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A. KEY 
 
 CORRECT PRONUNCIATION 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE, 
 
 PROF. BREITHOF. 
 
 . / 
 
 c BOSTON: 
 
 DE VRIES & CO. 3 BEACON STREET. 
 18 66. 
 
•31 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
 
 MICHEL BREITHOF, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the South- 
 ern District of New York. 
 
 J. E. FAKWELL & CO., PRINTERS, 
 37 Congress Street, Boston. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introduction . . . . . . .5 
 
 Division op Words into Syllables ... 7 
 
 Tonic Accent or Stress «. . . . .8 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 § 1. Simple Vowels . . . . . .9 
 
 § 2. Compound Vowels . . . . . .18 
 
 § 3. Diphthongs . . . . . .20 
 
 § 4. Remarks on the Nasal Sounds . . . .22 
 
 Linking op Final n . . . .25 
 
 § 5. Elision of Final e mute . . . . .26 
 
 § 6. Additional Remarks on e mute . . .27 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHIC MARKS OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 § 1. Accents — Their Use . . . . .29 
 
 § 2. Remarks on Long and Short Vowels . . 30 
 
 § 3. Dleresis . . . . . . .34 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 § 1. Final Consonants Preceded by Vowels . . 37 
 
 § 2. Final Consonants Preceded by Consonants . . 40 
 
 § 3. Silent Consonants in the Middle of Words . 42 
 
 § 4. Linking of Final Consonants . . . .42 
 
 § 5. Additional Remarks on the Consonants . . 44 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 First line of page 21, instead of oignon read encoignure. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. The French alphabet is identically the same as the 
 English ; but two letters (k and w) do not properly 
 belong to the French Alphabet, as they are only found 
 in a few words borrowed from foreign languages. 
 
 N". B. The six letters a, e, i, o, u, y, are called vowels, as in 
 English; the remaining letters, b, c . . . w, x, z, are consonants. 
 
 2. The French and English letters, although similar 
 in form, are far from having similar sounds in all posi- 
 tions. Some letters (h,j, th, w,) never sound alike in 
 both languages. 
 
 H (A) is constantly silent in French, according to the 
 pronunciation of the educated. At the beginning of a 
 word it serves to show etymology. 
 
 N. B. As for the distinction made, by grammarians, between 
 aspirate h and mute h, see Xo. 53. 
 
 J (/) in French constantly takes the accidental sound 
 of the English z, as heard in the word azure ; or, which 
 is the same, that of s, as heard in the English words 
 measure, leisure, vision. 
 
 Th (th) in French constantly takes the hard sound 
 of t. 
 
 X. B. The English sound of th is not found in the French 
 tongue. 
 
 W (w) constantly sounds like v in English. 
 
 3. There are several letters, which sometimes resemble 
 in sound, sometimes differ from the English. For 
 instance : — 
 
 C (c) before e, i, y, never takes the sound as heard 
 in the English words ocean, precious, but constantly the 
 hissing sound, as heard in the English words face, city. 
 
 Ch (ch) in French never takes the sound as heard in 
 the English word church ; but generally the one as heard 
 in the English — machine. 
 
6 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Before a letter different from e, i 9 y, h, or at the end 
 of a word, the French c constantly takes, as in English, 
 the hard sound, equivalent to k. 
 
 G (g) before e, i, y, never takes any of the sounds 
 as heard in the English words gem, gin, gymnastic, get, 
 give; but constantly the sound of the French j. 
 
 Before a letter different from e, i, y, n, or at the end 
 of a word, g constantly takes the hard, guttural sound, 
 as heard in the English words — go, big, 
 
 S (s) never takes the sounds as heard in the English 
 words measure, sugar. The French s, between two 
 vowels, takes, with few exceptions, the soft sound, as 
 heard in the English word easy. This soft sound of s 
 takes also place before the consonants b, d, g, h, v. In 
 all other positions the French s takes the sharp, hissing 
 sound, as heard in the English words so, us, sister. 
 Double s constantly takes the sound, as heard in the 
 English word essay ; never the one, as heard in the Eng- 
 lish words, pression, assurance. 
 
 T (t) before i never takes the sound, as heard in the 
 English words nation, partial ; *but before a letter differ- 
 ent from i, or at the end of a word, it takes the hard 
 sound, as heard in the English words — to, not, pity. 
 
 X (#) never takes the sound as heard in the English 
 word complexion ; but in words beginning with exa, exe, 
 exi, exo, exu, exh, it takes, as in English, the sound of 
 gz. In all other positions the French x takes, with 
 some exceptions, the sound of Jcs. 
 
 Z (z) in French never takes the sound as heard in 
 
 the English word azure; but always the one as heard in 
 
 »the English word zone ; excepting, however, a few proper 
 
 names ending with ez, etz, in which final z sounds like 
 
 sharp s, as heard in the English word — us. 
 
 4. Three letters (I, m 9 n,) which have each one 
 uniform sound in English, have each two sounds in 
 French. At the beginning of a word they constantly 
 sound as in English. 
 
 L (/), when single and in the middle of a word, 
 sounds as in English. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 7 
 
 Final / and 11, preceded by a letter different from i, 
 constantly sound as in English. 
 
 M (m) , before a letter different from b and p, sounds, 
 with few exceptions, as in English. 
 
 Final in and double m generally sound as in English. 
 
 N (n) before a rowel constantly sounds as in Eng- 
 lish. Before h and n it sounds, with some exceptions, 
 as'in English. Before a consonant different from h and 
 n 9 it takes a nasal articulation, peculiar to the French 
 tongue. 
 
 5. The only letters, which constantly sound alike in 
 both languages, are 
 
 B, D, F, K, P, Ph, Q, R, Rh, V. 
 b, d, f, k, p, ph, q, r,(*) rh, v. 
 
 * Mark, however, that r at the end of a word or before a con- 
 sonant, sounds much more distinctly in French than in English. 
 
 DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. 
 
 6. Definitions : A monosyllable is a word pronounced 
 by a single emission of the voice, provided it does not 
 end with a silent e, preceded by. a consonant. Such are 
 
 a ma mal malt mast 
 
 ou^ cou cour court ours 
 
 When a word contains two or more vowels, pronounced 
 separately or separated from one another by consonants, 
 it takes the general name of polysyllable, which means 
 in Greek a word of several syllables. Hence a syllable 
 is a part of a word, pronounced by a single emission of 
 the voice. 
 
 When an assemblage of two consonants, placed 
 between two vowels, belongs to one and the same sylla- 
 ble, it is called an inseparable combination. Such are 
 bl, cl, fl, gl, pi, dr, vr, 
 br, cr, fr, gr, pr, tr, gn. 
 
 7. Rule I : Any consonant (simple or compound) dif- 
 ferent from x, when single and placed between tw r o 
 vowels, belongs to the same syllable with the latter 
 vowel. 
 
8 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Examples : animal, divide thus, a-ni-mal. 
 
 monopole, '• mo-no-po-le. 
 
 Except : En, at the beginning of a word, forms a syllable by itself. 
 
 Rule II : An inseparable combination of consonants, 
 between two vowels, belongs to the same syllable with 
 the latter vowel. 
 
 Examples : vignoble, divide thus, vi-gno-ble. 
 
 ivrogne, " i-vro-gne. 
 
 Exception : In a few particular words, such as agnns, ignicole, 
 the gn is to be separated thus, ag-nns, ig-ni-co-le. 
 
 Rule III : Any assemblage of two consonants differ- 
 ent from ch, ph, rh, tk, and the inseparable combinations 
 above quoted, must be separated, when found between 
 two vowels. — Double consonants must be separated. 
 
 Examples : respectable, divide thus, res-pec-ta-ble. 
 
 annexion, " an-nex-ion. (*) 
 
 * As x stands for a separable assemblage Qcs or gz), it cannot be 
 separated from the vowel, by which it is preceded. 
 
 Rule IV : When three or four consonants meet be- 
 tween two vowels, they never belong to the same 
 syllable. 
 
 N". B. This syllabic decomposition of words, without regard to 
 derivation, is merely intended to facilitate the exposition of the rules 
 concerning pronunciation. 
 
 TONIC ACCENT OR STRESS. 
 
 8. In pronouncing a word of more than one syllable, the French 
 pass smoothly over each syllable, and throw the stress of the voice 
 on either the last syllable or the last but one, according to the fol- 
 lowing rules : ■ — 
 
 1st. When a polysyllable ends with a sounded consonant, 
 such as animal, colonel, the stress lies on the last syllable, thus 
 animal, colonel, 
 
 2d. If a word ends with a mute e, preceded by a consonant, such 
 as capitate, apostrophe, the stress lies on the last syllable but one ; 
 thus, capitate, apostrophe, 
 
 3d. When a word ends with a mute e, preceded by a vowel, such 
 as Marie, the stress lies on that vowel, thus Mai\e, 
 
 4th. When a word ends with a dipthong, i. e. two vowel sounds 
 pronounced in the same breath, such as Maria, the stress lies on 
 the last syllable but one, thus Maria, 
 
 5th. When a word ends with a silent consonant, preceded by a 
 vowel different from e, such as apostat, commissariat, the stress 
 lies on the vowel, which precedes the final consonant ; thus, apostat, 
 commissariat. 
 
CHAPTEK l 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 
 § I- 
 
 SIMPLE 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 A 
 
 E 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 U Y 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 » y 
 
 ah 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 * ee greek 
 
 THEIR 
 
 * The French name of u is a sound, which cannot be conveyed 
 by any combination of English letters, and must be learned from 
 the lips of a living teacher. 
 
 N. B. In French as in English, vowels are sometimes long, 
 sometimes short. Long vowels in French are frequently marked 
 over with a~circumflex accent ( A ). 
 
 A and O. 
 
 9. These two vowels are of the same nature. When 
 unaccented and at the end of a syllable, or in conjunc- 
 tion with a consonant following, they are generally 
 short. 
 
 10. Short a in French constantly takes the sound as 
 heard in the English word — rather. Examples : 
 
 fa 
 
 fat 
 
 raf 
 
 abab 
 
 la 
 
 lac 
 
 cap 
 
 jalap 
 
 sa 
 
 sac 
 
 Dax 
 
 Ajax 
 
 va 
 
 val 
 
 rapt 
 
 naval 
 
 ta 
 
 tact 
 
 laps 
 
 hamac 
 
 ma 
 
 mat 
 
 malt 
 
 Bagdad 
 
 ha! 
 
 Ham 
 
 spath 
 
 Abraham 
 
10 PKONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 11. Short o sounds like the English u, as heard in the 
 words rub, mud, rum, fun, dull. Examples : 
 
 dot 
 
 roc 
 
 lof 
 
 col 
 
 coq 
 
 Job 
 
 coco 
 
 solo 
 
 dodo 
 
 sofa 
 
 colza 
 
 comma 
 
 Azof 
 
 azoth 
 
 Jacob 
 
 Maroc 
 
 Mogol 
 
 Prado 
 
 lavabo 
 
 albora 
 
 alcohol 
 
 caracol 
 
 caporal 
 
 panorama 
 
 Exception : Mark, as so many exceptions to the pre- 
 ceding rule, the terminations 
 art 
 
 ar ard 
 as 
 
 ase 
 
 ars 
 aze 
 
 age 
 
 are 
 ave 
 
 arre 
 avre 
 
 arrhe 
 abre 
 
 ation 
 
 glish verb - 
 
 — are. 
 
 car 
 
 lard 
 
 par 
 
 dard 
 
 art 
 
 jarre 
 
 part 
 
 barre 
 
 gars 
 
 carre 
 
 in which the vowel a is long and takes the sound, as 
 
 heard in the English words — far, father. 
 
 Mark, moreover, that the final consonants d, s and t 
 
 are silent after r, and that the terminations, contained in 
 
 the first line, sound all alike and resemble in sound the 
 Examples : 
 
 bazar avare 
 
 hasard am arre 
 
 bavard Navarre 
 
 canard camarre 
 
 cafard catarrhe 
 
 13. Unaccented o is long in the same positions with 
 unaccented a, excepting, however, the termination obre, 
 in which o is short. 
 
 Long o takes the sound as heard in the English words 
 home, stone, dole, sore. Examples : 
 
 or nord abord rapport 
 
 cor port alors matador 
 
 tort mors accord Labrador 
 
 Rem. The French r, before a sounded consonant, 
 shortens the vowel by which it is preceded. Examples : 
 arc Marmara dorsal 
 
 pare carnaval normal 
 
 14. Exception II : The vowels a and o have each an 
 accidental sound in the terminations ague and ogne, 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 11 
 
 which come pretty near the sounds of the English ter- 
 minations ang and oing, as heard in the words hang, 
 going. Examples : 
 
 bagne Ascagne cocagne 
 
 gagne Polos;ne charogne 
 
 trogne Cologne Gascogne 
 
 Rem. the vowels a and o preserve their usual sounds before gn, 
 when followed by a vowel different from silent e ; in which case the 
 gn takes the sound, as heard in the English word — mignonette. 
 
 Examples : cognac, cagnard, grognard. 
 
 15. The vowels a and o preserve their usual sounds 
 before final n, but are to be pronounced through the 
 nose, and the n loses the sound it has in English. Ex- 
 amples : 
 
 an ban tan Man ortolan 
 
 on bon ton mon carafon 
 
 These nasal sounds, peculiar to the French tongue, can only be 
 learned from the mouth of a native of France. 
 
 Mute E. 
 
 16. Unaccented e, at the end of a syllable, never 
 takes the sound as heard in the English words be, evil, 
 apostrophe, but is either entirely silent, or hardly heard 
 when sounded. In either case it is called mute. 
 
 As a rule, mute e is silent, whenever it can be dropped 
 in the pronunciation of a word. 
 
 Examples : pclote, appcla, calebasse. 
 Pronounce, plot, appla, calbass. 
 
 examples of silent e and short a. 
 
 date 
 
 datte 
 
 ao;ate 
 
 astragale 
 
 cane 
 
 canne 
 
 arabe 
 
 caravane 
 
 gale 
 
 balle 
 
 agrafe 
 
 cataracte 
 
 pape 
 
 trappe 
 
 parade 
 
 camarade 
 
 face 
 
 masse 
 
 rafale 
 
 parallaxe 
 
 tache 
 
 chaste 
 
 cabane 
 
 amalgame 
 
 Saxe 
 
 naphte 
 
 s at rape 
 
 paragraphe 
 
 lame 
 
 gamme 
 
 madame 
 
 anagramme 
 
12 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF SILENT e AND SHORT 0. 
 
 note 
 
 cotte arome 
 
 octogone 
 
 robe 
 
 goffe capote 
 
 protocole 
 
 noce 
 
 golfe galope 
 
 monotone 
 
 boxe 
 
 colle parole 
 
 monopole 
 
 poche 
 
 nonne corolle 
 
 monopode 
 
 poste 
 
 crosse colonne 
 
 horoscope 
 
 mode 
 
 choppe colosse 
 
 orthodoxe 
 
 Rome 
 
 homme commode 
 
 apostrophe 
 
 SILENT e IN THE MIDDLE 
 
 OF WORDS. 
 
 cela 
 
 cheval 
 
 matelote 
 
 sera 
 
 genope 
 
 camelote 
 
 fera 
 
 menace 
 
 casemate 
 
 jeton 
 
 menotte 
 
 casserole 
 
 selon 
 
 acheta 
 
 paperasse 
 
 melon 
 
 attela 
 
 hallebarde 
 
 chenal 
 
 alezan 
 
 Allemagne 
 
 • 17. When mute e cannot be dropped in the pronun- 
 ciation of a word, it takes the dull sound of the Eng- 
 lish e, as heard in the word battery ; or, which is the 
 same, the sound of the English a, as heard in the word 
 idea. 
 
 Examples : grenade, crevasse, Bretagne. 
 
 Pronounce, gre-nad, cre-vass, Bre-tang. 
 
 Rem. Final e mute, after an inseparable combination 
 of consonants, is sounded, unless followed by a word 
 which begins with a vowel or h mute. 
 
 Mark, moreover, that the final syllables ble, bre, cle, 
 ere, etc., are not pronounced alike in both languages. 
 
 In French the mute e is heard after the combined con- 
 sonants bl, br, etc. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF SOUNDED e MUTE. 
 
 ne 
 
 brelan 
 
 affable 
 
 rabattre 
 
 J e 
 
 octobre 
 
 cadavre 
 
 cadastre 
 
 te 
 
 Grenoble 
 
 Calabre 
 
 balafre 
 
 le 
 
 opprobre 
 
 Hanovre 
 
 obstacle 
 
 me malpropre adorable massacre 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 13 
 
 Open E. 
 
 18. The French e, when pronounced conjunctly with 
 a consonant following, never takes the dull sound, as 
 heard in the English words camel, item, linen, water, 
 hamlet, but generally the plain sound, as heard in the 
 English word — hotel. 
 
 This sound of e has been termed open, as it is pro- 
 nounced with the mouth almost open. It takes place in 
 the following positions : — 
 
 1st. Before any final consonant, when sounded (ex- 
 cepting the words cet, en, and the termination en, when 
 preceded by a vowel) . Examples : — 
 
 bee 
 
 avec 
 
 sec 
 
 oleb 
 
 net 
 sel 
 
 Alep 
 amen 
 
 nef 
 chef 
 
 appel 
 harem 
 
 cartel 
 
 pastel 
 
 pollen 
 
 gramen 
 
 scalpel 
 
 caramel 
 
 Babel 
 Caleb 
 Alfred 
 Joseph 
 Hamlet 
 Harlem 
 
 2d. Before x, wheresoever placed, and 
 3d. Before any separable assemblage of consonants, 
 which does not begin with either m or n ; excepting the 
 only word mestre. Examples : — 
 secte delta 
 
 peste nectar 
 
 Beige adepte 
 
 texte vestale 
 
 4th. Before a double consonant, 
 nn, rr, ss. Examples : — 
 
 dette gazette 
 
 selle gazelle 
 
 pelle semelle 
 
 greffe bretelle 
 
 lettre admettre 
 
 5th. Before any double consonant, when followed by 
 
 final e mute ; excepting the word femme (woman). Ex : 
 
 esse renne terre (*) caresse 
 
 messe leinme verre garenne 
 
 presse gemme serre tonnerre 
 
 * Rem. Open E is long in the terminations erre, erd, 
 
 ers, ert, all of which sound like the English word — ere. 
 
 pectoral 
 espagnol 
 heptagone 
 respectable 
 different from mm, 
 
 sellette 
 
 peccable 
 
 betterave 
 
 belladone 
 
 regrettable 
 
14 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 This long open sound of e takes also place before final 
 r, when sounded ; as is the case in monosyllables. Ex : 
 fer mer vers expert 
 
 ver cher vert travers 
 
 Rem. II. Before a sounded consonant, the French er 
 takes a short but plain, open sound, very different from 
 the dull sound of the English er, as heard in the words 
 verb, mercy, liberty. Examples : — 
 
 perte 
 
 adverbe 
 
 cervelle 
 
 perle 
 
 cavern e 
 
 servage 
 
 ferine 
 
 serpette 
 
 paternel 
 
 Berne 
 
 perplexe 
 
 fraternel 
 
 tertre 
 
 thermal 
 
 serbocal 
 
 19. The open sound of e takes also place in all mono- 
 syllables ending with es, and in all words ending with 
 et, excepting the words et and cet. 
 
 N". B. The final consonants s and t are silent after e, except in 
 the words cet, net, fret, tacet. Examples : — 
 
 es 
 ces 
 
 les 
 
 ses 
 
 ballet 
 cachet 
 
 parapet 
 cabaret 
 
 des 
 mes 
 
 tes 
 jet 
 
 projet 
 archet 
 
 alphabet 
 serpolet 
 
 N. B. Mark that in monosyllables of this description, the e takes 
 easily the sound of ay, as heard in the English words may, day. 
 
 Close E. 
 
 20. In contradistinction to open c, the French have 
 close e, thus called from its being pronounced with a 
 lesser opening of the mouth. 
 
 Close e sounds like the English ay, as heard in the 
 word day ; or, which is the same, like a, as heard in the 
 English words — navy, lazy. 
 
 It constantly takes place before a final consonant, when 
 silent and different from s and t. 
 
 Examples : eh ! clef rez parler 
 Pronounce, ay clay ray parlay 
 
 Rem. I. Final z is always silent after e, except in proper names. 
 Ex : nez (nose) allez (go) parlez (speak) 
 
 chez (at the house of ) venez (come) donnez (give) 
 Rem. II. Final r is silent, 1st, in all verbs ending, in the infin- 
 itive mood, with er. Examples : — 
 
 alter (to go) parler (to speak) donner (to give) 
 
 I 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 15 
 
 2d. In all words ending with er, preceded by a vowel, excepting 
 hier (yesterday), fier (proud) ; and 3d, in nearly all words of more 
 than one syllable ending with er, preceded by a consonant ; except- 
 ing proper names of foreign languages. 
 
 21. The close sound of e is generally found before 
 double r, when followed by a vowel different from mute 
 e, and in most words beginning with eff, ess, dess. Ex : 
 
 ferrer serrer dessert effacer 
 
 Close e is also found in the words et, mestre, message?', 
 messieurs. 
 
 Accidental Sound of E. 
 
 22. In all adverbs ending with eminent, the e takes the sound of 
 the French a. 
 
 F les \f ervemmm t (fervently) pronounce fervamman 
 
 V ) ardemment (with ardor) " ardamman 
 
 This accidental sound of e takes also place before mm, mn and 
 nn in the following words and their derivatives : — 
 
 nenni hennir rouennerie 
 
 femme solennel indemniser 
 
 23. In all verbs beginning with emm, enn, and their derivatives, 
 the initial syllables em and en take a nasal sound equivalent to an. 
 
 Example : emmarer pronounce an-marer 
 
 Rem. In all cases different from those just mentioned, the e 
 takes its usual open sound before mm, mn and nn. 
 
 Examples : Emma, Lemnos, pennage, Agamemnon. 
 
 1(0. 
 
 24. The French i never takes any of the sounds as 
 heard in the English words lime, sign, sir, sit; but gen- 
 erally the sound of the English e, as heard in the words 
 be, he. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF SHORT I. 
 
 pic 
 
 vice 
 
 nxe 
 
 cilice 
 
 cid 
 
 fiche 
 
 griffe 
 
 Sicile 
 
 vif 
 
 pipe 
 
 titre 
 
 livide 
 
 vil 
 
 file 
 
 fifre 
 
 divine 
 
 vis 
 
 frite 
 
 triple 
 
 limite 
 
 fisc 
 
 bride 
 
 chiffre 
 
 victime 
 
 brick 
 
 • 
 
 mine 
 
 siffle 
 
 Philippe 
 
 strict 
 
 crime 
 
 philtre 
 
 chimiste 
 
16 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 EXAMPLES OF LONG i. 
 
 tir 
 
 tige 
 
 crise 
 
 Adige 
 
 lire 
 
 rive 
 
 brize 
 
 cerise 
 
 dire 
 
 libre 
 
 nadir 
 
 valise 
 
 cirrhe 
 
 livre 
 
 polir 
 
 salive 
 
 25. The French ie, when pronounced conjunctly with 
 a consonant following, never takes the sound, as h$ard 
 in the English words grief, field; but that of the Eng- 
 lish ye, as heard in the words yes, yet, yell. Examples : 
 
 ciel 
 
 grief 
 
 vielle 
 
 Dieppe 
 
 fiel 
 
 brief 
 
 sieste 
 
 Vienne 
 
 fief 
 
 relief 
 
 miette 
 
 chienne 
 
 fier 
 
 Daniel 
 
 pierre 
 
 assiette 
 
 hier 
 
 Gabriel 
 
 lierre 
 
 Italienne 
 
 miel 
 
 officiel 
 
 lierne 
 
 triennal 
 
 Rem. I. The individual sound of i is lost in the combinations ai, 
 ei, oi. (See p. 18, No. 32.) 
 
 Rem. II. The vowel i has no accidental sound, but before mb, 
 mp it forms, together with m, a nasal sound ; which comes 
 pretty near the English sound of am, as heard in the word sample. 
 Examples : — 
 
 limbe simple timbre 
 
 This sound of i takes constantly place before n, unless followed 
 by h, n, or a vowel. Examples : — 
 
 fin brin Inde mince infini 
 
 u. 
 
 26. This vowel loses its individual sound in the com- 
 binations au, eu, on. (Seep. 18, No. 32.) 
 
 Before final n, it forms a nasal sound, little different 
 from the one represented by the French in. Ex : 
 un brun alun chacun tribun 
 
 27. U before final m is a substitute for short o, and 
 consequently sounds like the English u in the word rum. 
 
 Ex : album lilium minimum 
 
 forum opium palladium 
 
 sternum sodium potassium 
 
 Exc : The word parfum (perfume) sounds as if wvittei^parfun. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 17 
 
 28. Between g and a, the French u takes the sound 
 of the English u, as heard in the word — guano. Ex : 
 
 guano jaguar lingual Guatimala 
 
 Exception : In all terminations of a verb ending, in the infin- 
 itive mood, with guer, the u is silent ; with the exception of arguer, 
 in which the gu forms a distinct syllable. 
 
 When u is found between g and a vowel different 
 from a, it is generally silent, and serves to give ^ the 
 hard, guttural sound, as heard in the English words 
 guess, 'guilt. Examples : — 
 
 guise guitare aguerrir 
 
 guide guildive guinguette 
 
 guerre droguiste Marguerite 
 
 Rem. Mark here the difference, in sound, between the 
 final syllables ge and gue, as heard in the following 
 examples : — 
 
 orge doge verge prodige 
 
 orgue dogue vergue prodigue 
 
 29. The vowel u is generally silent after q. 
 Examples : quel quart quere/le quiproquo 
 Pronounce kel kar krell kiproko 
 
 When u is sounded, by exception, between q and a, 
 as is the case in nearly all w r ords beginning with aqua, 
 equa, quadr, it takes the sound of the English u, as 
 heard in the word quality. Examples : — 
 
 aquatique aquatite aquarelle quadrijlore 
 
 30. Iniany position different from those above men- 
 tioned, the French u takes a sound, which is not found 
 
 in English. 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 OF SHORT 
 
 u. 
 
 tuf 
 
 rude 
 
 lutte 
 
 curule ^ 
 
 nul 
 
 lune 
 
 bulle 
 
 cupule 
 
 sue 
 
 luxe 
 
 truffe 
 
 jujube 
 
 sud 
 
 puce 
 
 huppe 
 
 pustule 
 
 lutfa 
 
 cube 
 
 cruche 
 
 culbute 
 
 brut 
 
 dupe 
 
 Prusse 
 
 tumulte 
 
 Turc 
 
 chute 
 
 nuque 
 
 guttural 
 
 muse 
 
 rhume 
 
 brusque 
 
 tubercule 
 
18 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Y. 
 
 31. The French y, when unconnected with a vowel 
 preceding, stands fori, and is especially found in words 
 derived from the Greek language ; hence its name i 
 grec (Greek i) . Examples : — 
 
 type pyrite pyramide 
 
 style idylle polyglotte 
 
 cycle sibylle sycomore 
 
 Styx polype synonyme 
 
 myrte syllabe hypocrite 
 
 crypte synode apocryphe 
 
 cygne(*) sylphide hydrophobe 
 
 * Bear in mind that final gne in French sounds like final ng in 
 English. 
 
 § 2. COMPOUND VOWELS. 
 
 32. A compound vowel is a combination of two or 
 three simple vowels, which together represent a simple 
 sound. Such are 
 
 ai au eau oz 
 
 ei eu ecu on 
 
 33. Ai and ei are substitutes for e, except before //, 
 final /, and the consonants m and /i, when nasal. 
 
 The usual sound of ai and ei is that of open e. 
 Examples. : laisse faite Leipsic Manheim 
 Pronounce lesse fette Lepsic Manem 
 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 * 
 
 mai 
 
 air neige 
 
 raifort 
 
 quai 
 
 aire reine 
 
 reinette 
 
 vrai 
 
 aise seize 
 
 baleine 
 
 kit(*) 
 
 aide seigle 
 
 vinaigre 
 
 Md 
 
 aime treize 
 
 vaisselle 
 
 paix 
 
 aiore meio;le 
 
 Sardaigne 
 
 mais 
 
 glaive bleime 
 
 commissaire 
 
 * The final consonants d, s, t and x are silent after compound 
 vowels. 
 
 Exception: Ai and ei take the sound of close e, 1st, before gn, 
 when followed by a vowel different from e mute. Examples : — 
 beignet peigner baigner 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 19 
 
 2d. At the beginning of a word, when the next syllable con- 
 tains a vowel different from mute e and silent u. Examples : — 
 aigu aider aigrette aisselle 
 
 aigri aimer aimable aiguade 
 
 3d. In the words gai (cheerful), je sais (I know), and at the 
 end of a verb, as in je donnai (I gave),,/e serai (I shall be). 
 
 Exception II. Ai takes the sound of e mute, in the first syllable 
 of the imperfect (}e)faisais, and also in the words faisons, faisant, 
 and compounds ending with faisant. 
 
 Examples : malfaisant satisfaisant 
 Pronounce malfesan satisfesan 
 
 34. Au and eau sound alike and are substitutes for o. 
 
 Examples : Paul sauf saur taureau 
 
 Pronounce Pol sof sor toro 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 eau 
 
 nigaud 
 
 haut 
 
 vaisseau 
 
 beau 
 
 badaud 
 
 saut 
 
 blaireau 
 
 peau 
 
 crapaud 
 
 faux 
 
 berceau 
 
 veau 
 
 maraud 
 
 chaux 
 
 morceau 
 
 35. Eu and oeu sound alike. When short they sound 
 
 like the English u in the words snuff, shun, purse. Ex : 
 
 oeuf seul peuple 
 
 neuf seule Elbeuf 
 
 veuf jeune meurtre 
 
 _ boeuf gueule heurter 
 
 Eu and eeu, when long, have no corresponding sound 
 
 in English, excepting, however, the terminations eur, 
 
 eure, eurre, oeur, all of which come pretty near the sound 
 
 of the English ur, as heard in the word — cur. Ex : 
 
 peur heure labeur liqueur 
 
 coeur leurre babeure vigueur 
 
 soeur beurre demeure largeur 
 
 Eu and ceu, before a silent consonant or at the end of 
 a word, have no corresponding sound in English. Ex- 
 amples : — peu feu vceu nceud deux peut 
 
 N. B. Eu has an accidental sound equivalent to the French u in 
 the words gageure, mangeure, at the beginning of a few proper 
 names, and in such tenses and persons of the verb avoir, as begin 
 with eu, including the past participle eu. 
 
 Rem. E and u form two distinct syllables in the word — 
 te-deum. 
 
20 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 36. (E before a consonant or a vowel different from 
 u and i, sounds like close e, Examples : — 
 
 foetus cesophage cenomel homwopathique 
 
 Rem. When o and e are separated in type, they are to be pro- 
 nounced separately. Ex: moelle coexister. 
 Pronounce, mo-elle co-exister. 
 
 37. Ou has one unvaried sound equivalent to the 
 English oo, as heard in — too, good. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF SHORT OU. 
 
 cou coude poutre joujou 
 
 fou foule couple coucou 
 
 pou pouce soufre redoute 
 
 sou soupe souffre soucoupe 
 
 mou mouche souffle courroux 
 
 trou trousse pourpre trousseau 
 
 § 3. DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 38. When two distinct vowel sounds are pronounced 
 by a single emission of the voice, they form together 
 what has been termed a diphthong. Such are . 
 
 ie, as heard in fiel, fief, fier. 
 ua, " in guano, aquatile. 
 
 Rem. The sound of ua as heard in guano, when found 
 after a consonant different from g and q, or at the begin- 
 ning of a word, is represented sometimes by oua, some- 
 times by oi, never by ua, because after a consonant 
 different from g and q, the ua sounds differently from 
 what it does in the word guano. Examples : — 
 coite boiteux moine doive 
 
 ouate ouateux douane zouave 
 
 39. The combination oi generally sounds like oua, 
 and is long and short in the same positions with a. Ex : 
 
 loi 
 
 toile 
 
 noir 
 
 paroi 
 
 roi 
 
 droite 
 
 poire 
 
 Poitou 
 
 moi 
 
 froide 
 
 noise 
 
 oiseau 
 
 soif 
 
 coiffe 
 
 boive 
 
 pivoine 
 
 poil 
 
 froisse 
 
 poivre 
 
 paroisse 
 
 Exception. The nasal diphthong oin differs from ouan, and is to 
 be decomposed thus, o-in, which some pronounce ou-in. Ex : 
 loin foin coin soin besoin 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 21 
 
 Exception II. Oi stands for o in oignon, moignon, and in all 
 words having poign for root, such as poignet, poignard, etc. 
 
 Rem. In all words different from those just mentioned, oi before 
 gn preserves the sound of ona, and as a has an accidental sound 
 before final gne, so has oi in a like position. 
 
 Examples : 
 Pronounce 
 
 soigner soigaeux soigne 
 souagmer souagneux souagne 
 
 40. All French diphthongs, excepting oi, are formed 
 by placing i, ou, u, y before other vowels, in which case 
 i and y take the sound of the English y as heard in you, 
 yard, and ou takes that of the English w as heard in 
 west, akward. Examples : — 
 
 fiole 
 liane 
 rieur 
 
 paria 
 
 papier 
 
 vitriol 
 
 oui 
 
 ouest 
 
 fouine 
 
 yole 
 
 yeux 
 
 hyade 
 
 piano 
 violer 
 piafFer 
 
 afioume 
 
 fabliau 
 
 glacial 
 
 joueur 
 
 noueux 
 
 brouette 
 
 yeuse 
 
 myope 
 
 yolithe 
 
 miauler 
 
 gracieux 
 
 trouelle 
 
 cyanure 
 
 chiourme 
 
 plagiaire 
 
 prouesse 
 
 dyadique 
 
 Rem. The French u before a vowel, aside from the 
 combinations gua and qua, takes its usual sound, which 
 sound, as has been observed already, cannot be conveyed 
 by any combination of English letters. Mark here the 
 difference in sound between u and ou, as illustrated in 
 the following examples. 
 
 fuir lueur ruelle suave 
 
 fouir loueur rouelle zouave 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 duel gluau fuite mutuel 
 
 cruel gruau huile virtuel 
 
 muet muette ruine annuaire 
 
 fluet bluette fluide immuable 
 
 41. When y is found after o or u, it stands for two 
 i's, one of which forms a diphthong with the vowel pre- 
 ceding, and the other, with the vowel following. 
 Examples : loyal moycnne fuyard 
 Pronounce, loi-ial moi-ienne fui-iard 
 
22 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 
 tuyau 
 
 noyer 
 
 essuyer 
 
 Savoyard 
 
 joyau 
 
 voyez 
 
 nettoyer 
 
 royaliste 
 
 boyau 
 
 fuyez 
 
 appuyer 
 
 pitoyable 
 
 noyau 
 
 joyeux 
 
 voyager 
 
 corroyeur 
 
 aloyau 
 
 voyelle 
 
 tutoyer 
 
 pourvoyeur 
 
 42. Ay and ey before a vowel different from e mute, 
 sound alike, and take the sound of a close e followed by 
 t. Examples : — 
 
 payer essayer balayeur rayonner 
 
 seyer grasseyer agreyeur asseyez-vous 
 
 Kem. I. Ay takes the same sound in the words ab- 
 baye, paye, paysan, jmysage, etc. In all other words ay 
 before mute e or a consonant sounds like close e. Ex- 
 amples : — P a y e l a y e layetier 
 
 N. B. Mark the difference, in sound, between the preceding 
 words and the following, in which the ai sounds like open e: — 
 paix laie laitier 
 
 Rem. II. In a few particular words, especially proper 
 names, containing ay followed by a vowel, the a ends 
 one syllable and the y begins the next. 
 
 Examples : Bayard Cayenne Lafayette 
 
 Pronounce, Ba-yard Ca-yenne Lafa-yette 
 
 Rem. III. When ay and ey are found at the end of a 
 eyllable they sound like close e. Examples : — 
 bey dey Ney Jersey Corday 
 
 § 4. REMARKS ON THE NASAL SOUNDS. 
 
 43. The consonants m and n, in certain positions, are said to be 
 nasal, because they serve to indicate that the vowels by which they 
 are preceded, are to be prorounced through the nose. And as the 
 consonants m andn, after nasalized vowels, lose their usual sounds, 
 nasal expressions, such as an, on, etc., can strictly be considered 
 as vowels. 
 
 N. B. The usual sounds of a and o are preserved in the nasal 
 sounds an and on ; but the nasal sounds in and un have no similarity 
 whatever with the proper sounds of i and u. 
 
 44. The consonant n, after a vowel, is nasal in the 
 following positions : — 
 
 1st. At the end of a word, excepting the termination 
 en, when preceded by a consonant. 
 
Inde 
 
 lundi 
 
 onde 
 
 candi 
 
 onze 
 honte 
 
 pantin 
 ponton 
 
 pince 
 angle 
 
 chanson 
 Finlande 
 
 oncle 
 
 flandrin 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 23 
 
 2d. In all verbs beginning with enh, enn, and their 
 derivatives, and also in the two verbs enivrer, cnor gueillir , 
 and their derivatives. 
 
 3d. Before any consonant different from h and n, 
 excepting the only word monsieur, which sounds as if 
 written — mossieu. Examples : — 
 
 intestin gant (*) 
 
 girondin long 
 
 pantalon banc 
 
 fantassin dans 
 confession sang 
 mandarin grand 
 instinctif sphinx 
 * Final consonants different from x are generally silent after n. 
 
 45. There are only four different nasal sounds, but 
 there are many more nasal expressions. For instance : 
 Ain, ein and yn are substitutes tor in. Examples : — 
 
 sain saint poulain atteinte 
 
 sein seing syntaxe peinture 
 
 vain lynx lyngode vainqueur 
 
 main maint pharynx syndical 
 
 plein plains saindoux maintenant 
 
 46. Eun is a substitute for un, but it only occurs in 
 the expression a jam. 
 
 47. Nasal en sounds sometimes like an, sometimes 
 like in. It sounds like an — 
 
 1st. In the word en. 
 
 2d. At the beo-innino; of a word. 
 
 Examples : enfin enhardlr cnnvyer 
 Pronounce, an-fin an-hardir an-nuyer 
 
 3d. Between two consonants. 
 
 Examples : hareng encens sentiment 
 Pronounce, haran ansan santiman 
 
 4th. In the expression ien, when followed by a con- 
 sonant different from n. 
 
 Examples t Jiente orient audience 
 Pronounce, fiante orian audiance 
 
 Exception I : In the termination ent, denoting the third person 
 plural of a verb, the e is mute and final nt silent. 
 
24 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Exc. II : En sounds like in, 1st, in the words 
 
 Mentor agenda Benjamin 
 
 pensum Rubens pentarque 
 
 Bengale Amiens pentagone 
 
 2d. In those tenses of the verbs tenir, venir, and their com- 
 pounds, retenir, etc., where the roots of said verbs are changed 
 into tien, vien; as, 
 
 je tiens je tiendrai reviens 
 
 il vient il viendra maintiens 
 
 3d. In compounds and derivatives of words ending with ien, 
 such as 
 
 b ienfait b ienv enu cMendent 
 
 48. Final en preceded by a vowel, sounds like in, 
 excepting the two proper names Caen and Rouen, which 
 sound as if written Can, Ruuan. Examples : — 
 
 bien doyen ancien citoyen 
 
 chien moyen Adrien mitoyen 
 
 Rem. I. There is no nasal sound in chienne, citoyenne, ils tien- 
 nent, moyennant, ennemi. Enn is only, nasal at the beginning of 
 verbs and their derivatives. 
 
 Rem. II. Final en is not nasal after a consonant, excepting, 
 however, the two words hymen and examen, which are pro- 
 nounced, by some, as if written Jtymin, examin. 
 
 49. The letter n is never found before b and p, except 
 in the two words bonbon, embonpoint ; but m before 6 and 
 p is a substitute for nasal n. 
 
 Examples : camp plomb nymphe 
 
 Pronounce, can (*) plon (*) nynfe 
 
 * The final consonants b and p are silent after m, excepting the 
 only word rumb, which sounds as if written — rombe. 
 
 50. Initial em is nasal in all verbs beginning with emm 
 and their derivatives, but not in other words, such as 
 Emmanuel, for instance : — 
 
 Nasal em constantly sounds like an, excepting the 
 proper name Memphis, which sounds as if written — 
 Minfiss. Examples : — 
 
 empire emphatique emmancher 
 
 embryon tremblement emmariner 
 
 ensemble exemplaire emmagasiner 
 
 51. Before a consonant different from b, p, or at the 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 25 
 
 end of a word, m is occasionally nasal ; such is the case 
 
 in the following words : — 
 
 /aim thym nom comte 
 
 daim Adam renom Rheirns 
 
 essaim parfum pronom, Samson 
 
 LINKING % OF FINAL 71. 
 
 52. When an adjective ending with nasal n is followed 
 by a substantive beginning with a vowel, an additional n 
 is heard at the beginning of the substantive. Ex : 
 
 bon ami *"| fbon nami 
 
 vain espoir I -r» J vain nespoir 
 
 1 r > Pronounce < L r . 
 
 aucun enfant j aucun nentant 
 
 commun accord J l^commun naccord 
 
 Any word beginning with a vowel (excepting onze) , 
 takes this additional n, 1st, after the words mon, ton, 
 son ; 2d, after bien and rien, unless used as substantives ; 
 3d, after on and en, unless joined by a hyphen to a pre- 
 ceding word. Examples : — 
 
 mon ancien ami en aura bien entendu 
 
 mon nancien nami en naura bien nentendu 
 
 Rem. The word un before a substantive or adjective beginning 
 with a vowel, is pronounced, by some, without a nasal articulation, 
 as if a part of the next "word. Example : — 
 
 un an (a year), pronounce unan (u-nan.) 
 
 53. The linking of final n takes also place before 
 certain words beginnino; witb A, in which case the h is 
 said to be mute. 
 
 Examples : en hirer bien habile tin homme 
 Pronounce, en niver bien nabi-le u-nomme 
 When final n is not to be linked before a word begin- 
 ning with h, the h is called aspirate, although there be 
 no real aspiration, as far as pronunciation is concerned. 
 Examples : un liibou bien hardi 
 
 Pronounce un ibou bien ardi 
 
 Rem. The verb enivrer and its derivatives are to be pronounced 
 with a nasal articulation, linked to the i, as if written in two words 
 {en nivrer.) 
 
 A similar remark applies to the verb enorgueillir. These two 
 verbs are the only instances of a nasal n in the middle of a word 
 before a vowel. 
 
26 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 § 5. ELISION OF FINAL 6 MUTE. 
 
 54. When one of the monosyllables, de,je, le, me, ne, que, se, 
 te, is followed by a word which begins with a vowel or a mute h, 
 final e of said monosyllable is suppressed and replaced by an 
 apostrophe. Examples : — 
 
 Vami (the friend), for le ami. 
 
 VJtomme (the man) , for le homme. 
 
 qu'avez-vous ? (what have you ?) for que avez-vous ? 
 
 This is what the French grammarians call elision. The elision 
 takes also place, 1st, in the words qaoique, quelque, jusque, lorsque, 
 presque, puisque. Examples : — 
 
 quelqu'un (somebody), for quelque un. 
 presquHle (peninsula), for presque-ile. 
 
 2d. Occasionally in the preposition entre. Examples : — 
 entr'acte entr'ouvrir entr* aider 
 
 3d. In the pronoun ce (it) before en and est. 
 Rem. The adjective ce (this) is changed into cet, before a vowel 
 or mute h. (See page 27, No. 57, Rem.) 
 
 55. In all words different from the few above mentioned, final e 
 mute is never elided, although constantly silent before a vowel or 
 h mute. 
 
 Examples : libre arbitre notre ami quatre ans 
 Pronounce, libr' arbitre notr' ami quatr' ans 
 
 56. When final e mute is not elided in the monosyllables above 
 quoted, it is sometimes silent, sometimes sounded, according to 
 the following directions : — 
 
 1st. When the monosyllable is found at the beginning or end of 
 a sentence, final e mute is sounded. Examples : — 
 Appelez-le. Be qui parlez-voust 
 
 (Call him). (Of whom do you speak ?) 
 
 Exception : Final e is always silent in the pronouns je and ce, 
 when placed, as subjects, after their verbs. Examples : — 
 Que dis-je ? (what do I say ?) pronounce que dige ? 
 Que sera-eel- (what will it be ?) " que serace ? 
 
 2d. When two or three such monosyllables meet at the begin- 
 ning of a sentence, the e of the second is silent. Examples : — 
 Je le sais (I know it), pronounce je Vsais. 
 Je ne lepuis (I cannot), " jeri> lepuis. 
 
 Exception I : When the second monosyllable and the next word 
 begin both with the same letter, as inje te trouve, the e is sounded. 
 
 Exc. II : Final e is never silent in the word que, wheresoever 
 placed. 
 
 3d. When a monosyllable different from que is found in 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 27. 
 
 the middle of a sentence, after a word ending with a nasal sound 
 or a vowel sound, final e is silent. Examples : — 
 
 eau-de-vie (brandy), pronounce eau-d^vie. 
 
 chemin-de-fer (railroad) " cliemin-oVfer. 
 
 quimedit? (who tells me ?) " qui-m'ditt 
 
 Monsieur lemaire (Mister mayor), " Mossieu-Vmaire. 
 
 § 6. ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON e MtJTE. 
 
 57. Unaccented e is mute in the following positions : 
 1st. At the end of a syllable, excepting a few Latin 
 
 expressions, such as veto, credo, etc., in which the e is 
 close. 
 
 2d. Before a and o, excepting Latin expressions, 
 such as exeat, conftteor, etc., in which the e is close. 
 
 3d. Before final s, in words of more than one syl- 
 lable. Examples : Charles Jules Naples Londres 
 Pronounce, Charl Jul Naple Londre 
 
 4th. Before final nt, denoting the third person plural 
 of a verb. Examples : elles chanlent (they sing) 
 
 Pronounce like elle chante (she sings J 
 
 5th. In nearly all words beginning with ress, and, 
 finally, in the three words — dessous, dessus, cet. 
 
 Rem. The word dessous (underneath) is composed of the two 
 prepositions de and sous, and the doubling of the s in the com- 
 pound is intended to preserve the sharp hissing sound of initial 5 
 in sous. 
 
 A similar remark applies to dessus and to words beginning with 
 ress. These are composed of the particle re, prefixed to words 
 beginning with a sharp hissing s. 
 
 Examples : ressource ressortir ressaisir 
 Composed of re-source re-sortir re-saisir 
 As for the word cet (this), which is only found before a vowel or 
 an h mute, it is ce, with a euphonic t added, to be linked to the 
 next word. Examples : — 
 
 cet arbre (this tree) stands for ce-t-arbre. 
 cetJiomme (this man) " ce-t-Ttomme. 
 
 58. Final e, when not elided,* should be sounded, for 
 the sake of euphony, in the words quoique, quelque, 
 presque, j usque, lorsque, puisque, and in que ; but in all 
 
 other words ending with sque or Ique, final e is silent. Ex : 
 basque fresque fantasque bourrasque 
 casque risque burlesque arabesque 
 
 flasque brisque grotesque pittoresque 
 masque brusque moresque romanesque 
 caique kiosque mollusque catafalque 
 
28 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 geai 
 
 asseoir 
 
 rougeole 
 
 flageolet 
 
 Jean 
 
 bougeoir 
 
 rougeaud 
 
 bourgeoisie 
 
 George 
 
 nageoire 
 
 vengeance 
 
 bourgeonner 
 
 orgeat 
 
 mangeable 
 
 obligeant 
 
 pigeonneau 
 
 59. Mute e, before a and o, is constantly silent, and 
 when preceded by g, it serves to give that letter the 
 sound of the French j. Examples 
 
 rougeole 
 rougeaud 
 vengeance 
 3 obligeant 
 
 60. Mute e is constantly silent in the terminations 
 gne and gnement. Examples : — - 
 
 digne enseigne dignement 
 
 ligne empeigne alignement 
 
 peigne Sardaigne enseignement 
 
 When the syllable gne is followed by a syllable different from 
 ment, the mute, e is sounded, and the gn takes the sound as heard 
 in the English word — mignonette. Examples : — 
 
 vigneron lignerolle ivrognerie 
 
 61. When mute e is found in the middle of a word, 
 after an inseparable combination of consonants different 
 from gn, it is sounded. Examples : — 
 
 ladrerie saugrenu levreteau 
 
 sucrerie autrefois palefrenier 
 
 jonglerie aigremore accoutrement 
 
 62. When two mute e's are separated by a single 
 consonant, the latter e is silent, and the former sounded. 
 
 Examples : 
 Pronounce, 
 
 ensevelir 
 en-se-vlir 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 marqueterie 
 mar-ke-tri 
 
 rejeter 
 relever 
 
 chevelu 
 breveter 
 
 ressemeler 
 redemander 
 
 retenir 
 devenir 
 
 greneler 
 redevable 
 
 papeterie (*) 
 bonneterie 
 
 derechef 
 
 entretenir 
 
 briqueterie 
 
 * Notwithstanding the foregoing rule, laid down by the French 
 Academy, the vulgar pronunciation of the words papeterie, bon- 
 neterie, etc.; is paptri, bonntri, etc. 
 
 63. Rem. When the words notre (our), voire (your), 
 quatre (four), are followed by a word beginning with a 
 consonant different from mute h, both e and r are silent. 
 
 Examples : 
 Pronounce, 
 
 quatre fuis 
 kat fois 
 
 noire maison 
 not maison 
 
(II \ PT I. B 1 l 
 
 n I llh MARKS OJ lili. VOW] 
 
 § l« 
 
 Lftt, in thu I in:ir f * 
 
 from \v I I 
 
 BQCfa ;i in irk plmoad 0T6T :i fOwd s 10 iodi 
 
 |ier i (A. 
 
 i the I * 
 
 lin • • c. 
 
 (i m in i. 
 
 61. Th >\ t . 
 
 and den. 
 
 and. 
 
 Exal 
 
 : |!/< 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 gie 
 
 i 
 
 1 \ ! 
 
 rtli 
 
 
 
 impound vow. 
 N iitouml the ?ouncl^ 
 
 to be pronounced tin, eie, tio, 
 ling to raj pies: — 
 
 r in 
 
 &und : 
 
 
 
 agrteur, 
 
30 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 V 
 
 66. The grave accent is, with few exceptions, peculiar 
 to the vowel e, and denotes open e. Open e is only 
 accented in such positions, as would give unaccented 
 e the mute sound. 
 
 Examples : niece piece diete Xerxes 
 Pronounce, niesse piesse diette Xerxesse 
 
 N. B. In writing, without a grave accent, the pronunciation of 
 niece, piece, would be the same as in English, and that of Xerxes 
 would be Xerx, according to rule No. 57 — 3d. 
 
 Rem. Final 5 after & is sounded in proper names* and silent in 
 nearly all other words. Examples : — 
 
 Ceres apr&s deces succes 
 
 Narses cypres proces eongres 
 
 Pericles aupres abces progres 
 
 Rem. II. The vowel e is short, 1st, before the final syllables 
 ce, che, cle,fle, gle, gne, gue, pe, que, te. 
 
 2d. When followed, in the same word, by more than one syl- 
 lable. Examples : — 
 
 Grece espece nefle legerete 
 
 , fleche caleche m trefle brievete 
 
 regne duegne siecle severement 
 
 begue collegue Seneque soulevement 
 
 regie espiegle discrete parallelement 
 
 , 67. The vowel e denotes open e long, and is found in 
 
 such positions, as would render e short. 
 
 fete eveque reverie pretre 
 
 peche honnete pecherie vepres 
 
 guepe conquete veternent fenetre 
 
 Rem. The circumflex accent serves to denote long vowels, and 
 is found over all vowels, excepting au, ei, y. 
 
 Compound vowels and diphthongs, when accented, take the 
 accent over the last component vowel, thus : ai, eu, ox, ou, id, etc, 
 
 § 2. REMARKS OX LONG AND SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 68. A vowel is rendered long, 1st, by placing a mute 
 e after it; 2d, by putting a circumflex accent over it, 
 and doing away with the mute e. Examples : — 
 
 gaiete (f ) gaiement duement denouement 
 gaite (*) gaiment dument denoument 
 
 f Ate in the middle of a word, constantly sounds like e long. 
 
 * Ai constantly takes the sound of e, excepting the two words 
 gaite, gaiment, in which it sounds like e long, as being a substitute 
 for aie. 
 
(iUAOE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 rat 
 
 
 
 r t 
 
 <]. \ oueinent 
 
 
 ralliemenl 
 
 
 
 m nt 
 
 ciirciirincnt 
 
 
 
 6DJOQ6I] 
 
 
 
 -llrlihlit 
 
 ngthof a to 
 
 thoi t the a- inflex 
 
 • fit or mote ( . 
 
 I <• iv final - 
 
 laf-l — 
 
 iol . ilr baoi 
 
 tune . he ran , 
 
 autre id'* tan 
 
 ■ 
 
 O, A3 hianl in tin u 
 
 70. All rowels tre loi - die final sj Ual 
 re, m re filial /\ when Bounded, 
 
 — 
 Liege 
 
 louve roll. 
 
 myrrhe 
 
 re tni; - Mil ' ■ 
 
 the wor ore), which pound 
 
 nt i| 
 
 I\ Intended :i- s mark of distinction. 
 In the word bicfa wu formerly written piquure^ the « ar- 
 
 eas! 
 
 In the • rcomflex 
 
 71. The vowel \ and its 01 and et, are 
 rather long before the final syllables /<■, Re, ae. II 
 
 the terminations cfe, a '■'> . / ne, aimi, eimi, He, etae f 
 
 do not sound exactly lit •*, Examples: 
 
 rele haine fidele haleine 
 
 ae peine hygi&ne vflaine 
 
 theme bleime probleme semaine 
 
32 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 72. Any unaccented vowel different from ai,ei,au 9 
 is short before the final syllables le, me, ne ; conse- 
 quently when a long vowel occurs before final le,me,ne, 
 recourse must be had to the circumflex accent. 
 
 Examples of long and short vowels in similar posi- 
 tions : — 
 
 pale jeune Rome lame cane 
 pale jeune dome blame crane 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 ile geole drole abime 
 
 ane male dime infame 
 
 cone soule manes aumone 
 
 Exception : Unaccented a is long in the words reclame, hippo- 
 potame, and ame, which latter word is also written time. « 
 
 73. Before any final syllable different from those 
 mentioned in No. 70 and 71, all unaccented vowels, ex- 
 cepting au, are short, for which reason, long vowels in 
 any of said positions must be marked over with a cir- 
 pumflex accent. 
 
 Examples of long and short vowels in similar posi- 
 tions : — 
 
 tdche 
 
 faite 
 
 notre matin 
 
 coil 
 
 tache 
 
 faite 
 
 noire matin 
 
 cote 
 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 
 pate 
 
 atre 
 
 epitre 
 
 baton 
 
 gite 
 
 acre 
 
 apotre 
 
 hotel 
 
 hote 
 
 apre 
 
 debacle 
 
 batard 
 
 paque 
 
 bafre 
 
 douceatre 
 
 chateau 
 
 grace 
 
 maitre 
 
 rougeatre 
 
 chatain 
 
 lache 
 
 goitre 
 
 bleuatre 
 
 train eau 
 
 fraiche 
 
 cloitre 
 
 connaitre 
 
 detrone 
 
 Exceptions : Unaccented o is long in momie and the termination 
 otion. Unaccented a is long in the termination ation and in the 
 following words : — 
 
 jadis . crabe lacer espacer 
 
 espace cadre . cadrer accabler 
 
 macon rafle rafler clameur 
 
 74. When a long vowel is followed, in the same 
 word, by more than one syllable, it always takes the 
 circumflex accent ; because unaccented vowels, in a 
 similar position, are always short. 
 
01 iii 
 
 in I short \ i nmiku 
 
 : — 
 
 ire 
 
 ire 
 ure 
 
 itigne 
 blamable 
 
 i \ 
 leur 
 
 i'lulcflMUt 
 .-licit. I 
 
 ne 
 
 ml I 1 1 1 
 
 I 
 ciuiss<\ oMettf, ench&$$4, 
 
 ati\r- 
 
 lam 
 hem 
 
 
 h.ls^r-v,. 
 
 latement 
 
 bassetnent 
 
 graftM 
 OpaiiM 
 
 graaaee 
 
 
 graatetneot 
 
 rj>.i|Nsi^«in<llt 
 
 In tlic full 
 
 raring 
 
 : — 
 
 
 tafJM 
 
 tMM 
 
 
 
 
 casser 
 dii 
 
 ■ 
 
 tomk 
 
 I I 
 flamme % dam< net. 
 
 i. I. Nai 
 
 I ; (qu'iJ ) 
 
 . th A', the soand ind length of tin- initial i 
 i »1 \ be k- 
 
 . HI. S Bcially in 
 
 . the arcnmnV indi- 
 
 i the suppression i which is -till preserved in the 
 
 _li>h WOrdl 11 the 
 
 old French, 
 
 ... IV. Accented i Efferent from 4 9 ere i rand 
 
 at the end of a word ; and when they do occur in thai position, 
 
 they ire pronounced, m if onaocentad ; lh< terely 
 
 intended as a mark of distinction. 
 3* 
 
34 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE, 
 
 For instance, the words a (at), la (there), %a (here), oil 
 (where), du (due), cru (grown), tu, sound exactly like the words 
 a (has), la (the), ca (that), ou (or), du (of the), cru (believed), 
 and tu (thou). 
 
 Add to these the words deja, hola, voila, P6, and they complete 
 the list of all the words ending with an accented vowel different 
 from e. 
 
 Mark, moreover, that the grave accent over a and u is only 
 found in the few words above quoted. 
 
 § 3. DIJERESIS. 
 
 76. When i and u are marked over with a diaeresis 
 (••), they are to be pronounced separately from the 
 vowels a and 0, by which they are always preceded. 
 Examples : hair Saul Mo'ise Achelous 
 Pronounce, ha-ir, Sa-ul Mo-ise Akelo-us 
 
 aieul 
 
 coier 
 
 laique 
 
 stoique 
 
 caiman 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Haiti 
 
 caraibe 
 copai'er 
 Ismail 
 camaieu 
 
 Heloise 
 
 biscaien 
 
 baionnette 
 
 cristalloide 
 
 coincidence 
 
 paien 
 
 boiard 
 
 faience 
 
 heroique 
 
 mosaique 
 
 77. The diaeresis is also found over e, in words ending 
 with gue, and indicates that the u is to be sounded, but 
 final e is silent. Examples : — 
 
 eigne exigue ambigue 
 
 aigu'e contigue besaigue 
 
 N. B. In writing, without a diseresis, cigue, exigue, etc., the 
 pronunciation of said words would be cig, exig. 
 
 78. The diaeresis is occasionally found over e, when 
 preceded by a or 0, as in Noel, Israel ; but there is no 
 obvious reason for this mark in the examples quoted, as 
 a and preserve their individual sounds before any vowel 
 different from i, u, y. 
 
 Examples : Chanaan Pharaon zoophyte moelleax 
 Pronounce, Kana-an Phara-on zo-ophyte mo-elleux 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 boa 
 
 Moab 
 
 cloaque 
 
 oolite 
 
 aere 
 
 Eaoul 
 
 coasser 
 
 zoologie 
 
 cacao 
 
 Roboam 
 
 croasser 
 
 zootomie 
 
 croate 
 
 Phaeton 
 
 aerolithe 
 
 epizootique 
 
 casoar 
 
 Zoroastre 
 
 aeronaute 
 
 extraordinaire 
 
M \«! | I II I. W 
 
 : — 
 
 rtlrr <; l <i't>/t>ur 
 
 . aoriMe, 
 ami o li lilenl 
 
 n II. In 
 
 \ - the dta 
 
 ed. I am allud the cast iter 
 
 g and q t aside from I 
 The vowel I ind, 
 
 '. In all tip 
 
 ( p 
 Sdi In all d< tin* \v 
 
 Mali a.- 
 
 ami 
 
 8d. In tip' foU : — 
 
 i/tlujdr 
 
 \U in. - rand "t' tii' -:i >r 
 
 1m. In liquation, loquc 
 
 iM. In all IfOnlfl Dg with </'y -,// , 
 
 (except, however, tl . Inch 
 
 al ) . 
 3d. Between g and r/, excepting ve 
 
 1 \ VMI'I 
 
 quad/' , upe 
 
 eqwUeur quadntpidt aqua-tinta 
 
 tutorial quad/ ila/crc aquafique 
 
 quadrature quadragesimal Guadalquivir 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 80. There are, in French as in English, a great 
 many words containing silent consonants ; but the posi- 
 tions in which silent consonants occur, are very different 
 in both languages. For instance, in all words begin- 
 ning with cz, gn, kn, ps, pt, phth, the initial consonants 
 c, g*, k, p, ph, are silent in English and sounded in 
 French. 
 
 81. In French, initial consonants, different from A, 
 are constantly sounded. Examples : — 
 
 czar gnomon Ptolemee pseudonyme 
 knout ptilose psalmodie knyphonisme 
 
 psaume phthisie mwemonique psychologie 
 
 82. Again, in French as in English, the plural of a substantive 
 is generally formed by adding an s to the singular ; but this final 
 s, which is constantly sounded in English, is constantly silent in 
 French. 
 
 83. As a rule, there is no difference in sound between 
 the plural of a noun and its singular, provided there be 
 no difference in orthography, aside from final s. Ex : 
 cites (cities) sounds exactly like cite (city) • 
 faces (faces) " " " face (face). 
 fih (threads) " " " fil (thread). 
 pares (parks) " " " pare (park). 
 bouchers (butchers) " " " boucher (butcher). 
 
 Exception : In the plural nouns ceufs, bceufs, nerfs, tehees, 
 faits, the letters f, c, and t are silent, together with final s ; 
 whereas f, c and t are sounded in the singular nouns, ceuf, bceuf, 
 nerf tehee, fait. 
 
 Rem. Singular nouns ending with s, x or z, remain unalterable 
 in the plural ; these final consonants are generally silent ; but when 
 sounded, by exception, in the singular, as is the case in fils (son), 
 ours (bear), gaz (gas), p/Unix, etc., they are sounded in the 
 plural also. 
 
37 
 § 1. tin \L ( 0H801 vn I BDBD R I 
 
 ioded. Ei implefl : — 
 
 lUt/t 
 
 M n'irh it/i lath 
 
 ■ 
 
 85. The final oon 
 
 :■ all \ owels, limple and oompouncL 1 
 
 / . i 
 rod I 
 
 • in 
 
 full.,,. e beginni] 
 
 rent from h m i 
 
 implet: weuf JUro* 
 
 ctuj\ i»t in tb 
 
 . The final ttm- 
 
 ponnd \ and diphtb ; tha pi 
 
 nan 
 
 K\ mi: mrni 
 
 Ptom ':''«' nini 
 
 ial </ an I 1 after aim] 
 
 ting, ho dar, reflux, 
 
 I. XI 
 
 cid gdad index 
 
 rod ephbd Alfred prefix 
 
 Styx talmud Madrid Pollux 
 
 87. The final consonants mm! Z are irencrallv 
 
 :it after all vowels, simple and compound; but 
 eoially after compound vowels and diphthongs. 
 Examples: drap trop viz lit dos chat 
 Pronounce, dra tro ri li do cha 
 
38 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 repas 
 
 etat 
 
 coup acabit 
 
 eouris 
 
 habit 
 
 loup avocat 
 
 dispos 
 
 tricot 
 
 galop ananas 
 
 camus 
 
 debut 
 
 sirop paradis 
 
 dissous 
 
 surtout 
 
 beaucoup cantaloup 
 
 eptlon: Fina 
 
 p is sounded in cap, jalap, julep, and in 
 
 proper names. 
 
 Exception II. Final z is sounded in gaz, and in proper names 
 ending with ez ; such as Rhodez, Suez, Natchez. 
 
 Exception III. Final t is sounded in words borrowed from Latin 
 verbs, such as exeat, deficit, preterit, accessit, tacet, etc., and also 
 in the following words : — 
 
 fat net sot lut rit granit occiput 
 mat fret dot brut knout comput azimut 
 
 N. B. Final t is sounded in the adverb soit (be it so), and in 
 the substantive fait (fact) ; but in the past participle fait, and in 
 soit, when conjunction or verb, final t is silent. 
 
 Rem. Final t is sounded in the numeral huit, unless followed by 
 a substantive or adjective beginning with a consonant different 
 from h mute. 
 
 Exception IV: Final s is sounded, 1st, in as, atlas, Mlas! and 
 in all proper names ending with as ; excepting Judas, Thomas, 
 Nicolas. 
 
 2d. In florhs, profhs, aloes, hermhs, corths, and in all proper 
 names ending with h. 
 
 3d. In proper names of foreign languages ending with is and 
 ys ; such as Paris, Adonis, Semiramis, la Lys, etc., and in the 
 following words : — 
 
 vis iris mats oasis 
 
 lis (*) jadis metis cacis 
 
 bis (*) lapis gratis tournevis 
 
 * Final s is silent in the compound fleur-de-lis, and in the adjec- 
 tive bis. 
 
 4th. In pathos, rhinoceros, and in all proper names of foreign 
 languages ending with os ; such as Minos, Athos, etc. 
 
 5th. In all substantives of more than one syllable ending with 
 us ; such as obus, virus, Venus, omnibus, etc., excepting, however, 
 the substantives abus, talus, verjus. 
 
 6th. In motus, sus, en-sus, plus (plus), and in plus (more), 
 when immediately followed by que (than), or when at the end of a 
 sentence which contains no negative word. Examples : — 
 a plus b plus-que-Tpaxfa.it 
 
 plus que vous j'en ai plus 
 
 N. B. In all positions different from those just mentioned, final 
 s is silent in plus. Examples : — 
 
noiJ UNCI rHI TBI 
 
 BOO 
 
 plu^ ii grand q 
 
 nul <>i peeled, in • th a 
 
 ; a<t ill tin- >••: 
 
 N . ! ; I 
 
 -. m if the case b> i 
 word* cvjr, Ifti BMt, '< •-*. «*'*• 1 — 
 
 :iul / if .Hound i all 
 
 different hroi 
 
 mosrieu 
 
 u th.it th( i. bj MMM 
 
 eoeded 
 
 — 
 
 -:. In all IDOQ06] Hi nples : 
 
 Id. In pr 
 
 ! — 
 \ /. 
 
 In the Toll* : — 
 
 bow- 
 
 inal i/, | I by a tant, tal 
 
 ind a- heard in the Engli . tttf, — 
 
 Ut. In :ill adjc Bz ! 
 
 vil civil btil alii 
 
 mil viril ril 
 
 2d. In the substantives Nil 9 JU 9 prq/U, cxif, put 
 
 Final I is silent in the adj (gentle^, and 
 
 in the following substantives : — 
 
 baril fenil chenil cuutil fom 
 til uutil rsil soured nombril 
 
 N. B. Although final I be generally sounded in the pronoun il, 
 
 silent in noni| NKB ai plait-ill s'U vuus plait, 
 
 comme U faut. 
 
40 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 91. Rem. Final I takes what the French grammarians call a 
 liquid sound, in the substantives 
 
 cil avril peril Bresil 
 
 gril babil gresil gentil (gentile) 
 
 and in all words in which final il is preceded by a vowel, different 
 from o. 
 
 N". B. The liquid sound of Z, when at the end of a word, cannot 
 be conveyed by any combination of English letters ; but when it is 
 found in the middle of a word, it can exactly be represented by 
 the English y, as heard in the word lawyer. 
 
 Examples : gentilhomme Milhaut 
 
 Pronounce, genti-yomme Mi-yaut 
 
 § 2. FINAL CONSONANTS PRECEDED BY CONSONANTS. 
 
 92. The final consonants f, k and I are sounded after 
 r, and final x after n. Examples : — 
 
 nerf schirl lynx larynx 
 
 serf schorl sphinx Danemark 
 
 Exception : cerf -volant nerf-de-bceuf corne-de-cerf 
 Pronounce, cervolant nere-de-bceuf corne-de-cere 
 
 93. Any final consonant different from f k, I and x, 
 is generally silent after m r n and r. 
 
 Examples : marc clerc pore arc-boutant 
 Pronounce, mar cler por ar-boutan 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 banc 
 
 rond 
 
 long 
 
 dans 
 
 ajonc 
 
 jonc 
 
 fond 
 
 rang 
 
 sans 
 
 etang 
 
 tronc 
 
 blond 
 
 sang 
 
 gant 
 
 hareng 
 
 flanc 
 franc 
 blanc 
 
 gland 
 grand , 
 quand 
 
 seing 
 poing 
 coing 
 
 camp 
 champ 
 plomb ' 
 
 oblong 
 aplomb 
 Colomb 
 
 Exceptions : Final b is sounded in rumb (pron. rombe). 
 
 Final c is sounded in zinc, pare, turc ; in arc, when unconnected 
 with boutant, and in done, when found at the beginning of a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Final ch is sounded in punch (pron. ponche). 
 
 Final d sounds in Sund (pron. Sonde). 
 
 Final g sounds in proper names ending with berg; such as 
 Bpitzberg, etc., and in the simple word bourg ; but is silent in all 
 compounds ending with bourg, such as faubourg, Strasbourg, 
 calembourg. 
 
 Final q is sounded in the numeral cinq, unless immediately fol- 
 lowed by a substantive or adjective beginning with a consonant 
 different from h mute. 
 
niE i 11 
 
 mded in thawonli mmur$ f wt&ti r ns t *aui 
 
 is also M 
 
 i<H «•!!• ill 1 
 
 pfannl 
 . \\ ii. n ;m Mtembl mud 
 
 i \i 
 
 nipt in-!' 
 
 prompt i 
 
 / in all 
 
 ii il ps U toond i[ilc8 : 
 
 fipom :i int 
 
 pre 
 
 IV. Ifl i poi 
 
 W "1.- m placed 
 
 1 and final e or find t % it 1- booh 
 
 ■riant. Example* : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rapt 
 
 intact 
 
 
 
 IIKL-t 
 
 <-.)n: 
 
 in! 
 
 talc 
 
 malt 
 
 iiulult 
 
 abj 
 
 
 spall 
 
 bait 
 
 oil 
 
 n : In tl :'uial t i« 
 
 t. but tli- led (like fc.) 
 
 In the mum a >, the p blent; but 0m 
 
 • . 
 from h mute, 
 ia Bilent in th .1 in Jitu , bur 
 
 Bounded in th< 
 
 Pin igt t ami sped, susp 
 
 conspect, amid, 
 4 
 
42 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 § 3. SILENT CONSONANTS IN THE MIDDLE OF WORDS, 
 
 97. D is sCent in compound words beginning with 
 grand'. Examples : — 
 
 grand'mere grand'messe grand'rue 
 
 98. G is silent in the words 
 
 signet sangsue longtemps 
 
 doigte vingtaine vingtieme 
 
 99. L, which is liquid in the singular nouns ait, gen- 
 tilhomme, is silent in the plural nouns aulx, gentils- 
 kommes. 
 
 100. M is silent in automne, and sounded in its 
 derivative automnaL M is moreover silent in damner 
 and its derivatives damnation, condamner, etc. 
 
 101. P is silent in sept, septieme, septiemement ; and 
 sounded in all other words beginning with sept, such as 
 septante, Seplembre, etc. 
 
 JP is sounded in baptismal, and silent in all other 
 words of the same root ; such as bapteme, baptise?', Bap- 
 tiste, etc. 
 
 P is sounded in exemption, and silent in all other 
 words of the same root ; such as exempte, exempter. 
 
 Finally, p is silent in sculpter, dompter, compter, 
 prompt, and all their derivatives, such as 
 
 sculpteur t compte comptoir promptitude 
 sculpture prompte comptable indomptable 
 
 Tis silent in hautbois. 
 
 * 
 
 § 4. LINKING OF FINAL CONSONANTS. 
 
 102. When a word, ending with a silent consonant, 
 is followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute, 
 the final consonant of the former word is frequently 
 heard at the beginning of the latter. For instance : — 
 
 chez elle ^ fche zelle 
 
 r trop ardent I J tro pardent , 
 
 \ > pronounce < \ 
 
 cent ans [ r ] cen tans 
 
 vingt ans J l^vin tans 
 
 This is what the French grammarians call Uqison, or 
 • linking of final consonants. 
 
■ 
 
 . i >r thi 
 t ami x liki 
 
 gTBlnl liMinii; 
 
 a lu'urci j 
 
 unples : Adam I 
 
 mi 
 
 in the 
 
 I 
 ^tia lli 
 
 a these the Hi. nstantljr 
 
 take* pi 
 
 i . The link 
 syllables ending \> ii 
 
 !tkin^ tftkafl plaOC in llM • 
 
 2d. A fa r the pronow . and 
 
 I 
 uu$ 
 
 lit f 
 
 on / i tilt 
 
 Bxamplei : — 
 
 4th. After adverbs, irben closelj 
 
 with th< \\\ 1:11; ■!. - : — 
 
 peu rnrore 
 
 beaucuu/t it I 
 
 5th. After an adj rhen followed bj itan- 
 
 tive or a word ntivc. Examples: — 
 
 fnt li $<unt esprit <ute 
 
 6th. After a verh (the infinitive ex , when 
 
 f Mowed by a preposition, an adverb, or a pronoun Bob- 
 Examples : — 
 
 sont-elles? discnt-i Ji'-on? 
 
44 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 7th. After a substantive, when joined to the next 
 
 word by a hyphen. Examples : — 
 
 pore-epic croc-en-jambe 
 
 gnet-apens pot-au-feu 
 
 Pont-Euxin pied-a-terre 
 
 Rem. After a substantive, the linking takes only place in a few 
 expressions of a particular form ; such as - 
 
 depied en cap du blanc au noir 
 
 de but en blanc de Jiaut en has 
 
 defond en comble de long en large 
 
 § 5. ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 105. B (b) uniformly sounds as in English. Before 
 c, t and sharp, hissing s, it takes, as in English, the 
 sound of a slender p. Examples : — 
 
 subtil obscur abstrait obconique 
 
 106. C (c) before e, i, ?/, constantly takes the hissing 
 sound, as heard in the English words vice, city. 
 
 Examples : ocean vicicux official 
 Pronounce, ossean vissieux offissial 
 
 C (c with a cedilla underneath) is a substitute for 
 hissing c before a, o and u. Examples : — 
 
 cabepa fapade Franpois faponnier 
 A pores perpoir /ran pah caparapon 
 
 gerpure aperpu •souppon maponntrie 
 
 C (c without a cedilla) sounds like &, 1st, before a, o, 
 u; 2d, at the end of a word; and 3d, before a conso- 
 nant different from h. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 Pronounce, 
 
 second 
 zgond 
 
 secretaire 
 zgretaire 
 
 reine- Claude 
 reine-Glaude 
 
 In accordance 
 y, sounds like h 
 
 with the preceding rules, cc before e, 
 j. Examples : — 
 
 acces 
 succes 
 
 vaccine 
 
 accent 
 
 accident 
 
 Occident 
 
 accessible 
 accessoire 
 succcsseur 
 
 accepter 
 
 acce/erer 
 
 occipital 
 
 accise 
 succ'm 
 
 occision 
 successif 
 
 exsvecion 
 accenser 
 
 succw ique 
 succinclement 
 
I '} 
 
 I — 
 
 smc 
 
 ' i : — ( 
 
 nire 
 
 ■ 
 
 wtockmrin 
 
 ^iivl, in 
 lth. 
 
 la liki- tin- Bnglii 
 , and 
 
 8, /' | i ind F 
 
 :cepting the Dumeral m 
 
 inning with a vowel <>r I 
 
 Examples: 1j c$ 
 
 Pj onoance, neuv bomm< tables 61 
 
 L09. Gf (g) 1 ■ tlj tab 
 
 dental Bound of tho English z, as bean] in the n 
 
 'C. 
 
 1> , ?/, at the end of n 
 
 ent from *, it takes the guttural sound, as 
 in English. 
 
 ptinns: trine bour<; 
 
 bourk 
 4* 
 
46 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Rem. I. In accordance with the preceding rule, gg before e and 
 i, contains both sounds. Examples : — - 
 
 suggirer suggestion Beggio 
 
 Rem. II. The combination gh is a substitute for guttural # before 
 e and i ; but it is only found in the two proper names Berghen, 
 Enghien* 
 
 110. The combination gn is liable to three different 
 sounds. 
 
 1st. Before final e mute and in the termination 
 gnement, it constantly sounds like final ng in English. 
 Examples : — 
 
 borgne 
 
 enseigne 
 
 grognement 
 
 epargne 
 
 empeigne 
 
 eloignement 
 enseignement 
 
 repugne 
 
 Sardaigne 
 
 temoigne 
 
 chataigne 
 
 indignement 
 
 2d. When gne is followed by a syllable different from 
 ment, the mute e is sounded, and the gn takes the sound 
 as heard in the English word mignonette. Examples : 
 chdtaigncraie ivrognerie vigneron lignerolle 
 
 o o o o 
 
 This sound of g has been termed liquid, and gen- 
 erally takes place, when gn is found in the middle of a 
 word before a vowel different from e mute. Examples : 
 
 signal 
 
 rossignol 
 
 castagnette 
 
 agneau 
 
 epagneul 
 
 magnanime 
 
 vignette 
 
 compagnon 
 
 temoio*nao;e 
 
 soigneux campagnard repugnance 
 
 3d. In a few particular words, gn takes the sound as 
 heard in the English words signal, ignorant. 
 
 -Examples : . igne stagnant inexpugnable 
 Pronounce ig-ne stag-nant inexpug-nable 
 
 This sound of gn constantly takes place at the begin- 
 ning of a word, as in gnomon, gnostique, etc., and also 
 in the following words 3 — 
 
 agnus agnation stagnation magnesie 
 agnat agnatique ignition magnolier 
 
 cognat cognation ignicole diagnostique 
 
 magnat cognatique regnicole impregnation 
 
 N. B. Bear in mind that g is silent in the word signet 
 
PHOM m Of 181 i !:i:ncii I 17 
 
 ill.// to be tupiraU , a I nil 
 
 the foil : — 
 
 It- li I<" 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 • j-- fa 
 
 It boubloo bume 
 
 baaaru !«• fa 
 
 Ic h le 1 la li 
 
 le h< la li 
 
 le h le 1 It li 
 
 7 i- note in otn*, 
 
 n a w«»r«l beginning with in itpii 
 
 l»ut no :i 
 ; alter //. 
 
 tip- h is 
 
 r 
 
 t in the 
 
 rmlv WOT*] '' .-in 
 
 iniplo : 
 
 N. B ^ in 
 
 th«' Fri n h di 
 
 1 1 2. L | ) baa two Bound* >ther aa 
 
 in English. The Ik] I the 
 
 . 
 
 Th' 1 of / never take< place after i rowel 
 
 m i ; henee final /, after a different 
 
 jh. 
 Liquid / in the i 
 
 /, excepting the two '/tumme, 
 
 Mil/taut. 
 
 Rule I. When the combination SI is found after a 
 Dt from N Bimple, it constant] 
 liquid l % and sounds like y in th sh word lawyer* 
 
 Examples: bouilli '•Huge bdilUr (•) 
 
 Pronounce, bon-yi feu-yage 
 
 * Ai ind t compound T< rv II : mark, moreover, 
 
 that in tl. 'on tilL the t sounds lik 
 
48 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 bailli tailleur travailler . 
 
 caillou meilleur conseiller 
 
 Neuilly paillasse barbouiller 
 
 veillez treillaore embrouiller 
 
 veuillez vieillard gazouiller 
 
 oeillet (*) brouillard merveilleux 
 
 oeillacle sommeiller gribouillage 
 
 * Mark that oz before liquid I sounds like eu. 
 
 Rule II. When ill is preceded by a consonant or the 
 simple vowel u, the i preserves its individual sound, and 
 the // is generally liquid. 
 
 Examples : tdlac Guillaume aiguillon 
 Pronounce, ti-yac Ghi-yaume aigui-yon 
 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 
 tilleul 
 
 habiller 
 
 papillote 
 
 filleul 
 
 gaspiller 
 
 fusillade 
 
 billard 
 
 grilloter 
 
 cabillaut 
 
 grillage 
 
 sillonner 
 
 corbillard 
 
 pillage 
 
 deguenille 
 
 perilleux 
 
 cuillere 
 
 sourcilleux 
 
 guillotine 
 
 Exception I. Double I sounds as in English in the following. 
 words and their derivatives : — 
 
 ville village pupille vaciller tranquille 
 
 • mille millesime nbrille distiller campanille 
 
 Gille codieille titilier instiller arrnillaire 
 
 Achille peccadille osciller scintiller maxillaire 
 
 Exception II. When ill is followed by a diphthong beginning 
 with i, it sounds as in English. Examples : — 
 
 million billion trillion marguillier 
 
 Rem. When ill is found at the beginning or end of a word, it 
 sounds as in English. Examples : — 
 
 bill illusive illimiU illuminer 
 
 Rule III. Final ^7, after a vowel different from o, 
 constantly represents liquid /, and shortens the vowel by 
 which it is preceded ; whereas final ille y after a vowel 
 different from u simple, lengthens that vowel. Ex : 
 hail deuil orteil fenouil 
 
 paible feuille oreille grenouille 
 
I |..\ Mj 111! I !:l N.ll I.W'.I UJK. 49 
 
 l \i :i:r 1SE8. 
 
 ilk 
 Ik 
 
 seuil Ii«>ti I Ik 
 
 Urr, 
 
 I >o in all 
 inlli' — 
 
 ghmdL I — 
 
 \ 
 
 .\i wr, tin- id 
 
 1 1 hat only two sounds | 
 
 as heard in the English word tisier; t! 
 hern y. 
 
 '1 h< rand of i takes | 
 
 . g t lt % | Dg the I 
 
 pronoun : — 
 
 shire Irubal trailers 
 
 pi 
 rafil bisbille disj 
 
 The sKarp sound of i takes pis snts 
 
 //, 0, I 
 I 
 
 — 
 ibe islam 
 
 sph< fiscal ink conscience 
 
 M - line 
 
 •oft sound as 
 heard in the English termination i*m. Rxsmpto : — 
 
 prisi civi pleonasmi* judaif 
 
 HOeSMM 
 Biai mar. i line isass 
 
 i. II Ths combination sch coi. junds like sh in 
 Engli>h. Kxamples : — 
 
 late . i rl ichabrsqiM ismstknie % 
 
 ftdn schorl Schaffho Kamt>chatka 
 
50 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 114. The sound of s before a vowel is sometimes 
 soft, sometimes sharp, according to the following rules : 
 
 1st. Initial s, before a vowel, constantly takes the 
 sharp sound. Examples : — 
 
 sol saut syllabe solaire 
 
 sac salle social semblable 
 
 2d. When a word beginning with sharp s is added 
 
 to a word or a particle ending with a vowel, the sharp 
 
 sound of s is preserved in the compound. Examples : 
 
 havresac soubresaut monosyllabe 
 
 parasol antisalle lunisolaire 
 
 tournesol antisocial vraisemblable 
 
 Exception : The s is soft in pTiilosophie and compounds begin- 
 ning with re ; such as resonner, resoluble, etc. 
 
 3d. Final s, when sounded, is constantly sharp; but 
 
 when a word or a particle ending with s, is prefixed to a 
 
 word beginning with a vowel, the s takes the soft sound 
 
 in the compound. 
 
 Examples : bisa'ieul transalpin sousentendu 
 
 Composition, bis-aieul trans-alpin sous-entendu 
 
 ET. B. All words which contain trans followed by a vowel, come 
 under this rule ; excepting transe, transir, Transylvanie, in which 
 the s is sharp. Examples : — 
 
 transiger transitoire transitif intransitif 
 
 4th. With regard to words different from the com- 
 pounds above mentioned, the following rule is to be 
 observed : — : 
 
 Single s is soft between' two vowels, sharp between a 
 consonant and a vowel. Examples: — 
 
 present desole heresie prosodie 
 absent console autopsie rapsodle 
 
 Exception. 8 is sharp in desuetude, pusillanime, and soft in 
 Alsace j Arsace, balsamine, balsamique. 
 
 •N. B. Double 5 constantly sounds like one s pronounced sharp. 
 Examples of both sounds : — 
 
 rose rosse basin bassin poison poisson 
 
 ruse russe frison frisson cousin coussin 
 
 base basse baiser baisser embraser embrasser 
 
 115. T (^) has two sounds; one hissing, equivalent 
 
t.> hi hard, as heard in I {Huh 
 
 void unplei of t * « » 1 1 1 : — 
 
 S >itc mitiati 
 
 Pi in: 
 
 M irk, it , thai the hissing sound and 
 
 • w ed by another vom el, and that it m 
 . at the beginning ol a a 
 1 [en lard in the t word* : — 
 
 >n 
 
 mixtion OOmbtlSl 
 
 ill qi» e ampl 
 
 IP a l in the n 
 
 neither i nor r, it tal 
 ing | : — 
 
 •. In all substantive! and with 
 
 Ba ! partiel nation 
 
 mart j ► « • t i . » 1 1 im| 
 
 captieux 
 
 ient 
 parti quo! ittonnem 
 
 2d. In Bui ith tie ; i 
 
 . jditic. Examples \ — 
 
 men mpi 
 
 inr; pro] lomatie 
 
 Dalmatic 
 
 Bi inin unperitie 
 
 3d. In proper nana- ending with- Ilea, and in a<: 
 
 og the adje 
 ckritu ". Examples: — 
 
 Gral i vptii 'ii pticnne 
 
 I tomitien cap capetienne 
 
 Diocletion • dalmatien dalmatic 
 
 4th. In the tw i initiate), balbai 
 
 , in all their inflections and derivat 
 1 -.v.m: lea : initier initiation baUmticn 
 Pronounce, inieier iniciacion balbuciement 
 
52 PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 5th. In the words Miltiade, Spartiate, satiete, insa- 
 tiable. 
 
 117. Th (jfi) never takes the hissing sound of t, but 
 constantly the hard sound. Examples : — 
 
 Pythie Scythie Mathieu corinthien 
 
 118. X (x) stands for two letters (gz or ita) ; except 
 in numerals and a few proper names. 
 
 It stands for gz, 1st, at the beginning of a word. 
 Examples : — 
 
 xenie xystique xylocarpe 
 
 Xavier Xenophon Xantippe 
 
 2d. In all words beginning with exa, exe, exi, exo, exu, 
 exh. Examples : — 
 
 exil exerce exorable exaucer 
 
 exact exemple exuberant exhausser 
 
 3d. In compounds of the preceding words ; such as 
 inexact inexorable coexistence 
 
 inexerce inexecutable preexistence 
 
 Rem. Aside from the compounds just mentioned, ex in the 
 middle of a word sounds like eks. 
 
 Examples : Alexandre vexation reflexion 
 
 Pronounce, Aleksandre veksacion refleksion 
 Rem. II. Ex before a consonant different from Ti, or at the end 
 of a word, sounds like eks. Examples : — 
 
 excavation expliquer silex 
 
 exclamation exterminer index 
 
 Rem. As two hissing sounds coming together, coalesce into one, 
 x before ce, ci and s, may be said to sound like k. Examples : — 
 exsudation excision excellent 
 
 exsiccation excitation exception 
 
 When x is found after a letter different from e, it 
 sounds like ks. Examples : — 
 
 axe oxygene ixeutique Xerxes 
 oxyde oxalique auxUiaire pharynx 
 
 Exception : X sounds like sharp s in a few proper names and in 
 the numerals 
 
 six (six) dix (ten) saixante (sixty) 
 
 and like z in the numerals 
 
 dix-huit (18) sixieme (6th) deuxieme 
 
 dix-neuf (19) dixieme (10th) (second) 
 
 Exception II. In the proper name Bon Quixote, the*# sounds 
 like sh in English. 
 
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