!liii!lJi!l!!|!i!1ii!|iliiii!li!ii!|il!l!!!i!ili!iiiii 1 II ill {iiilililililflihitliiiiitilll m nijiljili!i!|j!l!liiiili!!iii!il 1! tir i 1 I d\ fifl^ innt iiinit mi W^I'T.LIAM ALLE i T ^ ! ! 11 r : 11, . i i ,i 4 Book - PRESENTED BY" \ The Book of the SonS •h of the Revolution in Indiana Edited dy William allen wood *• -' » ' Number Two PUBLISHED BY The Society OF Sons of the 1903 Revolution IN Indiana iitmi 1 q3 pubUcatton Committee John T. Barnett David M. Parry William Line Elder Leslie D. Clancy William Allen Wood P. Author. |F'04 (yiCKNOWLEDGMENT and Thanks are ^/X ^^^ io Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University, and The Century Company for permission to reprint the essay, ''Eamily Stocks in a Democracy ;'' to Cyrtis Townsend Brady and Mc dure, Phillips ajtd Company for permission to reprint the article, " George Rogers Clark and the Great Northwest;'' to E. f. Edwards a?id The Frank A, Munsey Company for permission to reprint the article, *' The Harrison Family/' to I. S. Bradley, of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, for assist- ance in preparing the bibliography of George Rogers Clark; to Holdridge O. Collins for preparing the historical sketch of the General Society of Sons of the Revolutio7t ; and to the Mermod and Jaccard Jewelry Company, St. Louis, for the photograph of the medal used in essay contests. THE EDITOR. Family Stocks in a Democracy N an address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard Uni- versity two years ago, I endeav- ored to show, among other things, that democratic government, as dis- tinguished from aristocratic or auto- cratic government, has no quarrel, as has been alleged, with the bio- logical law of hereditary transmis- sion ; that families can be made just as enduring in a dem- ocratic as in an oligarchic state ; and that the highest types of manners in men and women are produced abundantly on democratic soil. I maintained that the social mobility of a democracy, which permits the excel- lent and well-endowed of either sex to rise unimpeded from lower to higher levels, and to seek each other out, and which gives every advantageous variation in a family stock free opportunity to develop, is immeasurably more beneficial to a nation than any selective in-breeding, founded on class distinctions, that has ever been devised. I pointed out that democracy promotes the transmission and development of inheritable virtues and powers, al- though it does not add to the natural sanctions of the law of heredity an unnecessary bounty of privileges conferred by law, and, indeed, abolishes the legal transmission of artificial privileges. On that occasion I had no time to do more than to mention some of the means of perpetu- ating good family stocks in a democracy. It seems to me, however, that the principal means of preserving use- 7 8 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana ful families in democratic society ought to be fully dis- cussed ; because the family, rather than the individual, is the important social unit ; because the perpetuation of sound families is of the highest social interest ; and be- cause the democratic form of government is that form which in a few years, or a few generations, will prevail all over the civilized world. To that discussion I venture to contribute the following considerations. It must be observed, in the first place, that the social freedom and mobility which permit every superior person to rise to his appropriate level in democratic society would be doubtful advantages, if for every person or family which should rise another should sink. If society as a whole is to gain by mobility and openness of struc- ture, those who rise must stay up in successive genera- tions, that the higher levels of society may be constantly enlarged, and that the proportion of pure, gentle, mag- nanimous, and refined persons may be steadily increased. New-risen talent should re-inforce the upper ranks. New families rising to eminent station should be additions to those which already hold high place in the regard of their neighbors, and should not be merely substitutes for de- caying families. In feudal society, when a man had once risen to high rank, there were systematic arrangements, like primogeniture and entailed estates, for keeping his posterity in the same social order. A democratic society sanctions no such arrangements, and does not need them ; yet for the interests of the state, the assured per- manence of superior families is quite as important as the free starting of such families. Before going further, I ought to explain what I mean by good, or superior, family stocks. I certainly do not mean merely rich families. Some rich families are physic- ally and morally superior; others are not. Obviously, in our country sudden and inordinate wealth makes it not easier, but harder, to bring up a family well. Neither do I have sole reference to professional or other softhanded people who live in cities. On the contrary, such persons often lack the physical vigor which is essential to a good family stock. I have in mind sturdy, hard-working, ca- Family Stocks in a Democracy 9 pable, and trustworthy people, who are generally in com- fortable circumstances simply because their qualities are those which command reasonable material, as well as moral, success. I have in mind, for instance, a family whose mem- bers have multiplied and thriven in one New England vil- lage for one hundred and thirty years, always industrious, well-to-do, and respected, but never rich or highly edu- cated, working with their hands, holding town and county offices, leading in village enterprises, independent, upright, and robust. I have in mind the thousand family stocks which are represented by graduates, at intervals, for one hundred years or more, on the catalogues of Harvard and Yale Colleges — families in which comfort, education, and good character have been transmitted, if riches or high place have not. The men of a good family stock may be farmers, mechanics, professional men, merchants, or that sort of men of leisure who work hard for the public. But while I give this broad meaning to the term "good family stocks," I hold that one kind of family ought especially to be multiplied and perpetuated, namely, the family in which gentle manners, cultivated tastes, and honorable sentiments are hereditary. Democracy must show that it can not only ameliorate the average lot, but also produce, as the generations pass, a larger proportion of highly cultivated people than any other form of government. What, then, are the means of perpetuating good family stocks in a democracy? The first is country life. In this regard, democracies have much to learn from those European aristocracies which have proved to be durable. All the vigorous aristocracies of past centuries lived in the country a large part of the year. The men were soldiers and sportsmen, for the most part, and lived on detached estates sparsely peopled by an agricultural and martial tenantry. They were oftener in camp than in the town or the city. Their women lived in castles, halls, or chateaux in the open country almost the whole year, and their children were born and brought up there. The aristocratic and noble families of modern Europe still have their principal seats in the country, and go to town for a few months of the year. These customs maintain lo The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana vigor of the body and equability of mind. It is not neces- sary, however, to go to Europe to find illustrations of modes of life favorable to the healthy development and preservation of superior families. In the last century, and in the early part of this century, the country minister and the country lawyer in New England were often founders, or members by descent, of large and vigorous family stocks, in which well-being and well-doing were securely transmitted. Their lives were tranquil, simple, not too laborious, and sufficiently intellectual ; and their occupa- tions took them much out of doors. They had a recog- nized leadership in the village communities where they made their homes, and also in the commonwealth at large. They took thought for education in general, and for the recruiting of their own professions ; and they had a steadying and uplifting sense of responsibility for social order and progress, and for state righteousness. In many cases they transmitted their professions in their own fami- lies. So excellent were these combined conditions for bringing up robust and capable families, that to-day a large proportion of New England families of conspicuous merit are descended on one side or the other from a minister or a lawyer. In American society of to-day the conditions of pro- fessional and business life are ordinarily unfavorable to the establishment of families in the country. The great industries are carried on at centers of dense population ; trade is concentrated in large towns and cities ; lawyers, journalists, and artists of every degree, medical special- ists, architects, and consulting engineers, must all spend their days in cities. The well-educated country minister and country lawyer have almost disappeared. Population tends more and more to concentrate in dense masses. In a few of our older States, from fifty to seventy-five per cent, of the whole population live in groups or assem- blages numbering eight thousand persons or more. City life is changeful, noisy, exciting, and hurrying ; country life is monotonous, leisurely, and calm. For young children particularly, the necessary conditions of dense populations are unfavorable. How great the differ- Family Stocks in a Democracy 1 1 ence is between an urban and a rural population in the average age of all who die, may be conveniently illustrated from the registration reports of Massachusetts, which have now been published for forty-seven years, and are believed to be reasonably accurate. In the thirty years from 1850 to 1880, the average age of all the persons who died in Suffolk County, an urban county on the sea- board, was 23^ years; the corresponding age in Barn- stable, a rural county on the same seaboard, was 37; in Franklin, an inland rural county, it was 385^; while in the island county of Nantucket it was very nearly double the average age at death in Suffolk, namely, 46.15. The same reports show that the annual death-rate is uniformly higher in the densely populated counties than in the sparsely populated ones. Other causes besides density of population contribute to produce these striking results ; but the main fact remains that a family which lives in the country has a better chance of continuance than one which lives in the city. Moreover, if we study the family histories of the actual leaders, for the time being, in busi- ness and the professions in any American city, we shall usually find that a very large proportion of them were country-bred. The country breeding gives a vigor and an endurance which in the long run outweigh all city ad- vantages, and enable the well-endowed country boys to outstrip their city-bred competitors. A very practical question, then, is how to resist, in the interest of the family, the tendency to live in cities and in large towns. For families in easy circumstances there is no better way than that which European experience has proved to be good namely, the possession of two houses, one in the country and the other in the city, the first to be occupied for the larger part of the year. But this method is costly, and involves a good many things not noticed at first sight. Thus, for example, it involves the employment of governesses and tutors for children under fifteen years of age, and the use of country boarding- schools to some extent for older children. It involves, also, the exercise of hospitality on a large scale, in order to secure social variety in the country house. It needs, 1 2 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana too, good postal facilities, circulating libraries, fair roads, and some smooth, sheltered footpaths. During the past thirty years there has been in the Eastern States a great increase in the number of families using two houses, and the tendency in such families has been to spend a longer and longer time in the country or by the seaside. Col- leges, academies, and private schools have arranged their terms and vacations to meet this growing practice ; that is, they have a summer vacation of from three to four months. Teachers of music and the fine arts in the cities have no lessons to give from the first of June to the first of October. A laro^e number of students in Harvard College get engagements to teach for the sum- mer in families, or groups of families, which are living in the mountains, in the open country, or by the sea. College undergraduates used to teach country district schools for twelve weeks in the winter ; they now teach in families, or at summer resorts, for twelve weeks in the summer. These facts, and many others which might be cited, indi- cate a wholesome change in the habits of well-to-do fami- lies, in favor of country life. The next change for the better to be noticed is the adoption of suburban life by great numbers of families, both poor and well-to-do, the heads of which must do their daily work in cities. Recent improvements in steam and electric railway transportation make it easy for a family man, whose work is in the city from eight or nine o'clock to five or six o'clock, to live fifteen or even twenty miles from his office or shop. The chances are strong that the death-rate in an open-built suburb, provided with good water and good sewers, will be decidedly lower than in the city; indeed, that it will not be more than from one- half to three-quarters of the city death-rate. In the sub- urb are better air, more sun, and a more tranquil life. This method obtains more and more in the Atlantic States north of the Potomac, in England, and in Australia. The advantages of suburban residence may, however, be almost neutralized for the men, if the daily travel to and fro is made wearisome, annoying, or unwholesome. It is always to be wished that the ride home from shop or Family Stocks in a Democracy i 3 office should be a refreshment instead of an added labor. In many American cities the means of communication be- tween the business quarters and the suburban residence quarters are so thoroughly bad that for the men it is a positive hardship to live in the suburbs. It is said that in some of the new cities of Australia, parks have been laid out between the business and the residence quarters, so that the daily rides between the two districts may always be agreeable. A third mode of combating the ill effects of density of population, and of giving city families some of the advan- tages of country life, is by increasing in cities the provi- sion of public squares, gardens, boulevards, and public parks. The city open square or garden is one thing, and the city park quite another ; the former being properly an open-air sitting-room or nursery for the neighboring people, the second being a large piece of open country brought into the city. Both are needful in much larger number and area than it has been the custom to provide in American cities. It is important also to cultivate among our people the habit of using all the squares and parks they have, for Americans are very far behind Euro- peans in the intelligent use of such reservations. To this end the foreign custom of half-holidays in the various trades is an excellent one, particulary if the half-holidays are taken on Wednesdays or Saturdays, when there are half-holidays in the public schools. To promote healthy family enjoyments among laboring people, ten hours' labor a day with a half-holiday once a week, is a much better industrial arrangement than nine hours' labor every day in the week. An important advantage which country life has over city life is that it requires, permits, or encourages out-of- door occupations for men, women, and children. The farmer and his boys habitually work in the open air ; the mill-hand, clerk, machinist, teacher, lawyer, and minister work indoors, often in positively bad air. To offset the evil effects of indoor occupations, every city family which aspires to vigor and permanence should assiduously seek fresh air and out-of door pleasures or occupations. All 14 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana children in well-to-do families should be taught to walk long distances, to swim and to row, and to ride on horse- back. Girls need these accomplishments as much as boys. In this matter, also, democratic society must learn from aristocratic. Rich people used always to be great landowners ; now, unfortunately, people may be rich and yet own nothing but stocks and bonds — not even one house. European nobilities were always an agricultural class, loving good land and good crops, rejoicing in horses, dogs, and cattle, and delighting in hunting, fish- ing, shooting, racing, and all other forms of open-air sport. Men, women, and children rode on horseback habitually, and took long journeys in that wholesome way. Their castles and halls were so open to the air and so little warmed, that even their indoor life was not so enervating as ours. If modern democratic families are to be perpetuated like ancient aristocratic families, they must live as robust and healthy lives. If the family occupations are not manual, the boys should learn to use some tools — the gardener's, carpenter's, turner's, black- smith's, machinist's, founder's, or plumber's — and the girls should learn to cut out, sew, knit, and cook ; and whether the family occupations are manual or not, out-of- door life should be cultivated to the utmost. Americans have not the skill of Europeans in availing themselves of every chance to eat or work in the open air, under the shelter of a tree or of a vineclad arbor. Neither the poorer sort nor the richer possesses the skill, or feels an irrepressible desire for such opportunities. One often sees, in the suburbs of our cities, large and costly houses placed in lots so small that the owners and their families have hardly more room for out-of-door pleasures than they would have in a city block. Many a rich Amer- ican, who occupies without any scruple a house worth $100,000, will hesitate to keep open, for the use of his family and for the indirect advantage of his neighbors, an acre of suburban land worth only $50,000. The Germans, in their native country, excel in the out-of-door habit. Every restaurant and beer-garden must have some space out of doors, however small, for the use of its patrons in Family Stocks in a Democracy 15 the warmer half of the year. Every school takes care of the natural-history rambles of its pupils. In the long va- cation, walking journeys for the boys are arranged and conducted by the teachers. Families devote a part of every Sunday in good weather to some open-air excur- sion. In some of the smaller manufacturing towns of Germany, on a pleasant half-holiday, it seems as if the whole population had deserted the houses, and had taken to the open air in the streets, squares, and gardens. It is extraordinary how little provision has been made in most American towns and cities for the out-of-door en- joyments of the population. Even when public squares and gardens have been reserved or purchased, they are often left in an unkempt condition and without proper police protection, and are not provided with seats, shelters from sun and wind, sand-heaps for little children, gym- nastic apparatus for older boys and girls,' and open-air restaurants at which simple refreshments may be obtained. As compared with European governments, American democratic government seems to take no thought what- ever for the healthful enjoyments of an urban population. I venture to state next the proposition, that a perma- nent family should have a permanent dwelling-place, domicile, or home town. In older societies this has al- ways been the case. Indeed, a place often lent its name to a family. In American society the identification of a family with a place is comparatively rare. In American cities and large towns there are as yet no such things as permanent family houses. Even in the oldest cities of the East, hardly any family lives in a single house through the whole of one generation, and two successive genera- tions are rarely born in the same house. Rapid changes of residence are the rule for almost everybody, so that a city directory which is more than one year old is untrust- worthy for home addresses. The quick growth of the chief American cities, and the conversion of residence quarters into business quarters, partly account for the no- madic habits of their inhabitants ; but the inevitable loss of social dignity and repose, and the diminution of local pride and public spirit, are just as grievous as if there 1 6 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana were no such physical causes for the restlessness of the population. The human mind can scarcely attribute dig- nity and social consideration to a family which lives in a hotel, or which moves into a new fiat every first of May. In the country, however, things are much better. In the older States there are many families which have in- habited the same town for several generations, a few which have inhabited the same house for three genera- tions, and many farms that have been in the same family for several generations; and in more and more cases, prosperous men who have made money in business or by their professions, return to the places where their ancestors lived, and repossess themselves of ancestral farms which had passed into other hands. In the country it is quite possible, under a democratic form of govern- ment, that a permanent family should have a permanent dwelling ; and in any village or rural town such a family dwelling is always an object of interest and satisfaction. To procure, keep, and transmit such a homestead is a laudable family ambition. It can be accomplished where- ever testamentary dispositions are free, and the object in view is considered a reasonable and desirable one. It must be confessed, however, that very few country houses in the United States have thus far been built to last. We build cheap, fragile, and combustible dwellings, which, as a rule, are hardly more durable than the paper houses of the Japanese. Nevertheless, our families might at least do as well as the Japanese families, which are said to live a thousand or fifteen hundred years on the same spot, although in a series of slight houses. The next means of promoting family permanence is the transmission of a family business or occupation from father to sons. In all old countries this inheritance of a trade, shop, or profession is a matter of course ; but in our new society, planted on a fresh continent, it has not been necessary thus far for every family to avail itself, in the struggle for a good living, of the advantage which inherited aptitude gives. But as population grows denser and competition for advantageous occupations grows more strenuous, and as industries become more refined Family Stocks in a Democracy 17 and more subdivided, the same forces which have pro- duced the transmission of occupations in famiHes in Eu- rope and Asia will produce it here. The children of the ribbon-weaver can learn to weave ribbons quicker and better than any other children ; the son of a physician has a better chance than the son of a tanner to learn the art of medicine, and besides, he may possess an inherited faculty for medical observation ; the son of a lawyer can be quietly inducted into his father's business with great advantage to both father and son. In all such cases, suc- cess depends on the hearty co-operation of the children, who may be impelled to work either by ambition and by an inherited disposition, or by the healthy stimulus of im- pending want. Under right conditions, a transmitted business tends to make a sound family more secure and permanent, and a permanent family tends to hold and perfect a valuable business. This principle, which is securely founded on biological law, applies best in the trades and professions, in ordinary commerce, and in the industries which do not require immense capitals ; but in Europe many vast industries and many great financial and mercantile concerns are family properties, and there is in our own country already a distinct tendency to this family management of large businesses, as being more economical and vigilant than corporate management, and more discerning and prompt in selecting and advancing capable men of all grades. The principle seems fre- quently to fail in this country in regard to the sons of uneducated men who have become very rich through some peculiar skill or capacity of their own which is not transmissible, or at least is not transmitted. The difficulty seems to be that the sons feel no sense of responsibility for their privileges and no inducement to work. Brought up to do nothing, they sink into the life of mere idlers, and are dispossessed by hard-working and ambitious men of the very business which the fathers created, and would gladly have had their sons inherit. The most important of all aids in perpetuating sound family stocks is education. Whatever level of education a family has reached in one generation, that level at least 1 8 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana should be attained by the succeeding generation. It is a bad sign of family continuance if a farmer, who was himself sent away from home to a country academy for two or three terms, does not give his son the same or a corresponding opportunity. It is a bad sign if a clerk in the city, who himself went through the high school, is content that his son should stop at the grammar school. It is a bad sign if a professional man, whose father sent him to college, can not do as much for his son. Diminu- tion of educational privileges in a family generally means either decline in material prosperity or loss of perception of mental and spiritual values. The latter loss is a deal worse than loss of property in its effect on family perma- nence ; for low intellectual and moral standards are fatal to family worth, whereas countless excellent families meet with reverses in business, suffer losses by flood or fire, or confide in untrustworthy persons, and yet survive with all their inherent mental and spiritual excellences. In a righteous democracy the qualities which make a family permanent are purity, integrity, common sense, and well- directed ambition. Neither plain living nor rich living is essential, but high-thinking is. Now, the ultimate object of education, whether elementary, secondary, or higher, is to develop high thinking. What, for example, is the prime object of teaching a child to read ? Is it that he may be able to read a way bill, a promissory note, or an invoice ? Is it that he may be better able to earn his liv- ing? No! These are merely incidental and compara- tively insignificant advantages. The prime object is to expand his intelligence, to enrich his imagination, to in- troduce him to all the best human types both of the past and of the present, to give him the key to all knowledge, to fill him with wonder and awe, and to in- spire him with hope and love. Nothing less than this is the object of learning to read ; nothing better or more vital than this is the object of the most prolonged and elaborate education. The improvement of the human being in all his higher attributes and powers is the true end ; other advantages are reaped on the way, but the essential gain is a purified, elevated, and expanded mind. Family Stocks in a Democracy 19 We often hear it said that high-school graduates have learned too much, or have been trained out of their sphere, — whatever that may mean, — and that colleges do not produce the captains of industry. Such criticisms fly very wide of their mark. They do not conform to the facts, and they betray in those who make them a funda- mental misconception of the ultimate object of all educa- tion. The object of education and of family life is not to promote industry and trade ; rather the supreme object of all industry and trade is to promote education and the normal domestic joys. We should not live to work, but work to live — live in the home affections, in the knowledge and love of nature, in the delights of reading and contempla- tion, in the search for truth, and in the worship of the beautiful and good. In urging this view of the object of education, I have presented the only argument needed to convince a fair-minded man that the family which would last must look to the education of its children. A few words ought to be said on wise marriage, for that wisdom is of as much consequence to family perma- nence in a democracy as in any other state of society. In the first place, reasonably early marriages are desir- able, from the point of view of family permanence, be- cause they give better promise of children, and because the children of an early marriage will be sooner ready to aid the parents or the surviving parent. A farmer who marries at twenty-two may have helpful children by the time he is thirty-five. A professional man, or a mechanic, who marries at twenty- four, may have a son ready to take up his business by the time the father is fifty ; whereas, if he delays marriage until he is thirty-four, he can not have his son for a partner until he is himself approaching sixty. It is a bad sign that among rich and well-to-do Americans marriage begins to be unduly postponed ; but this evil is a limited one, because it affects only a very small proportion of the population, and often works its own cure by extinguishing the families which persistently practise it. Secondly, free selection of mates, under the guidance of mutual affinities and repulsions, is the dem- ocratic method in marriage ; and biological science indi- 20 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana cates that this is probably the best possible way of pro- ducing and maintaining a vigorous race. Selective in- breeding, such as has been attempted in noble families in Europe, has not succeeded ; selection superintended by elders, as in France, certainly works no better than free selection ; and marriage by commercial arrangement, or by purchase more or less disguised, whether of the woman by the man or of the man by the woman, is cer- tainly not conducive either to family happiness or to family permanence in our day, whatever it may have been in patriarchal or matriarchal times. Every principle of poHtical and social freedom tends to confirm and to es- tablish the practice of unrestricted freedom of selection in marriage ; so that we may well believe that American practices in this regard will ultimately become universal. With a view to family permanence and to continuous im- provement, there are two directions in which the common American marriage practices might be improved. In the first place, among attractions for either sex, physical strength and constitutional vigor and promise should count for more than they generally do ; and among re- pulsions, constitutional weakness or delicacy and bad bodily inheritances should also count for more. Secondly, engagements to marry should not be made until the edu- cation of both parties has been completed, and their tastes and capacities have become tolerably well defined. Many ill-assorted marriages result from engagements made before one of the parties has attained his or her mental growth, or become acquainted with his or her powers and inclinations. Suggestions are frequently made nowadays that the human race could be improved by utterly abolishing the institution of the family, and applying to men and women the methods of breeding which are successfully applied to domestic animals. All these suggestions fly in the face of every doctrine of human rights which mankind has been painfully trying for centuries to establish, and which at last it sees recognized by a considerable portion of the race. Moreover, in the domestic animals men have sought to reproduce and to develop certain bodily Family Stocks in a Democracy 21 powers ; they have not had to deal with mental and spiritual gifts. They have sought the best trotters among horses, the best milkers among cows, and the best layers among hens. The problem of improving the human race is infinitely more complex ; for the main improvements to be sought, although undoubtedly having a physical basis, are improvements in mental and spiritual powers, the relations of which to the body are by no means under- stood. To the solution of this more complex and more recondite problem the results obtained in the breeding of valuable varieties of domestic animals contribute hardly anything of value. Meantime, the family remains the most sacred, durable, and potent of human institutions, and through it must be sought the replenishment and improvement of society. If adequate laws and institutions provide for the safe holding and transmission of property, whatever promotes thrift and accumulation of property in families promotes family permanence. Democracy distrusts exaggerated accumulations of property in single hands ; but it firmly believes in private property to that extent which affords reasonable privacy for the family, promotes family con- tinuance, and gives full play to the family motive for mak- ing soil, sea, and all other natural resources productive for human uses. Thus democratic legislation incorporates and protects savings banks, trust companies, insurance companies of all kinds, benefit societies, and co-operative loan and building associations, which are all useful institu- tions for promoting thrift, if they are vigilantly watched and wisely controlled by the state. But the most direct legislative contribution to family permanence, apart from marriage and divorce laws, is to be found in the laws reg- ulating the transmission of land, buildings, implements, wagons, vessels, household goods, and domestic animals, both by will or contract and in the absence of will or con- tract. The great majority of families hold no other kinds of property than these, the ancient and universal kinds. Stocks and bonds, forms of property which have practic- ally been created within forty years, are held only by an insignificant proportion of families ; so that legislation 22 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana affecting unfavorably the transmission of these new forms of property from one generation to another could not be very injurious to the family as an institution. For ex- ample, succession taxes on stocks and bonds might be imposed without serious harm. On the other hand, any legislation which should destroy or greatly impair the in- heritable value of land, or of improvements on land, would be a heavy blow at family permanence, particularly in a state where land is for the most part owned by the occupiers. The farm, the village lot, and the town or city house with its appurtenances and contents, constitute transmissible family property in the vast majority of cases. In the interests of the family, democratic legisla- tion on inheritances should chiefly regard, not the few estates which are counted In hundreds of thousands of dollars, but the millions which are counted In hundreds of dollars. Inheritances of a few hundreds of dollars have a great importance from the point of view of family permanence ; for most Inheritances are on that scale, and five hundred dollars means a favorable start in life for any young working man or woman. The proposal to destroy by taxation the transmissible value of land seems to be aimed at the few unreasonably rich, but it would strike hardest the frugal and hard-working millions. Lastly, family permanence Is promoted by the careful training of successive generations In truth, gentleness, purity, and honor. It Is a delightful fact that these noble qualities are in the highest degree hereditary, and just as much so in a democratic as In an aristocratic society. They are to be acquired also by Imitation and association ; so that a good family stock almost Invariably possesses and transmits some of them. Truth is the sturdiest and commonest of these virtues ; gendeness is a rarer endow- ment ; purity and honor are the finest and rarest of them all. In a gentlemen or a lady they are all combined. Democradc society has already proved that ladles and gentlemen can be made much more quickly than people used to suppose ; but since It has been In existence hardly one hundred years, it has not yet had time to demonstrate its full effect In producing and multiplying the best family Family Stocks in a Democracy 23 stocks. It has already done enough, however, to justify us in believing that in this important respect, as in many others, it will prove itself the best of all forms of social organization. Does any one ask, Why take so much thought for the permanence of superior families ? I reply that the family is the main object of all the striving and struggling of most men, and that the welfare of the family is the ulti- mate end of all industry, trade, education, and govern- ment. If the family under a democratic form of govern- ment is prosperous and permanent, the state, and civilization itself, will be safer and safer through all generations. -JjHBgnwW'WA"*'!*'!""""' I I » i Jj;j il jj^jJjJ il J H'" The Harrison Family HEN the elder Dumas was delving into the records of the conflict that ended when Charles I yielded his head to the executioner, the great romancer discovered some traditions relating to an officer of Cromwell's army which especially fascinated him. In the story of Colonel Har- rison, whom Cromwell loved and wholly trusted, there seemed to be just the material which, leavened by the magic power of Dumas' s imagi- nation, would create a romance such as he delighted to write. He did not know — or at least he never intimated that he knew — that at the very time when he was prepar- ing the material for those romances of which the first is the famous "Three Musketeers," a lineal descendant of Colonel Harrison had just been chosen President of the United States. To Dumas's vivid fancy, the story of this Puritan officer suggested the elements essential for the creation of a great hero of romance. It was a story of bravery, firmness, and moral integrity and purity; a story that contained as thrilling a narration of bravery upon the field of battle as ever has been told of any soldier ; a story that spoke of an absolute incorruptibility and devotion to conviction, and a firmness of the same fiber that showed 24 Benjamin Harrison, signer of the declaration of independence 25 The Harrison Family 27 in Cromwell himself. Added to this there was the tragic experience that fell to Colonel Harrison, who was in command of the troops upon the day when King Charles knelt to the block, and who himself went unflinchingly to death upon the gibbet. Dumas never had the desired opportunity for writing a romance of this kind; perhaps because he felt that it would be threshing old straw to return to it after the ** Musketeers " series was ended. But the qualities which endeared Colonel Harrison to Cromwell, and which the greatest of French romancers perceived and admired, are those that have distinguished the Puritan leader's descendants. At intervals of many years their inheritance of mental force has so made itself known and felt as to place them among the great men of their country. Nearly a hundred years elapsed after Colonel Harri- son represented the power of Cromwell at the execution of Charles I, before the traits conspicuous in him made one of his descendants a man of mighty influence in the establishment of American independence. The elder Harrison had assisted greatly in the assertion of the prin- ciple that all government should be by the people ; and this was -to be the charter of the new nation which his sons helped to found. In 1774, when the mutterlngs of revolution were be- ginning to be heard from Massachusetts Bay to Charles- ton Harbor, a Virginia planter stood at Jefferson's right hand, as Patrick Henry stood at his left, to make the voice of Virginia heard with that of Massachusetts in claiming the right of self-government. He must have been a cordial man, since every one called him Ben Har- rison. He had a rugged oratory, but his personal influ- ence and his fiery energy were more potent than any public speech he ever made. Planter as he was, a resi- dent of that district of Virginia from whose soil sprang three men destined to become Presidents of the United States, he was also a politician ; nay, more than that — he was a constructive statesman. When temptation came to him to join those of Virginia's aristocracy who were 28 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana proud to call themselves loyalists, he spurned it. When it was pointed out to him that those who signed the Dec- laration of Independence were committing treason, he only emphasized his glory in such an offense, and his de- fiance of the royal power. Refusing to accept the presi- dency of the Continental Congress for himself, with his own brawny arms he actually lifted John Hancock from his seat and placed him in the presiding officer's chair. He signed the Declaration with an exultation that caused comment. His whole public career in that eventful time was conspicuous for courage, firmness, and moral and intellectual honesty. These hereditary qualities did not pass over several generations before they were again revealed. At the time when Ben Harrison was by speech and personal in- fluence compelling Virginia and Massachusetts to join hands, a son was born to him who seemed in childhood to be destined to be a man of peace, of a quiet and stu- dious life. Tradition had it that from the mother's side the blood of Pocahontas flowed in his veins. It seemed all the more remarkable that the son of such a father as Ben Harrison, and a descendant of the famous Indian princess, should nevertheless, in boyhood give no sign of the possession of bold and warhke traits. Yet it is safe to say that the career of scarcely any other American was so romantic, for many years so full of danger, and for so long a time characterized by almost absolute power of government, as that which awaited William Henry Harrison. When he proposed to be a physician, his parents thought that choice consistent with his character ; and although he came under the patronage of Robert Morris, perhaps the greatest of American financiers, yet the influ- ence of the famous Philadelphian seemed not to distract him from professional studies. All at once, however, as with the suddenness of inspiration, he abandoned medi- cine for the army. Of all of those who knew him, there was only one who approved this step. President Wash- ington, who read men, knew young Harrison. He ap- pointed him an ensign, and sent him into that unknown William Henry Harrison, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES The Harrison Family 31 land of mystery and danger then indefinitely called the Northwest Territory. Here Harrison revealed a military capacity which showed that his desire to enter the army was born of latent ability. That he had the courage of his fathers was indicated when the treacherous Tecumseh menaced him, and would have brained him but for the coolness of the young officer, who, a day or two later, entered Te- cumseh's camp alone, and treated with the chief as if he had nothing to fear. In the battle of the Miami River, his personal courage was so great that " Mad Anthony " Wayne made special mention of it in his report to the war department. His firmness was proved in his deal- ings with the Indians and with the rapacious land grab- bers. In spite of the schemers' threats to destroy his reputation, he battled steadily for just laws upon the pubUc land question, finally creating the system that has controlled the policy of the government from that day to this. His sense of honor was so keen that he not only refused to accept fees which were legally his, but declined to take indirect advantage even of the legitimate oppor- tunities that came to him as the governor, and practically the absolute ruler, of a vast territory that has since de- veloped into a group of great and prosperous States. Among the many propositions he refused was one that would have made him very wealthy, and his heirs enor- mously rich, for it would have given him one-third of what is now the city of St. Louis. After his career in the Northwest, as a representative and senator in Congress, and as minister to the new Re- public of Colombia, William Henry Harrison returned to private life upon a little farm at North Bend, Ohio, so poor that he was embarrassed for the means to support his family. Here again those sturdy Puritan characteris- tics were revealed. Having determined that the use of intoxicants was a great evil, relentless logic forced him to the conclusion that their manufacture was also harm- ful ; and he deliberately abandoned the distilling of whisky from the corn he raised upon his farm, although it had furnished him with a considerable part of his small 32 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana income. That he might obtain a living, his friends made him clerk of one of the courts of Cincinnati, and he went from that office to his thirty-one days' tenure of the Presidency. The qualities made conspicuous by the careers of these three members of the Harrison family were again to be revealed in the second generation from William Henry Harrison. On the farm at North Bend, where our ninth President had proposed to spend his remain- ing days, was born a grandson to whom was given the name of his great grandfather, Benjamin. He was old enough to remember the exciting campaign of 1840, the like of which we shall never see again, which carried his grandfather to the Presidency. His father, John Scott Harrison, was a farmer — a man respected by his neigh- bors, who several times elected him to local offices ; but yet a plain farmer who reared his children to be farmers after him. But young Benjamin had ambitions. His schoolmates remember him as a boy of serious mood, who had both courage and honesty. Moreover, they thought him a little stubborn in some things. Even in his childhood days he had impressed his playmates by the very qualities that distinguished his ancestors. He absorbed all the scholarship that came within his reach, made his way to the bar, and then — already married, be- fore he was of age, to one who was to prove a true help- mate — he began his career in the capital city of Indiana. His brethren at the bar very early discovered that "young Ben Harrison" possessed a gift inherited from none of his ancestors upon the paternal side. Whether Colonel Harrison was an orator or not we do not know. That the bluff Ben Harrison of the Revolution had a rude but powerful command of argument, was the testimony of his associates. William Henry Harrison had some fluency in writing, but no especial charm as a public speaker. The young lawyer of Indianapolis early revealed not only a singular felicity in the choice of words, the ar- rangement of sentences, and the command of those arts which make the orator, but also a lucid and convincing power of reasoning. In some of his earlier speeches the The Harrison Home, Indianapolis 33 The Harrison Family 35 arrangement of words was so rhythmical that at times it seemed almost as if he were speaking in blank verse. His voice was musical, and his manner dignified beyond the habit of most orators of that day in the West. That he should have had such a sense of rhythm is all the more remarkable when it is known that for music itself he has never had any appreciation or understanding. It is said of him in his army days that there were only two tunes which he recognized when the band was playing upon parade or giving concerts; one was "Old Hundred," and the other "The Star Spangled Banner." In his early career at the bar in Indianapolis, Benja- min Harrison gained the recognition which absolute hon- esty, both moral and intellectual, is sure to secure ; and he was early discovered to be a very firm man. Those two qualities were afterwards strikingly manifested. Perhaps, after all, the union of them was most forcibly il- lustrated in a case which must have appealed very greatly to the tenderer side of his nature. A request had been made of him, when President, by a very influential public man, who was a member of his cabinet, that he should promote a certain army officer to a higher rank, in which a vacancy then existed. Every impulse of his nature urged him to make the appointment. Friendship, con- sideration for one who was deeply afflicted at that time, and even political advantages, personal to himself, sug- gested the promotion ; but he saw that to grant it would be to do injustice to other officers, senior to the man for whom the place was asked. In spite of inclination, it did not take him long to decide upon the right course; and having thus decided, with the old Puritan quality of firm- ness, his refusal to give the desired order was absolute. It cost him a very dear friendship, but he felt that he had not been unfaithful to his convictions of right. The other pre-eminent characteristic of his family, that of courage, was revealed by Benjamin Harrison after the first ardor and enthusiasm of youth had passed. With the call for troops in 1861, the military impulse which had served Cromwell and the English people so well, and a hundred and fifty years later had so notably aided the 36 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana struggling colonies, again possessed the young Indianap- olis lawyer. He had a wife and children dependent upon him ; he was just beginning to secure a comfortable prac- tice ; but he hesitated not a moment. He would be the last man to claim any special merit in this, since he has said that thousands of others did exactly what he then did. But military life revealed in him the qualities that make the soldier, and he became not a political general, but a fighting general. Sherman has testified to his courage, and General Logan once said that Harrison was one of the bravest men he ever saw upon the field of battle. During the campaign of 1888, which resulted in his election to the Presidency, many anecdotes were told of his bravery in the field. The quality in him was not a mere absence of fear, but a capacity to face danger, knowing that it existed, and that it might overwhelm him. Later, like his grandfather, Benjamin Harrison was enabled to gain an income by service as a court officer. He was made reporter for one of the State courts of In- diana, and that office and a single term as senator were the only public posts he held until he went to the White House. It has been one of the criticisms of General Harrison that he made no warm friendships while in the Senate, and perhaps none while in the Presidency. But those who knew him best in both those offices assert that this criticism comes from public men who found, in their deal- ings with him, that he was a man of the firmness, the moral honesty, that characterized the ideal Puritan. He revealed, too, in his life in Washington, another quality that showed in William Henry Harrison and in the elder Ben Harrison. This was a certain democracy — not using the word in its political sense. None of these men had any affectation of manner. Ben Harrison the elder was as simple and unaffected as he was blunt. In his personal relations, William Henry Harrison was so tender, considerate, and unassuming as to cause men to wonder how he could have been so efficient as a military commander. And while a certain mannerism, perhaps Benjamin Harrison, TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES The Harrison Family 39 due to early struggles, has characterized his grandson, yet it was not the manner of affected dignity, of pompous self-importance, or the imitation of aristocracy. Among the distinguished American families, only the Adamses, and possibly the descendants of Roger Sher- man, can compare with the Harrisons in the extent of public recognition and the tributes of respect accorded to their patriotic services. And it may be said, with truth, that of all the names that stand for achievement in this country, not one can trace in direct Hne so remarkable an inheritance of salient mental power. 1^=^ ^J^O George Rogers Clark and the Great Northwest I. The Origin of a Great Idea IHE first white man who penetrated the heart of the territory bounded by the Ohio, the great Lakes and the Mis- sissippi, was that redoubtable explorer and heroic soul, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle. In 1669-70 he traversed what is now Indiana and explored the country along the beautifijl Ohio as far as the Mississippi, claiming the whole vast region for France. For nearly one hundred years thereafter the white flag of that sunny land flutttered from the staffs of small forts, which were erected from time to time at strategic points commanding the river highways, in accordance with the military genius of the French soldiery. These strategic points became centers of trade, agricul- ture, and commerce in the succeeding centuries. In 1727 the Sieur de Vincennes established a military post on the Ouabache (Wabash), where the town of the same name now stands in southern Indiana. In 1735 ^ few families settled there, and their number was slowly augmented during the century. The fort, although nearer the province of Quebec, was in the territory of the district of Illinois, of the province of Louisiana. The head- quarters of the district were at Kaskaskia, situated where the river of the same name empties into the Mississippi, and the capital of the province was New Orleans. 40 George Rogers Clark 41 In 1736 the gallant commander and founder of Vin- cennes was killed, bravely fighting, by the English and Indians in a war against the Natchez, and the Chickasaws, when d' Artaguiette met with overwhelming defeat. Says Charlevoix, " Vincennes ceased not until his last breath to exhort the men to behave worthy of their religion and their country." D'Artaguiette and fifteen of his compan- ions were captured and burned at the stake. Louis St. Ange de Bellerive was appointed to the governorship of the little Indiana town in 1736, and remained in charge until 1 764 ; in this long tour of duty proving indeed a father to his people. Perhaps nowhere on the continent has humanity dwelt in such peaceful simplicity as in the little settlement at Vincennes. Even the Indians lived in amicable relations with the colonists in the main. Cut off from intercourse with the rest of the world, it passed them by unheeding and unheeded, the fleeting years leaving the people un- changed. In hunting and fishing, in agriculture of the most primitive kind, with implements which might have been used two thousand years before ; in trading down the river to New Orleans ; in feasting, in frolic, with all the gayety of their French nationality, the uneventful days glided by. Except at Kaskaskia there was not a school in the whole vast territory, although incredible as it may seem, there was a billiard table in the settlement on the Wabash. The little education the inhabitants received was imparted by the faithful and devoted missionaries who dwelt among them. In 1763, on the completion of the Seven Years' War, the whole country from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico on the hither side of the Mississippi fell into the hands of England by treaty, although, owing to the fearful outbreak of savage passion, engendered and stimulated by Pontiac, except Tecumseh, the ablest Indian who ever lived, the English were not able to take immediate pos- session of it. Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres, the principal military post, were turned over to them in 1765, and the post at Vincennes some time later. On the western side 42 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana of the river France ceded her claims to the territory to Spain. The conquest made little difference to the inhabitants. They had not been greatly concerned in the war which had resulted in the transfer of their allegiance and they were not greatly concerned with another more important event which happened later on. They lived on just as they had done before — perhaps a little less cheerfully, a little less happily, under the Union Jack than under the Fleur-de-lis, but there was not much difference. Meanwhile all of the vast territory west of the Alle- ghany Mountains which had hitherto proved a barrier to the settlements having their origin on the seaboard was attracting the attention of such bold, adventurous spirits as Boone, Robertson, and Sevier. Among other empire builders who surveyed it with eager, if not prophetic, vision was George Rogers Clark. Like many of the pioneers he was a native of the great State of Virginia, where he was born on the 19th of November, 1752. The west was settled by men from the south of Mason and Dixon's line, except in the case of Pennsylvania. Without belonging to the landed gentry, the Clark family was respectable, and he himself received such education as the western part of the Old Dominion afforded. Like George Washington and many young men of the day, he became a surveyor, in which vocation he displayed great proficiency. But at best his acquire- ments were limited. His spelling was simply awful, al- though his diction and his chirography were somewhat better. However, spelling was thought somewhat lightly of by many gentlemen who had enjoyed more advantages than this young Virginian. He was a strongly built, heavy set man, with broad brow and keen blue eyes, with a dash of red in his hair from a Scottish ancestress, which corresponded with the fighting qualities of the man. He was a young man of sufficient consideration in the community to receive a commission as captain in Lord Dunmore's war, a school which graduated many officers into the more serious con- flict which followed hard upon it. Clark was one of Dun- George Rogers Clark 43 more's staff, apparently, and therefore did not participate in the famous battle of Point Pleasant on the Kanawha. After the war he went to Kentucky, which he had before visited on a surveying expedition. Subsequently he be- came one of the most prominent of the pioneers in that famous territory. The Revolution found the Clark family intense and zealous patriots. The two oldest brothers immediately enlisted in the Continental line and served with credit — the elder one with distinction — during the whole of the war. George Rogers, the third, was not less ardent in his patriotism than the other two, and he displayed his qualities on a more splendid field. The remaining brother, too young for the Revolution, showed his quali- ties in the famous Lewis and Clark expedition across the continent in 1804-6. When the war began, the Indians, stimulated thereto by the British, inaugurated a series of ruthless forays, not only into the "dark and bloody ground" of Kentucky, but everywhere on the borders. The few frontier settle- ments in Kentucky, with which we are at present con- cerned, were at once put on the defensive and forced to fight for their lives. With the forethought of state builders, desirous of organizing a civil government of some sort in the trans- Allegheny region, and of represent- ing their defenseless condition to Virginia, which they rightly considered their mother territory, they called a con- vention at Clark's instance at Harrodsburg in 1775. He was delayed in reaching the convention when it opened, and found when he did arrive that he and one other had been elected to the Virginia legislature from Kentucky, which at that time had no legal existence and therefore no right to send delegates to the assembly. However, he made the long arduous journey across the mountains to Williamsburg only to learn that the legislature had adjourned before his arrival. He and his companion at once made representations to the Governor, the redoutable Patrick Henry, concern- ing the situation beyond the Mississippi, asking for five hundred pounds of powder to defend themselves against 3 44 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana the savages, and suggesting also that some steps be taken for the establishment of civil government in this wild and lawless expanse of territory. There was in existence at the time a Transylvania Company, so called, of which Colonels Henderson and Campbell were chief promoters, which claimed the right of eminent domain over Kentucky, and the Virginia government felt some hesitation about assuming any rights over this country. The authorities were perfectly willing to lend five hun- dred pounds of powder to their neighbors in Kentucky, on the guarantee of Clark himself, but Clark was shrewd enough not to fall into a trap of this kind. He rejected their proffer and wrote them a brilliant letter in which he said that a country that was not worth defending was not worth claiming. This sharp intimation that he would endeavor to get help elsewhere brought the commissioners to terms. Clark got the powder. It was his first success. Not only did he get it after the order had been given — and the two things were not synonymous, then ; it was hard to get powder in those revolutionary days, since it was in so great demand — but he actually succeeded in getting it safely into the hands of the people. This in spite of savage attacks and perils of a journey wellnigh unsurmountable. He also succeeded, through his repre- sentations, in having Kentucky formed into a county of Virginia, and brought under the operation of the civil law of that state, a service of inestimable value. Meanwhile the British, in pursuance of their well-de- vised plan continued to launch the savages on the backs of the Americans in the fond hope that they would thus be enabled to work their will with the harassed revolu- tionists on the seaboard. Major Stuart and chiefs McGillivray and Oconostota raised the Creeks and Cherokees on one hand, while Lieutenant-Governor William Hamilton, of Detroit, who seems to have been one of the chief villians in the plot, incited the Indians in the northwest to the war-path with great success. Campbell, Shelby, Sevier and Robertson held them in check to the southwest ; God raised up another leader to cover the frontier to the northward. George Rogers Clark 45 It was hard living in Kentucky in those days, and the one man there who saw something else to do than fight recklessly and desperately when the savages came, the one man who divined how these forays might be stopped and who realized that in the stopping of them great bene- fits would accrue not merely to Kentucky, but to the United Colonies as well, was George Rogers Clark. He realized that the old French posts of Detroit, Kas- kaskia, and Vincennes were the points from which the Indians secured the necessary supplies to carry on the war, as well as the stimulation which enabled them to sweep the borders. Securing information concerning their strength and weakness from two spies whom he sent out, he conceived the magnificent design of capturing these points, holding them, and thus establishing for the United States a claim to the great territory of the northwest. Neither he nor anyone else dreamed for a moment of the great, populous and wealthy States which were enshrined potentially within that wilderness. No one could imagine that upon the barren shore of one of the lonely lakes tossing its fresh waters in the sunlight should presently rise the second city of the Union and one of the great cities of the world. How could he, or any one, anticipate the future growth of the struggling colonies ? The boldest imagination could not comprehend the possi- bility, much less the realization, of that great deluge of men, which, starting from the shores lapped by the ocean- tide, should break over the mountain crest hitherto con- sidered a natural boundary, and flood the wilderness until it reached the banks of the far-away Mississippi. And as for the empire beyond it over which the same tide rolls and still sweeps on, that was beyond the most extravagant dream, even. Yet with instinctive prophetic vision some- thing of this Titanic conception of national destiny seems to have come to this young man. II. The First Success In 1777 he went back to Virginia and laid his daring project before Patrick Henry. The stupendousness of the idea impressed the sagacious old Governor ; he caused 46 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana a council to be called to consider the suggestion of the borderer, a council composed of himself, Thomas Jeffer- son, George Mason, and George Wythe. To these men, Clark, not much more than a boy, just twenty-five years old in fact, expounded his plan. They realized at once what there was in it. Not merely the protection of the settlements south of the Ohio in Kentucky, not merely a check to Indian aggression, but the extension of the borders of the United States to the Mississippi, the control of that vast territory between the mountains and the river. Room to grow, room to grow for thousands of years, they may have thought, instead of barely for a century. At any rate they approved the plan. Few more momentous councils have ever been held, although even now it is scarcely noticed in history. Clark was naturally selected to lead the expedition. He was given twelve hundred pounds in depreciated Virginia cur- rency, a commission as a colonel, an order for ammuni- tion at Fort Pitt, and authority to raise seven hundred and fifty men for three months' service where he could. Then they sent him out with their blessing and their good will. Such were the inadequate means provided for this gigantic achievement. The plan was kept strictly secret by Clark and the four men who had determined upon it. His public instructions from Patrick Henry ordered him to proceed to Kentucky and take measures for the defense of the colonists with such troops as he could enlist. A private letter, however, authorized him to take and hold Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and the whole northwest territory. Many difficulties beset the enlistment of his soldiers, but he finally succeeded in assembling several hundred men on Corn Island, at the Falls of the Ohio, opposite where is now the great city of Louisville. The thickly wooded island has since been stripped of its trees, and washed away by the rapid current. Many of his troops deserted from time to time, especially when they learned the real purpose for which they had been embodied, and he found himself left at last with about one hundred and George Rogers Clark 47 fifty men ; and the time was approaching for them to start upon their projected expedition. He had chosen to camp upon this island because, on account of its isolation by the rapid falls, he could prevent further desertion. It was a good place, too, in which to drill and train the men in accordance with his limited experience. What he lacked in military training and technical knowledge he made up in zeal and innate capac- ity to command, and he soon got his little army under excellent control, A number of families which had followed him down the river settled on the island around a block-house which he built for their protection. Then he set forth to ac- complish his comprehensive purpose. He left his camp on the island on the 24th of June, 1778, and embarked his men, divided into four companies, in bateaux, rowing back up the river until he could gain the channel through the rapids, much more dangerous then than now, through which they made an exciting passage. The departure of the expedition was dramatic in the extreme. As the boats were whirled down the mighty river by the swift current, though it was early in the morning, the land was enshrouded in almost total dark- ness from an eclipse of the sun ; a bad omen thought some of the party, but Clark was no believer in omens. For four days they swung down the river, reaching at last an abandoned French post called Fort Massac. It had been built by the garrison of Fort DuOuesne fleeing from the advance of Forbes in 1759. There they were met by a party of hunters who had recently come from Kaskaskia, the capital and principal town of the province. They reported it to be lightly garrisoned and negligently guarded. Learning of the destination of the expedition, they asked Clark's permis- sion to join his party, for which one of them offered to act as guide. The ofler was gladly accepted, and although the guide temporarily lost his way and was in imminent danger of death at the hands of the indignant and suspi- cious Americans, he proved his loyalty and gave them 48 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana good service in the end. For six days the party marched westward over the prairie. They had no wagons or pack- horses, and no baggage except what each man carried himself, consequently their passage was unusually rapid. On the evening of the 4th of July they reached the east bank of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the town, undiscovered. Marching up the bank in the night they found a farm-house. They put the inmates under guard, seized the boats belonging to them, crossed the river, and marched down toward the town. The commander of the place was M. de Rocheblave, a Frenchman. The garri- son was made up of Creole militia. De Rocheblave had implored to have British regular troops sent him, but none had appeared. It was not thought possible that the post would be attacked by the Americans, and the King had use for his soldiers elsewhere. On that eveningf no one dreamed that the Kentucky pioneers were at hand. One dramatic account of the capture of the place says that Clark surrounded the town, disposing the greater portion of his troops so that none could escape from it, and with the rest marched silently toward the fort. The story goes that the officers were enjoying a dance at the time in one of the large rooms, and that Clark, admitted to the fort through the postern by one of his prisoners, left his men outside the barracks and then walked boldly into the room. No one happening to notice his entrance he stood quietly by the door, with an inborn love of the dramatic, folding his arms and looking grimly upon the scene of gayety. Presently an Indian caught sight of him and recognized an enemy, perhaps because of the buff and blue he wore, and rent the air with a terrific war-whoop. The women shrieked, the music stopped, and Clark, with tragic inten- sity, bade them go on with the dance, but to remember that now they were to dance in honor of Virginia and of the United States, instead of Great Britain ! I take it that they were in no humor for further merriment. Whether the story be true or no, and some good authori- ties give it credence, the fact remains that the fort was George Rogers Clark 49 surprised and captured without the loss of a man on either side. Clark was most anxious to get hold of the papers of the commander. One naive historian says that Madame de Rocheblave succeeded in concealing them in her bed- chamber, and that rather than violate the sanctity of her apartment and thus affront her modesty, the American officers suffered her to do what she would with them. *' Better," writes the gallant old chronicler, "better, yes, a thousand times better, were it so than that the ancient fame of the sons of Virginia should have been tarnished by an insult to a female." It is a pity to spoil a pretty story, but the papers, at least an important portion of them, were forthcoming, however they were secured. The British relations with the savages were revealed in them ; the English guilt was clear. By this time the inhabitants of the town were in a great state of terror, and Clark purposely fostered it. He ordered them to repair to their houses and stay there under pain of death, and they passed a night of anguished foreboding. In the morning, permission being given, they came to him begging him to spare the lives of their wives and children, offering themselves as slaves in that contingency, to the American chief of the " Big Knives," as they called the Kentuckians. What was their joy and relief when Clark proclaimed that their lives would be spared, their property respected, and that all should enjoy freedom. While they were enthusiastic with this news, he invited their allegiance to the American cause, which it was not difficult to secure, in view of the great tidings which he brought them of the capture of Burgoyne and the American alliance with France. Thereafter the French and Americans were indeed brethren. Their mourning was turned into joy and they made haste to hoist the stars and stripes which, for the first time, July 5th, 1778, floated near the waters of the Mississippi. Cahokia received the Americans in the same ardent way, and the conquest of the northwest, so far as 50 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana they were concerned, was complete. In October, 1778, Virginia inaugurated the first civil government in the northwest by establishing the County of Illinois, compre- hending all the new territory beyond the Ohio, with Colonel John Todd as Governor, and Clark as supreme and independent military commander, There yet remained of the British posts to be dealt with, Vincennes and Detriot, before the conquest of the country could be called complete, the former being of more present importance because nearer. Among the inhabitants of Kaskaskia was a certain Roman priest named Father Gibault, whom Clark, with finer regard for euphony than spelling, referred to in his letters as "Mr. Jeboth." This devoted French missionary agreed to go to Vincennes, which was at that time without a garrison, to secure the allegiance of the populace to the new gov- ernment and new flag. He faithfully fulfilled his com- mission, and the French residents willingly assented to the change of government, and hoisted the American flag over the fort, which they subsequently delivered to Cap- tain Leonard Helm, who was appointed commandant and Indian agent at the post by Clark. Meanwhile Clark administered the military affairs of the province of Illinois with great vigor, by his resolution and tact compelling the Indians to bury the hatchet and make peace, which obtained for a considerable period. For the first time in years Kentucky and the borders ol Virginia were comparatively free from war-parties. The settlers could lay aside the rifle and ply the axe and speed the plough in safety. Clark's methods of dealing with the Indians were al- ways fine. He knew that kindness and gentleness would be taken by them as indications of weakness. Therefore he was boldness itself toward them. Years afterward, while making a treaty with several hostile tribes, he over- awed them and compelled them to make peace in the following way : Some three hundred hostile Indians in full war-paint met him in council at Fort Washington. Clark had sev- enty men in the stockade. The Shawnees were arrogant, George Rogers Clark 51 boastful and full of fight. They came into the council- house with a war-belt and a peace-belt. Throwing them both on the table they told Clark to take his choice. He swept them both to the floor with his cane, rose to his feet, stamped contemptuously upon them, and sternly telling the Indians to make peace instantly or he would wipe them off the face of the earth, ordered them to leave the hall. They fled his presence, debated all night, swal- lowed the insult, and buried the hatchet. III. "The Hair-Buyer General." There lived at Detroit at this time a certain British officer named William Hamilton, who occupied the im- portant position of Lieutenant-Governor of the province. History has written severe indictments against this man. There are still in existence letters in which his employ- ment of Indians to carry on " civilized" warfare is proved beyond doubt. He is accused of having offered rewards for American scalps and of having paid them, and the facts are indisputable. Early in 1778, he wrote to Carle- ton, governor of Quebec, that a party of Indians had just come into Detroit with seventy-three prisoners and one hundred and twenty-nine scalps! On the i6th of Sep- tember in the same year, he wrote to Haldimand, who had superseded Carleton, that another party had arrived bringing twenty-nine prisoners and eighty-nine scalps. Among these scalps were many that had been wrenched from the heads of women and children ! This subornation of savagery is the most dastardly ac- tion by which a brave soldier can ruin his reputation. To employ ruthless Indians to prey upon women and chil- dren and defenceless non-combatants is the act of a vil- lain and a coward. There is this to be said in explana- tion, though not in justification, of Hamilton's action, that he acted under orders of his government, upon which the odium primarily rests ; but orders or not, no man should ever commit such a crime. Rather should he surrender his commission. No, Hamilton's course is in- defensible. The blood of innocent women and children is upon him. 52 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana When Hamilton heard, as he did presently, of Clark at Kaskaskia, and that he had raised the American flag at Vincennes, he determined to march down the Wabash from Detroit, retake Vincennes and then proceed west- ward and capture Clark. With a motley force of Indians together with thirty British regulars and fifty Canadian volunteers from Detroit, he appeared before Fort Sack- ville, Vincennes, on December 17th, 1778. The French militia of the garrison at once fled to their homes and left the defence of the fort to the redoubtable Helm and one valiant soldier named Moses Henry. Helm, of course, could make no defence of the dilapi- dated stockade, but he had partaken in large measure of the spirit of Clark. He resolved to bluff. Clark was the greatest bluffer in the history of the northwest. He was always willing to make good so far as he could, but gen- erally he had so little force that he accomplished his ends by his assurance. Helm was like him. He charged the one serviceable cannon he possessed to the muzzle, ran it out at the gate of the post, placed his solitary soldier by it with a blazing match, and swore to Hamil- ton, who had demanded his surrender, that no man should enter the fort until he knew what terms would be granted him. Inspired by his dauntless bearing, and ignorant of the force with which he might have to contend, and with the added argument of a loaded cannon trained upon his troops, Hamilton agreed that the garrison should march out with the honors of war, if they would surrender. Withdrawing the match, Helm and Moses marched out solemnly between the disgusted British and Indians, and Hamilton got the fort. He retained Helm as prisoner, but the genial qualities of the jovial American won the affections of his captors, and his imprisonment was a light one. A more vigorous commander than Hamilton would have immediately pushed on to Kaskaskia and completed the conquest of the country by capturing Clark, but Hamilton, satisfied with his expedition so far, and de- terred by the wretched weather, the lateness of the season, George Rogers Clark 53 the difficulties of the way, concluded to wait until the spring-time. He did detach a party of Indians and rangers to at- tempt to abduct the American commander, if they could find him, but beyond alarming the inhabitants of Kaskas- kia they effected nothing. Clark was soon apprised by his scouts of the capture of Vincennes. This was a serious blow to the project he had formed. How to meet it was a question. He was not yet informed of Hamil- ton's further intentions, nor was he in possession of ac- curate information as to the force of the garrison which the British held at the post. To him, in his uncertainty, in the latter part of Jan- uary, 1779, came one Francis Vigo. Vigo was a Sardin- ian, born at Mondovi, before the middle of the seven- teenth century. He had been an officer in the Spanish army, and in that capacity had come to America. He had resigned his command and entered upon the business of a trader, hunter, etc., with head-quarters at St. Louis, where he had amassed a large fortune. He was a man of liberal and enlightened views, and had extended a hearty hospitality to Clark when he arrived in that country. He had done more than that. He had accepted the depreciated Virginia currency at par, and by giving it his countenance, had made it pass current among the natives. He had cashed Clark's drafts for large sums, and in fact it is difficult to see how the expedition could have succeeded without him. He had gone on a trading expedition to Vincennes, where he had been captured and brought before Hamil- ton. Hamilton had no authority to hold a Spanish sub- ject, and he had released him on parole, requiring him to report daily at the fort. The inhabitants of Vincennes, with whom Vigo was a great favorite, protested so vig- orously against his detention, going to the length of re- fusing to supply the fort with provisions unless he were immediately released, that at last their efforts prevailed to secure his freedom. He had refused to be enlarged on condition of his doing nothing to prejudice British in- terests during the war, and Hamilton was forced to let 54 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana him go on his promising to do nothing to hinder the cause of British arms on his way to St, Louis. Vigo strictly kept his agreement. He passed the mouth of the Kaskaskia without stopping, and repaired to his home in St. Louis, Having now kept his prom- ise to the letter, he took horse and made his way with all speed to Kaskaskia, where he arrived on the 29th of Jan- uary, 1779, There he acquainted Clark with the state of affairs in Vincennes, Hamilton had dismissed all his Indian allies for the winter, and held the fort with eighty white troops. It was his purpose, however, so Vigo in- formed Clark, to assemble them all in the spring-time and, with heavy re-enforcements from Detroit, march to the Illinois country. In that case there would be little hope of a successful resistance. What was to be done? It was mid-winter. Could the Americans march to capture Vincennes then? To wait for spring and the British to come was to give up all, Clark at once determined upon an immediate at- tack. He "flung his gauntlet in the face of Fate and assumed the offensive," He would not wait for pleasant weather to bring Hamilton and his horde upon him, he would carry the war into Indiana at once, I do not sup- pose he had ever heard of Scipio Africanus, but his meth- ods were those advocated by the famous Roman. Fort Sackville had been thoroughly repaired and put into a complete state of defence by Hamilton. It was provided with artillery and manned by a garrison suf- ficient to hold it against any force which Clark could pos- sibly assemble. Nevertheless the American determined upon its capture. The day that he received the news from Vigo was the real crucial moment of the expedi- tion, and it is not too much to say that the history of the northwest territory turned upon his decision. To anticipate the course of events a little, France and Spain in the negotiations for peace at the close of the war were only too anxious to limit the western boundary of the United States to the Alleghenies, a de- sire which England naturally shared, Spain bent all the resources of a diplomacy by no means insignificant to George Rogers Clark ^^ bring about this result. The one argument by which Franklin and his fellow-counsellors were able to insist that the western boundary should be the Mississippi and not the Alleghenies, was the fact that the country had been conquered by Clark, retained by him, and was now actually in the power of the United States. That con- quest would not have been complete, however, and the retention impossible, if Hamilton had been left in posses- of Vincennes. Therefore it was not only for his own safety, not only to hold Kaskaskia, but in order that he might establish a valid claim to the whole great territory that Clark determined upon action. IV. The Terrible March. He made his preparations with the same promptitude as he made his decision. A large bateaux which he called the Willing was hastily improvised, loaded with provisions and supplies, and provided with two pieces of artillery and four swivels. Captain Rogers, a kinsman of the general, was placed in command with forty men and ordered to make all haste via the Mississippi, the Ohio and the Wabash, to an appointed rendezvous near Vincennes. Clark, with the balance of his officers and men and two companies of French Creoles, who volunteered to accompany him, commanded respectively by Captains McCarty and Charleville, made ready to march overland. Clark's original force had been reduced to one hundred men. By pleadings and promises he had induced that number to remain with him after their three months' term of enlistment had expired. These he took with him. The Creole additions raised the total force to one hundred and seventy, with a few pack-horses to carry the scanty sup- plies they could procure. They set forth on the 4th of February, 1779, so rapid had been their preparations, upon one of the most mem- orable marches ever undertaken under the American flag. One hundred and forty miles as the crow flies, and some two hundred over the usual trail lay between him and his destination. The only undertaking in our history that George Rogers Clark 57 can be compared to it is Arnold's march up the Kennebec to attack Quebec. The weather was cold, damp and rainy. The season had been a very wet one, and the prairies were turned into lakes and quagmires. They marched as rapidly as possible over the desolate, damp, wind-swept plains. Every river and creek they passed was in full flood and presented serious obstacles, until, on the 15th of February, they came to the two forks of the little Wabash. Ordinarily there is a distance of three miles between the two channels. Now the whole country lay under water, icy cold at that, for five miles to the opposite hills. There were no roads, no boats. The provisions they had carried were nearly exhausted. The game had been driven away by the floods, and they were without food or fire. Plunging into the icy water Clark led his men, carry- ing their rifles and powder-horns above their heads, over the bottoms until they reached the channel of the river. They had built a rude canoe and a small raft on the bank, and now standing up to their waists in water — in some places it was up to their necks — they removed the bag- gage from the pack-horses, ferried it across one channel, built a rude scaffold of driftwood and logs upon which they stowed it, swam the horses over the second channel, loaded them again, drove them through the flood until they reached the other fork of the river, where they repeated the process, and at last got on emergent though water-soaked ground. The passage took two days, during which they had no opportunity to rest. No one had a dry thread upon him. Orders were given to fire no guns except in case of dire necessity, for fear of giving alarm to the enemy they hoped to surprise. Provisions were lower than ever. The next day they marched along through the water, resting for the night upon a damp hill, and on the 17th they reached a river, well called the Embarrass, which flows into the Wabash a short distance below Vincennes. Here they found a more serious condition prevailing. Both rivers had overflowed, and as far as they could see was a waste of water. They sent out parties to look for 58 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana the Willing, to find fords, to secure boats, anything. No success attended their efforts. Meanwhile they set to work to make canoes. They were literally starving, having had no provisions of any sort for two days ! That day they captured a canoe with some Frenchmen in it, who had been sent out of the fort to scout. These they detained as prisoners. The Frenchmen added to their discouragement by informing them that the whole country around Vincennes was over- flowed, and it would be impossible for the Americans to reach the fort. Clark, however, pushed on down the bank of the Embarrass until he reached the Wabash. At this juncture one of the men shot a deer, which was divided among the one hundred and seventy and fur- nished them with the first food they had had for over two days. It was a scanty allotment for so many starved, half-drowned men, but it put new heart into them, and they determined to press on. Indeed that determination was never out of Clark's mind. In the canoes they had made as best they could they crossed the Wabash on the 21st. At this juncture the spirit of some of the Creoles gave out, and they wanted to return. The desire to retreat was communicated even to the Kentuckians, and the whole enterprise trembled in the balance. Clark, how- ever, was equal to the occasion. The story goes that in one of the companies there was a big six-foot two-inch sergeant from Virginia. A little drummer-boy, whose antics and frolics had greatly amused the men, was mounted on the shoulders of the tall sergeant. By Clark's command, the drummer beat the charge, while the sergeant marched into the water. " Forward !" thundered the commander, plunging into the icy flood. The men laughed, hesitated, and followed to the last man. That night they rested on a hill, lying in their soaked clothes without provisions or fire. For two more days they struggled on through the waters until on the 23d they were fortunate enough to capture a canoe with some Indian squaws in it, in which they found a quarter of buffalo and some other provisions. George Rogers Clark 59 Broth was soon made and given to the most exhausted of the little band. Some of the hardier men refused their portions and generously gave them to their weaker brethren. At this time they had drawn near enough to Vm- cennes to hear Fort Sackville's morning and evening guns. They were so near, in fact, that they expected to attack that night. When they began the final march in water varying in depth from breast to neck, Clark took another method for putting heart into any recalcitrants. He detached Captain Bowman, his best officer, with twenty men, and told them to bring up the rear and to shoot the first man who faltered. No one did so. They struggled on throughout the morning in the most desperate of straits. The water was covered with a thin coating of ice, which they broke as they plunged in. They had managed to get together a number of canoes by this time, and into these they put the weaker men. They suffered horribly. Clark himself, in spite of his resolute will and magnificent strength, almost gave way. Finally about one o'clock they reached an elevation about two miles from the town. It was covered with trees, and from their shelter, them- selves unseen, they could examine at their leisure the goal of their endeavors. The terrific march of these iron men was over. For the last ten days they had been struggling through water and ice. The had enjoyed neither fire nor rest. Three or four scanty meals had served them during that awful period. They dried themselves as best they could in the cold sunshine, revelling in anticipations of the meal which they hoped they could get if they ever succeeded in cap- turing the place. Clark now hesitated ; should he fall on the town at once, or should he first attempt to secure the neutrality of the people, which he believed he could do without difficulty? He wisely decided for the latter plan. By one of his French prisoners he dispatched the follow- ing crafty letter : "To the Inhabitants of Post St. Vincents: "Gentlemen: — Being now within two miles of your 4 6o The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana village with my army, determined to take your fort this night and not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request such of you as are true citizens, and willing, to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses. And those, if any there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to the fort and join the Hair-Buyer General'"^ and fight like men. And if any such, as do not go to the fort shall be discovered after- wards, they may depend on severe punishment. On the contrary, those that are true friends to liberty, may depend on being well treated. And I once more request them to keep out of the streets ; for every one I find in arms on my arrival, I shall treat as an enemy. " G. R. Clark." Hamilton and his officers had carried things with a high hand, and the inhabitants were rejoiced at the approach of the Americans. Nobody appears to have betrayed them to the British commander, who was yet in total ignorance of their proximity. He had sent out Captain La Mothe to scout, and the party, surrounded by the floods had not come back. Clark waited until nio-fit- fall, divided his army into three companies, in order to surround the post, and then marched forward to the attack. V. The Capture of Vincennes. Fort Sackville was an irregular enclosure, the sides varying in length from sixty to two hundred feet, and enclosing some three acres of ground. The stockade was stoutly built of logs about eleven feet high. The garrison was ample, and there were several pieces of artillery and swivels mounted on the walls. It was strong enough to have bidden defiance to one hundred and seventy starved and half-drowned troops without artillery of any kind, but it did not. It is to Clark's credit that he refused to allow the Piankeshaw Indians, who were there in large numbers, ♦Alluding to the fact that Governor Hamilton had offered rewards for the scalps of Americans. George Rogers Clark Statue, Monument Place, Indianapolis Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Indianapolis 6i ■f^K-7.;-;r~,-^- George Rogers Clark 63 and who voluntered their services, to take part in the attack. Marching silently through the town Clark sur- rounded the fort, which stood on the bank of the river, the men taking cover behind houses and trees. He quickly threw up a slight breastwork in front of the gate of the stockade, and announced his presence by opening a smart rifle fire. It is related that Captain Helm and Colonel Hamilton sat in the latter's head-quarters playing cards while a bowl of apple toddy was brewing before the fire. Having learned from the French inhabitants which were Hamil- ton's head-quarters, some of the Kentuckians, in sport, opened fire upon the chimney, surmising that that bowl of apple toddy would be brewing beneath it. As the rifles cracked, some of the plaster fell into the apple toddy as they had intended. "That's Clark," said Helm, "but d — n him, he need n't have spoiled my toddy." The garrison were even yet so unsuspecting that they imagined that the firing was caused by some drunken Indians, and it was not until a sergeant was struck in the breast by a bullet and seriously wounded that they awak- ened to the situation. There was a beating- of drums and a hurrying to arms, and through the night a smart fire was kept up between the contending parties, the British blazing away fruitlessly in every direction, the Americans, who were scantily provided with powder, husbanding their fi^^e and endeavoring to make every shot tell. Nothing had yet been seen of the Willing, and the supply of the powder on the American side was perilously low. Fortunately they procured enough from one of the friendly inhabitants to keep up the engagement. From the same friendly source they also got a good breakfast, which was as useful almost as the powder. Learning from the inhabitants that Captain La Mothe's party was still at large, and being desirous of capturing the British force intact, Clark withdrew some of his men during the night, and left the way open for La Mothe to enter the fort, which he did, the Americans by their commander's orders withholding their fire. Clark 64 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana was sure that he had them all then. When the morning- came the surprised Hamilton found himself completely surrounded by the besiegers, of whose numbers he was entirely ignorant, although the fact that they were there at all was evidence of their quality. The firing was kept up with such effect by the rifles of the Kentuckians that it became impossible for the British to serve the guns. As soon as a porthole was opened a stream of bullets was poured into it. The condition of the British was serious, so they thought at any rate. Early in the morning Clark sent the following per- emptory letter to Hamilton : "Sir, — In order to save yourself from the impending storm that now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc., etc., etc. For if I am obliged to storm, you may depend on such treatment as is justly due to a murderer. Beware of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers, or letters, that are in your possession ; for, by Heavens, if you do, there shall be no mercy shown you. " G. R. Clark." To this he received the following reply : *' Governor Hamilton begs leave to acquaint Colonel Clark that he and his garrison are not disposed to be awed into an action unworthy of British subjects." Nevertheless by this time the British were badly scared, and after another interchange of shots Hamilton asked first for a truce of three days and then for a parley. Finally a meeting was appointed. Hamilton, attended by Major Hay, his second, and Captain Helm, his prisoner, met Clark. The American general was furious. He refused to listen to any proposed arrangements. It was surrender at discretion, or nothing at all. It was many long years after that day that a certain little man from IlHnois made the world ring with the phrase "Uncondi- tional Surrender," yet that was the purport and nearly the wording of Clark's terms. He vowed he would put to death any Indian partisans George Rogers Clark 65 in Hamilton's command, and when asked whom he meant, replied that Major Hay had been one of those who had led war-parties against the settlements. When Helm attempted to interfere and say a word in favor of the British, Clark sternly silenced him, telHng him as a prisoner he had no right to discuss the matter. Hamilton promptly offered to release Helm, and Clark with equal promptness refused to accept him then. Hamilton begged hard for other conditions, but the inflexible American, reg-ardino- him also as a murderer as well as a coward, would g-fant no terms. Therefore Hamilton returned to the fort, having been given an hour to make up his mind. A party of Indians friendly to the English, who had been on a scalp hunt, came back during the morning with the ghastly trophies of their prowess hanging at their belts ; one scalp was that of a woman. Ignorant of the presence of the Americans, they ran right into their arms, and two were killed, two were wounded, and six captured. While the conference between Clark and Hamilton was going on, the six captured Indians were taken out before the fort, where the garrison could see them, summarily tomahawked, and their bodies cast into the river. Clark was not actually present when the savage and bloody reparation was taken, but it was by his orders, and he was responsible. Hamilton was unable to resist the clamor of the garrison after this sight and, upon Clark's final agree- ment to treat them as prisoners of war, he surrendered the fort at discretion. The next mornino- the British marched out and delivered their arms to the Americans, who marched in and hoisted the Stars and Stripes for the second time in Indiana. The Americans fired a salute of thirteen guns from the British cannon. During the progress of the salute twenty cartridges for the six-pound guns blew up and wounded some of the Kentuckians. Among them was the brave Captain Bowman, who died several months after, it is believed, from injuries received in this disaster. Save one wounded soldier these were the only casualities on the American side in the expedition. The 66 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana loss in killed and wounded on the part of the British was also small. The Willing came up soon after, and Cap- tain Bowman was sent forward with a party of soldiers to intercept a convoy of provisions and supplies from Detroit, which he did in a handsome manner, capturing everybody in the escort. The campaign was ended. The English plans to repossess Indiana and Illinois failed in every direction ; indeed, save for one abortive attempt, nothing further was done to dislodge the Americans. On the other hand, Clark could never assemble sufficient force to enable him to take Detriot, which was the sole position held by the British at the end of the war ; with that exception the country remained in his possession. VI. Forgotten ! Clark performed other services during the war ; finding himself on one occasion in Virginia when Arnold invaded it, he joined Von Steuben as a volunteer and fought gallantly under him. Virginia promoted him to be a brigadier-general, and presented him with a sword, which, by the way, owing to the straitened finances caused by the war, was a second-hand one, although the best that could be procured at the time. Clark continued in the service of the State, headed several expeditions against the Indians, got himself mixed up with the Spanish authorities and had his actions disavowed by the United States, and was finally dismissed the Virginia service, on the plea of poverty, which was true enough. He had never enjoyed a commission in the Continental service, and the dismissal left him without employment. The remainder of his long life is a sad story of disap- pointment and neglect. He was still a young man, and his years might have been filled with valuable service to his country. His marvelous campaign had evidenced his qualities, but he became so embittered by the ungrateful treatment he had received that he fell into bad habits. He drank to excess. He had no wife or children, and lived alone for many years, hunting, fishing, and indulging his appetite with such of his old friends or comrades as George Rogers Clark 67 chanced to visit his cabin, which was erected on a six- thousand-acre grant of land Virginia made to him when she ceded the northwest territory to the United States. He was land-poor and lonely. Four years before he died he was stricken with paralysis. He was alone in his cabin at the time and fell into the fire, which so severely burned one leg that it had to be amputated. It is related that he desired a fife and a drum to be played outside the house while the operation was being performed. It was before the days of anaes- thetics, and the orrim old soldier sat in his chair and had his leg taken off without an expression of emotion, while martial music was being dinned in his ears. He found a home in his last helpless years in the house of his sister, Mrs. Croghan, opposite Louisville, and there quietly slept away his life on February 13, 1818. He did much and suffered much — we may forgive him the rest. There is a story that when his means were at last ex- hausted, and he could not obtain any settlement of his just claim against the State, he thrust the sword which Virginia had presented to him in the ground, broke it off at the hilt, and threw the pieces away with the bitter remark, " When Virginia wanted a sword, I gave her mine. Now she sends me a toy. I want bread !" In his paralysis, the State, leaving his claims still unsettled, seems to have sent him another sword ! Years after his death the tardy government of the United States settled his claim against it for the expenses incurred in his heroic campaigning, in which he had exhausted all his private fortune. It was not until 1877 that the claim of the heirs of Francis Vigo for a portion of the money which he had given to assist the northwest territory was allowed ! As Vigo left no wife or children the money was paid to collateral heirs. Even poor old Father Gibault, who had done such good service in securing Vincennes and had given his own little property to Clark, in the endeavor to circulate the depreciated paper of the government, died in abject poverty, unrequited. I do not know a more heroic achievement in our history than Clark's capture of Vincennes. I do not 68 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana know in our history of greater results from slenderer means than Clark's subjugation of the northwest. I do not know in our history a sadder picture than the broken, paralyzed old man alone in his cabin ; and lastly, I do not recall in any history a more moving example of national ingratitude than that experienced by the priest, the Spaniard, and the soldier. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark All books, articles, and documents which are marked with a star (*) are in the Indianapolis Public Library. Many of these and also some others relating to the sub- ject are in the Indiana State Library at the State-house. OL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK'S Sketch of His Campaign in the Illinois in 1778-9, with an introduction by Hon. Henry Pirtle, of Louisville, and an ap- pendix containing the public and pri- vate instructions to Col. Clark, and Major Bowman's Journal of the taking of Post St. Vincents. Cincinnati, 1869. Portrait.* Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1 778- 1 783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark. William H. English. Lidianapolis, 1896. 2 vols.* List of officers of the Illinois regiment and of Crockett's regiment who received land for their services. List of officers of the Illinois regiment who have not received lands for Revo- lutionary services. List of non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Illinois regiment, and the Western army, under the command of General George Rogers Clark, who are en- titled to bounty in land. List of Captain Francis Charloville's volunteers entitled to two hundred acres of land each. Rich- mond, 1833. 24 pp. Virginia documents, No. 32. Conquest of Illinois, Peck's Annals of the West. 69 1850. Pp. 188-216. '•< JO The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana George Rogers Clark. By Judge James Hall. Portrait. 12 p. National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans. Philadelphia, 1839. ^o\. 4. George Rogers Clark's Expedition, with memoir.* Dillon's History of Indiana, 1843. Vol. i. Pp. 127- 203, and in second edition, 1859, pp. 1 14-170. George Rogers Clarke, with portrait. Lossing's Eminent Americans. New York, 1857. Pp. 138-140. Discovery and Ownership of the Northwest Territory and Settlement of the Western Reserve. An address delivered Sept. 16, 1873, by James A. Garfield. Cleveland, 1874. Re- printed 1881. 32 pp. Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts, vol. i, no. 20. The Northwest in the Revolution. Hinsdale's Old Northwest. 1888. Pp. 147-191.* The Hannibal of the West. Dunn's Indiana. 1888. Pp. 131-176.* Life of George Rogers Clark, by Lyman C. Draper.* Appleton's Cyclopzedia of American Biography. Vol. I. Pp. 626-627. The West, from the treaty of peace with France, 1763, to the treaty of peace with England, 1783. By William F. Poole. Narrative and Critical History of America. Vol. 6. Pp. 685-743.* The Capture of Vincennes, 1779, by George Rogers Clark. From Clark's Memoirs. 16 pp. Old South leaflets. Boston, 1893, vol. 2. No. 43.* George Rogers Clark and the Conquest of the Northwest. Theodore Roosevelt. In Hero Tales from American History by Henry C. Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt. N. Y., 1895. Pp. 29-41.* Selections from the Draper collection, in possession of A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 71 the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate the proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against Louisiana in the years 1793-94. American Historical Association, Report, 1896. Vol. i, pp. 930-1107. George Rogers Clark and his Illinois Campaign. Dan B. Starkey. 38 pp. Parkman Club Publications, No. 12. Milwaukee, 1897. Historic Families of Kentucky. T. M. Green. Cincin- nati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1889. Clarke as commissioner to negotiate treaties with Indian tribes, and an utterance attrib- uted to him. P. 256.* Our Country in War. M. Halstead. 1898.* George Rogers Clark's Capture of Kaskaskia and Vin- cennes. C. McMurry. 1895.* Personal Recollections of Stonewall Jackson. Also Sketches and Stories. J. G. Gittings. 1899. An his- torical sketch of G. R. Clark, pp. 140-152.* '" George Rogers Clark. H. Bruce. In the Scotch-Irish in America. 1895. ^^o\. 7, pp. 210-235.* The Story of George Rogers Clark. In Four American Pioneers, pp. 73-193. Katharine Beebe.* The Story of the Revolution. H. C. Lodge. Vol, 2, ch. I. Vincennes, H. M. Smith.* The Winning of the West. Roosevelt. 1896. Vincennes the Key to the Northwest. W. H. Smith. In Historic Towns of the Western States, ed. by Lyman Powell.* The Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest. Rufus Blanchard. Chicago: Gushing, Thomas & Company, 1880. Col. George Rogers Clark, pp. 166-174. Our Western Border, its life, forays, scouts, combats, massacres, red chiefs, adventures, captivities, pioneer women, one hundred years ago. Charles McKnight. Philadelphia, 1875- General George Rogers Clark, pp. 476-499. A History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Mann Butler. 2d ed. Cincinnati, 1836. George Rogers Clark, pp. 35-88. 72 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Magazine Articles. Indiana's First Settlement: Clark's Important Conquest of Post Vincennes. E. A. Bryan. In Magazine of American History, vol. 21, 1889, pp. 386-402. New York.* Clark's Conquest of the Northwest. E. O. Randall. In Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 12, Jan., 1903, pp. 67-94. Illinois — its Conquest during the American Revolution, by the Arms of Virginia, under Col. George Rogers Clark. By B. B. Minor. De Bow's Review, vol. 4, 1847. Pp. 366-373; 450-459. Life and Times of Gen. George Rogers Clark. By Mann Butler. Western Journal and Civilian, vol. 3, 1849-50. Pp. 168- 180; 216-225. Biography of the Revolution. A sketch of the life of General George Rogers Clark, the founder of Kentucky, and the hero of the Revolution in the West. By John Reynolds. Historical Magazine, vol. i, 1857. Pp. 168-170.* Belleville, 111., Tribune, Jan.-Feb., 1856. George Rogers Clark. By Robert E. Coleman. Harper's Magazine, vol. 22, 1860-61, pp. 784-793; vol. 23, 1861, pp. 52-62. Gen. George Rogers Clark and Gen. William Clark. By Isaac Smucker. American Historical Record, vol. 2, 1873. Pp. 60-64.* The Truth Concerning the Expedition of George Rogers Clark. By William Wirt Henry. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 5, 1875. Pp. 908-911.* Truth Concerning the Expedition of George Rogers Clark. By Samuel Evans. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 6, 1876. Pp. 191-194.* The Expeditions of George Rogers Clark. Reply of Wm. Wirt Henry to Samuel Evans. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 6. 1876. Pp. 308-310.* The Expeditions of George Rogers Clark. Reply of Samuel Evans to William Wirt Henry. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 73 Potter's American Monthly, vol. 6, 1876. Pp. 451-452.* The Expeditions of George Rogers Clark. Reply of William Wirt Henry to Samuel Evans. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 7, 1876. Pp. 140-141.* The Expeditions of George Rogers Clark. Reply of Samuel Evans to William Wirt Henry. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 7, 1876. Pp. 387-388.* The Expeditions of George Rogers Clark. Reply of William Wirt Henry to Samuel Evans. Potter's American Monthly, vol. 8, 1877. Pp. 67-68.* George Rogers Clark. By C. C, Graham. Louisville Monthly Magazine, vol. i, 1879. Pp. 71- 78. The Conquest of Illinois. By J. D, O'Connor, The Northwest Review. Chicago. Vol. i, 1883. Pp. 111-113. Francis Vigo and Gen. George Rogers Clark. By C. C. Baldwin. Magazine of Western History, vol. i, 1884-85, pp. 230- 235-* The Relations of Lieutenant-Governor De Leyba and George Rogers Clark and the American Authorities, and the Alleged Offer of Military Aid by Clark Previous to the At- tack on St. Louis in 1780. By Oscar W. Collet. Magazine of Western History, vol. i, 1884-85, pp. 271- 277.* The Expedition and Conquests of General George Rogers Clark, in 1778-79. By Mary Cone. Portrait. Magazine of Western History, vol. 2, 1885. Pp. 133- I55-* The Expedition of General George Rogers Clark. By John Moses. Magazine of Western History, vol. 3, 1886. Pp. 267- 270.* General Clark's Expedition Again. By Mary Cone. Magazine of Western History, vol. 3, 1886. Pp. 735- 736.* 74 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Virginia's Conquest — the Northwestern Territory. By J. C. Wells. Magazine of American History, vol. i6, 1886. Pp. 452- 457-* Oliver Pollock — His Connection With the Conquest of Illinois, 1778. By Horace Edwin Hayden. Magazine of American History, vol. 22, 1889. Pp. 414- 420.* The Illinois Regiment and the Northwestern Territory. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. i, 1893. Pp- 127-141. Intercepted Letters and Journal of George Rogers Clark, 1778, 1779. American Historical Review, vol. i, 1895-96. Pp. 90-96.* Review of English's Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1778- 1783, and Life of George Rogers Clark. By Frederick J. Turner. American Historical Review, vol. 2, 1896-97, pp. 363- 366.* Review of same. The Nation, vol. 62, 1896. Pp. 102-104.* The Story of the Revolution. How the West was Saved. By Henry Cabot Lodge. Illust. Portrait. Harper's Magazine, vol. 24, 1898. Pp. 60-73.* George Rogers Clark and the Great Northwest. By Cyrus Townsend Brady. Illust. McClure's Magazine, vol. 19, 1902. Pp. 274-281.* Items of Early Times, Kentucky History. By I. S. Newark, Ohio. American Historical Record, Oct. 1874, pp. 453-455.* Impressments in 1786 — The seizure of a cow. By R. T. Durrett. Southern Bivouac, Louisville, v. 2, Feb. 1884, pp. 257- 264. A Heroine of the Revolution: Nancy Ann Hunter. By Rev. Wm. Salter. [Fort Jefferson, 1780-81.] Iowa Historical Records, pp. 258-264. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 75 March of the Spaniards across IlHnois, 1780. By Edward G. Mason. Magazine of American History, May, 1886, pp. 457-469.* Clark's Conquest of the Northwest and Attack on St. Louis, May, 1780. By W. F. Poole. The Dial, v. 8, no. 94, pp. 238-240.* Conquest of Illinois. Northwest Review, v. i, no. 2, pp. 111-113. Record Book of Colonel John Todd, 1779, First Governor of the Illinois Country. By Edward G. Mason. Magazine of American History, v. 8, pp. 586-597. 1882.* Romance of Western History, by the author of "Border Tales." The War Belt, Nov. 1840, pp. 401-407. Loughrey's Defeat and Pigeon Roost Massacre, with in- troductory sketch. Indianapolis, 1888. 26 pp. Indiana Historical Society. Pam. no. 4.* The Northwest Territory, its Ordinance and its Settle- ment, by Israel Ward Andrews. Magazine of American History, v. 16, no. 2, pp. 33-147. 1886.* Capture of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Expedition of Col. Clark. British Annual Register, 1779, pp. 14-16. Same. In Scott's Magazine, Feb. 1781. Newspaper Articles. George Rogers Clark. Sketch of the soldier pioneer in a prize-winning essay. By Margaret T. Rogers. Louisville Courier-Journal, July 14, 1889. George Rogers Clark. By Temple Bodley. Louisville Courier- Journal, Nov. 20, 1884. Monument to George Rogers Clark. Speeches in the U. S. Senate. Congressional Record, July 17, 1888.* 76 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Conquest of Illinois. An address delivered in Belleville, III, on the Fourth of July, 1840. By John M. Peck. The Belleville Advocate, Aug. 22, 1840. Capture of Kaskaskia and Vincennes. By J. M. Jackson. Chicago Times, July 5, 1878.* Kaskaskia Centennial, July 4, 1878. St. Louis Republican, July 8, 1878. Vincennes. The approaching centennial celebration of its capture from the British. By O. F. Baker. Vincennes Western Sun, Dec. 17, 1878. Sketch of Kaskaskia. Clark's capture, 1778. By David J. Doherty, Feb. 15, 1877. St. Louis Republican, Feb. 19, 1877. Ye Olden Time. The eventful history of Gen. Geo. Rog- ers Clark, and of Clark Co., Ind. Louisville Courier-Journal, Dec. 11, 1879. Gen. George Rogers Clark. By Col. R. T. Durrett. Louisville Courier-Journal, Aug. 6, 1888. 1 780- 1 880. Clark County's Centennial. Celebration of Clark's Defeat of the Shawnees, Aug. 8, 1780. Springfield (O.) Republic, Aug. 12, 1880. Illinois Centennial Hero. Sketch of General George Rogers Clark, the captor of Kaskaskia. Alton Telegraph, [1878?] Illinois Centennial, July 4, 1878. Alton Weekly Telegraph, Mar. 7, 1878. Early History of Vincennes. By Ezra Mattingly. Normal Quarterly, Mitchell, Indiana, June and Nov. 1888."^ An Illinois Centennial, hundredth anniversary of the cap- ture of Kaskaskia. Republican, St. Louis, July 8, 1878. Fort Gage Centennial, preparations for the celebration. Chester (111.) Tribune, June 12, and July 10, 1878. Orlando Brown's estimate of General George Rogers Clark. Commonwealth, Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 2, 1834. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 'jj General George Rogers Clark, por. Daily Graphic, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1884. George Rogers Clark, by Margaret T. Rogers. Louisville Courier-Jonrnal, July 14, 1889. Life of George Rogers Clark. By Lyman C. Draper. Pittsburgh Daily American, Jan. 26, 1846. History of a Century. Historical address by Rev. Thos. W. Hynes. July 4, 1876. n. p. A Bit of History [Coral Hill, Ky.] Glasgow News, Feb. 18, 1887. The Siege of the Old Indian Town of Piqua. By Thos. F. McGrew. Springfield Republic, June 17, 1880. General George Rogers Clark. Illinois centennial hero, n. p. n, d. General George Rogers Clark. By Lyman C. Draper. Louisville Courier-Journal, Aug. 6, 1888. Ancient Louisville. A sketch by Col. R. T. Durrett. 1778-1830. Louisville Courier- Journal, Aug. 2, 1883. Lusty Louisville. Centennial address by Col. R. T. Dur- rett, May I, 1880. Louisville Courier-Journal, May 2, 1880. How the West was Saved. By W. F. Poole. Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 12, 1888. General George Rogers Clark's March Across Illinois Flats in 1779. By Temple Bodley. Daily Inter-Ocean, Chicago, n. d. [1878?] Coolness of Colonel George Rogers Clark at North Bend, Ohio.* In "The Wilderness and War Path," by James Hall. N. Y. 1846. Kaskaskia, the Ancient. Read before Missouri historical society, by Rev. David J. Doherty, Feb. 15, 1877. St. Louis Republican, Feb. 19, 1877. 5 yS The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Early History of Indiana. Speech of Hon. John Law, Sept. 4, 1869. Indiana State Sentinel, Sept. 22, 1869. Vincennes' Centennial. Chicago Tribune, Feb. 28, 1879. Virginia Documents and Statutes. Act concerning officers, soldiers, sailors, and marines, May, 1779. Hening's statutes, v. 10, pp. 23-7. Note: Land bounty granted to volunteers under George Rogers Clark, p. 26. Act for more effectually securing to the ofificers and sol- diers of the Virginia line, the lands reserved to them, for dis- couraging present settlements on the northwest side of the Ohio River, and for punishing persons attempting to prevent the execution of land ofBcers warrants. Oct. 1779. Hening's statutes, v. 10, pp. 159-162. Act to revive and amend an act entitled. An act for giving further powers to the governor and council. Hening's statutes, v. 10, pp. 387-389. Note: Regiment of Col. G. R. Clark to be completed for defense of western frontier. Resolutions in house of delegates [Va.] for a cession of the lands on the northwest side of the Ohio River, to the United States, Jan. 2, 1781. Hening's statutes, v. 10, pp. 564-7. Note: Reservation of land for Colonel George Rogers Clark, his of^cers and soldiers, p. 365. Act to amend an act, entitled An act to vest certain es- cheated lands in the county of Kentucky in trustees for a public school, May, 1783. [George Rogers Clark one of the trustees of Transylvania seminary.] Hening's statutes, v. 11, p. 282. Act for surveying the lands given by law to the officers and soldiers on continental and state establishments, and for other purposes. Hening's statutes, v. 11, p. 309. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 79 Act to authorize the delegates of this state in congress, to convey to the United States, in Congress assembled, all the rights of this commonwealth [Virginia] to the territory northwest of the Ohio. Oct. 1783. Hening's statutes, v. 11, pp. 235-7. Note: Reservation in favor of French and Canadian inhabitants, settlers at Kaskaskia, St. Vincents and General George Rogers Clark, his officers and men. An act for surveying and apportioning the lands granted to the Illinois regiment, and establishing a town [Clarks- ville] within the said grant, Oct. 1783. Hening's statutes, v. 11, pp. 335-337- Commissioners appointed to adjust claims. George Rogers Clark appointed among board of commis- sioners. Digest of laws on the subject of land bounties. 1776- 1784. Hening's statutes, v. 11, pp. 559-564. Cession of North Western territory by Virginia to the United States. Hening's statutes, v. 11, pp. 565-575. Reservation of lands for George Rogers Clark and his regiment, pp. 568-573. Act for appointing commissioners to liquidate and settle the expenses incurred in two expeditions carried on from the Kentucky district against the neighboring Indians [111. expedition] Oct. 16, 1786. Hening's statutes, v. 12, pp. 231-234. Act granting a sum of money to William Shannon [late quartermaster general to the Illinois regiment] and others, Dec. 28th, 1790. Hening's statutes, v. 13, p. 211. Certificates to be issued to the payees of certain bills drawn by William Shannon, on General George Rogers Clark, and on the treasurer of this com- monwealth. Journal of the House of Delegates to the Commonwealth of Virginia, 1 777-1 786. [Continual mention of George Rog- ers Clark and his Illinois campaign.] 8o The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana List of claims for bounty land for Revolutionary services acted upon by the Governor the ist day of April, 1834. 21 pp. Va. Journal and Documents, House of Delegates, 1834-5. Doc. 35. Petition of George Rogers Clark, presented to the House of delegates praying for the confirmation of the grant of land from the Indians, May 27, 1780, and June 30, 1780. Va. Journal of House of Delegates, 1780. National House Documents and Reports. Memorial on certain claims of the state of Virginia against the United States. [On account of the Illinois expedition of 1778.] 1831. 62 pp. House documents, no. 20, 22d cong. ist sess, 1831. Expenses of Virginia in the Illinois expedition in 1778, '79. Pierre Menard, Antoine Peltier, and Joseph Placy. Re- port of the committee on Revolutionary Claims. 1840. 34 PP- House Reports, no. 519, 26th cong. ist sess. 1840. Report of committee on Revolutionary Claims on Me- morial of Col. Francis Vigo, [On account of Illinois expe- dition of 1778.] 1846. 33 pp. House Reports, no. 313. 29th cong. ist sess. 1846. Report of the committee on claims, to whom was referred the memorial of Colonel Francis Vigo, praying compensation for money advanced by him to General George Rogers Clark, during the "Illinois campaign" in 1778. 1848. 62 pp. House Reports, no. 216. 30th cong. ist sess. 1848. CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS. Report of the Committee on public lands, adverse to the petition of George Rogers Clark, applying for the confirma- tion of an Indian grant, Dec. 23, 1805. i p. 9th Cong, ist sess. House doc. no. iii, Amer. state papers. Public Lands, v. i, p. 229. A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 8 1 Report adverse to the petition of George Rogers Clark, that a grant made to him by the Piankeshavv nation of Indians be confirmed. 9th cong. ist sess. House doc. Amer. state papers, Pubhc Lands, v. i, p. 247. Report of the Committee on the Library, favorable to S. 2967, which provides for the erection of a monument to the memory of Gen. George Rogers Clark, to be placed in Louisville, Kentucky, July 24, 1888. 50th cong. 1st sess. House reports 3026, in v. 8; (s. n. 2605)* CLAIMS OF SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT IN THE ILLINOIS CAMPAIGN. BOWMAN, ISAAC, Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, on the claim of Isaac S. Bowman for half-pay due him as legal rep- resentative of Isaac Bowman, a lieutenant in the Illinois regi- ment in the Revolutionary war, recommending reference to the Secretary of the Interior for liquidation, under act of 1832, Feb. 16, 1854; 2 pp. 33d cong. 1st sess. House reports 106, in v. i. (s. n. 742) Report of the Committee on pensions, favoring the grant- ing of the petition of Isaac Bowman, son and executor of Isaac Bowman [which prays for the payment of the half-pay due Isaac Bowman, on account of services rendered in the Illinois campaign of 1778] Feb. 13, 1854. 2 pp. 33d cong. 1st sess. Senate committee report lOi in v. i; (s. n. 706) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, to whom was recommitted the petition and papers of Isaac Bowman, executor of Isaac Bowman, deceased (a lieutenant of the Illinois regiment, under the command of Col. George Rogers Clark, in the war of the Revolution) favoring the payment of the claims, June 30, 1854. 2 pp. 33d cong. 1st sess. House rpt. 275. (s. n. 744) Petition of Isaac S. Bowman, in the United States Court of Claims, to the judges of the Court of Claims, established by the act of the congress of the United States of America, ap- proved February 24th, 1855. 4 pp. Clark MSS. v. 3, Revolutionary claims. K. 82 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Report of the Court of Claims, submitting the documents in the case of Isaac Bowman and another [G. Brinker] ex- ecutors of Isaac Bowman, deceased, and adverse to the pay- ment of the claim for half-pay due said Isaac Bowman as lieutenant and quartermaster in the Illinois campaign of 1778. Dec. 7, 1858. 62 pp. (s. n. 1021) 35th cong. 2d sess. Court of claims reports 183. Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, ad- verse to the claims of Isaac Bowman and others, executors of Isaac Bowman, deceased, for half-pay as lieutenant and quar- termaster of the Virginia state line in the war of Revolution, Jan. 22, 1862. I p. 37th cong. 2d sess. House com. reports 15, in v. 3. (s. n. II44-) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, ad- verse to the petition of the heirs of Richard Chenoweth, ask- ing compensation for building a fort at Louisville, on the Ohio river, in the year 1780 or 1781, under the orders of Col. Slaughter or Gen. George Rogers Clark, Feb. 12, 1841. i p. 26th cong. 2d sess. House report 183. (s. n. 388) LOUGHREY, ARCHIBALD, CLAIMS OF. Report of the Committee on public lands, favorable to granting the claims of Jane Thompson and Elizabeth McBrier of Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, the heirs of Archibald Loughrey, for bounty land on account of services and death of their father during expedition against Mohawk and Seneca Indians in 1781, Jan. 20, 1847. 6 pp. 29th cong. 2d sess. House report 30, in v. i. (s. n. 501) Report of the Committee on public lands, adverse to the granting the claims of the heirs of Archibald Loughrey for donation of land on account of services against the Indians in 1 78 1 [expedition was voluntary and without commission] May 16, 1848. 5 pp. 30th cong. 1st sess. House report 605, in v. 3. (s. n. 526) Report of the Committee on private land claims, favor- able to the claims of Jane Thompson and Elizabeth McBrier, of Westmoreland Co., Pa., for bounty-land which their father, Col. Archibald Loughrey, would have received had he sue- A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 83 ceeded in reaching Gen. George Rogers Clark, for whom he had started with several companies of volunteers to join in an expedition against the Indians, by whom he was killed before arriving at his destination, Apr. 17, 1858. 7 pp. 35th cong. I St sess. House reports 289, in v. 2. (s. n. 965) MENARD, PIERRE. Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, ad- verse to Sen. 39, for relief of Pierre Menard, Antoine Peltier and Joseph Placy. The claims are founded on allowances made by commissioner of claims of Virginia, for advances made to Col. George Rogers Clark and his troops to aid in the conquest and defense of the Illinois country in 1779- 1780. Apr. 25, 1840. 34 pp. 26th cong. 1st sess. House report 519, in v. 3. (s. n. 372) Memorial of John H. Smith, formerly commissioner of Virginia claims, submitting his reply to Heland Hall (no. 519) from commissioner on Revolutionary claims, as to bill for relief of Pierre Menard, Antoine Peltier and Joseph Placy. Dec. 15, 1841. 18 pp. 27th cong. 2d sess. House doc. 14, in v. i. (s. n. 401) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, on the memorial of John H. Smith, late commissioner of Revolu- tionary claims, in Virginia to report of this committee no. 519, 1st sess., 26th cong. on the Senate bill for the relief of Pierre Menard, Antoine Peltier, and Joseph Placy, on ac- count of supplies to troops in Illinois country in 1779-80, and advances made to Col. George Rogers Clark and Col. Mont- gomery, Dec. 29, 1841. 21 pp. 27th cong. 2d sess. House report 29, in v. i. (s. n. 407) Report of Committee of claims to accompany H. R. 323 and 324, on claims of Pierre Menard, Joseph Bogy and the heirs of Antoine Pelletier, recommending adoption of the favorable reports made April, 1834, and April 23, 1836; with copies of the reports and documents. Mar. 9, 1848. 9 pp. 30th cong. 1st sess. House report 343, in v. 2. (s. n. 525) 84 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Report of the Committee on the judiciary, adverse to granting the request in memorial of Pierre Menard and Jo- seph Bogy, heirs of Joseph Placy, June 23, 1854. i p. 33d cong. 1st sess. House report 233, in v. 2. (s. n. 743) MORGAN, HORATIO, CLAIMS OF. Report of Committee on Revohitionary claims, adverse to the petition of Horatio Morgan (heir of Zackquell Mor- gan) [claiming land-bounty on account of Illinois expedition of ^77&], Jan 26, 1835. 4 Pp. 23d cong. 2d sess. Senate com. reports 82. (s. n. ) Report of Committee on private land claims, to accom- pany H. R. 922, favorable to granting the petition of heirs of Captain Robert Orr, which prays for a grant of land, accord- ing to an act passed ceding a tract of land to Col. George Rogers Clark and the oificers and soldiers of his regiment who marched with him when the posts of Kaskaskia and Saint Vincent were reduced, Mar. 9, 1859. 6 pp. 35th cong. 2d sess. House report 238, m v. i. (s. n. 1018) ORR, ROBERT, CLAIMS OF. Report of Committee on private land claims, favorable to the granting of the petition of the heirs of Captain Robert Orr, which prays for a grant of land [on account of the Illi- nois campaign of 1778] Mar. 9, 1859. 6 pp. 35th cong. 2d sess. House reports 238. Report of Committee on public lands, adverse to granting the petition of Robert Orr and Chambers Orr, surviving heirs of Captain Robert Orr [who fought] in the expedition of General George Rogers Clark, of Virginia, against the In- dians in the now state of Ohio, in 1781, praying the land promised by the laws of Virginia. May 19, i860. 3 pp. 36th cong. 1st sess. Senate com. report 229. (s. n. 1040)* Report of the Judiciary committee, to accompany S. 175, favorable to the allowance to the heirs of Antoine Peltier the amount of their claim adjusted and allowed by the State of A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 85 Virginia, for moneys advanced by said Peltier to the regiment of General George Rogers Clark in the Illinois country. May 13, 1834. I p. 23d cong. 1st sess. Sen, doc. 356 in v. 4. (s. n. 241.) PELTIER, ANTOINE, CLAIMS OF. Report of the Judiciary committee favorable to Sen. bills 42 and 229, allowing the claims of Antoine Peltier, Joseph Bogy and Pierre Menard, April 23, 1836. i p. 24th cong, 1st sess. Sen. doc. 326, in v. 4. (s. n. 282) Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims, favorable to House bill 45 and 46, one for payment of a debt due the heirs of Antoine Peltier and the other for the relief of the heirs of Nicholas Lachance, both claims growing out of bills of exchange drawn by Lieutenant Colonel John Montgomery under General George Rogers Clark, upon the treasury of Virginia for supplies furnished at Kaskaskia in 1779 and 1780, for Illinois campaign. Mar. 28, 1850. 7 pp. 31st cong. 1st sess. House report 179, in v. i, (s, n, 583) VIGO, FRANCIS, CLAIMS OF, Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims, adverse to memorial of Francis Vigo, which prays for payment of bill of exchange for supplies furnished Continental troops in 1778, Feb. 24, 1835. 24 pp. 23d cong. 2d sess. House reports 122, in v. i. (s. n. 276) Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims to accom- pany H. R. 330, on Memorial of Francis Vigo, recommend- ing refundment to the memorialist of amount of advances made by memorialist to Virginia troops during the Revolu- tion. Feb. II, 1836. 33 pp. 24th cong. 1st sess. House com. report 317, in v. i. (s. n. 293) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, on Memorial of Francis Vigo, recommending allowance for ex- penses incurred and advances made in Illinois campaign in 1778. Dec. 22, 1837. 33 pp. 25th cong. 2d sess. House com, report 118. in v, i. (s. n. 333) 86 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims, to accom- pany H. R. 911, on memorial of Colonel Francis Vigo, rec- ommending allowance for expenses incurred and advances made in the Illinois campaign in 1778. Dec. 21, 1838. 33 pp. 25th cong. 3d sess. House com. report 13, in v. i. (s. n. 351) Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims, adverse to the petition of the heirs of Francis Vigo, which claims amount of a bill of exchange for $8,616 dated in 1778, and given for supplies furnished Virginia troops and lost. Mar. 15, 1842. I p. 27th cong. 2d sess. Sen. doc. 178, in v. 3. (s. n. 397) Report of Committee on Revolutionary claims, adverse to paying claim for amount alleged to be due Francis Vigo on account of bill of exchange drawn in his favor at Kas- kaskia, Illinois, in 1778, by Col. George Rogers Clark, as agent of Virginia, and never paid; [the same having been allowed by Commissioner Smith in 1835 with interest] April I, 1842. 6 pp. 27th cong. 2d sess. House report 525, in v. 2. (s. n. 408) Resolution of Indiana legislature in relation to the claim of Col. Francis Vigo, favoring the passage of a law providing for payment of said claim and instructing governor to trans- mit the resolution to senators and representatives in Con- gress. Jan. 13, 1846. I p. 29th cong. 1st sess. House doc. 61, in v. 4. (s. n. 483) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, ad- verse to the memorial of the representative of Francis Vigo, deceased [which prays for compensation for money advanced by him to General George Rogers Clark, during the Illinois campaign in 1778] April 11, 1846. 3 pp. 29th cong. 1st sess. Senate com. report 294, in v. 5. (s. n. ) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims ad- verse to the memorial of the heirs of Francis Vigo [praying for the payment of claims based on draft issued in favor of Vigo by George Rogers Clark upon Oliver Pollock in 1778] April II, 1846. 3 pp. 29th cong. 1st sess. Sen. doc. 294, in v. 5. (s. n. 474) A Bibliography of George Rogers Clark 87 Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, to accompany H. R. 251, on claims of Francis Vigo, recom- mending remuneration for supplies furnished the army dur- ing the Revolutionary war. Feb. 21, 1846. 33 pp. 29th cong. 1st sess. House report 313, in v. 2. (s. n. 489) Resolution of the Illinois legislature, in favor of the ad- justment and payment of claims for aid and advances fur- nished by individuals [Francis Vigo] to the expedition under General George Rogers Clark in 1778-79, known as the Illi- nois campaign. Feb. 22, 1847. ^ PP- 29th cong. 2d sess. Sen. doc. 174, in v. 3. (s. n. 495) Resolution of the Indiana legislature, in relation to the claim of Francis Vigo, for the payment of $8,616 for advances made to the troops under the command of General George Rogers Clark, in the Illinois campaign in 1778- 1779. Feb. 25, 1847. I P- 29th cong. 2d sess. Sen. doc. 196, in v. 3. (s. n. 495) Resolution of the Indiana legislature asking payment of claim of Francis Vigo, deceased. Feb. 8, 1848. 2 pp. 30th cong. 1st sess. Sen. misc. doc. 45, in v. i. (s. n. 511) Report of the Committee on claims, on the Memorial of Francis Vigo, recommending the payment of money ad- vanced by Col. Francis Vigo to General George Rogers Clark during the "Illinois campaign" in 1778. [Document contains General Clark's itemized account against Virginia] Feb. 9, 1848. 62 pp. 30th cong. 1st sess. House report 216, in v. 2. (s. n. 525) Report of the Committee on Revolutionary claims, rec- ommending the indefinite postponement of House bill 216, for the relief of the legal representatives of Colonel Francis Vigo. Mar. i, 1849. 2 pp. 30th cong. 2d sess. Sen. committee report 326. (s. n. 535) Resolution of Indiana legislature in relation to the claims of the representatives of Colonel Francis Vigo for $8,616 for 88 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana advances made to troops under the command of George Rogers Clark, in the Ilhnois campaign in 1778-9. Feb. 18, 1850. 2 pp. 31st cong. 1st sess. Sen. misc. doc. 49, in v. i. (s. n. 563) Report of the Committee on Claims, favorable to the Me- morial of Colonel Francis Vigo, praying compensation for money advanced by him to General George Rogers Clark, during the Illinois campaign in 1778. Feb. 16, 1854. 9 pp. 33d cong. 1st sess. House report 117, in v. i. (s. n. 742) VIRGINIA CLAIMS. Documents accompanying the bill from the Senate, en- titled, "An act for the relief of certain officers and soldiers of the Virginia state line during the Revolutionary war." [Colonel George Rogers Clark and the soldiers and officers of the Illinois campaign] May 13, 1830. 6 pp. 2 1 St cong. 1st sess. House report 404, in v. 3. (s. n. 201) Memorial of Thomas W. Gilmer, Commissioner on behalf of the State of Virginia, on certain claims of the state of Vir- ginia against the United States, for various large sums of money which have been paid, and which that Commonwealth may be bound to pay, on account of the services of the troops of her state line, during the war of the Revolution. [George Rogers Clark and the Illinois campaign] Dec. 19, 1831. 59 PP- 22d cong. 1st sess. House doc. 20. (s. n. 220) Report of a select committe on the Memorial of Thomas W. Gilmer, commissioner delegated by and acting for and in behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia for Revolutionary claims [with special reference to the claims of George Rogers Clark and his regiment employed in the Illinois campaign], (submitting documents, lists of officers and a bill) Jan 16, 1832. 66 pp. 22d cong. 1st sess. House report 191, in v. i. (s. n. 224) The Draper Collection of Manuscripts relating to George Rogers Clark, in 65 bound folio volumes, are in the library of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, at Madison. The General Society of Sons of the Revolution HE founder of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution was Mr. John Austin Stevens, of the Class of 1846, Harvard University. Mr. Stevens is the grandson of Brevet-Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, of the Second Regiment Continental Corps of Ar- tillery in the Revolution, and is - , _ _ known as the accomplished founder ot the Magazme of American History. When Mr Stevens learned, after correspondence with the Honorable Hanulton Fish, President General of the Cincinnati, that the mstitution of that order would not be chano-ed so as admit descendants in junior lines of original members he conceived the idea of forming the Society of the Sons of the Revolution. He accordingly brought about a meeting of several gentlemen for consultation in his office, in the New York Historical Society, December eighteenth ^?r'^^\. Among those present were the late Mr. Georee W W. Houghton, Mr. William Kelby, Assistant Librarian of the New York Historical Society, and the Honorable Asa Bird Gardiner, LL. D., then Professor of Law in the United States Military Academy at West Point, now the Secretary General of the Society of the Cincinnati. These gendemen having heartily entered into Mr. Stevens's plan, the name Sons of the Revolution was adopted after the consideration of many names and a second meeting was held at the New York Historical Society rooms, January fifteenth, 1876, when Mr. Stevens 89 90 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana submitted his completed constitution for approval. The purposes of the Society were to revive and maintain the patriotic spirit of the heroes who had achieved the inde- pendence of the United States, to collect and secure for preservation the historical records and documents relating to the War of the Revolution, and to promote social intercourse and good feeling among the members. As the centennial celebration at Philadelphia was approach- ing, it was decided to issue a call for a general meeting, to be held on Washington's birthday, to arrange for a representation at the Philadelphia Centennial. Before that time the constitution submitted by Mr. Stevens was approved and subscribed by Messrs. Stevens, Houghton, Gardiner, L. Cass Ledyard, Charles Henry Ward, of the New York Society of the Cincinnati, and others, and the Society was duly instituted. The following is a copy of the circular letter issued by Mr. Stevens : " Sons of the Revolution : "The Society of the Cincinnati, founded at West Point by the officers of the Army of the Revolution in 1783, originally limited its membership to descendants of officers in the elder branch, and with a temporary and short variation from the rule, has ever since maintained its restriction. The approach of the centennial anniversary of American Independence is an appropriate time for the formation of a Society on a broader basis which may include all descendants of those who served with the Army of the Revolution. The undersigned have formed themselves into a Society under the name of Sons of the Revolution, and invite the membership of all who, like themselves, are descendants of officers or soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. The object of the Society is to take part in the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. A meeting will be held for organization at the rooms of the New York Historical Society on the morning of Tuesday, the twenty-second of February next (1876), at twelve o'clock. All persons having a right and desire to become members may send their names and the names of those they represent to the undersigned. John Austin Stevens. General Society of Sons of the Revolution 9 1 The response to the call for the meeting of February twenty-second, although extensively published, showed a lack of public interest in Revolutionary matters, and the founders of the Society accordingly concluded, on the oc- casion of the called meeting, to await a more propitious day for increasing the Society's membership. The Soci- ety, although duly instituted, consequendy remained practically dormant for several years. The fact had been published, however, and had gone forth that the Society of Sons of the Revoludon had actually been formed In November, 1883, a great centennial celebradon was' held in New York City to commemorate the evacuadon of New York by the Bridsh. Mr. Stevens and the members of the Society saw that the propidous time had arrived for increasing the membership and establishing the Soci- ety on an enduring basis. Mr. Stevens issued carefully considered invitations for the memorable dinner held at Fraunces' Tavern on the evening of December fourth 1883, the centennial anniversary of General Washington's farewell to the officers of the Condnental Army Here in the very "long room" where occurred that touching historic scene, the plan of the Society of Sons of the Revolution was submitted, and was enthusiasdcally re- ceived by the assemblage, composed of representative citizens of New York of Revoludonary descent. From that time the Society entered upon an existence of patri- otic usefulness, and hence it has been accustomed to date its success from the year 1883. It soon acquired a national reputation in consequence of a riaorous ad- herence to the qualificadons and limitadons for member- ship, by the character and standing of its members the principles it enunciated, and by its patriodc commemora- tive celebrations and public spirited efforts, evinced more particularly in the matter of the successful erecdon of Bartholdi 8 Statue of Liberty, in New York Harbor and in the movement for the erecdon of a statue to Captain Nathan Hale. This honorable reputadon achieved by the Society made the Honorable Hamilton Fish Presi- dent General of the Cincinnad, declare on March twenty- second, 1889, that he regarded the Society of Sons of the 92 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Revolution as "a younger brother of the Cincinnati laboring to perpetuate the same principles and inheriting the same memories which belonged to the Cincinnati." On May third, 1884, the Society was duly incorporated, under the laws of the State of New York, by the distinct- ive name of "Sons ot the Revolution," the name which had been adopted originally at the meeting held Decem- ber eighteenth, 1875. Among the incorporators were some of the founders who had been at the first meeting, and the late eminent citizens, George H. Potts and Joseph W. Drexel. Fraunces' Tavern, which has been a house of public entertainment since 1762, and is memo- rable for meetings of the Sons of Liberty in 1775, became the headquarters of the Society for its meetings and com- memorative celebrations. At the outset Mr. Stevens and his associates contem- plated that in due time residents in the several States, who were actuated by the same spirit as the Sons of the Revolution, would desire to adopt its name, its principles, its insignia, and organize co-ordinate and co-equal State societies, and a provision for that contingency was inserted in the constitution. It was considered right and proper that if descendants of Revolutionary patriots in other States desired to take the Society's distinctive name and declared principles, and to organize under its banner, and participate in the benefits of its reputation, and afiili- ate with it, they should ask permission to do so, and thus enable the original society to ascertain whether they were qualified by descent and personal worthiness to be incor- porators of a society of Sons of the Revolution. After such incorporators had been found duly qualified, and had formed such State Society, it became a co-equal and co- ordinate affiliated organization for the same patriotic pur- poses, and had exclusive power to regulate its own affairs. Accordingly distinguished gentlemen in Pennsylvania and in the District of Columbia successively applied to be authorized to organize societies of Sons of the Revolution. Having been found duly qualified by descent and other- wise, their requests were cheerfully granted and they were given fraternal recognition. The Honorable William General Society of Sons of the Revolution 93 Wayne, President of the Pennsylvania State Society of the Cincinnati, became President of the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, and former Governor John Lee Carroll, of Maryland, became President of the Society of Sons of the Revolution in the District of Columbia. It was considered by the founders of the Sons of the Revolution that, at the outset, in the formation of State societies the method of formation already mentioned would be one which would give the most assurance that the State societies would be properly formed, and that, in time, after there were enough State societies, there might be a general society formed, like that of the Cincinnati, to take charge of the general interests. They were guided in these views by the precedent established by the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, founded in 1865. Distinguished officers of the Army and Navy in other States did not consider it derogatory to apply to the Pennsylvania Commandery for permission to form State commanderies of the same name and affiliate with it under the same banner, and consequently, commanderies in many States were formed, with approval of Pennsyl- vania, and in due season a National Commandery-in-Chief was formed. And so, in like manner, a General Society of Sons of the Revolution was formed upon the basis of the Society of the Cincinnati, with a constitution from the pen of the President of the State Society of Cincinnati in New Jersey. In the spring of 1889 occurred the great centennial celebration in the City of New York of the inauguration of the Government of the United States under the Consti- tution with Washington as President. In the arrange- ments for this celebration the Society of Sons of the Revolution took the initiative, and was joined by the New York Historical Society and Chamber of Commerce. As a consequence, in the arrangement of committees by the Honorable Abram Hewitt, Mayor of the City of New York, most of the chairmen and a majority of the mem- bers of the principal committees were selected from 6 94 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana among eminent citizens belonging to the Society of Sons of the Revolution. At that celebration was a large num- ber of official representatives of the States and Terri- tories who carried away such reports of the patriotic spirit of the New York organization that societies began to be organized in the Western and Southern States, where knowledge of the Society had not extended before. In several States associations were organized by miscella- neous mass meetings, which adopted constitutions radically different from the principles incorporated by the founders of Sons of the Revolution and admitted to membership gentlemen upon tradition and ex parte statements, without requiring the submission of reliable evidence to show that those persons were qualified or worthy of being members. The safeguards which had been thrown around the Society by rigorous examination as to eligibility and qualifications of all its members were necessarily wanting in organizations formed in this manner, and the parent society, while receiving applica- tions for recognition with a most liberal feeling of conces- sion, and actuated by no spirit of superiority or dictation, felt compelled to deny the petitions in all such cases. Happily in all these States societies were subsequently organized upon a proper basis and were duly admitted. The Society is conservative and is disposed to move slowly on well settled lines. But it has been gradually extending throughout the country. The qualifications and eligibility of all applicants for membership are care- fully examined, and no one is received without a record proof of the services of ancestors. The late Mr. Francis Cregar, who was not connected with the Society, referring to the Sons of the Revolution, said : " That organization has always maintained a high standard as regards membership qualifications, and has undoubtedly carried on the work of organization in a careful and conservative manner. Their publications, containing as they do carefully prepared membership lists, with full details as to the names, rank and Revolu- tionary services of their members' ancestors, sufficiently General Society of Sons of the Revolution 95 demonstrate this fact to any impartial and unprejudiced mind. I am glad to say, however, that my conclusions are not solely drawn from these publications, but that I have had the privilege of making a thorough examination of the original membership records and other proofs of eligibility in the custody of the several Societies of the Sons of the Revolution, and that I have been thoroughly impressed with the care which the officers and managers of these Societies have taken to maintain the high standard of membership qualifications, and to collect records which can not fail to be an honor to the Society and a great aid to historical and genealogical students, both now and in the future." The institution of the New York Society was on February twenty-second, 1876. On December fourth, 1883, a re-organization was effected and the Society was incorporated May third, 1884. Societies were instituted in Pennsylvania, April third, 1888; the District of Columbia, March eleventh, 1889; and in Iowa, April nineteenth, 1890. Early in 1889 it was deemed advisable by the three organized Societies of New York, Pennsyl- vania and the District of Columbia to form a national Society, as it became evident that the movement was extending over the country, and that a uniform system of government should be provided to secure harmonious action. A committee was appointed consisting of mem- bers of these Societies, who, after an extended and earnest consideration, presented a constitution which was ratified and adopted in each Society. On April nineteenth, 1890, delegates from the several Societies assembled at Washington and established the General Society of Sons of the Revolution, electing as President the Honorable John Lee Carroll, former Governor of Maryland, who has been continued in office to the present time. Under the provisions of the General Constitution, Societies were organized in the following States and received into the union of the General Society : Iowa, April 19, 1890; New Jersey, January 6, 1891 ; Georgia, May 22, 1891 ; Massachusetts, October i, 1891 ; Colorado, February 22, 1892; Maryland, April 11, 1892; Minne- 96 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana sota, April 17, 1893; Ohio, May 2, 1893; California, May 8, 1893 ; Connecticut, May 24, 1893 ; New Hamp- shire, June 19, 1893 ; North Carolina, October 24, 1893 ; Illinois, December 4, 1893 ; Missouri, February 22, 1894 ; Alabama, April 16, 1894; West Virginia, April 19, 1894; Florida, April, 1894; South Carolina, September 3, 1894 ; Tennessee, November 24, 1894; Texas, March 12, 1895 ; Washington, March 26, 1895: Virginia, June 7, 1895; Michigan, April 17, 1896; Rhode Island, September 26, 1896 ; North Dakota, February 12, 1897 ; Indiana, Sep- tember 30, 1897 ; and Arkansas, July 4, 1900. The present total membership in all these Societies is about seven thousand. Meetings of the General Society were held at Philadelphia, April 4, 1891 ; Trenton, April 23, 1892 ; Philadelphia, June 16, 1892 ; New York, February 16, 1893; New York, April 19, 1893; Baltimore, April 19, 1894; Boston, April 19, 1895; Savannah, April 20, 1896 ; Philadelphia, April 19, 1897 ; Cincinnati, October 12, 1897 ; Denver, April 19, 1899 ; and Washington, April 19, 1902. John Lee Carroll, CKNERAL PRESIDENT OF THE SONS OF THE REVOLUTION 97 ^^9J^ Mi^ Mm;: ^m^^ ^«t^ John Lee Carroll ;OHN LEE CARROLL, the General President of the Society of Sons of the Revolution, was born in Baltimore September thirtieth, 1830. He was the third son of Charles and Mary Carroll and a descendant, in the fourth generation, of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His academic training was had in St. Mary's College, near Emmittsburg, Maryland, George- town College, and St. Mary's College, Baltimore. He studied law in the Harvard University Law School and returned to Baltimore to practise his profession. In pub- lic life Mr. Carroll has held many important positions of trust and honor. In 1859 he was appointed deputy clerk and United States commissioner in the office of George H. Betts, clerk of the United States District Court of New York. In 1869 he was elected to the State senate from Howard county, and was re-elected succeed- ing terms, and at the session of the legislature in 1874 was elected president of the senate. He was elected Governor of Maryland in November, 1875, ^^^ ^^^ inaugurated January 12, 1876, one hundred years from the time his great-grandfather, Charles Carroll, signed the Declaration of Independence. .LsfC. 99 The Indiana Society of Sons of the Revolution HE Indiana Society of Sons of the Revolution was organized October thirtieth, 1897. The founders and charter members were John Hazen White, John Grenville Mott, Jesse Claiborne Tarkington, L. Ford Per- due, William Line Elder, Harry Alden Adams, Harold Taylor, James H. S. Lowes, John Minor Lilly, Edmund L. Brown, Louis M. Rowe, and John Davis Pugh. The membership in the six years since organization has increased to seventy-six. Owing to the fact that the requirements for membership include strictly lineal descent and documentary proof thereof, growth must necessarily be slow. The policy of the Indiana So- ciety is to adhere to the rigid precedents of the General Society and to prefer a small number of members prop- erly qualified to a larger number with questionable records of descent and doubtful ancestral service. The promoters of the Indiana Society were prompted in their movement by the fact that the Sons of the Revolution is the original society of descendants of Revolutionary heroes and that its elegibility clause is the most strict of any of the Revolutionary societies for men. In assisting applicants to secure membership, the originators and other members added later have frequently given aid in perfecting records. Besides the genealogical usefulness of the Society, it strives to forward practical patriotism through preserving historical documents and manuscripts ; 100 i Indiana Society of Sons of the Revolution loi providing memorials and contributing to monument and memorial funds of the General Society ; influencing legis- lation to prevent desecration of the flag and to preserve things hallowed by association with deeds of American patriotism ; through the observance of flag day ; and through its medal contest for high school pupils, as well as by other means that opportunity may present and judgment consider desirable. The annual meeting of the Society for the transaction of business and the election of officers, which is held October twentieth, is also made a social function for the members. A dinner is always served after the meeting and toasts combining earnest patriotism savored with pleasant wit are re- sponded to by the members, making this a delightful oc- casion. At times a citizen of distinction, not a member of the Society, is invited to entertain the members at the dinner. Last year the Honorable Addison C. Harris, former United States Minister to Austria, gave an ad- dress that was noteworthy for instructiveness, literary grace and simplicity, delicate humor and good fellowship. The dinners for the past few years have been given at the Denison hotel and the University Club. The Society gives in early spring a smoker to which members are privileged to invite their friends who are eligible or are interested in the work of the Society. A buffet luncheon, cigars, and other refreshments are served, and the only program is of a vaudeville character. Monologists, singers, prestidigitators, and the like, are engaged for the evening. The smoker is held at one of the club houses of Indianapolis. Washington's birthday is ob- served by the Society on the Sunday preceding the twenty-second of February. The Chaplain of the Society makes a patriotic address at his church to which all patriotic societies are invited as guests of the Sons. Oc- casionally a minister other than the chaplain is invited to make the address. Reverend Sims, Reverend Quayle, Reverend Brown, and Reverend Philputt have made ad- dresses commemorative of Washington's birthday. When a member of the Society dies, his family is presented with a silk flag of regulation size to cover the remains. UL.H'Jl.l] , TT- 102 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana The spirit of the Society is not to differentiate its members from society at large, but to be useful in a patriotic way and to preserve to its members all those advantages that belong to old families and long lines of descent, with the qualities that give those advantages. Thus the members may be stronger to assist in leaven- ing society with those qualities that a worthy pride of clean and honorable history and tradition contribute to the general welfare. This spirit is the spirit of morality and gentility and fellowship and not of snobbery and of narrow and conceited aristocracy. It is the spirit of aris- tocracy in the original and best meaning of that word, the spirit of the best citizenship. The Society's social motive is to preserve and cultivate in its members those refinements and forces of character that have distin- guished the best people of all times and all nations. The Indianapolis Public Library 103 The Genius of Washington Sermon by Rev. Allan B. Philputt, Chaplain of the Indiana Society, i 900-1 901 [HE Central Christian Church was crowded yesterday morning at the service held in commemoration of Washington's birthday with repre- sentatives of the Sons of the Revo- lution and of kindred patriotic soci- eties as guests. Rev. Allan B. Philputt, the pastor, who is chap- lain of the Indiana Society of Sons of the Revo- lution, delivered an address upon the "Genius of Washington," Mr. Philputt prefaced his address with remarks upon the aims of organizations such as those represented in the congregation, saying that the object of these societies was not to cultivate pride of ancestry nor to pose as hav- ing a monopoly of patriotism, or the keeping in their hands of Revolutionary and Colonial history. These things are the heritage of all the people and there are thousands whose ancestors fought in the Revolution who are not identified with these organizations. "But it is our duty" he said, "to help keep alive an interest in the story of the great struggle for liberty, to encourage young people to study the history of their own country and the heroism of its founders, and to give hearty sup- 105 1 06 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana port to the best citizenship and the highest national ideals. There is increasing need that emphasis be laid on these things." Mr. Philputt's text was: "We have heard with our ears, O God, our Fathers have told us what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old." — Ps. 44: i. He said: "Washington is the great figure of Amer- ican history. The Revolution was the work of the people but he so embodied its spirit that it seems to have been the work of one man. On the very eve of the struggle John Adams said: 'We have not men fit for the times. We are deficient in genius, in education, in travel, in fortune, in everything!' Events develop men, and the period is studded with a galaxy of stars, but Washington was above them all. He was a man of poise. Others were more gifted, more brilliant, but to him must be given the credit of carrying the mighty burden Atlas-like upon his shoulders. Had he fallen in battle or been captured by the enemy, so far as human mind can see the Revolution would not have succeeded. Do we not, after all, fail to appreciate the greatness, the genius of Washington ? "He is spoken of as a good man, and his character generally disappears behind a cloud of common-places. He was a man of moral firmness, it is said, but no genius. There are times when moral firmness is genius. It was so with Washington ; it was so with Lincoln. We call a man a genius who performs some brilliant feat, or makes a pyrotechnic display of his powers. Shall we refuse the title to one who does all thingrs well? Shall we honor the man who creates an epic above him who creates a nation? Shall we deny him greatness because there was no baseness in his nature, no depths of degradation to form a contrast with his nobler powers ? Europe has praised the intellect of Washington as America has not. "It is not contended that he made no mistakes in de- tails of military strategy. But was it not genius that turned back such defeat at Monmouth, that swooped down upon Trenton and Princeton with a thousand men at the lowest ebb of the Revolution, reviving the hopes The Genius of Washington 107 of an expiring cause ? Was it not genius that held so many hot-spurs and madcaps among his generals in leash, that bore with serenity so many intrigues of men ambitious for place, aiming at the overthrow of the com- mander-in-chief himself ? Was it not genius and tact of the highest order that enabled him to accept and hold the co-operation of French fleets and armies, commanded by soldiers of fortune, gifted in all the finesse of European etiquette, soldiers among whose gay uniforms his own ragged and bare-footed continentals looked like crows among birds of paradise ? Was there no military science displayed in the arrangement of those combinations which preceded and led up to the surrender at Yorktown ? Frederick the Great pronounced the Trenton campaign the most brilliant of the century, and it was the century of himself and Marlborough. Cornwallis said it was the most brilliant event of the whole struggle. "But to build a State was a greater task than to lead a revolution, and here again Washington is the master spirit. He gave his voice for a powerful union while others temporized with shifting prejudice and sectional animosities. His great soul was to his people as a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. Fiske has called this the critical period of American history. Law- lessness and license bid fair to eclipse patriotism, but Washington's faith and courage upheld the sinking hopes of his country-men. Others like Adams and Henry doubted, but he was sure. Washington presided over the constitutional convention. To one who distrusted the new scheme of the constitution, Hamilton replied, • Fear is folly since George Washington is to be presi- dent.' And so it was. To those who are inclined to believe in a divine providence over nations there will be no lack of sanction in these marvellous events of our history. " If the high destiny of the English speaking race could have been thwarted by treason and intrigues on the field or by a silly and bickering congress in the halls of legislation, this free American republic would never have seen the light. The old Quaker was right who io8 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana placed his hope in God and George Washington. Ham- ilton has been called the head of the government, Jeffer- son the heart, and Jay the conscience, but Washington the lambent flame in which these mighty powers were fused. In diplomacy he affirmed new principles which are now a part of the law of nations. He steered the country through the period of the French revolution and was almost the only statesman who kept a clear head and a firm purpose in that vast upheaval. He changed mankind's ideas of political greatness. He was abso- lutely unselfish. His motives were spotless. He re- jected partizanship and did not care that his favorites outvoted others. He brought a dignity to the executive chair unequalled even by the splendor of European thrones. His maxims still govern our statesmen except when they wish to embark upon some doubtful experi- ment. Daniel Webster said of him in his address on the hundredth anniversary of Washington's birth in 1832: 'We cannot wish better for the country nor for the world than that the same spirit which influenced Wash- ington may influence all who succeed him.' Washing- ton's high principles will forever rebuke all sordid scramble for power and all misuse of high prerogative for personal or party ends. ' No line written by him would posterity erase ' says George William Curtis, ' no act annul; no word spoken could they wish blotted out.' " On the eve of the organization of the constitutional convention when the despair of many was suggesting fatal compromises, Washington uttered these memorable words : ' If to please the people we offer what we disap- prove, how shall we justify ourselves to posterity? Let us raise a standard to which the wise and honest can re- pair. The event is in the hands of God.' It is safe yet for our leaders to take their bearings from the Fathers of the Republic, and from that wisdom which sprang close by the blood of the Revolution. Those glorious times should not be forgotten. We should teach them to our children and to the strangers within our gates. The ear should rejoice to hear them and the heart be glad to think upon them. If such is to be the case, if the names The Genius of Washington 109 of the heroes of '76 are to be properly remembered and their glorious deeds recited, if their spirit is to still live in the hearts of our people, we must keep them before us in song and celebration, in monuments and memorials, and in the imperishable pages of our literature. In the cherishing of this noble purpose it is but fair to say that the patriotic societies such as are represented here upon this occasion should lead the way." — Indianapolis Jour- nal, February 24, 1901. American Ideals in 1776 and 1902 Text : " JLooli unto t|)e rocfe tDD()ence pe art l)rton" Extracts from a Sermon Preached at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Indianapolis, Sunday, Feb- ruary 23, 1902, BY the Rev. Lewis Brown, Chaplain of the Indiana Society, i 901-1902 S Sons of the Revolution we are gathered together this anniversary to honor Washington's birthday. The Sunday nearest may well be given to reverent praise. What we have been as a nation is occasion for devout thankfulness — what we may be is ground for humility and deeper reliance upon the unseen. In no sense is this service inspired by self-praise. While we abate no jot or tittle of our permitted satisfaction over an ancestry worthy of emulation, still we are conscious that recognition of us as its progeny without reproduction of its qualities in us is the height of folly. We meet for encouragement and stimulation. The past is bed-rock and the future must be of peerless marble. ' Well begun if half done.' A study of conditions is the approved mode of perpetuation. We may well ask that the ideals making glorious a century ago and purchasing the free- dom which we now enjoy may stand inviolate. We had a certain type of people then because they had been moulded to meet the emergency. How do the qualities no American Ideals in 1776 and 1902 iii of the people of 1902 compare with those of the peopfe of 1776? Is the spirit alike commendable and pervasive? Such questions are timely and should be fruitful of result. " A conspicuous feature of colonial days was courtesy. There was a gentility in intercourse, a politeness in social interchange, which adorned every phase of life. In con- verse and the prosecution of daily affairs there was a graciousness that added to life an indelible charm. Doubtless the deliberateness with which everything was undertaken permitted such qualities. There was little haste. The world of affairs was limited and what could not be done to-day awaited its morrow with perfect serenity. No one felt that time was lost because etiquette was sedulously cultivated. There was a willingness to spare the abrupt phrases and to garnish the speech of the parlor and the boudoir. It may seem somewhat affected as we review the customs to-day. We may conclude that such punctiliousness and precision are impractical for present use. Yet in so judging we are really marking the materialism of the age. To cultivate the shop to the extent commonly done is not to our credit. On the antique tomb of William Wykelun in Winchester Cathe- dral is carved the famous epigram — ' Manners maketh man.' According to Lady Montague, ' Civility costs nothing and buys everything.' 'Win hearts,' said Burleigh to Queen Elizabeth, 'and you have all men's hearts and purses.' We could spare much from our brusque ways to gain the polish and repose that made luminous a century ago. The minuet was not then simply the wonted dance, it was an expression of the ruling mood. That stately movement, those profound salutations, the dainty touching of hands, all strictly accorded with the prevailing temper. Dignity never swerved. It was a power to be reckoned with. An incident in connection with Washington is pertinent. A certain officer who chafed beneath the decorum was challenged by another ' over the walnuts and wine ' to slap the Commander-in-chief familiarly upon the back. He drew near to accomplish his purpose, but quailed at sight of that figure of reserve. Bravado and braggadocio 112 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana melted in a moment and he beat a hasty retreat, rebuked by the silent nobility of the man. When Bunker Hill monument was dedicated in the twenties a soldier of the Revolution was momentarily displaced while Edward Everett was speaking. The soldier rose to his feet from his post of honor, but received the gentle admonition from the orator, ' Sit down, sir. It is for us to rise in your presence.' There is nothing we could more profitably perpetuate than the gracious reserve and dignity of our forefathers. " We shall never know all the privations of that period, the cheerfulness and courage which animated high and low, the willingness to suffer that final good might prevail. There were daily tokens of the character of our forefathers. The family plate was bartered for bullets ; uniforms were constructed from feminine finery ; many a ball-dress re-appeared in a flag. The women of the age shine with exceptional lustre. History speaks of the un- exampled heroism of the men, but behind them stood wives and mothers as noteworthy for sterling qualities of heart and mind. " We are not surprised that faith lit its pure candle in the darkest hours and pointed the way for trembling feet to press. There was need of reliance upon God, and that fact deepened the whole domain of truth. Praying ever that the loving Father might succor and sustain the country, bringing victory and peace, those sires of the nation knelt contritely at the family altar or amid the rude surroundings of the camp. It was this attiude more than aught else that presaged the final triumph. In his letter to the Governors of the States in 1783, Washington said: ' When I contemplate the interposition of Providence, as it was visibly manifest in guiding us through the Revolu- tion * * * I feel myself oppressed and almost over- whelmed with a sense of Divine munificence.' There spake the crystallized verdict of the hour and from such a conclusion the outcome was absolute. ' I will overturn, overturn, overturn,' saith the Lord, 'till he come whose right it is.' ^ H: :^ ^ ^ ^ American Ideals in 1776 and 1902 113 " It seems needless to enforce the value of our medita- tion. The pure aims of '1776' must clarify those of ' 1902.' Our heritage must be handed down unimpaired. Let us consecrate ourselves anew by the contemplation of that which our forefathers accomplished and leave behind a record worthy of such patrimony. Respecting worship, hallowing the Lord's day, enforcing truth and probity, we can approve ourselves alike to God and man, * workmen that needeth not to be ashamed.' Politics, not as a trade but as a sacrifice to the state, is the goal of every stainless ambition. Valuing our citizenship beyond price, let us cause it to merit esteem in the generations to come." A Copy of the Contest Circular Notice to Pupils HE INDIANA SOCIETY OF SONS OF THE REVOLUTION will have under its auspices this year (1900- 1901) the SECOND ANNUAL MEDAL CONTEST for pupils in the commissioned hio^h schools of Indiana. The purpose of the contest is to promote interest in patriotic subjects among the young men and women of the State. To the pupil who shall write the best essay on a subject connected with the Revolutionary War will be given a beautiful solid silver medal ; to the pupil who shall write the second best essay will be given a handsome bronze medal. The medals are of Revolutionary design, are costly, and are made for the Society especially for this purpose. You are cordially invited to compete. Last spring the first medal essay was published in the Indianapolis Press. Its subject was "The Fruits of the 1778 Expedition of George Rogers Clark," and the writer was Miss Alice Devol, of the Class of 1900 of the New Albany high school. The second medal essay was written by Miss May Starr, of the same class of the same 114 A Copy of the Contest Circular 1 1 5 school, on "Burgoyne's Expedition." Pupils of the Bedford, Goodland, Hartford City, Indianapolis, North Manchester, and Oxford high schools received honorable mention. Conditions of the Contest Any pupil in any class of any commissioned high school in Indiana may compete. He or she must be a pupil for at least a part of the year 1 900-1 901. The subject of the essay may be a person, battle, campaign, or significant incident or circumstance con- nected with the War of Independence, or any combination of these. The essay must contain not fewer than fifteen hun- dred words, and not more than two thousand words. The essay must be finished and in the hands of the Secretary of the Society not later than May i, 1901. The name of the writer must not be written on the essay itself, but must be written on a separate sheet of paper and enclosed with the essay. The Secretary will give each essay a distinctive mark so that it may be identified after the judges have given their decision. Essays will not be returned after the contest unless their return is especially requested and postage is sent for that purpose. A pupil who has submitted an essay that did not receive a medal, may rewrite it and submit it again in any contest so long as he or she shall be a high school pupil. A committee of three capable and impartial persons will judge the essays, taking into consideration the origin- ality, thought, and general literary excellence of each essay submitted. The decision will be published in the Indianapolis papers, and the medal winners and those to whom is accorded honorable mention will be notified by the Secretary. A grade above 80, on the scale of 100, constitutes honorable mention. William Allen Wood, Secretary of Sons of the Revolution in Indiana, Indianapolis. 1 1 6 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana The Society of Sons of the Revolution is composed of men who derive their eligibility to membership in the organization from being descended from soldiers or sailors in the Revolutionary War, or from an ancestor who, as an official, or by other means than fighting, was instrumental in bringing about the independence of the American colonies : provided, that in the last instance, the service of the official or person as designated shall have been performed in the civil service of the United States, or one of the thirteen original States, and shall have been sufficiently important to have rendered him liable to arrest and imprisonment, the same as a combatant, if captured by the enemy, as well as liable to conviction for treason against the Government of Great Britain. Positive proof of the service rendered by the ancestor must be given in making application for membership, family tradition and family history based on tradition not being acceptable. Access may be had to the rolls of Revolutionary soldiers in any large library, especially in State libraries. Where the ancestor received a pension, a certificate to that effect may be had from the Commissioner of Pensions, Wash- ington. Any male person over twenty-one years of age, and of good character, may, upon proof of eligibility, become a member. Application papers may be had from the Secretary of the Indiana Society. Medal given bv the Indiana Society in the Essay Contest 117 Roll of Members STATS NO. 3 ADAMS, HARRY ALDEN, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Levi Adams, Sergeant in Capt. Samuel Willard's company, Vermont militia, Col. Ira Allen's regiment; also in Capt. John Stark's company; also rendered service in defense of the northern frontier of Vermont. Certificate from the Record and Pension Ofifice, Washington, D. C. Great-great-grandson of David Merriam, a private in Capt. Manassah Sawyer's com- pany. Col. Dike's regiment, Massachusetts militia; again in Capt. William Thurbow^'s company, at Bennington, under Maj. Ebe- nezer Bridge; again in Capt. Jonathan Gates's company. State Archives of Massa- chusetts, vol. 26, p. 419; vol, 3, p. 176; vol. 23, p. 119; vol. 19, p. 155. Great-great-grandson of Sherebiah Butt, Lieu- tenant of the Second Company, Eleventh militia, of Connecticut; also Captain of the Second Company of the Twenty-fifth militia. Certificate from the State Librarian of Con- necticut. 119 I 20 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. Great-great-great-grandson of Solomon Rood, private in Capt. John King's company, Col. John Ashley's regiment, Massachusetts mi- litia. Record Index to the Revolutionary War Archives, vol. 20, p. 144. Certificate from the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Great-great-great-grandson of Moses Foster, a private in Capt. John Burnam's company. Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, com- manded by Col. Michael Jackson. Certifi- cate from the Record and Pension Offtce, Washington, D. C. Great-great-grandson of Ezra Day, member of the "Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Inspection," South Hadley Falls, Mass. Certificate from the Town Clerk, South Had- ley Falls, Mass. Great-great-grandson of Nathan Adams, a pri- vate in Capt. Joseph Slarrow's company, Col. David Wells's regiment, Massachusetts mihtia. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War, p. 64. Great-great-great-grandson of Isaac Merriam, of Capt. John White's company, of Steam's regiment of Massachusetts militia; again of the Twefth Massachusetts Regiment, com- manded by Col. Gamaliel Bradford. Cer- tificate from the Record and Pension Ofifice, Washington, D. C. Great-great-great-grandson of Josiah Butt, of Bacon's company, Col. John Chester's regi- ment, Gen. Wadworth's brigade of Con- necticut troops; also of Capt. Moses Branche's company. Col. Obadiah Johnson's regiment, Connecticut militia. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, pp. 412, 527. 61 ANDERSEN, DORSEY L., Greencastle. Great-great-grandson of Joseph Stilwell, En- Roll of Members 121 STATE NO. sign in the First Regiment, Monmouth County, New Jersey, mihtia, who was pro- rnoted Captain therein; served as Captain also in Col. Samuel Forman's detached mi- litia. Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War, p. 412. Certificate from the Adjutant General of New Jersey. 32 BAKER, FRANK TARKINGTON, Indian- apolis. Great-great-grandson of Silas Foster, Com- mander of the brigantine Joanna, a privateer of the Revolution. Certificate from the De- partment of State, Washington, D. C. 65 BARHYDT, THEODORE WELLS, Jr., Terre Haute. Great-grandson of Jerome Barhydt, a soldier in the New York line, Fourth Regiment, under Capt. Abraham Voder. Roster of New York Soldiers in the Revolution, pp. 225, 288. 29 BARNETT, COL. JOHN THOMAS, Indian- apolis. (Transferred from the Ohio Soci- ety, where he was admitted to membership Oct. 9, 1896.) Great-grandson of Alexander Buchanan, a pri- vate in Capt. William Tucker's company, First Regiment, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, militia. Certificate from the Adju- tant General of New Jersey. 16 BARNETT, LEVI A., Danville. Great-grandson of Alexander Buchanan, a pri- vate in Capt. William Tucker's company, First Regiment, Hunterdon County, New Jersey militia. Certificate from the Adjutant General of New Jersey. 122 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. 39 BEARD, FRANK MORTON, Hartford City. Great-great-grandson of Gersham Rust, Ser- geant under Capt. Shepard, Col. John Mos- ley's regiment, Massachusetts militia. Mas- sachusetts Pay Rolls, Revolutionary War, vol. 2^, p. 204; vol. 23, pp. 18, 55. Great-grandson of Justin Rust, enlisted under Noah Goodman, "Superintendent," Massa- chusetts Pay Rolls. 51 BELL, JOSEPH E., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of John Berry, a private on board the armed boat, Lion, and later a pri- vate in Capt. William Long's company, Eighth Battalion, Cumberland County mi- litia, Pennsylvania troops. Pennsylvania Archives, third series, vol. 23, pp. 94-97; vol. 23, pp. 661, 711. Certificate from the State Historian of Pennsylvania. Great-great-grandson of James Bell, a matross in Capt. Samuel Massey's company of artil- lery of the Philadelphia militia, commanded by Col. John Eyre; also a matross in Capt. John McCulloch's company of artillery, same commander and militia. Pennsylvania i\r- chives, second series, vol. 13, pp. 643, 716. 50 BLAKER, LOUIS J., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Paul Shuster, a private in Noah Townsend's Fourth Company, Sev- enth Battalion, Philadelphia militia. Penn- sylvania Archives, second series, vol. 13, p. 738. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. 66 BOGGS, MILTON MONROE, Macy. Great-grandson of James Stinson, private. Ser- geant, Lieutenant, and Captain under Cols. John Carter and John Servier, of the North Carolina troops. Certificate from the Bureau of Pensions, Washington, D. C. Roll of Members ' 123 STATE NO. II BROWN, EDMUND L., Martinsville. Great-grandson of Benjamin Chambers, a pri- vate in the company of Col. James Chambers, Col. Wm. Thompson's battalion of rifle- men, 1775; also Second Lieutenant; also First Lieutenant of the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania line, 1776. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 10, pp. 16, 35, 328. 45 BROWN, Rev. LEWIS, Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Ebenezer Butler, Sr., a private in Capt. Seymour's company, Maj. Thomas Bull, Connecticut light dragoons. Connecticut Men of the Revolution, p. 457. Great-grandson of Ebenezer Butler, Jr., private in Capt. Munson's company, Eighth Regi- ment of Connecticut, Gen. McDougall, Connecticut Men of the Revolution, p. 232. 63 BUELL, JARED R., Indianapolis. Grandson of John Buell, a private of six enlist- ments, under Capts. Yale, Ely, Calkins, Wright, and Francis, and Cols. Parsons, Ely, and Swift, Connecticut militia. Certificate from the Bureau of Pensions, Washington, D. C. 49 CAMPBELL, EDDY M., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of John C. Campbell, a private in the Fourth Company of Col. Francis Marion's South Carolina regiment, Capt. Peter Gray. Saffell, pp. 291, 295. 48 CARTER, WILLIAM, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Stephen Carter, Second Lieutenant in Capt. Jonathan Whitcomb's company. Col. James Reed's regiment, New Hampshire troops. State Papers of New Hampshire, vol. 14; Revolutionary Rolls, vol. I, p. 92. I 24 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. 31 CLANCY, LESLIE DALE, Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Thomas Isbell, who enHsted in Albemarle County, Virginia. Certificate of the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 40 CLOSSER, SYLVANUS M., La Porte. Great-great-grandson of Col. Daniel McFar- land, of a body of troops ranging in Monon- gahela and Ohio Counties, Virginia. Pay abstract among the historical collections of the West Virginia University. Certificate from the Curator of the University. 53 COLE, BARTON W., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Benjamin Cole, private in Capt. Bigelow Lawrence's company. Col. Walbridge's regiment, of Vermont; also in Capt. Jonas Galusha's company. Col. Her- rick's regiment, of Vermont volunteers; also in Capt. John Pratt's company, Col. Wal- bridge's regiment. Record of the Pension Office, Washington, D. C, and of the Office of the Adjutant General of Vermont. 69 COLE, ERNEST BYRON, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Benjamin Cole, of Capt. Bigelow Lawrence's company. Col. Wal- bridge's regiment, of Vermont; also of Capt. Jonas Galusha's company. Col. Herrick's regiment; also of Capt. John Pratt's com- pany, Col, Walbridge's regiment. Certifi- cate from the Adjutant General of Vermont. Great-grandson of Asa Burnham, of the Lex- ington alarm list; also of the Eighth Com- pany, Eighth Regiment, under Col. Hunt- ington; also of Capt. Morgan's company, Eighth Regiment of New York militia; also of Capt. Belcher's company, Connecticut line. Later, Orderly Sergeant. Roll of Members 1 25 STATE NO. 54 CROW, Dr. CHARLES R., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Thomas Shores, a pri- vate in Capt. Abraham Kirkpatrick's com- pany. Eleventh Virginia Regiment, Second Virginia Brigade, commanded by Col. Feb- iger. Certificate from the Record and Pen- sion Office, Washington, D. C. 22 DICKOVER, MARK LESLIE, Valparaiso. Great-grandson of Henry Dickover, a private in Capt. John Wither's company, of Col. John Ferree's battalion of associators, Lan- caster County, Pennsylvania. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 13, pp. 333, 305. Great-great-grandson of Philip Correll, a pri- vate in the associated company, in the town- ship of Springfield, Bucks County, Pennsyl- vania. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 141, p. 171. 44 DOUGLASS, WILLIAM, LoGANSPORT. (Orig- inal Son.) Son of David Douglass, an Ensign of the Sec- ond Company, Capt. Thomas Manery, Eighth Battalion, York County mihtia, Lieut. Col. John Laird. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. 10 ELDER, WILLIAM LINE, Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Rev. John Elder, a private in Capt. William Bell's company, of the Fourth Battalion, Lancaster County, Pa., associators, commanded by Col. James Burd. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 13, p. 311. Great-grandson of John Line, a private in Capt. Henry Miller's company of the First Regi- ment of the Continental line. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 10, pp. 335 and . 342. 1 26 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. Great-great-grandson of Andrew Rogers, En- sign of the Liberty company, of Hanover township, Lancaster County associators, and Third Lieutenant in Capt. James Rogers's company, of Col. Timothy Green's Hanover rifle battahon of Lancaster County asso- ciators; also a Corporal in Col. Butler's bat- talion, Continental line. Pennsylvania Ar- chives, second series, vol, 10, pp. 508, 512, and 532; vol. 13, p. 322. 30 ELLIOTT, CHARLES EDGAR, Indian- apolis. Great-great-grandson of James Elliott, Sr,, Corporal and Sergeant in Capt. Vernon's company, Col. Wayne's Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment; also Second Lieutenant of the Second Battalion, York County militia. First Lieutenant of the Second Company, and Captain of the Sixth Company, Fourth Bat- talion. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. 2S ELLIOTT, JOSEPH T., Jr., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of James Elliott, Sr., Corporal and Sergeant in Capt. Vernon's company. Col. Wayne's Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment; also Second Lieutenant of the Second Battalion, York County militia, First Lieutenant of the Second Company, and Captain of the Sixth Company, Fourth Bat- talion. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 14, pp. 500.512, 533. 77 EWBANK, LOUIS BLASDEL, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of Jacob Blasdel, Lieutenant of Capt. Philip Tilton's company. New Hampshire troops; of Capt. David Quinby's company. Col. Wingate's roll of men raised for Canada; of Capt. Enoch Page's company, Lieut. Col. Joseph Senter's regiment. Jacob Roll of Members 1 27 STATE NO. Blasdel was a member of the House of Rep- resentatives of New Hampshire in 179 1-2. New Hampshire Revokitionary War Rolls, Records of the Committee of Safety of New Hampshire, Journal of the House of Repre- sentatives of New Hampshire. Certificate from the Office of Secretary of State of New Hampshire. 42 GATES, MOSES, Valparaiso. (Deceased.) (Original son.) Son of Jonas Gates, a drummer in Capt. Sib- ley's company. Col. Luke Drury's regiment, Massachusetts militia. Massachusetts Sol- diers and Sailors in the Revolution, vol. 6, p. 316. Grandson of Benjamin Gates, a Captain in Col. Jonathan Holman's regiment of Massachu- setts militia; also Captain in Col. Rufus Put- man's regiment of Massachusetts militia. Certificate from the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. 73 HARRISON, NICHOLAS McCARTY, In- dianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence; member of the House of Burgesses of Vir- ginia; member of the Continental Congress; Governor of Virginia from 1782 to 1784; Colonel of militia of his native county. Great-great-grandson of John Cleves Symmes, member of the Continental Congress; Colonel in the Third Battalion of the Sussex County, New Jersey, militia; Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Register of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revo- lution, pp. 348, 356; ancestry of Benjamin Harrison, Keith. 128 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATB NO. 71 HARRISON, RUSSELL BENJAMIN, In- dianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence; member of the House of Burgesses of Vir- ginia; member of the Continental Congress; Governor of Virginia from 1782 to 1784; Colonel of militia of his native county. Great-great-grandson of John Cleves Symmes, member of the Continental Congress; Colonel in the Third Battalion of the Sussex County, New Jersey, militia; Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Register of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revo- lution, pp. 348, 356; ancestry of Benjamin Harrison, Keith. 70 HAYWARD, WILLIAM EUGENE, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of Nathan Hayward, private in Capt. Staples Chamberlain's company. Col. Abner Perry's regiment, Massachusetts troops. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, vol. 7, p. 627. Great-great-grandson of Nathaniel Comstock, Lieutenant in Col. Experience Storr's regi- ment. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 631. Great-great-great-grandson of John Bradford, Corporal of Capt, Walker's company. Col. Elmore's regiment; also Capt. Cady's com- pany. Col. Chapman's regiment. Connect- icut Men in the Revolution, pp. 115, 533. Great-great-great-grandson of Daniel Fitch, Corporal of the Simsbury company. Fourth Regiment, Connecticut line; also Corporal of the Connecticut Light Infantry; also under Capt. Gregory, Ninth Regiment of militia. Gen. Wooster. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, pp. 186, 321, 351, 486. STATE NO. Roll of Members 129 Great-grandson of Ichabod Shaw, private of the Lexington alarm Hst; also Corporal of Capt. Waterman's company, Col. Parsons's regiment. Connecticut Men in the Revolu- tion, pp. 24, 75. 41 HUGHES, STANLEY C, Richmond. Great-great-grandson of Isaac Anderson, pri- vate under Capts. Samuel Miller and Van Swearingen, Cols. McCoy, Morgan, and Broadhead; again. Lieutenant under Capt. Shorer and Col. Laughry. Pennsylvania in the Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 684, 685-690. Record from the Bureau of Pensions, Wash- ington, D. C. 34 INGRIM, MARION HAMLIN, Winamac. Great-grandson of John Ingrim, a private in Capt. Gilbery McCay's company, of "His Excellency" Joseph Reed's command, Penn- sylvania volunteers. Certificate from the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C 25 JENNISON, ALBERT CUNNING, Craw- FORDSVILLE. Great-grandson of John Jennison, a Captain in the "Battalion Flying Camp." Heitman, p. 252. Great-great-grandson of John Kirk, an Ensign in the Pennsylvania musket battalion. Heit- man, p. 252. 59 JONES, CHARLES HAROLD, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of John Jones, a private. Cor- poral, and Sergeant in the Commander-in- Chief's guard. Continental troops. Certifi- cate from the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. 130 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. 37 KELSEY, BENJAMIN, Indianapolis. Grandson of George Kelsey, private, whose name appears on the pay-roll of Capt. John Ventres's company, Col. Worthington's regi- ment, Connecticut militia. Certified copy of the pay-roll from a notary public of the County of Suffolk, New York. 62 LEACH, Dr. LEON T., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Jonathan Mead, rank not stated, of Capt. Matthew Mead's com- pany. Ninth Connecticut Regiment, Col. John Mead; also a matross in Capt. Samuel Lockwood's company, Second Artillery Regiment, Continental troops; also private in Col. Lamb's regiment of artillery. Cer- tificates from the Bureau of Pensions and the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. 12 LILLY, JOHN MILLER, Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Col. Theunis Dey, a member of the New Jersey Assembly from Bergen County; member of General Assem- bly, New Jersey; member of Council; he was a commissioner with John Cleves Symmes, to visit the Jersey troops north of Albany, and was a member of the Provincial Congress and Committee of Safety and Correspond- ence, Bergen County, New Jersey. He was also Commissioner of Pardons and mustering officer under call of Congress, Certificate from the Adjutant General of New Jersey. Great-grandson of John Dey, a private in Col. Theunis Dey's regiment, Bergen County, N. J., miHtia. Certificate from the Adjutant General of New Jersey. 21. LOCKRIDGE, ALBERT OWEN, Green- castle. Great-grandson of Andrew Malone, a Corporal in the Maryland militia under Capt. Veazey STATB NO. Roll of Members i 3 and Col. Smallwood. Safifell, p. 234. Cer- tificate of Department of Interior, Wash- ington, D. C. Great-great-grandson of Thomas Shores, a pri- vate in Capt. Abraham Kirkpatrick's com- pany in a detachment of the Eleventh Vir- ginia Regiment, Second Virginia Brigade, commanded by Col. Febiger. Previously to enlisting under Capt. Kirkpatrick, he fought the Indians under George Rogers Clark. Collins's History of Kentucky, pp. 325-7, 611-15. Certificate of the Record and Pen- sion Office, Washington, D. C. 9 LOWES, JAMES HERVEY STEWART, In- dianapolis. Great-grandson of James Lowes, Ensign in the Third Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry, under Col. Thomas Craig. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 15, pp. 432 and 518; vol. 10, p. 450. Great-grandson of James Elliott, Sr., Corporal and Sergeant in Capt. Vernon's company, in Col. Wayne's Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment; also Second Lieutenant of the Second Bat- talion, York County militia. First Lieutenant of the Second Company, and Captain of the Sixth Company, Fourth Battalion. Certifi- cate from the State Librarian of Pennsyl- vania. Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 14, pp. 500, 512, and 533. 58 MARSH, FLETCHER E., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Samuel Fletcher, Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel of Fletcher's regiment, Vermont militia; also Major Gen- eral of Vermont troops for six years; also a member of the convention that declared the independence of Vermont. Certificate from the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. Certificate from the Adjutant Gen- eral of Vermont. 132 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATB NO. 33 MARTIN, HARRY C, Attica. Great-grandson of William Gookins, a private in Capt. Noble's company, Col. Ira Allen's regiment; also of Capt. Enoch Eastman's company, same regiment. New England Historical Register, p. 167. Certificate from the Adjutant General of Vermont. 15 MINER, BENJAMIN DANIEL, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of Elias Miner, private in Capt. David F. Sill's company, Col. Samuel H. Parson's regiment, Connecticut. Certificate from the Adjutant General of Connecticut. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 72. Great-grandson of Joseph Hollister, private in Capt. Jonathan Hall's company, Col. Erastus Wolcott's regiment. Certificate from the Adjutant General of Connecticut. Connecti- cut Men in the Revolution, p. 385. 14 MINOR, JOHN WILLIAM, Jr., Indian- apolis. Great-great-great-grandson of William Wood- ford, who served in the battalion of the Con- necticut militia commanded by Lieut. Col. Mead. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 622. Great-great-grandson of Samuel Woodford, who served in Capt. Stoddard's company, Connecticut militia. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 502. Great-great-great-grandson of Abraham Bates, private in Capt. Joseph Trufant's company, Massachusetts militia. Massachusetts Sol- diers and Sailors of the Revolution, p. 774. 55 MINTON, RUFUS CARLETON, Martins- ville. Great-grandson of Ebenezer Minton, a private of the Fourth troop, Capt. William Parsons, STATB NO. Roll of Members 133 First Regiment of Light Dragoons, Conti- nental troops, from Virginia. Certificate from the Record and Pension Office, Wash- ington, D. C. 47 MOORE, JOSEPH, Bedford. (Deceased.) (Original Son.) Son of William Moore, a private under Capt. Jacob Free, Gen. Rutherford, South Carolina troops. Certificate from the Auditor for the Interior Department, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 4 MOTT, JOPIN GRENVILLE, Michigan City. Grandson of James Mott, who served as non- commissioned officer in the campaign of 1777 against Burgoyne; also Ensign in Capt. Jonathan Weller's company, of the Sixth New York Regiment. Minutes of the Coun- cil of Appointment, vol. i, p. 93. This is a manuscript volume in custody of the Regents of the University of the State of New York in the State Library of New York. Certifi- cate from the Archivist of the University of the State of New York. Great-grandson of James Denton, Second Lieutenant in Capt. Samuel Clark's com- pany. Fourth Ulster County Regiment of the New York state militia under command of Col. Jonathan Hasbrouck; also First Lieu- tenant and Captain. Military Returns, Mss., vol. 26, p. 33; Minutes of the Council of Ap- pointment, vol. I, p. 34; same, p. 192. Cer- tificate from the Archivist of the University of the State of New York. 57 MOTT, RUSSELL, Michigan City. Great-grandson of James Mott, a non-commis- sioned officer who served against Burgoyne. Later he was commissioned Ensign in Capt. 134 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE WO. John Weller's company, Sixth New York Regiment. For proofs, see record under John Grenville Mott. Great-great-grandson of James Denton, Sec- ond Lieutenant in Capt. Samuel Clark's com- pany. Fourth Ulster County Regiment, New York militia. He was made First Lieutenant and Captain. For proof, see record under John Grenville Mott. 56 NOBLE, Col. CHARLES HENRY, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of John Blood, a private in Capt. Holden's company, of Col. Jonathan Reed's regiment; also of Capt. Smith's com- pany. Col. Bigelow's regiment, of the Conti- nental army, from Massachusetts. Certifi- cate from the Secretary of the Common- wealth of Massachusetts. Great-grandson of Miles Powell, Lieutenant Colonel in the regiment of minute men com- manded by Col. Patterson, and later Lieu- tenant Colonel of the Third Regiment. Col. Israel Chapen; also same rank in Col. Benja- min Simonds's regiment of troops from Massachusetts. Certificate from the Secre- tary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 43 PARRY, DAVID MACLEAN, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of John Cadwalader, Colonel of a regiment of Pennsylvania militia; ap- pointed Brigadier-General in Continental army, which he declined; Brigadier-General of Pennsylvania militia. Heitman, p. 112; Saffell, p. 532. 52 PATTEN, HIRAM B., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Benjamin Cole, private in Capt. Bigelow Lawrence's company, Col. Walbridge's regiment of Vermont; also in Capt. Jonas Galusha's company, Col. Her- rick's regiment of Vermont volunteers; also Roll of Members 135 STATB NO. in Capt. John Pratt's company, Col. Wal- bridge's regiment. Record of the Pension Office, Washington, D. C, and of the Office of the Adjutant General of Vermont. 72 PEPPLE, WORTH WILLARD, Michigan City. Great-great-great-grandson of Edmund Little- field, private under Capt. William Briggs; under Capt. Robert Swan and Col. Benjamin Gill; under Capt. Amos Lincoln, Col. Craft's artillery. He was appointed matross under Capt. Amos Lincoln. Massachusetts Ar- chives, vol. II, p. 212; vol. 14, p. 14'. vol. 3, p. 156; vol. 38, p. 177; vol. 29, p. 218. 6 PERDUE, LEMUEL FORD, Terre Haute. Great-great-grandson of Maj. Joseph Mc- Dowell, of the Burke County, North Caro- lina militia; was member of House of Com- mons of N. C; member of N. C. Constitu- tional Convention; member of Congress. Draper's Kings Mountain and Its Heroes, P- 431- 46 PHILLIPS, WILLIAM M., Denver, Col. (Also a member of the Colorado Society.) Great-grandson of Henry Phillips, private in the Second Regiment of Maryland troops. Records of the Colorado Society of Sons of the Revolution. Great-grandson of Daniel Russell, private in the First Company, Col. Thomas Marshall's regiment; also private in Capt. Aaron Os- good's company. Col. Samuel Williams's regiment; also Capt. John King's company, Col. Marshall's regiment, from Massachu- setts. Records of the Colorado Society of Sons of the Revolution. 136 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. 38 PHILPUTT, Rev. ALLAN B., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of John Beardon, a private in the South CaroHna Hne, under Capt. Wor- ford; again under Capt. Gowen; again under Capt. Putnam. Report of Secretary of War, vol. 3, p. 46, under Tennessee. Certificate of Old War and Navy Division, 2991. 5 PUGH, JOHN DAVIS, Shelbyville. Great-grandson of John Pugh, a private in Capt. Joseph Gardner's company, Second Battalion, Col. Evan Evans; also Ensign of the Eighth Company, Fifth Battalion, Col. John McDowell. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 14, under Chester County. Also Friends' Record, Chester County. 64 REMY, CHARLES FREDERICK, Indian- apolis. Great-great-grandson of James Adair, Sr., a private under Capt. Frank Ross, Col. Thomas Neil, South Carolina troops; again under Capt. John McCool, Col. David Hop- kins. Certificate from the Bureau of Pen- sions, Washington, D. C. 74 RITCHIE, CLAUDE GRIFFITH, Indian- apolis. Great-great-grandson of David Akin, private of the New York militia. Documents of Colonial History of New York, Vol. 15 p. 312. 20 ROBISON, EUGENE A., Rocklane. Great-great-grandson of Andrew Duniap, who served in the corps of invalids. Continental troops. Rank not stated. Certificate of Record and Pension Office, War Depart- ment, Washington, D. C. Also Saffell, p. 222. Roll of Members 1 37 STATB MO. 7 ROWE, LOUIS M., M. D., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Zachariah Fitch, First Lieutenant of Capt. Henry Farwell's com- pany, Col. Wm. Prescott's regiment, Massa- chusetts mihtia, and Captain in Col. Samuel Brewer's regiment. Archives of Mass., vol. 12, p. 62; vol. 52, p. 40; vol. 19, p. 67. 19 SIMS, CHARLES N., D. D., Syracuse, N. Y. Great-grandson of William Sims, member of an independent company for Albemarle County, Virginia, Capt. Charles Lewis. Vir- ginia Historical Collections, Gilmer series, vol. 6, pp. 82, 85. dy SMITH, SCOTT VOSS, Indianapolis. Great-great-great-great-grandson of James Snodgrass, who served in the militia of Au- gusta and Washington Counties, Virginia, and was Major of Col. William Campbell's "Virginians." Draper's Kings Mountain, pp. 257, 268, 584, 589. Col. Arthur Camp- bell's Memoirs of Gen. William Campbell. Great-great-great-grandson of William Snod- grass, chaplain of the Seventy-first Virginia Regiment, under Col. William Campbell. Draper's Kings Mountain, pp. 320-22, 588. Great-great-great-great-grandson of John White, Ensign in the Seventh Virginia Regiment; Second Lieutenant in the Fifth Virginia Regiment; First Lieutenant, Fourth Virginia Regiment. Heitman's Historical Register, pp. 431, 478. Great-grandson of John Smith, a Lieutenant in Col. Walker's Virginia Regiment. Saffell, p. 321. 138 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. Great-great-great-great-grandson of James Barnett, Ensign and Second Lieutenant in the Sixth Virginia Regiment. Heitman, p. 76. Great-great-great-great-grandson of William Bartlet, private under Capt. Porterfield, Col. Morgan's riflemen, Virginia troops. Safifell, p. 260. 28 SMOCK, WILLIAM C, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Jacob Smock, a private and Sergeant in Capt. Robert Higgins's com- pany, known also as Maj. Jonathan Clark's and Capt. William Croghan's company of the Fourth; known also as the Eighth and the Fourth, Eighth, and Twelfth Regiments of Virginia troops, commanded at various times by Cols. James Wood, John Nevill, and Ab- raham Bowman. Certificate from the Rec- ord and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. Great-grandson of Simon Vanarsdalen, Captain of a company of York County associators and Major of the Fourth Battalion, York County militia. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 14, pp. 497, 511. 76 SMOCK, HARRY E., Franklin. Great-great-grandson of Jacob Smock, who served as private and Sergeant in Capt. Robert Higgins's company of the Fourth Regiment of Virginia troops. Col. James Wood. Certificate from the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C. Great-great-grandson of Simon Vanarsdalen, Captain of a company of York County asso- ciators, and Major of the Fourth Battalion, York County militia. Pennsylvania Ar- chives, vol. 14, pp. 497, 511. Certificate from the State Librarian of Pennsylvania. Roll of Members i 39 STATK NO. 27 SNIDER, ALBERT G., Indianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Edmund Freeman, who was Captain in Col. Jonathan Chase's regiment, New Hampshire militia. Revolu- tionary War Rolls of New Hampshire, vol. 2, pp. 45 and 378. 75 STOCKING, Rev. CHARLES H. W., Vin- CENNES. (Transferred from the New York Society, where he was admitted to membership June 13, 1899.) Great-grandson of Abner Stocking, com- mander of a privateer; also under Capt. Ezekiel Scott, Second Connecticut Regi- ment, Brig, Gen, Joseph Spencer; also Cap- tain of militia. Rolls of the Adjutant Gen- eral of Connecticut, pp. 46, 92. New Eng- land Genealogical and Historical Register, Apr., 1896, pp. 174-176. 60 SULLIVAN, RICHARD HUGHES, Indian- apolis. Great-great-grandson of John Hughes, a pri- vate under Capt. John Barrett, Col. William Dandridge; also under Capt. Littleburg of the Virginia Cavalry; also private under Capt. Charles Williamson, Maj. John Willis Battle, and Capt. Thomas Pollock, Col. Bev- erly Randolph. Also Ensign under the last. Lieutenant under Capt. Samuel Woodson, Col. Henry Skepwith, Virginia troops. Cer- tificate from the Commissioner of Pensions, Washington, D. C. 2 TARKINGTON, JESSE CLAIBORNE, In- dianapolis. Great-grandson of Silas Foster, Commander of the brigantine Joanna, a privateer of the Revolution. Certificate from the Depart- ment of State, Washington, D. C. 140 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. Great-great-grandson of Nathaniel Foster, a private in the Middlesex County, New Jer- sey, militia. Certificate from the Adjutant General of New Jersey. 68 TARKINGTON, NEWTON BOOTH, In- dianapolis. Great-great-grandson of Jonah Wood, a private in the Tenth Company, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut militia, Capt. John Ripley. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 90. Great-great-grandson of Jonathan Slawson, private in Capt. Scofield's company, Ninth Regiment of Connecticut, commanded by Col. John Mead. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, pp. 554, 626. Great-great-grandson of Hezekiah Wood, Westchester County militia. Third Regi- ment, New York militia; also Bradley's bat- talion, Wadsworth's brigade, Capt. Keeler's company, Connecticut troops; also of Capt. E. Lockwood's coast guards; also Lieutenant of the Fourth Regiment of Connecticut. New York Men in the Revolution, p. 217; Connecticut Men in the Revolution, pp. 427, 557; Records of the State of Connecticut, vol. 2, p. 30. 18 TARKINGTON, WILLIAM SIMPSON R., Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Jonathan Slawson, private in Capt. Scofield's company, Ninth Regi- ment of Connecticut, commanded by Col. John Mead. Connecticut Men in the Revo- lution, pp. 554, 626. Great-grandson of Jonah Wood, who enlisted as private in the Tenth Company, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut militia, Capt. John Ripley. Connecticut Men in the Revolution, p. 90. Roll of Members 141 STATE NO. Great-great-grandson of Hezekiah Wood, Westchester County militia, Third Regi- ment, New York mihtia; also Bradley's bat- talion, Wadsworth's brigade, Capt. Keeler's company, Connecticut troops; also of Capt. E. Lockwood's coast guards; also Lieutenant of the Fourth Regiment of Connecticut. New York Men in the Revolution, p. 217; Connecticut Men in the Revolution, pp. 427, 557; Records of the State of Connecticut, vol. 2, p. 30. 8 TAYLOR, HAROLD, Indianapolis. Great-grandson of Robert Taylor, enrolled as minuteman at Boonesboro Station, Ky.; also served under Capt. John Holder and Col. Logan against the Indians, and was under Gen. George Rogers Clark when he defeated the Indians at Mad River, near Piqua, Ohio; also was a minuteman in Frederick County, Virginia; also Orderly Sergeant under Capt. Bell. Certificate of the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 17 THOMPSON, CLAUDE LEE, Crawfords- VILLE. Great-great-grandson of Matthew Grigg, of the Virginia troops under Capt. Mountjoy and Col. Buford. Certificate of the Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 36 THOMPSON, MAURICE, Crawfordsville. (Deceased.) Great-grandson of Matthew Grigg, of the Vir- ginia troops under Capt. Mountjoy and Col. Buford. Certificate of the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 142 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana STATE NO. 24 TILTON, CHARLES SEWALL, Indian- apolis. Great-grandson of Gideon Currier, Jr., a pri- vate in Capt. Dearborn's company. Col. Wy- man's regiment, Vermont troops. Certified copy of discharge, signed by Gen. Horatio Gates. 13 VAN BRUNT, HENRY, Terre Haute. Great-grandson of Abijah Smith, Captain of New Hampshire troops. Revolutionary War Rolls of New Hampshire, vol. i, pp. 2, 158; State Papers of New Hampshire, Ham- mond, vol. 14, p. 420. Great-great-grandson of Capt. Nicholas Van Brunt, of the Third Regiment, Monmouth County, New Jersey, militia. From the rec- ords in the office of the Adjutant General of New Jersey. Great-great-grandson of Capt. Kenneth Hank- inson, of Col. David Forman's battalion, Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Heard's New Jersey State troops, who was also one of the com- missioners appointed to confiscate and sell the real estate of loyalists who joined the king's army or went within the British lines. Minutes of Court of Common Pleas, Mon- mouth County, 1 778- 1 790. From record of the Adjutant General of New Jersey. WHITE, JOHN HAZEN, Rt. Rev., Mich- igan City. Great-grandson of Maj, Moses White, Captain in the Second Canadian — Hazen's — Regi- ment, Continental line, and Aid-de-camp to Brig Gen, Moses Hazen. Heitman's Hist. Register, p. 43i- Roll of Members 143 STATE NO. 26 WOOD, WILLIAM ALLEN, Indianapolis. (Transferred from the Illinois Society, where he was admitted to membership Nov. 24, 1896.) Great-great-grandson of Joseph Allen, a soldier of the Pennsylvania line. Rank unrecorded. Certificate from the State Librarian of Penn- sylvania. Pennsylvania Archives, second series, vol. 13, p. 6. 35 WRIGHT, WILLIAM HENRY, Indian- apolis. (Deceased.) Great-grandson of Corp. Amos Wright, of Capt. Jonathan Minot's company, of Col. Prescott's regiment, Massachusetts militia. From the original muster rolls in the Massa- chusetts Statehouse. Great-grandson of Hosea Hildreth, a Corporal in Capt. Jonathan Minot's company. Col. Prescott's regiment, Massachusetts militia. From the original muster rolls in Massa- chusetts Statehouse. Roll of Ancestors Adair, James, Sr. Remy, Charles Frederick. Adams, Levi. Adams, H. Alden. Akin, David. Richie, Claude Griffith. Allen, Joseph. Wood, WiUiam Allen. Anderson, Isaac. Hughes, Stanley C. Barhydt, Jerome. Barhydt, Theodore Wells, Bates, Abraham. Minor, John William, Jr. Beardon, John, Philputt, Rev. Allan B. Bell, James. Bell, Joseph E. Berry, John. Bell, Joseph E. Blasdel, Jacob. Ewbank, Louis B. Blood, John. Noble, Col. Charles Henry. Bradford, John. Hayward, William Eugene. Buchanan, Alexander. Barnett, Levi A. Barnett, Col. John Thomas. BuELL, John. Buell, Jared R. BuRNHAM, Asa. Cole, Ernest Byron. Butler, Ebenezer, Sr. Brown, Rev. Lewis. Butler, Ebenezer, Jr. Brown, Rev. Lewis, Butt, Josiah. Adams, H. Alden, Butt, Sherebiah. Adams, H. Alden. Cadwalader, John. Parry, David M. Campbell, John C. Campbell, Eddy M. 144 Roll of Ancestors 145 Carter, Stephen. Carter, William. Chambers, Benjamin. Brown, Edmund L. Cole, Benjamin. Patten, Hiram B. Cole, Barton W. Cole, Ernest Byron. CoMSTOCK, Nathaniel. Hayward, William Eugene. CoRRELL, Philip. Dickover, Mark Leslie. Currier, Gideon, Jr. Tilton, Charles Sewall. Day, Ezra. Adams, H. Alden. Denton, James. Mott, John Grenville. Mott, Russell. Dey, John. Lilly, John Miller. Dey, Thunis. Lilly, John Miller. Douglass, David. Douglass, William. Dickover, Henry. Dickover, Mark Leslie. DuNLAP, Andrew. Robison, Eugene A. Elder, John, Rev. Elder, William Line. Elliott, James, Sr. Elliott, Joseph T., Jr. Elliott, Charles Edgar. Fitch, Daniel. Hayward, William Eugene. Fitch, Zachariah. Rowe, Louis M. Fletcher, Samuel. Marsh, Fletcher E. Foster, Moses. Adams, H. Alden. Foster, Nathaniel. Tarkington, Jesse C. Foster, Silas. Tarkington, Jesse Clai- borne. Baker, Frank Tarkington. Freeman, Edmund. Snider, Albert G. Gates, Jonas. Gates, Moses. GooKiNs, William. Martin, Harry C. Grigg, Mathew. Thompson, Maurice. Thompson, Claude Lee. Harrison, Benjamin. Harrison, Russell Benja- min. Harrison, Nicolas Mc- Carty. 146 The Sons of the Revolution in Indiana Hawkins, Kenneth. Van Brunt, Henry. Malone, Andrew. Lockridge, Albert Owen. Hayward, Nathan. McDowell, Joseph. Hayward, William Eugene. Perdue, Lemuel Ford. Hildreth, Hosea. Wright, William Henry. HoLLiSTER, Joseph. Miner, Benjamin Daniel. McFarland, Col. Daniel. Closser, Sylvanus M. Mead, Jonathan. Leach, Leon T. Hughes, John. Merriam, David. Sullivan, Richard Hughes. Adams, H. Alden. Ingrim, John. Merriam, Isaac. Ingrim, Marion Hamlin. Adams, H. Alden. Isbell, Thomas. Clancy, Leslie Dale. Jennison, John. Jennison, Albert Cunning. Jones, John. Jones, Charles Harold. Kelsey, George. Kelsey, Benjamin. Kirk, John. Jennison, Albert Cunning. Line, John. Elder, William Line. Littlefield, Edmund. Pepple, Worth Willard. Lowes, James. Lowes, James Hervey Stewart. Miner, Elias. Miner, Benjamin Daniel. MiNTON, EbENEZER. Minton, Rufus Carleton. Moore, William. Moore, Joseph. MoTT, James. Mott, John Grenville. Mott, Russell. Phillips, Henry. Phillips, WiUiam M. Powell, Miles. Noble, Col. Charles Henry. PuGH, John. Pugh, John Davis. Rogers, Andrew. Elder, William Line. Roll of Ancestors H7 Rood, Solomon. Adams, H. Alden. Russell, Daniel. Phillips, William M. Rust, Gersham. Beard, Frank M. Rust, Justin. Beard, Frank M. Stinson, James. Boggs, Milton M. Stocking, Abner. Stocking, Rev. Charles H. W. Symmes, John Cleves. Harrison, Russell Benja- min. Harrison, Nicholas Mc- Carty. Shaw, Ichabod. Hayward, William Eugene. Taylor, Robert. ^ Taylor, Harold. Shores, Thomas. Lockridge, Albert Owen Crow, Charles R. Shuster, Paul. Blaker, Louis J. Sims, William. Sims, Charles A. Van Brunt, Nicholas. Van Brunt, Henry. Vanarsdalen, Simon. Smock, William C. Smock, Harry E. White, Moses. White, John Hazen. Slawson, Jonathan. Tarkington, William Simp- .,. ^t son Reeves Wood, Hezekiah. Tarkington, Newton Booth. Tarkington, W. S. R larkmgton, Newton Booth. Smith, Abijah. Van Brunt, Henry. Smock, Jacob. Smock, William C. Smock, Harry E. Snodgrass, James. Smith, Scott Voss. Snodgrass, William. Smith, Scott Voss. Stilwell, Joseph. Anderson, Dorsey L. 9 Wood, Jonah. Tarkington, William Simp- son Reeves. Tarkington, Newton Booth. Woodford, Samuel. Minor, John William, Jr. Woodford, William. Minor, John William, Jr. Wright, Amos. Wright, William Henry. Officers of the Indiana Society 1902 President John Grenville Mott Michigan City Vice-President David Maclean Parry Indianapolis Secretary Leslie Dale Clancy Indianapolis Treasurer Dr. Harry Alden Adams Indianapolis Registrar Charles Sewall Tilton Indianapolis Chaplain Rev. Lewis Brown Indianapolis Board of Managers Col. John T. Barnett, Chairman William L. Elder William Allen Wood Louis J. Blaker Jesse Claiborne Tarkington The President, Secretary, Registrar, and Chaplain are ex-ofEcio members of the Board of Managers 148 Officers of the Indiana Society from its Organization, September thirtieth, 1897 1897 President — Jesse Claiborne Tarkington Vice-President — John Grenville Mott Secretary — Harold Taylor Treasurer — John D. Ptigh Registrar — Dr. H. Alclen Adams Chaplain — Rt. Rev. John Hazen White Chairman of tlie Board of Managers — William Line Elder 1898 President — Jesse Claiborne Tarkington Vice-President — John Grenville Mott Secretary — William Allen Wood Treasurer — Benjamin D. Miner Registrar — Dr. H. Alden Adams Chaplain — Rt. Rev. John Hazen White Chairman of tJie Board of Managers — William Line Elder 1899 President — Jesse Claiborne Tarkington Vice-President — John Grenville Mott Secretary — William Allen Wood Treasurer — Benjamin D. Miner Registrar — Dr. H. Alden Adams Chaplain — Rt. Rev. John Hazen White Chairman of the Board of Managers — William Line Elder 1900 President — Jesse Claiborne Tarkington Vice-President — John Grenville Mott Secretary — William Allen Wood Treasurer — Benjamin D. Miner Registrar — Dr. H. Alden Adams Chaplain — Rev. Allan B. Philputt Chairman of the Board of Managers — William Line Elder 1901 President — William Line Elder Vice-President — John Grenville Mott Secretary — John W. Minor, Jr Treasurer — Benjamin D. Miner Registrar — Charles Sewall Tilton Chaplain — Rev. Lewis Brown Chairman of the Board of Managers — Jesse Claiborne Tarkington 149 Officers of the Indiana Society Elected for 1903-04 President William Allen Wood Indianapolis Vice-President Newton Booth Tarkington Indianapolis Secretary Ernest Byron Cole Indianapolis Treasurer Dr. Harry Alden Adams Indianapolis Registrar Scott Voss Smith Indianapolis Chaplain Rev. Stanley C. Hughes Richmond Board of Managers Col. John T. Barnett, Chairman Rev. Lewis Brown Louis J. Blaker William Line Elder Russell B. Harrison JAN 2" 1904 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011711275 5 # i'i li i