Gass H RHODE ISLAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. SOME ^^7 NATIVITY AND RACE FACTORS IN RHODE ISLAND Part 5 of the Annual Eeport for 1909. PROVIDENCE: K. L. FKEEMA2f COMPANY, STATE PRINTEKS. 1910. 1 M-33o;73 B 2S cA\ 36 IMTRODUCTION. At no time in the history of the United States has the problem of the immigrant been of more vital importance than it is to-day. The economic future of this country is being measured by the extent of the struggle between labor and capital only in the narrowest sense. Its most fundamental basis rests in the economic struggle that the immigrant is tending to transform into a race struggle instead of a class struggle. The future of American institutions is pictured in the light of the influx of foreign elements and their possible assimilation. The future occupants of this country are viewed from the standpoint of the vast increase of the native elements whose origin lies not in the puritan elements' that first settled upon the unattractive shores of New England, but in the lands east, and in the north and south of Europe. The history of American colonization demographically speaking, tells better than any other single study, the economic and social changes that have taken place in the last century on the European continent. First came the English, with their social and religious ideals, then the French and German, with their political ideals, and in recent years the United States have received the Italians and the Slavic races, with their burdens of economic depression and political strife of eastern and southern Europe. That this change of the cur- rent of migration has come with the changes in the political, social, and economic organization of the countries whose peoples have been flocking to these shores and filling our cities or cultivating our plains or building the ways through the vast stretches of American deserts, has long been observed by students of social problems in America and abroad. Whether with the spread of civilization and the changes that are taking place in the economic and social conditions of the 222 Nativity and Race Factors. countries which are sending out the largest contingent of emigrants, the exodus will cease, can not be definitely foretold. But all indica- tion points to such a solution of the immigrant problem. Germany- is sending fewer immigrants. France can hardly keep abreast with its own demand for laborers. English immigration is slowly chang- ing its course and the main tide of English emigration is being diverted to other sections of the globe. On the other hand the slow but steady awakening to the need for better conditions has reached the cold regions of Norway and Swe- den, and the sunny lands of south Italy, and is making its way into the Balkan countries, while the political Pole and the dazed Russian are seeking elsewhere an outlet for their higher aspirations, which are smothered by oppression and lack of opportunity at home. In this country they meet as in a great "melting pot," and here the struggle for social standing, political power, economic improvement, and intellectual development is waged; a struggle as fierce as any race struggle that history records, but also as fair as history can re- member. The result may not be foretold. But as progress is the result of struggle, the American people bid fair to be a nation of the most select and the most fit to uphold a progressive state in a pro- gressive way. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ETHNIC FACTOR. The study of population has long occupied the attention of econo- mists and philosophers, and its relation to the social system has been the subject of discussion ever since Malthus set forth his famous theory of population. The study of increase and decrease of popu- lation, and the relation that such increase and decrease bears to the social system, has been treated most ably and fully by a number of writers, and especially by F. S. Nitti in his work on ''Population and the Social System." But these discussions in the abstract of the theories of population have never received the consideration due them from the standpoint of the quality of population in its bearing upon the social system. In other words, the study of population Nativity and Race Factors. 223 -so far has been quantitative and not qualitative. It is true that 'Galton and his followers have taken a step in the direction of qualita- tive demography, but their field and method of study is so limited, and its application so narrow, that it belongs more to that line of inquiry which adds strength to theories already in existence than to en- courage the development of such generalizations as would apply to the whole community. Odin, in his "Les Grands hommes" has carried the same theory upon a broader basis to a point where its close relationship to the social condition is clearly shown. It remains for the future demog- raphers to bring out the relationship between the qualitative demog- raphy and the social system. Some attempts along this line have been made, but the basis of classification was social rather than organic, and while the results were sufficiently distinct to warrant conclusions of importance to the demographer, they depend upon such values as are not generally applicable. What Odin has done for French and what Galton is doing for English genius should be done for every aspect of demo- graphic study in every civilized country. We know entirely too little about our population, and demography upon which social science rests* is still an unexplored field from the standpoint of the social philosopher. The most significant and the most certain classification of popula- tion that is available for qualitative study is the ethnic classification which, however complicated from the standpoint of anthropology and ethnology, bears certain clear differentiations which lend them- selves to demographic study. The historic development of certain peoples who are at the present time populating the United States, but whose formation and life has until recently been subject to different and well-known environments, has made of them distinct elements with physical, mental, and social characteristics which clearly manifest themselves in the comparative study of these ele- ments. It should be borne constantly in mind that these elements *Messedaglia: Xi'Economia politica iu relatione colla sociologiae quale scienza a se, Rome, 1891, page 8. 224 Nativity and Race Factors. may again be considered from the standpoint of their own differ- entiations due to local conditions such as differentiate the native population of this country. But even when such differentiation is not possible the broader ethnic classification is sufficient to warrant conclusions which are thoroughly scientific and of extreme sociological importance. It is to be regretted that such ethnic studies as we propose to make of only a small function of the population of this country and only in a very limited way has not been made periodically of the whole of the United States, as the absence of such studies will forever throw a veil upon the ethnic composition of this country whose demographic history will never be written. The statistical bureau of the United States has not found it possible to trace the ethnic origin of the United States any farther back than one generation, leaving the ethnic factors to be inferred by contention, rather than by accurate statistical measurement. ETHNIC factors AND THE AMERICAN INSTITUTION. The political institutions founded by the first settlers in America were so constructed as to fit the immediate needs of the people. With the radical changes in the population of a democracy such as this, the problem of determining the amount of influence that is foreign to the old commonwealth and its ideals is of extreme im- portance. The Italian, coming from a country which is now in its inception, with undeveloped conceptions of State and government and oppressive economic conditions; the Irish, coming from a land of oppression and poverty; the Russian radical, or the igno-peasant, with ideas and ideals either too backward or misfitting the condi- tions in this country ; the Pole, with his home ties and his temporary lack of interest in American institutions; or the Jews, who are just beginning to learn the ways of democracy and universal suffrage;: and all the other races and nations that are bringing with them ideas and ideals foreign to this democracy, must be studied. Their in- fluence must be measured from the standpoint of their intellectual- Nativity and Race Factors. 225 possibilities and from the standpoint of their abihty to perpetuate the hberal and broad foundations of the government of their adop- tion. States such as have ah^eady been the field of foreign immi- gration would, under proper investigation, show remarkable ten- dencies in legislative matters; and in some cases legislation, when considered from the standpoint of the ethnic composition of the pop- ulation, would reveal influences which will have a lasting influence upon the body politic. The phrase, "the French will go for so and so, the Jews will vote for so and so," have become parts of our po- litical vernacular, and not once do we meet with opposition in the legislatures of various States on the score that certain strong foreign elements would not approve of certain legislation, not because of its liberality or conservatism, but because it is to a large extent against the interest of this or that particular foreign element. THE ECONOMIC FACTOR AND THE ETHNIC SEGREGATION. In certain communities in the United States, and in no community more than in Rhode Island, the occupations of the foreign elements represent a certain ethnic segregation that is worthy of note. That this segregation is seldom produced by the organic ethnic character- istics of the population remains no doubt, as many occupations have passed through the hands of succeeding generations of immigrants, each coming from a different part of the globe, and each differing from the element that preceded it. The economic adjustment of the foreign element, however, depends very largely upon the condition, physical, or mental, or economic, of the immigrants, as may be seen from the constant upward movement of nationalities as they pass on into the mass of the American people by ascending the economic and social scale at a varying pace. That this constant shifting of occupations by ethnic elements in their upward movement consti- tutes a problem of great imiportance is shown by the effort that labor is now making against immigration in order to maintain stand- ards of living such as are considered worthy of a body of workers 226 Nativity and Race Factors. whose economic independence determines the trend of American wel- fare and progress. A complete study of the ethnic influence and segregation in the United States, with relation to occupation, has not been made. As far as possible, with the data at hand, we have at- tempted to show in the following pages the influences of the foreign elements and the economic conditions under which some of them lived in their home country. With the changes in the economic, social, and political conditions in the countries which are sending us the largest number of immigrants, the number of emigrants may diminish, and the problem of the immigrant in this country may become a matter of internal adjust- ment rather than external, restriction. The very decided decrease in the number of immigrants coming from countries that in the early part of this century were sending the largest numbers, and the close connection of this decrease with radical changes in the government and civilization of these countries, are evidences of this tendency. the native and foreign-born population in RHODE ISLAND. In Rhode Island, as in all other industrial States, the problem of the immigrant is very acute and has been growing more and more so with the growth of the industries which are particularly characteristic of this State. Here the industries have become specialized, and with this specialization has come a selection of immigrants who, by their economic and social condition, are particularly fitted to enter these industries. In order to establish a statistical basis for this study from the standpoint of the ethnic composition of the population in this State, a considerable portion of this work is devoted to the study of the present ethnic composition of the population, and the recent changes. Nativity and Race Factors. 227 THE POPULATION. As has been stated at the ®utset, the present distinction between native and foreign population does not carry with it complete racial classification. Rhode Island, as the rest of the United States, has grown by immigration, ,and, therefore, nativity as used in this work is only a partial index of the foreign element that makes up the population of this State. We shall see later how large a por- tion of the people of this State is of foreign parentage, bearing in mind the fact that these terms are only partially correct. Table I. — Comparative Summary by Census Periods op Number Born IN Rhode Island, in the United States, and in Foreign Countries, Showing the Relative per cent. • Total Popula- tion. Born in Rhode Island. Born in the United States. Born in Foreign Countries. Per Cent, of Population. Census Periods. Born in Rhode Island. Bom in the United States. Bom in Foreign Countries. 1850 1860 1865 1870 1876 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 147,545 174,620 184,965 217,353 258,239 276,531 304,284 345,506 384,768 428,566 480,082 102,641 109,965 112,207 125,265 135,003 152,487 160,136 179,105 191,434 213,761 239,053 124,299 137,226 146,262 161,957 186,609 202,538 ■ 218,723 239,201 261,983 294,037 326,928 23,111 37,394 39,703 55,396 71,630 73,993 85,561 106,305 122,775 134,619 153,154 69.57 62.97 60.66 67.64 62.28 55.14 52.63 51.84 49.76 49.88 49.79 84.24 78.59 78.50 74.51 72.26 73.24 71.88 69.23 68.09 68.84 68.10 15.76 21.41 21.50 26.49 27.74 26.76 28.12 30.77 31.91 31.16 31.90 Table I shows the changes that have taken place in the last fifty- five years in the population of Rhode Island. In 1850 the foreign- born element was only 15.76 per cent., and in a little over a half- century it grew to 31.90 per cent, or more than double the earlier 228 Nativity and Race Factors. proportion. Table I, while significant in showing the increasing proportion of the foreign elements, is not sufficient to show the racial -character of the* population. What part of the native element in 1905 was of foreign origin will forever remain unknown, or only partially known, to the stu- dents of demography. Table II gives the countries of birth of the foreign element which makes up the foreign-born population, and the changes that have taken place during the last forty years. Nativity and Race Factors. 229 Table II. — Foreign Born by Country of Birth. — Census Periods 1865- 1905. THE STATE. Austria Belgium Canada-English. . Canada-French . China Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Holland Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Portugal Roumania Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Turkey§ West Indies. All others . . . Total. 1865. *3,384 1 14 6,478 1875. *3,687 9 46 12,739 146 897 5 17 1 27,030 37 29 5 75 Jl,403 28 31 39,703 1885. Ill 38 n8,584 t31 67 16,784 1895. 401 2,013 3 36 37,286 231 94 36 571 56 t3,lS6 809 104 7 178 71,630 424 2,614 10 36 38,895 760 107 166 818 129 3,721 1,696 140 2 151 81 196 85,561 513 412 6,429 26,627 tl31 231 22,820 683 4,126 21 54 38,226 5,717 291 588 2,241 65 1,696 5,677 5,112 178 314 223 111 289 122,775 1905. 868 486 7,931 31,569 301 293 24,431 214 1,097 4,463 249 112 119 32,629 18,014 454 4,104 5,293 323 4,505 5,649 7,201 212 1,723 231 237 446 163,154 * Includes all of British America. t Includes Japan. t Includes Wales. § Includes Armenia and Syria. 230 Nativity and Race Factors. A careful examination of the above table shows a decided change in the racial stock of the foreign born. While the Irish are still the prevailing element in numbers as compared to the other elements, since 1875 they have shown no increase, and in 1905 the census shows a decided decrease of 14.64 per cent. It is true, however, that the other English-speaking elements, while not as large in number, have been constantly on the increase. But while up to 1885 the English- speaking people of foreign birth far exceeded any other foreign born, since that time a considerable change has taken place. The French Canadian have taken to a large extent the position that the Irish held before 1885, and now Latin peoples and Slavs have come in constantly increasing numbers. The Italians, who in 1885 num- bered only 760, in 1905 reached 18,014; a faster increase than is shown by any other nationality. The Scandinavians, who hardly figured in the foreign element of Rhode Island in 1875, have in- creased to considerable numbers, and as we shall see later, have taken a strong hold in the industries of the State. The Germans, while not very numerous, have shown a steady increase in the last forty years. Russia, although it has not contributed many of its own people, has sent to this State a large element of Jews, who have settled in the cities. NATIVITY OF POPULATION. ' Reference has been made, in the introduction, to the fact that the ethnic history of the United States will never be written. We can, however, go back one generation to ascertain the parentage of the natives. The results will show the immediate ethnic composition of the population which is, of course, nearest to the ethnic type that has been absorbed into the bulk of the native population. Nativity and Race Factors. Table III. — Comparative Summary, General, 1895-1905. 231 Parentage, 1895. Nati\e Born. Total Population. Per cent, of Total Population. 1905. Native Boru. Total Population. Per cent, of Total Population, Total Both parents native. Both parents foreign Mixed parentage. . . . 261,983 143,610 89,190 29,183 100 . 00 54. 82 34.04 11.14 326,928 161,777 122,743 42,408 100.00 49.48 37.55 12.97 The above table shows the change that has taken place in the ten years that elapsed between the census of 1895 and 1905. We note that the natives of native parents have decreased from 54.82 per cent, of the total population in 1895 to 49.48 per cent, in 1905, or over 5 per cent., while the number of natives of foreign parents has in- creased from 34.04 per cent, in 1895 to 37.55 per cent, in 1905. On the other hand the number of mixed parentage has slightly increased. It can not definitely be ascertained whether this mixture necessarily means an amalgamation of the natives with the foreign born or whether it simply means that earlier immigrants are inter-marrying with later comers from the same country. Whatever the reason, it represents a partial influence toward assimilation. A still closer conception of the rate at which amalgamation takes place, and how fast the foreign element is changing the ethnic com- position of the population, can be gained from the following table: Table IV. — Population According to Parentage. 1905. 1895. 1885. 1875. Native parents 161,777 318,305 143,610 284,946 144,922 159,362 134 722 Foreign parents 123,517 » 2,180,082 428,556 304,284 258,239 232 Nativity and Race Factors. Percentage of Population According to Parentage, from 1875 to 1905. 1905. Native parents . . Foreign parents. 33.56 64.44 1895. 1885. 34.02 65.98 47.60 52.40 1875. 52.2 47.8 The above summary shows that within thirty years the number of natives of native parents has been reduced from more than one-half (52.2 per cent.) to one-third of the total population, while the pop- ulation of the foreign-born parentage has increased in this time from less than one-half (47.8) to about two-thirds of the total. Even statistics for so short a period as thirty years reveal how rapidly the composition of the inhabitants change. What the future of the na- tive population may be if existing conditions do not alter, one hard- ly dares to forecast; but certain it is that important ethnic changes are facing the State at the present time. Table V. — Place of Birth of Father of Native Born. Place of Bieth of Fathers of Native Born. Rhode Island Other United States Austria, including Hungary. Canada (English) Canada (French) Denmark • . . • England France Germany Ireland Italy Norway Poland Portugal Russia Scotland and Wales Sweden Switzerland Other Countries Total Fathers. 99,383 82,600 748 5,990 28,373 222 21,793 727 5,903 52,818 8,444 318 1,425 3,151 2,772 5,982 4,718 * 219 1,340 326,928 Per cent, to total Fathers. 30.40 25.26 .23 1.83 8.68 .07 6.66 .22 1.81 16.16 2.58 .10 .44 .96 .85 1.83 1.44 .07 .41 100.00 Nativity and Race Factoks. 233 Table IV 'gives the distribution of the native born according to the country of birth of fathers. This table shows that only 55.66 per cent, of the native population comes from native stock and that 24.60 per cent, is of English-speaking stock. Table VI.— Comparative Summary; Per Cent, op Increase or Decrease, by Place of Birth of Father for Principal Countries. Place of Birth of Fathee. 1895. 1905. Number. Per Cent. Number. Per Cent. 89,643 23.30 99,383 20.70 67,595 18.09 82,600 17.21 8,907 2.32 11,963 2.49 42,952 11.16 60,078 12.51 37,769 9.82 44,560 9.28 8,632 2.24 10,479 2.18 91,441 23.77 88,770 18.49 7,678 2.00 26,549 5.53 10,425 2.71 11,960 2.49 7,180 1.87 11,959 . 2.49 Increase or Decrease. Rhode Island Other United States Canada (English) . . . Canada (French) . . . , England Germany Ireland Italy Scotland and Wales. Sweden —6.60 — .88 + .17 + .35 — .54 — .06 —5.28 + 3.53 — .22 + .62 If we compare the parentage of the natives in 1905 with that of 1895 for the principal nationalities we find (Table V) that the number of persons of native fathers has decreased more than seven per cent., and that there has been a corresponding decrease in the number of persons of all other English-speaking peoples, while with the excep- tion of the Germans there has been an increase in every other impor- tant none English-speaking nationality. We see that, as is shown in Table II, the native born have proportionally decreased while both the natives of foreign parents and the foreign born are increasing very rapidly. The increase of immigration in recent years and the high birth rate among the foreign born are responsible for the fast in- creasing of people of foreign parents in the State. A clear idea of the comparatively large numbers of' foreign born 234 Nativity and Race Factors. in this State may be gained by comparing the proportion of foreign born in Rhode Island with the proportion in the other New England States. We find, as shown in Table VI, that Rhode Island has the smallest number of native born of anj^ State in the New England section, and that on the other hand it has the highest proportion of English and Scotch and a very large proportion of Irish. The State also has a very high proportion of the more recent immigrants, but, as is evident from the table, Rhode Island by no means leads in the number of recent immigrants. This does not mean, however, that the tendency is not in that direction, but rather that the large num- bers of immigrants who came to this State in earlier periods and have now become native, are in such large majority as to offset the proportion. This is evident from the fact that in total of foreign born, this State shows the largest proportion. Nativity and Race Factors. 235 ? H •sapiunoo o 5 CC > Ti 1 CO (M ^ ^ i uSiajoj Jaq^o •(qOTOJtj[) 05 CD -* t^ 1-1 0> lO CO CO O 1-1 t^ •* H ■epBTIBQ I> TtH ^- iM ■* Tt< I— ( •(qsiiSua) ^ OJ CO t~ CO rt 00 O lO 00 CO -! CO CO lO lO O OS a. CO CO o CO 03 ""^ •^I^^I o CD <^ ■-I O r-H af S CD lO IQ t> -# m ■80TIBJJ " 05 i-H o •IBSn-jJoj 03 CD 00 |H f- ^ « CO CD lO 1 •■Bissny to i-H T- (N CO rt P o o g. •(n'BissTi'a) o t> oc CM lO 03 lO 00 i*^ IH o PUBJOJ W m H m •(^3u:^snv) o C<1 c^ CO 03 o puBioj CQ t) 1^ •pa:^B^g O 00 o o PM ^0^ 'pni!iOd; Q m 1 Tl H t^ 03 ■* :? H •BU^sny lO rH 5- o- 00 I> rH o z o •pTrei!)oog c^ ■^ Tt CO 00 CO •pTre|3na c<- c^ IT f^ t^ -* 03 CO 03 CD cc oo" 12; o H t> m S H OO Q r-l > 03 -a t fq < 1- o a o t c 1 i-t ja o 0) g cc ■5 rt > ^ o g s 00 CO CO CI 236 Nativity and Race Factors. From Table VII as from earlier ones it is impossible to say what proportion of the native population belongs to one or the other race. Many of the natives and foreigners whose right to be classed as Americans dates back only one generation, regardless of the Americanizing influences that may and may not have produced changes that are characteristic of the earlier American settlers. SEX and age distribution of foreign born. It is usually found that the distribution of sexes in the foreign- born population shows either a larger prevalence of males or a larger prevalence of females, depending wholly upon the industial oppor- tunities that the community considered represents and upon the nativity of the population present. In Rhode Island this condition does not exist, as may be noted from the following table : Table VIII. — Nativity By Sex and Age Periods. Periods of Years. Color and Race, U Nativity and Sex. T3 -* d T|5 o 2 o O CO o 05 2 oi o o > o lO o UO o o CO o o 2 § The State. Native Born 9,582 35,291 40,857 37,228 33,070 56,519 42,790 .30,212 20,743 18,692 2,044 4,787 4,795 89 17,717 17,474 1,361 20,433 20,424 3,765 18,578 18,650 5,635 16,581 16,489 11,884 27,213 29,306 36,012 20,531 22,259 35,570 14,593 15,619 26,911 10,014 10,729 16,847 8,587 10,105 14,287 826 1,218 Foreign Born 793 55 34 683 678 1,839 1,926 2,879 2,756 5,694 6,190 17.303 18,709 18,383 17,187 13,662 13,249 8,157 8,690 6,526 7,761 339 454 Nativity and Race Factors. 237 The most important difference in the distribution of sexes is found between the ages of 20 to 29, and between 30 to 39 years of age. This discrepancy is due to two well-known conditions: In the former group there is a larger opportunity for female workers in America and in this State between the ages of 20 and 29, and in the latter group, where we find more males, the condition may be ex- plained by the greater frequency of marriage among the foreigners while abroad, and the practice of the married women at home, while the head of the family comes to America in search of better con- ditions with the expectation of bringing the families later. 238 Nativity and Race Factors. Table IX. — Showing Foreign-Born Population by Sex. Country. Austria Belgium Bohemia Canada-English Canada-French China Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Holland Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland- Austrian .... Poland-German Poland-Russia Poland, not specified Portugal Roumania Russia Scotland South America Sweden Switzerland Turkey Armenia Syria Not specified Wales West Indies Other countries At sea Total Aggre- gate. Males. 486 57 7,931 31,569 301 293 24,431 214 1,097 4,463 249 112 119 32,629 18,014 454 2,587 37 1,47 3 5,293 323 4,505 5,469 86 7,201 212 1,723 1,128 379 216 231 237 255 48 153,154 477 276 31 3,305 15,56 297 162 11,925 96 590 2,305 220 65 62 13,141 10,947 245 1,380 16 929 1 3,130 158 2,417 2,600 39 3,400 111 1,223 835 221 167 111 124 145 25 Females. Per cent. Males. 75,520 391 210 26 4,626 16,002 4 131 12,506 118 507 2,158 29 47 57 19,488 7,067 209 1,207 21 548 2 2,163 165 2,088 3,049 4 3,801 101 500 293 158 49 120 113 110 23 54.96 56.79 54.38 41.67 49.31 98.67 55.29 48.81 44.85 53.78 51.64 88.35 58.03 52.10 40.27 60.76 53.96 63.34 43.51 62.89 33.34 59.13 48.91 53.65 46.02 45.34 47.21 52.35 70.98 74.02 58.31 77.36 48.05 52.32 56.86 52.08 Per cent. Females. 45.04 43.21 45.62 58.33 50.69 1.33 44.71 51.19 51.15 46.22 48.36 11.65 41.97 . 47.90 59.73 39.24 46.04 46.66 56.49 37.11 66.66 40.87 51.09 46.35 53.98 54.66 52.79 47.65 29.02 25.98 41.69 22.64 51.95 47.68 43.14 49.92 77,634! Nativity and Race Factoes. 239 Table IX shows clearly that generally speaking there is little ■difference between the proportion of foreign-born males as com- pared to the proportion of foreign-born females of each country of birth. The most striking difference is shown by the more newly settled immigrants, such as the Italians, the Turks^ and the Arme- nians, who show a larger proportion of males than females. The Irish born show the largest discrepancy between the number of males and females, but the discrepancy is in favor of the females, a condition quite different from that generally found. That this dis- tribution is due to the large opportunities which women of this class of foreigners find for employment in this State, particularly in the textile industries, is doubtless, but that the difference should be over six thousand out of a total Irish-born population of 32,629 is quite surprising. AGE DISTRIBUTIOX. We have seen that there is little difference in the sex distribution •of the foreign born when considered from the standpoint of age, and that wherever the differences are found they are mainly concen- trated in the age periods of highest industrial efficiency and that this difference holds true to a lesser degi'ee among the natives. In considering the age distribution of the foreign born as compared to the natives we find some very pronounced differences which de- serve our attention, and which in later analj^sis will show their im- portance, particularly in the distribution of occupations. Table X. — Showing the Bistribution of Native axd Foreigx-Borx BY Ages. Pehiods of .Years. Nattvitt. o > ,— 1 -* » o » OS 05 o C-l ■a •* o> o o o o o o o d & o ■o o o o o o o "-• lO (N CO "^ o IS X Foreign Bom 0.0 o.s 2.6 3.7 7.8 23.5 23.3 17.6 ii.i! 9.0 0.6 Native Bom 2.9110.7 12.5 11.3 11.1 17.2 13.1 9.2 6.3 5 .7 0.6 • 240 Nativity and Race Factors. The above table shows clearly how widely the natives differ from the foreign born in the age distribution. We find that between the ages of 20 and 49, the native born are 39.5 per cent, of the total native-born population, while the foreign born are 64.5 per cent, of the total number of foreign-born persons in the State, or a difference of 25 per cent. In the earlier age periods the difference is quite as striking as in middle life, where we find the natives under 10 years of age aggregate 26.1 per cent., while the foreign born aggregate only 3.4 per cent. Less striking differences are found in the ages from 50 years upward, which make a total of 20.7 per cent, for the foreign born and 12.6 per cent, for the natives. This larger number of older persons of foreign parents is the result of the natural distri- bution of age in the case of the natives and the accumulation of per- sons of mature age, who after a few years become older without having in the earlier years the number of persons which contribute towards the more even distribution of age as is the case with the native born. The differences in age and sex distribution have a strong bearing upon two social factors: occupation and fecundity, as will be seen from the chapter on this subject which follows. CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND THE IMMIGRANTS. Much has been said m recent years about the problems, social, political, and economic, that the incoming immigrants have brought upon this country, but aside from casual articles and special studies no comprehensive work on the specific causes of modern migration has so far been made. If we are to understand the immigrant, if we are to look intelligently into the problems that he has and will con- tinue to create, we must understand what has brought him here, what process of selection his country undergoes in sending its sons and daughters in search of new and better opportunities. Is it for economic betterment, for educational advantages, in search of free- dom, or as a temporary enterprise that is eventually to bring some newer ideals, greater intelligence, and with these a partial or complete change, in the old regime of the home country? This is a study of conditions prevailing in only one State, and an ■exhaustive study of foreign conditions would make this work appear ■entirely out of proportion. We shall endeavor however, to outline in brief what might be called the emigrant-producing conditions in the several countries from which the large majority of the immigrants in this State have come. Irish. There is no country in Europe which has undergone the depleting effects of immigration more strikingly than Ireland. A glance at Table XI, which gives the comparative progress of the three sections of the United Kingdom, shows the normal increase in the population of the whole country except Ireland, which since the famine of 1841 shows a loss.ot almost half its population, and that without account- ing for the normal increase resulting from the excess of births over •deaths. 242 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XI. — The Population of the United Kingdom, from 1821 to 1901. England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Total. 1821 ■ 12,000,000 13,890,000 15,900,000 17,900,000 20,000,000 22,700,000 25,900,000 29,000,000 32,526,075 2,000,000 2,300,000 2,600,000 2,880,000 3,000,000 3,300,000 3,700,000 4,000,000 4,471,000 6,800,000 7,700,000 8,000,000 6,500,000 5,700,000 5,400,000 5,170,000 4,700,000 4,456,548 20,800,000 1831 24,000,000 1841 26,700,000 1851 27,300,000 1861 28,900,000 1871 31,480,000 1881 34,880,000 1891 37,700,000 1901 41,454,578 The above table, when interpreted in terms of percentage, shows, an astonishing change in the rate of increase in population. Table XII. — Increase of Population in Great Britain by Per Cent.. 1821-1841. England and Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Total. 1821-1841 1841-1901 32.50 104.62 33.33 71.96 17.65 *44.29 28.37 55.26- * Decrease. The date of the Irish famine corresponds exactly with the period of immigration into the United States and the decrease in absolute numbers of the inhabitants of Ireland. The first ten years after the famine show a decrease of 1,500,000, and the following censuses show decreasingly large reductions in the population. There are un- fortunately no data concerning the number of Irish who left Ireland during the first ten years following the depression, but American immigration records bear out the fact that only a small portion of the 1,500,000 Irish landed upon American shores. Nativity and Race Factors. 243 The cause of this decrease in the population of Ireland is a matter of historic importance, and the well-known blunders of English rule which imposed upon Ireland a regime that was neither intelligent nor human. Industries were curtailed, and the agricultural produc- tion of the country limited to amounts such as could be used in the interior without the right to sell their produce in England. To this was added the system of ''rack rent," and the frequent evictions of which Lord Clarke said: "There is not an inch of land in Ireland that has not been confiscated at least three times." In 1849 alone, 90,000 evictions took place, and Sir Robert Peel, in a speech delivered on June 8 of that year said: "I do not believe that the annals of any civilized or even barbaric country, have ever presented such a picture of horrors." Mulhall, in his "Fifty Years of National Progress," estimates that during the reign of Queen Victoria, 4,186,000 persons left Ireland and 3,668,000 were evicted. With such an exodus and the abnormal decrease in the birth rate all over England and particularly Ireland, only a small portion of the population remains to be accounted for aside from the high death rate and the emigration which took place at that time.* The exodus from Ireland may be considered, therefore, as one caused by abnormal economic conditions and to a certain extent by political discrimination which created oppression unendurable be- cause of its political origin aside from the dire need of the most essential elements of life. Such is the element that Ireland sent to this country and to other parts. of the world, poor, almost to starva- tion, injured in pride as a nation, and courageous only by the nature of their national characteristics. *Paul Leroy-Beaulieu in an article entitled " La question de population," published in the Revue des Deux Mondes, October 15, 1S97, gives the following statistics concerning the birth rate in England: 1874-1879. 1892-1894. England 36.0 per 1,000. Scotland 35.5 per 1,000, Ireland. I 26.5 per 1,000. 36.5 per 1,000. 30.5 per 1,000. 23.0 per 1,000. 244 Nativity and Race Factors. With conditions such as have been briefly referred to above, it is evident that the Irish were not wholly a desirable class of immi- grants, but they have slowly found their place in America by going into the least skilled and poorly paid trades, where the demand for labor welcomed their presence and are slowly working their way into the better occupations as will be shown later. The English and Scotch. While the Irish w^ere subject to economic and social conditions that caused a wholesale migration, important changes w^ere going on in England that overburdened the industrial centers with an excess of population which could not be adjusted within the short period that conditions seemed to demand. Towards the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, when England was beginning to develop its industries and find markets the world over, in order to secure to the workers cheaper supplies and bring in an abundance of raw material it opened its doors wide and allowed products to come in freely. This made it impossible for the land workers to compete, and the farmers were soon driven off their land by the sheep and later by the cock and hen. Migration to the cities nec- essarily followed, and as many opportunities in the United States for intelligent farming were open, migrations to this country began to increase very rapidly. But the farmers, through their migration, particularly to the cities, created such labor conditions in the industrial market as to make emigration very attractive for city dwellers. Not only farmers, but skilled workers who could see elsewhere better oppo- tunities and who were in demand in other parts of the world, left the country and are still leaving it in large numbers. It is, therefore, economic conditions, pure and simple, that have increased the emi- gration from England in the last three-quarters century, and although conditions have been constantly changing the flood of emigration from England, it is constantly on the increase. Nativity and Race Factors. 245 Table XIII. — Showing the Emigration from Great Britain from 1878 to 1905. Year. 1878. . 1879.. 1880.. 1881., 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. . 1905. English. Scotch. Irish. Total emigrants ■leaving English ports. 72,323 11,087 29,432 147,663 104,275 18,703 41,296 217,163 111,845 22,506 63,641 332,294 139,976 26,826 76,200 392,514 162,992 32,242 84,132 413,288 183,236 31,139 105,743 397,157 147,660 21,953 72,566 303,901 126,260 21,367 60,017 264,385 146,301 25,323 61,276 330,801 168,221 34,365 78,901 396,494 170,822 35,873 73,233 398,494 163,518 25,254 64,923 342,641 139,979 20,653 54,484 315,980 137,881 22,196 58,430 334,543 133,815 23,325 52,902 321,397 134,045 22,637 51,132 307,633 99,590 14,432 42,008 226,827 112.338 18,294 54,349 271,772 102,837 16,866 42,222 241,952 94,658 16,124 35,688 213,284 90,679 15,570 34,395 205,171 87,400 16,072 42,890 240,696 102,448 20,472 45,905 298,561 101,585 20,920 39,210 302,575 137,121 26,285 42,256 386,779 177.581 36,801 45,568 449,006 175,533 170,408 37,445 41,510 58,257 50,159 453,877 459,662 246 Nativity and Race Factors. This table shows that not only has the emigration of subjects of Great Britain increased in absolute figures, but that little change in the number has taken place in the last twenty-five years. Although economic conditions are largely responsible for the im- migration from Great Britain, there is no doubt that the Enghsh and Scotch emigrants represent a higher type of working man, who^e coming to this country has been more of a personal enterprise and choice than in the case of the Irish. Italians. If, generally speaking, Irish immigrants are not coming in as large numbers as they did ten years ago (Table II), the Italians are fast surpassing in numbers the Irish influx, and their numbers are be- coming of prime importance in this State as they have already be- come in New York and Massachusetts. While the conditions in Ire- land are more or less generally known, the conditions in Italy are more often guessed at; and in many cases injustice is done both to the Italians as immigrants and to the magnitude of the problem of Italian immigration. Seeing that the Italians in this State have increased 232.58 per cent, in the last thirty years, it is important that we should analyze the condition of the immigrant Italian before he gets here and the causes at work in bringing about the emigration from Italy in such large numbers as both the Italian and the Amer- ican authorities are recording. In the figures of the Commissioner of Immigration's report for the fiscal year ending June 30, in 1908, we find that a distinction is made between the North and South Italians, and that only 19,408 Italians came from the north of Italy and 147,430 came from the south of Italy. This difference in numbers is very striking and of significance in the study of the Italian immigration as a whole. That there must be some obvious reason for the distinction is evi- dent, but what this distinction is we shall endeavor to show in the light of economic and social differences which exist in the home Nativity and Race Factors. 247 country. It would be beyond the scope of this work to trace the distinctions between the north and the south to its beginning, but history shows that throughout the centuries, "North and South have always existed, and could not but exist."* Some Italian authors carry the distinction further and divide the Italian territory into three sections, namely: North, Center, and South. f Assuming for the moment that to a large extent the Italian immi- grants who come to this country are more or less in the same pro- portion as the emigrants who leave Italy for trans-oceanic migration, it is interesting to note the proportion of emigrants from each of the sections and states of Italy in their relation to the North, Center, and South. *F. Carabellese. Nord e Sud attraverso e seooli, p. 211. tNiceforo Italian! del Nord e Italiani del Sud.-Bocca, Torino, 1901. 248 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XIV. — The Distribution of Italian Immigrants, According to State and Section of the Country, Going to Transoceanic Countries.I State and Section. Estimated Population ia 1907. Total Number op Emigrants, 1907. 1906. In 100,000. NORD , Piemonte . . . Liguria Lombaodia. Veneto Emilia Centeer Toscana. . . , Marche Umbria. . . . Lazio :South Abruzzi. . . . Campania. . Puglie Basilicata. . Calabria. . . Sicilia Sardegna. . 14,757,257 3,423,854 1,157,784 4,497,327 3,368,117 2,510,175 5,692,883 2,656,382 1,070,055 688,078 1,278,368 12,990,564 1,455,086 3,199,158 2,041,399 470,385 1,411,348 3,571,771 841,417 73,177 26,232 6,714 15,506 14,703 10,022 47,023 13,778 13,664 4,096 15,485 295,701 44,024 70,228 25,313 14,685 46,184 91,902 3,365 89,591 494 33,885 766 6,630 580 20,046 345 16,338 437 12,692 399 41,755 824 13,960 519 23,811 1,277 3,958 595 26 1,211 364,289 2,292 52,002 3,026 85,437 2,195 29,799 1,240 17,788 3,122 55,577 3,272 121,669 2,573 2,017 400 605 992 577 448 488 507 732 527 2,223 577 1,287 2,824 3,583 2,673 1,467 3,773 3,945 3,398 241 tTable derived from the official report of the Commissariato dell'Emgratione, Bull. 23, 1908, pages 16, 24, 28. Nativity and Race Factors. 249 The above table shows how clearly the emigration center gravi- tates towards the south, and that the south proper furnishes about three times as many emigrants in proportion to the population as the central section, and five to six times as many as the north. Table XIV also shows that in absolute numbers the south furnishes about six times as many emigrants as the center and about four times as many as the north. With this striking difference in the proportion of emigration, and with the somewhat similar distribution of Italian immigrants who come to the shores of the United States as related to the north and south of Italy, we should consider not only the cause of emigration in Italy in general, but the causes at work in the specific sections of the country and the quality, if I may so speak, of the inhabitants who are now coming into the United States and other countries. It is well known that Italy at the present time is undergoing a transition which promises to change the whole economic system of the country. But while this change is being brought about, whole vil- lages of Italians are leaving the country, and the extent of this movement increases as the conditions of the various sections change, and as they are made to feel their economic and social inferiority. Let us analyze for a moment some of the economic differences, artificial or otherwise, that exist between the different sections of the country. Although the amount of private property is not always a good index of the economic condition of a country, it undoubtedly is sufficient to throw light upon the differences between sections of the same community.* Private Property in Italy Per Person. North 2,211 lire. Central 2,241 " South 1,333 " Sicily 1,471 " The above shows the difference between the three sections and reveals a difference in wealth that is quite striking. That this * Niceforo, Italiani del Nord e Italiani del Sud, p. 436. 250 Nativity and Race Factors. difference in wealth is due to difference in economic conditions has been repeatedly shown by Italian and American students. Statis- tics of the number of persons employed in industries, the amount of steam and water power used in manufacture, the imports and ex- ports of manufactured products and practically all other important aspects of industrial life and development show that the north is much farther advanced than in the south.* But it is not industry alone that economically distinguishes the north from the south. Agriculture in that fair land of sunshine and beautiful skies has been more fortunate in the north than in the south. In 1894 the proportion of arable land in Italy w'as much lower in the south than in the north. The following are the percentages: Unfertile land. North Italy 17.0 Central 19.3 South Italy , 21 .9 Sicily 27.4 Sardinia 28.0 Aside from the large areas of infertile land in the South the land in the North is more commonly fit for Extensive farming than the south, while the marshy lands which make the country unhealthful, and therefore reduce the agricultural possibilities, are very frequent in Southern Italy. With such difference in the productive possibil- ities of the three sections it is obvious that the revenues of the State would be proportionally higher in the north as compared to the south, and figures in the Minister's of Finance report bring out this fact very clearly. Hand in hand with the backward economic development of the south we find a very low standard of living. If we take such food as meat, we find that the north consumes 17.9 kilograms per person, the center 17.3, and the south only 7.0 per person.* Considering luxuries such as tobacco, sugar, and coffee, we find the same differ- ence. * Niceforo, pp. C. 375-446. Nativity and R,ace Factors. 251 The following table taken from Niceforo gives an idea of the proportion of the use of these luxuries per person: Tobacco. Sugar. Coffee. North gr. 806 gr. 539 gr. 379 kl. 10.0* kl. 10.7 kl. 7.7 kl. 3.20 kl. 2.60 kl. 1.81 Center South " . . . With an inferior economic development and a lower standard of living it would naturally follow that the social and physical develop- ment of the people would vary in the same way, and as we shall see they do vary quite strikingly. Anthropologists and ethnologists in Italy have long and carefully studied the ethnic differences of the races that to-day are making efforts to form one people out of an amalgamation of the most varied and distinct types. The most significant aspect of this ques- tion from the standpoint of immigration, however, is the superiority of the physical type which has been studied most carefully by Dr. Livi,* of the Italian army, and which leaves no doubt as to the in- feriority of the southern Italian as a human type. That this dif- ference in the physical development of the North and South Italian is very closely connected with the standard of living has well been shown by Celli in his work on ''Experimental Hygiene," which was first presented in his course of lectures at the University of Rome. As a natural consequence of poor economic conditions in the South the intellectual development has been retarded. The South has fewer libraries and fewer schools than the north. The expenditures for schools in the South fall short of the expenditures for the corre- sponding educational facilities of the north. Illiteracy is eight times higher in the lowest South than it is in the north, and the expen- ditures on elementary education per inhabitant are three times higher in the north as compared with the south. * Dr. Rodolfo Livi, Anthropometria Militare, 1898. This work is the result of a study of over a quarter of a million persons between 20 and 25 years of age. 5 252 Nativity and Race Factors. With the vast differences between the north and south of Italy, it is clear that the north Italian would be a more desirable immigrant. The figures as shown in this chapter indicate a very much greater immigration from the south than from the north, and the figures of the United States Commissioner of Immigration bring out this fact : This State has mostly south Italians, but their desirability as compared to the north Italian cannot be measured on account of the. absence of data relative to such a distinction here. The Germans. Arsene Dumont, the French demographer, in an article published in the Journal de la Societe de Statistique de Paris (I) says, that "Emigration into new countries is characteristic of peoples that are still crude or partially civilized. It presupposes simple tastes, shghtly developed intellectual and esthetic tastes. . . . This was the case with the English in the seventh century, and with the poor German emigrants in the eighteenth century, with the Spanish in the sixteenth, and of the humble Russian peasants who, little by little, have annexed immense territories to the large domains of their race." In the same article Dumont goes on to say: "The true colonist must have a passion for country life and for the family, must love solitude or at least must endure it easily, must despise city life and artificial enjoyments." It may also be added that times of social transition and radical economic changes are not a negligible force in determining emigration. The above gives us a clear insight into the present trend of migra- tion and expresses clearly a philosophy of emigration which has been realized in facts that modern statistics clearly show. If instead of the English and German and French immigrant the doors are to be open to Italians, Hungarians, Russians, Roumanians, and other peoples in transition from the simple rural life to the more complicated industrial life, it is also found that the laborer, (1) Journal de la Soci^t6 de Statistique de Paris, 1900, p. 8 Jsp'. Nativity and Race Factors. 253 the farmer, the man without a trade is the most ready to leave. This is particularly true if we consider Germany, which at one time was sending to this country as many immigrants as Italy has been sending within recent years. The disturbed balance of private enterprise, production through a development in industries, and the increased possibilities of the city have changed the trend of migration. What the Italians call "urbanism," has changed the aspirations and ideals of the people, and in that way has reduced the amount of emigration in Germany. Aside from the economic changes in young Germany which contrib- uted to the increase of emigration, the movements for freedom which caused so much uneasiness and discomfort to its adherents were of no minor influence in determining not only the number, but also the quality of the emigrants. This fact and the possibilities offered in the new countries, both for economic and political betterment, have contributed to the causes of German migration. That the possibil- ities of the United States were alluring for the Germans is shown by the figures given in the annual reports on emigration and the Gotha Almanac regarding the number of emigrants directed towards the United States as compared to those going to other countries. 254 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XV. — German Immigrants Coming to the United States as Com- pared TO Total Number of Emigrants Leaving Germany. Years. Leaving Germany. Going to the United States. 220.000 216,000 203,000 199,000 173,000 167,000 149,000 144,000 116,000 105,000 82,000 78,000 104,000 101,000 103,000 99,000 96,000 90,000 97,000 85,000 120,000 108,000 116,000 107,000 75,000 87,000 40,000 34,000 37,000 30,000 33,000 27,000 24,000 19,000 22.000 17,000 24,000 19,000 22,000 19,000 22,000 19,000 32,000 29,000 36,000 33,000 27,000 26,000 1881. 1882, 1883. 1884. 1885 1886. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 The above table shows distinctly that the larger part of the emi- grating multitudes were destined for the United States, and also that after 1893 the number of emigrants decreased materially and has so far not regained its original extent. It must be said also that while Ireland sent to this country its paupers and dispossessed, Italy is sending to us the unskilled and illiterate, while Germany has been sending among its free immigrants Nativity and Race Factors. 255 some of its most skilled workers and best citizens. Since 1820, the first date for which reliable records can be had, Germany has sent to the United States about 5,500,000 persons, and in 1900 it was found that 7,800,000 persons had one or both parents of German origin and that 2,000,000 had been born in Germany. These figures prove that not only have the Germans come here in large numbers, but they came here to stay and make their home as the early English have done. ■ Russians. Under the head of Russians we must be cautious to classify and distinguish the many different racial types that form the bulk of the immigrating masses into this country. The immigration commissioners ' reports show a constantly increas- ing number of immigrants coming from Russia and Finland, but unfortunately no discrimination is made regarding the racial char- acter of this influx. It would seem that with the constantly increasing immigration from Russia more detailed data would be gathered. TVTost of what has been said of the existence of certain classes of Rus- sian subjects has been based upon a, very limited amount of statis- tical conjecture which can not be accepted as scientific fact. It is unquestionably true that most of the Russian element is of Hebrew descent, and that only a limited number of families of Russian l)lood join the ranks of the emigrants. Finland, which is the most civilized section of that vast empire, has within recent years sent large numbers of immigrants to the United States, and the next cen- sus will probably find that the Finns have increased very considera- bly and that they are taking their place with the industrial workers of this country. That most of the emigration from Russia is due to political and social conditions which involve discrimination against certain races, classes, and particularly political beliefs, is a truism that needs no proof. The people who come from Russia represent the best and most advanced elements in the population, the result of a process of 256 Nativity and Race Factors. selection for the which the Rvissian government is itself responsible- That with the economic and educational development of the people will come an exodus of the peasant population must be anticipated, unless the government can so adjust social and economic conditions as to meet the demands that will come with the development of the minds of the working people. Aiistro-Hungnj-ij. Among the races that within recent years have come to the first rank from the standpoint of emigration, Austro-Hungary is coming to be an important factor in the United States. Within the last ten years Austro-Hungary has come to occupy^the first place in point of numbers of immigrants coming to this country. England and Italy were formerly the countries from which most emigrants came. But Austro-Hungary, with its differences in nationality, its racial conflicts,, the breaking away from the traditional nationalistic struggles, and the vastly more advantageous opportunities for economic betterment elsewhere, has started an emigration movement that is not likely to decrease for many years. The 1900 census shows the ra:ces coming from Austria and Hungary into the United States to number 1,000,000. In the case of Austria and Hungary, the immigration statistics do furnish sufficient inform- ation regarding the distribution of the races, and the United States census has given statistics which show that about 430,000 of the Austro-Hungarians are Austrians, 350,000 are Bohemians, 316,000 are Hungarians. In a sense these figures help to measure the extent to which the emigration from these sections is going on; but as in these sections there are many other races represented which are clearly distinct, the figures given are of slight value. AustrO-Hungary is one of the best illustrations of the disturbed equilibrium that has taken place within recent years, through its rather incomplete and new industrial development. Nativity and Race Factors. 257 A clear idea of the increase and extent of the immigration from Austro-Hungary, may be gained by the following table : Table XVI. — The Number of Persons op Each Nationality and Race, IN Austro-Hungary, Admitted to the United States in the Last Six Years.* Race or Nationality* 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. Bohemian and Moravian <^roatians and Slavonians Dalmatians, Bosnian and Her- 11,911 21,242 2,036 12,780 23,883 9,592 11,757 35,104 2,639 18,604 46,030 14,473 12,958 44,272 4,568 14,257 44,261 16,257 13,554 47,826 7,393 25,884 60,971 24,081 10,164 20,472 3,747 13,720 24,378 12,361 7,604 24,622 2,205 16,306 34,568 18,494 Total 81,444 128,607 136,573 179,709 84,840 103,599 It can be seen from the above table hov/ the immigration from Austro-Hungary fluctuated with the economic depression in the United States, as was found to be the case with other nationalities. Up to 1906; however, the immigration even for so short a period as three years shows a very decided increase. That this large movement of the population from Austro-Hungary is due to certain economic disturbances in the agricultural condition of the country and the partial industrializing of the cities and towns, has been recognized by many economists and one of the ablest Hungarian economists and statisticians, Count Mailath,* considers the movement as entirely abnormal and temporary. So far the Austro-Hungarians have followed the stages of the earlier unskilled workers, such as the Irish and Italians. What their future industrial and social possibilities will be only the future can tell. ♦Annual Reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Revue Eronomique Inter- nationale — June, 1905. 258 Nativity and Race Factors. In order to make this study complete from the standpoint of con- ditions prevaihng in the home countries of the different races and nationahties it might have been desirable to discuss some other home countries, but the limits of this study as planned at the beginning, and in the some instances the scantiness of the material necessary for such a study, made the carrying out of such work impractical. What study has been pursued shows clearly that we have in this country, and incidentally in the State of Rhode Island, people whose coming here has been caused by varied conditions ranging from economic national inefficiency to political oppression. What becomes of the people after they settle in this State from the economic and social, point of view, we shall endeavor to show in the following pages,. FECUNDITY. There is no more difficult statistical subject in the whole field of demography than the study of fecundity from the standpoint of race, and that is due not so much to the subject itself as to the absence of adequate data which would furnish direct information regarding parentage at least two generations back. We shall see later that marriage is more common among foreign born than among native, and also that natives of foreign parentage marry less frequently than either the native of native parents or of foreign born. The latter element, which is rapidly increasing in the United States, stands, therefore, in a class by itself from the standpoint of nuptiality, al- though this element lives under practically the same conditions as the newly arrived foreign population. FECUNDITY AND CONJUGAL CONDITIONS OF THE NATIVE AND FOREIGN- BORN POPULATION IN RHODE ISLAND. Not less than fourteen years ago Pierre Leroy Beaulieu, the French statistician, pointed out the remarkably slow mcrease of the popula- tion of New. England and discussed fully what is called the ''Maine Law"* of nativity, named after the State of Maine, which showed the lowest nativity (17.9) of all the New England States. Other writers, both at home and abroad, have recently discussed this very important question, and theories of the most diverse and most radical nature have been advanced. Rhode Island does not fail to enter into the class of States in which the increase of the native element presents a grave and puzzling problem. In the following * Pierre Leroy Beaulieu — La Natalite dans les Pays neufs h. civilisation avaacee. — Econo- miste Francais; Mai, 1896, Paris. 6 260 Nativity and Race Factors. pages the conjugal condition and fecundity from the standpoint of nativity will be considered. nuptiality. It has often been asserted that nuptiality, or the conjugal condition of the population, determines the birth rate and the natural increase of the population. In countries like Austria, Roumania or Russia, where births out of wedlock are very common and where the legal requirements of marriage are such as to make the formalities of marriage a difficult and costly procedure, the relation between the marriage rate and the birth rate is distorted and statistically incorrect. On the other hand in the United States, France and England, where the conditions of civilization and culture have stimulated an artificial control of fecundity, the conjugal condition is still less an index of probable birth rate unless social classes and racial divisions were equally possible of classification. The condition of social classes from the standpoint of nuptiality, as we shall see later, is only to a limited extent within the reach of statistical study while the ethnic factors are also partially so on account of the inadequacy of the sta- tistical data at hand. The figures concerning the marital condition of the population at the time of the last three Rhode Island State censuses are given in the followino; tables. Nativity and Race Factors. 261 Table XVII. — Conjugal Condition of Males, 15 Years of Age and Over, OP Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Island. 1885. 1895. 1905. Conjugal Condition. Native. Foreign. Native. Foreign. Native. Foreign. 28,998 34,721 3,036 388 11,607 22,399 1,923 43 36,652 39,945 3,776 381 18,116 32,620 2,872 54 46,536 47,226 4,075 508 22,421 44,046 3,488 109 Total 67,143 35,971 80,754 53,662 98,345 70,064 Table XVIIa. — Conjugal Condition of Males, 15 Years and Over, of Native and Foreign-Born Population, from 1885 to 1895. 1885. 1895. 1905. Conjugal Condition. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. Single 43.19 51.71 4.52 0.58 32.27 62.27 5.34 0.12 45.38 49.46 4.68 0.48 33.57 60.79 5.35 0.29 47.32 48.01 4.14 0.53 32.00 62.87 4.98 0.15 Divorced Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 262 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XVIII. — Conjugal Condition op Females, 15 Years of Age and Over, op Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Islani> FROM 1885 to 1905. 1885. 1895. 1905. Conjugal Condition. Native. Foreign. Native. Foreign. Native. Foreign. 28,520 35,263 8,480 623 13,454 22,273 5,950 98 36,396 40,109 9,612 656 17,742 31,914 7,948 91 45,393 48,473 11,026 833 20,087 42,69» 9,234 229 Total 72,886 41,775 86,773 57,695 105,725 72,240 Table XVIIIa. — Conjugal Condition of Females, 15 Years and Over, OF Native and Foreign-Born Population in Rhode Island, from 1885 to 1905. 1885. 1895. 1905. Conjugal Condition. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per ' cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. 39.13 48.38 11.63 0.86 32.20 53.32 14.24 0.24 41.94 46.22 11.08 0.76 30.75 55.31 13.78 0.16 42.94 45.85 10.43 0.77 27.81 59.09 12.78 0.3^ Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. OO Nativity and Race Factors. 263- An analysis of Tables XVII, XVIIa, XVIII, and XVIIIa re- veals some remarkable facts concerning the conjugal condition of native and foreign-born persons in this State. It will be noticed that the number of single males during the period that elapsed be- tween the three censuses has increased from 43.19 per cent, of the total number of persons 15 years of age and over to 45.38 per cent, in 1895 and to 47.32 per cent, in 1905. During the same period the percentage of married males born in the United States has decreased from 51.71 per cent, to 48.01 per cent. In the same period, it is also significant to note, there is practically no change in the number of widowed and divorced, in spite of the con- stantly alarming statements regarding the increase of the latter element. That this is due to a greater frequency of ulterior mar- riages is quite possible. In striking contrast to the marital conditions of the natives are the figures concerning the foreign born. The proportion of married persons among the foreign born by far exceeds the proportion of the same class among the natives. If we compare the proportion of married persons as reported in the last three State censuses, we find that while the proportion of married native males and females has constantly decreased relative to the total number of persons,, the proportion of married foreign-born males has remained prac- tically the same, while the proportion of married females has con- stantly decreased. It is also evident that the number of foreign widowed is larger than that of the native and that the widowed males are less numerous than the widowed females. This latter fact may be due to several causes. The mortality of males is higher than that of females, and conse- quently a large number of females would become widows. The greater frequency of remarriage among widowed males is another reason for this difference. The slightly larger number of widowed among foreigners is due to the slightly higher mortality of the for- eign born and a larger proportion of persons married which would yield a larger mortality among such persons. 264 Nativity and Race Factor.s. The number of divorced persons appears very small, and the differ- ence between the divorced natives and the foreigners of the same class is quite striking, particularly in the case of females. This is of course due the religious belief (Catholicism) of the majority of the foreign elements (Irish, Italian, French, Canadian, etc.). But these figures are not conclusive in any way. Family desertions which •separate the parties without legal sanction, the frequent remarriage of the divorcees, and the tendency to give widowed instead of divorced when information is asked of parties by census enumerators, tend to distort the figures relative to widowed and divorced. A more accurate idea of nuptiality by nativity may be gained from a classification of married persons by age and by parentage as related to place of birth. This aspect of the subject we shall con- sider in the following section. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF MALES AND FEMALES IN 1890 AND 1900. While the figures of the three State censuses indicate certain con- ditions of nuptiality which are significant, the true import of the nup- , tiality figures can not be derived from a classification into natives and foreign born of the population. The conditions of the natives of foreign parents are so different from the conditions of the natives, and present such a contrast to the condition of the foreign born, that a classification on the basis of parentage as well as place of birth are important. Such a classification is impossible from the j&gures of the State censuses, and for this reason it will be necessary to use the figures of the federal censuses, which are given in the tables at the «nd of this work. Nativity and Race Factors. 265 MALES. The conjugal condition of the males in Rhode Island for the year 1900 shows some interesting differences between the three classes of population considered. In the case of the native white of native parents we find that the per cent. (0.70) married under 20 years of age is lower than the nuptiality of the native white of foreign parents (0.42 per cent.) and lower than either the nuptiality of the foreign born (0.80 per cent.), or of the colored (0.89 per cent.). These figures seem to indicate a very important condition, namely, that the native white of foreign parents have a lower nuptiaUty than either the natives of native parentage or the foreign born. Whether this condition is due to a rise in the standard of living, or whether the rise in the standard of living is not sufficiently coupled with a rise in the economic condition of the natives of foreign parents to permit of an early marriage, is difficult to ascertain. What is true of the ages between 15 and 19 is found to be true of all ages, namely that the marriage rates of the native white of native parents for each age group is considerably lower than the marriage rate of the native white of native parents and of the foreign born. (See tables at end of this bulletin.) Another important fact that is apparent from the figures in tables above mentioned is that in all age groups, except 55 years and over, the proportion of widowed is higher among the native white of for- eign parentage and the foreign born. In the case of the divorced the native white show a higher proportion than the natives of foreign parents and the foreign white. In all cases the number of divorcees is larger in middle life than in the earher or later periods in life. The fact of the lower nuptiality of the native white of foreign parents can hardily be overestimated, as it furnishes at least partial clew to what seems to be a decrease in the native stock. If this prin- ciple of the low nuptiality has been a constant factor among the na- 266 Nativity and Race Factors. lives of foreign parents in previous years, the alarming increase of the foreign born and the apparently fast decrease in the native stock, are facts which have not been finally and accurately established. MALES, 1890 and 1900. In order to ascertain the existence of the low nuptiahty among the native white males of foreign parents over a longer period of time, we have compared the figures of the federal censuses for 1890, with the figures for 1900. As is apparent from the tables on conju- gal condition the nuptiality of the native males of foreign parents for 1890 is lower than the nuptiality of the native males of the na- tive white parents and of the foreign born. This is not the case for either census period after 65 years of age, but the per cent, of wid- owed (30.55 for 1890 and 34.18 for 1900) more than compensate for this difference. Another interesting fact is shown by the nuptiality figures for 1890, where we find that the foreign born show a lower per cent, of married persons (18.27) than the native born. This, of course, is due to the greater frequency of immigration without families in the earlier period of immigration into this State, and also to the type of immigrants who in the earlier periods of immigation were of a type that in the home country shows a smaller tendency towards early marriage. FEMALES, As in the case of the native white males of foreign parents, the females of the same nativity for 1900 show a lower per cent, of married persons than either the native white females of native parents or the foreign born. Contrary to the case of the males, the females of foreign parents under 20 years of age show a higher per cent, of married persons than the native born and more than twice as high a per cent, than the native white females of foreign parents. In all other respects the condition shown by the figures relating to the Nativity and Race Factors. 267 nuptiality of the males in 1900 applies also to the females, with the natural differences which the greater frequency of marriages among females would cause. female, 1890 and 1900. There is nothing that can be added to the interpretation of the comparative figures for the females aside from the principles which appear in the figures that apply to the male population. FECUNDITY. The figures relative to fecundity of native and foreign born naarried women are contained in the table that follows. Table XIX. — Fecundity of Native and Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 TO 45 Years of Age. Number of Children. No children 1 child 2 children 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " .8 " 9 " 10 " 11 " 12 " 13 " 14 " 15 " 16 " Total married Native, Total Married. 10,447 8,591 6,464 4,004 2,439 1,647 1,130 799 467 291 247 96 83 34 14 10 13 36,776 Per cent, of Total Married. 28.41 23.36 17.58 10.89 6.63 4.48 3.07 2.17 1.27 .79 .67 .26 .22 .09 .04 .03 .04 100.00 Foreign- Bom Married. 5,753 5,396 5,023 4,020 3,166 2,498 2,007 1,495 1,175 823 588 354 291 156 97 56 62 32,960 Per cent, of Total. 17.45 16.37 15.24 12.20 9.61 7.58 6.09 4.54 3 .57 2.50 1.78 1.07 .88 .47 .29 .17 .19 100.00 As the number of illegitimate children in the United States is very limited the above table relating to the fecundity of married females only may be taken as the representative of the fecundity of the Nativity and Race Factors. 269 two classes of married women contained in the above Table, it will be noted that 28.41 per cent., or more than one-fourth, of all the native married women are childless; that almost 52 jDer cent., or over one-half the native mothers, have less than four children, and the number constantly and rapidly decreases from that point on. Of the foreign mothers, on the other hand, only 17.46 per cent., or less than one-sixth, are childless, and only 43.81 per cent., or about two-fifths, of the married mothers have from one to three children, the others having more than three. This difference of fecundity is due to many causes, both social and economic. The difference in the ages at marriage, between the two classes makes the period of probable child bearing of the natives shorter than that of the foreign born who marry much earlier and therefore have a longer period of probable child bearing. It is also probably due to the difference in social conditions in the two classes, which have in all civilized countries tended to reduce fecundity artificially or naturally. 270 Nativity axd Race Factors. Table XX. — Native-Borx Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Inclu- sive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per Cent, by Age Periods. MOTHKRS. OF ii •go O-i'o Per Cent, of M.\.rried, by Age Periods. 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 23 33 24 35 36 27 28 1 child 9 child'-'^" 23,36 17.57 10.89 6.63 4.48 3.07 2.17 1.27 .79 .67 .26 .23 .09 .04 .03 .01 .02 .01 71.59 28.41 100.00 1 8.33 13.51 26.92 3.85 .96 34.20 8.23 .86 40.34 8.24 .57 38.58 13.39 3.57 .89 34.91 15.90 4.32 .41 .13 .13 33.19 15.59 4.85 .95 .52 .11 .21 35.78 17.53 5.90 2.24 .89 .27 .09 32.30 17.13 9.38 3.35 .98 .24 .08 .08 .08 28.19 18.36 8.12 3.82 1.23 .69 .34 .07 .07 31.43 18.34 10.89 3.72 2.55 .55 .14 .07 28.73 18.17 11.78 4.22 2.31 1.02 .61 .07 .07 26.50 19.95 3 11.26 4 ' 5.63 5 ' 3.31 6 1.59 7 ' .28 .49 8 .18 .12 9 ' .06 10 .18 .11 .06 11 ' 12 ' .07 .06 13 ' 14 15 16 .11 17 IS 13.51 86.49 31.73 68.27 43.29 56.71 49.43 50.57 100.00 56.79 43.21 55.80 44.20 55.64 44.36 62.70 37.30 63.62 36.38 60.96 39.04 67.69 32.31 66.98 33.02 Mothers Childless 8.33 91.67 69.03 30.97 Total DD larriec 100.00 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nativity and Race Factors. 271 Table XX. — Native-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Inclu- sive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per Cent, by Age Periods. Per Cent, of Married, by Age Periods. 89 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 •26.17 24.15 23.99 21.25 22.13 18.01 19.06 21.44 17.91 17.71 15.82 18.04 16.93 16.91 16.65 17.59 18.69 19.97 18.63 21.02 18.53 19.38 18.56 18.56 19.11 17.48 17.07 16.63 13.84 16.51 17.20 16.49 16.14 17.15 10.90 12.81 14.14 11.80 12.01 14.32 12.54 10.99 12.99 11.30 13.64 11.89 11.94 11.44 12.12 11.81 9.70 6.72 6.49 7.74 8.68 7.78 8.37 8.15 7.58 8.95 8.42 7.73 8.81 10.07 10.35 8.99 8.49 7.97 4.05 3.37 4.78 5.18 5.63 5.58 5.40 6.42 6.07 6.47 8.02 5.91 6.44 6.63 6.19 7.05 7.19 2.09 3.37 3.02 3.78 3.22 4.56 4.28 3.89 4.77 5.12 4.45 4.08 4.88 5.17 5.36 5.61 4.50 1.24 1.23 1.05 1.95 3.29 3.04 3.54 3.00 3.03 3.35 4.08 3.31 4.15 3.64 3.96 4.84 4.37 .46 .46 .03 1.12 1.34 1.39 1.18 2.73 1.66 2.83 3.19 1.83 3.12 2.41 3.38 2.04 2.57 .07 .20 .21 .33 .54 .76 .90 1.02 1.59 1.24 1.19 1.18 2.18 2.56 2.07 2.38 2.18 .07 .15 .21 .06 .47 .76 .51 1.09 .79 1.35 .97 1.54 1.77 1.68 1.48 2.63 1.86 .11 .11 .40 .13 .06 .13 .06 .06 .11 .20 .20 .14 .14 .29 .29 .65 .41 .12 .06 .06 .97 .67 .15 .15 .47 .71 .35 .12 .06 .52 .73 .21 1.17 .07 .29 .15 .07 .74 .99 .16 .16 .08 .85 .76 .42 .09 .09 .09 .58 .71 .19 .07 .13 .05 .06 .07 .07 .07 06 .12 .06 .07 .12 .08 .08 06 .07 71.74 70.91 76.86 72.90 76.32 75.60 74.35 77.88 76.10 76.34 77.73 72.26 79.45 79.81 78.98 80.88 77.91 28.26 29.09 23.14 27.10 23.68 24.40 25.65 22.12 23.90 23.66 22.27 27.74 20.55 20.19 21.02 19.12 22.09 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ■ 272 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XXI.^Foreign-Bohn Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, In- clusive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per Cent, by Age Periods. Mothi:r>:. OF L ■a o ■go $ u ^s gc i.'B aJs 16.37 15. 2i 12.20 9.60 7.60 6.08 4.54 3.56 2,50 Per Cent, or M.\kkie[), b\ AciE Periods. 15 16 8.70 17 18 19 30 21 43.23 15.14 4.18 1.79 22 35.85 20.88 6.54 2.14 .38 .38 .25 23 33.14 24.58 9.26 3.78 .80 .34 .11 .11 .11 24 25 26 27 28 1 child 2 children. . 3 26.92 29.61 5.92 37.23 10.75 1.43 .36 .38 .36 37.77 13.51 2.15 1.17 .39 .20 29.55 22.74 11.33 5.28 2.30 .77 .19 .10 .10 27.82 21.59 12.84 6.86 3.15 1.26 .63 .24 25.00 22.55 16.09 7.64 3.44 1.59 .67 .41 .34 22.32 22.73 16.19 11.45 4.41 1.64 1.23 .41 .25 .08 .08 21.28 21.42 14 89 4 11.35 5 5 39 6 3.90 1 77 8 64 9 ■■ . . .28 10 1.7S 1.07 .8S .47 .21 .17 .08 .05 .06 82.. 54 17.46 10.000 07 11 .11 07 12 " .. 13 14 .16 15 •■ . . 16 .10 17 18 100.00 8.70 91.30 100.00 26.92 73.08 35.53 64.47 50.54 49.46 55.19 44.81 64.34 35.66 66.42 33.. "iS 72.34 27.66 72.46 27.54 74.39 25.61 80.95 19.05 100.00 Mothers Childless 77.79 22.21 100.00 81.06 18.94 Total married 100.00 1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nativity and Race Factors. 273 Table XXI. — Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, In- clusive, Classified by Number of Children, for the State, Showing Per Cent, by Age Periods. Per Cent, of Married by Age Periods. 39 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 18.73 17.39 14.57 13.73 1 12.99J 12.73 11.49 9.70 9.17 9.95 9.75 9.06 8.64 9.47 9.21 8.96 9.31 19.06 18.34 18.37 16.79 13.68 14.82 14.00 13.33 12.47 11.51 10.35 10.24 10.41 10.83 9.02 11.22 8.72 16.22 16.72 16.79 14.82 15.37 13.63 13.07 12.83 11.65 12.67 9.82 10.03 9.57 11.33 9.12 8.96 10.35 11.03 11.98 12.35 12.98 12.22 10.65 10.05 13.33 11.04 1(5.76 11.58 9.84 7.18 10.46 9.94 8.33 10.07 7.30 9.06 9.08 10.94 9.61 11.02 12.02 9.05 11.19 9.49 9.43 8.77 9.89 8.39 9.58 8.05 8.44 4.22 5.43 6.76 5.99 9.22i 9.3S 8.92 9.27 9.54 9.03 9.05 8.53 7.70 8.97 6.90 7.87 7.76 1.87 2.74 2.96 4.55 5.15 4.02 5.54 8.25 7.89 8.18 7.44 7.17 7.18 7.10 8.29 7.87 6.82 .81 1.23 2.11 2.79 3.69 4.54 4.84 4.19 5.11 6.27 6.13 6.83 7.80 6.60 6.08 6.43 7.23 .49 .67 1.48 1.09 2.31 2.16 2.39 3.98 4,21 3.62 4.75 [4.27 5.52 5.38 6.08 5.79 5.44 .24 .11 .63 .75 .85 1.49 1:52 1.74 3.16 2.65 3.53 3.54 6.14 3.95 4.42 4.80 4.15 .17 .11 .20 .69 .15 1.05 1.67 1.95 1.67 1.84 1.84 2.71 2.30 3.13 3.08 3.34 .22 .21 .07 .46 .60 .35 .58 1.28 1.15 1.99 2.28 2.29 2.15 2.76 2.99 2.11 .11 .14 .14 .15 .23 .14 .07 .07 .07 .22 .30 .08 .51 .40 .05 .06 1.07 .54 .46 .08 .23 1.21 .58 .48 .05 .10 .15 1.25 .83 .31 .31 .20 .31 1.01 .50 .57 .72 .08 1.93 1.20 .92 .28 .28 .18 1.63 1.54 .81 .27 .18 .27 1.97 1.16 .06 .07 .34 .08 .20 .20 .06 .41 79.97 84.12 85.53 84.98 86.32 85.41 85.47 88.27 89.26 88.03 88.04 84.97 88.24 89.81 89.32 89.05 88.02 20.03 15.88 14.47 15.02 13.68 14.59 14.53 11.73 10.74 11.97 11.96 15.03 11.76 10.19 10.68 10.95 11.98 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OC lon.oo 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 274 Nativity and Race Factors. It is unfortunate that neither the census nor the reports of the health department give the birth rate in relation to the number of years married, and consequently nothing regarding the relation of fecundity to period of married life can be considered. The only measure available in the State of Rhode Island is the relation between absolute sterility and fecundity regardless of the number of children, and this measure can be obtained from the admiralile taliles prepared by the Bureau of Industrial Statistics in connection with the census for 1905, as shown in tables XX and XXI. In order to reach any conclusion let us compare the number of married women 15 to 45 years of age and observe the difference in the number of childless persons in the classes of population at present under consideration. Compared age for age, the percentage of child- less married women is much larger among the natives than among the foreign born, and this is particularly marked during the ages of 40 and 45, when we have the following percentage in the order of years, 27.74, 20.55, 20.19, 21.02, 19.12, 22.09, for the natives, as com- pared to 15.03, 11.76, 10.19, 10.68, 10.95, and 11.98, respectively, for the foreign born. It will be noticed that at the ages of 40 and 45, in both cases, there is a large number of childless mothers. This may be due to the frequent mistatement of age, which tends to center about the five and ten-year period, particularly in childless women, who as a rule, preserve a larger sense of their advancing age at about this period in life. fecundity and social conditions. The influence of social condition upon fecundity can only be meas- ured in indirect terms and is, therefore, only partially accurate. The employment of women has long been considered a hindrance to normal child bearing, and although statistical data at the present time do not wholly present the subject in its varied aspects, we have at least the data concerning the employment of married women between the ages of 15 and 45, and the number of children they have. Nativity and Race Factors. 275 Table XXII. — Native and Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Gainfully Occupied According to Number of Chil- dren. Number of Children. Childless. . . 1 child. . . . 2 children. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N.iTivE Born*. « 1,858 1,093 634 360 208 147 64 53 30 24 18 5 4 3 17.78 12.71 9.79 8.99 8.52 8.92 5.66 6.63 6.42 8.24 7.56 5.20 4.81 8.82 14.28 110.00 23.07 8,589 7,498 5,830 3,644 2,231 1,500 1,066 746 437 267 229 91 79 31 12 9 10 fu 82.22 87.29 90.21 91.01 91.48 91.08 94.34 93.37 93.58 91.76 92.44 94.80 95.19 91.18 85.72 90.00 96.93 Foreign Born. 1,498 833 569 346 267 183 96 90 78 387 31 14 13 2 3 1 25.59 15.43 11.32 8.60 8.45 7.32 4.78 6.02 6.52 4.61 5.27 3.95 4.46 1.28 3.09 1.78 3.22 4,355 4,563 4,454 3,674 2,999 2,215 1,911 1,405 1,117 785 557 340 278 154 94 55 60 74.41 84.67 88.68 91.40 91.55 92.68 95.22 93.98 93.48 95.39 94.73 96.05 95.54 98.72 96.91 98.22 96.78 The value of this table lies in the evident larger proportion of foreign married women workers and their decidedly reduced fecundity as compared to the number of unemployed married women of the same class. The figures also show that employment is less of an im- pediment to fecundity in native married women workers than among foreign born women, although on the whole their fecundity is much lower than that of the foreign born. Whether this is due to the kind of occupation that the foreign-born women are compelled to enter upon, or whether it is due to the longer period during which married 276 Nativity and Race Factors. women of foreign birth are working, can not be exactly determined, but in the chapter on race and industry it will be seen that the em- ployment at a more advanced age is more common among native than among foreign born females. The most striking fact in the above table appears in the figures for women with more than six children. Here we find that the native women workers are far in excess of the women workers of foreign birth engaged in gainful occupations. That this is due to the generally lower social condition of women with more than six chil- dren, among the natives, can hardly be questioned. Statistically, however, little light can be thrown upon this very important aspect of the relation between motherhood and occupation. Nativity and Race Factors. 277 illiteracy and fecundity. Table XXIII. — Number of Children of Native and Foreign Born Mothers According to Literacy, 1905 Mothers of — No children. 1 child 2 children. . 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 children and over. Total 36,104 98.17 10,332 8,483 6,385 3,922 2,371 1,595 1,100 772 438 272 217 86 74 29 12 6 10 P-, 98.90 98.74 98.78 97.95 97.21 96.84 97.35 96.62 93.79 93.47 87.85 89.58 89.16 85.29 85.71 60.00 76.92 115 108 79 82 68 52 30 27 29 19 30 10 9 5 2 4 3 672 1.10 1.26 1 .22 2.05 2.79 3.16 2.65 3.38 6.21 6.53 12.15 10.42 10.84 14.71 14.29 40.00 23.08 5,009 4,573 4,297 3,382 2,587 1,999 1,576 1,161 890 618 437 257 217 114 62 35 35 87.07 84.75 85.55 84.13 81.71 80.02 78.53 77.66 75.74 75.09 74.32 72.60 74.57 73.08 63.92 62.50 56.45 1.83 27,249 82.67 5,711 17.33 744 823 726 638 579 499 431 334 285 205 151 97 74 42 35 21 27 0, 12.93 15.25 14 .45 15.87 18.29 19.98 21.47 22.34 24.26 "^4.91 25.68 27.40 25.43 26.92 36.08 37.50 43.55 * R. R. Kuczinski — The fecundity of the native and foreitin born population of Massa- chussetts. Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1901, February, 1902. 278 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XXIV. — Showing Per Cent, of Mothers as Related to Literacy 'and Number of Children. 1 child — 2 children. 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mothers. . Childless. MOTHEHS OF Peh Cent, of Mar- ried Literate and Illiterate. Native- Bom. Literate. Native- Bom. Illiterate. Married. 23.50 17.68 U0.86 6.56 4.42 3 05 2.14 1.21 .75 .60 .24 .21 .08 .03 .02 .01 .02 .01 71.39 28.61 100.00 16 07 11 75 12 20 10 12 7 74 4 46 4 02 4 32 2 82 4 46 1 .49 1 .34 .74 .30 .60 .15 Per Cent. Married, Literate and Illiterate. Foreign- Born. Literate. Foreign- Born. Illiterate. .30 82.88 17.12 100.00 16.78 15.76 12.41 9.49 '7.33 5.78 4.26 3.26 2.27 1.60 .94 .80 .42 .23 .13 .06 .03 .05 81.60 18.40 100.00 14.41 12.71 11.47 10.13 8.73 7.54 5.84 5.00 3.59 2.64 1.70 1.30 .75 .61 .37 .23 .16 .09 86.97 13.03 100.00 Nativity and Race Factors. 279 Although illiteracy is not strictly on ethnic factor, ethnic factors are closely related to illiteracy, and in Table XXIV, we find that only a sHght per cent, of the native are illiterates, while of 27,240 of the foreign-born married women, 5,711, or over one-fifth, are illiterate. But while the number of illiterate foreign females is much larger than the number of native illiterate females in the matter of child- bearing, no definite relation can be found. In a small way it may be said that illiterate women, both native and foreign born, show a larger number of children than the literate women; but this fact apphes to the natives in almost the same degree as among the foreign born. RELIGION AND FECUNDITY. How important the religious factor is in determining fecundity is practically impossible to ascertain. Tables XXV and XXVI show, however, a distinct difference in the fecundity of married females of different religions which is worthy of notice. 280 Nx\TiviTY AND Race Factors. Table XXV. — Showing the Fecundity of Native-Born Married Fe- • MALES According to Religion. Numb EE OF Children. ^ O o 4^ a a Ph ^6 "3 s a a B o P-( 1-5 d m o 0-, S < 1 chile i 25 . 06 5,936 4,407 2,452 1,404 846 492 352 234 108 86 42 38 9 3 5 5 7,272 20.14 15.66 11.89 7.93 6.17 4.85 3.45 1.79 1.41 1.25 .42 .35 .19 .09 .04 .06 24.31 2,597 2,020 1,534 1,023 795 625 445 231 181 161 54 45 25 11 5 8 3,135 33.07 22.05 11.03 6.30 3.15 1.57 1.57 1.57 .79 42 28 14 8 4 2 2 2 1 25.39 14.29 6.35 6.35 3.17 1.59 16 2 chile iren 18.61 9 3 10.35 4 4 5.93 4 5 3.57 2 6 2.08 1 7 ' 1 45 8 99 9 46 1.59 1 10 37 11 18 12 ' 16 13 04 14 01 15 02 16 02 Childle ss 30.70 18.90 24 41.27 26 Nativity and Race Factors. 281 Table XXVI. -Showing the Fecundity of the Foreign-Born Married Females According to Religion. Numb EH OF Children'. 3 1 2 PL, a CD ID Ph 6 "5 a a B a V (-1 Ph lU 1-5 a S 1 chile 1 19.96 2,003 1,882 1,354 943 630 466 267 246 127 91 35 25 13 6 2 5 1,941 14.70 13.53 11.41 9.71 7.99 6.62 5.41 4.07 3.08 2.25 1.44 1.23 .66 .43 .28 .27 16.92 3,127 2,878 2,426 2,065 1,701 1,419 1,150 865 655 478 306 260 140 91 58 54 3,597 15.04 15.78 15.24 9.63 10.49 7.48 4.95 4.28 2.74 1.20 .87 .40 .20 225 236 228 144 157 112 74 64 41 18 13 6 3 25.15 16.57 7.36 8.59 6.14 6.14 2.45 41 2 chik iren 18 . 75 27 3 13.49 12 4 5 ' 9.40 6.28 14 10' 6 4.64 10 7 2.66 4 8 9 10 2 45 1 26 91 .61 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 Childle ' 35 95 13 06 02 .07 .20 11.43 1 3 171 05 ss 19.34 26.99 44 The above table shows a decided difference in the fecundity of the married natives and foreign-born mothers. Certain it is that what- ever factors may co-operate in determining the fecundity as shown in the above table, there seems to be a constant relation between the Catholics and Protestants, as far as the comparison between natives and foreign born are concerned. 282 Nativity and Race Factors. NATIVITY AND FECUNDITY. The fecundity of married females by nativity is unquestionably the most reliable basis of comparison that we have, and the follow- ing table shows some striking differences. Table XXVII. — Foreign-Born Married Females, 15 to 45 Years of Age, Inclusive, for the State, Showing Per Cent, of Specified Classifi- cations. Mothers. 1 child 2 children. . , 3 " .. 4 5 " .. 6 " ... 7 8 9 " .. 10 " .. 11 " .. 12 " .. 13 " .. 14 " .. 15 " .. 16 " .. 17 " .. 18 " .. Mothers Childless Total married Pi d 16.37 15.24 12.20 9.60 7.60 6.08 4.54 3.56 2.50 1.78 1.07 .88 .47 .29 .17 .08 .05 .06 82.54 17.46 100.00 89.88 87.64 82.11 81.14 78.05 76.32 72.91 70.31 69.97 67.35 64.10 61.71 57.59 56.11 54.88 49.55 40.07 38.46 Per Cent. M.\rried, by Nativity. a 21.13 15.51 11.60 8.23 6.33 4.02 3.06 1.96 1.01 1.20 .60 .65 .25 .15 .05 .10 75.85 24.15 100.00 o 12.31 11.97 10.12 9.23 7.766 6.78 5.63 5.18 4.31 3.39 2.72 2.35 1.32 1.05 .62 .20 .12 .21 W 18.51 17.59 13.15 9.36 6.97 4.97 3.36 2.72 2.0) 1.28 .71 .54 .12 .07 .05 .05 .05 .02 O 17.20 19.32 14.49 9.65 6.74 5.64 3.92 2.01 1.21 .61 .40 .50 .40 .20 85.17 81.53 14.83 18.47 100.00, 100.00 82.29 17.71 100.00 13.57 14.26 12.00 10.15 9.36 6.85 5.74 4.16 2.74 1.94 .71 .60 .28 .11 .03 .05 82.55 17.45 83.47 16.53 Oh 25.91 16.26 12.07 8.60 5.04 4.30 2.20 1.68 .95 .63 .42 .21 .11 78.38 21.62 100.00 100.00 100.00 W 14.60 15.37 16.31 9.90 9.74 7.77 4.87 4.10 2.65 1.36 .51 .34 .25 .09 88.04 11.96 100.00 m 18.05 16.55 12.14 9.85 6.78 7.17 4.09 3.31 2.36 1.26 .71 .31 .16 .16 82.90 17.10 100.00 M 21.06 20.60 14.35 9.98 6.78 4.37 2.16 2.04 1.28 .58 .17 .12 .06 83.55 16.45 100.00 19.26 16.80 12.82 9.32 6.15 5.70 4.17 2.60 1.38 .78 .67 .38 .19 .04 .04 .04 80.34 19.66 100.00 Nativity and Race Factors. 283 If we consider the number of childless mothers we find that the English Canadian not only equal but surpass the natives in the per cent, of childless mothers. On the other hand the Russians, who are mostly of the Hebrew race, show the smallest proportion of childless mothers. The French Canadians, the Italians, the Irish, the Swedes, the Scotch, Welsh, Germans, English, and Poles follow in the order stated, with an increasing number of childless mothers. We are accustomed to think of the Poles as a very prolific race, and it is surprising to find how large a proportion of childless moth- ers, and how large a proportion of one-child mothers, are found among them. This can, however, be easily explained by a study in the increase in the numjjer of Poles in this State within the last forty years, for which the figures are as follows: 1865, 5; 1875, 36; 1885, 166; 1895,588; 1905,4,104. In other words the number of Poles in this State has increased 800 times during the last forty years and about eight times in the last State census decade. The newness of the Polish immigrants and the fact that the majority of the women are under thirty years of age may be sufficient explana- tion of the comparatively low fecundity among the Poles. In the case of the English Canadian, the newness of the immi- grants and the relative low birth rate among the English are sufficient to explain their very low fecundity. Were the figures concerning the ages of married women and the years married by nationality avail- able, we would have a more reliable criterion by which to measure fecundity by race. ASSIMILATION. There is perhaps no vaguer term used in terminology of social studies than that of assimilation. In the public mind, however, there is a more or less definite conception which, if possible of analytical study, would lead to a clearer and better understanding of present-day problems which result from the large variety of ethnic factors present in the American Commonwealth. Literacy, knowledge of the English language, citizenship, inter-marriages, occupations, and standards of living are commonly considered to be the main factors in determining the degree of assimilation in -ethnic groups. The characteristic differences between nationalities and races regarding the above factors are often so great and the ac- complishments resulting from the acquisition of assimilative charac- ters so uncertain that with all the data at hand progress can be only relatively measured. We shall see for example, that crimi- nality is not characteristic of the foreign born, but that the natives furnish a larger number in proportion to the population than the foreign or foreign born. It has also been shown repeatedly that poverty and dependence do not go hand in hand with the unassimi- lative characters, and that morality is rather a social than a racial characteristic. In the study of the assimilative characters pursued the results should be considered therefore not as an index of actual, but as of probable advance. CITIZENSHIP. The study of literacy and school attendance gives us a conception of the probable future for citizenship. Citizenship, on the other hand, is a test of assimilation which, however certain in its effects Nativity and Race Factors. 285 upon the community, is not indicative of the degree of assimilation in the truest sense of the word, since the political instinct varies with different nationalities and different countries use varying degrees of influence in inducing citizens to vote. 286 Nativity and Race Factors. a H Eh O I o cs H O ■< o ^"^ o X ■saij^nnoD ■ jaqio '■epBUTiQ pajiufi •jaAO pnB 5^ t~ CD UT O «0 d (N ■* ■jtjuSunjj lO ■* CO X Suipnjoui o N 'Bij^sny r^ lO CO CO o CO CD •aouBJjj CO CO (M ->< o -f o •T3issny 05_ 05 00 ^H 1^ C-l 01 -t 00 CO °l CO OS I~ 05 CO o o CO CO o •pnupj OD CD o> ,_, Ol CO •AuBiujaQ CO OS o CO [- CO r^ Tf •^[Bn 05 00 a> t^ -H UO ■* ■* O »o ■lB3n;jjoj o CD CTl 05 OJ Oi 1^ CO ■sajBAV poB t^ O t- pUBl^OOg CO N C^l m CD o 'H CO o -^ CO N Tt< CO Tt< •pnL'[ajj (M CO (N CO N r^ no o •Sua (M O 00 o> OS 'BpBUBO CO -^ 1^ CO CO 00 a> CD -H a. c "« > c 1-1 !z; <; Nativity and Race Factors. 287 The above table shows the number of voters and non-voters, as well as the aliens according to place of birth of father. By voters are meant persons of twenty-one years of age who have properly reg- istered as voters in this State. By non-voters are meant persons who, although entitled to vote, have not satisfied proper require- ments to be allowed to vote; and by aliens we mean those who have not been long enough in the United States to become voters. The two classes to be considered, are the voters and the non- voters. The data concerning the voting and non-voting population are as pre- sented in the 1905 State census of this State not sufficiently specific to be conclusive since the actual birthplace and educational envi- ronment of the voter is not determined. The figures given below cover all persons of voting age by nativity of father, thereby com- paring native and foreign elements. Table XXIX. — Voting op Total Voters, and Possible Voters. United States 93.71 Germany 90.23 ■Canada, French 93 .53 Poland 83 .66 Canada, English 90 . 50 Sweden 83 . 38 Ireland 95.13 Russia 84.09 England 91.59 France 83.72 iScotland and Wales 91 .53 Austro-Hungary 82.35 Portugal . . .. ... 87.31 Colored 91.12 Italy 81.79 Other countries 79.27 Total 93.73 It will be noticed that of the persons born from native parents 93.71 per cent, of those entitled to vote regularly used their vote, while the percentage for the total voting population, as compared with non-voters, is 93.73 per cent. Here, as in other similar inquir- ies, the Irish population seems to show a marked interest in politics which even surpasses that of the oldest settlers. Of the total number •of persons of Irish fathers, 95.13 per cent, were voters. The control of the vote seems to be in the hands of the voters of foreign fathers, as in 1905 only 43.62 per cent, were of native-born fathers, 2.15 per cent, of negro parents, and 54.23 per cent, of for- eign-born fathers. However interesting there figures may seem, they are of no great value in determining the relative significance of the 288 Nativity and Race Factors. foreign as compared to native votes. The statistics involve three classes of population with only two given factors; the foreign born being included in the same class with the natives of foreign fathers. In other words, if the degree of adaptibility depends upon the number of voters, we can not complain against the foreigners; but if the qual- ity of the vote is to be considered aside from the number of ballots cast, we must depend upon observations and political statistics which so far have been very inadequate and unreliable. On the whole it must .be acknowledged that voting statistics are valuable only so far as they show the awakening of the foreign elements to a right and privilege to which they are entitled, but even then we must consider the effort of the political leader and the variety of methods used in time of elections to swell the number of voters by legitimate or other means. When we compare the voters by place of birth we find the fol- lowing condition: Place of Per cent. Place of Per cent. Birth. Voting. Birth. Voting. Foreign born 88 . 50 Germany 89 . 6 1 Canada, French 92 . 67 Poland 83 . 83 Canada, English 89.91 Sweden 82.26 Ireland 93.65 Russia 83.66 England 89 . 88 France 81 . 74 Scotland and Wales 89.86 Austria, etc . . 82.82 Portugal 87 . 76 Other countries 76 .86 Italy 81.59 Nativity and Race Factors. 289 £ CO rt 00 Ol 05 00 -H rt t^ :z; ^5 [X. 290 Nativity and Race Factors. The above tables show the voter by country of birth, and although it is safe to say that the per cent, of voters is somewhat lower among the foreign born as compared with the natives, the relative per cent, between the nationalities shows very little change. On the other hand, while the country of birth affects, to a certain extent, the per cent, of voters, the national character remains only slightly distinct by the change in the country of birth after one generation. The percentage of voters out of the total of possible voters shows the natives of native parents the most advanced in the frequency of the use of their right to vote, while the voters of foreign parents and foreign born follow in natural order. SCHOOL attendance. The most certain and most widely influential agency tending to Americanize and to a certain extent to create a standard of national homogeneity is the school, and particularly the public school. Owing to certain limitations imposed upon the State census, no available material can be found which gives satisfactory data for the population of the schools in the State classified by parentage and country of birth. We shall, therefore, have to use such statistical data as are afforded by the twelfth census of the United States. Table XXXII. — Native White Persons of Native Parentage Attending School During the Census Year, Classified by Sex, Age Periods, and Months of School Attendance, by States and Territories, 1900. All Pehsons. Under 10 Years. 10 TO 14 Years. Months of School Attendance. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females . Rhode Island 1 month or less 12,177 53 208 315 11,601 12,532 45 240 288 11,959 4,527 38 128 177 4,184 4,474 28 160 166 4,120 5,425 11 49 90 5,275 5,634 11 54 90 5,479 Nativity and Race Factors. 291 Table XXXIIa— Native White Persons of Foreign Parentage. Months of School Attendance. Rhode Island 1 month or less . . . 2 to 3 months 4 to 5 months 6 months or more. All Persons. Males. 16,636 81 352 351 15,852 Females. 16,839 88 358 366 16,027 Under 10 Years. 10 to 14 Years. Males. Females. 7,646 57 228 181 7,180 7,566 65 244 196 7,051 Males. 7,505 16 96 136 7,257 Females. 7,724 17 129 7,490 Table XXXIIb.— Foreign White Persons Attending School. Months of School Attendance. Rhode Island 1 month or less. . . 2 to 3 months 4 to 5 months 6 months or more. All Persons. Males. Females. 3,337 19 97 132 3,089 3,265 25 95 122 3,023 Under 10 Years. Males. 1,032 5 31 30 966 Females. 968 10 28 36 894 10 to 14 Years. Males. 1,961 12 53 85 1,811 Females . 2,013 15 56 *69 1,873 10 292 Nativity and Race Factors Eh w. K Q O 2; Q 12; H <1 XI X! 2 J Q O Z O « K < ' J 1 1< TJ. ^3 CI to 1- lo" t^" CO o U5 lO -H (N O O M< lO 05 lO iC rH o« £^ 1 0,0 Is i O lO N r2 '3 t^ to IM (M Tti CC iq to o ■^ t- tA Is So s fa N ^ o Oi t^ CS| lo lo r- to" r^ rt o -^ to to" t-h" rH i2 2 H K i fa Ol 05 lO CO P3 to lO oq CO ID O -H ,H l> OS t^ l> Tf lO -H oo" lO t^ to to Nativity of Parentage. d £ D m CI "o m 1 d £ p. a o o a, ^ o 12; fa 2 o a H Nativity and Race Factors. 293 Table XXXIV. — Showing Per Cent, of Persons of Given Ages Attending School. Per Cent. Total Attending School. Per Cent. 5 to 9 Years of Age Attending School. Per Cent. 10 to 14 Years of Age in School. M. F. M. F. M. F. Natives of native parents 16.96 24.29 5.09 17.11 23.45 4.79 69.47 66.66 61.78 71.13 65.30 56.35 90.13 85.53 63.24 93.67 86.44 64.68 The above table shows that the proportion of persons of na- tive parents in schools is larger than that of the children of foreign parents, but smaller than that of the natives of foreign parents. This is due mainly to the fact that the natives of foreign parents are more largely of school age than either of the other two classes, as the major part of the foreign-born population has settled in this State within the last thirty years, and the foreign immigrants are mostly young persons about to be married or recently married. The higher birth rate among the foreign born is also an important factor in determining the proportion of children, and as a result that of the school population. When we come to analyze the school at- tendance by age period we find that the school attendance of natives is much larger than that of the natives of foreign parentage and that the school attendance of the foreign born is very low compared to either class of population. . This is due to the lower economic and so- cial conditions of the natives of foreign parents and of the foreign born. The industries of this State also have a large share in determining the school attendance, particularly, because of the absence of proper child-labor legislation and because of the entire absence of the edu- cational test in granting work certificates.* A more accurate idea of this fact can be gained by a comparative study of New England States. * Recent legislation will avoid such, conditions in the future. 294 Nativity and Race Factors, H >< o Oi o H iC U w j!^ K -< W „ H -^ o o z h H r/3 cq Z O Pi o o o ^ H o Ph Ol Q Z >h" H J O < k1 H ■< >i u o > X CM ►:] ^ <^ O <; K O ^ o ri w CO << o CT H Z Q Z o z si Q W Z < O Q z o 1*. N O -3l 5 S O lO O) 00 CO M to W 05 O •* -H (M rt rt rt ^ rt 00 lO o CO -H CO LO ® CO _ t^ „ CO 05 o CO o 00 1- OO 00 00 05 ce LO OO W 05 CO CO lo CO lO Lo lO IM lO C^l 0> "O -H CO •* CO lO (M CD CO 00 00 CO lO (N CO 00 CO CO CO 00 CO 00 -* lO lO »0 CO iO CO CO CO lo 00 (N (M .-I T-H CO CO CO 00 00 03 05 00 05 C^ IM (M (M lO 00 (M CO CO ^ I^ O CD CO CO CO CO CO CO lO CO --I --I CO CO CO CO (M CO LT lO CO 03 >-< O C") (M CO CO 'H CO o> d 03 03 03 03 t^ ■* ■* Oi 00 CO CO ■* >0 O! CO I> CD CO CD CO CO CO lO CO 00 lO >0 •-( (M O 05 OJ t^ (M r-i Tf CTi 00 CC 0> 05 00 00 »-H 05 CD lO »0 »0 ^ rH (M Tj< 00 ^ CO CO CO CO CO CD S Iz; > S rt w Nativity and Race Factors. 295 Table XXXV shows that school attendance among the natives of foreign parentage, both between the ages of 5 and 9, and later be- tween 10 and 14, in the United States, is higher than the school attendance of either the natives of native parents or of the foreign born, while in the North Atlantic Division this is true only for the ages between 5 and 9. It is to be noted that not only does Rhode Island show the smallest number of persons in the higher educational institutions, which naturally are attended by persons between the ages of 15 and 20, as compared to all the New England States, but in each class of popu- lation taken separately the persons 10 to 15 years of age in school are less numerous than in any other New England State. That this is not due to the class of foreign population whose children, native or foreign born, form the population of school age, is clearly shown by the fact that even the natives of native parents show a smaller per- centage of school attendance than in any of the New England States. With these differences in the school attendance of the three classes of population it is important to consider the more vital question which is closely linked with school attendance and efficient citizen- ship, illiteracy. ILLITERACY. In a democracy such as the United States there is no more impor- tant factor in determining the preservation and effi,cient continuation of its principles and ideals than the mental development of the people. Illiteracy, while not in all respects the best criterion by which to measure intellectual development of the people, unques- tionably aids in determining the degree of such development. 296 Nativity and Race Factors. Table XXXVI. — -Illiterates. — Population Ten Years of Age and Over; Number and Percentage of Illiterates, by Sex and General Nativity, FOR the State, Counties, Cities, and Towns. The State Males Females. Population 10 Years of Age and Ovek. o o H Z fe 389,237 241,298 147,939 189,866 116,923 72,943 199,371 124,375 74,996 Illiterates. Number. 26,326 3,469 12,097 1,629 14,229 1,840 22,857 10,468 12,389 Percentages. 6.37 7.14 1.44 1.39 1.48 15.45 14.3.f 16.52 The above table shows a remarkable difference in the illiteracy of the natives as compared to that of the foreign born, a difference that is quite serious. The native illiteracy is only about one-seventieth part of population 10 years of age and over, while the illiterate for- eign-born are more than ten times as numerous. Nativity and Race Factors. 297 Table XXXVII. — Illiterates. — By Age Periods, Sex, and General Nativity, for the State. The State and Coun- Aggregate. Native Born. Foreign Born. ties. Degree of Illiteeacy, AND Age Periods. 3 o Males. Females. o 1 J fa "c3 O "3 s The State Read but cannot write. 10 to 14 • 26,326 2,748 120 179 471 452 477 1,049 23,578 864 1,905 5,494 4,935 4,260 6,120 12,097 1,066 78 86 221 215 169 297 11,031 445 980 2,766 2,457 1.979 2,404 14,229 1,682 42 93 250 237 308 752 12,547 419 925 2,728* 2,478 2,281 3,716 3,469 636 82 49 76 110 120 199 2,833 341 311 587 469 402 723 1,629 247 52 30 28 40 36 61 1,382 182 185 277 236 165 337 1,840 389 30 19 48 70 84 138 1,451 159 126 310 233 237 386 22,857 2,112 38 130 395 342 377 850 20,745 523 1,594 4,907 4,466 3,858 5,397 10,468 819 26 66 193 175 133 236 9,649 263 795 2,489 2,221 1,814 2,067 12,389 1,293 12 74 202 167 224 614 11,096 260 799 2,418 2,245 2,044 3,330 15 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 and over Neither read nor write . 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 and over Further analysis shows that a larger number of persons can not read nor write, and that with the advancement of age illiteracy becomes more frequent. That this illiteracy is due to social con- ditions prevalent in the country from which immigrants come to the United States rather than to some inherent tendency or char- acteristic on the part of the foreign born, can be easily shown by comparing the illiteracy of the native born of foreign parents with the illiteracy of the foreign born of the foreign piarents. 298 Nativity and Race Factors. g iz; o O Q Eh ■CZ2 W E-i « O « « Q X l-J n c L': •* c oc I, IC CC -1- CT c^ C>1 c-l uSiajOJ JO 3AI^B^ oc c^ c<- c ■* ■* CC CO *-' 1- C c t- CO 1- o oc c ir IM t^ o ir o- ■* r- CC X t^ •oioq nSiajoj 'p, CO c^ o- CO CO C"- c ? C a CO lO O) -^f X CO 'a}T;j8}![[t [ujox c- (M c -f Tt co" iri o c tc X c o- ,_ c (^ o- oc Tt IT -t< IT o o iM t o t'- t^ t- 't t; CC c o- c CO Cl •IB^ox C. t-- •— ■^ Tt ■* o X a T)< a IM — « IM r-H CO ir •<> ■* co" (> (N t^ t~- (M c CO CT oc IT c CT X CC X O 05 CO -+ C r~ ^ C c a CT ■* •- CC CO c f- C c^ CO iT r~ Tt X IT CO •ngpaAig o ~CD (M (N CO c ^C^ c c (J I-- CO (N t^ CO 0- IT ^o co~ V. o CO O o- l^ CC c f- CO •Bissny^ c a- ?! -1 '"' o lO t> 00 C-l (M C? CO o X CC cr ^ b- IM o •* CO OJ X X c l> CO t^ •[-BSniJoj ^ o o CT CC t- X t~- t- o t~ ■^mi CO CD o t^ a IT N 05 « (N CO u; lO lO a CO c c<- f— X r- r^ pq (M «3 oq t^ c CD cs c X -* in •pWSlBll CO l> lO t^ o "" IM •* X o lO ■* (N ,_H 10 CO c o c I> c ¥ i0> 05 o •< •pu-Biaug CI O o t> CO c^ o t- CO t- (M lO lO o CO CO o 10 (M CO a CO 9 ^ •(qou9Jj) t^ 00 C£ ■^ l~- CO CO CO CC 40 (N IM 05 •* x_ ■BpBTIBQ t- CO '" ■" rH ^ •(qsnSna) CD CO la -- l> CO ir (M i ^ ir C X 05 ■BpBireQ (M - 10 t- X t^ 05 -H 00 c cq rt ir -^ X CO U" t^ CC F— r— IM lO pa^rafl "^ a o z ■< o o >• E AND C lliterac Periods. Stat OF I c a I Tf 0- CT o a Tt a a- o » H iz -4_ IM CO Tf ■d d r^ o CO ■« T) K H h 3 c c c c c a £ c c C fl H S < -C oj ■.- C3 eg T3 c ir c c c O a. c ir c o c O 0. •" IM CO ^ U3 'a (> CO ■<1 lO ;s Nativity and Race Factors. 299 The figures show that the natives of foreign parents in no case show a perceptibly larger illiteracy than the natives of native parents. An age comparison of the native illiterates of foreign parents, as shown in table XXXVIII, based upon the 1905 State census, show differences in the illiteracy rate of these classes of popu- lation which are entirely negligible. 300 Nativity axd Race Factors. s o H H !"3 m Q b (H O « EC K -1* M o ^ o K TfH O o w H H O Q I-) rn 1— ( a Q H 2: w < ^ •a 'A CJ < o a PU <; K Q < 111 H tf H O fq ?; 1^ h- « t> ri ^ Z ><1 XI X X 1— 1 «^ ^ f:5 \ o X a> X X 't Ol -H Ol \00'I '3 J in lO ^ l~ »o CO _- CD 05 - '' o o -T o CO QO o CO Ol I, o o o OS o OS I- t- ■jaqiun\ X o CO 50 •* C-l (M CO CI X 03 o Ol X C^l «D l~ 0> X LO CO Ol t- o c: CO 1- o -t 01 •000' I J^cl CO 05 X o Ol Oi co CO (M ■£ ci '— ' o Ol £ a> CO Ol LO IM CO CO CO ' J CO l^ o o o o LO -i CO IM X C^l X X ,_, r^ ,_ H "O o tH (M r-t ,-1 ^ C^l o Ol lO X CO LO •000' I -lacl ^ in lO C7> ^ lO Ol 00 (M • ?i lO c o ,_( o o OS C-) OS CO t- CO CO Ot) 05 CO C^l (N lO m; •laqran^ Ph •"• o > O'l •r Tt< CO lO o X OS ,_( L'^ o Oi CXi CO Ol o CD CD o c! X 05 OS CO ^ CO CI z ,-H ,—1 rH OS CO o o CO CO X X lO CO ■* H co" CO ■000' I ■laj ■jaqran^ •000' I -iScI •jaqum^ •000' I -laj •jaquin].^; X OS CO X Tf OS CO -* 00 CO O "-1 CD CO I-" CD CD CO C^I C^l C^ M CO X (M CO CO CO ■* CO --I OS X t~ CO CO X 00 O ■* CO in Lo X t^ O UO ^ X lo X CO O CD Ti; X_^ o x" lO lO rt -h' in OS CO in s ff5 d Nativity and Race Factors. 301 The figures of the twelfth census, however, make a more detailed comparison possible. Table XXXIX gives the illiteracy of natives of native parents, natives of foreign parents and foreign born, 10 to 14 years of age, with comparative figures for the other New England States. These important facts stand out clearly from this table: First, the illiteracy of the native persons 10 to 14 years of native parents is higher among the natives of the country districts than among the natives of native parents in the cities of 25,000 and over. The illiteracy of the natives of foreign parents in cities in propor- tion to the total population is larger in Rhode Island than in any other State in New England except Maine. Although this State shows about two and a half times as many foreign born illiterates of 10-14 years of age in the cities, and about four times as many in the country districts as compared to the native population, the pro- portion of the same class of population for the whole of the United States shows a marked difference in favor of the natives of foreign parents in the cities in Rhode Island. It is evident that the native children of native parents in the country districts are fifty per cent, more illiterate than the children in the cities, belonging to the same nativity group, the natives of foreign- born parents in the country districts are almost three times more il- literate than the same class of children in the cities, and the foreign- born children are almost twice as illiterate in the country districts as in the urban communities. Whether this is due to the larger number of new immigrants in the country districts, or whether this large difference is due to strictly racial and economic differences existing in the two types of communities considered, can not be ascertained with any degree of accuracy. Certain it is, however, that the ten years which separated the eleventh from the twelfth census show a remarkable improvement of conditions. It is clear, however, from tables, that Rhode Island shows distinct- ly a high rate of illiteracy when compared with the other States in 302 Nativity and Race Factors. New England, and that in tlie ten years that separate the two last federal censuses (1900 and 1890), the other States have made faster progress than the State of Rhode Island. Nativity and Race Factors, 303 « O H Pi >^ O M O O ij 5 ^ < £ 3 CO H o oo 52 2;§ o ■* ■* — — t- t- Tf C^i 6 ' 000' I -lad o 05 on =10 C) -^ o CO OS I- CD c '-' C-1 (U M -* !ri T-^ i-O o Ol lO lO or; Ol a Ol o 1^ o c ^ •laqum^ CD o CD" 03_ Cf o CO C-l CO t^ CO M o CI lO CO ■* o CD lO lO CO t^ "O CD CO ^ CO Ol y) K fa C3 >— 1 o w t~ CO OS ^ OS Ol 00 00 05 •* CO ,— t o CO 1-0 H CD .0-1 (M 00 lO "* t^ CO 00 t~ OI 6 ■000 'I «d: ^ r- l> t^ ^ lO 10 ■* K VI .-H CD CO 05 ■* o Ol o OS CO z •OOO'T Jad ^ CO CD ' o lO IM Ol OS ■* i2 i 1—* ^^ •— ' O ,_i (M CD CD t^ t^ oa s o Ol t^ o CD OS 03 ^ •jaquin^ OS ^ Ph 1— 1 CD (M CD 05 CO Tj- ^^ CO ^ ~T ,_, T_ "S 00 X t~ CD I- lO CO (M t^ ^ o c r^ c-1 'i^ ■+^ 00 Tt< (M lO a> o CO CO CO H CD •OOO'T -laj •jaquin^ ■000 'I -laj •J3qtun^ ■QOO'I i^d •jaqtnn^ TJH rt 00 ^ "H C>] 1-1 CD OS >-H OS OS GC O) 1- ^ CO CO OS OS CO o X 00 CO 00 CD X .- lO CO CO c:s OS l-O (M CO OS CO OS CI M O CO (M .-H rt t^ CO OS > :s « d 304 Nativity and Race Factors. That conditions such as they existed at the time of the taking of the twelfth census were not the result of stationary is borne out by a comparison of the data of the twelfth with the data of the eleventh census on the same basis. Table XL gives such data and the results show a remarkal)le progress in the 10 years that elapsed between the two numerations. The facts brought out by table XXXIX, although not on an age basis, when compared with table XL, show an advance, which with proper child-labor legislation, may place this State on a par with the other New England States from the standpoint of illiteracy. That there is a difference in the amount of illiteracy between the different foreign nationalities could not be doubted when we consider the variety of nationalities that form the foreign elements of this State, and the countries from which they come. The 1905 State cen- sus has not extended, however, its inquiry beyond the general classi- fication of the natives and foreign born, nor has the federal census tabulated data relating to illiteracy by nationality. CRIMINALITY. Few of the objections to the incoming foreign elements into this country have carried more weight, and have been discussed more widely, than the extent of criminality among foreigners. Federal laws have been enacted excluding delinquents from entrance into the United States, and a scrutinizing eye is being kept upon possible violators of the law. Since the argument of criminality has been discussed, both by opponents of immigration and by friends of the foreign influx, it is of the utmost importance to weigh the facts upon the basis of the broadest statistical inquiry. It is important to determine, not only to what extent the foreigners are more or less criminal than the natives, but to what extent a particular nationality is more criminal than the native element or some other foreign nationality. This we shall attempt to do with the facts obtainable. The State census for 1905 has made no inquiry into the criminality of the population, and the only inquiry of a general nature that we have is the recent report of the Federal Census Bureau on the "Pris- oners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions in 1904". It is un- fortunate also that this report deals with facts which can not be com- pared with either the population statistics of the State census or the Federal census as the former was taken in 1905 and the latter in 1900. It is fair to assume, however, that the data concerning the end of 1904 would compare best with the population statistics that were gathered by the State Bureau of Statistics only four months later in the 1905 State census, as the proportion of foreign-born between 1900 and 1905 had changed only from 31.16 per cent, to 31.90 per cent. An analysis of the figures given in the Federal Report on Prisoners compared with the figures of population for 1905 gives the following result : 306 Xativity and Race Factors. Table XVI. — Total Population to Total Number of Prisoners, Accord- ing TO Nativity. Nativity. Native born. Foreign born Total . . . Population. 317,895 152,179 470,092 Per cent, of population. 67.63 32.37 100.00 PrLsonera. 358 196 Per cent, of prisoners. 64.63 35.37 100. OO' This table shows that the foreign born are more criminal than the native born in this State. In order to make this comparison more complete it is necessary to classify the population in the prisons by sex, and the following table shows the distribution of the sexes by criminality and nativity : Table XLII. — Criminality, According to Sex and Nativity. Sex. 1 Population. Population. Native. Foreign. Number of males. . . Number of females . Per cent, of males . . Per cent, of females 155,754 162,137 66.71 67.66 77,726 77,472 33.29 32.34 Prisoners, Native. 322 36 67.57 47.37 Prisoners. Foreign. 156- 40 32.43- 62.63. It is clearly apparent from the above table that while the native male prisoners are more numerous than the foreign male prisoners in proportion to the population, the reverse is true in the case of the female prisoners. How significant this fact is we shall see later, but in so far as the male population is furnishing the largest number of prisoners, it is significant that the natives should present such a high rate of prison population. The table as here presented shows that the foreign males have a smaller proportion of persons in prison in proportion to the population than the native. Nativity and Race Factors. 307 We find that only 32.43 per cent, of the male prisoners are foreign born, while the total number of foreign persons is 33.29 per cent, or over one per cent, less than its proper share of criminals if the crimi- nality of the natives and foreign born were the same. In the case of the women, however, we find that while they form only 32.34 per cent, of the female population they furnish 52.63 per cent, of the prison inmates, or almost twice the number that they would be ex- pected to furnish had their rate of criminality been the same as that of the native women. Age. — In a statistical study which involves exclusively mature persons any comparison that rests upon the total population is not repreresentative, and this is particularly true in this country since the elements of population according to nativity are subject to wide differences of age distribution. The largest number of criminals and prison inmates is found between the ages of 20 and 49, although a certain number of prison- ers are older than the above age. In order to make the comparison on the widest basis, let us compare the number of prisoners with the number of persons of 20-49 years of age and with the number of persons 20-79 years of age. Table XLIII. — Age Distribution op Population and Prisoners, by Nativity. Sex. Population. Native Born. 20-49 Years of 20-79 Years of Age. Foreign Born. 20-49 Years of Age. 20-79 Y^ears of Age. Prisoners. Native- Born. Foreign- Born. Males Females Per cent., by sex Males Females 12 60,278 64,565 38.70 39.82 78,285 84,676 50.26 52.22 46,646 49,028 62.42 63.29 63,283 65,467 86.02 84 . 50 322 36 67.57 47.37 156 40 32.43 52.63 308 Nativity and Race Factors. The above table shows the criminaUty in an entirely different light. In Table XLII we found that the criminality of the natives was only slightly higher than the criminality of the foreign born, but in this further analysis by ages we find that the foreigners have twice as large a per cent, of persons of the ages when criminality is most com- mon than the natives, and show only half the per cent, of criminals in prisons. In the case of persons 20-79 years of age, there is also a very large difference between the natives and the foreign bom, which shows the number of persons of native parents to be much less than that of the foreign born of the same age. If we carry this analysis still further, we find the following: Table XLIV. — The Per Cent, of Males and Females 20 to 49 and 20 to 79 Years of Age, Respectively, op the Total Population of the Same Age and Sex, and the Number of Prisoners. Years or Age, 20-49. Yeabs or Age, 20-79. Prisoners. Sex. Native, Per cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign. Per cent. Native. Per cent. Foreign, Per cent. Males 56.38 56.84 43.62 43.16 55.30 56.40 44.70 43.60 67.57 46.37 32.43 52.63 The results of an analysis on the basis of the relation between the native and foreign population by ages, classified according to sex, may be considered as the final step in the general study of criminality statistics by nativity. The figures show, more emphatically than in the earlier comparisons, that the natives, who are ,56 per cent, of all persons 20-49 years of age, present 67 per cent, of the inmates of criminal institutions; while the foreign males, who form only 43.62 per cent, of the total male population 20-49 years of age, have only 32 per cent, of the inmates in prisons of the State. In the case of the females, however, the proportion is still higher for the foreign-born females than for the native females. Whether this is due to a con- siderable amount of prostitutions and similar offences or whether it is due to a number of small offences that result in short sentences, can Nativity and Race Factors. 309 not be ascertained from the figures available. It is a grave indict- ment against the foreign females that they should present a higher criminality than either the native, the foreign males or the native females. Fortunately, however, there were no women in the State prison at the time when the census was taken, and the large amount of delinquency of foreign women may be attributed to minor offences. Nativity. The report on prisoners and juvenile delinquents, while publishing in detail the facts concerning the nativity of prisoners in general, does not furnish information concerning the nationality of prisoners by country of birth or country of birth of parents. This information is, however, furnished in the report of the State Board of Charities and Corrections for 1905, the year of the State census. Table XLV. — Number op Prisoners Committed During 1905 to the Work House and House of Correction, in Relation to Population, of THE Same Country op Birth, 20 to 79 Years of Age. Nativity. Population. Prisoners. Prisoners in 100,000. 162,961 454 278 31,274 133 425 21,624 49 226 5,053 11 217 31,191 49 158 4,040 2 49 862 3 348 373 1 249 688 1 145 213 1 469 13,202 2 15 3,357 2 59 1,275 1 78 3,200 3 93 12,398 27 218 291,711 738 253 United States . Ireland England Scotland Canada Germany France Norway Austria Greece Italy Russia West Indies . . . Poland All others 310 Nativity and Race Factors. The above figures show a decidedly higher delinquency among the Irish than among any other nationality, and the natives of the United States stand close in the number of delinquents per 100,000 population. It is surprising to find that the English-speaking popu- lation furnishes 87.94 per cent, of the total numl^er of prisoners for minor offences, while they form 75 per cent, of the population of the ages of 20-79. It must also be noted that of the 454 native delinquents committed for minor offences in 1905 only 183 were of native parents and 40 were of mixed parentage. On the other hand, the Irish, who show only 133 delinquents committed in 1905, had 331 prisoners of Irish parents and 12 prisoners of mixed Irish and some other nationality. We have so far considered only the minor crimes, such as are pun- ished by short sentences to the workhouse or the house of correction. Let us for a moment consider the more important crimes, according to the number and nationality of those committed to State prison. Nativity and Race Factors. 311 Table XLVI.— State Prisox Convicts by Country of Birth, for the Year Ending December 31, 1905, as Related to Population, 20 to 79 Years of Age. Country of Birth. =1 1 1 1 qj is M 3 < -a a O M 53 1-1 s § o a> ,o 3 o i 6 O 1 ,„ ■o3'^ c! ao 1 Per ct. of total 1 number of per- ' sons in State 1 prison. United States Italy Ireland 14 2 2 2 1 1 14 2 18 3 18 5 S3 3 1 4 7 2 5 6 18 173 16 5 8 8 9 18 162,961 13,202 31,274 31,191 21,624 6,448 25,892 55.69 4.51 10.69 10.66 7.39 2.20 8.89 73.41 6.75 1 1 2.11 1 2 3.38 1 3.38 Sweden Other countries 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3.66 3 5 7.31 Total 22 8 22 26 26 105 7 21 237 129,631 + 162,961 100.00 100.00 The above table throws a different light upon the criminality of native and foreign-born whites. The natives of the United States 20 to 79 years of age, although only 55.69 per cent, of the population, show a criminality of 73.40 percent., and the Italians, who presented what appeared to be a low criminality for minor offences, show a higher criminality than their corresponding share of population. It must be borne in mind, however, that, as far as the foreign-born population is concerned, the figures are far too small to be conclusive; although it cannot be doubted that the native born furnish a much larger share of prisoners in the State prison than would appear to be their proportionate share according to population. The table shows a marked difference between the natives and persons born in other countries. The figures which may be considered as valuable in 'ascertaining the proportion of prisoners in relation to the population of the same country of birth are only Ireland and Canada, where we find 42.5 and 15.7 for each 10,000 population 20 to 79 years of age, while the proportion of natives is only 27.8. It should be noted also that of the 454 prisoners born in the United 312 Nativity and Race Factors. States only 183, or 40.3 per cent., were of native white parents; 40, or 8.8 per cent., were of mixed native and foreign parents; and the remainder of 231, or 50.9 per cent., were of foreign parentage. On the other hand, an examination of the parentage of some of the other prisoners shows that the number of prisoners of Irish parentage is two and a half times larger than the number of prisoners born in Ireland. The number of prisoners of British- American parents increased from 49 to 70. The other figures are too small to warrant any conclusive interpretation. Farther inquiry shows that while the number of prisoners of Irish des- cent is 331, the number of Irish prisoners born in Ireland is only 133, while the number of Irish born is 35,038 as compared to 88,770, which is the total number of persons of Irish descent. ■Comparing these figures on a basis of per cent., we find that the number of prisoners of foreign Irish parents who were born in the United States is 198, or 59.62 per cent, of the total number of prison- ers of Irish parentage, and the number of persons of Irish parents born in the United States is 53,818, or 60.63 per cent, of the total number of persons of Irish parents. Owing to the absence of any data concerning the age of native persons of Irish parentage, it is impossible to draw the conclusion that is borne out by the above figures, namely, that there is practically no difference in the crimi- nality of persons of Irish descent whether born in the United States or not. But even the superficial observer knows, and the figures of the United States census for 1900 bear out the fact, that the pro- portion of adults is much smaller among the natives than among the foreign born, and consequently the number of prisoners who come from the adult class should be considerably smaller. Such is not the case with the population of Irish descent. Nativity and Race Factors. 313 JUVENILE DELiINQUENCY. With the growth of the cities and the constant changes in the relation between the child and the home and between the parents and the home, juvenile delinquency has increased astonishingly within the last decade and a half. Whether this increase is due to a more careful and timely dealing with the young offender, or whether it is due to an increase in criminal tendencies among juveniles, is still in the realm of disputable questions. True it is, however, that modern industrial condition and city congestion limit the free action of the child to an increasingly greater extent and place him daily face to face with obstacles and temptations which were not known a quarter of a century ago. The figures relating to juvenile delinquency show Rhode Island to be one of the States in which juvenile delinquency is more prevalent in proportion to the population than in any other New England State^ and higher than in any State in the Union, except the District of Columbia and Delaware. ;i4 Nativity and Race Factors. o o H o r^ o o 2 w -* H Hi -< tt rr, & W O Q o W H H M ft! t3 Q >^ Z W -^ r^ H H H ^ <1 M H P r/j o h-l h w ^ Q w > h-i H '^ <; ^ 1 ■d t. -^ •* CC t~ CO CC c c - [^ LO ir CO ^ 05 1- t c „ „ c d CO 1- c f CC -r c-l o C") O •--; CC LO c-l c-l o o M*. c t CO y. - CO LO c- X LO 05 *al ?! L- _J o c- o- -t o CO c- c-i u s- C-l >> o c-l c- c- 0^ fe-^ - OJ o Ol I- CO "* X o o ^ LO t^ d > JJ -f LI 1- CO -t -* c- _, -t X z IS "S •rr c^ c o CO a a- t- •^ o ?^ z ^" ij lO CO C^l ,-H CO c- LO ■* CC I~ D 0) o< c C3 M o> o CC -f c c- L" ffl X t^ 3 o cs CO IM c- O CO t^ t^ CO Pm 1-3 H o oi CO CO -r CO o c t- c CV c X o o g o Oi CC CO X c- o- I- o- o> o LO c- o o , ,^ K o I- CO c- rt LO O! 0- X t~ Oj ^ CD CO -* 00 CO Oi c CO c CO CO CO CO •* ^ LO CO o t~ CO CD g •-^ ^ z H & a OS 05 CO OS o CO c-l X CD CSl c- o- LO z 3 CO o c<; CC CD o CO or CO 13 Q o (M T-H CO CO cq O O c J H OJ g,*. Tt< CO -1 (M t-- Tf ■* t^ Tt< CD — ►J =« ■S d 00 oJ CD a LO ^ 1> 05 LO LC CO z o ss O) ^ '^ '" CO ■ X CO c-l K n ^ fl o -a "3 CO 00 (M -I- 05 CO CD X X X c-l CO OS o (M ■* CO 't CO co t^ CO t-- c-l c-l ^ H >* O a>. a; CO -f Oi LO o CO co c lO s 0-. o c-l r~ c-l LC c c CO t- d C-l C^l ^H c- CD CO CO ffl f ^. fl 3 1-5 6 C30 '-; »o c- c co c- LO CD CO CO (M c CO t^ -*< c CC LO ■* 00 -* 1> CD CC •t o- c<- L'- ■* S. ^ >> M fl O o a P5 a '> a B -c a H a IS c 03 K c 'Xl , 1 t^ > ^ s 1 £ c c £ i- a > ^ ;! X. c t > 13 c 1 .a o a 2 1 c X. PC a c c z >■ a, a 2 s c a) Ph ! c z c c Nativity and Race Factors. 315 The above table shows that in the 14 years from 1890 to 1904 the number of male juvenile delinquents has increased from 139 to 147.3 in 100,000 population, and the female juvenile delinquents have increased from 19.7 to 21.1 in 100,000 population. It will also be noted that in every case the natives show a larger number of juvenile delinquents than the foreign born. These figures are both misleading and incomplete. To compare the number of juvenile delinquents of a native group which has a normal distribution of age with a group in which the proportion is abnormal, leads to mistaken conclusions which, as is the case with criminality, places certain groups of peo- ple far out of their proper position in statistical construction. Since 1904 is so near 1905, for which we have correct statistical data of age, and since the changes of one year in delinquency could not be large enough to distort the result, let us consider the relation of native and foreign-born juvenile delinquents as related to the population of native and foreign-born juveniles. The ages of juve- niles as recognized by the census reports are 7 to 21, but as these ages are not given separately in the State census, we shall use the ages of 5 to 20, which are near enough to our limit to be used as a basis. Table XLVIII. — Showing the Proportion op Native White, Foreign White and Colored. Nativity and Coloh. Persons 5 to 20 Years of Age. Males. Females. Juvenile Delinquents. Males. Females. Juvenile Delin- quents IN 100,000 Population. Males. Females. Native white. Foreign white Negro 57,553 10,369 1,082 54,400 10,849 1,186 235 42 33 36 430 405 3,050 66 73 169 The above table places the distribution of juvenile delinquency between native, foreign born and colored persons upon a different plane. It will be noted that the proportion of male juvenile delin- 13 316 Nativity and Race Factors. quents of native born in the United States is not perceptibly higher than the proportion of male juvenile delinquents of foreign birth, while Table XLVII seems to show that the native delinquents are over two and a half times more numerous than the foreign delinquents. In the case of females the foreign-born delinquents are actually more numerous in relation to juvenile population than the natives. The delinquency of the colored males seems very high, a fact that is borne out by Table XLVII, in which the whole of the negro popula- tion is taken as a basis. On the whole it may be said, therefore, that there is as marked difference in the delinquency of juveniles when considered from the standpoint of nativity, although if figures were available we might find, as we found in the case of adult prisoners, that the natives of foreign descent furnish a large per cent, of the ju- venile delinquents and that the delinquency varies with the country of birth. OCCUPATION. In recent years there has been a widespread discussion of the im- migration problem than in the industrial circles of the employee and employed. The vital point in the discussion has been the influence of immigrant labor upon employment and wages. It seems, however, that while employment and wages are of immediate importance, there still remains a more important problem to be considered, and that is the result of the competition between the foreign and native elements in terms of social advance and stratification and in terms of increased industrial efficiency of the older settlers and the filling of the vacuum created by their upward movement by a less assimilated and newer element. In the study of occupation, will be considered the natives and the foreign born from the standpoint of industrial utility and efficiency, as they shift with the influx of immigrants, and from the standpoint of industrial competition within individual occupations and trades. As men, women, and children represent three distinct classes of employees and their employment has a distinct cause in society with a distinct and far-reaching bearing upon its welfare, we shall treat the above-named subjects under the three different heads. We shall also try to show, as far as data will permit, the relationship that exists between the rate of employment of the three classes and their bearing upon industrial conditions. The distribution of occupations in the last State census was taken on the basis of place of birth of parents and not by nativity of the workers. This method, while it has its advantages, has also its shortcomings, especially in a State in which the recent influx of immigration is so pronounced. 318 Nativity and Race Factors. On the basis of parent nativity the wage earners of native parent- age, as shown in Table XLIX, represent 34 per cent., or more than one-third of the wage earning population, and 36.32 per cent, of other English-speaking parentage, thus leaving a balance of 29.68 per cent, only persons of non-English nativity. The French Cana- dian and the Italian are the most numerous of the non-English- speaking races, making 18 per cent, of the total wage earners. Table XLIX. — Wage Earners by Race, Showing the Number and the Per Cent, of Each Race to the Total Wage-Earning Population. Place of Birth of Fathers. Number of Wage Earners. Per cent. to Total. 1 United States 2 Ireland 3 Canada (French) . . . 4 England 5 Italy 6 Scotland and Wales 7 Sweden 8 Canada (English) . . , 9 Germany 10 Portugal 11 Russia 12 Other Countries. . . . Total 175 234 280 995 276 806 478 336 278 830 ,693 ,567 34.00 21.53 12.62 9.82 5.48 2.59 2.45 2.38 2.36 1.71 1.20 3.86 224,038 100.00 What the ethnic distribution by parentage was in previous censuses can not be ascertained, since the last census was the only one in which parentage instead of place of birth was used as a basis of classifica- tion. OCCUPATION OF FEMALES. As the data on occupation of the 1905 State census deals only with parent nativity in occupation, they are not as extensively applicable Nativity and Race Factors. 319 to our study as they would otherwise be. But by combining the data of the Federal census with the data of the State census we gain a sufficiently wide range of statistical detail to warrant conclusions along the lines mentioned in the introductory paragraph of this chapter. Table L. — Per cent. Occupied Females in 1905. Ages. Parentage . 16 to 20 years. 21 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 and over. Native women, native 40.80 67.0 77.6 42.1 61.0 57.6 26.1 41.4 30.6 18.5 27.6 20.4 14.9 19.7 15.8 11.9 16.9 10.9 6.2 Native women, foreign parents 8.2 6.7 The above figures show clearly the industrial utility of the three classes of population. The natives being more generally of a better class economically, show a smaller per cent, of persons employed as compared with the natives of foreign parents and the foreign born. We find an indication of the better economic condition of the natives also in the increase of the per cent, of employed women between the ages of 21 and 24 as compared with the per cent, employed between 16 and 20 years of age. This shows a better preparation for work and a larger probable period of physical development than among the other classes. It is seen also that the decrease in the per cent, ■of native women employed with the advance in age is gradual, while in the case of the natives of foreign parents and in the case of for- eign born it is more abrupt, the largest decrease of this kind being among the foreign-born females. This may be due to three main causes: first, to the greater frequency of marriage among the natives of foreign parents and foreign born; second, to the more injurious and exhausting work done by the two classes, which would unfit theni for work earlier in life than in the case of the natives; and third, the period of industrial activity among the natives of foreign 320 Nativity and Race Factors. parents and the foreign born, begins much earher than among the natives. This last reason seems to be a very important one, as the difference in the per cent, of employment, 40.8 per cent, of the natives, 67 per cent, for the natives of foreign parents, and 77.6 per cent, for the foreign born, between the ages of 16-20, clearly indi- cate the truth of this last cause. Between the age period of 16 to 20 and 65 and over, there is a decrease of 34.6 per cent, for the natives, 58.8 per cent, for the natives of foreign parents, and 70.9 for the foreign born. The usual contention is that the employment of women is more frequent in cities than in country districts, and to a certain extent this is correct. But in this State, as in other industrial States where the villages have been transformed into industrial centers, this does not hold true. Table LI. — Per Cent, of Females Occupied in Providence, R. I., by Nativity. 16 to 20 21 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 years. years. years. years. 44.1 44.9 31.2 22.7 68. 3 63.6 43.5 28.8 75 .6 58.3 31.3 21.6 Native of native parents. Native of foreign parents Foreign-born 13. 6' 18.8 13.7 In the case of the natives of native parents we find only a slight increase of the per cent, employed in Providence as compared with the per cent, of employed women of the same nativity throughout the whole State, and the same condition prevails in the case of the natives of foreign parents. The figures concerning the foreign born, however, show a decrease in the first age period and an increase in all other age periods. The partial explanation of this condition may be found in the fact that the city requires a more skilled and better adapted type of female labor, and for this reason will employ more women who have a knowledge of English language and are acquainted with American Nativity and Race Factors. 321 ways, while the foreign and unskilled women will find employment in the country districts of this State, requiring an unskilled hand and mind. We find, also, that the per cent, of female emplo3'ment in the city is less variable with age than it is in the case of the State as a whole, and this is due to the higher marriage rate in the country districts and the quality of work in the cities, which, on the average, requires larger preparation, higher skill, and yields better wages. Such influences as these would tend to increase the period of single life among city women workers and the period of industrial utility ivould be longer. NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN WAGE EARNERS FROM 1885 TO 1905. With the changes in the character of the ethnic composition of the population comes a chang.e in the distribution of occupations. In the opening chapter of this study we discussed the increase in the foreign born and the native of foreign parents, showing that a very large increase in the absolute number of persons of foreign parents has taken place within the last twenty years. In the following pages it will be shown what changes have recently taken place in the dis- tribution of occupations by nativity of workers. 322 Nativity and Race Factors. Table LII. — Number of Persons Employed in 1905, 1895, and 1885, Accord- ing TO Sex and Parent Nativity. 1905. 1895. 1885. "3 -2 S "3 o 3 "5 fa S o J "3 6 fa Total ... 224,038 160,721 57,311 103,410 63,317 18,864 44,453 178,861 106,371 72,490 122,676 72,137 50,539 56,185 34,234 21,951 201,921 126,047 75,874 97,688 62,453 35,235 104,233 63,598 40,635 Native parents. . Foreign parent.s. 76,175 147,863 Table LIII. — Per Cent, of Persons Employed in 1905, 1895, and 1885, According to Parent Nativity and Sex. 1905. 1895. 1885. i o 2 "3 s s fa "3 O J "3 J "3 6 fa "3 O J "3 "3 a fa Native parents. . Foreign parents. 34.00 66.00 35.66 64.34 29.79 70.21 59.47 40.53 58.80 41.20 60.93 39.07 62.72 37.58 63.93 36.07 61.01 38.99 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 The classification by parentage shows that in 1905 about two-thirds of the workers were of foreign parentage and only one-third was of native. In 1895 about two-fifths of the working people were of foreign parents and in 1885 about the same proportion (38.99 per cent) . It is evident that the change has come largely in the last ten years. This does not necessarily mean that the increase in the foreign element has come so largely within the same period, but simply that there are added forces of working persons who in the previous periods were too young to work. Nativity and Race Factors. 323 While in 1885 we have only 37.58 per cent, of foreign born workers, in 1905 they increased to 62.42 per cent. Table LIII also shows the vast increase in foreign women workers that has taken place in the twenty years preceding the last State census. From a little over one-third, 36.07 per cent., the women workers increased very slightly (39.07 per cent.) in 1895, but in the next period the foreign women form almost two-thirds of the female working force of this State (64.34 per cent). An interesting phase of the above tables is shown in the distribution of male and female workers in the three censuses considered. Table LIV. Showing the Per Cent, op Males and Females of Each Nativity, as Given in the Three Last State Censuses, 1885-1905. 1905. Males. Females. 1895. Males. Females. 1885. Males. Females. Total Native parents. Foreign parents 71.74 75.25 69.94 28.26 24.75 30.06 68.58 67.82 71.10 31.42 32.18 28.90 48.87 49.55 46.34 51.13 50.45 53.66 The above figures show how radical a change in the distribution of males and females occupied as related to nativity has taken place within the ten years that elapsed from the 1885 to the 1905 census. It seems that the first period had a larger female working population than either the males of that period or the females of the other two periods. It should be borne in mind, however, that in the case of females the census of 1885 included, besides the persons employed in gainful occupations, all persons keeping house. This would naturally make the figures wholly incomparable with the figures for the last two censuses when housewifery was not considered a gainful occupation. If we consider only the last two censuses we find that while the proportion of native women employed has decreased, the proportion of women of foreign parents has increased. 324 Nativity and Race Factors. CM D o O ^ C-l 2 CO CO OS M . en o lO O) CO 1-0 03 t-- i^ 03 c-l cs_ f^ O CO" ^ co" t^" » OJ csf t~- (M ^ CO IM o= t~- o- ^^ r- 'd cq Tt 00 00 CD cc (M t~- 05 rh o X ■lT3%OX !0 (M CD X c- (M x' o (M rH t^ Tt cs r- CO iM iM t^ cc UO co t^ c 0- oc u: 00 oc CO c co_^ ■SByexuB^ oc r- i> c^ t~- co' CO _ i> ■^ c cc o ^ oc CO ■* t^ CQ >o p: cc 0- b- o a t^ o •S8IBJ\[ ir c c^ a c c<- L' o" CO IT ■>* cc oc ■^ X t^ 0- c t- CI- CO CQ oc 1 5 c 0. e2 b 1 c £ .c C c: a t H c c c 1 Nativity and Race Factors. 325 o 1H hJ w hI ffl -^ H •S8('Bttr8J •S9[BJ\[ •[B?OX •saiBxiia^ •saiBj^ •I13J0X •saii3iiiaj[ •S8IBJ\[ 'VB%OX r-1 O t^ O "-I M ^ O 00 CO --I OO CO (M CO CO lO 05 CO rH ■* CO 00 •-I CO t^ CO 00 o ^ 00 1-1 00 >0 03 CO CD 00 § - 05 o '-' t^ t^ -* CO 00 o CO o CO CO (M C-l CO lO C^l C-l rt ai CO CO LO CJl (M H 1^ ■12; ^ H X Pi >« •M Q W H t—t > P H <) u :^ |x< ix hJ 1-1 ^5 t) b g 12; (—1 o PL, W O iz; I— I o K CO H n <: a; O •USWJO^ ?] M S ?, £ c si c S JO aAi'jBf,! 10 S si 3 s 3 CO £ £ »0 OS ^^ 00 ^ ^- r^ — IM — «l C-J •uSiajoj (M 00 00 CC oooooou?ccn •s^juaj-Bfj uSiajoj JO aAJJB^ en 00 CO &■ oq ?3' e CO C3 a> •sjuajBj aAi;i3^ JO aAJ^B^ -#' 00 '*' m CO C O CO O »— I •uSjajoj oi ^' CO CO 10 t>.' S" g ^' •s^uajBj; u3iajOjj JO aAl^BN 10 CO g?' §5' e ^H CO ^ >n »o 00 o ^■5 CO c^ ^ •nSiajoj 5 ^ fe g CO CO s 10 a; Iz S Z > S P^ d Nativity and Race Factors. 329 This steady relative decrease in the proportion of women employed in this State indicates, aside from certain social differences with the advance in age, is undoubtedly due to a demand for cheap un- skilled young female workers unequalled in any other New England State. CONJUGAL CONDITION EMPLOYMENT. Neither the United States census for 1900 or the special report on Statistics of Women at Work give the conjugal condition of the women workers by States. The figures of the State census, however, show" the per cent, of married women, 15 to 45 years of age, employed according to number of children. 330 Nativity and Race Factors. Table LVIII. — Married Womex 15 to 45 Years of Age, According to Em- ployment AND Number of Children. Native Born. Mothers of — • Ph Foreign Born. W fc No children 1 child 2 children 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " S " 9 " 10 " 11 " 12 " 13 " 14 " 15 " 16 children and over, Total 10.447 8,591 6,464 4,004 2,439 1,647 1,130 799 467 291 247 96 83 34 14 10 13 1,858 1,093 634 360 208 14 64 53 30 24 18 5 4 3 2 1 3 36,776 4,507 17 12.72 9.81 8.99 8.53 8.93 5.66 6.63 6.42 8.25 7.29 5.21 4.82 8.82 14.29 10.00 23.08 8,589 7,498 5,830 3,644 2,231 1,500 1,066 746 437 267 229 91 79 31 12 9 10 12.26 32,269 82.21 87.28 90.19 91.01 91.47 91.07 94.34 93.37 93.58 91.75 92.71 94.79 95.18 91.18 85.71 90.00 76.92 5,753 5,396 5,023 4,020 3,166 2,498 2,007 1,495 1,175 823 588 354 291 156 97 56 62 1,398 833 569 346 267 183 96 90 58 38 31 14 13 2 3 1 24.30 15.44 11.33 8.61 8.43 7.33 4.7 6.02 4.94 4.62 5.27 3.95 4.47 1.28 3.09 1.79 3.23 87.74 32,960 3,944 11.9; 4,355 4,563 4,454 3,674 2,899 2,315 1,911 1,405 1,117 785 557 340 278 154 94 55 60 75.70 84.56 88.67 91.39 91.57 92.67 95.22 93.98 95.06 95.38 94.73 96.05 95.53 98.72 96.91 98.21 96.77 29,016 88.03 The data contained in this table are by no means sufficiently com- prehensive to give a clear idea of the number of married women employed according to nativity, as only two classes are used instead of the three which are being used by the federal census. The number of women workers married is also insufficient because it neglects a large number of persons widowed and divorced who are employed in this State, whose work is probably of the least remuner- ative, and whose compensation must meet a larger demand on account Nativity and Race Factors. 331 of the often single-handed care of a family of children. By com- paring the per cent, of native married women employed with the per cent, of the foreign born women employed, we find that there are 12.26 per cent, of the former and 11.97 per cent, of the latter. If we compare the percentage of the native women with that of the foreign born according to number of children we find that the differ- ences increase with the increase in the number of children, and that there are a larger number of native women with many children at work than among the foreign born. This fact explains partly the more even distribution of female workers according to age among the natives since we find a large number at work after marriage and for a longer period of time. Whether this shov/s also a lower economic condition among the native married women, is not safe to assume. THE DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS. We have m.entioned in passing, the changes that take place in the ethnic distribution of occupations with the change in ethnic com- position of the population, and particularly the working population. . By comparing the number of persons of native parents with those of foreign parents engaged in lucrative occupations in the period covered by the last three censuses we find a very marked increase of the latter and a decided decrease of the former. Table LIX, Employed Persons, Males and Females, prom 1885 to 1905. !" 1885. 1895. 1905. i i c3 OS iS a s s g o O o H S fe H s fe H S fa Native parents ; 34.0 35.6 29.7 59.4 58.8 60.9 62.4 63.9 61.0 Foreign parents .... 66.0 64.4 70.3 40.6 41.2 39.1 37.6 36.1 39.0 The above table shows a decrease of from 62.4 per cent, of the employed persons of native parents to 34 per cent., while the em- 332 Nativity and Race Factors. ployed persons of foreign parents have increased from 37.6 per cent, to 66 per cent., and the actual increase in the twenty-year period of the population of foreign parentage has been from 52.40 to 64.44 per cent. This is due to a different age distribution caused by a longer residence of the foreign persons. in this country with their pos- sible increase in the numl^er of children who have reached a working age, and to the lowering in the working age of the workers owing to a change in the economic position of the changing factors. Certain it is, also, that the women of foreign parentage enter more readily into profitable occupations than they did twenty years ago, as the figures in the above table pointedly show (39 per cent, in 1885, and 70.3 per cent, in 1905). DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS BY PARENTAGE. One of the most interesting phases of occupation from the stand- point of race, nationalit}', and parentage is the distribution of workers in the different occupational groups. Table XC at the end of this work shows the distribution of occupations among the twelve parentage groups, which have been used as a basis for the purposes of this study. Tables LXX to LXXXII shoAv the distribution of w^age earners according to the twenty-four occupational groups. The same facts are more clearly shown in the diagrams which follow this chapter. If we analyze the more important occupational groups we find that the workers of foreign parentage of longer standing in this State have come to control more and more the better paid occupations and the lines of activity which demand longer training. We find, for ex- ample, that the persons of American parentage control almost four- fifths (78.90 per cent.) of the banking occupations in the State, and more than one-half of the clerical occupations (58.16 per cent.). The same condition prevails in the professional service group, where the Americans control more than three-fifths of the total number of persons engaged in this group of occupations. On the other hand the more recent immigrants show a much larger number of work- Nativity and Pv,ace Factors. 333 ers in the occupational groups Avhich are the least renumerative and the least skilled. This is shown by Table LX, which indicates the best occupational rank held by each parentage group of workers as related to the total number of workers and in relation to the differ- ent occupation groups. The countries are arranged in decreasing order of importance as to number of workers. The latin figures in- dicate the order of importance of each particular group of work- ers as related to each occupational group. 334 Nativity and Race Factors. •Bissny; ^ -X>X ;><^><'^><><>><5^xP,><>^^"><><><><><><^^^><^"^>^><><><^ ■AucuuaQ •Hsir[3ug pnr i3pT3aB3 ^^x'd>>>>xp>^^r^p^>>^^xp>^E^ •napa.Mg ^^^^ ;=^^S^x^^p^>>S><^xxx^>^ w o O j^>>>><><^>>^>>p^>gx»>>^><> ■/CiT3;i ><>>>^^>

5xj:^s>g><^> •pnBjSng I > ^>>5S^5>:^^S5>>>5>^5S>SS> ■qonajj pnB^TjpBtreQ S>SS;"5^>w>^>^"m^SS^^^^S;'' •pnEpij •ssjBig pajian^ ~ P;^ OJ O 1- O bj so !- a 03 3^ "'Or/: a > !-: a) •* Qj S t. c ■^py,- S 5 ''^ ^■5 s|^ 1^.^ = 5 m 03 3 == C S" 2 36 Nativity and Race Factors. niestic and personal service and as workers in the manufacture of baser metals. They are also attracted by the building and lumber trades. They are least commonly found in the commercial occupa- tions and in the manufacture of textiles. English Canadians and their children are most numerous in clerical work as bankers and brokers and, what seems odd, in domestic and personal service. They are least numerous as workers in the production of food, or jewelry workers, as merchants and dealers, as workers on articles of apparel^ and in very small numbers in agricultural pursuits. The workers of German parentage are most numerous as jewelry workers and in occupations related to liquors and beverages. They are seldomi found in professional service, as merchants or dealers, or other trades. The Portuguese have a special attraction towards agricultural pur- suits and are also very commonly found as unskilled laborers. They hold a ver}" small place as skilled and trained workers. The workers of Russian parentage are mostly of Jewish descent and hold a very prominent place among the merchants and dealers of the State. They are also found often as workers on acticles of apparel, as jewelry workers, and as agents and salespeople. It is interesting that they are not represented as bankers and brokers. On the whole it may be said that this table shows clearly a tendency on the part of the w^orkers of foreign parentage to control the better occupations according to industrial condition of the country of birth and the length of time that the particular nativity group has been in this State. changes of occupation, by sex and nativity, from 1885 TO 1905. It has been shown in the preceding section of this bulletin that a large increase in the number and proportion of workers of foreign parentage has taken place in the last twenty years. Tables LXXI to LXXXII show that this increase in the number of workers of for- eign parentage has been steady and that the increase in the number of female workers has more than kept pace with the male workers-.. Nativity and Race Factors. 337 The tendency towards increase in the number of employees of foreign parentage seems to be very general, but certain occupations seem to have gained more than others. In manufacture of textiles, the workers of foreign parents seem to have gained almost complete control, rising from 50.8. per cent, in 1885 to 84.2 per cent, in 1905. In the occupations connected with liquor and beverages the in- crease has been still greater, rising from 37.9 per cent, in 1885 to 88.3 per cent, in 1905. This gain was largely made by persons of Irish parents, who seem to have gone into these occupations in the largest numbers. Clerical work appears to have a special attraction to foreigners and their children, as they have increased from 9.3 per cent, in 1885 to 41.9 per cent, in 1905. Whether this is due to the greater ease with which such work is obtained in this country, and the esteem that such work enjoys in the home countries, cannot be questioned. The principle that applies to clerical work also applies to professional service, where the workers of foreign parentage have increased from 13.4 per cent, in 1885 to 15.2 per cent, in 1895 and 39.2 per cent, in 1905, the rapid increase in the last ten j^ears being probabh' due to the longer period necessa- ry for the training in these occupations. The increase in the number of persons of foreign parents in agricul- tural pursuits is one of the important movements in this State. They have increased from 20.0 per cent, of the total number of persons in this class of occupation in 1885 to 41.4 per cent, in 1905. That this State needs this class of workers for the regeneration of its farming industries has long been recognized, and the figures are encouraging. The occupations relating to commerce show also a large increase in the number of workers of foreign parents. female workers of foreign parents. While the entrance of female workers of foreign parents into gain- ful occupations has been at about the same rate as that of the males in specific occupations, the females have shown some special tenden- cies. While the male workers have increased from 16.0 per cent, in 338 Nativity and Race Factors. 1885 to 49.4 per cent, in 1905, in the agents and salesmen group of occupation the females have increased from 12.1 per cent, in 1885 to 65.3 per cent, in 1905. In the agricultural pursuits and clerical work the same fact is apparent from table LXXVI. In the miscellaneous manufacture and in transportation the fe- males have show a similar tendency to increase at a greater rate than the males in the same occupational groups. changes in the distribution of occupations by specific paren- tage. Tables LXXVIII to LXXXII, at the end of this bulletin, show the trend of the recent changes in the occupational composition of the working population of this State. In order to indicate more clearly the specific changes that have taken place in the six most important parentage groups as related to the twenty-four occupatianal groups, let us consider each nativity group in order of its numerical im- portance. AMERICAN PARENTAGE. In 1885, the largest number of workers engaged in gainful occupa- tions was found in domestic and personal service, but this occupa- tion decreased from 34.49 per cent, of the total number of persons occupied in 1885 to 10.49 per cent, in 1905. The largest number of these persons being women. In the manufacture of textiles the proportion deceased from 13.49 per cent, in 1885 to 11.11 per cent, in 1905. The occupation of the higher class in point of wages, social standing and education, have followed, however, the opposite trend. They have shown a steady increase in the proportion of workers in these groups of occupation. This is particularly manifest in clerical work, professional service, brokers and bankers, and to a certain extent the building trades. These facts bear out our earlier contention that the increase in foreign elements pushes the older settlers into the high- er occupations. Nativity and Race Factors. 339 FEMALES. From the figures in Table LXXVIII it is apparent that the women of American parentage have largely given up the domestic service, but as all housekeepers were considered gainfully occupied in the 1885 census, the comparison is accurate only between the two last censuses, where a considerable decrease is shown (34.32 per cent, in 1895 and 24.22 in 1905). There has been a decided increase all along the line of various occupations, but particularly in agriculture, clerical work, the building trades, government employment, jewelry manufacture, and professional service. In the textile industries there was a con- siderable increase between 1885 and 1895 (13.63 per cent, to 28.74 per cent.), but the last State census shows a decrease from 28.78 per cent, to 21.48 per cent . This decrease is undoubtedly due to the rapid increase of foreign female workers and the larger opportunities offered to native women in other occupations. IRISH PARENTAGE. The largest occupational groups among workers of Irish parentage is found in the textile industries and in domestic and personal ser- vice. In each case, however, the rise of the groups is due to the large number of women workers of Irish parentage employed in these occupational groups. If we consider the males alone we find that next in importance to the textile industries is the manufacture of the baser metals. Both in the textile industries and in domestic service there has been a decided decrease in the proportion of workers, as compared to the preceding census year. The main increases in the proportion of workers in the various occupational groups have taken place in the following occupa- • tional groups : Agents and salespeople, workers on articles of apparel, building trades, clerical work, jewelry, manufacture of baser metals, and professional service. It is interesting to note that the proportion of workers of Irish parentage shows a material decrease in the agri- cultural pursuits and as merchants and dealers. 340 Nativity and Race Factors. FEMALES. The main increase in the proportion of female workers in specific occupational groups may be found in the following occupations: Agents and salespeople, where the proportion has increased from .11 per cent, in 1885 to 4.66 per cent, in 1905; workers on apparel, with an increase from 1.74 per cent, in 1885 to 9.43 per cent, in 1905; clerical work with a per cent, of 4.09 in 1885 as compared to 8.01 per cent, in 1905; jewelry, where the increase from 1885 to 1905 was from 0.14 per cent, of the total number of workers to 4.16 per cent.; manufacture of textiles, with 36.99 per cent, of the female workers in 1905 as compared with 12.40 per cent, in 1885; profes- sional service with, 3.23 per cent, in 1905 as compared with 0.34 per cent, for the same occupational groups in 1885. A closer examination of the figures show that the female workers have increased very largely in the lesser paid occupations, while the male workers show a larger increase in the better paid occupations and trades. ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND WELSH PARENTAGE. The two most important occupational groups, from the standpoint of the English, Scotch, and Welsh parentage workers, are textile in- dustries and the manufacture of the baser metals. In the case of the former (34.60 per cent, for 1905), the large proportion is due mainly to the women employed in these industries, and in the latter case to the large number of men workers present. Other smaller increases. in the proportion of occupational groups, are in the jewelry trades, miscellaneous manfacture, transportation, and agents and dealers. In domestic and personal service a decrease from 36.41 per cent, in 1885 to 6.08 per cent, in 1905 is shown by the figures, as the figures ©n this occupational group for 1885 are not comparable, the decrease from 10.11 per cent, in 1895 to 6.08 per cent, in 1905 should only be considered. Nativity and Race Factors. 341 FEMALES. The largest group of female workers of this nativity group is to be found in the textile industries. As this nativity group contains three different classes of population, which cannot be classified owing to absence of figures for 1885 and 1895, according to specific place of birth, the figures are of no value outside of the broader comparison with the other nativity groups. The increase in the textile industries in the twenty years that elapsed between the three censuses has not been continuous. In 1885 we have only 24.63 of the women workers employed in the textile industries; in 1895, we find 56.16 per cent.; and in 1905, they constitute only 54.53 per cent, of the total female workers of this group. As the figures for 1885 are not com- parable for reasons stated above, we must rely upon the figures for 1895 and 1905, which show a decrease in the proportion of females in the textile industries. The females in domestic and personal service show a decrease from 27.37 per cent, in 1895 to 13.04 per cent, in 1905. On the other hand there is a pronounced increase in the proportion of female workers as agents and salespeople, workers on articles of apparel, clerical work, jewelry industries, manufacturers in miscellaneous establishments, and professional service. It is clear that the women of this nativity -group began to enter the trades only after 1885, and that they have become to a very large extent factory workers as is shown by the large proportion in the textile industries (54.53 per cent.) ; manufacture of apparel (6.66 per cent.); jewelry (3.20 per cent.) etc.; and that another large group has remained in domestic service. CANADIAN PARENTAGE. It is to be regretted that the figures for the three census periods considered in this section are not comparable by French and Eng- lish-Canadian parentage, since such a classification is necessary for a proper interpretation of the figures. As shown in Table LXXX, the largest number of persons of Canadian parentage are employed 342 Nativity and Race Factors. in the textile industries, where 42.95 per cent, of the total number of persons employed were found. If we compare the percentages, we find that there has been only a slight increase in the 20 years separat- ing, the three censuses considered. If, however, we should leave out of consideration the housekeepers, we would probably find that there has been a decrease in the proportions of workers of Canadian descent, rather than an increase as shown by the figures. This is well shown when we consider only the male workers, where we find that in 1885 there were 41.34 per cent, and 36.30 per cent, in 1905 in the textile industries. When we consider the figures for 1895 and 1905 we find that there has also been a decrease in the proportion of persons in domestic and personal service, in the agricultural pursuits and a slight decrease among laborers. The increases in various occupa- tional groups have been very slight and are only the natural results, of the slow upward movement of th^s class of population. females. Among the female workers of this nativity group the most radical change took place in the building trades, where a large number of women are at present employed, while there were very few employed in previous census years. In domestic and personal service there has been a decided decrease from 21.32 per cent, in 1895 to 9.99 per cent, in 1905. The only other important change has taken place in the textile industries, where the decrease in the proportion of workers has been from 62.13 per cent, in 1895 to 53.66 per cent, in 1905. Generally speaking, the changes in the occupations of this nativity group are very slight, and this is due mainly to the newness of this ele- ment in Rhode Island, as is shown by the statistics of Canadian popu- lation, which is as follows : 18,584 in 1885, 26,627 in 1895, and 31,569 ' in 1905, for French Canadians, and 6,429 in. 1895 and 7,932 in 1905 for English Canadians, the figures for 1885 being included in the figures given for French Canadians. Nativity and Race Factors. 343 GERMAN PARENTAGE. As in all the other nativity groups, the Germans show a larger proportion of workers in textile industries than in any other occupa- tion, and like the workers of Canadian parentage the workers of German parentage show, between 1885 and 1905, an increase in the proportion of employed in the textile industries. There is, however, a decided decrease in the proportion of textile workers between 1895 and 1905 (26.86 per cent, and 21.09 per cent.). Another important decrease has taken place in domestic and personal service, which is especially pronounced in the case of female workers. The main in- crease has taken place in the liquors and beverages, jewelry manu- facture, clerical work, and agents and salespeople occupational groups.. FEMALES. The female workers show practically similar changes to those in- dicated by the figures for the total group of workers of German pa- rentage. The most important decrease in the proportion of female- workers has taken place in domestic and personal service, which shows 44.55 per cent, in 1895 and 18.28 per cent, in 1905. Increases have taken place in almost all other occupational groups, but especiallj^ pronounced are the increases in professional service (1.15 per cent. in 1895 and 5.07 per cent, in 1905.); jewelry industries (0.21 per cent, in 1885 to 7.83 per cent, in 1905) ; in clerical work, (0.00 per cent, in 1885 to 6.53 per cent, in 1905) ; workers on articles of apparel (1.99 per cent, in 1885 to 10.67 per cent, in 1905) and agents and sales people (0.31 per cent, in 1885 to 5.68 per cent, in 1905). On the whole, the increase, both among male and female workers, show^ a more even distribution of occupation and a general tendency to enter upon skilled occupations. OTHER COUNTRIES. It is to be regretted that the figures for 1885 are so incomplete as to make comparison between a larger number of nativity groups im- 344 Nativity and Race Factors. possible. It may be granted, however, that the groups included under the head of other countries contains the largest number of newly arrived immigrants and persons of such nativity groups which have been least adjusted to American conditions owing either to their recent arrival or to social conditions peculiar to their groups. This heterogeneous group shows the same conditions as most of the others in the way of occupational distribution, but such skilled and highly paid labor as professional service, clerical work, jewelry manufacture, bankers and brokers, and others show a very small proportion of workers as compared with laborers and textile manufacture. The most radical changes have taken place in the following groups of occupations: in agricultural pursuits 8.40 per cent, in 1885, 10.79 in 1895, and 5.78 per cent, in 1905; in building trades a decrease from 5.65 per cent, in 1885 to 3.71 per cent, in 1905 has taken place; in domestic and personal service we find the usual decrease from 15.73 per cent, in 1895 to 9.38 per cent, in 1905. It is interesting to note that the proportion of laborers has increased from 3.20 per cent, in 1885 to 12.78 per cent, in 1905, a fact that bears out the con- tention that this heterogeneous nativit}' group contains a large num- ber of the less adjusted classes of workers. What is true concerning the unskilled labor group is true of the textile industries, where we find in 1885 only 8.72 per cent, and in 1905 24.64 per cent., or almost one-fourth of the total number of workers. females. In the case of the females we find that until 1895 there was only a small proportion of workers in other than domestic service work, and in this case, as has been stated, the housewives are included. Beginning with 1895 the distribution is more even and extends over a larger number of occupational groups. The most important increases in the proportion of female w^orkers between 1895 and 1905 have taken place in the following occupa- tions: Agents and salespeople (0.87 per cent, in 1895 to 3.18 per cent, in 1905); clerical work (0.16 per cent in 1895 to 2.26 per cent. Nativity axd Race Factors. 345 in 1905) : jewelry workers (0.75 per cent, in 1895 to 4.61 per cent, in 1905) ; textile industries (25.01 per cent, in 1895 to 42.22 per cent, in 1905); and in industries not specified (0.00 per cent, in 1895 to 3.24 per cent, in 1905.). It is clear from the above that there there has been a double move- ment among the M^orkers of this large nativity group; one movement in the direction of the more skilled occupations and another from the domestic service into the factories and into the unskilled trades. In the twenty-four classes of occupations as divided by the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, the changes that have taken place indicate two clearly defined tendencies. In the first place, the natives of native parents have gone into the better paid and more skilled occu- pations, while the persons of foreign parents have taken the places at the bottom of the scale. We find that the classes of occupations designated as agents, salespeople, bankers, brokers, government em- ployees, jewelers, gold and silversmiths, professional service and transportation have been increasingly filled by natives of native parents while the occupations of the less skilled trades have been filled more commonly by persons of foreign parentage. The figures clearly show that such immigrants as the English and German have followed very nearly the same trend as the natives of native parents only to a lesser degree, while the Canadian and the other newer immigrants have preferred the humbler places in the occupations of the State. The textile industries and the domestic and personal service, which are the least remunerative and the least skilled, have been vacated by the natives of native parents, and the natives of foreign parents and particularly the foreign born have taken their places. But while this process of displacement of the persons of native parentage by persons of foreign parentage in the lower occupations is going on, a process more interesting and a struggle more uplifting is going on among the persons of foreign parents for the better places in the industries of the State. In the better paid occupations there has been a steady increase in proportion of persons of foreign par- 346 Nativity and Race Factors. entage at the same time that the immigrants of recent arrival into the country and State are filling the lower positions and pushing the persons of native parents and the older arrivals upward in the scale of industrial efficiency and economic welfare. We find, for example, that in professional service the per cent, of persons of foreign parentage has increased since 1885 from 13.4 per cent to 39.2 per cent; in banking and brokerage, from 4.7 per cent, to 21 .1 per cent; in agency and salesmanship, from 16.6 per cent, to 53 per cent, of the total persons employed in those occupations. At the same time the per cent, of unskilled laborers has increased from 70.6 per cent, in 1885 to 80.0 per cent, of the total laborers in the State in 1905; in the manufacture of textiles from 50.8 per cent, to 84.2 per cent, in the same class of workers. This double trend is due on the one hand to the constant and increasing influx of unskilled im- migrants, and on the other to the opportunities which are offered to them here in the preparation of their children for better places in the industrial scale of this community. This is more clearly emphasized by a comparison between the industrial condition of the immigrants who have been here for a longer period of time and the immigrants who only within the last few years have been coming to this country and State. We find, for example^ that the English, Irish, and Germans have more commonly persons of that birth in the skilled occupations and that this has been a process of evolution going on v/ithin the last twenty years of which the statistics at hand give evidence. The persons employed in the lower occupations draw most of their constituency from Canadian and other parentage, and who, as shown by the statistics of pop- ulation, have been here in large numbers only for a short period. The statistical consistency of these facts is of remarkable signifi- cance, both as a guarantee that immigration at the present time does not necessarily mean acute competition for the lower-waged job, and also because, in the progress that persons of foreign parentage are making, this State offers a field of industrial opportunity that can not be questioned. Nativity and Race Factors. 347 CHILD LABOR. When this study was undertaken the legislation relative to child labor was inadequate as compared to other States. This condition has changed considerably within the last two years, and for this reason it was deemed advisable to abandon this part of the study as referring to a condition which has been completely changed since 1905, when the last census was taken. 17 OWNERSHIP OF FARMS AND HOMES. One of the most reliable measures of permanent settlement and independent economic conditions may be found in the proportion of home and farm ownership. This is particularly true of small indus- trial communities, where land is still available in sections that are within easy reach of industrial centres. FARM OWNERSHIP. In considering the aggregate population of the New England States we find that farm ownership is found only in 75.48 per cent, of the total number of farmers, a figure that is lower than in any other of the New England States, and this condition applies not only to the aggregate farming population, but to the persons born in the United States, whose condition can perhaps more fairly be com- pared with the conditions of the same class of population in the other New England States. The foreign-born group of farmers which shows the smallest per- cent, of ownership is the group classed as other countries. It is interesting to note that in ^'ermont and in Rhode Island this group shows the lowest proportion of ownership. The highest per cent, of farm ownership in Rhode Island is shown by the Austro-Hungarians, a comparatively new populational element coming from an eminently agricultural country. The most striking fact apparent from the above table is that in every group of population Rhode Island shows a lower per cent, of ownership than any of the other States in New England. Whether this condition is due to the common practice of combin- ing farming with work in the factory, which makes the farmer a secondary and unimportant occupation, or whether it is due to econo- mic conditions inherent in the quality of the soil, the type of farming, Nativity and Race Factors. 349 and the recent changes in the form of ownership from an older class to a newer class of population, cannot be definitely stated. Certain it is that a radical change in the agriculture of this State is going on and that more serious changes and progress are needed. Table LXI, Showing the Ownership of Farms in the New England States by Country of Birth op Owners. States, Teebitobies, and COUNTBIES OF BlETH. Aggregate United States (or Unknown) Austro-Hungary Canada, (English) Canada, (French) Great Britain Germany Ireland Italy. Poland Russia Scandinavia Other countries Mixed foreign parentage Feb Cent. Faems Ow JS a S 6 ^ 3 cj JS W o 6 oj ^ a V si iz; > § S P^ 90.15 83.25 93.89 87.16 91.03 84.67 94.00 88.55 100.00 100.00 100.00 82.14 81.15 76.20 92.62 72.44 79.88 71.75 94.15 75.47 83.88 84.83 92.55 81.26 92.31 78.45 92.97 87.19 90.01 86.96 94.65 89.95 66.67 71.43 94.44 65.52 75.00 100.00 100.00 81.58 80.00 100.00 100.00 85.00 81.94 50.00 94.00 81.00 78.69 71.84 90.32 78.89 83.86 75.79 91.83 77.89 75.48 79.02 80.00 53.49 53.79 65.37 69.69 72.75 59.74 50.00 60.60 39.86 63.16 85.63 86.59 87.88 58.45 71.15 79.56 86.71 88.53 70.71 81.08 85.00 73.62 78.96 76.38 OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. In the ownership of homes, as in the ownership of farms, Rhode Island shows the lowest percentage. In the case of the homes the native born show the highest proportion of ownership (33.34 per cent.). This is, however, a lower proportion than is found in any of the other New England States for the same class of population, and, 350 Nativity and Race Factors. of course, the lowest maximum of any other State in the same section of the country. The minimum per cent, is shown by the Poles, who own only 6.82 per cent, of their homes. This minimum is higher than the minimum found in New Hampshire (3.54 per cent.), and in either case the latter class of population is quite new in these States. The causes of this low proportion of home owners are hard to ascer- tain. Industrial conditions have vastly to do with such a state, but what these conditions are can only be surmised from an examina- tion of the distribution of the working population b}' occupations, which, in the case of Rhode Island, as is evident from the figures given at various points in this work, shows a very decided concen- tration in least skilled and least remunerative occupations. Table LXII, Showing the Ownership of Homes in the New England States by Country of Birth of Owners. Per Cent, of Other Homes Owned. Aggregate United States (or Unknown) Austro-Hungary Canada (English) Canada (French) Germany Great Britain Ireland Italy Poland Russia Scandinavia Other countries Mixed foreign parentage 36.93 45.77 2S.13 25.48 16.13 35.94 31.36 33.35 23.04 3.54 11.58 22.03 23.47 28.25 53.64 49.38 69.44 62.68 61.65 54.74 61.04 50.04 84.37 88.64 79.84 79.81 70.74 61.22 46.86 52.29 13.33 37.80 24.04 39.86 38.90 42. 20.96 12.88 9.97 34.15 30.10 38.03 30.95 41.05 20.30 18.63 14.78 31.66 26.06 30.14 10.01 10.14 11.25 22.55 21.20 21.24 25.30 33.34 16.67 14.96 11.90 27.33 22.42 26.67 10.60 6.82 10.35 20.66 13.24 17.63 31.45 39.10 12.55 17.01 12.02 32.81 28.94 31.51 9.91 7.94 10.68 21.17 26.74 23.88 CONCLUSIONS. In summarizing the results of this analysis it is impossible to draw comparisons between the different racial and nativity elements that make up the population of Rhode Island. All that can be done is to naeasure the changes that have taken place in the general compo- sition of the population and the relation of the populational elements to each other in point of numbers, marital condition, occupation, criminality, etc. As the population of the State is in process of formation and adjustment from the point of view of the social and economic conditions of the community, it is practically impossible to place any emphasis upon the degree of desirability or undesirability of one or another nativity or race group. The most that can be said is that certain conditions are evident from the statistical data at hand without any special forecast as to the future possibilities or value of one nativity group as compared with another nativity group. Increase in the Foreign Elements. The increase in the foreign-born element in Rhode Island in the last fifty years has been from 15.76 per cent, of the total population to 31.90 per cent, of the total population. In actual numbers the increase has been from 23,111 in 1850 to 153,154 in 1905, or an in- crease of over 562 per cent., while the increase in the population born in the United States was from 124,299 in 1850 to 326,928, or an increase of only 163 per cent., a considerable share of which was foreign stock that was counted as native after one generation. The figures relating to parentage show that in 1905 the natives of native parents were only one-half (49.48 per cent.) of the total number of native-born persons, while the other half was of foreign parentage or of mixed native and foreign parentage. At the last 352 Nativity and Race Factors. census (1905) the number of persons of foreign parentage was almost twice as large as that of native parentage (33.56 per cent, native parents and 64.44 per cent, foreign parents), indicating a change in the last thirty years preceding the 1905 census from 47.8 per cent, of foreign parentage to 64.44 per cent. The largest element of foreign parentage being of Irish descent. Foreign Born in New England States. Rhode Island has a larger proportion of foreign-born population than any other New England State, but this is due mainly to the large number of persons born in England and Scotland and conse- quently not to elements which are generally considered undesirable. Age and Sex Distribution. The age distribution, as is naturally to be expected, is widely different among the native born as compared to foreign-born popu- lation. While the natives have only 50.6 per cent, persons of the ages of highest industrial efficiency (15 to 49 years of age), the for- eign-born have 72.2 per cent, persons of these ages. In the matter of sex distribution the differences, when taken by age groups, are practically negligible. The females who are more likely to find employment in the years of early womanhood are more numerous at that age than the males, while between the ages of 30 to 39 the males show a larger proportion of persons than the females. The Causes of Emigration. From the study that it was found possible to make in connection with this bulletin, it is evident that a number of far-reaching causes are at work in producing the exodus from European countries which has so largely contributed towards the increase in the foreign popula- tion of the United States, and of Rhode Island in particular. In the last analysis the causes of emigration are : industrial depression pro- duced by bad government and lack of industrial development; changes from the agricultural to the industrial types of occupations among certain rural inhabitants and the rural exodus out of pro- portion with the needs of industry, in the countries affected by such Nativity and Race Factors. 353 changes, the political persecutions and racial discrimination among the races within the boundaries of the same countries; the establish- ment of foreign colonies in the United States by the segregation of foreign elements of the same nationality and race in specific lo- calities; and the better opportunities to obtain work and a living wage in this country than in Europe. These are the main causes at work, although steamship agencies, labor agents, advertisers, and boomers of various kinds are responsible for a large share of the in- flux of foreign people. Conjugal Condition. The most striking fact shown by the statistics on conjugal condition is the lower per cent, of married persons born in the United States of foreign parents than the per cent, of married persons of either native parents or foreign born. If this should hold true with all nationalities it would indicate a tendency among the natives of for- eign parents which points to a reduction in the potential fecundity of this class of population. How far this is actually taking place has not been ascertained. Fecundity and Employment. Owing to the absence of data relative to birth by years of mar- riage of parents it is impossible to measure accurately the influence that employment has upon fecundity. The figures seem to indicate a somewhat lower fecundity among employed women, but this may be rather the cause than the effect of employment. A striking fact shown by the figures on employment of married women is the greater frequency of employment among native women with a large number of children than among the foreign born. Religion and Fecundity. The figures on religion and fecundity are of practically no value in Rhode Isand owing to the relation that exists between the racial and religious elements, which makes it impossible to separate the influence of the religious from purely racial fecundity characters. 354 Nativity and Race Factors. Illiteracy and Fecunclity. The data on this subject are very limited to be of any permanent value. Indications are that illiteracy has some bearing upon fe- cundity, which is manifested by a larger number of children among illiterate married women than among literate women. This is particularly true of the native born, which show a much larger pro- portion of women with five or more children (49.14 per cent.) than the literate native women (41.40 per cent). The difference in the fecundity of foreign born married women when considered on the basis of literacy is much less. Whether the higher fecundity is due to the racial origin of the illiterate women, whether it is due to the economic condition under which illiterate persons generally live, or whether the actual failure to receive an education sufficient to be classed as a literate person indicates a mental and physical de- velopment which would lead to a higher fecundity, can not be de- finitely ascertained statistically. Assimilation.. As has been said in the chapter on assimilation, there is no exact method of measuring the degree and rapidity with which the new elements in this country are becoming adjusted to the economic, social, and political conditions which characterize their new en- vironment, but certain indices may be used in determining, at least in certain aspects of assimilation, the degree of adjustment that the new people have reached. Among these indices are citizenship, or voting, school attendance, and illiteracy. Voting. The figures on pages 288 and 289 clearly show that there is a dis- tinct difference in the use of the voting privilege among the various classes of the possible voters in the State. The natives of native parents have the highest per cent, of voters out of the total number of possible voters (93.3 per cent.), the natives of foreign parents are next in order with a voting per cent, of 91.9, and the lowest per cent, of voters is found among the foreign born (88.5 per cent). On the whole, it is evident that the differences are not considerable. Nativity and Race Factors. 355 When we consider the particular nationalities from the point of view of the advantage taken of the voting privilege, we find that the Irish exceed the voting per cent, of the natives of native parents and the natives of foreign parents. The smallest amount of voting is found among the newer arrivals and among the people that are here in small numbers. The persons born in Sweden and France show a very small proportion of voters compared to the average voting among the foreign born. That many other elements besides na- tionality enter into the determination of the voting tendencies among the foreign born there remains no doubt, but a closer analysis is impossible owing to the absence of accurate statistics. ScJwol Attemlance. As in the case of voting, in school attendance we find that the natives of native parents attend school more frequently than the natives of foreign parents and the foreign born. The condition giving the natives of native parents the first rank, the natives of foreign parents the second, and to the foreign born the third rank in school attendance is a natural condition which shows that the assimilative influences are at work with good results in the second generation. It is also evident from the figures that while the school attendance follows a natural order in this State, when compared with conditions in other States Rhode Island stands very low in point of proportion of school attendance. This is particularly true in the case of the advanced ages, or in other words the higher educa- tional institution, where .Rhode Island shows a very small per cent, of school attendance as compared with other New England States. This condition applies to all of nativity classes. Illiteracy. The general figures on ihiteracy in Rhode Island show that there is a very small difference in the rate of illiteracy of the native of native parents as compared to the native of foreign parents. The illiteracy of the foreign born, however, is almost two and a half times higher than that of the natives of native parents. The figures 356 Nativity and Race Factors. in the twelfth census of the United States show that the rate of il- literacy among the natives of native parents is about one-half of that of the natives of foreign parents, and the rate of illiteracy of the foreign born in the cities is twelve times that of the natives of foreign parents. In the country districts practically the same rela- tions hold true, but the actual amount of illiteracy is much higher than in the cities. Rhode Island shows on the whole a higher illit- eracy of children between ten and fourteen years of age than the av- erage for the New England States, and than most States in this sec- tion. It is important to point out, however, that the illiteracy in Rhode Island has decreased very rapidly in the ten years that sep- arated the eleventh from the twelfth federal census. Criminality. The analysis which was made possible through a combination of sources of statistical information point clearly to the following conclusions : 1. The native population furnishes a larger proportion of prison- ers than the foreign born. 2. The female foreign population in minor offences shows a much higher criminality than the native population. 3. Persons born in the United States show a rate of criminality for serious offences higher than any other nativity group with the exception of the Italians, who show a slightly higher criminality than the native born. Juvenile Delinquency. The rate of juvenile delinquency in Rhode Island seems to be higher for the natives than for the foreign born. When we consider the figures for the States in the North Atlantic division of this countr}-, we find that in 1904 the proportion of juvenile delinquency in Rhode Island was higher than in any other State, but this high rate of juvenile delinquency was due to the native and not to the foreign population. Whether a large part of juvenile delinquency born in Nativity and Race Factors. 357 the United States was of foreign parents or not can not be stated, owing to the absence of data on this point. Certain it is, however, that the efficient method of dealing with juvenile delinquency in this State is responsible for a large share of this high rate of delinquency. Occupation. The figures on occupation indicate the following tendencies : 1. The better paid occupations are controlled by the native born population. 2. The natives of foreign parents are making progress in occupa- tional'advantages, and the last three State censuses show a moving upward of the foreign elements which have been in this country for long periods of time. 3. There is a tendency among some of the native born and the immigrants, whose numbers have increased rapidly in the last ten \-ears, to go into the less skilled occupations. 4. The female workers born in the United States of foreign par- ents and the foreign born are more frequently engaged in gainful occupations than the natives of native parents, but this frequency is found only in the earlier periods of life. 5. Native women are wage earners during a longer period in life than the foreign born, but the native female workers of foreign pa- rents, after a sudden decrease in proportion at 25 years of age, show a larger number of occupied women during the working age than the native women of native parents. 6. Conjugal condition seems to interfere more extensively with employment among the foreign born than among the native females. Oivnership of Homes. Owing to the absence of any reliable index of economic condition by nativity we have used the ownership of homes as at least a partial index of such condition. We find in Rhode Island that both in the case of farm ownership and the ownership of homes the rate is lower than in any of the 35S Nativity and Race Factors. other States in New England, and that the highest per cent, owner- ship of farms is shown by the Austro-Hungarians and the highest ownership of homes is found among the native born. The general rate of ownership, however, is indicative of a somewhat unstable economic condition. On the whole, the conditions of the population, when studied from the point of view of racial differences, show a steady progress which compares favorably with the general progress made by the old settlers of this State, and shows that the foreign elements are ad- justing themselves to American standards with remarkable ease and rapidity. DIAGRAMS SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS BY NATIVITY. Nativity and Race Factors. 361 diagram I.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Agents and Sales- people. 10% 20% 30% 40% 45% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries. . . . Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia DIAGRAM II.— OCCUPATIONS . Distributed According to per cent, of each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Agricultural! Pursuits. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 55% United States Ireland Canada-French .... England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English . . . Germany Portugal Russia n 362 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM III.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as Workers on Articles of Apparel. United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia 10° 20"; DIAGRAM IV.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as Apprentices and Helpers. 10% 20% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries Scotland and Wales. Sweden ; Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia y Nativity and Race Factors. 363 diagram v.— occupations. - Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Bankers and Brokers. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 75% United States Ireland Canada-French. . . . England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales Canada-English . . . Germany DIAGRAM VI.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationahty Gainfully Occupied in Building Trades. 10% 20% 30% 35% United States Ireland Canada-French England ,. . . Italy Other Countries Scotland and AVales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia 364 Nativity and Race Factors, DIAGRAM VII.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Clerical Work. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 55% United States Ireland Canada-French. . . . England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English. . . . Germany Portugal Russia DIAGRAM VIII.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Domestic and Personal Service. United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia 10% 20% 30% 35% Nativity and Race Factors. 365 DIAGRAM IX.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Food and Kindred Products. 10% 20% 30% 40% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries . . . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia DIAGRAM X.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied as "Government Employees." United States Ireland Canada-French . . . Engl and Italy Other Countries . , Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English. . . . Germany Portugal Russia 10% 20% 30% 40% 45% 366 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM XI.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Hotel and Restaurant Keepers. 10% 20% 30% 40% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries. . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English. . . . Germany Portugal Russia ■^ ^" B ^^* . 1 ■ 1 DI AGRAM[ XII.— OCCUPATIONS . Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in "Jewelry and Gold and Silver Workers." United States- ■ • • • Ireland • • Canada-French .... England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales Sweden Canada-English . . . Germany Portugal Russia 10% 20% 30% 35% Nativity and Race Factors. 367 DIAGRAM XIII.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Laborers, Ex- cepting Garden and Nursery. 10% 20% United States Ireland ■Canada-French England Italy Other Countries Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia ■ ■ I DIAGRAM XIV.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Liquors and Beverages. 10% 20% 30% 40% 45% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia n 368 Nativity and R,ace Factors. DIAGRAM XV.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Lumber and its Remanufacture. 10% 20% 30% 35% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia DIAGRAM XVI.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Manufacture Baser Metals. 10% 20% 25% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia ^" ■■™ ■■■™ "" 1 ■ 1 1 Nativity and Race Factors. 369 diagram XVII.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainf ully Occupied in Manufacture Miscellaneous Establishments. 10% 20% 30% 35% Jnited States Ireland Canada-French. . . . England Italy Other Countries . . . Scotland and Wales ■Sweden Canada-English. . . . Germany Portugal Russia DIAGRAM XVIII.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Manufacture Textiles. 10% 20% 25% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia ™" ■^ ^™ ^" 1 ■ ^^ ■ ^^m in m 1 1 ■ 370 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM XIX.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Merchants or Dealers, " Retail." 10% 20% 30% 40% DIAGRAMIXX.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of EachJNationalityLGainfuUylOccupied in Professional Service. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries. . . . Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English .... Germany Portugal Russia Nativity and Race Factors. 371 diagram XXI.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied, Printing and Publishing. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% United States Ireland C anada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia ■ I I ')IAGRAM XXII.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed:According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in "Trade Other Persons in." 10% 20% 30% 35% United States Ireland. Canada-French England Italy Other Countries Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia 372 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM XXIII.— occupations. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Transportation. 10% 20% 30% 40% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries .... Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia I DIAGRAM XXIV.— OCCUPATIONS. Distributed According to per cent, of Each Nationality Gainfully Occupied in Industries not Specified. 10% 20% 30% 40%, 45% United States Ireland Canada-French England Italy Other Countries. . . . Scotland and Wales. Sweden Canada-English Germany Portugal Russia Nativity and Race Factors. 373 diagram I.— occupations. Each Class Shown in Per Cent, to Total Wage Earners of the State. 5% 10% 15% 20% 24% Manufacture (textiles) Domestic and personal service Manufacture (baser metals) Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. Building trades Transportation Manufacture (misc. establishments) Agents and salespeople Agricultural pursuits Apparel, workers on articles of Clerical work Jewelry, and gold and silver workers Professional service Merchants or dealers, retail Industries not specified Trade, other persons in Government employees Liquors and beverages Food and kindred products . Apprentices and helpers Lumber and its remanufacture Printing and publishing Hotel and restaurant keepers Bankers and brokers 374 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM 11. Distribution of "Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, byllndustrial Classes. UNITED STATES, Manufacture (textiles) Domestic and personal service Agricultural pursuits Transportation Agents and salespeople Clerical work Professional service , Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) . Building trades Manufacture (baser metals) Jewelry, and gold and silver workers Merchants or dealers, retail , Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. ... Industries not specified Apparel, workers on articles of Government employees Trade, other persons in Food and kindred products Printing and publishing Hotel and restaurant keepers Lumber and its remanufacture Apprentices and helpers Bankers and brokers Liquors and beverages 15% Nativity and Race Factors. 375 DIAGRAM III. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. CANADA-ENGLISH. 5% 10% 15% 20% Domestic and personal service Manufacture (textiles) Building trades • Manufacture (baser metals) Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) Transportation Agents and salespeople Clerical work Apparel, workers on articles of Jewelry, and gold and silver workers Professional service Laborers, excepting garden and nursery Agricultural pursuits Industries not specified Merchants or dealers, retail Trade, other persons in Hotel and restaurant keepers Apprentices and helpers Government employees Lumber and its remanufacture Food and kindred products Printing and publishing Liquors and beverages Bankers and brokers. I 376 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM IV. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. CANADA-FRENCH. 5% 10 Tc IS' 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 31 33 33 34 9. 10. 11. 12. Manufacture (textiles). Building trades. Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. Manufacture (baser metals). Domestic and personal service. Transportation. Apparel, workers on articles of. Agents and salespeople. Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments). Agricultural pursuits. Industries not specified. Professional service. 13. Merchants or dealers, retail. 14. Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. 15. Liquors and beverages. 16. Food and kindred products. 17. Clerical work. 18. Lumber and its remanufacture. 19. Apprentices and helpers. 20. Trade, other persons in. 21. Government employees. 22. Hotel and restaurant keepers 23. Printing and publishing. 24. Bankers and brokers. Nativity and Race Factors. 377 diagram v. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. ENGLAND. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Manufacture (textiles) Manufacture (baser metals) Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . Domestic and personal service. ...... Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . Building trades Agents and salespeople Clerical work Transportation Professional service Laborers, except garden and nursery . Apparel, workers on articles of Merchants or dealers, retail Agricultural pursuits Industries not specified Trade, other persons in Apprentices and helpers Government employeees Printing and publishing Liquors and beverages Hotel and restaurant keepers Food and kindred products Lumber and its remanufacture Bankers and brokers k 378 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM VI. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. GERMANY. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Manufacture (textiles) Domestic and personal service Jewelry, gold and silver workers Manufacture, (misc. establishments) .... Manufacture (baser metals). Apparel, workers on articles of Agents and salespeople Professional service Liquors and beverages Building trades Clerical work Food and kindred products. Merchants or dealers, retail Transportation Agricultural pursuits Industries not specified Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. , Trade, other persons in Lumber and its remanufacture Government employees Apprentices and helpers Hotel and restaurant keepers Printing and publishing Bankers and brokers Nativity and Race Factors. 379 diagram VII. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. IRELAND. 10% 15% 25% Manufacture (textiles) Domestic and personal service Manufacture (baser metals) Laborers, exc. garden and nursery Transportation Agents and salespeople Manufacture (misc. establishments). . . Apparel, workers on articles of Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. . Clerical work Professional service Agricultural pursuits Liquors and beverages Merchants or dealers, retail Government employees Industries not specified Trade, other persons in Apprentices and helpers Food and kindred products Hotel and restaurant keepers Printing and publishing Lumber and its remanuf acture Bankers and brokers 380 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGEAM VIII. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial ITALY. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Manufacture (textiles) Laborers, exc. garden and nursery. . . . Apparel, workers on articles of Agricultural pursuits Domestic and personal service Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . Manufacture (baser metals) Building trades Industries not specified Merchants or dealers, retail ■Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . Government employees Apprentices and helpers Transportation Trade, other persons in Food and kindred products Liquors and beverages Agents and salespeople Professional service Clerical work Hotel and restaurant keepers Lumber and its remanufacture Printing and publishing Bankers and brokers Nativity and Race Factors. 381 diagram IX. Distribution of AVage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. PORTUGAL. 5% 10% 15-; 20^ 25% Agricultural pursuits Laborers, excepting garden and nursery . Transportation Domestic and personal service Apparel, workers on articles of Manufacture (textiles) Manufacture (misc. establishments) Manufacture (baser metals) Industries not specified Building trades Food and kindred products .\gents and salespeople Jewelry, and gold and silver workers ... Liquors and beverages Apprentices and helpers Merchants or dealers, retail Government employees Lumber and its remanufacture Clerical work Trade, other persons in Professional service | Printing and publishing Hotel and restaurant keepers Bankers and brokers 382 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM X. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. RUSSIA. 5% 10% 15% 20% Trade, other persons in Merchants or dealers, retail Apparel, workers on articles of.. . .' Jewelry, and gold and silver workers Agents and salespeople Manufacture (textiles) Manufacture (miscellaneous establishments) .... Manufacture (baser metals) Building trades Transportation . Industries not specified Laborers, excepting garden and nursery Domestic and personal service Professional service Food and kindred products Clerical work Liquors and beverages Lumber and its remanufacture Apprentices and helpers Agricultural pursuits Hotel and restaurant keepers Printing and publishing Government employees i Bankers and brokers Nativity and Race Factors. 383 diagram XI. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. SCOTLAND AND WALES. 5% 10% 15^ 20% 25% 30% Manufacture (textile) Manufacture (baser metals) Manufacture (misc. establishments) . Domestic and personal service Building trades Agents and salespeople Clerical work Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . Professional service Transportation Industries not specified Agricultural pursuits Laborers, exc. garden and nursery . . Apparel, workers on articles of Merchants or dealers, retail Apprentices and helpers Trade, other persons in Food and kindred products •Government employees ." Printing and publishing Hotel and restaurant keepers Lumber and its remanufacture Xiquors and beverages Bankers and brokers 384 Nativity and Race Factors. DIAGRAM XII. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. SWEDEN. 10% IS"; 20% 25% Domestic and personal service Manufacture (baser metals) Manufacture (textiles) Building trades Agricultural pursuits Jewelry, and gold and silver workers. Transportation Manufacture (misc. establishments). . . Laborers, exc. garden and nursery Apparel, workers on articles of Agents and salespeople Clerical work Industries not specified Apprentices and helpers Professional service Lumber and its remanufacture Food and kindred products Merchants or dealers, retail Trade, other persons in Government employees Hotel and restaurant keepers Liquors and beverages Printing and publishing Bankers and brokers Nativity and Race Factors. 385 diagram XIII. Distribution of Wage Earners, Showing Per Cent, to Total Number of Race, by Industrial Classes. OTHER COUNTRIES. 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Manufacture (textiles) Domestic and personal service Manufacture (baser metals) Laborers, except garden and nursery . Apparel, workers on articles of Jewelry, and gold and silver workers . . Merchants or dealers, retail Industries not specified Manufacture (misc. establishments) . . Trade, other persons in Agents and salespeople Transportation ■ Building trades Food and kindred products Professional service Agricultural pursuits Apprentices and helpers Clerical work Lumber and its remanufacture Hotel and restaurant keepers Liquors and beverages Printing and publishing Government employees Bankers and brokers n 386 Nativity and Race Factors. <; • h & n a < X X z Cl< S >< < m K ^ O 12; m fe c t- r^ o n p 1- w" o U3 Id ^ CO OS CO t~ CD CO •^ X ,— 1 (N U *i 00 OJ o CO in CO CO 05 CD o t^ in h- CO 0) fl ■* . 00 » CD 05 OS d in O) C5 05 ■* ■* t^ Q 113 ■* CO t^ in CO CO CO CD X i>» t^ CO Ed S (N ,_4 ~~^ o o> in 05 CO ^ 00 ,^ ■^ CO •* ■* ■* in C^l o Tt< ■* C-1 t- CD X IN « w E u 1— o C-) in q CO •^ (N CO K 3 c^f ■1< K o ^ (N CO t^ "1^ 00 CO CO CD in M< T)- X CO t^ in kH -t-^ 03 t^ ■* OS CO CO O in in o ■* (N to in 00 in CD in ^ CO CO CO ^ ox CO X z ro •* IN !N CO CO CO OI ^^ (M (M (N 00 ,-H ~o6 O (M ■* CO o ,_« •* IN CO CO t^ i- 1 a «D 1^ o X o •<* IN •* t~ X ■E !r. C0_ t^ 00_ CO C5 CO •— * (N 3 » lO oo" ^ ci (N (M 00 "^ ^H tC CO in t- 00 CO O OS .«■ CO M CO O o ■* CO OS t^ OS '*< C3 !^ ^^ CD 00 •— ' oo ^^ '— ^ CO CO q o oo' o co" ,-H co" co' r-^ H CD Tf *"" Tjf c^ CO CO CD •* 05 ■* ^ -«^ o 05 2 00 I^ a> 00 CD t^ X X t^ X , cq 00 ~~oc Tf in CD F^ t~- N c<- Tt a- X 1— ( !0 OS C> in o CO CD m ■* CO O C<3 Tj< in CO in CO •"1 in (N (N IM (N ■* "~oc (N o ■* CD CO ■^ IT o *— (N "3 CO CO c^ o t-- Tt i> CC 2 r^ r~ 00 CO t-- o 00 ■* H (N (N Tt (N ~~Cs co •* c r- oc t^ in ^ cs X 13 ii u; CO 1-- CO C<1 m c^ oc rt 05 CS I^ o cc 00 X ■^ o- X CC ^ .-H t- CO £ H 5 OQ > cS o o 03 13 _g C3 T3 § PQ a X .s C V. Eh E c4 n c _> g d OQ bl c c Q "o (5 c J •< < ' 1 < o O 6 c p. S a: c 'i Nativity and Race Factors. 387 o < Eh a C5 iz; H O IS ;^ O n o Tt 1,0 O CD ^ rt m ^Si CO >o CD O 05 -H rt 00 M -1 - ^ 1 p 3 S ■* 00 ■^OOm-^TttTtHt^TjlTfl^-lTjfMl trf -,J O CO nOOCOCOQOOoS(Nl (u a • Cm 3} CO OS 05iM-HTHrtOrtOCOlO0000I>l>t^cDl m H S SI oc o ocooboooir~oo505iflr- ■»# K CO lO >0 05 c^ OOC0T)CO,-<0Oa5l a 00 CO 115 cr >005-*cDOC005t-lM (M CO u- Oi . . . . a z ■^ ~s c c o-*oco-*-,#t-ocoi «: ^ t> IT o oc C0t>O1 oc" C<1 I> IM ■* ,_, H •* CJ l^ to o; IT ^ X CO (-< -*^ 'J •* ^ -* IM CO z' 0) d ^ (^g o z , t- CO a T— S CO CO Sfe T z t3 3 OJ 1-^ o t^ ,-« o ir cc CO t- O CO X 1 trf ^ cc 00 <>) cc IT t^ t^ IT O ,-H lO ] ^ d Ah g to 2J CC r^ tH (N X O X CO E Q c^ (M ? IM lO c^ N H S , »o (N CO iT. IT ~x 05 C^ O 05 (N 1 o , W 1^ CO t~ ^0 t> (M t^ cc CS c ,-1 W CO to CO cc 1— c- « lO co" o t^ ~c o l-O LO c^ cc p- c c O •,* 05 1 Q H z f^S CO ^ c CO X Tt cc c c c >o CO 00 c l> t> t^ X X t> c c ir N I> '— ,-^ cs lO c 0- M c •,t IT X c •* o 1 B ^ 3 1) ■* tr ^ CT c^ 0- c^ t^ CO O (M 05 "- l> c X CO 1-^ o" IM •^ "^ *" Tjt o 'o ,_4 X CO CD o- t^ X c cc UO ■^ (N o N IM c c <* c t^ t^ t-^ •-'. -* (M ,- ■* o C^l ^f T_ IN T. l>) H CO (N • 00 t^ ~c5 ,— ( CO CO o o- o (N IC l> cc X • S o 00 ^ 00 ,— 1 ■* O! Tf r- in c^ Tj- l> t> "3 c3 U3 K t~-_ 05 t • cc a c3 t K b 1 72 3 2 H IM - > o o < bl 0. 1 r3 _c e- ^ c ffi c •^ ^e u ;. 5 c s > ' J c d <0 O! tJ ' '3 c c a 1 j: _>j b c ^ c a "i < ^ < c c c c i i^ Ah (£ a; c ''S 1 28 388 Nativity and Race Factors. C6 O ^ < t- LOrococoOOOCJOS'- < in CO 1- z kH -^ lO CD rtiOCDCO-HKCOiOOJlMOSOl V 0-1 ) M (N CO 1 , O X M CO ^ CO CC t- • 03 CJ 03 00 "# (M !■ C t; ■* ■* CO CO -^ '- < 03 H « in 1, z <© (D CO l» t) 3 S co" c-f CO ■* ?■» t^ CO >- ■lOCOiOOrfTjilo-^Jll k, ^ 50 O M'-OCOCOMOOOO(M 5D X CO ■* CO M -^ GO C-) r- to rt -H rt w £ ^' ffl t- CO ■* CO M CD 1- c>i in CO o I 5 ci Z^ ^ 7 ^ Tfl co" W CO r-( a lO CO Cd X to 05 coO'^cDOoocooor^iooco h t- -J 00 (N COOOOOOOSOSOSOOOlrHrHO o CD Ah g to w COr-'*05CiONOIMO>T)<000 Q z ■* o t-HCOINC0COMirtTj0'-iOCDC0O'-it^r-0 00 00 rt ^ CO 00 •* t- 1 o ■* c CO lO u- CD 00 I> 1 13 o •* O C3 o 03 03 r- i^ in i^ ! o W c ,• CO CO l>J CD >0 lO w ■* a gS rt_ CO N Fakm 1^ co" r-f Oi o ~~c (M O t^ in lO Ti H C c O c 03 C3 03 T- 1 00 00 ~0C o. CC o in 00 r- C<" CO CD c-j 1 1- UO 00 CO .- 03 03 I- c^ in CD 1 O tM 00_ O Ttl -- t^ o ■* m co" ic co" T- 1^ lO Th CO lO ~0Q CC -* oc 03 O oc ■- cr O C^ IM 1 3 CO ^ c c b a s 2 a c 'o ■t c« 0. E^ M > 'Z CS c o % 1 T3 03 03 S -a T3 c "o _a iH •d H u 03 CS c; > I 0. » CO g S -3 = § P d £ 1 •^ : ,£ « << ^ < O a O o h- M e^ tf a O iS r Nativity and Race Factors. 389 XD a a a K O > LO ^ 10 LO in ^^ ^ 05 CO ^^ ^ CO k. -w C^ 00 to CD in 00 01 05 05 Tf 05 0} (3 CO CO CO CO (N (N (N ca ■* CO t> S 05 00 s "* ^ Tti rt< "*. in ■* t^ to K 3 s 00 ^ ^ t^ 10 r^ ■* co" co' co" co' 00" 00" 0" H iz;-^ to (M IM CO T-H CO ffl •—I W CO '"' o >o >o CO 00 to CD Tf ,_l ■* in in ■* t. .^ o> « CO t- to c< in IM 01 ^ 00 ■* ^ to ,-1 IM ,-i ,-1 Q SI z CO ^ IM CO (N CO ^^ '"' C-l IM (M CO LO ""d~~ t^ ■* ^ "oT to "lo r~ in CO O ■^ t^ CO t^ in 00 CD to to 05 S i-i ^ M CO lO co_ CO ^ 05_ t^ Tf 00 in in 05 co' co" CO" m" (N rH (M im" im" t- 05 "^ ■* 00 "*< t^ t^ to ^H CO t^ t^ CO IM r~ "* (M 05 i-O r- CO c- •* t- 05 ^ -* l> iq CT 00 05 (M CO CO c in CO I> 05 T-4 10" c-f to" oo" 05" •* t> T- r-t TfT H CD CO ^ Tt< CO 10 (M O 00 05 05 05 05 CD ,_l 05 to tH 4.^ t^ t^ l> ^. (M CO t^ CO in to z 0) C o z Ph g 05 00 ,_, Tt< CO CO ~co~ C^l CO C-) >>i Sfe to (M z N p 3 CD 1^ (M 05 t^ t^ t^ -* C^l cc -# ~x (^^ c ,— Tt< Ttt ~~c Tt tc to T|i in M is t^ CO •* ■* OS Tt< Cv t^ CD W CO «_ t^ 00 00 00 cc QC 00 00 t> l> CO CD to. 00 05 Q ~i^H~ ~h^ ~'a. ) 0- ■* to to 1-° 01 CD Tf t^ CD t^ c J C£ CO CO 'f (M CO ■* o 00 CO CO CO CO t^ t- 01 D 00 t^ 05 ■3 ■§ CO CO lO tD_ t^_ C0_ CO 'g co" to" co" co" i> 05- (m" ^ ^ 1? t-- ^ H IM ■* Oa Tt< CO ■* rti ^ fa (M £1 H o ^ 2 H fa 1^ of 1 o t— 1 T^ to to .— ( ,-H -t 1^ CO o o o ,_( t- *^ '-J LO >c (M to o LO n n OS o in CO o ^ 1 M CO rH (M o o o ^ to r~ (^ to CO o m d t~ to CO 00 00 t^ t^ I~ X X X i- X X w o S Tl< -■ rH "O l>l iq t^ I^_ X CO to •* CO CO 3 lO CO t^ '^ o o M CM t- o o O ■* o o (N ^ to cm" in in CM Tt< c-l CO c^ o IM "T^ C-1 ^ ,— , ,-H •o X in CO ■* Tf cS 00 1— 1 •o OS CM c X ■* CM ClHg to CO o c ■* cc X CM o c t>- OS •* m o Q K (N IN (N ■* '^ IM CO c^ rf m co m CO , to (N OS ,— OS CM o m CM CO w CO § to 03 OS CO CM X a « fa ""* oc C<1 "^ OS o o t-. IT -* c C to to 0) c ^ o c Tt t^ 5C cc t> t- c tc X d Z f^ g u: 03 c CO c- o- tc CM o- c c OS CO t^ I> « lO ir tc tc l> IT in tc CO to , c CM "~^ cc ^ tc u- er tc c m ■* is t> O) t> '^ oc ■^ ■^ Tt in CM o o Tt< e^ 1-^ ■* CO oc ■* ~Ir CO c^ tc CO Tj t- c^ tc X X "3 I> 03 Tt p- tc oc c t^ tc CO CO IT CO r- Ol cr •— o IT ■* H - ig s OC to "~o IC s- t- ■<* OC c ,_ to CQ m 03 Lt CO o h- ^ oc oc a X in c X t- c3 'S := Tt IC o. OC t- c< o o p- I> c t> t^ Tot Privi Fami! c ■* o ^ 'C c: c o ta a 1 -3 't 4 ^ PC ^ ct •a ;- c- c _> c a a CQ a 1 -r c c 4 X _K ty D a c a £ "c t < P < C c C c ii p. fS cc C S 1 Nativity and Race Factors. 391 O C3 t^ ?D ^3 05 cc Tfi r- - a- 0- Tt o , z b ^ lO X ^ '-'' ^ — c^ 05 O C^ CO cs M M ^ 0- c^ c^ c i> C> 'J* c^ M CO CSI ;o o ~lf ^ I-- 03 r^ CO O X Ttf r- o- -* lO X) CO o ^: CO ■- 03 ■* X I> cs) t> o z. §5 1^ 05 -^ CO CO X -H & Til r-T 1 o> o> X CD LO O O lO C^ lO o- ■^ CSI CQ i. -J 03 05 o ■* 00 o 05 (^ >- c a rt c o 03 rt l-T W O O O lO oc cc r- X cc CO o ^ p 2 « O X X X CD cc cc X X X t- t^ t- t^ ~p X c t~~ r- cc ^ 1— w »o CO CO Tt (> CT c 0- c CO cc in o o W S t^ s X "* s IT C Tt o- i> o t> °i K 3 O 1^ c* 05 IM T_ ir C c \ cc ■<* ,_ cq •* t- t-H ' .« ro ^ OJ ^ IT" o ~ic ,_ !N Tf ^- '^ X 1> ^ X C ^ -i^ Tf c C X X Ol !> t^ O (M X tS r^ c CD CO Q z s CO "" '~ CO (N CO ? eq CSI cc rt (M CO •* IC X t-- Tt 0- TJH i_i Ss «c X s Tt r- a rt a CC t^ CO Cs lO o tc X DC C^ t^ c CQ ir T CO CD CD 1- CO IT Tt o u; c^ C I^ "Id ,- c ■* o- X c<- C Tf o- l-O rH ^ M CO r^ CO Cs X CT t- c CC l> c3 CD l^ X c '^ IT 05 1^1- CO ■* lO O O x' (N c^ cc IT rt a 'Jl CN c- IC Csl N H t^ CO ^ c ir Oi "";: IT lO ■* CO X cc 05 t-, -4-3 IT o - CD CO •- X C cs CO X 1 cc LO ■^ t~ lO lO t> o c cc OS CO 1 fe oj a 05 ■ c5 PhS IT CO i> X CD .^ - X c -H If 0- X CO 1 S) X X oc t^ X ' X t> X X l> t^ I> 1 z O , o- >o ~5 c » O (N ■* C > O cs c -* o 1 oc CO X N. l^ CO t> ■ CSI C X ^ -H lO CO c^ CO X Tt< Tt* Cs .-1 ■ CD '"' c^ ■* Tji ~5q C Tot; Priv Fami t^ t~^ CO IM cc l> IC O Tl CS c^ ir o of 2 X Ttl a z ^ < a ^ S o 6 ^ ^ bo as g 5 « s g > s s a- t4 cS a 3 n _d d 3 3 ■fe C i ■l c 3 a M — ' ^ > *t c3 o o SO 1 9 t3 .2 cS s Ol m C T _0 C o -73 •s b3 s a > "o = i < t3 < o 6 u O *- C. p^ c» 8 s 1 392 Nativity and Race Factors. o O ►J o >< w OJ (« n »0 o 02 05 a IS > ->i H .^ . ,-H S fc X c t^ 2 ^ 1.0 -^ 0- o t^ C^l 05 O) CO -i" 01 -* -f CO 0> 05 CO o oc (T. c o- cc a oc 00 C^l Tf T}« 00 -t 05 CO in X X f r»< 05 Ol 05 lO uj cr t^ --• ^ «: T— O! 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(N 1 Nativity and Race Factors. 405 < Pi Q O z l-t o w X X X lO Z C55 ^ — — CO o CO c^i CO oi CO ° 2 £3 t ^' ^ 1^' 'o ="' "*' -" CO lo 00 t- c t- t^ "-^ 05 O O M CO t^ t~ 05 rt o O ^ X ■* CO O) o t^ ,-1 r-H CO CO CO (M rH o ?•) ■^ l-H (N T^ -^ lO CO (N t^ 00 00 -: CO CO » 00 lO CO lO X CO o CO O --1 05 • -< O O Ol ^ 00 ^ o a CO -* Tf ^ C-l IM -# -H Tt< CO 1 s 00 IM ^ O lO rt o> !M _l CO 05 -* ^ ^ o CO CO -* CO 05 oc X o I> o ^ CO c CO CO (M c 1 1 s t^ CO CO ■00 CO 00 CO CO or, rr> 05 CO m ^ uo o o CO ^ t^ o O -* t> X o o CO X t^ Cl CO CO ^^ IC ^ 1 1 s t^ t^ 00 CO c tH r^ I^ ^ o o (M ^^ ^ X ■^ ■" CO 00 05 o CC Cl •<1< 05 iO ^ CO lO X 1 ^ CO CO ^ ■* IM 00 CO rt 00 (M lO t^ X »o 03 05 ^ 0- iM ,"3J;;^2S2S£:'5£:''''°«5<^o5^(NiooiOi-ioococoo «5«3^®00300 0a5^l>lO(Mt>(M^05oSxcDCOXCO 'S' M O CO CO O Cl -H X !M CO ^ CO CO -H (m' CO ' •-i Od' M ■« fl j^ n 3 O X c cS p ,5 - .. 3 D c -g ^ gi 3 S^ 3 T) |H _c 03 C .ii 2 .: ■^ -^ "3 .s i3 o 3 '-2 ^ ^-2 1 d ■ — ^ -^ R m QJ .3 Cj CC TO 2 -d M § ^ . - "^ ^! "d "^ « " « s s ^ o o o Q fa O K o ^ >^ hJ hJ J ^ -9 s % - u. " O O 5 ^ 3 i I 5 ^- I 3 .2 M o S -2 S S PL, Ph H H £ 406 Nativity and Race Factors. H Z O o ffi o P 2 Z 00 ^ o h Z M Pi X H O Z ? o X w X h-5 ■* -f _l CI CO CD CO CO ,_, X _< CD _ OS X -2 ^) CO • C-l — O O CO -Ji • C) -^ CD O • 05 O -^ • "3 -* • ' o ' ' ' ■ t^ a 00 fe — it^-H^ONrHCOfNiMuoc^ioiocOMlOOO-* • -^ t^ •* X !-! 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P ffi q IK 3 '3 to a a z c d I ' 't. 2 I t -Til II g^ g Is ^ staurant keej gold and silv cepting gard its remanufa , baser metal , miscellaneo !3 I c c .a ^l CC 'c 1 \ i 3 ■> Agents and f Agricultural Apparel, woi Apprentices Bankers and Building tra( Clerical worl Domestic an Food and kii Government Hotel and re Jewelry and Laborers, ex Liquors and Lumber and Manufacture Manufacture Manufacture Merchants oi Professional Printing and Trade, other Transportati Industries, n ^(NCO-^OlOt^OOOSO^C^COTjHiCcCt^OOOSO-HIMcOTjf j 1 •- "I ,- H F- ,— ( ,— r- H CI c 1 CI c 1 c i 1 408 Nativity and Race Factors Table LXXXIII. — Wage Earners by Industrial Classes, and by Place OF Birth of Father. Industrial Class. 1 Agents and salespeople 2 Agricultural pursuits 3 Apparel, workers on articles of 4 Apprentices and helpers 5 Bankers and brokers 6 Building trades 7 Clerical work 8 Domestic and personal service 9 Food and kindred products 10 Government employees 11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. . . . 14 Liquors and beverages 15 Lumber and its reman ufacture 16 Manufacture, baser metals 17 Manufacture, miscellaneous establishments. 18 Manufacture, textiles 19 Merchants or dealers, retail 20 Professional service 21 Printing and publishing 22 Trade, other persons in 23 Transportation 24 Industries not specified 257 738 809 101 621 840 742 712 710 332 378 404 483 424 ,423 ,850 380 424 ,862 256 ,390 559 840 ,503 5,298 6,299 2,199 486 490 4,300 5,084 7,992 1,166 1,560 603 2,978 2,513 284 506 4,004 4,502 8,463 2,621 5,024 707 1,266 5,331 2,499 283 132i 242 57 9 466 266 825 44 54 71 215 180 31 48 446 319 760 106 207 38 96 314 127 Total ! 224,038 76,175 5,336 Nativity and Race Factors. 409 Table LXXXIII. — Wage Eakners by Industrial Classes, and by Place OF Birth op Father. — Concluded. H O CO 961 429 511 259 32 1,000 857 1,224 129 221 132 1.099 571 141 120 2,272 1,307 8,076 492 623 165 318 663 393 21,995 245 138 285 50 5 179 178 559 157 61 40 452 117 200 64 323 367 1,113 153 201 33 70 151 137 2,333 1,115 2,209 452 31 2,206 1,452 6,384 296 881 293 1,956 3,033 1,100 207 3,856 2,251 11,674 899 1,206 256 582 2,801 761 5,278i 48,234 121 660 865 216 6 335 46 651 180 226 20 230 2,803 178 14 338 523 3,870 247 109 11 182 185 260 12,276 51 807 280 25 118 15 363 68 24 3 3 637 27 20 176 186 214 24 10 4 11 606 124 3,830 237 12 32 12 77 50 66 53 4 11 269 69 41 15 92 126 169 383 53 9 475 72 71 2,693 318 166 155 79 3 337 247 466 76 67 32 196 161 20 25 560 534 1,544 151 190 43 78 180 178 130 279 184 96 516 125 1,247 46 34 29 263 202 17 70 863 231 619 46 74 14 45 248 100 5,478 253 144 493 126 9 176 102 762 172 40 65 378 499 54 75 515 267 3,243 342 157 49 261 177 298 8,657 410 Nativity and Race Factors. Table LXXXIV. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in Each Race to the Total of all Races' in each Industrial Class. Industrial Class. 1 Agents and salespeople 2 Agricultural pursuits 3 Apparel, workers on articles of 4 Apprentices and helpers 5 Bankers and brokers 6 Building trades 7 Clerical work 8 Domestic and personal service 9 Food and kindred products 10 Government employees 11 Hotel and restaurant keepers 12 Jewelry, and gold and silver workers 13 Laborers, excepting garden and nursery. . . 14 Liquors and beverages 15 Lumber and its remanufacture 16 Manufacture, baser metals 17 Manufacture, miscellaneous establishments 18 Manufacture, textiles 19 Merchants or dealers, retail 20 Professional service 21 Printing and publishing 22 Trade, other persons in 23 Transportation 24 Industries not specified 100.00 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 47.06 58.66 24.96 23.13 78.90 36.32 58.16 36.81 43.03 46.82 43.76 35.43 20.13 11.71 35.56 26.96 39.56 15.84 44.71 60.85 50.86 35.57 45.03 45.41 2.51 1.23 2.75 2.71 1.45 3.93 3.04 3.80 1.62 1.62 5.15 2.56 1.44 1.28 3.37 3.00 2.80 1.42 1.81 2.51 2.73 2.70 2.65 2.31 as a .12 9.19 12.02 11.57 5.80 17.99 3.66 5.40 11.92 4.80 5.73 3.94 13.60 13.66 18.20 9.46 6.74 25.61 6.79 4.87 4.39 4.92 9.39 10.09 Nativity and Race Factors. 411 Table LXXXIV. — Per Cent, of Wage Earners in each Race to the Total of all Races in each Industrial Class. — Concluded. 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Marriei Widow Divorc Unkno 1 51111 >H a c3 ^ .r, n 1 l^g^Q t) 1 1 ^ :2; &. c 1 MAR W7 I91S LE D'll SOME NATIVITY AND RACE FACTORS RHODE ISLAND CAROL ARONOVICI, Reprint from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Industrial Statistics of Rhode Island for 1909. rROVIDENCE: K. L. FREKMAN COMPANY, STATK PRINTERS, 1 ! ,