HlSTORy-OF Georgia C.H.5MITH ./"•H •^' ^vrf. !.'*'< /v ^ ) GiNN St Com Rh ^^ SIR JAMES OGLETHORPE. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF GEORGIA GEORGIA AS A COLONY AND A STATE 1733-1893 CHARLES H. SMITH (UILL art) BOSTOxN, U.S.A. GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1893 j^^7;y Copyright, 1893, By CHARLES H. SMITH. Al.r. RIGHTS RESERVED. PREFACE In comparison with most of the states which composed the original thirteen, Georgia has not a great deal of history, being the youngest tree that was planted by more than half a century. But that history is very interesting and should be made familiar to the young people, whether they be children of the state by nativity or adoption. This little book is not intended to embrace all of that history in its many details, but is merely an abridgment compiled from larger and more comprehensive works. It begins with Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony, and comes down through many changes, many disasters and successes to the present hopeful and prosperous condition. - To this compilation have been added a few chapters con- cerning slavery, its origin, continuance and abolition. Also concerning the causes that provoked the late unhappy war and the results that followed in its wake. These historic readings contain the facts of the case — facts that have been established but have not heretofore been published in any book of history. The author regards these readings as especially important to the young people whose fathers and grandfathers fought in that war — fought for something they believed to be right. The Appendix will be found valuable to teachers and pupils and to every family for ready reference, and will save much IV PREFACE. time in investigating important statistics relating to the state. The author makes no apology for faults of omission or commission but commends this unpretending volume to the good will and charity of all Georgians. CHAS. H. SMITH. CONTENTS. THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Chapter. Page. I. Oglethorpe i II. Original Grant and its Changes 4 III. Oglethorpe's Charter 5 IV. Earliest Settlements 7 V. Progress of the Colony ii VI. Spanish Invasion 15 VII. Administration of Stephens 18 VIII. Trustees Surrender the Charter 20 IX. Administration of Reynolds 22 X. Administration of Ellis 25 XI. Administration of Wright 29 XII. Georgia in the Revolutionary War 32 XIII. Revolutionary War 36 XIV. Revolutionary War — continued 40 XV. Yazoo Fraud 45 XVI. Great Seal of State adopted 48 XVII. War of 1812 52 XVIII. Administrations of Clark, Troup, and Gilmer 54 XIX. Administrations of Lumpkin, Schley, and Gilmer. ... 58 XX. Mexican War 62 XXI. Administrations of Cobb and Johnson 68 XXII. Administration of Brown 72 XXIII. War between the States 78 XXIV. War between the States — continued 83 XXV. War between the States — continued 87 VI CONTENTS. Chapter. Pac-.h;. XXVI. Close ok the War hp:t\veen the States 89 XXVII. Reconstruction 92 XXVIII. Administration of Jenkins 94 XXIX. Administration of Bullock .98 XXX. Administration of Smith 104 XXXI. Administration of Colquitt 107 XXXII. Administration of McDaniel iii HISTORICAL READINGS. XXXIII. The African Slave Trade — its Origin and Growth 1 17 XXXIV. The Condition of the Negro as a Slave 125 XXXV. Why Georgia withdrew from the Union 129 XXXVI. The Common People and the Aristocracy 136 XXXVII. The Common People and the Aristocracy — CONTINUED 13S XXXVIII. The Literature of Georgia 142 XXXIX. Condition of the State 147 Appendix 155 LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. I. Sir James Oglethorpe Frontispiece. II. Robert Toombs Page 64 III. Joseph E. Brown " 74 IV. Alexander H. Stephens =' 81 V. Charles J. Jenkins , 93 VI. John B. Gordon . , . , '' 99 VII. The New Capitou " 109 VIII. William J. Northen " 113 IX. Charles F. Crisp . " 131 X. Hoke Smith " 143 LIST OF MAPS. Georgia at the Present Time Inside first cover Georgia : The Original Grant . . . . , 4 Georgia in 1763 .^ 6 Georgia since 1820 . . 8 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. CHAPTER I. OGLETHORPE. 1. The history of a state is chiefly a biography of its notable people. The colonial history of Georgia is in great part the work of General James Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony. An outline of his illustrious life is worthy of the first place in this book, and this chapter will be devoted to him. 2. He was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and was born near London, England, in 1688, and died at Cranham Hall in 1785. He lived through the reigns of George I., H. and HI., kings of •England, and such was the purity, philan- thropy and nobility of his character that he excited the envy of none, but gained the admiration of all. His patriotism was above any personal ambition, above party, faction and intrigue, and his life-work was the love of his country and her unfortunate people. Such was his extraordinary ability as a soldier and a statesman that he easily attained the highest place. In 1714 he was a captain in the Queen's Guards. In 1722 he was elected to a seat in Parliament and remained a member for thirty years. In 1740 he was the colonel of a regiment. In 1745 he was appointed a major-general, in 1747 a lieutenant- general, and in 1760, when he was seventy-two years old, he was made general of all His Majesty's forces. Such was his vigor in old age, and so erect was he and so commanding in appearance, that in his eighty-seventh year he was urged to take 2 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. command of the English forces in the War of the Revolution. He declined, because the king refused to give him full authority to do justice to the colonies and make peace with them. 3. Sir William Howe was placed in command. When peace was made and Mr. Adams was sent to England as the repre- sentative of the United States, Oglethorpe was the first to receive and congratulate him. In 1784, when eighty years of age, Hannah More wrote of him : " I have got a new admirer. It is General Oglethorpe, the most remarkable man of his time. He is much above ninety, and the finest figure you ever saw. His literature is great, his knowledge of the world extensive and his faculties as bright as ever. He is quite a chevalier — heroic, romantic and full of old gallantry." Thomson, Pope and Dr. Johnson paid tribute to Oglethorpe's noble character and his public services. 4. In 1728, while a member of Parliament, he v/as, at his own request, made chairman of the committee for inquiring into the state of the jails and their inmates. He visited the dark and pestilential dungeons of the prisons, which at that time disgraced the government. The law of imprisonment for debt was then in force, and hundreds of unfortunate debtors were found there languishing in a life of helpless misery. Some were confined for political reasons, some from motives of revenge, and many as a means of forcing their friends or rela- tives to pay the debt. Oglethorpe was untiring in his efforts to better their condition, to rescue them from despair and to inspire them with hope. He succeeded most happily, not only with those confined for debt, but with many who were charged with crimes of which they were not guilty. 5. His great work of prison reform was so effectual that it made him beloved and admired all over England. Forty years afterward, when prison discipline had again lapsed into brutality, his example inspired John Howard, High Sheriff of Bedford, who had charge of the very jail in which John Bunyan was OGLETHORPE. 3 imprisoned for twelve years, and where he wrote his " Pilgrim's Progress." After reforming the jails of England, Howard spent ten years of his life in travelling over Europe and visiting its prisons, and his presence was hailed with joy and thank- fulness by thousands whom he released and restored to their families, or whose condition he otherwise ameliorated. Burke compared him to Oglethorpe and said : " He has dived into the depths of dungeons, plunged into the infections of hospitals, surveyed the mansions of sorrow, pain and misery. He has remembered those who were forgotten, visited the forsaken and relieved the distresses of men in all countries." 6. It would have been a grateful tribute from our people if the colony that Oglethorpe planted had been named for him instead of for King George. That was not permitted, but we have named a county and a town for him and erected a beautiful monument to his memory. Other colonies had long before been planted for profit, power and speculation, but Oglethorpe planted ours from motives of benevolence. The motto on his colonial seal was, " Not for ourselves, but for others," and the device was a silk-worm spinning its cocoon. 7. Oglethorpe's philanthropy was not confined to the debtors in the prisons, but extended to all unfortunate and oppressed people. And so when he obtained the charter from King George for the settlement of Georgia, the grant included all poor subjects who, through misfortune, were not able to maintain their families. Another purpose of the grant was the occupation of that disputed territory between South Carolina and Florida, for the protection of the Carolina colonies from the frequent raids of the Indians and Spaniards on the South. Questions. — i. Who was the founder of the colony of Georgia.? 2. When was he born? He lived during the reigns of what kings.? What is said of his patriotism ? Tell of his ability and progress as a soldier. What was he offered in his 87th year.? Why did he refuse.? 3. What did Hannah More write of him .? Who else paid tribute to him .? 4. Of 4 THE mSTOHV OF (iEOKGlA. what committee was he made chairman ? Tell of his efforts to help the poor. 5. What was the effect of his example in after years ? 6. What have Georgians done in his honor ? In what respect was the founding of Georgia different from other colonies? What motto was chosen? 7. What did the charter for Georgia include? What was another purpose of the grant ? CHAPTER II. ORIGINAL GRANT AND ITS CHANGES. 1. On the 9th of June, 1732, George II., King of England, granted to Oglethorpe and his associates, a large portion of country lying between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and extending due west from their head-waters by two parallel lines to the south seas, which meant to the Pacific Ocean. It was customary in that day for monarchs to claim all the land their seamen discovered, and as much more as was partly occupied by nations too weak to defend their title, hence this grant of the king extended much further westward than the territory he had any right to or dominion over. The lines were never run, however, beyond the Mississippi River, and so the territory covered by the first grant was in the peculiar shape that is shown by Map No. i. 2. At that time the King of Spain claimed all the land lying south of the Altamaha, including all the territory now known as Florida, and all of Alabama and Mississippi except a narrow strip bordering on the gulf. After thirty years of contention, a treaty with Spain gave to England this territory, and King George III. then granted to his trustees for the Georgia colony all that Spain had ceded, except that portion known as East and West Florida; hence the Georgia domain was greatly enlarged, and by additional grants took the shape shown on Map No. 2. OGLETHORPE S CHARTER. 5 3. After the Revolutionary war of 1776, Georgia became an independent state, and one of the United States of America. In 1802 she ceded to the United States all that territory lying south of Tennessee and west of the Chattahoochee River, up to the great bend, making her reserved territory as appears by the boundaries shown in Map No. 3. 4. There were Indian reservations covering much of this territory, but their claims were not considered as permanent, and from time to time their title was extinguished by treaties which gave them considerable money and more land beyond the Mississippi River. They were not cheated but were rather forced to make the trade. Questions. — i. When and bywhomwas the grant made to Oglethorpe .? Where was the land ? 2. Who claimed all the land south of the Altamaha? How did England obtain this land.? To what colony did King George grant it ? 3. When did Georgia become an independent state ^ What did Georgia do in 1S02 ? 4. What is said of the Indian claims ? CHAPTER III. Oglethorpe's charter. 1. The grant was made and stamped with the seal of England, June 9, 1732. It included all that portion of our present state that lies between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. This land previous to 1733 was a wilderness, and was claimed by Spain as well as England. It was divided into eight equal parts and named Georgia, for King George II. of England. The charter did not donate these lands in fee simple, but only for twenty-one years, " In trust for the poor," to a corporation of trustees for settling the colony of Georgia. 2. Each family was limited by the charter to 500 acres. Ten years after the land was granted, a yearly rent of four shillings on each one hundred acres was to be charged. The 6 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. colonists were to be subjects of Great Britain, and absolute freedom of worship was granted to all except papists. The governor of the colony was to be appointed with the approval of the king, and subject to his orders. 3. The trustees met in London on July 7, 1732, to make laws. Each male inhabitant was regarded both as a planter and as a soldier. He was to be provided with arms for defence, and with tools for the cultivation of the soil. In order to insure industry, the settlers were to be required to clear and cultivate within a given time, ten acres, and to plant one hundred white mulberry trees. 4. Knowing the silk industry to be easy work and the keeping of negroes expensive, the trustees agreed to prohibit slavery. So Georgia was the first American colony to declare against this trafitic. Many charitable people gave liberally to the emigrant fund, and Parliament made a donation to Georgia. 5. The first emigrants were chosen with great care. Only those who were unfortunate and deserved aid were allowed to join the colonists. A rigid examination of each person's claim to charity was made, and preference was given to those who came well recommended by clergymen. There were no lawless and abandoned, wretches. Georgia permitted no one to enter her borders, who was not adjudged by competent authority worthy of the rights of citizenship. 6. On November 12, 1732, the good ship Anne, commanded by Captain Thomas, left Gravesend for Charleston. There were one hundred and twenty emigrants aboard under the direction of General Oglethorpe. The Reverend Dr. Henry Hubert, of the Church of England, went as chaplain, and Mr. Amatis was engaged to instruct in the silk worm culture. Among the emigrants there were carpenters, bricklayers, farmers and mechanics. Aboard the vessel were arms, agri- cultural implements, tools and stores for the use and support of the colonists. The voyage proved pleasant, and after two months they dropped anchor in Charleston Harbor, January 2, 1733. EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 7 7. South Carolina had been settled sixty years before. There had been many wars with the Spaniards and Indians, but the colonists were generally triumphant. Charleston, a prosperous town, was the capital. In 1681, ten years after Carolina was settled, the colony of Pennsylvania was settled. Fifty years afterwards came the emigrants to settle Georgia, the last of the thirteen original states, and this settlement was made just 126 years after Jamestown, the first English settlement in America, was founded in Virginia. What John Smith was to Virginia, Raleigh to the Carolinas and William Penn to Pennsylvania, Oglethorpe was to Georgia. Questions. — i. When was the grant made.? What did it include? What was the land previous to 1733? By whom claimed? How was it divided ? For whom named ? How did the charter donate this land, and for how long? To whom were they granted? 2. What jvas the limit of land? The colonies were to be subjects of what country? What of their freedom of worship ? What is said concerning the governor of the colony? When did they meet ? For what purpose ? How were the men to be regarded ? What was done to insure industry ? 4. Why did the trustees prohibit slavery ? What help did Georgia have? 6. How were the first emigrants chosen? Who were allowed to join the colonists? How were the claims of the colonists settled ? Who did Georgia permit within her borders? 7. When did the first ship sail for the colony? By whom commanded ? Who was aboard ? Who was engaged to instruct in silk culture? What was brought over for use of the colonists? When and where did they land? 8. How long had Carolina been settled? When was Pennsylvania settled? How long after did the colonists come to Georgia ? CHAPTER IV. EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 1. On the evening of their arrival Oglethorpe, accompanied by an escort, went to call upon the Governor of South Carolina. He was warmly welcomed and every assistance given him. Leaving the colonists at Beaufort, Carolina, Oglethorpe and 8 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Colonel William Bull set out to find a suitable place for the new town. They soon reached the Savannah River, and ascended it as far as Yamacraw Bluff. This bluff rising forty feet above the river seemed the very spot for a town. Near by was a small Indian village and a Carolina trading post. The village was the headquarters of the Yamacraw, a small Indian tribe with Tomochichi for the chief. 2. The trading post had been established by Mary Musgrove, a woman of remarkable history, who had much to do with the early settlers of Georgia. She was born in Coweta, the chief town of the Creek Indians. When seven years of age her father took her to Pompom in South Carolina. Here she was educated and instructed in Christianity and married John Musgrove. In 1732 they established the trading post. 3. When Oglethorpe arrived at Yamacraw he found the Indians very hostile. They considered the settling of white people southward of the Savannah River a violation of their treaty with South Carolina. Oglethorpe was anxious to make peace before bringing the colonists to their new home. He visited the Indian chief, accompanied by Mary Musgrove who spoke both English and Creek. By her influence Tomochichi soon became convinced that the new settlement would benefit the Creeks. A treaty was made for a large tract of land, and the Indians assured Oglethorpe of their good will. 4. After making these arrangements Oglethorpe returned to Beaufort, and on the 30th of January set sail with the emigrants for their new home. On reaching Yamacraw they erected four large tents, and in these they slept their first night on the soil of Georgia. The next morning they at once set to work on the new town, and soon the outlines of Savannah were made. 5. Oglethorpe would have no house made for himself, but dwelt in a tent the first year he spent in the colony. Soon after the founding of the new settlement was made, he won the friendship of all the neighboring tribes of Indians, conciliating EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS. 9 them by presents and by his kindly disposition. His acquaint- ance with Tomochichi soon became a close friendship. 6. In May, 1733, the ship fames brought out more emigrants. This was the first vessel from England to sail up the Savannah River. Captain Yoakley received the prize offered by the trustees for the first ship load of emigrants. 7. Oglethorpe next built a fort on the Great Ogeechee River, and named it Fort Argyle in honor of the Duke of Argyle. Five miles south of Savannah the village of High-gate was laid out and twelve French families sent there from the colony. Near by Hamstead was laid out and peopled with Germans. A small fort was placed on St. Augustine Creek and called Thunderbolt. On the Skidway Islands ten families were placed, and a fort built for their protection. Josephstown on the Savannah River was peopled by Scotch. All these settlements were short lived, however. The swamp fever caused many deaths and the towns were soon deserted. As more emigrants came out, more plantations were formed and business went on in perfect order. A light-house was commenced on the northern end of Great Tybee Island. 8. On the 23d of January, Oglethorpe, with sixteen attendants, sailed southward to find out what defence they could make against the Spaniards. He reached St. Simons Island on the 27th, and on the next day he found another island which he named in honor of his friend Sir Joseph Jekyl. He decided that a strong fort should be placed on St. Simons, a military station and settlement be made at the mouth of the Altamaha River, and also selected a sight for Frederica and New Inverness. 9. In March, 1734, the ship Piirisburg brought over the Lutheran Salzburgers, a persecuted band of Germans. They were warmly welcomed, and Oglethorpe chose for them a home in a pine forest. They called their town Ebenezer. Their piety was deep and fervent and worthy of much admiration. lO THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Early in 1735 the settlement was strengthened by fifty-seven more Salzburgers. 10. In May, 1734, Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, his wife and adopted son and five Cherokee chiefs made a visit to England. The Indian chiefs took presents to the king and queen, renewed their treaty with the trustees, and after four months' stay returned home much impressed with civilization. Ogle- thorpe remained in England for the purpose of sending more emigrants out. In 1735 he sent over a colony of Swiss and Moravians. They settled on the Ogeechee River. In October the same year, a regiment of Scotch Highlanders sailed from Inverness. Arriving at the Altamaha River in January, 1736, they settled at New Inverness, in the district called Darien. Questions. — i. What did Oglethorpe do upon his arrival? What was his next move ? Who went with him ? Tell of their journey. What did they find ? Who was the Indian chief? 2. Whose trading post ? Tell something of Mary Musgrove. Where was the post established ? 3. How did Oglethorpe find the Indians ? Who helped him make friendly settle- ments ? 4. When did Oglethorpe return to Beaufort and when did the emigrants sail for their new home ? What did they do upon their arrival ? What town did they lay out next morning ? 5. Where did Oglethorpe dwell ? What of his success with the Indians ? 6. When did more emigrants come over? 7. Where was a fort built and for whom named? What village was begun and with whom peopled ? What other settlements were made ? Where were the Scotch placed ? How did these settlements prosper? 8. Where did Oglethorpe now sail ? What islands did he find? For what towns did he select sites ? 9. When did the Purislmrg come over ? What emigrants came ? Where were they settled ? When was the settlement at Ebenezer strengthened? 10. Where did Oglethorpe now sail and who accompanied him ? What did the Indians take with them and what were their impressions ? For what purpose did Oglethorpe remain? Who did he send over in 1735? Where did they settle? PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. II CHAPTER V. PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. I. In October, 1735, Oglethorpe, accompanied by John and Charles Wesley brought out 225 emigrants. Among them were many English people, more German Lutherans and Moravians. The Germans were sent to Ebenezer, the JMoravians to the settlement on the Ogeechee. The Reverend John Wesley had been appointed missionary to Georgia. He was a religious enthusiast and a reformer, and became the head of a society that had been formed by his brother Charles, for good works among the poor. On arriving at Savannah he began his labors, and sacrificed all personal considerations for the spiritual and temporal good of the settlers and the Indians. He read the liturgy daily, preached and exhorted — forded rivers, slept on the ground, fasted, and went bare- footed among those who had no shoes. His missionary work was not, however, well received by the colonists, and he returned to Eng- land in 1738 and formed the first Methodist society. His aggressive methods and independence were distasteful to the established church and the doors were closed against him. He then joined George Whitefield in open-air preaching, and built the first Methodist chapel at Bristol, and formed many societies under the name of Methodists. His brother Charles came with him to Georgia, as secretary to General Oglethorpe, but they did not long remain together. He returned to England in 1836. These two brothers were very gifted and earnest men, and have left their impress upon the religious world as the founders of Reverend George Whitefield. 12 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Armenian Methodism. The hymns of Charles Wesley are sung everywhere in Christian churches, and will no doubt remain as the best standards of sacred songs. Reverend George Whitefield who succeeded John Wesley was a pulpit orator of extraordinary power. He labored diligently in mission work and in founding an orphanage in Savannah. Between 1738 and 1751 he crossed the ocean six times, in furtherance of his work. He preached 18,000 sermons, and his voice was so clear and musical that it could be distinctly heard by an audience of 25,000 people. His elocution and his gestures formed the model of orators and actors in his day. His separation from the Wesleys was because they differed in faith and creed. They were Armenians while he was a Calvinist. 2. In November, 1735, a town was laid out far up on the Savannah River and named by Oglethorpe, Augusta for one of the royal princesses. O'Bryan was the first settler. A large Indian trade between this town and Charleston at once began. In 1736 Augusta was garrisoned, ware-houses were built, boats navigated the Savannah River, and at an early date not less than 600 persons were here engaged in commerce. A road was opened to Savannah, and Augusta became the most important trading post in the Southern States. February 18, 1736, Oglethorpe went to St. Simons to establish a settlement and fort. Work was at once begun on the town which was named Frederica, in honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales. A strong fort was built for its defense. Near this town was the only home Oglethorpe ever owned in Georgia. 3. Leaving Frederica in the hands of the builders, Ogle- thorpe, accompanied by friends, Tomochichi and other Indian chiefs, proceeded to reconnoiter the Southern Frontier. They went in scout-boats to Jekyl and placed a fort on its southern extremity. The island south of this was, at the urgent request of one of the Indian chiefs, named Cumberland in honor of the PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 1 3 Duke of Cumberland, who had presented the chief with a watch while in London. Here Oglethorpe marked out Fort Andrew, and left Colonel Mackay and his men to built it. Two more islands were visited and named Amelia and Talbot. 4. The colonists were in a state of constant alarm. Attacks from the Spaniards in Florida were daily expected. Oglethorpe established another fort on the southern end of St. Simons. This commanded the entrance to Jekyl Sound. Upon San Juan Island near the mouth of the St. John's River, Oglethorpe discovered the ruins of an old fort. He sent Captain Herms- dorf and a detachment of Highlanders to repair and occupy it. This island was included in the grant of Georgia, so they renamed it George and the fort St. George. Scout boats were constantly sent out as far as the mouth of St. John's River, and Indian runners watched the walls of St. Augustine to notify Oglethorpe of every movement of the enemy. The chiefs of the Cheehaws and Creeks offered aid. A large body of volunteers were promised from Carolina. 5. To conciliate the Spaniards, Charles Dempsey was sent to St. Augustine- to arrange a meeting between the governors of Florida and Georgia, with a view of settling the boundary line between the two provinces. The Spanish officials in great splendor visited Oglethorpe at Frederica, and made many protestations of friendship. Shortly after this they demanded that the English evacuate all territory lying south of St. Helena Sound. Feeling that a stronger force was necessary for the protection of the colony, Oglethorpe sailed for England on the 29th of November, 1736, to consult with the trustees. 6. The trustees petitioned the crown for forces to protect the Georgia colony. The petition was granted, and Oglethorpe made colonel of the regiment and commander-in-chief of all his majesty's forces in Carolina and Georgia. So threatening was the attitude of the Spaniards, that a detachment of troops was ordered at once to Georgia. Reverend George Whitefield, 14 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. who had been appointed missionary in place of John Wesley, was a passenger on board the same vessel. Oglethorpe returned to Georgia in time to mourn with all the colonists the death of the great warrior Tomochichi. 7. Spain now threatened to exterminate the colony and war was declared by England November 5, 1739. This war and subsequent contentions came from disputes over boundary lines and what was called the right of discovery. A party of Spaniards attacked the fort on Amelia Island. Oglethorpe with a thousand Indians, a troop of horse and a Highland regiment drove them back into St. Augustine and burned their boats. The whole of St. John's River was soon in his possession. Garrisoning all the captured forts, he returned to Frederica. There he was reinforced by troops from Carolina and prepared for an attack upon St. Augustine. 8. Finding that boats could not approach the city, he advanced upon land and placing the city in siege, demanded a surrender from the Spanish governor. The mighty Don sent him for an answer, " I will be pleased to shake hands with you in my castle." At this defiant reply, Oglethorpe opened his battery and shelled the town. For twenty days this siege continued, when the Spaniards were reinforced from Havana. Oglethorpe was taken sick and the English returned to Frederica, having lost about fifty men. Questions. — i. When did Oglethorpe return.^ By whom accom- panied? Where were the emigrants sent? Tell something of John Wesley. What of Charles Wesley? Who succeeded John Wesley as missionary to Georgia ? Tell of his successful work. 2. When was Augusta laid out? Who was the first settler? What of the Indian trade and Augusta's growth ? What did Oglethorpe do February, 1736? What town was begun ? When was Oglethorpe's home ? 3. Where did Ogle- thorpe now go? Where was a fort placed and what three islands were visited and named ? 4. Why were the colonists alarmed ? Where did Oglethorpe establish other forts? What did he re-name San Juan? What precautions were taken against the enemy's approach ? 5. What was done to conciliate the Spaniards? Who visited Oglethorpe ? What SPANISH INVASION. I 5 did they demand ? Why did Oglethorpe go to England ? 6. What petition ' did the trustees grant ? What was Oglethorpe made ? Who came over with the troops? Who died? 7. What did Spain threaten? For what was war declared ? When was the first attack made ? How did Ogle- thorpe meet the Spaniards? What was his success? 8. How did he approach St. Augustine? Tell of the siege. CHAPTER VI. SPANISH INVASION. 1. Quiet was restored for a while. The colony showed thrift, but much dissatisfaction was felt among the colonists. The land and climate seemed not suited for the culture of silk, yet the trustees insisted upon that industry and did not wish cotton cultivated, though it was the successful crop. Many complaints were made of the magistrates, and Oglethorpe was accused of partiality. 2. The trustees resolved to change the government. Colonel William Stephens, who was acting as secretary to the trustees, was appointed President of Savannah County. He had four assistants. General Oglethorpe was governor-in-chief of the whole colony, but spent most of his time in Frederica County, and no other officer was thought necessary there. Bailiffs were appointed to act under him. Savannah County was the territory lying north of Darien. Frederica County lay between Darien and the Altamaha River. 3. The Spaniards now gathered all of their forces and prepared to completely subjugate Georgia. Their fleet con- sisted of fifty-six vessels and 7,500 men. Oglethorpe sent to Carolina for troops, prepared his regiments for war, and called upon his Indian allies for aid to meet the threatened invasion. June 21, 1742, nine Spanish vessels attempted to enter Amelia Sound, but were driven back by the guns on Fort l6 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Williams. They then came into Cumberland Sound, but Oglethorpe with six boats and a hundred men repulsed them. He then returned to Frederica for reinforcements. 4. On the 28th of June another Spanish fleet appeared on the bar. This fleet was under the command of Don Manuel De Monteano and presented a grand array, drawn up in battle line. July 5 after a short engagement, Oglethorpe was forced to abandon fort St. Simons, and ordered all of the troops to fall back to Frederica to defend that place. There were only 700 men in this command, but they were hourly expecting reinforcements from Carolina. 5. 4,300 of the enemy landed on St. Simons, and July 7 a party of them advanced to Frederica. When within two miles of the town Oglethorpe met them with Indians, Highlanders and rangers under his command. He completely routed the enemy and captured the commander of the party. Pushing on several miles, Oglethorpe stationed his men in ambush and returned himself to Frederica to hurry his marines to action. The men in ambush under the command of Sutherland and Mackay succeeded in surprising the approaching enemy, and killed some of their principal officers. Oglethorpe did not arrive until after the engagement, but he was so pleased that he promoted the two young men on the spot. 6. He determined to attack the Spaniards at night, though he had but few men. When he was within a short distance of the encampment one of his men deserted and went over to the enemy. Knowing that he would give information, Oglethorpe hastily devised a plan to thwart the treason. He wrote a letter to the man who had deserted and gave it to one of his Spanish prisoners to convey it into the Spanish lines and deliver it. The letter was written in French, seemingly from a friend of the deserter, saying he had received the money and should try to make the Spaniards believe that the English forces were few and weak, and that they expected no reinforcements. Of course this letter found its way to the Spanish headquarters. SPANISH INVASION. 1 7 Such was their fear of the English, that the Spaniards hastily embarked leaving much of their arms and ammunition. 7. This ended the contest. It lasted one month and the Spaniards did not gain a single victory. Georgia and Carolina were freed from their southern enemy, and the war only continued abroad between England and Spain. 8. Oglethorpe continued to strengthen the frontier and look after the improvement of the colony until his departure to England. He left Georgia the 17th of July, 1743. Treacherous accusations had been made against him by one Lieutenant-Colonel Cook. Arriving at London he demanded that the charges made against him should be investigated. A board of general officers made the investigation and declared the whole charge to be groundless, false and malicious. Lieutenant Cook was dismissed from the service. Oglethorpe never returned to Georgia, though he took the deepest interest in the colony and was recognized as governor until the trustees surrendered the charter in 1752. Ten of the best years of his life and most of his fortune at that time was spent in behalf of Georgia. Questions. — i. What was the condition of the colony.? What com- plaints were made ? 2. What did the trustees decide to do ? What change was made? What is said of Oglethorpe? What other officers were appointed? What two counties were made? 3. What did the Spaniards do ? Of what did their fleet consist ? What preparations for war did Oglethorpe make ? When and where was the first attack of the Span- iards ? What was the result ? 4. Tell of the next fleets. What was Oglethorpe forced to do ? How many men were in his command ? 5. How many Spaniards landed ? How were they met ? What was Oglethorpe's next move ? What is told of two young officers ? 6. What did Oglethorpe determine to do? Tell of the Deserter. 7. How long did this war last and who was successful ? 8. Tell of Oglethorpe's departure. What of Cook's accusations ? Did Oglethorpe return to Georgia ? 1 8 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. CHAPTER VII. ADMINISTRATION OF STEPHENS. 1. After the departure of Oglethorpe, Colonel William Stephens became governor of both counties. During the early part of Stephens' administration, Major William Horton was in command of the troops in Georgia. 2. The colony did not prosper. A number of petitions had been sent to the trustees to sanction the introduction of slaves. It was declared that the white servants were not able to stand the malaria and fevers in the swamps. Their employers abandoned all hope of gain. The silk, wine, indigo and lumber trade nearly ceased. Many industrious families moved into South Carolina where there were negroes. Reverend George Whitefield who had tried the slave labor on a farm in Carolina, became convinced that Georgia could not thrive without negroes. 3. James Habersham, president of the Council of Georgia, wrote a letter to the trustees advising them to change their policy, and Thomas Stephens, a son of the governor was sent over to England to obtain a repeal of the law prohibiting slavery, but failed in the attempt. The trustees to quiet the people allowed rum to be brought into the colony. This satisfied them for a short time only, when the petitions and complaints were renewed. After fifteen years of this trouble, the trustees decided to consider the question, and requested the governor to find out upon what conditions Georgia was willing to accept slaves. 4. A meeting of the representatives was called. Major lorton, one of the best men of the colony, was made chairman. he resolutions of this meeting were laid before the trustees, e trustees in turn petitioned his majesty and October 26, 9, negro slaves became lawful property in Georgia. A ADMINISTRATION OF STEPHENS. 1 9 penalty of ten pounds was to be paid by every master who allowed his negroes to work on Sunday, and a penalty of five pounds must be paid by the master if his slaves did not attend religious services at least once on that day. So Georgia after a struggle of fifteen years acquired the right that the other English colonies of America had long since had. The colony now began to prosper. The number of in- habitants increased rapidly. In 1750 Georgia had 1,500 people, and five ship-loads of produce were sent to England. In was in the year 1749 that the colony had great trouble with Thomas Bosomworth. He was a minister and had for several years been in charge of all religious affairs in Georgia. 6. In 1744 he married the widow Mary Musgrove. Up to this time Mary had been the friend of the colonists, and had rendered them many services in controlling the Indians for which she had been paid numerous sums of money. Under the influence of Bosomworth she now demanded for services rendered, absolute possession of Ossabaw, St. Catherine and Sapelo Islands, and a large tract of land near Savannah. 7. The Indians under her advice threatened a massacre of the whites. Mary took the title of independent Empress, and at the head of a large body of Indians set out for Savannah. Thomas Bosomworth in his canonical robes with the queen by his side and followed by many chiefs and warriors marched into the city July 20, 1749. All the men in Savannah were compelled to mount guard, and the women and children were greatly terrified at being left alone in their homes. 8. Bosomworth was at once arrested. Finding it utterly impossible to pacify the Indians while Mary was with them, she was finally locked up, and the Indians were persuaded to leave the town. Mary and her husband were kept in confinement for a month, when having begged for pardon they were set at liberty. 9. Bosomworth pressed his wife's claim in London. After years of negotiations a salary of one hundred pounds per year 20 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. back- pay was allowed her as interpreter, and full title was given her to St. Catherine's Island. She and Bosomworth fixed their habitation there, and their graves may still be seen side by side on this island. Questions. — i. Who was governor and who had command of the troops? 2. What was the condition of the colony? What did Whitefield believe was needed? 3. What did James Habersham do? Who was sent to England ? How did the trustees try to quiet the people ? After fifteen years of complaint what was done? 4. For what was a meeting called? What was the need of this meeting? When did slaves become lawful property in Georgia? On what conditions? What was the effect on the colony? What troubled the colonists now? 5. What is said of Bosomworth? 6. What was Mary's demand? 7. What influence did Mary have over the Indians ? WMiat did Mary and Thomas Bosomworth do ? 8. How were they treated ? 9. Did this end the trouble ? What was finally granted them ? CHAPTER VIII. TRUSTEES SURRENDER THE CHARTER. T. The trustees now declared a representative Assembly necessary. January 15, 175 1, this Assembly was held at Savannah. Francis Harris was made speaker. This Assembly had no power except through the trustees, so, feeling they were of little use, after a session of twenty-one days they dissolved. 2. Colonel William Stephens' good judgment and nobility of character justly fitted him for the control of the colony. Yet, conscious of his feebleness from old age, and being incapable of carrying on regularly the business of the colony, he resigned the presidency and retired on a pension. Henry Parker, the vice-president, was now made president, and James Habersham made secretary. In this same year, 1751, the restrictions on the land were removed and the lands were held in absolute title. This gave great satisfaction. The trustees now estab- TRUSTEES SURRENDER THE CHARTER. 21 lished a militia for Georgia. Captain Noble Jones was appointed to the command. 3. In 1752 a number of Puritans from Dorchester, S. C, received a grant for 31,950 acres of land called Midway, on the Ogeechee River. In 1630 their ancestors had sailed from England for the New England States. There they had suffered much, and South Carolina offered them a home. After fifty years in that state they moved to Georgia, into that region now called Liberty County. They settled and named Sunbury in St. John's parish. From these Puritans many of the noblest men in Georgia are descended. Two of the trustees, John Stephens and John Elliott, were members of the Midway congregation. The log church they built on Midway Neck was the first Congregational church in Georgia. 4. Emigration from South Carolina continued for years. Many rich people came over with their families and negroes. It was estimated that nearly one thousand negroes came into the state in one year. A few Quaker families now moved to Georgia and settled a few miles above Augusta. They hoped to be able to live on friendly terms with the neighboring tribes of. Indians, but soon after settling they were alarmed by hearing that the Indians were preparing for a raid upon them. The Quakers at once fled the state, leaving only their name to what is known to this day as Quaker Springs. 5. In 1753 the population of Georgia was 2381 whites and 1006 blacks. Twenty-one years had now passed and the trustees decided to surrender the charter of Georgia. They felt that the colony had grown beyond their management. A committee was appointed to arrange matters, and April 29, 1752, the trustees held their last meeting. Every claim was settled and Georgia passed under the direct control of Great Britain. 6. Too much cannot be said of the trustees of Georgia. For twenty-one years they labored for the improvement of the state with no expectation or desire for remuneration. They were seventy-two in number. Many of them men with title and 22 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. high rank, eminent divines, noted lawyers and members of Parliament. When they resigned their trust there were only six of the original number living. 7. President Parker was succeeded by Patrick Graham as president. Georgia now had a season of great unrest and trouble. The trustees had supported the colony with donations from England, and now that this support was withdrawn Georgia was left in a state of utter poverty, with no proper form of government, in constant peril from attacks of the Indians and utterly neglected by the royal government. After two years this state of affairs was finally recognized in England. Georgia was placed under special charge of the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, and they were ordered to draw up a plan of government for the colony. March 5, 1754, it was decided that Georgia have the same government as the other American colonies. Questions. — i. What was declared necessary? Where and when was this assembly held? What was the result? 2. What is said of Stephens? Who were president and secretary? What change was made in 1751 ? What did the trustees establish? In what year did the Puritans come over ? Tell something of this people. 4. What is said of the emi- gration from South Carolina? Tell of these Quakers. 5. What was Georgia's population in 1753? What was the decision of the trustees? When was their last meeting ? 6. What is said of these trustees ? 7. Who succeeded Parker? What was the condition of the colony? Did England realize the state of affairs ? What provision was made for Georgia? CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS. I. Captain Reynolds of the royal navy of England was made president. His title was Captain-General and Governor-in- Chief of His Majesty's Province of Georgia and Vice-Admiral ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS. 23 of the same. A Court of Record was established as the general court. The presiding judge was called Chief Justice of Georgia. The General Assembly was to continue in session during Reynolds' administration. 2. Governor Reynolds arrived in Georgia October 29, 1754, and at once took the oath of office. James Habersham was appointed secretary. The governor and the Upper and Commons House of the Assembly formed the government of Georgia. Patrick Graham was made president of the Upper House and David Douglas of Augusta was speaker of the Commons House. Courts of Record were created in 1755 and two judges, Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan, were appointed to office. This court was to hold quarterly terms at Savannah. Soon after a Court of Chancery was established. 3. Governor Reynolds addressed the first Legislature of Georgia at Savannah, January 7, 1755. He was well received and was promised a hearty support by both houses. The most important act passed by this Assembly was one for stamping credit bills to the amount of three thousand pounds, making this legal tender in the colony. 4. Governor Reynolds proceeded at once to look after the defence of the colony. Frederica he found almost in ruins, with no protection. Savannah and Augusta had old forts, few guns and raw recruits. There were few men in the colony capable of bearing arms and the Indians constantly threatened attacks. Hoping to conciliate the Indians, Governor Reynolds appointed a meeting with them at Augusta. While waiting for the Indians there he was summoned at once to Savannah on an important matter. Leaving a goodly supply of presents and his speech to be delivered by Mr. Little, he at once returned to Savannah. Mr. Little delivered the presents to three hundred chiefs and warriors, was well received, and the tribes renewed their pledges of friendship. 5. Governor Reynolds upon his return to Savannah found two ship-loads of French papists. Governor Lawrence of Nova 24 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Scotia had sent them to Georgia, feeling sure that they would be well received and cared for. Governor Reynolds was sorely perplexed, for the papist religion was prohibited in Georgia. Humanity, however, compelled him to receive them, for the weather was too severe to admit of their return to Nova Scotia. 6. These Acadians had a most unhappy lot. They were of French descent and mostly shepherds. Upon the cession of Acadie (Nova Scotia) to the British crown they found them- selves forced to swear allegiance to England or quit their homes. They chose the former, and, for a little while, were allowed to remain in peace. Finally, however, their cattle and flocks were declared to be forfeited to the crown and they were ordered from the provinces. 7. That they might have no hope of longer remaining, their houses and barns were burned, and they were forced to depart at the point of the bayonet. Their English masters crowded them into ships and scattered them along the coast from Massachusetts to Georgia. Georgia had four hundred of them and provided for them at the public expense. In a short time, though, nearly all of them disappeared, some of them to Carolina, some to France, while others returned to Nova Scotia. 8. Governor Reynolds now inspected the southern coast. As he did not consider Frederica or Savannah proper towns for the capital, he chose a small settlement on a high bluff on the Ogeechee River, fourteen miles from the mouth. He named this Hardwick, with a view to making it the capital. 9. The Assembly had a disagreement with Governor Reynolds. He applied to the colony the same rules he had used upon his man-of-war in the navy. This did not suit, and the people rebelled. Evidently the colony was not flourishing under him. Complaints that came from all parts of the colony were too urgent to pass unheeded. The Lords of Trade and Plantations communicated with His Majesty and received an order recalling Reynolds to answer the charges made against him. Henry Ellis was appointed lieutenant-governor of Georgia ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 2$ in Governor Reynolds' absence. Reynolds never returned to Georgia, but entered the navy again. Questions. — i. Who was made President.? What was established? 2. When did Reynolds arrive? Who was made secretary? What was the government? Who were appointed judges ? What other court was established ? 3. When and where was the first legislature of Georgia ? What act was passed? 4. In what condition did Governor Reynolds find the colony ? Why were the colonists in danger ? What did Governor Reynolds do ? How did the Indians receive these overtures ? 5. What did Governor Reynolds find on his return to Savannah ? Why did he hesitate to receive the people? 6. Who were these emigrants? Why did they leave their homes ? 7. How were they forced to leave Nova Scotia? 8. WMiat was Governor Reynolds' next work ? What settlement did he choose for a capital? 9. Why did the Assembly object to Governor Reynolds ? Why did the Lords of Trade and Plantations recall him? Who was appointed governor during his absence ? CHAPTER X. ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 1. Henry Ellis arrived at Savannah February 16, 1757, and was immediately installed in office. He profited by the mistakes of Reynolds and governed the colony with great care and suc- cess. During his administration there was perfect harmony in the General Assembly. 2. The most interesting act passed by the Legislature was one dividing the province into parishes and providing for the establishment of religious worship. The parishes were eight in number : Christ Church including Savannah, St. Matthew's parish including Abercorn and Ebenezer, St. George's parish including Halifax, St. Paul's parish including Augusta, St. Phillip's parish including Great Ogeechee, St. John's parish including Midway and Sunbury, St. Andrew's parish including Darien, and St. James' including Frederica. Bartholomew 26 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Zouberbuhler was declared rector of Christ's Church in Savannah. Commissioners were appointed to provide for the building of churches in other parishes, and a tax was levied on all estate, real or personal, for the support of these churches. 3. It was the intention of the government of Georgia to establish the Church of England, but this now seemed impos- sible, for there were Presbyterians, Lutherans, Congregation- alists, Methodists, Papists and a few Hebrews. 4. Mr. Ellis was so wise in his administration of public affairs, that May, 1758, his majesty announced him governor- in-chief of Georgia. The Spaniards from time to time gave him some trouble, and accused the English of causing the Indians to invade Florida. The governor showed this to be false and was determined to keep peace with the Spaniards. 5. On July 20 there came an important document from William Pitt, afterward Earl of Chatham, calling on Georgia for men and money to aid in the war against the French in Canada. The General Assembly, in answer, told of the extreme poverty of the province and the want of troops even to guard themselves. 6. Trouble now began to arise between the colonists and Indians. The Indians surrounded Fort Loudon, killed several excursion parties, and cut off all supplies from the fort. They then marched on to Keowee, a town near Augusta. A treaty of peace was made here and several Indian chiefs were left as hostages. Soon, however, the Indians returned to the war-path. Captain Cottyman of Fort Prince George and several men were surprised and murdered in cold blood. In return for this the soldiers of the fort fell mercilessly upon the Indians and killed a great number. This aroused the whole Cherokee nation, who vowed to avenge the death of their chiefs, and, rushing upon the towns, they scalped and murdered men, women and children, and burned their homes. To add to this horror, small-pox was raging everywhere. ADMINISTRATION OF ELLIS. 2/ 7. Captain Montgomery now came with aid from the north. With a portion of his command he attacked the httle town of Keowee and put to death every Indian in the village. Thence he went to Estatoe, and, finding that the inhabitants had fled, he burned the town. All the settlements in the lower Cherokee nation shared the -same fate. The Indians were completely overpowered and Captain Montgomery moved on to the relief of Fort Prince George. Finding the Indians indisposed to lay down their arms, Captain Montgomery determined to penetrate into their midst, and marched to within five miles of Etchoe. Here a number of savages in ambush surprised him and a bloody battle ensued. This engagement convinced Colonel Montgomery that, encumbered by his wounded, he could make no headway against the savages, and, in obedience to a recall, he prepared to embark for New York. 8. Feeling the great danger of the colonists, the governor persuaded Colonel Montgomery to leave four companies of the Royal Regiment with him for the protection of the frontier. These troops were left under the command of Major Frederick Hamilton. Fort Loudon was in a most miserable condition. It was chiefly invested by the enraged Cherokees and could get no assistance from any quarter. For a month the entire garrison had subsisted upon lean dogs and a small supply of beans furnished them by a friendly Cherokee woman. The soldiers were in despair and threatened to leave the fort, preferring to die by the hands of the Indians rather than perish from hunger. 9. Captain Stuart determined to surrender the fort to the Indians on condition that they gave them safe escort to Fort Prince George. August 7, 1760, they marched out. Travelling fifteen miles the first day, they camped out, but on the morning found that their guides had deserted them, and soon after the Indians in war-paint and feathers rushed upon them. Entirely unprotected, they were soon overpowered, many killed and the rest taken prisoners to Fort Loudon. Learning that his friend Captain Stuart was taken prisoner, AttakuUakulla, an Indian 28 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. chief, went to the fort, and, giving his clothes and rifle as a ransom, purchased Stuart from his captors. Taking him home with him he made him a member of his family. The other soldiers, after a miserable captivity, were ransomed at a great cost by South Carolina. 10. The Cherokees now determined to advance upon Fort Prince George. Captain Stuart, assisted by Attakullakulla, made his escape in order to notify Georgia and South Carolina of the threatened danger. The Indians, assisted by the French, were bent on massacre. Assistance was again called for by Georgia, and Colonel Grant with 2500 men was ordered to her relief. 11. He arrived at Fort Prince George May, 1761. Here he was met by Attakullakulla, who besought the English to wait until he could persuade the Cherokees to sue for peace. Colonel Grant refused this request and proceeded to march on. They met the first war party of Indians on the spot Montgomery had met them the year previous, and a bloody battle of six hours' length ensued. The Indians finally retreated. Colonel Grant marched on, destroyed fourteen Indian towns and drove the Indians into the distant mountains. Upon his return to Fort Prince George, Attakullakulla waited upon him and again asked for peace with the English. There- upon a treaty of peace was formally ratified. Thus ended this war with the Cherokees. 12. Governor Ellis now asked for a recall on account of bad health. He was a man much honored and revered for his good qualities, and the colonists were loth to part with him. Questions. — i. Where was Ellis installed? How did he govern the colony.? 2. What act was passed by legislature? What were these parishes? Who was made rector of Christ's Church? For what were commissioners appointed? How were the churches to be supported? 3. W^hat was the intention of the government ? 4. What success had Ellis ? What is said of the Spaniards ? 5. What important document is spoken of? 6. What trouble now arose? What did the Indians do; Where was a treaty of peace made ? Did the Indians keep this treaty ? What ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 29 did the troops do ? What effect had this upon the Cherokees ? What added to the horror? 7. What aid now came? What was Montgomery's success with the lower nation of Cherokees ? What happened at Etchoe ? 8. What did the government request ? Who had command of the troops ? Tell of Fort London. 9. What did Captain Stuart do ? What was the result? Tell of AUakullakulla. How were the soldiers warned? 10. What of the Cherokees ? What did Captain Stuart do ? What assistance did the Indians have? What did Georgia call for? 11. When did Grant arrive? Who met him? Where was the first battle? Who finally retreated? Tell of Grant's success. What treaties were made ? 12. What is said of Governor Ellis ? CHAPTER XI. ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 1. The third and last governor under the British crown was James Wright. He was born in South CaroHna, but received his education in England. October 11, 1760, he arrived in Georgia and found the colony in a much depressed condition. Wright worked hard for the good of the colonists, and much improvement was soon seen. 2. George H. died October, 1760. Funeral services were held in Georgia and all proper observances made. The day after King George III. was declared king with much pomp and ceremony. This is the only time a king was proclaimed on Georgia soil. 3. 1760 the population of Georgia amounted to 6000 white people. There were 3500 negro slaves ow^ned. The military force consisted of sixty men belonging to His Majesty's companies, two troops of rangers, each with five officers and seventy privates, and the militia comprising 1000 men. The colony had forty-two vessels of her own, and 3400 pounds of rice w^ere exported. The general trade increased each year, though there were yet no manufactories. The colonists planted 30 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. rice, indigo, corn, peas, wheat and rye. They made tar, pitch, turpentine, shingles and staves, and raised cattle. A wall was now built around the southern extremity of Savannah with two watch towers. The forts at Augusta and other towns were strengthened. 4. Governor Wright decided not to move the capital from Savannah to Hardwick. By royal proclamation on the 7th day of October, 1760, George III. annexed to the province of Georgia, all lands lying between the rivers of Altamaha and St. Mary. The governments of east and west Florida were also organized. The southern boundary of Georgia became the northern boundary of Florida. So Georgia ceased to be on the frontier and was relieved from the direct attacks of the Spanish. 5. Troubles with the Indians now called the attention of Governor Wright. He sent for the different tribes to meet him at Augusta. At the time appointed about 700 men from the Catawbas, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creeks met him at Augusta. After a short council treaties of peace were made. 6. The war with the French and Indians had cast Great Britain into debt. The British Ministry urged that the colonies caused the war, and must therefore pay part of the expense. So they resolved upon a tax upon all colonial exports and imports. The colonists were indignant and declared Great Britain had no power to impose this heavy tax. Notwithstanding these appeals, March, 1765, Parliament passed "The Stamp Act," requiring all papers, bonds, deeds, etc., to have stamps. Great indignation was felt throughout America. All the colonists sent resolutions against this act to England. Massachusetts called for a general congress to meet at New York on the ist Tuesday in October, 1765. 7. Georgia, through Governor Wright's influence, did not send a delegate to this congress, but a letter was forwarded declaring sympathy with the meeting. The General Assembly ADMINISTRATION OF WRIGHT. 3 1 of Georgia dismissed William Knox, colonial agent of Georgia in Great Britain, because he publicly sided with the king. Great excitement had risen. October 26, 1765, Governor Wright ordered a commemoration of His Majesty's accession to the throne. The people gathered in the streets and indignantly threatened the governor, .refusing to comply with his orders, or to acknowledge the paramount authority of the king. So began the revolt in Georgia. 8. December 5, 1765, the ship SpeedwclL containing Agnus, the stamp distributor, appeared in the Savannah River. Agnus was conveyed secretly to the governor's house to take the required oath of the governor, and though strongly guarded left at once fearing the people's indignation. 9. When his visit became known. Governor Wright received several threatening letters. James Habersham, President of the Council, was waylaid at night and beaten. Finally, several hundred men went to Governor Wright and told him unless the stamps were removed they would burn his house and the fort. The governor at once sent the papers back to the Speedwell^ which still remained in the harbor. That night a mob burned the governor in effigy. He ordered out the militia and the marines from the SpeediuelL This excitement increased until the Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament, Feb. 22, 1766. Quiet was at once restored, the colonists declaring themselves dutiful subjects so long as their rights were not interfered with. Governor Wright had been loyal to his sovereign and still had the respect of the people. The colony prospered under his control and in 1766 produced 20,000 pounds of cocoons. The population was 18,000. 10. Benjamin Franklin was made agent of Georgia in 1768. He was a man of great integrity and ability and was of much benefit to the colony. Questions. — i. Who was the last governor under the British crown? How did he find the colony.^ What is said of his efforts.' 2. What funeral services were held in Georgia ? When was a king proclaimed on 32 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. (Jeorgia soil? 3. What was the population of Georgia in 1760? How many slaves owned ? What was the military force ? What of Georgia's shipping? How much rice was exported? What were the industries of the colony? How was Savannah strengthened? Augusta? 4. Was the capital moved? What is said of a royal proclamation? What of the southern boundary of Georgia? 5. What called the attention of Governor Wright ? What did he do ? What tribes met him ? What was the result ? 6. What trouble now arose with Great Britain ? What effect did this tax have on the people ? What did Parliament do ? How was this act received? What was called at New York? 7. What did Georgia do? What action did the General Assembly make? What happened October 26, 1765? S. When and for what purpose did the Speedivcll come? For what did Angus come? 9. What was the effect of Angus' visit? What was done to James Habersham ? What did the people demand of Governor Wright? What did he do? Did this satisfy the people? When did the excitement cease? Was Wright successful in his manage- ment of the colony? What was Georgia's population in 1766? 10. What is said of Benjamin Franklin ? CHAPTER XII. GEORGIA IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1. In February, 1768, the speaker of the Assembly of Massachusetts sent a letter to the Assembly of Georgia pro- posing a general congress of the colonies. The house was not in session, but Alexander Wyley, the speaker, assured Massachusetts that Georgia would join in the congress. Governor Wright was much incensed at Wyley for this. The Assembly met November, 1768. Noble Jones was made speaker. 2. The citizens met at Savannah, September 16, 1769, and passed a resolution declaring that " any person or persons whatsoever importing any of the articles subject to duties after having it in their power to prevent it, ought not only to be treated with contempt, but deemed an enemy to the country." GEORGIA IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 33 In 1770 the Boston Massacre occurred. Georgia joined in the general indignation and determined to cease all commerce with England. 3. Governor Wright now applied to His Majesty for leave of absence. July 10, 1 771, he left Georgia to be absent a year and a half. James Habersham was made president of the Council. February, 1773, Governor Wright returned to Savannah and continued his successful administration. During his absence the Indians had made a large debt with the traders. For this debt Governor \\'right took a large tract of land, which is now divided into the counties of Wilkes, Taliaferro, Greene, Elbert, Oglethorpe and Lincoln. 4. Parliament now determined to subdue the colonies. March 31, 1774, Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill to stop all commerce with Boston. The charter of Massachusetts was taken away, a law was made by Parliament ordering all persons accused of certain offences to be brought to England for trial, and so the American colonies were driven to strike for liberty from oppression. 5. The Georgia Gazette^ July 20, 1774, published a notice calling all citizens who wished liberty to a meeting. This notice was signed by Archibald Bullock, Noble Jones, John Houston and John Walton. Governor Wright issued a procla- mation against this meeting. But in utter disregard of the governor, the meeting was held at Tondee's Tavern in Savannah, August 10, 1774, and a number of resolutions passed, as follows : that the Boston Port Bill was tyranny ; that the withdrawal of the charter of Massachusetts was subversive of American rights ; that Parliament had no right to tax American subjects ; that it was contrary to national justice to take criminals from America to England to be tried for crime committed in the colonies ; that Georgia concurs with her sister colonies in every constitutional measure to obtain redress of American grievances. A committee was appointed to solicit contributions for the Boston sufferers, 34 'J'lIE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. and within a short time 579 barrels of rice were shipped to Boston. 6.. Soon after this meetins; Governor Wrisrht called a meetinof of the Royalists. This party was strong and active, and those who now called themselves " the Liberty Boys " had hard work to get Georgia firmly placed among the Revolutionists. Governor Wright frankly admitted that it required more than his power to correct the evils and subdue the flame of inde- pendence burning in the colony. Though with the assistance of the Royalists he succeeded in preventing Georgia from sending a delegate to the first Continental Congress. To "the Sons of Liberty" the position of the province was most morti- fying. They were placed under a ban by their seeming indif- ference in not joining with the other colonies in the General Congress. 7. So a Provincial Congress was determined upon. This Congress met January 18, 1775. John Glenn was made chair- man. This meeting was almost a failure. Only four of the twelve parishes were represented, and these were not harmoni- ous. In despair the Congress adjourned having elected Noble Jones, Archibald Bullock and John Houston to represent Georgia in the General Congress at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. St. John's parish was indignant at the want of action and determined to act independently and in advance of the rest of the colony. 8. This parish possessed one-third of the wealth of Georgia, and the people were noted for their honesty and determination. On the twenty-first of March they held a meeting and declared their entire sympathy with all declarations made by the Gen- eral Congress, and elected Dr. Lyman Hall to represent them in the General Congress. This patriotic act of St. John's par- ish was afterwards acknowledged when all the parishes had joined in the revolution. By a special act of the Legislature, the name of Liberty County was given to the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew and St. James. GEORGIA IX THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 35 9. The delegates elected by the Provincial Congress de- cided not to attend General Congress, and wrote a letter stating their reasons why. They chose not to represent the province while it was so undecided and expressed their shame that the province had acted in so small a manner. At the next time of meeting of the General Assembly no members were present, and Governor \\'right prorogued the session until November 7, 1775. Before that day arrived, however, Georgia had passed into the hands of the Republicans. 10. Now came the news of the affairs at Lexington and Concord. General Gage had landed and 3000 British troops were in Boston. On the 19th of April, 1775, the battle of Lexington was fought. This called for the union of the colonies, and brought the Georgia parishes to action. The powder magazines at Savannah contained a considerable supply. This the people determined to get. May 11, 1775, a party of men led by Joseph Habersham broke open the mag- azine and took 600 barrels of powder. A portion of this was sent to South Carolina and the rest secreted until needed. The governor issued a reward for the offenders, but though well known they w^ere never captured. 11. Notwithstanding the unsettled state of affairs Governor Wright determined to celebrate the king's birthday. On the night before the day appointed for the celebration the citizens came together and rolled all the cannon to the bottom of the bluff. This was a pointed insult to his majesty. It w^as with great labor that some of the cannon were recovered by the Royalists in time to fire in the royal ceremonies, amid the jeers of the colonists. During these ceremonies the Liberty boys erected the first liberty pole in Georgia. This was in Savannah, June 5, 1775. On June twenty-first a meeting was held for the purpose of bringing about a union of Georgia with the other colonies for the cause of freedom. A Council of Safety was appointed, the Union flag was hoisted upon the Hberty pole and two cannon posted at its base. 36 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Questions. — i. What did the Assembly of Massachusetts do? Who answered ? When did Georgia's Assembly meet and who was speaker ? 2. When and where did the citizens meet ? What resolutions were passed ? What happened in 1770? What effect had this on Georgia? 3. How long was Governor Wright absent? Who was president during his absence? What trade did Wright make with the Indians upon his return to Georgia? 4. What did Parliament do? What effect did this have on the colony? 5. What notice did their prominent men sign? Did the governor approve? What effect did his disapproval have on the people? What resolutions were passed at the meeting and what committee appointed? 6. What other meeting was called? Tell something of the Royalists. What was Governor Wright's influence? What was the position of the "Liberty Boys"? 7. Tell of the Provincial Congress. What did Congress do before it adjourned? What parish determined to act? 8. What of this parish? How was this act rewarded? 9. What did the delegates do? What of the next Assembly? 10. What news now came? What did the people determine to get? What of Joseph Habersham? ir. What did Governor Wright determine to do? How did the citizens behave ? What was done by the " Liberty Boys " during the ceremonies? When was the pole erected? What meeting was held and what was appointed ? CHAPTER XIII. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1. This public feeling of the people alarmed Governor Wright, and he wrote to General Gage for relief for the colony, and stating that war vessels were needed, as the ports were blocked. His letter never reached its destination. As it passed through Charleston the Committee of Safety withdrew the letter and substituted another in the same envelope, stating that Georgia was quiet and the Royalists needed no help. So Georgia secured no assistance from the British. 2. May 19, 1775, the second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Peyton Randolph was president. Lyman Hall REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 37 was Georgia's first representative. George Washington was made commander-in-chief of all American forces. 3. The Provincial Congress which assembled at Savannah, July 4, 1775, was Georgia's first secession convention. Every parish sent representatives. Archibald Bullock was president and George Walton secretary. During this Congress, July 10, Captain Maitland's ship, direct from London, and known to be loaded with powder, arrived at Tybee. A schooner was commissioned by Congress and placed under the command of Captain Bowen and Joseph Habersham. Captain Maitland's ship was pursued and taken by Captain Bowen. Fourteen thousand pounds of powder were captured. Georgia kept 9000 pounds, and at the earnest request from the Continental Congress, sent 5000 pounds to Philadelphia. This Georgia schooner was the first vessel ammunitioned for warfare in the revolution, and this capture was the first made by order of any Congress in America. 4. November 4, 1775, the Council (which met every Monday) ordered a battalion raised for the defense of Georgia. Lachlan Mcintosh was appointed colonel. Samuel Habersham, lieu- tenant-colonel, and Joseph Habersham, major. 5. Governor Wright now requested royal permission to return to England, and confessed his inability to rule the " Liberty people " who had taken the government from him by force. He was cheered, however, by the arrival of two British men-of-war. They anchored at Tybee on January 12, 1776, in company with a transport from Boston and a detach- ment of royal troops under the command of Majors Maitland and Grant. The Council of Safety now determined to strike a determined blow, showing kingly rule to be at an end in Georgia, and ordered the arrest of Governor Wright. Major Habersham with a selected party undertook to secure the governor. He passed the sentinel at the door, advanced to the governor saying: "You are my prisoner." Astounded at this bold movement, the governor surrendered, while his friends 38 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. hastily left the building. He was placed under arrest and guarded, but soon escaped and was taken on board of the British ship Scarborough. From this ship he wrote a letter to the colonists urging them to beg for pardon from His Majesty, and assuring them overtures would be well received. But the public cry was for liberty. \xi courtesy the president of the Congress replied to that effect. 6. On the 20th of January, 1776, the Provincial Congress was organized by the election of Archibald Bullock as president, and John Houston, Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett and George Walton were appointed delegates to Congress. News of the Declaration of Independence reached Georgia in August, 1776. It had been signed July 4 by the delegates from all thirteen colonies. George Walton, Button Gwinnett and Lyman Hall signed for Georgia. The news was received with great rejoicing and the declaration was publicly read. For the first time the liberty pole was surmounted with a liberty flag. 7. A convention was held in Savannah, in October, for the purpose of arranging some new form of government. February 5, 1777, the first constitution of Georgia was adopted. This consisted of sixty-three articles. They declared the final separation from the government of Great Britain, and afiirmed the principles contained in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. They provided for three departments of the governing power, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The governor was made commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The Legislature was to be chosen annually by ballot of the citizens of the respective counties, and was vested with power to elect delegates to Congress. These delegates had the right to sit as members of the legislative body. The Legislature also chose from their own body a Council of two members from each county to assist the governor. Freedom of the press and trial by jury were incorporated in the articles. The state was divided into eight counties, Chatham, Glynn, Efiingham, REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 39 Richmond, Burke, Camden, Liberty and Wilkes. In each county there should be held a Superior Court semi-annually. A new seal was chosen. Archibald Bullock, the capable and trusted president of the Council, died on the 2 2d of February, 1777. 8. On the 4th of March the Council of Safety made Button Gwinnett president and commander-in-chief until a new governor could be elected. Gwinnett at once planned an expedition against Florida. This he undertook to manage without the assistance of Mcintosh, who had been made brigadier-general of the Georgia forces. Colonels Elbert and Baker with their commands nobly assisted Gwinnett, but the expedition was badly planned and failed utterly. 9. May, 1777, John Adams Treutlen was elected governor. Gwinnett being the defeated candidate, Mcintosh rejoiced. This so incensed Gwinnett that he challenged Mcintosh. A duel was fought and Gwinnett was killed. Mcintosh was tried and acquitted, but was advised by his friends to leave Georgia for a while. General Washington gave him a command in Virginia. Colonel Samuel Elbert succeeded to the command of the troops of Georgia. More forces were added to his troops and called minute men. 10. John Houston succeeded Treutlen as governor in 1778. Major-General Howe was appointed commander of the southern army. Another expedition against the British in Florida was deemed advisable. This, however, proved a failure, as the officers did not harmonize, and Howe returned to Savannah much disappointed. During the winter of 1778, the British war commanders determined to carry the war from the Northern to the Southern States. Georgia was to be invaded from Florida by General Prevost. Colonel Campbell with a heavy force was to make a direct attack from the north, and Georgia had little hope between these two forces. 11. The British landed within two miles of Savannah. General Howe had chosen his position well, but failed to 40 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. protect the rear of his command. While engaged with the British in front, he was suddenly attacked from behind and the whole army thrown into the utmost confusion. Howe was completely defeated and afterwards much censured, for his failure to protect the army. The British at once took Savannah. The Georgians suffered much at their hands. Questions. — i. What alarmed Governor Wright.^ What became of his letter.'' 2. Tell of the second Continental Congress. Who was in command of American forces? 3. Tell of the Provincial Congress. What happened during this Congress? 4. What did the council do? 5. What did Governor Wright request ? Why ? What encouraged him ? What of the council of safety? How and by whom was Wright arrested? What became of him? 6. What was done in January, 1776? Who were appointed delegates to Congress? When did Georgia have good news? Who had signed for Georgia ? How was this news received ? 7. What was done in October? When was the constitution adopted and what was it ? What was chosen for the state? Who died at this time? 8. What did the council of safety do ? Tell of Gwinnett's expedition against Florida. 9. Who was the next governor and when elected ? What of Mcintosh and Gwinnett? Who succeeded to the command of Georgia troops? What was added to the forces? 10. Who was the next governor? Who was given command of the southern^ army ? What move did the British make? ir. What of Howes' failure? What of Savannah and the Georgians ? CHAPTER XIV. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. I. Governor Wright returned to Georgia on July 13, 1779, and renewed his government. He assured the people of pardon if they would return to the British. Many of the inhabitants Hocked to the king's standard and gave up the so-called " rebel cause." General Lincoln was now sent south with troops for the relief of Georgia. The troops from North REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 4I and South Carolina numbered about 1200 men. He was joined with what was left of Howe's command. 2. The British continued to make raids on Georgia towns. A party of Royalists under Captain Brown was surprised by a body of Americans one night and routed. This encouraged the people. John Dooley circulated an appeal to the colonists to rally. He collected a small band and was at once joined by Colonel Pickens with 250 men. This small force, having crossed Savannah River, attacked Colonel Hamilton, drove him into Carr's Fort and laid siege. But hearing of the advance of Boyd, a notorious outlaw, and his men, they were compelled to abandon the siege and retreat into Carolina for a time. -They afterward succeeded in marching unperceived behind Boyd and surprised him with an attack. Boyd was killed and his command dispersed. 3. General Lincoln had 5000 men, and by wise management was recovering many lost fortunes. Unfortunately just at this time General Ash, who was at Brier Creek with about 800 men, was surprised by General Prevost and overwhelmingly defeated. Lincoln's whole campaign was upset by this disaster and the British continued in possession of Savannah for some months. 4. The Council and Legislature had been moved to Augusta when Savannah was taken. When the time came for the election of a governor there was not a quorum present, but the members elected John Wereat president, with power to govern the state. Brigadier-General Lachlan Mcintosh now returned to Georgia and was placed second in command to General Lincoln. 5. Georgia now determined to call upon the French for aid. Count D'Estaing, with a French fleet was in the West Indies. In response to an appeal from General Lincoln for aid to recover Savannah, he sailed and arrived September 8, 1779, with twenty line-of-battle ships, two gun ships and eleven frigates. General Prevost, hearing of the arrival, ordered all outposts 42 THE HISTORY OF fiEORGIA. to fall back into Savannah, and proceeded to fortify the city. When Count D'Estaing sent a demand for the surrender of the city, Prevost asked for a truce of twenty-four hours. During this time he completed his defence, and was strongly reinforced by Maitland and his men. General Lincoln joined D'Estaing and they placed the city in siege. 6. Short skirmishes and continued cannonading was kept up. D'Estaing, wishing to save time, finally determined to capture the city by assault. October 9 the attack was made. General Hughes was ordered to attack the enemy on the left. The British, however, being on the watch, drove him back with heavy fire. Count D'Estaing advanced with his men and penetrated the intrenchments. At this critical moment he was wounded and borne from the battle-field and his men were driven back. The American columns under the command of Colonel Laurens, and assisted by Count Pulaski and his men, assaulted Spring Hill. It was a brave trial. The ditch was finally crossed and the flag of South Carolina planted on the slope by Sergeant Jasper. The parapet, however, was too high for them to scale, and under the heavy fire they were compelled to retreat. Seeing that a shot had cut down the flag he had planted, Jasper seized it and again planted the flag on the same spot. At this battle he was mortally wounded. 7. Count Pulaski with two hundred men attempted to force a passage through the enemy's works. He gallantly advanced, but at the moment of victory a heavy fire from the batteries confused his men. Pulaski was struck by a canister shot and borne from the field to die. So ended the bloody battle. The Americans lost everything they had hoped to gain and retreated with heavy loss and despair. Count D'Estaing at once set sail for France. 8. Clinton, now in command of the British, sent out three expeditions. Charleston and Augusta were taken, and a final endeavor was made to subjugate the southern colonies. Many Georgians, being hopeless, joined the Royalists. Still there REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 43 were men who would not abandon their cause. Colonel Clarke collected 150 men and joined Colonel Williams, who had a party of Carolinians. They at once called for troops to assist in retaking Augusta. Five hundred men were finally gathered and marched upon Augusta. They attacked the town on three sides. Major Taylor attacked the Indians' camp. This drew the British to their aid and left the city unguarded on two sides. The other two divisions of Clarke's men entered and the town was soon occupied by them. The enemy took refuge in a strong building called Seymore's white house. Clarke laid siege to the place, and the British, being in a state of starvation, were about to surrender when Colonel Cruger arrived with a strong force for their relief. Colonel Clarke hastily raised the siege, though many of his men were taken prisoners. Colonel Cruger took Augusta without opposition. 9. 1780 found Georgia in sore distress. Ruin stared the rebels in the face. The pay of a captain for one month was not enough to buy him a pair of shoes, and food and clothing was scantily furnished for the soldiers. Clarke departed with his troops into Carolina and did good service in the battles of Kings Mountain and Cowpens. 1781, General Nathaniel Greene succeeded General Gates in command of the Southern army. This skilled leader marched his troops south, gaining victories, and drove the enemy to their strongholds, Augusta and Savannah. 10. Clarke now planned again the capture of Augusta, and set out from Carolina with a large body of patriots. Arriving near Augusta he was joined by General Pickens of South Carolina, and Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee (father of Robert E. Lee). Lee brought with him troops from the Northern States. The first attack was made upon Fort Gilpin, at Silver Bluff. The fort soon surrendered, and 106 prisoners were taken. Augusta was protected by Forts Grierson and Corn- wallis, and the British commanders placed themselves at these points and awaited the attack. 44 'JTHE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 11. General Pickens opened fire May 24. 1781. After a severe struggle the enemy signed articles of surrender, June 5, 1 78 1, and under agreement their troops were escorted to Savannah. Augusta was again occupied by Americans. Major James Jackson was left in command. Pickens and Lee joined General Green at the north. August 16, 1781, the General Assembly met in Augusta. Dr. Nathan Brownson was elected governor. Many people now flocked to the American side and the Georgians again grew hopeful of liberty. The enemy occupied only two outposts, Ebenezer and Ogeechee. These towns Major James Jackson and Colonel Twiggs attacked and forced the enemy to return to Savannah. 12. General Washington gained the victory over Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, and so the war was virtually at an end. January, 1782, the General Assembly at Augusta elected as governor, John Martin. In January General Greene sent General Wayne into Georgia to take command of the Georgia forces. The state was in a miserable condition. There was scarcely anything to eat. General Wayne had hard work to support his men. May 23, 1782, he received an express containing the Acts of Parliament, desiring a reconciliation between the two forces and ordering the evacuation of Savannah. July 21, 1782, the British troops left Savannah and General Wayne entered and took possession of the city. The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was signed at Paris, November 30, 1782. 13. This war lasted seven years. But now Great Britain declared America to be free, and the United States had an in- dependent government. Questions. — i. When did Governor Wright return.? Of what did he assure the people ? What of the troops for the relief of Georgia ? 2. What of the British ? What did John Dooley do.? Why was the siege abandoned.? What was their success later.? 3. Tell of Generals Lincoln and Ash. 4. What of the council and legislature .? Who was elected president and who placed in command of troops .? 5. Who did Georgia YAZOO FRAUD. 45 ask for aid ? What response did the fVench give ? What were General Provost's movements? Who joined D'Estaing? 6. Tell of the attack. Who assisted Colonel Laurens.^ Tell of the heroism of a South Carolina man. What of Count Pulaski ? 8. What did Clinton do ? What of the Georgians.? What of Colonels Clarke and Williams? What town did they attack and with what success ? 9. What was the condition of Georgia? Who succeeded General (iates and what was his success? 10. What did Clarke now propose to do? Who assisted him? Tell of the attack. 11. W^here and by whom was the fight begun? Tell of the success. When and where did General Assembly meet and who was made governor? 12. What battle ended the war ? Who was elected governor in 17S2 ? AVho was sent to take charge of the Georgia troops and in what condition did he find them ? What act of Parliament was secured ? CHAPTER XV. YAZOO FRAUD. 1. The General Assembly met at Savannah, January 9, 1783. Lyman Hall was elected governor. In May of the same year the Council resolved to move the capital to Augusta, so it would be nearer the center of the state. All the property owned by the Royalists was seized and sold for the benefit of the state. More territory was bought from the Cherokee Indians and the counties of Franklin and Washington added to the state. Legislature granted a charter for the Richmond Academy at Augusta. 2. January, 1784, John Houston was elected governor. The same year a resolution was adopted requiring a grant of eight land warrants of 5000 acres each, to establish a state college. 1785 a board of visitors and a board of trustees was appointed. The place first chosen for the college was in Green County, where Greensboro now is, but the site was finally changed to Jackson County. 3. The Land Act was passed in 1784 and the Land Court was established to investigate claims for land. A large tract 4-6 THE HISTORY OF (;P:ORGIA. of land had been taken for a debt from the Indians and called Wilkes County. This was to be donated to those who had served in the war or been faithful to the cause. Twenty thousand acres were offered to Count D'Estaing as a token of appreciation for his services. 4. 1785, Samuel Elbert was elected governor. 1786, Edward Telfair was elected governor. During these two administra- tions the state was annoyed by threatened invasions from the Indians on the frontier. Congress changed the money from pounds, shillings and pence to dollars, dimes and cents. 5. 1787, George Matthews was made governor. The bound- ary line between Georgia and South Carolina was settled. A federal convention met and framed a new Constitution for the United States, to take the place of the Articles of Confeder- ation. Georgia sent delegates to Philadelphia, and was the fourth state to enter the Union. 1788, George Handly was elected governor. The Constitution of the state was revised. It gave to the state a Senate and to the governor the veto power and enlarged the right of suffrage. 1789, George Walton was elected governor. The revised Constitution was adopted. George Washington was made President of the United States and John Adams Vice-President. 1790, Edward Telfair was elected governor. Under the new Constitution the state was divided into three Congressional districts. 6. 1 791, George Washington made a tour of the Southern States. Eli Whitney, who lived near Savannah, invented the cotton gin. This increased the cultivation of cotton in the state. The population of Georgia was now 84,000. 7. 1793, George Matthews was elected governor. During his administration he had much trouble with one General Clarke and the Indians. This difficulty was finally settled with the aid of troops. 1795, a constitutional convention was held in Louisville, Jefferson County, some changes were made and Louisville declared to be the seat of government. YAZOO FRAUD. 4/ 8. 1796, Jared Irwin was chosen governor. A treaty was made with the Creek Indians. By numerous treaties with the Indians, Georgia was in possession, or claimed the right of possession, of all the land reaching to the Mississippi. On this river there was a large tract named Yazoo, for the tribe of Indians who had once owned it. There was a company formed in South Carolina called the South Carolina Yazoo Company. They desired to buy this land from Georgia. Companies from Virginia and Tenessee also applied to the Georgia Legislature for grants of these Yazoo lands. Finally a Georgia Yazoo Company was formed. The agents of these companies worked hard to bring about this sale, putting forth in glowing terms the advantages to Georgia. A bill was introduced into the House providing for the sale at one cent per acre. But Matthews, who was then governor, opposed the passage of any bill granting these lands. The bill passed the House but he vetoed it. The same bill was then introduced into the Senate with a different title. This fraudulent bill passed and was signed by the governor. Many prominent men were in the scheme. The passage of this bill caused great indignation, and the governor was so severely censured that when the Legislature assembled he advised a repeal of the Yazoo act. 9. 1796, Jared Irwin was elected governor. He caused a thorough investigation of the fraud. The committee reported ''that the scheme was a nullity itself and not binding or obligatory upon the people of the state." A bill was at once put before the House known as the Rescinding Act. This passed and was signed by the governor February 13, 1796. The companies interested in the Yazoo lands now united in a powerful effort to defeat the act. After controversies that lasted several years, the Congress of the United States settled the affair by causing Georgia to cede the lands, now owned by Alabama and Mississippi to the United States. Questions. — i. When and where did the General Assembly meet and who was elected governor? When was the capital moved? How 48 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA, was the state improved? What charter was granted? 2. \Vho was the next governor and when elected? What resolution was adopted? 3. What act was passed? To whom was land offered? 4. Who and when was the next governor elected ? Who was elected governor in 1786? What of their administrations? 5. 1784, who was made governor? Tell of his administration ? Who was governor in 178S and what of his admin- istration? Who were governors in 1789-90 and what of importance during their administrations? 6. What of the year 1791 ? What was Georgia's population? 7. When was Matthews elected? Tell of his administration. 8. When and who was the next governor elected ? What treaties were made with the Indians? What was the Yazoo Fraud? 9. Who was the next governor? Tell of his administration. CHAPTER XVI, GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. I. 1798, General James Jackson was elected governor. Ten years before this he had been offered this high position, but declined upon the plea of his youth. 1799, the state Legis- lature met at Louisville in Jefferson County. Twenty-five senators and seventy representa- tives, represented the twenty-four counties. An interesting part of their work was the adoption of a new great seal of state — the same now in use — with Wisdom, Justice and Moderation upon its pillars. The judiciary system was revised. General elections were to GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. 49 be held first Monday in October and members of Congress elected, every two years. 2. The death of George Washington, December 14, 1799, caused much grief in all the states. General Clarke died the same month, and Georgia had a double sorrow. John Adams was now President and the people were divided into two parties. This was caused by a difference of opinion as to the Constitution of the United States. John Adams led the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson the Republicans. In 1800, when the new election was held, Georgia voted for Jefferson, who was elected. 3. 1 80 1, Josiah Tatnall was made governor of Georgia. The state university, called Franklin College, was now opened, Professor Josiah Meigs of Yale College was made president. 1802, John Milledge was made gov- ernor. He gave 700 acres of land in Jackson County to the state university. Some of this land was sold and Athens built upon it. Questions concerning the Mississippi territory had long agitated the public mind. Commissioners were appointed by the state and the United States to adjust these matters, and upon their ac- tion Georgia ceded to the United States all her territory south of Tennessee and west of the Chattahoocha up to the ° " ' e ge. great bend, thence west of a line to Nickajack Creek. For this territory the United States were to pay $1,250,000, and extinguish the Indian title to lands in Georgia as soon as it could be peaceably done. Georgia's population was now 165,000. Among her exports were rice, indigo, tobacco, corn, cotton, leather, live stock and lumber. 4. During this year, Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, who was agent for Indian affairs, arranged a treaty at Fort Wilkinson 50 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. and negotiated a sale of lands from the Creeks to Georgia. 1803, Legislature divided the lands obtained from the Creeks into three counties: Wayne, Wilkinson and Baldwin. There were two systems of dividing the lands among the people, the land lottery and the head-rights system. By the latter any citizen was allowed to select and occupy a small body of unoccupied land. By the former a regular system of land tickets and blanks were drawn for. 5. An act was also passed by Legislature to provide a suitable spot for a new town, destined to be the capital of the state and to be called Milledgeville in honor of John Milledge, governor. 6. Georgia gave to the United States five acres of land at St. Simons for the erection of a light-house. Savannah, Bruns- wick, Darien and St. Mary's were the principal ports. 1805, General James Jackson, who was then senator from Georgia, died in Washington. On his tomb in the Congressional bury- ing-ground at Washington is the following inscription : " To the memory of Major-General Jackson of Georgia, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country. A soldier of the revolution." 7. 1806, Jared Irwin was elected governor. William H. Crawford and John Milledge were senators. 1807, Telfair, who had twice been governor of Georgia, died. Georgia, during this year, determined to settle the long-disputed bound- ary line between Georgia and North Carolina. Three thousand dollars was appropriated. North Carolina refused to assist in the survey. So Congress appointed United States commis- sioners, and Endicott of Georgia marked out the line. More land was purchased from the Indians and the counties of Morgan, Jones, Putnam, Laurens and Telfair were added to the state. Legislature held its first meeting in the new capitol at Milledgeville this year. 8. 1808, James Madison was elected President. The African slave trade was prohibited in the United States. 1809, David GREAT SEAL OF STATE ADOPTED. 5 I B. Mitchell was in the office of governor. Legislature passed an act to clear the Savannah, Broad, Oconee and Ogeechee Rivers. There were no steamboats yet in Georgia, and nearly all the trade was done by small boats. 1810, the Bank of Augusta was incorporated. This was the first bank in Georgia, 9. 18 1 2, the United States was forced to take part in the English and French war. Both of these countries had threatened to capture American vessels. The arrogance of England was especially insulting. In 1807, a British man-of- war fired upon the Chesapeake, killed three men, captured the vessel and pressed certain sailors into their service. 10. War was felt to be imminent, and Georgia declared herself "strong in independence." By an act of Congress all commerce between the United States and England and France was prohibited. In 1809, England determined to force a cotton trade with South Carolina and Georgia, and several British vessels anchored off Tybee Island. When their purpose was known they were ordered off. Before putting to sea they fired upon the American vessels in harbor. To make matters worse, the Indians in the northwest, under the influence of their British agents, became hostile, and made raids upon the settlers. Many other insults committed by the British deter- mined the United States upon a declaration of war. 18 12, the second war for independence began. Questions. — • i. Who was governor in 179S? When did the legis- lature meet? What was their work? 2. What deaths are spoken of? How were the people divided ? 3. Who was next governor ? What university was opened ? When was Milledge made governor and what did he do for the-state university? Tell of the Mississippi territory. What did the United States agree to pay for this territory? What of Georgia's population and exports ? 4. What treaty was made and by whom ? How was the land divided ? 5. What act was passed ? 6. W^hat did Georgia give the United States? What were Georgia's principal ports? Tell of General James Jackson's death, 7. Who was next governor and when elected? Who were the Senators? What was done in 1807? What counties were added to the state ? 8. What of affairs in the United 52 THE IIISTORV OF (iEORGIA. States? What act was passed? What was clone in iSio? 9. 1812, what was the United States forced to do? 10. What stand did Georgia take? What causes brought about the war? What of the Indians? When did the second war for independence begin ? CHAPTER XVII. WAR OF I 81 2. 1. The Legislature of Georgia appropriated $30,000 for the equipment of troops and protection. Governor Mitchell was appointed by the President to settle the difficulties arising from the Indians. The Seminole Indians in East Florida, urged by the Spanish and British, commenced hostilities upon Georgia. Adjutant-General Newman planned an expedition against them. Many volunteers came forward and the war began. After hard fighting and many hardships endured by the soldiers in the forests, these Indians were subdued. 2. The Creek Indians on the Southern frontier, influenced by the Spanish and British, now commenced hostilities. Governor Mitchell, for better protection, erected ten forts in Twiggs, Telfair and Pulaski counties. They were hardly finished when 700 Creeks surprised Fort Mims and massacred 300 men, women and children. The troops of Georgia and Tennessee were ordered out, and General John Floyd put in command. He divided his men, and attacking the two principal towns of the Creeks at the same time, drove the Indians from their towns and burned their homes. This was on November 29, 1813. Floyd now returned to the forts. No other assault was made until 18 14. The Upper Creeks had gathered in great numbers at Hotle Craulee. Floyd attacked this place, and the battle of Challibbee was fought, in which the whites were victorious. 3. The Creeks were now desirous of peace, and a treaty was made August 9, 18 14. The Indians ceded an immense WAR OF I 8 12, 53 tract of land, and the counties of Early, Baker, Irwin, Appling and Ware, were added to Georgia. 4. The war with the British still continued in the United States. The last battle was fought in Georgia, January 11, 18 1 5. Nineteen vessels of the British landed their men on Cumberland. They were met in a narrow defile by Captain Messias and a few men and driven back. Before the battle was renewed the news of the treaty of peace between the two countries, which was signed at Paris, reached them, and the British departed these coasts. 5. 18 1 4, Samuel Howard succeeded in placing steam navigation on the rivers of Georgia. 18 15, David B. Mitchell was elected governor. 1816, an act for the maintenance and protection of aged slaves passed the Legislature. Also an act to care for the convicts. This was called the penal act. A part of this code prohibited the introduction of slaves by traders for speculation. 6. Out of the land Georgia had ceded to the United States two new states had been formed, and in 18 17 Mississippi joined the Union. Alabama came in two years later. Governor Mitchell was now appointed by the new President, James Monroe, as agent for Indian affairs in the South. He resigned the governorship and William Rabun filled his place and in due time was elected governor. Mitchell soon acquired a wonderful influence over the Creeks and gained a cession of more land. This was divided into the counties of Newton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Walton, Hall and Habersham. Governor Rabun spent the money in the treasury for the improvement of navigation of rivers and to promote education and free schools. 7. The Seminoles on the frontier now began hostilities again. Governor Rabun sent to the war department for aid. Major-General Gaines was put in command and his troops were joined at Fort Montgomery by 600 Creek warriors. Three battles were fought and the Indian war was over and the Indians driven away. 18 18, the boundary line between 54 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Georgia and Tennessee was drawn by commissioners. The chiefs of some of the Cherokee nations held a conference with the Indian agent of the United States to arrange for an exchange of their lands in Georgia for lands beyond the Mississippi, so they might have more room. 8. In this year a Savannah company had a ship built in New York called the Strranuah. This ship left the port of Savannah for England, and was the tirst steamer to cross the Atlantic. 1819, Florida and all the lands owned by the Spanish were ceded to the United States. And so Georgia was protected from her foes. Another treaty between the Cherokees and the United States was made, and the lands gained by Georgia were divided between Habersham and Hall Counties and Rabun County was added to the state. Questions. — i. What did legislature do? Who was appointed to manage the Indians ? What of the Seminoles ? Who was to go against them? What success did he have? 2. What of the Creek Indians? What did Governor Mitchell do for protection? What of the first attack of the Indians ? How were they subdued ? What of the upper Creeks ? What battle was fought ? 3. What treaty was made ? What did the Indians cede? 7. What war continued? When and where was the last battle ? 8. What was done in 1814 ? Who was next governor? What acts were passed ? What was prohibited ? 9. What two states were formed ? Who was made agent for Indian affairs ? Who was governor in his stead? What- influence did 'he have over the Indians? What counties were added to Georgia? 10. Tell of the Seminoles. What did Governor Rabun do? What battles fought? What of importance in 1818? II. What of a Savannah company ? What lands were ceded in 18 19, and how were these lands divided ? . CHAPTER XVni. ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. I. 18 19, there was a hot canvass and fight for the next governor. Politics was divided and two parties were formed, ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. 55 one led by George M. Troup and the other by General John Clarke. The excitement was great, and the contest close, but Clarke was finally elected, though much feeling continued through the administration. Savannah suffered much from a lung fever and a yellow-fever scourge. 2. Georgia continued to urge the United States to send the Creeks and the remaining tribes of Cherokees out of her borders, and expressed indignation at the postponement of the promise to provide for the Indians elsewhere. The government thus urged, began to settle the claims between Georgia and the Indians. The lands owned by the Creeks and the Cherokees were mostly upon the Chattahoochee River, and the commis- sioners of the United States held a meeting to induce the Indians to cede more of these lands to Georgia. This meeting was a failure, as the Indians became suspicious that the whites were trying to drive them from their homes. 3. Another election for governor was held November 6, 1823. The excitement was intense between the two parties, which were led by Troup and Matthew Talbot. The ballot resulted in the election of Troup. George M. Troup was born at Mcin- tosh Bluff, Ga., graduated at Prince- ton, adopted the profession of law, and at the age of twenty-one was sent to the Legislature from Chatham County. He was chosen to Congress in 1806 as a Jeffersonian Democrat, and held his seat until 18 15. 18 16, he became United States senator. In 1823, governor of Georgia. He was returned to the Senate in 1828, but soon retired on account of ill health. ^^°'^^ ^ ^^°^P' Troup was one of the grandest men Georgia has ever produced. His integrity was unquestionable, and he was a strong advocate of state rights. 56 THK HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 4. October, 1825, Troup was re-elected governor of Georgia. During his admniistration he worked much good for Georgia. The judiciary system and the penitentiary arrangement were revised and the militia improved. But his greatest work was with the Indians. Notwithstanding the violent opposition of the President, he concluded the treaty with the Creek Indians and secured all their lands in the state of Georgia. He also urged the necessity of a fixed and certain boundary line between Georgia and Alabama. Georgia commissioners did the work and the line was finally adopted by Alabama. 5. The lands gained by the last treaty with the Indians were divid- ed into the counties of Muscogee, Troup, Coweta and Carroll. 6. Governor Troup declined to be a can- didate for re-election. 1827, John Forsyth was made governor without opposition. Forsyth was born in Virginia, 1 78 1, and was brought to Georgia at the age of four years. He was elected attorney-general in 1804, sent to Con- gress in I 8 I 2, was United States senator in 1 8 18, was sent as minister to Spain in 1820, was elected governor of Georgia in 1827, and afterwards was made Secretary of State under Presidents Jackson and Van Buren. 7. The next governor of Georgia was George R. (}ilmer, ADMINISTRATIONS OF CLARKE, TROUP, AND GILMER. 5/ who was elected in 1829. Gilmer was born in Wilkes County, 1790. He early began the practice of law, was made lieutenant in the 43d U. S. Infantry and served against the Creeks, 18 15. Served in the Legislature; was sent to Con- gress as a Democrat, 18 18, and again in 1827, and was then made governor of Georgia. 8. 1829, Congress passed an act for the removal of the remaining Indians from Georgia. The Cherokee tribes refused to leave, and continued to commit many criminal outrages. So Georgia was compelled to claim jurisdiction over all the lands in order to exert some control over the Indians who dwelt upon them. George Tassel, a Cherokee, was arrested charged with murder. He was tried, found guilty and sen- tenced to be hung. His counsel appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, and Governor Gilmer was sum- moned to appear before that court. This he refused to do, and ordered Tassel to be executed. This order was obeyed. 9. In 1828 gold was discovered in Habersham, Hall and Cherokee Counties. The mining fever captured the state. The diggers, disregarding the laws, crossed the Chattahoochee and began mining on the Indian territory. This caused much strife and Governor Gilmer found it necessary to use force to stop the trouble. Major Wayne was put in command of a company of infantry, and succeeded in quelling the riot. He seized the miners and put them in confinement until they promised obedience to the laws. The General Assembly now passed a law that all white men found living on the Cherokee lands without proper permission, should be imprisoned for four years. Several men determined to disregard this law. They called themselves missionaries, and fixed their homes on the Cherokee lands. They were seized, tried and imprisoned, and at once engaged counsel and brought suit against Georgia. Before the case could be brought to an end the missionaries wrote a letter to Governor Gilmer acknowledging the authority 58 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. of Georgia and desiring to be released. The governor ordered their release. lo, 1830, the medical college at Augusta was chartered. Wilson Lumpkin was elected governor in 183 1. He was brought to this state from Virginia in 1784, being then one year of age. He served the state often and well, and was the surveyor of the boundary line between Georgia and Florida. During his administration he recommended the surveying of the Cherokee lands. This excited great opposition among the Indians, but the survey was completed. Questions. — i. What of the next election? 2. What did Georgia wish done .'' Did the government do this? What meeting was held and with what success? 3. Tell of the next election for Governor. What of Troup ? 4. Tell of his two administrations. What was his greatest work ? What law was made ? 5. WTiat land was divided ? 6. Who was next governor, and when elected ? Tell of Forsyth's successful life. 7. What of George R. Gilmer? 8. What act was passed in 1829? What of the Cherokees? WHiat did Georgia do? 9. What excitement in 1828? What of Major Wayne? What law was passed by General Assembly? Tell of the so-called missionaries. 10. WHiere and when was a medical college chartered? Tell of the next governor and his administration. CHAPTER XIX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. I. The tariff question was now the cause of much excitement in the Union. Congress had imposed duties upon certain imports and exports. Georgia and other Southern States resolutely opposed these duties. Legislature met and a reso- lution was passed, " that some measures should be devised to redress the grievances of the South," and a set of resolutions against the tariff bill was framed. South Carolina had resolved to withdraw from the Union unless the protective policy was abandoned soon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, proposed a com- ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. 59 promise to Congress. This was adopted and the oppressive tariff was removed. 2. 1833, Governor Lumpkin was again elected governor. The two political parties in Georgia now styled themselves the States Rights party and the Union party. Their differences were chiefly upon states rights. The Cherokee Indians became so troublesome that Governor Lumpkin found it necessary to put more troops along the borders. 3. February, 1835, the Cherokee nation sent two men to Washington for the purpose of forming a treaty. One deputy was John Ross, who was opposed to emigration. The other was John Ridge, in favor of it. Ross, in behalf of his party, offered to cede lands in Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee to the United States for the sum of $20,000,000. The govern- ment refused this offer and appointed Mr. Schermerhorn to confer with Ridge, and see what arrangement could be made. A compromise was finally effected with Ridge's party, and, after violent opposition, accepted by Ross and his party. 4. The principal points of this treaty were as follows: the Cherokees were to relinquish all claim to lands east of the Mississippi. In return they were to receive 7,000,000 acres west of the Mississippi. The government was to remove them to their new homes and support them for one year, and give $100,000 yearly for the poor of the nation. The Indians were also promised the protection of the United States. They were not to leave Georgia before two years had passed. 5. 1835, t^^^ Union party elected William Schley as governor. He came to Georgia from Maryland, was admitted to the bar and became a successful lawyer. Soon after his election the Seminole Indians in Florida declared war, because the govern- ment had endeavored to move them west of the Mississippi. Wiley Thompson, who was then United States agent for the tribe. Major Dale and ninety men were murdered. 6. General Winfield Scott and his men marched against the Indians and the strife lasted for months. The Creeks hearino; 6o THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. of this outbreak made war again upon Georgia. They gathered in great numbers and committed terrible murders on the border settlements. The people tied their homes and flocked to the adjacent towns for protection. Governor Schley took the command of troops, and establishing his head- quarters at Columbia, made every preparation to check the invasion. General Scott soon came to the rescue. After several skirmishes many hundreds of the Creeks gave themselves up. These were sent west of the Mississippi to Arkansas. The war still continued with the remaining tribes. May, 1836, they attacked the small town of Roanoke, on the Chattahoochee River, and forcing the inhabitants to retreat, burned the whole village, together with two boats, the Georgiana and the Hypernia, which were anchored near. After many other horrible crimes they attempted to join the Seminoles in Florida. The militia and a company of cavalry marched against them, and after two desperate battles they were defeated. The chiefs now were anxious for peace. As soon as possible they were sent to the Indian Territory and the state was freed of the Creeks. 7. 1836, a charter was obtained for the first railway in Georgia. This was to run from Macon to Savannah. The Legislature this year also passed an act recommending that a state railroad be built with state funds. So a railroad was built from the Chattahoochee to the Tennessee, and called the State Road or Western and Atlantic. Its eastern terminus was subsequently fixed at Atlanta and its northwestern at Chattanooga. 1837, Emory College was founded at Oxford, and named for Bishop Emory of the Methodist church. 8. October, 1837, George B. Gilmer was again elected governor by the States Rights party. Wilson Lumpkin defeated Judge Berrien for the United States Senate. Georgia now proceeded to take possession of the lands gained by the treaty with the Cherokees two years before. General Scott was put in command of the troops. The Indians were collected. ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUMPKIN, SCHLEY, AND GILMER. 6 1 1560 marched to Ross Landing on the Tennessee River, and these were put in charge of other troops and Georgia's men dismissed. The Indians from other points had collected, and in September, 1838, 14,000 started to their territory. They were well fed and protected, but nearly 4000 died before the end of the journey. 9. 1838, Mercer University secured a charter and was founded at Penfield, by the Baptists, but was afterwards moved to Macon. 1839, the first female college was founded in Macon and called the Georgia Female College. Its name was afterwards changed to Wesleyan College. Bishop Pierce was made the first president. This college is said to be the first chartered female college in the world. 10. 1839, Charles McDonald was elected governor by the Union party. He was born in South Carolina and came to this state to practice law, and was elected judge of the Fhnt circuit. ^'^'"^ '■ '''^°°^^" 1830, he represented Bibb County in the Legislature. Then was state senator and now became governor of Georgia. Questions. — i. What excited the union? What resolution was passed? What did Congress finally do? 2. Who was made governor in 1S33, and what two political parties were there? What of the Indians? 3. Tell of the Cherokees. 4. What were the principal points of this treaty? 5. Who was next governor? What trouble with the Indians? Who was Indian agent, and what was his fate. 6. Who marched against the Indians, and how long did the strife last ? What effect had this on the Creeks ? What of Governor Schley? Who came to the rescue, and what was the result? Did this end the war? Where were the Creeks sent? 7. What charter was obtained ? What act passed? What of Emory College? 8. Who was elected governor in 1837, and by what party? Who went to the senate? Tell of the departure of the Cherokees. 9. What year was Mercer University chartered ? When was the first female college chartered, and what name does it now bear? What is said of the college? 10. Who was made governor, 1S39? Tell of his life. 62 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. CHAPTER XX. MEXICAN WAR. 1. 1840, found the Union in a miserable condition. There was no money to be had and the credit of the state was ahnost gone. The people were deeply in debt and the government was called upon to devise some means for relief. The President called an extra session of Congress; and an act was passed establishing what was called the Sub-Treasury system, and $10,000,000 in treasury notes were issued. Georgia banks stopped specie payments and the scarcity of money was very great. Many necessaries of life rose in price and cotton was sold for four cents a pound. 2. This stringency in money affairs did not affect the tide of immigration into the state. The country which had been occupied by the Cherokees now began to be settled. Many people from Virginia and Carolina moved here and new towns were started. The state had made great progress in education. There were as many as 8000 children in academies, besides those at private schools. 3. There was at this time 636 miles of railroad, finished and unfinished, in Georgia. The population was 691,392. 4. The presidential election now caused great excitement in Georgia. The Union party called themselves the Democratic party, and supported Van Buren. The States Rights party, called the Whigs, were for Harrison. Harrison was elected, but died one month after he took the oath of office. Vice- President John Tyler of Virginia, became President. John McPherson Berrien and Alfred Cuthbert were sent to the United States Senate from Georgia. John McPherson Berrien. ROBERT TOOMBS MEXICAN WAR. 65 5. 1 84 1, McDonald was re-elected governor. He was chiefly occupied with measures for the financial relief of the people. A new bank was established in Savannah, called the Central Bank, and many of the banks in the state resumed specie payments. The governor declared against any increase of taxation and borrowed from the Central Bank to meet the public debt. 6. Legislature passed an act for establishing a lunatic asylum. In 1842 this asylum, at Milledgeville, received its first patient. Both white and colored were admitted. During this year Dr. Crawford Long, a Georgian, discovered the anesthetic power of ether. He was duly honored and his portrait placed on the walls of the House of Representa- tives. 7. 1843, the Whigs urged the election of George W. Crawford for governor. The Democrats nominated Mark A. Cooper. Crawford was elected. He was a bril- liant lawyer and served the state well. His administration greatly improved money affairs in the state. Legis- lature this year passed a bill reducing the number of senators to 47 and the representatives to 130. 8. Georgia sent to Congress King, Poe, Stephens and Toombs as Whigs ; Jones, Harralson, Lumpkin and Cobb as Democrats. Henry Clay was the Whig nominee for President and was defeated by James K. Polk. Georgia gave Polk a large majority. 1845, Governor Crawford was re-elected. During his term the Supreme Court was established and the Legislature elected Joseph Henry Lumpkin chief-justice. 9. Lumpkin was born in Oglethorpe County, December 28, 1799. ^6 soon became one of the foremost men of the times. George W. Crawford 66 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Joseph Henry Lumpkin. administration began with brought on the Mexican war. Troops were call 1 for and Georgia sent a large force. Jud: Henry R. Jackson w chosen colonel of t companies from differe parts of the state. He once proceeded to Mexi and nobly upheld tl honor of Georgia. A co pany of regulars und Captain Alexander Sc( went from Bibb County II. In 1847 ^ requ( was made for a battalli of infantry and they we out under the comma I of Lieutenant- Colonel Isaac Seymour, also two His intellect was of the highest order, he had much learning and was extremely cultivated. Added to this his genial nature and sweet disposition made him loved and honored by all. Eugenius A. Nis- bet and Hiram Warner were chosen associate justices. 10. Great excitement was felt in the state over the question of the annexation of Texas to the United States. Georgia was in favor of the annexation and Polk's the admission of Texas. This Henry R. Jackson. battallions under Captain Loyall and Lieutenant-Colonel MEXICAN WAR. 6/ Calhoun. Volunteer corps went from all parts of Georgia and fought nobly. 12. Colonel James Mcintosh was killed in this war. Captain Hardee, General William Walker and Lieutenant Gardener greatly distinguished themselves and received each a handsome sword from the state of Georgia. Many more Georgians won honor and praise. This war with Mexico ended in 1848, and by the treaty of peace the United States gained the territory of California, Utah, New Mexico and Texas. 13. 1847, the Whigs nominated Duncan L. Clinch for gov- ernor ; the Democrats nominated George W. Towns. Towns was elected. He was a Georgian from Wilkes County ; had been representative from his district, and once been to Congress. William C. Dawson was elected United States senator for six years. 14. Legislature passed an act exempting women from im- prisonment for debt. The railroad system received much attention and several new roads were built. The Western and Atlantic road was now nearly completed to Chattanooga. Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, was elected President, with Millard Fillmore Vice-President. President Taylor ap- pointed George W. Crawford of Georgia, Secretary of War. 1849, Governor Towns was again made governor. Questions. — i. In what condition was the Union in 1840? What of the Cherokee lands in Georgia? How many children were at school ? 3. What of the railroads? What was Georgia's population? 4. What was the cause of great excitement? Tell of the Democrats and Whigs. Who was sent to the Senate from Georgia? 5. When was McDonald re-elected? What chiefly occupied him ? 6. What act was passed? Who were admitted to this asylum? Who made an important discovery this year ? 7. What of the next election for governor ? What is said of Craw- ford ? 8. Whom did Georgia send to Congress? Tell of the Presidential election. What of Crawford's re-election ? 9. What is said of Lumpkin ? Who were his associates? 10. What interested the state now? What part did Georgia take in the Indian war? 11. What request was granted in 1847 ? 12. Who was killed and who distinguished in this war? 13. Tell 68 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. of the next election for governor. What of Towns ? Who was made senator.'' 14. What act was passed by legislature? What of the rail- roads.'' Who was made President, and who appointed Secretary of War.? When was Governor Towns elected.' CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. T. The slavery question was at this time beginning to attract much attention, and was rapidly assuming an alarming phase. The Northern people were growing more and more active in their opposition to slavery, and a majority of their representa- tives in Congress were more uncompromising in their demands upon the Southern people. The question at issue at this time was whether slavery should be permitted in the new states and territories of the West, and many Northern congressmen went so far as to say new states should not be admitted to the Union unless their constitution prohibited slavery. This question was one of the main causes of the war between the states that began in 1861 and terminated so disastrously for the South. 2. At this time (1849-50) Howell Cobb of Georgia was speaker of the National House of Representatives, and used his efforts and influence, along with Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Alexander H. Stephens, Robert Toombs, and other notable men, to make a peaceful settlement of the question pertaining to slavery, and to preserve the union of states as it then existed. 3. In July, 1850, President Taylor died, and the Vice-Presi- dent, Millard Fillmore, succeeded to the office of President of the United States. In the same year Henry Clay introduced in Congress a bill known as the " Omnibus Bill," and its several measures were enacted. It admitted California as a free state ; it abolished slavery in the District of Columbia ; it provided ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. 69 for the passage of a law for the arrest and return to their owners of fugitive slaves; and ordered that $10,000,000 be paid to Texas for the territory of New Mexico. 4. The Georgia congressmen supported this bill, as it was the best that could be done. But there were many people in Georgia who were opposed to such a compromise, and the re- sult was a general chang- ing of political parties and the formation of two new political parties in the state, one called the Union party, under the leader- ship of Howell Cobb ; the other, the Southern Rights party, led by Charles J. McDonald. Governor Towns called a state con- vention, which was held in December, 1850. This convention adopted reso- lutions prepared by a com- mittee of which Charles J. Jenkins was chairman, which were afterwards known as the "Georgia platform." This platform expressed Georgia's love for the Union, regret for the slavery agitation, insisted on maintaining the separate rights of the State, and agreed to accept the " Omnibus Bill " as a compromise of the question in dispute. 5. In 185 1 Howell Cobb was nominated for governor by the Union party. He was opposed by Charles J. McDonald, the candidate of the Southern Rights party. Cobb was elected by a large majority. The people of Georgia then believed that Howeil Cobb. 70 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. the slavery trouble would be settled, and they were unwilling to use extreme measures in politics, or even to vote for any candidate who was in favor of the state's leaving the Union. Secession was at this time regarded as a remote possibility, and a dangerous step for the state. 6. Howell Cobb was born in Jefferson county, Georgia, September 7, 18 15. His father was John Cobb of North Carolina. He graduated at the state university, in Athens, began the practice of law in 1836, was elected to Congress in 1842, and served four terms in all. In 1850 he was elected speaker of the National House of Representatives, and in 1857 was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, by Buchanan. He was a strong Union man until Lincoln's election, and when his native state seceded he promptly enlisted in the confederate service, served through the war and died in New York city, October 9, 1868. He was one of the most notable men that ever lived in the state, an orator, a statesman and a Christian gentleman. He served as governor only one term of two years. The Georgia Academy for the Blind was founded during Governor Cobb's administration. 7. In 1853, the politics of the state had so changed that the Demo- cratic party, which had been in the background for several years, was reorganized, and put forward Herschel V. Johnson as their candidate for governor. Charles J. Jenkins was his opponent, but Mr Johnson was elected. He was born in Burke county, Georgia, September 12, 18 12. He graduated at the Georgia University, and began the practice of law in Augusta. In 1847, he was appointed United States senator, to fill the unexpired term of Walter T. Colquitt. In 1849, he was elected judge of the Superior Courts of the Ocmulgee Circuit, and rose rapidly into the favor of the public. Herschel V. Johnson. ADMINISTRATIONS OF COBB AND JOHNSON. /I 8. 1855, Governor Johnson was again nominated and elected governor. His opponent was Garrett Andrews. During Governor Johnson's administration more political changes were taking place in the state. The old Whig party had been practically dissolved, and most of the Whigs had allied them- selves with the Southern Rights party and the Union party. Then a new party, called the American party, had sprung up, and nominated Garrett Andrews for governor, but as already stated, he was defeated by Governor Johnson. This American party favored the exclusion of persons foreign born holding political ofifice. 9. After the expiration of Governor Johnson's second term, he was, in i860, nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with Douglas. He was a member of the Confederate Senate, and after the war was over was chosen as United States senator, but was unable to serve on account of his political disabilities. These being removed he was appointed a circuit judge, which position he filled with great ability until his death, which occurred in Jefferson County, Georgia, August 16, 1880. 10. The state was generally prosperous during Governor Johnson's terms of office, and much progress was made in wealth and population. But the slavery question was still being agitated by the northern people and the cloud was slowly but surely growing larger and more threatening. All classes of northern, men who were opposed to slavery combined and held a convention in Philadelphia, in June, 1856, and organized the Republican party. They declared themselves as opposed to slavery in any of the territories, and nominated John C. Fremont for President. The American party nominated Millard Fillmore. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan, who was elected. But the anti-slavery party was growing stronger and stronger. Questions. — i. What was now attracting great attention? What is said of the Northern people? What was the question now at issue? What is said of the main cause of war? 2. What is said of notable men 72 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. of Georgia? 3. Who was made President? What bill was introduced in Congress? 4. How did Georgia receive this bill? What two parties were formed ? What convention was called, who was chairman, and what resolutions were passed? 5. Tell of the election of 1851. What did the people of Georgia believe ? What of secession ? 6. Tell of Howell Cobb. 7. What is said of the politics of the state, and who was elected governor? What is said of Johnson ? 8. What is said of Johnson's second adminis- tration? 9. What other offices did he hold? 10. What was the progress of the state under Johnson ? What is said of the slavery question ? When was the Republican party formed ? What of the presidential election ? CHAPTER XXII. ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN. I. In 1857 there were five candidates before the Georgia Democratic convention for the nomination for governor. They were James Gardner, John H. Lumpkin, Hiram Warner, Henry Lamar and William wmr — --— H. Stiles. The balloting continued three days, but though Lumpkin was in the lead he could not ob- tain the two-thirds vote that was necessary to nominate him. Finally, a committee of three men from each district was ap- l)')inted to make a nomi- n Ltion. This committee » ^reed upon Joseph E. r>rown, as a compromise I mdidate, and he was II )minated by the conven- tion. The American party dso held a convention, and Dr. H. V. M. Miller Benjamin H. Hill. JOSEPH E. BROWN. ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN, 75 and Benjamin H. Hill were candidates for nomination. Mr. Hill was nominated, and although the race between him and Brown was exciting, Brown was elected governor by a large majority. 2. Governor Brown is one of the most remarkable men that ever lived in Georgia. He was born in Pickens County, South Carolina, April 15, 182 1, and was the oldest of eleven children. His parents were poor, and when Joseph was a small boy they moved to Union County, Georgia. Joseph grew up without education, and the whole of his boyhood was passed in a hard struggle against poverty, with no advantages whatever, and without any opportunity for seeing or learning anything beyond the limits of his father's farm. But he was diligent and self-reliant, and in 1840 went to South Carolina to school, and paid his own board and tuition out of the little money he had saved and the little he could make while he was going to school. He wasted no time, he improved every opportunity, and with no help except his own pluck and a brave heart, has risen higher and higher, for he has been the most prominent man in the state, and filled every office that the state could give him. He is now (1893) seventy-two years old, and has retired from public life. 3. Governor Brown was admitted to the bar in 1845 — ^^en elected to the state Senate — then Judge of the Superior Courts of the Blue Ridge Circuit — then governor. It is related that the nomination for governor was totally unexpected by him, and that he was actually binding wheat in a field on his farm when the news of his nomination was brought to him. He was but little known to the people of the state when nominated, but during the canvass he became well and widely known, and was elected by a large majority. 4. Governor Brown's first term was marked by his fight against the state banks, to compel them to pay out gold and silver instead of paper money. They resisted, but the governor was successful and carried his point. He also overhauled the 76 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. affairs of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was (and is) the property of the state. Under bad management, the road was earning but little money, and there was much complaint. During the first two years of Governor Brown's administration the revenues of the road paid into the state treasury increased from $43,000 to $400,000 a year. 5. In 1857 Robert Toombs was re-elected United States senator. In 1859 Warren Akin, of Cass (now Bartow) County, opposed Governor Brown for the office of governor, but Brown was again elected by a large majority. 6. The next presidental election was drawing near. The agitation and excitement over the slavery question was rapidly increasing. The northern people and their newspapers began to openly demand the abolition of slavery. The Republican party had grown in numbers and influence until it was clearly evident that the battle would be between the Democrats and Republicans. Just at this time unfortunate divisions began to appear in the Democratic party in Georgia. The National Democratic Convention was to be held in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 6, i860, to nominate a candidate for President. 7. The Georgia Democrats split into two factions. One faction wanted Howell Cobb as its candidate for President; the other expressed no choice, but consented to accept the delegates that had been named by the Cobb party. Mr. Cobb, however, had declined to permit his name to go before the convention as a candidate for the nomination for the Presidency. Wjien the convention met in Charleston, there were so many conflicting interests and opinions that the committee appointed to prepare a platform of principles split into three factions and three reports were presented to the convention. The Northern delegates were in the majority, and adopted resolutions that caused some of the Southern delegates to withdraw from the convention. The Georgia delegates were among those who withdrew. ADMINISTRATION OF BROWN. 77 8. These seceding delegates held a meeting and called another convention to meet in Richmond, Virginia, in June, i860. The remaining members of the Charleston conven- tion, being unable to agree among themselves, adjourned to meet in Baltimore in June, i860. The Republican party held their convention in Chicago, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. 9. In the meantime the Democrats in Georgia were greatly divided and could not agree upon any unity of action. So when the Baltimore convention met, there were two Georgia delegations, each claiming to be the proper one. There was so much contention and confusion that the delegates from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and Oregon withdrew from the convention, but those who remained nom- inated Stephen A. Douglass for President, and Herschel V. Johnson for Vice-President. 10. The delegates who had seceded from the convention then held a meeting and nominated John C. Breckinridge for President and Joseph Lane for Vice-President. So the Democratic party was split into two parts, and went into the campaign with two candidates in the field. Then there was a party called the Constitutional Union party, which held a convention at Baltimore, and nominated John Bell for President and Edward Everett for Vice-President. With four candidates for the presidency, and the northern states greatly outnum- bering the south in population, the election of Lincoln was the inevitable result. Questions. — i. Tell of the nomination for governoi* in 1857. Who was elected? 2. What is said of Brown's career in race second.? 3. When did he secure his nomination ? 4. What marked Governor Brown's first term.'' What of the state road.? 5. Who was made senator, and who re-elected governor.? 6. What was increasing .? What did the North- ern people demand ? What of the Democratic convention? 7. What is said of Georgia Democrats? What did Cobb refuse? What is said of the Northern delegates? What of the Georgia delegates? 8. What did these delegates do? What of the Republican party? 9. What of the y^ THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Democrats in Georgia? What effect had the confusion? Who was nomi- nated? lo. What did the delegates do who had seceded? What other party is spoken of? What was the result of the election? CHAPTER XXIII. WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 1. The platform of the Republican party was ostensibly the preservation of the Union, and the exclusion of slavery from the territories and new states; but there was a strong sentiment in the north that slavery should be abolished, and it became evident that the northern people were determined to carry out their views, at any cost, even to war and bloodshed. The tide of feeling was growing stronger every day. The southern states were greatly alarmed at the situation, and the only thing they could do was to withdraw or secede from the Union, in order to manage their own affairs under their own laws. South Carolina seceded first, December 20, i860. 2. Governor Brown had the Legislature call a convention to decide what was best for Georgia to do. This convention assembled January 16, 1861, and was composed of the best and ablest men in the state. Secession was bitterly opposed by many of the best and most conservative statesmen — among them Alexander Stephens, Herschel V. Johnson and Benjamin Hill. These men were firm in their convictions of the right to secede, but did not deem it the proper remedy. They desired a convention of all the southern states so as to take joint and co-operative action. On January 19, 1861, a vote was taken and resulted in favor of secession. Georgia came out of the Union as an independent and sovereign state. Immedi- ately there was the wildest excitement throughout the state. Troops were organized, speeches made, bonfires burned, and men, women and children were enthusiastic in their determi- WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 79 nation to resist northern oppression and interference, to the bitter end. 3. At this time the state was in an exceedingly prosper- ous condition. The taxable property amounted in value to $650,000,000. The population was 1,057,000, of which 462,000 were negroes or slaves. Business was flourishing, and the people were entirely unprepared for the great and terrible changes that the war was destined to make in their condition. 4. When South Carolina seceded. Governor Brown saw that matters were assuming a critical aspect and at once ordered Colonel Lawton of Savannah, to seize Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah River. The fort was taken possession of January 3, 1861, and immediately put in good order. So this fort was seized before the state of Georgia seceded; but the governor dared not wait till after Georgia had withdrawn from the Union, for fear the Federal authorities would strengthen the fort and make it very difficult to capture it. 5. As soon as the state seceded. Governor Brown, with that energy and decision of character that have always marked him, at once seized the arsenal at Augusta, which was full of military stores belonging to the United States government, and in charge of Captain Elzey, of the United States army, with eighty soldiers. Captain Elzey at first declined to surrender, but seeing that he could not resist the 800 Augusta troops ordered against him, finally marched out with his men and Governor Brown took possession on January 23, 1861. 6. These were the first instances of hostility or of resistance to the United States government, and to Governor Brown belongs the honor of taking the first bold and effective step in support of the policy determined upon by his state. The Georgia members of Congress resigned and came home. 7. On February 4, 1861, the states that had seceded called a convention at Montgomery, Alabama. Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and Alabama were represented. The convention elected Howell Cobb as presiding officer. 80 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Jefferson Davis was elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, Vice-President, of the new association of states, called the Confederate States of America. Davis was formally inaugurated on February 4, 1861, and on March 4, 1 86 1, Abraham Lincoln took his seat as President of the United States. 8. President Davis's first act was to send a committee of three men — Crawford of Georgia, Forsyth of Alabama, and Roman of Louisiana — to the Federal government at Washington city to try and make a peaceful settlement, but they could do nothing. Virginia tried to have the trouble peacefully adjusted, and even called a peace convention at Washington, and thirteen states sent delegates ; but nothing was accomplished, and the war clouds grew darker and darker. 9. The states that had seceded followed Georgia's lead and had taken possession of all the forts and arsenals in their limits, except Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. Confederate companies, regiments and brigades had been organized, and General Beauregard was in command. He called on Major Anderson, the LInited States officer in command of Fort Sumter, to give up the fort. This Major Anderson refused to do. The Confederate cannon then began to bombard the fort, which surrendered after hard fighting. The attack on the fort caused the greatest excitement everywhere, and Lincoln at once made a call for 75,000 troops to put down the "rebellion." 10. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina quickly seceded and joined the Confederate states. But the odds were heavily against them. There were only 9,000,000 people in the seceded states, against 22,000,000 in the northern and western states. The North had everything — foundries, factories, ships, men — the South had practically nothing except land and slaves — the latter a source of constant apprehension and anxiety. Both sides were doing their utmost, and bringing soldiers to the chief seat of war, which was, naturally, in Virginia, near the boundary between ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 83 the two sections. The Confederate government was transferred from Montgomery to Richmond, and the war began in earnest. Questions. — i. What was the platform of the Republican party? What strong sentiment is spoken of? \Vhat effect did this have on the Southern states? What state first seceded? 2. What did Governor Brown do ? What is said of secession, and by whom was it opposed ? Of what were these men convinced ? W'hat vote was taken, and when did Georgia secede? What effect did this have in the state? 3. In what con- dition was the state? 4. What did Governor Brown do upon the secession of South Carolina? When was this fort seized? 5. What was done when Georgia seceded? What did Captain Elzey do? 6. What is said of Gov erner Brown's promptness? 7. When was a convention called, and by what states? W'hat elections were held, and what name given to the states? When was Davis inaugurated? 8. What was Davis' first work ? What was the result? 9. What is said of the states that had seceded? What of the forces for war? What fort was attacked, and what effect did it have at the North? 10. What other states now seceded? What is said of the difference in the forces ? What comparisons are made between the North and South? What did both sides try to do? What of the Confederate government ? CHAPTER XXIV. WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. — CONTINUED. 1. The first great battle was that of Manassas, Virginia, on July 21, 1 86 1. The Federals, or "Yankees," as the Southern people called them, were utterly defeated, losing 3000 men and many cannon, guns and other equipment. The Confeder- ate loss was 2000 men, among them many brave officers. Georgia lost General Francis Bartow, for whom the name of Cass County was changed to Bartow County. After the battle both sides renewed and more troops were sent forward, and the fighting continued. 2. In the fall of 1861 Judge E. A. Nisbet was nominated for governor, but Governor Brown was elected by a handsome 84 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. majority. Ben Hill and Robert Toombs were elected senators to the Confederate Congress. But Mr. Toombs declined and went into the army as a brigadier-general and Dr. John W. Lewis was appointed senator by Governor Brown. At the close of 1 86 1 Georgia had sent fifty regiments of soldiers to the army. The state had responded promptly to all demands made by the Confederate government, and the war spirit was stronger than ever among the people. During the year 1861 the Confederates were generally victorious, and the future looked full of hope and promise for the success and final independence of the Confederate states in spite of the heavy odds against them. 3. But the Federal government now began to more clearly realize the magnitude of the contest and made preparations for war upon a scale not before contemplated. New armies were sent into the field, not only into Virginia, but into Kentucky and Tennessee, and southern ports and navigable rivers were swarming with their war vessels and gun boats wherever they could get an entrance. The ports were blockaded. Little by little the Federal armies encircled the Confederacy, until it was shut in by land and sea. The Federal government was recruiting its armies with men from Europe, while the Southern states were unable to add a single man to their forces except from the native southern population. When a Federal soldier was killed there were dozens to take his place, but the loss of a Confederate soldier meant one man less for the Confederate service. 4. Within less than one year after the war began the Fed- eral armies numbered over 800,000 men, while the Confederates could muster less than 300,000. The great disparity in num- bers began to be felt. The Federals took Kentucky and Tennessee. Fort Pulaski was captured. New Orleans and Memphis fell in Federal hands. The Confederate Congress made a desperate effort to strengthen their armies. The " Conscript " act was passed, which compelled all sound men WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 85 between eighteen and thirty-five years of age to enlist in the army. Governor Brown strongly opposed the law and had a controversy with President Davis on the subject, but the law went into effect and the governor honored every call made upon him. 5. General Lee had been placed in command of the Confed- erate army in Virginia, and during the year 1862 defeated the Federals in some great battles. By the end of 1862 Georgia had sent 75,000 men to the Confederate armies, and had organized a home force, known as the state guards, of about 9000 men. The general results of this year were in favor of the Federals. The Confederates were slowly exhausting their men and their resources, while the Federals were growing stronger. 6. There was on both sides a great deal of opposition to the war, but it availed nothing. The war party was the stronger and those who desired peace were not looked upon with favor. On January i, 1863, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, which delared that all the slaves in the Confed- erate states were free from that date. But their freedom was not really accomplished till the Confederate armies had surrendered. Georgia had, up to this time, been almost entirely free from Federal forces on her soil. But in May, 1863, Colonel Straight made a raid with 1500 cavalry into North Georgia to destroy the Confederate arsenal and cannon foundry at Rome. He was followed by General Forrest, with only 450 men, and finally surrendered to Forrest just before reaching Rome. 7. Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the Ogeechee River, had been attacked by Federal gunboats, but they were driven away. On September 20, 1863, the battle of Chickamauga was fought on Georgia soil, in Walker County, and was a victory for the Confederates, but at a very heavy loss of soldiers. General Lee had defeated Hooker's army in Virginia, but General Meade soon afterwards defeated General Lee at 86 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. Gettysburg. Then Vicksburg, in Mississippi, was taken by the Federals and Bragg was defeated at Missionary Ridge. So that the year was generally one of disaster and defeat to the Confederate cause. The greatly superior numbers and equip- ment of the Federals began to count heavily against the South. 8. Governor Brown had already served three terms as governor, and in October, 1863, was again elected, with scarcely any opposition. At the same time Georgia sent M. H. Blandford, Julian Hartridge, Clifford Anderson, \V. E. Smith, Warren Akin, H. P. Bell, James M. Smith, George N. Lester, J. H. Echols and I. T. Shewmake, as her representatives to the Confederate Congress. 9. In April, 1863, John B. Gordon was made a Brigadier General, and in September, General Howell Cobb was placed in command of the state guards. General A. R. Lawton was appointed Quartermaster-General of the Confederate army. The year 1864 opened in gloom and darkness for the Confederate states. General Bragg had just before been defeated at Missionary Ridge, and his army was encamped near Dalton, Georgia, resting and recruiting for the coming campaign. The Federals now had two immense armies in the field — one in A^irginia, the other in and around Chattanooga — besides smaller armies in other localities. 10. The first battle of this year was fought near Olustee, Florida. General (afterwards governor) Colquitt commanded the Confederates and completely defeated the Federals. General Bragg resigned the command of the army at Dalton and General Hardee succeeded him. But General Joseph E. Johnston soon succeeded General Hardee. About the same time General Sherman took command of the Federal army at Chattanooga and began to prepare for his march towards Atlanta, along the line of the Western and Atlantic railroad. General Grant was commanding the Federal army in Virginia and was pushing on towards Richmond. The Confederacy was being slowly but surely crushed between these mighty armies. WAR BETWEEX THE STATES. 8/ Questions. — i. When and where was the first battle fought.^ What was the result of this battle? What was done after the battle? 2. What of the election for governor? Who were elected senators? To what Congress? What had Georgia done in 1S61 ? W^hat hope had the Confederates? 3. What of the Federal government at this time? What of the ports? IIow was the Federal army supplied with men? 4. When a Confederate was killed, how was his place supplied ? What did the Federal army number? The Confederate? W^hat was the result of this disparity of numbers ? Wliat did the Confederate congress do ? 5. What is said of General Lee? Wliat had Georgia done at the end of 1S62? How were things going with the Confederates ? 6. Was there any oppo- sition to the war? What was the Emancipation proclamation, and when was it issued ? Tell of Colonel Straight's raid into Georgia. 7. What happened at Fort McAllister? When was the battle of Chickamauga fought, and with what results? What was the result of affairs elsewhere? 8. Tell of Brown's re-election. Who were representatives to the Con- federate congress? 9. What was done in April, 1S63? What was the state of affairs in 1S64? 10. What battle is spoken of? What is told of Colquitt? W^hat changes were made? What of the movements of the Federal army ? CHAPTER XXV. WAR BETWEEX THE STATES. CONTINUED. 1. Early in May, 1864, Sherman began his march with nearly 100,000 men. Johnston had only 43,000, and dared not risk a general battle as long as he could possibly avoid it. He was therefore compelled to retreat from time to time, fighting as he marched, until the whole distance from Chattanooga to Atlanta, along the line of the Western and Atlantic railroad, was marked by bloody battles and dead men. The principal engagements were at Ringgold, Rocky Face, Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Allatoona, Kennesaw Mountain, Marietta and the series of battles around Atlanta. The Confederates were generally successful in these fights, but could not replace their lost men, so that every victory weakened them and served only to postpone the final crash. 8 M O l^ ro CO Tf O O ^ CO -< vq k- O mo O roCNLOr^LotOTfi-. ^ rO'^fror^CNr) ■^►-^00 COO-^codcT^rroLo roco cTcoO CA^r i-or'SrC'^i-r uoLorC <-l WM-rt-M l-(C|l-l Cl LO (-HI-HI-. PI CnO ro M r^ >- t^ J^ ON Tt-OO ON l^ Tt- I- O O "^ ^ovo CO T^ ^o O Tf -Tf O '^ I- Tf roco CO CO On ON ro On LO ro i-^ t^O cn O •- -1 -^ Lo ro LO O -^ '"9^ 000 rOi-i-H^Tt-cOOCO l^O Cnloi--co f r 'f c5i M O pr ro rC cf ^ p? LOO ^ CO ro -f ro « i-T cO -^ C) ri ro TfLop) ON-^r^ONM ropor^i^ONi-' •-• O LOLOLor^-f-fri m 1-' CnO On r-^ r-^ pi -t po pi >-< O po Tf pi lo OnO O po O O t^ O PI LO PI ON LO PI O POCO OCO >- PI 00 ^r-^'^ OnCO pi On O O O hH LOO Tt-co OnO pi On ^^ lo pi i-i On PO r-- PO CO LO POCO i- O M CO '''-ikO r^ lo ^ t^CO VD PO '^ r~^ rf CO PI >- ^ 1-1 PI o LOO Lopi LoCNONr^Pi Loi^p) PI LOLor^LOPOPOO "-^ COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO t^r^ t^CO CO t^OO CO CO CO r^CO CO CO CO CO hJ O biD- ii t^ a5 c S 13 ^:= 5 t^ 2 o C ^ r/l r- C ra i:i Jii 72 rt rt : :5 o '^ c i2 i; c en /k otJOa;c;aj£os^ i: brjT3 ^ J^ g t^ ^ -j^ o < -^ •? -a ^ . o i^ s.^ O) a; Oh g 2 ^ "^ ^ -^ c 3 ^ ^^ '-^ cj ^ ^ (1) (U C rt OJ > .2 r- "a; "Ij 55 .y is S k/ o 0/3^; S ^3 >-: rr! 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'It *^^ ^ CNCO m 01 o <-o\0 O in Tt Lovo ^-roGx^f^LOCxM^ONi-^'Lorooi ro^^ CACO LorCcNi-rcNGNoTLOw M h- Tf CO O N -^vO OVO 01 i^r^rooi O ^ roOCOCO r^O 01 tJ-w m oivO rooj i^i^O LOunrOLOiOONOl 01 rOLOOi 01 r-^oi LOt^w i-r)i^ON>-i LOOl r<-) roco >-0 ro ^O r^ lo 00 00 CO CO CO i^co oooooococooocoooooccco r--. r--oo CO 00 00 CO r^co 00 00 1^00 03 cw 5^ CD o ^ c .2; O f^ rt O r- <" ex,— ^ .° nJ O 3 rt ,i2 -H^ii w rt b 3 : ^ (u o 3 'J 3 c« :3 t« -O a3 ,^ r^ rt ^ ^ ^ ^ -o ^ ^ ^ ^'■^'' '^^ ^ -2 ►^fe -^ O ^ 3 %Lh ^ ^ ^ ,^ U 53 Lh c o c/3 ;s <^o OJ j- n . ^ r- o '^ ■£ o 7!WajS53*.W3C^rt^3St^CrtO^ ^■r^ -.°,-'ao c o'^'g.^^'^ S ^ o ^ ^ ^--J ^ ? 3^ .5 "^ ^0000 o "* o ri a (u P cj 'w O cj 0) 0) o o o o ■" _^ -t-- t: 3 UUUUUUUUQQQQQQQPMWWWWfi.f^fef^pH;iHOOOO 66 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. >- C\ <^ i^ QvvO r-- t^ t^ O roO O C\ '^ Cn Gn t^ rf t-^O M r-^ On O <^ LO CN t^ "^ "* — CNC/D Loci^H-it^i^^oOTt- i^co '^ O O CO i-^oo O CO ^ O 1-^ ro t-^co LOMVO roi-^co ri --i-^r-^oco " i-ico i^-^«- t^ C?\ -^' CO t^ w vo O C?vO "^0(5^^0 l-^\0 c~r ro CJN t"? vO "-OMD CO ^ ro ONM3 On r-. O t-^OO t-^ M w ii LovO t-. rOVO OOrOfl Om^rfnriM H- OncO vO i- i-i ONio^C^Tt-i^ ONCO O >-o t^ On Tf co i^ r^ >-. ci w co p-T c? hT ^^ fp M o n ro rCo w loco (5 i-Tco O rCco ro t~^ vn uo c5v M rO"^OONONGNO loonpi w O r) Q roi- -^M r^ roco ro r^co >-i rooooco roONONfO^ oj r-. -^co GNLor^rOLoroO r^ci loo lo q ro On q\ n r^ « On On ri^ vq n ci_ r-, ro tJ-vo Cn^O -t d "^ i-i ^ <"», ("J^ O lom5 CTn lo ^f (5 lo t-^O CO Lo tt ro Lo\0 '^ ro tC •-^ -^ c? rCvO fO i-T -^ vO CO CO CO <^vO ONrDO ►- i-covO civooo i^ r^vo r^vo loco m ro r-^ CO i-H i-H 1-c Onloc) LoroM 0) NH on'-i Onloo O c-i r^ONri rot^ONfO I^CO 00 CO r^CO 00 00 CO 00 CO CO I^CO I^CO CO 00 00 t^ t--00 CO 00 I-^CO o^ 0) i5 rt bC:S 2 rt rt 03 r- 5 c 3 > ^ ^y) h r 2 ;5 -^ ^^ ^ C) bJO o 1= CI, O C ^ ^ o c ;i: (Dl-^.s; rt rt^ rt bO :e :e; fe g ph H^ ^g ^?:upjn:'.j>fiHQo O O i^ O o r ^ r- ^ 0) . :: oj e , . - >^ = ° il ^ ,E ,-^ o o o w b 03 o t: ^^^ I o^ rt ^-^ c v; C CD >> c ^ ^ ^ ^ c o >— ^'S ^ >^ rt hA o>^0'^:^(j OJ o c f^f^rt O O O ^ j=: OO o.-:2 oj^r O > > 0) 3J t« u o o J5 t« J_ (/: r- C/3 (I) t/5 j:! IJ ojrtoJrtojcucuO "!£ -^ >^ Td -^ -S ^ ^ ^ S Q ^, O o ^ o6ffiffiKKEKK:nE^ ^^^^^;3 ;:^;:^;jj;3ssg APPENDIX. 167 Nc^Tt-i^OOro-^ -^VO vo «-i M "^ '^oo r-^O Tt-i-o^r^o^ C^>- ^cj i-oo O i-T r^ <5 'J vo O cfv dwO CO r-^ -^ rCvo "-T co ^ \0 '^vo rf tJ uo lo uoo lo '^ ro ^o cF ro— C\Tl-riv0\OC0C0 '^vO -^ M m 10 O ro t-^vO i- ro O ^O rOCO vO loco ci ^ C\ vOVD ("Or^r^O ^ Lo G\a5 ^ vO fOMO O ^oco i-^ 10 O O loO r^TCO O Ococo G\ vO fi Lo i-o\0 ►- "-oo O'^fO^CO c) '-oroC^O^O O OO " ^COO c-i "-oci -^-O 10 t^ fO W HH CO '^ O O ro C) ro t^ t^ M "^ 00 O O roO f) C\'+t^C> ro ^ M r^ LOCO O iJ^ O G\ ""O O ro CI vo rO ONOO On i-h O ^^O t^CO vO loco OO TCOOO '^rOONClOO LOrOM TfCN-l-n rOh- rOCAO >- CO O -^CO '■'^ ^J, *"], ^ Cr\ ^ ^ r^ CO ^ ri^ "^^ " 9. t^ CO On CI Lo Tj-o LOLor^c) r^coir^cTrC ^00 O "-O roi-T lolocF '^cTvO Lo^tr^ ii r^ t-^O r-, r^ w co r^ ci ^o m ^o co ci co r^ cj w co r--co C\co r-^ O r^ co « o « 1-1 CI i-OLOLOci GsO coci ci i^Oncololoci i-oo O loi-h c) t^r^LOCNLoroco 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 t^OO 00 00 00 00 1^00 oococococococoooco r^OO CO I^CO CO CO 0) i3 rt ^ 0) rt r; 3 rt ^ l>^K^ ri ^ oj ^^ o, c ;-! C/3 C 3 O tiO. a; ^ C O en O ^u ^ -^ a w (V _^ ~ "C -^ s§ §:::: I So a, O o s - c5 QJ 4-1 5i;^^3< — ! «? Vfi r- ,, ^ S I? ^ 'o y r: > o '^ ^ o 0) J-i c; !> CD OJ D ^ "1^ -^ oo<:3o Aoo o 'a 2-' o ^-^ ^ >o ^ N Au ^ o c o O cu 00 C-' 03 03 ^ :. tx) c; aj i^iiOtBrtrtOoo; o -H b t: tJO S u ^ o ' tn bD ii u o3rt-.x):5!:;;cu OS ^, .ti n r- -^ u ^ ^ "::: ^ P - 3 3 rt rt.y o-g 53 aii 5 fL, cypi; ';A v^ A m u:i Wi si m 1 68 THE HISTORY OF GEORGIA. 00 >-• rovO r^ ro -1- Tt- ro lO C\ZC M I^>-i t^r->.ioiOi-vO O '- i-CO LO ON LOO r^ o '-n\o n C\ -^oo oo vo « u") roco ON "-o « oo CO CO 'tf ^ ^l '"i ^ 'I' "O '", 9, ^ " *> '^ ^i ^^ CN M -"TO >-< ON ON O r^ O CJ p-c ►- f) ON IV. Looo «J0ONri -^M tv>-Or<->M lO roMD >-0 to M M r) lo lO T}-vO ro ri >-( o rovO fO r-,0 '^O M ro "-o ro "i m On r^O ro ^ovo m r^ *^1°^'^9.'^"9, O-fMi-iONwvOr-^CN— rlvoC^|--1-^<'-| On ■^- ro -f c? cK "-o ro lo O w t-^ rOO -f c-I ro i-T ro r? lo -f ON ^CO CO M -^ M O M CO Tf LO O ri CO — ►-< VD CO On ^ ("O n OnO -1-CO vO lo — t--. O O rfHH Lo.- rO" ONQ r^LOQ r'^r^n- ri n O ro ON Tf lOvO rv M — CNCicoco fi "VO f-> r^ ^ ro Lo i-T fo r^ ^^ r~^o ^ d "-o-i-d "^crLoo -fiOLOLo h:i O r-^ Lo >- M r^vo Lovo ^ 0\ r-t ^ roco -rt- rn -rt lovo rv p- r-. r-- ro ro n M O lO O to n Lo C) O ro M ro !-• M OnCO O LOLOLOLOtvO to COCOCOCOCOCOCOOiCOCOOOOOOOOOCO t-- r^CO CO CO CO CO r-^CO CO o i:; ::::: tl o ■> O ^ t/2 > (u o i:j S5 t;? p 03 ^ o o " ^ 'OJ O 0) -^ c 'oj r/i > *:; o t« .S o "BH o :? o H ^ O 1^ .5 ^5* i-i;-ii-i!-i^-E;z,s-i^o;-.fcC!-iai '-^aji>477 Jews 4,100 INDEX Abolitionists, the, 119. Absolute title to land, 20. Acadians, 24. Agnes, Ship, 31. Agnus, 31. Agricultural State Society, 107. Agricultural Statistics, 162. Akin, Warren, 76, 86. Allatoona, 87, 89. Alliance, Farmers', in. Amatis, 6. Amelia Island, 13, 14. American Party, 71. Amnesty Oath, 93. Anderson, Clifford, 86. Andrew, Fort, 13. Andrews, Garrett, 71. Anesthesia by Ether, 65. Anne, Ship, 6. Area of Georgia, 148. Argyle, Fort, 9. Aristocracy, 136, 142. Ash, General, 41. Assembly, Representative, 20. Assembly, the State, 170. Athens, 49. Atlanta, 88. Attakullakulla, 28. Augusta guarded, 12. Bailiffs, 15. Banks, 51, 62, 65, 75. Barnett, Samuel, 107. Bartow, General, 83. Beaufort, 7. Bell, H. P., 86. Berrien, John M., 60, 62. Blandford, M. H., 86. Bosomworth, Thomas, 12, 19, 20. Boston Massacre, 33. Boston Port Bill, 2^. Bowen, Captain, 37. Boyd, 41. Boynton, James S., 108. Bragg, General, 86. Breckenbridge, John C, 77. Brown, General John M., 88. Brown, John, 130, 133. Brown, Joseph E., 72, 75, 83, 86, 90, 91, 108. Brownson, Dr. Nathan, 44. Bryan, Jonathan, 23. Buchanan, Hugh, 93. Bull, Colonel William, 8. Bullock, Archibald, 33, 37, 38, 39. Bullock, Rufus, loi, 108. Cabaniss, E. G., 93. Calhoun, John C, 67, 68. Capital, I or, 107. Capitol, 108. Cession to United States, 49. Chapel, first Methodist, 11. Charter, 5, 21, 22. Cheehaws, 13. Cherokees, 26-28, 59, 60, 93. 78 INDEX. Chesapeake, Man-of-war, 51. Chickamauga, 85. Christy, J. H., 93. Clarke, John, 43, 55. Clay, Henry, 58, 65, 68. Clmch, Duncan, 67. Cobb, Governor Howell, 65-91. Cohen, Solomon, 93. Colleges, 45, 49, 58, 60, 61, 96, 105, 157- Colonization Society, 122. Colquitt, Governor Alfred, 86, 107, 108. Colquitt, Walter, 70. Commissioners, Lords, 22. Common People, 136-142. Condition of State, 114, 147. Confederate Arsenal, 85. Confederate Congress, 84. Confederate States, 80. Confiscation Act, 97. Congregational Church, first, 21. Congress, General, 34. Congressional Districts, 46, 173. Conley, Benjamin, 103. Conscript Act, 84. Constitution of Georgia, 38, 46, 98, 170. Conventions, 78-80. Convicts, 106, 155-157- Cook, Lieutenant, 17. Cook, Philip, 93. Cooper, Mark A., 65. Cornwallis, Fort, 43. Cottyman, Captain, 26. Council of Safety, 35, 36, t^j. Counties, 33, 38, 45, 46, 50, 53, 54, 56, 83, 164-168, 170. Courts, of Chancery, 23; Record, 23; Superior, 39 ; Supreme, 65 ; Cir- cuit, 172 ; Justices', 172 ; Ordi- nary, 172. Coweta, 8. Crawford, Governor George, 63. Crawford, William H., 50. Creeks, 8, 13, 52. Crisp, Charles F., iii. Cruger, Major, 43. Cumberland Island, 12. Cuthbert, Alfred, 62. Dale, Major, 59. Darien, 10, 15. Davis, Jefferson, 80, 91. Dawson, William, 67. De Monteano, Don Manuel, 16. Dempsey, Charles, 13. D'Estaing, Count, 41-43. Division of land, systems of, 50. Dooley, John, 41. Dorchester, 21. Douglas, David, 23. Douglass, Stephen A., 77. Ebenezer founded, 9, 11. Echols, J. H., 86. Elbert, County, 33. Elbert, Governor Samuel, 46. Elliott, John, 21. Ellis, Henry, 24-28. Emancipation of Slaves, 85. Emigrants chosen, 6. Emory College, 60. Estatoe, 27. Etchoe, 27. Evans, Professor L. B., 145. Fielder, Herbert, 104. Fifthteenth Amendment, 102. Floyd, General, 52, 53. Forrest, General, 85. Forsyth, Governor, 56. Fourteenth Amendment, 94, 10 1. Franklin, Benjamin, 31. INDEX. 179 Franklin College, 49. Frederica, 12, 16. Gaines, General, 53. Gardener, James, 72. Gardener, Lieutenant, 67. Gazette, Georgia, 33. George, Fort Prince, 26-28. George II, 4-29. George III, 4, 29-38. Georgia Academy, 70. Georgia Penetentiary, 155. Georgia Platform, 69. Georgia seceded, 78. Georgia readmitted, 102. Gilmer, Governor, 56, 57, 60. Gilpin, Fort, 43. Glenn, John, 34. Gold Mining, 57. Gordon, John 13., 86, lor, 106, 108, III. Goulding, Rev. F. R., 145. Government, Confederate, 80. Governor, Office of, 170. Grady, Henry W., 146. Graham, Patrick, 22, 23. Grant, Colonel, 28. Greene, General, 43. Grierson, Fort, 43. Gwinnett, Button, 38, 39. Habersham, James, 18-37. Habersham, Joseph, 35, 36. Habersham, Samuel, 37. Hall, Lyman, 34, 36, 2,7, 38, 45. Hamilton, Major F., 27. Hamstead, 9. Handly, George, 45. Harbors, 151. Hardee, Captain, 67, 86, 90. Hardwick, 24. Harris, Francis, 20. Harris, Joel C, 146. Hartridge, Julian, 86. Hawkins, Benjamin, 49. Haygood, Rev. Atticus, 147. Hermsdorf, Captain, 13. High-gate, 9. Hill, Benjamin H., 75, 78, 84, 91, 97. Homestead exemption, 170. Hood, General, 88. Plorton, Major, 18. Houston, John, 2,Z^ 34, 38, 39, 45. Howard, John, 3. Howard, Samuel, 53. Howe, Major-General, 39. Hubert, Dr. Henry, 6. Hughes, General, 42. Indians, troubles with, 46, 51, 52, 53, 55' 56, 57> 59> 60. Interest, 170. Irwin, Jared, 47, 50. Islands of Georgia, 151. Iverson, General Alfred, 88. Jackson, Henry R., 66. Jackson, James, 44, 48, 50, 108. James, Ship, 9. Jasper, Sergeant, 42. Jekyl Island, 9, 12, 151. Jenkins, Charles J., 67, 93, 94, 105. Johnson, Herschel V., 70, 71, jj, 93. Johnson, James, 93. Johnston, General, 87, 88. Jones, Charles C, 142. Jones, Noble W., 21, 23, 32-34. Josephtown, 9. Judiciary System, 171. Justice, Chief, 23. Kennesaw Mountain, Battle of, '&j. Keowee, 26. Knox, William, 31. i8o INDEX. Lamar, Henry, 72. Land Act, 45. Land Court, 45. Lane, Joseph, T]. Lanier, Sidney, 145. Laurens, Colonel, 42. Lawton, Colonel, 79, 86. Lee, Colonel Henry, 43. Lee, General, 85, 91. Legislature, 90. Lester, G. M., 86. Lewis, Dr. J. W., 84. Liberty Boys, 34, 35. Liberty County, 34. Liberty Pole, 35. Lincoln, General, 40, 41, 77, 80. Literature, 142. Little, George, 96, 106. Little, William, 23. Long, Dr. Crawford, 65. Longstreet, Judge, 146. Lords of Trade and Plantation, 24. Loudon, Fort, 26, 27. Loyall, Captain, 66. Lumpkin, J. H., 65, 72, 119. Lumpkin, Wilson, 58-60. Lunatic Asylum, 65, 160. Lutherans, 11. Mackay, Colonel, 13, 16. McAllister, Fort, 85. McCay, Judge, 106. McDaniel, H. D., 108, iii. McDonald, Charles J., 61, 65, 69. Mcintosh, Colonel James, 67. Mcintosh, Lachlan, 37. Maitland, Captain, 37. Manufactories, 161. Martin, John, 44. Massacre at Fort Mims, 52. Matthews, George, 46. Matthews, James D., 93. Meade, General, 98, 105. Meigs, Josiah, 49. Mercer University, 61. Messias, Captain, 53. Methodists, The, 11. Middle Georgia, 1 48-1 51. Midway Neck, 21. Military rule, 92. Militia, 20, 21, 172. Milledge, Governor John, 49. Milledgeville, 50, 90, 107. Miller, Dr. H. V. M., 72. Minerals, 150. Missionaries, 57. Mitchell, David B., 51, 53. Money, change of, 46. Montgomery, Captain, 27. Moravians, 10, 11. Mountains of Georgia, 151. Musgrove, Mary, 8, 19, 20. Negro as a Slave, 125. New Inverness, 10. Nisbet, Eugenius A., 66, 83. North Georgia, 1 48-1 51. Northen, W. J., in. Norwood, Thomas, 108. O'Bryan, 12. Officials, State, 169. Oglethorpe, Sir James, 1-17. Oglethorpe's Charter, 5 ; original grant, 4. Omnibus Bill, 68. Ossabaw, 19, 151. Papists, French, 24. Parishes, 25. Parker, Henry, 20. Penal Code, 53. Pickens, General, 43, 44. Pine Belt, 149. INDEX. Political Parties, 59, 62, 69, 71, ^T, III, 119, 130. Pompon, 8. Pope, General, 97, 98. Population, 163-168. Products, 150. Provincial Congress, 34, 37. Pulaski, Count, 42. Pulaski, Fort, 79. Purisburg, Ship, 9. Puritans, 21. Quaker Springs, 21. Rabun, William, 53. Railroad Commission, 107. Railroads, 60, di, 76, 105, 174. Randolph, Peyton, 36. Reconstruction, 92, loi. Religious Denominations, 176. Representatives, 170. Rescinding Act, 47. Reynolds, Governor, 22-25. Ridge, John, 59. River Navigation, 53. Rivers of the State, 150. Rome, 85. Ross, John, 59. Royalists, 36. Ruger, General T., loi. Salaries of Justices; Governor, 170. Salzburgers, the, 9, 10. Sapelo, 19, 151. Savannah, 8, 40, 44, 90. Savannah, Ship, 54. Scarborough, Ship, 38. Schermerhorn, 59. Schley, William, 59. Schools, 158, 159. Scotch Highlanders, 10. Scott, Captain Alexander, 66. Scott, General Winfield, 59. Seal of State, 48, loi. Senate, 46. Senators, 170. Seminoles, 53. Settlements, early, 7. Seymour, Isaac, 66. Sherman, General W. T., 87, 90. Shewmake, I. T., 86. Silk Culture, 6. Skidway Islands, 9. Slave Labor, 6, 94. Slave Trade, 50, 117. Smith, Hoke, 114. Smith, James M., 86, 104-107. Smith, W. E., 86. Soils of the State, 149. Southern Georgia, 1 48-1 51. Spanish Invasion, 15. Speedwell, Ship, 31. St. Catherine, 19, 151. St. George, Fort, 13. St. Johns Parish, 34. St. Simons, 9, 151. Stamp Act, 30, 31. State Guards, 85. State Officials, 169. State Road, 60. Stephens, Alexander, 65, 68, 80, 91, 94, 108, 145. Stephens, John, 21. Stephens, Thomas, 18. Stephens, William, 15, 18. Stiles, \Yilliam H., 72. Stuart, Captain, 27, 28. Sunbury, Settlement of, 21. Talbot Island, 13. Talbot, Matthew, 55. Tappan, Arthur, 119. Tariff, the, 58. I«2 INDEX. Tassel, George, 57. Tatnall, Josiah, 49. Tavern, Tondee's, ^3 Tax for Church Support, 26. Taylor, Major, 43. Telfair, Edward, 46, 50. Terry, General Alfred, 102. Third Party, The, iii. Thirteenth Amendment, 94. Thomas, Captain, 6. Thompson, Wiley, 59. Thunderbolt, 9. Tomochichi, 8, 10, 14. Toombs, Robert, 65, 68, 76, 84, 91. Topography of State, 148. Towns, George W., 67. Treutlen, John A., 39. Trippe, Judge, 96. Troup, George M., 55, 56. Trustees, 6, 13, 18. Tybee Island, 9, 151. Union Flag, 35. Universities, 157. Usury, 130. Veto Power, 46. Walker, General, 67. Wallace, Campbell, 107. Walton, George, ^7^ 38? 46- Walton, John, ^2, 38. Wanderer, Yacht, 119. Warner, Hiram, 66, 72. Wars : — Between the States, 78-91. Cherokees, 26-28. Creek (1836), 60. Mexican, 62, 67. Revolutionary, 32-44. Seminole, 59. Spanish, 15. War of 181 2, 52. Washington, General, ;^y, 44, 46, 49. Waters, Major, 122. Wayne, General, 44, 57. Wereat, John, 41. Wesley, Charles, 11. Wesley, John, 11. Wesleyan College, 61. Western and Atlantic R. R., 95. Whig Party, 71. Whitefield, 11, 12, 13. Whitney, Eli, 46. Wilde, R. H., 145. Wilkinson, Fort, 49. Williams, Colonel, 43. Wofford, W. T., 93, 104. . Woods, 149. Wright, James, 29, 40. • Wyley, Alexander, 32. Yamacraw Bluff, 8. Yamacraw Indians, 8. Yazoo Fraud, 45. Yoakley, Captain, 9. Zouberbuhler, Bartholomew, 25, 26. ADVERTISEMENTS. A REVOLUTION IN SCHOOL READING HAS BEEN WROUGHT BY THE USE OF THE Classics for Children. The books in this carefully edited series are widely used in place of the ordinary Reading Books in the upper grades of the Grammar Schools and in the High Schools. They are also used as Supplementary Readers in hundreds of schools throughout the country. DESIGN — To supply material for practice in reading, form a taste for good literature, and increase the mental power of the pupils by providing them with the best works of standard authors, complete as far as possible, and judiciously annotated. AUTHORSHIP — Varied, and of world-wide reputation. In the list of authors are Shakespeare, Ruskin, Scott, Irving, Goldsmith, Johnson, Franklin, Andersen, Kingsley, De Foe, Swift, Arnold, and Lamb EDITORS — Of recognized ability and discriminating taste. Among them are John Fiske, Edward Everett Hale, Henry N. Hudson, Charlotte M. Yonge, John Tetlow, Homer B. Sprague, D. H. Montgomery, Edwin Ginn, W. H. Lambert, Alfred J. Church, Dwight Holbrook, J. H. Stickney, Margaret A. Allen, and Mary S. Avery. INDORSED BY — Teachers, Superintendents, Librarians, eminent Literary- Authorities, and the Educational Press. CLASSICS FOR CHILDREN, Choice Literature ; Judicious Notes ; Large Type ; Firm Binding ; Low Prices. Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales. * First Series: Supplementary to the Third Reader. * Second Series: Supplementary to the Fourth Reader. */Esop 's Fables, with selections from Krilof and La Fontaine. *Kingsley 's Water-Babies : A story for a Land Baby. *Ruskin 's King of the Golden River : A Legend of Stiria. *The Swiss Family Robinson. Abridged. Robinson Crusoe. Concluding with his departure from the island. *Kingsley's Greek Heroes. Franci'lon's Gods and Heroes. Lamb 's Tales from Shakespeare. " Meas. for Meas." omitted. Scott's Tales of a Grandfather. *Martineau's Peasant and Prince. Banyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Scott's Lady of the Lake. Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses. Tom Brown at Rugby. Lord Chesterfield's Letters. Church 's Stories of the Old World. Scott's Talisman. Complete. Scott's Quentin Durward. Slightly abridged. Irving' s Sketch Book. 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Here, is at last a series that harmonizes "language'''' and "grammar,''^ and makes expression throtigh ivj'itten forms as natiiral as thought and speech. It is believed that nothing crude, notional, or simply "taking" will be found in the books, however original and attractive they may seem. Five years were spent in maturing the plan, and five years more in working out the details. The most approved text-books — American, English, French, and German — were studied. A number of the best known specialists in this department assisted. The experience of hundreds of teachers and the capacities of thousands of pupils were consulted. A course in which so much good thought has been embodied must possess marked features worthy of attention. The appeal is confidently made to the class-room. All are urged to test our recommendations by actual use. "Wm. E. Back, Supt. PiibUc Instruction, Matichester, N. H. : I am particularly well pleased with them. They insure better teaching, because most teachers will almost literally follow the text-book and Tarbell's Lessons have evidently been arranged with this fact in view. Accordingly, all subjects are treated with sufficient fullness for the common school and in due proportion with reference to theory and practice. A. Wanner, Citj' S?(/t. of Schools, York, Pa.: They are admirably adapted to teach the pupil "to use his native tongue with readiness, clearness and accuracy in both its spoken and written forms." Mary A. Bacon, Teacher of English, Girls' Normal and Indtis. Sch., Milledgeville, Ga.: I have no hesitation in saying that they are the best books on the subject now in the field. The most inexperienced teacher could not fail of fair success with such texts. R. W. Stevenson, S?(/>t. of Schools, Wichita, Kansas: It will, by the force of merit, push itself into many of our best schools. 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Its lessons are not merely consistent and progressive, which could be said of several other elementary texts in lan- guage; but in addition, they constitute a linguistic center, which calls for exercise upon the child's varied field of knowledge. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago. ELEMENTARY ENGLISH. 9 Elementary Lessons in English. By Mrs. N. L. Knox-Heath. PAKT FIRST: '* Hoio to Speak and Write Correctly.'* 12mo. Cloth. 192 pages. Mailing Price, 45 cents ; Introductions 40 cents ; allowance in exchange, 15 cents. rriHIS part contains no technical grammar. It is designed to give children such knowledge of the English language as will enable them to speak and write it with accuracy and force. PART FIRST: Teachers' Edition. 12mo. Cloth. 323 pages. Mailing Price, 70 cents; Introduction and Teachers' Price, 60 cents. 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Intro- This book consists of Oral Lessons, Observation Lessons, Exer- cises, Dictations, Vocabulary Lessons, Exercises in Parsing, Reviews, Cautions, Subjects and Plans, and, in short, everything required to elucidate and supplement the pupil's book. The Appendix con- tains Business Forms and Models for Letters, with a List of Books for Children. S. T. Dutton, Supt. of Schools, New Haven, Conn.: The Knox-Heath Language Series has been in use in New Haven, the first book for five years, the second book for one year. From my observation of the results attained by their use, and from the testimonies of teachers and princi- pals, I have no doubt of their being the best text-books for language- teaching now in the market. They are better suited to develop power in the correct use of English, and at the same time furnish teach- ers with a better method, than any other books I have seen. i^Oct. 1887.) STICKNEY'S READERS. Introductory to Classics for Children. By J. H. 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OPEN SESAME! iboui One Thousand Pieces of the Choicest Prose and Verse. compiled by Blanche Wilder Bellamy and Maud Wilder Goodwin. VOL. I. for children from four to ten years old. VOL. II. for children from ten to fourteen years old. VOL. III. for children of a larger growth. Illustrated^ and handsomely bound in cloth. Pj-ice of each to teachers^ and for introduction^ 73" cents. No Eastern romancer ever dreamed of such a treasure-house as our EngUsh Hterature. With this " Open Sesame " in his possession a boy or girl has only to enter and make its wealth his own. Every piece is believed to be worth carrying away in the memory. The best writings of our classic authors are here, with selec- tions from recent literature and not a few translations. It is very good indeed. We think it the best of all the collections. — E. A. Sheldon, Prin. State Nortnal School, Oswego, N.Y. I think it by far the best collection of memory pieces I have ever seen. — F. B. Palmer, Prin. State Nortnal School, Fredonia, N. V. It is a beauty, and of all similar works I have seen, it has the most desira- ble selections. — W. E. Buck, Supt. Public Schools, Manchester, N.H. The book is a handsome specimen of the arts of typography and binding, while the selections and their arrangement speak well for the judgment and taste of the editors. — Chas. W. Cole, Supt. Public Schools, Albany, N. Y. It [Volume I.] is a rare and rich collection of poems and a few prose articles. — I nter-Ocean, Chicago. The whole book is full to overfiowing of the best things to be found in the English language, and is a thoroughly happy production which children, parents, and teachers will welcome eagerly. — EDUCATION, Boston. It is not often that a collection of verse so thoroughly representative of what is best in literature, and so inclusive of what one has learned to love and to look for in every anthology, comes from the press. — CHRISTIAN UNION, New York. The editors have brought to their task a sufficiently wide and sympathetic knowledge of English and American verse, and have also wisely considered the real needs and tastes of children. . . . The collection is at once of a high char- acter and of a practicable sort. — SUNPAV School Times, Philadelphia. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago, and London. 16 HIGHER ENGLISH, Hudson's Expurgated Shakespeare. For Schools, Clubs, and Families. Revised and enlarged Editions ol twenty-three Plays. Carefully expurgated, with Explanatory Notes at the bottom of the page, and Critical Notes at the end of each volume. By H N. Hudson, lLd., Editor of The Harvard Shakespeare. One play in each volume Square 16mo. Varying in size from 128-258 pages. Mailing Price of each: CJoth, 50 cents; Paper, 35 cents duction Price: Cloth, 45 cents; Paper, 30 cents. Per set $12.00. (To Teachers, $10.00.) For list see next page. Intro- Cin box) S OME of the special features of this edition are the convenienl size and shape of the volumes ; the clear type, superior press- work, and attractive binding; the ample introductions: the ex- planatory notes, easily found at the foot of the page; the critical notes for special study ; the judicious expurgation, never mangling either style or story ; the acute and sympathetic criticism that has come to be associated with Dr. Hudson's name ; and, finally, tho reasonableness of the price. Oliver "Wendell Holmes: An edi- tion of any play of Shakespeare's to which Mr. Hudson's name is affixed does not need a line from anybody to commend it. Cyrus Northrop, President Uni- versity of Minnesota : They are con- venient in form and edited by Hud- Son, — two good things which I can nee at a glance. Hiram Corson, Prof, of Ehet. and Eng. Lit., Cornell University : I cou- Bider them altogether excellent. The notes give all the aid needed for an understanding of the text, without waste and distraction of the student's mind. The introductory matter to the several plays is especially worthy of approbation. C. F. P. Bancroft, Prin. of Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass. : Mr. Hudson's appreciation of Shake- speare amounted to genius. His editing accordingly exhibits more than learning and industry, — it re- veals insifirht, sympathy, and convic- tion He ieaas the pupil into the very mind and heart of " the thou sand-souled Shakespeare." Byron Groce, blaster in Public Latin School, Boston : The amended text is satisfactory; the typography is excellent; the notes are brief, al- ways helpful, not too numerous, and put where they will do the most good ; the introductions are vigorous, in- spiriting, keenly and soundly critical, and very attractive to boys, especially on account of their directness and warmth, for all boys like enthusi asm. C.T.Winchester, Prof, of English, Wesleyan University : The notes and comments in the school edition art admirably fitted to the need of thf student, removing his difficulties bj stimulating his interest and quicken- ing his perception. A. C. Perkins, Prin. of Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn: In the prepa- ration of the School Shakespeare, Mr. Hudson met fully the capacities and needs of students in our schools and colleges. HIGHER ENGLISH. 17 The list is as follows : — *A Midsummer-Night's Dream 3 *Henry the Eighth .3 *The Merchant of Venice.^ *Romeo and Juliet.3 *Much Ado About Nothing.^ *Julius Caesar, i *As You Like It.i Twelfth Night. i *Hamlet.i *The Tempest.- The Winter's Tale.2 *King Lear.2 King John. Richard Second. *Macbeth.2 Eichard Third." Antony and Cleopatra.2 *Henry Fourth, Part First.i *0thello.3 Henry Fourth, Part Second. i Cymbeline.3 Henry the Fifth.- *Coriolanus.3 Old Edition, paper, plays starred above. By mail, 20 cents ; for introduc- tion, 15 cents. Hudson's Three-Volume Shakespeare, For Schools, Families, and Clubs. With Introductions and Notes on each Play. 12mo. Cloth. 636-{)78 pages per volume. By mail, per volume, $1.40; for introduction, $1.25. The plays included in the three volumes respectively are indicated by figures in the above list. Shakespeare's Complete Works. Harvard Edition. By Henry N. Hudson, LL.D. In Tioenty Volumes, 12mo, two plays in each volume. Retail price : Cloth, $25.00 ; half calf, $55.00. Also in Ten Volvmes, of four plays each. Retail price: Cloth, $20.00; half calf, $40.00. Buyers should be careful not to confound the Harvard Shakespeare with an old edition raade in 1851 and still sold by another house. rriHIS is pre-eminently the edition for libraries, students, and general readers. The type, paper, and binding are attractive and superior, and the introductions and notes represent the editor's ripest thought. The first volume contains the Burbage portrait and a life of the poet. The history of each play is given in its appropriate volume. The plays are arranged in three distinct series: Comedies, His= tories, and Tragedies ; and the plays of each series presented, as nearly as may be, in the chronological order of the writing. An obvious merit of this edition is that each volume has two sets of notes ; one mainly devoted to explaining the text, and placed at the foot of the page ; the other mostly occupied with matters of textual comment and criticism, and printed at the end of each play. The edition is thus admirably suited to the uses 18 HIGHER ENGLISH. both of the general reader and of the special student. General readers prefer to have explanations directly before them; and m at least nine cases out of ten they will pass over an obscure word or phrase or allusion without understanding it, rather than look up the explanation in another volume or another part of the same volume. Often, too, in case the explanation be not directly at hand, they will go elsewhere in quest of it, and then find, aftei all, that the editor has left the matter unexplained ; whereas, with foot-notes, they will see at once how the matter stands, and will be spared the labor and vexation of a fruitless search. Mr. Hudson's notes are always fresh and original, aiming to give the pupil such help as he needs for a thorough understanding of the poet's meaning rather than for the technical teaching of philology. It was always Mr. Hudson's wish to bring his students into close commmiion with the author. If he could accomplish that, his great object was secured, and anything that would tend to distract the attention of the pupil to foreign matters he con- sidered a very great mistake. While studying Shakespeare, his desire was to understand him, and not to make him the subject for the teaching of the English language. OPINIONS OF NOTED SHAKESPEARIANS. Horace Howard Furness : A noble edition, witli happy mingle of illus- tration, explanation, and keen, svib- tle, sympathetic criticism. E. P. Whipple: Hudson's is the most thoughtful and intelligent in- terpretative criticism which has, luring the present century, been written, either in English or German. Professor Dowden : Hudson's edi- tion takes its place beside the best work of English Shakespeare stu- dents. Dr. A. P. Peabody: I regard the edition as unequalled in Shakespear- ian scholarship, and in its worth in the library and for current use. Prof. C. T. Winchester : It seems to me, without question, the best edition now printed. Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare. By Henry N. Hudson, LL.D., Editor of The Harvard Shakespeare, etc. In 2 vols. V2mo. 1003 pages. Uniform in size and binding with The Ilaj^vard Shakespeare. Retail prices: Cloth, $14.00; half-calf, $8.00. Besides the topics mentioned in the title, this work treats of the origin and growth of the English drama and of Shakespeare's contemporaries. 20 HIGHER ENGLISH. English Literature Pamphlets. A LL of these are printed in good type, on good paper, and have been judiciously annotated for the use of students. All are of 12mo size. The first of the prices given below is the mailing pricej and the second the introductory. The name of the editor is in brackets. Burke. [Hudson.] I. Five Speeches and ten Papers. 20 cents ; 1-5 cents. II. Life. A Letter to a Noble Lord, and eleven Extracts. 20 cents , 15 cents. Webster, [Hudson.] I. Reply to Hayne, and six Extracts. 20 cents ; 15 cents. II. Life, and extracts from twenty -five Speeches. 20 cents ; 15 cents. Webster. [Montgomery.] First Bunker Hill Address, with Life. 12 cents ; 10 cents. Bacon. [Hudson.] Life, and Extracts from thirty Essays. 20 cents; 15 cents. Wordsworth. [Hudson.] I. Life. The Prelude, and thirty -three Poems. 20 cents ; 15 cents. II. Sixty Poems and Sonnets. 20 cents; 15 cents. Coleridge and Burns. [Hudson.] Lives, and forty-five Poems. 20 cents ; 15 cents. Coleridge. [Hudson.] The Ancient Mariner. 6 cents ; 5 cents. Addison and Goldsmith. [Hudson.] Lives, fifteen Papers from Addi- son, eleven Prose Selections from Goldsmith, with The Deserted Village. 20 cents ; 15 cents. Macaulay. [Montgomery.] Essay on Clive, with Life. 20 cents; 15 cents. Macaulay. [Montgomery.] Second Essay on the Earl of Chatham, with Life. 20 cents ; 15 cents. Craik's English of Shakespeare. Illustrated in a Philological Commentary on Julius Caesar. By George L. Craik, Queen's College, Belfast. Edited, from the third revised London edition, by W. J. Rolfe, Cambridge, Mass. 12mo. Cloth. 40C pages. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 00 cents. A N" exposition in regard both to the language or style of Shake- speare, and to the English language generally. Shakspere's Versification. Notes on Shakspere's Versification, with Appendix on the Verse Tests and a short Descriptive Bibliography. By (tEorge H. Brovtne. A.M. 12mo. Paper. Si pages. Price, interleaved, 25 cents. LANGUAGE, COMPOSITION, RHETORIC, LITERATURE. LESSONS IN ENGLISH ADAPTED TO The Study of American Classics. A Text-book for High Schools, Academies, and Young Ladies' Seminaries designed to he used in connection with "supplementary reading" from the works of seven American authors, — Irving, Bryant, Longfellow, Whittier, Hawthorne, Holmes, and Lowell. SARA E. HUSTED LOCKWOOD. TEACHER OP ENGLISH IN THE HIGH SCHOOL AT NEW HAVEN, CONN, Introduction price, $1.12; Allowance for exchange, 35 cents, THE AIM of the work is to present, in simple and attractive style, ihe essentials of good English ; and, at the same time, to de- velop a critical literary taste, by applying these technical rules and principles to the study of American Classics. THE PLAN provides for a course in English extending over the pupil's first year and a half in the High School, the work being pre= paratory to the study of English Literature as usually pur- sued in schools of this grade. These "Lessons" include the most important facts concerning the History and Ele= ments of the Language, Common Errors in the Use of English, the Study of Words, Rules for the Construction of Sentences, Figures of Speech, Punctuation, Letter- Writing. Composition, and Biographical Sketches of the seven authors named above. ETHICS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, By C C EVERETT, D.D., Professor of Theology in Harvard University. i2mo. Cloth, iv + 185 pages. Introduction price, 50 cents. This little work is designed to aid in the formation of char- acter. It treats of duties to one's self, of duties to others, and of helps and hindrances in right doing. It seeks to do this not by commonplace moralizing, but by stimulating the thought and imagination. It may be used by pupils twelve years old and upwards. Where children are too young to use the book themselves, it will serve as a great aid to the teacher by sug- gesting a systematic and logical line of work, and the subject matter will furnish excellent material for each lesson. The style is simple and conversational, without being in the least childish, and many interesting little stories are introduced. The Nation, Ne%u York : Now comes another manual designed for use in the moral education of children, in many respects the best of them all. . . . The whole makes a book deserving of praise and use. Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., Boston: Mr. Everett has most happily accom- plished his purpose. The style is easy and simple, the analysis sufficiently complete, and the principles are unfolded in a natural and orderly manner. I can heartily commend the volume to all young people. Professor Albert S. Cook, Yale University: Professor Everett's Ethics for Young People ought to be a very useful book. It contains the essentials of ethics, without invading the field of religion. The language is simple, but not childish, and familiar illustrations and anecdotes enliven the pages. The system of paragraphing employed, and the judicious use of italics, enable the drift of a chapter to be readily caught. Appeal is frequently made to the noble instincts and traits of right feeling commonly displayed by boys and girls, in so far as these are compatible with the other principles of a sound morality. Nothing that is taught in the book is likely to awaken criticism among the adherents of any religious creed, while its precepts, if observed, could not fail to make a new generation much better than its predecessor. Not the least of its merits is that it by no means supersedes the teacher, but merely traces outlines, which he may fill up at his pleasure and according to the specific needs of the pupils addressed. DUTY: A BOOK FOR SCHOOLS, By Rev. JULIUS H. SEELYE, D.D., Late President of Amherst College. i2mo. Cloth. 71 pages. Introduction price, 30 cents. In this little book the author has gone over the whole domain of duty — both to one's self and to others — in a way that is thorough and at the same time within the comprehension of a child. The book is simple without being superficial, compact yet comprehensive, and though designed for an early grade of school life, can be profitably used with more advanced classes. Though a book on ''morals," it places religion as the corner-stone. The Christian Union, New York : The author's statements are clear, simple, and comprehensive. The result is an admirable primer of morals. Public Opinion : It is an ideal presentation of moral problems to chil- dren. It is clear, it is fresh, it is full of seed-corn. Old and young alike will be delighted as they read the volume. The Congregationalist : It hardly need be added that the eminent author has given his readers the results of years of reflection, observation, and experience, expressed so simply and tersely that the real wealth of the book hardly appears at first glance. The Ledger, Philadelphia : A very short examination of Dr. Seelye's book will convince one of the wisdom and liberality with which the topic, in all its bearings, is discussed. . . . "Duty" is an admirable exposition of the cardinal principles and the chief facts of morals, treated with sound common-sense. The Herald, Boston : It is so good that it may well be the last of its species prepared for schools of the lower grades. . . . The style is not only clear, but it is of that easily memorized species at which every writer of text-books aims, but which not one in a hundred attains, and here and there it is adorned with sayings to become maxims with young students. . . , Small although the book is, it is one of the most valuable contributions to the work of education ever printed in this country. WENTWORTH'S ARITHMETICS. Adopted for exclusive use in the State of Washington, and in countless dties, towns, and schools. MASTERY: their motto. LEARN TO DO BY DOING: their meinod. PRACTICAL ARITH^/IETICIANS: the result. WENTWORTH'S PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. By G. A. Wentworth, Professor of Mathematics in PhiMps Exe ter Academy, and Miss E. M. Reed, Principal of the Training School, Springfield, Mass Profusely illustrated. Introduction price, 30 cents , In a word, this book — the fruit of the most intelligent and pains- taking study, long-continued — is believed to represent the best known methods of presenting numbers to primarians, and to pre- sent these methods in the most available form. It is commended as profoundly philosophical in method, simple and ingenious in development, rich and varied in matter, attractive in style, and prac- tical in effect. It has been carefully and critically examined by myself and my teachers, and in our estimation it stands ahead of anything else of the kind that we have found. — Principal Campbell, State Normal School Johnson, Ft. WENTWORTH»S GRAMMAR SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. Illustrated. Introductory price, 65 cents. Answers free on teachers' orders. Intended to follow the Primary Arithmetic and make with that a two-book series for common schools. It is designed to give pupils of the grammar school age an intelligent knowledge of the subject and a moderate power of independent thought, by training them to solve problems by neat and intelligent methods and keeping them free from set rules and formulas. It is characterized by accuracy, thoroughness, good sense, school-room tact, and practical ingenuity. Eminently practical, well graded, and well arranged. ... I consider it the brightest, most attractive, most scholarly text-book on this subject that has been issued for years, — PRiNaPAL Serviss, Amsterdam^ N.Y. In a word, these books represent the Best Methods, made feasible, Witk the Best Problems^— ingenious, varied, practical, and abundant O-INN d COMPANY, Publishers, BosTOHc Kkw Yokk, Cmicago, tisn London. WENTWORTH'S ARITHMETICS. Crystallized from years of study and experience ; sharp in outline •, clear in substance. These books are characterized, like the author^s academic text-books, by the closest adaptation to the needs of the pupil and the requirements of class-room study. They economize time and mental energy, while they secure the most distinct and lasting impressions. Note the following testimonials : — PEIMAEY AEITHMETIO. Warren Holden, Prof. Mathematics, Girard College, Philadelphia : I think it admirably adapted for the purpose intended. J. A. Graves, Prin. South Gram- mar School, Hartford, Conn. : I am glad to find at last a real Primary Arithmetic. T. M. Balliet, Supt. Schools, Spring- field, Mass. : It is based on right prin- ciples, and the details are worked out with care. E. C. Branson, Supt. Schools, Ath- ens, Ga. : The best to date in America ; and, in fact, the only Primary Arith- metic worth putting into the hands of pupils at all. J, M. Green, Prin. State Normal and Model Schools, New Jersey : It is a book in which the authors manifest what seems to me to be the true un- derstanding of what constitutes pri- mary work in number. S. A. Ellis, Supt. Schools, Rochester, N. Y. : The methods followed are ap- proved by our best educators. The examples are practical and sufficiently numerous ; and, in fact, nothing seems to have been omitted that would tend to give a young pupil a clear and sat- isfactory idea of the various processes in Arithmetic. GEAMMAE SCHOOL AEITHMETIO. A. B. Fifield, Prin. Eaton School, New Haven, Conn. : It is a model text-book. John R. Dunlon, Prin. Grammar School, Lewiston, Me. : It is an excel- lent book. Both its matter and meth- ods of treatment are well adapted to grammar school needs. E. C. Willard, Prin. High School, Westerly, R.I. : Nearly every page bears the characteristic marks of the author, who easily leads to-day in mathematical book-making. P. T. Bugbee, Prin. Union School, Newark, N. Y. : It has stood the test of several years with us, and I consider it superior to any other Arithmetic of grammar grade which I have seen. G. S. Albee, Pres. State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis. : The abun- dance of concrete problems tending to exercise the pupil in more respects than in a mere process, is a very com- mendable feature. Edward Taylor, Supt. Schools, Vin- cennes, Ind. : It is sufficient to say that we have been using it as the sole pupil's text in that grade for five years past, and always with entire satisfac- tion. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago, THE NATIONAL MUSIC COURSE Aims To place vocal music on the same footing as the regular school studies, and enable the class teachers to give successful instruction in music, as in geog- raphy and arithmetic, under competent direction. IX HAS SUCCEHDED Fully, as the list of places using it proves. The testimony of teachers, superintendents, and musicians is unmistakable evidence of its excellence and superiority. *' If there is any argument in pure merit, the National should head the list of music courses. . , . Very rarely is as much genius, study, and research devoted to the prepara- tion of a series of books as has been given by Professor Mason to the National Course. The books stand the severest tests of time and use." — T. E. Hazell, Special Teacher ^r>;