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 THE 
 
 1< 
 
 PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 — OF — 
 
 ALWATO, 
 
 (Ahl-wah-to.) 
 
 The new Scientific Universal Language, grow- 
 ing out of the Principles of Universology 
 ( Alski— Ahl-skee. ) 
 
 — BY — 
 
 STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS, 
 
 Author of "The Basic Outline of Universology," Etc., Etc' 
 
 Aided by the class of students of Alwato, at Hotel St. Elmo, 
 
 130 West Brookliuc Street, Boston: a branch of 
 
 the Normal University of the Pantarchy, 
 
 (Washington, D. C.) 
 
 BOSTON : • 
 
 S. P. ANDREWS, Publisher. 
 
 1877- 
 

THE 
 
 PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 — OF — 
 
 ALWATO, 
 
 (Ahl-wah-t©,) 
 
 The new Scientific Universal Language, growing out 
 of the Principles of Universology (Alski— Ahl-skee.) 
 
 — BY— 
 
 STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS, 
 
 Author of "The Basic Outline of Universology/' Etc., Etc. 
 
 Aided by the class of students of Alwato, at Hotel St. Elmo, 130 West 
 
 Brookline Street, Boston : a branch of the Normal University 
 
 of the Pantarchy, (Washington, D. C.) 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 S. P. ANDREWS, Publisher. 
 
 1877. 
 
^ 
 
 ^s 
 
 <\> 
 
 Copyright, 1877, fy/ Stephen Pearl Andrews. All rights resei'ved. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Alwato is the One Language for the whole World, discovered 
 to exist in the Nature of Things, and awaiting development merely, 
 by the exertions of man ; as music always existed in the same 
 sense, although there was a time when no science of music was 
 known. The various peoples of the earth had imperfect systems 
 of music, however, even then : and these were analagous with the 
 naturismal languages, (English, French, German, etc.,) now ex- 
 tant in the world. 
 
 The One Alphabet for the Whole World (see adver- 
 tisement at the end of this Grammar), is the proper initiation to 
 The New Education ; not only for its own value and uses, as 
 the means of writing and printing all languages, English and 
 Alwato included, phonetically, that is to say correctly, but as the 
 best sample of alphabetic knowledge generally. (Other things 
 besides language have alphabets). The English Standard Pho- 
 netic Alphabet may be substituted; and even the notes on pro- 
 nunciation, in this Grammar, will suffice. 
 
 What — the persou fresh to the subject will ask — will it profit me 
 to study Alwato ? A hundred times more than it is possible to 
 tell you ! until by its study you discover immense needs in your 
 mental constitution, and power to communicate, which you do not 
 now suspect, and which will he revealed to you by this study. 
 Nobody thinks accurately - , except in Mathematics and Logic. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ver k„ow excep £ ■*» g ^ ^ ^ what th 
 
 ° ftbl s ng coi"w h t- magnetic telegraph are. in then- 
 manner s compa,s, w unde „ tand his own language 
 spheres No one ca U£>perb ^ it „ somet hi llg «o 
 without ,t; and as a m ere Wer J. £ rf ^ fa „„.,„ 
 be among the first to ■■aW A member f the 
 is t0 be the *<- « ^J York Boston) will certify to 
 
 ° at S; labor of acquiring Alwato is estimated, variously, at one- 
 , I ooetl rd or one-fourth, that of .acquiring any ordmary Ian- 
 half, one-thud, exc i usio n of defective forms, irregu- 
 
 guag e; on accoun of the exc » 
 
 , itiesand ^^sitvXome thorongh.y learned 
 
 r y ssrs^Xi*- « - — they 
 
 will be constantly studied comparatively. 
 
 This Grammar will be followed by Phrase Book, Readers Vo 
 eaburiel Primary Dictionaries, etc., expanding as raptdly ; 
 m ay be into The New Lexeme, to accompany The *e« 
 Education, for the Planet. 
 
PRIMARY GRAMMAR. 
 
 The several parts of speech and grammatical definitions are 
 substantially the same in Alwato as in the naturismal languages. 
 
 THE ARTICLES. 
 
 The Indefinite Article is ' a ' or ' an ' (before a vowel), the same 
 as in English 
 
 Note on pronunciation. — The vowel ' a ' is to be carefully pro- 
 nounced ah ! or like ' a ' in father. 
 
 The Definite Article is ' el ' (or ' il ') freely reduced to the single 
 letter 4 1.' which blends in with the previous or following words, 
 .according to euphony. 
 
 Note on pronunciation. — The vowel ' e ' is pronounced like the 
 name of i a ' in English, (the first letter of the alphabet), like ey 
 in obe^, and like French e. The vowel ' i ' is pronouuced like ee, 
 or like ' i ' in pique, machine. 
 
 NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 Besides being Common and Proper, the nouns have also 
 Gender, Number and Case, (as in other languages). 
 
 The Gender is purely natural, as in English ; based on sex 
 or the absence of sex. The usual masculine termination is 4 o '•; 
 the feminine, ' a,' and the ending for common or indifferent gender, 
 ■ u ' ; as man,o, a man ; man,a, a woman ; and man,u, folks, (men and 
 women, indifferently). The Neuter Gender has no special 
 ending. 
 
 Note on pronunciation — The vowel ' o ' is pronounced as usual 
 in English ; the vowel ' u ' like oo in fool. 
 
6 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 The Number of Nouns Substantive is Singular and Plural, 
 (and also Collective). 
 
 First Rule. — The plural is formed, as in English, by adding ' s/ 
 as fit, fits, (feat, feats), if the final sound of the word is a thin 
 consonant (k, t. p ; (;, th ; sh, s, f ) ; except that c, (tch), sh, and 
 s, not readily assimilating a following ' s,' an ' e ' is first added 
 which brings them under the Second Rule. 
 
 Second Rule. — The s, to form the plural, changes to z when 
 the word ends with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u, etc., or with a 
 thick consonant sound — g, d, b • j, dh ; zh, z, v) ; except that j, zh 
 and z, not readily assimilating a following z, -ez is added ; thus, 
 nmn.dz. men; man.az, women; robz, robes ; bajez, badges. 
 
 Note on pronunciation — The type c is used for the tsh-combi- 
 nation of English, as in \v\fch. It the type is not at hand, use tsh 
 instead. Th sounds as in th\ah, and sh as usual in English ; 
 dh is used for the English th as in thy. 
 
 The collective terminations are -io, -sma, and -smo ; or -zma 
 and -zmo, as man,io, mankind. 
 
 The Case of Nouns is very simple, but very varied and 
 effective. AH case-relations may be denoted by independent 
 prepositions, as is almost uniformly done in English ; as, by the 
 house, on the table, etc. ; but if a case termination is preferred it 
 is made by simply annexing the appropriate preposition, a* a post ~ 
 position, to the noun ; sometimes inserting the vowel 'i' between 
 * them for euphony, or as a connective ; thus raan,o,ki, of the man, 
 man o,tu, to the man, man,o,ku, from the man ; Jon,i.ki, Johns, of 
 John, etc. (See the prepositions.) 
 
 . In this manner the number of cases of the noun is only limited 
 by the number of simple prepositions, such as can be easily an- 
 nexed to other words. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The Adjectives, as in English, have no grammatical agreement ; 
 that is to say, they undergo no changes on account of the changes 
 
OF ALWATO. / 
 
 of Gender, Number or Case of the Nouns to which they belong 
 They have merely, therefore, Degrees of Comparison. 
 
 COMPARISON. OF THE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The usual ending for the Positive Degree is -so, which may be 
 contracted, when equally agreeable to the ear, to ' s ' ; as da,so or 
 das, good; ga,so or gas, bad. The Comparative and Superlative 
 Degrees are then, permissibly, formed as in English by -erand -est, 
 or simply -r and -st, (as da,er or dar, better, da,est or dast, best,) 
 but, more regularly, the vowel is placed after the consonant (or 
 consonants,) making the more regular endings to be -re and -ste, 
 as da,re, da,ste, better, best. Often, however, the Positive Degree 
 has no distinctive termination, thus, tal, tal.re, tal,ste, tall, taller, 
 tallest. 
 
 The separate words in or and most, (or mo,re, mo, ste), may 
 also be used like more and most in English, to form the Compara- 
 tive and Superlative Degrees, and are especially convenient if the 
 adjective has several syllables. 
 
 THE NUMERALS. 
 
 The Numerals, Cardinal and Ordinal, are as follows : 
 
 Cardinal. Ordinal. 
 
 91, (un, or -n) one. cit, (citso or ciso) first. 
 
 twi, two. twit, (etc.) SECOND. 
 
 tri, THREE. trit, THIRD, 
 
 kwi, FOUR. kwit, FOURTH. 
 
 kwin, (4 and 1) five. kwint, fifth. 
 
 tritri, (3 and 3) six. tritrit, sixth. 
 
 tritrin, (3 and 3 and 1) seven. tritrint, seventh. 
 
 kwikwi, (4 and 4) eight. kwikwit, eighth. 
 
8 
 
 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 kwikwin, (4 and 4 and 1) nine. 
 tinti, ten. 
 
 tiuci, ELEVEN. 
 
 tintwi, twelve, etc. 
 
 tent;, twenty. 
 
 tenti,ci, twentyonk, etc. 
 
 ta-nti, thirty, (a as in man). 
 
 tanti, forty (a as in ah !) 
 
 funti, fifty (u as in uh). 
 
 fonti, sixty (o like aw). 
 
 tonti, seventy, (tone-ty). „ 
 
 tunti, eighty, (too::-tv). 
 
 tiunti, ninety, (tune-ty). 
 
 tainti, a hundred, (tine ty). 
 
 fointi, a thousand, (toy»n-ty). 
 
 taunt 5 , ten thousand, (tah-oon-ty). 
 
 tintaunti, a hundred thousand. 
 
 tintinti, (for tintintaunti) a million. 
 
 kwikwint, ninth. 
 tintit, tenth. 
 tin^it, eleventh. 
 tintwlt, twelfth. 
 
 tentlt, TWENTIETH. 
 teuti,Clt, TWENTYFIRST. 
 ta nilt, THIRTIETH, 
 tantit, FORTIETH. 
 t'Untlt, FIFTIETH, 
 tontir, SIXTIETH, 
 tontlt, SEVENTIETH, 
 tuntlt, EIGHTIETH. 
 
 tiuntit, ninetieth. 
 taiutit, one hundredth. 
 t-ointit, one thousandth. 
 tauntit, a tenthousandtr. 
 tintauntit, a hundred 
 
 [thousandth. 
 
 tintintit, a millionth. 
 
 -:0:- 
 
 Uns or cis, once; twis, twice; tris, thrice, etc.; <jin*k, (or 
 twito), half; twitrk, one of a pair; trin*k, (or trito), a third; 
 kwiirk, (or kwito), a fourth ; kwiniirk, (or kwinto), a fifth, etc. 
 
 
 THE PRONOUNS. 
 
 The Pronouns are, as in other languages, substitute words for 
 Nouns ; and divide into Personal Pronouns, Possessive Prououns, 
 Demonstrative Pronouns, Relative and Interrogative Pronouus, 
 and Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
OF ALWATO. 
 I. 
 
 The Ordinary Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 First 
 
 Person. 
 
 Second Person. 
 
 Third Person. 
 
 
 NOM. 
 
 
 OBJEC. 
 
 NOM. 
 
 OBJEC. 
 
 NOM. 
 
 OBJEC. 
 
 Mas. 
 
 yo, I; 
 
 
 mo, vie; 
 
 vo, thou ; 
 
 zo, thee ; 
 
 ro, he ; 
 
 lo, him. 
 
 Fer.i. 
 
 ya, li 
 
 
 ma, vie ; 
 
 x&,thou; 
 
 za, thee ; 
 
 ra, she ; 
 
 la, for. 
 
 Mas. 
 
 yi, we; 
 
 
 mi, us ; 
 
 vi, you ; 
 
 zi, you ; 
 
 4 'ri, Ztay ; 
 
 li, them. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 ye, we; 
 
 
 me, ms ; 
 
 ve,you; 
 
 ze, you ; 
 
 re, they ; 
 
 le, £Ae7tt. 
 
 Indif- 
 
 / vn, 7 or 7ce; 
 
 mu, me 
 
 xu, thou ; 
 
 zu, thee 
 
 ru, he, she 
 
 lu, Aer, him 
 
 ferent. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 or us. 
 
 or you. 
 
 or you. 
 
 or <Aey. 
 
 or £fom. 
 
 II. . 
 
 Supplementary Personal Pronouns. 
 
 nominative. objective. 
 
 • Ru or ' r,' it, (usually omitted). Lu or ' 1/ it. 
 
 Ruz, they, (neuter). L-uz, them, (neuter). 
 
 Se, self; lo,se, himself; la.se, herself, etc. (See the Possessive 
 Pronouns.) 
 
 Note on pronunciation — The u-type, distinguished by a high 
 period preceding it (*u) is " the natural vowel " of phoneticians, 
 like 4 u ' in curd, or but. The o-type, distinguished in the same 
 way (*o) is to be pronounced like ' aw ' awful or ' o ' in morn 
 
 The Possessive Pronouns. 
 The Adjective Possessive Pronouns, {my, thy, his, her, 
 etc.) are formed from the Objective Personal Pronouns, (mo, ma ; 
 zo, za ; lo, la, etc.) by adding the preposition ki (of) ; thus, mo,ki, 
 my, lo,ki, his, l,ki, its, l'uzki, their (neuter,) lo,se,ki, his own, etc. 
 Practically, this ending, -ki, is usually omitted, as it saves a syl- 
 lable in these words of very frequent repetition, and as no ambig- 
 uity results ; as when we'say her hoot, and I love her, in English. 
 In the more general usage, therefore, the objective personal pro-" 
 nouns are used likewise before their nouns, as adjective possessive 
 as lo libro, his book, etc. 
 
10 THE PRIM ART GRAMMAR 
 
 The Substantive Possessive Pronouns (mine, thine, tic.) 
 are formed in the same manner by adding -io instead of -ki ; 
 hus, mo,io, mine[; lo,io, his : la,io, hers, etc. 
 
 THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 The Demonstrative Pronouns, (this, that, these, those, ) are c to ' 
 this and ko that., before a noun singular. Before a plural noun k to ' 
 reads these and ko those, as it is contrary to principle to repeat, 
 unnecessarily, the sign of plurality ; thus, to librd, this book, to 
 libroz, these books, etc. But when no noun follows toz is used for 
 these and koz for those ; kox wi, these which, etc. # 
 
 THE RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 The Relative Pronoun* are wi, which, (and permissibly, who 
 whom,) wi.ki, of which, whereof-, wo, who and whom, and wo,ki, 
 whose. The same are used interrogatively, wi ? which ? wo - 
 who ? etc. Wa is what ? and wa,ki, of what ? The ending, - u,i 
 or ~so,'u,i or -s.wi is equivalent to -ever or -soever in English ; a* 
 wa,so,*u,i, whatsoever.' 
 
OF JLLWATO. 11 
 
 THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 
 These are a miscellaneous group of words, conveniently thrown 
 
 together under this designation. 
 
 Al, all. Un (or ci) one, a certain one. 
 
 tks(i). each. Sum, some ; sum,uu, some 
 
 one. 
 
 Alts(i), every. Sumpo, some person ; sumbo, 
 
 somebody. 
 
 iksi,un, each one. Ani, any ; ani,un, any one, 
 
 Iksi, po, each person ; iksibo, each Ani.po, any person ; ani ho 
 body. etc. any body. 
 
 Altsi,un, altsipo, altsibo, every, etc. No,un, niln, none, n« one. 
 
 Otr, other ; otrr, (others) Nopo, no person ; noho, no- 
 
 body, 
 
 Otro, the other, (male), otra, Pdts(i), or kiso, several. 
 
 (fern.), etc. 
 
 Mos(o), much. Nos(o), (a) little. 
 
 5fo,ts(i), many. Nots(i), (a) Jew, 
 
 Al,io,(^e) whole. Twlto, half, one half. 
 
 Ksotr,(o, a, u,) either. * Noksotr,(o, a, u,) neither. 
 
 809(1), such.% Stis(o), certain. 
 
 Both, or boksO), both. 
 
 THE VERBS. 
 
 The Verbs in Alwato, as in other languages, hare Tense, Mode 
 and Voice ; with the usual adjunct of Participles. 
 
 THE TENSES. 
 
 The entire structure of the verb rests on the three pivotal or 
 leading Tense forms-— The Past, The Present, and The Fu- 
 ture. These are formed by adding the vowel sounds 'a' for the 
 
 Post, ' i * for the Present, and ' o * for the Future, to the root. 
 
12 i THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 The reason of this fundamental arrangement of the Tenses is 
 
 this ; The three vowel sounds a, i. o, (pronounce them carefully 
 ah, ee, o), are the pivotal vowel sounds of all languages, (or, as 
 ir were, universally). Or' these, the *a' is made at the Hack- 
 mouth, (or by opeiiinyr the mouth wide and deep into the throat): 
 ' i ' is made at the Middle-mouth, (by pinching the sound small 
 between 'the tip of the tongue and the teeth-and gum-) ; ami 'o' 
 is made at the Front-mouth, by rounding and pouting ttje lips. 
 Then, by the analogies of Univer<olo^y, what is rack, in posi^ 
 ion, corresponds with what is BEHIND in space, and- with what 
 s past (or behind us) in time, -whence -a is the true sign of Pdst 
 Tims; what is Forth or Frontwise, in position, csrresoo i Is 
 with what is before in space, and with what is future, in time ; 
 .whence -o is the true sign of Future Time ; and, finally, what i- 
 midwav:' or BBTWEE.si« position, corresponds with what is here 
 in space, and with what is now, in time; whence -i is the true 
 sign of the Present Tense or Timi. ■ 
 
 The schema, of these three vowels, with reference to their poti- 
 ons in the iiuuth, and their meanings in respect to time, is the 
 olio wing : 
 
 RACK MOUTH. MIDDLE-MOUTH. FRONT-MOUTH. 
 
 (Past Time ) (Present Time.) (Future Time.) 
 
 a i o 
 
 To exhibit the Tense-and-Mod" forms most simply. Cor the be- 
 ginner, it is better to use an English word, ' speak,' for instance, 
 merely changing the spelling to ' spik ' (according to phonetic 
 aws) ; so that the attention will be more concentrated upon the 
 endings. (The true Alwat ) root for ' spik ' is * wat.') The 
 three Pivotal Tense-forms of the verb are, then, as follows: 
 
 Present Tense. Yo spik.i. J speak. 
 
 Past Tense. Yo spik, a, I spoke (railed the Imperfect Tens 
 
 Future Tense. Yo splk,o, / shall speak. 
 
 'J ne above (and others of this typ<-) are what are called the 
 
OF ALWATO. 13 
 
 Indeterminate Tense forms. There is another set, which maybe 
 Mibstituted for them, (without changing the tense) called the De 
 terminate Tense-forms (made in English by the Present Parti- 
 ciple with an Auxiliary ) These determinate Teuse-forms are 
 made, in Alwato, by adding -ni (or simply, i) to the other termi- 
 nations thus : 
 
 Present Tense. Yo spik,i,ni, I am speaking. 
 
 Past Tense. Yo spik,a,ni, I was speaking. 
 
 Future Tense Yo spik,o,ni, I shall be speaking. 
 
 As all other tense-forms can be made determinate by this addi- 
 tionfof -ni), we need not encumber the conjugation by auy fur- 
 ther examples of the Determinate Tense-forms. 
 
 The Present, Past and Future Tense-forms, are, in theory, each 
 susceptible of a Present, Past and Future Tense-form of its own, 
 sabdivisionally — making a Present Present, a Present Past,,a Pres- 
 ent Future ; a Past Present, a Past Past, and a Past Future, and 
 a Future Present, a Future Past, and a Future Future, (three 
 leading and nine secondary Tense-forms, ) — the secondary forms 
 made by repeating the three vowels i, a, o ; thus : 
 
 Present- Present. Yo spiki,i, I speak or am speaking (just at 
 this time). 
 
 Present Past. Yo splk,i,o, lam just now going to speak. 
 
 But the richness of Tense-forms so provided is greater than is 
 usually needed ; and the ordinary Tense-forms, leading and second- 
 ary,are reduced to seven in all, as shown in the Paradigm , on 
 the fifteenth page. 
 
 For remarks on the Tense-forms of other modes than the In- 
 dicative, see what is said of those Modes respectively. . 
 
 OF THE CONDITIONAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 MODES. 
 
 These two Modes are best considered together, as they are very 
 apt to appear conjoined, and as their names are derived from their 
 Conjunction or yoking. In the compouud proposition: ' 1 should 
 
14 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 speak Alwato if I knew it well enough, ' the first clause, which 
 preceds and looks to the condition expressed by the Conjunction 
 or connecting word (/"(which yokes the two clauses) is said to 
 be in the Conditional Mode (the sign of which in English is 
 ' should ' or ' would, ' although these auxiliaries may come also in 
 the English Subjunctive Mode, which is confusing); and the sec- 
 ond clause (if I knew it, etc.), what follows the Conjunction if, 
 and expresses the condition, is said to be in the Subjunctive Mode. 
 This word Subjunctive means : Under the Yoke, and it is the Con- 
 junction if which is the yoke, the Subjunctive Mode being sub- 
 ject to or under it. 
 
 The Conditional Mode is always denoted in Aiwato by the 
 vovfel ' e,' and the Subjunctive Mode by * u,' inserted before the 
 Tense-endings; thus: Yo spik,e,i, I should speak 4 , da yo no,u,i T 
 if I knew {should know, or were to know.) 
 
 The Tense-idea (the notion of time) is not so definite in these 
 Modes as it is in the Indicative Mode. The Paradigm p. 15. 
 will exhibit the several Tense-forms, with sufficient accuracy. 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 The Imperative Mode commands, exhorts or requests. It ruug 
 therefore, mainly^in the second person (the person addressed); and 
 its form is then the same as that of the Indicative Mode Present, 
 spik,i (speak), but without any Pronoun. The '-i,' may be omitted 
 and the whole reduced to 4 spik.' In the other Persons, First and 
 Second (more rare), the Subjunctive Sign, ' u,' intervenes, and the 
 Pronoun is usually added ; thus spiku(i)yu, let us speak ; spik- 
 u(i)ro, let him speak. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE MODE. 
 
 The Infinitive Mode merely names the action of the verb ; as 
 1 to speak.' In English the sign ' to,' regularly accompanies it. 
 Tm Alw.Mfo instead of ' to ' proceeding; the root '-yu ? follows and is 
 
OP ALWATO. 15 
 
 joined to it, as spik,yu (to speak.) The Past Tense-form is then 
 made by ' i ' between the ' y ' and '*u ' thus spik,yi,*u' to have spoken. 
 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The Passive Voice (expressing that which is done to the sub~ 
 ject) is made, throughout, by adding '-ta ' to the other endings, 
 thus; to wato spik,i,ta, this language is spoken ; splkyi/u,ta to 
 have been spoken, etc. 
 
 THE PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Instead of -ing (English) the Alwato Present-Participle ending 
 is '-In' — spik^n, speaking. So splk,an or spik,i,an — having spo- 
 ken (Past Active). The Past Participle (Passive) ends, normal- 
 ly, the same as in English, in '-ed '; hence spik,ed, spoken. If con- 
 tracted the 4 -d ' changes to 't' after the thin consonants (see Rules 
 of the Number of the Nouns), thus spikt {spoken). 
 
 NOUNS FROM THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Certain important classes of Nouns are formed from the Parti- 
 ciple thus : 
 
 Spik,er, One who speaks, Speaker. 
 
 Spikero, do. Male ; Spikera, do. Female ; Spikeru, indifferent, 
 Spikinero, a male, who is now speaking. Spikinera, etc. 
 Ti,spikedero, the male person who was addressed, etc. 
 
 PARADIGM OP THE CONJUGATION 
 OF THE VERB 
 
 INFINITIVE MODE 
 
 Present Tense— -spik,yu, to speak 
 Past Tense — spik,yru to have spoken. 
 
16 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Present Active — spikin, speaking 
 Past Active — splkian, havbig spoken. 
 Present Passive — spikint being spoken 
 Past Passive — spiked, spikt or splk,e spoken, 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 1. Present Tense — Yo (ya, yu, vu, ro, ra, ru,)j splk,i, I (1, 
 we, you, he, she, they) speak or speaks. 
 
 2. Present Past Tense (called Perfect,), Yo (ya etc.) 
 spik,i,a, / (etc.) have spoken. 
 
 3. Past Tense (called Imperfect,) Yo (etc.) spik,a, /(etc.) 
 spoke. 
 
 4. Past-Past Tense (called Pluperfect,), Yo (etc.) spik,a,a, 
 (or spik,a,ka), /(etc.) had spoken. 
 
 5. Past Future Tense (Back-dated Prospective,) Yo di,a, 
 ke yo (etc.) spik,a,o, (I said) that /(etc.) should speak. 
 
 6. Future (Present) Tense, Yo (etc.) spik,o, / (etc.) shall 
 (or will) speak. 
 
 7. Future Past Tense, (called Second Future) Yo (etc.) 
 spik,o,a, /(etc.) shall have spoken. 
 
 CONDITIONAL MODE. 
 
 Present Tense — yo (etc,) splk,e,i, da, /(etc.) should speak if. 
 Present Past — yo (etc.) splk,e,i,a, da, / (etc,) should have 
 
 spoken . 
 Past Tense — yo(etc.)spik,e,a, da. ] same as the two preced- 
 
 but come after Past 
 
 Past Past — yo (etc) spik,e,a,a, i ing, but 
 •(or -aka) da. J Tenses. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 Present Tense— da yo (etc.) spik,u,i if 1 (etc.) spoke, 
 {should speak, were to speak); (or ke yo, etc. -that I should speak.) 
 
 (1.) The ' k ' permissibly inserted, for euphony. 
 
OP ALWATO. 17 
 
 * 
 
 Present Past, da yo (etc.) spik,u,i,a, if (or that) / (etc.) 
 
 had spoken, were to have spoken, should have spoken. 
 
 Past Tense, dayo (etc.) splk,u,a. } Same as the two preced- 
 Past Past, da yo (etc.) spik,u,a,a > ing, but come after Past 
 (or spik,u,a,ka.) ) Tenses. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 1st. Person, spik,u,yo, let me speak. 
 
 2nd. Person, splk or spik,i, speak. 
 
 3rd. Person, spik,u,ro, etc. let him speak, etc. 
 
 Remember, that the additional tense-ending '-ta - changes any 
 form into the Passive Voice. 
 
 There are no Irregular or Defective Verbs in Alwato. The 
 verb of being (am, is, are, was, etc. — the verb to be) has 'I ' for 
 its root, and needs to be partly conjugated, on account of its 
 irregularities in English, all of which disappear in Alwato, thus : 
 
 Eh 
 
 Yo i,i, (permissibly pronounced yo, yi), lam. 
 Vo i,i, thou art. 
 
 § Ro i,i, he is 
 
 
 Ru i,i, they are 
 
 w J Yo i,a, (permissibly pronounced yo ya,) I was. 
 
 <s l 
 
 Ru i,a, they were. 
 
 Yo i,o, 1 shall or will he, etc. 
 
 OF THE COMPOSITION OF ROOT- WORDS. 
 
 The composition of the root-words of the language belongs 
 appropriately in connection with the verb. In Latin, Greek and 
 their daughter languages, the Infinitive-Mode-Form of the Verb 
 serves as, at the same time, the root-word. In Sanscrit the 
 
18 % THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 root is apart, and is no particular part of speech. Alwato fol- 
 lows the Sanscrit, in this particular ; though generally the simp- 
 lest roots serve as Prepositions, Pronouns etc. (the hinge- words), 
 and roots generally appear in the shorter form of the Imperative. 
 
 MEANINGS OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 All the roots of the language involve (except in certain con- 
 tractions), some one of the eight vowels ; and the meanings oft 
 these vowels, taken singly, are as follows: 
 
 I, (like ee) being, entity, protension ; Length. 
 
 e, (like -ay) siding, relation, branching ; Breadth. 
 
 a # , (like ai in air) flatness, (2-dimension-spread), superficies,; 
 
 DEGREE. 
 
 a, (like ah ! ) substance, reality ; hight-and-depth ; Thickth. 
 
 •u, (like uh !) profluency, current, stream ; Time. 
 
 •o, (like aw) spread, expanse ; Space. 
 
 o, front-presence, phenomenality ; Form, Idea. 
 
 u, (like oo) askanceness, inclination ; Force. 
 
 Scales of root-words are formed on these vowels corresponding 
 with their meanings, thus: 
 
 Sit, distance. Set, form (shape). Sa*t, color. Sat, weight, etc. 
 
 I,zma, reality ; 1, zma, similarity ; I,so real ; i,so, similar, like. 
 
 E,zma, relation ; e,zma, coincidence ; kl,zma, division, (divi- 
 duality.) cleavage; lk,sma, individuality r ; ik, s ma, privation, (stop- 
 ped, hindered or defeated individuality) etc. 
 
 MEANINGS OF THE FOUR LEADING VOWEL 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 iu (like -ew in few) joining, juncture, conjuncture-, Event. 
 
 ai (like i in pine) undemeath(~ness) , bottom ; Ground. 
 
 *oi (like -oy in boy) above (-?iess), top; Canopy. 
 
 au (like -ow in how), collectivity of elements ; Ingredikncy. 
 
OF ALWATO. 19 
 
 MEANINGS OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 The syllable 'to-' is a mere stem to exhibit the consonant which 
 follows. The ending '~ia* is equivalent to the ending, '-ness' or 
 '-ism.* The consonant is in the middle and is thai to which the 
 meaning attaches. 
 
 1. Liquids. 
 
 1. To-m,ia, withoutness ; Objectivity. 
 
 2. To-rc,ia, withinness \ Subjectivity. 
 
 3. To-w<7,ia, inter-ness, indifference ; Neutrality. 
 
 1. 'CW,ia, entirety, unbrokenness ; Continuity. 
 
 2. To-r,ia, partness, brokenness ; Interruption. 
 
 2. Solids, 
 j. Smooth Thin k, (c), t, (th), p. 
 
 1. To-&,ia, cut division, departure ; " Cause.", 
 
 2. To-£,ia, touch, atness, arrival; " End." 
 
 3. To-jo,ia, division-and-unition ; hingswiseness ; "Effect." 
 
 II. Smooth Thick — -g (hard), (j), d, (dh), b. 
 
 1. To-^,ia, concrete division or departure — -Trunk. 
 
 2. To-d,ia, concrete, atness or presence — Head. 
 
 3. To~5,ia, concrete departure-and-atness — Body (man-like* 
 
 or planet-and-orbit4ike.) 
 
 III. Hough Thin sh, s, f. 
 
 1. To-sh,\a, manifold cut, division ; Dispersion. 
 
 2. To-s,ia, manifold punctation, or atness ; Collection. 
 
 3. To^ia, manifold coUection~and-dispersion; Winnowing 
 
 Process. 
 
 IV. Hough Thick- zh, 2, v. 
 
 1. To-zh,ia, manifold trunkiness ; Ramification {vegetable,) 
 
20 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 2. To-z,ia, manifold headism ; Clumpiness (animal.) 
 
 3. To-f,ia, manifold trunkiness-and-headism; Organization. 
 
 EXCEPTIONALS OF THK SOLIDS. 
 
 (Abstractoid.) 
 
 To-f,ia. unity from dispersion; Onkness (out of the many.) 
 To>*A,ia, crossing, as of rays in the pupil of the eye ; or of the 
 nerves at the Punctum Vitas ; Decussation (of delicate or ab- 
 stractoid lines.) 
 
 (Concretoid.) 
 To^ia, aggregation, clod, earth ; a Oneness of Concreteness. 
 To-dh,\&, crossing or decussation of trunk or shaft-like objects; 
 saw-horse arrangement. 
 
 3. Ambigu's or Co- ales cents ; (weak conso- 
 nants derived from the vowels.) 
 
 To-A,ia, ('h' theoretically from 'a'; compare Hebrew aleph) ; hal- 
 itus, breath, exhalation, inhalation, etc; inspiration, aspiration 
 expiration, etc. Spirit ; everything aerial, ethertal, etc. 
 
 To-^,ia, (from 'i'); radio -centricity, radiancy, as of the sun or a 
 star ; or of the centering conscious spirit in man (at punctum 
 vitae), or of God in the universe ; Personality, self-hood, re- 
 presentative personality, as we call a great actor "a star," etc. 
 
 To-w,ia, (from 'u,' 'oo' or 'o'), bi-laterality, side-by-sid«-ness in 
 proceedure, as of two friends walking and talking; wee-waw, 
 exchange, reciprocation, conversation, Language. (Wato, a lan- 
 guage ; Al,wato, the Universal Language.) 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS (and allied words) 
 
 Back-mouth— k — distance. Middle -mouth — t — presence. Front-mouth— p — hingwise. 
 
 Ki, of, (partitive.) « Ti, at, Pi, in connection ivith. 
 
 Ke, that, (conj.) Te, at the side of. Pe, in correlation with, 
 
 Ka # , off" from the surface of Ta*, at the surface of. Pa - , skimming along. 
 
 Ka, down, (prep. & adv.) Ta, up, (prep. & adv.) Pa, stepping along. 
 
 Ku, then, (adv.) Tu, now, (adv.) Pu, during. 
 
OF ALWATO. 
 
 21 
 
 Ko, there, (adv.) 
 
 Ko, that, (demon, pron.) 
 
 Ku, from, 
 
 •Oi, over. 
 Ai, under. 
 
 To, here, (adv.) Yo,intheneighborKd of. 
 
 To, this, (demon, pron.) Po, in regard to. 
 Tu, to, Pu, for. 
 
 :0: 
 
 Tu. in conjunction with. 
 Au, in the composition of. 
 
 Ant(i), on. 
 Tant(i), upon. 
 Kant(i), down upon. 
 Pant(i),y?a£ upon. 
 A-,nt(i), over against, 
 
 opposite to. 
 Ka,mai, on the ground. 
 Im, out. 
 In, in. 
 
 Int(i), within, inside of. 
 Imp(i), outside of. 
 Iirk(i), or twin, between. 
 Bi, by. 
 
 Di, about, concerning, of 
 Gi, against. 
 
 •:o: 
 
 Midstini, in the midst of 
 
 Minstini, by means of 
 
 K'oi, above, quite above and beyond % 
 
 Kai, below, underneath. 
 
 Ta,moi, over head. 
 
 Sa, with. 
 
 Sa,ma, together with. 
 
 Sha, without. 
 
 Tra, among. 
 
 Tru, through. 
 
 Pre, at hand, near, close by. 
 
 Pro, before, forth, in front of 
 
 Pra, behind, back of 
 
 Shi, before, prior to. 
 
 Si, after, following. 
 
 Ga, notwiths'ding, despite of. Fi, in consequence of 
 De, besides. Fe, according to. 
 
 THE PRINCIPLE CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 1st Class followed by Indicative Mode* 
 
 I, and, (changed to, ' e,' before a word beginning with ' i.') 
 O, or, (changed to ' u ' before a word begining with *o.') . 
 
 I. re o,re either or, (contracted to Ir or.) 
 
 Ni,re no.re, neither nor, (contracted to nir nor.) 
 
 Keng, than, (the 'ng' is omitted, making the form the same as 
 
 ke ' that ' as in French ,except in the combination keng 
 
 ke ' than that' 
 os, as ; os- 
 so, so ; so- 
 
 -os, as- 
 ■OS, so— 
 
 ■as. 
 
 -as. 
 
 so, ke, so that ; so, mos ke, so much that. 
 
 pos,i, perhaps. 
 
 sins, iwu sins ; since, ever since. 
 
 ko.fi, therefore, wi,fi, wherefore. 
 
 os ul os, as well as. 
 
22 THE PRIMARY GRAMMAR 
 
 2nd Class -followed by the Subjunctive Mode. 
 
 su,ke, fino,ke, in order that. 
 
 ne ; su,ke -no, lest ; in order that -not. 
 
 ! ke, oh! that ; ohala ke ! would to God that / 
 ra,tre keng ke, rather than that* 
 os da, as if ; os do, as though. 
 da ke, on condition that. 
 
 3rd Class — —followed by the Indicative or Subjunctive Mode. 
 Da, if; do, though ; al,do, although ; a*s da, even if. 
 da,no, unless ; kail or kau,ke, because ; for. 
 nobsta ke notwithstanding that ; til, till, until. 
 wul, while. 
 
 ADVERBS (Seethe Prepositions.) 
 
 ti,so,li, certainly; ki,so,li, severally; pi,so,li connectedly. 
 
 te,so,li, collaterally ; ke,so,li, directly ; pe,so,li, correlatedly . 
 
 i,moto to-day ; amoto yesterday ; bmoto to-morrow. 
 
 o,motino, to-morrow morning, etc, 
 
 o,motinito, to-morrow morning early, etc. 
 
 fro, forth ; tu i fro, to and fro ; tothkoti, to and fro. 
 
 t* oti;k*6ti, here and there ; futi;k-uti, now and then. 
 
 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS 
 AND PRONOUNS. 
 
 vvi, wfyich ; we, how ; wa, what; wu, when; wo, where: 
 wo, who or whom ; wu to what purpose ; wai, why. 
 
 THE LORD'S PRAYER. 
 
 Patro rau wi ii *oi,o,ni, San- Our Father which art in hea- 
 
 ti,fu,ta zo nam, vin.u zo do,k>. ven, Hallowed he thy name. 
 
 Fa,u,ta zo vul ai,io, os *oi,io- Thy kingdom come. Thy will 
 
 ni. Da mu o,ji mu bred ojis, i be done in earth as it is in hea- 
 
 kuda mu mu tre,gots, os yu kuda, ven. Give us this day our daily 
 
 i koz wi tre,go,i mu,gi. I no lld,i bread. And forgive us our debts, 
 
 mu ntu tentat, ba ku,livr,i rau as we forgive our debtors. And 
 
 ku gaziua. Kau zo,io ij 1 do,io, lead us not into temptation, but 
 
 po,io, i, glof,io, i,e i,wu,pu; deliver us from evil. For thine 
 
 amen. is the kingdom, and the power, 
 
 and the glory, for ever. Amen. 
 
 
OF ALWATO. 23 
 
 Note. Students, by the aid of this little Grammar alone, can be- 
 gin, at once, to write and speak Alwato. As Alwato adopts the 
 words of all languages, the English student has only to take Eng-. 
 lish words, spelling them as they sound, by the aid of the letters 
 as given and used in this Grammar; and, throwing out the auxi- 
 liary Verbs, do, have, has, shall, will, would, etc., use the Verb- 
 endings of the Paradigm of Conjugation (p 15), instead. New- 
 ly coined roots, and improvements of old words by slight alter- 
 ations, he will learn afterwards. 
 
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