governor Smith 7,615 
 
 $116,965 
 
 School Fund Indebtedness $ 1,710,157 45 
 
 University Fund Indebtedness 300,000 00 
 
 Surplus Revenue 669,086 80 
 
 Valueless 16th Section Fund 97,091 21 
 
 Interest due 245,411 46 
 
 $4,843,265 00 
 
 Total School Fund debt $3,051,746 92 
 
 Outstanding State Certificates, as per Treasurer's report, Oct. 10, 1868... 39,105 00 
 
 Aggregate Indebtedness $7,904,116 92 
 
 The following is an exhibit of the receipts and disbursements for the fiscal year, 
 ending September 30, 1868, as shown by the records of this office: 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 From October 1, 1867, to July 23, 1868 $1,544,795 94 
 
 From July 24, to September 30, 1868 32,348 14 
 
 Total $1,577,144 08 
 
 of which $726,227 42 were collected from general taxes, licenses, etc. 
 
 DISBrRSEMEXTS. 
 
 From October 1, 1867, to July 23, 1868 $1,433,819 64 
 
 From July 24, 1868, to September 30, 1868 70,587 66 
 
 Total $1,504,407 30 
 
X cincinj^a ti ad ver tiseme:s'ts. 
 SORGO AND SUGAR CANE MACHINERY, 
 
 THE VICTOR CANE MILL HAS TAKEN 37 
 State Fair First Premiums ! Over 8,000 in use ! The 
 Cook Evaporator, 60 State Fair First Premiums ! Over 
 17,000 in use ! Garden Cultivator, which gives one hand ' 
 the capacity of four ! Plantation, School and Church Bells 
 General Agricultural Implements. B^" Catalogues sent free. 
 Address, 
 
 CIXCIXNATI, OHIO. 
 
 CAHal^lTinZIjiIfi & GO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ELASTIC JOINT IRON ROOFING SHEETS. 
 
 A Fire and Water-Proof Roof that can be put on new or old buildings by any one 
 with ordinary mechanical skill. Boxed for Shipping. Send for Circular. 
 
 130 WEST SECOND STREET, CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 CAMARGO MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 PAPER HANGINGS AND WINDOW SHADES, 
 
 • JLI Jjy JLI JL1 Jul Mk. ^oL JLI (Uti \J \J • 
 
 rit oritiETOMS, 
 
 57 WEST FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI. 
 Successors to Campbell, Ellison & Co. 
 
 3S4:.A.3s^TJ:F'.^ca?TJI^EI^s oip 
 
 WOOD & COAL COOKING & HEATING STOVES, 
 
 Sugar Kettles, Dog Irona, Oonntiy Hollow Ware & Stove TrimmingSi 
 
 19 & 21 EAST SECO^■D STREET, CIXCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 We have just published our new Catalogue and Price List, which will be sent 
 to any dealer who may desire it. 
 
[XX-, j 
 
 ESTIMATE OF EXPENDITURES FOR ENSUING YEAR. 
 
 For interest on bonded debt 1 year $ 314,058 20 
 
 For interest on University Fund 24,000 00 
 
 For interest on 16th section, and value section 16th... 144,579 89 
 
 For interest on surplus revenue 53,526 94 
 
 For salaries of State officers 24,000 00 
 
 For salaries of Judges of the Supreme Court 12,000 00 
 
 For salaries of Judges of the Circuit Court 36,000 00 
 
 For salaries of Chancellors 15,000 00 
 
 For salaries of clerks and employes at capitol 7,600 00 
 
 Feeding and removing State prisoners 75,000 00 
 
 Making returns of elections 750 00 
 
 Distributing acts and journals • 1,500 00 
 
 Public printing 25,000 00 
 
 Fuels, lights, stationery, etc 9,000 00 
 
 Special appropriations 10,000 00 
 
 Contingent expenses 8,000 00 
 
 Miscellaneous items 11,000 00 
 
 Educational contingent expenses 1,000 00 
 
 One-fifth of aggregate annual revenue 200,000 00 
 
 Members, officers, etc., of the General Assembly 60,000 00 
 
 Total $1,032,015 03 
 
 The total assessment of real estate reported by counties for the fiscal year ending 
 September 30, 1868, amounts to $98,908,572. The total assessment of personal 
 property for the same time amounts to $26,037,803, showing an aggregate of $123,- 
 946,475. 
 
 The revenues for the ensuing year were reported at $1,100,000, leaving a margin 
 for insolvencies and errors, as provided by law. The resources provided by law to 
 meet liabilities as they mature, were as follows : 
 
 Eight per cent, bonds hypothecated with Duncan, Sherman & Co $ 38,700 
 
 Eight per cent, bonds, National Bank of New York 180,000 
 
 Authorized issue of eight per cent, bonds 500,000 
 
 $718,700 
 
 REVENUE LAW OF ALABAMA. 
 
 The Eevenue Law, enacted by the Legislature of 1868, exempts from taxation: 
 
 1. All property belonging to the United States. 
 
 2. All property belonging to the State, or any county, city, or town. 
 
 3. All bonds of the United States, and the State. 
 
 4. All public school houses and ten acres of ground. 
 
 5. All houses for public worship, their books, furniture, and ten acres of ground. 
 
 6. All the property of literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions, actually in 
 proper use. 
 
 7. Cemeteries and places of burial. 
 
 8. The libraries and books of ministers of the gospel, and colporteurs. 
 
 9. To every head of a family, $500 worth of personal property. 
 
CINCINIsATJ ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PATENT ELASTIC JOINT IRON ROOF. 
 
 Attention! Railroad Companies, Architects, Builders, and the 
 Public Cienerally : 
 
 We desire to call your attention to the above Metallic Roof, which for 
 durability, protection against fire and water, and ease of application, is 
 incomparably the best roof extant. 
 
 fWe offer this Roofing to Architects, Builders, Railroad Companies, 
 and all who desire a good and permanent roof, with confidence that it 
 will give perfect satisfaction. 
 
 By scrolling the edge of the iron, we give elasticity to the joints, and 
 obtain full play in same for any expansion and contraction of the metal. 
 The fastenings are not exposed to the action of the weather. If desired, 
 it is susceptible of being removed and re-applied at small loss and expense. 
 Each sheet is protected from rust by a coating of iron paint. Any me- 
 chanic can apply it. 
 
 We are now manufacturing this Roofing and are prepared to ship it 
 properly packed, in quantities to suit purchasers. 
 
 We, the undersigned, Underwriters of the city of Cincinnati, after a 
 careful investigation, fully satisfied of the great superiority of the 
 "OUTCALT ELASTIC JOINT IRON ROOFING" as a pro- 
 tection against fire over any other roofing, as so fully illustrated in the 
 late conflagration at Nos. 126 and 128 Columbia street, in this city, on 
 the morning of October 24, 1868, will, in all cases, agree to give a pref- 
 erence to the same in the rate of insurance of buildings covered by said 
 Elastic Joint Roofing. 
 
 Western Insurance Company, T. F. Eckert, President, and nineteen 
 other Insurance Companies, of Cincinnati. 
 
 Address. 
 
 snoETVEtE:irc^E;i^ Ac 00. 
 
 NO, IS PUBLIC LANDING, CINCINNATI. 
 
[xxvi] 
 
 10. All insane and blind persons, and their property, to the value of one thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 11. All disabled persons, whose taxable property does not exceed five hundred dol- 
 lars, from any poll-tax. 
 
 12. All family portraits. 
 
 13. All the wearing apparel of the family, not exceeding one hundred dollars in 
 value, to each member. 
 
 14. All shares of the capital stock of any company or corporation. 
 
 THE KINDS OF TAX ARE : 
 
 1. A Poll-tax of $1 50, for the use of schools. 
 
 II. An ad valorem tax of three-fourths of one per cent, on all real and personal 
 property. 
 
 III. An Income tax, as follows : 
 
 J. On the gross amount of all sales at auction, made in or during the tax year 
 preceding the assessment, except those made by or under ih,? direction of executors 
 administrators, and guardians, as such, by order of court, or under legal process, 
 and under any deed, will, or mortgage, at the rate of three-fourths of one per cent. 
 ad valorem. 
 
 2. On the gross amount of premiums (after deducting therefrom all return pre- 
 miums) received from their business in this State, during such tax year, by any in- 
 surance company not chartered by this State, and doing business therein by agents 
 or otherwise, at the rate of two per cent., exclusively for public school purposes. 
 
 3. On the gross amount of premiums received from their business in this State 
 during such tax year, by any insurance company chartered by, or organized under, 
 any of the laws of this State, one per cent, on the gross amount of premiums, ex- 
 clusively for public school purposes. 
 
 4. On the gross amount of commissions or sums charged or received in or during 
 Buch tax year, by any factor, commission merchant, or auctioneer, in buying, selling, 
 or any other act done in the course of their business, at the rate of three-fourths of 
 one per cent. 
 
 5. On the gross receipts, during such tax year, of all cotton pickeries, and from 
 the storage of cotton, or other merchandise or produce, at the rate of three-fourths 
 of one per cent. 
 
 6. On the gross receipts of lotteries and gift enterprises, three-fourths of one per 
 cent. 
 
 7. On the gross profits of all banking associations, created under the laws of the 
 United^States, at the rate of three-fourths of one per cent. 
 
 8. On all dividends declared or earned and not divided by incorporated companies 
 created under the laws of this State, to be assessed to and paid by the companies 
 earning or declaring the same, a tax of three-fourths of one per cent. 
 
 9. On the gross commissions of all real estate brokers, at the rate of three-fourths 
 of one per cent. 
 
 10. On the gross receipts of all breweries, at the rate of three-fourths of one 
 per cent. 
 
 11. On the gross receipts of express and telegraph companies, three-fourths of one 
 per cent. 
 
 12. On the annual gains, profits or incomes of every person residing in the State, 
 from whatever source derived, and upon all salaries and fees of public officers, and 
 upon the salaries of all other persons, upon the excess of gains, profits, incomes, 
 
CIXCiy^ATI ADVERTISEMEXTS. 
 
 A. C. J08LIX. 
 
 J. W. DUXKLEE. 
 
 K. I. MENIFEE. 
 
 BT7RNET HOTJSE, 
 
 COR, THIRD & VINE STS., CINCINNATI, 0. 
 
 A. C. JOSLIN & CO., Proprietors. 
 
 This well-known Hotel has been refitted and newly furnished, making it as comfort- 
 able a house in every respect as may be desired. A. C. J. & CO. 
 {From the Cincinnati Commercial.) 
 
 Mr. Josiin, the senior member, is a gentleman who has had more than thirty years' ex- 
 perience in the management of hotels, and he has been during that time manager of such 
 well-known houses as the Congress Hall, at Albany, New York; the Pavilion, at 
 Sharon Springs, a hotel that ranks now second to none to be found at any fashionable 
 watering place in America ; also the celebrated Rosin House, at Toronto, Canada, 
 and that hotel of world-wide fame, the Clifton, at Niagara Falls, was under Mr. Joslin's 
 management for five years. * * * * * * 
 
 We were shown through more than fifty of the rooms on the first, second, third and 
 fourth floors, and everywhere the same, new, handsome furniture and appointments met 
 our eye, and we are of the opinion, as well as are the proprietors, that never before was 
 the Burnet House so well furnished as it is to-day. It is now well arranged in all its 
 parts, and we believe that as soon as these facts are made known to the traveling com- 
 mimity, they will fully appreciate the enterprise of the proprietors, and having seen 
 for themselves the superior inducements now offered by the house, will advertise it 
 throughout the length and breadth of the United States that the old established Burnet 
 House of to-day is up to, and, in many points, ahead of the accommodations of the 
 finest hotels in the country. 
 
 MONTG OMER Y AD VER TISEMENTS. 
 
 DAVIDSON, 
 
 Successor to James Lahey, 
 ■WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 ■, BOYS' m lODTHS' CLOTHIiG 
 
 (Events' i'urnisljing ©oobs, Clotljs, iTassimcrcs, i^ats, Caps, 
 BOOTS AND SHOES, ETC., ETC. 
 
 26 MABKET STREET, - - - MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. 
 
 IiOITIS 
 
 ID 
 
 FHOIO 
 
 MOXTG OMER r, ALABAMA, 
 
 INVE^'TOR OF THE ''STEAM GULTIYATOR." 
 
[ XXVII J 
 
 fees or salaries, over the ten hundred dollars, at the rate of one per cent, ad valorem : 
 Provided, That in estimating the annual gains, profits or incomes of any person, all 
 national, Slate and county, and municipal taxes assessed to and paid by such per- 
 sons, within the year, except the tax assessed by this section, shall be deducted there- 
 from ; also, all income derived from dividends, or on shares in the capital stock of 
 any incorporated company (where such tax has been assessed and paid by such in- 
 corporated company:) also, the amount paid by any person for the rent of the home- 
 stead used, or the rental value of the homestead if owned by himself or his family: 
 also, when any person rents buildings, lands, or other property, or hires labor to cul- 
 tivate such lands, or to conduct any other business from which such income is actu- 
 ally derived, or pays interest upon any actual incumbrance thereon, the amount ac- 
 tually paid for such rent, labor or interest, or the rental value of any lands cultivated 
 as above, if owned by the occupant thereof, shall be deducted; also, the amount 
 paid out for usual ordinary repairs, not including any new buildings or permanent 
 improvements, shall be deducted. 
 I. A license tax as follows : 
 
 1. For each public race-track, at or within ten miles of any city or town, contain- 
 ing less than five thousand inhabitants, one hundred dollars ; at or within ten miles 
 of any city or town containing more than five thousand and less than ten thousand 
 inhabitants, one hundred dollars; any city over ten thousand inhabitants, two hun- 
 dred and fifty dollars. 
 
 2. For lottery ticket dealers, five hundred dollars. 
 
 3. For carrying on a gift enterprise, five hundred dollars. 
 
 4. For retailers in spiritous, vinous or malt liquors, on any steamboat or water 
 craft, one hundred and seventy-five dollars; in any place not in any incorporated 
 city, town or village, fifty dollars; in any incorporated city, town or village, of more 
 than one thousand and less than five thousand inhabitants, seventy-five dollars; in 
 any city of over five thousand inhabitants, two hundred dollars. 
 
 5. For wholesale dealers in spiritous, vinous or other malt liquors in any place 
 of less than five thousand inhabitants, fifteen dollars; in any city of over five thou- 
 sand and less than fifteen thousand inhabitants, twenty-five dollars; in any city of 
 over fifteen thousand inhabitants, fifty dollars. 
 
 6. For compounders and rectifiers of spiritous or vinous liquors, twenty-five 
 dollars. 
 
 7. For distillers of spiritous liquors, twenty-five dollars. 
 
 8. For brewers, fifteen dollars. 
 
 9. For dealers in tobacco and cigars, ten dollars. 
 
 10. For livery stable keepers, twenty-five dollars. 
 
 11. For keepers of stud horses or jacks, five dollars. 
 
 12. For horse and mule dealers, ten dollars; but any person having taken out a 
 license as livery stable keeper, may trade in horses and mules without an additional 
 license. 
 
 13. For brokers, fifty dollars. 
 
 14. For pawnbrokers, fifty dollars. 
 
 16. For insurance agents, five dollars for each company represented. , 
 
 17. For dentists, ten dollars. 
 
 18. For physicians and surgeons, ten dollars. 
 
 1 9. For lawyers, twenty dollars. 
 
 20. For druggists in any city or town of less than one thousand inhabitants, and 
 
[ XXVIII ] 
 
 in the countrv, five (iollare; in any town or city of more than one or less than five 
 thoueand inhabitants, ten dollars; in any city of over five thousand inhabitants, 
 twenty dollars. 
 
 21. For commission merchants and brokers, twenty-five dollars. 
 
 22. For peddlers in a wagon, forty dollars; for peddlers on horseback, twenty dol- 
 lars; for peddlers on foot, ten dollars. A peddler's license shall entitle him to ped- 
 dle only in the county where it is taken out. 
 
 23. For bowling alleys, ten dollars for each alley. 
 
 24. P'or billiard tables, twenty-five dollars for each table 
 
 ' 25. For any table on which the gan)e of pool is played, three hundred dollars. 
 
 26. For bagatelle tables, forty dollars each : Provided, That this sub-division shall 
 not apply to the Jenny Lind tables, and all tables where a game is played, not for 
 money ; and without charging anything for it, and each table shall be exempt from 
 license. 
 
 27. For theaters, fifty dollars. 
 
 28. For dealers in fire-arms, twenty dollars. 
 
 29. For auctioneers, twenty-five dollars. 
 
 30. For newspapers, other than religious, agricultural or scientific journals, ten 
 dollars. 
 
 License may be granted for the following occupations, for the term hereafter spec- 
 ified: 
 
 1. For each exhibition of a circus, fifty dollars. 
 
 2. For each exhibition of a menagerie, or museum, twenty dollars. 
 
 3. For each exhibition of a side-show accompanying a circus, menagerie or mu- 
 seum, ten dollars. 
 
 4. For concerts and musical entertainments, except such as are given for charita- 
 ble purposes, ten dollars. 
 
 Courts of county commissioners are authorized to add to the price of licenses such 
 sums as they may designate, not to exceed the price charged by the State, and to 
 allow the county treasurer such sum as they may designate for his services, to be 
 paid out of the county treasury. 
 
 All lands donated by acts of Congress to railroads in this State, remaining unsold 
 and uncultivated, are exempt from taxation. Provided, this exemption shall cease 
 at the expiration of five years from the passage of the act and at any time whenever 
 such lands are held at more than two dollars and fifty cents per acre. 
 
 The buildings and machinery of iron furnaces, foundries, rolling-mills, machine 
 shops, nail and ax factories, tanneries and manufactories of leathern goods, paper 
 mills, glass works, stove and eartheru ware factories, woolen and silk factories, and 
 cotton, are exempt during their erection, and for one year after they commence oper- 
 ations. 
 
 Any person who, after the third Monday in March, 1869, shall be engaged in or 
 carry on any business or profession, or do any act for the doing, prosecuting, or car- 
 rying on of which a license is by law required to be taken out, without having paid 
 for and taken out such license, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall 
 be fined three times the amount of such license, and may be confined in the county 
 jail not exceeding one year, at the discretion of the court 
 
 Instructions from the Auditor's oflice declare: 
 
 Dealers in spiritous, vinous or malt liquors, in quanties of one quart or less than 
 
[ XXIX ] 
 
 one quart, are deemed retail dealers, while those selling in quantities over one quart 
 are deemed wholesale dealers. 
 
 License for retail dealers, in an incorporated town of less than one thousand in- 
 habitants, will be the same as charged for any town not incorporated, or for a vil- 
 lage. — See section 112, paragraph 4. 
 
 Dealers in guns, pistols, or other fire-arms, and also dealers in tobacco or cigars, 
 are liable for license, whether these articles are sold in connection with other mer- 
 chandise, or to the exclusion of all other articles of traffic or trade. 
 
 Public feed stables, or stables where a charge is made for feeding horses, mules, 
 etc., are deemed livery stables; also, those where horses, buggies, carriages, etc., are 
 hired. 
 
 " Each exhibition" of circus, menagerie, or museum, etc., shall be construed to 
 read, "each performance," for which a charge is made for admission. 
 
 Jenny Lind tables are liable to lincense tax the same as bagatelle tables, if used 
 to play for money, or where pay is required, directly or indirectly, for the use of 
 such tables. 
 
 No license is valid outside of the county where issued. Changes made by parties 
 in cities or towns, by removal, must be reported to the Judge of Probate, and ap- 
 proved, otherwise the license shall be considered as forfeited. (This ruling does not 
 apply to attorneys at-law. 
 
 The county commissioners' court may or may not add to the price of any license 
 imposed by the State, at the option of such court; but in no case can the court levy 
 an amount to exceed the price charged by the State.— (See section 114.) 
 
 No provision is made by law for payment of fees to the county treasurer, except 
 by the court of county commissioners. — (Section 114.) 
 
 Each mettiber of a law firm, firm of physicians or dentists, or other professions, is 
 required to take out license to practice such profession. 
 
 License to sell articles from store or ware-room may be takeo out in the name of 
 the firm or style of partnership. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. 
 The fund appropriated annually, by constitutional provision, for the support of 
 public .schools in Alabama, is composed of: 
 
 1. The proceeds of all lands granted by the United States, for school purposes. 
 This fund now amounts to $3,051,746 92, bearing interest at 8 per cent.— $244,129. 
 ' 2. Special appropriations by the State or individuals. 
 
 3. Escheated estates. 
 
 4. Money paid for exemption from military duties. 
 
 5. An annual appropriation of one-fifth of the revenue. 
 
 6. A poll-tax of one dollar and fifty cents. 
 
 The firsfc source of income for the school system, gives annually, $244,129. 
 
 The second, third and fourth sources can not be estimated. 
 
 The fifth source gives a full tax of one and one-half dollar upon every male adult. 
 The male adults, by the census of 1866, were 200,577. They may now be estimated 
 at 210,000. Tills number should aftbrd an annual income to the public schools of 
 $315,000. 
 
 The sixth source, upon the basis of the Auditor's estimate for 1868, will give 
 $200,000. 
 
 14 
 
[xxx] 
 
 Tlie total income from certain sources may be stated at $759,129. 
 
 The management of the school system may be seen from the chapter of the Con- 
 etitution entitled, "Education." 
 
 r>y comparison of the Constitutional provisions, the enactments of the Legislature, 
 and the amount of appropriations in behalf of the public school system of Alabama, 
 witli those of any other State of the Union, it will be found that she stands among 
 the first in quality and extent of provision for educating the people. 
 
 rt> c^ 
 
 ^. O 
 
 o 
 05 
 
 Counties. 
 
 VOTE UPON THE PRESENT ALABAMA CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The following table gives the comparative vote of those who were in favor of rati- 
 fying the Constitution, and those who showed their opposition either by voting 
 against it or not voting at all. It gives, also, the number of representatives in the 
 General Assembly apportioned in accordance with the existing Constitution : 
 
 fd ^ i> 5^ 
 
 Counties. ;? 
 
 a. 
 
 < 
 
 fS" I J zr. : -o 
 
 Baldwin 1,074 *495 578 l" 
 
 Baine 1,140 261 879 
 
 Barbour 5,123 2,801 3,322 3 
 
 Bibb 1,704 777 927 1 
 
 Blount 1,386 692 694 1 
 
 Eutler 2,671 1,146 1,525 1 
 
 Bullock 4,482 1,900 2,582 3 
 
 Calhoun 2,034 502 1,532 1 
 
 Chambers 2,718 739 1,979 2 
 
 Clay 1,132 100 1,032 1 
 
 Clarke ^ 2,321 203 2,128 1 
 
 Cherokee 1,548 437 1,111 1 
 
 Cleburne 1,178 140 1,038 1 
 
 Crenshaw 1,554 152 1,402 1 
 
 Choctaw 2,179 1,003 1,176 1 
 
 Coffee 1,275 250 1,025 1 
 
 Conecuh 1,783 401 1,382 1 
 
 Coosa 1,679 455 1,224 1 
 
 Colbert 1,810 605 1,205 
 
 Covington 774 82 692 1 
 
 Dale 1,896 621 1,275 1 
 
 DeKalb 893 384 509 1 
 
 Elmore 2,479 
 
 Fayette 1,106 
 
 Franklin 985 
 
 Uenry 2,117 
 
 Jackson 2,865 
 
 Jefferson 1,789 
 
 Lauderdale 2,466 
 
 Lawrence 2,595 
 
 Limestone 2,400 
 
 Lee 3,561 
 
 Macon 3,305 
 
 Madison 4,770 
 
 Marshall 1,371 
 
 Marion 752 
 
 Monroe 2,429 
 
 Pike 2,682 
 
 Randolph 1,460 
 
 St. Clair 1,760 
 
 Talladega 2,988 
 
 Tallapoosa 2,965 
 
 Tuscaloosa 3,390 
 
 Washington... 630 
 
 
 ^ o 
 
 3 
 33 
 
 > 
 
 c », 
 
 O 00 
 
 3 <^ 
 
 : o 
 : o 
 
 ; 00 
 
 ^ S 
 CD a 
 
 00 >-« 
 
 850 
 
 1,629 
 
 1 
 
 243 
 
 863 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 635 
 
 2 
 
 810 
 
 1,307 
 
 1 
 
 600 
 
 2,265 
 
 2 
 
 561 
 
 1,228 
 
 1 
 
 655 
 
 1,811 
 
 1 
 
 1,233 
 
 1,362 
 
 2 
 
 789 
 
 1,611 
 
 1 
 
 1,338 
 
 2,223 
 
 2 
 
 1,634 
 
 1,671 
 
 2 
 
 2,160 
 
 2,610 
 
 3 
 
 504 
 
 887 
 
 1 
 
 357 
 
 395 
 
 1 
 
 701 
 
 1,728 
 
 1 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,682 
 
 1 
 
 596 
 
 964 
 
 1 
 
 340 
 
 1,420 
 
 1 
 
 1,425 
 
 1,563 
 
 2 
 
 270 
 
 2,595 
 
 2 
 
 1,665 
 
 1,725 
 
 2 
 
 
 282 
 
 398 
 
 .1 
 
 Importance of Cheap Transportatiox.— In 1865 Minnesota produced 10,000,000 
 bushels of wheat Three-fourths of this could have been exported if facilities of 
 cheap transportation had offered inducement. In 1866, higher prices— which pro- 
 duce the same effect as cheaper freight— led to the exportation of 8,000,000 of 
 buehels. 
 
[xxxi] 
 
 ASSESSMENT OF TAX 
 
 Counties 
 
 ApsesseA 
 
 £5 a- 
 
 CD QD 
 
 
 ON KEAL ESTATE 
 (INCOMPLETE.) 
 
 IN EACH COUNT r, 
 
 CO H 
 o» 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 ■^ 3 
 
 Autauga 29*2,453J 
 
 Bullock 328,882 
 
 Baldwin 2,071,648 
 
 Blount 254,563 
 
 Bibb 248,637 
 
 Barbour 440,663 
 
 Calhoun 194,877 
 
 Crerokee 185,251 
 
 Coffee 282,394 
 
 Clay 193,389 
 
 Conecuh 328,025 
 
 Chambers 292,584 
 
 Clarke 520,218 
 
 Coosa 268,368 
 
 Crenshaw.... 247,965 
 
 Cleburne 138,539 
 
 Dale 342,267 
 
 Dallas 331,375 
 
 DeKalb 103,745 
 
 Elmore 265,619 
 
 Franklin 335,008 
 
 Fayette 207,222 
 
 Greene 397,715 
 
 Hale 350,880 
 
 Henry 282,913 
 
 Jefferson 287,56S.V 
 
 Jones 270,541" 
 
 Jackson 247,841 
 
 Lawrence 295,986 
 
 Lauderdale... 339,653 
 Limestone... 289,720 
 
 Lowndes 342,893 
 
 Madison 418,060 
 
 Monroe 297,880 
 
 Montgomery 318,839 
 
 Marion 207,685 
 
 Macon 257,934 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Marengo 505,768 
 
 Morgan 261,009 
 
 Marshall 131,543 
 
 Pike 325,.302 
 
 Perry 405,993J- 
 
 Randolph.... 225,076" 
 
 Eussell 323,.357 
 
 Shelby 291,832 
 
 Sumter 507,823 
 
 Talladega... 297.522 
 Tallapoosa.. 367,614 
 Tuscaloosa.. 461,970 
 
 Winston 68,522 
 
 Walker 170,490 
 
 Wilcox 345,976 
 
 75 
 579 
 
 140 
 
 22 
 
 100 
 
 713,194 2,039.58 113 124,200 
 
 1,496,370 4,489.81 223 283,820 
 
 583,509 1,750.52 
 
 506,450 1,533.25 
 
 468,420 1,405.26 
 
 1,405,300 4,215.90 
 
 857,924 2,573.07 
 
 940,815 2,822.44 
 
 374,784 1,124.35 
 
 238,065 984,19 
 
 296,203 888.90 
 
 689,602 2,068.80 
 
 815,190 
 
 498,272.10 1,504.70 
 
 487,826.31 1,463.48 
 
 301,947 879.53 
 
 709,214 2,127.64 
 
 1,361,479 4,084.44 
 
 418,851 1,256.55 
 
 537,858 1,613.57 
 
 385,870 1,157.61 
 
 34,633 864.89 
 
 2,030,822 6,092,46 
 
 1,344,100 4,032.30 
 
 478,731 1,436.19 
 
 690,570 2,071.53 
 
 326,881 980.64 
 
 125,318 3.750.95 
 
 1,127,608 3.382.50 
 
 1,143,386 3,430.16 
 
 1,296,943 3,890.83 
 
 1,220,800 3,662,70 
 
 2,452,132 7,356.39 
 
 416,913 1,667.64 
 
 1,717,080 5,151.24 
 
 133,132 549.39 
 
 1,082,048 3,246.14 
 
 18,209,472 54,628.41 
 
 1,577.07 4,731.35 
 
 796,470 2,389.41 
 
 643,639 2,574.45 
 
 972,139 2,916.41 
 
 1,553,000 4,659.00 
 
 387.789 1,188.48 
 
 1,108,358 3,315.06 
 
 560,810 1,682,42 
 
 1,744,544 5,230.63 
 
 1,326,246 4,000.51 
 
 814,435 2,443.30 
 
 859,284 3,777.86 
 
 78,335 235.00 
 
 219,765 659.29 12 3,260 
 
 980,015 2,940.04 157,980 
 
 11,200 
 
 17,925 
 
 1,031,410 
 
 112,243 
 
 11,430 
 
 16,138 
 
 2,290 
 
 58,070 
 
 98,035 
 
 41,130 
 
 4,785 
 
 3,705 
 
 2,900 
 
 3,425 
 
 1,344,475 
 
 16,50 
 
 120,750 
 
 8,125 
 
 7,640 
 
 262,255 
 
 309,250 
 
 42,645 
 
 34,965 
 
 715 
 
 28,360 
 
 60,525 
 
 213,575 
 
 184,260 
 
 1 70,470 
 
 801 1,489,099 
 
 68t 14,750 
 
 591" 4,497,250 
 
 37 1,755 
 
 201,335 
 
 57 
 
 91 
 
 16 
 222 
 
 76 
 
 89 
 
 125^ 
 
 246 
 128 
 146 
 
 328 
 296 
 
 229,400 
 
 114,780 
 
 29,560 
 
 74,265 
 
 506,485 
 
 13,115 
 
 71,555 
 
 46,150 
 
 (Town property 
 
 307,460 
 
 104 39,850 
 
 550 391,790 
 
 139 
 332 
 
 328 
 
 372.60 
 849.96 
 
 33.60 
 
 53.77 
 
 3,094.23 
 
 376.33 
 
 34.29 
 
 48.51 
 
 6.87 
 
 174.21 
 
 294.10 
 
 14.35 
 
 n.ii 
 
 8.70 
 
 102.07 
 
 4,033 43 
 
 4.95 
 
 362.25 
 
 24.37 
 
 22.92 
 
 786.76 
 
 927.75 
 
 127.93 
 
 104.89 
 
 2.14 
 
 85.14 
 
 181.57 
 
 640.25 
 
 552.78 
 
 523.40 
 
 4,464.28 
 
 59.00 
 
 13,491.75 
 
 5.26 
 
 604.00 
 
 18,209.47 
 
 688.20 
 
 344.34 
 
 118.26 
 
 222.79 
 
 1,519.45 
 
 39.49 
 
 214.56 
 
 138,45 
 
 included.) 
 
 928.92 
 
 119,55 
 
 1,175.35 
 
 9.78 
 473.94 
 
 2,512.18 
 5,339.77 
 1,750.52 
 1,566.85 
 1,459.03 
 
 10,721.52 
 291.50 
 2,856.73 
 1,172.86 
 991.06 
 1,417.48 
 2,362.90 
 2,568.96 
 1,519.05 
 1,474.59 
 1,185.04 
 2,229.71 
 8,117.87 
 1,8.50.18 
 1,975.82 
 1,733.56 
 987.81 
 6,879.22 
 4,960.05 
 1,564.12 
 2.901.90 
 i;510.38 
 3,836.09 
 3,564.40 
 4,070.41 
 4,443.61 
 4,186.00 
 
 11,820.^7 
 1 726.64 
 
 18,642.99 
 
 554.66 
 
 3,850.00 
 
 72,837.88 
 5,419.55 
 2J33.75 
 2,692.71 
 3,139.21 
 6,178.46 
 1,227.97 
 3,539.72 
 1,820.88 
 5,230.63 
 6,572.68 
 2,562.85 
 3,753.32 
 225.00 
 669.07 
 3.413,99 
 
[ XXXII ] 
 
 REGISTRATION OF VOTERS IN ALABAMA. 
 
 1867. 1868. 
 Mil. Reg. Civil Reg. 
 
 Autauga 2,531 2,398 
 
 Baine 1,310 1,154 
 
 P.aldwin 1,205 1,471 
 
 Barbour 5,184 5,966 
 
 Bibb 1,704 1,589 
 
 Blount 1,407 890 
 
 Bullock 4,547 4,330 
 
 Butler 2,795 3,136 
 
 Calhoun 2,080 2,040 
 
 Chambers 2,797 2,826 
 
 Cherokee 1,755 1,349 
 
 Choctaw 2,197 2,247 
 
 Clarke 2,381 2,493 
 
 aay... 1,193 LL52 
 
 Cleburre 1,204 9.^0 
 
 Coffee 1,438 1,044 
 
 Colbert. 2,029 1,600 
 
 Conecuh 1,834 1,936 
 
 Coosa 1,807 1,884 
 
 Covington 813 700 
 
 Crenshaw 1,547 1,521 
 
 Dale 1,924 1,784 
 
 Dallas 8,524 9,141 
 
 DeKalb 889 953 
 
 Elmore 2,559 2,665 
 
 Fayette 1,126 708 
 
 Franklin 979 931 
 
 Greene 3,773 3,973 
 
 nale 4,479 4,509 
 
 Henry 2,343 2,165 
 
 Jackson 2,955 2,616 
 
 Jefferson 1,796 1,797 
 
 1867. 1868. 
 Mil. Reg. Civil Reg. 
 
 Jones (Sanford) 1,201 972 
 
 Lauderdale 2,511 2,178 
 
 Lawrence 2,702 2,441 
 
 Lee 3,660 3,822 
 
 Limestone 2,433 1,961 
 
 Lowndes 4,801 5,185 
 
 Macon 3,334 3,645 
 
 Madison 5,023 4,692 
 
 Marengo 5,208 5,583 
 
 Marion 886 121 
 
 Marshall 1,451 1,278 
 
 Mobile 9,795 12,840 
 
 Monroe 2,415 1,848 
 
 Montgomery 8,802 9,465 
 
 Morgan 1,732 1,455 
 
 Perry 5,373 5,362 
 
 Pickens 2,871 2,482 
 
 Pike 2,672 2,505 
 
 Randolph 1,497 1,443 
 
 Russell. 3,575 3,744 
 
 Shelby 2,023 2,033 
 
 St. Clair 1,252 1,324 
 
 Sumter 4,665 4,685 
 
 Talladega 3,115 3,307 
 
 Tallapoosa 2,979 2,859 
 
 Tuscaloosa 3,406 3,496 
 
 Walker 923 615 
 
 Washington 662 533 
 
 Wilcox 4,755 5,198 
 
 Winston 545 453 
 
 171,378 171,448 
 
 In the Dubuque Herald of March 18, 1868, it was stated that the Mississippi 
 Barge Company advertised the following rates: 
 
 Wheat from St Paul to New York 36 cts. per bushel. 
 
 " " Dubuque to New York 32 " " 
 
 Corn " Illinois River to New York 28 " " 
 
 These rates, on an average, are cheaper than shipments from Chicago to New 
 York, via the lakes in the summer time 
 
[ xxxiir ] 
 
 MALE POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY OF ALABAMA, BETWEEN THE 
 AGES OF TWENTY AND ONE HUNDRED. 
 
 Counties. Whites. 
 
 Autauga 1,323 
 
 Baldwin 926 
 
 Barbour 2,857 
 
 Bibb 1,260 
 
 Blount 1,370 
 
 Butler 3,174 
 
 Calhoun 2,922 
 
 Chambers 2,179 
 
 Cherokee 2,725 
 
 Choctaw 1,285 
 
 Clarke. 1,443 
 
 Coffee 1,373 
 
 Conecuh 1,111 
 
 Coosa 2.366 
 
 Covington 1,004 
 
 Dale 1,661 
 
 Dallas 2,520 
 
 DeKalb 1,491 
 
 Fayette 1,972 
 
 Franklin 2,657 
 
 Greene 1,801 
 
 Henry 1,701 
 
 Jackson 2,876 
 
 Jefferson 1,731 
 
 Lawrence 1,728 
 
 Lauderdale 2,083 
 
 Blacks. Total. 
 1,360 2,683 
 
 918 
 
 3,884 
 
 584 
 
 125 
 
 1,459 
 
 742 
 
 2,255 
 
 441 
 
 1,621 
 
 2,365 
 
 249 
 
 902 
 
 959 
 
 265 
 
 341 
 
 6,949 
 
 113 
 
 324 
 
 1,006 
 
 2,010 
 
 933 
 
 535 
 
 476 
 
 1,191 
 
 955 
 
 1,844 
 6,741 
 1,844 
 1,495 
 4,633 
 3,664 
 4,434 
 3,166 
 2,906 
 3,808 
 1,622 
 2,013 
 3,325 
 1,269 
 2,002 
 9,469 
 1,604 
 2,296 
 3,663 
 3,811 
 2,634 
 3,411 
 2,207 
 2,919 
 3,038 
 
 Counties. Whites. 
 
 Limestone 1,589 
 
 Lowndes 1,707 
 
 Madison 2,767 
 
 Marengo 1,586 
 
 Marion 1,472 
 
 Marshall 1,594 
 
 Macon 2,355 
 
 Mobile 13,292 
 
 Montgomery 3,323 
 
 Monroe 1,193 
 
 Morgan 1,650 
 
 Perry 2,082 
 
 Pickens 1,742 
 
 Pike 2,948 
 
 Randolph 2,560 
 
 Russell 1,266 
 
 Shelby 1,749 
 
 St. Clair 1,492 
 
 Sumpter 1,472 
 
 Tallapoosa 2,678 
 
 Talladega 3,009 
 
 Tuscaloosa 2,548 
 
 Walker 1,170 
 
 Washington 348 
 
 Wilcox 1,409 
 
 Winston 566 
 
 Blacks. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,475 
 
 3,064 
 
 3,842 
 
 5,549 
 
 2,608 
 
 5,375 
 
 4,717 
 
 6,303 
 
 176 
 
 2,648 
 
 225 
 
 1,819 
 
 4,636 
 
 6,991 
 
 5,216 
 
 18,508 
 
 7,348 
 
 10,671 
 
 1,319 
 
 2,512 
 
 625 
 
 2,275 
 
 3,822 
 
 5,904 
 
 1,835 
 
 3,577 
 
 1,589 
 
 4,537 
 
 358 
 
 2,913 
 
 3,635 
 
 4,901 
 
 656 
 
 2,405 
 
 316 
 
 1,808 
 
 4,310 
 
 5,782 
 
 982 
 
 3,660 
 
 2,150 
 
 5,159 
 
 1,896 
 
 4,444 
 
 70 
 
 1,240 
 
 494 
 
 842 
 
 3,958 
 
 5,367 
 
 7 
 
 573 
 
 109,312 91,265 200,577 
 
 POPULAR VOTE OF ALABAMA 
 
 In 1836. 
 
 Harrison, Whig 16,612 
 
 Van Buren, Dem 20,506 
 
 In 1840. 
 
 Harrison, Whig 28,471 
 
 Van Buren, Dem 33,991 
 
 In 1844. 
 
 Clay, Whig 26,084 
 
 Polk, Dem 37,740 
 
 In 1848. 
 
 Taylor, Whig 30,482 
 
 Caes, Dem 31,363 
 
 AT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 
 
 In 1852. 
 
 Pierce, Dem 26,881 
 
 Scott, Whig 15,038 
 
 In 1856. 
 
 Buchanan, Dem , 46,739 
 
 Fillmore, American 28,552 
 
 In 1860. 
 
 Douglas, Dem 13,651 
 
 Breckinridge, Dem 48,831 
 
 Bell„Union 27,875 
 
 In 1868. 
 
 Grant, Republican 76,366 
 
 Seymour, Dem 72,080 
 
[ XXXIV ] 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION IN 1868 (FOR THE FORTIETH CONGRESS.) 
 
 DisL Ji^P- 
 
 I. F. M. Kellogg. 
 
 Baldwin 523 
 
 Clarke 1,055 
 
 Conecuh 392 
 
 Coviiiirton 
 
 Dallas 5,289 
 
 Mobile 5,028 
 
 Monroe 659 
 
 Washington 232 
 
 Wilcox 2,914 
 
 Fayette 335 
 
 Greene. 2,174 
 
 Kale 3,428 
 
 Jonea 42 
 
 Marengo 3,340 
 
 Perry 2,741 
 
 Pickens 1,112 
 
 Shelby 574 
 
 Sumter 1,463 
 
 Tuscaloosa 1,501 
 
 Total 19,634 
 
 No opposition. 
 V. Callis. Burke. Irving. 
 
 Total 11,097 
 
 No opposition. 
 
 11 C.W.Buckley. Baine 
 
 Barbour 1,895 Calhoun 
 
 Bullock Cherokee 
 
 P.utler 1,024 Cleburne 305 
 
 Coffee 275 DeKalb 234 
 
 Crenaliaw Jackson 617 
 
 Dale Madison 2,100 
 
 Henry Marshall 250 
 
 Lowndes St. Clair 368 
 
 Montgomery 4,751 
 
 Pike .' 490 
 
 264 
 
 51 
 
 439 
 
 10 
 
 421 
 
 391 
 
 
 103 
 
 232 
 
 4 
 
 360 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 
 237 
 
 
 177 
 
 •••••• 
 
 2,183 573 
 
 Tot£ 
 
 8,440 
 
 No opposition. 
 
 III. B. W. Morris. 
 
 Chambers 802 
 
 Clay 142 
 
 Coosa 448 
 
 Elmore 853 
 
 Lee 1,478 
 
 Macon 1,657 
 
 Randolph 528 
 
 Russell 1,836 
 
 Talladega 1,432 
 
 Tallapoosa 275 
 
 Total 9,451 
 
 No opposition. 
 
 IV. C. W. Pierce. 
 
 Autauga 1,7.54 
 
 Bibl 314 
 
 Choctaw 860 
 
 Mc- 
 Calley. 
 
 40 
 
 Cra- 
 mer. 
 33 
 
 96 
 
 
 Total 3.874 
 
 J. B. Callia over J. W. Burke, 1,691 ; 
 over Irving, 3,301; over both, 1,118. 
 
 Haug- 
 
 VI. hey. 
 
 Blount 165 
 
 Colbert 487 
 
 Franklin 40 
 
 Jefferson 411 
 
 Lauderdale 275 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Limestone 768 
 
 Marion 88 
 
 Morgan 367 
 
 Walker 45 
 
 Winston 2 
 
 Total 2,648 1,492 1,011 
 
 Thomas Haughey over McCalley, 
 1,156; over Cramer, 1,637; over both, 
 145. 811 votes were cast for Snelling. 
 
 46 
 385 
 776 
 
 18 
 
 181 
 
 38 
 
 407 
 
 .•.. 
 
 153 
 
 89 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 95 
 
[ XXXV ] 
 
 JUDICIAL CIRCUITS OF ALABAMA. 
 
 First Circuit — Perry, Dallas, Bibb and Hale. 
 
 Second Circuit — Lowndes, Montgomery, Elmore and Autauga. 
 
 Third Circuit — Jefferson, Tuscaloosa, Marion, Fayette, Winston and Walker. 
 
 Fourth Circuit — Lauderdale, Limestone, Lawrence, Franklin, Colbert and Morgan. 
 
 Fifth Circuit — Madison, Jackson, Marshall, Blount and DeKalb. 
 
 Sixth Circuit — Mobile, Baldwin, Washington and Clarke. 
 
 Seventh Circuit — Choctaw, Pickens, Sumpter, Marengo, Greene and Jones. 
 
 Eighth Circuit — Pike, Coffee, Dale, Henry, Barbour and Bullock. 
 
 Ninth Circuit — Chambers, Tallapoosa, Lee, Russell and Macon. 
 
 Tenth Circuit — Randolph, Clay, Talladega, Slielby and Coosa, 
 
 Eleventh Circuit — Butler, Monroe, Wilcox, Conecuh, Covington and Crenshaw. 
 
 Twelfth Circuit — Cherokee, Baine, St. Clair, Calhoun and Cleburne. 
 
 POSTAL REGULATIONS. 
 
 Newspapers, to regular subscribers, payable quarterly in advance — weekly 5 cents; 
 semi-weekly 10 cents; tri-weekly 15 cents; six times a week {Daily Sun) 30 cents ; 
 seven times 35 cents. Subscribers to weekly papers, residing within the county 
 where printed and published, free, even if the Fostoffice should be without the 
 county. Subscribers residing in Baltimore county are entitled to receive the Weekly 
 Sun free of postage, "even if the office to which the paper is sent is without the 
 county, provided it is the office at which they regularly receive their mail matter." 
 Subscribers residing without the county and having their Postoffice within, must 
 pay postage. 
 
 The postage on the Daily Sun is thirty (30) cents per quarter to all parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Transient printed matter, embracing newspapers, pamphlets, hand-bills and post- 
 ers, book-manuscripts and proof sheets, sheet music, letter envelopes and paper, cards, 
 seeds, cuttings, bulbs, and roots, to be prepaid by stamps, is 2 cents for each 4 oz. or 
 fraction thereof. 
 
 Books 4 cents for each 4 oz. or fraction thereof, prepaid by stamps. 
 
 Letters are uniform throughout the United States, 3 cents for each half oz. or frac- 
 tion of half oz , to be prepaid by stamps. 
 
 Registered letters are chargeable with a fee of fifteen cents, in addition to the reg- 
 ular postage. 
 
 Postoffice orders not exceeding $20, 10 cents; over $20 and not exceeding $30, 
 15 cents; over $30 dollars and not exceeding $40, 20 cents; over $40 dollars and not 
 exceeding $50, 25 cents. Large amounts can be transmitted to the same person at 
 the same time by additional orders. 
 
 Mobile and Ohio Railroad. — Hon. A. Murdock, President; C. E. Rushing, Vice- 
 President; L. J. Fleming, Chief Engineer and General Superintendent; J. P. Frese- 
 nius, Assistant General Superintendent, Mobile, Alabama; E. S. Hosford, Assistant 
 Superintendent, Macon, Mississippi; J. J. Williams, Assistant Superintendent, Jack- 
 eon, Tennessee; B. W. Foster General Freight and Ticket Agent, Mobile. Alabama. 
 
[ XXXVI ] 
 
 POPULATION OF ALABAMA BY RACE AND SEX IN 1866. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Autauga 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Barl'our 
 
 Bibb 
 
 Blount 
 
 Butler 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Chambers 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Choctaw 
 
 Clark 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Cenecuh 
 
 Coosa 
 
 Covington 
 
 Dale 
 
 Dallas 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Greene 
 
 Henry , 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lauderdale 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Lowndes , 
 
 Madison , 
 
 Marengo , 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Macon , 
 
 Mobile 20,438 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pickens 
 
 Pike 
 
 Randolpli 
 
 Russell 
 
 Shelby - 
 
 WHITES. 
 
 NEGROES. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Males. Females. 
 
 3,212 
 
 3,443 
 
 3,127 
 
 3,363 
 
 1,917 
 
 1,647 
 
 1,630 
 
 1,218 
 
 7,136 
 
 7,703 
 
 8,821 
 
 9,042 
 
 3,198 
 
 3,426 
 
 1,479 
 
 1,582 
 
 3,886 
 
 4,150 
 
 371 
 
 385 
 
 5,550 
 
 6,935 
 
 3,544 
 
 3,974 
 
 7,287 
 
 8,158 
 
 2,021 
 
 2,237 
 
 5.390 
 
 5,888 
 
 5,686 
 
 6,113 
 
 6,983 
 
 7,293 
 
 1,308 
 
 1,386 
 
 3,2S1 
 
 3,353 
 
 3,217 
 
 3,358 
 
 3,634 
 
 3,968 
 
 4,561 
 
 4,716 
 
 3,823 
 
 4,836 
 
 741 
 
 796 
 
 2,877 
 
 3,256 
 
 2,082 
 
 2,189 
 
 6,153 
 
 7,146 
 
 2,404 
 
 2,487 
 
 2,850 
 
 3,140 
 
 386 
 
 535 
 
 4,740 
 
 5,070 
 
 957 
 
 1,093 
 
 4,794 
 
 4.631 
 
 14,369 
 
 15,232 
 
 3,815 
 
 4,276 
 
 368 
 
 401 
 
 5,276 
 
 5,548 
 
 920 
 
 1,055 
 
 6,394 
 
 6,368 
 
 2,646 
 
 3,100 
 
 3,652 
 
 3.793 
 
 4,363 
 
 4,241 
 
 4,823 
 
 5,177 
 
 2,204 
 
 2,287 
 
 7.137 
 
 7,603 
 
 2,267 
 
 1.387 
 
 4,498 
 
 4,736 
 
 ],2o6 
 
 1,345 
 
 4,612 
 
 4,771 
 
 2,955 
 
 3,225 
 
 4,839 
 
 5,149 
 
 2,365 
 
 3,225 
 
 3,587 
 
 3.789 
 
 3,588 
 
 3,930 
 
 3,778 
 
 3,963 
 
 8,680 
 
 9,123 
 
 6,329 
 
 6,391 
 
 5,929 
 
 6,756 
 
 3,554 
 
 3,520 
 
 10,814 
 
 11,149 
 
 3,868 
 
 4.333 
 
 541 
 
 554 
 
 4,002 
 
 4.154 
 
 655 
 
 630 
 
 5,300 
 
 5,467 
 
 10,762 
 
 11,430 
 
 20,438 
 
 15,788 
 
 8,245 
 
 8,419 
 
 7,005 
 
 6,692 
 
 15,016 
 
 15,746 
 
 2,942 
 
 3,196 
 
 3,260 
 
 3,434 
 
 3,985 
 
 4,121 
 
 1,555 
 
 1,727 
 
 4.960 
 
 5.061 
 
 9,014 
 
 9,383 
 
 4,282 
 
 4,739 
 
 4,794 
 
 5,144 
 
 7,772 
 
 8.269 
 
 4,047 
 
 4,270 
 
 7,0S2 
 
 7.390 
 
 1,005 
 
 1,058 
 
 5,480 
 
 6,o,)l 
 
 8,704 
 
 8,819 
 
 4,451 
 
 4,804 
 
 1,610 
 
 1,643 
 
[ XXXVII J 
 
 WHITES. KEGKOES. 
 
 COUNTIES. Males. Females. Males. Females. 
 
 St. Clair 4,059 4,202 1,036 1,014 
 
 Sumter 2,992 2,924 9,013 8,956 
 
 Tallapoosa 7,164 7,642 2,745 3,076 
 
 Talladega 7,324 7,999 5,269 5,781 
 
 Tuscaloosa 6,105 6,557 4,657 5,177 
 
 Walker 3,325 3,450 229 257 
 
 Washington 966 952 1,110 1,105 
 
 Wilcox 3,271 3,281 8,156 8,863 
 
 Winston 1,569 1,678 14 17 
 
 257,337 265,462 206,505 216,940 
 Whites, 522,799 ; negroes, 423,445. Total population of Alabama in 1860, 946,244 
 By comparing this statement with the census of 1860, the decrease of population 
 caused by the war and other causes, will appear as follows : 
 
 WHITES. NEGROES. TOTAL. 
 
 1860 526,431 437,770 964,201 
 
 1866 522,799 423,445 946,244 
 
 Decrease 3,632 14,325 ^ 17,957 
 
 POPULATION OF ALABAMA BY EACE, SEX AND AGE. 
 
 WHITES. NEGROES. 
 
 , ' , , ' ^ 
 
 Age. Males. Females. Males. Females. 
 
 Under 10 82,307 79,817 68,919 69,971 
 
 10 to 20 65,718 67,785 46,321 46,912 
 
 20 to 30 37,825 48,416 33,482 41,485 
 
 30 to 40 26,577 29,325 24,600 27,471 
 
 40 to 50 18,064 18,405 15,452 15,866 
 
 50 to 60 13,939 10,733 9,910 8,757 
 
 60 to 70 7,292 5,281 4,383 3,932 
 
 70 to 80 2,321 1,950 1,429 1,463 
 
 80 to 90 508 482 437 509 
 
 90 to 100 61 69 131 193 
 
 POPULATION OF THE CITY OF MONTGOMERY. 
 (This Census was taken in the winter of 1866, by authority of the City Council.) 
 
 WHITES. COLORED. Grand 
 
 Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Total. 
 
 let Ward 624 518 1,142 778 960 1,738 2,880 
 
 2nd " 456 456 912 482 796 1,278 2,190 
 
 3rd " 304 235 539 183 292 475 1,014 
 
 4th " 460 535 995 485 743 1,228 2,223 
 
 5th " 625 633 1,258 737 1,081 1,818 3,076 
 
 6th " 442 238 680 516 483 999 1,679 
 
 Total 2,912 2,615 5,526 3,181 4,355 7,535 13,062 
 
[ XXXVIII ] 
 
 VOTE OF ALABAMA BY COUNTIES, IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELEC- 
 TION OF 1860 AND 1868. 
 
 President 1868. 
 
 Hep. Dem. 
 
 corxTiES. Grant Seymour. 
 
 Autauga 1505 851 
 
 Baine 283 676 
 
 Baldwin 558 673 
 
 Barbour 3168 2210 
 
 Bibb 492 732 
 
 Blount 275 461 
 
 Bullock 2103 1634 
 
 Butler 724 1823 
 
 Calhoun 600 1274 
 
 Chambers 1105 1443 
 
 Clarke 582 1155 
 
 Clay 256 619 
 
 Cherokee 167 913 
 
 ChocUiw 925 1113 
 
 Cleburne 403 390 
 
 Coffee 75 843 
 
 Colbert 39 1241 
 
 Conecuh 843 896 
 
 Coosa 635 957 
 
 Covington — 574 
 
 Crenshaw 90 1214 
 
 Dale 346 1205 
 
 Dallas 7137 1779 
 
 De Kalb 492 360 
 
 Elmore 1262 1107 
 
 Fayette 202 434 
 
 Franklin 90 619 
 
 Greene 2927 869 
 
 nale 3297 866 
 
 Henry 410 1305 
 
 Jackson 539 1581 
 
 Jefferson 420 538 
 
 Jones 
 
 Lauderdale 378 1436 
 
 La^vrence 692 1312 
 
 Lee 1650 1727 
 
 Limestone 355 1117 
 
 Lowndes 3339 1171 
 
 Macon 2327 1075 
 
 Madison 1535 2156 
 
 Marengo 2793 1879 
 
 Marion [ no election ] 
 
 President 1860. 
 Un. Dem. Dem. 
 
 Bell. Breck. Doug. 
 256 611 392 
 
 248 
 
 129 
 
 81 
 
 644 
 
 715 
 
 6 
 
 582 
 
 613 
 
 155 
 
 65 
 
 698 
 
 488 
 
 1079 
 
 918 
 
 111 
 
 364 
 
 2347 
 
 54 
 
 918 
 
 1017 
 
 157 
 
 255 
 
 952 
 
 77 
 
 527 
 
 1706 
 
 223 
 
 475 
 
 442 
 
 158 
 
 394 
 
 878 
 
 338 
 
 358 
 
 205 
 
 706 
 
 930 
 
 844 
 
 416 
 
 404 
 
 12 
 
 277 
 
 1280 
 
 5 
 
 620 
 
 833 
 
 339 
 
 204 
 
 849 
 
 202 
 
 359 
 
 1299 
 
 37 
 
 715 
 
 902 
 
 460 
 
 765 
 
 696 
 
 157 
 
 317 
 
 1109 
 
 __ 
 
 130 
 
 1760 
 
 565 
 
 245 
 
 831 
 
 77 
 
 444 
 
 706 
 
 790 
 
 525 
 
 370 
 
 576 
 
 368 
 
 522 
 
 325 
 
 592 
 
 1007 
 
 57 
 
 1210 
 
 1184 
 
 46 
 
 400 
 
 591 
 
 1300 
 
 512 
 
 838 
 
 63 
 
 197 
 
 986 
 
 62 
 
[ XXXIX ] 
 
 President 1S6S. President 1860. ^ 
 
 Hep. Dem. Un. Dem. Dem. 
 
 COUNTIES. Grant. Seymour. Bell. Breck. Bong. 
 
 Marshall 422 615 165 411 763 
 
 Mobile 5200 6658 1629 1541 1823 
 
 Monroe 58 1196 446 550 222 
 
 Montgomery 6770 2319 1034 1555 133 
 
 itorgan 519 673 144 549 545 
 
 Perry 3733 1336 791 892 99 
 
 PicUens 531 1497 619 12U 16 
 
 Pike 256 1813 1227 1581 84 
 
 Kandolph 678 625 567 1734 343 
 
 Russell 1745 . 1230 854 993 53 
 
 iSanford 164 544 — — — 
 
 Shelby 799 839 570 853 186 
 
 St. Clair. ; 632 429 174 963 240 
 
 Sumter 2516 1469 473 682 136 
 
 Talladega 1771 1212 1091 1307 74 
 
 Tallapoosa 340 2083 1270 1451 298 
 
 Tuscaloosa 1167 1383 1023 1219 23 
 
 Walker 282 289 103 446 303 
 
 Washington 104 17 155 176 24 
 
 Wilcox 3396 1484 355 833 113 
 
 Winston 284 39 40 203 147 
 
 Total 76366 72086 27875 48831 13651 
 
 Whole vote 148452 90357 
 
 Eep. maj 4280 B.'s maj 20956 
 
 COTTON CROP OF SOUTH ALABAMA FOR 28 YEAKS. 
 
 Years. Bales- 
 
 1841 317642 
 
 1842 318315 
 
 1843 432631 
 
 1844 468126 
 
 1845 517550 
 
 1846 421669 
 
 1847 322516 
 
 1848 438324 
 
 1849 517846 
 
 1850 350297 
 
 1851 451697 
 
 1852 549772 
 
 1853 546514 
 
 1854 538110 
 
 An. In. 
 
 673 
 164316 
 
 49424 
 
 115808 
 79522 
 
 101400 
 98075 
 
 An. De. 
 
 126083 
 
 14505 
 
 95881 
 69153 
 
 167549 
 
 3258 
 8404 
 
 Years. Balea An. In. 
 
 1855 454595 
 
 1856 659738 205143 
 
 1857 503177 
 
 1858 .522843 19666 
 
 1859 704400 181563 
 
 1860 842729 138323 
 
 1861 549441 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 75305 ' ■ 
 
 1866 429102 353797 
 
 1867 239516 
 
 1868 366193 126677 
 
 An.De. 
 83515 
 
 156561 
 
 293288 
 
 189586 
 
[XL] 
 
 CROPS PECULIAR TO THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 STATES. Rice — lbs, 
 
 1860. 
 
 Alabama 499559 
 
 Arkansas 215 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 223209 
 
 Georgia 52507652 
 
 Ke:)tucky 24407 
 
 Louisiana 6455017 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Mississippi 657293 
 
 Missouri 9767 
 
 North Carolina 7593976 
 
 South Carolina 119100528 
 
 Tennessee 30516 
 
 Texas 25670 
 
 Virginia 8225 
 
 Total 187136034 
 
 Northern States 4139 
 
 Aggregate 187140173 
 
 Ginfled Cane Cane 
 
 Cotton. Sugar. Molasses. 
 Bbk, 400 lbs. Hhds., 1000 lbs. Gals. 
 1860. 1860. 1860. 
 
 997878 108 81964 
 
 357485 761 
 
 63322 
 
 1761 
 
 435890 
 
 701840 
 
 1167 
 
 546770 
 
 4092 
 
 
 
 722218 
 
 297816 
 
 14535157 
 
 45 
 
 3445 
 
 1195699 
 
 244 
 
 100 
 
 
 22305 
 
 145514 
 
 38 
 
 12494 
 
 353413 
 
 198 
 
 15144 
 
 227450 
 
 
 294322 
 
 405100 
 
 590 
 
 388937 
 
 12727 
 
 
 50 
 
 5196838 
 
 301922 
 
 16337014 
 
 1239 
 
 283 
 
 66 
 
 5198077 
 
 302205 
 
 16337080 
 
 EXPORTS OF COTTON TO FOREIGN PORTS FROM MOBILE FOR THE 
 
 TWO YEARS 
 
 Ending Z\st August, 1868. Ending Z\st August, 1867 
 
 Bales. Pounds. Value. Bales Pounds. Value. 
 To Great Britain— 
 
 In Amer. vessels.. 87856 44718704 $ 7,787,555 55112 27941436 | 7,974,435 
 
 In Foreign vessels 123298 627586S2 10,929,134 90454 45491831 13,078,745 
 
 Total Great Brit... 211154 107477386 $18,716,690 145566 73433267 $21,053,180 
 
 To France — 
 
 In Aincr. vessels.. 10432 5309888 $ 924,692 43.52 2216721 $ 665,609 
 In Foreign vessels 
 
 Total to France... 10432 5309888 $ 924,692 4352 2216721 $ 665,609 
 
 To Spain 4.S75 24S1375 $ 432,120 
 
 Hamburg, Bremen 7794 3967146 690,860 
 
 Holland.. 
 
 Genoa and Trieste 2256 1148304 199,971 
 Cuba 
 
 2075 
 630 
 
 '**80i 
 
 860702 $ 321,278 
 314880 95,664 
 
 402314 128,018 
 
 Total to other 
 
 Foreign Port*.. 14925 7596825 $ 1,322,952 3506 
 
 1577896 $ 544,960 
 
 Gkand Total 236511 120384099 $ 20,904,335 153424 77227884 $22,263,749 
 
[XLI] 
 
 COMPARISON OF ALABAMA WITH OTHER STATES IN AREA AND 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 States. 
 
 Sq. 
 Miles. 
 
 Alabama 50722 
 
 Arkansas 52158 
 
 California 188982 
 
 Connecticut 4750 
 
 Delaware 2120 
 
 Florida 59248 
 
 Georgia 58000 
 
 Illinois 55410 
 
 Indiana 33809 
 
 Iowa 55045 
 
 Kansas 81318 
 
 Kentucky 37680 
 
 Louisiana 41346 
 
 Maine 35000 
 
 Maryland 11125 
 
 Massachusetts 7800 
 
 Michigan 56451 
 
 Minnesota 83531 
 
 Mississippi 47156 
 
 Missouri 65350 
 
 Nebraska 75995 
 
 Nevada 81539 
 
 N. Hampshire 9280 
 
 New Jersey 8320 
 
 New York 47000 
 
 North Carolina... 50764 
 
 Ohio 39964 
 
 Oregon 95274 
 
 Pennsylvania 46000 
 
 Rhode Island 1306 
 
 S. Carolina 34000 
 
 Tennessee 45000 
 
 Texas 274356 
 
 Vermont 10212 
 
 Virginia 38352 
 
 West Virginia 26000 
 
 Wisconsin 53924 
 
 Total 
 Pop- 
 ulation. 
 1850. 
 771623 
 269897 
 92597 
 370792 
 91532 
 87445 
 906185 
 851470 
 988416 
 192214 
 
 982405 
 517762 
 583169 
 583034 
 904514 
 397654 
 6077 
 606526 
 632044 
 
 317976 
 489555 
 
 3097394 
 869039 
 
 1980320 
 13294 
 
 2311786 
 147545 
 668507 
 
 1002717 
 212592 
 214120 
 
 1421661 
 305391 
 
 White 
 Pop- 
 ulation. 
 1860. 
 526271 
 324143 
 358110 
 454504 
 905S9 
 77747 
 591550 
 1704291 
 1338710 
 673779 
 106390 
 919484 
 357456 
 626947 
 515918 
 1221432 
 736142 
 169395 
 353899 
 10634S9 
 28696 
 6812 
 325579 
 546699 
 3831590 
 629942 
 2302808 
 52160 
 2849259 
 170649 
 291300 
 826722 
 420891 
 314369 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Colored Civil- 
 Pop- ized 
 ulation. Ind'ns 
 1860. 1860. 
 437770 160 
 111259 48 
 4086 17798 
 8627 16 
 21627 
 22677 
 465698 
 7628 
 11428 
 1069 
 627 
 236167 
 350373 
 1327 
 171131 
 9692 
 6799 
 259 
 437404 
 118503 
 82 
 45 
 494 
 25336 
 49005 
 361522 
 36673 
 128 
 56949 
 3952 
 412320 
 283019 
 182921 
 709 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 290 
 
 65 
 189 
 
 33 
 
 173 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 6172 
 
 2369 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 63 
 
 140 
 
 1158 
 
 30 
 
 177 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 403 
 
 20 
 
 Total 
 
 Pop- 
 
 , ulation. 
 
 1860. 
 964201 
 435450 
 379994 
 460147 
 112216 
 140424 
 
 1057286 
 
 1711951 
 
 1350428 
 674699 
 107206 
 
 1155684 
 709002 
 628279 
 687049 
 
 1231066 
 749113 
 ] 72023 
 791395 
 
 1182012 
 
 28841 
 
 6857 
 
 326073 
 
 672035 
 
 3880735 
 992622 
 
 2339502 
 52465 
 
 2906115 
 
 174620 
 
 703708 
 
 1109801 
 
 604215 
 
 315098 
 
 Increase 
 from '50 
 
 to 
 I860. 
 192578 
 225553 
 287397 
 
 89355 
 
 20684 
 
 52979 
 151101 
 860481 
 362012 
 482734 
 107206 
 173279 
 190240 
 
 45110 
 104015 
 236552 
 351459 
 165946 
 184779 
 499968 
 
 28841 
 6857 
 8097 
 182480 
 783341 
 123583 
 359173 
 
 39171 
 
 594329 
 
 27075 
 
 35201 
 
 107084 
 
 391623 
 
 978 
 
 1047299 548907 112 1596318 174657 
 773693 1171 1017 775871 470490 
 
[ XLII ] 
 
 TABLE EXHIBITING THE DATES OF FIRST BLOOM 
 Of Cotton, Killing Frosts, Total Crops of the United States, and their total valuo 
 at the average price at Mobile in the following years: 
 
 Years. 1st Bloom. Killing Frost Total Crop. Total Value. 
 
 18f)7-6S June 1 November 6 
 
 1866-67 June 11 October 25 1951988 
 
 1865-66 June 23 October 20 2151043 
 
 1864-65 
 
 .$282,272,493 56 
 .$450,084,227 32 
 
 1863-64 
 
 1862-63 
 
 1861-62 May 31 October 
 
 186(»-61 May 25 October 
 
 1859-60 May 31 November 
 
 1858-59 May 25 November 
 
 1857-58 June 17 October 
 
 1856 57 June 24 October 
 
 1855-56 June 14 November 
 
 13 
 
 30 3700000 $185,000,000 00 
 
 7 4675770 $271,783,807 00 
 
 19 3851481 $231,196,701 46 
 
 8 3113962 $178,959,306 14 
 
 24 2939519 $188,570,143 85 
 
 14 3527845 $150,109,804 75 
 
 MONTHLY RANGE OF PRICES OF COTTON AT MOBILE FOR SIX- 
 
 TEEN YEARS. 
 
 Season of October. November. December. January. February. 
 
 1852-53 7 3-4al0 1-2 8 alO 34 7 l-2a 9 3-4 7 1-2all 6 alO 3-4 
 
 1853-54 7 al0 5-S 7 alO 1-4 7 14alO 1-4 7 14alO 14 6 alO 1-8 
 
 1854-55 5 l-4a 9 34 4 a 9 34 4 l-8a 9 3-8 4 a 9 1-8 3 7-Sa 9 1-2 
 
 1855-56 7 alO 5 1 -Sal 1-2 5a 9 1-2 5 a 9 1-2 5 1 -2a 9 3-4 
 
 1856 57 9 l-2al3 1-2 7 l-2al2 1-2 7 l-2al2 1-2 10 I4al3 10 34al3 3-4 
 
 1857-58 9 al5 1-4 10 al2 9 all 14 6 a 10 1-2 7 l-2al2 1-2 
 
 1858-59 9 l-2al2 3-4 10 al2 7 al2 14 7 al2 14 7 al2 
 
 1859-60 9 all 5-8 9 al2 14 8 l-2al2 14 6 al2 14 6 al2 1-2 
 
 1860-61 9 al2 1-2 6 al2 1-2 6 al2 6 14al2 14 7 al2 14 
 
 1S61-62 
 
 1862 63 
 
 1863 64 
 
 1864 05 
 
 1865-66 34 a56 40 a52 33 a50 33 a50 36 a49 
 
 1860-67 28 a41 25 a38 24 a34 26 a34 25 a32 
 
 1867-68 12 l-2al9 1-2 12 l-4al7 1-2 11 3-4al6 12 l-2al8 14 15 12a25 
 
 Season of March. April. May. June. Av. for Season. 
 
 1852 53. ..6 al0 3-4 6 l-4a9 6 alO 1-2 8 alO 14 6 l-2a 9 1-2 
 
 1853-54 6 alO 34 6 l-2all 3-4 6 l-2all 1-2 6 l-2all 14 7 14all 14 
 
 1854-55 4 34a 9 1-2 5 l-2al0 34 5 l-2a 9 1-2 5 alO 14 6 5-8al0 
 
 1855-56 5 alO 1-2 5 5-8alO 7 all 8 all 5-8 5 7-8alO 1-8 
 
 1856-57 U 14al4 34 5 l-2all 34 6 14all 34 5 l-2all 1-2 6 alO 3-4 
 
 1857-58 7 al2 1-2 11 l-4al4 3-4 11 al4 1-2 8 al4 1-2 10 5-8al3 34 
 
 1S5S-59 7 al3 14 7 al2 1-2 5 al2 34 al2 34 8 al3 
 
 185960 6 l-2al2 1-2 3 al2 1-2 3 al3 3 al2 5-8 6 l-2al2 
 
 1800-61 7 al3 1-2 7 al4 nominal. nominal. 6 3-8al2 3-4 
 
 186162 
 
 1862-63 
 
 1863-64 
 
 1864-65 
 
 1865-66 .30 a46 25 a37 25 a39 25 a37 32 l-3a46 2-9 
 
 1806 67 23 a31 17 a29 19 a26 1-2 20 a26 23 a32 7-25 
 
 1867-68 19 l-2a27 1-2 26 a33 1-2 24 34a32 14 23 l-2a29 1-2 17 l-5a24 1-3 
 
 Note. — The range of prices embraces the lowest and highest prices reported paid 
 or Ordinary and Strict Middling during the above months. 
 
[XLIIl] 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE OF ALABAMA 
 
 AND THE OTHER STATES IN IS 
 
 VOTES. Rep. 
 
 Q 
 •t 
 
 States. 
 
 Alabama 8 76366 
 
 Arkansas 5 22152 
 
 California 5 54592 
 
 Connecticut 6 50788 
 
 Delaware 3 7614 
 
 Florida 3 Chosen 
 
 Georgia 9 57134 
 
 Illinois 16 250293 
 
 Indiana 13 176552 
 
 Iowa 8 120399 
 
 Kansas 3 30028 
 
 Kentucky 11 39566 
 
 Louisiana 7 34300 
 
 Maine 7 70434 
 
 Maryland 7 30442 
 
 Massachusetts 12 136379 
 
 Michigan 8 113229 
 
 Minnesota 4 43413 
 
 Mississippi 7 
 
 :\Iissouri 11 85671 
 
 Nebraska 3 9766 
 
 Nevada (about) 3 10000 
 
 N. Hampshire 5 37518 
 
 New Jersey.... 7 79882 
 
 New York 33 419915 
 
 Nortli Carolina 9 92293 
 
 Ohio 21 280223 
 
 Oregon 3 10961 
 
 Pennsylvania. 26 342280 
 
 Rhode Island 4 12993 
 
 South Carolina 6 62301 
 
 Tennessee 10 56757 
 
 Texas 6 
 
 Vermont 5 44167 
 
 Virginia 10 
 
 West Virginia 5 28347 
 
 Wisconsin 8 108857 
 
 Tofal 317 2995612 
 
 Dem. 
 
 C/2 
 
 B 
 g 
 
 72086 
 
 Rep. 
 
 o 
 
 4280 
 
 3074 
 
 514 
 
 2944 
 
 Dem. 
 o 
 
 ELECT. 
 
 Q 
 
 e 
 
 's 
 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 13 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 8 
 4 
 
 11 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 
 9 
 21 
 
 26 
 4 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 214 
 
 VOTE. 
 
 CD 
 1 
 
 19078 
 
 
 
 54078 
 
 
 
 47844 
 
 
 
 10957 
 
 3343 
 
 45688 
 
 3 
 
 the Legislature 
 102822 
 
 9 
 
 199141 
 
 51152 
 
 9572 
 
 46359 
 
 16408 
 
 
 166980 
 
 
 
 74040 
 
 
 
 13620 
 
 
 
 115889 
 
 76323 
 45670 
 
 11 
 
 79970 
 
 
 7 
 
 42375 
 
 28059 
 
 
 62356 
 
 31914 
 
 7 
 
 59103 
 
 77276 
 30865 
 15383 
 
 
 82364 
 
 
 
 28030 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59788 
 
 25883 
 4138 
 1400 
 6944 
 
 
 
 5628 
 
 
 
 8600 
 
 
 
 30574 
 
 
 
 82789 
 
 429883 
 
 2907 
 9968 
 
 7 
 33 
 
 84090 
 
 8203 
 41617 
 
 
 238606 
 
 
 
 11125 
 
 164 
 
 3 
 
 313382 
 
 28898 
 
 6445 
 
 17047 
 
 30446 
 
 
 6548 
 
 
 
 45254 
 
 
 
 26311 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12045 
 
 19862 
 
 32122 
 
 8485 
 24147 
 
 
 
 84710 
 
 
 
 26S992S 
 
 521661 
 
 215977 
 
 80 
 
[XLIV] 
 
 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE EXPORTS OF COTTON 
 from Mobile for Five Years, commencing Ist September. 
 
 Ports. 1867-8 
 
 Liverpool 211154 
 
 Fleetwood 
 
 Glasgow, etc 
 
 Cork, Cowes, etc 
 
 1866-7 
 145141 
 
 425 
 
 1865-6 
 228016 
 
 1155 
 
 1860-1 1859-60 
 339845 435903 
 
 1000 
 
 Havre 10432 
 
 Marseilles, etc 
 
 4352 
 
 40184 
 
 96429 
 
 Total to France 1043S 
 
 Amsterdam and Rotterdam 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Bremen, St. Petersburg, etc.... 7794 
 
 Stockholm, Ghent, etc 
 
 Barcelona, etc 4875 
 
 Genoa, Trieste, etc 2256 
 
 Other Ports 
 
 Total to other Foreign Ports.. 14925 
 
 4352 
 
 630 
 
 2075 
 801 
 
 3506 
 
 40184 
 
 270 
 
 126S 
 
 41 
 
 1579 
 
 2069 
 3064 
 
 12405 
 141 
 
 19147 
 
 New York 16437 
 
 Boston 24487 
 
 Providence 9124 
 
 Philadelphia 1870 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 New Orleans 69482 
 
 Other Ports • 834 
 
 Total to U. S. Ports 122234 
 
 Great Britain 211154 
 
 France 10432 
 
 Other Foreign Ports 14925 
 
 RECAPIT17LATI0X. 
 
 145566 
 4352 
 3506 
 
 Total Foreign 236511 
 
 Total United States 122234 
 
 153424 
 98158 
 
 229171 
 
 40184 
 
 1579 
 
 270934 
 142764 
 
 340845 
 96429 
 19147 
 
 456421 
 116036 
 
 1105 
 8650 
 
 Total to Great Britain 211154 145566 229171 340845 445663 
 
 148918 
 
 96429 14891S 
 
 1481 
 
 3980 
 11510 
 
 4835 
 24359 
 14313 
 
 4422 
 
 64900 
 
 23808 
 
 83646 
 
 7398 
 
 11581 
 
 25786 
 
 28235 
 
 37702 
 
 44110 
 
 6281 
 
 3576 
 
 13543 
 
 27884 
 
 1492 
 
 417 
 
 5564 
 
 6753 
 
 226 
 
 383 
 
 649 
 
 4838 
 
 36765 
 
 26507 
 
 48283 
 
 62635 
 
 3800 
 
 
 2897 
 
 525 
 
 98158 142764 116036 158332 
 
 Grand Total 358745 251582 413698 572457 817813 
 
 445653 
 
 1489IS 
 64900 
 
 659481 
 158332 
 
 Grand Total 358745 251582 413698 672457 817813 
 
[XLV] 
 
 COMPARATIVE CHEAPNESS OF THE ALABAMA WATEE LINE. 
 
 Statement showing the value of a hn of Wheat and one of Corn at given distances 
 from marlcet, as affected by cost of transportation respectivehj hy canal, by railroad, 
 and over the ordinary highway. 
 
 ahie at 
 " 10] 
 " 20 
 
 market 
 
 miles from 
 
 a 11 
 
 a II 
 
 u u 
 
 (1 u 
 u u 
 (I il 
 u a 
 (1 (I 
 
 U l( 
 (! ft 
 
 u u 
 II i( 
 11 ti 
 II II 
 (I (1 
 Il 11 
 i( II 
 11 II 
 II II 
 II II 
 
 U II 
 
 11 (I 
 II II 
 II 11 
 
 11 u 
 
 II II 
 
 It II 
 
 market 
 
 II 
 
 CANAL 
 RIAGl 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 49.50 
 
 49.45 
 
 49.40 
 
 CAR- RAILWAY 
 
 3. CARRIAGE. 
 
 Corn. Wheat. Corn. 
 24.75 49.50 24.75 
 24.70 49.35 24.60 
 24.85 49.20 24.45 
 24.60 49.05 24.30 
 24.55 48.90 24.15 
 24.50 48.75 24.00 
 24.45 48.60 23.85 
 24.40 48.45 23.70 
 24.35 48.30 23.55 
 24.30 48.15 23.40 
 24.25 48.00 23.25 
 24.20 47.85 23.10 
 24.15 47.70 22.95 
 24.10 47.55 22.80 
 24.05 47.40 22.65 
 24.00 47.25 22.50 
 23.95 47.10 22.35 
 23.90 46.95 22.20 
 23.20 44.70 19.95 
 23.15 44.55 19.80 
 23.10 44.40 19.65 
 23.05 44.25 19.50 
 19.75 34.50 9.75 
 16.50 24.75 
 14.85 19.80 
 8.25 
 
 COMMOl 
 CARR 
 
 Wheat. 
 49.50 
 48.00 
 46.50 
 45.00 
 43.50 
 42.00 
 40.50 
 39.00 
 37.50 
 36.00 
 34.50 
 33.00 
 31.50 
 30.00 
 28.50 
 27.00 
 25,50 
 24.00 
 1.50 
 
 f ROAD 
 lAGE. 
 
 Corn. 
 24.75 
 23.25 
 21.75 
 
 " 30 
 
 II 
 
 49.35 
 
 20.25 
 
 " 40 
 
 " 50 
 
 60 
 
 " 70 
 
 II 
 11 
 II 
 11 
 
 49.30 
 
 49.25 
 
 49.20 
 
 49 15 
 
 18.75 
 17.25 
 15.75 
 14 25 
 
 " 80 
 
 II 
 
 49 10 
 
 14.75 
 
 " 90 
 
 ii 
 
 48 05 
 
 11.25 
 
 " 100 
 
 II 
 
 48 00 
 
 9.75 
 
 " 110 
 
 11 
 
 47 95 
 
 8 25 
 
 " 120 
 
 11 
 
 47 90 
 
 6 75 
 
 " 130 
 " 140 
 " 150 
 " 160 
 " 170 
 
 11 
 II 
 11 
 11 
 II 
 
 47.85 
 
 47.80 
 
 47.75 
 
 47.70 
 
 47 65 
 
 5.25 
 3.75 
 2.25 
 
 .75 
 
 " 320 
 
 11 
 
 46.90 
 
 
 " 330 
 
 II 
 
 46.85 
 
 
 " 340 
 
 11 
 
 46.80 
 
 
 " 350 
 
 11 
 
 46 75 
 
 
 "1,000 
 "1,650 
 
 11 
 
 44.50 
 
 
 II 
 
 41.25 
 
 
 "1,980 
 
 II 
 
 39 60 
 
 
 " 3,300 
 
 II 
 
 33.00 
 
 
 " 4,950 
 " 5,940 
 
 II 
 
 i; 
 
 24.75 
 
 19 80 
 
 
 " 9,900 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 TABLE SHOWING WHY THE ALABAMA RIVERS SHOULD BE OPENED. 
 
 Power and capacity required to move 240,000 bushels of wheat and 24,000 barrels 
 of flour 1,100 miles by river. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 One tow-boat $30,000 
 
 Eight barges 64,000 
 
 Men needed — 20 at $2 per day. for say 5 days 200 
 
 Total $94,200 
 
 15 
 
[ XLVI ] 
 
 Power and capacity required to move 240,000 bushels of wheat and 24,000 barrels oj 
 fiour 1,100 miles by railroad. 
 
 4U7 locomotives at $20,000 $8,140,000 
 
 925 freight cars at $1,200 1,110,000 
 
 814 engineers and firemen at$2 per day, 5 days 8,640 
 
 740 brakesmen at $1 per day for one day 740 
 
 Total $9,256,380 
 
 TABLE SHOWING SUPERIOKITY OF THE ALABAMA WATER-LINE. 
 
 The following tables show the comparative cost of transportation by the leading 
 routes from the West and Northwest to the Atlantic ports. 
 
 The inland distances are taken from Williams' and Appleton's Traveler's Guide 
 Books, and the ocean distances from the Coast Survey office at Washington : 
 
 From Dubuque to New York, via Tennessee River and Coosa Canal to Mobile. 
 
 Dubuque to Mobile, 1,665 miles @ 3 mills 4 99 
 
 Mobile to New York, 1,650 " "1^ " 2 47 
 
 3,315 ' 7 46 
 
 From Dubuque, Iowa, to New York, by Railroad. 
 Dubuque to Chicago, by Galena and Chicago Railroad, 188 miles 
 
 Chicago to Dunkirk, by Lake Shore Railroad 497 " 
 
 Dunkirk to New York, by Erie Railroad 460 " 
 
 Dubuque to New York 1145 " @15.0mills $17 17 
 
 Difference in favor of the Alabama route, $9 71 per ton. 
 
 Dubuque to New York, via Toledo and the Lake and Erie Canal. 
 
 Dubuque to Toledo, by railroad 432 miles @ 15.0 mills M 10 $6 58 
 
 Toledo to Buffalo, by lake 252 " " 3 " |x! 10 86 
 
 Buffalo to New York, as by No. 3 501 " " 1 78 
 
 1185 $9 22 
 
 Difference in favor of Alabama line, $1 76 per ton. 
 
LOUISVILLE ADVERTISmiUNTS. 
 
 FLT-\rjk.TJTy'is 
 
 Fl*flR._ 
 
 ARE A GOOD AND HEALTHFUL TONIC. 
 
 O. 
 
 IVAllCI s 
 
 il Bi 
 
 Have no rival for making Cocktail and Flavoring drinks. 
 
 PREPARED AND SOLD BY 
 
 VICTOR RIV^TJD, 
 
 I - WHOLESALE DEALEK AND IMPORTER OF 
 
 WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS & TOBACCO, 
 
 430 & 438 WEST MAIN STREET. 
 
 ELIA.S LE^I, 
 
 MARKET & SEVENTH STS., LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 Spring Wagons and Buggies for sale. Horses and Buggies for hire. Prompt attention 
 given to receiving and shipping Stock. 
 
 MOBILE ADVERTI8E31ENT. 
 
 Commission Merchants and Real Estate 
 
 BROKERS 
 
 COHjVB-li ST. MICSAJEL A^i^D irATB^ ST:RBBTSt 
 
 MOBILE, ALABAMA. 
 
 Consignments Selicited. Sales Punctually Attended to. 
 
 PROCEEDS PROMPTLY REMITTED. -^a 
 
MOBILE ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 MOBILE 
 
 f iiiiiiiiiiiE mwmi 
 
 FOR EDUCATIOSAL PURPOSES, 
 
 J. i. Misis & m. 
 
 ROYAL STREET, - UNDER BATTLE HOUSE, 
 
 DRAWS ALL TflE FAVORITE LOTTERY SCHEMES NOW IN VOGUE IN TOE LUTED STATES. 
 
 The Popular Siqyplementary or Policy Lottery drawing 
 daily at 12 o'clock m. and 5 o'clock p. m., in public, superin- 
 tended by gentlemen of high integrity as sworn commissioners. 
 
 In this favorite scheme, purchasers can select their own 
 numbers, from 1 to 78, and the prizes are decided by the drawn 
 numbers of that class, regardless of the order in which they come ; 
 for instance, in a 78-12 ballot, or twelve numbers drawn out of 
 78, and if the purchaser's three numbers are drawn out, for which, 
 say he paid $10, he would receive $1,750 prize ; or his four 
 numbers were drawn, for which he paid $3, he would receive 
 $1,800, etc. 
 
 In the combination scheme " of printed tickets," which draws 
 daily at 5 o'clock p. m., the holder of the ticket with the first three 
 drawn numbers of that class, will be entitled to the capital prize 
 ol" from $5,000 to $7,000, according to the drawn ballots of that 
 day; tickets costing $1. 
 
 Orders promptly executed by mail. 
 
 J. O. ]^XOJ5$E2S Ac OO, 
 
 1\ O. LOCK BOX, 1246. ]V^.A.3Sr-A.<3Er{,S. 
 
 Q. p. 0.. May. 'OS.