***** * V * o v^~v v*-> v^V V 3^, > •! */ ^\ vfc V "oK Pa o ^ g> ^, "o? ■ * » ;"o ' ■ <$■' 'b,. * ♦TT-. • ' A o- & »«V ^vV -jtm&s. -+ Mt $ la^mx* *„& **M&»\ ^^ ,^q, 0^ »!AL% ^> *bv* THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE World's Columbian Exposition May 1st to October 30th, 1893. A REFERENCE BOOK OF EXHIBITORS AND EXHIBITS; OF THE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AND THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS J A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE EXPOSITION. TOGETHER WITH ACCURATE DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL STATE, TER- RITORIAL, FOREIGN, DEPARTMENTAL AND OTHER BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS, AND GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE FAIR. MOSES P. HANDY, Ghief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, EDITOR. COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED. 7T77IJ CHICAGO : W. B. GONKEY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS TO THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION .893. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year A. D. 1892, by W. B. CONKEY COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. IV. B. CONKEY COMPANY Printers and Binders Chicago, 111., - U. S. A. PREFACE. When the United States Government took charge of the World's Columbian Exposition on the occasion of its dedication in October, 1892, a Board of Control was appointed to carry the great enterprise to a successful completion. This Board recognized at once the universal interest which was everywhere manifested in the undertaking and foresaw the necessity for providing a book of reference that would furnish the public with the information they were desirous of obtain- ing, which it was their right to have and the duty of the Exposition to furnish. Arrangements were accordingly made with that end in view and hence the pres- ent work. The purpose has been to provide such data and information of a general kind as will enable any one to comprehend intelligently and in its fullness the greatest Exposition the world has ever known. Much care has been exercised in the preparation of the matter, so that it might be absolutely accurate, and in this connection the publishers are greatly indebted to the officials of the Exposition, the State Boards, State Commissioners, Lady Managers and Representatives of foreign countries. Not only have the publishers fulfilled the conditions required by the govern- ment in furnishing the data and information required in such a work, but impelled by a sense of patriotism and pride, have gone further and illuminated its pages with the largest number of illustrations, executed in the highest style of art, that have graced the pages of any work of a like character. It is believed that everybody, interested as they are in the World's Columbian Exposition, will hail The Official Directory with satisfaction and will look upon it as indispensable at this time, and that in years to come it will be referred to with pleasure and profit and will be found a valuable textbook and guide to any nation that in the future may conceive the plan or purpose of holding an exposition of a similar character and scope. THE PUBLISHERS. aSiUi i i i ft Tirnr ^ ' ferial K i • *%§ i i JGM TABLE OF CONTENTS. f{ Page. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING— Description of 193 Directory of Occupants _ 193, 194 Picture of Building Frontispiece ADMISSION FEE 194 ADMISSIONS AND COLLECTIONS BUILDING 194 AGRICULTURE— DEPARTMENT A— Scope and Plan of 495 to 497 Description of Building 495 Classification of Exhibits .505, 507 Diagram of Installation 499 to 504 Picture of Building _ 492 Portrait of Chief. ___ _. 495 Portrait of Secretary.. opp. 158 Roster of Chief's Office 29 List of U. S. Exhibitors 509 to 588 List of Foreign Exhibitors 589 to 624 ALABAMA— National Commissioners from 74 National Board Lady Managers from. _ 74 ALASKA— National Commissioners from 103 National Board Lady Managers from 103 Where Exhibits are Made 103 ANNEXES ....: _ 194 ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING— Description of 1091 Picture of 1090 AREA OF GROUNDS. __ _ 194 AREA COVERED BY BUILDINGS. ... 194 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC— Names of Commissioners from 105 •Where Exhibits are Made. .105, 106 Character of Exhibits.. 105, 106 ARIZONA— Territorial Board of Commissioners 103 National Commissioners from 103 National Board Lady Managers from 103 Description of Building occupied jointly with New Mexico and Okla- homa 103 Picture of Building. __ 817 Territorial Exhibits .705, 706 ARKANSAS— Page. State Board of Commissioners from.. 74 National Commissioners from 74 National Board Lady Managers from 74 Description of Building 74 Picture of Building.. 362 Art- Department K— Fine Arts — Scope and Plan of 875 to 877 Description of Building 875 to 877 Classification of Exhibits 881 Diagram of Installation 879, 880 Picture of Building 872 Portrait of Chief 875 Roster of Chief's Office 30 List of U. S. Exhibitors 885 to 921 List of Foreign Exhibitors 923 to 989 Department L — Liberal Arts — Scope and Plan of 365 to 367 Classification of Exhibits 369 to 374 Diagram of Installation 228 to 230 Portrait of Chief... 365 Roster of Chief's Office. 30 List of U. S. Exhibitors 375 to 394 List of Foreign Exhibitors ...395 to 418 ART INSTITUTE 194 ATTRACTIONS FOR WHICH A FEE IS CHARGED 194 to 196 AUSTRIA— Names of Commissioners from 106 Where Exhibits are made 106 Character of Exhibits 106 List of Exhibitors. ...263, 264, 265, 266 395, 396, 462, 589, 667, 756, 805, 861, 923,924, 1102, 1115 B BATTLE-SHIP 149 BELGIUM— Names of Commissioners from 107 Where Exhibits Are Made__ 107 Character of Exhibits 107 List of Exhibitors. 266, 267, 268, 396,462 590, 756, 805, 861, 925, 926, 927, 928, 1115 TABLE OF CONTENTS. BOARDS OF— Directors 24 Reference and Control 26 Lady Managers Nominated by Com- missioners-at-Large 177 Management and Control United States Government Exhibit 28 BONDED WAREHOUSE __ 196 BRAZIL— Names of Commissioners from 107 Description of Building 107 Where Exhibits are Made 108 Character of Exhibits 108 Picture of Building opp. 108 List of Exhibitors _ _. 929 BRIDGES _ _ 196 BRITISH GUIANA— Name of Commissioner from 108 Where Exhibits are Made 108 Character of Exhibits „ 108 List of Exhibitors. 930 BRYAN, THOMAS B.— Sketch of 163 Portrait of opp. 163 BUILDING MATERIAL _ 196 BUILDINGS- Area of __ _ _ 194 Description of (See States, Territories, Foreign Countries and Genera In- formation). BULGARIA— Name of Commissioner from 108 Where Exhibits are Made 108 Character of Exhibits __ 108 BUREAUS OF— Admissions and Collections— Roster of Officials of , 28 Superintendent Admissions 170 Superintendent Collections 172 Information 166 Music- Roster of Officials 30 Musical Director _ 367 Portrait of Musical Director opp. 161 Choral Director. __ 367 Portrait of Choral Director opp. 161 Portrait of Secretary opp. 161 Program __„ 201 Public Comfort- Scop e and Plan of the Bureau.. 183, 184 Provisions made for Visitors 184 Hotel and Boarding Accommoda- tions .__ _ 183 Restaurants and Cafes 183 Drinking Water 184 Check-Rooms 184 Roster of Officials of _. 28 BURNHAM, D. H.— Sketch of 172 Portrait of opp. 172 (See Department of Works and World's Columbian Exposition.) c CALIFORNIA- Page . State Board of Commissioners 74 State Board of Lady Managers 74 National Commissioners from 74 National Board Lady Managers from. 74 Description of Building _ 74 Picture of Building ___ 354 State Exhibits... 519, 520, 521, 707, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851 CANADA— Names of Commissioners from 109 Description of Building.. 109 Where Exhibits are Made.. 109 Picture of Building opp. 108 List of Exhibitors 269, 270, 271, 397, 398, 462, 463, 591, 592, 667, 757, 805, 806, 861, 862, 930, 931, 932, 1102, 1115 CAPE COLONY— Names of Commissioners from _ 110 Where Exhibits are Made 110 Character of Exhibits 110 CASINO 197 CEYLON- Names of Commissioners from 110 Description of Building Ill Where Exhibits are Made 112 Character of Exhibits..... 112, 113 Picture of Building °PP- HO List of Exhibitors 271, 272, 398, 463, 592,757,806,862,1102 CHIEFS OF DEPARTMENTS— Their Duties, Functions and Assist- ants ..164, 166 Roster of their Offices 29, 30 CHILDREN'S BUILDING- Description of __. 179 Picture of °PP- 196 CHILI— Name of Representative _ _... 113 Where Exhibits Are Made 113 Character of Exhibits 113 CHORAL (FESTIVAL) HALL ._ 198 CLIFF DWELLERS 196 COLD STORAGE BUILDING 197 COLOMBIA— Names of Commissioners from 113 Description of Building 113 Picture of Building opp. 110 COLORADO— State Board of Commissioners 75 National Commissioners from 75 National Board Lady Managers from. 75 Description of Building 75 Picture of Building 419 State Exhibits 521, 522, 523, 707, 708, 851, 852 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER— Life of .37 to 40 Portrait of 36 Relics of ..__ 140, 142 COLUMBIAN GUARD— Duties ot 196 Uniform Worn 197 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Officers of - 33 Portrait of Commandant __.opp. 174 COMPARED WITH PARIS AND PHIL- ADELPHIA EXPOSITIONS 197 COMMISSIONERS— From the States and Territories— (See State and Territorial Participa- tion). National— Roster of Officers of 23 Commissioners-at-Large 23 Alternates _ 23 Commissioners of the District of Co- lumbia 23 Alternates 23 State and Territorial — (See State and Territorial Participation.) COMMISSION, WORLD'S COLUM- BIAN— \ Designation by Act of Congress _ 159 Official Seal 159 Sections of Act of Congress Denning Duties, Powers, Compensation 159 Standing Committees of 160 Groups and Classes 160 President of 161 Sketch of Hon. Thos. W. Palmer .... 58 Portrait of Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, opp. 58 Vice-Presidents of 161 Secretary of 161 Sketch of Mr. John T. Dickinson 59 Portrait of Mr. John T. Dickinson, opp. 23 Chief Clerk to Secretary 161 Portrait of Mr. R. A. Rogers opp. 159 How the Board of Lady Managers was Created __ ___ 161 Sergeant-at-Arms of 162 Appointment by President of the United States 159 Convened by Secretary of State 57 Temporary and Permanent Organiza- tion 57 Roster of Officers 23 Office of „ _ 193 Commissioner-at-Large 162 Director-General 161, 162 Election of 61, 62 His Duties and Powers _161, 162 Sketch of Col. George R. Davis. 62, 63 Portrait of Col. George R. Davis, opp. 62 Private Secretary to Director-General. 162 Secretary to Director-General 162 Chief Clerk to Director-General 162 Secretary of Installation 162 Special Agent Foreign Exhibits 162 CONCESSIONS, RULES REGARD- ING _ __ 212 Page. CONNECTICUT— State/Board of Commissioners 75 State Board of Lady Managers 76 National Commissioners from 76 National Board Lady Managers from 76 Description of Building 76 Picture of Building 359 State Exhibits 524, 525, 708 CONVENT OF LA RABIDA— 6 Description of 197 Picture of opp. 138 COSTA RICA— Names of Commissioners from 113 Description of Building __ 113 Picture of Building opp. 116 Where Exhibits Are Made 113 Character of Exhibits 113 COUNCIL OF ADMINISTRATION— Duties and Powers of 170 Members of _ 26 Portrait of Mr. A. W. Sawyer, Secre- tary of _ -opp. 170 CUBA— (See Spain). CURACAO— Name of Commissioner from 114 Where Exhibits Are Made __. 114 Character of Exhibits 114 D DAILY COLUMBIAN _ 197 DAIRY EXHIBIT— Description of Building 496 When Exhibits Begin 496 Diagram of Installation 503, 504 List of Exhibitors 511 DAVIS, GEORGE R.— Sketch of 62, 63 Portrait of opp. 62 (See World's Columbian Exposition. DEDICATION CEREMONIES 66, 68 DELAWARE— State Board of Commissioners 76 National Commissioners from 76 National Board Lady Managers from 76 Description of Building 76 Picture of Building .- 488 DENMARK— Names of Commissioners from 114 Where Exhibits Are Made 115 Character of Exhibits 115 List of Exhibitors _._272, 273. 274, 398 399,464, 593, 758,806, 862, 933, 934, 935, 1103 DEPARTMENT OF ADMISSIONS.— 170 DEPARTMENT OF COLLECTIONS- 172 DICKINSON, JOHN T.— Sketch of. _ _ - 59 Portrait of opp. 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. DIRECTORY, OFFICIAL- Publishers of... 1 194 DIRECTORS, BOARD OF 24 DIRECTOR-GENERAL— Roster of Officers 29 DIRECTOR OF WORKS— Roster of Officers 31 DIRECTOR OF DECORATION 173 E ECUADOR— Names of Commissioners from 115 Where Exhibits are Made 115 Character of Exhibits 115, 116 EDMONDS, HOWARD O.— Sketch of 168 Portrait of _i opp. 24 ELECTRICITY— DEPARTMENT J— Scope and Plan of 647, 648 Description of Building..., 648 Classification of Exhibits 651 to 653 Diagram of Installation 1.649, 650 Picture of Building 644 Portrait of Chief „ 647 Roster of Chief's Office ._ 30 List of U. S. Exhibitors 655 to 666 List of Foreign Exhibitors 667 to 671 ELECTRIC LIGHTING _._ 197 ELECTRIC POWER 197 ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 172 EMERGENCY HOSPITAL _175, 176 (See Medical Director.) ENGINEER OF GRADES AND SUR- VEYS ._. 174 ENTRANCE FACILITIES 170, 171 ETHNOLOGY— DEPARTMENT M— Scope and Plan of 1091 to 1093 Classification of Exhibits 1097,1098 Diagram of Installation ..between 1090, 1091 Roster of Chief's Office _ 30 Portrait of Chief ...1091 Portrait of Assistant Chief °PP- 161 List of Exhibitors 1099 to 1104 EXPOSITION, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN When and How Organized 167 Control of the Corporation 167 Capital Stock of„__ 167 Requirements of — By Act of Congress. 167 Duties of Board of Directors 167 President of 167 Sketch of Mr. H. N. Higinbotham 167 Portrait of Mr.H. N. Higinbotham,opp. 167 Vice-Presidents of 168 Sketch of Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck 168 Portrait of Mr.Ferdinand W.Peck, opp. 24 Secretary of . 168 Sketch of Mr. H.' O. Edmonds 168 Page. Portrait of Mr. H. O. Edmonds._.opp. 24 Treasurer of 168, 169 Portrait of Mr. A. F. Seeberger._.opp. 24 Auditor of _ 169 Portrait of Mr. W. K. Ackerman_.opp. 24 Executive Committee of 27 Standing Committees of 27 Law Department of ___ 24 Commissioner-at-Large 162, 163 Sketch of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan. ... 163 Portrait of Hon. Thomas B.Bryan, opp. 163 Director of Works. __ 172 History of 41 to 72 Officers of __ 24 F •FEARN, WALKER— Sketch of 192 Portrait of.. 191 FEARN, RICHARD LEE— Sketch of 165 Portrait of. __opp. 161 FESTIVAL (CHORAL) HALL 198 FINE ARTS— DEPARTMENT K— (See Art.) FINANCIAL STATUS 69 (See History of the Exposition.) FIRE DEPARTMENT 198 FISH AND FISHERIES— DEPARTMENT D— Scope and Plan of 1011 to 1014 Description of Building 1013 Classification of Exhibits 1019, 1020 Diagram of Installation 1016 to 1018 Portrait of Chief 1011 Picture of Building .1008 United States Government Exhibit ._ .1013 Roster of Chief's Office. ... 29 List of U.S. Exhibitors 1021 to 1023 List of Foreign Exhibitors 1024, 1025 FLORICULTURE— Plan of Exhibits 831 Portrait of Chief.. opp. 158 FLORIDA— State Board of Commissioners _ 76 National Commissoners from.. 77 National Board Lady Managers from. 77 Description of Building 77 Picture of Building 475 State Exhibits 709 FOREIGN AFFAIRS-DEPARTMENT P— Scope and Plan of __ 191 Portrait of Chief 191 Sketch of Hon. Walker Fearn 192 Countries Represented 105, 191, 192 Amounts of Money Appropriated 105 Secretary of the Department 165 Sketch of Mr. Richard Lee Fearn 165 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 3 Page. Portrait of Mr. Richard Lee Fearn,opp. 161 Roster of Chief 's Office 30 A.ssistant Secretary 165 Interpreter 165 Latin-American Bureau 165, 166 (For Commissioners, Description of Buildings, List of Exhibitors, Char- acter of Exhibits, etc., of the For- eign Countries Participating, see re- spective Countries in Alphabetical Order.) FOREIGN PARTICIPATION 105 FORESTRY— Scope and Plan of Department _1107 Description of Building 1107 Classification of Exhibits 1109, 1110 Diagram of Installation., 1108 Roster of Officers ._ 30 Picture of Building ...1106 Portrait of Superintendent 1107 List of U. S. Exhibitors. 1111 to 1114 List of Foreign Exhibitors 1115, 1116 FOUNTAINS 198 FRANCE— Names of Commissioners from _ 116 Where Exhibits are Made 118, 11§ Description of Building 116, 117 Picture of Building npp. 116 Exhibits and Buildings of Colonies of 923 List of Exhibitors.... 668, 669, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948 G GAGE, LYMAN J— Sketch of 55 Portrait of _. _„opp 55 GENERAL INFORMATION 193 to 205 GEORGIA— National Commissioners from 77 National Board Lady Managers from. 77 GERMANY— . Names of Commissioners from. 119 Where Exhibits are Made.. 121, 122 Description of Building 119, 120 Picture of Building _ _..opp 122 Miscellaneous Information Pertaining to -- - 122, 123 List of Exhibitors 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286^ 287, 288, 289, 290, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 464, 465, 466, 594, 595, 596, 669, 67o[ 758, 759, 807, 808, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 1103, 1115 GONDOLAS _ __ _ 196 GRAND CENTRAL COURT 198 GRADING AND DREDGING .. 198 GREAT BRITAIN— Names of Commissioners from_._123, 124 Where Exhibits are Made 125, 126 Character of Exhibits 125, 126 Description of Building... _ 124 Picture of Building _ 472 List of Exhibitors, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 410, 411, 412, 466, 467, 596! 597, 598, 671, 760, 761, 808, 809, 810, 868, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 934, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079,' r^^S' 1081 > 1082 ' 1083 ' 1084 ' 1085 ' "1* GREECE — Names of Commissioners from 127 Where Exhibits are Made 127 Character of Exhibits. __„ 127 GROUNDS, AREA OF " 194 GUATEMALA— Names of Commissioners from„„ 127 Description of Building 127 Picture of Building opp . 126 State Exhibits 543 to 545, 722 to 730 MUSIC HALL 200, 201 N NEBRASKA— State Board of Commissioners 90 Women's Auxiliary Board 90 National Commissioners from 90 National Board Lady Managers from. 90* Description of Building . 90 Picture of Building _ 680 NETHERLANDS— Names of Commissioners from 135 Where Exhibits are Made _. . 135 Character of Exhibits _ 135 NEVADA— State Board of Commissioners... 90- National Commissioners from 90 National Board Lady Managers from. 90 Where Exhibits are Made 91 Character of Exhibits — 91 NEW ENGLAND CLAM BAKE BUILD- ING ._ 201 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. NEW HAMPSHIRE— State Board of Commissioners.. 91 National Commissioners from 91 National Board Lady Managers from. 91 Description of Building... 91 Picture of Building --- 991 State Exhibits 545 to 547, 730 NEW JERSEY— State Board of Commissioners 91 National Commissioners from 91 National Board Lady Managers from 91 Description of Building -- 91 Picture of Building -— 487 NEW MEXICO— Territorial Board of Commissioners .. 103 National Commissioners from __ 103 National Board Lady Managers from 103 Description of Building Occupied Jointly with Oklahoma and Arizona. 103 Picture of Building 817 State Exhibits 731, 732 NEW SOUTH WALES— Names of Commissioners from 135 Description of Building 135, 136 Where Exhibits are Made 136 Picture of Building opp. 136 List of Exhibitors 979 to 982, 1087 NEW YORK— State Board of Commissioners 92 Judicial District Commissioners 92 Board of Women Managers 93 Officers Board of Women Managers. _ 93 National Commission from 93 National Board Lady Managers from 93 Description of Building 94 Picture of Building __ 684 State Exhibits 547 to 556, 732 to 734, 859, 860 NORTH CAROLINA— State Board of Commissioners 94 National Commissioners from 95 National Board Lady Managers from. 94 State Exhibits 556 to 563, 735 to 739, 860, 1023 NORTH DAKOTA— ' State Board of Commissioners 95 National Commissioners from __ 95 National Board Lady Managers from. 95 Description of Building 95 Picture of Building ._ 998 State Exhibits __ ..563, 564 NORWAY— Names of Commissioners from 136 Description of Building 136 Where Exhibits are Made. _ _136, 137 Picture of Building opp. 136 Character of Exhibits 136, 137 List of Exhibitors, 329, 330, 417, 468, 614, " 671, 763, 810, 870, 983, 984, 1104 O Page. OKLAHOMA— Territorial Beard of Commissioners __ 103 National Commissioners from 103 National Board Lady Managers from 103 Description of Building occupied jointly with Arizona and New Mexico . 103 Picture of Building _ 817 OHIO— State Board of Commissioners 95 National Commissioners from 95 National Board Lady Managers from 95 Description of Building 95 Picture of Building 814 State Exhibits 564, 565. 566, 739, 1113 ORANGE FREE STATE— , Name of Commissioner from 137 Where Exhibits are Made 137 Character of Exhibits 137 OREGON— State Board of Commissioners 96 National Commissioners from 96 National Board Lady Managers from 96 Where Exhibits are Made 96 ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF A WORLD'S FAIR— (See History of the Exposition.) OTHER INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- TIONS— Facts Concerning Eight of them 201 PALMER, MRS. POTTER— Sketch of... 182 Portrait of._._ opp. 182 PALMER, THOMAS W.— Sketch of ___ 58 Portrait of opp. 58 PARAGUAY— Names of Commissioners from 137 Where Exhibits are Made 137 Character of Exhibits 137 PASSES __ _ _ in PECK, FERDINAND W.— Sketch of. 168 Portrait of pp. 24 PENNSYLVANIA— State Board of Commissioners __ 96 National Commissioners from. _ 96 National Board Lady -Managers from 96 Description of Building _ 96 Picture of Building 482 State Exhibits.. 566 to 568, 740 to 743 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. PERSIA— Names of Commissioners from.. 137 Where Exhibits are Made 137 Character of Exhibits ... 137 PERISTYLE 201 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— (See Spain.) PIERS. __ __ 202 POLISH BUILDING 202 POMOLOGICAL EXHIBIT— (See Department B. — Horticulture.) PORTUGAL— Names of Commissioners from 137 Where Exhibits are Made 137 Character of Exhibits 137 POWER-HOUSE ... 202 PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE EXPOSITION— (See History of Exposition.) PREFACE 3 PRE-HISTORICAL ._ _ 34 PRISONS EXHIBIT— (See Department N. — Ethnology.) PRIVATE BOARDING-HOUSES 183 PUBLIC COMFORT— Bureau of 183 Picture of Building opp. 196 PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION— DE- PARTMENT O— Scope and Plan of _ 185 to 189 Portrait of Chief _ opp. 189 Chief Clerk of Department 166 Potrait of Mr. J. P. Holland opp. 161 Roster of Chief's Office. 30 "PUCK" BUILDING 202 PUMPING WORKS _ 202 R RAILWAY ENTRANCE— (See Terminal Tracks.) RAILWAY EXHIBIT— (See Department G. — Transportation Exhibits.) RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS— (See History of the Exposition.) RED CROSS SOCIETY— (See Medical Director.) REHAN, MISS ADA— Statue of 90 REPUBLIC— Statue of 203 RESTAURANTS— (See Bureau of Public Comfort.) RHODE ISLAND— Page * State Board of Commissioners 97 National Commissioners from 97 National Board Lady Managers from 97 Description of Building 97 Picture of Building 423 ROOMS— (See Bureau of Public Comfort.) RUSSIA— Names of Commissioners from__137, 138 Where Exhibits Are Made 138 Character of Exhibits _ .138, 139 RULES AND REGULATIONS 208 s SAINT THOMAS— Name of Commissioner from 142 Where Exhibits are Made 142 Character of Exhibits 143 SALE OF LIQUOR... ______ 202 SANITATION— (See Medical Director.) 175 SAN DOMINGO— (See Department of State, United States Government Exhibit.). . 154 SAWMILL EXHIBIT 202 SCHOOL EXHIBITS— (See Department L— Liberal Arts.) SCULPTURE 203 SERVICE BUILDING— (See Miscellaneous Buildings.) SEWERAGE . 202 SHOE AND LEATHER TRADES BUILDING— Plan and Scope of 200 Picture of Building _ opp. 200 Portrait of Superintendent ..opp. 150 List of Exhibitors 260, 261, 262 SIAM— Names of Commissioners from 139 Where Exhibits are Made 139 Character of Exhibits 139 List of Exhibitors... 331, 332, 1089 SIBERIAN EXHIBIT— (See Russia.) SITE OF EXPOSITION— (See History of Exposition.) 48 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION EXHIBIT (See United States Government Ex- hibit.) _ 149 SOUTH CAROLINA— National Commissioners from __ 97 National Board Lady Managers from 97 Where Exhibits are Made 97 State Exhibits 743 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 Page. SOUTH DAKOTA— State Board of Commissioners 97 National Commissioners from 98 National Board Lady Managers from 98 Woman's World's Fair Commission.- 98 Description of Building 98 Picture of Building 772 State Exhibits 568,569,570, 571 SOUVENIR COINS— (See History of the Exposition.) SPACE, APPLICATIONS FOR— (See History of the Exposition.) SPAIN— Names of Commissioners from 139 Description of Building 139 Where Exhibits are Made 139, 140 Character of Exhibits 140,141, 142 Picture of Building opp. 138 List of Exhibitors. 614 to 619 SPECIAL DAYS _ ___ _-_ 202 STATUARY _ _ 203 STAFF _. 203 STATES AND TERRITORIES— Amounts of Money Appropriated 73 Bills Pending for Appropriations, Ad- ditional and Original... 73 Alphabetical Order of__ „.74to 104 SWEDEN— Names of Commissioners from 142 Description of Building. __142, 143 Where Exhibits are Made 143 Character of Exhibits 143 Picture of Building opp. 142 List of Exhibitors 333, 334, 335, 336, 417, 468, 619, 620, 763, 764, 811, 870, 987, 988, 989, 1089, 1104, 1116 SWITZERLAND— Names of Commissioners from 143 W'here Exibits are Made 143 Character of Exhibits 143 List of Exhibitors.336, 337, 418, 620, 764, 811 T TELEPHONE, LONGDISTANCE 204 TELEGRAPH SERVICE _ 204 TENNESSEE— National Commissioners from 98 National Board Lady Managers from 98 Where Exhibits are Made 98 State Exhibits ._ 744 TERMINAL RAILWAY STATION. _._ 204 TERMINAL RAILWAY TRACKS.204, 205 TERRITORIAL BUILDING— (Jointly by Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma) _ 817 Page. TEXAS— State Board of Commissioners 98 National Commissioners from _ 98 National Board Lady Managers from 98 Description of Building.. _ - 98 Picture of Building -1005 TICKETS OF ADMISSION— (See Department of Admissions.) TOILET ROOMS— (See Bureau of Public Comfort.) TRADITIONAL. ._ 35 TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS-DE- PARTMENT G— Scope and Plan of ...779 to 784 Description of Building 782 Classification of Exhibits 787 to 789 Diagram of Installation __785, 786 Picture of Building 776 Portrait of Chief 779 Roster of Chief's Office 30 List of U. S. Exhibitors.. 791 to 804 List of Foreign Exhibits. 805 to 811 TRANSPORTATION— General Manager of 173 Roster of Officers 33 Capacity of Lines to Grounds 199 TRINIDAD— Name of Commissioner from 144 Where Exhibits are Made __ 144 Character of Exhibits _ 144 TURKEY— Names of Commissioners from 144 Description of Building 144 Where Exhibits are Made 144 Picture of Building opp. 144 Character of Exhibits 144 u UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT— Board of Management and Con- trol _ „, 147 Description of Building 147 to 158 Treasury Department 147 War Department 148 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 149 Department of Justice 149 Naval Exhibit _ _ 149 Postoffice Department 150, 151 Department of Agriculture 152 Department of State 152 to 156 Department of the Interior 156, 157 United States Fish Exhibit 157 Colonial Exhibit 158 Weather Bureau _ 1 58 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Life Saving Station _ 158 Lighthouse Exhibit ___ 158 Picture of Main Building __ 146 Picture of Naval Exhibit.. _opp. 148 Management and Control.. opp. 171 Portraits of Members of Board of.opp. 156 UNITED STATES OFFICERS— Army _ 32 Navy... _ _ 32 URUGUAY— Names of Commissioners from 144 Where Exhibits are Made 144 Character of Exhibits - 144 UTAH— Territorial Board of Commissioners. _ 104 National Commissioners from 104 National Board Lady Managers from 104 Salt Lake County World's Fair Asso- ciation 104 Description of Building _ 104 Picture of Building 675 State Exhibits- ..572, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748 V VEHICLES, RULES RELATING TO.. 213 VENEZUELA— Names of Commissioners from 144 Description of Building 144, 145 Picture of Building °PP- 144 Where Exhibits are Made 145 Character of Exhibits 145 VERMONT— State Board of Commissioners 99 National Commissioners from. 99 National Board* Lady Managers from 99 Description of Building 99 Picture of Building 343 State Exhibits... __ 748 VIADUCTS _ 205 VIRGINIA— State Board of Commissioners 99 National Commissioners from 99 National Board Lady Managers from. 99 Description of Building 99 Picture of Building 820 State Exhibits.. 572, 573, 749, 1113 VITICULTURE— (See Department B — Horticulture ) w WASHINGTON— State Board of Commissioners 100 National Commissioners from 101 Page. National Board Lady Managers from. 101 Washington Board of Lady Managers. 100 Discription of Building 101 Picture of Building 678 WATER CLOSETS— (See Bureau of Public Comfort.) WATER TRANSPORTATION— (See How to Reach the Grounds.) WEST VIRGINIA— State Board of Commissioners 101 National Commissioners from 101 National Board Lady Managers from. 101 Description of Building.. 101 Picture of Building _ 632 State Exhibits.. __ 573, 574, 575, 576, 750, 751, 752, 1114 WHITE STAR LINE BUILDING 205 WINDMILL EXHIBIT. 205 WINE EXHIBIT— (See Department B— Horticulture.) WISCONSIN— State Board of Commissioners 102 National Commissioners from 102 National Board Lady Managers from. 102 Description of Building 102 Picture of Building 768 State Exhibits 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 752, 753, 754, 1114 WOMAN'S BUILDING— Description of... 178 Picture of 1036 Classification of Exhibits 1041 to 1049 Diagram of Installation .1038,1039 List of U. S. Exhibitors 1051 to 1068 List of Foreign Exhibitors 1072 to 1089 Keppel Collection ...1068 to 1071 WOMEN'S DORMITORY 205 WOODED ISLAND. 205 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION— When and How Organized 167 Control of the Corporation 167 Capital Stock of 167 Requirements of by the Act of Congress 167 Duties of 167 President of 167 Vice-Presidents of 168 Secretary of 168 Treasurer of 168, 169 Auditor of 169 Executive Committee of 169 Standing Committees of __ 169 Law Department of 169 Commissioner-at-Large ..162, 163 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 11 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION- ^ Designation by Act of Congress 159 Official Seal 159 National Commissioners 159 Sections of Act of Congress Denning Duties, Powers and Compensation. 159 Standing Committees of 160 Groups and Classes 160 President of 161 Vice-Presidents of 161 Secretary of 161 Chief Clerk to Secretary of 161 Board of Lady Managers 161 Director-General _ 161, 162 Private Secretary to Director-General 162 Secretary to Director-General 162 Chief Clerk to Director-General _ 162 Secretary of Installation 162 Sergeant-at-Arms 162 Special Agent of Foreign Exhibits... 162 WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY— Officers of _ _ 26 WORKS, DIRECTOR OF ;... 172 WYOMING— State Board of Commissioners 102 National Commissioners from 102 National Board Lady Managers from. 102 Description of Building 102 Picture of Building __ 771 State Exhibits 587, 588, 754, 755 Y YUCATAN, RUINS OF 1091 ZOOLOGICAL EXHIBIT— (See United States Government Exhibit.) INDEX TO PORTRAITS. Abbott, A. A opp. page 158 Ackerman, William K..opp. 24 Adams, Chas. E.. opp. page 76 Adams, Dudley W.. .opp. p. 82 Aiken, Walter. . .opp. page 56 Allen, Phillip Jr.. opp. page 56 Allen, E. D opp. page 175 Allen, Mrs. E. W . opp. page 179 Allen, Gorton W . opp. 22 and 52 Allison, James page 223 Altgeld, Pohn P.. opp. page 98 Alvord, John W., opp. page 174 Amsden, C. H. . .opp. page 73 Andrews, Prof. . .opp. page 73 Andrews, Alexander B opp. page 22 and 70 Andrews, H. B. . opp. 73 and 77 Angell, - Mrs. Sarah S. C, opp. page 177 Arizaga, Col. M. N., opp. p. 105 Armstrong, Mrs. Theo. F. opp. page 180 Ashley, Mrs. Susan R . . opp. 178 Atwood, Chas. B., opp. page 174 Austin, Mrs. I. J., opp. page 176 Bagley, Clarence B., opp. p. 83 Baldwin, Chas. H. . .opp. p. 169 Baker, Lieut. A. C, opp. p. 158 Baker, William T., opp. p. 46 and 60 Ball, Mrs. J. Frank, opp. p. 177 Ball, Susan W. . .opp. page 180 Banks, Nancy H., opp. page 161 Barbour, Geo. R. opp. page 67 Barker, Mrs. H. M., opp. p. 177 Barker, Mrs. Helen M . opp. 25 Barrett, J. P page 647 Bartolette, D. N., opp. page 159 Barrington, Charles V . opp. 24 Bartlett, Mrs. Edward L . . . opp. page 179 Bassett, Lieut. F. S., opp. p. 160 Bates, Lana A... .opp. page 180 Bean, Tarleton H., opp. p. 156 Beeson, Mrs. Marie P. Har- mon opp. page 176 Beeson, OthneiL.opp. page 70 Behan, S. P opp. page 73 Bell, Mrs. Mary C, opp. p. 179 Bennett, Jno opp. page 57 Bey, Ibrahim Hakky..opp. 104 Bickford, F. T. . .opp. page 156 Bielby, C. F. A. ..opp. page 57 Bikings, C. H. G. opp. page 48 Bingham, G. A. ..opp. page 77 Birkoff, George. ..opp. page 105 Bixby, Augustus R . . opp. p. 57 Blalock, N.G.M.D..opp. p. 72 Blackmar, Paul. .opp. page 169 Boaz.Frank opp. page 161 Bonney, Charles C. .opp. p. 168 Boyce, D. C opp. page 158 Boyer, Bessie B. .opp. page 160 Brackett, Fred. ..opp. page 159 Bradwell, Mrs. Myra.opp.p. 79 Brewer, E opp. page 159 Brainard, Leverette.. .opp. 66 Brayton, Mrs. Ellery M page 180 Breslin, Jas. H. . .opp. page 82 Briggs, Mrs. John S . . opp. p. 178 Brinker, Joseph H . . .opp. p. 78 Brinkle'y, G. H. .opp. page. 175 Britton, A. T opp. page 56 Bromberg, Frederick G., opp. page 57 Brown, Mrs. H. F.,opp. page 178 Brooker, Chas. F.,opp. page 83 Brown, W. E opp. page 175 Brown, Gov. Frank., opp. p. 72 Bryan, Thomas B. .opp. 46-162 Buchanan. N. I page 495 Buford, A. S opp. page 72 Bullene, Thomas B., opp. p. 67 Bullock, I. A. G., opp. page 52 Burchard, E. L. ..opp. page 158 Burke, Thos opp. page 53 Burleigh, Hall C. opp. page 72 Burleigh, Mrs. Edwin C. opp. page 25 and 178 Burnham, D. H. .opp. page 172 Burrowes, Frances P. .opp. 180 Busselle,Miss Mary E., opp. 179 Bustamante, Dr. Francisco opp. page 105 Butler, Edward D. ..opp. p. 46 Butler, Mrs. T. J., opp. page 179 Butt, J. D opp. page 71 Butterworth, Benjamin, opp. 168 Bynum, Joseph M. . .opp. p. 67 Camp, Isaac N.. .opp. page 47 Candee, Isabella L...opp. p. 180 Cannon, H. W. . .opp. page 160 Carey, J. S opp. page 158 Carlisle, W. H.. .opp. page 169 Carse, Mrs. Matilda B..opp. 79 Carter, H. C opp. page 78 Cash, Wm. E opp. page 169 Castleman, Mrs. Alice B. opp. page 180 Castleman, Jno. B.. .opp. p. 53 Chalmers, W. J., .opp page 47 Chalfant, J. M. . .opp. page 53 Chancellor, W. N. opp. p. 72 Chappell, C. H.. .opp. page 47 Chetlain, Mrs. Gen'l A. L. opp. page 79 Clagett, Dorsey. .opp. page 76 Clark, John W. .opp. page 83 Clarke, Mrs. Francis B.opp. 178 Clark, Mrs. Whiting S . opp. 178 Clendening, J. H opp. p. 56 Cleveland, Grover bet. p. 86 and 87 Cloys, F. D opp. p. 174 Clowry, R. C opp. page 47 Coats, Geo. F opp. page 70 Cobun, M. W opp. page 73 Coburn, John M.opp. page 56 Cochran, Archelaus M. .opp. 70 Cochran, Mrs. Mary A. opp. 177 Cockran, Theresa J. opp, p. 180 12 INDEX TO PORTRAITS. Coleman, Mrs. R. J. opp. p. 178 Collins, Fred W..opp. page 78 Collins, Timothy E.. opp. p. 82 Collier/Clinton, .opp. page 158 Collins, J. W page 1011 Columbus, Christopher.opp. 37 Comingore, David N..opp. 76 Comly, Major Clifton.. opp. 156 Conkey, W. B opp. page 194 Conklin, Daniel E. .opp. p. 78 Cooke, Mrs. Susan Gale 25 Corcorn, Gen. John W..opp. 72 Corcoran, John., .opp. page 77 Crawford, Mark L. .opp. p. 48 Crane, J. P opp. page 161 Crane, Charles... opp. page 83 Crawford, Samuel A.opp. p. 24 Cregier, Dewitt. .opp. page 43 Cron, Lucius C. .opp. page 77 Crosby, J. O opp. page 73 Culp, E. C opp. page 159 Cummin, George F. .opp. p. 83 Cummings, Joseph, .opp. p. 169 Cunningham, MissF. .page 180 Curtis, W. E °PP- P- 156 Curtis, David W.opp. page 77 Dailey,Miss Charlotte Field, opp. page 179 Daniell, Mrs. Frank H. opp. 180 Davis, Geo. R opp. page 62 Davis, George R. . .opp. p. 46 Davis, Wm. G . . . opp. page 67 Dawson, N. E. . .opp. page 159 Day, Merritt H. .opp. page 70 DeGroff, Edward. . .opp. p. 66 Deere, Charles BL.opp. p. 56 Delaney, Mrs. A. K . . opp. p. 176 De Lome, Senor Dupuy.. . . opp. p. 104 Depew, Chauncey M . opp. 66, 73 De Young, Michael H opp. page 23, 40 and 57 Dickinson, Francis M. D. opp. page 79 Dickinson, John T. .opp. p. 23, 40 and 70 Dinsmore, John B. .opp. p. 160 Dixon, Arthur. . .opp. page 47 Doolittle, Mrs. James R. Jr. opp. page 79 Douglas, Frederick.. opp. p. 104 Drum, Henry ... .opp. page 66 Dulaney, W. H. .opp. page 72 Eagle, Mrs. James P . opp. p. 178 Eddy, Chas. B. . .opp. page 82 Edgerton, Mrs. Rollin A.. opp. page 178 Edmonds, Howard O. opp. 24, 41 Edwards, Clark S. . .opp. p. 83 Eiboeck, Joseph, .opp. page 57 Ellsworth, J. W. .opp. page 48 Evans, L. M 1107 Ewing, Adlai T. opp. page 56 Exall, Henry. ... opp. page 52 Farnum, Mrs. Annn E. M . opp. P a £ e 179 Fearn, Richard Lee, opp. p. 161 Fearn, Walker 191 Felder, E. A opp. page 169 Ferry, Wm. M opp. page 83 Feterd, Louis C. .opp. page 82 Fish, Frederick S. . .opp. p. 83 Fisher, Ernest B..opp. page 76 Fitzgerald, Louis.opp. page 53 Foley, Mrs. M. D . opp. page 179 Forsyth, Wm opp. page 57 Fosdick, Mrs. Anna M. opp. 178 Foster, Chas. F. .opp. page 175 Foster, Elijah C. . . .opp. p. 156 Freitag, J. K opp. page 175 French, Mrs. Jonas H. opp. 176 Frost, Mrs. Rufus S. . .opp. 176 Funk, LaFayette.opp. p. 73-78 Furnas, R. W. . .opp. page 52 Gage, L. J. .opp. page 41, 46, 54 Gammon, Frank R..opp. p. 70 Garland, A. M. . .opp. page 160 Garvin, Thos. E.. opp. page 56 Ginty.Mrs. Flora Deall.opp.p. 25 Gloukhovskoy,de P., opp. p. 104 Goff, Lyman B. .opp. page 56 Goode, Prof. G. Brown. opp. 156 Goodell, Roswell E.opp. p. 66 Grinlinton, Hon. J. J. .opp. 104 Graham, E. R °PP- P- 174 Groner, V. D opp. p. 40, 71 Guthrie, Mrs. Genevieve.. opp. page 176 Gutierres, Thomas C. .opp. 70 Haines, James H., opp. p. . 71 Hall, Mrs. Daniel p.. 180 Hall, Mrs. Francis E. .opp. 176 Hall, Wm. S., opp. page. . . 82 Halliday, Charles K. . .opp. 66 Hallock, Jno. K., opp. page 82 Hancock, Mary B., opp. p.. 180 Handy, Moses P.,opp.p. 185, 188 Harrison, Carter, opp. p. .. . 42 Harrison, Mrs. Russel B. . . opp. page 25 Harrison, Benjamin bet. pages 92 and 93 Harrison, Mrs. F. H.. .opp. 1*76 Harper, John S., opp. page 73 Hart, Mrs. Mary A. opp. p. 176 Hartpence, Mrs. Walter. . . opp. page 176 Hassler, Dr. Emil, opp. p. . 105 Hay, H. G., opp. page 71 Haynes, Mrs. J. H., opp. p. . 180 Hayes, John, opp. pages 83 Hazard, Jeffrey, opp, page. 76 Hazen, A. D., opp. page 156 Heermans, Chas. A., opp. p. 77 Hendricks, Mrs. Ira F..opp. 180 Henrotin, Charles, opp. p. . 46 Henry, M. D., opp. page. . . 78 Henshall, Dr. Jas. A., .opp. 158 Hershfield, Lewis H.. .opp. 71 Higgins, Milton O., opp. p. 105 Higinbotham, Harlow N... opp. pages 24, 41, 46, 167, 170 Hirst, Jos., opp. page 159 Hodges, James, opp. page. 67 Holcomb, W. H opp. p. 174 Hollinger, Arnold., .opp. p. 105 Holland, J. P., opp. page . . 161 Hooker, Mrs. Isabella B .. . opp. page 178 Hopkins, C. B page 71 Houghton, Mrs.Alice. .page 180 Howes, Mrs. Eliza J., .opp. 177 Hughes, Hugh M., opp. p.. 160 Hull, Paul, opp. page 161 Hundley, Miss H. T.. .opp. 178 Hundley, Oscar R., opp. p. . 57 Hurt, A. B., opp. page 158 Hutchison, C. L., opp. page 48 Irving, R. J. C, opp. page. 159 Isabella, Queen opp. p. 37 Ives, Miss. Francis S. .opp. 178 Ives, Halsey C page 875 Jackson, Mrs. A. C, opp.^p. 179 Johnson, E. Kurtz., opp. p. 76 Jones, Charles H., opp. p. . 67 Kaley, Frank E.opp. page 83 Keith,Elbridge G.opp. page 47 Keogh, Thos. B. .opp. page 70 Kerfoot, Wm. D. opp. page 47 Ketcharn,Wm. P.opp. page 47 Kidder, Mrs. Florence H.,p. 180 Kinder, Mrs. Mary, opp. p. 177 King, Wm. F opp. page 57 King, H. C opp. page 53 Kirk, Milton W. .opp. page 47 Kiesel, Frederick J. opp. p. 70 Klippel, Henry, .opp. page 66 Knox, W. M opp. page 161 Kurtz, Chas. M. .opp. page 161 Kurtz,Thomas C. opp. page 78 Ladd, Mrs. Myra B. F., page 180 Ladd, Geo. P opp. page 76 Lane, M. Henry. opp. page 67 Lane, M. H opp. page 40 Langworthy, Mrs. E. C. opp. 177 Lannan, Patrick H.opp. p. 56 Lanyon, S. H . . . . opp. page 78 La Rue, H. M. . .opp. page 158 Larke, J. S opp. page 105 Lauterbach, Jno. opp. page 82 Lawrence, Edward F. .opp. 47 Lawson, Victor, .opp. page 48 Le Due, Alphonse. .opp. p. 78 Lee, Mrs. Jas. W page 180 Leffler, Arthur. . .opp. page 104 Leland, Muret N. opp. page 78 Logan, H. H opp. page 83 Logan, Mrs. Jno A. .opp. p. 176 Loring, E. R opp. page 175 Lowndes, Loyd. .opp. page 67 McAdow, Mrs. Clar2 L. opp. 177 McCandlass, Mrs. Mary E. opp. page 17& McConnell, Mrs. W. B. opp. 177 McCormick, John J. . . .opp. 83* McDaniel, Lock. opp. page. 77 McDonald, Alex. .opp. page 77 McDonald, Mark L. . .opp. 52 McDonald, R. L. opp. page. 76 McDuffee, Chas. D.... opp. 56 McHarg, Wm. S... opp. p. 174 Mclntyre, Henry H.. .opp. 66 Mclntyre, Wm. . opp. page 70 McKenzie, Jas. A opp. 57 McLaughlin, Mrs. S. W. opp. page 177 McLaws, Lafayette. . .opp. 66 McLean, W. E. .opp. page 76 McMahon, P. J. .opp. page 78 McNally, Andrew opp. 48 McNeal, Jos. W.opp. page 82 Macbeth, Geo. A. opp. page 82 Macomber, S. J. .opp. page 158 Manning, George A. . .opp. 57 Martin, Euclid, .opp. page 40 Martindale, Elijah B. .opp. 40 Martindale, Elijah B. .opp. 56 Mason, Mrs. Carrington opp. page 180 INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 13 Massey, George V. .opp. 40, 170 May, Wm. L opp. page 82 Meade, Miss F. H. .opp. p. 161 Meade, Capt. R.W., opp. p. 156 Meade, Wm. K. .opp. page 70 Meeker, Stephen J., opp. p. 72 Mercer, Asa S. . .opp. page 82 Meredith, Mrs. Virginia C. opp. page 25, 176 Miller, Miss Ora E . . . . opp. 178 Millet, F. D opp. p. 174 Minor, Miss Katherine L. opp. page 25, page 180 Mitchell, James, .opp. page 72 Mitchell, Mrs.JennieS. opp. 179 Montfort, D. O. .opp. page 78 Moore, H. B opp. page 67 Moore, Mrs. Patti opp. 180 Morris, John S . . . opp. page 76 Morrow, J. L opp. page 77 Morton, Levi P. .bet. 92 and 93 Mulcahy, J opp. page 175 Mulligan, Mrs. Jas. A . . opp. 79 Murphy, E. W. .opp. page 175 Murphy, R. J opp. page 159 Nathan, Adolph..opp. page 47 Norris, Lyman D...opp. p 76 Nourse, E. G. . . .opp. page 175 Nuvatr, Phra Suriya, opp. p 105 Odell, John J. P . .opp. p. 41, 46 Oliveria, H. E. Marshall Jose Simeao de opp. p 104 Oglesby, Mrs. Richard J. . . opp. page 176 Oliver, Jas opp. page 53 Olmstead, Mrs. Chas. H.. . opp. page 176 Olmstead, F. L opp. p. 174 Orff, Annie L. Y.opp. page 180 Owens, John D opp. p. 174 Owings, Mrs. Melissa D. .p. 180 Packard, Geo opp. page 169 Palmer, Thomas W opp. page 22, 40,52, 58 Palmer, Mrs. Potter ..opp.p., 25, 79, 182 Palitschek-Palmforst, Hon. Anton von opp. page 104 Paredes, T opp. page 105 Parker, H. G opp. page 53 Pattison, Gov. R. E. .opp.p 72 Paul, Mrs. K. S. G. ..opp. p 177 Peabody, S. H 365 Peabody, W. W.opp. page 73 Peck, Ferdinand W opp. P a £ e 24, 41, 46 Penn, Davidson B., opp.p. 23, 57 Peralta, de. Sr. D. Manuel M opp. page 105 Perkins, Mrs. B. A. . . page 180 Pitcher, O. H opp. page 76 Pickard, C. R opp. page 160 Pickett, M. B opp. p. 174 Pierce, R. H opp. page 175 Piatt, H. P. .opp. p., 22, 40, 66 Pluemer, Adolph... .opp. p 77 Porter, H. Fitz-John.opp. p 158 Porter, W. H opp. page 66 Porter, Washington . .opp. p 47 Pratt, Wm. O. . ..opp. page 160 Pratt, E. Spencer. . .opp. p 105 Price, Mrs. Charles opp. page 25, page 180 Proctor, Thos. E Putnam, F. W page 1091 Quelch, J. J opp. page 104 Raborg, W. A. . .opp. page 158 Ramsay, S. A.. . .opp. page 82 Ravn, Chas opp, page 104 Reed, Myron opp. page 77 Reitz, Miss Wilhelmine, opp. page 176 Renewick, Hon. Dr. Arthur opp. page 104 Revell, Alexander H opp. 46 Rice, Col. E opp. p. 174 Rickards, Mrs. J. Eliza opp. 177 Ricketts, R. B. . .opp. page 70 Rigler, Frank.. . .opp. page 160 Ripley, E. P. opp. 41 and 47 Robinson, L. W 441 Rogers, R. A opp. page 159 Roosevelt, Jas. . .opp. page 82 Rosenau, Nathaniel S. opp. 160 Rqthery, Wm. E opp. page 105 Rothschilds, A. M. . .opp. p 47 Rue, Mrs. Parthenia P. opp. 179 Russel, George, .opp. page 66 R viand, Richard. opp. page 78 St. Clair, J. W. opp. 40 and 170 Samuels, J. M 829 Sanders, Mrs. Margaret I . . opp. page 79 Sanders. Robert L..opp. p 67 Sarner, Victor. . .opp. page 160 Saunders, R. L.opp. 40 and 67 Sawyer, A. W. . .opp. page 170 Schneider, George . . . opp. 46 Schwab, Charles H opp. page 47 and 170 Scott, I. M opp. page 73 Scott, Albert J. . .opp. page 67 Scott, J. W opp. page 48 Seay, A. J opp. page 73 Seeberger, Anthony F. opp. 24 Sewell, Wm. J. . .opp. page 67 Shankland, E. C opp. p. 174 Shepard, Mrs. Francis Wells . . . „ opp. page 176 Shopoff, Prof. Vulks I. opp. 105 Sibley, A.J opp. page 77 Sims, Gardiner C.opp. page 56 Skiff, J. F. V 689 Smalley, B. B . . .opp. page 73 Smith, De Witt. .opp. page 78 Smith, August L opp. p 72 Smith, Thomas, .opp. page 67 Smith, J. B opp. page 73 Smolley, Bradley B. opp. 66 Speed, A. C opp. page 175 Spenqer, Lorillard. .opp. p. 76 Spuhn, Carl °PP- P 71 Stanley, Chas. H. opp. page 83 Stearns, John E. .opp. page 57 Steele, Sam. V.. .opp. page 161 Stephens Russ D. . .opp. p. 83 Stevens, Mrs. L. M. N.opp. 178 Stevenson. Adlai T bet. pages 86 and 87 Stocks, Fred A. .opp. page 156 Stone, Mrs. J. M page 180 Stone, Mrs. Leander opp. 79 Strong, Rush .... opp. page 82 Strother, Enoch. opp. page 78 Studebaker, Clem... opp. p 72 Taylor, E. H opp. page 159 Taylor, Horace A. . .opp. p 156 Tegima,S opp.p. 104 Ten Eyck, Martha H. .opp. 79 Thatcher, Mrs. Solomon, Jr. opp. page 79 Thomas, Theodore. opp. p 161 Thomson, Mrs. Alex. opp. 179 Thornton, W. T. opp. page 72 Thorpe, John opp. page 158 Tiller, J. T. W . . . opp. page 56 Tomlins, Wm. L.opp. page 161 Tousley, O. V., opp. p. 40 & 67 Tindal, J. M opp. page 83 Trautman, Mrs. Ralph opp. page 25 and page 180 Travis, Charles M..opp. p 76 Truman, Ben. C.opp. page 158 Tucker, Horace. opp. page 169 Turnbull, Richard opp. 57 Turner, Mrs. Ida Loving . . opp. page 177 Upshur, George M., opp. p. 78 Van Horn, W. L., opp. page 76 .Vercruysse, Astere, opp. p. 104 Vrooman, Wellington. opp. 77 Wacker, Charles H., opp. p. 46 Walker, Aldace F., opp. p. 77 Walker, Edwin, opp. page 41 Walker, Edwin, .opp. page 46 Wallace,Mrs.M.R.M.,opp.p. 79 Waller, Robert A., opp. p. 46 Waller, Robert A., opp. p. 24 Waller, Thomas M., opp. p. 40 Waller, Thomas M., opp. p. 66 Waller, Thomas M., opp. p. 23 Walsh, Patrick, .opp. page 52 Washburn, Hempstead opp. page 43 Waring, Mrs. Clark, opp. p. 180 Weiner, L opp. page 105 Welling, John C, opp. page 48 Wells, James M., opp. page 72 Wermuth, Adolph. . opp.p. 104 Wheeler, G. H . . . opp. page 48 Whelan, Mrs. Thos. A 179 White, Richard Mansfield . opp. page 70 Whitlaw, John M. . .opp. p. 160 Whitney, Mrs. W. C. .page 180 Widener, P. A. B..opp. p. 52 Willson, Adelaide F.. .opp. 160 Wilkins, Mrs. Beriah..opp. 25 Wilkins, Mrs. Beriah..page 180 Wilkins, Martin . . opp. page 71 Willard, Francis E.opp. p. 79 Williams, Louis L. .opp. p. 71 Williams, Thos. L. .opp. p. 66 Willits, Edwin. . .opp. page 156 Wilson, Albert A. . . . opp. p. 56 Wilson, George H.. .opp.p. 161 Wilson, Mrs. John R.. .opp. 177 Winston, Frederick S..opp. 46 Wise, Mrs. Jno.. .opp. page 177 Wood, Sir Henry.opp. page 104 Woods, Capt. A. A.. opp. p. 72 Woodside, John W . .opp. p. 70 Woodward, Thos. J..opp. p. 57 Wright, Charles. opp. page 158 Wright, W. T opp. page 77 Yerkes, Chas. T.. opp. page 48 York, E. D opp. page 160 Young, C. E opp. page 168 Young, Max opp. page 175 Young, T. Hackworth.opp. 160 Young, Otto opp. page 48 Zeggio, Signor V.opp. page 510 14 INDEX TO BUILDINGS. INDEX TO BUILDINGS. PAGE. Administration Building Frontispiece Agricultural Building 492 Anthropological Building 1090 Arkansas State Building 362 Art Palace 872 Brazil (Building of) opp. 108 California State Building 354 Canada (Building of) opp. 108 Ceylon (Building of ) . . , opp. 110 Children's Building opp. 196 Colombia (Building of) opp. 110 Colorado State Building 419 Connecticut State Building 359 Costa Rica (Building of) opp. 116 Delaware State Building 488 Electrical Building 644 Fish and Fisheries Building 1008 Florida State Building , . . 475 Forestry Building 1106 France (Building of) opp. 116 Gautemala (Building of) °PP- 126 Germany (Building of) opp. 122 Great Britain, "Victoria House" 472 Hayti (Building of) opp. 126 Horticultural Building 828 Idaho State Building 629 Illinois State Building 635 India (Building of) opp. 130 Indiana State Building 640 Iowa State Building 823 Japan (Building of) opp. 130 Joint Territorial Building 817 Kansas State Building 1033 Kentucky State Building 997 La Rabida, Convent of opp. 138 Louisiana State Building 1001 Machinery Hall Building 436 Maine State Building 995 PAGE Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. . 216 Maryland State Building 993 Massachusetts State Building 426 Merchant Tailors Building opp. 142 Merck & Co.'s Building 220 Michigan State Building 348 Mines and Mining Building 688 Minnesota State Building 432 Missouri State Building 478 Montana State Building 1029 Nebraska State Building 680 North Dakota State Building 998 New Hampshire State Building 991 New Jersey State Building 487 New South Wales (Building of) opp. 136 New York State Building. 684 Norway (Building of) 6pp. 136 Ohio State Building 814 Pennsylvania State Building 482 Public Comfort Building opp. 196 Rhode Island State Building . 423 Shoe and Leather Trades Building opp. 200 South Dakota State Building 772 Spain (Building of) opp. 138 Sweden (Building of) opp. 142 Texas State Building 1005 Transportation Building 776 Turkey (Building of) °PP- 144 Utah Territorial Building 675 United States Government Building 146 Venezuela (Building of) opp. 144 Vermont State Building 343 Virginia State Building 820 Washington State Building 678 West Virginia State Building 632 Wisconsin State Building 768 Woman's Building 1036 Wyoming State Building 771 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. 15 ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Acme Copying Co , . . . 871 Ahrenf eldt, .Charles & Son 340 Allis, The Edward P. Co 450 American Strawboard Co 428 American Electrical Works 654 American Vault, Safe and Lock Co 679 American Ship Windlass Co 826 Ames & Frost Co 819 Andrews-Demarest Seating Co 821 Anthony, E. & H. T. & Co 1050 Armour & Company , 1000 Aultman, C. & Co 430 B Badische-Anilin und Soda Fabrik 346 Badger Paper Co 438 Bailey, C.J. & Co 489 Baker, Walter & Co 342 Baker, Joseph & Sons 480 Bass Foundry and Machine Works.. . .360, 361 Beaman & Smith 485 Berlin Print Works 766 Billings & Spencer Co., The 469 Bishop, J. H. Co., The 349 Blackinton, W. & S 338 Blount Mfg. Co 356 Boggs, E. L 1031 Bradley Fertilizer Co 765 Bradley Mfg. Co., David 633 Bridgeport Elastic Web Co., The 219 Brixey, W. R 687 Brown, Theo. M 1010 Brownell Car Co 777 Brush Electric Co 673 Burroughs, Wellcome & Co 682 Burlington Blanket Co ', 687 Burrell, D. H. & Co 770 Butler Drawbar Attachment Co 824 Chambers Bros. Company 1105 Chapman, Jack Co., The 824 I Chickering & Sons (outside cover) and 368 Chicago Rawhide Mfg. Co., The 679 Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co 641 Chicago Cottage Organ Co 364, 873 Clark, George M. & Co 422 Cleveland Twist Drill Co 433 Clough & Maconnell 822 Conkey, W. B. Company 222, 440, 687, 999 Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co., The 1006 Cottrell, C. B. & Sons 773 i Crane Companv 486 Cradock, George & Co 1032 D Dejonge, Louis & Co 425 Dernburg, Glick & Horner 218 Diamond Machine Co , 479 Disston, Henry & Sons 483 Dodge Mfg. Co 435 Dowling, John & Co 1031 Deming Company, The 433 E Economic Smokeless Fire Co., The 1010 Eddy Electric Mfg. Co., The 672 Eddystone Mfg. Co., The 766 Edwards, W. S. Mfg. Co 480 Ehman & Simon Mfg. Co 351 Ehrhardt, Heinr 489 Electrical Forging Co 826 Electric Heat Alarm Co 681 Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. Co 821 Emerson Piano Co 427 Estey Organ Co 994 Evans-Snider-Buel Co 1118 F Fairbanks, Morse & Co 769 Fay, J. A. & Egan Co 1118 First National Bank 227 Flint & Walling Mfg. Co 444 Ford-Washburn Storelectro Co., The 1003 Fort Wayne Electric Co 498, 645 Foster & Bailey 339 Friend, Geo. H. Paper Co., The 217 G Gibson, W. D. Co., The 1006 Globe Yarn Mills 821 Gormully & Jeffery Mfg. Co 774 Gottfried Brewing Co 490 Goodyear Hard Rubber Co., The 350, 646 Grusonwerk , The 481 Gurley, W. & L. E 642 H Hall, S.W 351 Hancock Inspirator Co., The 816 Hannis Distilling Co., The 631 Haviland & Co 340 Holly Mfg. Co 439 I India Rubber Comb Co., The 350, 646 J Jewell Belting Co 469 Joy & Seliger Co 351 16 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. K Keeley Brewing Co 630 Kent & Stanley Co 215 Knapp Electrical Works, The 674 Koopman & Co 1003 Krupp, Fried 344 L Leader, The 218 Lemp Brewing Co., Wm. J 493 Lewis & Sons,W 681 Libbey Glass Co., The 226 Lincoln Park Sanitarium 676 Link-Belt Engineering Co 775 Link-Belt Machinery Co., The 775 Logan, F. G. & Co , 508 London Guarantee & Accident Co., Ltd.. . 471 Lord, G. W 477 Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R'y. • • 638 Lowney Company, Walter M., The 636 M Machinists' Supply Co., The 485 Marseilles Mfg. Co 420 Marder, Luse & Co 643 Meeker, S. J 813 Mechanical Mfg. Co., The 878 Merck & Co ...220, 221 Meriden Britannia Co 434 Metropolitan Life Insurance Co 1004 Miehle Printing Press and Mfg. Co 638 Minot, Hooper & Co 422 Mitchel & Halbach 1006 Moline Plow Co 634 Montague & Fuller 421 Moore, Samuel & Co 1004 Moore & Sinnott 422 Morgan, John 1004 Morse, Williams & Co 815 Munson Typewriter Co., The 1035 Mutual Life Ins. Co., The, of New York. . . 491 N National Malleable Castings Co., The 775 National Carbon Co., The 1000 New England Butt Co 683 New York Central & H. R. R. R. Co 825 New York Life Ins. Co 1007 New York Safety Steam Power Co 767 Niagara Stamping and Tool Co 489 Nicholson File Co 355 Norris & Co 1009 North Packing & Prov. Co 425 Northwestern Terra-Cotta Co., The 473 Norton Door-Check & Spring Co., The 826 Nungesser, Henry 641 o O'Brien Varnish Co., The 358 Otis Brothers & Co 238 Owen Electric Belt & Appliance Co., The. 686 P Pabst Brewing Co 625-6-7-8 Penberthy Injector Co 1004 Pickhardt, Wm. & Kuttroff 346 Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. Co 437 Phoenix Glass Co 677 Plankinton House 682 Prentice Brothers 484 Prosser, Thos. & Son 344 Providence Stock Co 1031 Q Queen City Printing Ink Co., The 352 R Rand Drill Co 1003 Redon, M 340 Rhode Island Perkin's Horse Shoe Co 765 Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co 480 Ringler, F. A. Co 874 Rochester Wheel Co 826 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., The. 425 Rogers & Bro 494 Roebling's Sons Co., Jno. A 358 Roller, A. Machine Works 474 Rouse, Hazard & Co 1000 Rushton, J. H 878 Ryan, J. J. & Co 474 S Safety Insulated Wire & Cable Co., The. . 685 Sanf ord Spinning Co 821 Schleicher, Schumm & Co 470 schomacker Pianoforte Mfg. Co 992 Scott, Walter 637 Sechler, D. M. Carriage Co 816 Schering & Glatz 353 Schieren, Charles A. & Co 692 Simpson, Wm., Sons & Co 766 Simpson, Hall, Miller & Co 827 Simonds Rolling-Machine Co 812 Simmons, R. F. & Co 637 Sinclair, S. H. Co 822 Smillie Coupler and Mfg. Co., The 813 Smith & Wesson 347 Sohmer & Co 429 Spierling & Linden 1006 Staver & Abbott Mfg. Co 822 Standard Tool Co., The 679 Sturtevant Mill Co 766 T Taylor, Geo. H. & Co 425 Times-Mirror Co., The 438 Torrey, J. R. Razor Co 1034 Troy Laundry Machinery Co., Ltd 1010 U Union Iron Works 778 V Van Houten,C. J. & Zoon 345 W Wacker & Birk Brewing & Malting Co.,The 639 Ward, Charles 1094 Walworth Mfg. Co 486 Warwick Cycle Mfg. Co 633 Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co 357 Waterbury Watch Co., The 341 Wertheim, Louis 474 Werner & Pfleiderer 479 Weser Bros 363 Western Valve Co 358 Western Wheel Works 790 Willimantic Linen Co 431 Winslow Bros. Co., The 1000 Woollams, Wm. & Co 1010 Wolf, R 476 World's Fair Souvenir Co 1095 Worthington, Henry R 1096 Wycoff, Seamans & Benedict 356 Y Ypsilanti Dress Stay Mfg. Co., The. ...... 878 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. 17 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. (ADVERTISERS.) A Accident Insurance. London Guarantee & Accident Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111- _ 471 Agricultural Implements. David Bradley M'fg Co., Chicago, 111 633 Marseilles M'fg Co., Marseilles, 111 420 Moline Plow Co., Moline, 111 634 Agricultural Implement Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, O 1118 Air Brake Fittings. Crane Co., Chicago, 111 486 Alizarine Dyes. JBadische Analin und Soda Fabrik 346 Wm. Pickhardt & Kuttroff, Chicago 346 Aniline Colors. Badische Analine und Soda Fabrik 346 Wm. Pickhardt & Kuttroff, Chicago - 346 Artistic Furniture. Koopman & Co., Boston, Mass 1003 Architectural Terra Cotta. North-Western Terra Cotta Co., Chicago.- 473 Architectural Iron Works. The Winslow Bros. Co., Chicago, 111 1000 Arsenal Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, O 1118 Asbestos. Wertheim Louis, _ 474 Automatic Fire Alarms. ^Electric Heat Alarm Co., Boston, Mass .._ 681 Axes and Car Wheels. Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne, Ind. 360-361 B Banks. Pirst National Bank, Chicago, 111 227 Beer. Gottfried Brewing Co., Chicago, 111 490 Keeley Brewing Co., Chicago 630 Pabst Brewing Co., Milwaukee 625 to 628 Wm. J. Lemp Brewing Co., St. Louis, Mo . 493 Belting. The Chicago Raw Hide M'fg Co., Chicago, 111 679 Bicycle Manufacturers. Ames & Frost Co., Chicago, 111 _ 819 Gormully & Jeffery M'fg Co., Chicago, 111. 774 Rouse Hazard & Co., Peoria 1000 Warwick Cycle Mfg. Co 633 Western Wheel Works, Chicago, 111 790 Boats. J. H. Rushton __ 878 Bookbinders' and Printers' Machinery. Montague & Fuller, Chicago, 111 421 Boilers. Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne, Ind _ _360, 361 Charles Ward 1094 Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co 480 Bookbinders' Material. Louis Dejonge & Co., New York, N. Y 425 Braiding Machinery. New England Butt Co., Providence, R. I. 683 Brass Founders and Finishers. J. J. Ryan & Co., Chicago, 111 __ 474 Bread and Cake Making Machinery. Jos. Baker & Sons 480 Brewers and Bottlers. The Wacker & Birk Brewing and Malting Co., Chicago, 111 _ 639 Brick Making Machinery. Chambers Brothers Co., Philadelphia, Pa. .1105 Buggy, Carriage and Wagon Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.. .1118 Builders' Hardware. Blount M'fg Co., Boston, Mass 356 Bumping Posts. Mechanical M'fg Co., Chicago, 111 878 c Car Couplers. Smillie Coupler and Mfg. Co., Newark, N. J. 813 Car, Railway and Bridge Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, 1118 Carbons. The National Carbon Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 1000 Carriage Wheels. Rochester Wheel Co., Rochester, N. Y... 826 Carriages, Buggies and Carts. D. M.Sechler Carriage Co., Moline, 111 816 Staver & Abbott M'fg Co., Chicago, 111— 822 IS CLASSIFIED BUSINESS IN* Chain Manufacturers. W. & S. Blackinton, Attleboro, Mass 338 Chemicals and Drugs. Merck & Co., New York, N. Y 220, 221 Schering & Glatz, New York 353 China Manufacturers. M. Redon, Limoges, France.. 340 Agents, Charles Ahrenfeldt & Son. Charles Ahrenfeldt & Son, New York, N. Y. Agents for M. Redon, of Limoges, France. 340 Chocolate Bonbons. The Walter M. Lowney Co., Boston, Mass. 636 Civil Engineers. W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, N. Y 642 Cocoa. Van Houtens, Weesp, Holland; Chicago, New York 345 Cocoa and Chocolate. Walter Baker & Co., Boston, Mass 342 Cold Sawing Machines. Heinr Ehrhardt, Uuesseldorf, Ger ... 489 Commission Merchants. Evans-Snider Buel Co., Chicago, 111 1118 F. G. Logan & Co., Chicago, 111 508 Cork Screws. Clough & Maconnell, New York 822 Cotton Goods. Minot Hooper & Co., New York and Bos- ton 422 Cotton Thread. Willimantic Linen Co., Hartford, Conn___ 431 Cotton Yarns. Globe Yarn Mills, Fall River Mass 821 Sanford Spinning Co, Fall River, Mass... 821 Decorations. Mitchel & Halbach, Chicago, 111 1006 Distillers. John Dowling & Co., Tyrone, Ky. 1031 Moore & Sinnott, Philadelphia, Pa 422 The Hannis Distilling Co., Philadelphia, Pa _ - 631 Door Check and Springs. The Norton Door-Check and Spring Co., Boston, Mass _ 826 Drawbar Attachments. The Butler Drawbar Attachment Co., Cleveland, Ohio___ 824 Dress Stays. The Ypsilanti Dress Stay M'f'g Co., Ypsi- lanti, Mich _ 878 Dry Goods. The Leader, Chicago, 111 218 Dry Goods Commission Merchants. Wm. Simpson Sons & Co., Philadelphia. Pa 766 Dye Stuffs. Wm. Pickhart & Kuttroff, Chicago, 111. 346 Badische Analin und Soda Fabrik 346 Dynamos. Brush Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio 673 Fort Wayne Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind _.._ 498, 645 The Eddy Electric Mfg. Co., Windsor,Conn 672 Elastic Shoe Goring. The Bridgeport Elastic Web Co., Bridge- port, Conn 21$ Electric Pumps. Otis Brothers & Co., New York, N. Y. 238 Electric Wire. American 'Electrical Works, Providence, R. I. —1 654 Electrical Supplies. Knapp Electrical Works, Chicago, 111 674 Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111 ._ 480 The India Rubber Comb Co., New York, N. Y _ _ __.350, 646 Electric Belts and Appliances. The Owen Electric Belt Appliance Co., Chicago __ 686 Electric Light Globes. Phoenix Glass Co., New York_ 677 Electric Motors. Brush Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio 673 Eddy Electric Co., Windsor, Conn 672 Electric Fire and Journal Bearing Alarms Electric Heat Alarm Co., Boston, Mass J581 Electrotypers. F. A. Ringler Co., New York, N. Y 874 Elevators. Morse, Williams & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. _ 815 Otis Brothers & Co., New York, N. Y 238 Elevators and Conveyors. The Link-Belt Machinery Co., Chicago.. __ 775 Link-Belt Engineering Co., Philadelphia, New York 775 Emery Wheels. Sturtevant Mill Co., Boston, Mass 766 Engines. C. Aultman & Co., Canton, Ohio__ _ 430 The Edward P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 450 Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne, Ind _._ 360, 361 R. Wolf, Magdeburg, Buckau, Ger ___,... 476 Schleicher Schumm & Co 470 Engine Lathes. Prentice Bros., Worchester, Mass 484 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. 19 Engines and Boilers. New York Safety Steam Power Co., Chi- cago, 111 767 Engine Packing. Louis Wertheim, Duesseldorf, Ger 474 Engineering Works. Grusonwerk, Germany 481 F Fan Motors, Manufacturers of. The Ford-Washburn Storelectro Co., Cleveland, Ohio 1003 Filers' Tools and Specialties. Nicholson File Co., Providence, R. I 355 Fire Arms and Revolvers. Smith & Wesson, Springfield, Mass 347 Fire Extinguishers. Walworth Mfg.. Co., Boston, Mass 486 Flour Mill Machinery. The Edward P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 450 Forgings. Simonds Rolling Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass - - 812 Electrical Forging Co., Boston, Mass 826 Foundry Castings. Grusonwerk, Germany 481 Fried Krupp, Germany 481 French China (Manufacturers). Haviland & Co., New York, N. Y. 340 Fuel Economizing Ranges. Economic Smokeless Fire Co., London, Eng 1010 Furniture and Chair Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, O .1118 G Gas and Electric Light Fixtures. W. S. Edwards M'f'g Co., Chicago, 111 480 Gas and Petroleum Engines. Schleicher, Schumm & Co., Philadelphia.. 470 Gasoline and Oil Stoves. Geo. M. Clarke & Co., Chicago, 111. _. 422 Glass Manufacturers. Libbey Glass Co., Chicago, 111.. 226 Grinding and Polishing Machinery. Diamond Machine Co., Chicago, 111., Provi- dence, R. I 479 Glue. Armour & Co., Chicago, 111 1000 Gold and Silver Plate. Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, Conn 434 H Hard Rubber Goods. The India Rubber Comb Co., New York, N. Y..._ _ 350, 646 The Goodyear Hard Rubber Co., New York, N.'Y _ 350, 646- Haberdashers. W. Lewis Sons, London, Eng 681 Hog Products. Armour & Co., Chicago 111 .1000 Hoisting Machinery. Otis Brothers & Co., New York, N. Y 238 Horse Blankets. ("Stay-on.") Burlington Blanket Co., Burlington, Wis.. 687 Horse Shoes. Rhode Island Perkins Horse Shoe Co., Providence, R.I __ 765 Hotels. Plankinton House, Milwaukee, Wis 682 I Incandescent Dynamos. The'Ford-Washburn Storelectro Co., Cleve- land, O 1003 Incandescent Lighting. Fort Wayne Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind 498, 645 Injectors. The Hancock Inspirator Co., Boston, Mass. 816 Pemberthy Injector Co .1004 Insulated Wire and Cables. Safety Insulated Wire and Cable Co., New York, N. Y__ 685 W. R. Brixey (Day's Kerite), New York, N. Y 687 The India Rubber Comb Co... 350, 646 Interior Decorations. Spierling & Linden, Chicago, 111 1006 Jewelry and Jewelers (Manufacturing). R. F. Simmons & Co., Attleboro Falls, Mass _ _ 637' Kent & Stanley M'f'g Co., Providence, R. I 215 Foster & Bailey, Providence, R. I 339 Providence Stock Co., Providence, R. I 1031 Jewelers Findings. S. Moore & Co., Providence, R. I ...1004 Jack-Screws. The Chapman Jack Co., Cleveland, O 824 Kneading and Mixing Machines. Werner & Pfleiderer, Cannstall, Ger 47& L Lace Leather. Chas. A. Schieren & Co., Chicago, 111 692 20 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. Laundry Machinery. S. H. Sinclair Co., Chicago, 111 _ 822 Troy Laundry Machinery Co., Ltd 1010 Leather Belting. Chas. A Schieren & Co., Chicago, 111 692 Jewell Belting Co., Hartford, Conn 469 Ledgers. Theo. M. Brown, Cazenovia, Minn 1010 Leggings and Overgaiters. S. W. Hall, Chicago, 111 351 Lenses. E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., New York, N. Y .1050 Life Insurance. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, N. Y .:___ 1004 New York Life Insurance Co 1007 Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Co., Hart- ford, Conn _ 437 The Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York, N. Y._ _ 1- 491 Locomotive Castings. Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort- Wayne, Ind ._ _ 360-361 Lord's Boiler Compound. G. W. Lord, Philadelphia, Pa |[477 M Machine Tools. Beaman & Smith, Providence, R. I 485 Prentice Bros., Worcester, Mass 484 The Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn _ 469 Machinery (for Covering Electric Wires). New England Butt Co., Providence, R. I__ 683 Machinery (Laundry). S. H. Sinclair Co., Chicago, 111 822 Troy Laundry Machinery Co., Ltd Machinists' Tools and Supplies. The Machinists' Supply Co., Chicago, 111 485 Malleable Iron Castings. The National Malleable Casting Co., Chi- cago, 111 __ 775 S. J. Meeker, Newark, N. J 813 Manufacturing Chemists. Burroughs Wellcome Co., London, Eng 682 Manufacturing and Importing Chemists. The Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., New York __ 425 Mantels, Grates and Tiles. Ehman & Simon M'f 'g Co., Chicago 351 Match and Match Box Machinery. A. Roller, Machine Works , Berlin, Germany 474 Motors (Manufacturers of). The Ford-Washburn Storelectro Co., Cleve- land, O 1003 Milk, Butter and Cheese Apparatus, Ma- chinery and Supplies. D. H. Burrell & Co., Little Falls, N. Y... 770 Mining Machinery. Rand Drill Co., New York, N. Y„_ 1003 Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal 778 Mineral Water. John Morgan, New York, N. Y _ 1004 N Navy and Shipyard Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, O 1118 Newspapers. Times Mirror Co., Los Angeles, Cal 438 o Opera Chairs and Church Furniture. Andrews-Demarest Seating Co., New York, N. Y 821 Organs. Chicago Cottage Organ Co., Chicago. ..364, 873 Estey Organ Co., Brattleboro, Vt. 994 Over-gaiters and Leggings. S. W. Hall, Chicago, 111. _ __ 351 P Paper Dealers. George H. Taylor & Co., Chicago, 111. 425 Paper Folding Machinery. Chambers Brothers Co., Philadelphia, Pa__1105 Paper Manufacturers. Badger Paper Co __ 438 George H. Friend Paper Co., Chicago, 111. 217 Photo Engravers. F. A. Ringler & Co., New York, N. Y_.„ 874 Piano (Manufacturers). Chicago Cottage Organ Co., Chicago. .364, 873 Chickering & Sons, Boston, Mass.__ 368 Emerson Piano Co 427 Schomacker Pianoforte Mfg. Co., Philadel- phia, Pa 992 Sohmer Co 429 Weser Bros., New York, N. Y 363 Photographic Materials and Supplies. E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., New York, N. Y 1050 Planing Mill Machinery. J. A. Fay& Egan Co., Cincinnati, O, 1118 Porcelain (Manufacturers). Haviland & Co., New York, N. Y ._„.... 340 Pork and Beef Packers. North Packing and Provision Co., Boston, Mass 425 Portraits (Copying and Enlarging). Acme Copying Co., Chicago, 111 871 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. 21 Printed Cotton Goods. Berlin Print Works, Philadelphia, Pa.___ 766 The Eddystone M'f'g Co., Ldt., Philadel- . phia, Pa 766 Printers and Binders. W. B. Conkey Co., Chicago ____ 222, 440, 687, 999 Printers Ink. Queen City Printing Ink Co., Cincinnati— 352 Printing Presses. C. B. Cottrell & Sons, Chicago, 111 773 Miehle Printing Press Mfg. Co., Chicago.. 638 Walter Scott, Plainfield. N. J ______ 637 Pumping Engines. Holly M'f'g Co., Lockport, N. Y., Chicago, 111 439 Pumping Machines. Henry R. Worthington, London, Eng 1096 Pumps. Flint & Walling Mfg. Co., Kendallville, Ind. 444 The Deming Co._ _ 433 Railroads. Chicago & North Western Ry. Co 641 Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Ry.__ 638 New York Central & Hudson R. R. Co__. 825 Railway Appliances Butler Drawbar Attachment Co 824 Razors. J. R. Torry Razor Co., Worcester, Mass___1034 Rock Pulverizers. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston Mass 765 Rubber Goods. C. J. Bailey & Co-, Boston, Mass 489 s Safes and Vaults. American Vault, Safe and Lock Co., Chi- cago, 111 679 Norris & Co., Chicago, 111 ___1009 Sanitariums. Lincoln Park Sanitarium, Chicago 676 Sash, Door and Blind Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio___1118 Saws. Henry Disston, Philadelphia, Pa.. 483 Sheet Metal Workers' Machines and Tools. Niagara Stamping and Tool Co., Buffalo, N. Y _ 489 Saw Mill Machinery. The Edward P. Allis Co... Milwaukee, Wis 450 Scales. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111 769 Seeds. Henry Nungesser, New York, N. Y 641 Ship and Engine Builders. Union Iron Works, San Francisco 778 Silver Plated Flat Ware. Rogers & Brother, New York, N. Y 494 Silver Plated Ware. Simpson, Hall, Miller & Co., Wallingford, Conn 827 Shot Chain. S. Moore & Co., Providence, R. I__ 1004 Skin Rugs, Robes and Coats. The J. H. Bishop Co., Wyandotte, Mich._ 349 Smoke Consuming Ranges. Economic Smokeless Fire Co., London, Eng _ ____ __ 1010 Soaps (Toilet). The Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co., Chicago, 111 _.__ __1006 Souvenirs. World's Fair Souvenir Co., Chicago 1095 Spoke and Wheel Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, Ohio 1118 Spring Manufacturers. The Wm. D. Gibson Co., Chicago, 111 1006 Steam and Gas Fitters' Supplies. Crane Co., Chicago, 111 486 Steel Manufacturers. Cast Steel Works of Fried. Krupp, Essen, Germany 344 Straw Board Manufacturers. American Straw Board Co., Chicago, 111 428 Street Cars. Brownell Car Co., St. Louis, Mo... 777 Storage Batteries (Manufacturers of). The Ford- Washburn Storelectro Co., Cleve- land, Ohio 1003 Street Car Motors (Manufacturers of). The Ford-Washburn Storelectro Co., Cleve- land, Ohio __ -1003 Subscription Book Publishers. W. B. Conkey Co., Chicago, 111 222, 440, 687, 999 Surface-Coated Papers. Louis Dejonge & Co., New York, N. Y 425 Surveyors' Instruments. W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, N. Y 642 Technical School and College Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, O .1118 Threshers. C. Aultman & Co., Canton, Ohio 430 Toilet Articles and Novelties. Joy & Seliger Co., Newark, N. J 351 22 CLASSIFIED BUSINESS INDEX. Toilet Requisites E. L. Boggs, Charleston, W. Va 1031 Tools and Supplies. Walworth Mfg. Co., Boston Mass 486 Type Founders. Marder, Luse & Co., Chicago, 111 643 Typewriters. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict (Reming- ton), New York City .,.. _ 356 The Munson Typewriter Co 1035 Twist Drills. • Cleveland Twist Drill Co., Cleveland, Ohio 433 The Standard Tool Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 679 u Upright Drills. Prentice Bros., Worcester, Mass - 484 Varnish Makers. The O'Brien Varnish Co., South Bend, Ind. 358 Valves. Wester Valve Co., Chicago, 111 358 Vehicles. Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. Co., Elkhart, Ind 821 w Wall Paper. Wm. Woolams & Co., London, Eng 1010 Watch Chains. Kent & Stanley Company, Providence, R. I. 215 Watches. Waterbury Watch Co., Waterbury, Conn. 341 Windlasses and Capstans. American Ship Windlass Co.. Providence, R. I _. . _ 826 Windmills. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111 769> Flint & Walling Mfg. Co., Kendallville, Ind. 444 Wood Split Pulleys. Dodge M'fg Co., Mishawaka, Ind., and Chicago, 111 __. 435- Wire and Wire Rope. John A. Roebling's Sons Co., Chicago, 111. 358 George Cradock & Co., Wakefield, Eng. „_ 1032 Wire Manufacturers. Washburn Moen M'fg Co., Worcester, Mass., New York, Chicago, Waukegan, San Francisco 357 Wood Mantels Manufactures. Ehman & Simon M'fg Co., Chicago, 111 351 Woodworking Machinery. J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincinnati, 1118 cm^^mi 4f OFFICERS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 2. Thomas M. Waller, 1st Vice-Pres. 5. Gorton W. Allen, 4th Vice-Pres. 8. H. P. Platt, Vice-Chairman Executive Com* 1. Thomas W. Palmer, President. 4. Davidson R. Penn, 3d Vice-Pres. 7. John T. Dickinson, Secretary. 3. M. H. DeYoung, 2d Vice-Pres. 6. Alex. B, Andrews, 5th Vice-Pres. 9. George R. Davis, Director-General, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 23 OFFICERS Or THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION President, THOMAS W. PALMER, of Michigan. ist Vice-Prei., Thomas M Waller, of Connecticut. 2d Vice-Pres., M. H. de Young, of California. jd Vice-Pres., Davidson B. Penn, of Louisiana. 4th Vice-Pres., Gorton W. Allen, of New York. $th Vice-Pres., Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina. Secretary, John T. Dickinson, of Texas. Vice-Chairma7i Executive Committee, H. P. Platt, of Ohio. Director- General, GEORGE R. DAVIS, of Illinois. COMMISSIONERS-AT-LARGE. COMMISSIONERS Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, N. Y. Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb. Patrick Walsh, Augusta, Ga. Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex. Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. ALTERNATES. Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me. Louis Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. John W. Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. Hale G. Parker, St. Louis, Mo. John B. Castleman, Louisville, Ky. H. C. King, San Antonio, Tex. Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. COMMISSIONERS. Alexander T. Britton, Washington. Albert A. Wilson, Washington. ALTERNATES. E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington. Dorsey Clagett, Washington. 24 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OFFICERS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION Incorporated as a legal body under the laws of the State of Illinois, and one of the agencies provided for in the act of Congress creating the Exposition. President, HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM. ist Vice-Pres., Ferdinand W. Peck. 2d Vice-Pres., Robert A. Waller. Secretary, Howard O. Edmonds. Assistant Secretary, Samuel A. Crawford. Treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger. Auditor, William K. Ackerman. Assistant Auditor, Charles V. Barrington. LAW DEPARTMENT. Attorney, W. K. Carlisle. Assistant Attorneys, George Packard. Chas. H. Baldwin. Attorney of Ways and Means Committee, Joseph Cummins. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Regular meeting on the second Friday of each month. William T. Baker— The Temple. C. K. G. Billings— 2 Madison Street. Thomas B. Bryan— 556 Rand-McNally B'ld'g. Edward B. Butler — Franklin and Congress Sts. Isaac N. Camp — State and Jackson Streets. William J. Chalmers — Fulton and Union Sts. Robert C. Clowry — 150 Washington Street. Charles H. Chappell— Chicago & Alton R. R. Mark L. Crawford — House of Correction. George R. Davis — Jackson Park. Arthur Dixon— 299 Fifth Avenue. James W. Ellsworth — Phenix Building. Lyman J. Gage — First National Bank. Carter H. Harrison — Mayor of Chicago. Charles Henrotin — 169 Dearborn Street. H. N. Higinbotham — Jackson Park. Charles L. Hutchinson — Corn Exchange Bank. Elbridge G. Keith, Metropolitan Nat'l Bank. William D. Kerfoot— 85 Washington Street. William P. Ketcham — Hoyne and Blue Island Avenues. Milton W. Kirk— Care James S. Kirk & Co. V. F. Laws on — Daily News. Edward F. Lawrence — First National Bank. Thies J. Lef ens— Room 1, 80 LaSalle Street. Andrew McNally— Rand-McNally Building. Adolph Nathan — Franklin and Jackson Streets. John J. P. Odell — Union National Bank. Ferdinand W. Peck — 110 Auditorium B'ld'g. E. M. Phelps— Phelps, Dodge & Palmer. Washington Porter — Room 7, 108 Dearborn St. Alexander H. Revell — Wabash Avenue and Adams Street. Edward P. Ripley— 207 Rand-McNally B'ld'g. A. M. Rothschild— 203 Monroe Street. George Schneider — 115 Dearborn Street. Charles H. Schwab — Jackson Park. J. W. Scott — Chicago Herald. Henry B. Stone— 203 Washington Street. Charles H. Wacker— 171 North Desplaines St. Edwin Walker — 616 Rookery Building. Robert A. Waller— 164 LaSalle Street. John C. Welling— 78 Michigan Avenue. Frederick S. Winston — Monadnock Building. G. H. Wheeler— 2020 State Street. Charles T. Yerkes— 444 North Clark Street- Otto Young— The Fair. OFFICERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. i. Anthony F. Seeberger, Treasurer. 2. Ferdinand W. Peck, ist Vice-President. 3. Robert A. Waller, 2d Vice-President. 4. Harlow N. Higinbotham, President. 5- Howard O. Edmonds, Secretary. 6. Samuel A. Crawford, Assistant Secretary. 7. William K. Ackerman, Auditor. 8. Charles V. Harrington, Assistant Auditor. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 1. Mrs. Potter Palmer, PlTGSi d 6 72. t 2. Mrs. Ralph Trautman of New York, 3. Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh of Maine, First Vice-President. Second Vice-President. 5. Miss Katherine L. Minor of Louisiana, Fourth Vice-President. 6. Mrs. Beriah Wilkins of District of Columbia, 4. Mrs. Charles Price of North Carolina, Fifth Vice-President. Third Vice-President. 8. Mrs. Russel B. Harrison of Montana, Vice-President-at-Large. 7. Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty of Wisconsin, Seventh Vice-President. 10. Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke of Secretary. 9. Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith of Indiana, Vice-Chairman Executive Com. 11. Mrs. Helen M. Barker of South Dakota, Supt. Industrial Department. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 25 Officers of Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission. President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. ist Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York. 2d Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine. jd Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina. 4th Vice-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana. jt/i Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia. 6th Vice-President, Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, of Colorado. yth Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin. 8th Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah. Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana. Vice- Chairman Executive Co?nmittee, Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, of Indiana. Secretary, Mrs. Susan G. Cooke, of Tennessee. Mrs. Helen M. Barker, of South Dakota, Superintendent Industrial Department. Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, of Rhode Island, Superintendent State Work. Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, of Indiana, Chairman Cotnmittee on Awards. Mrs. Candace Wheeler, of New York, Director of the Woman's Building. NOMINATED BY COMMISSIONERS-AT-LARGE. LADY MANAGERS. Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York. Mrs. Mary Cecil Cantrill, Georgetown, Ky. Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, S12 12th St., Washington, D. C. Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich. Miss Ellen A. Ford, 252 Broadway, New York. Mrs. Mary S. Harrison, Helena, Montana. Mrs. Ida A. Elkins Tyler, "Bullitt Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin. Texas. LADY ALTERNATES. Mrs. Ben C. Truman, Los Angeles, Cal. Mrs. Nancy Huston Banks, Morganfield, Ky. Mrs. James B. Stone, 137 Vernon St., Worcester, Mass. Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Ind. Mrs. Helen A. Peck, 3100 Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y Mrs. Geo. R. Yarrow, 2213 Green St., Philadelphia, Pa. 26 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Board of Reference and Control WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. MEMBERS. ALTERNATES Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, President. \ M. H. Lane, of Michigan. H. P. Platt, of Ohio, Vice-Pres. George V. Massey, of Delaware. R. L. Saunders, of Mississippi. Michael H. de Young, of California. Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut. Elijah B. Martindale, of Indiana. J. W. St. Clair, of West Virginia. John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. V. D. Groner, of Virginia. P. H. Lannan, of Utah. Thomas Smith, of New Jersey. 0. V. Tousley, of Minnesota. Euclid Martin, of Nebraska. H. N. Higinbotham, President. R. A. Waller. Edwin Walker. E. P. Ripley. Ferdinand W. Peck. H. O. Edmonds, Secretary. L. J. Gage H. B. Stone. John J. P. Odell. Gouncil of Administration. Consisting of two members of the World's Columbian Commission and two Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition. Harlow N. Higinbotham, Chairman. (President World's Columbian Exposition.) George V. Massey, National Commissioner from Delaware. Charles H. Schwab, Director World's Columbian Exposition. J. W. St. Clair, National Commissioner from West Virginia, A. W. Sawyer, Secretary. The World's Congress Auxiliary Of the World's Columbian Exposition. Charles C. Bonney, President. Thomas B. Bryan, Vice-President. Lyman J. Gage, Treasurer. Benjamin Butterworth. ) Secretaries C. E. Young. \ * ecretartes - WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 27 COMMITTEES OP THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1892-3 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Consisting of the President and two Vice-Presidents, ex-Presidents, who are members of the Board, the Director-General and the Chairmen of the Standing Committees. HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM,/V*«Vfc«*. Ferdinand W. Peck, ist Vice-President. Robert A. Waller, 2d Vice-President. George R. Davis, Director-General. Henry B. Stone. Edwin Walker. Wm. D. Kerfoot. Chas. H. Schwab. Alexander H. Revell. Edward P. Ripley. Charles L. Hutchinson. James W. Ellsworth. Robert C. Clowry. John J. P. Odell. Edward B. Butler. Thies J. Lefens. Lyman J. Gage. Wm. T. Baker. Regular meeting of the Executive Committee Wednesday of each week at 3 o'clock p. STANDING COMMITTEES. The President and the Director-General are ex-officio members of all standing committees of the Directory. FINANCE. Ferdinand W. Peck, Chairman. Elbridge G. Keith. John J. P. Odell. Lyman J. Gage. James W. Elsworth. GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. Henry B. Stone, Chairman. Lyman J. Gage. Robert C. Clowry. Wm. P. Ketcham. Edward F. Lawrence. Charles H. Schwab. Erskine M. Phelps: LEGISLATION. Edwin Walker, Chairman. Fred S. Winston. Ferd. W T . Peck. Arthur Dixon. AGRICULTURE. William D. Kerfoot, Chairman. Thies J. Lefens. Isaac N. Camp. George Schneider. Washington Porter. MINES, MINING AND FISH. Charles H. Schwab, Chairman. William J. Chalmers. Mark L. Crawford. John C. Welling. George H. Wheeler. PRESS AND PRINTING. Alexander H. Revell, Chairman. James W. Scott. V. F. Lawson. Milton W. Kirk. George Schneider. R. J. Murphy, Secretary. TRANSPORTATION. Edward Henry B. Stone. John C. Welling. P. Ripley, Chairman. Charles H. Chappell. Arthur Dixon. FINE ARTS. Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman. James W. Ellsworth. Elbridge G. Keith. Charles T. Yerkes. Thomas B. Bryan. LIBERAL ARTS. James W. Ellsworth, Chairman. Robert A. Waller. Isaac N. Camp. Alexander H. Revell. William T. Baker. ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL AND PNEUMATICAL APPLIANCES. Robert C. Clowry, Chairman. Charles H. Wacker. C. K. G. Billings. Mark L. Crawford. Charles L. Hutchinson. MANUFACTURES AND MACHINERY. John J. P. Odell, Chairman. Adolph Nathan. A. M. Rothschild. Erskine M. Phelps. Andrew McNally. WAYS AND MEANS. Edward B. Butler, Chairman. Adolph Nathan. George Schneider. Edward F. Lawrence. Edward P. Ripley. Charles H. Wacker Wm. J. Chalmers. Robert A. Waller. Wm. D. Kerfoot. Sam Milton W. Kirk. Andrew McNally. Washington Porter. Otto Young. A. Crawford, Secretary. FOREIGN EXHIBITS. Thies J. Lefens, Chairman. William T. Baker. Charles H. Wacker. Thomas B. Bryan. Charles Henrotin. R. L. Fearn, Secretary. SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. Edward F. Lawrence, Chairman. James W. Ellsworth. Charles H. Wacker. Charles T. Yerkes. William D. Kerfoot. James W. Scott. Charles Henrotin. Alexander H. Revell. William P. Ketchum. Thomas B. Bryan. E. C. Culp, Secretary. 28 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. Board of Management and Control. • THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. MR. EDWIN WILLITS, Chairman. W. E. Curtis, Department of State, to represent that department. Fred A. Stocks, To represent the Treasury Department. Major Clifton Comly, United States Army, to represent the War Department. Captain R. W. Meade, United States Navy, to represent the Navy Department. A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, to represent the Postoffice Department. Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the Department of the Interior. Elijah C. Foster, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent that department. . Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the Department of Agriculture. Professor G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, to represent that institution and the National Museum. Tarleton H. Bean, United States Fish Commission. F. T. BlCKFORD, Secretary and Executive-Officer. BUREAU OF ADMISSIONS AND COLLECTIONS. Consisting of the President of the World's Columbian Exposition, the Chairmen of the Com- mittees of Ways and Means and Finance, and the Treasurer and Auditor. Edward B. Butler, Chairman. Harlow N. HiGiNBofHAM. Anthony F. Seeberger. Ferdinand W. Peck. William K. Ackerman. H. O. Edmonds, Secretary . Horace Tucker, Superintendent of Admissions. E. A. Felder, Assistant Superintendent. Paul Blackmar, Superintendent of Collections. William E. Cash, Assistant Superintendent of Collections. BUREAU OE PUBLIC COMEORT. BOARD OF CONTROL. H. N. HlGINBOTHAM, Chairman. E. B. Butler. R. A. Waller. W. Marsh Kasson, Chief of Bureau. Henry S. Tuthill, Superintendent of Hotel and Rooming Department. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 29 Director-General and Officers. Director- General, GEORGE R. DAVIS. Chiefs of Departments. Agriculture - Horticulture - Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products, etc. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy Machinery .... Transportation Exhibits, (Railways, Vessels and Vehicles) Manufactures _--.'- Electricity and Electrical Appliances - Fine Arts - Liberal Arts - - - - Ethnology .... Publicity and Promotion - Foreign Affairs - Commissioner-at- Large, THOMAS B. BRYAN. W. I. Buchanan J. M. Samuels J. W. Collins Fred. J. V. Skiff L. W. Robinson Willard A. Smith James Allison J. P. Barrett Halsey C. Ives Selim H. Peabody Fred. W. Putnam Moses P. Handy Walker Fearn Military and Naval Attaches. Wm. Bainbridge Hoff, Commander, U. S. N. D. N. Bertolette, Surgeon, U. S. N. Roger Welles, Ensign, U. S. N. J. C. Irvine, Lieut., U. S. A. Principal Clerks. Chief Clerk Secretary Private Secretary Secretary of Installation Special Agent for Foreign Exhibits Installation Officers. Eben Brewer E. H. Taylor N. E. Dawson Joseph Hirst Fred. Brackett DEPARTMENTS. A. — Agriculture, Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery and Appliances. W. I. Buchanan, Chief. A. B. Hurt, Secretary. L. M. Evans, Suftt. of Forestry . James Mortimer, Supt. Kennel Division. A. M. Garland, Supt. Sheep Division. J. B. Dinsmore, Supt. Cattle Division. B. — Horticulture, Floriculture, etc. J. M. Samuels, Chief. J. P. Crane, Chief Clerk. John Thorpe, Supt. of Floriculture. Ben C. Truman, Assistant Supt. of Flori- culture. Hugh M. Hughes, Supt. of Grounds. Charles Wright, Supt. of Pomology. H. M. La Rue, Supt. of Viticulture. C. — Live Stock — Domestic and Wild Animals. W. I. Buchanan, Chief Department A, in charge. D. — Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Ap- paratus of Fishing. J. W. Collins, Chief. J. M. Whitelaw, Supt. of Building. Dr. James A. Henshall, Assistant in charge of Angling Exhibit. E. C. Bryan, Secretary. E. — Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. Frederick J. V. Skiff, Chief. F. A. Trittle, Supt of Building. E. L. Burchard, Chief Clerk. D. C. Boyce, Expert, Coal and Iron. J. Stockley Carey, Chemist and Assayer. S. J. Macomber, Machinery Expert. W. A. Raborg, Mineralogist. F. — Machinery. L. W. Robinson, Chief H. Fitz-John Porter, Engineer. 30 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. G. — Transportation Exhibits, (Railways, Ves- sels and Vehicles). Willard A. Smith, Chief. Miss Bessie B. Boyer, Secretary. T. Hackworth Young, Superintendent Railway Division. A. A. Abbott, Superintendent Vehicle Division. Lieut. A. C. Baker, U. S. N., Superin- tende7it Marine Division. H. — Manufactures. James Allison, Chief Frank R. Williams, Assistant Chief Clinton Collier, Sup?erintendent Shoe and Leather Division. J. — Electricity and Electrical Appliances. Prof. John P. Barrett, Chief Dr. J. Allan Hornsby, Assistant Chief. Willis Hawley, Assistant. K.— Fine Arts. Halsey C. Ives, Chief C. M. Kurtz, Assistant to Chief Miss Sara T. Hallowell, Assistant. George Corliss, Supt. of Galleries. L. — Liberal Arts. Selim H. Peabody, Chief. C. P. Umstot, Chief Clerk. F. W. Brewer, Superintendent of Hygiene Wm. O. Pratt, Supt. of Education. and Sanitation. N. S. Rosenau, Superintendent of Chari- ties and Corrections. Theodore Thomas, Musical Director. W. L. Tomlins, Choral Director. G. H. Wilson, Secy. Music and Drama. M. — Ethnology. Prof. Frederick W. Putnam.. Chief. Dr. Franz Boas, Assistant. Miss F. H. Meade, Secretary. Professor Joseph Jastrow, Supt. Section of Psychology . Professor H. G. Donaldson, Supt. Section of Neurology . Mr. G. A. Dorsey, Supt. Section of A rchceology. Mr. Stewart Culin, Supt. Section of Religions, Gaines and Folk-lore. N. — Forestry. W. I. Buchanan, Chief. L. M. Evans, Superintendent. O. — Publicity and Promotion. Moses P. Handy, Chief. J. P. Holland, Supt. Bur. of Information. Paul Hull, Supt. Catalogue Division. H. W Cannon, Chief Clerk. Frank Rigler, Supt. Mailing Division. Adelaide F. Willson, Private Secretary. Sam V. Steele, Official Reporter. Editorial Assistants. W. M. Knox, Nancy Huston Banks, Victor Sarner, L. A. Ayme, C. S. Busbey, W. C. Gates, Bus. Mgr. Official Paper. P. — Foreign Affairs. Walker Fearn, Chief. Richard Lee Fearn, Secretary. S. Chapman Simms, Assistant Seer etary. Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett, U. S. N. (re- tired), hiterpreter. C. R. Pickard, Chief Clerk. Latin- American Bureau. William E. Curtis. Roger Wells, Jr., Ensign, U. S. N. E.D.York. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 31 Director of Works and Officers, Service Building, near Sixty-second street entrance. D. H. BURNHAM, Director of Works. E. R. GRAHAM, Assistant Director of Works. M. B. PICKETT, Secretary of Works. F. L. Olmsted & C6., Landscape Architects. Charles B. Atwood, Designer-in- Chief. F. D. Millet, Director of Decoration. C. Y Turner, Assistant Director of Decoration. W. H. Holcomb, General Manager of Transportation. E. G. NouRse, Assistant General Manager of Transportation. Col. Edmund Rice, U. S. A., Commandant Columbian Guard. E. G. Shankland, Ch ief Engin eer. Charles F. Foster, Mechanical Engineer. William S. McHarg, Engineer of Water Supply and Sewerage. C. M. Wilkes, Assistant Engineer Water Department. John W. Alvord, Engineer of Grades and Surveys. C. H. BlNKLEY, Assistant Engineer, Grades and Surveys. F. O. Cloys, Chief Draftsman. John E_ Owens, M. D., Medical Director. R. Ulrich, Superintetident of Landscape. E. D. Allen, Superi?itendent of Painting. R. H. Pierce, Electrical Engineer. C. D. Arnold. Chief Department of Photography. Edward W. Murphy, Fire Marshal , 74th Battalion Chicago Fire Department. F. J. Mulcahy, Purchasing Agent. W. D. Richardson, Ge?ieral Superintendent of Buildings. D. A Collins, Superintendeiit of Interior Docking. E. R. Loring, Superintendent of Plumbing. A. A. Clark, Superintendent of Midway Plaisance. J. Worcester, Superintendent of Elevated Railway. W. E. Brown, B B. Cheeseman, J. K. Freitag, H. S. HlBBARD, C. A. Jordan, J. H. Murphy, A. C Speed, F. W. Watts, M. Young, Building Superinte7i dents. 32 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Officers of United States Army. On Duty in Connection with the World's Golumbian Exposition. On duty with the Government exhibits : Major Clifton Comly, Ordnance Department, Government Building. Major G. M. Randall, 4th Infantry, Govern- ment Building. Capt. L. A. La Garde, Medical Department, Government Building. Capt. A. H. Russell, Ordnance Department, Government Building. Capt. R. E. Thompson, Signal Department, Government Building. Capt. J. G. Bourke, 3d Cavalry, Government Building. Capt. D. M. Appel, Medical Department, At- tending Surgeon. Capt. C. H. Heyl, 23d Infantry, Government Building. Capt. F. A. Edwards, 1st Cavalry, Government Building. Capt. John Rodgers, Quartermaster's Depart- ment. Capt. A. H. Harbach, 20th Infantry, Quarter- master's Department. Lieut. H. L. Harris, 1st Artillery, Quarter- master's Department. Lieut. C. B. Wheeler, Ordnance Department. Lieut. A. M. Palmer, 24th Infantry, Quarter- master's Department. Lieut. H. C. Benson, 4th Cavalry, Quarter- master's Department. Lieut. C. W. Fenton, 7th Cavalry, Quarter- master's Department. Lieut. J. A. Dapray, 23d Infantry, Quarter- master's Department. On duty in connection with the World's Co- lumbian Exposition, by virtue of the Act of Congress, August, i8q2 : Bvt. Lieut. Col. Edmund Rice, 5th Infantry, Service Building. Capt. W. S. Schuyler, 5th Cavalry, Service Building. Capt. E. J. McClernand, 2d Cavalry, Service Building. Capt. F. A. Smith, 12th Infantry, Service Build- ing. Capt. William Baird, 6th Cavalry, Service Building. Capt. John Pitcher, 1st Cavalry, Administration Building. Lieut. M. F. Jamar, 13th Infantry, Service Building. Lieut. C. B. Hoppin, 2d Cavalry, Service Build- ing. Lieut. J. L. Wilson, 4th Artillery, Service Building. Lieut. R. J. C. Irvine, 11th Infantry, Adminis- tration Building. Lieut. S. M. Foote, 4th Artillery, Service Building. Lieut. R. F. Ames, 8th Infantry, Service Build- ing. Lieut. G. H. Preston, 9th Cavalry, Administra- tion Building. Lieut. C. L. H. Ruggles, 3d Artillery, Service Building. Naval Officers on Duty at Ghicago. Commodore R. W. Meade, Commanding Battle- ship Illinois, World's Fair. Commander William Bainbridge HofL Di- rector-General's Office, Pavilion B, Ad- ministration Building. Commander J. J. Brice, Lighthouse Inspector, Chamber of Commerce Building. Lieut. Commander F. M. Symonds, Terminal Station, Jackson Park. Lieut. Commander E. D. Taussig, Battleship Illinois. Lieut. Fletcher S. Bassett (retired), Department of Foreign Affairs, Pavilion C, Adminis- tration Building. Lieut. Asher C. Baker, Chief of Marine Divis- ion, Transportation Exhibits Department. Lieut. H. C. Poundstone, Battleship Illinois. Lieut. G. F. Emmons, United States Govern- ment Building. Lieut. A. G. Winterhalter, United States Government Building. Ensign George P. Blow, United States Govern- ment Building. Ensign W. P. Safford, United States Govern- ment Building. Ensign Roger Welles, Jr., Department of Foreign Affairs. Pay Director F. C. Cosby, Battleship Illinois. Chief Engineer L. W. Robinson, Machinery Hall. Surgeon D. N. Bertolette, Director-General's Office. Past Assistant Surgeon A. H. C. Russell, Battleship Illinois. Past Assistant Engineer E. M. Bennett, Battleship Illinois. Past Assistant Engineer I. S. K. Reeves, United States Fish Commission, Govern- ment Building. Prof. O. G. Dodge, Electricity Division, Ma- chinery Hall. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 33 Officers Columbian Guard. Colonel Edmund Rice, Co?nmandant. Capt. Fred A. Smith, 12th Infantry, Adjutant. Capt. C B. Hoppin, 2d Cavalry, Quartermaster. Capt. G. M. Farnham, Recruiting Officer. Capt. W. S. Schuyler, 5th Cavalry, Command- 1st Lieut. S. M. Foote, 4th Artillery, Command- ing Company No. 10. ing Companies Nos. 21 and 25. Capt. E. J. McClernand, 2d Cavalry, Com- 2d Lieut. Guy H. Preston, 9th Cavalry, Com- manding Company No. 2. manding Companies Nos. 8, 15, 17, 27. Capt. William Baird, 6th Cavalry, Command- 2d Lieut. C. L. H. Ruggles, 3d Artillery, Com- ing Companies Nos. 3, 16, 24, 28. manding Company No. 18. Capt. John Pitcher, 1st Cavalry, Commanding Capt. John Bonfield, Chief Secret Service Cpmpanies Nos. 5, 19, 22. Bureau. 1st Lieut. M. F. Jamar, 15th Infantry, Com- Capt. H. M. Elliott, Commanding Companies manding Companies Nos. 9, 23. Nos. 4 and 20. 1st Lieut. R. F. Ames, 8th Infantry, Command- Capt. W. J. Sanderson, Commanding Com- ing Company No. 13. panies Nos. 6, 14, 30. 1st Lieut. J. L.Wilson, 4th Artillery, Command- Capt. J. J. Siddall, Commanding Companies ing Companies Nos. 11 and 26. Nos. 1, 12, 29. Transportation Department. Offices, 3d Floor North End of Terminal Railway Station. W. H. Holcomb, General Manager E. G. Nourse Assistant General Manager. W. H. Christman, Chief Clerk. Captain F. M. Symonds, Superintendent of R. Bosserman, Superintendent of Warehouses, Marine Division. Room 2. P. Haley, Superintendent of Installation,Rooms Thomas Collins, Joint Railway Agent, Room 15. 12 and 13. J. d. Mason, Engineer, Room 1. W. E. Green, Superintendent of Railway H. L. Evans, Depot Master, first floor, north- Terminal, Room 16. west corner Terminal Station. 34 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Pre-Mistorical. WHAT may be termed the ante-Columbus, or pre-historical, age of the western half of the globe was when the "oldest inhabitant" — the Mastodon and Mam- moth — roved this country. In the skeletons of these huge animals, which have ceased to exist for so many thousand years, there are found flint arrow-heads, which must have been made by men who lived in that time, and by which these wild and terrible creatures were slain. Besides the many animals which belonged entirely to that age, and which there is nothing like now, there were many then upon this continent which we read of now only in foreign countries. The monkey was here, in what we call the United States, and the camel and rhinoceros. What the character was of the people who lived at that time it is impossible to guess. The first race which has left any distinct traces of itself was the Mound-build- ers, and it hardly seems as if they could have lived at the time of the Mastodon, for they made pictures of all the things about them, and among those pictures there is nothing which resembles these huge animals. This race of men was not savage, in one sense of the word; they worked hard, a thing which the savage seldom does. They had skill and loved the beautiful. They are called Mound- builders because they have left behind them thousands of immense mounds; some curved, some square, some in the shape of a snake. Sometimes these earth- works have from fourteen to sixteen miles of embankment. Sorrfe look as if 'they may have been the dwelling places of their kings; others seem as if they may have protected temples or altars where they worshiped. This people understood the smeltingof ores and mining. Their pottery was far from rude and their implements of warfare very serviceable. They buried their great men under huge pyramids of dirt; but the common people, to judge from the great stack of bones which have been found in parts of the country, were doubtless thrown together and left in the open air At the time they lived this country must have been thickly pop- ulated. It must have taken millions of men to do what they did. No one can guess what became of them, or why they left the possessions upon which they had spent so much time and labor. They disappeared many years before the American Indians roamed through our forests. The American Indians, as Columbus and his fellow Europeans found them, were not the race that we know. They were said to be well formed, winning, gentle and trustful. They were gracious in their speech and friendly in their manner, with soft brown bodies and delicate movements. Here they lived free as birds, without need of much work, with no cares, until the civilized warriors drove them west and ever west. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 35 Traditional. JT is hard to tell which of the nations first found men courageous enough to cross these unknown waters. There are traditions that the Chinese did so, and that these Buddhists wandered down to the California shore and went deep into the country that we now know as Mexico. There are traditions, too, that the Breton fishermen cast their lines upon the Newfoundland coast. It is certainly true that North American Indians have been met with whose languages were mixed with French. The Welshmen also claim that a number of their country- men came to North America and settled. The traditions concerning this are peculiarly romantic. Two brothers, David and Medoc, quarreled for the throne of Wales. The younger gave up his right, and fitting out a ship sailed west. The next year he returned and said that he had found a fruitful country. He called upon his friends to follow him and filled ten ships with men, women and children. They sailed away and were never heard of again. Reference has been made to them in American writings, wherein they are described as a race of white Indians using many Welsh words and having a manuscript copy of the Bible, in the Welsh language, with them. One reference to them speaks of their living among the upper courses of the Missouri. But the journeys of the Norsemen to America are well known. These Norse- men were splendid seamen and splendid fighters. They had been all over the known world. They had frightened even the great emperor, Charlemagne, in France, and had put their horses in his palace. Wherever they went they seemed to conquer, until at last they were driven from Scotland. Then, on the melan- choly island of Iceland, they made their republic. Two-thirds of the year they lived in twilight. Books were their consolation, the sea their playground. It was no wonder they went this way and that, whenever their fancy prompted and wherever they felt they could fight with weaker men. They discovered Green- land and settled a village there; then in strange, strong, if not fleet ships, went coasting further south. It was Bjarne Herjulfsen with his crew who first coasted — driven by adverse winds — along Narragansett Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Sco- tia. He went back to Iceland with the tales of what he had seen. "What," cried Erik the Red, a wild Norseman who had been banished from his native country for murder, "you saw a new country like that, with green trees and fields, and never put a foot on it?" He talked so much and so long and loud on the subject that his son, Leif Erikson, made up his mind to find out what kind of lands these were which were so much talked about. He bought Bjarne's ship from him, took thirty-five good seamen and went far away to the southwest. They landed in New- foundland, which they called Helluland, and in Nova Scotia, which they termed Markland. ' They looked about these countries a little, gave them names, sailed away and were two days at sea before they saw land again. They sailed into a sound, and the grass looked beautiful to these men from a barren country. They found luscious grapes growing wild, grapes from which wine could be made with ease, and a German among them named it Vinland. We have changed the name very little. We call it Martha's Vinyard now. This was in the year iooo. When Leif Erikson reached home, his brother made the complaint that he had brought home much too little news. "You may go in my ship, brother, to Vinland, if you like," said Leif; and thus Thorbald, in the year 1002, went to Vinland and stayed 36 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY there three years. It is thought that the skeleton, in armor found near Fall River, Mass., in 183 1, was that of Thorbald, who was killed by a poisoned arrow from Indians. In 1005, tne ^ ast son °f Erik the Red started to Vinland to recover the body of his brother Thorbald. His ship was blown out of its course and he never reached his destination. Then came Thorfinn Karlsfenn, with his wife, Gudrid, and with them 151 men and seven women. For three years they lived at Vinland and perhaps built the tower that still stands in Newport, and wrote the inscrip- tions on the blocks near the Taunton river. On account of constant fights with Indians they went back to Iceland. There are stories of other journeys by the Norsemen in the years ion and 1121, and accounts of their going as far south on the Atlantic coast as Florida. The tower which stands at Newport, the only substantial monument that the Norsemen left of their visit, is low and round. It has two windows and a fire-place; the cement with which the stones are put together is still strong, and but for the fact that the roof is gone it could hardly be called a ruin. It is covered with ivy now, and serves the purpose of amusing the chance tourist. According to" Moses F. Sweetser, in his " Hand Book of the United States," the name America comes from amalric, or emmerich, an old German word spread through Europe by the Goths, and softened in Latin to Americus, and in Italian to Amerigo. It was first applied to Brazil. Americus Vespucius, the son of a wealthy Florentine notary, made several voyages to the New World, a few years later than Columbus, and gave spirited accounts of his discoveries. About the year 1507 Hylacomylus, of the college of St. Die, in the Vosges mountains, brought out a book on cosmography, in which he said: "Now, truly, as these regions are more widely explored, and another fourth part is discovered by Americus Vespucius, I see no reason why it should not be justly called Amerigen; that is, the land of Americus, or America, from Americus, its discoverer, a man of subtle intellect." Hylacomylus invented the name America, and, as there was no other title for the New World, this came gradually into use. It does not ap- pear that Vespucius was a party to this almost accidental transaction, which has made him a monument of a hemisphere. These are firmly established facts which prove that Christopher Columbus was not the first discoverer of the New World, yet his claim to the honors of true discovery are practically allowed by all the civilized world. The additional fact that some four centuries intervened from the time of the short sojourn of the Norsemen until Columbus did discover this land, is sufficient as the basis for according the credit to the Genoese. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 37 The Liee or Coluabus. Ages unborn shall bless the happy day When thy bold steamers steer'd the trackless way; O'er these delightful realms thy sons shall tread, And following millions trace the path you" led. — Barlow. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, the true discoverer of this- land of the free and home of the brave, was born at Genoa in 1435. He was the eldest son of Dominico Colombo and Suzanna Fontanarossa. His father was a wool- comber and continued in that business in Genoa and Savona with varying success until his means were such as to enable him to send Christopher to the University of Pavia. Christopher devoted himself to the sciences, particularly nautical astron- omy, under the instruction of Stefeno di Faenza and Antonio da Terzago. After a course at the university he worked for awhile at his father's trade, and at the age of fifteen he became a sailor. According to the crude chapters of his biography written by Hernando, his son, his early life is dubious and conjectural, and little is known of his apprenticeship at sea. These unknown years, however, were cer- tainly stormy and eventful. " Wherever ship has sailed," he has written, " there have I journeyed." Among other places he visited England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the Guinea Coast and the Greek Isles. For some time he was in the service of Rene of Provence, for whom he intercepted and seized a Venetian galley with much bravery and audacity. Afterward he sailed with Columbo el Mozo, a bold privateer, and a sea fight under command of this sea-captain was the means of bringing him ashore in Portugal. During these years before the mast and in the rigging his mind was not given to the dross of booty so common to the semi-piratical sailor of those days, but instead, he was fired with an ambi- tion of high achievements by reading and meditating on the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, the cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco, the writings of Pliny and Nearchus and the travels of Marco Polo and Mandeville. He mastered nautical sciences, learned to draw charts and construct spheres, and thus fitted himself to become a practical seaman and navigator. Like Lincoln, he arose from the humblest surroundings and circumstances to the very highest pinnacle of fame, honor and usefulness, by his own indomitable spirit, pluck and God-given quali- ties, and no fitter illustration of what the youth of this grand and glorious coun- try can gradually attain to under the broad protection of the Stars and Stripes can be found than in the lives of the illustrious names mentioned. What an inspiration to "dare and do" is found in the life of Christopher Columbus! Particularly admirable is his course as a youth and young man. Unaided by wealth or rank, he forced his way to an uncommon position among his associates as apprenticed sailor while yet a mere strippling, and thenceforth he "built above the clouds" by a close application to the solid and substantial studies best adapted to aid him in reaching the goal of a worthy ambition. After being wrecked in a sea-fight, that began off Cape St. Vincent, and escaping to land on a plank, he arrived at Lisbon. In 1470 he married Felipa Moniz de Perestrello, daughter of Bartollomeu Perestrello, a captain in the serv- ice of Prince Henry, called the Navigator, one of the early colonists and the first governor of Porto Santo, an island off Madeira. Columbus visited the island THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY and employed his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law and talked with old seamen of their voyages and of the mystery of the Western seas. About this time he arrived at the conclusion that much of the world remained undiscovered and step by step to have conceived the design of reaching Asia by sailing west, which resulted in the discovery of America. It was to this train of thought, which finally came to fruition, that the New World is the grand outcome and that the whole world has congregated amid the arts, sciences and splendor of modern civilization to do homage to the Genoese, and to celebrate, by an exhibi- tion of the handiwork of all mankind, an event second in importance only to the Beginning, when God said: "Let there be light and there was light." In 1474 we find Columbus expounding his views to Paolo Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmographer, and receiving the heartiest encourage- ment. His view of reaching Asia by sailing west he supported with three differ- ent arguments derived from natural reasons, •from the theories of geographers, and from the reports and traditions of mariners. From the colonists on the Azores Columbus heard of two men being washed up at Flores, "very broad- faced and differing in aspect from Christians." The transport of all these objects was attributed to the west winds and not to the gulf stream, the existence of which was then totally unsuspected. In his northern journey some vague and formless traditions may have reached his ear of the voyages of Bjarn and Leaf, and of the pleasant coasts of Helluland, Markland and Vinland, that lay toward the setting sun. All were hints to bid the bold mariner sail westward, and this he at length determined to do. The co-operation and concurrence of some state or sovereign, however, was necessary for the success of his designs. The senate of Genoa had the honor to receive the first offer and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by his native city the projector turned next to John II., of Portugal. This King had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the African coast; but he listened to Columbus and referred him to the Committee of Council for Geographical Affairs. The council's report was adverse; but the King, who was yet inclined to favor the theory of the Genoese, assented to the suggestion of the Bishop of Ceuta that the plan should be carried out in secret, and without Columbus' knowledge, by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was dispatched, but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having lost heart and having refused to venture farther. Upon discovering this dishonorable transaction, Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that he sent his brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry VII, to whom he had communi- cated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon for Spain (1484), taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of his marriage with Felipa Moniz. He departed secretly, presumably to give the slip to King John. In one of his letters Col- umbus wrote: "When I came from such a great distance to serve these princes, I abandoned a wife and children, whom, for this cause, I never saw again." The first traces of Columbus at the court of Spain are on May 5, 1487, when an entry in some accounts reads: "Given to-day 3,000 maravedis (about $18) to Cristobal Colomo, a stranger." March 20, 1488, a letter was sent by the King to "Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to return to Portugal and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind, but it was then too late. Columbus then betook himself to the south of Spain and proposed his plan first to the Duke of Mednia Sidonia (who was at once attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and impracticable), and next to the Duke of Medina CelL The latter gave him great encouragement, entertained him for two years and even determined to furnish him with the three or four caravels. Finally, however, being deterred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast a subject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to — of making instant application to the court of France — by writing on his behalf to Queen Isabella, and Columbus repaired to the court at Cordova at her bidding. It was WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 39 an ill moment for his fortune. Castille and Leon were in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of the Moors, and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen; but Columbus was kindly received and was handed over to the care of Alonzo de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic supporter of his theory. He made many other friends and here met with Beatrix Enriquez the mother of his second son, Hernando, who was born August 15, 1488. FronvCordova Columbus followed the court to Salamanca, where he was intro- duced to the notice of Cardinal Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, dubbed by some his- torians, "the third King of Spain." The cardinal, while approving the project, thought strongly that it savored of heterodoxy, but an interview with the projector won him over, and through his influence Columbus at last got an audience of the King. The matter was finally referred, however, to Fernando de Talavara, who, in 1487, summoned a junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Col- umbus and examine his design and the arguments by which he supported it. The Dominicans of San Esteban in Salamanca entertained Columbus during the con- ference. The jurors, who were most of them ecclesiastics, were by no means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their pretensions to knowledge, contrary to the navigator's views, without a struggle. Columbus argued his point, but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with quotations from the great divines, with theological objections, and in a short time the junta was adjourned. Senor Rodriguez Panilla, the learned Salamantine writer, holds that the first refusal of Columbus' project was made in the official council at Cordova. In 1489, Columbus, who had been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an officer of the King and gratified from time to time with sums of money toward his expenses), was present at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the junta decided that his project was vain and impracticable, and that it did not become their highnesses to have anything to do with it, and this was confirmed, with some reservation by their highnesses themselves at Seville. Columbus was now in despair. So reduced in circumstances was he that (according to the eminent Spanish statesman Emilio Castelar) he was jocularly and universally termed "the stranger with the threadbare coat." He at once betook himself to Huelva, where his brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship to France. He halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime, town in Andalusia. At the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida he knocked and asked for bread and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with Fray Juan Perez de Marchena, the prior, who invited him to take up his quarters in the monastery, and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a physician and a student of geography. To these men Columbus propounded his theory and explained his plan. Juan Perez had been the Queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her presence, and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to the court. He reached Grenada in time to witness the surrender of the city by the Moors, and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission and stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of Admiral at once, the vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by conquest or by trade. These conditions were rejected and the nego- tiations were again interrupted. An interview with Mendoza followed, but nothing came of it, and in January, 1492, Columbus actually set out for France. At length, however, on the entreaty of Luis de Santangel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the crown of Aragon, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger was sent after Columbus and over- took him at the bridge of Pinos, about two leagues from Granada. He returned to the camp at Santa Fe, and on April 17, 1492, the agreement between him and their Catholic majesties was signed and sealed. This agreement is familiarly known in Spanish history as "The Capitulations of Santa Fe." His aims were nothing less than the discovery of the marvelous province of Cipango and the conversion to Christianity of the Grand Kahn, to whom he 40 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY received a royal and curious blank letter of introduction. The town of Palos was, by forced levy, as a punishment for former rebellion, ordered to find him three caravels, and these were soon placed at his disposal. But no crews could he get together, Columbus even offering to throw open the jails and take all criminals and broken men who would serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting Martin Alonzo Pinzon and Vicente Yanez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus' departure had been long delayed. At last, however, men, ships and stores were ready. The expedition consisted of the Gallega, rechristened the Santa Maria, a decked ship, with a crew of fifty men, com- manded by the Admiral in person; and of two caravels — the Pinta, with thirty men, under Martin Pinzon, and the Nina, with twenty-four men, under his brother, Vicente Yanez Pinzon, afterward (1499) the first to cross the line in the American Atlantic. The adventurers numbered 120 souls, and on Friday, August 3, 1492, at eight in the morning, the little fleet weighed anchor and stood out for the Canary Islands, sailing as it were "into a world unknown — the corner- stone of a nation." After a momentous voyage land was sighted Friday, October 12, 1492, and it proved to be the New World. The land sighted was called by the Indians Guanahani, and named by Columbus San Salvador. The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the brothers Pinzon, bearing banners of the Green Cross, a device of his own, and by a part of the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneeling down upon the shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy for the great mercy received," the Admiral named the island, and took solemn possession of it for their Catholic majesties of Castille and Leon. Had Columbus kept the course he laid on leaving Ferrol, says Castelar, his landfall would have been in the Florida of to-day, that is, upon the main continent; but owing to the deflection it was his hap to strike an island, very fair to look upon, but small and insignificant when compared with the vast island-world in whose waters he was already sailing. GROUP OF WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION MEMBERS AND ALTERNATES OF THE BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL. 2. H. P. Platt, 1. Thos. W. Palmee, Michigan. 3. Geo. Y. Masset, 4. R. L. Saundees, Delaware. Mississippi. 6. Thos. M. Waller, 7. Elijah B. Martindale, Connecticut. Indiana. 9. M. H. Lane, 10. V. D. Geoner, Michigan. Virginia Ohio. 5. Michael H. DeYocng, California. 8. J. W. St. Claif ; West Virginia. 11. O. V. Tocsley, Minnesota. 12. Euclid Maetin, Nebraska. 13. Jno. T. Dickinson, Texas, Secretary. GROUP OF WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL. 1. H. N. HlGINBOTHAM, Chicago. 3. Edwin Walker, 4. E. P. Ripley, Chicago. Chicago. 6. L. J. Gage, 7. Jno. J. P. Odell, Chicago. Chicago, 2. R. A. Waller, Chicago. 5. Ferdinand W. Peck, Chicago. 8. H. O. Edmonds, Secretary, Chicago. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 41 History or the Exposition AT least two persons claim to have originated the idea of holding a World's Columbian Exposition in 1892 (postponed to 1893)= Mr. Alexander D. Anderson, Secretary of the Board of Trade at Washington, D. C, has a number of friends who stoutly defend the claim that he first foreshadowed the project in an interview in the New York Herald in 1884. According to the Washington Post of December 30, 1891,'Mr. Anderson "spent four years' time and $33,000" in promoting the movement. That journal states that Mr. Anderson presented the question in detail to the citizens of Washington at a public meeting held on the 25th of February, 1886, when committees were appointed, headquarters opened, and an active and vigorous campaign inaugurated. In April, 1886, the memorial of the committee was presented to the United States Senate by Mr. Gorman, of Maryland, and published in full in the Congressio?ial Record, diagrams and all. The next step was the transformation of the local board into a national board of promotion. In response to notices of appointment sent out Mr. Ander- son received formal letters of acceptance from the governors of forty states and territories, the mayors of fifty-five leading cities, 176 presidents and secretaries of boards of trade throughout the country, and the officers of thirty state and territorial granges, approving of the movement and pledging their co-operation. In addition to this the leading national conventions held during 1886, 1887 and 1888, such as the National Board of Trade, National Grange, American Bankers' Association, International Medical Congress, etc., adopted strong resolutions in support of the project. On the 16th of June, 1888, Hon. Perry Belmont, of New York, then chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, submitted to the House of Representatives, in behalf of the committee, a unanimous report in favor of the project, and designating Washington as the place. This report (No. 2601, Fiftieth Congress, first session) was an elaborate document of fifty-seven pages in print, and contains the correspondence above mentioned with governors, mayors, etc., together with the arguments before the committee. When the Exposition bill came up for debate in the House and Senate, due credit was publicly given in each body for the leading part the city of Washington had played in this patriotic work. In the House on February 21, 1890, Hon. Charles E. Hooker, of Mississippi, said in the course of his remarks (quoted from the Congressional Record) : "It is but just to say of these non-represented people of the District of Columbia that it was the people of this District who, long before any place was designated for the site of this Exposition, established a board of promotion and for four years have been earnest advocates of holding this great Fair at the Capital of the Nation. [Applause.]" In the debate in the Senate, on the 21st of April, 1890, Mr. Gorman, of Maryland, said: "I introduced the bill in 1886, at the request of gentlemen in this city and the boards of trade of the city of Baltimore and elsewhere. The whole project, however, it is due to say, was gotten up and urged by a gentleman who is now a resident of the city of Washington — Mr. A. D. Anderson." Dr. Charles W. Zaremba, of Chicago, claims that while attending the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, on the 9th of September, 1876, he conceived the idea of celebrating the four centenary of America's dis 42 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY covery by Columbus by a World's Fair, about which he talked to many of his friends. In June, 1884, he issued a circular, he says, inviting the foreign ministers at Washington to confer about this event in proper form. Many and most flattering were the replies received by Dr. Zaremba, espe- cially from Hussein Tewfik, the Turkish Minister; Dr. Matias Romero, the Mexican Minister; Senor Amaral Valente, Charge d' Affairs of Brazil; Senor Joaquin Godoy, the Chilian Minister, and others. The same year he had an audience with General Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico, and his ministers, all expressing their gratitude to Dr. Zaremba for originating the idea and making it known to the representatives of the world. Dr. Zaremba was born July 29, 1842, at Koenigsburg, Prussia, where his father was a petty officer in the Third Regiment of Cuirassiers, and afterward an internal revenue officer at the city of Memel, where Zaremba attended the primary school until 1854, when in October of that year he entered the military school at Potsdam. In 1857, being transferred to the Military Academy, he studied the higher branches in connection with military education and tactics, becoming at the same time per- sonally acquainted with the late Emperor Frederick of Germany. In 1859, he entered the service of the Royal Guard Artillery at Berlin, and within ten months was transferred to the staff of Prince Wilhelm of Baden, who took special interest in him, and secured a special permit for Zaremba to attend the lectures of the Berlin University. In 1862, he went to Moscow, Russia, and while finish- ing his studies in medicine and philosophy he wrote a manual of military gymnastics for the Russian army. In September, 1865, Zaremba coming with his mother to Chicago went to St. Joseph, Mich. He soon returned to Chicago, however, and practiced his profession as a physician until the great fire. In 1871, he became one of the founders of the Chicago Athenaeum. Dr. Zaremba was one of the prime movers in the Interstate and Industrial Exposition in 1872 and 1873. In November, 1878, when the International Commercial Convention assem- bled at Farwell Hall, Dr. Zaremba was appointed a city delegate by Mayor Heath. In January, 1879, he started with the first Industrial Excursion from Chicago to Mexico, which formed the entering wedge for American trade in that country. Dr. A. W. Harlan, a dentist of Chicago, first proposed Chicago in print as the location of a Columbian World's Fair. His letter to this effect was printed in the Chicago Times, February 16, 1882, and he presented cogent reasons in favor of the plan and location he advocated. This and several succeeding suggestions of a like character slumbered or were really abandoned for lack of support. Later on Mr. Edwin L. Brown made a proposition in the form of a resolution to hold a World's Fair in Chicago, which was adopted by the local Exposition Company. In 1885 Judge Henry M. Shephard instituted a similar movement. The greatest of all Expositions up to that date was then being arranged for in Paris, France, and much interest was manifested in this Exposition by the people of the United States. The success of the Paris Exposition caused a revival of the half-forgotten project of a great Columbian Exposition. The press throughout the United States discussed the propriety of holding such an Exposition. Chicago's public- spirited citizens gave a welcome to the idea, and at once took steps to realize it. The pluck of Chicago's "I Will" at once stamped success on the movement. Prior, however, to the holding of the Paris Exposition, Judge Shephard's activity in formulating plans for a World's Columbian Exposition took shape, and he signed a call for a joint meeting of the Iroquois, Union League, Commercial, University, Illinois, Kenwood and Standard Clubs, to be held in the rooms of the Iroquois Club, July 6, 1888, " to discuss the advisability of holding a World's Fair in Chicago in 1892 (postponed to 1893) and the best means to employ to carry such a project into execution." At this meeting the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That the representatives of the clubs of Chicago assembled in this meeting form an organization in order to hold a World's Fair in the City of Chicago to commemorate the dis- covery of America by Columbus four hundred years ago. CARTER H. HARRISON, MAYOR OF CHICAGO. DE WITT C. CREGIER, EX-MAYOR OF CHICAGO. HEMPSTEAD WASHBURNE, EX-MAYOR OF CHICAGO. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 43 A second meeting was held July 13, and a committee was appointed with full power to formulate a detailed plan for such an Exposition; but this movement also proved fruitless. The scheme languished and many of the most enthusiastic lost heart. The proposed organization of the clubs was never formed, and for a year no actual progress was made. Meantime the Paris Fair was in the height of its success, and that triumph no doubt stimulated Chicago to renewed efforts for the accomplishment of a project in which its public-spirited citzens would find a crown to the marvelous work that they had done in transforming in a few years prairies, marshes and huts into the Garden City — a city now universally recognized as one of the greatest in the world, and which has arisen from dire disaster of the most destructive conflagration ever known to the proud position of second city in the United States in point of population, and, unquestionably, to the very front rank in point of pluck, energy, enterprise and success; a city, the possibilities of which, being in a comparative stage of infancy, bid fair to outstrip in the near future, not only the other grand and marvelous cities of the New VVorld, but the very European capitals themselves, in the onward march of progress. Famed for its commerce and manufactures; its shipping; its law and order; its bright, intelligent and hospitable citizens; its churches, schools and university; its progress in the arts and sciences; its health; its bracing and cool summer climate; its grand and marvelous buildings; its railroad facilities; its parks, drives and boulevards; its excellent, economical and extensive hotel, restaurant, cafe and boarding and lodging accommodations; its handsome temples of amusement; its inviting and remunerative field for capital and labor — all conspired to intensify the feeling that, aside from the patriotic motive of a fitting celebration of the discovery of America, the whole world should have an opportunity of seeing for themselves what Chicago really is, and to make of it the Mecca of civilization at least for this period. Soon every citizen from the highest to the humblest had become an advocate of the enterprise. So strong did this popular movement become that the Mayor of the city and the Common Council gave it formal organization. July 22, 1889, Mayor Dewitt C. Cregier read the following message to the Council in regular session: Gentlemen of the Council: It is the desire of the City of Chicago to hold a World's Fair in 1892, and the City Government will do all in its power to realize it. Without any prejudice, it can safely be said that Chicago, of all other cities, is the best place in which to hold a great inter- national Fair and make it a brilliant success. Chicago, indeed, is the city most truly manifesting American life, American ideas and American enterprise. In regard to its location, its railroad and hotel facilities, she has no rival. There is sufficient space inside the city limits for the Expo- sition. The proverbial enterprise and magnanimity of the citizens of Chicago and their unlim- ited hospitality, showing itself on every occasion, are a sure guarantee of success. Labor, time or money will not be spared. In the face of the organized efforts of other cities, I suggest that an organization, representing all classes of citizens, be formed to secure this great undertaking for this city. DeWitt C. Cregier, Mayor. The Mayor was authorized to appoint a committee of one hundred citizens to outline the preliminary work necessary to secure the Exposition for Chicago. At a subsequent meeting of the Council the Mayor was given discretion as to the size and composition of the committee, in response to a suggestion by him that the committee be increased to two hundred. He thereupon appointed the following : Adams, Geo. E. Ballard, Addison Blair, William Adams, J. McG. Barnum, William H. Blake, E. N. Aldrich, J. F. Bartlett, A. C. Blatchford, E. W. Allerton, S. W. Beck, A. R. Blodgett, H. W. Allsworth, J. Berriorabat, F. Boerlin, Louis Altgeld, John P. Best, William Boldenweck, William Anderson, J. Billings, A. M. Booth, A. Anthony, Elliott Birkhoff, George Boyesen, 1. K. Armour, P. D. Bissell, George F. Bradley, J. Harley Bajnotti, Paul Black, John C. Brand, Rudolph Baker, Frank Blackstone, T. B. Bruwaert, F. E. Baker, William T. Blair, Chauncy Bryan, Thomas B. H THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Buehler, John Burley, A. G. Cable, R. R. Cameron, D. R. Carpenter, A. A. Carson, John B. Cary, Eugene Caton, J. D. Chase, C. H. Chase, Benjamin F. Chetlain, A. L. Clark, J. B. Clark, John E. Claussenius, H. Clifford, Richard W. Collins, Lorin C. Colvin, H. D. Corbin, H. C. Corkery, Daniel Counselman, C. Cragin, E. F. Crane, R. T. Crawford, Mark Crerar, John Crone, Frank E. Crook, General John, U. S. A. Cudahy, Michael Cummings, A. Cummings, C. R. Davis, George R. Dennehy, Charles Dexter, Wirt Doane, J. W. Donnersberger, J. Drake, John B. Dreier, Emil Dreyer, E. S. Ducat, A. C. Dunham, R. W. Dunlap, Geo. L. Eames, Henry F. Egan, Wiley M. English, William S. Evans, Clinton B. Ewing, William G. Fairbank, N. K. Fargo, Charles Farlin, Henry J. Farwell, J. V. Farwell, Senator Charles B. Feehan, Archbishop Patrick A. Field, Marshall Fitz Simons, Charles Fuller, Mellville W. Furber, H. J. Gage, Lyman J. Garnett, Gwynne Gary, Joseph E. Gerardin, Victor Glenn, T. H. Glessner, J. J.. Goudy, W. C. Grammes, J. B. Grannis, W. C. D. Gregory, S. S. Gresham, Walter Q. Grinell, Julius S. Gross, S. E. Halle, E. G. Ham, Charles H. Hamilton, John M. Hankson, Joseph Harrison, Carter H. Hart, Henry Harvey, T. W. Hawes, Kirk Healy, James T. Heath, Monroe Henrotin, C. Henrotin, C. N. Hesing, Washington Higgins, Van H. Hughitt, Marvin Hill, D. K. Holmes, C. B. Hooley, R. M. Horton, O. H. Hoyne, F. G. Hudson, P. S. Hurlbut, Dr. V. L. Hurlburt, H. A. Hutchinson, C. L. Jackson, H. W. Tamieson, Egbert Jeffrey, E. T. Jones, N. S. Jones, J. Russell Judd, S. Corning Keith, E. G. Kent, Sidney Kerfoot, Wm. D. Kern, Charles Kimball, C. P. Kimball, W. King, Henry W. King, John A. Kinsley, H. M. Kiolbassa, Peter Kirk, James A. Knickerbocker, Joshua Koch, C. R. E. Kohlsaat, H. H. Kohn, H. A. Kraus, Adolph Laflin, Lycurgus Laflin, Matthew Lawler, Frank Lawson, Victor F. Lehman, E. J. Leiter, Levi Z. Leland, Warren Lester, John T. Libby, A. A. Lieb, Herman Lincoln, Robert T. Lindblom, Robert Longenecker, J. M. Lowenthal, Bernhard L. Mandel, S. Marshall, L. A. Mason, Roswell B. Mason, William E. Matejka, U. V. Matson, C. R. Mayo, John B. McAvoy, John H. McCagg, E. B. McClurg, A. C. McConnell, S. P. McFarland, H. J. McLaren, Bishop Wm. E. McMullen, J. C. McNally, Andrew McNulta, John T. McVeagh, F. McVicker, James H. Medill, Joseph Michaelis, R. Moran, Thomas A. Morris, Edward N. Moses, Adolph Munger, A. A. Nelson, Murray Nettlehorst, L. Newberry, Walter C» Newell, John Nickerson, S. M. Nixon, Wm. Penn Nordinflgent, F. V. O'Neal, John Palmer, Potter Parmelee, Frank Patterson, R. W. Pearce, J. Irving Peck, Ferd W. Phelps, E. M. Pike, Eugene S. Porter, H. H. Potter, O. W. •Prendergast, Richard Prentice, J. H. Pullman, George M. Purington, D. V. Quan, W. J. Raster, Herman Rawleigh, J. T. Revell, Alexander H. Reynolds, J. P. Riddle, Francis A. Roche, John A. Roesing, B. Rumsey, J. P. Russell, Martin J. Ryerson, M., Jr. Sadler, J. H. Scammon, J. Y. Schneider, George Schoenhofen, P. Schwab, Chas. H. Schwartz, Charles Scott, Jas. W. Scott, Robert Seaverns, Geo. A. Seeberger, Anthony F. Seipp, W. C. Senne, H. C. Sexton, J. A. Sheppard, Henry M. Sherman, John B. Shorey, Daniel A. Shufeldt, H. H. Smith, Byron L. Smith, John C. Smith, R. J. Spaulding, Jesse Sprague, A. A. Stensland, Paul Stewart, Graeme Stockton, J. Stone, R. Stone, Henry B. Storey, A. C. Strong, W. R. Studebaker, C. Sturges, George Sullivan, W. K. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 45 Svanoe, Peter Vierling, Robert Wheeler, Hiram Swift, G. F. Wahl, Lewis Wheeler, Harris A. Taylor, Abner Walker, Charles Wheeler, Lloyd G. Thompson, A. M. Wallis, W. H. Whiting, W. C. Thompson, William Walsh, James Williams, Norman Tichnor, G. H. Walsh, John R. Williamson, G. H. Toby, E. P. Washburne, Hempstead Wineman, Max Tree, Lambert Waterman, A. M. Winston, Fred S. Tuley, Judge Murray F. Wentworth, M. J. Wright, A. M. Turney, V. C. Wetherell, O. D. Yerkes, Charles T. Tuthill, Richard S. Wheeler, George H. With the announcement of this committee enthusiasm for the undertaking- increased day by day. Within three days after the committee had been appointed there assembled August I, 1889, m the Council chamber one of the most represen- tative bodies of citizens ever got together. Mayor Cregier was elected chairman and Thomas O'Neill recording secretary. The Mayor read communications from all parts of the West declaring preference for Chicago as the site for the Fair. Resolutions were presented by Hon. Thos. B. Bryan, who supported them in a brief address. Mr. Bryan's enthusiasm seemed to be contagious, for the grand undertaking thrived from that moment. To him, perhaps, more than to anyone else is the credit of the magnitude of the Exposition due. When other gentle- men lagged in their efforts he spurred them on; when a paltry million or two was suggested as a plethoric purse for carrying out the plans, he it was who, with his keen perception and ripe experience, foresaw the possibilities of an Exposition since realized, and advocated that sextuple such a sum should be raised. No pent up Utica restricted his ideas of an Exposition in keeping with the grandeur of the civilized world, particularly of America and Chicago. Some wise business men and able financiers thought then that his ideas were Utopian, but the cul- mination has borne him out as correct. The Bryan resolutions were the first official announcement of the Fair telegraphed over the country. The resolutions were as follows: Resolved, That whereas the recent Centennial celebration in New York received — properly and with Chicago's hearty concurrence — the distinct recognition of Congress and of the chief officers of the government, imparting to it a national character, and a like recognition and sub- stantial aid having been extended to the World's Fair at Philadelphia (also with Chicago's hearty co-operation in and out of Congress), therefore, the. West feels justified in insisting upon its turn now, and upon the location of the next great Fair in its commercial metropolis. Among the reasons in support of that claim, the following are presented: 1. Chicago's Refrigerator, the lake, renders her summer climate more comfortable than that of any other great city for an exhibition at that season. 2. Her exceptional railroad and hotel accommodations insure the comfort and convenience of visitors, however numerous. 3. A limitless supply of water and the immense area of the city are adequate to all the demands of an exposition. 4. Chicago citizens have the money, and the public spirit to advance it freely in a good cause. 5. Whilst New York is nearer to England than to our Pacific coast, Chicago is so centrally located, with her thirty-eight railroads, pointing out in all directions, as to be accessible alike to exhibitors and visitors from every quarter of the globe, and especially to millions in the West, who would be debarred visiting the Fair if held at the seaboard. 6. Foreigners, and, indeed, many of our countrymen at the East, should have the opportu- nity presented them of seeing for themselves the growing cities of the West, that they iriay better realize that the discovery of Columbus embraced not merely a narrow strip of territory along one seaboard, but a mighty empire of almost limitless expanse and destiny. 7. What more eligible location can be desired than Chicago, from the fact alone that her marvelous growth, within the memory of the natives, from the frontier camp to the active city of over a million souls, with a corresponding advance in commercial, industrial and intellectual activities, can best typify the giant young nation whose discovery the projected Fair is to com- memorate. 8. Men who helped build Chicago want the Fair, and having a just and well sustained claim, they intend to have it. These resolutions were unanimously adopted and the meeting proceeded to the election of an Executive Committee, of which Mayor Cregier was made chairman. The committee was as follows: 46 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY S. W. Allerton, William Penn Nixon, Thomas B. Bryan, DeWitt C. Cregier, Frank Lawler, George M. Pullman, Lambert Tree, Ferd W. Peck, R. W. Pat- terson, Jr., Otto Young, Andrew McNally, E. Walker, W. J. Onahan, Victor F. Lawson, John B. Carson, F. H. Head, Joseph W. Fifer, E. T. Jeffrey, J. C. McAdams, E. F. Cullerton, Abner Taylor, Charles B. Farwell, J. Irving Pearce, Charles H. Schwab, H. N. Higinbotham, R. A. Keyes, R. A. Waller, L. D. Tho- man, Jesse Spaulding, F. S. Winston, S. S. Gregory, George M. Bogue, R. Pren- dergast, E. St. John, Solomon Thatcher, Jr., George E. Adams, Arthur Dixon, John McGillen, E. F. Cragin, William E. Mason, Charles L. Hutchinson, W. C. Seipp, Lyman J. Gage, Robert Lindblom, John R. Walsh, J. W. Scott, George R. Davis, John O'Neill, W. D. Kerfoot, M. M. Kirkman, S. M. Cullom, Joseph Medill. A sub-committee of the Executive Committee, consisting of William Penn Nixon, Chairman; E. F. Cragin, Secretary; E. T. Jeffrey, Robert Lindblom, Gen- eral J. B. Carson, Andrew McNally, Thomas B. Bryan, W. J. Onahan and Charles H. Schwab, was appointed to name the sub-committees necessary to do the pre- liminary work. This committee met on Saturday, August 3, when it was decided that ten sub-committees would be needed to attend to the work. They were on Finance; on Preliminary Expenses; on Congressional Action; on National Co- operation; on Press; on Addresses and Local Agitation; on Addresses, Informa- tion and National Agitation; on Railroads and Transportation; on Hotels and Accomodations. Lyman J. Gage was made chairman of the Committee of Finance, with Charles L. Hutchinson, James W. Scott, Jesse Spaulding, J. Irving Pearce, W. C. Seipp and John B. Carson as the members. Chairman Gage in looking about for a suitable man to take general charge of the two hundred committees or more that were created to solicit subscriptions from the various trades and branches of business, appointed D. H. Lamberson Superintendent of the Stock Subscriptions, and he was requested to call upon the Finance Committee for such assistance as he might require in the discharge of his duties. The Finance Committee was thus organized with authority to collect a fund which should be sufficient to cover all expenses and increase the fund whenever necessary, in order that the right of a corporation under the laws of the State might be acquired, and to assume the title, 'The World's Exposition of 1892" (subsequently changed by the incorporated title, "The World's Columbian Ex- position"). A guarantee fund was subscribed and the Finance Committee organ- ized as a corporation with full power to act. On September 19, 1889, at a meeting of the chairmen of the sub-committees reports were submitted which showed as subscribed and pledged the sum of #2,541,810. Early in October a special Sub-Finance Committee was appointed with Mr. Otto Young as chairman thereof, to specially push, in connection with the bureau presided over by Mr. Lamberson, the work of subscriptions. Early in April, 1890, when by the joint efforts of all parties concerned, the subscrip- tions to the capital stock had realized the magnificent sum of $5,000,000. Mr. Lyman J. Gage, Chairman of the Finance Committee, wrote to Superintendent Lamberson, expressing his satisfaction with the work Mr. Lamberson had per- formed in connection therewith. The committee was materially assisted by numerous committees among every class of citizens, who formed for the purpose of raising funds for the Exposition. Merchants, capitalists, mechanics and workingmen willingly gave time and money to aid in the work all doing their share to promote the claim of Chicago as the site of the Exposition, a claim which soon became known to the world. Offices were rented in the building of the Adams Express Company, and the Committee on Organization went to work with energy. At a meeting held August 9, 1889, Attorneys Burnham & Gookin submitted a detailed plan for a "World's Fair" to be held in Chicago on the Lake Front. Thomas B. Bryan, Chairman of the Agitation Committee, called attention to the ■s DIRECTORS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 1. Lyman J. Gage. 4. Ferdinand W. Peck. 7. Thomas B. Bryan. 10. William T. Baker. 13. Robert A. Waller. 2. Harlow N. Higinbotham. 3. 5. George R. Davis. G. 8. Edward B. Butler. 9. 11. George Schneider. 12. n. Alexander H. Revell. 15. Frederick S. Winstox. Charles H. Wacker. John J. P. Odell. Charles Hexrotix. Edwin Walker. 48 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY August 16th a request was published in the local newspapers asking all women who wished to help Chicago attain its object to attend a meeting at the office of Dr. Fanny Dickinson, at No. 70 Lake street. A number of prominent ladies met and formed an organization called the ''Queen Isabella Association." Further action was taken at a meeting October 25th, at Central Music Hall, at which it was resolved that Chicago must obtain the World's Fair. From this time on all classes of citizens acted throughout as if the prize were already within her grasp. Mr. E. T. Jeffrey was sent as a representative to Paris to collect material from the Paris Exhibition. On his return he published a detailed account of the Paris Exhibition, its organization, and a history of World's Fairs held in the past. The ambition was thus inspired to hold an Exposition that would surpass the one held in Paris. About this time there was much competition among several cities of the United States for the prize which Congress would bestow in naming the location of the Exposition. New York was the first outside city to take definite steps to capture the much coveted prize. July 17, 1889, the mayor of that city issued invitations to five- hundred prominent citizens, requesting their attendance at a meeting to determine the popular sentiment of that city as to the advisability of holding an Exposition to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, and the availability of New York as a proper site of such an Exposition. The New York Chamber of Commerce took up the matter in a spirit which seemed to bode ill for the prospects of Chicago. The press of New York ridiculed the idea that such an Exposition could be held any where else, and least of all in a city a thousand miles inland. For a time the candidacy of St. Louis was pushed with considerable energy. Upon the invita- tion of the mayor a large number of business and professional men assembled August 11, 1889, and unanimously decided to compete for the prize, and this committee performed its work faithfully up to the day Congress rendered its decision. Washington was also a dangerous rival of Chicago. On September 30th, an open letter appeared in the daily press of that city in which the writer openly declared that Washington would be able to take the prize from Chicago with ease. It was expected that in the event of a contest between the other cities all would agree upon the capital as a compromise. St. Paul entered the fight October 1, 1889, the Board of Trade assuming charge of the city's interests, while her sister city, Minneapolis, pursued a similar course. Meantime numerous bills relative to the Exposition had been introduced in the House of Represent- atives of Congress. On December 19, 1889, Senator Cullom of Illinois introduced a bill entitled "An Act to provide for the holding of a World's Exposition of the arts and industries in commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America." The bill provided that thirty days after its adoption the President should appoint exposition commissioners nominated by the governors of the different States and Territories; that the governor of the State chosen as the site of the Exposition, should, with the assistance of the mayor of the city, nominate one hundred commissioners from among the subscribers to the stock of the Exposition company, to be formed for the purpose of pro- moting the Exposition project, upon the express condition that the State raise a reserve fund of $5,000,000 in cash or equivalent bonds; that the President should also appoint eight commissionefs-at-large as representatives of the Federal government, and one from the District of Columbia; that the Commission so formed should be officially entitled " The United States Columbian Commission," and that the body should meet in the capital city on call of the Secretary of State, and receive subscriptions to the reserve fund to the amount of fifteen mil- lion dollars, each share to be limited to $10. It was further provided that so soon as the bill should have received the executive sanction, the President should make proclamation of the location selected for holding the Exposition, and inviting the nations of the. world to participate. A similar bill was brought in the House of Representatives. GROUP DIRECTORS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 1. Victor Lawson. 2. Andrew McNally. 3. Otto Young. 4. C. L. Hutchinson. 5. J. W. Scott. 6. Chas. T. Yerkes. 7. G. H. Wheeler. 8. John C. Welling. 9. Mark L. Crawford. 10. 0. H. G. Billings. 11. J. W. Ellsworth. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 49 On the 2 ist of December Senator Vest offered an amendment to the Senate bill, directing that the Exposition be held in the city of St. Louis. At this stage of proceedings the entire subject was referred to an appropriate committee, and pending the final action of Congress determining the site, the rival cities occu- pied themselves in pressing their claims upon the senators and members of the House. During the month of January, 1890, the Senate committee on the Expo- sition heard arguments from delegates representing the contestants. At the first meeting of the committee were present: Senators Hiscock, Chairman; Sherman, Hawley, Wilson, of Iowa; Stanford, Eustis, Farwell, Kenna and Gray. It was decided to hear the advocates of Chicago on January 9th; of Washington City on the 10th; of New York on the nth; and to require counter arguments to be submitted in writing only. Governor Francis, of Missouri, opened the discussion in favor of St. Louis, and was followed by Hon. Charles H. Jones, of the St. Louis Republic, in an elo- quent address which forcibly presented the advantages offered by that city. Ex-Governor Stannard also spoke in the same behalf. At the close of the even- ing the committee resolved to pass Washington for the present, and to devote an entire session to an audience of the delegations from Chicago and New York. Meanwhile, contrary to all expectation, the House Committee on Foreign Af- fairs decided to proceed without delay to consideration of the several bills con- cerning the Exposition. This action was regarded as favorable to the hopes of Chicago, and the advocates of other locations united in a strenuous effort to overcome this advantage. Mr. Flower, a representative, now Governor of New York, solicited the Speaker of the House to call together the Committee on Rules in order that a special committee might be appointed to take charge of the disputed subject; but his efforts at this time were futile. On the 10th of January New York appeared on the scene with a formidable array of talent and influence, gathered from every class and profession, party and sect of her population. Headed by Mayor Grant came a long procession of names famous in the field and on the forum, in finance and in commerce. Wil- liam C. Whitney, arm-in-arm with Ex-Senator Warner Miller, Burke Cochran and Elliott F. Shephard, Huntington and Inman, all fired with the common pur- pose of achieving honor for their great metropolis. On the same day the entire delegation from Chicago arrived in Washington, a goodly representation, led by Mayor Cregier and Senator Farwell; and Greek met Greek before the Senate committee on the morning of January nth, the citizens of Washington having urged the fitness of the National Capital on the preceding day. The discussion was opened by Chauncey M. Depew, and his cause was pleaded with all those arts of oratory for which he is justly famous. Winning the assent of all auditors to his delarations that for the glory of the country this Exposition must be made to excel any ever attempted, Mr. Depew passed easily to the point in contro- versy. "As," he said "the proper location for a World's Fair in France was Paris, in Italy, Rome, London in England, Berlin in Germany, so the only site to which the United States could appropriately invite a Congress of the Nations was the American metropolis, the center of trade and capital, and the gateway of com- merce." The speaker also dwelt upon the immense sum of money that would be requisite to guarantee the success of so great an enterprise, and insisted that New York alone possessed the wealth to furnish it. "Washington," said he "has the finest thoroughfares and most magnificent public buildings in the world; St. Louis the privilege of age and an unrivaled situation in the Valley of the Missis- sippi; Chicago could boast a development not equaled in the pages of ancient or modern history; but New York remained supreme and unquestioned the represenative city of America." Appeals of a like nature were felicitously made by Messrs. Cochran and Miller. Present on behalf of Chicago in addition to the gentlemen already named, were George R. Davis, Thomas B. Bryan, Adlai E. Stevenson, E. F. Cragin, Walter C. Newberry, John C. Black, E. T. Jeffrey, Frederick S. Winston and 50 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY others of like character and standing. Upon Mayor Cregier devolved the duty of opening the case for Chicago, and it was impressively and vigorously dis- charged. "We are here," he said "as citizens of our common country to repre- sent a great city of the West. Its inhabitants are impressed with the opinion that the Exposition projected in honor of that intrepid voyager, Christopher Columbus, should be held in that section. I represent to a certain extent the people of Chicago, who, while ardently desiring that the World's Fair should be held in their city, share the wish and determination of other communities, and of all true American citizens, that, wherever the wisdom of Congress shall locate the Exposition, nothing shall be omitted to make the occasion worthy of the strength, the wealth, the culture, and the patriotism of this great government. In any case Chicago will contribute her full share that this country may appear before the nations in a manner to sustain and increase her renown. I am here to reciprocate the expressions of genuine brotherhood which it has been our pleasure to hear this morning. There is no rivalry but that of friendship be- tween New York, the capital of America, and Chicago, the metropolis of the great West. In New York my eyes first opened upon the light of the world. It is the brilliant star of this continent, the flower of our civilization. Ever since we became a people New York has been the gate through which we sought com- munication with the outside world. But now there exists a new country on the other side of the Alleghanies, where powerful commonwealths have arisen, where population has multiplied, where the ground gives forth its increase a hundred- fold; and of that bountiful domain, Chicago is the Queen" His Honor proceeded by statistics and illustration to demonstrate how capable Chicago was to meet every requirement to be imposed upon the site of the Exposition, and closed amid the plaudits of friends and opponents alike. Hon. Thomas B. Bryan then offered a most practical and cogent argument from Chicago's point of view, and was succeeded by Mr. E. T. Jeffrey, who was also happy and effective in his line of remark. Here, for the present, the case before the Senate tribunal rested. On January 16th the Committee on Rules reported to the House of Repre- sentatives a resolution requiring the speaker to appoint a committee of thirteen, to which should be referred all bills and resolutions concerning the Exposition, and which should report to the House a plan for selecting a site. Mr. Cannon, of Illinois, moved that the choice of location be lodged with the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and that the committee be instructed to first determine whether the Exposition should be held east or west of the Alleghany mountains before agreeing upon any city as the site. Mr. Hite, of Illinois, supported this motion. He said the Committee on Foreign Affairs, of which he was chairman, ought not to be slighted in the manner proposed by the Committee on Rules; that it al- ready had charge of the bills referred to and had given the subject careful con- sideration. Other members participated in the debate, but no conclusion was arrived at. On the following day, January 17th, the House, by a majority of five votes, adopted a resolution authorizing the speaker to constitute a committee of nine "to have charge of all bills in relation to a celebration of the four hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of America." The following were appointed: Messrs. Candler, of Massachusetts, Chairman; Hite and Springer, of Illi- nois; Belden and Flower, of New York; Frank and Hatch, of Missouri; Bowden, of Virginia, and Wilson, of West Virginia. This committee held its first session on January 21st, and after a spirited discussion, on motion of Mr. Frank, a sub- committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Candler, Hite and Flower to report on the following Thursday on the question of site. The committee also decided not to hear any argument concerning the location of the Exposition. With little delay the preliminary skirmishes in committee were concluded, and the battle royal began with Mr. Candler's call for the order of the day, on a bright morning when the floor and galleries were crowded. To follow the de- bate would consume more space than can be allotted to this branch of the record. But it is necessary to recall that there was a firm, though ineffectual opposition, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 51 led by Mr. Mills, of Texas, to the project of holding an Exposition. However, on the 23d day of February, Mr. Candler concluded the discussion, and an agreement had been reached that the vote should be taken on the ensuing day. The House was packed to suffocation with the eager champions for the com- peting cities, and the passages to the halls were blocked with persons anxious for early news of the result of the long struggle. The question being on filling the blank in the bill with the name of the city in which the Exposition should be held, the House had agreed that a majority of all the votes cast would be re- quired to determine the victor. On the first roll call (Mr. Candler not voting), the number of votes was an- nounced as 305, making 153 necessary to a choice. Of these Chicago secured 115; New York, 70; St. Louis, 61; Washington, 58; Cumberland Gap, 1. No choice, and it was evident that the situation would narrow down to a trial of strength between Chicago and New York. The excitement grew intense as the ballots proceeded as follows: Second — Chicago, 121; New York, 83; St. Louis, 59; Washington, 46. Total, 309. Necessary to a choice, 155. Third — Chicago, 127; New York, 92; St. Louis, 53; Washington, 34. Total, 306. Necessary to a choice, 154. Fourth— Chicago, 134; New York, 95; St. Louis, 48; Washington, 29. Total, 306. Necessary to a choice, 154. Fifth — Chicago, 140; New York, no; St. Louis, 38; Washington, 4. Total, 312. Necessary to a choice, 157. At this stage there was some anxiety among the Chicago members as to the result of the next roll call; for New York on the last had gained 15 votes, while her own forces had been increased by six. These fears were groundless, how- ever, as the sixth ballot carried their total up 149, while New York only received 116. The managers for the latter city now sought to gain time to strengthen their lines, and moved an adjournment. The answer was a chorus of derisive cheers from the Westerners, who now had victory in open sight. The motion was defeated, yeas, 138; nays, 174, a test which plainly indicated the coming event. Nor did the New Yorkers interpose any further attempt at delay, and the clerk proceeded for the seventh time to call the roll, and still no election, though Mr. Reyburn, of Pennsylvania, left New York to swell the Chicago column, and she lacked now only two votes to consummate the triumph. Then amid breath- less attention the last vote was taken. Eighth — Chicago, 157; New York, 107; St. Louis, 25; Washington, 18. Total, 307. Necessary to a choice, 154. The long agony was over, and the crown of selection had fallen upon the brow of Chicago. The week succeeding the action of Congress fixing the location of the World's Fair was one of universal rejoicing in Chicago, upon which the eyes of the whole world seemed suddenly turned. Congratulations poured in from all directions. Even St. Louis and New York joined cordially the ranks of Chi- cago's well-wishers. The newspapers of these two cities found ready explanations of the result. The Globe- Democrat declared that bad management had ruined the chances of St. Louis, while the Herald placed the blame for New York's discom- fiture on the shoulders of Senator Piatt, and assured him that it would find an opportunity to "get even." The reception given the Chicago delegates on their return from Washington amply repaid them for the wear and tear of the contest. They were met at South Chicago by a special train carrying a load of welcoming citizens, headed by the mayor and aldermen, and escorted to the city in triumph. At the depot the delegation and their escort were met by a multitude of cheer- ing citizens, who joined in the procession that wormed through the crowded streets past the newspaper offices to the Council Chamber in the City Hall, where the delegates were to receive official public recognition of their services and their success. The hall was crowded to its doors. The welcome address delivered by 52 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY James W. Scott, who presided, was followed by such loud and persistent cries for "Cregier," that the mayor arose and briefly recounted the difficulties which the delegates had met and overcome. Senator Farwell, Thomas B. Bryan and others spoke of what the citizens of Chicago were undertaking in accepting the respon- sibility so valiantly striven for. A discussion followed, which resulted in the ap- pointment of Messrs. Gage, Young, Walker and Bryan as members of a commit- tee charged with the duty of protecting Chicago's interests before the special committee in charge of the World's Fair bill. On March 6th this committee was granted a hearing, Mr. Candler, chairman of the special committee, presiding. Mr. Gage and his colleagues were able to convince the committee that the $5,250,000 already subscribed by the people of Chicago, was the equivalent of cash, and the amount could be readily doubled if the exigencies of the case were found to require it. And having submitted an amendment to the bill in accordance with their instructions, the committee re- turned to Chicago. March 19th Mr. Candler, on behalf of the special committee, read to the House a report, of which the substance is given here: "By order of Congress the city of Chicago has been chosen for the location of the World's Fair, and your committee has accordingly inserted in the body of the bill the name of that city. The bill as presented differs in many essential particulars from that first reported and referred back to the committee. Two commissioners are assigned to the Territories instead of one, and eight additional representatives from the country at large are provided for. The national body so formed has been given the title of 'The World's Exposition Commission.' It is also provided that this commission shall accept the World's Fair buildings, if they conform to the objects and uses had in view. The original bill contained a provision that a minimum of five millions of dollars must be subscribed by per- sons in good financial standing, and at least 10 per ce?itum of that amount be paid in, before the commission shall be authorized to perform any official function. The bill, as now worded, is even more cautiously worded, and demands that the Exposition company shall at any time, when necessary for the completion of the work, provide that sum. The committee has carefully examined the subscription list sent in by the Chicago Committee on Finance, and concludes that the subscriptions have been made by reliable and competent per- sons, and will be paid. * * * The committee therefore deems it a duty to recommend that the World's Fair be held in Chicago. * * * The sixth chapter does not appear in the original bill. It defines the duties and powers of the commission, and empowers it to assign space to exhibitors, to select the judges for the distribution of awards, and their assistants, and conduct all nego- tiations with representatives of foreign nations. The second chapter empowers the Exposition company of 1892 to change or modify the plans, with the con- sent of the commission, to fix the fee for entrance, and to formulate rules regard- ing the rights and interests of exhibitors and the public. The eighth chapter provides for the dedication of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion on April 30, 1892. In regard to the time of the celebration of the Fair there was a difference of opinion, each member of the committee reserving the right to cast his vote for such date as may seem advisable after mature delibera- tion. Chapter nine provides that the President shall have ample proof of the contribution of ten millions of dollars to the stock of the company before he shall issue his proclamation of invitation to foreign countries. Chapter sixteen limits the expenditure of government buildings at the World's Fair to $400,000. Chapter seventeen restricts all expenditures of public moneys in this connection to $1,500,000. Chapter eighteen appropriates money for maintenance of the Na- tional Commissioners while on duty, and for the payment of salaries and other administration expenses, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury." Mr, Hatch, of Missouri, offered a minority report, calling for better evidence than had been furnished that a sufficiency of money had been subscribed by Chi- GOMMISSIONERS-aT-LARGE, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. A G. Bullock, Massachusetts. 2. Gorton W. Allen, 3. P. A. B. Widexer, Neiv York. Pennsylvania. 4. Thos. W. Palmer, 5. R. W. Furnas, '6. Patrick Walsh, Michigan. Nebraska. Georgia. 7. Henry Exall, 8. Mark L. McDonald, Texas. Ca I iforn ia . 54 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY cutive Committee which had prepared in advance a ticket of forty directors to be voted for. About noon the assemblage was called to order by Mayor Cregier, who, on motion of Mr. James W. Scott, was made permanent chairman. Mr. Scott was elected secretary on motion of Mr. Robert Lindblom. The chairman in an opening address, said that the proposed list of directors had been made out in order to facilitate proceedings, and not to forestall the wishes of the subscribers; that the candidates submitted were men of approved capacity and character, worthy to be organizers and managers of the great undertaking now in hand; however, that every share-holder was at liberty to vote for the person of his choice, whether his name was included on the submitted list or not. Mr. A. F. Hatch, attorney for the incorporators, explained the usual parliamentary method of procedure by such bodies. Mr. Carter Harrison offered a resolution, on which he spoke at length, providing for an increase in the number of Directors from forty to seventy-five, in order to afford adequate representation to the West Side, constituting more than one-half of Chicago's population. It was not necessary, he said, to exclude any of the persons already nominated, but thirty more could be added in order to appease the dissatisfaction of the smaller stock- holders, and to equalize representation from all sections of the city. Mr. Hesing warmly indorsed this motion, and urged that the proposed manner of conduct- ing the election was unjust and impolitic. The enterprise was one in which the honor and interests of the entire community were involved, and to support which every class of the population was to be taxed. It was not right that an insignifi- cant number of subscribers, representing a capital of four millions of dollars, should dictate a plan of operation to twenty-eight thousand other stock-holders. Chicago, continued the speaker, is a cosmopolitan city, made up of the people of all known nationalities, representing all pursuits and every station of life. In the conduct of the Exposition, which was a public enterprise and could only be successful by being popularized, all the varied interests at risk could not be properly protected by the forty gentlemen so carefully selected by one element of the meeting. He pointed out that in the ticket as formulated the South Side had twenty-six candidates, the West Side with its preponderance of population, ten only, while the North Side was granted four; that the four hundred thousand German citizens were recognized by the selection of but two of their number, the numerous Irishmen were given but one, while the Scandinavians, Bohemians, French, Poles, Italians, had been neglected entirely. And yet, he said, all those had struggled earnestly for the location of the Fair in Chicago, and had aided the fund by their contributions. Mr. Hesing insisted on this view of the case with frequent manifestations of approval from the audience, and he was sup- ported by Messrs. Voeke, Mitchell and others. Mr. Harrison also indulged in a spirited protest against the programme as announced. Mr. Thomas B. Bryan restored temporary harmony to the meeting, which had grown tumultuous, by exclaiming, "Let us have peace;" and by observing that "only the enemies of Chicago could derive any satisfaction from strife between the stock-holders." But he sustained the view that a majority of the stock must determine all con- tested questions. It was proper that the men who had furnished the great bulk of the money should have the controlling voice in its disbursements. No one had ever heard of the affairs of a corporation being conducted on any other theory. At the conclusion of Mr. Bryan's remarks, Mr. Hesing assented to a re- quest by Mr. Harrison, and withdrew his appeal to the assembly. A vote was taken on the original proposition of Mr. Lawson that forty-five directors should be chosen. The total votes cast were 300,789 shares; of which 246,444 favored that plan of organization, and 64,385 favored an increase of representation. Attempts were now made to postpone the election, and to submit one hun- dred and fifty names to the stockholders, from which the selection of forty should be made — but all were voted down. Nominations were declared in order, and were made to the number of one hundred and fifty. Among the names pro- posed were those of Charles Henrotin, Washington Hesing, Warren Leland, C. HON. LYMAN J. GAGE, FIRST PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. WGRLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 55 T. Yerkes; but they declined to be candidates. The roll call was ordered to pro- ceed, and while the vote was being taken, various routine business was transacted, and a telegram was ordered to be sent to the United States Senate urging prompt action on the Exposition bill. At 4:15 p. m. the voting came to an end, but it was midnight before the tellers and judges completed the count, and announced the composition of the directory as subjoined: Owen F. Aldis, Samuel W. Allerton, W. T. Baker, Thomas B. Bryan, B. B. Butler, Mark L. Crawford, W. H. Colvin, D. C. Cregier, George R. Davis, J. W. Ellsworth, J. V. Farwell, Jr., Stuyvesant Fish, L. J. Gage, H. N. Higinbotham, C. L. Hutchinson, E. T. Jeffrey, E. G. Keith, R. A. Keyes, M. M. Kirkman, H. H. Kohlsaat, E. L. Lawrence, T. J. Lefens, Andrew McNally, Joseph Medill, A. Nathan, Robert Nelson, J. J. P. Odei, Potter Palmer, J. C. Peasley, F. W. Peck, E. M. Phelps, E. S. Pike, M. A. Ryerson, Charles H. Schwab, A. F. Seeberger, W. E. Strong, C. H. Wacker, R. A. Waller, Edwin Walker, John R. Walsh, C. C. Wheeler, F. S. Winston, C. T. Yerkes, Otto Young, Cyrus McCormick. April 10th Mr. Hatch, attorney for the incorporators, obtained from the Secretary of State a certificate of charter of the Exposition company, and this document was registered in the office of the recorder in Chicago. The paper, containing the names of twenty-eight thousand stockholders, was one of the most voluminous ever filed in that office, and the fee for registration amounted to $195.00. April 1 2th the first meeting of the Board of Directors was held at the Sher- mon House, and a temporary organization was affected by the election of Mr. Edward Walker as chairman. On the 20th steps were taken by the board to in- augurate efforts for increasing the capital stock to ten millions of dollars, a necessity which had already become manifest. By this time the intelligence was communicated from Washington that President Harrison had signed the Expo- sition bill as passed by both houses of Congress; and on'April 28th the Pro- visional Committee, having completed the great preliminary work entrusted to their execution, held their last meeting, and prepared to give an account of their stewardship. Treasurer Onahan submitted his balance sheet, and Messrs. Cre- gier, R. A. Keyes and L. J. Gage were directed to report to the Directors of the Exposition and transfer to their body the papers and other property of the com- mittee together with all moneys on hand; the directory to assume all outstand- ing indebtedness of the retiring authorities, and the latter to be relieved of all further obligation as to the two and a-half per cent, which had been raised on the original subscriptions. So terminated a chapter in the history of the Fair, which reflected credit on all who were concerned in it. On April 30th the directors met and proceeded to the election of permanent officers. Mr. Lyman J. Gage was by acclamatian chosen to be president. [Lyman J. Gage, who was president of the World's Columbian Exposition in its formation period, has a national reputation as a banker and financier. Immediately on the organization of the company all eyes turned to Mr. Gage as the man of all others to create public confidence and to give guarantee of the good faith and strength of resolution with which the people of Chi- cago had pledged themselves to capitalize and maintain the Exposition. His name was a tower of strength in attracting financial aid to the scheme, and the results of his labors are notably apparent in the preliminary steps which made the Exposition possible. His will, energy, and indeed his presence, seemed to be everywhere in the early days of the enterprise, whether in en- listing the support of capitalists, in satisfying the skepticism of the timid, in overcoming the opposition of rival cities, in meeting the objections raised by Congress, in composing the local jealousies, in exhorting the State Legislature and City Council to a liberality worthy of the occa- sion, in procurement of suitable grounds for exhibition purposes, or in creating a broad, generous and comprehensive plan for the reception and entertainment of the nations. When he laid down the responsibilities of the office, it is no disparagement to his successors to say that during his administration the foundations of success were laid deep and broad, and that the Exposition owes an immeasurable debt to its first president. Born in 1836, Mr. Gage has had an opportunity to witness the various events and calamities of the nation, and he has been a keen observer. Hav- ing been a resident of Chicago since 1855, he is familiar with the financial growth and history of this far-famed city, at the same time he has been one of the recognized leaders in the profes- sion of banking. Before he was elected president of the First National Bank, his present posi- tion, he served eleven years as cashier in the Merchants' Loan and Trust Companv's b^nk. 58 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY This long experience, together with his natural talent, has eminently fitted him for the manage- ment of the second largest banking institution in the world. When Mr. Gage resigned his posi- tion as president of the World's Fair Directory, he was presented with a book designed especially for him. It is illuminated throughout in the style of the ancient prayer-books. It has fine hand- paintings of the Exposition buildings, and allegorical representations of the different industries. The motto opposite his portrait is: "Honor and fame from no conditions rise; Act well thy part, there all the honor lies." The title page is announced as follows: "Testimonial and resolutions unanimously adopted by the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition on the retirement of its president, Lyman J. Gage."] With like unanimity Messrs. Thomas B. Bryan and Potter Palmer were elected first and second vice-presidents respectively. President Gage accepted the presi- dency in appropriate language, pointing out the magnitude of the task before the board, pledging his every effort to the enterprise, and urging harmony and co-operation upon his colleagues. On motion of Mr. Schwab a committee, con- sisting of Messrs. Palmer, Medill and Strong, was ordered to report at the next meeting on the question of salaries and other details. May 7, 1890, the work of organization was mapped out. The books of the temporary treasurer, W. J. Onahan, were reported to be correct, and a resolution of thanks was tendered him. Mr. Palmer's committee reported and its recom- mendations were sustained. A. F. Seeberger was chosen treasurer, and W. H. Ackerman, auditor. On motion of Mayor Cregier a call was authorized of $1.80 upon each share of stock, payable on the 1st Monday in July. Mr. Bryan se- cured the adoption of a resolution providing for a general meeting of the stock- holders on July 12, 1890, to consider the following proposals and recommend- ations of the directory. 1. To increase the capital stock to ten millions of dollars. 2. To. change the name of the company to the World's Columbian Ex- position. 3. To adopt by-laws and approve the intermediate action of the directors. After providing for a Committee on Ways and Means, to consist of thirteen members, and instructing the secretary to offer at the next meeting a design for the Corporate Seal, the standing committees were announced. The Executive Committee was to be composed of the president, the two vice-presidents and the chairman of each committee. At this juncture the advisability of securing the co-operation of the State of Illinois became apparent; in fact certain legislation was essential to the pro- vision of a suitable site. On May 23d the directory adopted resolutions submitted by the Finance Committee as follows: To request Governor Fifer to call a special session of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois previous to July, 1890, to decide the following questions: 1. To bring in a bill ror the taking of a popular vote upon a proposition so to amend the Constitution of the State as to allow the City of Chicago to emit bonds to the amount of five mil- lions of dollars, to be used for the purpose of the World's Fair. 2. To adopt a law authorizing the use for Exposition purposes of either of the public places under control of South, West or North Boards of Park Commissioners in Chicago, and empowering said Boards to issue bonds to cover the expense of beautifying said parks, res- pectively — this enactment to contain also such regulations as might be deemed necessary concern- ing the use of the Lake Front. 3. To take the necessary measures and grant the necessary means for a State exhibit at the Exposition. June 9th, the city council, in response to an urgent appeal from Mayor Cre- gier, supplemented the above by the subjoined preamble and enactment: Whereas. The City of Chicago has pledged herself, by her citizens, to the Congress of the United States to take care of the holding of an International Exposition; and whereas it is ap- propriate that the city (in its corporate capacity) should aid in this grand enterprise financially and otherwise, and insure its success; and whereas the city possesses now no fund applicable to the object in view, therefore, Resolved, That the bonded debt of the city must be increased in order to provide the necessary aid for this project; and be it further. COMMISSIONERS WORLDS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Patrick H. Lannan, Utah. 6. Charles H. Deere, Illinois. 7. Adlai T. Ewing, Ch icago. 12. Lyman B. Goff, Rhode Island. 13. Gardiner C. Sims, Rhode Island. 2. J. T. W. Tiller. Arkansas. 5. Albert A. Wilson, District Columbia. 8. Thos. E. Garvin. Indiana. 11. Chas. D. McDuffee, New Hampshire. 14. Phillip Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. 3. J. H. Clendening, Arkansas. 4. A. T. Britton, District Columbia. 9. Elijah B. Martindale, Indiana. 10. Walter Aiken, New Hampshire. 15. John N. Coburn. Wisconsin. 10 *** ^s , 1 «f* ,#^fc_ COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. Frederick G. Brojiberg, Alabama. Richard Turnbull, Florida. George A. Manning, Idaho. J AS. A. McKenzie, Kentucky. Davidson B. Penn, Louisiana. 2. Oscar R. Hundley, Alabama. 5. C. F. A. BlELBY, Florida. 8. John E. Stearns, Idaho. 11, Jno. Bennett, Kentvcky. 14. Thos. J. Woodward, Louisiana. 3. Michael H. de Young, California, i. Wm. Forsyth, California. 9. Joseph Eiboeck, Iowa. 10. Wji. F. King, loiva. 15. Augustus R. Bixby, Maine. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 57 Resolved, That this Council respectfully requests the Governor of the State of Illinois to convene an extra session of the Legislature, and to set forth in his message as the main object of such session an amendment to the constitution granting to the city of Chicago authority to increase the bonded debt by the sum of five millions of dollars for the purpose set forth above. On the ioth of June a delegation of directors proceeded to Springfield un- der leadership of Vice-President Bryan, to confer with the governor, and re- ceived prompt and cordial assurance of his co-operation to the ends desired. Accordingly, on the 13th, that official gave out the proclamation and call. The document covered the ground suggested by the directors and the city council in their resolutions, and fixed Wednesday, July 23d, as the date of the special session. The governor's proclamation was in "exact accordance with the resolutions given above, and he gave the full weight of his official influence to the measures proposed; but the Legislature did not at once pass the enabling acts, requiring further information on many of the subjects involved, particularly as to the status of the Lake Front. Up to the meeting of the stockholders held at Battery "D"in 1890, the entire structure rested on the charter from the State of Illinois, in which Hon. DeWitt C. Cregier, Messrs. Ferd. W. Peck, George Schneider, Anthony F. Seeberger, William C. Seipp, John R. Walsh and Nelson Blake were named as the incor- porators. The enterprise then attracted recognition by the Federal Government. On the 26th of May, 1890, President Harrison, in obedience to the Act of Congress, appointed members of the National Commission on nominations made by the Governors of the several States and Territories, and the commissioners-at- large authorized by law. On the 5th of June, Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, issued a circular letter, convening the first session of the Commission at the Grand Pacific Hotel in Chicago, on the 25th of the same month. On the 26th of June, Commissioner A. T. Ewing of Illinois, took the seat reserved for the presiding officer in the parlor of the Grand Pacific Hotel and rapped for silence with a stroke of the gavel. Mr. Ewing said: Gentlemen of the Commission: I am directed by the Department of State to call this meeting to order, which I now do in the name of the United States. I bid you welcome to Chicago, and am sure that wisdom and unity of purpose will mark your deliberations. A prayer for Divine blessing on the assembly was offered by Rev. John Barrows. Hon. John T. Harris, of Virginia, was elected temporary chairman, and R. R. Pierce, temporary secretary. On motion of Commissioner McKenzie, of Kentucky, amended by Mr. Wal- ler, of Connecticut, a committee of twelve was ordered to be appointed by the chairman, to report the offices necessary to be filled to constitute a permanent organization. During a lull in the proceedings, but while the subject of an elec- tion of officers was under informal discussion, Mr. Thatcher, of New York, read a telegram from the Hon. C. M. Depew, in which that gentleman requested that "his name should not be used in connection with the presidency of the Commis- sion, as he was about to undertake an extended trip to Europe, etc." Pending a report from the Committee on Permanent Organization, the meeting adjourned until the following day. During the evening the commissioners were tendered a reception and banquet at the Palmer House by the Directory, the entertainment being under the man- agement of a committee, consisting of Messrs. T. B. Paine, L. D. Thoman, C. F. Cregier, George H. Parker and H. Sheldon. During the festivities which ensued, Judge Thoman presided. On his right was seated Chief-Justice Fuller, of the Supreme Court of the United States; on his left, Bishop Fallows. Next to Judge Fuller, Hon. John T. Harris, of Virginia, sat, and in adjoining seats of honor were gathered Lyman J. Gage, Judge Gresham, Messrs. Cregier, Ewing, Bryan, Peck, and many other notabilities. The addresses delivered after the banquet were remarkable for the unanimity of sentiment which characterized them. Every 58 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY utterance bespoke the determination which pervaded all minds, to labor diligently and with singleness of purpose for the common cause. When the commissioners re-assembled, pursuant to adjournment, on June 27th, Mr. McKenzie, from the Committee on Permanent Organization, submitted a partial report which was unanimously adopted, and which provided for the election of a president, five vice-presidents, and a secretary; the first vice-presi- dent to be of opposite politics to the president, and the other four to be equally divided in politics. Nominations being called for, the office of president was filled by the unanimous election of Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, of Michigan, who was escorted to the chair and accepted his high duties in the following language: Gentlemen of the Commission: I am profoundly grateful for the complmient that you have paid me; and yet, in accepting the "compliment, I am infused with a feeling of trepida- tion as to what it involves. Men, as a rule, shrink from the trials of the unknown, and that gen- eral clause in the definition of the duties of the president, seems to me to involve much more than we would suppose at a first glance. It places a great deal upon the president; and it may take a great deal away from him. In either case, he proposes not to complain. I have heard it said that when the throes of birth were not severe in the delivery of a child, the child was liable to be of little worth thereafter. On that account I regard my election by acclamation as a poor augury for my future. If there had been a little more of a struggle, it might have given me a greater experience of the peril, of the hardship of my next few years. In regard to that distin- guished man whose name has been proposed in connection with the presidency — that admirable Crichton of America, that man who is always first in finance, at the social board, on the rostrum, or in business life — I would say that if he could have been induced to accept the position, I believe it would have given us greater prestige abroad and at home. I telegraphed to him that it had been suggested to me that if he were willing to become a candidate, I would decline to have my name presented; but the circumstances were such that Mr. Depew felt that he could not give it the time, and, therefore, I became a willing sacrifice. The Chair now awaits the pleasure of the Commission. [Thomas Wetherill Palmer comes of a sturdy stock, his ancestors on both sides having been among the early settlers of the continent which Columbus opened up to civilization. His mother's people were Rhode Islanders, in direct descent from Roger Williams; and her father, a native of Massachusetts, and one of those who fought with Warren at Bunker Hill, was after the Revolution appointed by President Jefferson to a federal judgeship in the Territory of Michigan, and held court in the wilderness while yet Tecumseh was a living terror to the land. Thomas, the father of President Palmer, had birth in the State of Connecticut, but was a pioneer in the settlement of the Northwest, and the year 1809 found him already on the frontier line, conducting a lucrative trade with the Indians at the post of Detroit, where twenty-one years laterjune 25, 1830, the subject of our sketch was born. The younger Palmer literally grew with the country, and by the time that his manhood approached Territories had become States, forests had given way to cities, society had taken root in the land of the savage, and the spire of the church and belfry of the school were rising from the bosom of the prairies. He enjoyed the benefit of an excellent scholastic education, was assiduous in his studies, passed through the course at St. Clair College, and took his degree of graduation at the University of Michigan. Some months were then passed in foreign travel, and while abroad he made a pedestrian tour of Spain and acquired such familiarity with the language and the people of the country as was afterward to serve a valuable purpose to his own government. Returning to this country Mr. Palmer entered upon mercantile pursuits, was for some time engaged in business in Wisconsin, and subsequently conducted large enterprises in Detroit, where he now resides. His success as a merchant was the result of diligence and probity which also secured the esteem of his fellow citizens. Later on in life Mr. Palmer became an active participant in politics, acquiring large influence, and filling many positions of trust with honor to himself and to the satisfaction to his constituents. He was a member of the Board of Estimates of the State of Michigan, and later served in the Legislature for several terms as a member of the Upper House. Bringing to each and every station an enlightened intelligence and strong sense of duty, he was now chosen as one of Michigan's rep- resentatives in the Senate of the United States, occupying this high position for the full term of six years. In 1887 Senator Palmer was chosen president of the Water-ways Convention, held in Sault Saint Marie under the auspices of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, and in that relation rendered valuable assistance to the cause of inter-lake navigation. In 1889 he was appointed by President Harrison, minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the court of Spain.] Mr. Massey, of Delaware, offered the following resolution, which was unani- mously adopted: Resolved, That the Committee on Permanent Organization be instructed and directed to consider the matter of the several vice-presidents and other officers designated by their report just presented, and make recommendation to the Commission of suitable nominees for the same; and before determining upon their recommendation, that they shall sit for two hours to hear the individual views and preferences of such members of the Commission as may desire to address them in that behalf. HON. THOMAS W. PALMER, PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 59 On motion of Mr. Kerens, of Missouri, the Commission proceeded to the election of a permanent Secretary. Mr. Skiff, of Colorado, presented the name of Mr. John T. Dickinson, of Texas, which was seconded by Mr. Ruoker, of North Dakota. Mr. Dickinson was unanimously elected secretary. On taking his place at the secretary's desk, Mr. Dickinson made the follow- ing remarks: Gentlemen of the World's Columbian Commission: Permit me to express to you my sincere gratitude for the high compliment you have paid me, and through me the State of Texas, which I have the honor, in part, to represent in this Commission, by electing me as your secretary. I fully realize the magnitude of the enterprize which we are about to inaugurate, and if I did not conscientiously believe that I could successfully perform the duties of secretary of the World's Columbian Commission, with credit to myself and *to my State, and ultimately, I trust, to the satisfaction of this Commission, I would not have been a candidate for the honor. Having had considerable practical experience as secretary and general manager of fairs and expositions, I shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of this important office, feeling always the responsibility of the position, and with the assurance of your confidence and support, I will endeavor to bring «all the fidelity, intelligence, zeal and industry I may possess toward the satis- factory performance of the varied and exacting duties that belong, both directly and indirectly, to the office of the secretary of the World's Columbian Commission. Again thanking you for the honor conferred upon me, I will now proceed to enter upon the discharge of the duties of the office. [Applause.] [John Thilman Dickinson was born in Houston, Texas, June 18, 1858, descended from a sturdy line of ancestors, who, on many a hard fought field, poured out their lives amid the fires of martyrdom. Scotch history is permeated with the name of Dickinson, and always in connec- tion with deeds of valor and honor. Early an orphan, Col. Dickinson was educated liberally at home and abroad, and graduating in several of the Academic schools of the University of Vir- ginia, in June, 1879, received the diploma of Bachelor-of-Law from that venerable institution. Returning to Texas he became one of the owners and the editor of the Houston Telegraph, and entered at once and actively upon public life. In January, 1881, while on a visit to Austin, tne capital of the State, he was elected secretary of the House of Representatives of the Texas Leg- islature, and in May, 1882, was elected secretary of the Texas State Capitol Board for supervis- ing the construction of the largest State House in the Union and probably the largest red granite building in the world. During this time he was also elected secretary of the State Penitentiary Board, and several other State boards, and filled these positions under three governors, Hon. O. M. Roberts, Hon. John Ireland, and Hon. L. S. Ross, and also served on the staff of Governor Ireland with the rank of colonel. In 1888 Col. Dickinson was elected general manager of the International Fair Association of San Antonio, and conducted the organization and preparation of the Texas-Mexican Exposition which was successfully held in that city in November of the same year. This was regarded by the people as the best arranged and most attractive exposition of the products and resources of Texas and Mexico that had ever been held in the State. He remained in San Antonio as secretary and general manager of this Exposition Association until he visited Chicago at the time this city entered the contest for the location ot the World's Fair. His services were immediately engaged and he was sent to interview members of Congress in several States in behalf of Chicago; he met the Chicago committee in Washington in December, 1889, and remained with them until Chicago was victorious in the contest. When the bill had passed, creating the World's Columbian Exposition, and providing for two commissioners from each State, Colonel Dickinson was appointed by General L. S. Ross, Governor of Texas as the Democratic commissioner to represent that State.] On motion of Mr. Widener the following resolution was adopted. Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to communicate with the local direc- tors of the World's Columbian Exposition of Chicago, and notify them that this Commission is now permanently organized and prepared to receive any communications they may have to sub- mit. The next day, June 28th, the organization was further perfected by election of the following vice-presidents, from first to fifth, in the order in which they are named: Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; M. H. DeYoung, California; Davidson B. Penn, Louisiana; G. W. Allen, New York; Alex. B.Andrews, North Carolina. The next step taken was to appoint a committee, consisting of Com- missioners Smalley, Kerens, Bromberg, Thatcher, Widener and Sewell, instructed by resolution to investigate and report upon the following lines of inquiry: Whether the World's Columbian Exposition had secured the legally prescribed amount of subscriptions to the capital stock; whether, in fact, the tenth part, or \0 per centian of such subscription had been paid in by the shareholders; and whether the corporation had instituted proper measures to obtain subscriptions 60 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY to an additional amount of five millions as contemplated by the Act of Congress. After this the Commission met daily and were engaged in mapping out the details of a complete legislative and executive organization. During these sit- tings the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That this Commission is satisfied that the World's Columbian Exposition of Chicago has an actual, bona fide, and valid subscription to its capital stock which will secure the payment of at least five million dollars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars has been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in ail ten million dollars, will be provided by said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prosecution of the work for the complete preparation of said Exposition. On the 3d of July an adjournment was had to October 8, 1890, unless sooner called together oy the president. The second session of the Commission convened September 15, 1890, in answer to the call of President Palmer. Reports were received from the various committees appointed at the July session, and were ordered to be printed for future consideration. In the discussion of a site for the Exposition, the Lake Front figured prom- inently as one of the projects, and for a while its acceptance seemed probable, but July 2, 1890, the Commission formally accepted Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance as the site, the Committee on Titles and Facilities of Transportation having given the matter careful attention. That committee reported that " so far as the title to Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance (embracing 633 acres) is concerned, they believe it is vested in the World's Columbian Exposition, by the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois passed at its recent session, and by ordinance of the South Park Commissioners, and is such a title as confers the right to use these parks as a site for the World's Columbian Exposition during the period required." In October, 1890, the Committee on Grounds and Buildings appointed Mr. D. H. Burnham as chief of construction, and on December 8, 1890, the consult- ing architects, the consulting landscape architects and the consulting engineer formed a consulting board under the chairmanship of the chief of construction. Late in November, 1890, the consulting board, under its instructions, entered upon the duty of devising a general plan for the Exposition, taking as a basis for the study of the problem the classified list of exhibits which had been pre- pared by a committee charged with that duty. The list, together with such ad- vice received directly from the committee, dictated the number and the size of the buildings which would be required to meet the intention of the Act of Con- gress. The larger part of the site to be dealt with was a swampy, sandy flat, liable at times to be submerged by the lake. Other parts were low ridges, which had originally been sand bars thrown up by the lake. Upon some of these ridges there were trees, most of them oaks, of stunted habit because of the sterile and water-soaked soil in which they had grown, and the extreme exposure to frigid winds from the lake, to which they had been subject to a late period every spring. The idea was that there should be a system of navigable water-ways, to be made by dredging-boats working inward from the lake through the lowest parts of the site, the earth lifted by the boats to be so deposited as to add to the area, and increase the elevation of the higher parts, which would thus become better adapted to pleasure-ground purposes, and to be used as the sites for the buildings of the Exposition. The plot contemplated the following as leading features of design: That there should be a great architectural court with a body of water therein; that this court should serve as a suitably dignified and impressive entrance hall to the Exposition and that visitors arriving by train or by boat should all pass through it, that there should be a formal canal leading northward from this court to a series of broader waters of a lagoon character, by which nearly the entire site wou d be penetrated, so that the principal Exposition buildings would each have a water, as well as a land frontage, and would be approachable by HON. W. T. BAKER, EX-PRESIDENT OF THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 61 boats; that near the middle of this lagoon system there should be an island, about fifteen acres in area, in which there would be abounding clusters of the largest trees growing upon the site; that this island should be free from con- spicuous buildings and that it should have a generally secluded, natural, sylvan aspect, the existing clusters of trees serving as centers for such broad and simple larger masses of foliage as it would be practicable to establish in a year's time by plantations of young trees and bushes. Because the water in the lagoons would be subject to considerable fluctuations, it was proposed that its shores should be occupied by a selection of such aquatic plants as would endure submergence and yet survive an occasional withdrawal of water from their roots. Time pressing, the plot, with a brief written specification, was submitted to the corporation, and, after due consideration, on the 1st of December, 1890, was adopted as the plan of the Exposition. Shortly afterward this action was ap- proved by the World's Columbian Commission, and an order given to proceed with the execution of the design. The plot presented no studies of buildings other than the outlines of the space to be occupied by those, ten in number, which had been contemplated in the instructions received by the Consulting Board from the Committee on Classifications. More than two hundred buildings of varying dimensions have since been introduced, and the process of adjust- ment by which sites were formed for these, without material departures from the primary motives of the general plan has required the constant exercise, upon the part of those charged with this duty, of much ingenuity and discretion. The next step was the selection of architects to design the buildings, and the com- mittee authorized Mr. Burnham to select five architects outside of the city of Chicago to design the five principal buildings around the court. Later Mr. Burnham was authorized to appoint five architects from Chicago to design the remaining buildings which had been determined on. The committee determined, however, to select an architect for the Woman's Building by competition, to be confined strictly to women. By March 1, 1891, the chief of construction having apportioned the work among the architects, was enabled to form an estimate of the work to be done by his department. Roughly speaking, it consisted of re- claiming nearly seven hundred acres of ground, only a small portion of which was improved, the remainder being in a state of nature, and covered with water and wild-oak ridges, and in twenty months converting it from a sedgy waste by the borders of an inland sea, into a site suitable in substance and decoration for an exposition of the industries and the entertainment by the republic of repre- sentatives of all the nations of the world. On its stately terraces a dozen pal- aces were to be built — all of great extent and highest architectural importance — these to be supplemented by hundreds of other structures, some of which were to be almost the size of the Exposition buildings themselves; great canals, basins, lagoons, and islands were to be formed; extensive docks, bridges, and towers to be constructed. The standard of the entire work was to be kept up to a degree of excellence w T hich should place it upon a level with the monuments of other ages. It meant, in short, that an organization must be quickly formed which should associate the ablest architects, landscape designers, painters, sculptors, and engineers of the country. By the summer, all of the ten build- ings first designed were under contract. From that time on, the work of design- ing and of construction was carried forward most urgently by day and by night, and all arrangements of the construction department were completed and in readiness for the opening. In October, 1892, the title of Director of Works was conferred on Mr. Burnham with enlarged duties and powers added to those already exercised by the chief of construction. Early in the first session the Commission had decided to elect the director- general upon nomination of the directors of the Exposition, and during successive meetings, up to September 19th, the duties and powers of that office were the sub- ject of legislation. On that day President Palmer, as chairman of the Executive 62 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Committee, presented the recommendation by the latter body, for the selection of Colonel George R. Davis; and therewith forwarded communications -from the Executive Committee of the directory: Chicago, September 18, 1890. Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, Chairman Executive Committee, World's Columbian Commission: Dear Sir: Acting under the courteous invitation extended by your committee to this board to express its preference in favor of one of the several candidates whose names are before you for appointment as director-general of your commission, the subject-matter of your invitation was submitted to our Board of Directors at a meeting held this evening. After some discussion a vote was taken, resulting in a majority of the board in favor of Colonel George R. Davis. This may therefore be received as an expression of the preference of this board upon the question. Thanking you and your committee for their courtesy in this matter, I am, very respectfully yours, Lyman J. Gage, President of the World's Columbian Exposition. • And Mr. Sewell, of New Jersey, submitted the following from a minority of the same committee: The undersigned members of the Executive Committee respectfully dissent from the above report, and present for the position of director-general, the name of General Daniel H. Hastings, of Pennsylvania. We believe that he possesses every qualification for this responsible position, and most earnestly urge that his selection will meet the best thought of the land, that the Columbian Exposition is in no sense local, and in every sense national. W. J. Sewell, E. Kontz Johnson, A. T. Ewing, L. H. Hershfield. E. W. Breed. An informal ballot was taken on the candidates so named, and Colonel Davis received a majority of all the votes cast, whereupon he was selected unanimously on motion of Mr. McClelland, of Pennsylvania, and a committee was appointed to notify him of that fact. Colonel Davis having been introduced by the presi- dent, made his acknowledgments to the Commission as follows: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the National Commission: Your committee has just notified me of the distinguished honor that you have conferred upon me this morning. The selection made from Illinois and Chicago is complimentary to the city and State, and for the Local Board of Directors, for my city, my State, and myself I siricerely thank you. The selection of the director-general from untried men — men who have not had great experience — was a task for you to perform in which I most heartily sympathize with you. It is necessary in selecting a man for this position that you take much for granted, for an exhibition of an anniversary that comes only once in a hundred years leaves you but few men to select from who have had great expe- rience. In the discharge of the duties of this great office I will bring to it all the physical and mental forces that I command. The conduct of the office shall be of high grade, and it will be my duty to conform strictly and in every detail to the wish of this distinguished body. Politics have been • referred to, and as I understand the position I desire to say one word in regard to that, and that is that I recognize that the constituency that elects me here to-day consists of one-half Republi- cans and one-half Democrats. It will be the duty of an honorable man to so conduct his office in his intercourse with all who come in connection with him — in the appointments that he has to make — to recognize that fact; and from the fact that it was a suggestion of my own, formulated by myself, and favored by myself when it was put in the Act of Congress, recognized as "the spirit of the Act of Congress." I will not, as your director-general, in any way fail to observe it in every particular. The office will be conducted strictly upon business principles. I recognize that you require in all such officers as may be placed under my command the highest talent, the best ability, and the greatest capacity that we can command; that this is a National Exposition and an Inter- national Exposition and not a Local Exposition; that we will draw our forces from the country, draw our forces from wheresoever they may come, provided they are equal to the emergency. The administration of my office will be an example, so far as it is possible for me to make it such, of the application of legal principles to business methods with military discipline. I thank you, gentlemen, for the compliment, and am prepared to enter upon the duty. [Colonel George R. Davis was born in the town of Palmer, Mass., in the year 1840, the son of Benjamin and Cordelia (Buffington) Davis, the former a native of Ware, Mass., and the latter a member of a well known Quaker family of Connecticut. George attended the public schools, and in other respects passed his boyhood after the manner of New England boys, and later pre- pared for college, graduating from Williston Seminary at Easthampton. This was just prior to HON. GEORGE R. DAVIS, DIRECTOR-GENERAL WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 63 the opening of the War of the Rebellion, so that instead of entering college, as he had anticipated, he, at the age of twenty-two, responded to the call for volunteers, and enlisted in the army as a private in Company H, Eighth Regiment Massachusetts Infantry. By gradual promotion he rose to the rank of captain, and in that capacity served with the Eighteenth Army Corps in the North Carolina campaign until August, 1863. Resigning his commission, he now returned to Massachusetts, clothed with proper authority, and recruited and organized a battery of light artillery. From this he was soon transferred to the Third Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry, with the rank of major, and commanded it until the close of the war in 1865. After the war was over, Colonel Davis received an appointment in the civil department of the regular army, and was attached to the Department of the Missouri, of which General Sheridan was then in command. He served in the West with General Sheridan in the Indian campaign of 1868 and 1869, of which the engagement at the headquarters of the Washita was the most decisive, result- ing in the defeat and routing of the famous chief "Black Kettle" and his band. Colonel Davis was on duty at the headquarters of General Sheridan when that commander was stationed in Chicago in 1869, and continued his connection with the army until May 1, 1871, when he resigned and took up his residence in Chicago, where he has made his home ever since. Colonel Davis has always been an active and stanch Republican, and since his residence in Chi- cago has held a conspicuous place in the councils of his party as a recognized leader. He was elected to the United States Congress from the Second District of Illinois in 1878, and re-elected for the two succeeding terms. As a congressman Colonel Davis naturally took a prominent and leading place, and was one of the few of Chicago's representatives to that body whose efforts in behalf of their constituents were crowned with success. Among the important acts of legislation in which he took a prominent part, it is but just to say that securing a large appropriation for improving the Chicago harbor was chiefly due to his efficient and faithful work. In 1886 he was elected county treasurer of Cook County, Illinois, for a term of four years. When it was decided by Congress to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus on American soil by a World's Exposition, Colonel Davis was one of the foremost in the promotion of the enterprise. A man of fixed opinions, iron will, unfaltering perseverance and unusual executive ability, he at the same time possesses a tireless energy, and whatever he attempts stops at noth- ing short of its attainment. He is a man of great personal magnetism, courteous yet dignified in manners, generous, kind hearted and genial, and has always attracted to himself many warm friends. With his splendid qualities of mind and heart he combines a finely proportioned physique, being strong in structure and of robust constitution. He is a handsome man in both form and feature, and a mass of iron-gray hair gives a distinguished air to an otherwise striking personality. Colonel Davis was married, in 1867, to Miss Gertrude Schulin, of New Orleans, Lou- isiana, by whom he has two sons and four daughters.] The World's Columbian Exposition produced events, which, in many cases were co-incident with and in some cases ante-dated the proceedings of the World's Columbian Commission (two separate and distinct bodies). Even before the voice of Congress had declared in favor of Chicago as the stage upon which the great Columbian drama should be enacted, the corporate powers of the city were invoked to give promise of such provision of means and facilities as would guarantee adequate accommodation to the guests of the nation; and when that voice had rendered the final verdict, among the most essential require- ments of the situation was the procuring of such enactments from the State Leg- islature, from the Common Council of the city, and the Park Commissioners, as would legalize the occupation and use by the Exposition authorities of the public grounds considered most desirable for the purposes in view. Repeated offers were made by the directory to obtain the grant of Washington Park in its entirety, but the commissioners remained firm in their determination to reserve this portion of the South Side system for the recreation of the citizens; consent- ing finally, however, to extend their original grant by the addition of the improved portion of Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance, and making cer- tain liberal concessions as to the preparation of the former. The end was reached on the 9th of September, 1890, when the directors by unanimous vote re-afifirmed their decision of July. When the first meeting of the stockholders was held in April 1890, bone fide subscriptions exceeding $10,000,000 had been made, divided among nearly thirty thousand persons. After the organization of the corporate body by the election of directors, the first and most pressing task of the hour was to meet the condition by which alone the benefits of the Federal charter could be realized. It was determined to ask from the common council of the city of Chicago the issuance of five millions of dollars in bonds, the proceeds to be applied to the legitimate purposes of the Exposition; and on July 23, 1890, an ordinance was 64 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY passed, by a more than two-thirds vote, providing for the appropriation as asked and asking the sanction of the State Legislature to the ordinance. At the same time the mayor was directed to appoint a committee of five with instructions to proceed immediately to the capital of the State and communicate the action of the council to the governor. A committee from the Directors of the Exposition was also in attendance at Springfield in furtherance of the desired legislation. On the 24th of July, 1890, bills so to amend the constitution as to enable the cit}* of Chicago to issue bonds in behalf of the Exposition were introduced simultaneously in both the Senate and Lower House, and were referred to the Committee on Laws in both houses. These bills were drawn up by the directory, who sought the interests of the Exposition in the simplest and most direct form. But on the same day Mr. Berry presented to the House of Representatives a bill which differed from the above in requiring a popular vote to be taken on the con- stitutional amendment empowering Chicago to increase her bonded debt to the amount and for the purposes set forth. This and various other obstacles were interposed on alleged grounds of policy and principle. All the numerous prop- ositions having been referred without debate, the whole matter came up for formal consideration, first before the Senate Committee on Laws. Vice-President Bryan advocated the original bill and opposed the delay that would be entailed by reference to a popular vote. He held that the constitutional inhibition of sub- scription by cities to private corporations did not apply in this case. That the object sought was a great public benefit, one for w T hich a tax could be properly levied. On the 28th of July the directors, in response to the resolution of inquiry made reply in substance as follows: The Board of Directors of the World's Columbion Exposition desiring to respond in a frank and proper spirit to the desire of the Legislature for information, submit that they have not at hand, nor is there at once attainable, the knowledge and the experience needful to determine in advance the details of classification and arrangement involved in "Exhibiting" the "arts, indus- tries, manufactures and products of the soil, the sea, and the mines of forty or fifty thousand •exhibitors from every portion of the earth;" that the work is colossal is beyond question, and not to be comprehended nor mastered except as the development progresses. It is deemed appro- priate to submit a brief statement of the present situation of affairs, and to set forth the relations borne by the State of Illinois, the city of Chicago, and the directors of the incorporated body to the Exposition. By the Act of Congress, approved April 25, 1890, provision has been made for fitly commemorating the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of America by an exhibit "of the resources of the United States, their development and the progress of civilization in the world." The act declares that the exhibition should be of a national and international character, and authorizes the appointment of a Federal Commission, charged with certain duties of super- vision and authority over the enterprise. That commission has been duly appointed by the President of the United States, and has entered upon its functions in reference to the inaugura- tion and conduct of the Exposition. The question of locating the Fair developed upon Congress. Several States and the capital of the nation contested for the honor. Illinois petitioned to have the Exposition entrusted to her city of Chicago, and certain obligations were assumed in order to •secure the favorable consideration of Congress. As one of the conditions precedent the citizens of Chicago were required to provide a fund of ten millions of dollars and produce satisfactory evidence that an eligible site for accommodation of the exhibition would be furnished; and assurances were also required that the State of Illinois and the city of Chicago as the custodians of the national credit would carry into effect to the extent of their resources the spirit and letter of the Act of Congress. The faith of the State and city was pledged by their accredited repre- sentatives before the world; and therefore Congress committed to Illinois and Chicago the honor so eagerly contended for by other communities; and thus were the people of this State committed to the duty and obligation of capitalizing and conducting the enterprise in a manner suitable to the occasion and creditable to the country. The citizens of Chicago provided by personal sub- scriptions five millions of the requisite sum, and they pledged their city by every assurance and act which can bind the conscience of a community, to contribute five millions additional. Legis- lation by the city of Chicago and by the State of Illinois was indispensable to compliance with the terms prescribed by Congress. The impression has been created that in the disposition of the exhibits some injustice may be done, or is contemplated, to the agricultural interests of the State and country by divorcing that display from the main body of the Exposition. The allega- tion is unfounded and unjust to the directory, which fully recognizes that agriculture is the chief source of national greatness and prosperity, and as such is entitled to conspicuous prominence in an enterprise of this character. The Exposition will be conducted as an entirety notwith- standing the discussion of a dual site. It is the intention of this board to locate the agricultural and stock exhibits of the Exposition, so far as may be possible, in the same enclosure with the exhibits of machinery, manufactures, and other leading interests. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 65 [Here follows a schedule of the prepared classification and arrangement of exhibits pertaining to the farming industry.] The document closed with the solemn assurance of impartial administration of the affairs of the Exposition, with a view to do entire justice to all classes of exhibitors and to achieve credit for the State. It was signed by Messrs. Lyman Gage, Thomas B. Bryan, Ben- jamin Butterworth, president, vice-president, and secretary of the Exposition, respectively. On the 29th of July the Senate passed the bill so amending the constitution as to authorize the city of Chicago to issue five millions of bonds in aid of the Exposition, with the provision attached that the amendment should be ratified by popular vote before becoming operative. On the following day the measure in this shape was committed to a joint committee of the tvo branches of the Legislature. July 31st the House of Representatives took up the subject. The Senate disagreed to a House amendment releasing the State from all prospective liability for the bonds to be emitted by the city of Chicago, and then followed days of conference between the representatives of the two Houses with no other apparent result than that of intensifying the differences between them. At this juncture a new cause of division was found in an amendment stipulating that the " eight-hour law should be observed in erecting the buildings for the Exposition, and that in the employment of labor a distinction should be made in favor of American-born workingmen and such foreigners as should have previously declared their intention to become citizens of the United States." A lengthy and heated debate ensued upon the introduction of this proposition, but it was finally adopted in the House of Representatives by a great majority. The same body also appended another section to the bill prescribing a fine of not less than one thousand dollars for violation of the foregoing provision. As thus, and otherwise, added to and subtracted from, the measure finally passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 130 yeas to 16 nays. The Senate then adopted the measure, accepting most of the amendments, but rejecting those embodying the eight-hour law and referring to the submerged lands on the lake front. The House when informed of this fact decided to adhere to its position, and thus matters of difference were again submitted to a joint committee of the two bodies. However, the hopes so long deferred were now about to be realized; a spirit of compromise prevailed over less discreet and patriotic counsels; and on August 5, 1890, Governor Fifer applied his signature to the acts granting in substance all that the authorities of the Exposition had asked from the State. The General Assembly thus swept away all legal obstacles to the occupancy of the park; and the seal of popular approval was affixed to the lending of Chi- cago's credit to the aid of the Exposition. Before the year the directory were able to report to the National Commission that the sum designated by Con- gress was available for use, and this fact was forthwith certified by the commis- sion to the President of the United States, who, under date of December 24, 1890, made proclamation that the conditions and requirements imposed by Con- gress had been complied with; declaring that an International Exposition would be opened in Chicago on the first day of May, 1893; and, in the name of the government and people of the United States, inviting " all the nations of the earth to participate in the commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history, and of lasting interest to mankind, by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such exhibits as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization." This document was enclosed in a formal letter of transmission from the Secretary of State to all the foreign governments with which this country has diplomatic relations, and was accompanied by copies of the regulations for foreign exhibits, regulations of the Treasury department governing the free importation of exhibits, and the prospectus of a proposed World's Congress Auxiliary. This completed the official functions by which the Exposition was brought to an active condition, and the plans were ripe for execution. COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Wm. G. Davis, 2. James Hodges, 3. Lloyd Lowndes, Portland, Me. Baltimore, Md. Cumberland, Md. 6. H. B. Moore, 5. Geo. H. Barbour, 4. M. Henry Lane, Duluth, Minn. Detroit, Mich. Kalamazoo, Mich. 7. Orson V. Tousley, 8. Joseph M. Bynum, 9. Robert L. Saunders, Minneapolis, Minn. Rienzi, Miss. Jackson, Miss. 12. Euclid Martin, 11. Chas. H. Jones, 10. Thomas B. Bullene, Omaha, Neb. St. Louis, Mo. Kansas City, Mo. 13. Albert G. Scott. 14. Wm. J. Sewell, 15. Thomas Smith, Kearney, Neb. Camden, N. J. Neivark, N. J. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. • 67 Friday the popular enthusiasm exceeded, if possible, that of the day before. The crowds of Thursday had gone home simply to restore exhausted nature. They appeared early the next morning in as great numbers, and the less con- gested condition of the streets was due to the effort of the multitudes to reach the South Park system. An inconsiderable proportion of the people was suffici- ent to pack the Lake Front, fill the stands erected along Michigan boulevard, and border the seven miles' line of march. The transportation companies going south were taxed to their fullest capacity, as the collection of 600,000 fares both ways amply testifies Fully 250,000 people were carried to the parks on the trains, cable lines, and boats, and the number who walked, drove, or marched in the procession is scarcely to be estimated. Promptly upon the firing of the salute at nine o'clock General Miles and his staff wheeled in front of the Auditorium in brilliant array, the United States Fifth Cavalry close behind, splendid in military trappings of gold and mounted on satin-coated bay horses. The Governors of the States with their gorgeous staffs seemed interminable. At Twenty-ninth street President Higinbotham's white marble palace was elaborately decorated with the flags of all nations. Here the crowd was densest, and the enthusiasm wildest when Mr. "Higinbotham, Vice- President Morton, President Palmer, and other distinguished guests entered carriages and swung into the procession. From this point the line proceeded, between banks of spectators, down the broad esplanade of Grand boulevard to Washington Park, where the United States Infantry were placed. Here the multitudes wintessed an inspiring scene — the military maneuvers — the full panoply of war. It proved an attraction second only to the dedication ceremonies, and amply repaid those who saw it for hours of waiting. While it seemed the whole world was without the gates, nearly 100,000 peo- ple waited in the mammoth Manufactures' Building, seated comfortably in chairs. The immensity of the building silenced them. The decorations were necessarily on a massive scale and simple lines. From each of the twenty-seven trusses, that rise 200 feet to the roof, a United States flag was hung. The gallery at the north end, reserved for the bands, was draped in terracotta; and the south gallery, where the chorus was massed, was festooned with oak-leaf ropes The great stage, semi-circular in shape, was draped in American and Spanish colors, and hedged in with rows of potted crysanthemums in broad bands. A national flag draped the desk. Behind and above the stage the entire arch was a mass of festooned flags, over which hung the banner of Ferdinand and Isabella and their coat-of-arms. Flags of all nations filled every intervening space. But the crown- ing glory of the decorations was the official banner of the World's Columbian Exposition displayed for the first time. It is triangular in form, divided evenly at the staff. One-half the ground is blue, signalizing Lake Michigan; the other half is white, suggestive of the Exposition buildings; the fringe is of dark gold, which, with the white, makes the colors of Isabella. The ceremonies themselves were profoundly impressive from the Columbus hymn to the benediction. The great audience was lifted up to heights of spirit- ual vision to perceive the meaning of centuries, in which only large events loomed like mountain peaks and trivialities were leveled and lost. The speakers were inspired to the loftiest flights of eloquence and each one uttered sentiments as noble as the deeds of which he spoke. Bishop Fowler of the Methodist Episcopal church invoked a divine bless- ing. Director-General Davis delivered an address which was scholarly and clas- sical in its diction Mrs Le Moyne read the Columbian Ode, written by Harriet Monroe, the young poetess of Chicago. It proved a surprise in its simplicity and strength. The artists and architects of the buildings were then presented with the medal designed by Elihu Vedder, and Mrs. Potter Palmer advanced to the desk calm and smiling. She delivered an address replete with oratory and in a man- 68 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY ner at once pleasing and easy. In her remarks she gave a lucid account of the initiatory steps taken by the Board of Lady Managers without touching upon politics, suffrage or other irrelevant issues, and foreshadowed the work the board would do in the formation of a public sentiment, which will favor woman's industrial equality, and her receiving just compensation for services rendered; to secure for her work the consideration and respect which it deserves, and es- tablish her importance as an economic factor. She closed by expressing thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward and also for having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for carrying them out; her appreciation of the assistance given by the President of the United States, the Department of State, and our foreign ministers, and hoped to have occasion to thank all the other great departments of the Government before the work was finished. No speech was more generously received than Mrs. Palmer's dedicatory remarks, and none elicited more favorable comments from the public press. President Higinbotham, on behalf of the Local Directory, tendered the buildings to the National Commission, which President Palmer accepted and in his turn bestowed upon the Nation in an appropriate speech. In the absence of President Harrison, the cause for which he deeply de- plored, Vice-President Morton accepted the buildings for the United States. Impressive as these talks were, they made no pretense to oratory. When Mr. Henry Watterson came down the rostrum cheers rose. Strong as was the voice of the Kentuckian, it failed to fill the vast auditorium. Only a trumpet could have done that. But back to the walls the people cheered both him and Mr. Depew whenever the front rows applauded. Almost before the applause died the chorus of 5,000 voices rendered "In Praise of God," Beethoven's anthem, followed by the benediction, by Rev. H. C. McCook of Philadelphia. The solemn "Amen" of the speaker was thundered to the skies in the deep roar of the artillery, and the crowd dispersed to the mighty voice of the National salute. The pyrotechnics at night closed the ceremonies of dedication. Promptly at 8 o'clock the flash-light from the Manufactures Building gave the signal. The next instant three bombs burst simultaneously in Washington, Lincoln and Gar- field Parks, cut long, curving streaks of light to the zenith, and fell in glittering rainbow-colored balls like the jeweled ribs of a vast umbrella above the heart of the city. Then a hundred balloons were loosed from their moorings in each park, and when in mid-air discharged rockets which changed to glowing bub- bles of vari-colored fire. From the time of the dedication of the buildings and the formal transfer of them to the authorities of the United States increased activity in the work was noticeable. Upward of 10,000 workmen and employes were scattered over the "White City," and at every unfinished building the work seemed to be in semi- suspense, or to have the air of an industrial festival. Deliberation was the order of the day, flavored, however, with eager interest and willingness. Good wages, a little above the market rates, were a healthy incentive, and every mechanic with a spark of fire in his nature must have been quickened by the magnificence of his task. Also deliberation was a necessity in three-fourths of the work, which required caution as well as judgment; for many aerial gymnasts were perched from 60 to 260 feet in the air. Sky generalship of a high order was to be seen under the arching roof of the great buildings. Here, after months of patient lifting and fitting of unprecedented weights at great heights, each man had grown to know his duty intimately. From some lofty perch the foreman of a gang would conduct his men somewhat after the manner of the leader of an orchestra. Whenever he fell short of the mark he would shout his general order to an assistant half-way down, on the opposite side of the span, and the latter would give fuller instruction to another assistant on the floor. After each move WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 69 all eyes would turn to the directing mind aloft. Under those roofs feats were accomplished worthy to have called forth a "wild surmise" from the Egyptians who piled the pyramids. Manual labor also has its victory in these monumental buildings, and no doubt the descendants of those skillful artisans will preserve the tradition of their labors at the Exposition. Considering the chances for fomenting strikes, the bickerings have been slight and of only short duration. Every legitimate and reasonable position taken by organized labor was carefully considered by the Exposition authorities, and by them given respectful consideration. Strikes did occur, but they were not of a serious character, and all differences were settled on a fair and amicable basis shortly after they arose. Looking now somewhat into the future the question arises, "Will it pay?" Liberal ideas have controlled the pursestrings, yet the financial problem has been handled with economy, and even with thrift. With the exception of the first London exhibition of 1851, world's fairs have been a costly luxury to their pa- trons; that fair, in covered area, was less than one-fifth the size of the Columbian Exposition; it was open 144 days, and the receipts almost doubled the expenses. In 1867 Louis Napoleon opened his second Paris Exposition, and, considering its success as a "dazzler," did not probably begrudge the wide difference between the expenses, which were $4,000,000, and the receipts, which amounted to -$2,100,000. Eleven millions was spent on the Vienna Exposition of 1873, and ten millions of it went into the financial crash that it heralded. Under repub- lican management, Paris, in 1889, produced a remarkable fair, a third larger than the Vienna Exposition, with the same outlay, and with a satisfactory income. Like the Philadelphia Centennial, the Parisian fair with its buildings covered only one-half the space of the Columbian Exposition. At Philadelphia the receipts ($3,800,000) fell nearly 60 per cent, short of the cost, which was $8,500,- OOO. Circumstances and conditions are different, however, regarding this Expo- sition. From its very inception local pride and able financiering were enlisted in the problem of making the World's Columbian Exposition pay expenses; more is not asked. Nearly all the subscriptions to the capital stock were given as a token of public spirit. When it became apparent in the spring of 1892 that the $14,000,000 or $15,000,000 then in sight would not complete the grounds and buildings on the scale that had been adopted to a point where it was impossible to turn back, the management appeared before Congress asking for a loan of $5,000,000. Congress declined the loan, yet gave $2,500,000 in souvenir coins. By the simple process of holding these coins at a premium of 100 per cent, the managers realized the full $5,000,000 from the kindly act of Congress, and increased the available funds to $20,000,000. Up to April I, 1893, there had been expended $16,708,826.48 — a sum equal to twice the cost of the Paris Exposition. Of this amount $14,411,506.74 has gone into the buildings. That amount represents every feature of construction at Jackson Park, including the prepera- tion of the site and the cost of labor. General expenses, which include every- thing outside of construction, are figured at $2,206,644. This includes all salaries and almost every kind of incidentals. One of these items is $12,975 f° r remov- ing ice and snow. From this it will be seen that the storms which enveloped the roofs last winter did considerable damage. The dedication ceremonies cost #221,158. The opening ceremonies cost but $5,000. It cost $108,000 to han- dle the souvenir coins. Traveling expenses have been $25,558, and the item of uniforms reaches $12,592, though this will be repaid. The stationery and printing bills are $49,925, and postage stamps have cost $52,684. Insurance com- panies have received $72,000 in premiums. Janitors have drawn $34,690 for their services. The cost of furniture and fixtures for the orifices reaches the sum of #43,781 and the rent bill has amounted to $58,124. The salaries of clerks has netted $264,754 and the salaries of officers $260,938. The pay-roll for March shows that 4,124 persons drew salaries and wages amounting to $314,425, or an 70 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY average compensation of $76.24 per month or $2.46 per day. Contracts for con- struction purposes amounted to $12,469,201 up to the 1st ultimo, of which $2,361,- 263.37 was t° be paid. The total receipts up to April 1st were $17,496,432.16, of which there was a cash balance of $626,396.58 on hand. If all goes well with the estimates from gate receipts, concessions, salvage, etc. (and all indications point to success), the auditor's ledger at the wind-up will no doubt show a balance to the credit of the enterprise. A large portion of the funds have come from Chicago or corporations doing business in this city; $5,500,000 have been subscribed here in capital stock; $5,000,000 were given by the city of Chicago; when it became necessary to put up $5,000,000 worth of bonds on the market, forty-four Chicago banks subscribed for $2,314,000, and twelve railroads with terminals here took another $1,000,000, making practical^ $15,000,000 raised in Chicago. The United States government has contributed $1,500,000 originally; $2,500,- 000 in souvenir half dollars; $408,250 for construction of the United States Build- ing; $151,750 for the maintenance of the United States Government exhibit ; $20,000 to enable the Secretary of the Treasury to pay the expenses of receiving- foreign goods for the Exposition; $103,000 for medals and diplomas; $688,625 for salaries, etc., of the National Commission, including the fiscal year, ending- June 30, 1894, making a total for all purposes of $5,371,625. The total appropriations made by foreign countries approximate $7,000,000; by the states and territories, $6,000,000. After the buildings were practically finished the herculean task of instal- lation came next. Exhibitors were slow in forwarding their exhibits, and for a time it appeared as if the Exposition would not be in readiness to open at the appointed time. While the Director-General stood out for a long time against receding from the position taken in the beginning, that exhibits must be in posi- tion early in April, he finally yielded to the inevitable and postponed the " day of grace." After continuous reminders that the Exposition would surely open on the 1st of May, exhibitors began sending in their goods and wares at a lively- rate by the middle of April, and from that time up to the present activity and bustle has been the order of the day. May 1st, the Exposition was formally opened and fully 350,000 people were present. From the east portal of the Administration Building to the walk along the west side of the grand baisin, immense platforms had been constructed. On the outer platform a small table, covered with the United States flag, stood on a platform six feet in height. Resting on the stars and stripes was the velvet base of the magic key that was to send the thrill into Machinery Hall and formally open the Exposition Above this rich velvet and gold pyramid the key itself rested like a beautiful jewel. Stretching upward and backward from this center- piece rose the grand stand, tier on tier It was a remarkable gathering in many ways that filled the grand stand. Not only were there men and women of dis- tinction among them, but a dozen nations contributed to* the assemblage. Chi- cago's representative men were there, almost to a man, it seemed. Congress was represented in both houses in this earlier gathering. The army, the navy, the bench and the .bar held a place. It was among the foreign contingent that attention was chiefly directed. Three figures well to the front received general notice. They were the Scottish Earl of Aberdeen, Sir Edward Birbeck and Sir Henry Wood. Baron Kunowski came on the platform accompanied by Marshall Field. Abdul Rahman, Rajah of Johore, was a noticeable figure, dressed in black, with a purple apron tied about him, and with an oriental wealth of insignia across his broad expanse of shirt front. Fred Douglass' dark face and long, white fleece showed near the big frame of Buffalo Bill, who, wearing a white sombrero, passed among the throng to be admired. The local officials arrived in squads. The first to appear were the judges of the courts, with Judge Horton and Judge Ewing in the lead They occupied front seats and appeared to enjoy themselves immensely. The members of the Legislature came soon afterward, and then COMMISSIONERS WORLDS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION- 1. Alexander B. Andrews, North Carolina. 6. Wm. McIntyre, South Dakota. 7. Archeeaus M. Cochran, Texas. 12. Richard Mansfield White, New Mexico. 13. Othneil Beeson, Oklahoma. 2. Thos. B. Keogh, North Carolina. 5. Merritt H. Day, South Dakota. 8. John T. Dickinson, Texo,s. 11. Thomas C. Gutter res, New Mexico. 14. Frank R. Gammon, Oklahoma. 3. R. B. RlCKETTS, Pennsylvania, i. John W. Woodside, Pennsylvania. 9. George F. Coats, Arizona. 10. Wm. K. Meade, A rizona. 15. Frederick J. Kiesee, Utah. '1. - Bflhtat l" iff ' COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Louis L. Williams, 2. Thos. E. Proctor, Alaska. Massachusetts. \ Lewis H. Hershfteld, 4. James W. Haines, 5. Martin Wilkins, Montana. Nevada. Oregon. 6. V. D. Groner, 7. C. B. Hopkins, 8. J. D. Butt, Virginia. Washington. West Virginia. 9, H. G. Hay, 10. Carl Spuhn (Alternate), Wyoming. Alaska. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 71 came the governor's staff, resplendent in dazzling new uniforms and befeathered chapeaus. The county commissioners, the aldermen, and many other county and city officers came also. At 11:15 President Cleveland approached the table in front, with Director- General Davis on one side and Charles Henrotin on the other. Bunched behind them came a crowd of notables — Secretaries Gresham, Carlisle, Smith and Her- bert, Vice-President Stevenson, President Palmer, of the National Commission; the Duke of Veragua, Chaplain W. H. Milburn, of Washington; Lyman J. Gage, President Higinbotham, Director of Works Burnham and others. Back of them, on the grand stand, were Governor Altgeld, of Illinois; Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Lambert Tree, Speaker Crafts, of the Illinois House of Representatives; Lieuten- ant-Governor Gill and other State officers of Illinois, Senator Cullom, of Illinois; Senator Mitchell, of Wisconsin; Senator Allison, of Iowa; Congressman Springer, of Illinois; Ashley, of Massachusetts; Campbell, of New York; Bar- wig, of Wisconsin; McDonald, of Illinois; Buckner, of Wisconsin; Houk, of Ohio; O'Neill, of Pennsylvania; Durborow, of Illinois; Henderson, of Iowa; Black, of Illinois, and McGann, of Illinois; National Commissioners Widener, Bradley B. Smalley, G. W. Allen, George H. Barbour, V. D. Groner, James Hodge, Thomas B. Keogh, A. T. Evving, James H. Breslin, J. W. St. Clair, and Directors Thomas B. Bryan, F. W. Peck, J. W. Ellsworth, W. D. Kerfoot, Wil- liam P. Ketcham, E, F. Lawrence, A. H. Revell, C. H. Wacker, James W. Scott, C, T. Yerkes, C. H. Schwab and ex-President W. T. Baker; also Mrs. Potter Palmer, the ladies of the ducal party and a few members of the Board of Lady Managers, Mayor Harrison and others. The diplomats failed to attend in a body, although many of prominence were present. The President of the United States bowed to the cheering crowds below him. He seated himself, with the Duke of Veragua and Mr. Higinbotham on his right. Messrs. Palmer, Burnham and Davis seated themselves at his left hand. A moment later the Director-General arose, and, turning toward the great band under the arched entrance of the Administration Building, waved the type-written copy of his speech. The instruments burst into the strains of the Columbian march and hymn, after which prayer was offered by the Rev. Mr. Milburn, known far and wide as the " blind preacher." The prayer was long and was scarcely heard fifty feet away. People below had become unmanage- able and the attention of nearly every one on the stand was directed to them. When the prayer was ended W. D. Croffut's poem, " The Prophecy," was read by Miss Jessie Couthoui. It was scarcely heard twenty feet from the stand, though the lady's gestures were watched and cheered by the vast throng. The orchestral overture, "Reinzi," followed, afterwhich the Director-General rose to speak. His address was cut very short, both from inability to make him- self heard and on account of the crushing, surging, restless crowd of people below him. President Cleveland's address was a very short one. In rising he laid otf his hat, putting his right hand rather nervously to his hair. Then his hand dropped into his overcoat pocket and he stood stroking his moustache with his left hand as he waited for the applause to subside. He talked slowly and prob- ably succeeded better in making himself heard beyond his immediate surround- ings than did anyone else. It was just 12:04 o'clock when he stepped forward and pressed the key that started the machinery in Machinery Hall. Suddenly the great flag whose silken folds of red, white and blue had drooped at the foot of the middle flag-pole in front of the President's platform, climbed swiftly to the top, where it hung glistening below the golden caravel crowning the mighty shaft. The banner of Columbus, white with the green cross of the inquisition and " F. Y." the initials of his sovereigns, rose more slowly on the tall pole to the right. From the left came a burst of color, and 72 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY the red banner of Castile, with its rampant lion, rose in the air. Then while the people gazed in wonder at the scene of magic, banners bourgeoned along the roofs of the palaces about the court of honor. They broke forth in folds of red and saffron and green and blue and white. The whistles of the steam launches in the basin drowned out the boom of the cannon aboard the man-of-war Michi- gan, whose white hull lay in the lake beyond the Peristyle. The fountains spurted a hundred feet in the air, their feathery tufts of water catching rainbows in the sunshine. The cheers rose tumultuously, and when the noise finally died away the faint sound of distant machinery told that the Exposition was an accom- plished fact. The gates are now open under most favorable conditions, and as the colossal undertaking expands to the zenith of its glory successive issues of the Official Directory and Reference Book will give additional details of the wonders to be seen. wm 4WV. GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS, world's fair managers. x. Gen. John W. Corcoran, Massachusetts. 4. Gov. R. E. Pattison, Pennsylvania. 7. Stephen J. Meeker, New Jersey. 10. W. H. Dulaney, Kentucky. 13- W. N. Chancellor, West Virginia-. 2. Hall C. Burleigh, Maiite. 5. Gov. Frank Brown, Maryland. 8. Capt. A. A. Woods, Louisiana. 11. N. G. Blalock, M. D., Washington. 4. James Mitchell, Arkansas. 3. Clem. Studebaker, Indiana. 6. August L. Smith, Wisconsin. 9. A. S. Buford. Virginia. 12. James M. Wells, Idaho. IS. W. T. Thornton, New Mexico. 1. La Fayette Funk, Illinois. 4. J. B. Smith, Delaware. 7. H. B. Andrews, 10. W. W. Peabody, Ohio. 13. D. B. Smalley, Vermont. GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS. 2. S. P. Behan, 3. J. O. Crosby, 6. A. J. Seay, Arizona. 5. D. O. Monfort, Minnesota. 8. Prof. Andrews, Rhode Island. 11. C. H. Amsden, New Hampshire. 14. Jno. S. Harper, Wyoming. Iowa. Oklahoma. 9. M. W. Cobun, Kansas. 12. Chauncey M. Depew, New York. 15. I. M. Scott, California. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 73 STATE AND TERRITORIAL PARTICIPATION. The following shows the States and Territories that are participating, and the amount each has appropriated for its exhibit. In addition to these appropriations a total of over one million dollar was contributed by subscriptions of individuals and by counties. At the time of going to press on this edition, bills were pending for additional appropriations as follows: Alabama (original), $38,000; Colorado, $10,000; Connecticut (original), $75,000; Ohio, $75,000; Tennessee (original) $50,000; West Virginia, $25,000; New Mexico, $17,000. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado •Connecticut Delaware Florida ■Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine . Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan.. Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. North Dakota... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island.. . ■South Carolina.. South Dakota.. .. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia.. . Wisconsin Wyoming Territories: Alaska Arizona New Mexico Oklahoma Utah Appropriation. Dimensions of B'ld'g in feet. Cost of B'ld'g including do- nated material. None. None. 66x92 $ 15,000 $ 18,000 300,000 144x435 75,000 167,000 45x125 35,000 None. 72x73 15,000 10,000 58x60 8,000 None. 137x137 None. 70x90 20,000 50,000 30,000 800,000 160x450 250,000 125,000 53x152 75,000 130,000 60x100 50,000 65,000 135x138 25,000 100,000 75x90 35,000 36,000 66x56 18,000 58,900 65x65 22,000 60,000 80x120 25,000 175,000 82x110 65,000 125,000 100x140 50,000 150,000 78x91 30,000 None. None. 86x86 150,000 50,000 100,000 62x113 20,000 85,000 60x100 20,000 10,000 None. 25,000 53x84 10,000 130,000 40x60 40,000 600,000 105x160 150,000 25,000 None. 25,000 50x70 25,000 100,000 80x100 35,000 60,000 None. 300,000 110x166 80,000 57,500 32x59 8,000 None. None. 70x126 60,000 20,000 None. None. 85x250 30,000 29,750 10,000 31,000 175x185 25,000 100,000 118x208 100,000 60,000 58x123 20,000 165,000 80x90 30,000 30,000 60x70 20,000 None. None. ( Joint ) ( B'ld'g. \ 35,000 25,000 15,000 7,500 46x82 15,000 74 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY ALABAMA. National Commissioners: Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile; Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. Alternates: Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery; William S. Hull, Sheffield. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Hattie T. Hundley, Mooresville; Mrs. Anna M, Fosdick, Mobile. Alternates: Mrs. S. H. Bush, Birmingham; Miss Irene W. Semple, Montgomery, Alabama has no State Board of Commissioners nor a building, the Legisla- ture having failed to make an appropriation. Some funds were raised in the State, however, pending the action of the Legislature on the World's Fair Bill, but it was not a sufficient amount with which to erect a creditable building and the movement was abandoned. ARKANSAS. Following are the members of the Arkansas State Board of Commissioners: James Mitchell, President, Little Rock; Hal L. Norwood, Secretary, Locksburg; R. H. Adair, Manager, Fort Smith; Miss Fannie Scott, Lady Assistant Manager, Van Buren; W. S. Tnomas, Little Rock;. R. B. Weaver, Rally Hill; Edward W. Pascoe, Cushman. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock; Mrs. Rollin A. Edger- ton, Little Rock. Alternates: Mrs' Margaret M. Radcliff, Little Rock; Mrs. William B. Empie,. Newport. National Commission: J. T. W. Tiller, Little Rock; J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. Alter- nates: James T. Mitchell, Little Rock; Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. The design of the Arkansas Building follows classic models, it being in the French "Rococo" style of architecture, as Arkansas was originally settled by the French. The exterior is in plaster and ornamental staff work, tinted in light- color. The interior is tinted, and the ornamental work is brought out in gold, The building has a ground area of 66 by 92 feet. From a large circular veranda, which runs the width of the building, an elliptical entrance opens to the rotunda, 30 by 30 feet, lighted by a central dome. In the center of the rotunda is a foun- tain of Hot Springs crystals, lighted by electricity. Flanking the rotunda are six rooms, 15 feet square. Five of these are used as exhibit rooms, with the reg- istry room on the right of the entrance lobby. Opening from the rotunda, by triple arches, is the hallway, 11 by 55 feet, with the stairways on each side of the arched entrance. At the rear of the building is the assembly hall, 25 by 65 feet, which is entered from the hallway through triple arches. In this hall, oppo- site the entrance, is a 10-foot mantel, of Arkansas white onyx. Columns and vases of the same material are placed in various parts of the building. On the second floor are parlors for men and women, a library, committee and officers' rooms. All of these rooms open on a broad gallery, over the rotunda, lighted from the central dome. Designer, Mrs. Jean Douglas, of Little Rock; cost $18,- 000. The exhibits made by Arkansas are to be found in the State building. CALIFORNIA. Following are the members of the California State Board of Commissioners: Irving Mr Scott, President, San Francisco; Jas. D. Phelan Vice-President, San Francisco; N. J. Bird, Gen- eral Manager; C. M. Wells, Secretary, San Francisco; John Daggett, Black Bear; R. McMurray, San Francisco; A. T. Hatch, San Francisco; L. J. Rose, Los Angeles; S. W. Ferguson, Bakers- field. State Board Lady Managers: Mrs. E. O. Smith, President; Mrs. Flora M. Kimball, Vice- President; Mrs. A. Marcellus, 2d Vice-President; Mrs. Ella Sterling Cummins, Mrs. Anna M. Reed, Mrs. Olive C. Cole, Mrs. Virginia Bradley; Mrs. Hester A. Harland, Secretary. National Board of Lady Managers: Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa; Mrs. James R. Deane, San Francisco. Alternates: Mrs. Isaac L. Requa, Piedmont; Mrs. Frona E. Waite, San Francisco. National Commission: Michel H. de Young, San Francisco ; William Forsyth, Fresno. Alternates: George Hazleton, San Francisco; Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. Next to the Illinois Building California's is the largest of the State buildings, and cost $75,000. Its dimensions are 144x435 feet, It is in the style of archi- tecture of the old California mission buildings. The exterior is of plain plaster, artificially seamed and cracked, giving it the appearance of the old mission buildings, while recessed entrances give the walls that appearance of depth and solidity characteristic of the old buildings. The south front is a reproduction of the old Mission church at San Diego. The main tower is an exact reproduction WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. of the San Diego church tower, while the remaining towers on the corners and center of the building are all studied from the mission architecture. The build- ing is not of the clubhouse character of most of the other State buildings. The entire first floor is open and is devoted to the California State display, principally of fruits and canned goods. There are three fountains on the ground floor; one in the center and one at either end. The central hall is surrounded by a wide gallery, and on the gallery floor on the north end of the building is the banquet hall, a kitchen and an assembly-room. In the south end are four servants' rooms, and there is a cafe in the gallery. The building is severely plain, there being no interior or exterior decorations of any kind. The walls are whitewashed within and without. The central portion of the roof is devoted to a garden 144 feet square, surrounding the central dome. On either side of the main entrances are elevators running to the roof garden. These elevators are a California product, the power being a combination of steam and water. The roof is of California red tile. COLORADO. Following are the members of the Colorado State Board of Commissioners: Governor Davis H. Waite, President, Aspen; A. B. McKinley, Vice-President, Denver; O. C. French, Secretary, Denver; Joseph A. Thatcher, Treasurer, Pueblo; B. S. LaGrange, Greeley; Frederick Steinhauer, Denver; Nathan B. Coy, Denver; R. E. Goodell, Leadville; Joseph H. Smith, Den- ver; H. B. Gillespie, Aspen; W. S. Coburn, Paoma. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. L. P. Coleman, Buena Vista; Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. Alternates: Mrs. William' Patrick, Leadville; Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, Denver. National Commission: Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville; J. H. Smith, Denver. Alternates: Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen; O. C. French, New Windsor. The Colorado Building is in the Spanish renaissance, this style of architect- ure being considered most suitable for the Southwestern States. It cost $35,000. The whole exterior of the building is in staff of an ivory color, and in the salient features of the design profusely ornamented, the ornamentation comparing to fine advantage with the broad, plain surfaces of the building. The striking feature of trie design is two slender Spanish towers, 98 feet high, rising from either side of the main entrance, on the east. The tower roofs and the broad, overhanging roof of the building are covered with red Spanish tiles. The build- ing is 125 feet long, including the end porticos, with a depth of 45 feet, and 26 feet to the cornice line. The front vestibule opens to the main hall of the build- ing. On either side of the entrance are stairways to the floor above. At the rear of the hall is a large onyx mantel, flanked by glass doors, leading to offices. At the ends of the hall are a men's smoking room and a women's reception room, each opening into an uncovered terrace, surrounded by a balustrade. On the second floor is the assembly room, extending the entire length of the building in the center. This room has a high vaulted ceiling, rising above an ornamented cornice. Over this cornice are rows of electric lights, giving a diffused light, by reflection from the vault above. On the ends of this assembly room are a reading and a writing room, which open to the hanging balconies on the ends of the building, forming one of the most attractive exterior features. Broad-, low case- ment windows open from the assembly rooms to the front and rear balconies, the front one extending between the towers, 24 feet, and over the main entrance. The rear balcony extends along the entire length of the building. Staircases lead to the lanterns in the tower, where a fine view of the grounds is had. CONNECTICUT. Following are the members of the Connecticut State Board of Commissioners: Gov. L. B. Morris, President, New Haven; David M. Read, Vice-President, Bridgeport; Eugene S. Boss, Vice-President, Willimantic; J. H. Vaille, Executive Manager, Winsted; VVilbur B.. Foster, Secretary, Rockville; George H. Day, Treasurer. New Haven; Edward T. Brown, New London; Clinton B. Davis, Higganum; Rufus E. Holmes, West Winsted; Charles M. Jarvis, East Berlin; Oscar I. Jones, Westport; S. W. Kellogg, Waterbury; Charles S. L. Marlor, Brooklyn; Frank A. Mitchell, Norwich; Thomas R. Pickering, Portland; Milo B. Richardson, Lime Rock; George Sykes, Rockville; George F. Holcombe, New Haven. 76 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY State Board of Lady Managers: Mrs. George H. Knight, President, Lakeville; Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted; Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport; Miss Hattie E. Brainard, Willimantic; Miss Anna H. Chappell, New London; Miss Clementine D. Clark, Higganum; Mrs. Franklin Farrell, Ansonia; Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon; Mrs. Wealthea A. Hammond, Portland; Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford; Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford; Miss Edith Jones, Westport; Miss Eliza- beth T. Ripley, Norwich; Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven; Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Put- nam; Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Frances S. Ives, New Haven; Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, Hartford. Alternates: Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman, Stevenson; Mrs. Virginia T. Smith, Hartford. National Commission: Leverett Brainard, Hartford; Thomas M. Waller, New London. Alternates: Charles F. Brooker, Torrington; Charles R. Baldwin, Waterbury. The Connecticut State Building is in the Colonial style, being a type of the Connecticut residence, with the addition of circular windows on the north and south, and a circular piazza on the rear. It has a ground area of 72x73 feet, including the piazza, and is two stories high. The exterior is weatherboarded and painted white. The roof contains five dormer windows and is decked on top. The deck is surrounded by a balustrade, and from its center rises a flag- staff. The main entrance is off a square porch, covered by the projecting pedi- ment, which is supported by heavy columns. The interior is finished in Colonial style, with tiled floors, paneled walls and Dutch mantels. The plumbing and carpenters' hardware in the building are in special designs, and are donated as exhibits by Connecticut manufacturers. On the first floor is a reception hall, 21x48 feet, with a light-well in the center. In the # rear of the hall is a stairway with a landing half-way up. Flanking the hall are parlors for men and women. The second floor is divided up into living rooms, and will be occupied by the executive World's Fair officer of Connecticut, and his family, during the Fair. The building cost $15,000. DELAWARE. Following are the members of the Delaware State Board of Commissioners: Thomas B. Smith, President, Wilmington; George W.Emery, Vice-President, Seaford; WiLliam R. Alla- band, Secretary, Dover; R. W. Reynolds, Treasurer, Frederica; Henry C. Conrad, Wilmington; Matthias T. Moore, Laurel; Mrs. Caleb Churchman, Wilmington; Miss Ida Bacon, Laurel; Mrs. Anna E. Hall, Dover; Gov. Robert J. Reynolds. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. J. Frank Ball, Wilmington; Mrs. Mary Kinder, Milford. Alternates: Mrs. Thomas F. Armstrong, Newark; Mrs. May Torbert, Milford. National Commission: George V. Massey, Dover; Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. Al- ternates: Charles F. Richards, Georgetown; William Saulsbury, Dover. The Delaware State Building is constructed wholly of native woods and materials from the State, is 58x60 feet, and is very picturesque, elaborately fur- nished, and cost $8,000. One room in the building is finished in Colonial style, with hangings and furniture representing the Colonial days. It is very interest- ing, there being figures in clay of the old Swedes' church at Wilmington, Bar- ratt's Chapel, and Christ Church Christ Church was built more than 100 years ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint and has the high backed pews, the chancel at one end, the servants' gallery at the opposite end, midway on the east side the lofty pulpit, and immediately below the reading desk, and the clerk's desk. The little State of Deleware was one of the first to show its loyal adherence to the Exposition. The first donation was $10,000, followed later by a further sum of $15,000. FLORIDA. Following are the members of the Florida State Board of Commissioners: President and Executive Commissioner, Arthur C.Jackson, Jacksonville; Vice-Presidents, Gov. H. L. Mitchell, Ex-Gov. F. P. Fleming, Ex-Gov. W. D. Bloxham, Hon. Joseph Hirst, Hon. Jeff Browne, Hon. J. L. Gaskins; Secretary, Guy I. Metcalf, Dade County; Treasurer, J. T. Talbott, Duval county; Comissioners, E. P. Branch, Brevard county; J. F. Greer, Clay county; J. E. Grady, Franklin county; S.A.Jones, Hillsborough county; C. J. Huelsenkamp, Monroe county; Fred W. Hovt, Nassau county; M. R. Marks, Orange county; R. E. Rose, Osceola county; J. A. Enslow, Jr., St. Johns county; Solon B. Turman, Superintendent Minerals; W. E. Knibloe, Superintendent Education. 4+ M. i$ -.*■ ' ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Wm. E. McLean, Indiana. 6. Chas. E. Adams, Massachusetts. 7. Ernest B. Fisher, Michigan. 12. Lorillard Spencer, Rhode Island. 13. E. Kurtz Johnson, District Columbia. 8 2. Charles M. Travis, Indiana. 5. Geo. P. Ladd, Massachusetts. 8. Lyman D. Norris, Michigan. 11. Jeffrey Hazard, Rhode Island. 14. Dorsey Clagett, District Columbia. 3. David N. Comingore, Kentucky. 4. Jno. S. Morris, Kentucky. 9. O. H. PlCHEK, Missouri. 10. E. L. McDonald, Missouri. 15. W. L. Van Horn, Arizona. 'A 1% ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. G. A. Bingham. Xorth Carolina. 6. Lock McDaniel, Texas. 7. Hy. B. Andrews, 12. John Corcoran, West Virginia. 13. .Wellington Vrooman, West Virginia. 2. Lucrus C. Cron. Ohio. 5. W. T. Wright, Oregon. 8. Aldace F. Walker, Vermont. 11. Alex. McDonald, Virginia. 14. David W. Curtis, Wisconsin, 3. Adolph Pluemer, Ohio. 4. J, L. Morrow, Oregon. 9. A. J. Sibley, Vermont. 10. Chas. A. Heermans, Virginia. 15. Myron Reed. Wisconsin? WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Mary C. Bell, Gainesville; Miss E. Nellie Beck, Tampa, Alternates: Mrs. Chloe M. Reed, Jacksonville; Mrs. H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. National Commission: C. F. A. Bielby, De Land; Richard Turnbull, Monticello. Alter- nates: Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine; Jesse T. Bernard, Tallahassee. A miniature of old Fort Marion, in St. Augustine, has been reproduced in the Florida Building. The fort covers an area of one acre, and is, perhaps, the oldest structure in North America, the most interesting specimen of Spanish supremacy in this country, and the only example of mediaeval fortification on the continent. Its erection was begun in 1620, and continued for 100 years. To equip it as a garrison, required 100 guns and 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieging force. The State Building occupies one-fifth of the space of Fort Marion. It is in the form of a four-bastioned fortress. Including the moat, the site is 155 feet square. The building proper is 137 feet square. The frame is of pine, covered with plaster and coquina shells, in imitation of the original. The interior is divided into parlors for men and women, committee and exhibit rooms, and is furnished in Florida's native woods. The interior court is planted in bam- boo, orange, lemon and other tropical trees. The ramparts furnish space for promenades and hanging gardens. In the moat is a sunken garden, where are produced miniature fields of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc., showing the natural resources of the state. The cost of the structure is $20,000. GEORGIA. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. William H. Felton, Cartersville; Mrs. Charles H. Olmstead, Savannah. Alternates: Miss Metta T. McLaws, Augusta; Mrs. George W. Lamar, Savannah. National Commission: Lafayette McLaws, Savannah; Charlton H. Way, Savannah. Alternates: C. C. Sanders, Savannah; John W. Clark, Augusta. The Georgia Legislature failed to make an appropriation, consequently that State has no building nor Board of State Commissioners. IDAHO. Following are the members of the Idaho State Board of Commissioners: James M. Wells, Executive Commissioner, Boise City; Alliene Case, Assistant Commissioner; C. M. Sain, Sec- retary, Boise City. Commissioners by counties: Ada County: Mrs T. E. Logan, Boise City; A. T. Thomas, Boise City. Alturas County: John Worswick, Smoky; Arthur Smith, Hailey; Mrs. E. B. True, Hailey; I. I. Lewis, Ketchum. Bannock County: Mrs. J. M. Bennett. Dear Lake County: Hon. J. L. Underwood, Montpelier; Mrs. M. J. Whitman, Montpelier; Walter Hoge, Paris. Bingham County: E. P. Henry, Idaho Falls; F. M. Morrill, Soda Springs; Mrs. Carrie Eastman, Soda Springs; Mrs. E. E. Calvin, Pocatello; Mrs. E. E. Givens, Blackfoot. Boise County: G. Watts, Idaho City; Mrs. D. E. Coughanour, Ouartzburg. Canon County: A. E. Gipson. Cassia County: A. B. Roberts, Albion; Mrs. E. J. Stokes, Albion. Custer County: C. C. Clawson, Bonanza; Mrs. C. C. Clawson, Bonanza. Elmore County: Mrs. M. J. Bearby, Mountain Home; C. C. Glenn, Glenn's Ferry. Idaho County: Dr. S. E. Biby, Grangeville; Miss Maggie Robinson, Grangeville. Kootenai County: Jay Rand Sanburn, Coeur d'Alene City; Monroe Daggett, St. Maries; S. B. Wright, Bonner's Ferry; Mrs. G. A. Manning, Post Falls; Miss Jessie M. Kanouse, Rathdrum; H. M. Jorgens, Hope; Mrs. Emma J. Clarke. Latah County: Mrs. J. H. Forney, Moscow; Thos. Kirby, Kendrick. Lemhi County: Mrs. Ada Morritt, Salmon City. Logan County: Captain J. A. Lusk, Bellevue; Captain A. S. Senter, Shoshone; Mrs. W. H. Broadhead. Nez Perce County: M. J. Wessels, Lewiston; Miss Sadie E. Poe, Lewiston. Oneida County: Wm. B. Thews, Malad City. Owyhee County: E. H. Dewey, Silver City. Shoshone County: Robert Neill, Wallace; Dr. A. O. Ingalls, Murray. Miss Nellie Smith, Kingston; W. F. Mann, Wallace. Washington County: V. D. Hannah, Weiser; Levi Allen, Salubria; Mrs. Olivia Allen, Salubria. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Hauser Junction; Mrs. J. C. Straughan, Boise City. Alternates: Mrs. Louise L. Barton, Moscow; Mrs. Ella R. Miller, Blackfoot. National Commission: George A. Manning, Post Falls; John E. Stearns, Nampa. Alter- nates: A. J. Crook, Hailey; John M. Burke, Wardner. The territory embraced within the limits of the young State of Idaho, though traversed by many beautiful and fertile valleys, is in the main a mountainous region, its mean elevation being about 4,700 feet. In fact, from the beauty and grandeur of its mountain scenery it was named, quite appropriately, Idaho, "The Gem of the Mountains." Its numerous streams are bordered by dense for- ests of valuable- timber, and the developments of recent years have discovered B THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY that its mountains are rich in precious metals. Though the State has made rapid strides in recent years in the matter of general improvement, the log cabin of the pioneer is still a familiar scene, and the forests and hills still abound in wild game. In designing and decorating Idaho's building for the. World's Columbian Exposition, an effort was made to give some expression to the characteristics above referred to, to exemplify in a measure some of the chief products of the State, and to suggest some of its interesting features. All of the materials us^d in the construction of the building are products of Idaho, and nearly all of the decorations were there obtained. The general style of architecture is Swiss, modified in so far as was necessary to adapt it to the materials to be used in the construction and to illustrate local conditions. The building, the foundation of which is of basaltic rock and lava, is a three-story log cabin made of stripped cedar logs, stained to the appearance of weather-beaten age. It is generously supplied with Swiss balconies averaging ten feet in width, which extend around three sides of the structure on the second floor, and across the front and rear of the third floor. The roof extends on all sides ten feet beyond the building line, and is covered with shakes held in place by rocks, while the chimneys are large and roughly stuccoed to imitate in appearance the chimneys of real pioneer days. The outside dimensions of the building, including balconies and roof, are 70x90; the foundation, 53x93. One enters the building through a 1 stone arch, into a passage way, 10x35, leading to a large central hall, 16x34, at the end of which is a stone fire-place with log mantel. The remainder of this floor is divided into two offices, 14x16, two sleeping apartments, 15x16, and two toilet rooms, 22x26. From the central hall one proceeds by a stairway, on either side of the fire-place, to the upper hall, 18x48^, opening into which, from the front, is the women's reception room, 24x48^, representing a miner's cabin, the fire-place of which is made of metaliferous rock, and the andirons, door latches, etc., are made in imitation of miner's tools. At the rear of the hall is the men's reception room, 27x48^, a hunter's and trapper's cabin, the fire-place of which is of Idaho lava, the andirons made of bear traps and fish spears, the other hardware therein representing Indian weapons, arrows, etc. The entire third floor is one large hall, 48^x50^, intended for special receptions, and contains such articles as ornament the room as well as represent interesting features of the State. The cost of the building is $30,000. ILLINOIS. Following are the members of the Illinois State Board of Commissioners: La Fayette Funk, President, Shirley; David Gore, Vice-President, Carlinville; Wilson C. Garrard, Secretary Chicago; John W. Bunn, Treasurer, Springfield; John P. Reynolds, Director-in-Chief, Chicago; Daniel H. Paddock, Attorney, Kankakee; J. Irving Pearce, Chicago; J. Harley Bradley, Chicago; Wm. Stewart, Chicago; Byron F. Wyman, Sycamore; A. B. Hostetter, Mt. Carroll; Sam- uel Dysart, Franklin Grove; W.D Stryker, Pl'ainfield; John Virgin, Fairbury; D. W. Vittum, Can- ton; E. B. David, Aledo; W. H. Fulkerson, Jerseyville; J. W. Judy, Tallula; S. W. Johns,. Decatur; E. E. Chester, Champaign; James K. Dickirson, Lawrenceville; Edward C. Pace, Ashley; B. Pullen, Centralia; J. M. Washburn, Marion. Illinois Woman's Exposition Board: Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, President, Moline; Mrs. Robert H. Wiles, Vice-President, Freeport; Miss Mary Callahan, Secretary, Robinson; Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart; Mrs. Francis L. Gilbert, Chicago; Mrs. Francine E. Patton, Spring- field; Mrs. Isabella Laning Candee, Cairo; Mrs. Frances Welles Shepard, Chicago. Residents of the city of Chicago appointed by President of the World's Columbian Commis-- sion: Mrs. Bertha M. Honroe Palmer, Lake Shore Drive; Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River Forest; Mrs. James A. Mulligan, 190 Pine street; Frances Dickinson, M. D., 70 State street; Miss Sarah T. Hallowell, Palmer House; Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 328 Dearborn avenue; Mrs. L. Brace Shat- tuck, 5300 Woodlawn avenue; Mrs. Annie C. Meyers, Great Northern Hotel; Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace, 3817 Michigan avenue; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, 1428 Michigan avenue; Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., 24 Groveland Park; Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, 145 Ashland boulevard; Martha H. Ten Eyck, 5704 Madison avenue; Mrs. Margaret Isabelle Sandes, Ravenswood, 111.; Mrs. Leander Stone, 3352 Indiana avenue; Mrs. Gen'l A. L. Chetlain, 543 No. State street; Frances E. Willard, Evanston, III. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart; Mrs. Frances W. Shepard, Chicago. Alternates— Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Moline; Mrs. I. L. Candee, Cairo. National Commission: Charles H. Deere, Moline; Adlai T. Ewing,, Chicago.. Alternates: La Fayette Funk, Shirley; De Witt Smith, Springfield. ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. La Fayette Funk, Illinois. 6. P. J. McMahon, Louisiana. 7. George M. Upshur, Maryland. 12. Joseph H. Brinker, Mississippi. 13. Enoch Strother, Nevada. 2. De Witt Smith, Illinois. 5. Alphonse Le Due, Louisiana. 8. Daniel E. Conkling, Maryland. 11. Fred W. Collins, Mississippi. 14. Richard Ryland, Nevada. 3. M. D. Henry, Kansas. 4. S. H. Lanyon, Kansas. 9. Thomas C. Kurtz, Minnesota. 10. Muret N. Leland, Minnesota. 15. H. C. Carter, North Carolina. LADY MANAGERS, RESIDENTS OF CHICAGO. 1. Mrs. Pottee Palmer. 2. Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. 3. Mrs. James A. Mulligan. 4. Francis Dickinson, M. D. 5. Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace. 6. Mrs. .VIyra Bradwell. 7. Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr. 8. Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 9. Martha H. Ten Eyck. 10. Mrs. Margaret I. Sanders. 11. Mrs. Leander Stone. 12. Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlain. 13. Frances E. Willard. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 79 By far the most pretentious of the structures erected by the several States of the Union stands the Illinois State Building, Being in a sense the host at the Exposition, it was deemed not only proper but requisite that Illinois should make such appropriation and provide such a building as would enable her to perform creditably the, duties of that office. The State appropriated $800,000 and the building cost $250,000. Situated on a high terrace, in one of the most favored spots in Jackson Park, the Illinois Building commands, for nearly a mile to the southward, a view of the beautiful waterway which encircles the great island. The building in the main is 160 feet wide by 450 feet long. On the north, Memorial Hall forms a wing 50 by 75 feet, and on the south another wing, 75 by 123 feet and three sto- ries high, accommodates the executive officers, and in the third story two public halls. The side walls are 47 feet high, while the south wing is 72 feet and the ends 54 feet. Surmounting the building at the center a fine dome, 72 feet in diameter, rises to a height of 235 feet. The building is constructed almost wholly of Illinois material — wood, stone, brick and steel — and is covered with staff artistically treated. The grand entrance faces the waterway to the south, while at the west and north ends are others scarcely less imposing. In front of the entrances are beautiful terraces with balustrades, statues, fountains, flowers, and stone steps leading down to the roadways and lagoon landings. The build- ing is embellished with fine carving and statuary. It is thoroughly lighted, first from the side windows, which are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permit cases to be placed against the walls; second, with skylights placed in the flat roof of the side aisles; and third, with continuous skylights on the ridge of a pitched roof or nave. Ventilation is provided for through windows placed a story above the flat aisle roof and the foot of the sloping roof over the nave. The interior of the structure is appropriately and beautifully ornamented. Me- morial Hall, which is fireproof, has a gallery encircling it, and contains a large and interesting collection of relics and trophies of the war and other periods — all owned by the State. There are also spacious galleries from which an excel- lent survey of the main exhibit hall may be taken. One feature of the Illinois Building w T hich is sure to attract much attention, consists of five model common- school rooms, of high grade, fully equipped and furnished, under the direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Here may be seen an illus- tration of the methods and results of educational work as pursued in the normal universities, the public, technical and art schools, and the high schools of the State; an exhibit by the University of Illinois of the equipment, methods of instruction and achievements of that institution in its several departments, and an exhibit of the educational and industrial work as conducted in the State chari- table institutions. There are no competitive exhibits in the Illinois Building. These are distributed in their proper places in the several Exposition structures. The Illinois Building contains a "collective departmental exhibit for the State, which shall illustrate its natural resources, together with the methods employed and results accomplished by the State in its municipal capacity through its sev- eral departments, boards, commissions, bureaus and other agencies in the work of promoting the moral, educational and material welfare of its inhabitants so far as such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition." There are also collections, correctly classified and labeled, illustrating the natural history and archaeology of the State; an exhibition by the State Fish Commission of native and cultivated live fish, with hatchery and appliances and equipments for trans- portation, models of fishways in use; a special collection of the cultivated prod- ucts in the several branches of agriculture , architectural drawings (with eleva- tions) of every public building erected and now used or maintained in whole or in part by the State ; also maps, charts, diagrams and tables conveying full and accurate information relative to Illinois and its resources. The topographical maps of the State are sure to claim much attention. To the women of Illinois was granted $80,000, or one tenth of the entire appropriation, and also one-tenth THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY of the space in the building. The visitor will doubtless be intensely interested in observing how creditably the women of the State have improved the excep- tional opportunity thus afforded them. ' Nearly the entire State exhibit is confined to the Illinois Building. Except- ing agriculture and floriculture, the exhibit is not represented in the various de- partments, except where private showings are made. It is the only State which follows the example of the Federal Government. The east wing of the building is occupied by the Illinois Board of LadyMan- agers, the north wing is used as a memorial hall and the rest of the structure is devoted to the State exhibit. This is a collective departmental exhibit illustrating the natural resources of the State with the method employed and the results ac- complished by every branch of the State government. A prominent place is given to educational methods, and it may not be out of place here to, say that Illinois votes more money for the purposes of education than any other State in the Union. Visitors to the Exposition will see illustrated just how this money is expended. The State Blind Asylum at Jacksonville maintains a permanent exhibit. There are twelve pupils always^ at work in the building, each one at a different occupation, to illustrate the variety of branches taught. An expert type-writer from the school, operates a machine, and it is just the same as in common use, without raised letters. Some of the most rapid operators in the country are blind and educated by the State. Under the direction of Dr. Raab, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, one room is fitted up as a model school-room of the high grade. As an illustra- tion of the methods and results of educational work of the State the department shows by models the comparison between the smallest school in the rural dis- tricts and the city school of the highest grade and by comparison the progress made in the forty-one years of statehood. One of the galleries is given up to books and charts showing the progress of the work and the number of children taught each year. This is also done with the two normal schools of the State. The State is proud of the University of Illinois, and this institution has been given a very large share of the educational space. It has in all twelve depart- ments, and the work in each is shown. Particular attention is paid to the depart- ments of civil and electrical engineering and the tools used in each. The achieve- ments of the university are shown by charts, and architectural plans explaining the proposed work are exhibited. From the experiment station which the State maintains in conjunction with the Federal Department of Agriculture was sent the results of the various trials which have been successful and those which have failed. The idea of sending the failures is that they may act as an educational exhibit for the benefit of those interested in the science of agriculture as well as to show wherein it has failed and invite conference as to the probable cause of the failure. The agricultural exhibit of the State is very large, for this is one of the ban- ner agricultural States of the Union. Illinois, with the exception of California, is the largest State in the Union running north and south. California has an equable climate, while Illinois, being mid-continental and subject to no influence by large bodies of water, is subject to all the winds that blow, from a semi-tropi- cal breeze at Cairo to a semi-arctic blizzard at Chicago. This naturally gives the State a much larger variety of climate than many others. The exhibit of these resources showing the widely different conditions of the State are classi- fied into agriculture, horticulture and floriculture. Each department has a full and complete exhibit and it starts in with the earliest products at the extreme south. As the season advances the commissioners will place on tables the largest products of the two, the farm and the flower garden. These will be renewed every week so that the exhibits will always have a fresh look and on that account be more attractive. This State fixes the standard of grain for the world and under the direction of the State Grain Inspection Department the Commissioners illustrate the entire WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. «1 system of inspecting grain as established by the Railroad and Warehouse com- mission. Samples of all the known standards are given. The natural history and archaeological display is very extensive and com- plete. It includes the State's stratigraphical and economic geology. Large glass cases are filled with its soil and subsoil taken from different localities, as well as the useful clays and ores and all products of the mines and quarries. This, in company with illustrations of the State's botany and zoology, occupy a large pavilion in the west wing opposite the forestry section. On first thought many people may think that Illinois has no forestry, but that is an error, 'ihe prairies which are so productive in the growth of grain also grow trees, and arboriculture has become a strong industry. A rustic pavilion has been made of all the different woods grown in the State, and the specimens furnishing mate- rial for the pavilion have been selected specially with a view to the exhibit fea- ture of its construction. Inside the pavilion are finished samples, showing the varied uses to which the woods of the State are put, and the collective display will surprise the people who imagine the soil of the State will raise nothing but corn-stalks. When it comes to corn-stalks, though, Illinois is somewhere very near the head of the procession. In the northwest corner of the building is a pavilion built of stalks. The uprights were grown in a cornfield and the very roof is a thatch of stalks. All the decoration is typical, from the silky tassels that serve for frieze and dado, to the corn in the ear, arranged in fantastic designs and color combinations. The smallest pop-corn nubbin and the biggest ear of river bottom corn are in the aggregation. The State Fisheries Department is also well represented. The commission- ers show in four large tanks all the native and propagated fish alive, together with the hatcheries system and the appliances used in transportation. In the very center of the building is the great relief map of the State cast in plaster of Paris. It is made on a scale of two miles to the horizontal inch and 500 feet to the vertical inch. That gives it a length of seventeen feet, width nine feet. It has taken fourteen engineers nearly a year to prepare the drawings, but it is of great value because of its topographical accuracy. Among other things the new map shows that the best map in existence before this was begun had 1,382 errors and discrepancies. The north wing of the building is used as a memorial hall. All of the relics of the State are shown there, including the flags carried by the State soldiers during the late Civil War. Of the original appropriation of $800,000 of the State to meet the expenses -of the exhibits and building, the Woman's Board got $80,000. They occupy the east wing of the building and display a great variety of things from the model farm of the State, which is owned and operated by a woman, to industrial and art works. The women of the State have responded promptly to the call for specimens of this work of every nature, and the rooms are filled with paintings, relics and the manufactured products. From the exhibit made by the Illinois Women's Board three objects have been attained: First, the board shows to the world samples of the work done by the women of Illinois; second, Illinois women see the best methods and results in all the common and everyday duties of life; and, third, the exhibit familiar- izes the women of the State with the new avenues of activity and the broadening opportunities for self-advancement and self-support opened to them. In order to accomplish this great task efficiently the board was organized with Mrs. Gould as president, Mrs. Robert W. Wiles, of Freeport, as vice^ president, and Miss Mary Callahan, ot Robioson, as secretary. The work was subdivided and attended to by the following committees: Committee on Literature, including books, newspapers and magazines, Mrs. Francis L. Gilbert, of Chicago, Chairman. Historical and Scientific Collections, Miss Callahan, Chairman. Decorative Art, including ceramics, wood-carving, plain and ornamental needle work, Mrs. H. H, Candee, of Cairo, Chairman. , 82 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY Fine Art, including sculpture, oil and water colors, etchings and pastels, Mrs. Henry M Shepard, of Chicago, Chairman. Domestic Science, including pantry stores, model kitchen and dining-room, Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, of Elkhart, Chairman. Practical Arts, including inventions, designs and manufactures, Mrs. Wiles, Chairman. Educational, Charitable, and Professional Work, Mrs. Francione E. Patton, of Springfield,. Chairman. Music and Dramatic Art, Mrs. Gould, Chairman. Clubs were formed in every county in the State, which had the effect of arousing enthusiasm in the State exhibit. The part of the Illinois Buildings assigned to women has been handsomely decorated by paintings, plastic reliefs, etc., by several of the accomplished women artists of the State. The artists assisting were: Miss Caroline D. Wade, Mrs. Marie^K. Lusk, Miss Helen B. Gregory, Miss Alice D. Kel logg, Miss Pauline A. Dohn, Miss Anna W. Jones, Mrs. Mary F. Means and Miss D. Gerow. In the library has been placed the volumes written by Illinois women. Names of more than 150 Illinois authors appear in the collection. The Historical and Scientific Committee makes an exhibit contrasting the work and manner of life of the women in the first years of the State's existence with that of the present, and shows the advance made. This is done by means of relics of different kinds, articles worn in early times, books and pictures. Kas- kaskia, the oldest town in the Mississippi valley and first capital of the State, was rich in relics to any one who would seek for them in old garrets or ware- houses. Many articles which have been preserved with care were, through the earnest solicitation of Miss Callahan, secretary of the committee, finally secured for the Illinois exhibit. They had been sought for the Centennial and New Orleans and Paris expositions, but never before have they been exhibited. One of the oldest and most interesting relics is the bell taken from the church of the old Catholic mission. It still hangs in the church tower, but is never used. The mission was established by Father Marquette, who preached the first sermon to the Indians. In 1782 Father Gravier built the first church. The interior of the present church is that old mission structure, made modern by improvements, but still left intact. The silver service, bell, vestments and pictures were presented by the King of France, Louis XIV. The bell is inscribed: "To the Church of Illinois." On the opposite surface is the cross. The old hotel in which Lafay- ette was banqueted still stands, and one part of it is used as a dwelling. From the room used as the banquet hall in 1825 a carved ebony mantel has been taken out and placed in the exhibit, with the brass andirons that were used in the fire- place; also several pieces of china from the same house. Portraits of the first executive and his wife, Governor and Mrs. Bond, are in the collection, which are loaned by their grandson; the old family Bible, a silver ladle, and a silver urn made from coin given by the soldiers from old Fort Vincennes to the servants for milk, butter and eggs. The house is entirely gone, and where it stood now flow the waters of the Kaskaskia. The grandson of old Pierre Minard, who was first lieutenant-governor, made a valuable loan. The old gentleman lived in princely style. All the furniture of his mansion was bought in France. In the collection is a cherry table, a mahogany bureau with swell front and plain col- umns, and a pier glass from the carved ebony mantel. A picture of the house in which the first legislature was held will be shown. It was the first brick house in the Mississippi valley, and the bricks were brought from Pittsburg on flatboats down the Ohio and up the Mississippi. Sangamon county sends many interest- ing things from the Lincoln home. Among them is the table cloth used at the wedding breakfast of Lincoln, and now preserved by a niece of Mrs. Lincoln, Also the ball dresses warn by Mrs. Lincoln at the first and second inaugural balls. Jo Daviess county sends the saddle in which Grant rode during the war, and the lantern he carried with his equipments. In the scientific department Miss Nettie Ayers, who is assistant in the Uni- versity of Illinois at Champaign and the only woman bacteriologist, has a work- ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Timothy E. Collins, Montana. ti. Rush Strong, Tennessee. 7. Wm. L. May, Nebraska. 12. Asa S. Mercer, Wyoming. 13. John K. Halt.ock, Pennsylvania. 2. Wm. S. Hall, Alabama. 5. S. A. Ramsay, South Dakota. 8. Jno. Lauterbach, Nebraska. 11. Chas. B. Eddy. New Mexico. 14. Louis C. Feterd, New Mexico. 3. Jos. W. McNeal, Oklahoma. 4. Jas. Roosevelt, New York. 9. Jas. H. Breslin, New York. 10. Geo. A. Macbeth, Pennsylvania. 15. Dudley W. Adams, Florida. ALTERNATE COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Charles Crane, Utah. 6. Geo. F. Cummin, Washington 7. John W. Clark, Georgia. 12. Erss D. Stephens, California. 13- Fred'k S. Fish, New Jersey. 2. Clarence B. Bagley, Washington. 5. Chas. F. Brooker, Connecticut. 8. J. M. TlNDAL, South Carolina. 11. John Hayes, Ioiva. 14. Wm. M. Ferry, Utah. 3. John J. McCormick, Wyoming. 4. Frank E. Kaley. New Hampshire. y. H. H. Logan, Arizona. 10. Clark S. Edwards, Maine. 15. Chas. H. Stanley, North Dakota. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 83 ing exhibit. She will separate the microbes from water and vegetables, and show the practical working of this department. Six statues in staff have been placed on the wall space between the lofty- windows in the main exhibit gallery. The statues are eight feet in height, repre- senting heroic size, and illustrate Faith, Justice, Maternity, Art, Charity and Lit- erature. The six women sculptors who did this work are, Mrs. Ellen Copp, Miss Taft, Miss Bessie O. Potter, Miss Caroline Brooks, Miss Scudder and Miss Blacken. A kindergarten department will be conducted in the large room at the east end of the building, and the management has been placed in the hands of the Chicago Froebel and Free associations. The plan arranges for a kindergarten to be conducted during the six months of the Exposition as a part both of the educational exhibit and the women's exhibit of the State of Illinois in the State Building. The class will number fifty children, to be cared for by a director and two paid assistants. The daily session will occupy the morning hours. Some person competent to answer questions relative to the philosophy of the kinder- garten will be present both during and after the session. Further instruction will be furnished by an afternoon course of talks or lectures. Other departments of interest in which many women are engaged have exhibits, such as the work of women farmers; an exhibit of designing; specimens of wall-paper, textile fabrics, stained glass, embossed leather executed by women. Beside these two hundred and eighty-four patents have been issued to Illinois women. A complete set of copies of all these patents, together vVith models of as many of them as are given inventors, are shown in the exhibit. The fish exhibit of the State is also made in the Illinois Building, the collec- tion comprising about one hundred and thirty-nine species of fish. They are all suspended by a silken cord in glass jars of alcohol. The collections of darter and minnows is very interesting and they range in size, full grown, from one inch to six inches, comprising about thirty-two species. There are eleven species of cat- fish, including four species of stone-cats. One species, the gambusia, brings forth its young alive. This fish is found in the southern portion of the State. An odd looking specimen is the mufnejaw. It has a thick, knotty looking head and puffed-up jaws. This fish attains the length of five inches. It is found princi- pally in the southern part of the State. The spoon-bill or shovel-cat has a broad, flat upper mandible which projects forward about the length of the rest of its body. This species is found in the lakes and large rivers. INDIANA. Following are the members of the Indiana State Board of Commissioners: Gov. Claude Mathews, Indianapolis; Clem. Studebaker, President, South Bend; Charles B. Stuart, Yice-Presi dent, La Fayette; William B. Roberts, Secretary, Indianapolis; Fred J. Hayden, Treas,. urer, Fort Wayne; B. F. Havens, Executive Commissioner, Terre Haute; Robert Mitchell- Princeton; Philip W. Frey, Evansville; Joseph Wilson, Washington; Royal E. Purcell, Yin- cennes; Jaspar Packard, New Albany; Sidney Conger, Flat Rock; Cortez Ewing, Greensburg; Edward Hawkins, Indianapolis; Daniel H. Davis, Knightsville; John G. Dunbar. Greencastle; D. J. Mendenhall, Westfield; J. V. Sweetser, Marion; J. M. Westcott, Richmond; Thomas Hart, Muncie; W. N. Hailman, La Porte; B. F. Louthain, Logansport; J. B. White, Fort Wayne; John L. Campbell, Crawfordsville; John B. Conner. Indianapolis; V. K. Officer, Volga; S. S. Gorby, Indianapolis; W. A. Peele, Jr., Indianapolis; Mrs. May Wright Sewell, Indianapolis; Mrs. S. S. Harrell, Brookville; Mrs. Laura D. Worley, Elletsville; Mrs. E. P. Hammond, Rensselaer. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, Evansville; Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, Cambridge City. Alternates: Miss Susan W. Ball, Terre Haute; Miss Mary H. Krout, Crawfordsville. National Commission: Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville; Elijah B. Martindale, Indianapolis. Alternates: William E. McLean, Terre Haute; Charles M. Travis, Crawfordsville. The Indiana Building is one of the most attractive, convenient and com- fortable of all the State buildings. In the matter of space, Indiana has secured good sized sections in all the main buildings. The State building is situated north of the Woman's building and next to the building of Wisconsin. From the western veranda the hoosier visitors may enjoy a beautiful view of the 84 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY wooded islands, the lagoon, the Illinois Building and nearly all the main struc- tures. It is French Gothic in design with cathedral windows, turrets and towers. Two large towers with spires, one at either side raising above the roof of the ■estreme point, are about 150 feet from the ground. The dimensions, including a veranda 20 feet wide with two floors extending entirely around the building, are 53x152 feet; height three stories and general appearance very massive. The towers are constructed of Colitic limestone brought from the Indiana quarries. The building is covered with staff. The entrance steps, balustrades and door- ways are of handsome carved patterns of stone and make a fine display. The lower story floor is eneaustic tile of handsome pattern. Broad carved oak stair- ways lead from the lower floor into the towers of the building. The entire finish and the doors are of native quartered oak, carved and highly polished. On the first and second floors a wide hall extends through from one tower to the other, separating the office, parlors, reception and toilet rooms from the assembly room on the first floor, and the reading and writing room on the second floor, from the ladies' parlors, reception and toilet rooms in the north part of the building. On the ground floor is a parlor for women, with check and toilet rooms; a parlor for men, with check and toilet rooms. The assembly room on the lower floor is in the form of a half circle, or an immense bay window, and is used for the general reception room. On the second floor is a reading and writ- ing room for the use of the general public, the women's private office and recep- tion room, the office of the president, the State board and the executive com- missioner. On the third story, over the main assembly room, is a large room suitable for a lunch room. The building cost $75,000. The State paid upon it about $50,000. The balance was raised by contributions throughout the State in the way of material in construction and was solicited and obtained through the efforts of executive commissioner Havens. Chicago parties have been quite liberal in this matter and have donated material to the amount of $2,500. The balance of the con- tributions were raised in the State of Indiana. IOWA. Following are the members of the Iowa State Board of Commissioners: President, James O. Crosby, Gamavillo; Vice-President, John F. Duncombe, Fort Dodge; Treasurer, Wm. Hamil- ton Dent, Le Mars; Secretary, F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls. Executive Committee: S. H. Mallory, Chariton; S. B. Packard, Marshalltown; H. W. Seaman, Clinton; Henry Stivers, Des Moines; Charles Ashton, Guthrie Center; J. W. Jarnagin, Montezuma; A. C. Roberts, Fort Madison. State Board of Lady Managers: President, Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids; Vice-Pres- ident, Mrs. N. C. Deering, Osage* Secretary, Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mount Pleasant; Treasurer, Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque; Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, Bloomfield; Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, Des Moines; Mrs. Orry H. Salts, Corning; Mrs. L. O. Ferson, Council Bluffs; Mrs. John F. Dun- . combe, Fort Dodge; Mrs. A. M. Ainsworth, Onawa; Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Davenport. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, Des Moines; Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids. Alternates: Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, Council Bluffs; Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque. National Commission: W. F. King, Mt. Vernon; Joseph Eibceck, Des Moines. Alternates: John Hayes, Red Oak; Charles E. W 7 hiting, Whiting. The Iowa Building is undoubtedly one of the handsomest of the state build- ings, and the decorations of the ceiling and walls of the main hall in corn and grasses is one of the most unique and attractive pieces of art work on the grounds. Scenes emblematic of agricultural, pastoral, mining and other pursuits are faithfully portrayed and are similar to those shown in the famous Corn Pal- ace exhibitions in Sioux City. The structure is on the west side of the " Jackson Park Shelter" which belongs to the Park Commissioners, and serves as a receptacle for the State exhibit. The Iowa Building is 60x100 feet in size and two stories high. It is in wood and staff, with towers and roof corresponding to the "Shelter," so that the two structures combine harmoniously after the style of a French chateau, forming a very picturesque effect. On the first floor are found reception rooms for men and women, commissioners' offices, committee rooms WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 85 postoffice, writing and baggage rooms. On the second floor are the assembly hall, photographic exhibit, reading and reporters' rooms. The building cost #35,000. KANSAS. Following are the members of the Kansas State Board of Commissioners; M. W. Cobun, President, Great Bend; L. P. King, Vice-President, Tannehill; Mrs. A. M. Clark, Secretary, Mankato; T. J. Anderson, Treasurer, Topeka; Geo. W. Glick, Atchison; A.P.Collins, Salina; H. H. Kern, Bonner Springs. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Jennie S. Mitchell, Topeka; Mrs. Hester A. Hanback, Topeka. Alternates: Mrs. Sara Blair Lynch, Leavenworth; Mrs. Jane H. Haynes, Tort Scott. National Commission: Charles K. Holiday, Jr., Topeka; J. R. Burton, Abilene. Alternates: M. D. Henry, Independence; S. H. Lanyon, Pittsburg. The ground plan of*the Kansas Building is irregular. It approaches a square, one side being straight, and the other three forming irregular angles. It has a ground area of 135x138 feet. It is two stories high, built of frame and staff, and is surmounted by an elliptical glass dome. The main exhibition hall occupies nearly all of the first floor, and extends through to the glass dome A balcony, from the second story, overhangs the main entrance on the south, and a second balcony extends around the base of the dome. The north end of the main floor is occupied by a natural history collection. There are also offices for the boards of commissioners on the first floor. Four flights of stairs lead to the second floor, where are rooms for the women's exhibits, a school exhibit, and parlors for the men and women. The building cost $25,000. KENTUCKY. Following are the members of the Kentucky State Board of Commissioners: W. H. Dulaney, President, Louisville; John W. Yerkes, Secretary, Danville; John D. Clardy, Newstead; James D. Black, Barboursville; A. D. James, Penrod; William R. Smith, Lexington; Zephania Meek, Catlettsburg; Mrs. Sue P. Brown, Owensboro; Miss Ida E. Symmes, Louisville; Miss Lucy Lee Hill, Lexington. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Jean W. Faulkner, Lancaster; Mrs. A. C. Jack- son, Covington. Alternates: Mrs. Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort; Mrs. Alice B. Castleman, Louisville. National Commission: John Bennett, Richmond; Harvey Myers, Covington. Alternates: David N. Comingore, Covington; John S Morris, Louisville. The Kentucky State Building is typical of the Southern Colonial style, as distinguished from the New England, and suggests the better class of old Ken- tucky homesteads. The size of the building, exclusive of porches, is 75x90 feet, and in the center of the principal facade, under the covered porch, is the main entrance. To the left-hand side of the entrance, communicating with the lobby, is the parcel and check room and postoffice, while directly opposite is the office of the secretary, in connection with which is a smaller room used as an informa- tion bereau. The lobby opens on the great hall 35x40 feet in size, at the end of which is a wide stairway leading up to the second-story gallery. Under the wide platform in the center of the hall is the entrance to the dining-room. This plat- form is located midway between the two stories, and the greater part of this hall extends to the roof, with galleries around the second-story overlooking the first. On the left-hand side of the hall in a recess is placed the great hall fireplace. The mantel is 14 feet wide and the fireplace opening itself 8 feet, where great yule logs may be burnt. The ladies' parlors are on the left hand side of the building opening into the reception hall. The principal parlor is 20x36 feet, and communicates with the check-room and postoffice. On the right-hand side of the hall opposite the ladies' quarters are the gentlemen's parlors, the same size as the ladies' parlors, with a smoking room attached. Adjoining the main hall and smoking-room is a side entrance hall, upon which the men's toilet room opens. The dining hall is 20x40 feet, abundantly lighted and with a deeply recessed alcove for the fireplace, immediately opposite the entrance to the hall. This dining-room communicates with the necessary serving-rooms, store-room, kitchen and servants' bed-rooms. The second floor is a gallery 8 feet wide, around three ~ides of the onen lis'ht-weii, which extends from the first floor to THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY the top of the building, where it is roofed over with an obscured glass ceiling or sky-light. Extending across the entire front of the building, and opening on the wide gallery, are arranged three exhibition rooms, two of which are 20x27 f eet > and the third 20x23 feet. On the right hand side, on this floor, is the commis- sioners' room communicating with the main gallery, and also a private hall and stairway leading to the first floor. With this hall are connected two sleeping rooms and bath-rooms for the use of the commissioners. On the opp )site side of the building is the lady commissioners' committee room, and alsc a store room, where packing cases, chairs, etc., can be stored. The three exhibition rooms are arranged so that they can be thrown together and form an assembly room. The interior is furnished in white or old ivory. The structure cost $18,000. LOUISIANA. Following are the members of the Louisiana State Board of Commissioners: A. A.Woods, President, New Orleans; jos. A. Shakespeare, Vice-President, New Orleans; Robert Bleakley, Secretary, Chamber of Commerce Building, New Orleans; James M. Pagaud, Jr., Treasurer, New Orleans; John C Wickliffe, State Commissioner; Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans; A, Brittin, New Orleans; John Dymond, New Orleans; L. M. Finley, New Orleans, Lewis Johnson, New Orleans. . Ladies' Auxiliary Board: Mrs. Belle H. Perkins; Mrs. Scott McGehee, Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Jos. Oglesby, Secretary; Mrs. W. W. Carre, Treasurer. National Board Lady Managers: Miss K. L. Minor, Houma; Mrs. Belle A. Perkins, New- Orleans. Alternates: Mrs B. S. Leathers. New Orleans; Mrs. W. W. Carre, New Orleans. National Commission: Davidson B. Penn, New Orleans; Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. Alternates: Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans; P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. The Louisiana State Building is in the Colonial style and is an imitation of the old fashioned Creole homes of the Pelican State. It has a frontage of 66 feet, depth 56 feet, is two stories high with piazzas to both floors on parts of three sides. The first story is 14 feet in the clear, second story 13 feet. The building is finished in natural woods — principally cypress and white pine. The interior contains on the ground floor a large hall, off which is ranged reception rooms, dining room and smoking room. The second story contains a large exhibition room which communicates with smaller exhibition rooms and ladies' parlor. Retiring rooms and lavatories have been provided on both»floors. The building cost $18,000. MAINE. Following are the members of the Maine State Board of Commissioners: Hall C. Burleigh, President, Vassalboro; Henry Ingalls, Vice-President, Wiscasset; Eva A. Parcher, Secretary, Saco; Jas. A. Boardman, Treasurer, Bangor; Chas. P. Mattocks, Executive Commissioner, Port- land; Clark S. Edwards, Bethel; Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan; Wm. G. Davis, Portland; D. J. Callahan, Lewiston; Jos. P. Bass, Bangor; Mrs. Kate May Andrews, Lewiston; Mrs. Lucinda M. Bellows, Freedom; Mrs. Agnes C. Paul, Fort Fairfield. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. E. C. Burleigh, Augusta; Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, Portland. Alternates: Mrs. Sarah H. Bixby, Skowhegan; Miss Helen M. Staples, Hanover. National Commission: Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan; William G. Davis, Portland. Alternates: James A. Boardman, Bangor; Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. The Maine State Building is octagonal in form, with a ground area of 65 feet square. It is two stories in height, the roof surmounted by a lantern in the cen- ter, and four corner towers. The first story is of granite. The exterior finish of the rest of the building is in wood and staff. The roof is cf slate. The central tower or lantern is 86 feet to its highest point. While the first story is octagonal in form, the second story presents but four sides, each with a loggia opening to the rooms within. The second-story floor overhangs the first story one foot. The main entrance of these arched doorways faces the southeast. Over it pro- jects a boat's bow, in staff. Within the entrance is an octagonal rotunda, open to the roof line, its ceiling being an ornamental colored skylight. On the first floor entrance is had to the fine parlors and reception rooms, designed for men and women, toilet rooms, and two commissioners' rooms. A railed gallery extends entirely around the rotunda, which gives a complete view of the building GROVER CLEVELAND. PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. * *4 ADLAI STEVENSON, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 87 to the visitors. The interior finishing is very handsome, being done in hardwood. The granite and roof slate used in construction, the skylight in the rotunda, and the mantels over the fire-places are all the products of the State of Maine, and are donated by manufacturers. The building cost #22,000. MARYLAND. Following are the members of the Maryland State Board of Commissioners: Gov. Frank Brown, President, Baltimore; Hon. F. C. Latrobe, Vice-President, Baltimore; J. Olney Norris, Secretary, Baltimore; Otis C. Brownley, Assistant Secretary, Havre de Grace; Frank S. Ham- bleton, Treasurer, Baltimore; Wm. H. Love, Recording and Financial Secretary, Baltimore; George L. McCahan, Executive Commissioner, Baltimore; Chas. T. Davis, Assistant Executive Commissioner, Baltimore; Hon. Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace, Harford county; David Hutzler, Baltimore; Frank N. Hoen, Baltimore; John R. Bland, Baltimore; H. H. Dashiell, Princess Anne; Frank R. Scott, Elkton; James T. Perkins, Springfield; Prince George's county. Committee on Woman's Work: Mrs. Wm. Reed, Baltimore, Chairman; Mrs. Elihu E. Jackson, Salisbury; Mrs. Chas. M. Ellis, Elkton; Mrs. John Ritchie, Frederick; Mrs. Alexander Neill, Hagerstown; Miss Isabel Hampton, Baltimore; Miss Henrietta Szold, Baltimore; Miss M. E. Richmond, Baltimore; Miss Elizabeth King, Baltimore; Mrs. Henry Stockbridge, Balti- more. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. William Reed, Baltimore; Mrs. Alexander Thomp- son, Mt. Savage. Alternates: Mrs. J. W. Patterson, Baltimore; Miss Eloise Rorman, Cumberland. National Commission: James Hodges, Baltimore; Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. Alter- nates: George M. Upshur, Snow Hill; Daniel E. ConkHng, Baltimore. The Maryland Building is near the lake and opposite the Virginia Building. It is a handsome structure and is divided into reception hall, ladies' toilet, ladies' parlor, exhibition hall, woman's department, bureau of information and main exhibition hall, beside spacious porches on the first floor. Gents' toilet, office, smoking room, reading room and three parlors which communicate constitute the second floor, and a gallery overlooking the main exhibition hall is entered from this floor. The flat deck roofs of porches and buildings offer fine points of van- tage for overlooking the grounds of the World's Fair. MASSACHUSETTS. Following are the members of the Massachusetts State Board of World's Fair Managers: Gen. Francis A. Walker, Chairman, Boston; Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Cambridge; Miss Anna L. Dawes, Pittsfield; Hon. Edward Burnett, Southboro; E. C. Hovey, Secretary and Execu- tive Commissioner, Brookline. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Jonas H. French, Boston; Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea. Alternates: Miss Mary Crease Sears, Boston; Mrs. A. F. Palmer, Cambridge. National Commission: Francis W. Breed, Lynn; Thos. E. Proctor, Boston. Alternates: George P. Ladd, Spencer; Charles E. Adams, Lowell. The Massachusetts Building is in the Colonial style, and is largelv a repro- duction of the historic John Hancock residence, which, until the year 1867, stood on Beacon Hill, Boston, near the State capitol. The building is three stories high, surmounted in the center by a cupola. The exterior is of staff, in imitation of cut granite. It follows the lines of the old house sufficiently faithful to recall the original to the minds of those who have seen it. Like the original, it is sur- rounded by a terrace, raised above the street, and has in front and on one side a fore-court, filled with old-fashioned flowers and foliage, in keeping with the char- acter of the building. It is approached by two flights of steps — one leading from the street to the terrace, the other from the court to the house. The main entrance opens to a spacious, well-studded hallway, with a tiled floor. Facing the entrance is a broad, Colonial staircase, leading to the second floor. An old- fashioned, bull's-eye window gives light to the stairway. On the right of the hall is a large room, constituting a registration room, postoffice and general reception room. The fittings and furnishings of this room are unique. Its marble floor, its tiled walls, its uncovered beams, and its high mantel recall the old Dutch rooms found in Western Massachusetts, as well as in New York and Pennsylvania. On the left of the front door, or main entrance, are two large parlors, which, when thrown together, form a room 80 by 25 feet in size. The front parlor is furnished by the Essex Institute, of Salem, an old historical society. The back parlor is more especially a reading room for men. The second floor is given over almost btf THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY entirely to the use of women. There is a large and a smaller parlor, and two bedrooms for the use of the women's board. The entire floor is furnished in old- fashioned furniture, and in the bedrooms are four-post bedsteads. On the third floor are rooms for servants. A liberty pole, 85 feet high, stands in the fore- court, and a gilded codfish serves as a vane on the top of the cupola. The build- ing cost $65,000, MICHIGAN. Following are the members of the Michigan State Board of Commissioners: Isaac M. Weston, President, Grand Rapids; Eugene H. Belden, Vice-President, Horton; Mark W. Stevens, Secretary, Flint; James W Flynn, Treasurer, Detroit; Gov. John T. Rich, Lansing; Mrs. Julia A. Pond, Hillsdale; Mrs. J. S. Valentine, Lansing; Peter White, Marquette. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Eliza J. P. Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angell, Ann Arbor. Alternates: Mrs. Frances P. Burrows, Kalamazoo; Miss Anna M. Cutcheon, Detroit. National Commission: M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo; George H. Barbour, Detroit. Alter- nates: Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids; Lyman D. Norris, Grand Rapids. The Michigan State Building is 100x140 feet; is three stories high and has a square shaped tower in the front center with an observatory on the top. A long gallery extends clear across the front. On the first floor are the adminis- tration offices, reception rooms, reading rooms, and ladies' parlors. On the sec- ond floor are two large exhibition halls for Michigan relics, and native curiosities, assembly halls, and a room for board meetings. On the third floor are the living rooms for the secretary of State and his family, and employes of the State com- mission. The building is constructed entirely of native material. The Legisla- ture of Michigan appropriated $20,000 for their State Exposition Building, but most of the materials were contributed so that the structure as it stands repre- sents an outlay of $50,000. The prominent features of the exhibition are fruits, agricultural products, iron, copper, salt and other minerals, lumber, fish, furni- ture and other manufactures, and education. MINNESOTA. Following are the members of the Minnesota State Board of Commissioners: D. A. Mon- fort, President, St. Paul; J. La Due, Vice-President, Luyerne; C. McC. Reeve, Secretary, Minne- apolis; J.J. Furlong, Treasurer, Austin; A. L. Ward, Fairmont; George N. Lamphere, Moorhead; Gov. Knute' Nelson, ex-officio, St. Paul; O. V. Tousley, ex-officio, Minneapolis; H. B. Moore, ex-officio, Duluth; L. P. Hunt, Superintendent State Exhibit, Mankato. Women's Auxiliary Board: Mrs. F. B. Clarke, President, St. Paul; Mrs. F. M. Greenleaf, Vice-President, Minneapolis; Mrs. A. A. White, Treasurer, Moorhead; Miss Mamie Dasse, Sec- retarv. St. Paul; Mrs. Henry F. Brown, Minneapolis; Mrs. A. T. Stebbins, Rochester; Mrs. L. P. Hunt, Mankato; Mrs. Francis M. Crosby, Hastings; Mrs. Henry Hasenwinkle, St. Paul; Mrs. George Forsyth, Brainerd. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. F. B. Clarke, St. Paul; Mrs. H. F. Brown, Minneapolis. Alternates: Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis; Mrs. M. M. Williams, Little Falls. National Commission: H. B. Moore, Duluth; Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. Alternates: Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorhead; Muret N. Leland, Wells. The Minnesota Building is designed in the Italian renaissance style, two stories high, with a mezzanine story in the rear. The frame is of wood, covered with staff. The roof is of Spanish tile. The ground dimensions are 78x91 feet. The main entrance is On the south. In the recess within the entrance is a sculpt- ural group, symbolizing the legend of Minnehaha and Hiawatha. On the first floor is the exhibition hall, 52x78 feet, a postofrlce, baggage and ticket rooms, and superintendent's room. The main stairway is in the rear, opposite the entrance, and on the landing, half-way up, is a semi-cicrcular bay alcove, lighted with large glass windows. On the second floor is a reception hall, 30x33 feet, parlors and retiring rooms for men and women, and a committee room. In the mezza- nine story are four bedrooms and two bath-rooms. The interior walls are plas- tered, decorated in fresco, in plain tints, and finished in pine. The women's rooms have color decorations done by women of the State. The building cost $30,000. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 89 MISSISSIPPI. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. James W. Lee, Aberdeen; Mrs. John M. Stone, Jackson. Alternates: Mrs. George M. Buchanan, Holly Springs; Miss Varina Davis, Beauvoir. National Commission: Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi; Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. Alter- nates: Fred W. Collins, Summit; Joseph H. Brinker, West Point. The Mississippi Legislature refused to pass an appropriation bill, hence that State has no building nor State Board of Commissioners. MISSOURI. Following are the members of the Missouri State Board of Commissioners: N. H. Gentry, President, Sedalia; Nathan Frank, Vice-President, St. Louis; Wm. Dawson, Secretary, New Madrid; Dr. E. McD. Coffey, Treasurer, Platte City; Charles W. Green, Brookfield; H. H, Gregg, Joplin; Hugh J. McGowan, Kansas City; J. K. Gwynn, Executive Commissioner, St. Louis. Ladies' Auxiliary Board: Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City; Mrs. J. N. Edwards, St. Joseph; Mrs. Teresa B. Adams, St. Louis; Mrs. S. P. Sparks, Warrensburg; Mrs. M. J. Phelps, Spring' field; Mrs. J. J. Russell. Charleston. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Phoebe Couzins, St. Louis; Miss Lillian M, Brown, Kirkwood. Alternates: Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City; Mrs. A. L. Y. Orff, St. Louis. National Commission: Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City; Charles H. Jones, St. Louis, Alternates: O. H. Picher, Joplin; R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. The ground plan of the Missouri Building is square, with a quarter circle taken out of the southeast corner, to correspond with the form of the juncture of the two avenues on which it faces. To the south is the Art Building, and to the east, across the avenue, is Pennsylvania's building. The building is 86x86 feet, two stories high. In the front, and over the main entrance, is an elliptical dome, 70 feet high, flanked by smaller octagonal domes, 48 feet high. The main entrance, which is in the southeast corner of'the building, facing both avenues, is of cut brown stone from the quarries of Warrensburg, Mo. The balance of the structure is frame, covered with staff, and the columns and pilasters are of the same material. Within the main entrance is a rotunda, with a mosaic tile floor. On either side of the main entrance are minor entrances, the one on the left leading to the headquarters of Western Missouri and Kansas City, and the one on the right leading to the headquarters of Eastern Missouri and St. Louis, Within the rotunda are the telegraph office and the postoffice, occupying the space under the octagonal dome. On either side of the rotunda is a fountain. On the left of the rotunda are two exhibit rooms 30x20 feet and 28x17 feet. On the right is a journalists' room, a reading-room, a library, and a bureau of infor- mation. Entrance is had to the rotunda from all of these rooms by tiled halls. Two flights of stairs, very handsome, in red and white oak, lead to the second floor. A promenade balcony with a marble floor overhangs the main entrance, A large auditorium room, irregular in shape, occupies the center and larger por- tion of the second floor. The southeast bay is occupied by a parlor and reading room for women, the southwest bay by a similar room for men. There are toilet rooms, and a committee room, and a special room for the Governor of Missouri. On the balcony floor are six bed-rooms, three in each bay, and a kitchen. The building contains thirty-two rooms. It is very handsome, and richly ornamented. The glass is all plate. This plate glass, as well as the tile for the roof and flooring, the plumbing, and the cut stone, is donated by Missouri manufacturers. The building cost $50,000. MONTANA. Following are the members of the Montana State Board of Commissioners: Stephen DeWolfe, President, Butte; Allen R. Joy, Vice-President, Livingston; James G. Ramsay, Secretary, Helena, David G. Browne, Treasurer, Fort Benton; W. M. Bickford, Executive Commissioner Missoula; Phil Lovell, Dillon; Herbert O. Chowen, Great Falls; C. R. Middleton, Miles City; Alf, J. Stephens, Lewistown; Wm. M. Nevitt, Bozeman; Thomas Joyes, Boulder; A. J. Davidson, Helena; D. A. Pease, Twin Bridges; Wm. H. Sutherlin, White Sulphur Springs; George M, Hays, Billings; George W. Morse, New Chicago. - National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, Spotted Horse; Mrs. J. Er Rickards, Butte. Alternates: Mrs. M. D. Cooper, Bozeman; Mrs. L. E. Howey, Helena. £0 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY National Commission: L. H. Hershfield, Helena; Dr. A. H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge. Alter- nates: B. F. White, Dillon; T. E. Collins, Great Falls. The Montana Building is in the Romanesque style of architecture, one story in height, and cost $20,000. It has a ground area of 62 feet front by 113 deep. The structure is frame, covered with staff, the interior being ornamented with heavy, projecting pilasters, with Roman caps and bases and Roman arches. The roof is of tin and canvas, and the building is surmounted by a glass dome 22 feet in diameter and 38 feet high. The front of the building, facing the south, pre- sents two side wings, with a large arched entrance in the center. The fronts of the wings are ornamented with heavy, scrolled pediments. The entrance arch is 12x12 feet, supported by heavy columns. Within is the vestibule, with marble floor and ceiling paneled in staff. It presents a series of three arched doorways, the center one opening into the rotunda under the dome, the side doors leading to the men's and women's parlors. On either side of the entrance arch are bal- ustrades, enclosing the vestibule. Flanking the arch are two panels, 4x5 feet in size, one bearing the State motto, "Oro y Plata" — gold and silver — and the other, " 1893," in Roman figures. These panels are in pure sheet gold. Above the entrance arch, and practically on the roof of the building, is the figure of an .elk, of heroic size, cast in staff. The interior is finished in Georgia pine. The walls are tinted in oil. All the main rooms open onto the rotunda, under the central dome. In the rear is a banquet hall, 40x50 feet, covered by a large skylight. In the center of this floor stands a group of three mounted elks. A wide gallery extends around the hall, and in the gallery the State exhibit is made. A life size statue of Miss Ada Rehan, the well known American actress, cast in solid silver and resting on a pedestal of gold (from Montana mines), is one of the interesting exhibits made by the State. NEBRASKA. Following are the members of the Nebraska State Board of Commissioners: Charles A. Coe, President, Omaha; A. H. Gale, Secretary Bassett; Joseph Garnea, Commissioner-General, Omaha; M. H. Weiss, Hebron; A. J. Sawyer, Lincoln; Seth P. Mobley, Grand Island; J. B. Steward, Benedict. Woman's Auxiliary Board: Mrs. M. Allen Bock, President, Omaha; Miss Elizabeth W. Jrwin, Secretary, Lincoln; Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, Chairman Executive Committee, Seward; Mrs. Edward Stewart, Blair; Mrs. W. H. McDonald, North Platte; Mrs. Alice D. Hume, Harvard; Mrs. J. H. Smith, Lincoln; Mrs. E. L. Eaton, Omaha; Mrs J. H Lynch, Hebron; Miss Antoinette Wortham, Pawnee City; Mrs. C. B. Wells, Matson; Mrs. A. Patterson, Omaha. National Board Lady Managers- Mrs. John S. Briggs, Omaha; Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, Seward. Alternates: Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Lincoln; Mrs. Lena A. Bates, Aurora. National Commission: Euclid Martin, Omaha; Albert G. Scott, Kearney. Alternates: William L. May, Omaha; John Lauterbach, Fairbury The style of architecture of the Nebraska State Building is classical, and of the Corinthian order. The building has a ground area of 60x100 feet, and is two stories high. The exterior is of staff On the east and west fronts are wide por- ticos, approached by flights of steps. Over the porticos are projecting gables, supported by six columns, twenty-five feet high, the full distance from the cornice to the floor. In each pediment is the State seal, in bas-relief, five feet in diameter. From each portico three large double doors of oak give entrance to the exhibit hall. The room is 60x70 feet, and in it an agricultural display is made. On the first floor, also, are a reception room, commissioners' office, baggage room and postofifice. A double stairway nine feet wide, leads from the center of the exhibit Jiall to the second floor. Here is an exhibit room, 60x70 feet, used for an art exhibit. On this floor are a women's parlor, reading room, smoking room and toilet rooms. The building cost $20,000. NEVADA. Following are the members of the Nevada State Board of Commissioners: J. A. Yarring- lon, Chairman and Secretary, Hawthorne; J. W. Haines, Genoa; George Russell, Elko. National Board Lady Managers* Miss E. M. Russell, Elko; Mrs. D. M. Foley, Reno. Alter- nates: Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa; Miss Jennie Torreyson, Carson. National Commission: J. W. Haines, Genoa; George Russell, Elko. Alternates: Enoch 5trother, Virginia City;. Richard Rvland, Reno. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 91 The Nevada Legislature made an appropriation of Sic.ooo, which has been expended in making a complete showing of that State's mineral and agricultural resources. The former may be seen in the Mines and Mining Building and the latter in the Agricultural Building. The world-renowned pre-historic foot- prints, fossils, etc., which were removed from the floors of the quarry at the Nevada State prison at Carson, are also shown These prints and fossils, etc., will undoubtedly prove most valuable to the scientific world. This is the first time the originals were ever removed, numerous museums in different parts of the world having them in plaster casts; they are shown in the Department of Mines and Mining and consist of footprints, fossils, bones, teeth, etc., of a very remote period. They were taken from a depth of thirty-four feet from the sur- face of the quarry of the State prison at Carson. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Following are the members of the New Hampshire State Board of Commissioners: Charles H. Amsden, President, Penacook; George F. Page, Vice-President, Concord; Thomas J. Walker, Secretary, Plymouth; Frank M. Rollins, Treasurer, Manchester; Elijah M. Shaw, Executive Commissioner, Nashua. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Myra B. F. Ladd, Lancaster; Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover. Alternates: Mrs. Frank H. Daniell, Franklin Falls; Mrs. Ellen J. Coles, Lakeport. National Commission: Walter Aiken, Franklin; Charles D. McDuffee, Manchester^ Alternates. George Van Dyke, Lancaster; Frank E. Kaley, Milford. The New Hampshire Building is in imitation of a Swiss cottage. Its dimen- sions are 53x84 feet and it is two stories in height. The pitched, shingle roof is broken by five gables. The exterior is weatherboarded in stained Georgia pine above a line seven feet from the ground. This first seven-foot course is in New Hampshire granite. Each of the two stories is surrounded on all sides by a wide piazza. The rooms on the second floor open to the piazza through hinged windows opening to the floor The entrance is on the east, facing the drive on Lake Michigan. On the first floor is a reception hall, 22x36 feet. It has two unique fire-places in pressed granite brick. To the rear of the hall is a wing of the main building, two stories high, the second story being a wide balcony or gallery to the main floor. The roof is a glass skylight. A State exhibit, a pic- ture collection, and a large State map are shown here. Beside the reception hall on the first floor there are parlors for men and women. These rooms are ceiled, while the reception hall opens to the roof and is covered with a skylight. The second floor has a reception room and six board and committee rooms. The building cost $10,000. NEW JERSEY. Following are the members of the New Jersey State Board of Commissioners: Stephen J. Meeker, President, Newark; Edward Bettle, Vice-President, Camden; Walter S. Lenox, Secretary and Treasurer, Trenton; Peter Hauck, Harrison; Frederick A. Canfield, Dover; Millard F. Ross, New Brunswick; Garret A. Hobart, Paterson; Peter E. Swartsweller, Belvidere. Lady Board of Managers: Mrs. Edwin Stevens, Chairman, Hoboken; Mrs. Thomas T. Kinney, Vice-Chairman, Newark; Mrs. Emily Warren Roebling, Secretary, Trenton; Mrs. Robert Adrain, New Brunswick: Miss Mary S. Clark, Belvidere; Miss Rosa Murray, Paterson; Mrs. Sarah G. Ware, Salem, N. J.; Mrs. Charles B. Yardley, East Orange. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Mary E. Busselle, Newark; Mrs. Martha B. Stev- ens, Hoboken. Alternates: Mrs. C. W. Compton, Newark; Mrs. A. M. Smith, Newark. National Commission: William J. Sewell, Camden; Thomas Smith, Newark. Alternates: Frederick S. Fish, Newark; Edwin A. Stevens, Hobken. Those familiar with the appearance of the Washington headquarters in Morristown, N. J., will recognize in New Jersey's building the nucleus of the gen- eral lines and details of that historic structure. The interest of the Morristown building is no doubt somewhat shared in by the New Jersey Building, and it seems that the State has done well in selecting the old headquarters as a starting point for the design, when it is remembered that under the roof of the old Morristown house more of the noted characters of the Revolution have gathered than under any other roof in America. General Washington made the building his headquarters during the winter of 1779 and '80, and Alexander Hamilton 92 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY lived there during the same long winter, and there "he met and courted the lady he afterward married, the daughter of General Schuyler." Celebrated men, including Green, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, "Light Horse" Harry Lee, old Israel Putman, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, and "that brave soldier but rank traitor, Benedict Arnold," have all been beneath its roof. This building is used as the headquarters of New Jersey commissioners, and is a place where every New Jerseyman and his family is made to feel at home, where he can meet his friends, can register his address and receive his letters. It is, in fact, a part of his own State transported to the Exposition grounds. The site of the building is centrally located among those of the States of New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The building is not intended for exhibition purposes, but is more in the nature of a club- house for the use and convenience of all Jersey people. There are large and inviting piazzas on the front and rear. The main entrance opens into a large general assembly hall, two stories high with a circular balcony looking down from the second story. This hall contains the postoffice and the hat and cloak counter, a large open fire-place, nearly ten feet across, and the main staircase, this latter being made a feature of the design. On the right hand side of the building are located the rooms set apart especially for the ladies; these consist of the general meeting room of the Ladies' Board of Managers, two par- lors on the second floor, with lavatories and bath-rooms. On the left hand side of the building are the rooms set apart for gentlemen, the secretary's office, board room, president's room, committee rooms and lavatories. In the third story are the care-takers' apartments and store-rooms for documents, etc. The building is principally of frame construction, covered with clapboards and with some of the ornamental portions in staff. The roof is shingled. The dimensions of the main building are 51 feet long, 31 feet deep and 37 feet high to the ridge. Each wing is 16 feet front, 21 feet deep and 30 feet high. The piazzas, in front and rear, are each 68 feet long by 16 feet wide (at the widest part). The area covered, including piazzas, is 3,949 square feet. The general style of the building is Colon- ial. The co r is $40,000. Considerable of the materal was donated by manufact- urers in the State. NEW YORK. Following are the members of the New York State Board of Commissioners: Chauncey M. Depew, president, New York, Gorton W. Allen, Vice-President, Auburn; John Foord, Secretary, Albany; Donald McNaughton, Executive Officer, Albany; John Boyd Thatcher, Albany; Louis M. Howland, New York; Walter L. Sessions, Jamestown; Charles A. Sweet, Buffalo. Judicial District Commissioners: First Judicial District — City and County of New York — Richard Delafield, President, 10 West 9th street, New York; Samuel W. Fairchild, Secretary, 82 Fulton street, New York; James W. Tappin, Treasurer, 60 Broad street, 558 Fifth avenue, New York; Edmund C. Stanton, Secretary to the Commissioners, office, Madison Square Bank Building, New York City. Second Judicial District — Richmond, Suffolk, Queens, Kings, West- chester, Orange, Rockland, Putnam and Dutchess — Daniel M. Somers, President, 101 Halsey street, Brooklyn; Cord Meyer, Jr., Secretary, 11 Wall street, New York; Henry Seibert, Treas- urer, 608 Bedford avenue, Brooklyn, 12 and 14 Warren street, New York; Thomas F. Farrell, Secretary; John Phillips, Chief Clerk, office, Rooms 2 and 3 Eagle Building, Brooklyn, N. Y. Third Judicial District — Columbia, Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Albany, Schoharie and Rensselaer — John T. Norton, President, 37 Tweddle Building and 300 State street, Albany; William H. Rowe, Jr., Secretary, 76 Franklin street, Troy, N. Y; Manly B. Mattice, Treasurer, Catskill; George S. Stevens, Chief Clerk, office, Capitol, Albany. Fourth Judicial District — Warren, Saratoga, Washington, Essex, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Clinton, Montgomery, Ham- ilton, Fulton and Schenectady — Edward Ellis, President, Schenectady; Thomas J. Whitney, Secretary, Gouverneur; George S. Weed, Plattsburgh; Harry S. Estcourt, Chief Clerk, office, Room 12, Town Hall, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Fifth Judicial District— Onondaga, Oneida, Oswego, Herkimer, Jefferson and Lewis — John F. Gaynor, President, Fayetteville; Walter N. Kernan, Secretary, Utica; George B. Sloan, Treasurer, Oswego; Chief Clerk, office, Kirk Block, Syracuse, N. Y. Sixth Judicial District— Otsego, Delaware, Madison, Chenango, Broome, Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins, Cortland and Schuyler — Hugh Duffy, Presi- dent, Cortland; George F. O'Neil, Secretary, Binghamton; Robert H. Thurston, Ithaca; J. Frank Hawkins, Chief Clerk, office, Strong Block, Binghamton, N. Y. Seventh Judicial District — Livingston, Wayne, Seneca, Yates. Ontario, Steuben, Monroe and Cayuga — William S. Kimball, President, Rochester; Henry Stowell, Secretary, Seneca Falls; Edwin C. Cook, " 4JP*-\ \ BENJAMIN HARRISON, EX-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. LEVI P. MORTON, EX-VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 93 Bath; W. H. Benjamin, Chief Clerk, office, Chamber of Commerce, Rochester, N. Y. Eigh Judicial District— -Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Orleans, Niagara, Genesee, Alleganv and Wyoming— Henry Koons, President, 474 Main street, Buffalo; Willard T. Ransom, Secre- tary, Lockport; Henry W. Box, 311 Main street, Buffalo; George T. Smith, Chief Clerk, office, 9 Niagara street, Buffalo, N. Y. Bureau of Agriculture — James Wood, Director-in-Chief Mt. Kisco, Westchester, N. Y.; George T. Powell, in charge of Bureau of Pomology; James Dean, in charge of Bureau of Floriculture; George C. Snow, in charge of Bureau of Viticulture. The Six Nations of Indians — Rev. John W. Sanborn, Director-in-Chief. Board of Women Managers of the Exhibit of the State of New York: First Judicial District— City and County of New York— Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, 72 E. 34th street, New York; Mrs. Fred. R. Halsey, 22 W. 53d street, New York; Miss Annie Hemstrought, 164 E. 28th street, New York; Miss J. Imogen Howard, 20 Gt. Jones street, New York; Miss Anna Roosevelt, 689 Madison avenue, New York; Mrs. Oscar F. Straus, 27 W. 74th street, New York; Mrs. Geo. Waddington, 39 E. 9th street, New York; Mrs. H. Walter Webb, 202 Madison avenue, New York. Second Jtidicial District — Richmond, Suffolk, Queens, Kings, Westchester, Orange, Rockland, Putnam and Dutchess — Mrs. Frederick P. Bellamy, 50 Garden Place, Brooklyn; Miss Elizabeth T. Minturn, Hastings-on-the-Hudson; Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan, 269 Union street, Brooklyn. Third Judicial District — Columbia, Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Albany, Schoharie and Rensselaer — Mrs. Erastus Corning, Albany; Mrs. Dean Sage, Menands. Fourth Judicial Dis- trict — Warren, Saratoga, Washington, Essex, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Clinton, Montgomery, Hamilton, Fulton.and Schenectady — Mrs. William J. Averill, Ogdensburgh. Fifth Judicial Dis- trict— Onondaga, Oneida, Oswego, Herkimer, Jefferson and Lewis — Mrs. Howard G. White, Syracuse. Sixth Judicial District — Otsego, Delaware, Madison, Chenango, Broome, Tioga, Chemung, Tompkins, Cortland and Schuyler — Mrs. Leslie Pell Clarke, Springfield Center; Mrs. Andrew D. W T hite, Ithaca. Seventh Judicial District — Livingston, Wayne, Seneca, Yates, Ontario, Steuben, Monroe and Cayuga — Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn; Mrs. Charles F. W T adsworth, Geneseo. Eighth Judicial District— Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Orleans, Niagara, Genesee, Allegany and Wyoming — Miss Maria M. Love, 184 Delaware avenue, Buffalo; Miss Frances Todd Patterson, Westfield. Officers of the Board of Women Managers: Mrs. Erastus Corning, President, Albany, N. Y.; Mrs. George Waddington, First Vice-President, 38 E. Ninth street, New York City; Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan, Second Vice-President, 269 Union street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mrs. Leslie Pell- Clarke, Secretary, Springfield Center, Otsego County, N. Y.; Miss Frances Todd Patterson, Treasurer, Westfield, Chautauqua County, N. Y.; Mrs. Florence C. Ives, Chief Clerk, office, the Capitol, Albany, N. Y. Executive Co?nmittee — Mrs. Dean Sage, Chairman, Menands, Albany County, N. Y.; Mrs. Frederick P. Bellamy, 50 Garden Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Miss Anna Roose- velt, 689 Madison avenue, New York City; Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs. How- ard G. W T hite, Syracuse, N. Y.; Mrs. H. Walter Webb, 202 Madison avenue, New York City. Cojnmittee on Philanthropy — Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, Chairman; Miss Maria M. Love, Miss Anna Hemstrought, Miss Anna Roosevelt, Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Mrs. F. P. Bellamy. Committee on Raising Funds and Decorating the Library in Wo?ne?i s Buildi7ig — Mrs. Dean Sage, Chair- man; Mrs. H. W T alter W.ebb, Mrs. W 7 m. J. Averill, Mrs. Oscar S. Straus, Mrs. C. F. Wadsworth Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan; Mrs. Wheeler is to serve on this committee. Committee o?i Education — Mrs. F. P. Bellamy, Chairman; Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan, Miss F. T. Patterson, Miss I. J. Howard. Committee for Obtai?iing Statistics Concerning Women s Work, Past and Present — Miss Anna Roosevelt, Chairman; Mrs. George Waddington, Mrs. H. G. White, Miss Anna Hemstrought, Mrs. C. F. Wadsworth, Miss Frances T. Patterson. Committee on Manufactures and Industries— Miss Anna Roosevelt, Chairman; Miss Anna Hemstrought, Mrs. Leslie Pell-Clarke, Mrs. A. M. Dodge, Mrs. Wm. Averill, Mrs. Fred. R. Halsey. Committee o?i Fine Arts — Mrs. Leslie Pell- Clarke, Chairman; Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan, Mrs. Dean Sage, Mrs. Fred R. Halsey. Committee on Women s Work in Literature, Literary Clubs and the Press— Mrs. F. P. Bellamy, Chairman; Mrs. J. S. T. Stranahan, Miss Anna Roosevelt, Mrs. Oscar S. Straus. Mrs. T. M. Wheeler, in charge of Bureau of Applied Arts, 1-122 Broadway, New York City; Miss Juliet Corson, in charge of Model Kitchen Department. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Ralph Trautman, New York; Mrs. William K. Yan- derbilt, New York. Alternates: Mrs. John Pope, New York; Mrs. A. M. Palmer, New York. National Commission: Chauncey M. Depew, New York; John Boyd Thatcher, Albany. Alternates: James H. Breslin, New York; James Roosevelt, New York. New York's State Building ranks in size next to that of Illinois and Califor- nia. It costs $150,000. The architectural idea in the building is that of a big summer house. It is three stories high, being 57 feet from the ground to the cornice. The exterior is in staff, in imitation of marble, and in keeping with the style of the main Exposition buildings. Its decked roof is surmounted and con- fined by a heavy balustrade. Each pedestal of the balustrade supports a large Italian vase, in which grows a bay-tree, giving the building, together with its other characteristics, the air of a Pompeiian house. The flat, decked roof fur- nishes a promenade and summer garden. From its center rises a clere-story over the banquet hall, and above the clere-story are two belvideres. On the £4 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY north and south ends of the building are circular porticoes, in each of which is a fountain. The general dimensions are 160 feet front by 105 feet deep. A broad flight of steps, guarded by Roman lions, leads to the arched entrance. About this entrance is concentrated all the exterior ornamentation of the build- ing. It is in the style of the Italian renaissance, a villa in character, rectangular in form, approached on the south by a flight of fourteen steps, 46 feet wide, giv- ing access to a grand terrace, 15x80 feet, from which the loggia, or open vesti- bule, 46x17 feet 6 inches is reached. Partaking of the domestic as well as the palatial style, the building is not only the headquarters of New York people at the Exposition, but also a most comfortable place for the reception and enter- tainment of distinguished foreign guests. The semi-circular porticoes, east and west, have a diameter of 50 feet in the form of an exedra, and the uncovered por- tion, furnished with the fountain, is a unique feature of the building. It is pro- posed to place a bust of Washington upon the key block over the main entrance, and at either side those of the first and the present governors of the State. The main floor of the building consists of the vestibule, a grand staircase hall, with a dome ceiling 46 feet from the floor, a small reception-room, a suite of three draw- ing-rooms, smoking, writing and reading-rooms, lavatory and coat-room, post- office and telegraph and telephone service and bureau of information. The second floor contains a large hall, 84 feet long, 46 feet wide and 45 feet in height, on the west of which is the room reserved for the Board of Lady Managers. There is also offices for the General Managers' Board and the Board of District Commissioners. The entrance to the building is flanked by the Barbarini lions recently cast in Rome, selected in preference to the lions of the Villa Medici, which however fine, are inferior in size. The four pedestal lamps lighting the terrace are exact copies in bronze of antique examples in the Museum at Naples, and are richly sculptured. In the circular niches, on either side of the arch of the entrance, are busts of Hudson and Columbus. Above the key-stone of the arch is the American eagle, and dependent from a staff, projecting above the bird, is a flag, bearing the State's arms. A striking feature of interior adornment is the arrangement of the electric lights, in a belt course, marking the second story floor, and outlining the arched entrance, above which the great seal of the State of New York, 10 feet high, is illuminated by a myriad of tiny lamps set close together. A second line of illumination accents the main cornice, and sim- ilar ones define the edge of the roof garden, and the arches, angles and cornices of the two belvideres. Finally, a cluster of lights illuminate the bases of the flag-poles. Within and without the building blaze 2,000 electric jets. In the main hall on the first floor, besides the beautiful fountains scattering their cooling sprays within the spacious porticoes, an object of unusual interest is a relief map nearly 20 feet in diameter of the State of New York, which of itself cost $30,000. This main hall has a mosaic floor and is hung with imported silk hangings. Here are the parlors and toilet-rooms for men and women, postoffice, informa- tion and baggage-rooms. The grand stairway is of marble, and leads to the ban- quet hall, where the visitor can not fail to be impressed with the elegance of the surroundings. The beautiful arched ceiling, three stories high, is richly orna- mented with designs of fruits done in stucco. On the third floor, in addition to twelve rooms for general purposes there is a gallery for a band of music. NORTH CAROLINA. Following are the members of the North Carolina State Board of Commissioners: W. F, Green, President, Franklinton; P. M. Wilson, Executive Commissioner, Winston; T. K. Bruner. Secretary and Commissioner of Exhibits, Raleigh; H. E. Fries, Salem; W. R. Capehart, Avoca; W. E Stevens, Clinton; J. H. Gilmer, Greensboro; J. F. Payne, Alma; W. R. McClelland, Moores- ville; J. B. Coffield, Everetts; C. D. Smith, Franklin; W. R. Williams, Falkland; Gov. Elias Carr, Ex-officio, Raleigh. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Florence H. Kidder. Wilmington; Mrs. Charies Price, Salisbury. Alternates: Mrs. Sallie S. Cotten, Falkland; Miss Y. Stella Divine, Wil- mington. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 95 National Commission: Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh; Thomas B. Keogh, Greensboro. Alternates: H. C. Carter, Fairfield; G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. North Carolina has no building, but the State makes collective exhibits in the Agricultural, Horticultural, Mines, Fisheries and Forestry departments. NORTH DAKOTA. Following are the members of the North Dakota State Board of Commissioners: Martin Hector, President, Fargo; D. R. McGinnis, Secretary, Grand Forks; Alfred Dickey, Executive Manager, Jamestown; Jacob A. Field, Bismarck; John M. Turner, Mandan; O. G. Meacham, Carrington. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks; Mrs. W. D„ Mc- Connell, Fargo. Alternates: Mrs. Alice B. Brown, Lisbon; Mrs. Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. National Commission: H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks; Martin Ryan, Fargo. Alternates: Charles H. Stanley, Steele; Peter Cameron, Tyner. The headquarters for North Dakota visitors is a pretty, hospitable-looking building adjacent to that of Kansas. The building is 70x50 feet. A space 46x21 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between the two committee rooms, is used as a court-yard. From this court-yard the main assembly room is entered through a large stone arch, above which on the exterior is an elaborately carved panel containing the coat of arms of North Da- kota. The main feature of the interior is the assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. The room is spanned by four broad arched beams between each of which is a wide window reaching from near the floor to the roof. At either end of the room is a broad fire place. Committee and toilet rooms are provided throughout the building. The structure is two stories high, and on the exterior the walls of the main gable ends are built of brick. The remainder of the walls are of timber, filled in between with plaster panels. North Dakota pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, but also makes a good showing in several other departments. The educational advan- tages of the State are fully presented, and her exhibit is among the best. OHIO. Following are the members of the Ohio State Board of Commissioners: W. W. Peabody, President, Cincinnati ;Chas. M. Anderson, Vice-President, Greenville; W. T. Alberson, Secretary, Columbus; Lewis N. Bonham, Treasurer, Columbus; Daniel J. Ryan, Executive Commissioner, Columbus; Albert Schwill, Cincinnati; James W. See, Hamilton; Charles M. Harding, Franklin; David Hall, Bloom Center; A. O. Jones, Zanesville; A. C. Cummins, Mansfield; William E.Sefton, Canton; L. E. Holden, Cleveland; William Edwards, Cleveland; H. G. Baker, Defiance, P. M. Cullinan, New Lexington; Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo; Wiliam Ritchie, Hamilton; Mrs. Mary Hart, Glendale; Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Mary A. Hart, Glendale; Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. Alternates: Mrs. Harriett T. Upton, Warren; Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Springfield. National Commission: Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo; William Ritchie, Hamilton. Alternates: Lucius C. Cron, Piqua; Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. The Ohio State Building is Colonial in style, two stories high, of wood and staff, with tile roof. The ground area is 100 feet front by 80 feet deep. The main entrance, on the east, is within a semi-circular Colonial portico, thirty-three feet high, the roof supported by eight great columns. The tile roof, mantels, finishing woods, and much of the visible material are the gifts of Ohio producers. The main entrance opens on a lobby, on the left of which is the women's parlor, and on the right a committee room. Occupying the central portion of the building is the reception hall, 23x36 feet, and 28 feet high, extending through to the roof. The coved ceiling of the hall is ornamented. Back of the reception hall is an open court, 36 feet square, inclosed on three sides, the north and south side being formed by the wings of the building. All of the north wing is occu- pied by the information bureau. The room is 30x50 feet, and is divided into offices by wire railings. In the south wing is the parlor for men, a writing room, a smoking room, and toilet rooms. On the second floor of the north wing is the assembly room, 30x42 feet. The second floor of the south wing has a press correspondents' room, servants' rooms, bed and bath rooms. The building cost $35.000. 9 96 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OREGON. Following are the members of the Oregon State Board of Commissioners: George T. Myers, President, Portland; Phil Metschan, Treasurer, Salem; C. B. Irvine, Secretary, Salem; W. F. Matlock, Pendleton; J. R. Carroll, Portland; E. B. McElrov, Salem; C. W. Ayres, Ash- land; Mrs. M. Pevton, Salem; Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland; George W. McBride, Salem; Henry Klippel, Medford; M. Wilkins, Coburg; J. A. Wright, Sparta. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland; Mis. Mary Payton, Salem. Alternates: Mrs. Anna R. Riggs, Portland; Mrs. Hattie E. Sladden, Eugene City. X-ational Commission: Henry Klippel, Jacksonville; Martin Wilkins, Eugene City. Alter- nates: J. L. Morrow, Heppner; W. T. Wright, Union. Oregon's Legislature made a large appropriation, but that State has no building. An exhibit is made in the Department of Horticulture. PENNSYLVANIA. Following are the members of the Pennsylvania State Board of Commissioners: G. Robert E. Pattison, President, Harrisburg; Louis A. Watres, Vice-President, Scranton; Robert E. Wright, Secretary, Harrisburg; J. S. Dillinger, Assistant Secretary, Harrisburg; Rodney A. Mercur, Treasurer, Towanda; A. B. Farquhar, Executive Commissioner, Harrisburg; John A. Woodward, Deputy Executive Commissioner, Harrisburg; Wilson M. Gearhart, Chief Clerk, Harrisburg; Albert J. Barr, Pittsburg; Luther S. B-ent, Steelton; E. A. Bigler, Clearfield; Thomas Bradley, Philadelphia; Robert L. Brownfield, Philadelphia; John I. Carter, Chatham, Chester County; W. W. Clendenin, New Castle; L. Clarke Davis, Philadelphia; Lewis Emery, Jr., Brad- ford; P. Folev, Pittsburg; J. P. S. Gobin, Lebanon; James M. Guffey, Pittsburg; Wm. B. Gill, Philadelphia; J. K. P. Hall, St. Mary's, Elk County; Wm. Hasson,-Oil City; Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs, Clinton County ; Mrs. Mabel Cronise Jones, Harrisburg; Mrs. Harriet Anne Lucas, Philadelphia; H. J. McAteer, Alexandria; Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburg; Towanda; Thomas P. Merritt, Reading; Simon Muhr, Philadelphia; Robert Purvis, Philadelphia; R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkesbarre; Geo. N. Riley, Pittsburg; A. G. Rcenigk, Pittsburg; Roger S. Searle, Montrose; A. W. Taylor, Philadelphia; Mrs. Ida A.Elkins Tyler, Philadelphia; C. C. Thomp- son, W T arren; Joseph C. Walker, Gap, Lancaster County; Benjamin Whitman, Erie; P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia ; Edward H. Williams, Philadelphia; Morgan B. Williams, Wilkesbarre; John W T . Woodside, Philadelphia; Mrs. Matilda Holt Shelton, Commissioner of Woman's Work, Philadelphia. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburg; Mrs. Harriett Anne Lucas, Philadelphia. Alternates: Mrs. Samuel Plumer, Franklin; Mrs. W. S. Elkins, Philadelphia. National Commission: R. B. Ricketts, Wilkesbarre; John W. W T oodside, Philadelphia. Alternates: Geo. A. Macbeth, Pittsburg; John K. Hallock, Erie. The Pennsylvania State Building is in the colonial style of architecture, while the front is an exact reproduction of old Independence Hall, having its entrances, bell-tower and spire. Independence bell hangs in the rotunda. The rotunda within the entrance is finished in tile and slate, like the old hall. The building is rectangular in form, two stories high, with a ground area of 110x166 feet. The corners of the front are quarter-circled in. Piazzas 20 feet wide sur- round the building, and over them are verandas, with protecting balustrade. Outside staircases, right and left to the rear, lead to the garden on the roof. This roof is covered with American-made tin produced in Philadelphia. The outer walls to the roof line are of Philadelphia pressed brick. Above the main entrance is the coat-of-arms of the state in bas-relief, and on either side of it are heroic statues of Penn and Franklin. The front is further ornamented with two free groups of statuary, one emblematic of the arts and sciences, the other of mines and manufacture. The interior finishing represents, in the floors, native marble and hardwoods from Pennsylvania, and the walls are wainscoted in wood, frescoed, and heavily corniced. The women's rooms are finished in maple, and the men's in oak. The walls of the women's rooms are ornamented with mural paintings by Pennsylvania women. All the ceilings are of stamped metal, and the staircases are of quartered oak. On the main floor is the reception room, 33x56 feet, and on either side are parlors for men and women. On the second floor are rooms for the Governor, the press correspondents, the treasurer of the commission, and the board pf commissioners. There are three bedrooms in the* tower. The building is supplied with 800 electric lights, and cost S8o,ooo. The following interesting relics are on exhibition in the Pennsylvania Build- ing: Portraits of William Penn; Hannah, his wife and a chair owned by Penn; a WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 97 punchbowl used by Washington during the Revolution; portrait of Washington painted when he was commander in chief of the Continental army; portrait of Thomas Johnston, who made the motion to have Washington appointed com- mander-in-chief; plaster cast of Washington; Gen. Anthony Wayne's sword; sil- ver lamp used in Philadelphia during the Revolution; bootjack and appliance left by a British officer at the home of Joseph Martin, Philadelphia, at the time of the evacuation; fork and spoon from Valley Forge; waistcoat worn at republi- can court; lace scarf pin worn by Mrs. John Adams when she sat to Stuart for her portrait; model of the ship Constitution; portrait of Chevalier Gerard, first French minister to the United States; watch and vest and stockings worn by Charles Carroll when he signed the Declaration of Independence; hymn book printed in Germantownin 1772; manuscript of the first prayer in Congress in the penmanship of John Hancock; chair used by John Hancock, first President of Congress, and also his sword and desk. The Old Liberty Bell is placed on a handsome raised platform built on rollers, so that in case of fire it can be rolled into the open air in three minutes' time. RHODE ISLAND. Following are the members of the Rhode Island State Board of Commissioners: E. Benja- min Andrews, President, Providence; Arthur H.Watson, Vice-President, Providence; Charlotte F. Dailey, Secretary and Treasurer, Providence; John C. Wyman, Executive Commissioner, Provi- dence; John P. Sanborn, Newport; Hiram Howard, Providence; Walter A. Peck, Providence; Marsden J. Perry, Providence; Daniel B. Pond, Woonsocket; Richard Thornley, Greenwich. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, Pawtucket; Miss Char- lotte F. Dailey, Providence. Alternates: Mrs. George A. Mumford, Pawtucket; Miss Loraine P. Bucklin, Providence. National Commission: Lyman B. Goff, Pawtucket; Gardiner C. Sims, Providence. Alter- nates: Jeffrey Hazard, Providence; Lorillard Spencer, Newport. The Rhode Island Building cost $8, 000. It is after the Greek manner, with columnar porticos on four sides of the building, that on the west or front side semi-circular in plan, with arched openings between the Ionic pilasters, the latter being of the full height of the two stories. The building is amphiprostyle in that the north and south porches — each of the full width of the building — consist of four fluted Ionic columns, each 24 inches in diameter and 21 feet high, while the rear entrance is between Ionic fluted pilasters, the same as in front. The columns are surmounted by an enriched Ionic entablature with dec- orated moldings, modillions and dentils, and above the entablature the building is finished with a balustrade surrounding the four sides of the roof, with orna- mental urns over each pedestal in the balustrade. The building has ground area of 32x59 feet, two stories high, in wood and staff, in imitation of granite. En- trance is had to the building from all sides through French windows opening to the floor. The main hall is 18x25 feet, and is open in the roof. The parlor for women and the secretary's office are on the first floor. On the second floor are two committee rooms and a gallery around the main hall. The Governor's room occupies what may be called the second story of the porch on the west front. All the floors are hard wood, and the interior is furnished in cypress. SOUTH CAROLINA. National Board Lady Managers: Miss Florida Cunningham, Charleston; Mrs. E. M. Erayton, Columbia. Alternates: Mrs. Clark Waring, Columbia; Mrs. C. A. Perry, Walhalla. National Commission: A. P. Butler, Columbia; John R. Cochran, Walhalla. Alternates: E. L. Roche, Charleston; J. M. Tindal, Sumter. The South Carolina Legislature voted adversely on the question of making an appropriation, therefore that State has no building. An exhibit is made in the Department of Mines and Mining. SOUTH DAKOTA. Following are the members of the South Dakota State Board of Commissioners: L. G. Ochsenreiter, President, Webster;. T. H. Brown, Secretary, Sioux Falls; W. W. Taylor, Treas- THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY urer, Redfield; C. E. Hinds, Woonsocket; William M. Powers, Yankton; F. T. Evans, Sr., Hot Springs; P. F. McClure, Pierre; J. E. Pilcher, Custer City; John Baker, Ueadwood; T. G. Quarve„ Langford. Women's World's Fair Commission: Mrs. Wm. Duff Haynie, President, Rapid City; Mrs. J, S. Oliver, Vice-President, Huron; Mrs. L. Q. Jeffries, Secretary, East Pierre; Mrs. John E. Bennett, Treasurer, Clark; Mrs. A. C. Mellette, Watertown; Mrs. W. A. Burleigh, Yankton; Mrs. Geo. A. Silsby, Mitchell; Mrs. J. A. Trow, Madison; Mrs. Marie J. Gaston, Deadwood. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. John R.Wilson, Deadwood; Mrs. H. M. Barker, Huron. Alternates: Mrs. C. E. Daniels, Watertown; Mrs. Marie J. Gaston, Deadwood. National Commission: Merritt H. Day, Rapid City; William Mclntyre, Watertown. Alter- nates: S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket; L. S. Bullard, Pierre. The South Dakota State Building has a ground area of 70x126 feet, and is two stories high and cost $20,000. The structure is frame, the exterior being covered with Yankton cement, in imitation of stone work. The roof is corrugated iron and the cornice and brackets are pressed zinc. The main entrance is on the east, along which front extends a wide porch with heavy columns supporting a balcony from the second story. On the left of the main entrance is a women's parlor, on the right a men's reception room. In the main body of the building is the exhibition hall, 44x58 feet. Six feet above the main floor is an entresol,, having committee rooms for the boards of commissioners. In the northwest corner of the main floor is a room for press correspondents. The rotunda in the center of the building extends through to the roof and is covered with a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the women's exhibit and special State exhibits. TENNESSEE. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Nashville; Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville. Alternates: Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis; Mrs. J. J. McClung, Knoxville. National Commission: Lewis T. Baxter, Nashville; Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. Al- ternates: Rush Strong, Knoxville; A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. The Tennessee Legislature failed to make an appropriation, hence there is no State Board of Commissioners nor State building. The mining town of Har- riman makes an exhibit in the Mines Building, but otherwise there is no collec- tive exhibit shown. TEXAS. Following are the members of the Texas State Board of Commissioners: H. B. Andrews, President, San Antonio; William F. Ladd, 1st Vice-President, Galveston; A. C. Herndon, 2d Vice- President, Houston; D. D. Bryan, Secretary, Galveston; W. L. Moody, Treasurer, Galveston; R. B. Parrott, Waco; W. C. Corinor, Dallas; J. S. Rice, Hyatt; J. N. Browning, Clarendon; Julius Runge, Galveston; George Mann, Galveston; John Adriance, Galveston; Walter Gresham,. Galveston; Mrs. W. H. Tobin, President State Board of Lady Managers, Austin; Airs. Rosine Ryan, Lady Manager-at-large, Austin. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth; Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, Dallas. Alternates: Mrs. K. C. McDaniel, Anderson. (Vacancy.) National Commission: Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas; John T. Dickinson, Austin. Alter- nates: Lock McDaniel, Anderson; Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. Texas has erected a handsome building on the right of the north entrance to the Exposition grounds, and this notwithstanding the failure of the State Legis- lature to make an appropriation on account of constitutional prohibition. The money for the structure was raised by the Women's World's Fair Exhibit Asso- ciation of Texas, with headquarters at Austin, the State capital. General regret was expressed when the solons of the Lone Star State failed to make a suitable appropriation for the representation of the resources of that great common- wealth. Mr. John T. Dickinson, the efficient secretary of the National Commis- sion, is a resident of Texas, and he did all in his power to bring about a more favorable and extensive exhibit from his native and beloved State. He wrote numerous articles for the Texas newspapers, traveled and spoke all over the State, induced other prominent Exposition officials to help him in the work of creating a sentiment which would crystallize into favorable action by the law- making powers, and was materially aided in his efforts by numerous prominent citizens of Texas, but to the chagrin and disappointment of thousands of pro- JOHN P. ALTGELD, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 99 gressive and enterprising Texans, as well as to their numerous friends all over the country, the appropriation failed to pass, and Texas, once an entire republic itself and now one of the finest, best and most progressive in the galaxy of the States of this union, is not represented at the Fair in such manner as becomes its grandeur. All credit, however, to the noble band of ladies of the Exhibit Asso- ciation for what Texas has to show. In the treatment of the design of the Texas Building the architect has not deflected from the history of the Lone Star State, which, from its foundation, has been marked by a Spanish tinge, whose architect- ural inclination and handsome botanical effects lay down a chain of thought far too beautiful to be forsaken for that of the present day; therefore, the building was designed for colonnades, grounds, fountains, foliage, etc. It contains an assembly room 56 feet square, 28 feet high, provided with art glass skylight in the ceiling, with a mosaic Texas star in the center. The rostrum, ante-rooms, etc., are furnished in the natural woods of Texas. One wing contains rooms for bureau of information, register, messenger, telephone, telegraph, directors, Texas Press Association headquarters, commissioners, historical museum and library, toilet rooms, county collective exhibits, etc. The main entrances are through vesti- bules, flanked on either side by niches and colonnades. The main vestibules terminate in a large auditorium, connecting with the rooms mentioned. VERMONT. Following are the members of the Vermont State Board of Commissioners: Gov. L. K. Puller, Brattleboro, Ex-officio; H. H. Mclntyre, Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Commissioner, West Randolph; B. B. Smalley. President, Burlington; A. J. Sibley, Montpelier; A. F. Walker, Chicago, 111.; Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret; Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, Burlington; Mrs. Theresa J. Cochran, Groton; Mrs. Mina G. Hooker, Brattleboro. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Ellen- M. Chandler, Pomfret; Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, Burlington. Alternates: Mrs. M. G. Hooker, Brattleboro; Mrs. T. J. Cochrane, Groton. National Commission: Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolph; Bradley B. Smalley, Bur- lington. Alternates: Aldace F. Walker, Rutland; A. J. Sibley, Montpelier. The Vermont State Building is one of the most unique and original on the grounds. On the right and left of the steps on the facade rise two shafts, on which are allegorical figures representing the industries of agriculture and quarrying — the two principal industrial activities of the State. One enters through a columned portico into a courtyard, on the right and left of which are covered porches with broad seats. Just off these are the reception rooms in front and committee room, postoffice, etc., in the rear. In the center of the court is a handsome marble fountain. Marble from the quarries of the State is used all through the interior of the building. Facing the end of the court is a porch, supported by four carytids, over which is a semicircular Greek window with bas-relief around it representing " Freedom and Unity." The coat-of-arms is in the center. The reception hall, which is located in the rear, is circular in form, with a colonnade around, and a wooden dome surmounts the structure. All is colored according to a Pompeiian scheme. The building is Pompeiian in style and of classic detail, and furnishes a most unique contrast to the other buildings. VIRGINIA. Following are the members of the Virginia State Board of Commissioners: A. S. Buford, President, Richmond; John L. Hurt, Vice-President, Hurt s Store; T. C. Morton, Secretary, Rich- mond; M. S. Quarles, Treasurer, Richmond; John S. Apperson, Executive Business Commissioner, Richmond; Dr. A. Brockenbrough, Chesapeake; M. Glennan, Norfolk; Geo. B. Finch, Boydton; W. I. Jordan, South Boston; J. N. Brenaman, New Market; Grenville Gaines, Warrenton; Martin Williams, Bland C. H.; J. H. H. Figgatt, Fincastle; Mrs. Lucy P. Beale, Buchanan; Mrs. T. J. Leigh, Norfolk. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. John S. Wise, Richmond; Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, Har- risonburg. Alternates: Miss Mattie P. Harris, Staunton; Airs. M. H. Harrison, Westover. National Commission: Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk; John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. Alternates: Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg; Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg. A very unique structure has been erected for Virginia, at a cost of $25,000. It covers an area of 175x185 feet, and lies near the lake and opposite the Mary^ 100 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY land Building. The structure is an exact representation of the Mount Vernon mansion in Fairfax county, Virginia, near Washington city, the building in which George Washington lived and died. It got into his hands from his brother, Lawrence Washington, and was built in the early part of the last century by his father. The main building is 94x32 feet, two stories and an attic and a two-story portico, with large columns extending along the whole front, being 94 feet long, 13 feet high and 14 feet wide. The portico extends up to the cornice of the roof, has an ornamental railing around the top and is furnished with set- tees along the whole length next the wall. There are tw T o colonnades running back from each wing of the building to the rear about 20 feet long, 9^ feet wide and 11 feet high, connected each with a one-and-a-half story structure, 40x20 feet. These are called the dependencies. Altogether there are twenty-five rooms in the structure. On the first and second floors of the main building there are eleven rooms, in the attic six, and in each of the dependencies four rooms. The largest rooms in the house are the banquet hall, 31x23 feet, and the library 16x19 feet, the main entrance hall, Washington's chamber, in which he died, upon the second floor, and Mrs. Washington's chamber in the attic, to which she removed after her husband's death and which she occupied during the remainder of her life on account of its being the only room in the house which looked out upon his tomb. The apartments average upon the first floor 17x17 feet, upon the second 17x13 feet. The height of the first story is 10 feet 9 inches; of the second, 7 feet 11 inches; of the attic, 6 feet 9 inches. The distance from the ground to the top of the cupola is 50 feet. In the main hall is a large stairway four feet wide, ascending by platforms to the floors above. On the first platform of the stairway there is an old Washington family clock, a very interesting his- torical relic. This hall is furnished with antique sofas and pictures of the last century. The rooms upon the first floor are ornamented by heavy carved and molded wood trimmings and handsome mantles, very antique. This Virginia Building is not only an exact representation in every particular of the old Mount Vernon structure, but everything within it is also of the same character. Noth- ing modern is seen in the building, except the people and the library of books by exclusively Virginia authors. As far as could be done the building was fur- nished with articles which were collected from all over the state, the heirlooms of old Virginia families, and with portraits of the same character. Whatever may be lacking in furnishing the building with articles of this character is supplied with furniture made after the same old fashion. The building is presided over by the Lady Assistant of the Virginia Board, Mrs. Lucy Preston Beale, a daugh- ter of Hon. Ballard Preston and a grand-daughter to General Preston, a former Governor of Virginia. She has for the attendants in the building old Virginia negroes, and undertakes to represent in every particular an old Virginia home of the Colonial period. There is a very rare collection of relics of Colonial times and of the Revolutionary War, and everything which is antique, among which is exhibited a copy of the original will of George Washington. The library is fur- nished entirely with books written by Virginians or relating to Virginia, quite a large collection of which has been made, and ornamented with old Virginia por- traits, views and other relics of the Colonial period and the last century. Alto- gether the building with its furnishings is unequaled in its character and appoint- ments and nothing like it will be found elsewhere except at Mount Vernon itself. WASHINGTON. Following are the members of the Washington State Board of Commissioners: N. G. Blalock, President, Walla Walla; S. B, Conover, Vice-President, Port Townsend; P. C. Kauffman, Secretary, Tacoma; G. V. Calhoun, Executive Commissioner, La Conner; P. W. Rochester, Assistant Executive Commissioner, Seattle; L. R. Grimes, Ellensburgh; W. L. La Follette, Pullman; T. H. Cavanaugh, Olympia; C. H. Ballard, Concormully. Washington Board of Lady Managers: Mrs. Alice Houghton, President, Spokane; Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Secretary, Tacoma; Mrs. M. D. Owings, Olympia; Mrs. Josephine Ettinger, Palouse City. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 101 National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. M. D. Owings, Olympia; Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane. Alternates: Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma; Mrs. J. H. Stimson, Colfax. National Commission: Henry Drum, Tacoma; Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. Alternates: Geo. F. Cummin, Cheney; Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. The Washington State Building embraces a main hall, space 118x72 feet, to which are connected two wings, 1 18x40 feet, and cost $100,000. The main entrance on the east, and from each corner of the main structure square towers rise up, inclosing staircases to galleries. These galleries are 52x15 feet, overlooking the main hall. The east entrance of the building is under a great stone arch, which is the only stonework about the structure. This arch is built of alternate blocks of gray tinino, blue chuckanut, and white Pittsburg stone. Foundations of the buildings are of great fir logs, laid five deep. Two base logs at the north and south ends are each 127 feet long, and after having been slabbed off very deeply are still eight feet in diameter at the butt ends. The heavier of these weighs 36,000 pounds and occupied four flat cars in transit. In squaring three sides enough lumber was cut away to build a good-sized cottage, while in the log itself is material for a big house. These logs have all been squared on three sides, presenting a rounded surface to the outside. These are left in their natural state. The largest of these sections was cut from trees 600 feet^in height, which had not a branch less than 150 feet from the earth. This foundation constitutes a timber exhibit from Washington. The two wings form a single room each, and are devoted to State exhibits. Nearly all of the first floor of the main build- ing is devoted to a reception room, while in the second story are committee rooms, parlors, reception and toilet rooms. The roof is of shingles, and the interior is finished in cedar and fir. All of the material used in the building comes from Washington, the lumber coming from Puget Sound, while the main entrance, an important decorative feature, is of granite, marble, and ore from quarries within the State. The sky-reaching flag-staff, 208 feet in height, was first 236 feet in length. It is of native timber, and weighs 32 tons. To her sister States Washington has donated about 40 flag-poles, ranging from 100 to 125 feet in length, placed in front of their respective headquarters. At first view the Washington Building, with its quaint towers, reminds one of a Holland residence and windmill. It is unlike any other structure on the grounds, and sure to invite favorable attention. The commissioners have spent $100,000 in collecting a State exhibit. WEST VIRGINIA. Following are the members of the West Virginia State Board of Commissioners: W. N. Chancellor, President, Parkersburg; M. C. McKay, Secretary, Parkersburg; George M. Bowers, Treasurer, Martinsburg; R. S. Carr, Charleston; John S. Naylor, Wheeling; Sidney Haymond, Quiet Dell. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. W. Newton Linch, Martinsburg; Miss Lily Irene Jackson, Parkersburg. Alternates: Mrs. G. W. Z. Black, Halltown; Miss Annie M. Mahan, Fayetteville. National Commission: James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry; J. W. St. Clair, Fayetteville. Alternates: John Corcoran, Wheeling; Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg. The West Virginia Building is in the Colonial style, two stories high, with a pitched roof, the outer walls being weatherboarded and painted, and cost $20,000. It is representative of the West Virginia residence. The roof is shingled. The interior is finished in hard wood the walls are plastered, and the ceilings are of ornamental iron work from Wheeling. All of the exposed material in the building is the product of the State. The main entrance is on the west, on a platform porch. Above the entrance is the coat of arms of the State in bas- relief. Within the entrance is a vestibule, with rooms for the boards of com- missioners on either side. Beyond the vestibule is a large reception hall flanked by parlors for women and men. Back of these parlors are toilet and retiring rooms. On the second floor front are two committee rooms, and the balance of the floor constitutes an assembly room and reception hall 34x76 feet in size. There are four large fireplaces in the building, two on each *floor, with very handsome carved wood mantels. The building has a ground area of 58x123 feet. 102 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY WISCONSIN. Following are the members of the Wisconsin State Board of Commissioners: A. Ledyard Smith, President, Appleton; Hugh H. Price, Vice-President, Black River Falls; Chas. W. Graves, Secretary, Viroqua; John H. Savage, Treasurer, Shullsburg: Robert B. Kirkland, Executive Commissioner, Jefferson; Phillip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; Mrs. John Winans, Janesville; Harry B.Sanderson, Milwaukee; Mrs. Geo. C. Ginty, Chippewa Falls; Mrs. William Pitt Lynde, Mil- waukee; John M.'Coburn, West Salem; William Rahr, Manitowoc. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Flora B. Ginty, Chippewa Falls; Mrs, William P. Lynde, Milwaukee. Alternates: Mrs. S. S. Fifield, Ashland; Mrs. J. M. Smith, Mineral Point. National Commission: Phillip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; John N. Coburn, West Salem. Alternates: David W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson; Myron Reed, Superior. In architecture, this building represents the Wisconsin home, being designed in no special style. All the visible material comes from Wisconsin. The exte- rior is of Ashland brown stone, Menomonee pressed brick, and hard woods from various sections of the State. The roof is covered with dimension shingles. The window glass is plate. It is practically three stories high, but apparently only two, one story being in the roof. Its ground area is 80x90 feet, exclusive of the verandas on the^ east and west, which are 18 feet wide. The semicircular verandas on the north and south are entered only from the interior of the build- ing. The second and third stories have verandas on the east and west. The main entrance faces the east and is 18 feet wide. The interior is finished entirely in oiled hard wood. The first floor is tiled and the ceiling is paneled in hard wood. On this floor are three fire-places, with mantels in oak and maple. The first floor has a large reception room, men's and women's parlors and toilet rooms, an intelligence office and a postoffice. The second floor has a historical room, and offices for the commissioners. On the west side of the floor is a large stained glass window, presented by the city of West Superior. This beautiful piece of workmanship is much admired by all. On this floor are two very ele- gant mantels in pressed brick. The third floor contains eight large bedrooms. Taken altogether, this structure is one of the most tasty and convenient on the grounds. The building cost $30,000. WYOMING. Following are the members of the Wyoming State Board of Commissioners: John S. Harper, President, Sundance; Elwood Mead, Secretary, Cheyenne; John McCormick, Treasurer, Sheridan; Frank O. Williams, Saratoga; L. D. Ricketts, Cheyenne. National Board Lady Commissioners: Mrs. F. H. Harrison, Evanston; Mrs. Francis E. Hall, Cheyenne. Alternates: Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stone, Evanston; Miss Gertrude M. Huntington, Saratoga. National Commission: Asahel C. Beck with, Evanston; Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. Alter- nates: Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne, John J. McCormick, Sheridan. The Wyoming Building is in style a modern club house. The dimensions are 70 feet in length, by 60 feet in width. It is located in the extreme north end of the grounds, commanding an interesting view across the park-like portions of the grounds reserved for State buildings. It is also convenient to the steam- boat landing. The interior arrangement consists of a main hall 24x40 feet, with two offices on the first floor, which are used for the reception and entertainment of visitors, while the collective exhibit is placed in the main hall. From here a circular stairway ascends to the second story, where the toilet rooms are located. The gallery around the hall and doors leads out upon the balconies on each of the four sides. The building is in the French chateau style, and the panels of the main frieze exterior contain elaborately wrought hunting and pastoral scenes. The people of Wyoming realize that the Exposition offers an unusual opportu- nity to make known to the world the varied material resources of their State; her coal lands, wells of oil, soda deposits and rich mines of iron and precious metals. The exhibit is arranged with the object of showing forth the advan- tages of the State, both to home-seekers of limited means and capitalists seeking fields of investment. To this end the classification includes Wyoming's best specimens of wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, native and cultivated grasses and forage plants. Irrigation methods are illustrated with maps and WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 103 diagrams. The live stock exhibit includes the best specimens of blooded horses and cattle, and illustrations of methods of handling range horses, cattle and sheep. The committee on horticulture and floriculture have made their depart- ments as complete as possible, representing all perishable articles by fac-similes in wax or plaster. Specimens of the present and extinct animal life of the State petrefactions, Indian implements, dress, and ornaments have been carefully col- lected by the committee on scenic exhibits, and form a most interesting feature of the State's contribution. The committee also endeavors by means of paintings, photographs and models, to illustrate other striking features of Wyoming and its leading industries. ALASKA. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. A. K. Delaney, Juneau; Mrs. Isabella J. Austin, Sitka. Alternates: Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Juneau; Mrs. Lena Vanderber, Sitka. National Commission: Edward de Groff, Sitka; Louis L. Williams, Juneau. Alternates: Carl Spuhn, Killisnoo; N. A. Fuller, Juneau. This Territory has no Territorial Commissioners; and while it has no build- ing, exhibits are made in the United States Government Building under the auspices of the Interior Department. ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO AND OKLAHOMA. [These territories have a building jointly, described below.] Following are the members of the Arizona State Board of Commissioners: S. P. Behan, President, Prescott; Will C. Barnes, Vice-President, Holbrook; R. C. Brown, Treasurer, Tus- con; W. K. Mead, Tombstone, George F. Coates, Phoenix; Miss Lorette Lovell, Tuscon; Mrs. T. J. Butler, Prescott. National Board Lady Managers- Mrs. Thomas J. Butler, Prescott; Miss Laura Lovell, Tucson. Alternates- Mrs. George Hoxworth, Flagstaff; Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. National Commission: George F. Coats, Phoenix; Wm K. Meade, Tombstone. Alter- nates: W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff; Herbert H. Logan, Phoenix. Following are the members of the New Mexico Territorial Board of Commissioners: W. T. Thornton, President, Santa Fe; Miguel Salazar, Vice-President, Las Vegas; W. H. H. Llewellyn, Secretary, Las Cruces; E. V. Chavez, Treasurer, Socorro; Alice B. Montgomery, Assistant Secre- tary, Eddy; E B. Mills, Superintendent of Exhibits, Las Vegas. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. Cora L. Bartlett, Santa Fe; Mrs. Franc L.Albright. Albuquerque Alternates: Mrs Louisa D. Campbell, Eddy; Miss Lucia Paria, Albuquerque. National Commission- T C. Gutierres, Albuquerque; R. M. White, Hermosa. Alternates: Louis C. Tetard, Las Vegas, C. B. Eddy, Eddy. Following are the members of the Oklahoma Territorial Board of Commissioners: Gov. A. J. Seay, President, Guthrie; Mort. Bixler, Vice-President, Norman; H. C. St. Clair, Treasurer, Kingfisher; Miss Mattie B. Kelso, Secretary, El Reno; A. C. Scott, Executive Commissioner, Oklahoma City: Lyman Cone, Superintendent of Exhibits, Guthrie; C. A. Holit, Beaver City; Miss May I. Overstreet, Beaver City; Mrs. Mort. Bixler, Norman; Mrs. H. C. St. Clair, Kingfisher; E. L. Hallock, Guthrie; Mrs. C. M. Barnes, Guthrie; W. D. Holloman, Oklahoma City; Mrs. A. M Halloman, Oklahoma City; J. E. Sater, Stillwater; Mrs. J. E. Sater, Stillwater; Rev. J. H. Buchanan, Chandler; Mrs. J. H. Buchanan, Chandler; Dr. Chas. W. Kirk, Tecumseh; Mrs. Chas. W Kirk, Tecumseh; A. L. Goddard, El Reno. National Board Lady Managers: Mrs. M. P H. Beeson, Reno City; Mrs. Genevive Guthrie, Oklahoma City. Alternates: Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oklahoma City; Mrs. Mary S. Mc- Neal, Guthrie. National Commission: Othneil Beeson, Reno City; Frank R. Gammon, Guthrie. Alternates: John Wallace, Oklahoma City; Joseph W McNeal, Guthrie. The joint building of the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma occupies an advantageous location among the other State and Territorial build- ings in the north end of the grounds. It is two stories in height, 28 feet over all, and has a frontage of 90 feet. It is ornamental in design and of a composite character, the lower story being supported by Doric columns. The main build- ing is divided into three departments, one floor for each Territory, each depart- ment having a grand reception room in the center, flanked on each side by parlors. The offices of the commissioners are grouped around the main recep- tion rooms, dividing them from the parlors on each side. It is a frame building, finished in acme cement plaster, and is used for various exhibits as well as for the general headquarters. ' 10 104 THE OFFICIAL DIRECTORY UTAH. Following are the members of the Utah Territorial Board of Commissioners: R. C. Cham- bers, President, Salt Lake City; Richard Mackintosh, Vice-President, Salt Lake City; E. A. McDaniel, Secretary, Ogden; Heber M. Wells, Treasurer, Salt Lake City; N. A. Empy, Execu- tive Commissioner, Salt Lake City. Territorial Board Lady Managers: Mrs. F. S. Richards, President, Salt Lake City; Mrs. F. D. Richards, Vice-President, Ogden; Mrs. Electa Bullock, Provo; Mrs. C. W. Lyman, Salt Lake City; Mrs. G. W. Thatcher, Logan; Miss May Preston, Secretary, Salt Lake City. Salt Lake County World's Fair Association: Executive Board: Mrs. E. B. Wells, Presi- dent; Mrs. G. Y. Wallace, 1st Vice-President; Mrs. Priscilla Jennings, 2d Vice-President; Mrs. Margaret A. Caine, Secretary; Miss Emma McCormick, Assistant-Secretary; Mrs. Bertha Bam- berger, Treasurer; Mrs. C. E. Allen, Mrs. Ann D. Groesbeck, Mrs. Sarah Boggs, Mrs. Kate Smith, Mrs. Amelia F. Young. National Board of Lady Managers: Mrs. M. B. Salisbury, Salt Lake City; Mrs. T. A. Whalen, Ogden. Alternates: Miss Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake City; Mrs. Susan B. Emery, Park City. National Commission: P. H. Lannan, Salt Lake City; Fred J. Kiesel, Ogden. Alternates: Charles Crane, Kanosh; Wm. M. Ferry, Park City. The Utah Building is frame covered with staff. It is two stories high, and has an area of 46x82 feet. In style the facade is modern Renaissance. The foundation, columns, pilasters, cornice and other ornamental parts are made in imitation of the different kinds of stone in Utah. The walls are lined off in imi- tation of adobes. On the first floor is an exhibit hall, 41x45 feet, open to the roof and covered with a skylight. In the rear of this hall is a circular bay, and in this is the main stairway. This building has chaste and simple outlines, and is an ornament to the grounds, standing as it does among the other state edifices, and lending its hand- some exterior to the group. It is a worthy illustration of the taste of the people of that territory, and will attract the visitor by its novelty. Its interior is planned with a special view to the comfort of those who make it their headquarters. The two stories are laid out in nearly the same fashion, comprising on the first floor several rooms for the use of the commissioners. A reception room is placed here, as also the secretary's office, and women's parlor. The second floor is similar in arrangement to the first, there being an exhibition room, 41x45 feet, and various office rooms. The building cost $15,000. COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 1. Sir Henry Wood, Great Britain. 4. H. E. Imperial Chamberlain P. DE GLOUKHOVSKOY, Russia. 7. E. E. Senor don Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Spain. 10. Chr. Ravn, Norway. 13. Hon. J. J. Grinlinton, Ceylon. 2. Hon. Adolph Wermuth, Germany. 5. Ibrahim Hakky Bey, Turkey. 8. Hon. S. Tegima, Japan. 11. Arthur Leffler, Sweden. 11. J. J. QUELCH, British Guiana. 3. ASTERE VERCRUYSSE, Belgium. 6. H. E. Marshal Jose Simeao de Oliveria, Brazil. 9. Hon. Anton von Palitschek- Palmforst, Austria. 12. Hon. Dr. Arthur Rexwick, Nelo South Wales. 15. Hon. Frederick Douglas, Hayti. .... . ... ^ COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN GOUNTRIES. \. Prof. Vulks I. Shopoff, 2. L. Weiner, 3. Phra. Suriya Nuvatr, Bulgaria. Cape Colony. Siam* 4. Dr. Francisco Bustamante, 5. E. Spencer Pratt, 6. George Birkoff, Venezuela. Persia. Netherlands. 7. W.M. E. ROTHERY, 8. Col. M. N. Arizaga, 9. Milton 0. Higgins, Liberia. Ecuador. Curacao. iO. T. Paredes, 11. Sr. D. Manuel M. de Peralta, 12. Dr. Emil Hassler, Columbia. Costa Rica. Paraguay. 13. J. S. Larke. 14. Arnold Hollinger, 15. SlGNOR V. ZEGGIO, Canada. Switzerland. Italy. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 105 Foreign Participation, The foreign countries which are officially participating The total amount of their appropriations is over $6,000,000: in the Exposition are as follows. Argentine Republic, Cape Colony, Netherlands, Austria, Ceylon, Curacao, Belgium, India, Norway, Brazil, Jamaica, Orange Free State, Bulgaria, New South Wales, Paraguay, Chili, Trinidad, Persia, Colombia, Greece, Portugal, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Russia, Denmark, Hayti, San Domingo, St. Thomas, Honauias, Siam, Ecuador, Italy, Spain, France, Japan, Cuba, Tunis, Johore, Phillipine Islands, Germany, Korea, Switzerland, Great Britain, Liberia, Sweden, British Guiana, Mexico, Turkey, Canada, Monaco, Uruguay Venezuela. Besides the above a large number of exhibits representative of foreign countries are made by companies and individuals in the several great departments and on the Midway Plaisance. China, for instance, has no official exhibit, but Chinese exhibits abound. On the Plaisance are Javanese, Egyptian, Moorish, Dutch, Japanese, Malay, Austrian, German, Irish, Dahomian, Algerian, Tunisian and Arabian pavilions, booths, villages, streets and settlements, etc. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Mr. Carlos R. Gallardo, President National Commission, Commissioner General; L